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Manas Assembly constituency

2026-05-07T05:00:47Z

CelinaArellano: created pg...

{{short description|Assembly constituency of Assam}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Manas
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 41
| map_image = Manas Assembly constituency map 2023.svg
| map_caption =
| state = [[Assam]]
| district = [[Baksa district|Baksa]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Kokrajhar Lok Sabha constituency|Kokrajhar]]
| established = 2023
| mla =
| party =
| alliance =
| latest_election_year =
| electors =
| reservation = None
}}

'''Manas Assembly constituency''' is one of the 126 assembly constituencies of [[Assam]] a north east state of India. It was newly formed in 2023.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eci.gov.in/Documents/Delimitation/DELIMITATIONASSAM_UPDATED.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies of State of Assam|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date = 2025-11-28}}</ref>

==Election Results==

=== 2026 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2026 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Manas}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Thaneswar Basumatary |party=Bodoland People's Front|votes=90060 |percentage=50.95 |change= }}

{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Anjan Talukdar |party=Raijor Dal |votes=42650 |percentage= 24.13|change= }}

{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Jwngsrang Brahma|party=United People's Party Liberal |votes=27674 |percentage=15.66 |change= }}

{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Pintu Ghosh |party=GSP |votes=1591 |percentage=0.9 |change= }}

{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes=2034 |percentage=1.15 |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=176761 |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box turnout |votes=47410|percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = |change = }}

{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of Assam Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Assam}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Assam]]
[[Category:Baksa district]]
[[Category:Politics of Assam]]
[[Category:2023 establishments in Assam]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2023]]

Amita

2026-05-06T18:22:31Z

CelinaArellano:

{{About|the name|the brand of fruit juice|Amita (fruit juice)|the health system|AMITA Health}}
'''Amita''' is a female given name of Indian origin. The name means "infinite, boundless" in [[Sanskrit]].<ref>{{MWSD}}</ref>

==List of people with the given name Amita==
* Amita, mother of [[Yasodharā]]
* [[Amita Aggarwal]] (born 1960), Indian immunologist, rheumatologist, and professor
* [[Amita Berthier]] (born 2000), Singaporean fencer
* [[Amita Bhushan]] (born 1970), Indian politician
* [[Amita Dhiri]] (born 1966), English actress
* [[Amita Kanekar]] (born 1965), Indian writer
* [[Amita Kuttner]] (born 1990), Canadian astrophysicist and politician
* [[Amita Malik]] (1921-2009), Indian film critic
* [[Amita Sehgal]], Indian molecular biologist and chronobiologist
* [[Amita Sharma]] (born 1982), Indian cricketer
* [[Amita Suman]] (born 1997), British-Nepalese actress
* [[Amita Young]] (born 1980), Thai singer, actress, and model.

==Fictional characters==
* [[Amita Ramanujan]], fictional mathematician in the television series ''Numb3rs''
* Amita, fictional character in the video game ''[[Far Cry 4]]''

==See also==
* {{srt|Amita}}
* [[Amit]], a male given name
* [[Anita (given name)]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{given name}}

[[Category:Indian feminine given names]]
[[Category:Feminine given names]]

Emergency (2025 film)

2026-05-04T15:38:00Z

CelinaArellano: Creating a data w/ sources - done

{{Short description|2025 Indian film by Kangana Ranaut}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Emergency
| image = Emergency movie poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Kangana Ranaut]]
| producer = Kangana Ranaut [[Zee Studios]] Renu Pitti
| screenplay = [[Ritesh Shah]]
| story = Kangana Ranaut
| based_on = {{Plainlist|
*{{based on|''[[The Emergency: A Personal History]]''|[[Coomi Kapoor]]}}
*{{based on|''Priyadarshini: The Daughter of India''|Jaiyanth Vasanth Sinha}}<ref name="author"/>
}}
| starring = {{plainlist|
*Kangana Ranaut
*[[Vishak Nair]]
*[[Anupam Kher]]
*[[Shreyas Talpade]]
*[[Mahima Chaudhry]]
*[[Milind Soman]]
*[[Satish Kaushik]]
*[[Darshan Pandya]]
}}
| cinematography = [[Tetsuo Nagata]]
| editing = [[Rameshwar S. Bhagat]]
| music = '''Songs:''' [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]] '''Score:''' [[Sanchit Balhara and Ankit Balhara]]
| studio = Manikarnika Films Zee Studios
| distributor = Zee Studios
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2025|01|17}}
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| runtime = 146 minutes<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/revealed-emergency-yet-get-censor-certificate-cuts-asked-cbfc-kangana-ranaut-starrer/ |title=REVEALED: Emergency yet to get censor certificate; here are the cuts asked by the CBFC in the Kangana Ranaut-starrer |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=31 August 2024 |access-date=31 August 2024 |archive-date=31 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240831115020/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/revealed-emergency-yet-get-censor-certificate-cuts-asked-cbfc-kangana-ranaut-starrer/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
| budget = {{INR|60}} [[crore]]<ref name="budget1">{{cite web | first=Simran | last=Singh | title=Emergency box office collection: Kangana Ranaut's film jumps on Saturday, earns Rs 6 crore in two days | website=[[Daily News and Analysis]] | date=18 January 2025 | url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-emergency-box-office-collection-day-2-kangana-ranaut-anupam-kher-shreyas-talpade-film-suffers-minor-drop-earns-rs-232-crore-3127722 | access-date=18 January 2025 | quote=As per the trade portals, Emergency is made in the budget of Rs 60 crores (Inclusive Print and Advertising costs). | archive-date=18 January 2025 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250118165741/https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-emergency-box-office-collection-day-2-kangana-ranaut-anupam-kher-shreyas-talpade-film-suffers-minor-drop-earns-rs-232-crore-3127722 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="budget2">{{cite web | first=Rosy | last=Panwar | title=Emergency Box Office Collection Day 2: 60 करोड़ के बजट वाली कंगना रनौत की इमरजेंसी ने आजाद को पछाड़ा, दो दिनों में कमाए इतने | language=hi | trans-title=Emergency Box Office Collection Day 2: Kangana Ranaut's Emergency with a budget of 60 crores beats Azad, earns this much in two days | website=[[NDTV]] | date=19 January 2025 | url=https://ndtv.in/bollywood/emergency-box-office-collection-day-2-kangana-ranaut-emergency-beats-ajay-devgn-azaad-with-2-day-collection-on-60-crore-budget-7506981 | access-date=19 January 2025 | archive-date=19 January 2025 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250119030307/https://ndtv.in/bollywood/emergency-box-office-collection-day-2-kangana-ranaut-emergency-beats-ajay-devgn-azaad-with-2-day-collection-on-60-crore-budget-7506981 | url-status=live }}</ref>
| gross = {{INR|21.75}} crore<ref name="bo">{{Cite news |date=18 January 2025 |title=Emergency (2025) Box Office Collection |work=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/emergency/box-office/ |access-date=18 January 2025}}</ref>
}}

'''''Emergency''''' is a 2025 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[Historical drama|historical]] [[biographical film|biographical drama film]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/emergency-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmdizntiw|title=Emergency|website=[[British Board of Film Classification]]|quote=Indian Prime Minister Indira Gandhi declares a state of national emergency in this Hindi-language historical biographical drama, which contains bloody and potentially distressing scenes of violence.|access-date=15 January 2025|archive-date=15 January 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250115140418/https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/emergency-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmdizntiw|url-status=live}}</ref> It was directed and co-produced by Indian actress and politician [[Kangana Ranaut]], based on a screenplay by [[Ritesh Shah]] and story written by Ranaut.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/cinema/2022/jul/14/kangana-ranauts-first-look-from-her-upcoming-film-emergency-out-42335.html |title=Kangana Ranaut's first look from her upcoming film 'Emergency' is out |website=The Indian Express |date=14 July 2022 |access-date=25 August 2022 |archive-date=25 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220825162919/https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/cinema/2022/jul/14/kangana-ranauts-first-look-from-her-upcoming-film-emergency-out-42335.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Based on the [[The Emergency (India)|Indian Emergency]] (1975–77), it stars Ranaut as former [[Prime Minister of India]], [[Indira Gandhi]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/kangana-ranaut-to-helm-indira-gandhi-movie-emergency-no-one-can-direct-it-better-than-me-7373258/ |title=Kangana Ranaut to direct Indira Gandhi film Emergency |date=24 June 2021 |access-date=25 August 2022 |archive-date=25 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220825151407/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/kangana-ranaut-to-helm-indira-gandhi-movie-emergency-no-one-can-direct-it-better-than-me-7373258/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/videos/movie-promos/emergency-first-look-shooting-begins-kangana-ranaut-manikarnika-films/ |title=Emergency First Look |date=14 July 2022 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=25 August 2022 |archive-date=23 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220723090105/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/videos/movie-promos/emergency-first-look-shooting-begins-kangana-ranaut-manikarnika-films/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Principal photography]] ran from July 2022 to January 2023.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/emergency/ |title=Emergency Movie by Kangana Ranaut |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=24 November 2023 |access-date=26 August 2022 |archive-date=26 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220826151214/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/emergency/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Originally scheduled for release on 6 September 2024, a postponement due to certification from the [[Central Board of Film Certification]] led to an official release on 17 January 2025.<ref>{{cite news |date= 20 September 2024 |title=Kangana Ranaut confirms postponement of her directorial debut movie 'Emergency' |url=https://economictimes.com/magazines/panache/kangana-ranaut-says-emergency-release-postponed-new-update-soon/articleshow/113119432.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250117204403/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/kangana-ranaut-says-emergency-release-postponed-new-update-soon/articleshow/113119432.cms |archive-date=17 January 2025 |access-date=17 January 2025 |work=The Economic Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gupta |first=Shekhar |date=10 September 2024 |title=कंगना की फिल्म इमरजेंसी पर क्यों उठे सवाल |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/opinion/news/shekhar-guptas-column-why-were-questions-raised-on-kanganas-film-emergency-133618376.html |archive-date=10 September 2024 |access-date= |website=Dainik Bhaskar |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240910195004/https://www.bhaskar.com/amp/opinion/news/shekhar-guptas-column-why-were-questions-raised-on-kanganas-film-emergency-133618376.html |url-status=live |language=hi }}</ref> ''Emergency'' received mixed-to-negative reviews from film critics.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="ndtv" /><ref name="Gupata" /> The film was a [[Box-office bomb|box-office flop]].<ref name="bomb">{{Cite news |date=28 January 2025 |title=Kangana Ranaut's Box Office drought: 31 Films, 22 Flops, and 6 consecutive misses in a decade without a Hit |work=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/kangana-ranauts-box-office-drought-31-films-22-flops-6-consecutive-misses-decade-without-hit/ |access-date=18 January 2025 |archive-date=28 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250128130952/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/kangana-ranauts-box-office-drought-31-films-22-flops-6-consecutive-misses-decade-without-hit/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Abhimanyu |last=Mathur | title=Analysing the Emergency box office debacle: Politics, perception of bias, or delay, what hurt the Kangana Ranaut film | work=Hindustan Times | date=22 January 2025| url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/analysing-emergency-box-office-debacle-politics-perception-of-bias-delay-what-hurt-kangana-ranaut-indira-gandhi-biopic-101737545616818.html | access-date=22 January 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | first=Tina | last=Das | title=Kangana's 'Emergency' crosses 10 crore—a lesser flop than her last few films | website=[[ThePrint]] | date=20 January 2025 | url=https://theprint.in/feature/kanganas-emergency-crosses-10-crore-lesser-flop-than-last-few-films/2454061/ | access-date=23 January 2025 | archive-date=20 January 2025 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250120141606/https://theprint.in/feature/kanganas-emergency-crosses-10-crore-lesser-flop-than-last-few-films/2454061/ | url-status=live }}</ref>

==Plot==
Following India's independence, Indira Gandhi rises within the Congress Party, initially positioned as a puppet by the Syndicate. She asserts her authority by opposing their stance on [[Operation Searchlight]] and engaging with global powers, gradually consolidating control with some support from the opposition. Her decisive leadership during the [[Indo-Pakistani war of 1971|1971 Indo-Pakistan War]] earns her nationwide popularity. However, a 1975 verdict by the Allahabad High Court invalidates her election, prompting her to declare a [[State of emergency|national emergency]], citing threats to democracy. Civil liberties are suspended, the press is censored, and opposition leaders are jailed. Her son [[Sanjay Gandhi]] gains influence during this period, implementing controversial programs such as forced sterilizations and slum demolitions. On 15 August 1975, Indira prepared to end the emergency but backs down following the [[assassination of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]] in [[Bangladesh]]. Eventually, after consulting with philosopher [[Jiddu Krishnamurti|J. Krishnamurti]] and recognizing the harm caused, she lifts the emergency in 1977 and calls for elections, which result in a defeat for the Congress and her brief arrest. Years later, during a famine, she visits a neglected village and personally promises aid, restoring her public image and leading to her political comeback. The narrative follows her personal losses, including Sanjay Gandhi's death in a plane crash, and rising unrest in Punjab under Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale. Refusing to remove her Sikh bodyguards despite warnings, she is [[Assassination of Indira Gandhi|assassinated by them on 31 October 1984]]. The film concludes with her final speech in Odisha, where she declares her life's purpose was not to rule India but to serve it.

==Cast==
{{Castlist|
* [[Kangana Ranaut]] as [[Indira Gandhi]]
* [[Anupam Kher]] as [[Jayaprakash Narayan]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/bollywood/anupam-kher-is-introduced-as-jaya-prakash-narayanan-from-kangana-ranauts-emergency-movie-754667 |title=Anupam Kher Is Introduced As Jaya Prakash Narayanan From Kangana Ranaut's 'Emergency' Movie |date=22 July 2022 |access-date=26 August 2022 |website=The Hans India |archive-date=26 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220826151215/https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/bollywood/anupam-kher-is-introduced-as-jaya-prakash-narayanan-from-kangana-ranauts-emergency-movie-754667 |url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Shreyas Talpade]] as [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/shreyas-talpade-to-play-atal-bihari-vajpayee-in-kangana-ranauts-emergency/article65688964.ece |title=Shreyas Talpade plays Atal Bihari Vajpayee in Kangana Ranaut's Emergency |website=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=25 August 2022 |date=27 July 2022 |archive-date=2 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220802065236/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/shreyas-talpade-to-play-atal-bihari-vajpayee-in-kangana-ranauts-emergency/article65688964.ece |url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Avijit Dutt]] as [[Jiddu Krishnamurti]]
* Ashok Chhabra as [[Morarji Desai]]
* [[Mahima Chaudhry]] as [[Pupul Jayakar]], Indira Gandhi's close confidante<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/mahima-chaudhry-to-play-indira-gandhis-confidante-pupul-jayakar-in-kangana-ranauts-emergency/cid/1881283 |title=Mahima Chaudhry to play Indira Gandhi's confidante Pupul Jayakar in Kangana Ranaut's Emergency |website=The Telegraph (India) |access-date=25 August 2022 |date=20 August 2022 |archive-date=20 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220820120918/https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/mahima-chaudhry-to-play-indira-gandhis-confidante-pupul-jayakar-in-kangana-ranauts-emergency/cid/1881283 |url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Milind Soman]] as [[Field marshal (India)|Field Marshal]] [[Sam Manekshaw]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/kangana-ranaut-presents-milind-soman-as-sam-manekshaw-in-emergency-reveals-first-look-101661404135213.html |title=Kangana Ranaut presents 'dynamic' Milind Soman as Sam Manekshaw in Emergency, reveals his first look. See pic |website=Hindustan Times |access-date=25 August 2022 |date=25 August 2022 |archive-date=25 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220825113135/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/kangana-ranaut-presents-milind-soman-as-sam-manekshaw-in-emergency-reveals-first-look-101661404135213.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Vishak Nair]] as [[Sanjay Gandhi]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/emergency-kangana-ranaut-introduces-vishak-nair-as-sanjay-gandhi-check-his-first-look-here-5946139.html |title=Emergency: Kangana Ranaut Introduces Vishak Nair As Sanjay Gandhi; Check His First Look Here |website=News18 |date=13 September 2022 |access-date=13 September 2022 |archive-date=13 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220913055433/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/emergency-kangana-ranaut-introduces-vishak-nair-as-sanjay-gandhi-check-his-first-look-here-5946139.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Satish Kaushik]] as [[Jagjivan Ram]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/satish-kaushik-first-look-kangana-ranaut-emergency-photo-8177431/ |title=Kangana Ranaut introduces Satish Kaushik as Jagjivan Ram in her upcoming film 'Emergency' |date=28 September 2022 |access-date=8 October 2022 |archive-date=8 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221008051014/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/satish-kaushik-first-look-kangana-ranaut-emergency-photo-8177431/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Darshan Pandya]] as [[R. K. Dhawan]]
* Sanjay Gurbaxani as [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]
* Deepansha Dhingra as [[Maneka Gandhi]]
* Rajesh Khatri as [[Motilal Nehru]]
* Abhimanyu Vashisht as [[Rajiv Gandhi]]
* Larry Newyorker as Lieutenant General
* Richard Bhakti Klein as [[Henry Kissinger]]
* Scott Alexander Young as [[Richard Nixon]]
* Christophe Guybet as [[Georges Pompidou]]
* Adhir Bhat as [[Feroze Gandhi]]
* Kateryna Grabovska as [[Sonia Gandhi]]
* Eva Chibber as Young [[Priyanka Gandhi]]
* Samraat as Young [[Rahul Gandhi]]
* Manveer Choudhary as [[Doordarshan]] Reporter
* Zeba Hussain as [[Kamala Nehru]]
* Anoop Puri as [[Yahya Khan]]
* Sunny Singh as [[Zail Singh]]
* Cyrille Mansuy as Chef Napoleon
* Chandan Raj as [[B. D. Jatti]]
* Aayush Sharma as [[Satwant Singh]]
* Manish Mishra as Captain Subhash Saxena
* Asit Redij as [[Inder Kumar Gujral]]
* Balkrishna Mishra as [[M. F. Husain]]
* [[Rishi Kaushik]] as [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]]
* Parvez Malik as [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]]
* Raju Kumar as opposition MP
* Kaasvi Kalani as [[Vijaylakshmi Pandit]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Deepanshu |date=4 May 2024 |title=Echoes of Silence: The Untold Chronicles of Emergency 2024 |work=The Xpress Khabar |url=https://thexpresskhabar.com/the-untold-stories-of-the-1975-emergency/ |access-date=4 May 2024 |language=en-US |archive-date=4 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240504221720/https://thexpresskhabar.com/the-untold-stories-of-the-1975-emergency/ |url-status=live }}</ref>}}

==Music==
{{Infobox album
| name = Emergency
| year = 2024
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]
| released = 31 August 2024
| genre = [[Soundtrack#Film and television soundtracks|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 18:47
| language = Hindi
| label = [[Zee Music Company]]
| misc = {{External music video
| header = Official audio
| {{YouTube|BhPgBdcXBVs|Emergency (Audio Jukebox)}}}}
}}

Kangana revealed that she wanted [[A. R. Rahman]] to compose the music and background score of the film, but he refused citing that he did not want to be part of a political propaganda film.<ref>https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/ar-rahman-kangana-ranaut-clash-emergency-film-collaboration-industry-prejudice-2853606-2026-01-17</ref> She then signed Rahman's nephew [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]], who composed four songs and left. After G. V. Prakash Kumar's exit, one song was composed by [[Arko Pravo Mukherjee|Arko]] and the background score was composed by [[Sanchit Balhara and Ankit Balhara]]. Lyrics are written by [[Manoj Muntashir]]. The first single titled "Singhasan Khali Karo" was released on 26 August 2024.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/kangana-ranaut-starrer-emergency-reignites-1975-uprising-song-singhasan-khali-karo/ |title=Kangana Ranaut starrer Emergency reignites 1975 uprising with the song 'Singhasan Khali Karo' |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=26 August 2024 |access-date=26 August 2024}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 18:47
| title1 = Singhasan Khali Karo
| extra1 = [[Udit Narayan]], [[Nakash Aziz]], [[Nakul Abhyankar]]
| length1 = 4:25
| title2 = Ae Meri Jaan
| note2 = Music by [[Arko Pravo Mukherjee|Arko]]
| extra2 = [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]]
| length2 = 4:30
| title3 = Shankhnaad Kar
| extra3 = Nakul Abhyankar, [[Neeti Mohan]], Romy
| length3 = 3:53
| title4 = Beqarariyaan
| extra4 = [[Monali Thakur]]
| length4 = 3:27
| title5 = Sarkar Ko Salaam Hai
| extra5 = [[Sreerama Chandra]]
| length5 = 2:32
}}

==Production==
===Delays===
Before its release, ''Emergency'' faced delays due to concerns raised by the [[Central Board of Film Certification]] (CBFC). The board demanded modifications to certain scenes, resulting in the postponement of the film's release. The CBFC granted a [[U/A certificate]] on the condition that the filmmakers implement specific cuts and provide factual sources for controversial historical claims depicted in the movie.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kangana Ranaut's movie Emergency cleared with a U/A certificate; few cuts to be implemented |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/kangana-ranauts-movie-emergency-cleared-with-a-u/a-certificate-few-cuts-to-be-implemented/articleshow/113169115.cms |website=The Times of India |date=17 January 2025 |access-date=24 January 2025 |archive-date=11 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241011170530/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/kangana-ranauts-movie-emergency-cleared-with-a-u/a-certificate-few-cuts-to-be-implemented/articleshow/113169115.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Release==
=== Theatrical ===
Initially announced to release in October–November 2023, the film was re-scheduled to release on 14 June 2024.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/kangana-ranaut-starrer-emergency-set-release-june-14-2024-clash-kartik-aaryans-chandu-champion/ |title=Kangana Ranaut starrer Emergency set to release on June 14, 2024; to clash with Kartik Aaryan's Chandu Champion |date=23 January 2024 |work=Bollywood Hungama |access-date=23 January 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Kangana Ranaut's "Emergency" Release Postponed, Set to Clash with Kartik Aaryan's "Chandu Champion" on June 14, 2024 |url=https://www.brutimes.com/news/entertainment/kangana-ranauts-emergency-release-postponed-set-to-clash-with-kartik-aaryans-chandu-champion-on-june-14-2024 |website=Bru Times News |language=en |access-date=25 January 2024 |archive-date=25 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240125103618/https://www.brutimes.com/news/entertainment/kangana-ranauts-emergency-release-postponed-set-to-clash-with-kartik-aaryans-chandu-champion-on-june-14-2024 |url-status=live }}</ref> It was again postponed due to the [[2024 Indian general election|Lok Sabha elections]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/kangana-ranauts-emergency-postponed-due-lok-sabha-elections/ |title=Kangana Ranaut's Emergency postponed again due to Lok Sabha elections |date=16 May 2024 |work=Bollywood Hungama |access-date=17 May 2024 |archive-date=17 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240517031854/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/kangana-ranauts-emergency-postponed-due-lok-sabha-elections/ |url-status=live }}</ref> scheduled to be released on 6 September 2024.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/kangana-ranaut-starrer-emergency-now-release-september-6-2024/ |title=Kangana Ranaut starrer Emergency to now release on September 6, 2024 |date=25 June 2024 |work=Bollywood Hungama |access-date=25 June 2024 |archive-date=25 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240625053921/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/kangana-ranaut-starrer-emergency-now-release-september-6-2024/ |url-status=live }}</ref> On 30 August, Ranaut claimed the film was being denied a certificate by the [[Central Board of Film Certification]], possibly due to external pressures.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/kangana-ranaut-claims-emergency-denied-certification-cbfc-amid-ban-calls-determined-even-go-court-protect-film/ |title=Kangana Ranaut claims Emergency DENIED certification by CBFC amid ban calls: "I am determined to even go to court to protect my film" |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=30 August 2024 |access-date=30 August 2024 |archive-date=30 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240830122315/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/kangana-ranaut-claims-emergency-denied-certification-cbfc-amid-ban-calls-determined-even-go-court-protect-film/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Government of Telangana]] has also considered a ban on the film due to objections raised by the [[Sikhs|Sikh]] community members.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/telangana-government-considering-ban-kangana-ranauts-emergency-following-sikh-community-concerns/ |title=Telangana government considering a ban on Kangana Ranaut's Emergency following Sikh community concerns |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=30 August 2024 |access-date=30 August 2024}}</ref> On 17 October, Ranaut shared on social media that the film had been finally cleared by the CBFC,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/kangana-ranauts-emergency-receives-censor-certificate-release-date-announced-soon/|title=Kangana Ranaut's Emergency receives censor certificate; release date to be announced soon|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=17 October 2024 |access-date=17 October 2024}}</ref> and the film was released on 17 January 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/bollywood/kangana-ranaut-s-emergency-finally-gets-its-release-date-indira-gandhi-s-biopic-to-release-next-year-2024-11-18-962127 |title=Kangana Ranaut's 'Emergency' finally gets its release date, Indira Gandhi's biopic to release next year |work=India TV |date=18 November 2024 |access-date=18 November 2024 |archive-date=18 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241118081802/https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/bollywood/kangana-ranaut-s-emergency-finally-gets-its-release-date-indira-gandhi-s-biopic-to-release-next-year-2024-11-18-962127 |url-status=live }}</ref> On 11 January 2025, the inaugural special screening of the film took place in Nagpur, India. The event was attended by Union Minister [[Nitin Gadkari]] and hosted by [[Kangana Ranaut]] and [[Anupam Kher]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Union Minister Nitin Gadkari Attends Special Screening of 'Emergency' With Kangana Ranaut and Anupam Kher |url=https://www.brutimes.com/news/entertainment/nitin-gadkari-attends-special-screening-of-emergency-with-kangana-ranaut-and-anupam-kher |website=Bru Times News |language=en |access-date=12 January 2025 |archive-date=15 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250115013722/https://www.brutimes.com/news/entertainment/nitin-gadkari-attends-special-screening-of-emergency-with-kangana-ranaut-and-anupam-kher |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Kangana Ranaut holds first screening of Emergency for Nitin Gadkari: 'After 6 months of struggle |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/kangana-ranaut-anupam-kher-first-screening-of-emergency-for-nitin-gadkari-after-6-months-of-struggle-film-is-ready-101736646969969.html |website=H Times |date=12 January 2025 |access-date=12 January 2025 |archive-date=12 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250112031424/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/kangana-ranaut-anupam-kher-first-screening-of-emergency-for-nitin-gadkari-after-6-months-of-struggle-film-is-ready-101736646969969.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Ban in Bangladesh ===
''Emergency'' has been banned in [[Bangladesh]] due to escalating political tensions between India and Bangladesh. Officials have indicated that the decision was more related to the current diplomatic dynamics between the two nations rather than the film's content.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Panchal |first=Komal RJ |title=Kangana Ranaut's Emergency Banned in Bangladesh Due to Ongoing Political Dynamics With India |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/kangana-ranauts-emergency-banned-in-bangladesh-due-to-ongoing-political-dynamics-with-india-9779522/ |work=The Indian Express |date=15 January 2025 |location=Mumbai |access-date=19 February 2025 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=7 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250207042729/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/kangana-ranauts-emergency-banned-in-bangladesh-due-to-ongoing-political-dynamics-with-india-9779522/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Agarwal |first1=Bhavna |title=Kangana Ranaut's Emergency banned in Bangladesh amid strained ties: Sources |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/kangana-ranaut-emergency-banned-in-bangladesh-amid-strained-diplomatic-ties-sources-2664754-2025-01-14 |access-date=19 March 2025 |work=India Today |date=14 January 2025}}</ref>

=== Home media ===
The film began streaming on [[Netflix]] from 17 March 2025.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=21 February 2025 |title=Kangana Ranaut announces Emergency is streaming on Netflix on March 17 |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/kangana-ranaut-announces-emergency-stream-netflix-march-17/ |work=Bollywood Hungama|date=21 February 2025 }}</ref>

==Reception==
===Box office===
The film earned {{INR}}2 crore on its opening day, aided by Cinema Lovers Day, when tickets were available at cheaper price.<ref>{{Cite web|date=18 January 2025|title=Box Office: Emergency is fair, Azaad low on Friday|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/box-office-emergency-fair-azaad-low-friday/|access-date=18 January 2025|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|language=en|archive-date=18 January 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250118110440/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/box-office-emergency-fair-azaad-low-friday/|url-status=live}}</ref> It made an additional {{INR}}3 crore on the second day,<ref>{{Cite web|date=19 January 2025|title=Emergency Box Office: Kangana Ranaut starrer grows on Saturday|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/emergency-box-office-kangana-ranaut-starrer-grows-saturday/|access-date=19 January 2025|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|language=en|archive-date=19 January 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250119090317/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/emergency-box-office-kangana-ranaut-starrer-grows-saturday/|url-status=live}}</ref> and {{INR}}3.7 crore on the third, for an opening weekend collection of {{INR}}8.7 crore.<ref>{{Cite web|date=20 January 2025|title=Emergency Box Office: Kangana Ranaut starrer has a fair weekend, all eyes on hold over the weekdays|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/emergency-box-office-kangana-ranaut-starrer-fair-weekend-eyes-hold-weekdays/|access-date=20 January 2025|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|language=en|archive-date=20 January 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250120110954/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/emergency-box-office-kangana-ranaut-starrer-fair-weekend-eyes-hold-weekdays/|url-status=live}}</ref>

As of 8 February 2025, ''Emergency'' had grossed {{INRConvert|19.67|c}} in India, with a further {{INRConvert|2.08|c}} overseas, for a worldwide total of {{INRConvert|21.75|c}},<ref name="bo" /> indicating a box-office bomb.<ref name="bomb"/><ref>{{cite web | first=Abhimanyu | last=Mathur | title=Analysing the Emergency box office debacle: Politics, perception of bias, or delay, what hurt the Kangana Ranaut film | website=[[Hindustan Times]] | date=22 January 2025 | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/analysing-emergency-box-office-debacle-politics-perception-of-bias-delay-what-hurt-kangana-ranaut-indira-gandhi-biopic-101737545616818.html | access-date=22 January 2025 | archive-date=22 January 2025 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250122115557/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/analysing-emergency-box-office-debacle-politics-perception-of-bias-delay-what-hurt-kangana-ranaut-indira-gandhi-biopic-101737545616818.html | url-status=live }}</ref>

===Critical response===
{{Rotten Tomatoes prose|30|4.7|10|consensus=|ref=|access-date={{RT data|access date}}}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Emergency (2024) {{!}} Rotten Tomatoes |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/emergency_2024 |access-date=2025-04-18 |website=www.rottentomatoes.com |language=en}}</ref>

Dhaval Roy of ''[[Times of India]]'' gave the film 2.5 stars (out of 5) and wrote, "''Emergency'' is hindered by its overly dramatised approach and one-dimensional portrayals. The lack of narrative fluidity and context undermines the attempt to narrate an important chapter in Indian history."<ref name=":0">{{cite web|first=Dhaval|last=Roy|title=Emergency Movie Review: The retelling of a defining era marred by a disjointed narrative|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/emergency/movie-review/117311406.cms?_gl=1*1cek84l*_ga*M0NkbDkzSWdQVGE5Ym9UZlFua1F1Ym5WVGR1U1BaeXkzc2UtTTJpNi1BcXRkM2FtSUR5NkE2cnhPbzltNGZueA..|date=17 January 2025|website=[[Times of India]]|access-date=17 January 2025|archive-date=17 January 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250117063353/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/emergency/movie-review/117311406.cms?_gl=1*1cek84l*_ga*M0NkbDkzSWdQVGE5Ym9UZlFua1F1Ym5WVGR1U1BaeXkzc2UtTTJpNi1BcXRkM2FtSUR5NkE2cnhPbzltNGZueA..|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Saibal Chatterjee]] of ''[[NDTV]]'' called it a "monumental muddle" that demonstrates how not to make a biographical drama, giving the film a rating of 1.5 out of 5 and writing, "The film wades through the early years of Indira Gandhi's life pretty much in the manner that it treats the rest of it—hastily, superficially, and risibly."<ref name="ndtv">{{cite web|first=Saibal|last=Chatterjee|title=Emergency Review: Kangana Ranaut's Film Is A Lesson In How Not To Make A Biopic|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/emergency-review-kangana-ranauts-film-is-a-lesson-in-how-not-to-make-a-biopic-1-5-stars-7493115|date=17 January 2025|website=[[NDTV]]|access-date=17 January 2025|archive-date=17 January 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250117064253/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/emergency-review-kangana-ranauts-film-is-a-lesson-in-how-not-to-make-a-biopic-1-5-stars-7493115|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Shubhra Gupta]] of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' deemed it as a "confused" biopic that is weak in craft, giving the film 1.5 stars (out of 5) and writing, "For the most part, ''Emergency'' is more a scattershot caricature of time, place, and people, riddled with tacky computer graphics."<ref name="Gupata">{{cite web|first=Shubhra|last=Gupta|title=Emergency movie review: Kangana Ranaut's confused Indira Gandhi biopic is weak in craft|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/emergency-movie-review-kangana-ranaut-confused-indira-gandhi-biopic-weak-in-craft-9783764/|date=17 January 2025|website=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=17 January 2025|archive-date=17 January 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250117065532/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/emergency-movie-review-kangana-ranaut-confused-indira-gandhi-biopic-weak-in-craft-9783764/|url-status=live}}</ref> Nandini Ramnath of ''[[Scroll.in|Scroll]]'' deemed it as "parodic" biopic and wrote, "Ranaut's portrayal of Indira Gandhi itself raises the suspicion that the actor who has previously played iconic women leaders—the Queen of Jhansi, J. Jayalalithaa—is parodying the historical biopic this time round."<ref name="author">{{cite web|first=Nandani|last=Ramnath|title=Emergency' review: A parodic Indira Gandhi biopic|url=https://scroll.in/reel/1078040/emergency-review-a-parodic-indira-gandhi-biopic|date=17 January 2025|website=[[Scroll.in|Scroll]]|access-date=17 January 2025}}</ref> Angel Rani of ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' gave the film 2 stars (out of 5) and dismissed Ranaut's portrayal of Indira Gandhi as "meek mimicry".<ref>{{cite web|first=Angel|last=Rani|title='Emergency' movie review: From 'iron lady' to meek mimicry, Kangana's Indira falls short|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/emergency-movie-review-from-iron-lady-to-meek-mimicry-kanganas-indira-falls-short-3360780|date=17 January 2025|website=[[Deccan Herald]]|access-date=19 January 2025|archive-date=17 January 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250117152431/https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/emergency-movie-review-from-iron-lady-to-meek-mimicry-kanganas-indira-falls-short-3360780|url-status=live}}</ref>

Deven Sharma of ''[[Filmfare]]'' gave the film three out of five, writing, "The film is well-directed by Kangana Ranaut, who, thanks to great makeup and prosthetics, looks exactly like Indira Gandhi in the first frame but later starts looking like herself."<ref>{{cite web |last=Sharma |first=Deven |date=17 January 2025 |title=Emergency Movie Review: Kangana Ranaut's show all the way |url=https://www.filmfare.com/reviews/bollywood-movies/emergency-movie-review-70892.html |website=[[Filmfare]] |access-date=25 January 2025 |archive-date=24 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250124043253/https://www.filmfare.com/reviews/bollywood-movies/emergency-movie-review-70892.html |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Mayank Shekhar]] of ''[[Mid-Day]]'' gave the film 3 stars, calling it a "pretty solid biopic of Indira Gandhi—packed with historical events, and human empathy".<ref>{{cite news |last=Shekhar |first=Mayank |date=18 January 2025 |title=Emergency movie review: Kangana Ranaut's film is a pretty solid biopic of Indira Gandhi |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/emergency-movie-review-kangana-ranaut-shreyas-talpade-anupam-kher-23466933 |work=[[Mid-day]] |location=Mumbai |publisher= |access-date=25 January 2025 |archive-date=21 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250121184329/https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/emergency-movie-review-kangana-ranaut-shreyas-talpade-anupam-kher-23466933 |url-status=live }}</ref> Lachmi Deb Roy of [[Firstpost]] gave the film three out of five, calling the film "a bold cinematic retelling of one of the most controversial periods in Indian politics". She further wrote, "Kangana Ranaut shines as a director and a craftsman. Not just Kangana, Mahima Chaudhury, Anupam Kher, Shreyas Talpade and Vishak Nair did justice to their roles in ''Emergency''."<ref>{{cite news |last=Roy |first=Lachmi Das |date=18 January 2025 |title=Emergency Movie Review: Kangana Ranaut nailed the role of Indira Gandhi with her nasal twang & facial expressions |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/emergency-movie-review-kangana-ranaut-nailed-the-role-of-indira-gandhi-with-her-nasal-twang-13853589.html |work=[[Firstpost]] |access-date=25 January 2025 |archive-date=23 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250123112509/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/emergency-movie-review-kangana-ranaut-nailed-the-role-of-indira-gandhi-with-her-nasal-twang-13853589.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Rahul Desai of ''[[The Hollywood Reporter India]]'' wrote, "''Emergency''—which lacks both skill and self-awareness—is yet another brick in the wall of modern Bollywood."<ref>{{cite web|first=Rahul|last=Desai|title='Emergency' Movie Review: Kangana Ranaut Places the Hindi Historical Under Curfew|url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/reviews/theatrical/emergency-movie-review-kangana-ranaut-places-the-hindi-historical-under-curfew|date=17 January 2025|website=[[The Hollywood Reporter India]]|access-date=17 January 2025|archive-date=17 January 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250117060507/https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/reviews/theatrical/emergency-movie-review-kangana-ranaut-places-the-hindi-historical-under-curfew|url-status=live}}</ref> Sana Farzeen of ''[[India Today]]'' rated it 2.5 out of 5 and called it a rushed crash course on Indira Gandhi's life that struggles to delve deeply into key historical events and character motivations.<ref>{{cite web|first=Sana|last=Farzeen|title=Emergency review: Kangana Ranaut delivers a rushed crash course on Indira Gandhi|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/emergency-review-kangana-ranaut-indira-gandhi-crash-course-2666166-2025-01-17|date=17 January 2025|website=[[India Today]]|access-date=17 January 2025|archive-date=17 January 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250117071513/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/emergency-review-kangana-ranaut-indira-gandhi-crash-course-2666166-2025-01-17|url-status=live}}</ref> Utkarsh Mishra of ''[[Rediff]]'' gave the film a rating of 1 out of 5 and panned Ranaut's portrayal, noting that her character is almost always teary-eyed and lacking in confidence with voice modulation that falls flat.<ref>{{Cite web|first=Utkarsh|last=Mishra|url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/review/emergency-review-a-disaster/20250117.htm|title=Emergency Review: Kangana's Disaster|website=[[Rediff.com|Rediff]]|date=17 January 2025|access-date=17 January 2025}}</ref> Anuj Kumar of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote, "Marked by uneven storytelling, the biopic comes across more as a selective recreation of archival material to serve today's political narrative than a compelling take on the darkest chapter of Indian democracy."<ref>{{cite web|first=Anuj|last=Kumar|title='Emergency' movie review: Kangana Ranaut turns Indira Gandhi's life into a lopsided listicle|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/emergency-movie-review-kangana-ranaut-indira-gandhi-biopic/article69109118.ece|date=17 January 2025|website=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=17 January 2025|archive-date=17 January 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250117215518/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/emergency-movie-review-kangana-ranaut-indira-gandhi-biopic/article69109118.ece/amp/#amp_tf=From%20%251%24s&aoh=17371435285334&referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com|url-status=live}}</ref> Lekha Menon of ''[[Khaleej Times]]'' gave the film 2 stars (out of 5) noting, "The film feels like a trying-to-be-a-serious school play rather than a refined, complex portrayal of power and corruption."<ref>{{cite web|first=Lekha|last=Menon|title='Emergency' movie review: Kangana Ranaut's movie is too flat to be taken seriously|url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/reviews/movie-reviews/emergency-movie-review-kangana-ranauts-movie-is-too-flat-to-be-taken-seriously|date=18 January 2025|website=[[Khaleej Times]]|access-date=19 January 2025|archive-date=18 January 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250118171131/https://www.khaleejtimes.com/reviews/movie-reviews/emergency-movie-review-kangana-ranauts-movie-is-too-flat-to-be-taken-seriously|url-status=live}}</ref>

The film has faced significant backlash from [[Sikh]] organizations, particularly the [[Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee]] (SGPC), which accuses it of distorting historical events related to the [[1984 anti-Sikh riots]] and defaming the [[Sikh community]]. In response to these protests, several theaters in the Indian state of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] chose not to screen the film.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sikh protests erupt against Emergency film for its portrayal of the 1984 riots |url=https://www.perigon.io/news/entertainment/2025/01/14/kangana-ranaut-film-banned-bangladesh |website=Perigon Entertainment News |date=14 January 2025 |access-date=24 January 2025}}</ref> Internationally, the film faced protests in the [[United Kingdom]], where Sikh groups organized demonstrations against ''Emergency'', disrupting its screening at some cinemas during its opening weekend. The Sikh Press Association stated that the film was seen as anti-Sikh, leading to canceled screenings in cities such as [[Birmingham]] and [[Wolverhampton]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=British Sikh groups disrupt Kangana Ranaut's 'Emergency' screenings in UK |url=https://www.business-standard.com/external-affairs-defence-security/news/british-sikh-groups-disrupt-kangana-ranaut-s-emergency-screenings-in-uk-125012001157_1.html |website=Business Standard |access-date=24 January 2025 |archive-date=21 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250121094513/https://www.business-standard.com/external-affairs-defence-security/news/british-sikh-groups-disrupt-kangana-ranaut-s-emergency-screenings-in-uk-125012001157_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Legal disputes==
In April 2025, journalist and author [[Coomi Kapoor]] filed a lawsuit against Ranaut's Manikarnika Films Pvt Ltd and [[Netflix]], alleging breach of contract and defamation. Kapoor claimed that the film inaccurately portrayed historical events and misrepresented her 2015 book, ''[[The Emergency: A Personal History]]'', despite a contractual agreement that stipulated adherence to historical facts and prohibited the use of her name and book for promotional purposes without consent. Kapoor stated that her attempts to address these issues directly with the producers were unsuccessful, leading to legal action.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gulati |first=Triya |title='Emergency got it wrong' — Coomi Kapoor sends notices to Kangana, Netflix for twisting facts |url=https://theprint.in/entertainment/emergency-got-it-wrong-coomi-kapoor-sends-notices-to-kangana-netflix-for-twisting-facts/2598461/ |website=ThePrint |date=22 April 2025 |access-date=22 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title='Don't cite my book and present wrong facts': Coomi Kapoor on suing makers of Kangana Ranaut's 'Emergency'|url=https://thewire.in/books/coomi-kapoor-kangana-ranaut-emergency-indira-gandhi|website=The Wire|date=22 April 2025 |access-date=22 April 2025}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[:Category:Cultural depictions of Indira Gandhi|Cultural depictions of Indira Gandhi]]
* [[:Category:Works about the Emergency (India)|Works about the Emergency (India)]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|21279420}}
*{{Bollywood Hungama movie|id=emergency}}
{{Portal bar|India|Bollywood|Films}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2025 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2025 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian biographical films]]
[[Category:Hindi-language biographical films]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Indira Gandhi]]
[[Category:Works about the Emergency (India)]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
[[Category:Morarji Desai]]
[[Category:Films about Richard Nixon]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Henry Kissinger]]
[[Category:Nehru–Gandhi family]]
[[Category:Indian political drama films]]
[[Category:Religious controversies in film]]
[[Category:Sikhism-related controversies]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]]

Modern Coach Factory, Raebareli

2026-05-02T15:33:39Z

CelinaArellano: created new post

{{Short description|Rail coach manufacturing unit in Uttar Pradesh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Modern Coach Factory, Raebareli
| logo = MCF Raebareli Logo.jpg
| image = MCF Head Office.jpg
| image_size = 250px
| image_caption = MCF Head Office, [[Raebareli]]
| type = Government
| industry = [[Rail transport]]
| founded = {{Start date and age|2012}}
| hq_location = [[Raebareli]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]
| area_served = [[Asia]] [[Africa]]
| key_people = Raman Krishnan (General Manager)
| products = [[Rolling stock]] [[Train wheel|Rail wheel]]
| production = 2025 coaches (2024–25)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://mcf.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,294,467 | title=Milestones |publisher=Modern Coach Factory Raebareli }}</ref>
| num_employees = 2500 (approx.)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.newsclick.in/protests-railways-MCF-rae-bareli-corporatisation-move | title=Protests at Railways' MCF in Rae Bareli Against Corporatisation Move | date=27 June 2019 }}</ref>
| owner = [[Indian Railways]]
| homepage = https://mcf.indianrailways.gov.in/
}}

[[File:Modern Coach Factory, Raebareli (aerial view).jpg|thumb|Aerial view of MCF, Raebareli]]

'''Modern Coach Factory, Raebareli''' (formerly '''Rail Coach Factory, Raebareli''')<ref>{{cite news|title=रेल कोच फैक्ट्री का नाम अब मॉडर्न कोच फैक्ट्री |language=hi |trans-title=Rail Coach Factory Name Now Modern Coach Factory |url=http://www.amarujala.com/news/city/raebareli/raebareli-hindi-news/rail-coach-factory-name-now-modern-coach-factory-hindi-news/}}</ref> or '''MCF Raebareli''' is a rail coach manufacturing unit of the [[Indian Railways]] at [[Lalganj, Uttar Pradesh|Lalganj]] near [[Raebareli]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]]. The factory is one of the coach production unit of Indian Railways besides the [[Integral Coach Factory]] at [[Perambur]], [[Chennai]] in [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Rail Coach Factory]] at [[Kapurthala]] in [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[Latur railway station#Marathwada Railway Coach Factory, Latur|Marathwada Rail Coach Factory]] in [[Latur]], [[Maharashtra]] and Rail Coach Factory at Sonipat, Haryana.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://news.railanalysis.com/marathwada-rail-coach-factory-latur-rolls-out-its-first-coach-shell/ | title=Marathwada Rail Coach Factory, Latur rolls out its first coach shell | date=28 December 2020 }}</ref> The factory was inaugurated on 7 November 2012.<ref name="thehindu">{{cite news|title=Sonia opens rail coach factory at Rae Bareli|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/sonia-opens-rail-coach-factory-at-rae-bareli/article4075693.ece|access-date=11 January 2013|newspaper=The Hindu|date=8 November 2012}}</ref> MCF Raebareli is one of the most advanced coach manufacturing unit of the world it is equipped with the many state of the art [[industrial robots]] and machines, on result making it require less manpower than other coach manufacturing units of Indian Railways.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://indiarailinfo.com/news/post/391275 | title=Rail coach making gets a hand from robots; MCF beats expectations - Railway Enquiry }}</ref>

== History ==
The project was approved in the Supplementary [[Railway Budget]] for 2006–07.<ref name="articles.timesofindia.indiatimes">{{cite news|title=Rae Bareli rail coach factory to roll out modern Linke Holfmann Busch coaches|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/Rae-Bareli-rail-coach-factory-to-roll-out-modern-Linke-Holfmann-Busch-coaches/articleshow/17108447.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230062918/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-11-06/lucknow/34948018_1_rail-coach-factory-supplementary-railway-budget-lhb|url-status=live|archive-date=30 December 2013|access-date=11 January 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=6 November 2012}}</ref> [[Sonia Gandhi]] laid the foundation stone for the factory in February 2007 and land acquisition for the project commenced in April 2007.<ref name="hindustantimes">{{cite news|title=At long last, Rae Bareli's rail dream picks up speed|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/At-long-last-Rae-Bareli-s-rail-dream-picks-up-speed/Article1-945788.aspx|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130216053413/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/At-long-last-Rae-Bareli-s-rail-dream-picks-up-speed/Article1-945788.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 February 2013|access-date=11 January 2013|newspaper=Hindustan Times|date=16 October 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Setting up of New Rail Coach Factory at Rae Bareilly|url=http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/O&M/Annexture_1_3.pdf|publisher=Indian Railways|access-date=11 January 2013}}</ref> However, in 2008, following the victory of the [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] in the [[2007 Uttar Pradesh assembly elections|Uttar Pradesh elections of 2007]], the new government under [[Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh|Chief Minister]] [[Mayawati]] cancelled the land deed for the factory halting construction work there. The [[Allahabad High Court]] permitted the project to proceed after a [[Public interest litigation in India|public interest litigation]] petition was filed before it. In January 2009, construction of the factory began again which was inaugurated once again by Sonia Gandhi. The same month, Indian Railways signed a 99-year land lease agreement with the [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]].<ref name="thehindu" /><ref name="hindustantimes" /> The delay led to the cost of the project rising from an initially estimated {{INR}}1685 crores to about {{INR}}2500 crores.<ref name="articles.timesofindia.indiatimes" />

== Overview ==
The factory has come up on a total area of 541 hectares of land of which 283 was acquired from private parties.<ref name="thehindu" /> The factory was constructed by the [[Ircon International|IRCON International Limited]]. A total of 1,450 jobs are to be given to families that were affected by the land acquisition besides the compensation package and the [[Lucknow Division]] of the [[Northern Railways]] is expected to generate another 1,000 job opportunities as a result of the factory becoming operational.<ref name="articles.timesofindia.indiatimes" /> The factory adheres to stringent pollution control norms for curbing air pollution and spillage of oils and employs fume and sewage neutralisation systems.<ref>{{cite news|title=Rae Bareli Rail Coach Factory to be eco-friendly|url=http://www.livemint.com/Industry/iQrLAXFbhPdbFdVrCkkQ3L/Rae-Bareli-Rail-Coach-Factory-to-be-ecofriendly.html|access-date=11 January 2013|newspaper=HT Mint|date=28 January 2009}}</ref>

==Production==
The factory is expected to manufacture 1,000 [[LHB coach|Linke Holfmann Busch (LHB) coaches]] annually.<ref name="articles.timesofindia.indiatimes" /><ref>{{cite web | url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=104072 | title=Production of LHB coach on Indian Railways | date=21 February 2014 | publisher=Press Information Bureau, Government of India, Ministry of Railways | access-date=24 October 2018 }}</ref>

[[Anubhuti coach]]es, which are LHB coach, announced in the Railway Budget of 2013 are to be produced at the Rae Bareli coach factory. These coaches will progressively be introduced on the [[Shatabdi Express|Shatabdi]] and [[Rajdhani Express]] trains.<ref>{{cite news|title=Chandigarh Shatabdi to have first Anubhuti coach|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/Chandigarh-Shatabdi-to-have-first-Anubhuti-coach/articleshow/18774284.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130830205829/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-03-03/chandigarh/37409751_1_modern-facilities-and-services-rajdhani-train-anubhuti|url-status=live|archive-date=30 August 2013|access-date=4 March 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=3 March 2013}}</ref>

The first completely in-house manufactured coach was turned out in August 2014. Since then, MCF has almost doubled its production year by year, starting from 140 coaches in 2014–15, to 285 coaches in 2015–16, then 576 coaches in 2016-17 and first time achieving the given production target of 710 coaches by manufacturing 711 coaches in 2017–18, MCF has turned out 1425 coaches in 2018–19 against a target of 1422 coaches. MCF also produced 1920 coaches in the year 2019–20. In spite of Low Production rate due to Locked Down, MCF has produced 1360 couches due to revised target in 2020–21. In year 2021-22 MCF produced 1875 coaches, in year 2022-23 it produced 1461, in year 2023-24 it produced 1684 and in year 2024-25 it produced 2025 coaches.<ref name="mcf.indianrailways.gov.in">{{cite web | url=https://mcf.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,294 | title=About MCF | publisher=Modern Coach Factory Raebareli }}</ref>
Total of 13000 LHB coach have been rolled out by MCF [[Raebareli]] until 28 December 2024.<ref name="mcf.indianrailways.gov.in"/>

There is a proposal by MCF to make aluminium coaches potential to operate at speed of 250 km/h. The life of coach may go up to 40 years. This will be manufactured under [[Make in India]] initiative.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.financialexpress.com/infrastructure/railways/raebarelis-mcf-eyes-250-kmph-capable-aluminium-coaches-after-train-18-this-is-indian-railways-next-big-step/1415046/ | title=Raebareli's MCF eyes 250 KMPH capable aluminium coaches! After Train 18, this is Indian Railways next big step | work=Financial Express| date=15 December 2018 }}</ref>

==Export==
Nearly after 8 years of its commissioning Modern Coach Factory, Raebareli dispatched its first export quality train coaches to [[Mozambique]], Africa in October 2020.

In June 2019, [[Mozambique Ports and Railways]] Authority signed an [[MoU]] with Indian railway's RITES ([[Rail India Technical and Economic Service]]) to procure 90 coaches, including 60 loco-hauled designed on [[LHB coach]] platform and 30 [[DEMU]] coaches designed and developed by [[Integral Coach Factory|ICF]] and [[RDSO]].
[[File:MCF Raebareli Export.jpg|thumb|LHB coach for Mozambique ready to be rolled out]]
MCF, [[Raebareli]] first export consignment was to dispatch 12 locomotive-hauled coaches by October-end, these coaches were designed by [[Lucknow]] based RDSO and developed by MCF.<ref>{{cite web |last=Chauhan |first=Arvind |date=23 September 2021 |title=Coaches from Rae Bareli factory set to roll into Mozambique | Lucknow News |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/coaches-from-rae-bareli-factory-set-to-roll-into-mozambique/articleshow/86439778.cms |access-date=16 January 2023 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Diesel Locomotive Factory, Marhowrah]]
* [[Electric Locomotive Factory, Madhepura]]
* [[Chittaranjan Locomotive Works]], [[Asansol]]
* [[Banaras Locomotive Works]], [[Varanasi]]
* [[Rail Wheel Plant, Bela]]
* [[Rail Wheel Factory]], [[Yelahanka]]
* [[Titagarh Wagons]], [[Titagarh]]

* [[List of locomotive builders|List of locomotive builders by countries]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{official website}}

{{Indian Railways}}
{{Railways in Northern India}}

[[Category:Coach and wagon manufacturers of India]]
[[Category:Raebareli]]
[[Category:Manufacturing plants in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:2012 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]

Madhulika Liddle

2026-04-29T04:37:54Z

CelinaArellano: created new article...

{{short description|Indian writer (born 1973)}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{BLP sources|date=September 2025}}
{{COI|date=December 2022}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Infobox writer
| image = Madhulika Liddle.jpg
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1973|01|08}}
| occupation = Writer
| website = {{URL|https://madhulikaliddle.com/}}
| relatives = [[Swapna Liddle]] (sister)
}}

'''Madhulika Liddle''' (born 8 January 1973) is an Indian writer best known for her books about 17th-century Mughal detective Muzaffar Jang.
==Early life and education==
{{Unreferenced section|date=September 2025}}
Madhulika was born in the town of [[Haflong]] in [[Assam]], [[India]], the younger of the two daughters of Andrew Verity Liddle and his wife Muriel Liddle. Andrew Liddle was an officer in the [[Indian Police Service]], which meant that he would be transferred to a new town every two or three years. Therefore, the first twelve years of Madhulika's life were spent in various towns across Assam.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2023-09-13 |title=Meet Madhulika Liddle – the Award Winning Writer |url=https://samvadabroadcast.com/meet-madhulika-liddle-the-award-winning-writer/ |access-date=2025-09-22 |website=Samvada Broadcast |language=en-US}}</ref>

In 1985, Liddle was transferred to [[New Delhi]], and Madhulika finished her schooling in that city. She went on to study at the [[IHM Pusa|Institute of Hotel Management, Catering and Nutrition]] (IHMCN) in New Delhi.

== Personal life ==
Liddle is married to Tarun Bhandari, and the couple has a daughter, Lara. They reside in [[Noida, India]]. Her sister, [[Swapna Liddle]], is a historian known for her work on the history and urban development of Delhi.<ref name=":0" />

==Career==
Madhulika worked at the [[India Habitat Centre]] in Delhi, followed by an advertising agency, and resigned from NIIT in 2008 to write full-time.

==Writings==
Madhulika's first work to be published was a short story named ''Silent Fear'', which won the Femina Thriller Contest in June 2001.

===The Muzaffar Jang Series===
Madhulika's best-known series of works are historical whodunnits featuring 17th century Mughal detective Muzaffar Jang. ''Muzaffar Jang'' first appeared in print in a short story, ''Murk of Art'', in the anthology, ''21 Under 40,<ref name="21 Under 40">{{cite book|last=21 under 40|title=21 under 40|year=2007|publisher=Zubaan Books|isbn=978-81-89884-03-1|url=http://www.zubaanbooks.com/zubaan_books_details.asp?BookID=108|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130328091820/http://www.zubaanbooks.com/zubaan_books_details.asp?BookID=108|archivedate=28 March 2013}}</ref> published by Zubaan Books in 2007''. The first full-length Muzaffar Jang novel was published by Hachette India in 2009 as ''The Englishman's Cameo''. As of 2021, four books in the series have been published.
====''The Englishman's Cameo (2009)''====
''The Englishman's Cameo''<ref name="The Englishman's Cameo">{{cite book|title=The Englishman's Cameo (2009)|year=2009|publisher=Hachette India|location=India|isbn=978-81-906173-3-8|url=http://www.hachetteindia.com/TitleDetails.aspx?titleId=iLjrckgJJHI=|archive-date=4 March 2016|access-date=31 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304110836/http://www.hachetteindia.com/TitleDetails.aspx?titleId=iLjrckgJJHI=|url-status=dead}}</ref> introduces Muzaffar Jang, a twenty-five-year-old Mughal nobleman living in the Delhi of 1656 AD. Muzaffar ends up investigating a murder of which his friend, a jeweller's assistant, is accused. The book became a bestseller in India, and was published in French by Editions Philippe Picquier, as ''Le Camée Anglais''.<ref name="Le Camée Anglais">{{cite book|last=Le Camée Anglais|title=Le Camée Anglais|year=2009|publisher=Editions Philippe Picquier|location=France|isbn=978-2-8097-0164-7|url=http://www.editions-picquier.fr/auteurs/fiche.donut?id=332}}</ref>

Both editions received numerous favourable reviews, with Pradeep Sebastian of Business World<ref name="Pradeep Sebastian : Business world">{{cite web|last=Pradeep Sebastian : Business world|title=Pradeep Sebastian|url=http://businessworldindia.com/bw/2009_10_13_Mysterious_Attempts.html|work=Business world magazine|publisher=BusinessWorld Publishing|accessdate=31 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151006014035/http://businessworldindia.com/bw/2009_10_13_Mysterious_Attempts.html|archive-date=6 October 2015|url-status=usurped}}</ref> writing: "''Its intimate picture of life in Emperor Shahjahan's Dilli resembles a delicate Mughal miniature…''" and Zac O'Yeah of Deccan Herald<ref name="Zac O'Yeah: Deccan Herald">{{cite web|last=Zac O'Yeah: Deccan Herald|title=Zac O'Yeah|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/33437/history-mystery-cocktail.html|work=Deccan Herald|date=31 October 2009}}</ref> describing the book's ''"originality and freshness"'' as its strongest point. Gargi Gupta, for the [[Hindustan Times]],<ref name="Gargi Gupta: Hindustan Times">{{cite web|last=Gargi Gupta: Hindustan Times|title=Gargi Gupta: Hindustan Times|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/Print/483092.aspx|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130125135314/http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/Print/483092.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 January 2013|work=Hindustan Times|publisher=HT Media Ltd|accessdate=31 October 2011}}</ref> wrote: ''"The Englishman's Cameo is a fast-paced yarn written in snappy prose. It also succeeds in evoking the Mughal era through its manners, fashions, jewels and architecture. There's blood, dead bodies every 50 pages or so, and even a love interest to keep readers hooked."''

====''The Eighth Guest & Other Muzaffar Jang Mysteries (2011)''====
''The Eighth Guest & Other Muzaffar Jang Mysteries''<ref name="The Eighth Guest">{{cite book|title=The Eighth Guest & Other Muzaffar Jang Mysteries|year=2011|publisher=Hachette India|location=India|isbn=978-93-5009-275-0|url=http://www.hachetteindia.com/TitleDetails.aspx?titleId=TUmfw0UplOc=|archive-date=10 February 2017|access-date=31 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170210034914/http://www.hachetteindia.com/TitleDetails.aspx?titleId=TUmfw0UplOc=|url-status=dead}}</ref> is a collection of ten short mystery stories set in the latter half of 1656 AD, following Muzaffar Jang's successful solving of the case of The Englishman's Cameo. These stories are set against varying backdrops, including the Imperial Atelier, a traditional Mughal garden, the sarai built by the Princess Jahanara in Delhi, and the Royal Elephant Stables. Included in the collection was the first Muzaffar Jang short story (''Murk of Art''), reprinted in this collection as ''The Hand of an Artist''.

====''Engraved in Stone (2012)''====
''Engraved in Stone'',<ref name="Engraved in Stone">{{cite book|title=Engraved in Stone (2012)|year=2012|publisher=Hachette India|location=India|isbn=978-93-500944-8-8|url=http://www.hachetteindia.com/titleDetails.aspx?titleId=32063|archive-date=29 November 2021|access-date=6 December 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211129015317/https://www.hachetteindia.com/TitleDetails.aspx?titleId=32063|url-status=dead}}</ref> the third book in the series, is set in Agra. When a wealthy and influential merchant named Mumtaz Hassan is murdered, the Diwan-e-Kul, Mir Jumla (who is in Agra, en route to the Deccan, where he's been sent on a campaign) assigns Muzaffar the task of finding the culprit. In the process, Muzaffar stumbles across another mystery which is as old as Muzaffar himself.

====''Crimson City (2015)''====
''Crimson City'',<ref name="Crimson City">{{cite book|title=Crimson City|year=2015|publisher=Hachette India|location=India|isbn=9789350097861|url=http://www.hachetteindia.com/TitleDetails.aspx?titleId=45302|archive-date=21 January 2022|access-date=4 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121225711/https://www.hachetteindia.com/TitleDetails.aspx?titleId=45302|url-status=dead}}</ref> the fourth Muzaffar Jang book, is set in Delhi during early spring, 1657. The novel starts with recalling Mughal army's siege of Bidar in the Deccan, and introduces Muzaffar Jang as the brother-in-law of the Kotwal of Dilli. The novel weaves through historical landmarks of Mughal-era Dilli while showcasing the ability of Muzaffar Jang in solving a series of murders in his neighbourhood, as well as other unconnected crimes, including the abduction of a moneylender's infant son, and the death of a wealthy nobleman in the bath house he himself had built. Interestingly, the unconnected episode of abduction of the moneylender's infant son is used as a commentary upon the tense relations between Muslims and Hindus during the Mughal era (and, obliquely, in the contemporary times as well). In Chapter 8, the Hindu moneylender is shown as holding back from providing Muzaffar Jang, his hungry "saviour", a few morsels. The author comments: "it was odd, he (Muzaffar Jang) thought, that a man could be on the one hand praised to the skies, and on the other, not even considered human enough to share food with." What comes subsequently is interesting, to put it mildly. Jang wonders whether there could have been a compromise, had he asked for a meal? He/Author imagines that if at all there would have been such a compromise, then the moneylender would have only given Muzaffar company while he ate, and after Muzaffar's departure the dishes he had eaten in would be thrown away and Gangu (the cook) would have bathed and gone to the temple to purify herself. Writing such an unconnected episode, it seems, was to complement existing narratives about the inhumane treatment of Dalits historically at the hands of the Hindus, and not just Brahmins. Jang feels relaxed that he didn't ask for a meal as a denial would have been "excruciatingly embarrassing". His wife Shireen tries to sum up what he is feeling: "It is a double-edged sword, is that what you mean to say? If we regard Hindus as different, they regard us as different, too. Too different to be even humane too." Jang responds that faith ought to be "a personal thing, something that should raise you above petty things like whether or not a man shares the same belief as you do. That is what I believe religion should be: a way of making ourselves better human beings."

===Short stories===
Madhulika has written a range of short stories in different genres. Several of these have won awards (including the [[Commonwealth Broadcasting Association Awards]] Short Story Competition, for A Morning Swim, in 2003) or have been selected for anthologies. In 2016, one of her stories, ''Poppies in the Snow'', was longlisted for The Sunday Times EFG Short Story Award.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304015619/http://www.thesundaytimes.co.uk/sto/public/article1671722.ece Article title]</ref> Her first collection of contemporary short stories was published as ''My Lawfully Wedded Husband and Other Stories'' in 2012.

===Miscellaneous Writings===
Madhulika's non-fiction writing includes travel writing, humour, and writing on classic cinema.

==Awards and recognition==
* Commonwealth Broadcasting Association Short Story Competition – Honourable Mention (2002) for ''Love and the Papaya Man''
* Commonwealth Broadcasting Association Short Story Competition – Overall Winner (2003) for ''A Morning Swim''
* Winner of the Oxfordbookstore e-Author version 4.0<ref name="Oxford Bookstore e author 4.0">{{cite web|last=Oxford Bookstore e author 4.0|title=Oxford Bookstore e author 4.0|url=http://www.oxfordbookstore.com/dotcom/oxford/archives/e_author/e_author_4/index_e_author.htm|publisher=Oxford book store|accessdate=31 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120607164157/http://www.oxfordbookstore.com/dotcom/oxford/archives/e_author/e_author_4/index_e_author.htm|archive-date=7 June 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> for a set of five short stories: ''Woman to Woman, The Mango Tree, The Tale of a Summer Vacation, The Marble Princess'', and ''The Sari Satyagraha''.
* Longlisted for The Sunday Times EFG Short Story Award (2016) for ''Poppies in the Snow''<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304015619/http://www.thesundaytimes.co.uk/sto/public/article1671722.ece Article title]</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|www.madhulikaliddle.com}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Liddle, Madhulika}}
[[Category:Women writers from Assam]]
[[Category:1973 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:English-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian short story writers]]
[[Category:Indian women short story writers]]
[[Category:Novelists from Assam]]
[[Category:People from Dima Hasao district]]
[[Category:Indian historical novelists]]
[[Category:Indian crime fiction writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women novelists]]

Vijayudu

2026-04-28T14:35:20Z

CelinaArellano: Adding a stub

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
'''Vijayudu''' (born 1977) is an Indian politician from [[Telangana State|Telangana state]]. He is an MLA from [[Alampur Assembly constituency]] which is reserved for SC community in [[Jogulamba Gadwal district]]. He represents [[Bharat Rashtra Samithi]] Party and won the [[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>https://www.business-standard.com/elections/telangana-elections/alampur-sc-constituency-440</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Vijayudu is from [[Pullur, Telangana|Pullur]] village, Undavelli Mandal, Jogulamba Gadwal District.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Veeresh |first=M. |date=2024-07-05 |title=The Rise of Vijayudu: Alampur's Common Man as a Hero |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/telangana/the-rise-of-vijayudu-alampurs-common-man-as-a-hero-889703 |access-date=2024-07-14 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref> His father, Savaranna, was a farmer. He studied only till Class 10.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vijayudu(BRS):Constituency- ALAMPUR (SC)(JOGULAMBA GADWAL) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/Telangana2023/candidate.php?candidate_id=853 |access-date=2024-07-14 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref> He worked as a field assistant in [[NREGS]].<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
Vijayudu won from [[Alampur Assembly constituency]] representing [[Bharat Rashtra Samithi]] in the [[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]]. He polled 104,060 votes, and defeated his nearest rival S. A. Sampath Kumar of [[Indian National Congress]] by a margin of 30,573 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-05 |title=తెలంగాణ రిజల్ట్స్ 2023: మీ నియోజకవర్గంలో ఎవరు గెలిచారు? - BBC News తెలుగు |url=https://www.bbc.com/telugu/articles/c3g2y79y945o |access-date=2024-07-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231205043614/https://www.bbc.com/telugu/articles/c3g2y79y945o |archive-date=5 December 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-08 |title=Telangana elections results: తెలంగాణ ఎన్నికల్లో విజేతలు వీరే {{!}} telangana elections complete winners list |url=https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-news/elections/telangana-elections-complete-winners-list/3606/123224858 |access-date=2024-07-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208152612/https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-news/elections/telangana-elections-complete-winners-list/3606/123224858 |archive-date=8 December 2023 }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Vijayudu}}
[[Category:1977 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharat Rashtra Samithi politicians]]
[[Category:Telangana MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:Telugu politicians]]

Sanjeevan Hospital

2026-04-27T02:44:47Z

CelinaArellano: Adding new entry.

{{Short description|Hospitals in delhi}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = Sanjeevan Hospitals
| image = Sanjeevanlogo1.jpg
| image_size =
| map = 
| map_size = 
| extinction = 
| type = [[Private hospital|Private]]
| status = 
| purpose = 
| location = 24, Ansari Road Darya Ganj, New Delhi-110002
| website = [https://sanjeevanhealthcare.com/ sanjeevanhealthcare.com]
}}
'''Sanjeevan Hospital'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://sanjeevanhealthcare.com/ |access-date=2022-11-19 |website=Sanjeevan Healthcare |language=en-US}}</ref> is a private hospital located in [[Daryaganj]], New Delhi.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/delhi-news/covid19-list-of-private-govt-hospitals-vaccinating-people-above-60-or-above-45-with-comorbidities-101614520275556.html | title=Covid-19: List of private, govt hospitals vaccinating people above 60, or above 45 with comorbidities
| date=28 February 2021
| publisher=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>

The hospital was founded by Dr. [[Prem Aggarwal]],<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/262450/he-worked-phase-3-now.html | title=He worked for phase-3, now left on the road | date=7 July 2012 | publisher=[[Deccan Herald]]}}</ref> a cardiologist and specialist in critical care, along with a group of senior doctors from Maulana Azad Medical College in 1983. The hospital has more than 100 beds and 10 bedded ICU.

It bagged the NABH recognition in the year 2017<ref>{{cite web | url=https://medicaldialogues.in/new-delhi-sanjeevan-hospital-bags-the-prestigious-nabh-accreditation | title=New Delhi: Sanjeevan Hospital Bags The Prestigious NABH Accreditation | date=10 February 2017 | publisher=[[Medical Dialogues]] }}</ref> and is on the panel of Central Government Health Services (CGHS), Government of India and Delhi Government Employment Health Scheme (DGEHS)<ref>http://health.delhigovt.nic.in/wps/wcm/connect/bfa8fd804a004abcb0f0ffca713ebbfa/OM12.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&lmod=-1100608785&CACHEID=bfa8fd804a004abcb0f0ffca713ebbfa</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord missing|Delhi}}

[[Category:Healthcare in Delhi]]
[[Category:Hospitals in Delhi]]

Dhivehi language

2026-04-25T01:33:55Z

CelinaArellano: Creating the data w/ sources - done

{{Short description|Indo-Aryan language native to the Maldives}}{{redirect-distinguish|Maldivian language|Moldovan language|Moldavian dialect}}{{More citations needed|date=March 2018}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Infobox language
| name = Dhivehi
| altname = Maldivian
| nativename = {{lang|dv|ދިވެހި}}, ''{{Transliteration|engvar=gb|dv|Dhivehi}}''
| image = Dhivehiscript.svg
| image_class = skin-invert-image
| states = [[Maldives]] [[Minicoy|Minicoy (Maliku)]]
| ethnicity = [[Maldivians]]
| speakers = 504,829
| date = 2022
| ref = <ref>{{e28|div}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Census 2022: Combined summary |url=https://census.gov.mv/2022/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/WPD2023.pdf |website=census.gov.mv |publisher=Maldives Bureau of Statistics |access-date=14 February 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Minicoy Town Population Census 2011 - 2025 |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/town/627056-minicoy-lakshadweep.html |website=census2011.co.in |publisher=Census Organization of India |access-date=22 February 2025}}</ref>
| refname = Maldivian
| familycolor = Indo-European
| fam2 = [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]]
| fam3 = [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]]
| fam4 = [[Indo-Aryan languages#Southern Zone|Southern]]
| fam5 = [[Indo-Aryan languages#Southern Zone|Sinhalese–Maldivian]]
| ancestor = [[Elu]]
| ancestor2 = [[Old Dhivehi]]
| script = [[Thaana]] (official) '''Unofficial''' [[Latin script|Latin]] ([[Malé Latin|Maldivian alphabet]]) '''Historical''' [[Dhives Akuru]] (until the 19th century) [[Maldivian writing systems#Ancient scripts (Evēla Akuru)|Eveyla Akuru]] (ancient)
| nation = {{MDV|Maldives}}
| minority =
| dialects = See ''[[#Dialects|§ Dialects]]''
| agency = [[Dhivehi Language Academy]]
| iso1 = dv
| iso2 = div
| iso3 = div
| glotto = dhiv1236
| glottorefname = Dhivehi
| notice = IPA
| pronunciation = {{IPA|dv|d̪iʋehi|}}
| sign = [[Maldives Sign Language|Signed Maldivian]]
| imagecaption = The word "Dhivehi" in the [[Thaana|Thaana script]]
| ietf = dv-MV
| map = Maldives_(orthographic_projection).svg
| mapcaption = Orthographic projection of the [[Maldives]]
}}

[[File:Das Buch der Schrift (Faulmann) 170.jpg|thumb|right|Maldivian in {{ill|Carl Faulmann|de}}'s ''Das Buch der Schrift'', 1880|class=skin-invert-image]]

'''Dhivehi''' ({{lang|dv|ދިވެހި}}, {{transliteration|engvar=gb|dv|Dhivehi}}, {{IPA|dv|d̪iʋehi|}}),{{efn|<ref>{{Cite web |year=2020 |title=Dhivehi |url=https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/dhiv1236 |website=[[Glottolog]] 4.3 |editor-last1=Hammarström |editor-first1=Harald |editor-last2=Forke |editor-first2=Robert |editor-last3=Haspelmath |editor-first3=Martin |editor-last4=Bank |editor-first4=Sebastian}}</ref> also sometimes spelled as '''Divehi'''<ref name="ISO 639-2/RA">{{Cite web |title=Documentation for ISO 639 identifier: div |url=https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?code_ID=116 |access-date=2017-07-08 |publisher=ISO 639-2 Registration Authority – Library of Congress |quote=Divehi; Dhivehi; Maldivian}}</ref><ref name="ISO 639-3/RA">{{Cite web |title=Documentation for ISO 639 identifier: div |url=http://www-01.sil.org/iso639-3/documentation.asp?id=div |access-date=2017-07-08 |publisher=ISO 639-3 Registration Authority – SIL International |quote=Dhivehi, Divehi, Maldivian}}</ref> ({{IPAc-en|d|ɪ|ˈ|v|eɪ|h|i}} {{respell|di|VAY|hee}})<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Chambers Dictionary |publisher=Chambers |year=2003 |isbn=0-550-10105-5 |edition=9th |chapter=Dhivehi}}</ref>}} also known by its [[Endonym and exonym|exonym]] '''Maldivian''',{{efn|{{IPAc-en|m|ɔː|l|ˈ|d|ɪ|v|i|ən}} {{respell|mawl|DIV|ee|uhn}}}} is an [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan language]] belonging to the [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]] branch of the [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] language family, primarily spoken by the [[Maldivians|Maldivian people]] native to the [[South Asia]]n [[archipelagic state]] of the [[Maldives]];<ref name=":0">{{Cite thesis |last=B. D |first=Cain |title=Introduction |publisher=Cornell Univ. [Ithaca] |url=https://pure.mpg.de/pubman/faces/ViewItemFullPage.jsp?itemId=item_407629_4&view=EXPORT |journal=Dhivehi (Maldivian): A Synchronic and Diachronic Study |year=2000 |pages=1}}</ref> as well as the neighbouring [[Minicoy|Minicoy Island]] within [[Lakshadweep]], a [[union territory]] of [[India]].

The Dhivehi language has four notable dialects. The standard dialect is that of the capital city of [[Malé]]. The greatest dialectal variation exists in the southern atolls of [[Huvadhu Atoll|Huvadhu]], [[Addu Atoll|Addu]] and [[Fuvahmulah]]. Each of these atolls has its own distinct dialect often thought to be interconnected with each other while being widely different from the dialect spoken in the northern atolls. The southern dialects are so distinct that those only speaking northern dialects cannot understand them.<ref name=":0" />

The ethnic endonym for the language, ''Divehi'', is occasionally found in English as ''Dhivehi'' (spelled according to the locally used [[Malé Latin]] for the [[Romanization|romanisation]] of the Maldivian language), which is the official spelling as well as the common usage in the Maldives. Dhivehi is written in [[Thaana]] script.

Dhivehi is a descendant of [[Elu|Elu Prakrit]] and is closely related to [[Sinhalese language|Sinhala]], but not mutually intelligible with it. Many languages have influenced the development of Dhivehi through the ages. They include [[Malayalam]], [[Arabic language|Arabic]], [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]], [[Persian language|Persian]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[French language|French]], [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]], and [[English language|English]]. The English words ''[[atoll]]'' (a ring of coral islands or reefs) and ''[[Dhoni (fishing vessel)|dhoni]]'' (a vessel for inter-atoll navigation) are anglicised forms of the Maldivian words ''{{transliteration|engvar=gb|dv|atoḷu}}'' and ''{{transliteration|engvar=gb|dv|dōni}}''. Before European colonisation of the Southern Hemisphere, it was the southernmost Indo-European language.

==Etymology==
The origin of the word "Divehi" is from older ''divu-vesi'', meaning "island dwelling". ''Divu'' (from [[Sanskrit]] {{lang|sa|[[:wikt:द्वीप#Sanskrit|द्वीप]]}} {{IAST|dvīpa}}, 'island') later became {{lang|dv|[[:wikt:ދޫ#Dhivehi|ދޫ]]}} {{transliteration|engvar=gb|dv|iso|dū}}, which is currently present in many names of Maldivian islands, such as [[Hanimaadhoo (Haa Dhaalu Atoll)|Hanimādū]], [[Hulhumeedhoo|Mīdū]], and [[Dhaandhoo|Dāndū]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pandey |first=Anshuman |url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2018/18016r-dives-akuru.pdf |title=Proposal to encode Dives Akuru in Unicode |date=2018-01-23 |publisher=Unicode |pages=5}}</ref> ''Vesi'' came from the Sanskrit suffix {{lang|sa|[[:wikt:-वासिन्#Sanskrit|-वासिन्]]}} {{IAST|-vāsin}} and later became {{lang|dv|[[:wikt:ވެހި#Dhivehi|ވެހި]]}} {{transliteration|engvar=gb|dv|iso|vehi}}. {{lang|dv|[[:wikt:ބަސް#Dhivehi|ބަސް]]}} {{transliteration|engvar=gb|dv|iso|bas}} (from Sanskrit {{lang|sa|[[:wikt:भाषा#Sanskrit|भाषा]]}} {{IAST|bhāṣā}}) means "language", so {{lang|dv|ދިވެހިބަސް}} {{transliteration|engvar=gb|dv|iso|dhivehi bas}} means "islanders' language".

[[Wilhelm Geiger]], a German linguist who undertook the first research on Maldivian [[linguistics]] in the early 20th century, also called the language ''Divehi''. An ''h'' was added to the name of the language— "Dhivehi"— in 1976, when the semi-official transliteration called [[Malé Latin]] was developed. Today the spelling with ''Dh'' has common and semi-official usage in the Maldives.

==Origin==
Dhivehi is an Indo-Aryan language closely related to the [[Sinhala language|Sinhala]] language of [[Sri Lanka]]. Dhivehi represents the southernmost Indo-Aryan language, as well as the southernmost [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European language]] prior to European colonisation. Dhivehi and Sinhalese together constitute a subgroup within the modern Indo-Aryan languages, called [[Insular Indo-Aryan]]. However, they are not mutually intelligible.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gair |first=James W. |year=2007 |title=The Dhivehi Language: A Descriptive and Historical Grammar of Dhivehi and Its Dialects. 2 vols |work=The Journal of the American Oriental Society |url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_go2081/is_3_127/ai_n31523541/}}</ref>

Maldivian and Sinhala are descended from the [[Elu]] Prakrit of ancient and medieval Sri Lanka. These [[Prakrit]]s were originally derived from Old Indo-Aryan vernaculars related to [[Vedic Sanskrit]].

Whereas formerly Maldivian was thought to be a descendant of Sinhala, in 1969 Sinhalese philologist M. W. S. de Silva for the first time proposed that Maldivian and Sinhalese had branched off from a common mother language.<ref name="de Silva">de Silva (1970)</ref>

The following are some phonological features shared by Sinhala, or unique to Maldivian:<ref name=":0"/>
* Loss of aspiration in stop consonants (Sanskrit ''khasa'' → Maldivian ''kah'', Sinhala ''kas'', both "itch").
* [[Fortition]] of initial ''y-'' → ''j-'' → ''d-'', not shared by Sinhala (''yaṣṭi'' → Maldivian ''doṣi'', Sinhala ''yæṭi'', both "fishing rod").
* Development of [[prenasalized consonant]]s from nasal and voiced stop clusters (''ambā'' → Maldivian and Sinhala ''am̆bi'', both "wife").
* Spirantisation of ''p'' → ''f'' (''panca'' → Maldivian ''fas'', Sinhala ''paha'', both "five").
* Assibilation of ''ṭ'' → ''ṣ'' except when geminated (''kaṇṭaka'' → Maldivian ''kaṣi'', Sinhala ''kaṭuva'', both "thorn").
* Backing of vowels ''e'' and ''i'' into ''o'' and ''u'' before retroflex consonants (older Dhivehi ''ateḷu'' → ''atoḷu'' "atoll")
* Loss of contrast between ''n'' and ''ṇ'' (except in the Addu dialect, e.g. ''fani'' "juice" : ''faṇi'' "worm" is rendered homophonous elsewhere), but not ''l'' and ''ḷ'' (''ali'' "light" : ''aḷi'' "ash").
* [[L-vocalization|L-vocalisation]] occurred in Standard Dhivehi, Addu, and Minicoy (''mal'' → ''mau'' → ''mā'' "flower", ''tel'' → ''teu'' → ''teyo'' "oil").

==History==
{{Main|Old Dhivehi}}

[[File:Loamaafaanu.jpg|thumb|12th-century ''{{transliteration|engvar=gb|dv|[[lōmāfānu]]}}'', copper plates on which early Maldivian sultans wrote orders and grants]]

The earliest official writings were on the ''{{transliteration|engvar=gb|dv|[[lōmāfānu]]}}'' (copper-plate [[Conveyancing|grants]]) of the 12th and 13th centuries. Earlier inscriptions on coral stone have also been found. The oldest inscription found to date is an inscription on a coral stone, which is estimated to be from around the 6th-8th centuries.

Maldivian is an Indo-Aryan language of the Sinhalese-Maldivian subfamily.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Language: Dhivehi |url=http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/dhiv1236 |access-date=9 March 2017 |website=Glottolog |publisher=[[Glottolog]]}}</ref> It developed in relative isolation from other languages until the 12th century. Since the 16th century, Maldivian has been written in a unique script called [[Thaana]] which is written from [[right to left]], like [[Arabic script|Arabic]] (with which it shares several common diacritics for vowel sounds).

The foundation of the historical linguistic analysis of both Maldivian and [[Sinhala language|Sinhalese]] was laid by [[Wilhelm Geiger]] (1856–1943). In Geiger's comparative study of Maldivian and Sinhalese, he assumes that Maldivian is a dialectal offspring of Sinhalese and therefore is a "daughter language" of Sinhalese. However, the material he collected was not sufficient to judge the "degree of relationship" of Maldivian and Sinhalese.

Geiger concludes that Maldivian must have split from Sinhalese not earlier than the 10th century CE. However, there is nothing in the history of these islands or Sinhalese chronicles, even in legendary form, that alludes to a migration of Sinhalese people which would result in such a connection. Maldives is completely absent from the pre-12th century records of Sri Lanka.<ref name=":0" />

A rare Maliku Thaana primer written in the Maliku dialect, published by [[Lakshadweep]]'s administration during the time of [[Rajiv Gandhi]]'s rule, was reprinted by Spanish researcher [[Xavier Romero Frías]] in 2003.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.academia.edu/4681688 |title=Minicoy Language Primer (Maliku Taana – Devana Foiy) |date=January 2006 |access-date=12 June 2016}}</ref>

There is a holiday, the ''Dhivehi Language Day'', which is celebrated in the Maldives on 14 April, the birthday of the writer [[Husain Salahuddin]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dhivehi Language Day in the Maldives |url=https://anydayguide.com/calendar/1898 |access-date=3 November 2018}}</ref>

==Geographic distribution==
{{Unsourced section|date=October 2025}}
Maldivian is spoken in the [[Maldives]] and a variation of it in [[Minicoy]].<ref name=":0" />

===Official status===
Maldivian is the official language of the [[Maldives]] and a semi-official language in the [[union territory]] of [[Lakshadweep]], India.

===Dialects===
The Maldivian language has multiple dialects due to the wide distribution of the islands, causing differences in pronunciation and vocabulary to develop during the centuries. The most divergent dialects of the language are to be found in the southern atolls, namely [[Huvadhu]], [[Fuvahmulah]] and [[Addu Atoll|Addu]]. The other variants show less difference to the official dialect, including the dialects spoken in a few islands in [[Kolhumadulu Atoll|Kolhumadulu]] Atoll and the now obsolete dialect once spoken in [[Giraavaru (Kaafu Atoll)|Giraavaru]], which are hardly recognised and known.

*'''''Malé dialect''''' is the mainstream Maldivian dialect ({{Transliteration|engvar=gb|dv|bahuruva}}) and is based on the dialect spoken in the capital of the Maldives, [[Malé]].
*'''''Haddhunmathee dialect''''' spoken in [[Haddhunmathi Atoll|Haddhunmathi]] Atoll.
*'''''Maliku dialect''''' (''Mahl'') spoken in [[Minicoy|Minicoy (Maliku)]] in union territory of [[Lakshadweep]], India. The dialect spoken in Minicoy has fewer differences from the standard Maldivian than other dialects. It has some archaic forms of words and [[Malayalam]] loanwords.
*'''''Mulaku dialect''''' is a dialect of Maldivian spoken by the people of [[Fuvahmulah]]. ''Mulaku dialect'' has word-final 'l' ({{Transliteration|engvar=gb|dv|laamu sukun}} {{lang|dv|ލް}}), which is absent from the other dialects of Maldivian. Another characteristic is the 'o' sound at the end of words, instead of the final 'u' common in all other forms of Maldivian; e.g. {{Transliteration|engvar=gb|dv|fanno}} instead of {{Transliteration|engvar=gb|dv|fannu}}. Regarding pronunciation, the retroflex 'ṣ' (IPA [ʂ]), has a [ɽ̊~ɽ̊r̥] sound in the ''Mulaku dialect'' and was once pronounced that way in official Maldivian. One of the most unusual features of ''Mulaku dialect'' is that, unlike other dialects, it distinguishes gender. Also, there are many remarkable differences in the dialect in place of the ''[[#sukun|sukun]]'' system as well as the vowel or diacritical system following a distinctive set of rules. The ''Mulaku'' dialect also has [[nasal vowel]]s, which are unique only to this dialect.
*{{anchor|Huvadhu dialect}}'''''Huvadhu dialect''''', spoken by the inhabitants of the large atoll of [[Huvadhu Atoll|Huvadhu]], is another distinctive form of Maldivian. Because of the isolation from the Northern Atolls, and the capital of [[Malé]], '''''Huvadhu dialect''''' makes more use of the retroflex /ʈ/ than other variants. '''''Huvadhu dialect''''' also retains old [[Sinhalese language|Sinhalese]] words and is sometimes considered to be linguistically closer to Sinhalese than the other dialects of Maldivian. The '''Huvadhu dialect''' can be separated into two subdialects, the eastern and western Huvadhu dialects.
*'''''Addu dialect''''' is also quite different from the official form of Maldivian and has some affinities with ''Mulaku dialect''. In the past, Addu Atoll being a centre of education, the islanders from the three atolls of the south who acquired education there used ''Addu dialect'' as their lingua franca. Hence, when for example one of these islanders of any of the Huvadhu islands met with someone from Fuvahmulah, they would use ''Addu dialect'' to talk to each other. ''Addu dialect'' is the most widespread of the dialects of Maldivian. However, the secessionist government of the [[United Suvadive Republic|Suvadives]] (1959–1963) used ''Malé dialect'' in its official correspondence.
*'''''Madifushi dialect''''' is the lesser known dialect in the [[Madifushi (Thaa Atoll)|Madifushi]] island of [[Kolhumadulu Atoll|Kolhumadulu]] and has some similarities with ''Huvadhu dialect''. Word-final 'a' is often replaced with 'e' or 'o', and some final consonants also differ.
*'''''Kudahuvadhoo dialect''''' is also a lesser known dialect spoken in [[Kudahuvadhoo]] island. The dialect has less differences compared to other dialects, however some pronouns and words differ, and the suffix "ne" is replaced with "ɭe" (E.g. Nufennaane is pronounced as Nufennaaɭe). This dialect is also spoken in [[Hirilandhoo (Thaa Atoll)|Hirilandhoo]] and a few other islands of [[Thaa Atoll|Kolhumadulu]].
*'''''Kulhudhuffushi dialect''''' is a dialect spoken in [[Kulhudhuffushi|Kulhudhuffushi city.]] The dialect has new words and is a lot more unique.
*'''''Naifaru dialect''''' is spoken in [[Naifaru]] island of [[Lhaviyani Atoll]]. The dialect has a lot more differences, mainly with the sound "ai" being replaced with "ey". (E.g. "Sai" is "Sey", "Naifaru" is "Neyfaru".
*'''''Giraavaru dialect''''' is now an almost extinct dialect one spoken on the island of [[Giraavaru (Kaafu Atoll)|Giraavaru]]. The dialect is quite unusual for islands near [[Malé]]. The with the Voiced retroflex lateral approximant ([[Voiced retroflex lateral approximant|ɭ]]) is replaced by the voiced alveolar tap ([[r]])

The letter Ṇaviyani (ޱ), which represented the [[Voiced retroflex nasal|retroflex ''n'']] sound common to many Indic languages ([[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Hindi]], etc.), was abolished from official documents in by Muhammad Amin in 1950.<ref>[[Xavier Romero-Frias]], ''The Maldive Islanders: A Study of the Popular Culture of an Ancient Ocean Kingdom''</ref> Ṇaviyani's former position in the Thaana alphabet, between the letters Gaafu and Seenu, is today occupied by the palatal nasal Ñaviyani (ޏ). It is still seen in reprints of traditional old books like the {{Transliteration|engvar=gb|dv|Boḍu Tarutību}} and official documents like the ''[[Rādavaḷi]]''. It is also used by people of southern atolls when writing songs or poetry in their language variant.

According to Sonja Fritz, "the dialects of Maldivian represent different diachronial stages in the development of the language. Especially in the field of morphology, the amount of archaic features steadily increase from the north to the south. Within the three southernmost atolls (of the Maldives), the dialect of the Addu islands which form the southern tip of the whole archipelago is characterized by the highest degree of archaicity".<ref name="Fritz">Fritz (2002)</ref>

However, the Huvadhu Atoll dialect is characterised by the highest degree of archaicity. From Huvadhu Atoll the archaic features decrease toward the south and north.

Fritz also adds that "the different classes of verb conjugation and nominal inflection are best preserved there, morphological simplifications and, as a consequence increasing from atoll to atoll towards north (in the Maldives)".

== Writing system ==
{{main|Maldivian writing systems|Thaana}}

The Maldivian language has had its own script since very ancient times, most likely over two millennia, when Maldivian Buddhist monks translated and copied the Buddhist scriptures.
It used to be written in the earlier form (Evēla) of the [[Dhives Akuru]] ("Dhivehi/Maldivian letters") which are written from left to right. Dhives Akuru were used in all of the islands between the conversion to Islam and until the 18th century. These ancient Maldivian letters were also used in official correspondence with Addu Atoll until the early 20th century. Perhaps they were used in some isolated islands and rural communities until the 1960s, but the last remaining native user died in the 1990s. Today Maldivians rarely learn the Dhives Akuru alphabet, for Arabic is favoured as the second script.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Romero-Frias |first=Xavier |url=https://www.academia.edu/4643911 |title=The Maldivian Script. Volume One. (Divehi Akuru – 1) |date=10 April 2003 |access-date=12 June 2016}}</ref>

Maldivian is now written using a different script, called Taana or Thaana, written from right to left. This script is relatively recent.

The literacy rate of the Maldives is very high (98%) compared to other South Asian countries. Since the 1960s English has become the medium of education in most schools although they still have Maldivian language classes, but Maldivian is still the language used for the overall administration.{{citation needed|date=August 2019}}

Maldivian uses mainly the Thaana script for writing. It is an [[alphabet]], with obligatory vowels derived from the vowel diacritics of the [[Arabic script|Arabic abjad]]. It is a largely [[phoneme|phonemic]] script: With a few minor exceptions, spelling can be predicted from pronunciation, and pronunciation from spelling.

The origins of Thaana are unique among the world's alphabets: The first nine letters (h–v) are derived from the Arabic numerals, whereas the next nine (m–d) were the local Indic numerals. (See [[Hindu–Arabic numeral system|Hindu–Arabic numerals]].) The remaining letters for loanwords (t–z) and Arabic transliteration are derived from phonetically similar native consonants by means of diacritics, with the exception of y ({{lang|dv|ޔ}}), which is derived from combining an {{Transliteration|engvar=gb|dv|alifu}} ({{lang|dv|އ}}) and a {{Transliteration|engvar=gb|dv|vaavu}} ({{lang|dv|ވ}}). This means that Thaana is one of the few alphabets not derived graphically from the [[Middle Bronze Age alphabets|original Semitic alphabet]] – unless the Indic numerals were (see [[Brahmi numeral]]s). The Thaana alphabet ({{Transliteration|engvar=gb|dv|hā, shaviyani, nūnu, rā, bā}}, ...) does not follow the ancient order of the other Indic scripts (like Tamil) or the order of the Arabic alphabet.

Thaana, like Arabic, is written [[right to left]]. It indicates vowels with diacritic marks derived from Arabic. Each letter must carry either a vowel or a ''[[sukun]]'', which indicates "no vowel". The only exception to this rule is {{Transliteration|engvar=gb|dv|noonu}} which, when written without a diacritic, indicates [[prenasalized stop|prenasalisation]] of a following [[plosive consonant|stop]].

The [[vowel]]s are written with diacritical signs called {{Transliteration|engvar=gb|dv|fili}}. There are five {{Transliteration|engvar=gb|dv|fili}} for short vowels (a, i, u, e, o), with the first three being identical to the [[harakat|Arabic vowel signs]] ({{Transliteration|engvar=gb|ar|fatha, kasra}} and {{Transliteration|engvar=gb|ar|damma}}). Long vowels (aa, ee, oo, ey, oa) are denoted by doubled {{Transliteration|engvar=gb|dv|fili}}, except oa, which is a modification of the short {{Transliteration|engvar=gb|dv|obofili}}.

The letter {{Transliteration|engvar=gb|dv|alifu}} represents the [[glottal stop]]. It has three different purposes:
It can act as a carrier for a vowel, that is, a word-initial vowel or the second part of a [[diphthong]]; when it carries a {{Transliteration|engvar=gb|dv|sukun}}, it indicates [[gemination]] of the following consonant; and if {{Transliteration|engvar=gb|dv|alifu}}+{{Transliteration|engvar=gb|dv|sukun}} occurs at the end of a word, it indicates that the word ends in a glottal stop. Gemination of nasals, however, is indicated by {{Transliteration|engvar=gb|dv|noonu}}+{{Transliteration|engvar=gb|dv|sukun}} preceding the nasal to be geminated.

Maldivian is also written in "[[Malé Latin]]" (most commonly used, such as when romanising place names). [[IAST]] transliteration is also sometimes used, and also the [[Devanāgarī]] script (almost never used in Maldives, but used in [[Minicoy]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maldivian language and alphabets |url=https://omniglot.com/writing/thaana.htm |access-date=2022-02-07 |website=omniglot.com}}</ref>)

== Latin transliteration ==
{{main|Malé Latin}}

Towards the mid-1970s, during President [[Ibrahim Nasir]]'s tenure, the Maldivian government introduced [[Telegraphy|telex]] machines in the local administration. However, local Thaana script was deemed to be an obstacle because messages on the [[Teleprinter|telex machines]] could only be written in the [[Latin script]].

Following this, in 1976 the government approved a new official Latin transliteration, [[Malé Latin|Dhivehi Latin]], which was quickly implemented by the administration. Booklets were printed and dispatched to all Atoll and Island Offices, as well as schools and merchant liners. Clarence Maloney, an American anthropologist who was in the Maldives at the time of the change, lamented the inconsistencies of the "Dhivehi Latin" which ignored all previous linguistic research on the Maldivian language done by H.C.P. Bell and Wilhelm Geiger. He wondered why the modern [[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration|engvar=gb|Standard Indic transliteration]] had not been considered. Standard Indic is a consistent script system that is well adapted to writing almost all languages of South Asia.<ref>Clarence Maloney. ''People of the Maldive Islands''</ref> However, this scheme lacks a few sounds used in Maldivian. [[ISO 15919]] has been used by [[Xavier Romero Frías|Xavier Romero-Frias]] to romanise Maldivian in his book ''The Maldive Islanders - A Study of the Popular Culture of an Ancient Ocean Kingdom''.

The government reinstated the Thaana script shortly after President [[Maumoon Abdul Gayoom|Maumoon]] took power in 1978. However, the Latin transcription of 1976 continues to be widely used.

== Phonology ==
{{main|Maldivian phonology}}

The sound system of Maldivian is similar to that of [[Dravidian languages|Dravidian]] languages. Like other modern Indo-Aryan languages the Maldivian phonemic inventory shows an opposition of long and short vowels, of dental and retroflex consonants, and of single and [[geminate]] consonants. However, unlike many other modern Indo-Aryan languages, it has no aspirates.

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+Vowels<ref name=":01">{{Cite book|last=Gnanadesikan|first=Amalia E.|title=Dhivehi: The Language of the Maldives|publisher=Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton|year=2017|pages=21–25}}</ref>
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=2| [[Front vowel|Front]]
!colspan=2| [[Central vowel|Central]]
!colspan=2| [[Back vowel|Back]]
|-
! {{small|short}} !! {{small|long}}
! {{small|short}} !! {{small|long}}
! {{small|short}} !! {{small|long}}
|-
![[Close vowel|Close]]
|{{IPA link|i}}
|{{IPA link|iː}}
|
|
|{{IPA link|u}}
|{{IPA link|uː}}
|-
![[Mid vowel|Mid]]
|{{IPA link|e}}
|{{IPA link|eː}}
|
|
|{{IPA link|o}}
|{{IPA link|oː}}
|-
![[Open vowel|Open]]
| colspan="2" |({{IPA link|æ|æː}}){{efn|{{IPA|[æː]}} is developed as a sound from the diphthong {{IPA|/ai/}}.}}
|{{IPA link|a}}
|{{IPA link|aː}}
|
|
|}
{{notelist}}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+Consonants<ref name=":01" />
! colspan="2" |
! [[Labial consonant|Labial]]
! [[Dental consonant|Dental]]/ [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! [[Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]
! [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! [[Velar consonant|Velar]]
! [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
! colspan="2" | [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| {{IPA link|m}}
| {{IPA link|n}}
| ({{IPA link|ɳ}}){{efn|/ɳ/ has merged with /n/ in the standard language, but it is still distinct in southern dialects.}}
| ({{IPA link|ɲ}}){{efn|The status of /ɲ/ as a phoneme is unclear. Except for two words, /ɲamɲam/ ''[[cynometra cauliflora]]'' (a kind of fruit) and /ɲaʋijani/ 'Gnaviyani' (alphabet letter), the /ɲ/ only occurs as the result of the fusion of /n/ and /i/: /du:ni/ 'bird', /du:ɲɲeʔ/ 'a bird'.}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="3" | [[Plosive]]/ [[Affricate]]
! {{small|voiceless}}
| {{IPA link|p}}
| {{IPA link|t̪}}
| {{IPA link|ʈ}}
| {{IPA link|t͡ʃ}}
| {{IPA link|k}}
|
|-
! {{small|voiced}}
| {{IPA link|b}}
| {{IPA link|d̪}}
| {{IPA link|ɖ}}
| {{IPA link|d͡ʒ}}
| {{IPA link|ɡ}}
|
|-
! {{small|prenasal}}
| {{IPA link|ᵐb}}
| {{IPA link|ⁿd̪}}
| {{IPA link|ᶯɖ}}
|
| {{IPA link|ᵑɡ}}
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | [[Fricative]]
! {{small|voiceless}}
| {{IPA link|f}}
| {{IPA link|s̪}}
| {{IPA link|ʂ}}
| {{IPA link|ʃ}}
|
| {{IPA link|h}}
|-
! {{small|voiced}}
|
| {{IPA link|z}}
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" | [[Approximant]]
| {{IPA link|ʋ}}{{efn|{{IPAslink|ʋ}} can occasionally be heard as a fricative {{IPAblink|v}}, it has a {{IPAblink|w}} allophone occurring between vowel sounds {{IPAslink|a}} and {{IPAslink|u}}.}}
| {{IPA link|l̪}}
| {{IPA link|ɭ}}
| {{IPA link|j}}
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" | [[Tap consonant|Tap]]
|
|
| {{IPA link|ɽ}}
|
|
|
|}
{{notelist}}

==Grammar==
===Nouns===
Nouns in Maldivian inflect for [[animacy]], [[definiteness]], number and case. Nouns may be either human or non-human. Definiteness may be one of definite (no suffix), indefinite (''-ek'') or unspecified (''-aku''), although indefinite and unspecified are only distinguished in the direct case. Number may be singular or plural. Case may be one of [[nominative|direct]], [[dative]], [[ablative]], [[genitive]], [[locative]], [[instrumental case|instrumental]] or [[sociative case|sociative]]. However, human nouns cannot be in the instrumental or locative, and are sometimes avoided in the dative, with postpositions being used instead for the same meaning. Maldivian does not distinguish between the [[nominative]] and [[accusative]] cases, instead using the direct case for both subjects and direct objects. Nouns are marked first for number, then for definiteness, and then for case, e.g. ގެ އް ކެ ތަ ތް ކަ އް ސަ މަ ''masakkat̊-tak-ek̊-ge'' 'of some work'. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Gnanadesikan|first=Amalia E.|title=Dhivehi: The Language of the Maldives|publisher=Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton|year=2017}}</ref>
====Case====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
!Non-human
!Human
|-
!Direct
| {{lang|dv|ބަސް}}
''bas''
'language'
| {{lang|dv|ކ ްއ ޮކ}}
''kokko''
'younger sibling'
|-
!Sociative
| {{lang|dv|ބަހާ}}
''bah-ā''
‘with the language’
| {{lang|dv|ކޮއކޮއާ}}
''kokko-ā''
‘with younger sibling’
|-
!Genitive
| {{lang|dv|ބަހުގެ}}
''bah-uge''
‘of the language’
| {{lang|dv|ކޮއކޮގެ}}
''kokko-ge''
‘younger sibling’s’
|-
!Dative
| {{lang|dv|ބަހަސް}}
''bah-aṣ''
‘to/for the language’
| {{lang|dv|ކޮއކޮއަށް
''kokko-aṣ''
‘to/for younger sibling’
|-
!Locative
| {{lang|dv|ބަހުގައި}}
''bah-ugai''
‘in the language’
|–
|-
!Ablative
| {{lang|dv|ބަހުން}}
''bah-un''
‘from/by means of the language’
|–
|}

=== Numerals ===
Maldivian uses two numeral systems. Both of them are identical up to 30. After 30, however, one system places the unit numeral stem before the decade, for example, {{Transliteration|engvar=gb|dv|eh-thirees}} '31' ({{abbr|lit.|literally}} "one and thirty") while the other combines the stem of the decade with the unit numeral, for example, {{Transliteration|engvar=gb|dv|thirees-ekeh}} '31' ("thirty + one"). The latter system also has numerals multiplied by ten for decades 70, 80 and 90. The decade {{Transliteration|engvar=gb|dv|fas dholhas}} '60' ("five twelves"), comes from a much older [[duodecimal]], or dozen-based, system which has nearly disappeared.

=== Verbs ===
The Maldivian verbal system is characterised by a derivational relationship between active, causative and involitive/intransitive verb forms.

===Word order===

The [[word order]] in Maldivian is not as rigid as in English, though changes in the order of words in a sentence may convey subtle differences in meaning. To ask for some fish in a market, one uses the following words: {{transliteration|engvar=gb|dv|mashah}} (to me) {{transliteration|engvar=gb|dv|mas}} (fish) {{transliteration|engvar=gb|dv|vikkaa}} (sell), which may be put in any of the following orders without a change in meaning:

{{columns-start}}
<div style="position: relative">
{{interlinear|lang=dv-Latn|number=1)
|mashah mas vikkaa
|to.me fish sell
|Sell me fish.}}
{{interlinear|lang=dv-Latn|number=2)
|mas mashah vikkaa
|fish to.me sell
|Sell me fish.}}
{{interlinear|lang=dv-Latn|number=3)
|mas vikkaa mashah
|fish sell to.me
|Sell me fish.}}
</div>
{{column}}
<div style="position: relative">
{{interlinear|lang=dv-latn|number=4)
|mashah vikka mas
|to.me sell fish
|sell me fish}}
{{interlinear|lang=dv-latn|number=5)
|vikka mas mashah
|sell fish to.me
|sell me fish}}
{{interlinear|lang=dv-latn|number=6)
|vikka mashah mas
|sell to.me fish
|sell me fish}}
</div>
{{columns-end}}

The word {{transliteration|engvar=gb|dv|mashah}} (to me) may be dropped wherever the context makes it obvious.

==Levels of speech==
Inherent in the Maldivian language is a form of elaborate class distinction expressed through three levels: The highest level, the {{Transliteration|engvar=gb|dv|maaiy bas}}, formerly used to address members of the royal family, is now commonly used to show respect. People use the second level {{Transliteration|engvar=gb|dv|reethi bas}} and third level {{Transliteration|engvar=gb|dv|aadhaige bas}} in everyday life.{{citation needed|date=October 2019}}

== Vocabulary ==
{{unreferenced section|date=July 2022}}
Maldivian contains many [[loan word|loanword]]s from other languages.

=== Word origins ===
After the arrival of [[Islam in South Asia]], Persian and Arabic made a significant impact on Maldivian. It borrowed extensively from both languages, especially terms related to Islam and the judiciary. Some examples follow:
* ''{{transliteration|engvar=gb|dv|namādu}}'' – "prayer" (from [[Persian language#Classical Persian|Classical Persian]] ''[[wikt:نماز#Persian|{{transliteration|engvar=gb|fa|namāz}}]]'')
* ''{{transliteration|engvar=gb|dv|rōda}}'' – "fasting" (from [[Persian language#Classical Persian|Classical Persian]] ''[[wikt:روزه#Persian|{{transliteration|engvar=gb|fa|rōza}}]]'')
* ''hā–"yes"''
* ''{{transliteration|engvar=gb|dv|mēzu}}'' – "table" (from [[Persian language#Classical Persian|Classical Persian]] ''[[wikt:میز#Persian|{{transliteration|engvar=gb|fa|mēz}}]]'')
* ''{{transliteration|engvar=gb|dv|kāfaru}}'' – "non-believer" (from [[Arabic]] [[Kafir|''kāfir'']])
* ''{{transliteration|engvar=gb|dv|tārīkh}}'' – "date" or "history" (from [[Arabic]] ''{{transliteration|engvar=gb|ar|tārīkh}}'')
* ''{{transliteration|engvar=gb|dv|zarāfā}}'' – "giraffe" (from [[Arabic]] ''{{transliteration|engvar=gb|ar|zarāfah}}'')

French origin:

* {{Transliteration|engvar=gb|dv|gili-gili}} – "tickle-tickle" (from [[French language|French]] ''guili-guili)''

Portuguese influence in the language can be seen from the period of Portuguese colonial power in the region:
* ''{{transliteration|engvar=gb|dv|lonsi}}'' – "hunting spear" (from [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] ''{{lang|pt|lança}}'')

Maldivian has also borrowed words from [[Urdu]], [[Hindi]] and more recently, English (in particular many scientific and technological terms).

English words are also commonly used in the spoken language, for example "phone", "note", "radio", and ''{{transliteration|engvar=gb|dv|soatu}}'' ("shorts").

=== Some common phrases ===
{|
|-
! Maldivian phrase !! Transliteration !! English
|-
| {{lang|dv|ޝުކުރިއްޔާ}} || ''{{transliteration|engvar=gb|dv|Shukuriyyā}}'' || Thank you
|-
| {{lang|dv|ނޫން}} || ''{{transliteration|engvar=gb|dv|Nūn}}'' || No
|-
| {{lang|dv|އެކުވެރިޔާ}} || ''{{transliteration|engvar=gb|dv|Ekuveriyā}}'' || Friend
|}
There is a small amount of Portuguese and English loanwords too, owing to colonialism and limited Western exposure. Ibrahim Ufaamanu was the first person to publish a Portuguese-Dhivehi-English dictionary in 1977.

==Sample==

The following is a sample text in Maldivian, Article 1 of the [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights]] (by the United Nations):
<div lang="dv" dir=rtl>
{{lang|dv|މާއްދާ 1 - ހުރިހާ އިންސާނުން ވެސް އުފަންވަނީ، ދަރަޖަ އާއި ޙައްޤު ތަކުގައި މިނިވަންކަމާއި ހަމަހަމަކަން ލިބިގެންވާ ބައެއްގެ ގޮތުގައެވެ. އެމީހުންނަށް ހެޔޮ ވިސްނުމާއި ހެޔޮ ބުއްދީގެ ބާރު ލިބިގެން ވެއެވެ. އަދި އެމީހުން އެކަކު އަނެކަކާ މެދު މުއާމަލާތް ކުރަންވާނީ އުޚުއްވަތްތެރި ކަމުގެ ރޫހެއް ގައެވެ.}}
</div>

Romanisation ([[ISO 15919]]):
: ''{{transliteration|engvar=gb|dv|māddā 1 - hurihā insānun ves ufanvanī, darajaʾāi ḥaqqu takugai minivankamāi hamahamakan libigenvā baʾegge gotugaʾeve. Emīhunnaʾ heyo visnumāi heyo buddīge bāru libigenveʾeve. Adi emīhun ekaku anekakā medu muāmalāt kuranvānī uk͟huvvatteri kamuge rūheʾ gaʾeve.}}''

Gloss (word-for-word):
:Article 1 – All human-beings also are born, ranking and rights' in freedom and equality acquired people like. Them to good thinking and good brain's endowment acquired is. And they one another to communicate do should brotherhood's spirit with.

Translation (grammatical):
:Article 1 – All human beings are born free and equal in ranking and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

== Information technology ==

===Typography===
Founded in 1984, the Mahal Unit Press at [[Minicoy]] prints texts in Maldivian, among other languages. The press also publishes the ''Lakshadweep Times'' in three languages on a regular basis: Maldivian, English and [[Malayalam]]. This unit is based in the main building, constructed in 1998. For the first time in the history of Lakshadweep, Maldivian was brought into the field of typography.

Activities:
* Production of note books for the department of Education and Jawahar Navodaya School at Minicoy.
* Printing Maldivian textbooks for Standards I to IV.
* Undertaking printing work from the public on a payment basis.

===Fonts===
Freely downloadable [[open-source Unicode typefaces]] featuring Thaana letters include [[FreeSerif]] and MPH 2B Damase.

==See also==
* [[Maldives Sign Language]]
{{Portal|Asia|Language|Maldives}}
{{Mahal language topics}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite journal |year=1970 |title=Some Observations on the History of Dhivehi |journal=Transactions of the Philological Society, London |surname1=De Silva |given1=M W S}}.
* {{Citation |title=The Divehi Language: A Descriptive and Historical Grammar of the Maldivian and its Dialects |year=2002 |place=Heidelberg |surname1=Fritz |given1=Sonja}}.
* {{Citation |title=Sri Lanka – Maldivian Cultural Affinities |year=1987 |publisher=Academy of Sri Lankan Culture |surname1=Vitharana |given1=V}}.

==Further reading==
* {{Citation |title=Divehi (Maldivian): A Synchronic and Diachronic study |year=2000 |publisher=PhD thesis presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School at Cornell University |surname1=Cain |given1=Bruce D}}.
* {{Citation |title=Language Death |year=2000 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |surname1=Crystal |given1=David}}.
* {{Cite journal |year=2001 |title=Maldivian Linguistic Studies |journal=Journal of the Ceylon Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, Colombo |surname1=Geiger |given1=Wilhem}}.
* {{Citation |title=A Concise Etymological Vocabulary of Dhivehi Language |page=xxiv, 261 |year=2000 |publisher=The Royal Asiatic Society of Sri Lanka |surname1=Manik |given1=Hassan Ahmed}}.
* {{Citation |title=Dhivehi Writing Systems |year=1999 |publisher=National Centre for Linguistic and Historical Research, Malé |surname1=Muhammad |given1=Naseema}}.
* {{Cite journal |year=1974 |title=Buddhism and the Maldivian Language |journal=Buddhist Studies in Honour of I. B. Horner, Dordrecht |surname1=[[Christopher Hanby Baillie Reynolds|Reynolds]] |given1=Christopher Hanby Baillie}}.
* {{Citation |title=A Maldivian Dictionary |page=412 |year=2003 |publisher=[[Routledge]], London |isbn=9780415298087 |surname1=Reynolds |given1=Christopher Hanby Baillie}}.
* {{Citation |title=The Maldive Islanders: A Study of the Popular Culture of an Ancient Ocean Kingdom |year=1999 |publisher=Nova Ethnographia Indica |isbn=84-7254-801-5 |surname1=[[Xavier Romero-Frias|Romero-Frias]] |given1=Xavier}}.
* {{Citation |title=Folk Tales of the Maldives |year=2012 |publisher=NIAS Press |isbn=978-87-7694-105-5 |surname1=Romero-Frias |given1=Xavier}}.
* {{Citation |title=Historical and Linguistic Survey of the Dhivehi Language |year=1988 |publisher=Final Report. University of Colombo, Sri Lanka |display-authors=etal |surname1=Wijesundera}}.

==External links==
{{Wiktionary category|type=Maldivian language|category=Dhivehi language}}
{{InterWiki|code=dv}}
{{Wiktionary|Maldivian}}
{{commons category|Divehi language}}
{{Wikivoyage|Dhivehi phrasebook|Dhivehi|a phrasebook}}
* [https://archive.org/download/maldives_dictionary/maldives_dictionary.pdf English–Dhivehi Dictionary] (archived)
* [http://dhivehiacademy.edu.mv/ Dhivehi Academy]
* [https://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode4.0.0/ch08.pdf Unicode standard for Middle Eastern scripts]

{{Maldives topics}}
{{Indo-Aryan languages}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Maldivian Language}}
[[Category:Maldivian language| ]]
[[Category:Southern Indo-Aryan languages]]
[[Category:Languages of the Maldives]]
[[Category:Languages of India]]
[[Category:Dhivehi]]
[[Category:Languages written in Devanagari]]
[[Category:Subject–object–verb languages]]
[[Category:Indo-Aryan languages]]

Billeswar

2026-04-20T16:27:14Z

CelinaArellano: Creating some info w/ refs

{{Short description|Village in Assam, India}}
{{Orphan|date=August 2022}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Billeswar
| other_name =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| settlement_type = Village
| etymology =
| pushpin_map = India Assam#India
| pushpin_map_caption = Map of Assam
| coordinates = {{coord|26.39376|91.38133|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Assam]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Nalbari district|Nalbari]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Gram Panchayat]]
| subdivision_name3 = Dakhin Pakowa
| established_title =
| established_date =
| founder =
| seat_type =
| seat =
| leader_party =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_m =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 2699
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Assamese language|Assamese]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = Postal code
| postal_code = 781304<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ahmad |first1=Naqeeb |title=PIN Code of Billeswar Nalbari District in State of Assam |url=https://onlineindiacode.com/assam/nalbari/pachim-nalbari/billeswar |website=Online India Code |access-date=16 July 2022 |language=English}}</ref>
| area_code_type = [[Telephone numbers in India|STD Code]]
| area_code = 03624
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Census of India|Census]] code
| blank_info_sec1 = 303683
| footnotes =
| pushpin_map_alt = Nalbari district
| area_total_ha = 237.53
}}

'''Billeswar''' is a census village in the Pachim Nalbari subdivision, [[Nalbari district]], [[Assam]], [[India]]. As per [[2011 Census of India|2011 census of India]], Billeswar village has a population of 2,699 people, including 1,408 males and 1,291 females, and a literacy rate of 76.84%.<ref>{{cite web |title=Billeswar Population (2021/2022), Village in Pachim Nalbari Block |url=https://www.indiagrowing.com/Assam/Nalbari/Pachim_Nalbari/Billeswar |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220716005926/https://www.indiagrowing.com/Assam/Nalbari/Pachim_Nalbari/Billeswar |url-status=usurped |archive-date=July 16, 2022 |website=Indiagrowing.com |access-date=16 July 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Primary census abstract at town, village and ward level, Assam - District Nalbari - 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/6514/download/9591/DDW_PCA1824_2011_MDDS%20with%20UI.xlsx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220719012150/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/6514/download/9591/DDW_PCA1824_2011_MDDS%20with%20UI.xlsx |archive-date=19 July 2022 |access-date=20 July 2022 |website=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India}}</ref>

The Billeswar temple, built by king Nagaksha,<ref>{{Cite book |title=Proceedings of North East India History Association |publisher=The Association |year=1983 |editor-last=North East India History Association |volume=12 |location=Shillong |pages=15 |language=English |editor-last2=Session}}</ref> is a major attraction of visits to the village.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Assam State Museum |date=1975 |title=Bulletin of the Assam State Museum, Gauhati. |journal=Bulletin of the Assam State Museum, Gauhati. |language=English |pages=33 |via=WorldCat}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Nalbari district]]

Pantnagar–Gadarpur Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:19:41Z

CelinaArellano: created a post!

{{Short description|Constituency of the Uttarakhand legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Pantnagar–Gadarpur
| state = [[Uttarakhand]]
| established = 2002
| abolished = 2012
| district = [[Udham Singh Nagar district|Udham Singh Nagar]]
| type= SLA
}}

'''Pantnagar–Gadarpur Legislative Assembly constituency''' was one of the seventy electoral [[Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Uttarakhand]] state in India. It was abolished in 2012 following the delimitation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |website=Ceo.uk.gov.in |accessdate=2016-11-13}}</ref><ref name="results2012">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3226-uttarakhand%092002/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 2012 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttarakhand |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=16 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://gov.ua.nic.in/ceouttranchal/ceo/ac_pc.aspx |title=Ac_pc |website=gov.ua.nic.in |access-date=13 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081203060201/http://gov.ua.nic.in/ceouttranchal/ceo/ac_pc.aspx |archive-date=3 December 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://gov.ua.nic.in/ceouttranchal/ceo/ac_detl.aspx |title=Assembly Constituencies |website=gov.ua.nic.in |access-date=13 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081203060144/http://gov.ua.nic.in/ceouttranchal/ceo/ac_detl.aspx |archive-date=3 December 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Pantnagar–Gadarpur Legislative Assembly constituency was a part of [[Nainital–Udhamsingh Nagar (Lok Sabha constituency)]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[2002 Uttaranchal Legislative Assembly election|2002]] || rowspan=2 | Premanand Mahajan || {{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2007 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2007 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2007 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Pantnagar–Gadarpur<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2007 to the Legislative Assembly of Uttarakhand |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2007/Stat_rept_2007_UT.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114082304/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2007/Stat_rept_2007_UT.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Premanand Mahajan |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=28,770 |percentage=31.42% |change={{decrease}}0.47 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajendra Pal Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=20,483 |percentage=22.37% |change={{increase}}9.11 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ravinder Bajaj |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=19,307 |percentage=21.09% |change={{increase}}7.76 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jarnail Singh Kali |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=11,389 |percentage=12.44% |change={{increase}}5.07 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kamal Kumar Pandey |party=Uttarakhand Kranti Dal |votes=2,091 |percentage=2.28% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chandra Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=1,848 |percentage=2.02% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vivekanand |party=Rashtriya Janata Dal |votes=1,664 |percentage=1.82% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jay Prakash Shah |party=Suheldev Bhartiya Samaj Party |votes=865 |percentage=0.94% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Radha Kant Sarkar |party=Independent politician |votes=750 |percentage=0.82% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Harendra Aneja |party=Samata Party |votes=741 |percentage=0.81% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Suneel Haldar |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=638 |percentage=0.70% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=8,287 |percentage=9.05% |change= {{decrease}}3.89 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=91,563 |percentage=76.84% |change= {{increase}}14.02 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,19,254 |ref = |change= {{increase}}15.91 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bahujan Samaj Party |loser=Bahujan Samaj Party |swing= {{decrease}}0.47 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2002 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2002 Uttaranchal Legislative Assembly election]]: Pantnagar–Gadarpur<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2002 to the Legislative Assembly of Uttarakhand |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/Stat_rep_2002_UT.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114065248/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/Stat_rep_2002_UT.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Premanand Mahajan |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=20,594 |percentage=31.89% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shyam Lal |party=Independent politician |votes=12,240 |percentage=18.96% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sitaram |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=8,602 |percentage=13.32% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Satyendra Chandra |party=Indian National Congress |votes=8,560 |percentage=13.26% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Khalil Beg |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=4,755 |percentage=7.36% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pratap Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=4,410 |percentage=6.83% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=A. C. Kulsreshtha |party=Communist Party of India |votes=1,595 |percentage=2.47% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kunwar Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=726 |percentage=1.12% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Parwan Ali |party=Independent politician |votes=626 |percentage=0.97% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vivek Shankar |party=Samajwadi Janata Party (Rashtriya) |votes=550 |percentage=0.85% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kishan Singh |party=Lok Jan Shakti Party |votes=529 |percentage=0.82% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=8,354 |percentage=12.94% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=64,570 |percentage=62.76% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,02,882 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Bahujan Samaj Party |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
*[[Gadarpur (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttarakhand}}
{{coord|29.05|79.39|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pantnagar-Gadarpur (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)}}
[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:2002 establishments in Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Politics of Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Udham Singh Nagar district]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2012]]
[[Category:2012 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2002]]

Doaba Assembly constituency

2026-04-16T04:42:13Z

CelinaArellano: Creating some article first draft - done

{{Short description|Former assembly constituency of Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
|name = Doaba
|type= SLA
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
|state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
|district = [[Ballia district|Ballia]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Ballia (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ballia]]
|constituency_no =
|established = 1974
|electors = {{formatnum:45199}} (in 2007)
|reservation =
|abolished = 2012
}}
'''Doaba''' was a constituency of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] covering the city of Bairia in the [[Ballia district]] of Uttar Pradesh, India.

Doaba was one of five assembly constituencies in the [[Ballia (Lok Sabha constituency)]]. After 2008, this constituency has been replaced by the [[Bairia (Assembly constituency)|Bairia Assembly Constituency]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=DELIMITATION OF PARLIAMENTARY AND ASSEMBLY CONSTITUENCIES ORDER, 2008 |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf}}</ref>
{{coord|25|45|30|N|80|8|56|E|region:IN-{{IndAbbr|[[Uttar Pradesh]]}}|display=title}}

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
Source:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Doaba Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/doaba-uttar-pradesh-assembly-constituency#2007 |access-date=2022-03-29 |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Uttar Pradesh General Legislative Election |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/92-uttar-pradesh/ |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!|Election
!MLA
! colspan="2"| Party
!Total Vote
|-
|[[1974 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1974]]
|Rudra Prasad
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|26,298
|-
|[[1977 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|Manager Singh<ref name="election1977">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3253-uttar-pradesh-1977/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 1977 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=26 March 2022}}</ref>
|{{Party name with color|Janata Party}}
|30,038
|-
|[[1980 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|Lokpati
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|36,163
|-
|[[1985 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|Manager Singh<ref name="election1985">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3255-uttar-pradesh-1985/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=26 March 2022}}</ref>
|{{Party name with color|Janata Party}}
|29,944
|-
|[[1989 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
|Rudra Prasad
|{{Party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|31,392
|-
|[[1991 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|rowspan=2|Bhagawat
|{{Party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party|rowspan=2}}
|20,979
|-
|[[1993 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
|53,971
|-
|[[1996 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|Ram Chandra
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|54,472
|-
|[[2002 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
|rowspan=2|[[Ramesh Chand|Dr Ramesh Chand Bind]]
|{{Party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party|rowspan=2}}
|46,146
|-
|[[2007 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
|45,199
|-
|}

== See also ==

* [[Bairia (Assembly constituency)|Bairia (Assembly Constituency)]]
* [[Ballia (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ballia (Lok Sabha Constituency)]]
* [[Ballia district|Ballia District]]
* [[Uttar Pradesh]]
* [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Election results of Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/92-uttar-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh}}

[[Category:Ballia district]]
[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2012]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1974]]
[[Category:1974 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:2012 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Politics of Uttar Pradesh]]

Salgarh Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:29:42Z

CelinaArellano: Adding a details

{{Short description|Constituency of the Tripura legislative assembly in India}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Salgarh
| type= SLA
| state = [[Tripura]]
| established = 1963
| abolished = 2008
| electors = 32,822
| mla = Partha Das
| party = {{Party index link|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)}}
| constituency_no =
| latest_election_year = [[2008 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
| district =
| loksabha_cons =
| reservation =
}}
'''Salgarh Assembly constituency '''was an assembly constituency in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Tripura]].
== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1967 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || E. A. Chowdhury || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1972 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || Tapash Dey
|-
| [[1977 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1977]] || rowspan=6 | Gopal Chandra Das || {{Full party name with color|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|rowspan=7}}
|-
| [[1983 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1983]]
|-
| [[1988 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1988]]
|-
| [[1993 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
|-
| [[1998 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
|-
| [[2003 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
|-
| [[2008 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2008]] || Partha Das
|}
== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2008 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2008 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]] : Salgarh<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2008 to the Legislative Assembly of Tripura |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-TRI98.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006160344/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-TRI98.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Partha Das |party=Revolutionary Socialist Party (India) |votes=17,235 |percentage=55.60% |change={{decrease}}2.70 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mira Das |party=Indian National Congress |votes=12,284 |percentage=39.63% |change={{increase}}0.25 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sukhen Chandra Sarkar |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) (Liberation) |votes=626 |percentage=2.02% |change={{increase}}0.95 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rabindra Kumar Das |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=530 |percentage=1.71% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Uttam Das |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=322 |percentage=1.04% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,951 |percentage=15.97% |change= {{decrease}}2.95 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=30,997 |percentage=94.62% |change= {{increase}}10.21 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 32,822 |ref = |change= {{increase}}2.30 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Revolutionary Socialist Party (India) |loser=Revolutionary Socialist Party (India) |swing= {{decrease}}2.70 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2003 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2003 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]] : Salgarh<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Tripura|title=Form 20 {{!}} Final Result Sheet {{!}} General Election to the Tripura Legislative Assembly - 2003 |url=http://ceotripura.nic.in/sites/default/files/2024-01/Form20_2003.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228165918/http://ceotripura.nic.in/sites/default/files/2024-01/Form20_2003.pdf|archive-date=28 February 2024 |access-date = 20 June 2020}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Gopal Chandra Das |party=Revolutionary Socialist Party (India) |votes=15,756 |percentage=58.30% |change={{increase}}5.30 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mira Das |party=Indian National Congress |votes=10,643 |percentage=39.38% |change={{decrease}}4.38 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Narayan Das (Murapara) |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) (Liberation) |votes=288 |percentage=1.07% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Narayan Das (Palatana) |party=Independent politician |votes=233 |percentage=0.86% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,113 |percentage=18.92% |change= {{increase}}9.69 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=27,024 |percentage=84.27% |change= {{increase}}1.66 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 32,085 |ref = |change= {{increase}}14.73 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Revolutionary Socialist Party (India) |loser=Revolutionary Socialist Party (India) |swing= {{increase}}5.30 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1998 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1998 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]] : Salgarh<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1998 to the Legislative Assembly of Tripura |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-TRI98.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006160344/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-TRI98.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Gopal Chandra Das |party=Revolutionary Socialist Party (India) |votes=12,238 |percentage=53.00% |change={{increase}}2.03 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chandra Mohan Biswas |party=Indian National Congress |votes=10,106 |percentage=43.77% |change={{decrease}}1.76 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rabindra Kumar Das |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=703 |percentage=3.04% |change={{increase}}0.07 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,132 |percentage=9.23% |change= {{increase}}3.79 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=23,090 |percentage=84.28% |change= {{decrease}}1.15 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 27,965 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Revolutionary Socialist Party (India) |loser=Revolutionary Socialist Party (India) |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1993 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1993 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]] : Salgarh<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1993 to the Legislative Assembly of Tripura |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/Statistical%20Report%201993%20Tripura.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006065326/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/Statistical%20Report%201993%20Tripura.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Gopal Chandra Das |party=Revolutionary Socialist Party (India) |votes=11,286 |percentage=50.97% |change={{decrease}}0.30 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kamini Kumar Das |party=Indian National Congress |votes=10,080 |percentage=45.52% |change={{decrease}}3.00 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rabindra Kumar Das |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=658 |percentage=2.97% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,206 |percentage=5.45% |change= {{increase}}2.70 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=22,142 |percentage=84.74% |change= {{decrease}}3.85 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 26,448 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Revolutionary Socialist Party (India) |loser=Revolutionary Socialist Party (India) |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1988 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1988 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]] : Salgarh<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1988 to the Legislative Assembly of Tripura |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1988/Statistical%20Report%20Tripura%201988.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006100546/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1988/Statistical%20Report%20Tripura%201988.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Gopal Chandra Das |party=Revolutionary Socialist Party (India) |votes=9,578 |percentage=51.27% |change={{decrease}}1.94 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kamini Kumar Das |party=Indian National Congress |votes=9,064 |percentage=48.52% |change={{increase}}2.60 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=514 |percentage=2.75% |change= {{decrease}}4.54 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=18,680 |percentage=88.54% |change= {{increase}}1.77 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 21,331 |ref = |change= {{increase}}19.53 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Revolutionary Socialist Party (India) |loser=Revolutionary Socialist Party (India) |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1983 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1983 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]] : Salgarh<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Tripura |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/StatisticalReport%20Tripura%201983.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006044341/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/StatisticalReport%20Tripura%201983.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Gopal Chandra Das |party=Revolutionary Socialist Party (India) |votes=8,148 |percentage=53.21% |change={{decrease}}7.11 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kamini Kumar Das |party=Indian National Congress |votes=7,032 |percentage=45.92% |change={{increase}}31.90 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,116 |percentage=7.29% |change= {{decrease}}39.01 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=15,312 |percentage=87.11% |change= {{increase}}4.95 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 17,846 |ref = |change= {{increase}}24.90 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Revolutionary Socialist Party (India) |loser=Revolutionary Socialist Party (India) |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1977 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]] : Salgarh<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1977 to the Legislative Assembly of Tripura |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReport%201977%20Tripura.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613130016/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReport%201977%20Tripura.pdf|archive-date=13 June 2018|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Gopal Chandra Das |party=Revolutionary Socialist Party (India) |votes=6,968 |percentage=60.32% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jitendra Chandra Das |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,620 |percentage=14.02% |change={{decrease}}34.65 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kamini Kumar Das |party=Tripura Pradesh Congress Committee |votes=1,478 |percentage=12.79% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sailesh Chandra Majumdar |party=Independent politician |votes=1,119 |percentage=9.69% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gobinda Roy Chowdhury |party=Janata Party |votes=217 |percentage=1.88% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Maran Chandra Das |party=Independent politician |votes=150 |percentage=1.30% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,348 |percentage=46.30% |change= {{increase}}33.30 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=11,552 |percentage=82.49% |change= {{increase}}14.04 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 14,288 |ref = |change= {{increase}}17.14 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Revolutionary Socialist Party (India) |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}11.65 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]] : Salgarh<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Tripura |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_TP_72.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006023438/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_TP_72.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Tapash Dey |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,966 |percentage=48.67% |change={{decrease}}22.42 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abani Mohan Bhowmik |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=2,907 |percentage=35.67% |change={{increase}}15.97 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Biswambar Debnath |party=Independent politician |votes=1,276 |percentage=15.66% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,059 |percentage=13.00% |change= {{decrease}}38.39 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=8,149 |percentage=69.29% |change= {{decrease}}5.76 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 12,197 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}25.30 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]] : Salgarh<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Tripura |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Tripura%201967.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006135955/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Tripura%201967.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=E. A. Chowdhury |party=Indian National Congress |votes=8,424 |percentage=71.09% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=N. C. Ghose |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=2,335 |percentage=19.70% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=N. R. Chanda |party=Independent politician |votes=1,091 |percentage=9.21% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,089 |percentage=51.38% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=11,850 |percentage=74.80% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 16,329 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Tripura}}
[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Tripura]]
[[Category:Politics of Tripura]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1963]]
[[Category:1963 establishments in Tripura]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]
[[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]

Hari Das

2026-04-15T05:17:32Z

CelinaArellano: New a entry w/ refs

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Hari Das
| office2 = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency2 = [[Jhabrera Assembly constituency|Jhabrera]]
| term_start2 = 2012
| term_end2 = 2017
| constituency3 = [[Landhaura Assembly constituency|Landhaura]]
| successor2 = [[Deshraj Karanwal]]
| term_start3 = 2002
| term_end3 = 2012
| party = [[Bhartiya Janata Party]]
| other_party = [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
}}
'''Hari Das''' is an Indian politician and member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]. He is a former member of the [[Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly]]. He won elections to the Uttarakhand legislative assembly in [[2002 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2002]] and [[2007 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2007]], representing the [[Landhaura Assembly constituency]]. In 2012, he was elected as representative of the [[Jhabrera Assembly constituency]] to the [[2012 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly]], representing the [[Bahujan Samaj Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hari Das(Bahujan Samaj Party(BSP)):Constituency- JHABRERA (SC)(HARIDWAR) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/utt2012/candidate.php?candidate_id=297 |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=myneta.info}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Denied ticket by BSP, 3-time MLA says paid price 'for being close to Congress' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/denied-ticket-by-bsp-3-time-mla-says-paid-price-for-being-close-to-cong/articleshow/56006615.cms |access-date=2024-06-19 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Uttarakhand: तीन बार के विधायक रहे बसपा नेता हरिदास भाजपा में शामिल, कई समर्थकों ने भी थामा दामन |url=https://www.amarujala.com/dehradun/uttarakhand-news-three-time-mla-bsp-leader-haridas-joins-bjp-with-many-supporters-2024-03-24 |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref> He joined the BJP in 2024.

== References ==
<references />

{{DEFAULTSORT:Das, Hari}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Politicians from Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Bahujan Samaj Party politicians from Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Uttarakhand MLAs 2012–2017]]
[[Category:Uttarakhand MLAs 2007–2012]]
[[Category:Uttaranchal MLAs 2002–2007]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{UttarPradesh-BJP-politician-stub}}

Abhijit Basu

2026-04-03T07:57:22Z

CelinaArellano: new!

{{Short description|Indian geologist}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{BLP sources|date=December 2022}}
{{Third-party|date=December 2022}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2023}}
'''Abhijit Basu''' is an American [[geologist]] of Indian origin. His research has focused on studying properties of rocky planetary bodies. He has been active in science education and is Class of 1948 Herman B Wells Endowed Professor (Emeritus since 2003) at [[Indiana University Bloomington]].

==Biography==
Basu was born in Calcutta (now Kolkata), India. He is the eldest son of painter [[Atul Bose]]. He received his B.Sc. in [[geology]] from Calcutta's Presidency College (now [[Presidency University, Kolkata]]) and M.Sc. from the [[Calcutta University]]. He worked as a geologist for the [[Geological Survey of India]] for about ten years.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Basu |first=Abhijit |title=IU Alliance of Distinguished and Titled Professors |url=https://alliance.iu.edu/members/member/1885.html }}</ref>

A [[Fulbright program]] grant enabled him to move to the USA. He got his Ph.D. in 1975 from [[Indiana University Bloomington]] and was a post-doctoral researcher at [[Harvard University]] and [[NASA]]. He has been teaching at Indiana University since 1979 where he is an emeritus professor in Indiana University's Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences. He is married to Ilora Basu and is the father of musician Joy Basu.{{cn|date=December 2022}}

==Career==
Basu's academic contributions include studying differences in rock formation on Earth, the Moon, and Mars, among others. His research is widely cited.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Basu |first=Abhijit |date=6 December 2022 |title=Google Scholar citations for Abhijit Basu |url=https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=abhijit+basu&btnG= }}</ref> He has guided many Ph.D. dissertations and masters thesis. He has served as an officer in scholarly bodies and has been an associate editor for many scholarly publications.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Basu |first=Abhijit |title=Abhijit Basu |url=https://earth.indiana.edu/directory/emeriti-faculty/basu-abhijit.html}}</ref>

[[The Geological Society of America]] (GSA) gave its highest service award to Basu in 2006.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Basu |first=Abhijit |date=2006 |title=GSA Medals & Awards |url=https://www.geosociety.org/awards/06speeches/DSA.htm }}</ref> The award recognized him as a scientist who has "received many national and international awards and honors and is the creator of a large body of work and publications." The award specifically acknowledged his contributions to expansion of the society's publications program. The number of books published by the GSA has doubled during Basu's 10-year editorial term.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Basu |first=Abhijit |date=30 October 2006 |title=Geological Sciences Chair Basu receives society honor |pages=1 |work=IU News Room |url=https://newsinfo.iu.edu/news/page/normal/4307.html}}</ref>

Basu has received Distinguished Service Awards from [[Indiana University Bloomington]] and the [[North American Bengali Conference]].{{cn|date=December 2022}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Basu, Abhijit}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Astrogeologists]]
[[Category:Indiana University Bloomington faculty]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian geologists]]
[[Category:Scientists from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Presidency University, Kolkata alumni]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:Indiana University Bloomington alumni]]

List of Indian intelligence agencies

2026-03-29T04:41:21Z

CelinaArellano:

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}

The '''Indian Intelligence Community (IIC)''' is a complex multi-layered network of [[intelligence agencies]] and their subordinate offices designed to conduct [[law enforcement]], [[counterintelligence]], [[Intelligence assessment|foreign intelligence]], [[internal security]], [[military intelligence]], [[financial intelligence]] and [[Covert operation|covert operations]] to protect the [[national security]] interests of the [[India|Republic of India]]. The oversight of intelligence operations in India are delegated by multiple agencies, responsible for work within their specific fields that disclose intelligence to their respective ministry.

The IIC is overseen by an [[National Security Advisor (India)|National Security Advisor]] (NSA) which directly advises the [[Prime Minister of India]] on [[national security]] policy and [[international affairs]]. The NSA and the [[National Security Council Secretariat]] oversees the functioning of the IIC, which includes agencies such as the [[Research & Analysis Wing|Research and Analysis Wing]] (R&AW), [[Intelligence Bureau (India)|Intelligence Bureau]] (IB), and [[National Investigation Agency]] (NIA). The NSA plays a key role in coordinating the efforts of these agencies, ensuring that national security policies are aligned with the interests of India.

== Agencies ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
|-
!
! Organization
! Ministry / Department
! Type
! Intelligence discipline
|-
|
| [[National Technical Research Organisation]] (NTRO)
| rowspan="1" | [[Prime Minister's Office (India)|Prime Minister's Office]]
| Engineering / Technical / Scientific / Strategic [[Global surveillance|Global Surveillance]]
| [[Signals intelligence|SIGINT]], [[Imagery intelligence|IMINT]], [[Measurement and signature intelligence|MASINT]], [[Technical intelligence|TECHINT]], [[Signals intelligence#ELINT|ELINT]], [[COMINT]]
|-
|[[File:Research and Analysis Wing RAW a8ae28a5db.jpg|50x50px]]
| [[Research and Analysis Wing]] (R&AW)
| rowspan="4" | [[Cabinet Secretariat (India)|Cabinet Secretariat]]
| External
| [[Human intelligence (intelligence gathering)|HUMINT]], SIGINT, [[Open-source intelligence|OSINT]]
|-
|
| └─ [[Aviation Research Centre]] (ARC)
| External ([[Aerial Reconnaissance]])
| IMINT, SIGINT
|-
|
| └─ [[Electronics and Technical Services]] (ETS)
| External Technical
| ELINT, SIGINT, TECHINT
|-
|
| └─ Radio Research Centre (RRC)
| External Signals
| COMINT, SIGINT
|-
|[[File:Intelligence Bureau.svg|57x57px]]
| [[Intelligence Bureau (India)|Intelligence Bureau]] (IB)
| rowspan="4" | [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]]
| Internal
| HUMINT, SIGINT, OSINT
|-
|[[File:National Investigation Agency Logo.png|57x57px]]
| [[National Investigation Agency]] (NIA)
| [[Counter-terrorism]]
| HUMINT, TECHINT, [[Financial intelligence|FININT]]
|-
|[[File:Narcotics Control Bureau.png|50x50px]]
| [[Narcotics Control Bureau]] (NCB)
| [[Narcotics]] / Criminal
| HUMINT, FININT
|-
|
| [[Indian Cyber Crime Coordination Centre]]
| Cyber
| OSINT, TECHINT
|-
|[[File:Cbi logo.svg|50x50px]]
| [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] (CBI)
| rowspan="1" | [[Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions]]
| [[Criminal intelligence]]
| HUMINT, FININT
|-
|
| [[Defence Intelligence Agency (India)|Defence Intelligence Agency]] (DIA)
| rowspan="7" | [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]]
| [[Indian Armed Forces|Armed Forces]]
| HUMINT, SIGINT, IMINT, MASINT, TECHINT
|-
|[[File:Directorate of Military Intelligence Corps Logo (India).svg|50x50px]]
| └─ [[Directorate of Military Intelligence (India)|Directorate of Military Intelligence]]
| [[Indian Army]]
| HUMINT, TECHINT
|-
|
| └─ [[Directorate of Naval Intelligence (India)|Directorate of Naval Intelligence]]
| [[Indian Navy]]
| HUMINT, SIGINT
|-
|
| └─ [[Directorate of Air Intelligence]]
| [[Indian Air Force]]
| IMINT, SIGINT
|-
|
| [[Joint Cipher Bureau]] (JCB)
| Signals / Cryptology
| SIGINT
|-
|
| Signals Intelligence Directorate
| Signals
| SIGINT
|-
|
| Central Monitoring Organisation
| Technical Monitoring
| SIGINT, TECHINT
|-
|
| [[Economic Intelligence Council]]
| rowspan="9" | [[Ministry of Finance (India)|Ministry of Finance]]|| Economic Coordination || FININT
|-
|[[File:CEIB Logo.png|50x50px]]
| [[Central Economic Intelligence Bureau]] || Economic || FININT, OSINT
|-
|
| [[Enforcement Directorate]] (ED) || Financial Enforcement, Prevention of [[Money Laundering]], [[Foreign Exchange]] Management, Investigation of [[Fugitive Economic Offender]], Investigation of [[Terrorism financing]] || FININT, HUMINT, OSINT, TECHINT
|-
|
| [[Central Bureau of Narcotics]] (CBN) || Narcotics / Economic Offences || FININT, HUMINT
|-
|
| [[Directorate General of Income Tax Investigation]] || Tax / Economic Offences || FININT, HUMINT
|-
|
| [[Financial Intelligence Unit (India)|Financial Intelligence Unit]] (FIU) || Financial Transactions Analysis || FININT
|-
|
| [[Investigation Division of the Central Board of Direct Taxes|Directorate of Income Tax Intelligence and Criminal Investigation]] || [[Direct tax|Direct Tax]] Evasion || FININT, HUMINT
|-
|
| [[Directorate General of GST Intelligence]] (DGGI) || [[Indirect Tax]] Evasion || FININT, HUMINT
|-
|[[File:Directorate of Revenue Intelligence Logo.png|65x65px]]
| [[Directorate of Revenue Intelligence]] (DRI) || Anti-Smuggling / Customs || FININT, HUMINT
|-
|
| [[Telecom Enforcement Resource and Monitoring]] (TERM)
| rowspan="1" | [[Ministry of Communications (India)|Ministry of Communications]]
| Telecom Monitoring
| SIGINT
|-
|
| [[National Cyber Coordination Centre]]
| rowspan="1" | [[Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology]]
| [[Cyber Security]]
| SIGINT, TECHINT
|-
|
| [[All India Radio Monitoring Service]]
| rowspan="1" | [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Ministry of Information and Broadcasting]]
| Radio Monitoring
| SIGINT
|}

==National Technical Research Organization==
{{Main|National Technical Research Organisation|National Critical Information Infrastructure Protection Centre|National Institute of Cryptology Research and Development}}
The '''National Technical Research Organisation''' ('''NTRO''')<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://ntro.gov.in/ |title = National Technical Research Organisation}}</ref> is a [[technical intelligence]] agency under the [[National Security Advisor (India)|National Security Advisor]] in the [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister's Office]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/05/06/stories/2007050609000400.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070508182210/http://www.hindu.com/2007/05/06/stories/2007050609000400.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 May 2007 |title=Technical research agency planned in State |date= 6 May 2007 |access-date=26 December 2008 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |author=Special Correspondent}}</ref> It was set up in 2004.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://indiatoday.digitaltoday.in/content_mail.php?option=com_content&name=print&id=1067 |title=Spy versus spy |author=Sandeep Unnithan |magazine=India Today |date= 7 September 2007 |access-date=26 December 2008}}</ref> It also includes the '''National Critical Information Infrastructure Protection Centre''' ('''NCIIPC''') and the '''National Institute of Cryptology Research and Development''' ('''NICRD''') for [[Cryptography|cryptologic]] education and research, which is first of its kind in [[Asia]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://im.rediff.com/news/2007/may/05tech.htm |title=Top tech body to come up in Hyderabad |author=Syed Amin |work=Rediff.com |date= 5 May 2007 |access-date=26 December 2008}}</ref>

==Research and Analysis Wing==
{{Main|Research and Analysis Wing}}

'''Research and Analysis Wing''' ('''R&AW''') is the primary [[intelligence agency|foreign intelligence agency]] of India. The agency's primary function is gathering foreign [[Intelligence assessment|intelligence]], [[counter-terrorism]], [[counterproliferation]], advising Indian policymakers, and advancing India's foreign strategic interests. It is also involved in the security of [[India and weapons of mass destruction|India's nuclear programme]].

===Aviation Research Centre===
{{main|Aviation Research Centre}}

[[Image:MiG-25RB cams.jpg|thumb|Cameras of [[MiG-25RB]] for aerial surveillance]]
The '''Aviation Research Centre''' ('''ARC''') is a part of the [[Research and Analysis Wing]] (R&AW) of the Cabinet Secretariat (Special Requirements) [[India]]. The first head of the ARC was [[R. N. Kao]], the founding chief of R&AW. Over the years the ARC has grown into a large operation and flies a large and varied fleet.
[[Aerial surveillance]], [[SIGINT]] operations, [[photo reconnaissance]] flights (PHOTINT),<ref>[http://www.cvni.net/radio/nsnl/nsnl052/nsnl52in.html NSNL 52 - Intelligence profile : India]</ref> monitoring of borders, [[imagery intelligence]] (IMINT)<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.ciaonet.org/olj/sa/sa_nov00anv01.html | title=CIAO}}</ref> are the main functions of the Aviation Research Centre (ARC). The aircraft are fitted with state-of-the-art electronic surveillance equipment and long range cameras capable of taking pictures of targets from very high altitudes. ARC also takes the responsibility along with the [[Indian Air Force|IAF]] to transport [[Special Frontier Force]] (SFF) [[commandos]] from their trans-location at Sarsawa, 250 km north of [[New Delhi]], though the SFF's own base is in [[Chakrata]] in [[Uttarakhand]] state.

===Radio Research Centre===
The '''Radio Research Centre''' ('''RRC''') is a part of the [[Research and Analysis Wing]] (R&AW) of the Cabinet Secretariat (Special Requirements) [[India]]. The RRC is a premier communication and signal intelligence agency of India. RRC's tasks include – communication with the embassies abroad, send cyphered code to agents stationed abroad, interception fixed line and wireless communication and the department closely works with the [[Joint Cipher Bureau|Joint Cypher Bureau]]. The RRC has offices all across the country and the perform the intercepts communication and sends code.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Radio Research Centre (RRC)|url=http://indranetworks.in/radio-research-centre/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160912002036/http://indranetworks.in/radio-research-centre/|archive-date=12 September 2016|website={{!}}url=https://indranetworks.in/}}</ref>

===Electronics and Technical Services===
{{main|Electronics and Technical Services}}

The '''Electronics and Technical Services''' ('''ETS''') is the [[Electronic Intelligence]] (ELINT) arm of India's external intelligence agency Research and Analysis Wing (R&AW). Established in the mid-1980s under the leadership of then R&AW's chief N. F. Suntook, the organisation, it is housed in the CGO complex in New Delhi. ETS is believed to be involved in ELINT roles, not restricted but also includes jamming and spoofing - [[Electronic Warfare]] (EW). ETS also involved in [[Electronic Surveillance Measures]] (ESMs), [[Telemetry]] (TELINT), Tracking and monitoring data links, interception and monitoring of navigation signals and other ELINT and EW methods.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Strengthening India's External Intelligence Infrastructure: An Assessment|url=https://www.sspconline.org/sites/default/files/india-external-intelligence_0.pdf}}</ref>

==Intelligence Bureau==
{{Main|Intelligence Bureau (India)}}

The '''Intelligence Bureau''' ('''IB''') is India's internal [[intelligence agency]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://fas.org/irp/world/india/ib/index.html |title=Intelligence bureau (IB) - India Intelligence Agencies |publisher=Fas.org |date=30 May 2008 |access-date=9 December 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121126051106/http://www.fas.org/irp/world/india/ib/index.html |archive-date=26 November 2012 }}</ref> The Intelligence Bureau (IB) ([[Hindi]]: आसूचना ब्यूरो; IAST: āsūcanā byūro) is India's domestic internal security and counter-intelligence agency under [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]]. It was founded in 1887 as Serval Intelligence Branch, and is reputed to be the oldest such [[organization]] in the world.

==National Investigation Agency==
{{excerpt|National Investigation Agency}}

==National Cyber Coordination Centre==
{{main|National Cyber Coordination Centre}}

The '''National Cyber Coordination Centre''' ('''NCCC''') is an operational [[cybersecurity]] and e-surveillance agency in India. It is intended to screen communication [[metadata]] and co-ordinate the [[Intelligence (military)|intelligence]] gathering activities of other agencies.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/cyber-protection-body-pushes-ahead/article1-1174753.aspx | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140119201552/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/cyber-protection-body-pushes-ahead/article1-1174753.aspx | archive-date=19 January 2014 | title=Cyber protection body pushes ahead - Hindustan Times }}</ref>

==Directorate of Revenue Intelligence==
{{main|Directorate of Revenue Intelligence|Central Board of Indirect Taxes and Customs}}

The '''Directorate of Revenue Intelligence''' ('''DRI''') is an Indian intelligence agency. It is India's apex anti-smuggling intelligence, investigations and operations agency. The DRI is run by officers from the '''Central Board of Indirect Taxes and Customs''' ('''CBIC''') who are posted in its various Zonal Units as well as in Indian embassies abroad as part of the Customs Overseas Intelligence Network. It is headed by a Director General of the rank of Special Secretary to the Government of India. The Agency works to secure India's national and economic security by preventing the outright smuggling of [[contraband]] such as firearms, gold, [[narcotics]], [[counterfeit currency|counterfeit]] [[Indian currency]] notes, antiques, wildlife and environmental products. Moreover, it also works to prevent the proliferation of [[black money]], trade based [[money laundering]] and commercial [[fraud]]s.

==Joint Cipher Bureau==
{{excerpt|Joint Cipher Bureau|paragraphs=2-4}}

==All India Radio Monitoring Service==
{{main|All India Radio Monitoring Service}}

'''All India Radio Monitoring Service''' ('''AIRMS''') is the central monitoring service that monitors broadcasts in India as well as from all foreign broadcasts of Interest to India.<ref>{{cite web |author=Sandeep Balakrishna |url=http://www.niticentral.com/2012/09/intel-agencies-fact-fiction.html |title=Intel agencies: Fact & Fiction |publisher=Niti Central |access-date=2013-01-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127084111/http://www.niticentral.com/2012/09/intel-agencies-fact-fiction.html |archive-date=27 January 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> AIRMS is located in [[Shimla]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Ball|first=Desmond|title=Signals intelligence (SIGINT) in South Asia : India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka (Ceylon)|year=1996|publisher=Strategic and Defence Studies Centre, Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University|location=Canberra, Australia|isbn=0731524837|page=27}}</ref> It works in liaison with [[R&AW]] and [[Directorate of Military Intelligence (India)|Military intelligence]].

==Defence Intelligence Agency==
{{Main|Defence Intelligence Agency (India)}}

The '''Defence Intelligence Agency''' ('''DIA''') was established on 5 March 2002 with the appointment of Lt. General [[Kamal Davar]] as the first [[Director General]] (DG). The DG reports to the [[Chief of Defence Staff (India)|Chief of Defence Staff]] (CDS). It is supposed to be the nodal agency for all defence-related intelligence, thus distinguishing it from the [[R&AW]]. Much of the agency's budget and operations are classified.

DIA has control of MoD's prized technical intelligence assets – the Directorate of Signals Intelligence and the '''Defence Image Processing and Analysis Centre''' ('''DIPAC'''). While the Signals Directorate is responsible for acquiring and decrypting enemy communications, the DIPAC controls India's satellite-based image acquisition capabilities. The DIA also controls the '''Defence Information Warfare Agency''' ('''DIWA''') which handles all elements of the information warfare repertoire, including psychological operations, cyber-war, electronic intercepts and the monitoring of sound waves. Before the creation of the Defence Intelligence Agency, the military intelligence capability of India's armed forces was limited to '''Field Intelligence Units''' ('''FIU''') and separate intelligence arms of the services.<ref name="FAS">{{cite web|title=Defence Intelligence Agency (DIA)|url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/intell/world/india/dia.htm|publisher=Global Security.org|access-date=2009-07-14}}</ref> These distinct services were not able to effectively coordinate intelligence operations and sharing of information.<ref name="A">{{cite journal |title=Narcotics Control Bureau - Ministry of Finance |url=http://finmin.nic.in/the_ministry/dept_eco_affairs/budget/annual_report/9596rev7.PDF |url-status=dead |publisher=[[National Informatics Center]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716105952/http://finmin.nic.in/the_ministry/dept_eco_affairs/budget/annual_report/9596rev7.PDF |archive-date=16 July 2011 |access-date=2009-07-19}}</ref> The armed forces also heavily relied on civilian intelligence agencies such as the [[Research and Analysis Wing]] and the [[Intelligence Bureau (India)|Intelligence Bureau]].<ref name="FAS"/> With wide-ranging resources and functions, the DIA will be superior to and coordinate the [[Directorate of Military Intelligence (India)|Directorate of Military Intelligence]], [[Directorate of Air Intelligence (India)|Directorate of Air Intelligence]] and the [[Directorate of Naval Intelligence (India)|Directorate of Naval Intelligence.]]<ref name="A"/>

==Signals Intelligence Directorate==
The '''Signals Intelligence Directorate''' is a joint service organisation, composed of personnel from the Army, Navy and Air Force. It has a large number of '''Wireless Experimental Units''' ('''WEUs''') that carry out the task of monitoring military links of other countries.

==Central Monitoring Organisation==
The '''Central Monitoring Organisation''' ('''CMO''') is directly under the [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]]. It has several monitoring companies, located at different locations around the country. Task is to monitor the use of radio spectrum by all users, such as Defence, [[Law enforcement in India|Police]], AIR, [[Indian railways|Railways]], [[Public sector undertakings in India|PSUs]], etc.

==Telecom Enforcement Resource and Monitoring==
{{Main|Telecom Enforcement Resource and Monitoring|Department of Telecommunications}}

The '''Telecom Enforcement Resource and Monitoring''' ('''TERM'''), formerly known as '''Vigilance Telecom Monitoring (VTM)''', is the vigilance and monitoring wing of the Indian '''Department of Telecommunications''' ('''DoT''').<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/columns/thomas-k-thomas/radiation-dots-monitoring-wing-to-inspect-tower-sites/article20482507.ece | title=Radiation: DoT's monitoring wing to inspect tower sites | date=30 July 2012 }}</ref> TERM is made up of 34 [[Clandestine cell system|cells]] in India's 22 telecom circles and 10 large telecom districts. The main functions of TERM Cells are vigilance, monitoring and security of the network.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://dot.gov.in/sites/default/files/English%20annual%20report%202007-08_0.pdf | title= }}</ref> Apart from this, TERM Cells also operate the [[Central Monitoring System]] (CMS), a clandestine mass electronic surveillance program, and carry out other functions.<ref>{{Cite web| title=Annual Report 2008-2009 | url=https://dot.gov.in/sites/default/files/AR_English_2008-09_0.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616231623/http://www.dot.gov.in:80/sites/default/files/AR_English_2008-09_0.pdf | archive-date=2013-06-16}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|India}}
* [[Indian Computer Emergency Response Team]]
* [[Central Monitoring System]]
* [[Central Bureau of Investigation]]
* [[Criminal Investigation Department (India)]]
* [[DRDO NETRA|NETRA]]
* [[Enforcement Directorate]]
* [[Law enforcement in India]]
* [[Anti-Terrorism Squad|Anti Terrorism Squad]]
* [[Mass surveillance in India]]
* [[Multi-Agency Centre|Multi Agency Centre (India)]]
* [[NATGRID]]
* [[National Investigation Agency]]
* [[NIA Most Wanted]]
* [[National Crime Records Bureau]]
* [[Bharatpol]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Military Intelligence in India: An Analysis Bhashyam Kasturi: The [http://www.indiandefencereview.com/ Indian Defence Review], 1997
* Cryptography Technology and Policy Directions in the Context of NII Gulshan Rai, R.K.Dubash, and A.K.Chakravarti. Information Technology Group Dept. of Electronics Govt. of India December, 1997

==External links==
{{Sister project links|Indian intelligence agencies}}

{{Indian intelligence agencies}}
{{Law enforcement in India}}
{{Indian Penal Code navbox}}
{{Criminal procedure}}
{{Law}}
{{Asia topic|Law enforcement in}}
{{Asia topic|Mass surveillance in}}
{{Crime in Asia}}
{{Social issues in India}}
{{India topics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Indian Intelligence Agencies}}
[[Category:Indian intelligence agencies| ]]
[[Category:Lists of intelligence agencies]]
[[Category:Intelligence communities]]
[[Category:Lists of government agencies in India|Intelligence]]

Balarama Krishnulu

2026-03-26T12:10:12Z

CelinaArellano: updated citations for accuracy

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Balarama Krishnulu
| image = Balarama_Krishnulu_(1992_film).jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| writer = [[Tanikella Bharani]] {{small|(dialogues)}}
| story = Erode Soundar
| screenplay = Ravi Raja Pinisetty
| producer = Sunkara Madhu Murali
| director = [[Ravi Raja Pinisetty]]
| music = [[Raj–Koti]]
| starring = [[Sobhan Babu|Shobhan Babu]] [[Rajasekhar (actor)|Rajasekhar]] [[Jagapati Babu]] [[Ramya Krishna]]
| cinematography = Vijay
| editing = Vemuri Ravi
| studio = Vinnela Art Productions
| distributor = [[Sravanthi Ravi Kishore|Sri Sravanthi Movies]]
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1992|11|7}}
| runtime = 139 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Balarama Krishnulu''''' is a 1992 [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[drama (film and television)|drama film]] directed by [[Ravi Raja Pinisetty]], who also wrote the screenplay. The film stars [[Sobhan Babu]], [[Rajasekhar (actor)|Rajasekhar]], [[Jagapathi Babu]] and [[Ramya Krishna]]. The film is a remake of the [[Tamil language|Tamil]] movie ''[[Cheran Pandiyan]]'' (1991).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/rip-chitra-a-seasoned-performer-who-left-an-impact-1022032.html|title=RIP Chitra: A seasoned performer who left an impact|date=21 August 2021|work=[[Deccan Herald]]}}</ref> It was a box office success.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/020421/flamboyant-stars.html|title=Stylish and transparent|work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|date=17 April 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/watch-nani-sudheer-babu-s-v-teaser-promises-thrilling-action-film-118462|title=Watch: Nani-Sudheer Babu's 'V' teaser promises a thrilling action film|date=19 February 2020|work=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref>

==Plot==
The film begins in a village where a family feud upholds between the siblings Balaramaiah & Krishna Murthy, the arbitrators and forefronts. Balaramaiah is a cohere to grounds of caste. Thus, he ostracizes his half-brother, Krishna Murthy, and sister, Seeta, getting hold of the exploitation of his sly, distant relative, Chintamani. Since their mother belongs to the lower tier, they share the same compound of their ancestors' property where Balaramaiah resides with his benevolent wife Vasumati & daughter Pooja. Vasumati is propitious towards Krishna Murthy's family and shows her affection for them.

Meanwhile, Shivaji, the cousin of Krishna Murthy, lands whom he shelters. Time being, Shivaji falls for Pooja. Once, Antharvedi, the debauchery son of Chitamani, tries to molest Pooja, and Krishna Murthy secures her. Chintamani utilizes it for polarization and raises the issue to the panchayat. Krishna Murthy stays silent to protect his brother's honor and receives a penalty. Simultaneously, he faces the music when Balaramaiah spoils Seeta's match, claiming them as illicit progeny. Above all, he blackballs him in their father's ceremony. However, Krishna Murthy thresholds the pain with patience.

Concurrently, a liquor contractor, Nukkuraju, approaches the village to set up his business, which both the brothers hinder, and he is inflamed. At the same time, Chintamani puts forward a wedding proposal for Pooja & Antharvedi when Balaramaiah kicks him out. So, as envied, he mingles with Nukka Raju and has been waiting for a shot. In the interim, Balaramaiah & Krishna Murthy discover the love affair of Shivaji & Pooja. At this juncture, enraged Balaramaiah seeks to kill Pooja, but Vasumathi pauses him. Parallelly, Krishna Murthy vows to unite the two birds and wipe off anyone who stands in the way. Now Balaramaiah casts around the matches for Pooja, which Chintamani spoils. Hence, he decides to knit his daughter with Anthatvedi. The crafty makes Balaramaiah a puppet from there and forces him to approve of Nukkaraju's business. Further, he tries to grab their honorable family heritage temple authority, but Krishna Murthy bars it.

During that dilemma, Shivaji & Pooja attempt to flee. Spotting it, Balaramaiah affirms his daughter has been dead. Accordingly, Krishna Murthy chooses to do the marriage of the twosome. At that point, enraged Nukkaraju & Chintamani abduct when Seeta is seriously injured. Knowing it, Krishna Murthy and Shivaji move to her rescue. Despite this, Balaramaiah stays tough when Vasumathi uprisings him and breaks out several truths he is unaware of. Being conscious, Balaramaiah realizes his mistake, embraces his sister, and protects his brothers from the blaggards. Finally, the movie ends on a happy note with the family's reunion.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Sobhan Babu]] as Balaramaiah
*[[Rajasekhar (actor)|Rajashekhar]] as Krishna Murthy
*[[Jagapati Babu]] as Shivaji
*[[Ramya Krishna]] as Laliltha
*[[Gollapudi Maruthi Rao]] as Chintamani
*[[Rami Reddy (actor)|Rami Reddy]] as Nukaraju
*[[Tanikella Bharani]] as Antharvedi
*[[Brahmanandam]]
*[[Babu Mohan]]
*[[Maharshi Raghava]] as Raghava
*[[Srividya]] as Vasumathi
*Rajeevi as Pooja
*[[Ilavarasi|Kalpana]] as Seeta
*[[Disco Shanti]] as Dappula Kasthuri
}}

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Balaramakrishnulu
| type = film
| artist = [[Raj–Koti]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 1992
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = Soundtrack
| length = 20:10
| label = SURYA Audio
| producer = [[Raj–Koti]]
| prev_title = [[Peddarikam]]
| prev_year = 1992
| next_title = [[Bangaru Bullodu (1993 film)|Bangaru Bullodu]]
| next_year = 1993
}}

Music composed by [[Raj–Koti]]. Music released on SURYA Audio Company.
{{Track listing
| collapsed =
| headline =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 20:10
| all_writing =
| all_lyrics =
| all_music =
| title1 = Idem Moguduro
| lyrics1 = [[Veturi]]
| extra1 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[K. S. Chithra|Chitra]]
| length1 = 3:28

| title2 = Nee Vayassulo
| lyrics2 = Veturi
| extra2 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, Chitra
| length2 = 4:23

| title3 = Ammammo
| lyrics3 = [[Sirivennela Sitaramasastri|Sirivennela Sitarama Sastry]]
| extra3 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, Chitra
| length3 = 3:55

| title4 = Paga Paga
| lyrics4 = Sirivennela Sitarama Sastry
| extra4 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
| length4 = 3:59

| title5 = Mastugundi
| lyrics5 = Nandigamagani
| extra5 = [[Malgudi Subha]]
| length5 = 4:25
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt0292437}}
{{Ravi Raja Pinisetty}}

[[Category:1992 films]]
[[Category:1992 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Raj–Koti]]
[[Category:Telugu remakes of Tamil films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Ravi Raja Pinisetty]]

Coming of age

2026-03-25T04:34:07Z

CelinaArellano: minor reworked page for accuracy and corrected details for consistency

{{Short description|Young person's transition from childhood to adulthood}}
{{Redirect|Come of age|the Vaccines album|Come of Age|other uses|Coming of Age (disambiguation)}}
{{Redirect|Of age|the term in legal contexts|Legal age}}
{{more citations needed|date=May 2012}}
{{multiple image
| perrow = 2
| total_width = 400
| header = Coming of age ceremonies
| image1 = Bundesarchiv Bild 183-1986-0323-002, Berlin, Jugendweihe, Erhard Krack.jpg
| caption1 = [[Jugendweihe]] ([[East Germany]])
| image2 =
| caption2 = [[Guan Li]] / [[Ji Li (ceremony)|Ji Li]] ([[China]])
| image3 = Coming of Age Day.jpg
| caption3 = [[Coming of Age Day]] ([[Japan]])
| image4 = Michael's Bar Mitzvah 3.jpg
| caption4 = [[Bar Mitzvah]] ([[Judaism]])
| image5 = QuinceañeraSanFranValleBravo.JPG
| caption5 = [[Quinceañera]] ([[Latin America]])
| image6 = Anglican confirmation in Helsinki.jpg
| caption6 = [[Anglicanism|Anglican]] [[Confirmation]] ([[Helsinki]], [[Finland]])
| image7 =
| caption7 = Manjal Neerattu Vizha puberty ceremony ([[Sri Lankan Tamils]])
}}
'''Coming of age''' is a [[Youth|young person]]'s transition from being a [[child]] to being an [[adult]]. The specific age at which this transition takes place varies between societies, as does the nature of the change. It can be a simple legal convention or can be part of a [[ritual]] or spiritual event.

In the past, and in some societies today, such a change is often associated with the age of [[sexual maturity]] ([[puberty]]), especially [[menarche]] and [[spermarche]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Joseph|first1=Suad|title=Encyclopedia of Women & Islamic Cultures|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediawome00jose_042|url-access=limited|date=2003|page=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediawome00jose_042/page/n96 68]}}</ref> In others, it is associated with an age of religious responsibility.

Particularly in Western societies, modern legal conventions stipulate points around the end of adolescence and the beginning of [[early adulthood]] (most commonly 16 and 18 though ranging from 14 to 21) when adolescents are generally no longer considered [[Minor (law)|minor]]s and are granted the full rights and responsibilities of an adult. Some cultures and countries have multiple coming of age ceremonies for multiple ages.

Many cultures retain [[rite of passage|ceremonies]] to confirm the coming of age, and [[coming-of-age story|coming-of-age stories]] are a well-established sub-genre in [[Bildungsroman|literature]], the [[teen film|film industry]], and other forms of media.

These ceremonies can represent acceptance into a larger culture, feelings of importance, legal rights and permissions, or entrance into the marriage landscape, depending on the culture.

==Cultural==

===Ancient Egypt===

In ancient Egypt, each gender had its own benchmarks of coming of age, but for both genders the cultural custom of marriage was an important indicator of coming of age. Adult maturation was generally considered a social prerequisite for marrying, and this was measured differently by gender. Females were considered of physical maturity and thus marriage-ready once they had their first [[menses]]. However, for males marriage-readiness was indicated by them socially establishing themselves and being able to support a family.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://fathom.lib.uchicago.edu/2/21701778/ |title=Ancient Egyptian Society and Family Life |format= |accessdate=}}</ref>

Generally however, the early childhood stage of life was considered to have ended when puberty began. At this point, young Egyptians begin adapting to their respective societal roles. Hence, for example, 14-year-old ancient Egyptians were considered full adults, involved in the traditional activities of adulthood such as work and having a family.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.smithsonianjourneys.org/blogs/blog/2010/08/16/family-life-in-ancient-egypt/ |title=Family Life in Ancient Egypt | Smithsonian Voices | blog | Smithsonian Journeys |format= |accessdate=}}</ref> A factor in this is ancient Egyptian average lifespan; estimates are that people lived to be around 30 years old.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.egypttoursportal.com/en-us/blog/ancient-egyptian-civilization/life-expectancy-of-ancient-egyptians/ |title=Life Expectancy in Ancient Egypt: Pharaohs, Males, and Females Age Span |format= |date=14 December 2024 |accessdate=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://blogs.ucl.ac.uk/researchers-in-museums/2015/03/02/old-age-in-ancient-egypt/ | title = Old age in ancient Egypt}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.asor.org/anetoday/2018/04/getting-old-in-ancient-egypt#:~:text=The%20Lifespan%20of%20the%20Ancient,old%20person%20in%20ancient%20Egypt | title = Getting Old in Ancient Egypt| date = 10 April 2018}}</ref> If a child lived past the age of five, they were considered to have evaded most of the mortality risks associated with infancy.

Transitioning into adulthood also came with different opportunities depending on socioeconomic class. For most, readying for adulthood meant participating in an apprenticeship to learn a trade or skill for support oneself. There was general expectation that children would follow in their parents’ footsteps unless they demonstrated some particular talent, like a natural inclination for priestly studies. The middle and upper socioeconomic classes of ancient Egypt were broadly the scribes and nobility. For these children, formal education was typical. The extent of formal education would also vary by gender.<ref name="pmid99">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gehler J, Cantz M, O'Brien JF, Tolksdorf M, Spranger J, Marniemi J, Parkki MG, Meighen E, Yue R, Chegwidden WR, Watts DC |title=Mannosidosis: clinical and biochemical findings |journal=Birth Defects Orig Artic Ser |volume=11 |issue=6 |pages=269–72 |date=September 1975 |pmid=99 |doi=10.1016/0006-2952(75)90080-5 |url=}}</ref>

Education and marriage were cornerstone markers in a child's transitioning to adulthood. Marriage, in particular, and the subsequent household founding, was considered the end of the transitional period.<ref name="a193">{{cite web | last= Ellenberger | first= Cayla Renee | title=Childhood to Adulthood: A Rite of Passage in the New Kingdom | url=https://studenttheses.universiteitleiden.nl/access/item%3A2624803/view | page = 28}}</ref> Educationally, literacy was regarded as a characteristic of being and adult, so developing literacy signified that the transitioning into adult was occurring.<ref>{{cite web | last= Ellenberger | first= Cayla Renee | title=Childhood to Adulthood: A Rite of Passage in the New Kingdom | url=https://studenttheses.universiteitleiden.nl/access/item%3A2624803/view | page = 30}}</ref>

For males, formal education was completed by male youth.<ref>{{cite web | last= Ellenberger | first= Cayla Renee | title=Childhood to Adulthood: A Rite of Passage in the New Kingdom | url=https://studenttheses.universiteitleiden.nl/access/item%3A2624803/view | page = 28}}</ref> Royal children and other children of higher social status families would receive education focused on government official and military officer training, the latter consisting of the physical education that royal princes receive.<ref>{{cite web | last= Ellenberger | first= Cayla Renee | title=Childhood to Adulthood: A Rite of Passage in the New Kingdom | url=https://studenttheses.universiteitleiden.nl/access/item%3A2624803/view | page = 33}}</ref> A standard for whether a boy was physically prepared to become a soldier is height. A boy was "taken to be a soldier as a child of [[Ancient_Egyptian_units_of_measurement#Length|pole]] length." One ancient Egyptian pole converted to modern metrics is about 60 centimeters, suggesting under a literal interpretation, that a boy's role as a soldier was from birth. Another interpretation is that this metric converts to 1 meter, which on average, corresponds to an age of about 7 years old.<ref>{{cite web | last= Ellenberger | first= Cayla Renee | title=Childhood to Adulthood: A Rite of Passage in the New Kingdom | url=https://studenttheses.universiteitleiden.nl/access/item%3A2624803/view | page = 36}}</ref><ref name="q382">{{cite journal | last=Mumford | first=Gregory | title=Anth.310 Ppt. lecture-6: New Kingdom military, featuring innovations (e.g., chariotry), organization, training (elite; conscripts), equipment, weaponry, transportation, logistics, fortifications, siege tactics, and other aspects (Anth.310: Imperial and Post-Imperial Egypt, by G. Mumford, Feb. 2021) | journal=ANTH.310: Imperial & Post-imperial Egypt: 1550 - 332 BCE (Lecture Series by G. Mumford) | date=2021-01-01 | url=https://www.academia.edu/9945954 | access-date=2025-05-27 | page=}}</ref> Sons of soldiers would typically follow their fathers into the profession at a very young age.<ref name="r781">{{cite book | last1=Darnell | first1=John Coleman | last2=Manassa | first2=Colleen | title=Tutankhamun's Armies | publisher=John Wiley & Sons | publication-place=Hoboken, N.J. | date=2007-08-03 | isbn=978-0-471-74358-3 | page=}}</ref>

===Ancient Greece===
In certain states in Ancient Greece, such as [[Sparta]] and [[Crete]], adolescent boys were expected to enter into a [[mentoring]] relationship with an adult man, in which they would be taught skills pertaining to adult life, such as [[hunting]], [[martial arts]] and fine arts.{{cn|date=August 2025}}

===Ancient Rome===
The puberty ritual for the young Roman male involved shaving his beard and taking off his ''[[Bulla (amulet)|bulla]]'', an amulet worn to mark and protect underage youth, which he then dedicated to his household gods, the [[Lares]].<ref>[[Persius]] 5.30–31.</ref> He assumed the ''{{lang|la|[[toga virilis]]}}'' ("toga of manhood"), was enrolled as a [[Roman citizenship|citizen]] on the [[Roman census|census]], and soon began his military service.<ref>[[Larissa Bonfante]], introduction to ''The World of Roman Costume'' (University of Wisconsin Press, 2001), p. 7; Shelley Stone, "The Toga: From National to Ceremonial Costume," in ''The World of Roman Costume'', p. 41; Lynn Sebesta, "Women's Costume and Feminine Civic Morality in Augustan Rome," ''Gender & History'' 9.3 (1997), p. 533. After the [[Augustus|Augustan]] building program, the rites were held at the new Temple of [[Mars Ultor]] in the [[Forum Augustum]]: Dominic Montserrat, "Reading Gender in the Roman World," in ''Experiencing Rome: Culture, Identity, and Power in the Roman Empire'' (Routledge, 2000), p. 170.</ref> Traditionally, the ceremony was held on the [[Liberalia]], the festival in honor of the god [[Liber]], who embodied both political and sexual liberty, but other dates could be chosen for individual reasons.<ref>Ariadne Staples, ''From Good Goddess to Vestal Virgins: Sex and Category in Roman Religion'' (Routledge, 1998), p. 89; Michelle George, "The 'Dark Side' of the Toga," in ''Roman Dress and the Fabrics of Roman Culture'' (University of Toronto Press, 2008), p. 55; [[Propertius]] 3.15.3–6; [[Ovid]], ''Fasti'' 3.777–778.</ref>

Rome lacked the elaborate female puberty rituals of ancient Greece, and for girls, the wedding ceremony was in part a rite of passage for the bride. Girls coming of age [[Glossary of ancient Roman religion#votum|dedicated]] their dolls to [[Artemis (mythology)|Artemis]], the goddess most concerned with virginity, or to [[Aphrodite (mythology)|Aphrodite]] when they were preparing for marriage.<ref>Beryl Rawson, ''Children and Childhood in Roman Italy'' (Oxford University Press, 2003), p. 48 on Diana; p. 128, citing [[Persius]] 2.70 and the related [[scholion]]; p. 145 on comparison with Greece.</ref> All adolescents in ritual preparation to transition to adult status wore the ''{{lang|la|tunica recta}}'', the "upright tunic", but girls wove their own. The garment was called ''{{lang|la|recta}}'' because it was woven by tradition on a type of upright loom that had become archaic in later periods.<ref>Sebesta, "Women's Costume," pp. 533–534.</ref>

Roman girls were expected to remain virgins until [[Marriage in ancient Rome|marriage]], but boys were often introduced to heterosexual behaviors by a [[Prostitution in ancient Rome|prostitute]].<ref>[[Amy Richlin]], "Not before Homosexuality: The Materiality of the ''{{lang|la|cinaedus}}'' and the Roman Law against Love between Men," ''Journal of the History of Sexuality'' 3.4 (1993), p. 533, citing as example [[Martial]] 12.96.</ref> The higher the [[Social class in ancient Rome|social rank]] of a girl, the sooner she was likely to become [[betrothal|betrothed]] and married.<ref>[[Judith P. Hallett]], ''Fathers and Daughters in Roman Society: Women and the Elite Family'' (Princeton University Press, 1984), 142; Beryl Rawson, "The Roman Family in Italy" (Oxford University Press, 1999), p. 21.</ref> The general age of betrothal for girls of the upper classes was fourteen, but for [[Patrician (ancient Rome)|patricians]] as early as twelve. Weddings, however, were often postponed until the girl was considered mature enough. Males typically postponed marriage till they had served in the military for some time and were beginning their political careers, around age 25. Patrician males, however, might marry considerably earlier; [[Julius Caesar]] was married for the first time by the age of 18.

On the night before the wedding, the bride bound up her hair with a yellow hairnet she had woven. The confining of her hair signifies the harnessing of her sexuality within marriage. Her weaving of the ''{{lang|la|tunica recta}}'' and the hairnet demonstrated her skill and her capacity for acting in the traditional matron's role as ''{{lang|la|custos [[domus|domi]]}}'', "guardian of the house".<ref>Sebesta, "Women's Costume," pp. 529, 534, 538.</ref> On her wedding day, she belted her tunic with the ''{{lang|la|cingulum}}'', made from the wool of an ewe to symbolize fertility, and tied with the "[[Hercules knot|knot of Hercules]]", which was supposed to be hard to untie.<ref>Sebesta, "Women's Costume," pp. 534–535; [[Sextus Pompeius Festus|Festus]] 55 (edition of Lindsay) on the ''{{lang|la|nodus Herculaneus}}'', which was used for its apotropaic powers on jewelry as well. The [[Hercules in ancient Rome|Roman Hercules]] was a giver of fertility and a great scatterer of seed: he fathered, according to [[Verrius Flaccus]], seventy children.</ref> The knot symbolized wifely chastity, in that it was to be untied only by her husband, but the ''{{lang|la|cingulum}}'' also symbolized that the bridegroom "was belted and bound" to his wife.<ref>''{{lang|la|Cinctus vinctusque}}'', according to Festus; Karen K. Hersch, ''The Roman Wedding: Ritual and Meaning in Antiquity'' (Cambridge University Press, 2010), pp. 101, 110, 211.</ref> The bride's hair was ritually styled in "six tresses" (''{{lang|la|seni crines}}''), and she was veiled until uncovered by her husband at the end of the ceremony, a ritual of surrendering her virginity to him.<ref>Sebesta, "Women's Costume," p. 535.</ref>

===Anglo-Celtic===
The legal age of majority is 18 in most [[Anglo-Celtic]] cultures (such as [[Australia]], [[New Zealand]], and [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]]). One is legally enabled to vote, purchase tobacco and alcohol, marry without parental consent (although one can wed at 16 in [[New Zealand]]) with consent of family court and sign contracts. But in the early twentieth century, the age of legal majority was 21, although the [[marriageable age]] was typically lower. Even though turning 21 now has few, if any, legal effects in most of these countries, its former legal status as the age of majority has caused it to continue to be celebrated.

=== Brazil ===
In the Sateré-Mawé tribe of the Brazilian Amazon, young boys celebrate their coming of age at 13 where they participate in the Bullet Ant Initiation. During this ceremony, the boys go out and search for bullet ants, and the ants are sedated. Then, the ants are woven into gloves so that their stingers are facing inwards- towards the skin. When the ants wake up, they're furious. The boys then have to wear the gloves for 20 minutes to prove their manhood. They will do this 20 times over the course of many months for the initiation to be finished. Any scream or cry is seen as a sign of weakness.<ref><nowiki><ref></nowiki>{{cite journal |last=Nuwer |first=Rachel |date=October 27, 2014 |title=When Becoming a Man Means Sticking Your Hand Into a Glove of Ants |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/brazilian-tribe-becoming-man-requires-sticking-your-hand-glove-full-angry-ants-180953156/ |journal=Smithsonian Magazine |access-date=February 28, 2025}}</ref>

=== Canada ===
In Canada, a person aged 16 and over can legally drive a car and work, but is only considered to be an adult at the age of 18. In most provinces, the legal age to purchase alcohol and cigarettes is 19, except in [[Alberta]], [[Manitoba]], and [[Quebec]] where it is 18 years old.

=== India ===
In India, a person aged 18 and over is allowed to own and drive a car, and has attained the right to vote and the age of consent. Inspired by the western cultures however there are usually sweet sixteen birthday parties celebrated across the country but with little cultural significance besides having now become a young adult. The drinking age varies within states from 18 to 21 years old. However, in various cultures across India, menarche is celebrated. There are various rituals depending on the region, celebrating the onsite of a girl transitioning into a woman.

===Humanist===
{{Main|Secular coming-of-age ceremony}}
In some countries, [[humanism|Humanist]] or [[Freethought|freethinker]] organisations have arranged courses or camps for non-religious adolescents, in which they can study or work on ethical, social, and personal topics important for adult life, followed by a formal rite of passage comparable to the Christian Confirmation. Some of these ceremonies are even called "civil confirmations". The purpose of these ceremonies is to offer a festive ritual for those youngsters, who do not believe in any religion, but nevertheless want to mark their transition from childhood to adulthood.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jugendweihe.de/Geschichte-der-Jugendweihe.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080526085247/http://www.jugendweihe.de/Geschichte-der-Jugendweihe.html |archive-date=2008-05-26 |title=Geschichte der Jugendweihe |author=Krause, Klaus-Peter |publisher=Jugendweihe Deutschland e.V. |access-date=2007-11-15|language=de}}</ref>

===Indonesia===
In Bali, the coming of age ceremony is supposed to take place after a girl's first menstrual period or a boy's voice breaks. However, due to expense, it is often delayed until later. The upper canines are filed down slightly to symbolize the effacing of the individual's "wild" nature.
While in [[Nias island]], a young man must jump up over a stone (normally about 1 or 2 meters) as a part of the coming of age ceremony.

===Japan===
{{Main|Coming of Age Day}}

Since 1948, the [[age of majority]] in [[Japan]] has been 20; persons under 20 are not permitted to smoke or drink. Until June 2016, people under 20 were not permitted to vote.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2015/06/17/national/politics-diplomacy/diet-enacts-law-lowering-voting-age-18-20|title=Diet enacts law lowering voting age to 18 from 20|date=17 June 2015|via=Japan Times Online|access-date=3 October 2018|archive-date=4 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181004021247/https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2015/06/17/national/politics-diplomacy/diet-enacts-law-lowering-voting-age-18-20|url-status=live}}</ref> The government of Japan lowered the age of majority to 18, which came into effect in 2021.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2016/11/14/national/japan-preparing-bill-cut-adult-age-18/#.WGIQGRvhAUE|title=Article expired – The Japan Times|access-date=2016-12-26|archive-date=2016-12-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161227154008/http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2016/11/14/national/japan-preparing-bill-cut-adult-age-18/#.WGIQGRvhAUE|url-status=live}}</ref> Coming-of-age ceremonies, known as ''[[seijin shiki]]'', are held on the second Monday of January. At the ceremony, all of the men and women participating are brought to a government building and listen to many speakers, similar to a graduation ceremony. At the conclusion of the ceremony government officials give speeches, and small presents are handed out to the new adults.

===Korea===
In Korea, citizens are permitted to marry, vote, drive, drink alcohol, and smoke at age 19.{{clarify|date=September 2020 |reason=Is this according to Western age or [[East Asian age reckoning#Korea|Korean age]] reckoning?}}

The Monday of the third week of May is "coming-of-age day". There has been a traditional coming of age ceremony since before the [[Goryeo]] dynasty, but it has mostly disappeared. In the traditional way, when boys or girls were between the ages of fifteen and twenty, boys wore [[gat (hat)|gat]], a Korean traditional hat made of bamboo and horsehair, and girls did their hair in a [[Chignon (hairstyle)|chignon]] with a [[binyeo]], a Korean traditional ornamental hairpin. Both of them wore [[hanbok]], which are sometimes worn at the coming of age ceremony in the present day.

===Latin America===
In some{{which|date=September 2020}} Latin American countries, when a female reaches the age of 15, her relatives organize a very expensive celebration. It is usually a large party, called a [[Quinceañera]] in Spanish speaking countries and [[Débutante|Baile de Debutantes]] (also called ''Festa de 15 [anos]'', literally: Party of 15 [years]) in Brazil. The legal age of [[adulthood]] varies by country.

===Papua New Guinea===
Kovave is a ceremony to initiate Papua New Guinea boys into adult society. It involves dressing up in a conical hat which has long strands of leaves hanging from the edge, down to below the waist. The name ''Kovave'' is also used to describe the head-dress.

===Philippines===
{{Main|Philippine debut}}

In the Philippines, a popular coming of age celebration for 18-year-old women is the ''debut''. It is normally a formal affair, with a strict dress code such as a coat and tie for the upper-middle and upper classes, and usually has a theme or color scheme that is related to the dress code. The débutante traditionally chooses for her entourage "18 Roses", who are 18 special men or boys in the girl's life such as boyfriends, relatives and brothers, and "18 Candles", who are the Roses' female counterparts. Each presents a rose or candle then delivers a short speech about the debutante. The Roses sometimes dance with the débutante before presenting their flower and speech, with the last being her father or boyfriend. Other variations exist, such as 18 Treasures (of any gender; gives a present instead of a candle or flower) or other types of flowers aside from roses being given, but the significance of "18" is almost always retained.

Filipino men, on the other hand, celebrate their ''debut'' on their 21st birthday. There is no traditionally set program marking this event, and celebrations differ from family to family. Both men and women may opt not to hold a debut at all.{{citation needed|date=September 2020}}

===Romani===
In the [[Romani society and culture|Romani culture]], males are called ''Shave'' when they come of age at 20, and females ''Sheya''. Males are then taught to drive and work in their family's line of trade, while females are taught the women's line of work.

===Scandinavian and Slavic===
In [[Ukraine]], [[Poland]], and the [[Scandinavia]]n Countries, the legal coming of age of a person is celebrated at either 18 or 21.

=== South Africa ===
In South Africa, the Xhosa [[Ulwaluko]] and the Sotho [[Lebollo la banna]] circumcision and manhood ceremonies are still undertaken by the majority of males.

===Spain===
In Spain during the 19th century, there was a civilian coming of age bound to the compulsory [[Conscription|military service]]. The {{Interlanguage link|Quintos (Spain)|es|quintos|lt=quintos}} were the boys of the village that reached the age of eligibility for military service (18 years), thus forming the {{lang|es-ES|quinta}} of a year. In rural Spain, the {{lang|es-ES|mili}} was the first and sometimes the only experience of life away from family. In the days before their departure, the {{lang|es-ES|quintos}} knocked on every door to ask for food and drink. They held a common festive meal with what they gathered and sometimes painted some graffiti reading {{lang|es-ES|Vivan los quintos del año}} as a memorial of their leaving their youth. Years later, the {{lang|es-ES|quintos}} of the same year could still hold yearly meals to remember times past. By the end of the 20th century, the [[rural exodus]], the diffusion of city customs and the loss of prestige of military service changed the relevance of {{lang|es-ES|quintos}} parties. In some places, the party included the village girls of the same age, thus becoming less directly related to military service. In others, the tradition was simply lost.

In 2002, conscription was abolished in Spain in favor of an [[Spanish Armed Forces|all-professional military]]. As a result, the {{lang|es-ES|quintos}} disappeared except for a few rural areas where it is kept as a coming of age traditional party without further consequences.
In [[Manganeses de la Polvorosa]], [[province of Palencia|province of Zamora]], the {{lang|es-ES|quintos}} [[goat throwing|dropped a live goat]] from the local belfry on a January Sunday.
After pressure from animal-rights activists, that part of the festival has been banned.<ref name="Turner">{{cite news |last1=Turner |first1=Kernan |title=Fiesta 'spoiled' as villagers barred from tossing goat |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2000/jan/24/2 |access-date=27 March 2025 |work=The Guardian |date=24 January 2000}}</ref>

=== United Kingdom ===
In the United Kingdom, the legal drinking, smoking, and voting age is 18. This is also when citizens are legally considered an adult. The UK was the first country to lower these restrictions to age 18.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Loughran |first1=Thomas |title=A coming of age: how and why the UK became the first democracy to allow votes for 18-year-olds |journal= Contemporary British History|date=February 25, 2021 |volume=35 |issue=2 |pages=284–313 |doi=10.1080/13619462.2021.1890589 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13619462.2021.1890589#abstract |access-date=February 28, 2025|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

===United States===
In the United States, people are allowed to drive at 16 in all states, with the exception of New Jersey, which requires drivers to be 17 and older, and sometimes receive the responsibility of owning their own car. People are allowed to drive at age 15 in Idaho and Montana. At 16, people are also legally allowed to donate blood and work in most establishments. In spite of this, it is not until the age of 18 that a person is legally considered an adult and can vote and join the military (age 17 with parental consent). The legal age for purchasing and consuming alcohol, tobacco, (and, in [[Legality of cannabis by U.S. jurisdiction|states where it is legal]], recreational marijuana) is 21.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/oregon-raises-cigarette-buying-age-to-21/2017/08/18/83366b7a-811e-11e7-902a-2a9f2d808496_story.html|title=Oregon raises cigarette-buying age to 21|newspaper=Washington Post|access-date=2018-04-18|archive-date=2018-04-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180424224552/https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/oregon-raises-cigarette-buying-age-to-21/2017/08/18/83366b7a-811e-11e7-902a-2a9f2d808496_story.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deseretnews.com/article/865621073/Utah-lawmaker-proposes-raising-legal-smoking-age-to-21.html|title=Utah lawmaker proposes raising legal smoking age to 21|first=Dennis|last=Romboy|website=[[Deseret News]]|date=3 February 2015|access-date=18 April 2018|archive-date=19 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180419053327/https://www.deseretnews.com/article/865621073/Utah-lawmaker-proposes-raising-legal-smoking-age-to-21.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Multiple localities have also raised the minimum purchase age independent of state laws.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.tobaccofreekids.org/assets/content/what_we_do/state_local_issues/sales_21/states_localities_MLSA_21.pdf |title=What we do |website=www.tobaccofreekids.org |access-date=2018-04-18 |archive-date=2018-04-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180419120450/https://www.tobaccofreekids.org/assets/content/what_we_do/state_local_issues/sales_21/states_localities_MLSA_21.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[File:Sweet Sixteen party at the Rainbow Cafe (4419465970).jpg|thumb|Sweet Sixteen Birthday Party at The Rainbow Cafe in Minneapolis, MN, 1949]]
Although the US consists of and continues to practice the cultures of the many countries that make it up, something unique to the country is the "Sweet Sixteen". This tradition is also widely celebrated in Canada. The tradition that is known today as the American Sweet Sixteen dates back to the early-mid 20th century. These parties represent not necessarily adulthood, but being a more mature teenager. The guest of honor is primarily a girl, and are more common among wealthier families due to how expensive the parties can be. Because of this, they are considered to be the fanciest party one can experience while in their childhood. The guest of honor wears an extravagant ball gown, sometimes accompanied with a crown. Sweet Sixteen parties vary by person, but they often consist of a DJ or a band, dancing, a rented out venue, and food and drink bars. In the late 20th century, when women began gaining more rights and started fighting for liberation, Sweet Sixteens began to be questioned. Since they have correlation to the debutante ball, another coming of age ceremony that taught women to adhere to their gender roles by handing them over to the men of the community, they were largely rejected in the era of women's liberation.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ames |first1=Lynn |title=Sweet Sixteen: A Rite That Persists |journal=The New York Times |date=January 4, 1978 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1978/01/04/archives/sweet-sixteen-a-rite-that-persists-the-party-originated-as-a-way-of.html |access-date=February 28, 2025}}</ref> In modern times, the 16th birthday has less significance than it did before, but some do still participate in this celebration. Some movies that depict Sweet Sixteens are "Sixteen Candles" (1984), and "16 Wishes" (2010).

===Vietnam===
During the feudal period, the coming of age was celebrated at 15 for noblemen. Nowadays, the age is 20 for both genders.

==Religious==

===Baha'i===
Turning 15, the "age of maturity", as the Baha'i faith terms it, is a time when a child is considered spiritually mature. Declared Baha'is that have reached the age of maturity are expected to begin observing certain [[Baha'i laws]], such as obligatory prayer and fasting.<ref name="tests were not going ">{{cite web|url=http://www.bahai.us/turning-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101228172243/http://www.bahai.us/turning-15|url-status=dead|archive-date=2010-12-28|title=For Baha'is, turning 15 means more than a birthday – Bahai Faith – Baha'i Faith}}</ref>

===Buddhism===
[[Theravada]] boys, typically just under the age of 20 years, undergo a [[Shinbyu]] ceremony, where they are [[initiated]] into the Temple as Novice Monks ([[Samanera]]). They will typically stay in the monastery for between 3 days and 3 years, most commonly for one 3-month "rainy season retreat" ([[vassa]]), held annually from late July to early October. During this period the boys experience the rigors of an orthodox Buddhist monastic lifestyle – a lifestyle that involves [[celibacy]], formal voluntary [[poverty]], absolute [[nonviolence]], and daily [[fasting]] between noon and the following day's sunrise.

Depending on how long they stay, the boys will learn various chants and recitations in the canonical language ([[Pali]]) – typically the Buddha's more famous discourses ([[Suttas]]) and verses ([[Gathas]]) – as well as Buddhist ethics and higher monastic discipline ([[Vinaya]]). If they stay long enough and conditions permit, they may be tutored in the meditative practices ([[bhavana]], or [[Dhyāna in Buddhism|dhyana]]) that are at the heart of Buddhism's program for the self-development of alert tranquillity ([[samadhi]]), wisdom ([[Wisdom in Buddhism|prajna]]), and divine mental states ([[brahmavihara]]).

After living the novitiate monastic life for some time, the boy, now considered to have "come of age", will either take higher ordination as a fully ordained monk (a [[bhikkhu]]) or will (more often) return to lay life. In Southeast Asian countries, where most practitioners of [[Theravada]] Buddhism reside, women will often refuse to marry a man who has not ordained temporarily as a [[Samanera]] in this way at some point in his life. Men who have completed this [[Samanera]] ordination and have returned to lay life are considered primed for adult married life and are described in the [[Thai language]] and the [[Khmer language]] by terms which roughly translate as "cooked", "finished", or "cooled off" in English, as in meal preparation/consumption. Thus, one's monastic training is seen to have prepared one properly for familial, social, and civic duty and/or one's passions and unruliness of the boy are seen to have "cooled down" enough for him to be of use to a woman as a proper man.

===Christianity===
{{see also|Age of accountability}}
In many [[Western Christian]] churches (those deriving from Rome after the [[East-West Schism]]), a young person is eligible to receive [[confirmation]], which is considered a [[sacrament]] in Catholicism, and a [[rite (Christianity)|rite]] in Lutheranism, Anglicanism, Methodism, Irvingism, and Reformed Christianity.<ref name="LB1921">{{cite book |title=The Lutheran World Almanac and Annual Encyclopedia for 1921 |date=1921 |publisher=Lutheran Bureau |page=68 |language=English |quote=In this connection it should be stated that as it is the custom of the Lutheran Church to receive into full membership only those who have been confirmed}}</ref><ref name="Dada2014">{{cite book|last=Dada|first=Adelowo, E.|title=Perspectives in Religious Studies: Volume II|date= 2014|publisher=HEBN Publishers|isbn=978-9780814465|page=209|quote=Confirmation in the Anglican Communion is the laying on of hands (of the Bishop) upon those who are baptised and have come to years of discretion. In this case, it involves those baptised both at infancy and adulthood. It is the attainment of this status, among other conditions, that determines, in the Anglican Church, full membership of the Church and eligibility to be admitted to the Lord's Table, and to enjoy certain rights of the Church.}}</ref> The Catholic and Methodist denominations teach that in confirmation, the Holy Spirit strengthens a baptized individual for their faith journey.<ref name="MCGB2014">{{cite web|url=http://www.methodist.org.uk/who-we-are/baptisms-weddings-and-funerals/baptism-and-confirmation|title=Baptism and Confirmation|year=2014|publisher=The Methodist Church in Britain|access-date=23 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170707201151/http://www.methodist.org.uk/who-we-are/baptisms-weddings-and-funerals/baptism-and-confirmation|archive-date=7 July 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Cavadini2018">{{cite web |last1=Cavadini |first1=John C. |title=Confirmation strengthens our identity as children of God |url=https://catholicphilly.com/2018/01/catholic-spirituality/confirmation-strengthens-our-identity-as-children-of-god/ |publisher=Catholic Philly |access-date=28 March 2021 |language=English |date=17 July 2018 |archive-date=27 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127081036/https://catholicphilly.com/2018/01/catholic-spirituality/confirmation-strengthens-our-identity-as-children-of-god/ |url-status=live }}</ref> This is usually done by a [[bishop]] or an [[abbot]] laying their hands upon the foreheads of the young person (usually between the ages of 12 and 15 years), and marking them with the seal of the [[Holy Spirit in Christianity|Holy Spirit]]. In some Christian denominations, the confirmand (now an adult in the eyes of the Church) takes a [[Saint]]'s name as a confirmation name.

In Christian denominations that practice [[Believer's Baptism]] (baptism by voluntary decision, as opposed to baptism in early infancy), it is normatively carried out after the age of accountability has arrived, as with many [[Anabaptist]] denominations, such as the [[Mennonites]]. Some traditions withhold the rite of Holy Communion from those not yet at the age of accountability, on the grounds that children do not understand what the sacrament means. In the 20th century, Roman Catholic children began to be admitted to communion some years before confirmation, with an annual [[First Communion]] service – a practice that was extended to some [[Paedobaptism|paedobaptist]] Protestant groups, such as Lutheranism and Anglicanism–but since the [[Second Vatican Council]], the withholding of confirmation to a later age, e.g. mid-teens in the United States, early teens in Ireland and Britain, has in some areas been abandoned in favour of restoring the traditional order of the three [[sacraments of initiation]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ewtn.com/library/BISHOPS/ordsacinit.htm|title=The Restored Order of Sacraments of Initiation|work=ewtn.com|access-date=2014-02-01|archive-date=2014-02-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201211703/http://www.ewtn.com/library/BISHOPS/ordsacinit.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cathnews.com/article.aspx?aeid=24839|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726221554/http://www.cathnews.com/article.aspx?aeid=24839|url-status=dead|archive-date=2011-07-26|title=Confirmation before communion, Liverpool decides – CathNews}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.interchurchfamilies.org/journal/firs_com.shtm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071020080632/http://www.interchurchfamilies.org/journal/firs_com.shtm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2007-10-20|title=First Communion|author=Association of Interchurch Families – England}}</ref>

In some denominations, [[church membership|full membership in the Church]], if not bestowed at birth, often must wait until the age of accountability and frequently is granted only after a period of preparation known as [[Catechism|catechesis]]. The time of innocence before one has the ability to understand truly the laws of God and that God sees one as innocent is also seen as applying to individuals who suffer from a mental disability which prevents them from ever reaching a time when they are capable of understanding the laws of God. These individuals are thus seen, according to some Christians, as existing in a perpetual state of innocence.

==== Catholicism ====
{{See also|Person (Catholic canon law)#Age of reason}}

In 1910, [[Pope Pius X]] issued the decree ''[[Quam singulari]]'', which changed the age of eligibility for receiving both the sacrament of [[Sacrament of Penance|Penance]] and the [[Eucharist in the Catholic Church|Eucharist]] to a "time when a child begins to reason, that is about the seventh year, more or less." Previously, local standards had been at least 10 or 12 or even 14 years old.<ref>See [http://www.papalencyclicals.net/Pius10/p10quam.htm Quam Singulari] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180716025031/http://www.papalencyclicals.net/Pius10/p10quam.htm |date=2018-07-16 }}.</ref> Historically, the sacrament of confirmation has been administered to youth who have reached the "age of discretion". The [[Catechism of the Catholic Church|catechism]] states that confirmation should be received "at the appropriate time", but in danger of death it can be administered to children. Together with the sacraments of [[baptism]] and the Eucharist, the [[Confirmation in the Catholic Church|sacrament of confirmation]] completes the sacraments of Christian initiation, "for without Confirmation and Eucharist, Baptism is certainly valid and efficacious, but Christian initiation remains incomplete."<ref>[[Catechism of the Catholic Church]] CCC 1306-1307</ref>

In [[Eastern Catholic]] Churches, infants receive confirmation and communion immediately after baptism. In [[Eastern Christianity]] the baptising priest confirms infants directly after [[baptism]].

====The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints====
[[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]] sets the age of accountability and minimum age for baptism at 8 years of age. All persons younger than 8 are considered innocent and not accountable for their sinning.<ref>Book of Mormon: Moroni 8:5–26, Doctrine and Covenants 68:27</ref> The Church considers mentally challenged individuals whose mental age is under 8 to be in a perpetual state of innocence, while other doctrines teach that no one is 'without sin', both believe that those at a certain age are considered innocent.

===Confucianism===
According to the [[The Grand Historian|Grand Historian]], the [[Duke of Zhou]] wrote the [[Rites of Zhou]] about 3000 years ago, which documented fundamental ceremonies in ancient China, including the Coming of Age rite.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Grand Historian|last=Sima|first=Qian}}</ref> Then [[Confucius]] and his students wrote the [[Book of Rites]], which introduced and further explained important ceremonies in Confucianism.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Grand Historian|last=Sima|first=Qian}}</ref> When a man turned 20, his parents would hold a [[Guan Li]] (also named the capping ceremony); when a girl turned 15, she would receive a [[Ji Li (ceremony)|Ji Li]] (also known as the Hairpin Ceremony).<ref>{{Cite book|title=Book of Rites|last=Confucius}}</ref> These rites were considered to represent a person being mature and prepared to get married and start a family; therefore, they were the beginning of all the moral rites.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Book of Rites|last=Confucius}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.chinafetching.com/coming-of-age|title=Coming of Age Ceremony in Chinese Culture|access-date=2019-01-14|archive-date=2022-04-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220401010316/https://www.chinafetching.com/coming-of-age|url-status=live}}</ref>

During this rite of passage, the young person receives his/her [[style name]].

===Hinduism===
In Hinduism coming of age generally signifies that a boy or girl is mature enough to understand his responsibility towards family and society. Some castes in Hinduism also have the sacred thread ceremony, called [[Upanayana]], for ''[[Dvija]]'' (twice-born) boys that mark their coming of age to do religious ceremonies. A rite of passage males have to go through is Bhrataman (or Chudakarma) that marks adulthood.

===Ifá===
In the [[Yoruba religion|traditional Ifá faith]] of the [[Yoruba people]] of [[West Africa]] and the many New World religions that it subsequently gave birth to, men and women are often [[initiation|initiated]] to the service of one of the hundreds of subsidiary spirits that serve the [[Orisha]] [[Ọlọrun|Olodumare]], the group's conception of the [[Almighty God]]. The mystic links that are forged by way of these initiations, which typically occur at puberty, are the conduits that are used by adherents to attempt to achieve what can be seen as the equivalent of the Buddhist ''enlightenment'' by way of a combination of personalized [[meditation]]s, [[reincarnation]]s and [[spirit possession]]s.

===Islam===
Children are not required to perform any obligatory religious obligations prior to reaching the age of puberty, although they are encouraged to begin [[salat|praying]] at the age of seven. Once a person begins puberty, they are required to perform [[salat]] and other obligations of Islam.<ref>{{cite web | title = Islamic obligations at puberty | publisher = IslamWeb | date = October 25, 2001 | url = http://www.islamweb.net/ver2/Fatwa/ShowFatwa.php?lang=E&Id=83431&Option=FatwaId | archive-url = https://archive.today/20120802144936/http://www.islamweb.net/ver2/Fatwa/ShowFatwa.php?lang=E&Id=83431&Option=FatwaId | url-status = dead | archive-date = August 2, 2012 | access-date = October 12, 2009 }}</ref>

Muslims are considered adults when they have hit puberty. For girls, this is often when they [[Menarche|first begin menstruating]], and boys when they experience [[nocturnal emission]] or the growth of pubic hair. However, if either gender does not exhibit their respective signs, then they will be considered adults at age fifteen.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What Is the Age of Puberty in Islam for a Boy? - Islam Question & Answer |url=https://islamqa.info/ |access-date=2025-12-14 |website=Islam-QA |language=en}}</ref> The evidence for this is the narration of Ibn Umar that he said: "Allah's Apostle called me to present myself in front of him on the eve of the battle of Uhud, while I was fourteen years of age at that time and he did not allow me to take part in that battle but he called me in front of him on the eve of the battle of the Trench when I was fifteen years old, and he allowed me to join the battle." (Reported by Bukhari and Muslim). When Umar Ibn Abdul Aziz heard this Hadith he made this age the evidence to differentiate between a mature and an immature person.{{Citation needed|reason=No citation for the way this report is understood|date=June 2025}}

In some Islamic cultures circumcision ([[Khitan (circumcision)|khitan]]) can be a ritual associated with coming of age for boys, taking place in late childhood or early adolescence.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hewer|first=Chris|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nGWmDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT72|title=Understanding Islam: The First Ten Steps|date=2014-07-28|publisher=SCM Press|isbn=978-0-334-05233-3|language=en}}</ref>

===Judaism===
In the Jewish faith, boys reach religious maturity at the age of thirteen and become a ''[[bar mitzvah]]'' ("bar mitzvah" means "son of the commandment" literally, and "subject to commandments" figuratively). Girls mature a year earlier, and become a ''[[bat mitzvah]]'' ("bat mitzvah" means "daughter of the commandment") at twelve. The new men and women are looked upon as adults and are expected to uphold the Jewish commandments and laws. Also, in religious court they are adults and can marry with their new title of an adult. Nonetheless, in the Talmud; Pirkei Avot (5:25), Rabbi Yehuda ben Teime gives the age of 18 as the appropriate age to get married. At the end of the bar or bat mitzvah, the boy or girl is showered with candies, which act as "sweet blessings". Besides the actual ceremony, there usually is a bar or bat mitzvah party.

====Chassidim====
In various Chassidic sects when boys turn 3 years of age, they have an ''[[upsherin]]'' (sect related typical ''Brooklin-Yiddish'' for [[Yiddish]] ''Abshern'', for German ''Abscheren'', "Haare schneiden", engl. ''hair cut'', {{lit|to sheer away}}) ceremony, when they receive their first haircut. Until then, their parents allow their hair to grow long, until they undergo this esoteric rite. Little girls for the first time co-light some extra ''″[[Shabbat]]'' candles, after their mothers did so, also when they turn 3 years of age.

===Shinto===
In the Shinto faith, boys were taken to the shrine of their patron deity at approximately 12–14 years old. They were then given adult clothes and a new haircut. This was called [[Genpuku]].{{citation needed|date=February 2022}}

===Sikhism===
In [[Sikhism]], when one reaches the age of maturity, the men will typically partake in a ceremony called Dastar Bandhi. This is the first time the proper Sikh [[Turban#Sikhism|Turban]] is tied on the adolescent. Women who wear the turban may also partake in the ceremony, although it is less common.

==See also==
* [[Adolescence]]
* [[Age of consent]]
* [[Age of majority]]
* [[Age of Majority (Catholic Church)]]
* [[Bildungsroman]]
* [[Coming of Age (Unitarian Universalism)]]
* [[Coming-of-age story]]
* {{section link|Defense of infancy|The age of criminal responsibility}}
* [[Manhood]]
* {{section link|Person (Catholic canon law)|Age of majority}}
* [[Poy Sang Long]]
* [[Quinceañera]] (age 15)
* [[Rite of passage]]
* [[Self-discovery]]
* [[Suitable age and discretion]]
* [[Sweet sixteen (birthday)]]
*''[[Coming of Age in Samoa]]''

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Wikiquote}}
{{Commons category|Coming of age}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Rites of passage]]
[[Category:Adolescence]]
[[Category:Young adult]]
[[Category:Age and society]]

Department of Mines and Geology (Jharkhand)

2026-03-22T22:14:10Z

CelinaArellano: Creating some stub first draft

{{Short description|Department of Government of Jharkhand}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}
{{Infobox government agency
| agency_name = Department of Mines & Geology
| native_name = खान एवं भूविज्ञान विभाग
| type = Department
| logo =
| logo_width =
| logo_caption =
| seal = Jharkhand Rajakiya Chihna.svg
| seal_width = 170
| seal_caption = Emblem of Jharkhand
| picture =
| picture_width =
| picture_caption =
| formed =
| preceding1 =
| preceding2 =
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| jurisdiction = [[Government of Jharkhand]]
| headquarters = Yojna Bhawan, Nepal House, Doranda, [[Ranchi]], [[Jharkhand]] – 834002
| coordinates =
| employees =
| budget =
| minister1_name = [[Hemant Soren]]
| minister1_pfo = Minister in Charge
| minister2_name =
| minister2_pfo =
| deputyminister1_name =
| deputyminister1_pfo =
| deputyminister2_name =
| deputyminister2_pfo =
| chief1_name = Arava Rajkamal, [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]
| chief1_position = [[Secretary]]
| chief2_name =
| chief2_position =
| agency_type =
| parent_department =
| parent_agency =
| child1_agency =
| child2_agency =
| keydocument1 =
| website = {{URL|https://minerals.jharkhand.gov.in}}
| footnotes =
| map =
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}}

The '''Department of Mines and Geology,''' is a department of [[Government of Jharkhand]] is responsible for the development, regulation and conservation of mineral resources in Jharkhand.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Department of Mines & Geology |url=https://www.jharkhand.gov.in/mines |access-date=3 October 2025 |publisher=Government of Jharkhand}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=About Department - Department of Mines and Geology |url=https://minerals.jharkhand.gov.in/content/1/1 |access-date=3 Oct 2025 |website=minerals.jharkhand.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Jharkhand News: वन क्षेत्र में खनन के लिए संतुलित नीति बनाएगी हेमंत सरकार, दो विभागों से मांगी गई रिपोर्ट - Government make a balanced policy for mining in forest area Jharkhand News In Hindi |url=https://www.jagran.com/jharkhand/ranchi-government-make-a-balanced-policy-for-mining-in-forest-area-jharkhand-news-in-hindi-23937794.html |access-date=2025-10-03 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref> The state accounts for about 40% of India’s total mineral reserves, ranking first in coal reserves and holding significant deposits of iron ore, bauxite, copper, limestone and other minerals.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Department |url=https://minerals.jharkhand.gov.in |publisher=Department of Mines & Geology, Government of Jharkhand |access-date=3 October 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Jharkhand State Report |url=https://www.ibef.org/industry/jharkhand-presentation |publisher=India Brand Equity Foundation |access-date=3 October 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Navtan |date=2009-07-20 |title=Mineral-rich Jharkhand fables the world |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/indl-goods/svs/metals-mining/mineral-rich-jharkhand-fables-the-world/articleshow/4800450.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-10-03 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Jharkhand government launches country's maiden mining tourism initiative, inks pact with Coal India arm |url=https://www.thehindu.com/incoming/jharkhand-launches-mining-tourism-initiative-with-ccl-showing-rich-mining-heritage-to-tourists-and-educational-groups/article69837852.ece |access-date=2025-10-03 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Road map for sustainable and inclusive Mica industry in Jharkhand |url=https://c4rb.org/insights/report/MICA-Roadmap.pdf |access-date=3 Oct 2025 |website=c4rb.org |publisher=Centre for Responsible Business}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Growth Potential |url=https://minerals.jharkhand.gov.in/Application/uploadDocument/Content/Growth_Potential.pdf |access-date=3 Oct 2025 |website=minerals.jharkhand.gov.in}}</ref> The department oversees mineral exploration, grant of concessions, collection of mining revenue and enforcement measures against illegal mining, while promoting sustainable and eco-friendly utilization of resources.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Mining royalties projected to generate Rs 19,300 crore in FY25: Jharkhand Eco Survey |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2025/Feb/28/mining-royalties-projected-to-generate-rs-19300-crore-in-fy-25-jharkhand-eco-survey |work=The New Indian Express |date=28 February 2025 |access-date=3 October 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Anti-Illegal Mining Move; Jharkhand In Question |url=https://www.businessworld.in/article/anti-illegal-mining-move-jharkhand-in-question-164056 |access-date=2025-10-03 |website=BW Businessworld |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Finally, shield against illegal mining |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/finally-shield-against-illegal-mining/cid/1591964 |access-date=3 Oct 2025 |work=The Telegraph}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Make action plan for environment-friendly use of abandoned mines: Jharkhand governor |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/make-action-plan-for-environment-friendly-use-of-abandoned-mines-jharkhand-governor/articleshow/103085433.cms |work=The Times of India |date=28 August 2023 |access-date=3 October 2025}}</ref>

==Ministerial team==
The Department is headed by the Jharkhand's Cabinet Minister of Mines and Geology. Civil servants such as the Secretary are appointed to support the minister in managing the department and implementing its functions. Since December 2024, the minister for Department of Department of Mines and Geology is [[Hemant Soren]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-12-06 |title=CM distributes portfolios, keeps home, mines, & women child devpt depts |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/chief-minister-hemant-soren-holds-key-portfolios-amid-cabinet-restructuring/articleshow/116052194.cms |access-date=2025-10-03 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Moyna |date=2011-08-26 |title=Jharkhand to share mining profit |url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/environment/jharkhand-to-share-mining-profit-33909 |access-date=2025-10-03 |website=Down To Earth |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Government of Jharkhand]]
* [[Ministry of Mines (India)]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Government departments of Jharkhand]]

List of reptiles and amphibians of Mizoram

2026-03-22T02:17:11Z

CelinaArellano: created entry...

{{Short description|None}}

This article lists the species of reptiles and amphibians found in the state of [[Mizoram]], [[India]]. 117 reptiles and 52 amphibians have been sighted in the state. There have been many studies on the herpetofauna of the state.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lalremsanga |first=Hmar Tlawmte |last2=Malsawmdawngliana |first2=Fanai |last3=Bal |first3=Amit Kumar |last4=Vabeiryureilai |first4=Mathipi |last5=Hruaia |first5=Vanlal |last6=Korolev |first6=Alexey M. |last7=Vogel |first7=Gernot |last8=Poyarkov |first8=Nikolay A. |last9=Nguyen |first9=Tan Van |date=2026-01-05 |title=A new species of the genus Calamaria H. Boie in F. Boie, 1827 (Squamata: Calamariidae) from Mizoram State, India |url=https://mapress.com/zt/article/view/zootaxa.5741.1.2 |journal=Zootaxa |volume=5741 |issue=1 |pages=49–86 |doi=10.11646/zootaxa.5741.1.2 |issn=1175-5334|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Das |first=Indraneil |title=A Naturalist's Guide to the Reptiles of India, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka |last2=Das |first2=Abhijit |date=2018 |publisher=John Beaufoy Publishing |isbn=978-93-86538-02-4}}</ref> This list uses British English.

== Amphibians ==

=== Anura ===

==== Bufonidae ====

* [[Bufoides bhupathyi|Mizoram rock toad]], ''Bufoides bhupathyi''
* [[Bufoides meghalayanus|Khasi Hills toad]], ''Bufoides meghalayanus''
* [[Duttaphrynus chandai|Nagaland montane torrent toad]], ''Duttaphrynus chandai''
* [[Duttaphrynus mamitensis|Mamit's toad]], ''Duttaphrynus mamitensis''
* [[Duttaphrynus mizoramensis|Kolasib's toad]], ''Duttaphrynus mizoramensis''
* [[Duttaphrynus melanostictus|Asian common toad]], ''Duttaphrynus melanostictus''

==== Dicroglossidae ====

* [[Euphlyctis adolfi|Bangladesh skittering frog]], ''Euphlyctis adolfi''
* [[Fejervarya multistriata|Hong Kong rice-paddy frog]], ''Fejervarya multistriata''
* [[Hoplobatrachus litoralis|Coastal bullfrog]], ''Hoplobatrachus litoralis''
* [[Hoplobatrachus tigerinus|Indus Valley bullfrog]], ''Hoplobatrachus tigerinus''
* [[Northern frog]], ''Ingerana borealis''
* [[Limnonectes khasianus|Broad-headed frog]], ''Limnonectes khasianus''
* [[Minervarya asmati|Bangladeshi cricket frog]], ''Minervarya asmati''

==== Megophryidae ====

* [[Leptobrachella tamdil|Tamdil slender-armed frog]], ''Leptobrachella tamdil''
* [[Leptobrachium aryatium|Garbhanga slender-armed frog]], ''Leptobrachium aryatium''
* [[Xenophrys awuh|Naga Hills horned frog]], ''Xenophrys awuh''
* [[Xenophrys major|Glandular horned toad]], ''Xenophrys major''
* [[Xenophrys serchhipii|Serchhip's horned toad]], ''Xenophrys serchhipii''
* [[Xenophrys zunhebotoensis|Zunheboto horned toad]], ''Xenophrys zunhebotoensis''

==== Microhylidae ====

* [[Micryletta aishani|Northeast Indian paddy frog]], ''Micryletta aishani''
* [[Microhyla mymensinghensis|Mymensingh rice frog]], ''Microhyla mymensinghensis''
* [[Microhyla mukhlesuri|Mukhlesur's narrow-mouthed frog]], ''Microhyla mukhlesuri''
* [[Microhyla berdmorei|Berdmore's narrow-mouthed frog]], ''Microhyla berdmorei''
* [[Banded bullfrog]], ''Kaloula pulchra''

==== Ranidae ====

* [[Amolops indoburmanensis|Indoburman torrent frog]], ''Amolops indoburmanensis''
* [[Clinotarsus alticola|Assam Hills frog]], ''Clinotarsus alticola''
* [[Hylarana lacrima|Crying stream frog]], ''Hylarana lacrima''
* [[Hylarana leptoglossa|Cope's assam frog]], ''Hylarana leptoglossa''
* [[Hylarana khare|Indian flying frog]], ''Hylarana khare''
* [[Odorrana chloronota|Green cascade frog]], ''Odorrana chloronota''
* [[Odorrana mawphlangensis|Mawphlang wart frog]], ''Odorrana mawphlangensis''

==== Rhacophoridae ====

* [[Feihyla senapatiensis|Senapati's tree frog]], ''Feihyla senapatiensis''
* [[Kurixalus yangi|Yang's frill-limbed tree frog]], ''Kurixalus yangi''
* [[Nasutixalus jerdonii|Jerdon's bubble-nest frog]], ''Nasutixalus jerdonii''
* [[Polypedates braueri|Taiwan whipping frog]], ''Polypedates braueri''
* [[Polypedates mutus|Burmese whipping frog]], ''Polypedates mutus''
* [[Polypedates teraiensis|Six-lined tree frog]], ''Polypedates teraiensis''
* [[Raorchestes barakensis|Barak valley bush frog]], ''Raorchestes barakensis''
* [[Raorchestes garo|Garo bush frog]], ''Raorchestes garo''
* [[Raorchestes lawngtlaiensis|Lwangtlai bush frog]], ''Raorchestes lawngtlaiensis''
* [[Raorchestes rezakhani|Reza Khan's bush frog]], ''Raorchestes rezakhani''
* [[Rhacophorus bipunctatus|Twin-spotted flying frog]], ''Rhacophorus bipunctatus''
* [[Theloderma baibungense|Baibung small tree frog]], ''Theloderma baibungense''
* [[Theloderma moloch|Xizang warty tree frog]], ''Theloderma moloch''
* [[Theloderma nagalandense|Nagaland tree frog]], ''Theloderma nagalandense''
* [[Zhangixalus smaragdinus|White-lipped tree frog]], ''Zhangixalus smaragdinus''
* [[Zhangixalus suffry|Suffry red-webbed tree frog]], ''Zhangixalus suffry''

=== Gymnophiona ===

* [[Ichthyophis benjii|Benji's caecilian]], ''Ichthyophis benjii''
* [[Ichthyophis garoensis|Garo Hills caecilian]], ''Ichthyophis garoensis''
* [[Ichthyophis khumhzi|Khumhzi striped caecilian]], ''Ichthyophis khumhzi''
* [[Ichthyophis moustakius|Manipiur moustached caecilian]], ''Ichthyophis moustakius''
* [[Ichthyophis multicolor|Colorful caecilian]], ''Ichthyophis multicolor''

== Reptiles ==

=== Testudines ===

==== Geoemydidae ====

* [[Cuora lineata|Burmese box turtle]], ''Cuora lineata''
* [[Cuora mouhotii|Keeled box turtle]], ''Cuora mouhotii''
* [[Assam leaf turtle]], ''Cyclemys gemeli''
* [[Oldham's leaf turtle]], ''Cyclemys oldhami''
* [[Tricarinate hill turtle]], ''Melanochelys tricarinata''
* [[Indian black turtle]], ''Melanochelys trijuga''
* [[Assam roofed turtle]], ''Pangshura sylhetensis''
* [[Indian roofed turtle]], ''Pangshura tecta''
* [[Indian tent turtle]], ''Panghsura tentoria''

==== Testudinidae ====

* [[Elongated tortoise]], ''Indotestudo elongata''
* [[Asian forest tortoise]], ''Manouria emys''

==== Trionychidae ====

* [[Southeast Asian softshell turtle]], ''Amyda ornata''
* [[Indian flapshell turtle]], ''Lissemys punctata''
* [[Indian peacock softshell turtle]], ''Nilssonia hurum''
* [[Black softshell turtle]], ''Nilssonia nigricans''
* [[Asian giant softshell turtle]], ''Pelochelys cantorii''

=== Squamata ===

==== Agamidae ====

* [[Calotes emma|Forest garden lizard]], ''Calotes emma''
* [[Calotes irawadi|Indochinese forest lizard]], ''Calotes irawadi''
* [[Ota's mountain lizard]], ''Cristidorsa otai''
* [[Smooth-scaled mountain lizard]], ''Cristidorsa planidorsata''
* [[Draco maculatus|Spotted flying lizard]], ''Draco maculatus''
* [[Draco norvillii|Norville's flying lizard]], ''Draco norvillii''
* [[Ptyctolaemus gularis|Green fan-throated lizard]], ''Ptyctolaemus gularis''

==== Gekkonidae ====

* [[Cyrtodactylus aaronbaueri|Aaron Bauer's bent-toed gecko]], ''Cyrtodactylus aaronbaueri''
* [[Hemidactylus aquilonius|Northern Burmese half-toed gecko]], ''Hemidactylus aquilonius''
* [[Cyrtodactylus bengkhuaiai|Bengkhuaia's bent-toed gecko]], ''Cyrtodactylus bengkhuaiai''
* [[Cyrtodactylus lungleiensis|Lunglei bent-toed gecko]], ''Cyrtodactylus lungleiensis''
* [[Cyrtodactylus montanus|Jampui bent-toed gecko]], ''Cyrtodactylus montanus''
* [[Cyrtodactylus ngengpuiensis|Ngengpui bent-toed gecko]], ''Cyrtodactylus ngengpuiensis''
* [[Cyrtodactylus ngopensis|Ngopa bent-toed gecko]], ''Cyrtodactylus ngopensis''
* [[Cyrtodactylus siahaensis|Siaha bent-toed gecko]], ''Cyrtodactylus siahaensis''
* [[Cyrtodactylus vairengtensis|Vairengte bent-toed gecko]], ''Cyrtodactylus vairengtensis''
* [[Tokay gecko]], ''Gekko gecko''
* [[Gekko mizoramensis|Mizoram parachute gecko]], ''Gekko mizoramensis''
* [[Flat-tailed house gecko]], ''Hemidactylus platyurus''
* [[Indo-Pacific gecko]], ''Hemidactylus garnotii''
* [[Common house gecko]], ''Hemidactylus frenatus''

==== Lacertidae ====

* [[Takydromus khasiensis|Khasi Hills long-tailed lizard]], ''Takydromus khasiensis''
* [[Takydromus sexlineatus|Asian grass lizard]], ''Takydromus sexlineatus''

==== Anguidae ====

* [[Dopasia gracilis|Asian glass lizard]], ''Dopasia gracilis''

==== Scincidae ====

* [[Eutropis macularia|Bronze mabuya]], ''Eutropis macularia''
* [[Eutropis multifasciata|Common sun skink]], ''Eutropis multifasciata''
* [[Sphenomorphus indicus|Indian forest skink]], ''Sphenomorphus indicus''
* [[Sphenomorphus maculatus|Spotted forest skink]], ''Sphenomorphus maculatus''
* [[Tropidophorus assamensis|North-eastern water skink]], ''Tropidophorus assamensis''

==== Varanidae ====

* [[Bengal monitor]], ''Varanus bengalensis''
* [[Asian water monitor]], ''Varanus salvator''

==== Natricidae ====

* [[Buff striped keelback]], ''Amphiesma stolatum''
* [[Blythia hmuifang|Mizoram ground snake]], ''Blythia hmuifang''
* [[Blyth's reticulated snake]], ''Blythia reticulata''
* [[Checkered keelback]], ''Fowlea piscator''
* [[Hebius khasiensis|Khasi keelback]], ''Hebius khasiensis''
* [[Hebius venningi|Chin Hills keelback]], ''Hebius venningi''
* [[Herpetoreas murlen|Murlen's keelback]], ''Herpetoreas murlen''
* [[Wall's keelback]], ''Herpetoreas xenura''
* [[Rhabdophis bindi|Bindee keelback]], ''Rhabdophis bindi''
* [[Rhabdophis helleri|Heller's red-necked keelback]], ''Rhabdophis helleri''
* [[Rhabdophis himalayanus|Orange-collared keelback]], ''Rhabdophis himalayanus''
* [[Smithophis atemporalis|Mizo rain snake]], ''Smithophis atemporalis''
* [[Smithophis leptofasciatus|Narrow-banded rain snake]], ''Smithophis leptofasciatus''
* [[Smithophis mizoramensis|Mizoram trapezoid snake]], ''Smithophis mizoramensis''

==== Colubridae ====

* [[Ahaetulla flavescens|Yellow whip snake]], ''Ahaetulla flavescens''
* [[Boiga cyanea|Green cat snake]], ''Boiga cyanea''
* [[Arrowback tree snake]], ''Boiga gocool''
* [[Boiga multomaculata|Many-spotted cat snake]], ''Boiga multomaculata''
* [[Boiga quincunciata|Assamese cat snake]], ''Boiga quincunciata''
* [[Boiga siamensis|Eyed cat snake]], ''Boiga siamensis''
* [[Chrysopelea ornata|Ornate flying snake]], ''Chrysopelea ornata''
* [[Radiated ratsnake]], ''Coelognathus radiatus''
* [[Dendrelaphis biloreatus|Gore's bronzeback]], ''Dendrelaphis biloreatus''
* [[Dendrelaphis cyanochloris|Blue bronzeback]], ''Dendrelaphis cyanochloris''
* [[Dendrelaphis proarchos|Eastern bronzeback]], ''Dendrelaphis proarchos''
* [[Beauty rat snake]], ''Elaphe taeniura''
* [[Mandarin rat snake]], ''Euprepiophis mandarinus''
* [[Gongylosoma frenata|Günther's reed snake]], ''Gongylosoma frenata''
* [[Gongylosoma scriptum|Common ring-neck]], ''Gongylosoma scriptum''
* [[Gonyosoma frenatum|Khasi Hills trinket snake]], ''Gonyosoma frenatum''
* [[Gonyosoma prasinum|Green bush rat snake]], ''Gonyosoma prasinum''
* [[Liopeltis stoliczkae|Stoliczka's reed snake]], ''Liopeltis stoliczkae''
* [[Lycodon aulicus|Indian wolf snake]], ''Lycodon aulicus''
* [[Lycodon fasciatus|Banded wolf snake]], ''Lycodon fasciatus''
* [[Lycodon jara|Yellow-speckled wolf snake]], ''Lycodon jara''
* [[White-banded wolf snake]], ''Lycodon septentrionalis''
* [[Lycodon zawi|Zaw's wolf snake]], ''Lycodon zawi''
* [[Oligodon albocinctus|Light-barred kukri snake]], ''Oligodon albocinctus''
* [[Oligodon catenatus|Assam kukri snake]], ''Oligodon catenatus''
* [[Oligodon cinereus|Black cross-barred kukri snake]], ''Oligodon cinereus''
* [[Oligodon cyclurus|Cantor's kukri snake]], ''Oligodon cyclurus''
* [[Oligodon dorsalis|Bengalese kukri snake]], ''Oligodon dorsalis''
* [[Oreocryptophis|Red mountain ratsnake]], ''Oreocryptophis porphyraceus''
* [[Ptyas korros|Indochinese ratsnake]], ''Ptyas korros''
* [[Oriental rat snake]], ''Ptyas mucosa''

==== Calamariidae ====

* [[Calamaria mizoramensis|Mizoram reed snake]], ''Calamaria mizoramensis''

==== Psammodynastidae ====

* [[Common mock viper]], ''Psammodynastes pulverulentus''

==== Pseudoxenodontidae ====

* [[Pseudoxenodon macrops|Big-eyed bamboo snake]], ''Pseudoxenodon macrops''

==== Pareidae ====

* [[Pareas andersonii|Anderson's slug snake]], ''Pareas andersonii''
* [[Pareas modestus|Small slug snake]], ''Pareas modestus''
* [[Common slug snake]], ''Pareas monticola''

==== Homalopsidae ====

* [[Siebold's water snake]], ''Ferania sieboldii''

==== Elapidae ====

* [[Monocled cobra]], ''Naja kaouthia''
* [[Sinomicrurus gorei|Gore's coral snake]], ''Sinomicrurus gorei''
* [[Sinomicrurus macclellandi|MacClelland's coral snake]], ''Sinomicrurus macclellandi''
* [[King cobra|Northern king cobra]], ''Ophiophagus hannah''
* [[Banded krait]], ''Bungarus fasciatus''
* [[Greater black krait]], ''Bungarus niger''

==== Sibynophiidae ====

* [[Sibynophis collaris|Collared black-headed snake]], ''Sibynophis collaris''

==== Viperidae ====

* [[Ovophis monticola|Chinese mountain pit viper]], ''Ovophis monticola''
* [[Protobothrops mucrosquamatus|Brown-spotted pit viper]], ''Protobothrops mucrosquamatus''
* [[Trimeresurus erythrurus|Spot-tailed pt viper]], ''Trimeresurus erythrurus''
* [[Trimeresurus mayaae|Maya's pit viper]], ''Trimeresurus mayaae''
* [[Trimeresurus popeiorum|Pope's pit viper]], ''Trimeresurus popeiorum''
* [[Trimeresurus uetzi|Uetz's pit viper]], ''Trimeresurus uetzi''

==== Pythonidae ====

* [[Reticulated python]], ''Malayopython reticulatus''
* [[Burmese python]], ''Python bivittatus''

==== Typhlopidae ====

* [[Argyrophis diardii|Diard's wolf snake]], ''Argyrophis diardii''
* [[Indotyphlops braminus|Brahminy blind snake]], ''Indotyphlops braminus''
* [[Indotyphlops jerdoni|Jerdon's blind snake]], ''Indotyphlops jerdoni''

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Reptiles and amphibians of Mizoram, List of}}
[[Category:Amphibians of India|*]]
[[Category:Lists of amphibians of Asia]]
[[Category:Lists of reptiles of Asia]]
[[Category:Reptiles of India|*]]

Antipater

2026-03-21T10:58:19Z

CelinaArellano: refine article per sources

{{Short description|Macedonian statesman and regent (4th century BC)}}
{{For|other persons named Antipater|Antipater (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Antipater
| image = KINGS of MACEDON. Alexander III 'the Great'. 336-323 BC.jpg
| image_size = 250
| caption = Coinage of Alexander the Great, [[Amphipolis]] mint, struck under Antipater for [[Philip III Arrhidaeus]], circa 322–320 BC.<ref>Head of [[Heracles]] left, wearing lion skin headdress / [BASILEWS ALEXANDROS]. [[Zeus]] Aëtophoros seated right; [[Phrygian helmet]] in left field. </ref>
| succession = Regent of [[Macedonia (ancient kingdom)|Alexander's Empire]]
| reign = {{circa}} 321/320 – 319 BC
| predecessor = [[Perdiccas]]
| successor = [[Polyperchon]]
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{circa}} 400 BC
| death_date = spring 319 BC (aged {{circa}} 81)
| issue = [[Phila (daughter of Antipater)|Phila]], [[Eurydice of Egypt|Eurydice]], [[Nicaea of Macedon|Nicaea]], [[Iollas]], [[Cassander]], [[Pleistarchus (son of Antipater)|Pleistarchus]], [[Philip (son of Antipater)|Philip]], Nicanor, Alexarchus, Perilaus
| father = Iolaos of Macedon<ref>{{Cite book |last=Grainger |first=John D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_E4IEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT16 |title=Antipater's Dynasty: Alexander the Great's Regent and his Successors |date=2019-02-28 |publisher=Casemate Publishers |isbn=978-1-5267-3089-3 |language=en}}</ref>
| house = [[Antipatrid dynasty]]
| succession1 = Regent of Macedon and Greece
| reign1 = 334 – 319 BC
| native_lang1 = [[Ancient Greek|Greek]]
| native_lang1_name1 = Ἀντίπατρος
}}

'''Antipater''' ({{IPAc-en|æ|n|ˈ|t|ɪ|p|ə|t|ər|audio=LL-Q1860 (eng)-Sumxr-Antipater.wav}}; {{langx|grc|{{linktext|Ἀντίπατρος}}|translit=Antipatros|lit=like the father}}; {{Circa}} 400 BC<ref>{{cite book|title=From Polis to Empire{{snd}}The Ancient World, c. 800 B.C. – A.D. 500: A Biographical Dictionary (The Great Cultural Eras of the Western World)|quote=Antipater (c.400–319 B.C.) Antipater was a Macedonian nobleman who served Kings Philip II and Alexander the Great}}</ref>{{snd}}319 BC) was a Macedonian general, [[regent]] and statesman under the successive kingships of [[Philip II of Macedon]] and his son, [[Alexander the Great]]. In the wake of the collapse of the [[Argead dynasty|Argead house]], his son [[Cassander]] eventually ruled Macedonia as a king in his own right.<ref name="www.worldhistory.org">{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Antipater/|encyclopedia=[[World History Encyclopedia]]|title=Antipater|access-date=12 July 2018}}</ref>

Probably active during the reign of [[Perdiccas III of Macedon]], most of Antipater's political career was as one of Philip II's foremost [[Hetairoi]].{{sfn|Heckel|2016|p=34, "Already nearing forty at the time of Philip's accession, it is doubtful that [Antipater] rose from obscurity at that age to become the most powerful of Philip's ''hetairoi''"}} After Philip II's death, he helped Alexander secure the throne. When Alexander began his [[Wars of Alexander the Great|wars against the Persian Empire]] in 336 BC, Antipater remained behind to hold Macedon and Greece as regent. While Alexander was campaigning, Antipater crushed revolts, like that of King [[Agis III]] of [[Sparta]], and managed Greek affairs. After the [[Death of Alexander the Great]] in 323 BC, Antipater was reconfirmed in his position as [[viceroy]] of Europe in the [[Partition of Babylon]].

Antipater then became engaged in the [[Lamian War]], where he was [[Battle of Thermopylae (323 BC)|defeated]] in 322 BC and [[Siege|besieged]] at [[Siege of Lamia|Lamia]]. He eventually escaped with the help of [[Leonnatus]], and later, with the help of [[Craterus]], finally defeated the Greeks at the [[Battle of Crannon]]. When he was informed of the regent [[Perdiccas]]' royal ambitions, Antipater joined a coalition with [[Ptolemy I Soter|Ptolemy]] and [[Antigonus I Monophthalmus|Antigonus]] to overthrow Perdiccas in the [[First War of the Diadochi]].

After Perdiccas' death in 321/320 BC, Antipater was elected regent of all of Alexander the Great's Empire at the [[Partition of Triparadisus]]. He brought the two kings, [[Philip III of Macedon|Philip III Arrhidaeus]] and [[Alexander IV of Macedon|Alexander IV]], back to Macedon, but died soon after in 319 BC. On his deathbed, Antipater chose an infantry officer named [[Polyperchon]] as his successor as regent instead of his son [[Cassander]]. Antipater's death and choice of successor initiated [[Second War of the Diadochi|the Second War of the Diadochi]], which would last 4 years and end with Cassander establishing control over Macedon, eventually founding the short-lived [[Antipatrid dynasty|Antipatrid Dynasty]].

==Family background and early career==

=== Family background ===
Antipater belonged to the Macedonian noble house of Iolaos, which may have been serving the [[Argead]] Kings of Macedon since as early as 432 BC.{{sfn|Heckel|2016|p=33}} Antipater and his family may have been distant collateral relatives to the [[Argead dynasty]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Ptolemaic Dynasty Affiliates |url=http://www.tyndalehouse.com/egypt/ptolemies/affilates/aff_ptolemies.htm |access-date=12 July 2018 |website=www.tyndalehouse.com}}</ref>{{sfn|Heckel|2016|p=33, however, disbelieves this, as Antipater's son Cassander continually struggled to assert a connection to the Argead royal line.}} Born in around 400 BC to a Macedonian nobleman called Iolaos,<ref>{{cite web |title=Antipater – Livius |url=https://www.livius.org/am-ao/antipater/antipater.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150427063755/http://www.livius.org/am-ao/antipater/antipater.html |archive-date=27 April 2015 |access-date=12 July 2018 |website=www.livius.org}}</ref> Antipater was originally from the Macedonian city of Paliura;{{sfn|Heckel|2006|p=35}} had a brother called [[Cassander (brother of Antipater)|Cassander]];<ref>[[Theocritus]] (17.61)</ref> was the paternal uncle of Cassander's child [[Antigone of Macedon|Antigone]] and was the maternal great uncle of [[Berenice I of Egypt]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Ptolemaic Dynasty – Berenice I |url=http://www.tyndalehouse.com/egypt/ptolemies/berenice_i_fr.htm |access-date=12 July 2018 |website=www.tyndalehouse.com}}</ref> Antipater had eleven children (four daughters, seven sons) from various unknown wives.{{sfn|Heckel|2006|pp=35, 79}} His daughters were:
* [[Phila (daughter of Antipater)|Phila]], wife of [[Balacrus]], [[Craterus]] and [[Demetrius I of Macedon]]
* [[Eurydice of Egypt|Eurydice]], wife of [[Ptolemy I Soter]]. Her son [[Meleager (king)|Meleager]] would rule Macedonia for two months in 279 BC
* [[Nicaea of Macedon|Nicaea]], wife of [[Perdiccas]] and [[Lysimachus]]
* The wife of [[Alexander of Lyncestis]]
His sons were:
* [[Iollas]]
* [[Cassander]], King of Macedonia
* [[Pleistarchus (son of Antipater)|Pleistarchus]], a general and governor in his brother's service.
* [[Philip (son of Antipater)|Phillip]], also a military commander under his brother.
* Nicanor
* [[Alexarchus of Macedon|Alexarchus]]
* Perilaus
Antipater probably served politically and militarily under King [[Perdiccas III of Macedon]], Philip II's predecessor, arising to a position of renown before Philip assumed the throne in 359 BC.{{sfn|Heckel|2016|p=34}} According to the [[Suda|Sudas]], Antipater left a compilation of letters in 2 books and a history, called ''The Illyrian Deeds of [[Perdiccas III of Macedon|Perdikkas]]'' (Περδίκκου πράξεις Ιλλυριακαί).<ref>{{cite journal |last=Walsh |first=John |year=2012 |title=Antipater and Early Hellenistic Literature |journal=Ancient History Bulletin |volume=26 |pages=149–62}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Natoli |first=Anthony Francis |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6oe9HE_6HSUC&pg=PA110 |title=Thirty-first Socratic letter attributed to Plato |publisher=Franz Steiner Verlag |year=2004 |isbn=978-3515083966 |page=110 |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref> The Suas also suggest Antipater was a student of [[Aristotle]], but this is unlikely since he was 15 years older with the relationship being one of a friend and a follower.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Walsh |first=John |year=2012 |title=Antipater and Early Hellenistic Literature |journal=Ancient History Bulletin |volume=26 |issue=3–4 |pages=149–162}}</ref> Aristotle named him as executor-in-charge of his will, when he died in 322 BC.

=== Career under Philip II of Macedon ===
Through his service with Philip II, alongside [[Parmenion]], Antipater became one of Philip's trusted advisors and a prominent [[hetairos|Hetairoi]], aiding in [[Expansion of Macedonia under Philip II|Philip's expansion of the Macedonian state]]. Antipater is known to have campaigned in [[Thrace]] against the [[Odrysian kingdom|Odrysian]] King [[Cersobleptes|Kersobleptes]] early in his career.{{sfn|Heckel|2016|p=34}} In 342 BC, he was appointed by Philip to govern [[Macedon]] as his regent while the former left for three years of hard and successful campaigning against [[Thrace|Thracian]] and [[Scythia]]n tribes, which extended Macedonian rule as far as the [[Hellespont]]. In 342 BC, when the [[Athens|Athenians]] tried to assume control of the [[Euboea]]n towns and expel the pro-Macedonian rulers, he sent Macedonian troops to stop them. In the late summer of the same year, Antipater went to [[Delphi]], as Philip's representative (''[[theoros]]'') in the [[Amphictyonic League]], a religious organization to which Macedon had been admitted in 346 BC; he attended the [[Pythian Games]] on Philip II's behalf.{{sfn|Heckel|2016|p=34-35}}[[File:Phillip II, king of Macedonia, Roman copy of Greek original, Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, Copenhagen (36420294055).jpg|thumb|278x278px|Bust depicting [[Philip II of Macedon]], the father of Alexander the Great. Antipater was a right hand man to Philip II,{{sfn|Heckel|2016|p=34}} often serving as [[regent]] when Philip was away on campaign.]]When Thrace again threatened Macedon's northern border in 340 BC, Antipater campaigned in the area and turned over the regency to a teenage [[Alexander the Great]].{{sfn|Heckel|2016|p=35}} After the triumphal Macedonian victory at the [[Battle of Chaeronea (338 BC)|Battle of Chaeronea]] in 338 BC, Antipater was sent as ambassador to Athens (337–336 BC) to negotiate a peace treaty<ref name="EB1911">{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Antipater|volume=2|page=133}}</ref> and return the bones of the Athenians who had fallen in the battle. Antipater is known to have had a long-standing friendship with the Athenian statesman [[Phocion]]; it may originate from this visit or earlier interactions.{{sfnm|Heckel|2016|1p=34|Plut. ''Phoc.''|2loc=26.4-6, 30.3}}

Antipater started as a great friend to both the young Alexander and the boy's mother, [[Olympias]], and aided Alexander in the struggle to secure his succession after Philip's death, in 336 BC. He joined Parmenion in advising Alexander the Great not to set out on his Asiatic expedition until he had provided by marriage for the succession to the throne.

==Career under Alexander the Great==

=== Regent of Macedon and Greece ===
On the Alexander's [[Wars of Alexander the Great|departure eastward]] in 334 BC, Antipater was left regent in Macedonia and made "general (''[[strategos]]'') of Europe", positions he held until 323/2 BC. The European front was to prove initially quite agitated, and Antipater also had to send reinforcements to the king, as he did while the king was at [[Gordium]] in the winter of 334–333 BC.

The [[Achaemenid Empire|Persian]] [[Naval fleet|fleet]] under [[Memnon of Rhodes]] and [[Pharnabazus of Phrygia|Pharnabazus]] was apparently a considerable danger for Antipater, bringing war in the [[Aegean Sea]] and threatening war in Europe. Luckily for the regent, Memnon died during the siege of [[Mytilene]] on the isle of [[Lesbos Island|Lesbos]] and the remaining fleet dispersed in 333 BC, after Alexander's victory at the [[Battle of Issus]]. More dangerous enemies were nearer home; tribes in [[Thrace]] rebelled in 332 BC, led by Memnon of Thrace, the Macedonian governor of the region, followed shortly by the revolt of [[Agis III]], king of [[Sparta]]. The Spartans, who were not members of the [[League of Corinth]] and had not participated in Alexander's expedition, saw in the Asian campaign the long-awaited chance to take back control over the [[Peloponnese]] after the disastrous defeats at the [[Battle of Leuctra]] and [[Battle of Mantinea (362 BC)|Battle of Mantinea]]. The Persians generously funded Sparta's ambitions, making possible the formation of an army 20,000 strong. After assuming virtual control of [[Crete]], Agis tried to build an anti-Macedonian front. While Athens remained neutral, the [[Achaea]]ns, [[Arcadia (ancient region)|Arcadia]]ns and [[Ancient Elis|Elis]] became his allies, with the important exception of [[Megalopolis, Greece|Megalopolis]], the staunchly anti-Spartan capital of Arcadia. In 331 BC Agis started to besiege the city with his entire army, forcing Antipater to act.

==== Spartan rebellion of King Agis III ====
{{See also|Agis III}}
So as not to have two enemies simultaneously, Antipater [[pardon]]ed Memnon and even let him keep his office in Thrace, while great sums of money were sent to him by Alexander. This helped to create, with [[Thessaly|Thessalian]] help and many mercenaries, a force double that of Agis, which Antipater in person led south in 330 BC to confront the Spartans. In the spring of that year, the two armies clashed in the [[Battle of Megalopolis]]. Agis fell with many of his best soldiers, but not without inflicting heavy losses on the Macedonians. Utterly defeated, the Spartans sued for peace; the latter's answer was to negotiate directly with the League of Corinth, but the Spartan emissaries preferred to treat directly with Alexander, who imposed on Sparta's allies a penalty of 120 [[talent (weight)|talents]] and the entrance of Sparta in the league.
[[File:Megalopolis theater 370 BCE.jpg|thumb|240x240px|Image of a theater in [[Megalopolis, Greece|Megalopolis]]. Alexander' the Great's response to Antipater's victory over [[Agis III]] at the [[Battle of Megalopolis]] was to proclaim that "while we have been conquering [[Darius III|Darius]] here, there has been a battle of mice in [[Arcadia (regional unit)|Arcadia]]".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Plutarch • Life of Agesilaus, 15.4 |url=https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Agesilaus*.html |access-date=2024-12-10 |website=penelope.uchicago.edu}}</ref>]]
Alexander appears to have been quite jealous of Antipater's victory; according to [[Plutarch]], the king wrote in a letter to his [[viceroy]]: "It seems, my friends that while we have been conquering [[Darius III|Darius]] here, there has been a battle of mice in [[Arcadia (regional unit)|Arcadia]]". Antipater was disliked for supporting [[oligarchy|oligarch]]s and [[tyrant]]s in Greece, but he also worked with the League of Corinth, built by Philip. In addition, his previously close relationship with the ambitious [[Olympias]] greatly deteriorated. Whether from jealousy or from the necessity of guarding against the evil consequences of the dissension between Olympias and Antipater, in 324 BC, Alexander ordered the latter to lead fresh troops into Asia, while [[Craterus]], in charge of discharged veterans returning home, was appointed to take over the regency in Macedon.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Pitt |first1=E. M. |last2=Richardson |first2=W. P. |date=May 2017 |title=Hostile inaction? Antipater, Craterus and the Macedonian regency |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/classical-quarterly/article/abs/hostile-inaction-antipater-craterus-and-the-macedonian-regency/0C1DFC6F64829B70FFAB6041FE515D6E |journal=[[The Classical Quarterly]] |language=en |volume=67 |issue=1 |pages=77–78 |doi=10.1017/S0009838817000301 |s2cid=157417151 |issn=0009-8388|url-access=subscription }}</ref> When Alexander suddenly died in [[Babylon]] in 323 BC however, Antipater was able to forestall the transfer of power.<ref name=":0" />

Some later historians, such as [[Justin (historian)|Justin]] in his [[Historia Philippicae et Totius Mundi Origines et Terrae Situs]] blamed Antipater for the death of Alexander, accusing him of murdering him through poison. However, this view is disputed by most historians and Alexander is believed to have died of natural causes.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Justin |translator-last1=Watson |translator-first1=John |chapter=Preface |chapter-url=http://www.forumromanum.org/literature/justin/english/trans12.html |title=Epitome of the Philippic History of Pompeius Trogus}}</ref>

==Role in the Lamian and Diadochi Wars==
The new [[regent]], [[Perdiccas]], left Antipater in control of [[Hellenistic Greece|Greece]]. Antipater faced wars with [[Athens]], [[Aetolia]], and [[Thessaly]] that made up the [[Lamian War]], in which southern Greeks attempted to re-assert their political autonomy.

=== Lamian War ===
{{Main|Lamian War}}
At the onset of this struggle, the southern Greeks held an apparently decisive numerical advantage, fielding an army of some 25000 troops. Antipater's levies numbered a meager 13000; drawn from a manpower pool that had been severely diminished by the campaigns of Alexander the Great. Furthermore, the southern Greek coalition was led by a talented general and one-time mercenary named [[Leosthenes]], who had fought under Alexander and had seen first-hand the functions of the Macedonian war machine. An initial engagement with this coalition around the historic pass of [[Thermopylae]] saw Antipater's Thessalian cavalry defect to the opposing side. Already outnumbered and now without a cavalry contingent, Antipater fought a token battle but was ultimately defeated and forced to retreat north to the Thessalian city of Lamia. Behind its stout defenses he endured a siege. By some unknown means he began desperately passing correspondence to would-be allies through the Athenian siege lines. In 322 BC he was relieved when [[Leonnatus]], the satrap of [[Hellespontine Phrygia]], responded to his call for aid and arrived in southern Thessaly with a force to break the investment.
[[File:Demosthenes Polyeuctos Louvre Ma237 n01.jpg|thumb|300x300px|[[Demosthenes|Demosthenes the Orator]] was a staunchly anti-Macedonian Athenian statesman. When Antipater won the [[Lamian War]] and demanded his surrender, Demosthenes committed [[suicide]].]]
Although Leonnatus fell in the ensuing battle, the Athenian coalition had been forced to use the entirety of its dwindling army (many of the Aetolian and Thessalian contingents having left the siege to tend to the harvest) to face him. Leonnatus' infantry retreated into rough country where the Aetolian and Thessalian cavalry could not pursue them, and survived the debacle largely unscathed. This turn of events allowed Antipater to slip out of the walls of Lamia before striking north for Macedonia, where he awaited the arrival of further reinforcements from Asia. Along the way he assumed control of Leonnatus' infantry corps, absorbing them into the remnants of his initial army.

[[Craterus]], another decorated general, had also received Antipater's call for aid and arrived at Pella with a force of 16000 discharged veterans who had marched and fought under Alexander. The two generals made common cause, and to cement this new alliance Antipater married his daughter Phila to Craterus. The two then led a massive, combined force south to fight a final, decisive battle against the southern Greeks. Antipater defeated them at the [[Battle of Crannon]] in 322 BC,<ref name="EB1911" /> with Craterus' help, and broke up the coalition. At a peace treaty in the ruined city of Thebes, Antipater negotiated with an Athenian delegation led by [[Phocion]] and Demades. Here he imposed a rule of oligarchy upon Athens and demanded the surrender of [[Demosthenes]] and Hypereides (the foremost instigators of the revolt), the former committing suicide to escape capture, while the latter was imprisoned before having his tongue ripped from his mouth in a brutal execution.

=== First War of the Diadochi ===
{{Main|First War of the Diadochi}}
Later in the same year Antipater and Craterus were engaged in a mopping-up campaign against recalcitrant pockets of Aetolian resurgence <ref name="EB1911" /> when they received the news from [[Antigonus I Monophthalmus|Antigonus]] in [[Anatolia|Asia Minor]] that Perdiccas contemplated making himself outright ruler of the empire.<ref name="EB1911" /> Antipater and Craterus accordingly concluded peace with the Aetolians (much to the chagrin of future of Macedonian rulers) and went to war against Perdiccas, allying themselves with [[Ptolemy I Soter|Ptolemy]], the [[satrap]] of [[Egypt]].<ref name="EB1911" /> Antipater married another of his daughters (Eurydike) to Ptolemy to strengthen this new alliance. Together with Craterus and his son Cassander, he then crossed over into Asia at the head of a considerable force in 321 BC. While in Phrygia, this army was divided in two; one under Craterus marching east into Cappadocia to face Eumenes, while the later under Antipater struck south to fight Perdiccas. While still in [[Syria]], Antipater received two letters that drastically changed the power dynamic of the successor struggle at that point; firstly that Perdiccas had been murdered by his own soldiers in Egypt, and secondly that in one of the greatest upsets of the Hellenistic age, Craterus had fallen in battle against [[Eumenes]] (Diodorus xviii. 25–39).<ref name="EB1911" />

==Regent of the Empire, death, and succession==
In the [[Partition of Triparadisus]] (321 BC), Antipater participated in a new division of Alexander's great kingdom. He appointed himself supreme regent of all Alexander's empire and was left in Greece as [[legal guardian|guardian]] of Alexander's son [[Alexander IV of Macedon|Alexander IV]] and his disabled brother [[Philip III of Macedon|Philip III]]. Having quelled a [[mutiny]] of his troops and commissioned Antigonus to continue the war against Eumenes and the other partisans of Perdiccas, Antipater returned to Macedonia, arriving there in 320 BC ([[Justin (historian)|Justin]] xiii. 6). Soon after, he was seized by an illness which terminated his active career.<ref name="EB1911" />

Antipater died of old age in 319 BC, at the age of 81. By his side was his son [[Cassander]], who later became king of Macedonia.<ref name="www.worldhistory.org" /> Controversially, Antipater did not appoint Cassander to succeed him as regent,<ref name="EB1911" /> citing as the reason for his decision Cassander's relative youth (at the time of Antipater's passing, Cassander was 36). Over Cassander, Antipater chose the aged officer [[Polyperchon]] as regent.<ref name="www.worldhistory.org" /><ref name="EB1911" />

Cassander became indignant at this, believing that he'd earned the right to become regent by virtue of his loyalty and experience. Thus he appealed to general [[Antigonus I Monophthalmus|Antigonus]] to assist him in battling Polyperchon for the position.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.livius.org/articles/person/alexander-iv/|title=Alexander IV – Livius|website=www.livius.org|access-date=12 July 2018}}</ref> In 317 BC, after two years of war with Polyperchon, Cassander emerged victorious. Cassander would go on to rule Macedonia for nineteen years, first as regent and later as king, ultimately founding the [[Antipatrid dynasty]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|last1=Wasson |first1=Donald L. |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Cassander/|encyclopedia=[[World History Encyclopedia]]|title=Cassander|date=23 June 2016 |access-date=12 July 2018}}</ref>

==Legacy==

=== Character ===
Antipater's long career under three successive kings was first and foremost as a supporter of Macedon and a "caretaker of Macedonian affairs"; although his tenure as viceroy earned Antipater the fear and respect of many, it is generally agreed upon that unlike many other Successors he had little interest in the affairs of Asia and no firm claim, or interest, in supreme power.{{sfn|Heckel|2016|p=43}} Generally, Antipater's loyalty to the Argeads and his refusal to transfer the regency to his own children is seen as proof that he was a loyal Macedonian who put his homeland before his interests.{{sfn|Anson|2014|p=71}}

=== Political legacy ===
Antipater's death by prolonged illness and choice of successor would lead to the [[Second War of the Diadochi]].{{sfn|Anson|2014|p=83}} Olympias, when she came to power in Macedon briefly in 317 BC, opened the grave of Antipater's son Iollas and scattered his ashes. She may have not done the same to Antipater's grave due to "respect for Macedonian public opinion".{{sfn|Romm|2011|p=361}} Antipater's death and the transferring of the regency to Polyperchon weakened the central authority of Alexander's Empire even further, as Polyperchon lacked much of Antipater's standing. Accordingly, the death of Antipater was a signal to many of the satraps and generals in Asia and Greece to start pursuing their own ambitions.{{sfn|Heckel|2016|p=43}}{{sfn|Anson|2014|p=96}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|20em}}

==Bibliography==
===Ancient sources===
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite book |author=Arrian|author-link=Arrian of Nicomedia|title=The Anabasis of Alexander|url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/46976/46976-h/46976-h.htm|via=gutenberg.org}}
* {{Cite book |author=Diodorus |chapter=Books XVIII, XIX |chapter-url=https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/home.html |author-link=Diodorus Siculus |title=Library of History |translator-last=Perrin |translator-first=Bernadotte |year=1947 |orig-year=1st century BC |volume=9 |publisher= |isbn= |via=LacusCurtius |series=Loeb Classical Library |location= |ref={{harvid|Diod.}}}}
* {{Cite book |author=Plutarch |author-link=Plutarch|chapter=Life of Demosthenes |title=Parallel Lives |chapter-url=https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Demosthenes*.html |series=Loeb Classical Library |year=1919 |orig-year=2nd century AD |volume=8 |translator-first=Bernadotte |translator-last=Perrin |oclc=40115288 |via=LacusCurtius |ref={{harvid|Plut. ''Demo.''}}}}
* {{Cite book |author=Plutarch |author-link=Plutarch|chapter=Life of Phocion |title=Parallel Lives |chapter-url=https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Phocion*.html |series=Loeb Classical Library |year=1919 |orig-year=2nd century AD |volume=8 |translator-first=Bernadotte |translator-last=Perrin |oclc=40115288 |via=LacusCurtius |ref={{harvid|Plut. ''Phoc.''}}}}
* {{cite book |author=Polyaenus |author-link=Polyaenus |title=Strategems |chapter=Book 4, 6 & 8 |chapter-url=https://www.attalus.org/translate/polyaenus4B.html |translator-last=Shepherd |translator-first=R. |year=1793 |via=Attalus.org |ref={{harvid|Poly.}}}}
* {{cite book |author=Photius |author-link=Photius|title=Bibliotheca or Myrobiblion |title-link=Bibliotheca (Photius) |chapter=92. [Arrian, Continuation] |chapter-url=https://www.tertullian.org/fathers/photius_03bibliotheca.htm#91|via=tertullian.org |ref={{harvid|Phot.}}}}
* {{cite book |author=Quintus Curtius Rufus|author-link=Quintus Curtius|title=The History of Alexander the Great|ref={{harvid|Curt.}}}}
* {{cite book |author=Justinus |author-link=Justin (historian)|title=Epitome of Pompeius Trogus' Philippic Histories |title-link=Epitome of the Philippic History of Pompeius Trogus |chapter=Book 13-14 |chapter-url=https://www.attalus.org/translate/justin1.html#14.1|via=Attalus.org |translator-first=J.S. |year=1853 |translator-last=Watson |ref={{harvid|Just.}}}}{{refend}}

===Modern sources===
{{refbegin|30em}}
*{{cite book |last=Anson |first=Edward M. |title=Alexander's Heirs: The Age of the Successors |year=2014 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=9781444339628}}
*{{Cite book |last=Billows |first=Richard A. |title=Antigonos the One-eyed and the creation of the Hellenistic state |publisher=University of California Press |year=1990 |isbn=9780520208803}}
*{{Cite book |last=Bosworth |first=A.B. |title=The Legacy of Alexander: Politics, Warfare, and Propaganda under the Successors |date=2005 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780198153061}}
*{{Cite book |last=Grainger |first=John |title=Antipater's Dynasty |publisher=Pen and Sword Military |year=2019|isbn=978152673-0886}}
*{{Cite book |last=Green |first=Peter |title=Alexander to Actium: The Historical Evolution of the Hellenistic Age |publisher=University of California Press |year=1990 |isbn=9780520083493}}
*{{Cite book |last=Heckel |first=Waldemar |title=Who's Who in the Age of Alexander the Great: Prosopography of Alexander's Empire |publisher=Blackwell Publishing |year=2006 |isbn=9781405112109}}
*{{cite book |last=Heckel |first=Waldemar |title=Alexander's Marshals A Study of the Makedonian Aristocracy and the Politics of Military Leadership |year=2016 |publisher=Routledge, Taylor & Francis |isbn=9781138934696}}
*{{Cite book |last=Roisman |first=Joseph |title=Alexander's Veterans and the Early Wars of the Successors |publisher=University of Texas Press, Austin |year=2012 |isbn=9780292735965}}
*{{Cite book |last=Romm |first=James |title=Ghost on the Throne |publisher=Alfred A. Knoff: Random House |year=2011 |isbn=9780307701503}}
*{{Cite book |last=Waterfield |first=Robin |title=Dividing the Spoils |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2011 |isbn=9780195395235}}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book|author=Lane Fox, Robin|title=Alessandro il Grande|publisher=Einaudi|year=2004|isbn=8806172506|author-link=Robin Lane Fox}}
* {{cite book|author=Phillips, Graham|title=Alexander the Great: Murder in Babylon|publisher=Virgin Books|year=2004|isbn=1852271345}}
* [[William Smith (lexicographer)|Smith, William]] (editor); ''[[Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology]]'', {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20060101075341/http://www.ancientlibrary.com/smith-bio/0210.html "Antipater"]}}, [[Boston]], (1867)

==External links==
* [https://www.livius.org/articles/person/antipater/ Antipater] from Livius.org (Jona Lendering)
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20051026184748/http://www.ancientlibrary.com/wcd/Antipater Wiki Classical Dictionary: Antipater]}}

{{s-start}}
{{succession box|title=Regent of Macedon|before=[[Peithon]] {{Nobold|and}} [[Arrhidaeus]]|after=[[Polyperchon]]|years=320–319 BC}}
{{s-end}}

{{MacedonKings}}
{{Diadochi}}
{{Alexander's Generals}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:4th-century BC regents]]
[[Category:4th-century BC Macedonians]]
[[Category:400 BC births]]
[[Category:319 BC deaths]]
[[Category:Ancient Greek generals]]
[[Category:Regents of Macedonia (ancient kingdom)]]
[[Category:Ancient Macedonian generals]]
[[Category:Generals of Alexander the Great]]
[[Category:Conspirators against Alexander the Great]]
[[Category:Antipatrid dynasty]]

Gatha Vaibhava

2026-03-20T23:33:05Z

CelinaArellano: Creating basic article from scratch

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Short description|2025 Indian Kannada-language fantasy drama film}}{{More citations needed|date=December 2025}}
{{AI-generated|date=December 2025}}{{Infobox film
| name = Gatha Vaibhava
| image =
| caption =
| director = [[Suni (director)|Suni]]
| writer = Suni
| screenplay = Suni
| story = Suni
| producer = Deepak Thimmappa Suni
| starring = SS Dushyanth [[Ashika Ranganath]]
| narrator =
| cinematography = [[William David]]
| editing = Ashik Kusugolli
| music = [[Judah Sandhy]]
| studio = Servegara Silver Screens Suni Cinemas
| distributor = Jagadeesh Films
| released = {{Film date|2025|11|14|df=y|ref1=}}
| runtime = 142 minutes
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget = {{estimation}} {{INR|10{{ndash}}20 crore}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://english.bigtvlive.com/collections/gatha-vaibhava-budget-vs-collections-how-much-ashika-ranganath-period-drama-needs-for-hit/|title=Gatha Vaibhava Budget Vs Collections: How much this period drama needs for Hit?|work=BigTVLive.com|date=13 November 2025}}</ref>
| gross =
}}
'''''Gatha Vaibhava''''' ({{translation|Past Glory}}) is a 2025 [[India]]n [[Kannada]] [[fantasy drama|fantasy]]-[[period film|period]] [[romantic drama film]] written, directed and co-produced by [[Suni (director)|Suni]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2025/Nov/04/kannadainterviews2025nov03suni-simplicity-is-my-luxury|title=Suni: Simplicity is my luxury|work=The New Indian Express|date=4 November 2025}}</ref> It stars debutant SS Dushyanth <ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/i-aim-to-break-the-usual-hero-mould-with-gatha-vaibhava-dushyanth/articleshow/125297934.cms|title= I aim to break the usual hero mould with Gatha Vaibhava: Dushyanth|work=The Times of India|date=14 November 2025}}</ref> and [[Ashika Ranganath]], both in [[dual role|four roles]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/interviews/2025/Nov/10/ashika-ranganath-i-love-it-when-the-audience-says-they-miss-me|title=Ashika Ranganath: I love it when the audience says they miss me|work=Cinema Express|date=10 November 2025}}</ref> Produced by Deepak Thimmappa under Servegara Silver Screens and Suni's Suni Cinemas, the film was released on 14 November 2025 with [[Telugu language|Telugu]] dubbed version on 1 January 2026. [[Judah Sandhy]] composed the music while [[William David]] served as the cinematographer.

The film was officially announced and its [[Principal photography]] began in 2021. The team shot for over 100 days, including a schedule in [[Portugal]] where they filmed on an exact replica of [[Christopher Columbus]]' flagship, the ''Santa Maria de Colombo''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/filming-on-a-replica-of-columbus-ship-took-me-to-another-era-ashika-ranganath/articleshow/125295305.cms|title=Filming on a replica of Columbus’ ship took me to another era:Ashika Ranganath|work=The Times of India|date=13 November 2025}}</ref>

The film spans takes place in distinct eras — contemporary, historical, and mythological — exploring the theme of reincarnation. The narrative follows the lead characters who meet in the present day and uncover memories of their past lives. One incarnation is set during the mythological episode of ''[[Samudra Manthana]]'' from the [[Vishnu Purana]], another during the [[Portuguese discovery of the sea route to India|Portuguese explorations of India]] led by [[Vasco da Gama]], and the third in the early 20th century.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/from-kgf-to-kantara-era-simple-sunis-take-on-grand-scale-storytelling-3782453|title=From KGF to Kantara era: Simple Suni’s take on grand-scale storytelling|work=Deccan Herald.com|date=4 November 2025}}</ref>

== Plot summary ==
The film unfolds across three distinct timelines, exploring the reincarnated lives of its protagonists, Purathan and Adhunika. The first story is set in [[Devaloka]], where Adhunika appears as a [[Apsara|celestial being]] Devakanye Devi (Devathe) and Purathan as Rakshasangaalla (Rakshasa), a Demon. Their love is thwarted by destiny.

The second narrative shifts to a fictionalised Portugal during the [[Age of Discovery|Age of Exploration]], where Purathan as sailor Philip Walter, in an attempt to impress Adhunika as Elizabeth, spins a flamboyant tale involving Vasco da Gama, [[Spice trade|spice route]]s, and romance.

The third and most emotionally grounded story takes place in coastal [[Karnataka]] over a century ago, portraying Purathan as chennayya Raja , a skilled [[Kambala]] jockey and Adhunika as Mangala, a naive village girl. This final chapter becomes the key to unlocking Purathan's memories and convictions, tying together the threads of their intertwined past lives.

== Cast ==
{{Castlist|
* SS Dushyanth in [[dual role|four roles]] as
** Purathan
** Rakshasangaalla (Rakshasa), a [[Rakshasa|Demon]]
** Chennayya Raja / Srinivas, a skilled Kambala Jockey
** Philip Walter, a sailor
* [[Ashika Ranganath]] in [[dual role|four roles]] as
** Adhunika
** Devakanye Devi (Devathe)
** Mangala/Tulasi, an innocent Village Girl
** Elizabeth
* Kishen Bilagali as Anamadeva
* Chiru S as [[Vasco Da Gama]]
* [[Sudha Belawadi]] as Sudha Kanati
* Krishna Hebbale as Krishna Kanati
* Krishna Jorapur
* Karthik Rao as Badayi
}}

== Production ==
{{AI-section|date=December 2025}}

=== Development ===
Gatha Vaibhava was announced by Suni in 2021 as an ambitious period drama exploring reincarnation across three timelines — mythological, historical, and early 20th century. The concept drew inspiration from the Vishnu Purana episode of Samudra Manthana, the Portuguese explorations led by Vasco da Gama, and traditional coastal Karnataka culture.

The project was conceived as a large-scale period drama spanning three distinct eras, which Suni described as "making four films in one." Filming took place over more than 100 days across multiple schedules, with significant delays extending the production timeline to nearly five years due to technical challenges and actor availability.

Key sequences were shot in Portugal, including scenes aboard the Santa Maria de Colombo, a replica of Christopher Columbus’ flagship, for the Vasco da Gama-era storyline. Additional filming occurred in coastal Karnataka for the early 20th-century Kambala scenes, while mythological sequences set in Devaloka and depicting Samudra Manthana were created using extensive VFX and studio work.

The film employed elaborate costume design to reflect 14th-century Portuguese fashion and traditional Indian attire, alongside heavy use of visual effects to achieve the grandeur of its mythological setting. The estimated budget was around ₹10 - 20 crore, and the runtime is approximately 142 minutes.

=== Casting & Filming ===
Pre-production began in 2022 with extensive research and scripting to ensure authenticity in historical and mythological segments. Casting finalized with Ashika Ranganath as the female lead, portraying four distinct roles, and SS Dushyanth as the male protagonist.
Principal photography commenced in 2023, spanning over 100 days. Key schedules included studio shoots for Devaloka sequences, on-location filming in coastal Karnataka for Kambala scenes, and a major schedule in Portugal aboard the Santa Maria de Colombo replica ship for Vasco da Gama-era sequences.

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Gatha Vaibhava
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = Judah Sandhy
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2025
| recorded = 2024
| venue =
| studio = Suni Cinemas
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 10:28
| language = Kannada
| label =
| producer = Judah Sandhy
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

The music and background score of the film is composed by [[Judah Sandhy]] marking his first collaboration with [[Suni (director)|Suni]]. The soundtrack was released in October 2025, ahead of the film's theatrical release on 14 November 2025. The first single, "Varnamaale", debuted on 8 October 2025 in both Kannada and Telugu versions at a launch event in Hyderabad.

{{Track listing
| headline = Kannada Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Varnamaale
| length1 = 4:05
| lyrics1 = [[Suni (director)|Suni]]
| extra1 = Abhinandan Mahishale, Sunidhi Ganesh
| title2 = Ship Song
| length2 = 3:25
| lyrics2 = Suni
| extra2 = [[Kailash Kher]], Chethan Naik, Chinmayi L
| title3 = Oseyo Oseyo
| length3 = 2:58
| lyrics3 = Suni
| extra3 = [[Chethan Naik]], Airaa Udupi
| total_length = 10:28
}}

{{Track listing
| headline = Telugu Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Varnamaala
| length1 = 4:05
| lyrics1 = [[Krishna Kanth]]
| extra1 = [[Anurag Kulkarni]], [[Chinmayi Sripada]]
| title2 = Ship Song
| length2 = 3:25
| lyrics2 = Suni
| extra2 = [[Kailash Kher]], Chethan Naik, Chinmayi L
| title3 = Taarakaadhrudaa
| length3 = 2:28
| lyrics3 = Rambabu Gosala
| extra3 = [[Chethan Naik]], Airaa Udupi
| total_length = 10:28
}}

== Post-production & Release ==
Post-production extended through 2024 due to the complexity of VFX work required for the mythological sequences. Suni described the process as "making four films in one," citing the challenge of blending fantasy, history, and realism.
The film was completed in mid-2025, with promotional campaigns highlighting its grand scale and reincarnation theme. Gatha Vaibhava was released theatrically on 14 November 2025 in Kannada and will be released on 1 January 2026 in Telugu, distributed by Jagadeesh Films in Karnataka and PrimeShow Entertainment in Telugu states.

== Reception ==
[[The Times of India]] rated the film 3.5/5, calling it "a visually rich love story that spans lifetimes," and commended its polished production design, VFX, and Judah Sandhy's music. The review highlighted Ashika Ranganath's charm and debutant SS Dushyanth's impressive screen presence, while noting that the narrative transitions between timelines were fluid and cinematic.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/gatha-vaibhava-a-visually-rich-love-story-that-spans-lifetimes/movie-review/125324085.cms|title=Gatha Vaibhava Movie Review: A visually rich love story that spans lifetimes|work=The Times of India|date=14 November 2025}}</ref> [[The New Indian Express]] also gave 3.5/5, describing the film as "a timeless mosaic of love, fate, and reincarnation." It praised Suni's gentle approach to the reincarnation theme and emotional honesty, though it observed that the coastal Karnataka segment felt stretched.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2025/Nov/15/kannadareview2025nov14gatha-vaibhava-a-timeless-mosaic-of-love-fate-and-reincarnation|title=Gatha Vaibhava Movie Review: A timeless mosaic of love, fate, and reincarnation|work=The New Indian Express|date=15 November 2025}}</ref> [[Samyukta Karnataka]] rated it 3.5/5, appreciating the emotional depth of the coastal storyline and strong performances by Dushyanth and Ashika, while lauding the technical aspects like cinematography and music.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://samyuktakarnataka.in/entertainment/movie-review-gaatha-vaibhava-kannada-cinema/?amp=1|title=Movie Review: ‘ಗತ’ಕಾಲದ ಕಥೆಗೆ ‘ವೈಭವ’ದ ಮೆರುಗು|work=Samyukta Karnataka|date=14 November 2025|language=kn}}</ref>

[[TV9 Kannada]] gave 3/5, noting the film's ambitious structure of four interconnected stories and praising the second half and climax for their emotional impact.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tv9kannada.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/dushyanth-and-ashika-ranganath-starrer-gatha-vaibhava-movie-review-1108667.html|title=Gatha Vaibhava Review: ನಾಲ್ಕು ಸಿಂಪಲ್ ಕಥೆಗಳಿಗೆ ವೈಭವ ತುಂಬಿದ ಸುನಿ|work=TV9 Kannada|date=14 November 2025|language=kn}}</ref> Filmibeat Kannada rated it 3/5, acknowledging the novelty of the reincarnation concept and strong performances, but pointed out that some episodes lacked narrative tightness.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://kannada.filmibeat.com/reviews/simple-suni-directed-dushyant-and-ashika-ranganath-movie-gatha-vaibhava-review-and-rating-in-kannada-105653.html|title=ಪುನರ್ಜನ್ಮದ ಪ್ರೇಮ ಕಥೆಗಳದ್ದೇ 'ಗತ ವೈಭವ'; ಪ್ಲಸ್ ಏನು?|work=Filmibeat.com|date=14 November 2025|language=kn}}</ref>

[[The Hindu]] offered a more critical view, calling the film "an uneven reincarnation drama" and criticizing poor CGI in mythological sequences and an unfunny parody in the Portugal segment, though it appreciated Ashika's versatility and Dushyanth's effort.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/gatha-vaibhava-movie-review-simple-suni-ashika-ranganath-dushyanth-unevent-reincarnation-drama-few-positives/article70280439.ece|title='Gatha Vaibhava' movie review: Suni directs an unevent reincarnation drama few positives|work=The Hindu|date=14 November 2025}}</ref> [[Deccan Herald]] rated it 2/5, arguing that Suni "went overboard" and that the film faltered in execution, despite Ashika's convincing performance.

== References ==
<references responsive="1"></references>

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt38755084}}

{{Suni (director)}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gatha Vaibhava}}
[[Category:2025 films]]
[[Category:2025 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films set in the 16th century]]
[[Category:Indian fantasy films]]
[[Category:Indian epic films]]
[[Category:Films about reincarnation]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Vasco da Gama]]
[[Category:2025 romance films]]
[[Category:2025 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Films shot in Portugal]]
[[Category:History of India on film]]
[[Category:Age of Discovery films]]
[[Category:Portuguese India]]
[[Category:Indian adventure drama films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Suni]]

Tomb of Azimunissa Begum

2026-03-17T03:28:18Z

CelinaArellano: Adding a post

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
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| name = Tomb of Azimunissa Begum
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| location_country = [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|24.1987|88.2647|display=inline,title}}
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'''Tomb of Azimunissa Begum''' is located at Azimnagar (oid Murshidabad), in the [[Murshidabad district]].

According to the [[List of Monuments of National Importance in West Bengal]] the Tomb of Azimunissa Begum is an ASI Listed Monument.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://asi.nic.in/alphabetical-list-of-monuments-west-bengal/|title=List of Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains of West Bengal - Archaeological Survey of India|publisher= ASI|work= Item no. 108|access-date=16 July 2021}}</ref>

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=350| height=400| zoom=13
| coord={{coord|24|11|10|N|88|16|40|E}}| float=left|caption='''Murshidabad''' F: facility, H: historical site Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|24|11|11|N|88|16|9|E}} | label-pos1=left|label1= Hazarduari Palace| numbered1=H | mark-title1=[[Hazarduari Palace]] (H)|label-color1= #800000 |label-size1=12| mark-size1=13|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1=#AA6666|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|24|11|30|N|88|16|7|E}} | label-pos2=right|label2=Nizamat Imambara | mark-title2= [[Nizamat Imambara]] (H)| numbered2=H| shape-color2=#AA6666|label-offset-y2=-2
|mark-coord3={{coord|24|11|24|N|88|16|10|E}} | label-pos3=right|label3= Clock Tower | mark-title3= [[Clock Tower of Murshidabad]] (H)| numbered3=H
|mark-coord4={{coord|24|11|24|N|88|16|4|E}} | label-pos4=left|label4= Madina Mosque | mark-title4= [[Madina Mosque (Bengal)]] (H)| numbered4=H
|mark-coord5={{coord|24|10|55|N|88|16|10|E}} | label-pos5=right|label5= Wasif Manzil | mark-title5= [[Wasif Manzil]] (H)| numbered5=H
|mark-coord6={{coord|24|12|4|N|88|16|0|E}} | label-pos6=right|label6= Jafaganj Cemetery | mark-title6= [[Jafarganj Cemetery]] (H)| numbered6=H
|mark-coord7={{coord|24|11|0|N|88|17|17|E}} | label-pos7=right|label7= Katra Masjid | mark-title7= [[Katra Masjid]] (H)| numbered7=H
|mark-coord8={{coord|24|11|5|N|88|16|10|E}} | label-pos8=left|label8= Chawk Masjid | mark-title8= [[Chawk Masjid]] (H)| numbered8=H
|mark-coord9={{coord|24|9|43|N|88|16|32|E}} | label-pos9=left|label9= Jama Masjid, Motijheel | mark-title9= [[Jama Masjid, Motijheel]] (H)| numbered9=H
|mark-coord10={{coord|24|11|9|N|88|16|49|E}} | label-pos10=top|label10= Fauti Mosque | mark-title10= [[Fauti Mosque]] (H)| numbered10=H
|mark-coord11={{coord|24|12|23|N|88|16|20|E}} | label-pos11=right|label11= Kathgola Palace | mark-title11= [[Kathgola Palace]] (H)| numbered11=H
|mark-coord12={{coord|24|12|12|N|88|15|50|E}} | label-pos12=right|label12= Mir Jafar's Palace | mark-title12= [[Namak Haram Deorhi]] (H)| numbered12=H
|mark-coord13={{coord|24|12|23|N|88|16|0|E}} | label-pos13=left|label13= Nashipur Rajbari| mark-title13= [[Nashipur]] (H)| numbered13=H
|mark-coord14={{coord|24|10|34|N|88|16|58|E}} | label-pos14=right|label14= Murshidabad |labela14= railway station| numbered14=F| mark-title14= [[Murshidabad railway station]] (F) |shape-color14=#967117
|mark-coord15={{coord|24|12|5|N|88|15|25|E}} | label15= Bhagirathi River| label-color15 = #77A1CB| label-angle15=59| label-pos15=right| label-size15=10| mark-size15=0| mark-title15 =none
|mark-coord16={{coord|24|11|17|N|88|16|5|E}} | label-pos16=left|label16= Yellow Mosque | mark-title16= [[Yellow Mosque]] (H)| numbered16=H
|mark-coord17={{coord|24|12|32|N|88|16|0|E}} | label-pos17=right|label17= House of Jagat Seth | mark-title17= [[House of Jagat Seth]] (H)| numbered17=H
|mark-coord18={{coord|24|11|50|N|88|15|54|E}} | label-pos18=right|label18= Tomb of Azimunnisa Begum | mark-title18= Tomb of Azimunissa Begum (H)| numbered18=H|shape-color18=black| label-size18=13|label-color18=black 
|mark-coord19={{coord|24|12|51|N|88|15|50|E}} | label-pos19=right|label19= Nashipur |labela19= railway bridge| numbered19=F| mark-title19= [[Nashipur Rail Bridge]] (F) |shape-color20=#967117
|mark-coord20={{coord|24|11|8|N|88|16|15|E}} | label-pos20=right|label20= Tripolia |labela210= Gate | mark-title20= Tripolia Gate Sorry, no page link (H)| numbered21=H}}

===Location===
The Tomb of Begum Azimunnissa is located at {{coord|24.1987|88.2647|display=inline}}.

It is about 5–6 km from [[Hazarduari Palace]].<ref name="tomb">{{cite web | url = https://riderdream.com/tomb-of-azimunnisa-begum/ | title = Live tomb of Azimunissa Begum – 2021 new updates | publisher = Rider Dream | accessdate = 19 July 2021}}</ref>

The [[Namak Haram Deorhi]], [[Jafarganj Cemetery]], [[Nashipur|Nashipur Rajbari]], [[Kathgola Palace]] and [[House of Jagat Seth]] are all located nearby.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://offbeatweekend.com/mushidabad/ | title = Offbeat Weekend in Murshidabad | work = Outskirts of Killa Nizamat (Northern part) | publisher = Offbeat Weekend | accessdate = 20 July 2021}}</ref>

Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in Murshidabad city. Most of the places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map. A few, without pages yet, remain unmarked. The map has a scale. It will help viewers to find out the distances.

==Azimunissa Begum==
Azimunissa Begum (also known as Zinatunissa Begum) was daughter of [[Murshid Quli Khan]] and wife of the second Nawab of Bengal, [[Shuja-ud-Din Muhammad Khan]]. A mosque was built at the place in 1734 by her, but it was partly washed away by a river and only a small part of it remains. The place has well laid out gardens. There is a local myth in circulation that she was a cruel woman and her husband had buried her alive. However, it is hearsay and not confirmed history.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.asikolkata.in/murshidabad.aspx# | title = Tomb of Azimunissa Begum | publisher = ASI, Kolkata Circle | accessdate = 19 July 2021}}</ref><ref name="tomb"/>

The tomb of Azimunissa Begum is built below the stairs, just like that of her father. It is said that Nawab Murshid Quli Khan had ordered out of humility that his mortal remains be buried below the steps of the [[Katra Masjid]], so as to be trodden on by all who passed up and down.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.taleof2backpackers.com/hazarduari-murshidabad-tour/ | title = Murshidabad Tour Guide – beyond Hazarduari | work = Tomb and Mosque of Azimunnisa Begum | publisher = | accessdate = 20 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://murshidabad.net/history/places-topic-places-zone-three.htm | title = Places to visit | work = Katra Mosque | publisher =Murshidabad Phire Dekha | accessdate = 3 June 2018}}</ref>

==Tomb of Azimunissa Begum picture gallery==
<gallery widths="200px" heights="150px">
File:Tomb of Azimunnisha Begum.jpg|Tomb of Azimunissa Begum
File:Tomb Azimunnisha.JPG|Tomb of Azimunissa Begum
File:Graveyard of Azimunnishah at Murshidabad.jpg|Gateway to the tomb
File:The tomb of Azimunnisha Begum, Murshidabad.jpg|Remains of the mosque
File:Masjid Remains And Tomb Of Azim-un-Nisa - Mahimapur - Murshidabad 2017-03-28 6274.JPG| Remains of the mosque
File:ASI Signage - Masjid Remains And Tomb Of Azim-un-Nisa - Mahimapur - Murshidabad 2017-03-28 6269.JPG|ASI Board
File:Solitary remaining of the wall inside the graveyard of Azimunnishah at Murshidabad.jpg|Garden view
File:Visitors Climbing Staircase - Masjid Remains And Tomb Of Azim-un-Nisa - Mahimapur - Murshidabad 2017-03-28 6271.JPG|Visitors
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[Nawabs of Bengal and Murshidabad]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Wikivoyage inline|Murshidabad}}

{{commons category|Tomb of Azimunnisa Begum}}

{{Murshidabad topics}}
{{Tourist attractions in Murshidabad}}

[[Category:Tourist attractions in Murshidabad]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Murshidabad district]]
[[Category:Monuments of National Importance in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Tombs in India]]

Directorate of Vigilance and Anti-Corruption

2026-03-15T16:42:15Z

CelinaArellano: Creating basic pg initial version - done

{{Short description|Anti-corruption agency of the Government of Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{More footnotes needed|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox government agency
| name = Directorate of Vigilance and Anti-Corruption
| native_name =
| native_name_a =
| native_name_r =
| type = State agency
| seal =
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| formed = {{Start date and age|1964|df=y|p=y}}
| preceding1 =
| preceding2 = 
| dissolved =
| superseding1 =
| superseding2 = 
| agency_type =
| jurisdiction = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| status = active
| headquarters = DVAC Headquarters, No.293, MKN Road, [[Alandur]], [[Chennai]] [[Tamilnadu|T.N.]] 600 016
| location =
| coordinates =
| motto =
| employees =
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| deputyminister2_pfo = 
| chief1_name = Abhay Kumar Singh, IPS.<ref>{{cite news |title=ADGP Abhay Kumar Singh to head DVAC |url=https://www.dtnext.in/tamilnadu/2023/05/02/adgp-abhay-kumar-singh-to-head-dvac |access-date=1 December 2023 |agency=DT Next}}</ref>
| chief1_position = Director
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}}
'''Directorate of Vigilance and Anti-Corruption''' is an apex governmental body in [[Tamil Nadu]] to address governmental corruption. The [[Government of Tamil Nadu]] constituted this State Vigilance Commission headed by a Vigilance Commissioner in 1964.<ref>{{cite web |title=Formation of DVAC, Tamil Nadu |url=https://www.dvac.tn.gov.in/formation.html |website=DVAC |access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>

== Main Functions==
* Conduct enquiries into the allegations of corruption referred to by the State Vigilance Commission/Government.
* Gather information and statistics to furnish the State Vigilance Commission
* Enquire on the corruption complaints made on public servants.
* Collect intelligence for detection of cases of bribery and corruption under [[Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988]]
e) Set Traps catch corrupt government servants while accepting the bribe.

== Notable Cases==
* [[Granite scam in Tamil Nadu]], corruption scandal occurred in [[Madurai]]
* [[Disproportionate assets case against Jayalalithaa]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Disproportionate assets case: notice issued to DVAC |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/disproportionate-assets-case-notice-issued-to-dvac/article2299908.ece |access-date=1 December 2023 |agency=The Hindu}}</ref>
* Graft case of [[R. Indira Kumari]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Madras High Court bins acquittal of ex-min's PA in graft case |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2023/sep/19/madras-high-court-bins-acquittal-of-ex-mins-pa-in-graft-case-2616164.html |access-date=1 December 2023 |agency=New Indian Express}}</ref>
* [[Land grabbing]] case on [[K. Ponmudy]]<ref>{{cite news |title=TN Minister Ponmudy acquitted in land grabbing case |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2023/jul/06/tn-minister-ponmudy-acquitted-in-land-grabbing-case-2591998.html |access-date=1 December 2023 |agency=New Indian Express}}</ref>
* Allegation of corruption in [[Tamil Nadu Public Service Commission]] recruitment process.<ref>{{cite news |title=DVAC raids 42 premises in TNPSC case |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2011/dec/14/dvac-raids-42-premises-in-tnpsc-case-320120.html |access-date=1 December 2023 |agency=New Indian Express}}</ref>

==Former Directors==
List of Directors.<ref>{{cite web |title=DVAC Directors - Timeline |url=https://www.dvac.tn.gov.in/Previous-Directors.html |website=DVAC |access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Directors !! Tenure
|-
|R.M.Mahadevan, IP., || 22.04.1964 - 15.12.1967
|-
|M.Balakrishna Menon, IP., || 16.12.1967 - 18.10.1971
|-
|E.L.Stracey, IP., || 18.10.1971 - 02.01.1975
|-
|K.R.Shenai, IPS., || 10.07.1975 - 30.06.1976
|-
|C.V.Narashimhan, IPS., || 01.07.1976 - 30.04.1977
|-
|N.Kirshnaswami, IPS., || 13.05.1977 - 31.08.1979
|-
|K.V.Subramanian, IPS., || 07.12.1979 - 30.06.1980
|-
|C.V.Narashimhan, IPS., || 01.07.1980 - 30.11.1983
|-
|V.R.Lakshmi Narayanan, IPS., || 01.02.1984 - 24.01.1985
|-
|[[K. Radhakrishnan (police officer)|K.Radhakrishnan]], IPS., || 24.01.1985 - 12.04.1986
|-
|B.P.Rangasamy, IPS., || 13.04.1986 - 31.03.1988
|-
|C.L.Ramakrishnan, IPS., || 01.04.1988 - 30.11.1992
|-
|R.K.Raghavan, IPS., || 10.01.1993 - 01.01.1999
|-
|S.Ganapathy, IPS., || 13.01.1999 - 24.05.2001
|-
|B.P.Nailwal, IPS., || 24.05.2001 - 20.09.2001
|-
|V.K.Rajagopalan, IPS., || 20.09.2001 - 10.06.2002
|-
|[[G. Thilakavathi]], IPS., || 10.06.2002 - 05.03.2003
|-
|[[G. Nanchil Kumaran]], IPS., || 05.03.2003 - 20.05.2006
|-
|S.K.Upadhyay, IPS., || 20.05.2006 - 20.05.2008
|-
|K.Natarajan, IPS., || 20.05.2008 - 31.12.2008
|-
|K.Ramanujam, IPS., || 01.01.2009 - 06.10.2009
|-
|Bholanath, IPS., || 07.10.2009 - 20.05.2011
|-
|Dr.K.R.Shyam Sundar, IPS., || 21.05.2011 - 26.05.2011
|-
|K.P.Magendhran, IPS., || 08.06.2011 - 25.12.2011
|-
|T.K.Rajendran, IPS., || 28.12.2011 - 19.09.2012
|-
|S.K.Dogra, IPS., || 19.09.2012 - 31.12.2013
|-
|G.Venkataraman, IPS., (i/c) || 01.01.2014 - 24.03.2017
|-
|M.N.Manjunatha, IPS., || 24.03.2017 - 19.04.2018
|-
|Dr.K.Jayanth Murali, IPS., || 30.04.2018 - 02.06.2019
|-
|Vijay Kumar, IPS., || 03.06.2019 - 30.09.2020
|-
|Dr.K.Jayanth Murali, IPS., || 30.09.2020 - 26.02.2021
|-
|Dr.P.Kandaswamy, IPS., || 11.05.2021- 30.04.2023
|-
|Abhay Kumar Singh, IPS., || 05.05.2023 F.N. - till date
|}

==Former Office bearers==
* [[Letika Saran]], Additional director
* [[A. K. Viswanathan]], Joint Director

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Indian commissions and inquiries]]
[[Category:Anti-corruption measures in India]]
[[Category:Anti-corruption agencies]]
[[Category:1964 establishments in Tamilnadu]]
[[Category:Government agencies established in 1964]]

Vitukathazhakiya Perumal

2026-03-13T08:42:49Z

CelinaArellano: Adding new post.

{{Infobox royalty
| name = Vitukathazhakiya Perumal
| image = Tirumalai Jain temple hill.JPG
| caption = Jain Temple on the Tirumalai Hill
| succession = [[Athiyamān|Satiyaputra]] [[Kongu Chera dynasty|Chera]] ruler of [[Dharmapuri|Thagadur]]
| reign = Late 12th century AD
| predecessor = Rajaraja Adigaman Vagan
| house = [[Chera dynasty|Chera (Kerala)]]/[[Athiyamān|(Adiyaman) Satiyaputra]]
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
}}

'''Rajarajadevan Vitukathazhakiya Perumal''' (''fl.'' late 12th century AD), also known as '''Vyamukta Sravanojjvala''' in [[Sanskrit]], was an [[Athiyamān|Adigaman]] [[Kongu Chera dynasty|Chera]] ruler of Thagadur (modern [[Dharmapuri]]) in northern [[Tamil Nadu]], southern India under [[Chola dynasty|Chola]] monarch [[Kulothunga III]].<ref name=":03">{{Cite journal |editor-last=Hultzch |editor-first=E. |title=No. 34: Two Inscriptions of Vidugadalagiya Perumal |url=https://archive.org/details/EpigraphiaIndicaVol6/page/n410/mode/1up |journal=Epigraphica Indica |publisher=Archaeological Survey of India |volume=VI |pages=331-334}}</ref><ref name=":20">{{Cite journal |last= |first= |date=1890 |editor-last=Hultzsch |editor-first=E. |title=Tirumalai Inscriptions (No. 75 and 76) |url=https://archive.org/details/southindianinscr014359mbp/page/n119/mode/1up |journal=South Indian Inscriptions |publisher=Archaeological Survey of India |volume=I |pages=106-07}}</ref> He was a contemporary of Sengeni Ammaiyappan Hastimalla ''alias'' Vikrama Chola Sambuvarayan and Seyyagangar/Siyagangan, both also subordinates of [[Kulothunga III]].<ref name=":03" /> Vitukathazhakiya is said to have ruled over the three rivers — Pali (Palaru), Pennai (Southern Pennaru) and Ponni ([[Kaveri]]).<ref name=":03" />

He is described as the son of a certain Rajaraja Adigaman Vagan (Sanskrit: Adhika, also [[Athiyamān|Satiyaputra]]).<ref name=":03" /> Vitukathazhakiya is noted for having repaired the [[Jainism|Jain]] Temple on Tirumalai Hill, originally associated with his remote ancestor Ezhini.<ref name=":03" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ekambaranathan |first=A. |url=https://search.library.wisc.edu/catalog/999596615702121 |title=Jaina Inscriptions in Tamilnadu: A Topographical List |last2=Sivaprakasam |first2=C. K. |publisher=Research Foundation for Jainology |year=1987 |location=Madras |pages=269-70 |chapter=No. 338 (North Arcot District)}}</ref> He reinstalled the images of the [[Yaksha]] and [[Yakshini|Yakshi]], ancient donations made by Ezhini, an Adigaman of the [[Chera dynasty|Chera]] (Sanskrit: [[Chera dynasty|Kerala]]) family. He also donated a gong and commissioned a water channel connected to the "Kadapperi" tank.<ref name=":03" /><ref name=":20" />

Ezhini (Sanskrit: Yavanika) is described as "the king of Keralas" (Tamil: Chera) and "the chief of the family ruling over Vanchi" in inscriptions.<ref name=":03" /> Tirumalai Hill is referred to as the Holy Mountain of the [[Arhat]] in "Tondai Mandalam".<ref name=":03" /><ref name=":20" /> Yavanika is the Sanskrit equivalent of the Tamil term "Ezhini" (meaning "curtain" in Tamil). "Vya-mukta Sravana-ujjvala" is likewise the Sanskrit approximate of the Tamil title "Vitu-kathu-azhakiya".<ref name=":03" />

== Inscriptional records ==

* Painted Cave, Tirumalai, near Polur, North Arcot District (two inscriptions) [bilingual, Tamil and Sanskrit]<ref name=":03" /><ref name=":20" />
* Sengama, Tiruvannamalai Taluk, South Arcot District (two inscriptions)<ref name=":03" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Chera kings]]
[[Category:12th-century Indian monarchs]]

Mayurakshi Express

2026-03-09T18:46:02Z

CelinaArellano: created new details

{{short description|Train in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Mayurakshi Express
| image = Mayurakshi Fast Passenger.jpg
| caption = 13046 DN Mayurakshi Express waiting at platform 2 of [[Siuri railway station]]
| type = [[Express train]]
| status = Active
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|1984|01|26}}
| operator = [[Eastern Railway zone|Eastern Railways]]
| start = {{stnlnk|Howrah}}
| stops = 25
| end = {{stnlnk|Deoghar Junction}}
| distance = {{convert|418|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = {{indented plainlist|
* Howrah–Deoghar: {{nowrap|8 h 10 min}}
* Deoghar–Howrah: {{nowrap|8 h 20 min}}
}}
| frequency = Daily
| class = General Unreserved, Second Sitting,3rd AC
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = No
| catering = No
| baggage = Overhead racks, Below the seats
| stock = [[ICF coach]]
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm|lk=on}}
| trainnumber = {{indented plainlist|
* Howrah–Deoghar: 13045
* Deoghar–Howrah: 13046
}}
| speed = {{indented plainlist|
* Howrah–Deoghar:{{br}}{{cvt|110|km/h}} max;{{br}}{{cvt|51|km/h}} avg;
* Deoghar–Howrah:{{br}}{{cvt|110|km/h}} max;{{br}}{{cvt|50|km/h}} avg
}}
}}

'''Mayurakshi Express''' is a daily inter-city [[Express train]] operated by [[Eastern Railway zone|Eastern Railways]] in the Indian state of [[West Bengal]]. It runs between {{stnlnk|Howrah}} and [[Deoghar Junction railway station|Deoghar]] via {{stnlnk|Andal Junction}} and {{stnlnk|Rampurhat Junction}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/indian-railway/siuri-suri-station|title=SIURI (SURI) Railway Station|publisher=NDTV}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/district/purulia-birbhum-bankura/people-of-suri-are-not-happy-with-the-train-s-timetable-1.900935|author=নিজস্ব সংবাদদাতা|title=ট্রেনের সময় নিয়ে হতাশ জেলা সদর|website=www.anandabazar.com|access-date=2020-07-15}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://bengali.news18.com/news/south-bengal/due-to-maintenance-work-train-from-will-remain-stop-for-few-hours-pbd-411951.html|author=Supratim Das|title=পাওয়ার ব্লকে কাজ চলার জন্য সিউড়ীতে ট্রেন চলাচলে বিঘ্ন|website=www.bengali.news18.com|date=23 February 2020 |access-date=2020-07-15}}</ref> It previously ran between [[Howrah railway station|Howrah]] and [[Rampurhat Junction railway station|Rampurhat]] as a fast passenger train (53045/46), but later it was extended to run to [[Dumka railway station|Dumka]] and further [[Deoghar Junction railway station|Deoghar]] as an express train (13045/46).

It operates as train number 13045 from Howrah to Deoghar and as train number 13046 in the reverse direction.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/railway-man-spots-crack-tragedy-on-tracks-averted/articleshow/57215837.cms|author=Mohammad Asif|title=Railway man spots crack, tragedy on tracks averted|newspaper=The Times of India|date=18 February 2017 |access-date=2020-07-15}}</ref>

== Coach composition ==

The train has standard [[ICF coach]]es with a maximum speed of {{cvt|110|km/h}}. The rakes are maintained by [[Eastern Railway zone|Eastern Railways]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://er.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&id=0,4,268&dcd=999&did=14824076799388D4824434264D5C4AE78C1E1FF56581E.web91|title=ER ARRANGED MORE COACH FOR MAYURAKSHI FAST PASSENGER|website=www.er.indianrailways.gov.in}}</ref> The train consists of 13 coaches that includes:
* 9 Unreserved Chair Cars (8 General + 1 Ladies)
* 2 Second Sitting
* 1 3rd AC
* 2 Seating-cum-Luggage Vans

== Locomotive ==

The train is hauled by a [[Electric Loco Shed, Howrah|Howrah]]-based [[WAP-7]] or [[Indian locomotive class WAP-5|WAP-5]] locomotive.

== Operation ==

13046 starts from Deoghar daily at 03:15 IST daily and reaches Howrah the same day at 11:35 IST.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://enquiry.indianrail.gov.in/ntes/index.html|title=Spot Your Train|website=www.enquiry.indianrail.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-mayurakshi-fast-passenger-53046/2917/439/1|title=53046/Mayurakshi Fast Passenger (unreserved)|website=www.indiarailinfo.com}}</ref>

13045 starts from Howrah daily at 16:25 IST and reaches Deoghar the next day at 00:35 IST.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://enquiry.indianrail.gov.in/ntes/index.html|title=Spot Your Train|website=www.enquiry.indianrail.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-mayurakshi-fast-passenger-53045/2934/1/439|title=53045/Mayurakshi Fast Passenger (unreserved)|website=www.indiarailinfo.com}}</ref>

== Speed ==

13045 has an average speed of 51 kmph and covers 418 km in 8 hours 10 minutes, while 13046 has an average speed of 50 kmph and covers 418 km in 8 hours 20 minutes. The maximum permissible speed of this train is 110 kmph between {{stnlnk|Bandel Junction}} and {{stnlnk|Andal Junction}}.

== Route and halts ==

Between Howrah and Deoghar, this train has 25 halts; the stations being:

* {{stnlnk|Bandel Junction}}
* '''{{stnlnk|Barddhaman Junction}}'''
* Mankar
* [[Panagarh]]
* '''{{stnlnk|Durgapur}}'''
* Waria
* {{stnlnk|Andal Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Kajoragram}}
* {{stnlnk|Ukhra}}
* {{stnlnk|Pandabeswar}}
* {{stnlnk|Bhimgara Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Panchra}}
* {{stnlnk|Dubrajpur}}
* {{stnlnk|Chinpai}}
* {{stnlnk|Kachujor}}
* {{stnlnk|Siuri}}
* {{stnlnk|Sainthia Junction}}
* Gadadharpur
* Mallarpur
* [[Rampurhat Junction railway station|'''Rampurhat Junction''']]
* [[Pinargaria railway station|Pinargaria]]
* [[Ambajora Shikaripara railway station|Ambajora Shikaripara]]
* [[Dumka railway station|Dumka]]
* [[Basukinath railway station|Basukinath]]
* [[Ghormara railway station|Ghormara]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://enquiry.indianrail.gov.in/ntes/index.html|title=Spot Your Train|website=www.enquiry.indianrail.gov.in}}</ref>
Note: Bold letters indicates Major Railway Stations/Major Cities.

== See also ==

* [[Howrah railway station]]
* [[Rampurhat Junction railway station]]
* [[Andal Junction railway station]]
* [[Sainthia Junction railway station]]
* [[Siuri railway station]]
* [[Dumka railway station]]
* [[Deoghar Junction railway station|Deoghar junction railway station]]

== References ==

{{reflist}}

== External links ==

*{{cite web|url=https://enquiry.indianrail.gov.in/ntes/index.html|title=National Train Enquiry System|publisher=indianrail.gov.in|access-date=2019-12-10}}
* {{cite web|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/mayurakshi-fast-passenger-53045/2934/1/439|title=53045 Mayurakshi Fast Passenger (unreserved)|access-date=2019-12-10}}
*{{cite web|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-mayurakshi-fast-passenger-53046/2917/439/1|title=53046 Mayurakshi Fast Passenger (unreserved)|access-date=2019-12-10}}

{{Railways in Eastern India}}

[[Viswabharati Fast Passenger]]

[[Category:Slow and fast passenger trains in India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Howrah]]
[[Category:Rail transport in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Named passenger trains of India]]
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 1984]]

Sachkhand Express

2026-03-07T17:31:59Z

CelinaArellano:

{{Short description|Train in India}}
{{More citations needed|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Sachkhand Express
| image = Sachkhand express at delhi.jpg
| caption = Ludhiana [[WAP-7]] hauling Sachkhand Express At [[New Delhi]]
| type = [[Superfast Express trains in India|Superfast]]
| locale = [[Maharashtra]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Rajasthan]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Haryana]], [[Delhi]] & [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| status =
| first =
| operator = [[South Central Railway zone|South Central Railway]]
| start = {{stnlnk|Hazur Sahib Nanded}} (NED)
| stops = 37
| end = {{stnlnk|Amritsar Junction}} (ASR)
| distance = {{convert|2082|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 34 hrs 25 mins
| frequency = Daily
| class = AC 2 Tier, AC 3 Tier, Sleeper Class, General Unreserved
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = Yes
| catering = Available
| observation = Large windows
| baggage = Available
| otherfacilities = Below the seats
| stock = [[LHB coach]]
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm}} [[Broad Gauge]]
| trainnumber = 12715 / 12716
| speed = {{convert|60|km/h|abbr=on}} average including halts.
| map = [[File:Sachkhand Express (Amritsar - Nanded) Route map.jpg|thumb|250px|Sachkhand Express (Amritsar–Nanded) route map]]
| map_state =
}}

The 12715 / 12716 '''Sachkhand Express''' is [[Superfast Express trains in India|superfast express]] train operated by [[Indian Railways]] on a daily basis between the cities of Huzur Sahib [[Nanded]] in [[Maharashtra]] to [[Amritsar]] in [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]. This train links two famous [[Sikh]] shrines. The train is named after Sachkhand Sahib Gurudwara, situated in [[Nanded]].

This train also links [[New Delhi]], which is the capital of India, as well as the state capital of Madhya Pradesh, [[Bhopal]] to [[Nanded]], [[Parbhani]], [[Jalna (city)|Jalna]] and [[Aurangabad, Maharashtra|Aurangabad]] of the [[Marathwada]] Region of [[Maharashtra]]. This train during COVID-19 situation had change the train no. 02715/02716.

==Train numbers==

* 12715 Hazur Sahib Nanded -Amritsar Junction '''Sachkhand Express'''.

* 12716 Amritsar Junction - Hazur Sahib Nanded '''Sachkhand Express'''.

==Route and halts==
The train runs from Hazur Sahib Nanded via, {{stnlnk|Purna Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Parbhani Junction}},
{{stnlnk|Selu}},
{{stnlnk|Jalna}}, {{stnlnk|Chhatrapati Sambhajinagar}}, {{stnlnk|Manmad Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Chalisgaon Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Bhusaval Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Burhanpur}}, {{stnlnk|Khandwa Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Itarsi Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Bhopal Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Jhansi Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Gwalior Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Agra Cantonment}}, {{stnlnk|Mathura Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Hazrat Nizamuddin}}, {{stnlnk|New Delhi}}, {{stnlnk|Panipat Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Ambala Cantonment Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Sirhind}}, {{stnlnk |Rajpura Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Ludhiana Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Jalandhar City Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Beas Junction}} to Amritsar Junction.

The train makes stops at the same stations on its reverse journey, except for Hazrat Nizamuddin.

==Time-table==
* 12715 Sachkhand Express leaves Hazur Sahib Nanded (NED) at 09:30 AM to reach its destination of Amritsar Junction (ASR) at 08:20 PM next day.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://runningstatus.in/status/12715| title=12715 - Sachkhand Express Live Train Running Status| website=Running Status}} {{unreliable source?|date=October 2019}}</ref>
* 12716 Sachkhand Express leaves Amritsar Junction (ASR) at 04:25 AM and returns to Hazur Sahib Nanded (NED) at 02:10 PM next day.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://runningstatus.in/status/12716| title=12716 - Asr Ned Express Live Train Running Status| website=Running Status}} {{unreliable source?|date=October 2019}}</ref>

==Coach composition==
There are 24 coaches, including 2 -SLR, 3-Second Class, 1-2AC, 5-3AC, 1-pantry, and remaining 12 -Sleeper coaches and 1 -HCP coach.

Train No. 12715 Sachkhand Express now runs with Linke Hofmann Busch (LHB) coaches as of September 27, 2018.
One rake will be converted to LHB as of September 27, 2018, with revised CC, 12 Sleepers, 4 third ac, 1 2nd AC, PC and 2GS and 2EOG.

Rake position from H S Nanded,

LOCO-EOG-GS-A1-B1-B2-B3-B4-PC-S1-S2-S3-S4-S5-S6-S7-S8-S9-S10-S11-S12-GS-EOG

==Traction==

As the route is fully electrified, it is hauled by a [[Electric Loco Shed, Ghaziabad|Ghaziabad Loco Shed]] or [[Electric Loco Shed, Ludhiana|Ludhiana Loco Shed]]-based [[WAP-7]] electric locomotive on its entire journey.

At the New Delhi Railway station, langar cooked from Veerji da Dera at Tilak Nagar in West Delhi is served in the train. People from Dera distribute the food to all pilgrimages returning from visiting the holy city of the tenth master.

==See also==
*[[Devagiri Express]]
*[[Nanded]]
*[[Aurangabad]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
* {{cite web| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070531030224/http://scrailway.gov.in/web/| url=http://scrailway.gov.in/web/| title=South Central Railways| archivedate=31 May 2007}}

{{Central Railway}}
{{Railways in Western India}}
{{Railways in Northern India}}
{{South Central Railway zone}}

[[Category:Named passenger trains of India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Telangana]]
[[Category:Transport in Amritsar]]
[[Category:Transport in Nanded]]

Malviya (surname)

2026-03-05T09:28:52Z

CelinaArellano: created new info

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}{{Use Indian English|date=May 2019}}The '''Malviya''' or '''Malaviya''' surname is associated with the [[Gaur Brahmins|Gaur Brahmin]] community that originally settled in the Malwa region of [[Madhya Pradesh]], India. Over time, individuals from this community began using the toponymic surname "'''Malviya'''," which literally translates to "those from [[Malwa]]" in [[Central India]]. Following their migration to various other regions, they continued to use this surname, and as a result, they are often referred to as '''Malviya Brahmins'''.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d5JjAAAAMAAJ |title=Nāgarīpracāriṇī patrikā |date=1962 |publisher=Nāgarī Pracāriṇī Sabhā. |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Vyāsa |first=Brajamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HMohAAAAMAAJ |title=Mahāmanā Mālavīya |date=1963 |publisher=Sādhanā Sadana |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Devaraja |first=Nand Kishore |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k2UbAAAAMAAJ&q=Malviya+gaur+brahmin |title=Viśva ke santa-mahāpurusha |date=1964 |publisher=Kāśī Hindū Viśvavidyālaya |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Rājapurohita |first=Bhagavatīlāla |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FlduAAAAMAAJ&q=Malviya+gaur+brahmin |title=Mālavī, saṃskr̥ti aura sāhitya |date=2004 |publisher=ĀDivisionāsī Loka Kalā Akādamī, Madhyapradeśa Saṃskr̥ti Parishad |language=hi}}</ref>

==Notable people==
*[[Amit Malviya]]
*[[Bapulal Malviya]]
*[[Govind Malaviya]]
*[[Kartikey Malviya]]
*[[Keshav Dev Malviya]]
*[[Laljiram Malviya]]
*[[Madan Mohan Malaviya]]
*[[Radhakishan Malviya]]
*[[Ratanlal Kishorilal Malviya]]
*[[Satya Prakash Malaviya]]
*[[Shakti Malviya]]
*[[Surendra Malviya]]

==See also==
*Neeraj Malviya, an actor previously engaged to [[Charu Asopa#Personal life|Charu Asopa]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{surname}}

[[Category:Surnames]]
[[Category:Surnames of Hindu origin]]
[[Category:Surnames of Indian origin]]
[[Category:Brahmin communities of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Brahmin communities of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Surnames of Hindustani origin]]

Carol Rhodes

2026-03-04T06:30:19Z

CelinaArellano: Creating new info w/ sources - done

{{short description|British painter}}
{{Use British English|date=July 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Carol Rhodes
| image = Photo of Carol Rhodes.jpg
| birth_name = Carol Mary Rhodes
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1959|04|07|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Edinburgh]], Scotland, United Kingdom
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2018|12|04|1959|04|07|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Glasgow]], Scotland, United Kingdom
| alma_mater = [[Glasgow School of Art]]
| occupation = Artist
| years_active = 1982–2017
}}
'''Carol Mary Rhodes''' (7 April 1959 – 4 December 2018) was a Scottish artist known for paintings and drawings of landscapes and marked by human intervention. Rhodes was born in [[Edinburgh]], but spent her infancy and youth in [[Serampore]], India. She moved to the UK in her mid teens and studied fine art at the [[Glasgow School of Art]]. Graduating in 1982 she became politically active around issues of disarmament, feminism and social justice. Her focus returned to painting around 1990, and she developed her distinctive idiom of aerial-view, ‘man-made’ landscapes around 1994. These began to be exhibited in the United Kingdom and internationally, and entered many public collections. Rhodes’s work, and her part-time lecturing at Glasgow School of Art, was influential for younger generations of artists. In 2013, she was diagnosed with [[Motor neuron disease|motor neurone disease]].

==Biography==
Carol Mary Rhodes was born on 7 April 1959 in the Scottish capital of [[Edinburgh]].<ref name="GuardianObit">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2018/dec/13/carol-rhodes-obituary|title=Carol Rhodes obituary|last=Fraser Jenkins|first=David|date=13 December 2018|work=[[The Guardian]]|accessdate=29 July 2019|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190729065607/https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2018/dec/13/carol-rhodes-obituary|archive-date=29 July 2019}}</ref> She was the daughter of the medical doctor and theologian William Rhodes, and his wife Helen (née MacDonald), a former detective. Rhodes had an elder sister and a younger adopted brother.<ref name="TimesObit">{{cite news|title=Carol Rhodes; Edinburgh-born artist who impressed with her paintings from an aerial perspective and took part in anti-nuclear campaigns|url=https://www.thetimes.com/uk/scotland/article/carol-rhodes-683fpdn9t|newspaper=[[The Times]]|date=7 January 2019|access-date=29 July 2019|url-status=live|url-access=subscription|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190703124829/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/carol-rhodes-683fpdn9t|archive-date=3 July 2019}}</ref> Her parents were also missionaries for the [[Church of Scotland]] and were posted to India.<ref name=ScotsmanObit>{{cite news|last=Elliott|first=Patrick|title=Obituary: Carol Rhodes, Scottish artist whose ambiguous paintings speak of man's desire to govern the land|url=https://www.scotsman.com/news/obituaries/obituary-carol-rhodes-scottish-artist-whose-ambiguous-paintings-speak-of-man-s-desire-to-govern-the-land-1-4840771|work=[[The Scotsman]]|date=8 December 2018|accessdate=29 July 2019|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190729071112/https://www.scotsman.com/news/obituaries/obituary-carol-rhodes-scottish-artist-whose-ambiguous-paintings-speak-of-man-s-desire-to-govern-the-land-1-4840771|archive-date=29 July 2019}}</ref> Rhodes lived her initial years in [[Nagpur]],<ref name="ScotsmanObit" /> and she was later raised in [[Serampore]], [[Bengal]] on the edge of the [[Ganges|Ganges river]], where she befriended employees of the [[Senate of Serampore College (University)|University of Serampore]], her father's place of work.<ref name="DTObit">{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/obituaries/2018/12/13/carol-rhodes-acclaimed-scottish-painter-obituary/|title=Carol Rhodes, acclaimed Scottish painter – obituary|date=13 December 2018|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|accessdate=29 July 2019|url-status=live|url-access=subscription|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190729065607/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/obituaries/2018/12/13/carol-rhodes-acclaimed-scottish-painter-obituary/|archive-date=29 July 2019}}</ref> In 1971, the family sent her to be educated at the [[Woodstock School]],<ref name="ScotsmanObit" /> a missionary boarding school in the [[Transhimalaya|Himalayan]] cantonment town of [[Landour]].<ref name="TimesObit" /> There, she and her friends embraced pacifism.<ref name="DTObit" />

Rhodes' family returned to the United Kingdom when she was 14. They settled in [[Sussex]] and later in [[Dumfries]],<ref name="ScotsmanObit" /> for Rhodes to take her O and A-Level examinations while moving between several comprehensive schools.<ref name="DTObit" /> Although Rhodes could not adapt to the country's cold climate—she contracted hypothermia at one point—<ref name="DTObit" /> she remained while her parents returned to India though she spent her summer and Christmas holidays in Bengal.<ref name="TimesObit" /> Starting in 1977, Rhodes enrolled at the [[Glasgow School of Art]] and was taught by the realist painter [[Alexander Moffat]].<ref name="DTObit" /> She graduated with a degree in fine art in 1982,<ref name="TimesObit" /> and stopped painting soon after.<ref name="ScotsmanObit" />

After graduating Rhodes organised events at The Women's Centre Glasgow and the [[Transmission Gallery]].<ref name="GuardianObit" /> She was a committee member of the Transmission Gallery from 1986 to 1988 and co-founded the Glasgow Free University with the writers [[Alasdair Gray]] and [[James Kelman]] in 1987.<ref name="DTObit" /> Furthermore, Rhodes worked as an assistant at the [[Third Eye Centre]],<ref name="GuardianObit" /> and part-time as a technician at the [[Tramway (arts centre)|Tramway and the Centre for Contemporary Art]].<ref name="ScotsmanObit" /> During the 1980s, she took part in movements associated with radical left-wing feminism.<ref name="ScotsmanObit" /><ref name="HScotlandObit">{{cite news|last=Jeffrey|first=Moira|title=Obituary: Carol Rhodes, painter and influential figure at The Glasgow School of Art|url=https://www.heraldscotland.com/opinion/17287168.obituary-carol-rhodes-painter-and-influential-figure-at-the-glasgow-school-of-art/|work=[[The Herald (Glasgow)|The Herald]]|date=10 December 2018|accessdate=29 July 2019|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190729065610/https://www.heraldscotland.com/opinion/17287168.obituary-carol-rhodes-painter-and-influential-figure-at-the-glasgow-school-of-art/|archive-date=29 July 2019}}</ref> Rhodes took part in the [[Reclaim the Night]] demonstrations,<ref name="DTObit" /> joined anti-nuclear protesters at the [[Greenham Common Women's Peace Camp]],<ref name="TimesObit" /> and protested against the introduction of nuclear submarines at [[HMNB Clyde]].<ref name="GuardianObit" />

She was keen to return to painting and in 1990, she found the opportunity when fellow painter [https://www.artuk.org/discover/artists/mace-rowan-b-1961/search/-39/page/136/sort_by/birth_year/order/desc/view_as/grid Rowan Mace] offered to share a studio room at [[Tramway (arts centre)|Tramway art centre]] in Glasgow. Rhodes focussed on man-made landscapes composed of industrial estates, quarries, fields, power stations, reservoirs, depots, car parks and airports.<ref name="ScotsmanObit" /><ref name="AJStyle">{{cite news|url=https://www.architectsjournal.co.uk/opinion/carol-rhodes-paintings-are-more-truthful-than-google-maps/8648057.article|title=Carol Rhodes paintings are more truthful than Google Maps|last=Olcayto|first=Rory|date=8 May 2013|work=[[Architects' Journal]]|accessdate=29 July 2019|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190729064000/https://www.architectsjournal.co.uk/opinion/carol-rhodes-paintings-are-more-truthful-than-google-maps/8648057.article|archive-date=29 July 2019}}</ref> In 1994, her work was on exhibition in the New Art Scotland show at the [[Centre for Contemporary Arts]] and the [[Aberdeen Art Gallery]].<ref name="DTObit" /> Around this time, Rhodes returned to the Glasgow School of Art to take on a studio in its main building and teach.<ref name="GuardianObit" /><ref name="ScotsmanObit" /> She took a [[Scottish Arts Council]] (SAC) residency in Slovenia in 1995 and exhibited in a show that toured to [[Zagreb]] as the [[Croatian War of Independence]] came to an end.<ref name="DTObit" />

In January 1996, Rhodes was awarded a £7,500 grant from the SAC to expand her work.<ref name="ETimesFunding">{{cite news|title=Boost for Artists|url=https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A93747032/GPS?u=wikipedia&sid=GPS&xid=e6a2cf8a|work=[[Evening Times]]|date=7 January 1996|accessdate=29 July 2019|page=7|via=Gale OneFile: News|url-access=subscription}}</ref> She began working with the Andrew Mummery Gallery in 1997 and her paintings were collected by [[Tate|the Tate]], [[Arts Council England]], the [[British Council]] and the [[Yale Center for British Art]] among other institutions.<ref name="DTObit" /> She exhibited increasingly widely, nationally and internationally,<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Carol Rhodes|publisher=Skira Editore|year=2018|isbn=9788857238142|pages=Bibliography}}</ref> and in 1999 Rhodes was nominated for the [[Jerwood Painting Prize]].<ref name="TimesObit" /> A solo exhibition of Rhodes occurred the Tramway Project Room in 2000 and a mid-career prospective on the painter took place at the [[Scottish National Gallery of Modern Art]] from 2007 to 2008.<ref name="ScotsmanObit" />

In 2012, she began to have a small weakness in one of her knees and was diagnosed with [[Motor neuron disease|motor neurone disease]] at the conclusion of 2013. Rhodes began using a walking stick to help her mobility in 2014 and switched to a wheelchair in the next year. The illness ended her painting practice by late 2016 and she visited her last exhibition the following year.<ref name="ScotsmanObit" /> Her works were further exhibited at the [[Metropolitan Arts Centre]] in Belfast in 2017,<ref name="ScotsmanObit" /> and much of it was reproduced in a monograph edited by Andrew Mummery and written by Lynda Morris and Moira Jeffrey was launched in 2018.<ref name="GuardianObit" /><ref name="TimesObit" /> By that year, Rhodes could only communicate via an Eye Gaze Communication System. She died at her home in Glasgow on 4 December 2018.<ref name="ScotsmanObit" />

==Personality and personal life==

Jeffrey, in her obituary of Rhodes in [[The Herald (Glasgow)|''The Herald'']], described the painter as "tall, austerely beautiful, charismatic and soft-spoken" and a person who "embodied the life of the independent artist and determined dedication to her chosen path."<ref name="HScotlandObit" /> She had a child from a twelve-year relationship with the artist Richard Walker and lived with the writer and artist Merlin James from 2004 until her death. There were no children of the second relationship.<ref name="TimesObit" />

==Artistic style and analysis==
Rhodes admired the work of [[Stefano di Giovanni]], [[Nicolas Poussin]], [[Jean-Baptiste-Siméon Chardin]] and [[Walter Sickert]].<ref name="ScotsmanObit" /> She worked slowly,<ref name="RhodesMAP06">{{cite journal|last1=Sam|first1=Sheridan|last2=Schwabsky|first2=Barry|title=Carol Rhodes, Lucy McKenzie: Paint|url=https://mapmagazine.co.uk/carol-rhodes-lucy-mckenzie-p|journal=MAP Magazine|issue=7|date=September 2006|accessdate=29 July 2019|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190729073218/https://mapmagazine.co.uk/carol-rhodes-lucy-mckenzie-p|archive-date=29 July 2019}}</ref> using oils,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.villagevoice.com/2002/01/29/traveling-light/|title=Traveling Light|last=Rosenberg|first=Karen|date=29 January 2002|work=[[The Village Voice]]|access-date=29 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190729071008/https://www.villagevoice.com/2002/01/29/traveling-light/|archive-date=29 July 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> "in a very, very concentrated way",<ref name="TimesObit" /> using medium-density fibreboard and plywood panels.<ref name="ScotsmanObit" /> This meant only a small number of paintings were produced each year.<ref name="TimesObit" /> She used a variety of source material, including aerial photographs, travel, art and geography books.<ref name="ScotsmanObit" /> The compositions, which have been described as if "seen from a low-flying plane",<ref name="AJStyle" /> were carefully planned, copied onto a painting board. Creating a slightly unsettling view, a balance "between the plausible and provocative."<ref name="GuardianObit" /> Journalist Morgan Falconer wrote Rhodes' works "appear to continue without end beyond the frame."<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|last=Falconer|first=Morgan|date=31 July 2002|edition=|doi=10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.T097696|title=Rhodes, Carol|encyclopedia=[[Grove Art Online]]|author-link=}}</ref>

Rhodes’s work has been discussed my many critics.<ref name=":0" /> Tom Lubbock in ''[[The Independent]]'' wrote the viewpoint and the semi-fictional approach Rhodes employed was "the opposite of a gimmick: an idea that bestows great freedom of operation."<ref name="IndependentStyle">{{cite news|last=Lubbock|first=Tom|title=Carol Rhodes turns the world upside down|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/art/features/carol-rhodes-turns-the-world-upside-down-765013.html|work=[[The Independent]]|date=10 December 2007|accessdate=29 July 2019|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190729071110/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/art/features/carol-rhodes-turns-the-world-upside-down-765013.html|archive-date=29 July 2019}}</ref> ''[[The New York Times]]''<nowiki/>' Ken Johnson observed that in her works "roads cut straight or wind across the rectangle, dividing broad areas textured to resemble agricultural fields, forests, sand or bodies of water."<ref name="NYTimesStyle">{{cite news|last=Johnson|first=Ken|title=Art in Review; Carol Rhodes|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2002/01/11/arts/art-in-review-carol-rhodes.html|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=11 January 2002|accessdate=29 July 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831083922/http://www.nytimes.com/2002/01/11/arts/art-in-review-carol-rhodes.html|archivedate=31 August 2010|url-status=live}}</ref> In the ''[[Architects' Journal]]'' Rory Olcayto noted the colours used are "pale, as if drenched by the sun or washed through by rain."<ref name="AJStyle" /> Patrick Elliott for ''[[The Scotsman]]'' called each painting "a carefully judged marriage of precision and ambiguity. They are not political statements, or at least not overtly so, and she spoke of them in terms of colour, brushwork and composition."<ref name="ScotsmanObit" />

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
* {{Cite book|title=Carol Rhodes|last1=Jeffrey|first1=Moira|last2=Morris|first2=Lynda|publisher=[[Rizzoli Bookstore|Rizzoli International Publications]]|date=28 Aug 2018|isbn=978-88-572-3814-2|editor-last=Mummery|editor-first=Andrew|location=New York, United States}}

==External links==
* [https://www.saatchigallery.com/artists/carol_rhodes.htm Carol Rhodes: Saatchi Gallery]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rhodes, Carol}}
[[Category:1959 births]]
[[Category:2018 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Scottish painters]]
[[Category:20th-century Scottish women artists]]
[[Category:21st-century Scottish painters]]
[[Category:21st-century Scottish women artists]]
[[Category:Academics of the Glasgow School of Art]]
[[Category:Alumni of the Glasgow School of Art]]
[[Category:Painters from Edinburgh]]
[[Category:Scottish contemporary artists]]
[[Category:Scottish expatriates in India]]
[[Category:Scottish women activists]]
[[Category:20th-century Scottish women painters]]
[[Category:21st-century British women painters]]

Moondrezhuthu

2026-03-04T05:10:33Z

CelinaArellano: created post...

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Moondrezhuthu
| image = Moondrezhuthu poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[T. R. Ramanna]]
| writer = [[T. N. Balu]]
| producer = T. K. Ramarajan
| starring = [[Ravichandran (Tamil actor)|Ravichandran]] [[J. Jayalalithaa|Jayalalithaa]] [[Srividya]] [[Sheela]]
| cinematography = M. A. Rahman
| editing = [[M. S. Mani (film editor)|M. S. Mani]]
| music = [[T. K. Ramamoorthy]]
| studio = Sri Vinayaga Pictures
| distributor = 
| released = {{film date|1968|5|10|df=y}}
| runtime = 176 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Moondrezhuthu''''' ({{Translation|Three letters}}) is a 1968 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[crime film]], directed by [[T. R. Ramanna]], produced by T. K. Ramarajan and written by [[T. N. Balu]]. Music was by [[T. K. Ramamoorthy]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 May 1968 |title=Moondrezhuthu |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19680524&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=15 October 2020 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=3 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> The film stars [[Ravichandran (Tamil actor)|Ravichandran]], [[J. Jayalalithaa|Jayalalithaa]], [[Srividya]] and [[Sheela]]. It was released on 10 May 1968.<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 December 2016 |title=ஜெயலலிதா நடித்த திரைப்படங்களின் பட்டியல் |language=ta |work=[[Dinamani]] |url=https://www.dinamani.com/cm-jayalalitha/2016/dec/06/%E0%AE%9C%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE-%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4-%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D-2610816.html |url-status=live |access-date=31 March 2021 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200624160449/https://www.dinamani.com/cm-jayalalitha/2016/dec/06/%E0%AE%9C%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE-%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4-%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D-2610816.html |archive-date=24 June 2020}}</ref>

== Plot ==
The film revolves around a chest filled with valuable items and a handful of people competing for it. One character is a greedy old man Rajarathnam Pillai, whose daughter is Selvi. A manager Meganathan is trusted with the chest which needs to be handed over to its legitimate claimants (Pankajam and her suffering family). In his efforts to deliver the box to the rightful owners, he is forced to murder and is sent to jail. His son Maran, to whom he narrates the events, buries the treasure in a village and writes down the clues to find it on three different pieces of paper, with three different Tamil letters, தி (Thi) மு (Mu) and க (Ka).

After many twists and turns, the three villains decipher that the Tamil letters are a clue to the name of the village where the box is buried and they end up going there. Now, the land is in the possession of a factory coming up in its place, and another villain Karmegam also goes after the treasure by killing the others with heavy equipment. How the hero assisted by Nagesh deals with this forms the rest of the story. At the end, the villains are exposed and the box is handed over to its rightful owners. The lovers, Selvi and Maran, are united too.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|* [[Ravichandran (Tamil actor)|Ravichandran]] as Maran
* [[J. Jayalalithaa|Jayalalithaa]] as Selvi
* [[Srividya]] as Malathi
* [[Sheela]] as Suguna/Meera
* [[Major Sundarrajan]] as Meganathan
* Sedhupathy as Ramapathran
* [[Sriranjani Jr.]] as Pankajam
* [[Ennathe Kannaiah]] as Sukadiya Sett
* [[C. L. Anandan]] as Muthu
* [[R. S. Manohar]] as Tiger
* [[S. A. Ashokan]] as Rajarathnam Pillai
* [[Gandhimathi]] as Selvi's mother
* [[O. A. K. Thevar]] as Somasundaram
* [[Nagesh]] as Appu
* [[Thengai Srinivasan]] as Kumar/Sankaran Kutty
* [[Suruli Rajan]] as Venkateswara Rao
* [[Master Prabhakar]] as Ramapathran's son
* Vasanthi
* Kalavathi}}

== Soundtrack ==
Music was composed by [[T. K. Ramamoorthy]] and lyrics were written by [[Kannadasan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Moondrezhuthu |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/moondrezhuthu/BWuxGz9HS70_ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201019052957/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/moondrezhuthu/BWuxGz9HS70_ |archive-date=19 October 2020 |access-date=15 October 2020 |website=[[JioSaavn]]|date=31 December 1968 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Moondrezhuthu (1968) |url=https://mio.to/album/TK.+Ramamoorthy/Moondrezhuthu+(1972) |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302084100/https://mio.to/album/TK.+Ramamoorthy/Moondrezhuthu+%281972%29 |archive-date=2 March 2021 |access-date=31 March 2021 |website=Music India Online}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
! Song !! Singer !! Length
|-
| "Aadu Paarkalam Aadu" || [[T. M. Soundararajan]] || 03:22
|-
| "Pettiyilae Pottadaittha" || T. M. Soundararajan & [[P. Susheela]] || 03:34
|-
| "Iravil Vandha" || T. M. Soundararajan & S. V. Ponnusamy || 03:16
|-
| "Aayalottum.... Konjum Kili" || T. M. Soundararajan & [[L. R. Eswari]] || 04:52
|-
| "Sandai Nadapadhu.... Pachai Kili" || L. R. Eswari || 03:27
|-
| "Kaadhalan Vandhan" || P. Susheela & S. V. Ponnusamy || 03:38
|-
| "Dheivatthin Kovil" || L. R. Eswari || 03:08
|}

== Reception ==
''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' criticised the film for its outdated storyline and lack of originality.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=26 May 1968 |title=மூன்றெழுத்து |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1968-05-26/page/n21/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230616091124/https://archive.org/details/kalki1968-05-26/page/n21/mode/2up |archive-date=16 June 2023 |access-date=11 July 2022 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |pages=20–21 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> Despite this, it became a success.<ref name="thehindu">{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=21 January 2017 |title=Moondrezhuthu (1968) TAMIL |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/Moondrezhuthu-1968-TAMIL/article17074002.ece |url-status=live |access-date=23 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610051412/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/Moondrezhuthu-1968-TAMIL/article17074002.ece |archive-date=10 June 2021}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=0290772}}
{{T. R. Ramanna}}
[[Category:1968 Indian films]]
[[Category:1968 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1968 crime films]]
[[Category:1968 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by T. R. Ramanna]]
[[Category:Films scored by T. K. Ramamoorthy]]
[[Category:Indian crime films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

April 18 (film)

2026-03-03T20:55:00Z

CelinaArellano: Expanded content with additional details

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = April 18
| image =
| caption =
| director = [[Balachandra Menon]]
| producer = Augustine Prakash
| writer = Balachandra Menon
| starring = Balachandra Menon [[Shobana]] [[Adoor Bhasi]] [[Bharat Gopy]]
| music = [[A. T. Ummer]]
| cinematography = [[Vipin Mohan]]
| editing = [[K. P. Hariharaputhran]]
| studio = Santhosh Films
| distributor = Santhosh Films
| released = {{Film date|1984|4|12|df=y}}
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Malayalam Language|Malayalam]]
}}

'''''April 18''''' is a 1984 [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]]-language film written and directed by [[Balachandra Menon]], who also features in the lead role. It stars [[Shobana]], [[Adoor Bhasi]], and [[Bharat Gopy]] in other pivotal roles. It was the debut Malayalam movie of Shobana as lead actress. The musical score was composed by [[A. T. Ummer]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/movies/april-18.html|title=April 18|accessdate=2014-09-22|publisher=filmibeat.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movie.php?i=1552|title=April 18|accessdate=2014-09-22|publisher=.malayalachalachithram.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.apunkachoice.com/titles/apr/april-18/mid_32458/reviews/ |title=April 18 |accessdate=2014-09-22 |publisher=.apunkachoice.com |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141101112743/http://www.apunkachoice.com/titles/apr/april-18/mid_32458/reviews |archivedate=1 November 2014 }}</ref>

==Plot==
Inspector Ravi marries Sobhana after a love affair and they lead a very happy married life. He is also a very strict police officer. Ravi purchases a saree on behalf of his friend who is in jail and hides this from Sobhana on the advice of Gopi Pillai. This leads to suspicion and Sobhana leaves for her home, expecting Ravi to take her back. However, things take a turn when Ravi arrests Jimmy, son of Marcose, against his father-in-law's (Narayana Pillai) wishes. An aggrieved Narayana Pillai files a divorce suit despite objections from Sobhana and appoints Thomachan as his legal counsel. The irony is that Thomachan is a close friend of Ravi, and they live in the same apartment. As Thomachan's arguments hurt Sobhana, Ravi agrees to separation to save a pregnant Sobhana from further humiliation. The court adjourns for decree on April 18, and outside the court, things take a complete turnaround.

==Cast==
*[[Balachandra Menon]] as Sub Inspector Ravikumar
*[[Shobana]] (credited as Meera) as Sobhana
*[[Adoor Bhasi]] as Narayana Pillai, Sobhana's father
*[[Bharat Gopy]] as Gopi Pillai Head Constable.
*[[Unni Mary]] as wife of Thomachan
*[[Venu Nagavalli]] as adv George Thomas alias Thomachan
*Roshni as Thomachan's Daughter
*[[Jose Prakash]] as Marcose
*[[Sukumari]] as Judge
*[[Adoor Bhavani]] as Naniyamma
*[[Santhosh (actor)|Santhosh]] as Jacob
*[[KPAC Sunny]] as DIG Santhosh Varma
*[[Baiju Santhosh|Baiju]] as Boy in Police Station

==Soundtrack==

All songs were composed by [[A. T. Ummer]], and the lyrics were written by [[Bichu Thirumala]].

{| class="wikitable"
! Track No.
! Song
! Singer
|-
| 01
| Aadivaroo Azhake
| [[K. J. Yesudas]], [[S. Janaki]]
|-
| 02
| Azhimathi Naaraapilla
| [[K. J. Yesudas]]
|-
| 03
| Kaalindee Theeram Thannil
| [[K. J. Yesudas]], [[S. Janaki]]
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0240345}}
* {{YouTube|id=-NG9LH7DGvM|title=April 18}}
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zZYA6ZwzSAw April 18] Malayalam movie

[[Category:1984 films]]
[[Category:1984 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:1984 Indian films]]

{{1980s-Malayalam-film-stub}}

Sevatha Ponnu

2026-03-03T04:55:37Z

CelinaArellano: Adding a pg.

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2016}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Sevatha Ponnu
| image = Sevatha Ponnu.jpg
| caption = VCD cover
| director = A. Chandrakumar
| producer = R. Dhanapalan
| writer = A. Chandrakumar
| starring = {{ubl|[[Saravanan (actor)|Saravanan]]|[[Ahana]]|[[Vasu Vikram]]}}
| music = [[Deva (composer)|Deva]]
| cinematography = K. R. Ram Singh
| editing = S. Lakshmi Shankar
| distributor =
| studio = Yaghava Productions
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1994|06|16}}
| runtime = 130 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Sevatha Ponnu''''' ({{translation|Fair-skinned girl}}) is a 1994 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]], directed by A. Chandrakumar in his debut. The film stars [[Saravanan (actor)|Saravanan]], [[Ahana]] and [[Vasu Vikram]], while [[Vadivelu]], [[S. S. Chandran]], [[Srividya]], [[Vennira Aadai Moorthy]] and [[Shanmugasundaram]] play supporting roles. It was released on 16 June 1994.<ref>{{Cite web |title=செவத்த பொண்ணு / Sevatha Ponnu (1994) |url=https://screen4screen.com/movies/sevatha-ponnu |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226084302/https://screen4screen.com/movies/sevatha-ponnu |archive-date=26 February 2024 |access-date=26 February 2024 |website=Screen 4 Screen}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=sevatha ponnu ( 1994 ) |url=http://www.cinesouth.com/films/cast/newfilmdb/sevatha%20ponnu.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050210050919/http://www.cinesouth.com/films/cast/newfilmdb/sevatha%20ponnu.html |archive-date=10 February 2005 |access-date=25 April 2024 |work=Cinesouth}}</ref>

==Plot==
The film revolves around three people: Chellappa, Saroja and Sudalamani. Chellappa is a smart college student from a poor family who lives with his widow mother Thangamma. Saroja is the daughter of the village chief and arrogant Rasathi. Sudalamani is Saroja's relative and a womanizer who teases the village girls. He wants to marry Saroja to gain her property. One day, Chellappa beats up Sudalamani, and they land at Saroja's house. At the village court, Chellappa remains silent. Saroja, irritated by his reaction, gets him suspended from the college. She later learns that Chellappa saved a blind girl from the pervert Sudalamani, but Chellappa remains silent at the village court to protect the blind girl's privacy.

Later, Saroja wrongly accuses Chellappa of kidnapping her and holding her for a day. Chellappa accepts the blame and he says that he did much worse. The villagers advise Saroja to marry Chellappa. The shrewish Rasathi refuses and tries to find a bribe for her daughter, but nobody wanted to marry an unchaste woman. Only Sudalamani accepts for marriage, and they arrange their wedding. The day before their wedding, the villagers force Chellappa to marry Saroja. What transpires next forms the rest of the story.

==Cast==

{{cast listing|
*[[Saravanan (actor)|Saravanan]] as Chellappa
*[[Ahana (actress)|Ahana]] as Saroja
*[[Vasu Vikram]] as Sudalamani
*[[Vadivelu]]
*[[S. S. Chandran]]
*[[Srividya]] as Rasathi
*[[Vennira Aadai Moorthy]] as Gnanadesikan
*[[Shanmugasundaram]]
*[[Ennatha Kannaiya]]
*[[Idichapuli Selvaraj]]
*Premi as Sudalamani's mother
*Vaani as Thangamma
*[[Pasi Narayanan]] as Madusamy
*[[Thideer Kannaiah]] as Punniyakodi
*[[Kumarimuthu]]
*Thayir Vadai Desikan as Poosari
*[[R. K. (actor)|R. K.]] as Sudalamani's friend
*[[Vellai Subbaiah]] as Marriage broker
*[[Joker Thulasi]]
*[[Bayilvan Ranganathan]]
*M. L. A. Thangaraj
*S. Sambar
*Pavithra
*Shobana
*Ramanujam
*Marthandan
}}

==Production==
Chandrakumar who earlier assisted [[Balu Anand]] made his directorial debut with this film after his supposed debut ''Surya Namaskaram'' got shelved.<ref name="ck">{{cite web |last=சுரா |title=கனவு ராஜாக்கள் - PAGE 25 |url=http://lekhabooks.com/cinema/383-kanavu-rajaakkal?start=24 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240425084605/http://lekhabooks.com/cinema/383-kanavu-rajaakkal?start=24 |archive-date=25 April 2024 |access-date=25 April 2024 |work=Lekha Books |language=ta}}</ref>
==Soundtrack==

The music was composed by [[Deva (composer)|Deva]], with lyrics written by [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sevatha Ponnu |url=https://gaana.com/album/sevatha-ponnu |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230209045523/https://gaana.com/album/sevatha-ponnu |archive-date=9 February 2023 |access-date=9 February 2023 |website=[[Gaana (music streaming service)|Gaana]]}}</ref>

{{Tracklist
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Chittirayil Thirumanam
| extra1 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[Uma Ramanan]]
| length1 = 4:31

| title2 = Colour Colour Kuruvigal
| extra2 = [[Mano (singer)|Mano]], [[Swarnalatha]]
| length2 = 4:52

| title3 = Thodalama Koodathaa
| extra3 = Krishnaraj, [[S. Janaki]]
| length3 = 4:24

| title4 = Vadakku Kathu Veesa
| extra4 = S. Janaki, Mano
| length4 = 5:14

| title5 = Vatta Pottu Vacha Kiliye
| extra5 = Mano, Swarnalatha
| length5 = 5:14
}}

==Reception==
Malini Mannath of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' wrote, "the handling of the script is not all that bad, and the director has managed to keep a steady pace throughout".<ref>{{Cite news |author=Mannath |first=Malini |date=1994-07-19 |title=No Love Lost |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19940617&printsec=frontpage |access-date=2016-10-06 |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=6 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> The film did not do well at box-office.<ref name=ck />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:1994 Indian films]]
[[Category:1994 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1994 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:1994 drama films]]
[[Category:1994 films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Deva (composer)]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Aanandham

2026-03-03T04:33:50Z

CelinaArellano: add details as per guidelines to improve readability

{{Short description|2001 film by N. Linguswamy}}
{{for-multi|the Tamil soap opera|Anandham (TV series)|the 2016 Malayalam language romance film|Aanandam|the [[Telugu language|Telugu]] film|Anandam|Tamil streaming TV series|Anantham (TV series)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Aanandham
| image = Aanandham poster.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[N. Lingusamy]]
| story = N. Lingusamy
| screenplay = N. Lingusamy
| writer = [[Brinda Sarathy]] '''(Dialogues)'''
| starring = [[Mammootty]] [[Murali (Tamil actor)|Murali]] [[Abbas (actor)|Abbas]] [[Devayani (actress)|Devayani]] [[Rambha (actress)|Rambha]] [[Sneha (actress)|Sneha]] Shyam Ganesh
| producer = [[R. B. Choudary]]
| studio = [[Super Good Films]]
| music = [[S. A. Rajkumar]]
| cinematography = [[Arthur A. Wilson]]
| editing = V. Jaishanker
| distributor = 
| released = {{film date|df=y|2001|5|25}}
| runtime = 162 minutes
| language = Tamil
| budget = 
| gross = 
| country = India
}}

'''''Aanandham''''' ({{Translation|Joy}}) is a 2001 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] co-written and directed by [[N. Lingusamy]] in his directoral debut and produced by [[R. B. Choudary]]. The film features an [[ensemble cast]] including [[Mammootty]], [[Murali (Tamil actor)|Murali]], [[Abbas (actor)|Abbas]], [[Devayani (actress)|Devayani]], [[Rambha (actress)|Rambha]], [[Sneha (actress)|Sneha]], [[Delhi Ganesh]] and [[Srividya]]. [[Arthur A. Wilson]] handled cinematography, while [[S. A. Rajkumar]] composed the film's score and soundtrack. The film was released on 25 May 2001 to positive reviews, and became one of the highest grossing Tamil films of the year. It was remade in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''[[Sankranti (film)|Sankranti]]'' (2005).

== Plot ==

Thirupathisamy owns a provisional store and is the eldest among four brothers, and all live together in a home along with their parents. Thirupathi is widely respected by everyone in the family and was responsible for bringing back their family to a good state after financial troubles a few years back. He marries Bharathi, who is responsible and kind. Madhavan is the second son in the family who assists Thirupathi in managing their provisional store. He is innocent and marries his relative Renuka, but she is short-tempered and picks up quarrels often. Kannan is the third son in the family, and he goes to college where he falls for his classmate Viji. Viji is the only daughter of a rich arrogant man Thavasi. Surya is the youngest son and studies in college. Renuka feels that only Thirupathi is respected by everyone and not Madhavan because Tirupati manages the provisional store while Madhavan just assists him. She keeps insisting Madhavan to start a separate provisional store, which he does not accept as that would separate him from his brothers. Thavasi learns of Viji's love towards Kannan and warns him to forget her. Kannan gets a job and leaves to Delhi as he does not want to marry Viji against her father's wishes.

One day, Renuka begins a quarrel at home saying that Thirupathi has a separate savings account in the bank and takes money from the account without the knowledge of other family members. Thirupathi feels bad hearing this. Suddenly, Renuka and Madhavan's daughter faints and is rushed to hospital. It is revealed that the child was suffering from a serious disease which only Thirupati knew before, and he was saving money to meet out the medical expenses without informing others, as they will worry if they get to know about the child's disease. Renuka realises her mistake knowing this and apologises to Thirupathi for her harsh behaviour towards him and Bharathi.

Later, they start a rice mill. Thirupathi learns of Kannan's love towards Viji and goes to meet Thavasi with a marriage proposal. Thavasi agrees for the wedding, but on a condition that Kannan should stay along with Viji in his home as he does not want to send his daughter to another home after wedding. Thirupathi agrees to the condition but does not inform this to Kannan as he will not agree. On the day of the engagement, everyone insults Bharathi for not having a child for many years. The family all leave during the ceremony. Renuka and Madhavan's daughter tells Kannan of the condition; he cancels the wedding, and comes back to his home to meet his family members. Following him, Viji also comes, asking him to marry her against her father's wishes.

Thirupathi convinces the couple that if they get married without Thavasi's permission, then it will be a big blow to Thavasi's status in society and they should not be the reason behind that. He also convinces Viji to return to her home immediately before anyone could know about this. When they step out of the home, they see Thavasi with a mob of men, whom were prepared to attack Thirupathi's family. Since Tavasi overheard Thirupathi's conversation with Viji, realises his good nature, and agrees for their wedding.
Finally, Kannan and Viji get married happily, and Viji lives along with everyone in a joint family in Thirupathi's home.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Mammootty]] as Thirupathisamy, eldest son of the family
* [[Murali (Tamil actor)|Murali]] as Madhavan, second son
* [[Abbas (actor)|Abbas]] as Kannan, third son
* Shyam Ganesh as Surya, youngest son
* [[Devayani (actress)|Devayani]] as Bharathi, Thirupathi's wife
* [[Rambha (actress)|Rambha]] as Renuka, Madhavan's wife
* [[Sneha (actress)|Sneha]] as Viji, Kannan's love interest turned wife
* [[Delhi Ganesh]] as Gangadharan, four brother's father
* [[Srividya]] as Ranganayagi, four brother's mother
* [[Vijayakumar (Tamil actor)|Vijayakumar]] as Thavasi, Viji's father
* [[Sashikumar Subramani]] as Srinivasan, Susheela & Renuka's younger brother
* Shathiga as Madhavan & Renuka's daughter
* Poonam Singar as Susheela, Renuka's elder sister
* [[Periyar Dasan]] as Accountant
* [[Sethu Vinayagam]] as Ramanathan, Susheela & Renuka's father
*[[Vijaya Singh]] as Mangalam, Susheela & Renuka's mother
* [[Bava Lakshmanan]] as Mani, Thirupathi's Stores assistant
*[[Ilavarasu]]
* [[Besant Ravi]]
*Dhinanthorum Nagaraj as postman
}}

== Production ==

The director Linguswamy revealed that the film was inspired by moments in his life and through a series of incidents his mother had narrated to him.<ref>{{Cite web |title=An Interview with Director Lingusamy |url=http://www.cinesouth.com/specials/interviews/lingusamy.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050215164823/http://www.cinesouth.com/specials/interviews/lingusamy.shtml |archive-date=15 February 2005 |access-date=11 December 2020 |website=Cinesouth}}</ref> Thus when director [[Rajakumaran (director)|Rajakumaran]] convinced [[R. B. Choudary]] to give Linguswamy an opportunity, he narrated the stories and he found the producer had found them highly appealing.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ashok Kumar |first=S. R. |date=11 May 2001 |title=Tale of a joint family |url=http://hinduonnet.com/2001/05/11/stories/09110226.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120710092535/http://hinduonnet.com/2001/05/11/stories/09110226.htm |archive-date=10 July 2012 |access-date=6 August 2012 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The director had previously assisted [[Vikraman]] in ''[[Vaanathaippola]]'', another family drama on brothers. Linguswamy originally wanted to title the project, ''Thirupathi Brothers'', which he later went on to name his production house.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 September 2006 |title=Lingusamy: What's next after Bheema? |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news/sep-06-01/04-09-06-bheema.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120901151046/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news/sep-06-01/04-09-06-bheema.html |archive-date=1 September 2012 |access-date=6 August 2012 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref><ref name="20 Years Of Aanandham">{{Cite news |date=30 May 2021 |title=20 Years Of Aanandham: Five Interesting Facts About The Film |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/20-years-of-aanandham-five-interesting-facts-about-the-film/photostory/83037894.cms |url-status=live |access-date=5 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210529045854/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/20-years-of-aanandham-five-interesting-facts-about-the-film/photostory/83037894.cms |archive-date=29 May 2021}}</ref>

[[Ramya Krishnan]] was initially signed on to play heroine but Mammooty cast his doubts over her involvement after the pair had fallen out on the sets of a previous Malayalam film, and she was subsequently replaced by [[Soundarya]]. [[Devayani (actress)|Devayani]] was supposed to feature as Murali's pair in the film, but the actor was reluctant as Devayani had appeared as his sister in another film in the same period, ''[[Kannukku Kannaga]]'' (2000).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Devyani: Daring or dumb? |url=http://movies.indiainfo.com/tamil/gossip/more.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20001018224105/http://movies.indiainfo.com/tamil/gossip/more.html |archive-date=18 October 2000 |access-date=11 January 2022 |website=indiainfo.com}}</ref> After Soundarya opted out, Devayani was given the role of Mammooty's pair.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Naghma And Ganguly: The Love Birds |url=http://cinematoday2.itgo.com/Gossip.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181018031543/http://cinematoday2.itgo.com/Gossip.htm |archive-date=18 October 2018 |access-date=6 August 2012 |website=Cinematoday2.itgo.com}}</ref> [[Tarun (Telugu actor)|Tarun]] was initially supposed to play the fourth brother in the film and make his acting debut in Tamil cinema, but the role was later altered and Shyam Ganesh was cast.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Whether Vikraman Plagiarized a Story? |url=http://www.cinesouth.com/masala/08092000/news02.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010515044407/http://www.cinesouth.com/masala/08092000/news02.shtml |archive-date=15 May 2001 |access-date=11 December 2020 |website=Cinesouth}}</ref><ref name="20 Years Of Aanandham" />

The filming was primarily held at Kumbakonam. While scouting for a courtyard home, team found a home in Sterling College at Swamimalai.<ref name="anand">{{cite web |date=21 October 2013 |title=கோடம்பாக்கமாகும் கும்பகோணம்! |url=http://www.kungumam.co.in/Articalinnerdetail.aspx?id=6076&id1=4&issue=20131021 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240613153355/http://www.kungumam.co.in/Articalinnerdetail.aspx?id=6076&id1=4&issue=20131021 |archive-date=13 June 2024 |access-date=13 June 2024 |website=[[Kungumam (magazine)|Kungumam]] |language=ta}}</ref> The scenes of weddings of Mammootty and Murali were shot at Thirubuvanam temple while the introduction scene of Sneha was shot at Mahamaham tank.<ref name="anand" /> Shooting was held at locations in Chennai, Ooty and [[Mettupalayam, Coimbatore|Mettupalayam]] among other places.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anandam |url=http://cinematoday2.itgo.com/Anandam.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303211115/http://cinematoday2.itgo.com/Anandam.htm |archive-date=3 March 2016 |access-date=6 August 2012 |website=Cinematoday2.itgo.com}}</ref> The team faced criticism after litter, including chicken bones, were left on the ground following a shoot sequence held at the Kamakshi temple, Kancheepuram. Subsequently, the government intervened and prevented any further shoots to take place at temples.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Magan |first=Tamil |title=Bones in the bane |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/reeltalk/apr03.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010406010958/http://www.chennaionline.com/reeltalk/apr03.asp |archive-date=6 April 2001 |access-date=11 January 2022 |website=Chennai Online}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[S. A. Rajkumar]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aanandham |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/aanandham/EXJkBho2gM0_ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926191159/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/aanandham/EXJkBho2gM0_ |archive-date=26 September 2020 |access-date=3 March 2022 |website=[[JioSaavn]]|date=January 2001 }}</ref> The song "Pallankuzhiyin" marked the debut of Yugabharathi as lyricist after Linguswamy was impressed with his compilation of poems.<ref>{{cite web |author=Prasad |first=G. |date=3 January 2011 |title=Weaving words with rhythm |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/article1026451.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927200947/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/article1026451.ece |archive-date=27 September 2013 |access-date=4 April 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 28:47 
| title1 = Aasai Aasaiyai
| extra1 = [[K. J. Yesudas]]
| lyrics1 = Kalaikumar
| length1 = 5:43
| title2 = Adi Koochatha
| extra2 = [[Sukhwinder Singh]], [[Swarnalatha]]
| lyrics2 = Kalaikumar
| length2 = 3:54
| title3 = Gokulathu Radhai
| extra3 = [[Unni Menon]], [[Sujatha Mohan|Sujatha]], [[S. P. Charan]], [[Yugendran]]
| lyrics3 = [[Pa. Vijay]]
| length3 = 5:15
| title4 = Enna Idhuvo
| extra4 = [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]]
| lyrics4 = [[Viveka (lyricist)|Viveka]]
| length4 = 4:34
| title5 = Kalyana Vaanil
| extra5 = Unni Menon, Sujatha
| lyrics5 = Tholkapiyan
| length5 = 4:17
| title6 = Pallangkuzhiyin
| extra6 = [[P. Unnikrishnan]], [[Harini (singer)|Harini]]
| lyrics6 = [[Yugabharathi]]
| length6 = 5:04
}}

== Release and reception ==
''Aanandham'' opened to positive reviews.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 November 2013 |title=Little time to take up Tamil projects, says Mammootty |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-little-time-to-take-up-tamil-projects-says-mammootty-1288708 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170602221640/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-little-time-to-take-up-tamil-projects-says-mammootty-1288708 |archive-date=2 June 2017 |access-date=14 April 2016 |website=[[Daily News and Analysis]]}}</ref> Malini Mannath of ''Chennai Online'' called it "a promising work from the debutant director", but pointed out its similarities to ''Vaanathaippola''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mannath |first=Malini |date=2 June 2001 |title=Anandam |url=http://chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov124.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010606094035/http://chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov124.asp |archive-date=6 June 2001 |access-date=3 March 2022 |website=Chennai Online}}</ref> ''[[Ananda Vikatan]]'' rated the film 44 out of 100.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 June 2001 |title=ஆனந்தம்! - விகடன் விமர்சனம் |url=https://www.vikatan.com/government-and-politics/cinema/aanandham-vikatanreview |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220616053505/https://www.vikatan.com/government-and-politics/cinema/aanandham-vikatanreview |archive-date=16 June 2022 |access-date=16 June 2022 |website=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=ta}}</ref> Abbas' performance in the film was praised by critics.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Warrier |first=Shobha |author-link=Shobha Warrier |date=2002-01-30 |title=The world according to Abbas |url=http://in.rediff.com/movies/2002/jan/30abbas.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130718152701/http://in.rediff.com/movies/2002/jan/30abbas.htm |archive-date=2013-07-18 |access-date=2022-10-25 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> Gowri Ramnarayan, writing for ''[[The Hindu]]'', listed the film amongst the best of 2001.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramnarayan |first=Gowri |date=28 December 2001 |title=Memorable flicks that made it big |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2001/12/28/stories/2001122801200100.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=6 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121109110106/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2001/12/28/stories/2001122801200100.htm |archive-date=9 November 2012}}</ref>

== Accolades ==
''Aanandham'' was nominated for the [[Filmfare Awards South|Filmfare Awards]] for [[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Tamil|Best Director – Tamil]] (Lingusamy), [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Tamil|Best Actress – Tamil]] (Devayani) and [[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director – Tamil|Best Music Director – Tamil]] (Rajkumar).<ref>{{Cite web |title=The 49th Annual Filmfare Awards - South {{!}} Nominees |url=http://downloads.movies.indiatimes.com/south2001/sthnom.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150419010312/http://downloads.movies.indiatimes.com/south2001/sthnom.html |archive-date=19 April 2015 |access-date=4 June 2023 |website=[[Indiatimes]]}}</ref> It won the [[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Tamil]], and the [[Cinema Express Award for Best Film – Tamil]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 April 2002 |title=Nuvvu Nenu wins 4 Filmfare awards |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Nuvvu-Nenu-wins-4-Filmfare-awards/articleshow/6011249.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120921025343/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2002-04-06/hyderabad/27122602_1_filmfare-film-award-actor-award |archive-date=21 September 2012 |access-date=6 August 2012 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=15 October 2001 |title=Meena wins award for best actress |url=http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2001/oct/15meera.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121018134128/http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2001/oct/15meera.htm |archive-date=18 October 2012 |access-date=6 August 2012 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> ''Aanandham'' also won in two categories the Tamil Nadu State Film Awards: [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Film|Third Best Film]] and [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]] for Sneha, who was also recognised for this film alongside her work in ''[[Virumbugiren]]'' and ''[[Punnagai Desam]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Janani K |date=26 May 2021 |title=Lingusamy completes 2 decades in films, thanks producer RB Choudary and technicians |work=[[India Today]] |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/lingusamy-completes-2-decades-in-films-thanks-producer-rb-choudary-and-technicians-1807030-2021-05-26 |url-status=live |access-date=21 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624204818/https://www.indiatoday.in/amp/movies/regional-cinema/story/lingusamy-completes-2-decades-in-films-thanks-producer-rb-choudary-and-technicians-1807030-2021-05-26 |archive-date=24 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2004 |title=Tamil Nadu announces film awards for three years |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/10733.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041024060415/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/10733.html |archive-date=24 October 2004 |access-date=6 August 2012 |website=IndiaGlitz}}</ref>

== Box office ==
The film was both a commercial and critical success.<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 May 2021 |title=Lingusamy opens an ashram for COVID-19 patients |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/lingusamy-opens-an-ashram-for-covid-19-patients/articleshow/82978512.cms |url-status=live |access-date=21 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210705035658/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/lingusamy-opens-an-ashram-for-covid-19-patients/articleshow/82978512.cms |archive-date=5 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=18 July 2018 |title=5 Tamil hits of Mammootty as you await 'Peranbu' |work=[[Malayala Manorama]] |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2018/07/18/mammootty-tamil-hits-peranbu-release.html |url-status=live |access-date=21 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624203121/https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2018/07/18/mammootty-tamil-hits-peranbu-release.amp.html |archive-date=24 June 2021}}</ref> It was one of the biggest hits of Mammootty in Tamil cinema and also one of the highest grossing Tamil films of the year.<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 May 2002 |title=At the crossroads |work=[[Deccan Herald]] |url=http://www.cscsarchive.org:8081/MediaArchive/art.nsf/(docid)/74BF0E402B90412FE5256BB400126220 |url-status=dead |access-date=16 March 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110321215625/http://www.cscsarchive.org:8081/MediaArchive/art.nsf/%28docid%29/74BF0E402B90412FE5256BB400126220 |archive-date=21 March 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Warrier |first=Shobha |author-link=Shobha Warrier |date=22 April 2002 |title=Priyanka Chopra goes unnoticed |url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/2002/apr/22tamil.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624205955/https://m.rediff.com/movies/2002/apr/22tamil.htm |archive-date=24 June 2021 |access-date=21 June 2021 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref>

== Other versions ==
A Telugu remake was released in 2005 as ''[[Sankranti (film)|Sankranti]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Anuradha |first=B |date=18 February 2005 |title=Sankranthi is monotonous! |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/feb/18san.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071111005433/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/feb/18san.htm |archive-date=11 November 2007 |access-date=5 July 2021 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> A TV series inspired by ''Aanandham'', titled ''[[Pandian Stores]]'', premiered in 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 September 2018 |title=ஆனந்தம் பாணியில் பாண்டியன் ஸ்டோர் |url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil-tv-serials/72196/Chinna-thirai-Television-News/Pandiyan-Stores-new-serial-in-Vijay-Television.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181004225945/http://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil-tv-serials/72196/Chinna-thirai-Television-News/Pandiyan-Stores-new-serial-in-Vijay-Television.htm |archive-date=4 October 2018 |access-date=5 July 2021 |website=[[Dinamalar]] |language=ta}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}

{{N. Lingusamy}}
{{Filmfare Award for Best Film – Tamil}}
{{TamilNaduStateFilmAwardBestFilm}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2001 Indian films]]
[[Category:2001 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2001 drama films]]
[[Category:2001 films]]
[[Category:Films about families]]
[[Category:Films directed by N. Lingusamy]]
[[Category:Films scored by S. A. Rajkumar]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Tamil-language drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Grey heron

2026-03-02T18:49:34Z

CelinaArellano: updated structure for clarity and cleaned formatting per standard format

{{Short description|Long-legged predatory wading bird}}
{{Good article}}
{{speciesbox
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International |date=2019 |title=''Ardea cinerea'' |volume=2019 |article-number=e.T22696993A154525233 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T22696993A154525233.en |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref>
| image = Grey heron 2022 03 18 01.jpg
| image_caption =
| image2 = Grey Heron (Ardea cinerea) (W ARDEA CINEREA R1 C19).ogg
| genus = Ardea
| species = cinerea
| authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]]
| range_map = ArdeaCinereaIUCN2019 2.png
| range_map_caption = Range of ''A. cinerea'' {{leftlegend|#00FF00|Breeding|outline=grey}} {{leftlegend|#008000|Resident|outline=grey}} {{leftlegend|#007FFF|Non-breeding|outline=grey}} {{leftlegend|#FF00FF|Vagrant (seasonality uncertain)|outline=grey}}{{leftlegend|#FFFF00|Extant & Introduced (resident)|outline=grey}}
}}

The '''grey heron''' ('''''Ardea cinerea''''') is a long-legged wading [[bird]] of the [[heron]] family, Ardeidae, native throughout temperate [[Europe]] and [[Palearctic|Asia]], and also parts of [[Africa]]. It is resident in much of its range, but some populations from the more northern parts [[bird migration|migrate]] southwards in autumn. A bird of wetland areas, it can be seen around lakes, rivers, ponds, marshes and on the sea coast. It feeds mostly on aquatic creatures which it catches after standing stationary beside or in the water, or stalking its prey through the shallows.

Standing up to {{convert|1|m|ftin}} tall, adults weigh from {{convert|1|to|2|kg|lb|0|abbr=on}}. They have a white head and neck with a broad black stripe that extends from the eye to the black crest. The body and wings are grey above and the underparts are greyish-white, with some black on the flanks. The long, sharply pointed beak is pinkish-yellow and the legs are brown.

The birds breed [[Colony (biology)|colonially]] in spring in [[Heronry|heronries]], usually building their nests high in trees. A clutch of usually three to five bluish-green eggs is laid. Both birds incubate the eggs for around 25 days, and then both feed the chicks, which fledge when 7-8 weeks old. Many juveniles do not survive their first winter, but if they do, they can expect to live for about 5 years.

In [[Ancient Egypt]], the [[deity]] [[Bennu]] was depicted as a heron in New Kingdom artwork. In [[Ancient Rome]], the heron was a bird of [[divination]]. Roast heron was once a specially prized dish; when [[George Neville (bishop)|George Neville]] became [[Archbishop of York]] in 1465, 400 herons were served to the guests.

==Taxonomy==

[[File:Grey Heron. AMSM4086.jpg|thumb|right|''A. c. cinerea'' at [[Jamnagar]], India]]

[[File:Caudipteryx, Senckenberg, 2017-10-12.jpg|thumb|Grey heron and ''[[Caudipteryx]]'' skeletons]]

Grey herons belong to the subfamily [[Ardeinae]], along with the majority of [[Extant taxon|extant]] species, which are known as the "typical herons".<ref name="HSG">{{cite web |year=2011 |title=Heron Taxonomy and Evolution |url=http://www.heronconservation.org/styled-5/styled-6/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160112220326/http://www.heronconservation.org/styled-5/styled-6/ |archive-date=12 January 2016 |access-date=19 October 2015 |work=Heron Conservation |publisher=IUCN Heron Specialist Group}}</ref> The grey heron was [[Species description|formally described]] by the Swedish naturalist [[Carl Linnaeus]] in 1758 in the [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|tenth edition]] of his ''[[Systema Naturae]]''. He placed it with the [[cattle egret]] and the [[great egret]] in the genus ''[[Ardea (genus)|Ardea]]'' and coined the [[binomial nomenclature|binomial name]] ''Ardea cinerea''.<ref>{{cite book | last=Linnaeus | first=Carl | author-link=Carl Linnaeus | year=1758 | title= Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis | volume=1 | edition=10th | page=143 | publisher=Laurentii Salvii | location=Holmiae (Stockholm) | language=Latin | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/727050 }}</ref> The scientific name comes from the [[Latin]] ''ardea'' meaning "heron" and ''cinereus'' meaning "ash-grey" or "ash-coloured".<ref>{{cite book | last=Jobling | first=James A. | year=2010| title=The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names | publisher=Christopher Helm | location=London | isbn=978-1-4081-2501-4 | pages=[https://archive.org/stream/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling#page/n54/mode/1up 54], [https://archive.org/stream/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling#page/n107/mode/1up 107]}}</ref>

Four [[subspecies]] are recognised:<ref name=IOC/>
* ''A. c. cinerea'' – [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]]: [[Subspecies#Nominotypical subspecies and subspecies autonyms|nominate]], found in [[Europe]], [[Africa]], western [[Palearctic|Asia]]
* ''A. c. jouyi'' – Clark, 1907: found in eastern [[Palearctic|Asia]]
* ''A. c. firasa'' – [[Ernst Hartert|Hartert]], 1917: found in [[Madagascar]]
* ''A. c. monicae'' – [[Christian Jouanin|Jouanin]] & Roux, 1963: found on islands off [[Banc d'Arguin National Park|Banc d'Arguin]], [[Mauritania]].

It is closely related and similar to the North American [[great blue heron]] (''Ardea herodias''), which differs in being larger, and having chestnut-brown flanks and thighs; and to the [[cocoi heron]] (''Ardea cocoi'') from South America, with which it forms a superspecies. Some authorities believe that the subspecies ''A. c. monicae'' should be considered a separate species.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.hbw.com/node/52674 |title=Grey Heron (''Ardea cinerea'') |author1=Martínez-Vilalta, A. |author2=Motis, A. |author3=Kirwan, G.M. |editor-first1=Josep |editor-first2=Andrew |editor-first3=Jordi |editor-first4=David |editor-first5=Eduardo |editor-last1=Del Hoyo |editor-last2=Elliott |editor-last3=Sargatal |editor-last4=Christie |editor-last5=De Juana |year=2020 |journal=Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive |publisher=Lynx Edicions, Barcelona |doi=10.2173/bow.graher1.01 |s2cid=216469782 |access-date=17 October 2015|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The grey heron sometimes hybridises with the [[great egret]] (''Ardea alba''), the [[little egret]] (''Egretta garzetta''), the great blue heron and the [[purple heron]] (''Ardea purpurea'').<ref>{{cite web |url=http://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/species.jsp?lang=EN&avibaseid=6AC87967&sec=summary&ssver=1 |title=Grey Heron: ''Ardea cinerea'' Linnaeus, 1758 |work=Avibase |access-date=19 October 2015}}</ref> The Australian [[white-faced heron]] is often incorrectly called a grey heron.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Field Guide to the Birds of Australia |last=Pizzey |first=Graham |author2=Knight, Frank |year=1997 |publisher=HarperCollinsPublishers |location=Sydney, Australia |isbn=0-207-18013-X |page=111}}</ref> In Ireland, the grey heron is often colloquially called a "crane".<ref name=AvianWeb>{{cite web |url=http://beautyofbirds.com/greyherons.html |title=Grey herons |publisher=AvianWeb |access-date=18 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160324052508/https://www.beautyofbirds.com/greyherons.html |archive-date=2016-03-24 }}</ref>

== Description ==

[[File:Grey Heron (54990114762) (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|Immature, [[Ōhori Park]] in [[Fukuoka, Japan|Fukuoka]], Japan]]

[[File:Grey Heron in front of flowers.jpg|left|thumb|Head, with neck retracted]]

The grey heron is a large bird, standing up to {{convert|100|cm|in|-1|abbr=on}} tall and measuring {{convert|84|-|102|cm|in|frac=2|abbr=on}} long with a {{convert|155|–|195|cm|in|frac=2|adj=on|abbr=on}} wingspan.<ref name=arkive/> The body weight can range from {{convert|1.02|–|2.08|kg|lboz|frac=4|abbr=on}}.<ref name=CRC/> The [[plumage]] is largely ashy-grey above, and greyish-white below, with some black on the flanks. Adults have a white head and neck with a broad black [[supercilium]] that terminates in the slender, dangling crest, and bluish-black streaks on the front of the neck. The scapular feathers and the feathers at the base of the neck are somewhat elongated. In immature birds the adult's black stripe on the head is grey, and the white face paler grey; they are generally duller in appearance than adults, with only a small, dark grey crest. The pinkish-yellow beak is long, straight, and powerful, and is brighter colour in breeding adults. The [[Iris (anatomy)|iris]] is yellow and the legs are brown and very long.<ref name=Witherby/>

The main call is a loud croaking "fraaank", but a variety of guttural and raucous noises are heard at the breeding colony. The male uses an advertisement call to encourage a female to join him at the nest, and both sexes use various greeting calls after a pair bond has been established. A loud, harsh "schaah" is used by the male in driving other birds from the vicinity of the nest and a soft "gogogo" expresses anxiety, as when a predator is nearby or a human walks past the colony. The chicks utter loud chattering or ticking noises.<ref name=Witherby/>

== Distribution and habitat ==

[[File:Ardea cinerea Tokyo May 3 2021.webm|thumb|Grey heron flies a short distance in a [[Tokyo]] park, 2021]]

The grey heron has an extensive range throughout most of the [[Palearctic realm]]. The range of the nominate subspecies ''A. c. cinerea'' extends to 70° N in Norway and 66°N in Sweden, but its northerly limit is around 60°N across the rest of Europe and Asia, as far eastwards as the [[Ural Mountains]]. To the south, its range extends to northern Spain, France, central Italy, the Balkans, the Caucasus, Iraq, Iran, India, The Maldives and Myanmar (Burma). It is also present in Africa south of the [[Sahara|Sahara Desert]], the [[Canary Islands]], Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, and many of the Mediterranean Islands. It is replaced by ''A. c. jouyi'' in eastern Siberia, Mongolia, eastern China, Hainan, Japan, and Taiwan. In Madagascar and the [[Aldabra Group|Aldabra Islands]], the subspecies ''A. c. firasa'' is found, while the subspecies ''A. c. monicae'' is restricted to Mauritania and offshore islands.<ref name=Witherby>{{cite book |title=Handbook of British Birds, Volume 3: Hawks to Ducks |editor-last=Witherby |editor-first=H. F. |year=1943 |publisher=H. F. and G. Witherby Ltd. |pages=125–133 }}</ref>

Over much of its range, the grey heron is resident, but birds from the more northerly parts of Europe migrate southwards, some remaining in Central and Southern Europe, others travelling on to Africa south of the Sahara Desert.<ref name=Witherby/>

The grey heron is also known to be [[Vagrancy (biology)|vagrant]] in the Caribbean, Bermuda, Iceland, Greenland, the Aleutian Islands, and Newfoundland, with a few confirmed sightings in other parts of North America including Nova Scotia and Nantucket.<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Seaberg |first1=Maureen |last2=Main |first2=Douglas |date=21 September 2020 |title=Gray heron seen for first time in contiguous U.S., as species expands range |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/2020/09/gray-heron-sighting-united-states-expanding-range/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922061717/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/2020/09/gray-heron-sighting-united-states-expanding-range/ |archive-date=22 September 2020 |magazine=[[National Geographic]] |access-date=24 September 2020}}</ref> In South America, the majority of the sightings come from [[Brazil]], especially in [[Fernando de Noronha]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Whittaker |first1=Andrew |last2=Ferreira da Silva |first2=João Paulo |last3=Lucio |first3=Breno |last4=Kirwan |first4=Guy M. |date=20 September 2019 |title=Old World vagrants on Fernando de Noronha, including two additions to the Brazilian avifauna, and predictions for potential future Palearctic vagrants |journal=Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club |volume=139 |issue=9 |pages=189–204 |doi=10.25226/bboc.v139i3.2019.a2 |doi-access=free}}</ref> There is also an old record from [[Colombia]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=de Schauensee |first=Rodolphe Meyer |date=1959 |title=Additions to the "Birds of the Republic of Colombia" |journal=Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia |volume=111 |pages=53–75 |jstor=4064506 |issn=0097-3157}}</ref>

Within its range, the grey heron can be found anywhere with suitable watery habitat that can supply its food. The water body must be either shallow enough, or have a shelving margin in it, so that it can wade. Although most common in the lowlands, it also occurs in mountain tarns, lakes, reservoirs, rivers, marshes, ponds, ditches, flooded areas, coastal lagoons, estuaries, and the sea shore. It sometimes forages away from water in pasture, and it has been recorded in desert areas, hunting for beetles and lizards. Breeding colonies are usually near feeding areas, but exceptionally may be up to {{convert|8|km|mi|0|abbr=off|spell=on}} away, and birds sometimes forage as much as {{convert|20|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} from the nesting site.<ref name=Witherby/>

== Behaviour ==

The grey heron has a slow flight, with its long neck retracted in an S-shape. This is characteristic of herons and [[bittern]]s, and distinguishes them from [[stork]]s, [[crane (bird)|crane]]s, and [[spoonbill]]s, which extend their necks.<ref name=Witherby/> It flies with slow wing-beats and sometimes glides for short distances. It sometimes soars, circling to considerable heights, but not as often as the stork. In spring, and occasionally in autumn, birds may soar high above the heronry and chase each other, undertake aerial manoeuvres or swoop down towards the ground. The birds often perch in trees, but spend much time on the ground, striding about or standing still for long periods with an upright stance, often on a single leg.<ref name=Witherby/>

=== Diet and feeding ===

[[File:Ardea cinerea gallinula 8898.jpg|thumb|left|Grey heron eating a juvenile [[common moorhen]] ]]

Grey herons are important [[predator]]s in their aquatic ecosystem.<ref>Bjedov, Dora, et al. "The first analysis of heavy metals in the Grey Heron Ardea cinerea feathers from the Croatian colonies". Larus-Godišnjak Zavoda za ornitologiju Hrvatske akademije znanosti i umjetnosti 55.1 (2020): 7-25.</ref> [[Fish]], [[amphibian]]s, [[crustacean]]s, and [[insect]]s are caught in shallow water with the heron's long bill. It has also been observed catching and killing juvenile birds such as [[duck]]lings, and occasionally takes birds up to the size of a [[water rail]] or [[white-throated rail]].<ref name=Pistorius2008/><ref>{{cite web | url=https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Ardea_cinerea/ | title=Ardea cinerea (Grey heron) | website=[[Animal Diversity Web]] }}</ref> Small [[mammal]]s such as [[Arvicola|water vole]]s, [[rat]]s, [[stoat]]s and young [[rabbit]]s are additionally caught.<ref>Giles, N. "Summer diet of the grey heron". Scot. Birds 11 (1981): 153-159.</ref><ref>SAWARA, Yuji, Muneki SAKUYAMA, and Gen DEMACHI. "Diets and foraging site utilization of the Grey Heron, Ardea cinerea, in the breeding season". Japanese Journal of Ornithology 43.2 (1994): 61-71.</ref> Recently, the grey heron has been observed to use the 'stress and wash' technique which is believed to make [[great crested newt]]s (''Triturus cristatus'') and [[smooth newt]]s (''Lissotriton vulgaris'') more palatable by flushing their skin free of toxins before consumption.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Smith |first1=Carol |last2=Cranfield |first2=Jonathon |last3=Allain |first3=Steven J. R. |date=2024 |title='Stress and wash' may make great crested ''Triturus cristatus'' and smooth newts ''Lissotriton vulgaris'' palatable for grey herons ''Ardea cinerea'', with a link to video evidence |journal= Herpetological Bulletin |volume= 170 |issue=170 |pages=33–34 |doi=10.33256/hb170.3334 |doi-broken-date=1 July 2025 |url=https://www.thebhs.org/publications/the-herpetological-bulletin/issue-number-170-winter-2024/4245-08-stress-and-wash-may-make-great-crested-i-triturus-cristatus-i-and-smooth-newts-lissotriton-vulgaris-palatable-for-grey-herons-ardea-cinerea-with-a-link-to-video-evidence|doi-access=free }}</ref>

Prey items vary in size from 1 cm-long fish and invertebrates, weighing less than 1g, to 30 cm-long carps and 57cm eels. While chicks tend to have smaller prey, individual prey caught by fully-grown Grey Herons commonly exceed 100g in weight and occasionally exceed 500g.<ref>Moser, M. E. "Prey profitability for adult Grey Herons Ardea cinerea and the constraints on prey size when feeding young nestlings". Ibis 128.3 (1986): 392-405.</ref> One paper reports that an adult heron managed to catch and swallow [[sea trout]] weighing 680g.<ref>Cook, David C. "Foraging behaviour and food of Grey Herons Ardea cinerea on the Ythan Estuary". Bird Study 25.1 (1978): 17-22.</ref> It may stand motionless in the shallows, or on a rock or sandbank beside the water, waiting for prey to come within striking distance. Alternatively, it moves slowly and stealthily through the water with its body less upright than when at rest and its neck curved in an "S". It is then able to straighten its neck and strike with its bill very quickly.<ref name=Witherby/> Small fish are swallowed head first, and larger prey and eels are carried to the shore where they are subdued by being beaten on the ground or stabbed by the bill. They are then swallowed or have hunks of flesh torn off. For prey such as small mammals and birds or ducklings, the prey is held by the neck and either drowned, suffocated, has its neck snapped with the heron's beak, or is bludgeoned against the ground or a nearby rock, before being swallowed whole. The bird regurgitates [[Pellet (ornithology)|pellets]] of indigestible material such as fur, bones, and the chitinous remains of insects. The main hunting periods are around dawn and dusk, but it is also active at other times of the day. At night it roosts in trees or on cliffs, where it tends to be gregarious.<ref name=Witherby/>

=== Breeding ===

[[File:Ardea cinerea 0144 (26380369151).jpg|thumb|Grey heron flying with nesting material in Stockholm, Sweden]]

This species breeds in [[Bird colony|colonies]] known as heronries, usually in high trees close to lakes, the seashore, or other wetlands. Other sites are sometimes chosen, and these include low trees and bushes, bramble patches, [[reed bed]]s, heather clumps and cliff ledges. The same nest is used year after year until blown down; it starts as a small platform of sticks but expands into a bulky nest as more material is added in subsequent years. It may be lined with smaller twigs, strands of root or dead grasses; in reed beds, it is built from dead reeds. The male usually collects the material, while the female constructs the nest. Breeding activities take place between February and June. When a bird arrives at the nest, a greeting ceremony occurs in which each partner raises and lowers its wings and plumes.<ref name=AvianWeb/> In continental Europe, and elsewhere, nesting colonies sometimes include nests of the [[purple heron]] and other heron species.<ref name=Witherby/>

Courtship involves the male calling from his chosen nesting site. On the arrival of the female, both birds participate in a stretching ceremony, in which each bird extends its neck vertically before bringing it backwards and downwards with the bill remaining vertical, simultaneously flexing its legs, before returning to its normal stance. The snapping ceremony is another behaviour where the neck is extended forward, the head is lowered to the level of the feet, and the mandibles are vigorously snapped together. This may be repeated 20-40 times. When the pairing is settled, the birds may caress each other by attending to the other bird's plumage. The male may then offer the female a stick, which she incorporates into the nest. At this, the male becomes excited, further preening the female, and copulation takes place.<ref name=Witherby/>

[[File:Ardea cinerea EM1B2923 (35309122776).jpg|thumb|left|An adult feeding juveniles]]

The [[Clutch (eggs)|clutch]] of eggs usually numbers three to five, though as few as two and as many as seven eggs have been recorded. The eggs have a matt surface and are greenish-blue, averaging {{convert|60|x|43|mm|in|frac=16|abbr=on}}. The eggs are normally laid at two-day intervals and incubation usually starts after the first or second egg has been laid. Both birds take part in incubation and the [[incubation period|period]] lasts about 25 days. Both parents bring food for the young. At first, the chicks seize the adult's bill from the side and extract regurgitated food from it. Later, the adult disgorges the food at the nest and the chicks squabble for possession. They [[fledge]] at 7-8 weeks. Usually, a single brood is raised each year, but two broods have been recorded.<ref name=Witherby/>

The oldest recorded bird lived for 23 years, but the average life expectancy in the wild is about 5 years. Only about a third of juveniles survive into their second year, many falling victim to predation.<ref name=AvianWeb/>

On 24 May 1990, on the proposal of Marek Vahula, the nesting colony of Vandu village of Kadrina municipality in Estonia (up to 125 nesting trees) was taken under protection in the 1st place. In the spring-winter of 2001, all suitable nesting trees were cut down there in defiance of the conservation regulations. Driven by this, the nationwide heron protection and research project "The Heron Seeker" was brought to life. In seven years (2007-2014) all nesting colonies and feeding grounds in Estonia were mapped. The project's final result was the English-language E-book: "Heron Seeker`s book" Tallinn, 2024. (ISBN 978-9916-9943-3-7).

=== City life ===

[[File:Spheniscus humboldti -Birdworld, Farnham, Surrey, England -zoo keeper-8a.jpg|thumb|upright|A wild heron seeking food from a [[Humboldt penguin]] enclosure at [[Birdworld]] ]]

Grey herons have the ability to live in cities where habitats and nesting space are available. In the [[Netherlands]], it has established itself over the past decades in great numbers in urban environments. In cities such as [[Amsterdam]], they are ever present and well adapted to modern city life.<ref name="Amsterdam herons">{{cite news|last1=Hrudova|first1=Julie|title=The urban herons of Amsterdam|url=https://www.theguardian.com/cities/gallery/2017/jun/05/urban-herons-amsterdam-in-pictures|website=The Guardian|date=5 June 2017 |access-date=22 June 2017}}</ref> They hunt as usual, but also visit street markets and snack bars. Some individuals make use of people feeding them at their homes or share the catch of recreational fishermen. Similar behaviour on a smaller scale has been reported in [[Ireland]].<ref name=Schoffies/> Garden ponds stocked with ornamental fish are attractive to herons, and the easy prey may provide young birds with a learning opportunity on how to hunt.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rspb.org.uk/makeahomeforwildlife/advice/gardening/unwantedvisitors/heronsandponds/ |title=Herons and garden fish ponds |date=3 June 2004 |publisher=RSPB |access-date=18 October 2015}}</ref>

Herons have been observed visiting water enclosures in zoos, such as spaces for [[penguin]]s, [[otter]]s, [[pelican]]s, and [[Pinniped|seals]], and taking food meant for the animals on display.<ref name=Tiergarten/><ref>{{cite web|title=Birdworld Animals|url=http://birdworld.co.uk/animals/|website=Birdworld|access-date=21 January 2015|archive-date=4 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150204034333/http://birdworld.co.uk/animals/}}</ref><ref name="Mallison">{{cite web|last1=Mallison|first1=Heinrich|title=Interspecific prey theft in extant theropod dinosaurs – Ardea vs. Spheniscus|url=https://dinosaurpalaeo.wordpress.com/2015/05/25/interspecific-prey-theft-in-extant-theropod-dinosaurs-ardea-vs-spheniscus/|website=Dinosaur Paleo|date=24 May 2015 |publisher=Humboldt University Berlin|access-date=15 May 2016}}</ref>

=== Harm caused by grey herons ===

In a variety of sources, one can find a common statement that grey herons, by eating large quantities of fish, is a significant pest of fisheries, causing damage to the population of valuable fish both in natural reservoirs and in ponds intended for the cultivation of cultivated fish species.

For example, in the 1970s, major Soviet experts considered the grey heron to be a harmful species, for example, for fish breeding reservoirs in [[Ukraine]]. In particular, it was established that in Ukraine and in general in the southern regions of the [[Soviet Union|USSR]], carp and [[Mugil|mullet]] suffered from heron farms (there, in addition, the heron caught fish in the dark, which made it difficult to fight it). It was undoubtedly noted that grey herons, especially in the post-nesting period, when forage migrations begin, gather in significant numbers on fish ponds and then eat many juveniles of cultivated fish species. In the [[Kuban|Kuban delta]], the share of valuable, specially cultivated species was significant in the hunting of the grey heron, of which 84% were carp, 12% were white carp, and 4% were [[bighead carp]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Andronov |first1=V. A. |title=Pelikanoobraznye, Aistoobraznye, Flamingobraznye |last2=u. a |last3=Priklonskij |first3=S. G. |last4=Zubakin |first4=V. A. |last5=Koblik |first5=V. A. |date=2011 |publisher=Tovariščestvo naučnych izd. KMK |isbn=978-5-87317-754-7 |series=Pticy Rossii i sopredelʹnych regionov / red. koll. V. D. Ilʹičev; [[Vladimir E. Flint|V. E. Flint]] (otv. red.) |location=Moskva}}</ref>

According to studies at fish ponds in [[Upper Lusatia]] in [[Germany]], the grey heron does cause significant damage to fisheries, but the damage caused by eating valuable fish species is balanced by the fact that it eats a large number of fish affected by ligulosis. The undoubted benefit of the heron is also expressed in the fact that it eats a lot of harmful insects. However, in some places, grey herons can serve as a breeding ground for the so-called ink sickness, or postodiplostomosis, a dangerous disease of young cyprinids.

In addition, large colonies of grey herons can have a significant impact on soil biogeochemistry and vegetation. For example, a heron colony in one study site located near the southern edge of the [[Tatarstan|Republic of Tatarstan]] on a peninsula formed by the confluence of the [[Volga]], the largest and longest river in Europe, and its largest tributary, the Kama, on the banks of the smaller river [[Myosha]] (a tributary of the Kama); after settling around 2006, it expanded for 15 years, leading to the intensive deposition of nutrients with faeces, food remains and feathers thereby considerably altering the local soil biogeochemistry.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bogachev |first1=Mikhail I. |last2=Tishin |first2=Denis V. |last3=Gafurov |first3=Artur M. |last4=Gareev |first4=Bulat I. |last5=Imaev |first5=Rasul G. |last6=Kaplun |first6=Dmitrii I. |last7=Markelova |first7=Maria I. |last8=Pyko |first8=Nikita S. |last9=Pyko |first9=Svetlana A. |last10=Romanova |first10=Valeria A. |last11=Safonova |first11=Anastasiia N. |last12=Sinitca |first12=Aleksandr M. |last13=Usmanov |first13=Bulat M. |last14=Kayumov |first14=Airat R. |date=2023-06-08 |title=The impact of Grey Heron (Ardea cinerea L.) colony on soil biogeochemistry and vegetation: a natural long-term in situ experiment in a planted pine forest |journal=Frontiers in Environmental Science |volume=11 |doi=10.3389/fenvs.2023.1197657 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2023FrEnS..1197657B |issn=2296-665X}}</ref> Thus, lower pH levels around 4.5, 10- and 2-fold higher concentrations of phosphorus and nitrogen, as well as 1.2-fold discrepancies in K, Li, Mn, Zn and Co, respectively, compared to the surrounding control forest area could be observed.

== Predators and parasites ==

Being large birds with powerful beaks, grey herons have few predators as adults, but [[white-tailed eagle]]s, [[golden eagle]]s and more rarely [[Eurasian goshawk]]s will take them as prey.<ref name=Cramp>Cramp, S. (1977): ''The Birds of the Western Palearctic''. Oxford. {{ISBN|0-19-857358-8}}</ref><ref name= Veldkamp>{{cite journal | last1 = Veldkamp | first1 = R | year = 2008 | title = Cormorants Phalacrocorax carbo and other large bird species as prey of goshawks Accipiter gentilis in De Wieden | journal = De Takkeling | volume = 16 | pages = 85–91 }}</ref> The eggs and young are more vulnerable; the adult birds do not usually leave the nest unattended, but may be lured away by marauding [[Corvus (genus)|crows]] or [[Kite (bird)|kites]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.besgroup.org/2011/01/05/nesting-grey-herons-5-predation%E2%80%8F%E2%80%8F/ |title=Nesting grey herons: predation |author=Kwong Wai Chong |date=5 January 2011 |publisher=Bird Ecology Study Group |access-date=18 October 2015}}</ref> A dead grey heron found in the [[Pyrenees]] is thought to have been killed by an [[European otter|otter]]. The bird may have been weakened by harsh winter weather causing scarcity of its prey.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Ruiz-Olmo, Jordi |author2=Marsol, Rosa |year=2002 |title=New Information on the Predation of Fish Eating Birds by the Eurasian Otter (''Lutra lutra'') |journal=IUCN Otter Specialist Group Bulletin |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=103–106 |url=http://www.otterspecialistgroup.org/Bulletin/Volume19/Ruiz_Olmo_Marsol_2002.html }}</ref>

A study performed by Sitko and Heneberg in the Czech Republic between 1962 and 2013 suggested that Central European grey herons host 29 species of [[helminths|parasitic worms]]. The dominant species consisted of ''Apharyngostrigea cornu'' (67% prevalence), ''Posthodiplostomum cuticola'' (41% prevalence), ''Echinochasmus beleocephalus'' (39% prevalence), ''Uroproctepisthmium bursicola'' (36% prevalence), ''Neogryporhynchus cheilancristrotus'' (31% prevalence), ''Desmidocercella numidica'' (29% prevalence), and ''Bilharziella polonica'' (5% prevalence). Juvenile grey herons were shown to host fewer species, but the intensity of infection was higher in the juveniles than in the adult herons. Of the [[Digenea|digenean flatworms]] found in Central European grey herons, 52% of the species likely infected their definitive hosts outside Central Europe itself, in the premigratory, migratory, or wintering quarters, despite the fact that a substantial proportion of grey herons do not migrate to the south.<ref name="Sitko & Heneberg 2015"/>

==In human culture==

[[File:Stamps of Germany (DDR) 1959, MiNr 0688.jpg|thumb|[[East German]] postal stamp, 1959]]

[[Bennu]], an [[Ancient Egyptian deities|ancient Egyptian deity]] associated with the sun, creation, and rebirth, was depicted as a heron in New Kingdom artwork.<ref>{{cite book |author=Wilkinson, Richard H. |title=The Complete Gods and Goddesses of Ancient Egypt |publisher=Thames & Hudson |year=2003 |page=[https://archive.org/details/completegodsgodd00wilk_0/page/212 212] |isbn=978-0-500-05120-7 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/completegodsgodd00wilk_0/page/212 }}</ref>

In [[ancient Rome]], the heron was a bird of [[divination]] that gave an [[augury]] (sign of a coming event) by its call, like the raven, stork, and owl.<ref name="JonsonOrgel1969">{{cite book |last1=Jonson |first1=Ben |last2=Orgel |first2=Stephen |title=The Complete Masques |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=11bs7mOJdz0C&pg=PA553 |year=1969 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-10538-4 |page=553}}</ref>

During the [[Middle Ages]] in the British Isles, herons were associated with chivalry and commonly featured on [[Coat of arms|coats of arms]], as their stoic stance while fishing came to be associated with [[virtue]]s such as [[patience]], [[contemplation]] and [[nobility]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Celebrating Britain's most beloved species: The Grey Heron – Restore Our Planet |url=https://restoreourplanet.org/blog-post/celebrating-britains-most-beloved-species-the-grey-heron/ |access-date=2025-08-09 |language=en-GB}}</ref> Roast heron was once a specially prized dish in Britain for special occasions such as state banquets. For the appointment of [[George Neville (bishop)|George Neville]] as [[Archbishop of York]] in 1465, 400 herons were served to the guests. Young birds were still being shot and eaten in [[Romney Marsh]] in 1896. Two grey herons feature in a [[stained-glass]] window of the church in [[Selborne]], [[Hampshire]].<ref name=BB>{{cite book |last1=Cocker |first1=Mark |last2=Mabey |first2=Richard |author2-link=Richard Mabey |title=Birds Britannica |title-link=Birds Britannica |date=2005 |publisher=Chatto & Windus |isbn=0-7011-6907-9 |pages=51–56}}</ref>

The [[England|English]] [[surname]]s Earnshaw, Hernshaw, Herne, and Heron all derive from the heron, the suffix -shaw meaning a [[woodland|wood]], referring to a place where herons nested.<ref name="Bardsley">{{cite book |last=Bardsley |first=Ch. W. E. |title=A dictionary of English and Welsh surnames |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GkAHAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA377 |publisher=[[Henry Frowde]] |date=1901 |isbn=978-5-87114-401-5 |page=377}}</ref>

The bird is common in the Maldives under the name of ''Maakana'' and has given its name to the character of a satirical [[Maakana Show|TV show]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maakana Show |url=https://twothousandisles.com/story/maakana-show/ |access-date=2023-12-31 |website=Two Thousand Isles |language=en-US}}</ref>

== References ==

{{Reflist|28em|refs=
<ref name=arkive>{{cite web |url=http://www.arkive.org/grey-heron/ardea-cinerea/#text=Facts |title=Grey heron (Ardea cinerea) |work=ARKive |access-date=27 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120127024454/http://www.arkive.org/grey-heron/ardea-cinerea/#text=Facts |archive-date=2012-01-27 }}</ref>
<ref name=CRC>{{cite book |title=CRC Handbook of Avian Body Masses |editor-first=John B. Jr. |editor-last=Dunning |publisher=CRC Press |year=1992 |isbn=978-0-8493-4258-5}}</ref>
<ref name=IOC>{{cite web |editor-last=Gill |editor-first=Frank |editor2-last=Donsker |editor2-first=David |editor3-last=Rasmussen |editor3-first=Pamela |title=IOC World Bird List |url = https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/bow/pelicans/ | access-date=12 December 2020}}</ref>
<ref name=Pistorius2008>{{cite journal |last=Pistorius |first=P.A. |year=2008 |title=Grey Heron (''Ardea cinerea'') predation on the Aldabra White-throated Rail (''Dryolimnas cuvieri aldabranus'') |journal=Wilson Journal of Ornithology |volume=120 |issue=3 |pages=631–632 |doi=10.1676/07-101.1 |s2cid=84943679 }}</ref>
<ref name=Schoffies>The heron's city life is documented in the Dutch [[Documentary film|documentary]] [http://www.idfa.nl/industry/tags/project.aspx?id=28c2da63-b1d6-460c-8819-515b60847490 ''Schoffies'' (''Hoodlums'')] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170119051445/http://www.idfa.nl/industry/tags/project.aspx?id=28c2da63-b1d6-460c-8819-515b60847490 |date=2017-01-19 }}, shot in Amsterdam.</ref>
<ref name="Sitko & Heneberg 2015">{{Cite journal |last1=Sitko |first1=J. |last2=Heneberg |first2=P. |year=2015 |title=Composition, structure and pattern of helminth assemblages associated with central European herons (Ardeidae) |journal=Parasitology International |volume=64 |issue=1 |pages=100–112 |doi=10.1016/j.parint.2014.10.009 |pmid=25449288}}</ref>
<ref name=Tiergarten>{{cite web |title=Graureiher |url=https://www.zoovienna.at/tiere/voegel/graureiher/ |publisher=Tiergarten Schoenbrunn |access-date=6 December 2014}}</ref>
}}

== External links ==

{{Commons and category|Ardea cinerea|Ardea cinerea}}

{{Wikispecies|Ardea cinerea}}
* {{IUCN_Map|22696993/166317370|Ardea cinerea}}
* {{Xeno-canto species|Ardea|cinerea|Grey heron}}
*[https://thebdi.org/2024/02/23/grey-heron-ardea-cinerea/ Grey heron] Structured guide to the species in southern Africa

{{Taxonbar|from=Q25273}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Ardea (bird)|grey heron]]
[[Category:Herons|grey heron]]
[[Category:Birds of Africa]]
[[Category:Birds of Eurasia]]
[[Category:Birds described in 1758|grey heron]]
[[Category:Animal taxa named by Carl Linnaeus|grey heron]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]
[[Category:Birds of Nepal]]
[[Category:Historical foods]]

[[ga:Corr réisc]]

Mausam Ikrar Ke Do Pal Pyar Ke

2026-03-02T10:08:53Z

CelinaArellano: small cleaned up article based on references also and fixed typos

{{short description|2018 Indian romantic film by Partho Ghosh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}

{{Infobox film
| name = Mausam Ikrar Ke Do Pal Pyar Ke
| image = Mausam Ikrar Ke Do Pal Pyar Ke.jpg
| caption = Theatrical poster
| director = [[Partho Ghosh]]
| producer = Manju Bharti
| starring = Mukesh J Bharti Madalsa Sharma Manju Bharti [[Neelu Kohli]] [[Avinash Wadhawan]] [[Ganesh Acharya]] [[Usha Bachani]] [[Hemant Pandey]] Vj Andy Dipoo Srivatava [[Arun Bakshi]] [[Ehsan Khan (actor)|Ehsan Khan]]
| music = [[Bappi Lahiri]]
| cinematography = [[Ganesh Acharya]] Jojo Khan Urvi Seth
| editing = Manoj Sanklu
| released = {{Film date|2018|11|02|df=y}}
| runtime = 145 minutes
| studio = Viivek Films Production House
| country = India
| language = Hindi
}}

'''''Mausam Ikrar Ke Do Pal Pyaar Ke''''' is a 2018 Indian [[Romance film#Romantic drama|romantic drama]] film directed by [[Partho Ghosh]].<ref name="apnnews"/><ref>{{cite news |title=Mausam Ikrar Ke Do Pal Pyaar Ke is an unusual romantic thriller |url=https://www.pressreader.com/similar/281535111990628 |publisher=[[Mid-Day]] |date=31 October 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=बाबुल सुप्रियो ने लॉन्च किया, फिल्म 'मौसम इकरार के दो पल प्यार के' का गीत |url=https://www.navodayatimes.in/news/khabre/babul-supriyo-launches-song-of-the-mausam-ikrar-ke-do-pal-pyar-ke/98945/ |work=[[Navodaya Times]] |date=30 October 2018 |language=Hindi}}</ref> It is produced by Manju Bharti, with cast of Mukesh J Bharti, [[Madalsa Sharma]] and [[Avinash Wadhawan]] in lead roles. Whereas [[Arun Bakshi]], Manju Bharti, Deepu Shrivastav and [[Neelu Kohli]] are in supporting roles.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Thomas |first1=Johnson |title=Mausam Ikrar Ke Do Pal Pyar Ke movie: Review, cast, director |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/mausam-ikrar-ke-do-pal-pyar-ke-movie-review-cast-director/1389097 |publisher=[[The Free Press Journal]] |date=2 November 2018}}</ref> The film is based on a love story of Amar and Anjali.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Verma |first1=Arbind |title='मौसम इकरार के, दो पल प्यार के' का टीजर पोस्टर हुआ रिलीज |url=https://hindi.firstpost.com/entertainment/mausam-iqrar-ke-do-pal-pyar-ke-teaser-poster-has-been-released-songs-done-by-legendry-musician-bappi-lahiri-partho-ghosh-director-mukesh-bharti-madalsa-sharma-116662.html |publisher=[[Firstpost]] |date=1 June 2018 |language=Hindi}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Here's the poster of 'Mausam Ikrar Ke, Do Pal Pyar Ke' |url=https://www.aninews.in/videos/entertainment/heres-poster-mausam-ikrar-ke-do-pal-pyar-ke/ |publisher=[[Asian News International]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Here is the teaser poster of Mausam Ikrar Ke, Do Pal Pyar Ke |url=https://telanganatoday.com/here-is-the-teaser-poster-of-mausam-ikrar-ke-do-pal-pyar-ke |publisher=[[Telangana Today]] |date=6 June 2018}}</ref>

==Synopsis==
This is a love story between Amar and Anjali. Amar arrives in [[Moradabad]] from Paris to pursue his education, while on his way to college he runs into an accident and fractures his hand.

When Anjali learns that he is new in the city and knows no one, she offers him help taking him to her home and introduces him to her mother and father. After conversing they learn that Amar has been admitted to the same college as that of Anjali. They start going to college together and become friends. Anjali eventually falls in love with Amar but Amar has no such feelings.

Raj's friend Dhirendra an [[Assistant commissioner (police)|ACP]] tries to convince him for Anjali's wedding with his son. Amar goes back to his house after his hand is healed, Anajali starts missing him and feels an emptiness, and she proposes to him. Amar rejects Anjali's proposal breaking her heart. When her father Raj learns that Anjali loves Amar he feels happy as he liked Amar ever since he met him. Later on Raj meets Amar and convinces him to marry Anjali. He accepts the proposal and tells his mother to fly to Moradabad from Paris for the wedding.

On the day of engagement Raj learns that Amar is the son of an enemy back in college, he immediately cancels the engagement and fixes Anjali's marriage with the Dhirendra's son. On the say of Anjali's mother, Madhu, Amar runs away with Anjali. The police catch Amar and Anjali and imprison him. Anjali is pressured to marry Dhirendra's son. Anjali tells them that she will get married if they release Amar from jail. Police drops Amar home and threatens him and his mother to leave the city at the earliest. Anjali gets ready for the marriage while Amar and his mother head towards the airport. Amar gets off the car and starts running in order to meet Anjali in the meanwhile Madhu tries to convince Raj that he is doing wrong with his daughter. Raj realizes his mistake and unites Anjali and Amar.<ref name="apnnews">{{cite news |title=Sufi Song "Allah Allah from Mausam Ikrar ke Do Pal Pyar Ke launched by Babul Supriyo and Santosh Gangwar |url=https://www.apnnews.com/sufi-song-allah-allah-from-mausam-ikrar-ke-do-pal-pyar-ke-launched-by-babul-supriyo-and-santosh-gangwar/ |publisher=ABN News |date=30 October 2018}}</ref><ref name="timesofindia">{{cite news |title=Mausam Ikrar Ke Do Pal Pyar Ke Movie Review |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/mausam-ikrar-ke-do-pal-pyar-ke/movie-review/66462517.cms |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Sufi Song "Allah Allah from Mausam Ikrar ke Do Pal Pyar Ke launched by Babul Supriyo and Santosh Gangwar |url=https://xiaomi.dailyhunt.in/news/india/telugu/5+dariya+news+english-epaper-dariyaen/sufi+song+allah+allah+from+mausam+ikrar+ke+do+pal+pyar+ke+launched+by+babul+supriyo+and+santosh+gangwar-newsid-100490073?mode=wap |publisher=[[Dailyhunt]] }}{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

==Cast==
* Mukesh J Bharti as Amar
* [[Madalsa Sharma]] as Anjali
* Manju Bharti as Simi
* [[Neelu Kohli]] as Mother
* [[Avinash Wadhawan]] as Father
* [[Ganesh Acharya]] as Guest
* Usha Bachani as Divya
* [[Hemant Pandey]]
* Vj Andy as Jassi
* Dipoo Srivastava as Jonny
* [[Arun Bakshi]] as Guest
* Ehsan Khan as ACP

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Mausam Ikrar Ke Do Pal Pyaar Ke
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Bappi Lahiri]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2 November 2018
| recorded = 2018
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature Film Soundtrack]]
| language = [[Hindi]]
| length = 25:25
| label = [[Zee Music Company]]
| producer =
| misc = {{External media
| audio1 = {{YouTube|10jSslSf0Zg|Audio Jukebox}}}}
}}
The music of the film was composed by [[Bappi Lahiri]] and lyrics by Dr Deepak Sneh.<ref name="apnnews"/><ref>{{cite news |title=Bappi Lahiri is back in action |url=https://www.pressreader.com/similar/282093457738830 |publisher=[[Mid-Day]] |date=31 October 2018}}</ref>
{{Tracklist
| headline = Tracklisting
| total_length = 25:25
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Party Dam Dama Dam
| extra1 = [[Bappi Lahiri]]/[[Palak Muchhal]]
| music1 = Bappi Lahiri
| lyrics1 = Dr Deepak Sneh
| length1 = 4:59
| title2 = Do Pal Pyar Ke
| extra2 = [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]]/[[Palak Muchhal]]
| music2 = [[Bappi Lahiri]]
| lyrics2 = Dr Deepak Sneh
| length2 = 6:39
| title3 = Tere Bina
| extra3 = [[Armaan Malik]]
| music3 = Bappi Lahiri
| lyrics3 = Dr Deepak Sneh
| length3 = 5:32
| title4 = Ek Tumba Bole
| extra4 = Brijesh shandaliya and Amruta fadnavis
| music4 = Bappi Lahiri
| lyrics4 = Dr Deepak Sneh
| length4 = 4:20
| title5 = Allah Allah
| extra5 = [[Babul Supriyo]]
| music5 = Bappi Lahiri
| lyrics5 = Dr Deepak Sneh
| length5 = 5:18
}}

==Release==
The film was released on 2 November 2018.

==See also==
* [[List of Bollywood films of 2018]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|9033670}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama movie|mausam-ikrar-ke-pal-pyar-ke}}

[[Category:2018 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2018 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian biographical drama films]]
[[Category:2018 biographical drama films]]
[[Category:2018 films]]
[[Category:Films about Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Films about actors]]
[[Category:2018 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Partho Ghosh]]
[[Category:Hindi-language biographical drama films]]

Be Happy (film)

2026-03-02T03:59:31Z

CelinaArellano: post

{{Short description|2025 film by Remo D'Souza}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Be Happy
| image = Be Happy film poster.jpg
| caption = Release poster
| director = [[Remo D'Souza]]
| writer = {{ubl|Remo D'Souza|Tushar Hiranandani|Kanishka Deo|Chirag Garg }}
| producer = Lizelle Remo D'Souza
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Abhishek Bachchan]]
* Inayat Verma
* [[Nora Fatehi]]
}}
| cinematography = [[Vijay Kumar Arora]]
| editing = Sherwin Bernard
| music = Harsh Upadhyay
| studio = Remo D'Souza Entertainment
| distributor = [[Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer]] (through [[Amazon MGM Studios]])
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2025|3|14}}
| runtime = 130 minutes<ref>{{cite web |title=Be Happy |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/be-happy-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmdi4ndkw |website=BBFC}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Be Happy | website=CBFC | url=https://cbfcindia.gov.in/cbfcAdmin/search-result.php?recid=Q0EwMTA2MDYyMDI0MDAyMzQ=}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Be Happy''''' is a 2025 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|dance drama]] film written and directed by [[Remo D'Souza]].<ref name="first" >{{cite web | title='Be Happy' first look: Abhishek Bachchan, Remo D'Souza's dance drama to premiere on Prime Video | website=The Hindu | date=21 September 2024 | url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/be-happy-first-look-abhishek-bachchan-remo-dsouzas-dance-drama-to-premiere-on-prime-video/article68666897.ece | access-date=13 March 2025 | archive-date=9 October 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241009044248/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/be-happy-first-look-abhishek-bachchan-remo-dsouzas-dance-drama-to-premiere-on-prime-video/article68666897.ece | url-status=live }}</ref> Produced by Lizelle Remo D'Souza under Remo Dsouza Entertainment Pvt Ltd, the film stars [[Abhishek Bachchan]], Inayat Verma, [[Nora Fatehi]], and [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]].<ref>{{cite web | title=Abhishek Bachchan, Nora Fatehi, Johny Lever to star in Remo D'Souza's Be Happy for Prime Video; first look out : Bollywood News | website=Bollywood Hungama | date=19 March 2024 | url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/abhishek-bachchan-nora-fatehi-johny-lever-star-remo-dsouzas-happy-prime-video-first-look/}}</ref>

The film was released on 14 March 2025 on [[Amazon Prime Video]].<ref>{{cite web | title=Be Happy: Abhishek Bachchan's dance drama premieres on THIS date | website=The Statesman | date=27 February 2025 | url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/ott/be-happy-abhishek-bachchans-dance-drama-premieres-on-this-date-1503402373.html}}</ref>

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Abhishek Bachchan]] as Shiv Rastogi
* Inayat Verma as Dhara Rastogi
* [[Nora Fatehi]] as Maggi
* [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] as Nadar, Dhara's grandfather
* [[Johnny Lever]] as Gopi
* [[Sanchit Chanana]] as Prem
* Rupali Krishnan as Kusum
* [[Harleen Sethi]] as Rohini, Shiv's wife
* [[Prabhu Deva]] as himself in the song "Sultana"
* [[Vartika Jha]] as dancer in the song "Sultana"
}}
* [[Jay Bhanushali]], [[Punit Pathak]], [[Salman Yusuff Khan]], [[Elli AvrRam]] and [[Sonali Bendre]] make cameo appearances as themselves.<ref>{{cite web | title=Be Happy Movie Review: BE HAPPY works due to the performances | website=Bollywood Hungama | date=14 March 2025 | url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/be-happy/critic-review/be-happy-movie-review/be-happy-works-due-to-the-performances/}}</ref>

== Production ==
The film was announced by [[Amazon Prime Video]].<ref>{{cite web | title=Prime Video announces 2024 India slate: From Varun Dhawan-Samantha's Citadel Hunny Bunny to Ananya Panday's Call Me Bae, here's the full list | website=The Indian Express | date=19 March 2024 | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/amazon-prime-video-india-slate-2024-citadel-mirzapur-family-man-paatal-lok-aryan-khan-stardom-9222164/}}</ref> [[Abhishek Bachchan]], [[Nora Fatehi]], [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]], Inayat Verma, [[Johnny Lever]] and [[Harleen Sethi]] were cast to appear in the film.<ref name="first" /> [[Principal photography]] of the film commenced in April 2023 in [[Ooty]] before [[wrap (filming)|wrapping up]] in June 2023.<ref>{{cite web |title=EXCLUSIVE: Nora Fatehi to play leading lady in Remo D'Souza's next co-starring Abhishek Bachchan |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/exclusives/exclusive-nora-fatehi-to-play-leading-lady-in-remo-dsouzas-next-co-starring-abhishek-bachchan-1216423 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en |date=12 April 2023 |access-date=13 March 2025 |archive-date=24 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230924101750/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/exclusives/exclusive-nora-fatehi-to-play-leading-lady-in-remo-dsouzas-next-co-starring-abhishek-bachchan-1216423 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Abhishek Bachchan's next with Remo D'Souza is not 'Dancing Dad', which was earlier being made with Salman Khan - Exclusive |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/abhishek-bachchans-next-with-remo-dsouza-is-not-dancing-dad-which-was-earlier-being-made-with-salman-khan-exclusive/articleshow/100965478.cms |website=The Times of India |date=13 June 2023 |access-date=13 March 2025 |archive-date=27 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231227220617/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/abhishek-bachchans-next-with-remo-dsouza-is-not-dancing-dad-which-was-earlier-being-made-with-salman-khan-exclusive/articleshow/100965478.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> The trailer of the film was released on 3 March 2025.<ref>{{cite web | last=Sharma | first=Riya | title=Be Happy trailer: Abhishek Bachchan gets Nora Fatehi to teach him dance to fulfil daughter's dream | website=Hindustan Times | date=3 March 2025 | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/be-happy-trailer-abhishek-bachchan-gets-nora-fatehi-to-teach-him-dance-to-fulfil-daughters-dream-101740987459412.html}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Be Happy
| type = soundtrack
| artist = Harsh Upadhyay
| cover =
| alt =
| released = {{Start date|df=yes|2025|03|12}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Be Happy (Original Movie Soundtrack) by Harsh Upadhyay on Apple Music |url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/be-happy-original-movie-soundtrack/1801205618 |date=12 March 2025}}</ref>
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = {{duration|m=45|s=31}}
| language = [[Hindi]]
| label = [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
| misc = {{External media
| audio1 = {{YouTube|6q2rxrShBYo|Audio Jukebox}}}}
}}
The music of the film is composed by Harsh Upadhyay with lyrics written by Pranav Vatsa.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hindi film music titans lend vocal prowess to 'Be Happy' album |url=https://yespunjab.com/hindi-film-music-titans-lend-vocal-prowess-to-be-happy-album/ |website=Yes Punjab News |date=12 March 2025}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| total_length = 45:31
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Sultana
| extra1 = [[Sunidhi Chauhan]], [[Nora Fatehi]], [[Mika Singh]]
| length1 = 4:02
| lyrics1 = [[Sukriti Bhardwaj]], Pranav Vatsa, Harsh Upadhyay
| title2 = Raja
| extra2 = [[Vishal Dadlani]], Jatinder Singh
| length2 = 6:25
| lyrics2 = Pranav Vatsa
| title3 = Devi Aayi
| extra3 = [[Shankar Mahadevan]]
| length3 = 4:08
| lyrics3 = [[Sukriti Bhardwaj]], Pranav Vatsa, Harsh Upadhyay
| title4 = Mere Papa
| extra4 = Senjuti Das, Jatinder Singh
| length4 = 6:26
| lyrics4 = Pranav Vatsa, Harsh Upadhyay
| title5 = Superstar
| extra5 = [[Mika Singh]]
| length5 = 3:18
| lyrics5 = [[Sukriti Bhardwaj]], Pranav Vatsa
| title6 = Mazza Hi Mazza
| extra6 = [[Sukriti Bhardwaj]]
| length6 = 2:35
| lyrics6 = [[Sukriti Bhardwaj]], Pranav Vatsa, Harsh Upadhyay
| title7 = Praan Pita Ka
| extra7 = [[Kailash Kher]]
| length7 = 4:54
| lyrics7 = Pranav Vatsa
| title8 = Superstar (Kids Version)
| extra8 = Palakshi Dixit, Pratyush Anand, Atharv Bakshi, Vishwaja Jadhav, Anshika Chonkar
| length8 = 3:18
| lyrics8 = [[Sukriti Bhardwaj]], Pranav Vatsa, Harsh Upadhyay
| title9 = Be Happy
| extra9 = Abhay Harpale
| length9 = 3:24
| lyrics9 = Pranav Vatsa, Harsh Upadhyay
| title10 = Dream
| extra10 = [[Sukriti Bhardwaj]]
| length10 = 1:25
| lyrics10 = [[Sukriti Bhardwaj]], Harsh Upadhyay
| title11 = I Got The Moves
| extra11 = Harsh Upadhyay
| length11 = 2:11
| title12 = Sultana - Remix
| extra12 = [[Sunidhi Chauhan]], [[Nora Fatehi]], [[Mika Singh]]
| length12 = 3:23
| lyrics12 = [[Sukriti Bhardwaj]], Pranav Vatsa, Harsh Upadhyay
}}

== Release ==
The film was made available to stream on [[Amazon Prime Video]] on 14 March 2025.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ramachandran |first1=Naman |title=Abhishek Bachchan Father-Daughter Dance Drama 'Be Happy' Sets Prime Video Debut (EXCLUSIVE) |url=https://variety.com/2025/tv/news/abhishek-bachchan-be-happy-prime-video-1236319724/ |website=Variety |date=26 February 2025 |access-date=13 March 2025 |archive-date=26 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250226065705/https://variety.com/2025/tv/news/abhishek-bachchan-be-happy-prime-video-1236319724/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Reception ==
''Be Happy'' received generally mixed reviews from critics.<ref>{{cite web | last=Suri | first=Rishabh | title=Be Happy review: Abhishek Bachchan keeps you hooked with this sweet-as-sugar movie designed to make you cry | website=Hindustan Times | date=14 March 2025 | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/be-happy-review-abhishek-bachchan-keeps-you-hooked-with-this-sweet-as-sugar-movie-designed-to-make-you-cry-101741947368451.html}}</ref> {{Rotten Tomatoes prose|50|5.4|10|consensus=}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Be Happy |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/be_happy_2025 |access-date=24 September 2025 |website=Rotten Tomatoes}}</ref>

For ''[[The Indian Express]]'', [[Shubhra Gupta]] gave the film 1.5 stars out of 5 and commented that "Abhishek Bachchan, who did such a solid job being a dad-to-a-daughter in I Want To Talk, comes off more stolid in Be Happy, essentially because the plot is more in service to the dancing and the competing than to showing us the lives these characters live.".<ref>{{cite web | last=Gupta | first=Shubhra | title=Be Happy movie review: Abhishek Bachchan, Nora Fatehi film falls flat in execution | website=The Indian Express | date=14 March 2025 | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/be-happy-movie-review-abhishek-bachchan-nora-fatehi-film-falls-flat-in-execution-9885900/}}</ref> [[Sukanya Verma]] of [[Rediff.com]] gave the film 2.5 out of 5 and observed that "Ultimately, it is Abhishek's restraint that controls Be Happy's urges to go overboard even as Inayat's charms threaten to do its exact opposite".<ref>{{cite web | last=Verma | first=Sukanya | title=Be Happy Review: AB Baby Plays Papa Again | website=Rediff | date=14 March 2025 | url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/be-happy-review-ab-baby-plays-papa-again/20250314.htm}}</ref>
Tamma Moksha of ''[[The Hindu]]'' said that "In typical Remo D’Souza fashion, it is dance, dance performances, and a Ganesha dance number that seem to present the solution to the tribulations of life — while there is nothing wrong with the creative decision, it leaves the audience wanting more".<ref>{{cite web | last=Moksha | first=Tamma | title='Be Happy' movie review: Abhishek Bachchan hits the right beats in Remo D'Souza's love letter to dance | website=The Hindu | date=14 March 2025 | url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/be-happy-movie-review-abhishek-bachchan-hits-the-right-beats-in-remo-dsouzas-love-letter-to-dance/article69328931.ece}}</ref>

Rahul Desai of ''[[The Hollywood Reporter India]]'' said that "Remo D’Souza dad-daughter-dance triangle is a dull bubblegum movie."<ref>{{cite web | last=Desai| first=Rahul | title='Be Happy' Movie Review: Abhishek Bachchan's Film is Dance Drama for Dummies | website=The Hollywood reporter India | date=14 March 2025 | url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/reviews/streaming/be-happy-movie-review-dance-drama-for-dummies}}</ref>
A critic from ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' gave 3 stars out of 5 and said that "On the whole, BE HAPPY works due to the performances of Abhishek A Bachchan and Inayat Verma and the strong emotional moments in the second half."<ref>{{cite web | last=Hungama| first=Bollywood| title=Be Happy Movie Review: BE HAPPY works due to the performances.| website=Bollywood Hungama| date=14 March 2025 | url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/be-happy/critic-review/be-happy-movie-review/be-happy-works-due-to-the-performances/}}</ref>
Lachmi Deb Roy of ''[[Firstpost]]'' writes "Abishek Bhachchan and Inayat Verma’s impressive performance will steal your heart in an emotional yet flawed film. Watch the film for the beautiful choreography, the songs and the brilliant performances except for Nora Fatehi."<ref>{{cite web | last=Roy| first=Lachmi deb| title=Be Happy Movie Review: Abhishek Bachchan & Inayat nail an emotional father-daughter relationship story; Nora Fatehi as usual remains ornamental| website=Firstpost| date=14 March 2025 | url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/be-happy-movie-review-abhishek-bachchan-inayat-verma-nasser-nails-an-emotional-father-daughter-relationship-story-13871403.html}}</ref>

Hardika Gupta of ''[[NDTV]]'' gave 1.5 stars out of 5 and said that "The film's reliance on melodrama and a predictable formula detracts from its potential to offer a fresh perspective on the father-daughter dynamic or the pursuit of dreams."<ref>{{cite web | last=Gupta| first=Hardik| title=Be Happy Review: Abhishek Bachchan's Film Misses The Bull's Eye By Miles| website=NDTV| date=14 March 2025 | url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/be-happy-review-abhishek-bachchans-film-misses-the-mark-by-miles-1-5-stars-7928152}}</ref>
Dhaval Roy of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 3 stars out of 5 and said that "Be Happy is a wholesome, feel-good film perfect for family viewing. Be prepared to shed a few tears at the climax and experience a true "rainbow of emotions" as Dhara describes being on stage."<ref>{{cite web | last=Roy| first=Dhaval| title=Be Happy Review : This wholesome movie about hope and dreams will melt your heart| website=The Times of India| date=14 March 2025 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/be-happy/ottmoviereview/118990416.cms}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.primevideo.com/detail/0GRJPBDS73S0MF4JY7JUS3BHGQ/ ''Be Happy''] on [[Amazon Prime Video]]
* {{IMDb title|6649234}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama movie|be-happy}}

{{Portal bar|Film|India}}

[[Category:2025 Indian films]]
[[Category:2025 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2025 direct-to-video films]]
[[Category:Hindi-language drama films]]
[[Category:Amazon Prime Video original films]]
[[Category:Amazon MGM Studios films]]
[[Category:Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer films]]
[[Category:Indian films about cancer]]

Rashidpur Kaneta

2026-02-19T05:56:49Z

CelinaArellano: created a data

{{Short description|Village in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}
{{other uses|Rashidpur}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Rashidpur Kaneta
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map = Firozabad block Rashidpur Kaneta.png
| map_caption = Map showing Rashidpur Kaneta in Firozabad block
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|27.12972|N|78.44015|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Firozabad district|Firozabad]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Firozabad]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011 A"/>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 2.900
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 2731
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011 A"/>
| demographics_type1 =
| demographics1_title1 =
| demographics1_info1 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 283203
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Rashidpur Kaneta''' ({{IAST|Raśīdpur Kaneṭā}}) is a village in [[Firozabad]] block of [[Firozabad district]], Uttar Pradesh. It is located south-southeast from Firozabad along the highway, about halfway to the town of [[Makkhanpur]]. As of 2011, it had a population of 2,731, in 465 households.

== Geography ==
Rashidpur Kaneta is located south-southeast of Firozabad on [[National Highway 2 (India, old numbering)|the old NH 2]], about halfway to the town of [[Makkhanpur]] to the east. The village is mainly in the narrow area between the highway and the main line of the [[Northern Railway Zone|Northern Railway]], which run parallel with each other about 150 m apart. To the west is the village of [[Mondha]], which is south of the railway tracks and close to Firozabad's city limits. To the southwest is [[Jamalpur, Firozabad|Jamalpur]], to the southeast is [[Donkeli]], and to the north are [[Akalpur Damodarpur]] and [[Alampur Kaneta]]. The Firozabad district headquarters is located a bit to the east along the highway.<ref name="Survey of India map G44A8">{{cite map |author=[[Survey of India]] |title=Open Series Map No. G44A8 |date=2005 |scale=1:50,000 |type=[[Universal Transverse Mercator coordinate system|Universal Transverse Mercator]] projection |edition=1st}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
As of 2011, Rashidpur Kaneta had a population of 2,731, in 465 households.<ref name="Census 2011 A"/>{{rp|119}} This population was 53.2% male (1,453) and 46.8% female (1,278). The 0–6 age group numbered 403 (207 male and 196 female), making up 14.8% of the total population. 751 residents were members of Scheduled Castes, or 27.% of the total.<ref name="Census 2011 B">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Firozabad, Part B (Village and Town Wise Primary Census Abstract) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1211/download/3858/DH_2011_0916_PART_B_DCHB_FIROZABAD.pdf |website=Census of India |access-date=2 February 2026}}</ref>{{rp|110–1}}

The [[1981 Census of India|1981 census]] recorded Rashidpur Kaneta (as "Rasidpur Kaneta") as having a population of 1,257 people (701 male and 556 female), in 223 households and 215 physical houses.<ref name="Census 1981">{{cite book |title=Census 1981 Uttar Pradesh: District Census Handbook Part XIII-B: Village & Town Directory, District Agra |date=1982 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/28672/download/31854/28391_1981_AGR.pdf |access-date=2 February 2026}}</ref>{{rp|194-5}}

The [[1961 Census of India|1961 census]] recorded Rashidpur Kaneta as comprising 2 hamlets, with a total population of 889 people (461 male and 428 female), in 148 households and 124 physical houses. The area of the village was given as 416 acres.<ref name="Census 1961">{{cite book |title=Census 1961: District Census Handbook, Uttar Pradesh (22 - Agra District) |date=1965 |location=Lucknow |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/28472/download/31654/21841_1961_AGR.pdf |access-date=2 February 2026}}</ref>{{rp|xciv}}

== Infrastructure ==
As of 2011, Rashidpur Kaneta had 2 primary schools; it did not have any healthcare facilities. Drinking water was provided by tap, hand pump, and tube well/bore well; there were no public toilets. The village did not have a post office or public library; there was at least some access to electricity for residential and agricultural (but not commercial) purposes. Streets were made of both ''[[Indian vernacular architecture#kachcha|kachcha]]'' and ''[[Indian vernacular architecture#pucca|pakka]]'' materials.<ref name="Census 2011 A">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Firozabad, Part A (Village and Town Directory) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1210/download/3854/DH_2011_0916_PART_A_DCHB_FIROZABAD.pdf |website=Census of India |access-date=2 February 2026}}</ref>{{rp|119–24}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Firozabad district}}

[[Category:Villages in Firozabad district]]

Manali, Himachal Pradesh

2026-02-16T16:42:20Z

CelinaArellano: updated structure for consistency and updated info for accuracy

{{pp|small=yes}}
{{Short description|Town in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Manali
| settlement_type = [[Town]]
| image_skyline = {{multiple image
| border = infobox
| total_width = 290
| image_style =
| perrow = 1/2/2/1
|image1= Manali City.jpg
|image2=Mall Road, Manali.jpg
|image3= Dhauladhar view on the way to solang valley.jpg
|image4=Beautiful River valley.jpg
|image5=Mountains, Manali, Himachal Pradesh.jpg
|image6= Manali in winters.png
}}
| image_caption = '''''Clockwise from top:''''' Manali aerial view, Dhauladhar view, Mountains in Manali, Manali after snowfall, River in Manali, [[Mall Road, Manali|Mall road]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kullu district|Kullu]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for = ''[[Manu (Hinduism)|Manu]]''
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 2050
| population_total = 8096<ref name="pop">{{Cite web|url=http://www.citypopulation.de/php/india-himachalpradesh.php?cityid=0240401000|title= Manali (Kullu, Himachal Pradesh, India) - population statistics, map, and location|access-date=1 August 2014}}</ref>
| population_as_of = [[2011 Census of India|2011]]
| population_rank = [[List of cities in Himachal Pradesh by population|22 (state)]]
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]]
| demographics1_title2 = Regional
| demographics1_info2 = [[Kullui]]<ref>{{cite web| website=Literary Herald |title=Language and dialect of Himachal Pradesh |url=https://tlhjournal.com/uploads/products/35.shradha-shandil-article.pdf?utm_}}</ref>
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 175131
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = +911902
| registration_plate = HP-58
| website =
| footnotes =
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| native_name = 
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of Himachal Pradesh|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Himachal Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| pushpin_label = Manali
| subdivision_type = [[Country]]
| pushpin_map_alt = Map showing the location of Manali within Himachal Pradesh and India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| coordinates = {{coord|32.243177|N|77.189246|E|display=inline, title}}
| pushpin_map = India Himachal Pradesh#India
| native_name_lang = 
}}

'''Manali''' ({{indic Transl|hi|manālī|mənaːliː}}) is a [[resort town]], near [[Kullu|Kullu town]] in the [[Kullu district]] in the Indian state of [[Himachal Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/photos/lifestyle-gallery/express-wanderlust-the-mountains-are-calling-head-over-to-manali-6141029/|title=Wanderlust the mountains are calling head over to Manali, Himachal Pradesh|website=theindianexpress.com}}</ref> It is situated at the northern end of the [[Kullu Valley]], formed by the [[Beas River]]. The town is located in the [[Kullu district]], approximately {{convert|270|km|mi|abbr=}} north of the state capital of [[Shimla]] and {{Convert|544|km|mi}} northeast of the national capital of [[New Delhi]]. Manali is a popular [[Tourism in India|tourist destination in India]] and serves as the gateway to the [[Lahaul and Spiti district]] as well as the city of [[Leh]] in [[Ladakh]].<ref name="Gardner1995">''Paper also Presented at the International Seminar on Disasters, Environment and Development, 9–12 December 1994, New Delhi, India'' –by {{cite book|author=James S. Gardner|title=Tourism and Risk from Natural Hazards: Manali, Himachal Pradesh, India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NtgsAQAAMAAJ|year=1995|publisher=Natural Resources Institute, University of Manitoba}}</ref>

Manali is the beginning of an ancient trade route through [[Lahaul|Lahaul (H.P.)]] and [[Ladakh]], over the [[Karakoram Pass]] and onto [[Yarkant County|Yarkand]] and [[Hotan]] in the [[Tarim Basin]] of [[China]]. As per the [[2011 census of India|2011 Census of India]], the Manali Municipal Council had a population of 8,096, comprising 4,717 males and 3,379 females. Updated estimates suggest the town’s population is approximately 11,700 as of 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manali Municipal Council City Population Census 2011-2025 {{!}} Himachal Pradesh |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/town/800100-manali-himachal-pradesh.html |access-date=26 July 2025 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref>

== Mythology ==
Manali is named after [[Manu (Hinduism)|Manu]], the [[Protoplast (religion)|progenitor of humanity]] in [[Hinduism]]. The name ''Manali'' is regarded as the derivative of ''Manu-Alaya'' ({{Translation|'the abode of Manu'}}).<ref>{{Cite web |title=History {{!}} District Kullu {{!}} India |url=https://hpkullu.nic.in/history/ |access-date=23 November 2022 |language=en-US}}</ref> In [[Hindu cosmology]], Manu is believed to have stepped off his ark in Manali to recreate human life after a great flood had deluged the world at the [[Manvantara|end of an cyclic age]]. The [[Kullu Valley]] in which Manali is situated is often referred to as the "Valley of the Gods". An old village in the town has an ancient temple dedicated to the sage Manu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manali Tourism, Himachal Pradesh |url=https://indiathrills.com/manali/ |access-date=26 November 2022 |website=India Thrills |language=en-US}}</ref>

== History ==
Manali’s history blends ancient mythological traditions with trade, medieval temple heritage, and modern tourism development. The town’s name derives from [[Sanskrit]] ''Manu-Alaya'' (“abode of Manu”), reflecting a local legend that Sage Manu resettled humanity here after a great flood. In medieval times, the region was part of the broader [[Kullu district|Kullu]] principality and saw the construction of enduring temples such as the 16th-century [[Hidimba Devi Temple]]. Under British rule in the 19th and early 20th centuries, Manali began to emerge as a hill retreat, with infrastructure and orchard cultivation introduced by colonial visitors. After Indian independence, Manali’s growth accelerated as a tourist destination, facilitated by improved road links and leisure amenities.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Himachal Online |url=https://www.himachalonline.com/manali/history-of-manali?}}</ref>

Captain A. Banon and J.S. Mackay were the early apple orchardists in Manali.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Diack |first=Alexander Henderson |url=http://archive.org/details/dli.pahar.1425 |title=Gazetteer of the Kangra District / 2/4 Kulu, Lahul and Spiti : 1897 |date=1897 |publisher=New Delhi : Indus Publ. Co. |isbn=978-81-7387-016-3 |pages=87}}</ref>

== Governance ==
Manali’s urban local governance evolved from a Notified Area in the early 1960s to formal municipal administration under state law. After implementation of the '''Himachal Pradesh Municipal Act, 1994'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=THE HIMACHAL PRADESH MUNICIPAL ACT, 1994 |url=https://ud.hp.gov.in/sites/default/files/Acts/Municipal%20Act%2C%201994%20updated%20as%20on%20Feb%2C2023.pdf}}</ref>, Manali was constituted as a '''Nagar Panchayat in 1994''' as the town’s population and built-up area expanded. With further socio-economic growth and expansion of urban infrastructure, it was '''upgraded to a Municipal Council in 2009'''<ref>{{Cite news |title=Manali News: हिमाचल प्रदेश के मनाली में 50 साल में 80 गुना बढ़ गया कंक्रीट का जंगल |url=https://www.jagran.com/himachal-pradesh/kullu-manali-news-concrete-jungle-increased-80-times-in-50-years-23293907.html?}}</ref>, and is officially listed among the Municipal Councils of Himachal Pradesh. The '''Municipal Council, Manali'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=List of Municipalities in HP as on dated September,2023 |url=https://ud.hp.gov.in/sites/default/files/LIST%20OF%20ULBS/list%20of%20committee%20september%202023.pdf?}}</ref> functions under the [https://ud.hp.gov.in/ Directorate of Urban Development, Govt. of Himachal Pradesh], and is responsible for urban planning, land regulation, roads, sanitation and waste management, water supply, public amenities, and local development. The administrative headquarters of the council is located near Nehru Park in Manali.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Municipal Council Manali |url=https://mcmanali.in/?}}</ref>

==Geography==
[[File:Manali jan.jpg|thumb|320x320px|center|Himalayan mountains in Manali, [[Himachal Pradesh]].]]
Manali is located at 32.2396 N, 77.1887 E, about {{convert|547|km|abbr=on}} north of New Delhi.

===Climate===
{{Climate chart|Manali|-1.1|10.5|90|0.3|12.0|113.7|3.3|17.1|154.9|6.4|21.4|87.7|9.3|24.9|66.4|13.0|26.4|89.9|16.0|25.7|201.5|16.1|25.3|217.0|12.2|24.2|123.4|6.3|21.6|24.8|2.6|17.3|31.3|0.3|13.5|38.7|float=left|clear=none}}
[[File:Jagtsukh Manali.jpg|left|thumb|Manali in 2025]]
Manali features NO [[subtropical highland climate]] (''[[Köppen climate classification|Cfb]]'') with warm summers, relatively cold winters, and a high [[diurnal temperature variation]]. The temperatures range from {{convert|-7|C||abbr=on}} to {{convert|30|C|abbr=on}} over the year with the hottest day crossing {{convert|30|C|abbr=on}} and the coldest day going below {{convert|-7|C||abbr=on}}. The average temperature during summer is between {{convert|10|C|abbr=on}} to , and between {{convert|-7|C|abbr=on}} to {{convert|15|C|abbr=on}} in the winter.

Monthly precipitation varies between {{convert|31|mm|abbr=on}} in November and {{convert|217|mm|abbr=on}} in August. On average, some {{convert|45|mm|abbr=on}} of precipitation is received during winter and spring months, increasing to some {{convert|115|mm|abbr=on}} in summer as the monsoon approaches. The average total annual precipitation is {{convert|1363|mm|abbr=on}}. Manali experiences snowfall predominantly between December and the beginning of March.
[[File:Manali 2022.jpg|thumb|260x260px|Manali in May 2022]]
[[File:Mountains, Manali, Himachal Pradesh.jpg|thumb|Snowfall in Manali|260x260px]]
[[File:1 Mountain Vista scenic view from Drifter's Inn Manali Himachal Pradesh India 2016.jpg|thumb|View of Himalayas from Manali|260x260px]]
{{Weather box
| location = Manali, Himachal Pradesh (1991–2020, extremes 1968–2020)
| metric first = Yes
| single line = Yes
| Jan record high C = 19.5
| Feb record high C = 23.5
| Mar record high C = 27.0
| Apr record high C = 30.0
| May record high C = 35.0
| Jun record high C = 33.2
| Jul record high C = 32.6
| Aug record high C = 30.6
| Sep record high C = 29.2
| Oct record high C = 30.0
| Nov record high C = 25.6
| Dec record high C = 21.5
| year record high C =
| Jan high C = 10.5
| Feb high C = 12.0
| Mar high C = 17.1
| Apr high C = 21.4
| May high C = 24.9
| Jun high C = 26.4
| Jul high C = 25.7
| Aug high C = 25.3
| Sep high C = 24.2
| Oct high C = 21.6
| Nov high C = 17.3
| Dec high C = 13.5
| year high C = 20.2
| Jan low C = -1.1
| Feb low C = 0.3
| Mar low C = 3.3
| Apr low C = 6.4
| May low C = 9.3
| Jun low C = 13.0
| Jul low C = 16.0
| Aug low C = 16.1
| Sep low C = 12.2
| Oct low C = 6.3
| Nov low C = 2.6
| Dec low C = 0.3
| year low C = 7.2
| Jan record low C = -11.6
| Feb record low C = -11.0
| Mar record low C = -6.0
| Apr record low C = -1.0
| May record low C = 1.0
| Jun record low C = 4.4
| Jul record low C = 7.4
| Aug record low C = 7.0
| Sep record low C = 3.0
| Oct record low C = -1.5
| Nov record low C = -5.0
| Dec record low C = -10.0
| year record low C =
| rain colour = green
| Jan rain mm = 90.0
| Feb rain mm = 113.7
| Mar rain mm = 154.9
| Apr rain mm = 87.7
| May rain mm = 66.4
| Jun rain mm = 89.9
| Jul rain mm = 201.5
| Aug rain mm = 217.0
| Sep rain mm = 123.4
| Oct rain mm = 24.8
| Nov rain mm = 31.3
| Dec rain mm = 38.7
| year rain mm = 1239.3
| Jan rain days = 5.6
| Feb rain days = 6.7
| Mar rain days = 8.4
| Apr rain days = 6.0
| May rain days = 6.2
| Jun rain days = 7.9
| Jul rain days = 12.9
| Aug rain days = 14.9
| Sep rain days = 8.1
| Oct rain days = 1.9
| Nov rain days = 1.8
| Dec rain days = 2.2
| year rain days = 82.6
|time day = 17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| Jan humidity = 62
| Feb humidity = 60
| Mar humidity = 52
| Apr humidity = 58
| May humidity = 63
| Jun humidity = 66
| Jul humidity = 75
| Aug humidity = 76
| Sep humidity = 76
| Oct humidity = 69
| Nov humidity = 63
| Dec humidity = 62
|year humidity = 65
|source 1 = [[India Meteorological Department]]<ref>{{cite web
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Climatological%20Tables%201991-2020.pdf
| title = Climatological Tables of Observatories in India 1991-2020
| publisher = [[India Meteorological Department]]
| access-date = 8 April 2024
}}</ref><ref name=IMDnormals>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205040301/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf
| archive-date = 5 February 2020
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf
| title = Station: Manali Climatological Table 1981–2010
| work = Climatological Normals 1981–2010
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| date = January 2015
| pages = 469–470
| access-date = 15 February 2020}}</ref><ref name=IMDextremes>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205042509/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf
| archive-date = 5 February 2020
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf
| title = Extremes of Temperature & Rainfall for Indian Stations (Up to 2012)
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| date = December 2016
| page = M69
| access-date = 15 February 2020}}</ref>
}}

==Demographics==
Manali has grown from a trading village to a small town. As of the 2011 census of India, its population was 8,096. In 2001, Manali had an official population of 6,265. Males constituted 64% of the population and females 36%. Manali had an average literacy rate of 74%, male literacy was 80%, and female literacy was 63.9%. 9.5% of the population was under six years of age.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages, and towns (Provisional)|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=16 June 2004|access-date=1 November 2008|publisher=Census Commission of India}}</ref>

==Transport==

=== Road ===
[[File:Solang Valley, Road, India.jpg|thumb|Road near Manali in Himachal Pradesh|260x260px]]
Manali can be reached from Delhi by [[National Highway 1 (India)|national highway NH 1]] up to [[Ambala]] and from there [[NH 22]] to [[Chandigarh]] and from there by [[National Highway 21 (India)|national highway NH21]] that passes through [[Bilaspur, Himachal Pradesh|Bilaspur]], [[Sundernagar]], [[Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, India|Mandi]] and [[Kullu]] towns. The road distance from Chandigarh to Manali is {{convert|282|km|abbr=on}}, and the total distance from Delhi to Manali is {{convert|550|km|abbr=on}}. Bus services are available from HRTC ([[Himachal Road Transport Corporation]]), HPTDC (Himachal Tourism Development Corporation), and private operators.
[[File:Beas river at Manali.jpg|thumb|Beas river in Manali]]

=== Air ===
The nearest airport [[Kullu–Manali Airport]] (IATA code KUU) is at [[Bhuntar|Bhuntar town]] in [[Kullu]]. The airport is also known as Kullu-Manali airport and has more than a kilometre-long runway. [[Air India]] has regular flights to the airport from [[New Delhi]].

==== Helicopter Service ====
[[Pawan Hans]], the Government charter agency, provides helicopter-taxi service connecting [[Shimla]] to [[Chandigarh]], [[Kullu district|Kullu]], [[Kangra, Himachal Pradesh|Kangra]] and [[Dharamshala]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=19 March 2019|title=Shimla-Chandigarh helicopter service now operating six days a week|url=https://himachaltourism.gov.in/shimla-chandigarh-helicopter-service-now-operating-six-days-a-week/|access-date=21 November 2019|website=Himachal Tourism Official Website}}</ref>

=== Rail ===

Bilaspur will be a station on the under-construction [[Bhanupli–Leh line]] (also see [[Jammu railway division#Future|Planned rail lines between Himachal and Ladakh]]).<ref name=featup1>[https://www.theweek.in/theweek/current/2025/04/05/bilaspur-manali-leh-rail-project-details.html India’s costliest rail line will change how we view travel], theweek.in, 13 April 2025.</ref> There is no close railhead available close to Manali. The nearest [[broad gauge]] railheads are at [[Una, Himachal Pradesh|Una]] {{convert|250|km|0|abbr=on}} away, [[Kiratpur Sahib]] {{convert|268|km|0|abbr=on}}, [[Kalka]] ({{convert|275|km|0|abbr=on}}), [[Chandigarh]] ({{convert|310|km|0|abbr=on}}), and [[Pathankot]] ({{convert|325|km|0|abbr=on}}). The nearest [[Narrow gauge railway|narrow gauge]] railhead is at [[Joginder Nagar]] ({{convert|147|km}}). The [[Kalka–Shimla Railway]] is a nostalgic narrow-gauge route culminating at the state capital to travel by road to Manali.

== Attractions ==

* [[Mall Road, Manali|Mall Road]] - Main shopping street of Manali.
* [[Hidimba Devi Temple|Hadimba Temple]] – A unique wooden shrine dedicated to Hidimbi, wife of Bhima, noted for its pagoda-style architecture.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hidimba Temple Manali - Ancient sanctuary in the mountains |url=https://www.incredibleindia.gov.in/en/himachal-pradesh/manali/hidimba-temple |access-date=26 July 2025 |website=Incredible India |language=en}}</ref>
* Ghatotkacha Temple<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=13 July 2017 |title=Temples dedicated to demoness Hidimbi Devi and her son Ghatothkach in Manali, Himachal Pradesh |url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/history-and-culture/temples-dedicated-to-demoness-hidimbi-devi-and-her-son-ghatothkach-in-manali-himachal-pradesh/article19270468.ece |access-date=26 July 2025 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> – Located close to Hadimba, dedicated to Ghatotkacha, son of Bhima and Hadimba Devi.
* [[Vashisht, Himachal Pradesh|Vashisht Temple]] – Situated in Vashisht village, known for its sulphurous hot springs and temples dedicated to Lord Vashisht, Shiva, and Rama.<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 February 2025 |title=Why Vashisht Temple is a must-visit spiritual gem in Manali, Himachal Pradesh |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/travel/destinations/why-vashisht-temple-is-a-must-visit-spiritual-gem-in-manali-himachal-pradesh/articleshow/118389434.cms |access-date=26 July 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
* Manu Temple<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manu Temple, Manali - Tripadvisor |url=https://www.tripadvisor.in/Attraction_Review-g297618-d3912843-Reviews-Manu_Temple-Manali_Kullu_District_Himachal_Pradesh.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241107222323/https://www.tripadvisor.in/Attraction_Review-g297618-d3912843-Reviews-Manu_Temple-Manali_Kullu_District_Himachal_Pradesh.html |archive-date=7 November 2024 |access-date=26 July 2025 |website=Tripadvisor |language=en-IN |url-status=live }}</ref> – An ancient shrine dedicated to [[Maharishi]] Manu, believed to be the creator of mankind in Hindu tradition.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manu Temple Old Manali (Timings, History, Entry Fee, Images, Aarti, Location & Phone) - Manali Tourism |url=https://manalitourism.co.in/manu-temple-old-manali |access-date=26 July 2025 |website=manalitourism.co.in}}</ref>
* [[Rohtang Pass]] – Approximately 51 km from Manali, at an altitude of 3979 m (13,050 ft) above sea level; connects Kullu Valley with Lahaul and Spiti, and is a popular scenic destination.
* [[Bara-lacha la|Bara Lacha Pass]] – Another high mountain pass in the region, providing access to Zanskar and Ladakh, often included in trekking circuits.
* [[Atal Tunnel]] - Runs under [[Rohtang Pass]] constructed on the Manali - Leh Highway. Longest Highway Tunnel at 10,000 feet.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Longest Tunnel at 10,000 Feet |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1796961}}</ref>
* [[Solang Valley]] - Vast green slopes and a ski resort 14 Km north of Manali. Popularly known as Snow Point.
* [[Hamta Pass]] - Scenic pass between Manali and Chandra Valley.

== Environmental concerns ==
Manali has witnessed a flurry of activity related to hydroelectric power and tourism. Unplanned and rampant construction has led to severe depletion of forests and pollution of river bodies, along with garbage being disposed of on the side of the mountains. There has been a loss of habitat to various species of fauna, not limited to the [[Himalayan monal]] only.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Azad |first1=Shivani |date=18 November 2019 |title=Uttarakhand's state bird monal to be conserved with help from Himachal |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/ukhands-state-bird-monal-to-be-conserved-with-help-from-himachal/articleshow/72099088.cms |access-date=1 March 2021 |work=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

During the summer 2025 monsoon season, heavy rainfall triggered multiple landslides in [[Mandi district]], disrupting the Chandigarh–Manali highway near 4 Mile, Pandoh, and the Thalot Tunnel. The route was blocked for up to 24 hours, stranding hundreds of vehicles and causing significant travel delays.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Massive landslide in Mandi halts traffic on Chandigarh-Manali highway |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/himachal/massive-landslide-in-mandi-halts-traffic-on-chd-manali-highway/ |access-date=26 July 2025 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref> Statewide, over 400 roads were blocked; Mandi alone reported 232 blocked roads and 71 in the Kullu district, including Manali-bound routes.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HiD0NuIhYmw |title=Heavy Rainfall Triggers Landslides On Kullu-Manali-Chandigarh Highway, Disruptaing Traffic |date=1 July 2025 |last=India Today |access-date=26 July 2025 |via=YouTube}}</ref> The disasters resulted in 137 deaths, with severe damage to roads, water and power infrastructure.<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 July 2025 |title=Himachal hit hard: Over 400 roads blocked, power down, and water crisis as rains wreak havoc |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/himachal-hit-hard-over-400-roads-blocked-power-down-and-water-crisis-as-rains-wreak-havoc/articleshow/122853462.cms |access-date=26 July 2025 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> Due to the narrow Himalayan terrain and recent landslides, traffic congestion along the Chandigarh–Manali National Highway (NH‑21) has worsened significantly. Even outside disaster periods, gridlock is common during peak tourist season, leading to long delays and often only one-way traffic management on affected stretches.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 July 2025 |title=Rain throws normal life out of gear in Himachal Pradesh, Chandigarh-Manali highway disrupted |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/rain-throws-normal-life-out-of-gear-in-himachal-pradesh-chandigarh-manali-highway-disrupted/articleshow/122167969.cms |access-date=26 July 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Tourism in Himachal Pradesh]]
* [[List of hill stations in India]]
* [[Mall Road, Manali]]
* [[Rohtang Pass]], Manali

==Further reading==
*Verma, V. 1996. ''Gadd of Dhauladhar: A Transhumant Tribe of the Himalayas''. Indus Publishing Co., New Delhi.
*Handa, O. C. 1996. ''Buddhist Monasteries in Himachal Pradesh''. {{ISBN|978-8185182032}}.
*Penelope Chetwode 1972, 1989 "Kulu: The End of the Habitable World" ({{ISBN|9788185113203}}) Time Books International

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{commons category|Manali}}
* [https://himachaltourism.gov.in/destination/manali/ Himachal Tourism Official Govt Website]
* https://hpkullu.nic.in/
{{Wikivoyage|Manali}}
{{Leh-Manali Highway}}
{{Kullu Manali Circuit}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Tourism in Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Hill stations in Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Ski areas and resorts in India]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Kullu district]]
[[Category:Manali, Himachal Pradesh| ]]

Françoise Mallison

2026-02-12T04:39:02Z

CelinaArellano: Creating the details v1 - done

{{Infobox scientist
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Françoise Mallison
| honorific_suffix =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image =
| image_size =
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| alt =
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| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date |1940|11|14}}
| birth_place = [[Lyon]]
| death_date =
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| home_town =
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| citizenship = French
| nationality =
| fields = [[Indology]]
| workplaces = [[École française d'Extrême-Orient]]
| patrons =
| education =
| alma_mater = [[École Nationale des Chartes]]
| thesis1_title = Le cartulaire de l'abbaye de Signy, ordre de Cîteaux, au diocèse de Reims
| thesis2_title = Satî-Gîtâ, le chant de la femme fidèle, traduction de la version gujarati
| thesis_url = 
| thesis1_year = 1964
| thesis2_year = 1969
| doctoral_advisor = [[Charlotte Vaudeville]]
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}}
'''Françoise Mallison''' (born in [[Lyon]], 1940) is a French [[Indologist]] specialising in the history and religious traditions of [[Gujarat]]. She was the Head of Studies at the École pratique des hautes études, [[University of Paris|Sorbonne]].

==Life and career==
Françoise Mallison was born in Lyon, France in 1940. She read Medieval studies at the [[École Nationale des Chartes]] from 1960. After she submitted her thesis, she worked as a curator at the French National Archives between 1964 and 1967, and again between 1969 and 1971.<ref name=efeo>{{cite web|url=https://www.efeo.fr/biographies/notices/mallison.htm|title=Françoise Mallison|publisher=École française d'Extrême-Orient|access-date=27 July 2019}}</ref>

Mallison also studied the [[Hindi language]] at the [[Institut national des langues et civilisations orientales|École nationale des langues orientales vivantes]] from 1962. Supervised by [[Charlotte Vaudeville]], she defended her dissertation ''Satî-Gîtâ, le chant de la femme fidèle, traduction de la version gujarati'' (''Sati-Gita: the song of the faithful woman; translated from the Gujarati'') in 1969. She was then attached to the [[École française d'Extrême-Orient]] (EFEO)'s [[Pune]] branch, which she headed between 1971 and 1977.<ref name=efeo/>

Returning to France, she lectured at the [[École pratique des hautes études]], and then supervised a research programme on the history and philology of Western India in the Middle Ages at the EFEO. She retired from the EFEO in October 1994.<ref name=efeo/>

===Religious studies===
Mallison's area of research is pre-modern and medieval Gujarati literature. She has rediscovered and analyzed texts from the last thousand years, ranging from hymns such as the ''Prabhatiyam'' to the ''Ginans'' of the [[Ismailis]], and local interpretations of [[Sanskrit]] epics such as the ''[[Ramayana]]''.<ref name=efeo/>

In her researches into religious sects of Gujarat, she has shown that some hymns (such as the ''Sant Vani'') transcended religious boundaries. She proposed that a Naklamki (the tenth avatar of [[Vishnu]], also known as ''[[Kalki]]'') cult in [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]] started by Ismaili [[Khoja]]s in the nineteenth century, using Hindu terms such as ''avatar'' and borrowing classical Hindu stories, became a Hindu cult.<ref name="GranoffShinohara2011">{{cite encyclopedia|editor1=P. Granoff|editor1-link=Phyllis Granoff|editor2=K. Shinohara|encyclopedia=Pilgrims, Patrons, and Place: Localizing Sanctity in Asian Religions|title=Introduction|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PbY1K4hyCuoC|year=2011|publisher=UBC Press|isbn=978-0-7748-4219-8|page=13}}</ref> Another example of transcultural diffusion of religious texts that Mallison uncovered was the ''Delami Aradh''. Between the 13th and 15th centuries, this ritual began with Ismailis and then was adopted by Gujarati ''Mahamargis'', a [[Tantras (Hinduism)|Tantric]] sect.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|author=H. Pauwels|title=Introduction|editor=H. Pauwels|encyclopedia=Patronage and Popularisation, Pilgrimage and Procession: Channels of Transcultural Translation and Transmission in Early Modern South Asia; Papers in Honour of Monika Horstmann|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kv0xPCZ6e9sC|year=2009|publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag|isbn=978-3-447-05723-3}}</ref> The Mahamargis themselves, she showed, was an ecumenical cult but chiefly run by an [[Untouchability|untouchable]] caste, the ''Meghvals''.<ref name="Purohit2012">{{cite book|author=T. Purohit|title=The Aga Khan Case: Religion and Identity in Colonial India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sk7XrL7ZNxYC|date=31 October 2012|publisher=Harvard University|isbn=978-0-674-06770-7|page=159}}</ref>

Mallison investigated the spread of the ''[[Bhakti movement|bhakti]]'' teachings of [[Vallabha]], a fifteenth century itinerant saint. She claimed that his doctrines, based on Krishna-worship – already well-established in Gujarat – were especially popular among the merchant ''[[Bania (caste)|bania]]'' caste, because he taught that the pursuit of material gain was compatible with ''bhakti''. This was countered by the argument that the ''[[Bhagavad Gita]]'' already confirmed the consonance between one's faith and one's ''[[Varna (Hinduism)|varna]]''-related calling.<ref>{{cite journal|title=The Movement of Bhakti along a North-West Axis: Tracing the History of the Puṣṭimārg between the Sixteenth and Nineteenth Centuries| doi=10.1007/s11407-008-9050-3|page=307 |author=S. Saha|journal=International Journal of Hindu Studies|volume=11|number=3|year=2007}}</ref>

A major religious movement Mallison studied was that of [[Swaminarayan]]. She showed that origin stories of its founder Sahajanand Swami, a yogi, resemble those of the Hindu deity [[Krishna]]; he is depicted in garb resembling that of the god, and one of the nicknames of Krishna, ''Ranachhoda'', under which he is worshipped at [[Dwarka]] was also given to the yogi. These allow the followers of the movement to identify Sahajanand with Krishna.<ref name="Williams1984">{{cite book|author=R.B. Williams|title=A New Face of Hinduism: The Swaminarayan Religion|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AHI7AAAAIAAJ|year=1984|publisher=Cambridge University|isbn=978-0-521-27473-9|page=67}}</ref>

===Cultural traditions===
Mallison explored the spread of vernacular culture in Gujarat via ''dhol'' songs. These were popular depictions of folklore that were at one time widespread, but later came to be associated with the Vallabha sect.<ref name="BarzTheil-Horstmann1989">{{cite encyclopedia|editor1=R. K. Barz|editor2=M. Theil-Horstmann|title=Introduction|encyclopedia=Living Texts from India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oU8OKWe9-isC|year=1989|publisher=Otto Harrassowitz|isbn=978-3-447-02967-4|page=3}}</ref>

Mallison reconstructed the history of the Braj Language School in [[Bhuj]], Gujarat, a cultural institution that educated poets and professional writers from 1749 to 1948. She was able to collect and publish a narrative of the school from widely dispersed technical literature and poetry from the school.<ref name="Pollock2011">{{cite encyclopedia|title=Introduction|author=S. Pollock|author-link=Sheldon Pollock|editor=S. Pollock|encyclopedia=Forms of Knowledge in Early Modern Asia: Explorations in the Intellectual History of India and Tibet, 1500–1800|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=740AqMUW8WQC|year=2011|publisher=Duke University Press|isbn=978-0-8223-4904-4|page=9}}</ref>

==Selected works==
* {{cite encyclopedia|editor1=R.B. Williams|editor2=Y. Trivedi|author=F. Mallison|title=Gujarati Socio-religious Context of Swaminarayan Devotion and Doctrine|year=2016|encyclopedia=Swaminarayan Hinduism: Tradition, Adaptation, Identity}}
* {{cite book|author=F. Mallison|chapter=The Teaching of Braj, Gujarati, and Bardic Poetry at the Court of Kutch: The Bhuj Brajbhāṣā Pāṭhśālā (1749-1948)|title=Forms of Knowledge in Early Modern Asia: Explanations in the Intellectual History of India and Tibet, 1500-1700|editor-last1=Pollock|editor-first1=Sheldon|location=Durham|publisher=Duke University Press|date=2011}}
* {{cite book|title=Gināns: Texts and Contexts : Essays on Ismaili Hymns from South Asia in Honour of Zawahir Moir|editor1=T.R. Kassam|editor2=F. Mallison|year=2010|publisher=Primus Books|isbn=9788190891875}}
* {{cite book|author=F. Mallison|chapter=The Delamī Ārādh of Devāyat Paṇḍit: A Ritual Text of the Early Nizārī Ismailis of Western India still in Use among the Present Tantric Mahāmārgī of Gujarat|title=Patronage and Popularisation: Pilgrimage and Processions, Channels of Transcultural Translation and Transmission in Early Modern South Asia. Papers in Honour of Monika Horstmann|series=Studies in Oriental Religions|volume=58|editor-last1=Pauwels|editor-first1=Heidi Rika Maria|location=Weisbaden|publisher=Harrassowitz Verlag|date=2009}}
* {{cite book|author=F. Mallison|chapter=Bārmatī Panth: A Messianic Sect Established in Sindh, Kutch, and Saurashtra|title=Sindh Through History and Representations, French Contributions to Sindhi Studies|editor-last1=Boivin|editor-first1=Michel|location=Karachi|publisher=Oxford University Press|date=2008}}
* {{cite book|author=F. Mallison|chapter=The Socio-Religious Context of the Gujarati Devotional Songs of the Ciśtī Sampradāy of Kāyamuddīn Bāvā: Eighteenth Century|title=Devotional Expressions of South Asian Muslims|location=London|publisher=Institute of Ismaili Studies|date=2006}}
* {{cite book|author=F. Mallison|chapter=Saints and Sacred Places in Saurashtra and Kutch: The Cases of the Naklaṁkī Cult and the Jakhs|title=Pilgrims, Patrons and Place: Localizing Sancitity in Asian Religions|editor-last1=Granoff|editor-first1=Phyllis|editor-last2=Shinohara|editor-first2=Koichi|location=Vancouver-Toronto|publisher=University of British Columbia Press|date=2003}}
* {{cite book|author=F. Mallison|chapter=Resistant Gīnāns and the Quest for an Ismā'īlī and Islamic Identity among the Khojās|title=Charisma and Canon: Essays on the Religious History of the Indian Subcontinent|editor-last1=Dalmia|editor-first1=Vasudha|editor-last2=Malinar|editor-first2=Angelika|editor-last3=Christof|editor-first3=Martin|location=New Delhi|publisher=Oxford University Press|date=2001}}
* {{cite journal|author=F. Mallison|title=Contradictions and Misunderstandings in the Literary Response to Colonial Culture in Nineteenth-Century Gujarat|journal=South Asia Research|volume=20|issue=2, Literary Initiatives: Literature and Colonialism in South Asia|editor-last1=Blackburn|editor-first1=Stuart|date=2000|pages=119–132 |doi=10.1177/026272800002000203 }}
* {{cite book|author=F. Mallison|chapter=Sant-vāṇī and Harijan, Mahāmārgī Bhajan and Ismā'īlī Ginān: A New Appraisal of Popular Devotion in Saurashtra|title=The Banyan Tree: Essays on Early Literature in New Indo-Aryan Languages|editor-last1=Offredi|editor-first1=Mariola|location=Venice|publisher=Università degli Studi di Venezia, Dipartimento di Studi Eurasiatici|date=2000}}
* {{cite journal|author=F. Mallison|title=Le discours hagiographique dans les biographies du saint-poète gujarati Narasimha Mahetâ (XVe siècle, Inde occidentale)|journal=Bulletin de l'École Française d'Extrême-Orient|year=1998 |volume=85|pages=265–283 |doi=10.3406/befeo.1998.3833 }}
* {{cite journal|author=F. Mallison|title=Puṣṭimārgī Poetry in Gujarati: The Lord of Braj Travelled to Gujarat Twice|journal=Sambodhi|publisher=L.D. Institute of Indology|location=Ahmedabad|volume=20|date=1996}}
* {{cite book|author=F. Mallison|chapter=Hymnologies vishnuite, jaina, parsi, tantrique et islamique en gujarati: Mode de transmission et thèmes convergents|title=Tranditions orales dan le monde indien|editor-last1=Champion-Servan-Schreiber|editor-first1=Catherine|series=Puruṣārtha|volume=18|location=Paris|publisher=Éditions de l'École des hautes études en sciences sociales|date=1996|language=fr}}
* {{cite book|author=F. Mallison|chapter=Hagiography and Sects in the Medieval Vaiṣṇava Bhakti of Western India|title=Śilpasaṁvit, Consciousness Manifest, Studies in Jaina Art and Iconography and Allied Subjects in Honour of Dr. U.P. Shah|editor-last1=Vyas|editor-first1=R.T.|location=Vadodara|publisher=Oriental Institute|date=1995}}
* {{cite book|author=F. Mallison|chapter=Muslim Devotional Literature in Gujarati: Islam and Bhakti|title=Devotional Literature in South Asia, Current Research, 1985-1988|editor-last1=McGregor|editor-first1=R.S.|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|date=1992}}
* {{cite book|author=F. Mallison|chapter=Lorsque Raṇachoḍarāya quitte Dwarka pour Dakor|title=Devotion Divine: Bhakti Traditions from the Regions of India: Studies in Honour of Charlotte Vaudeville|editor-last1=Eck|editor-first1=Diana I.|editor-last2=Mallison|editor-first2=Françoise|publisher=École française d'Extrême-Orient|location=Paris|date=1991|language=fr}}
* {{cite book|author=F. Mallison|chapter=Les chants garabī de Pīr Shams'|title=Littératures médiévales de l'Inde du Nord: Contributions de Charlotte Vaudeville et de ses élèves|editor-last1=Mallison|editor-first1=Françoise|series=Publications de l'Ecole francaise d'Extreme-Orient|volume=165|date=1991|location=Paris|language=fr}}
* {{cite book|author=F. Mallison|chapter=Hinduism as seen by the Nizārī Ismā'īlī Missionaries of Western India: The Evidence of the Ginān|title=Hinduism Reconsidered|editor-last1=Sontheimer|editor-first1=Günther=Dietz|editor-last2=Kulke|editor-first2=Hermann|publisher=South Asia Institute, New Delhi Branch|series=Heidelberg University South Asian Studies|volume=25|date=1989}}
* {{cite book|author=F. Mallison|title=Au point du jour : les Prabhâtiyâm de Narasimha Mahetâ, poète et saint vishnouite du Gujarât (XVe siècle)|year=1986}}
* {{cite journal|author=F. Mallison|title=Les chants dhoḷa au gujarāt et leur usage pour la dévotion vallabhite|journal=Bulletin de l'École Française d'Extrême-Orient|volume=75|date=1986|pages=79–103 |doi=10.3406/befeo.1986.1701 |language=fr}}
* {{cite book|author=F. Mallison|chapter=The Definition of a Vaiṣṇava according to Medieval Gujarati Devotional Poetry|title=Bhakti in Current Research, 1982-1985, Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Devotional Literature in the New Indo-Aryan Languages, Noordwijkerhout 1985|series=Kern institute Miscellanea|volume=10|editor-last1=Gautam|editor-first1=M.K.|editor-last2=Schokker|editor-first2=G.H.|location=Lucknow|publisher=Indo-European Publication}}
* {{Cite book |author=F. Mallison|title=Bhakti in current research, 1979-1982 : proceedings of the Second International Conference on Early Devotional Literature in New Indo-Aryan Languages, St. Augustin, 19-21 March 1982 |date=1983 |publisher=Dietrich Reimer Verlag |editor-last=Thiel-Horstmann |editor-first=Monika |series=Collectanea Instituti Anthropos |volume=30 |location=Berlin |chapter=Development of early Krishnaism in Gujarāt: Viṣṇu – Raṇchoḍ – Kr̥ṣṇa}}
* {{cite journal|title=The Cult of Sudāmā in Porbandar-Sudāmāpurī|author=F. Mallison|journal=Journal of the Oriental Institute|location=Baroda|year=1980|volume=29|issue=3–4}}
* {{cite journal|title=Saint Sudāmā in Gujarat: Should the holy be wealthy?|author=F. Mallison|journal=Journal of the Oriental Institute|location=Baroda|year=1979|volume=29|issue=1–2}}
* {{cite book|author=F. Mallison|chapter=Bhakti in Gujarat: Some Problems|title=''Early Hindi Devotional Literature in Current Research'', Proceedings of the International Middle Hindi Conference (April 1979) organized by the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven|date=1980|editor-last1=Callewaert|editor-first1=Winand M|series=Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta 8|location=Leuven|publisher=Departement Orientalistiek Katholieke Universiteit Leuven}}
* {{cite journal|author=F. Mallison|title=Notes on the Biography of Narasiṁha Mahetā|journal=Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute|volume=55|date=1978|translator-last1=Mallison|translator-first1=Wolfram}}
* {{cite journal|author=F. Mallison|title=La secte krichnaïte des Svami-narayani au Gujarat|journal= Journal Asiatique |volume=262|year=1974}}

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mallison, Francoise}}

[[Category:1940 births]]
[[Category:20th-century French historians]]
[[Category:21st-century French historians]]
[[Category:French Indologists]]
[[Category:French scholars of Islam]]
[[Category:Hindu studies scholars]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Todgarh

2026-02-08T14:36:44Z

CelinaArellano: Adding new stub.

{{short description|Town in Rajasthan, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{AI-generated|date=December 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Tatgarh
| other_name = Todgarh
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| nickname =
| pushpin_map = India Rajasthan#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Rajasthan, [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|25.6906|N|73.9717|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Rajasthan]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Beawar district|Beawar]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder = Bhim Singh
| named_for = [[James Tod]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 510
| population_total = 21626<ref name="britpushkar">[https://www.britannica.com/place/Pushkar Pushkar], Encyclopaedia Britannica</ref>
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| subdivision_type = Country
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| official_name = Todgarh
}}
'''Todgarh''' or '''Tatgarh''' is a town located in [[Beawar district]] in [[Rajasthan]], India. It is situated 13 km away from district headquarter Beawar and 130 km away from Ajmer. Tatgarh town is also a tehsil headquarters.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tatgarh, Ajmer, Rajasthan, India - Geolysis Local |url=http://geolysis.com/p/in/rj/ajmer/tatgarh |access-date=2022-08-11 |website=geolysis.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Watson |first=C. C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kgsgaz-sdRQC&dq=todgarh&pg=PA79 |title=Rajputana district gazetteers: Ajmer-Merwara. A.text. B.Statistical tables |date=1904 |publisher=Scottish Mission Industries |language=en}}</ref>
It served as a tehsil of Ajmer Merwada during British rule in India.

== Geography ==
The total geographical area of town is 571 hectares.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kiVuAAAAMAAJ&q=todgarh |title=Rajasthan: Lesser Known Destinations |date=1999 |publisher=Department Tourism, Art & Culture, Government of Rajasthan |language=en}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
Tatgarh has a total population of 2,272 peoples, out of which male population is 1,141 while female population is 1,131. Literacy rate of tatgarh town is 66.90% out of which 80.11% males and 53.58% females are literate. There are about 475 houses in tatgarh village. Pincode of tatgarh town locality is 305924.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Todgarh Pin Code, Todgarh, Ajmer Map, Latitude and Longitude, Rajasthan |url=https://indiamapia.com/Ajmer/Todgarh.html |access-date=2022-08-11 |website=indiamapia.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sherring |first=Matthew A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n27Qc1LHKUwC&dq=todgarh&pg=PA68 |title=Hindu Tribes and Castes: Together with Three Dissertations on the Natural History of Hindu Caste, the Unity of the Hindu Race and the Prospects of Indian Caste : and Including a General Index of the Three Volumes |date=1881 |publisher=Thacker |language=en}}</ref>

== Location ==
It is located in a small patch of land belonging to Ajmer district but embedded between [[Pali district|Pali]] and [[Rajsamand district|Rajsamand]] districts.
[[Beawar]] is nearest town to tatgarh for all major economic activities, which is approximately 13 km away.

== History ==
=== British influence and naming ===
In 1821, Colonel James Tod, a British officer and Oriental scholar, was appointed as the Political Agent in Udaipur under the East India Company. He played a significant role in documenting the history and geography of Rajputana (present-day Rajasthan) and authored the seminal work *Annals and Antiquities of Rajasthan*. During his tenure, Maharana Bhim Singh of Mewar honored him by naming a village "Todgarh," combining Tod's name with "garh," meaning fort. This area was previously known as Madla.<ref>{{Citation |last=D'Souza |first=Florence |title=The Transports of James Tod in Rajasthan |date=2007 |work=Transport(s) in the British Empire and the Commonwealth |pages=257–271 |editor-last=Lurdos |editor-first=Michèle |url=https://books.openedition.org/pulm/14278 |access-date=2025-04-25 |series=Horizons anglophones |place=Montpellier |publisher=Presses universitaires de la Méditerranée |language=en |isbn=978-2-36781-408-7 |editor2-last=Misrahi-Barak |editor2-first=Judith}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=India) |first=Asiatic Society (Kolkata |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ttiVanF1434C&dq=todgarh&pg=PA136 |title=Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal |date=1886 |publisher=Asiatic Society of Bengal |language=en}}</ref>

=== Missionary activities and church construction ===
In the mid-19th century, William Robb,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Badley |first=Brenton Hamline |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uZ0IPpt2YG4C&dq=todgarh&pg=PA223 |title=Indian Missionary Directory and Memorial Volume |date=1876 |publisher=American Methodist mission Press |language=en}}</ref> an English Catholic missionary, was drawn to Todgarh's natural beauty. Between 1850 and 1860, he constructed a church on one of the hillocks, along with a post office and a jail. This church is recognized as one of the earliest in Rajasthan and still stands today, albeit in a dilapidated condition.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-12-07 |title=Govt to restore two churches in Rajasthan |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/govt-to-restore-two-churches-in-rajasthan/articleshow/26981471.cms? |access-date=2025-04-25 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SOIZAAAAYAAJ&dq=todgarh&pg=RA3-PA204 |title=The Women's Missionary Magazine of the United Free Church of Scotland |date=1907 |publisher=Publications Office [United Free Church] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e5EwAQAAMAAJ&dq=todgarh&pg=PA14 |title=Children's Missionary Magazine of the United Presbyterian Church |date=1896 |language=en}}</ref>

=== World War I contributions ===
During World War I, approximately 2,600 soldiers from the Todgarh region enlisted to fight. Of these, 124 were martyred. In their memory, a building known as the Victory Memorial Dharamshala was constructed by the British government, funded in part by the pensions of veterans. This structure serves as a tribute to their sacrifice.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Saxena |first=K. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wUoMAAAAIAAJ&q=todgarh |title=The Political Movements and Awakening in Rajasthan, 1857 to 1947 |date=1971 |publisher=S. Chand |language=en}}</ref>

=== Cultural and historical significance ===
Todgarh is situated between the regions of Mewar and Marwar, areas rich in Rajput history and culture. The region has been associated with notable figures such as Baba Meshnath and Bhaunath, and revolutionary freedom fighter Rawat Raju Singh Chauhan. The area's historical significance is further underscored by its connections to the artistic and devotional traditions of Mewar, including the legacies of Rana Kumbha and Meera Bai.

== Climate ==
Due to being a hilly area, the weather here remains cool, the heat is less during the summer days. The average winter temperature here ranges from 16 to 18 degree C and in summer the average temperature ranges from 35 to 40 degree C. The average annual rainfall here is 500 mm. Here the winter season is from October to January, the summer season from February to May and the rainy season from June to September, sometimes it rains from the winter monsoon which is called Maavat.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tORAAQAAMAAJ&dq=todgarh&pg=PA462 |title=Provincial Series: Central Provinces |date=1908 |publisher=Superintendent of Gevernment Printing |language=en}}</ref>

== Wildlife ==
Todgarh is part of the Todgarh-Raoli Wildlife Sanctuary, which spans the districts of Ajmer, Pali, and Rajsamand. The sanctuary harbors dry deciduous forests, rocky hills, and grasslands, home to a variety of flora and fauna. Notable species include leopards, sloth bears, chinkara, nilgai, and several bird species.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-01-09 |title=Rajasthan: Kumbhalgarh and Todgarh-Raoli face challenges in becoming tiger turfs |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/kumbhalgarh-todgarh-raoli-face-challenges-in-becoming-tiger-turfs/articleshow/88783582.cms |access-date=2025-04-30 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-01-17 |title=Kumbhalgarh, Todgarh sanctuaries unsuitable for viable tiger populations: NTCA |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/kumbhalgarh-todgarh-sanctuaries-unsuitable-for-viable-tiger-populations-ntca-101642402776137.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240819034611/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/kumbhalgarh-todgarh-sanctuaries-unsuitable-for-viable-tiger-populations-ntca-101642402776137.html |archive-date=2024-08-19 |access-date=2025-04-30 |work=Hindustan Times |language=en-us}}</ref>

== Places of interest ==
; Isar Baori
: The central point of Todgarh is the Isar Baori, a stepwell which once served as the water source for the cantonment. Adjacent to it are colonial-era buildings including a rest house and an old church. Though abandoned, these structures reflect the military and administrative presence established by the British in the early 19th century.

; Dudhaleshwar Mahadev Temple
: Located in the midst of the Todgarh forest, the Dudhaleshwar Mahadev Temple is an ancient Shiva shrine known for its serene surroundings. Legend has it that a sage once resided here, and milk flowed from the shivlinga during his prayers—hence the name "Dudhaleshwar." A perennial spring still flows near the temple, and the site is now managed by a local trust.<ref>{{Cite web |title=दुधालेश्वर महादेव मंदिर टॉडगढ़ {{!}} DUDHALESHWAR MAHADEV MANDIR TODGARH |url=https://www.rajasthangk.net/2023/05/dudhaleshwar-mahadev-mandir-todgarh.html?m=1 |access-date=2025-04-26 |language=en}}</ref>

; Kajalwas Dhuni
: This spiritual site, deep within the Todgarh forests, is associated with a revered siddha purusha who is believed to have meditated here and attained enlightenment. Known as Kajal Baba, he was said to appear covered in black ash (kajal). The site includes a sacred fireplace (dhuni) that is still worshipped by devotees. A small ashram and temple have been built here.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-08-17 |title=Kajalvas Dham |url=https://gurusiyag.org/dham/kajalvas-dham/ |access-date=2025-04-26 |website=Guru Siyag |language=en}}</ref>

; Bheelberi Falls and Vulture Habitat
: Located within the sanctuary, Bheelberi is a seasonal waterfall that comes alive during the monsoon. The cliffs here serve as nesting grounds for several species of vultures, including the critically endangered long-billed vulture. A jeep track leads to the top of the hill, offering panoramic views of the forested valley.<ref>{{Cite news |title= |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/rajasthan/pali/news/pali-waterfall-started-flowing-in-bhil-beri-after-two-years-water-falls-from-182-feet-130075020.html}}</ref>

; Dewair
: About 14 kilometers from Todgarh lies Dewair, a historically significant site where Maharana Pratap is said to have defeated the Mughals around 1582 CE. The site is marked by a monument commemorating the battle, considered a turning point in Mewar's resistance against Mughal expansion. Dewair is often referred to as the "Second Haldighati" due to the scale and significance of the conflict.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Ajmer district]]

Rashid-un-Nisa

2026-02-07T15:39:30Z

CelinaArellano: created a article!

{{Short description|First Indian women Urdu Novelist (1855 – 1929)}}

{{Infobox writer
| birth_date = 1855
| death_date = 1929
| occupation = Novelist, social reformer and author
| birth_place = Patna, Bihar, India
| notable_works = Islah-un-Nisa
}}

'''Rashid Un Nisa''' (1855{{Spaced en dash}}1929) or '''RashidatunNisa, Raseedan Bibi''' was the first Indian women [[Urdu]] Novelist, social reformer and author. She is known for her first Novel ''Islah un Nisa.'' She opened a school for girls, which is considered to be the first girls' school in Bihar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=तिवारी |first=सीटू |date=2023-03-25 |title=जब बेटे के नाम से छपा मां का लिखा उपन्यास |url=http://www.navbharatgold.com/literature/rashid-un-nisa-was-the-first-indian-woman-novelist-the-book-was-published-in-the-name-of-her-son/story/98977969.cms |access-date=2024-03-17 |website=Navbharat Gold |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Qadeer |first1=Haris |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jTFCEAAAQBAJ&dq=Rashid-un-Nisa&pg=PT41 |title=Sultana's Sisters: Genre, Gender, and Genealogy in South Asian Muslim Women's Fiction |last2=Arafath |first2=P. K. Yasser |date=2021-09-27 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-000-45801-5 |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and background ==
Rashid un-Nisa was born in Patna in 1855 to Shamsul Ulama Syed Waheeduddin [[Khan Bahadur]]. She acquired her education at home and subsequently entered into matrimony with the lawyer Maulvi Mohammad Yahya.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9ADFgmvSf_cC&dq=Rashid-un-Nisa&pg=PA54 |title=The Indian Law Reports: Containing Cases Determined by the Chief Court of Oudh and by the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council on Appeal from that Court. Lucknow series |date=1945 |publisher=Superintendent, Government Press |language=en}}</ref>

== Life ==
After 13 long years of waiting, Rashid finally overcame the significant challenge of getting her work, [[Islah-un-Nisa]], published in 1881. It had been languishing amidst discarded papers until Mohammad Suleman's valuable education abroad came to the rescue.{{clarify|date=March 2024}} With gratitude, the author expresses her hope that Allah bestows abundant success upon him in his future endeavors.<ref>{{Cite web |title=First woman Urdu novelist didn't have name as author |url=https://www.awazthevoice.in/women-news/first-woman-urdu-novelist-didn-t-have-name-as-author-5963.html |access-date=2024-03-17 |website=awazthevoice.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VWgrAQAAMAAJ&q=Rashid-un-Nisa |title=Indian Cases: Containing Full Reports of Decisions of the Privy Council, the High Courts of Allahabad, Bombay, Calcutta, Madras and Batna, the Chief Courts of Lower Burma and the Punjab, the Courts of the Judicial Commissioners of Central Provinces, Oudh, Sind and Upper Burma, Reported in the Following 25 Legal Periodicals: Allahabad (1) Indian Law Report, (2) Law Journal; Bombay (1) Indian Law Reports (2) Law Reporter; Burma (1) Law Times, (2) Lower Burma Rulings, (3) Upper Burma Rulings; Calcutta (1) Indian Law Reports, (2) Law Journal, (3) Weekly Notes; Madras (1) Indian Law Reports, (2) Law Journal, (3) Law Times, (4) Law Weekly, (5) Weekly Notes; Nagpur Law Reports; Oudh (1) Cases, (2) Law Journal; Patna (1) Cases, (2) Law Journal, (3) Law Weekly; Punjab (1) Law Reporter, (2) Record, (3) Weekly Reporter; Sind Law Reporter, with a Large Number of Extra Rulings Not Reported Elsewhere |date=1923 |publisher=Manager, at the "Law Publishing Press" |language=en}}</ref>

Despite coming from a highly educated background, Rashid un-Nisa did not receive a formal education. A homemaker, she had a keen interest in literature. The groundbreaking Urdu novel [[Mirat-ul-Uroos|Mirat-ul-Urus]] greatly influenced her, as it promoted women's education during that era. This novel served as an inspiration for her to pursue writing novels.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4mdFAQAAMAAJ&q=Rashid-un-Nisa |title=The Law Reports: Being Cases in the Privy Council on Appeal from the East Indies .... Indian appeals |date=1908 |publisher=Council of Law Reporting |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aGAvAQAAMAAJ&q=Rashid-un-Nisa |title=Allahabad Law Journal |date=1919 |publisher=Allahabad law journal Press. |language=en}}</ref>

== Islah-un-Nisa ==
The initial release of Islah un-Nisa occurred in 1894, followed by a second edition in 1968. Subsequently, the third edition was published in Pakistan in 2001. In 2006, the [[Khuda Bakhsh Oriental Library|Khudabaksh Oriental Public Library]] of Patna also released this book, which is currently out of circulation. Rashid un-Nisa, an advocate for girls' education, established the first girls' school in Bihar, located in Patna. Lady Stephenson, the wife of the then Lieutenant Governor, commended Rashid's school.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sam |first1=Gul |last2=Hashmi |first2=Dr Munawwar |date=2022-07-24 |title=Islamic Values in the Urdu naval Rasheed un Nisa |url=https://ojs.tahdhibalafkar.com/index.php/taa/article/view/152 |journal=Tahdhib-al-Afkar |language=en |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=123–134 |issn=2411-6211}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sajjad |first=Mohammad |title=RASHEED-un-NESA: A Reformer and 'Secluded Scholar' |url=https://www.academia.edu/17300049 |journal=[[Academia.edu]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Nisa, Rashid Un}}
[[Category:1855 births]]
[[Category:1929 deaths]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian women writers]]
[[Category:Founders of Indian schools and colleges]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian educators]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian women educators]]
[[Category:People from Patna district]]

List of office-holders in the Government of India

2026-01-30T17:47:54Z

CelinaArellano: page updated

{{Short description|Office holders in India}}
{{Update|inaccurate=yes|date=June 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
This is a list of current office holder of various fields in [[Government of India]].

==Current Constitutional office-holders of India==
{|class="wikitable" style="width:100%; text-align:center;"
!Office
!Name
!Portrait
!Since
!Ref.
|-
|'''[[President of India|President]]'''
|'''[[Droupadi Murmu]]'''
|[[File:President of India Droupadi Murmu official portrait (cropped).jpg|100px]]
|25 July 2022
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/droupadi-murmu-takes-oath-as-countrys-15th-president/article65681087.ece|title=Droupadi Murmu takes oath as 15th President of India|date=2022-07-25|website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
|-
|'''[[Vice President of India|Vice President]]'''
|'''[[C. P. Radhakrishnan]]'''
|[[File:CPRadhakrishnan.png|100px]]
|12 September 2025
|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/c-p-radhakrishnan-takes-oath-as-15th-vice-president-of-india/article70040686.ece|title=C. P. Radhakrishnan takes oath as 15th Vice-President of India|date=12 September 2025|work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
|-
|'''[[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]]'''
|'''[[Narendra Modi]]'''
|[[File:Shri Narendra Modi, Prime Minister of India.jpg|100px]]
|26 May 2014
|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/narendra-modi-sworn-in-prime-minister/article6050148.ece|title=Narendra Modi sworn in Prime Minister|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=26 May 2014|accessdate=28 May 2014}}</ref>
|-
|'''[[Chief Justice of India|Chief Justice]]'''
|'''[[Surya Kant]]'''
|[[File:Justice Surya Kant.jpg|100px]]
|24 November 2025
|
|-
|'''[[Speaker of Lok Sabha]]'''
| '''[[Om Birla]]'''
|[[File:Om Birla (2021) (cropped).jpg|100px]]
|19 June 2019
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=190531|title=Newly-elected Lok Sabha Speaker, Shri Om Birla Calls On the Vice President|date=2019-06-19|accessdate=2019-07-12}}</ref>
|-
|'''[[Chief Election Commissioner of India|Chief Election Commissioner]]'''
| '''[[Gyanesh Kumar]]'''
|[[File:Election_Commissioner_Shri_Gyanesh_Kumar.jpg|100px]]
| 19 February 2025
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Gyanesh Kumar takes charge as Chief Election Commissioner |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/gyanesh-kumar-assumes-charge-as-cec/article69236812.ece |access-date=12 March 2025 |work=The Hindu |date=19 February 2025 |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
|'''[[Comptroller and Auditor General of India|Comptroller and Auditor General]]'''
| '''[[K Sanjay Murthy]]'''
|[[File: K_Sanjay_Murthy_IAS_15th_CAG_of_India.jpg|100px]]
|21 November 2024
|<ref>{{cite news |title=K. Sanjay Murthy assumes office as Comptroller and Auditor General of India |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/k-sanjay-murthy-sworn-in-as-comptroller-and-auditor-general/article68892860.ece |access-date=12 March 2025 |work=The Hindu |date=21 November 2024 |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
|'''Chairperson of [[Union Public Service Commission]]'''
| '''[[Ajay Kumar (civil servant)|Ajay Kumar]]'''
|[[File:Dr._Ajay_Kumar-Former_Defence_Secretary_of_India.png|100px]]
|15 May 2025
|
|-
|'''[[Attorney General of India|Attorney General]]'''
|'''[[R. Venkataramani]]'''
|[[File:R._Venkataramani1.png|100px]]
|1 Oct 2022
|
|}

==Cabinet Ministers ==
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; text-align:center;"
|-
! Office
! Name
! Portrait
! Since
|-
| [[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|Minister of Home Affairs]] || [[Amit Shah]] || [[File:Union Minister for Home Affairs.jpg|100px]] || 30 May 2019
|-
| [[Minister of Finance (India)|Minister of Finance]]|| [[Nirmala Sitharaman]] || [[File:Nirmala Sitharaman (cropped).jpg|100px]] || 30 May 2019
|-
| [[Minister of Defence (India)|Minister of Defence]] || [[Rajnath Singh]] || [[File:Rajnath.jpg|100px]] || 30 May 2019
|-
| [[Minister of External Affairs (India)|Minister of External Affairs]] || [[S. Jaishankar]] || [[File:Subrahmanyam_Jaishankar_in_Vienna_2023_(cropped).jpg|100px]] || 30 May 2019
|-
| [[Minister of Railways (India)|Minister of Railways]] ||[[Ashwini Vaishnaw]] || [[File:Shri_Ashwini_Vaishnaw_Minister.jpg|100px]] || 7 July 2021
|-
!scope=row; colspan=4|Bureaucrats with Cabinet Minister rank
|-
|[[National Security Advisor (India)|National Security Advisor]] || [[Ajit Doval]], [[Indian Police Service|IPS]] || [[File:Ajit Doval 2014.jpg|80px]]
|30 May 2014
|-
|rowspan=2|[[Principal Secretary to the Prime Minister of India|Principal Secretary to the Prime Minister]]
|[[Pramod Kumar Mishra]], [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]] || [[File:Pramod Kumar Mishra IAS.jpg|80px]] || 11 September 2019
|-
|[[Shaktikanta Das]], [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]] || [[File:Shaktikanta Das, IAS (cropped).jpg|80px]] || 22February 2025<ref>{{cite web |title=Former RBI Governor Shaktikanta Das appointed as Principal Secretary-2 to PM Modi |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/shaktikanta-das-appointed-as-principal-secretary-2-to-prime-minister/article69251109.ece |website=The Hindu |access-date=9 March 2025 |language=en-IN |date=22 February 2025}}</ref>
|-
|}

==Important Bureaucratic officeholders==
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; text-align:center;"
| [[Cabinet Secretary (India)|Cabinet Secretary]] || [[T. V. Somanathan]], [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]] ||
[[File: TV Somanathan IAS.jpg|80px]]
| 30 August 2024<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-12 |title=TV Somanathan to take charge as the New Cabinet Secretary |url=https://apacnewsnetwork.com/2024/08/tv-somanathan-to-take-charge-as-the-new-cabinet-secretary/ |access-date=2024-08-12 |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| [[Home Secretary (India)|Home Secretary]] ||[[Govind Mohan]], [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]
|
|22 August 2024<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-14 |title=Govind Mohan next Home Secretary, takes over from Bhalla; more key postings expected |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/govind-mohan-home-secretary-ajay-kumar-bhalla-mha-9514320/ |access-date=2024-08-15 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| [[Finance Secretary (India)|Finance Secretary]] || [[Ajay Seth]], [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]] ||
|1 April 2025<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-25 |title=DEA Secretary Ajay Seth replaces Tuhin Kanta Pandey as new Finance Secretary |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/policy/economy-dea-secretary-ajay-seth-replaces-tuhin-kanta-pandey-as-new-finance-secretary-3787624/ |access-date=2025-03-26 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[Defence Secretary (India)|Defence Secretary]] ||[[Rajesh Kumar Singh (civil servant)|Rajesh Kumar Singh]], [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]
|[[File:Rajesh_Kumar_Singh,_Defence_Secretary.jpg|80px]]
|1 November 2024<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-16 |title=Govt appoints Rajesh Kumar Singh as Defence Secretary |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/india/story/govt-appoints-rajesh-kumar-singh-as-defence-secretary-441840-2024-08-16 |access-date=2024-08-17 |website=Business Today |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| [[Foreign Secretary (India)|Foreign Secretary]] ||[[Vikram Misri]], [[Indian Foreign Service|IFS]]
|[[File:Vikram_Misri_in_2024_(cropped).jpg|80px]]
|15 July 2024<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-28 |title=1989 batch IFS officer Vikram Misri to be new Foreign Secretary |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/deputy-ndsa-vikram-misri-new-foreign-secretary-ifs-officer-vinay-kwatra-2559647-2024-06-28 |access-date=2024-06-28 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| [[Secretary General of the Lok Sabha]]
|[[Utpal Kumar Singh]], [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]
|
| 30 November 2020
|-
| [[Secretary General of the Rajya Sabha]]
| [[Pramod Chandra Mody]], [[Indian Revenue Service (Income Tax)|IRS (IT)]] ||
| 12 November 2021<ref>{{cite news |title=PC Mody replaces Ramacharyulu as Rajya Sabha secretary general |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/pc-mody-replaces-ramacharyulu-as-rajya-sabha-secretary-general-101636698162807.html |access-date=13 November 2021 |work=Hindustan Times |date=12 November 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| Secretary General of the Supreme Court of India
| Bharat Parashar, [[Judiciary of India|H.J.S.]]
|
| 3 August 2023
|-
| [[Chairperson of the Railway Board]]
| Satish Kumar, [[Indian Railway Service of Mechanical Engineers|IRSME]]
|
|1 September 2024
|-
|[[Solicitor General of India|Solicitor General]] ||[[Tushar Mehta]]
|
|10 October 2018
|-
|[[Principal Scientific Adviser to the Government of India|Principal Scientific Adviser]]|| [[Ajay K. Sood]]
| [[File:Ajay-Kumar-Sood-FRS.jpg|100px]]
| 3 April 2022<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mohan |first1=Vishwa |title=Ajay Kumar Sood of IISc Bangalore appointed new Principal Scientific Advisor |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/ajay-kumar-sood-of-iisc-bangalore-appointed-new-principal-scientific-advisor/articleshow/90963573.cms |access-date=4 May 2022 |work=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| [[Chief Economic Adviser to the Government of India|Chief Economic Adviser]] || [[V. Anantha Nageswaran]]
|
|28 January 2022<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/business/krishnamurthy-subramanian-chief-economic-advisor-cea5483274/|title=ISB professor Krishnamurthy Subramanian appointed as new Chief Economic Adviser|date=2018-12-07|website=The Indian Express|language=en-IN|access-date=2018-12-07}}</ref>
|}

==Heads of commissions==
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; text-align:center;"
|-
! Office
! Name
! Portrait
! Since
|-
| Chairperson, [[National Human Rights Commission of India|National Human Rights Commission]]|| [[V. Ramasubramanian]]
|[[File:V_Ramasubramanian.jpg|100px]]
| 23 December 2024<ref name="e301">{{cite web | last=Subramani | first=A | title=India News | website=The Times of India | date=23 December 2024 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/justice-v-ramasubramanian-appointed-nhrc-chairman/articleshow/116601872.cms | access-date=23 December 2024}}</ref>
|-
| Chairperson, [[National Commission for Minorities]] || [[Iqbal Singh Lalpura]]
|[[File:Iqbal_Singh_Lalpura_Chairman_Of_National_Commission_for_Minorities.jpg|100px]]
| 9 September 2021<ref>{{cite news |title=Syed Ghayorul Hasan Rizvi assumes charge of Chairman of National Commission for Minorities |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/government-press-release/syed-ghayorul-hasan-rizvi-assumes-charge-of-chairman-of-national-commission-117052600755_1.html |access-date=11 March 2021 |work=Business Standard India |date=26 May 2017}}</ref>
|-
| Chairperson, [[National Commission for Scheduled Castes]] || Kishor Makwana ||
|9 March 2024<ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |title=BJP leader Kishor Makwana appointed new Scheduled Caste commission chief |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/bjp-leader-kishor-makwana-appointed-new-scheduled-caste-commission-chief-2929762 |access-date=2024-04-02 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| Chairperson, [[National Commission for Scheduled Tribes]] || Antar Singh Arya ||
| 9 March 2024<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-09 |title=Antar Singh Arya: अंतर सिंह आर्य बनाए गए अनुसचित जनजाति आयोग के राष्ट्रीय अध्यक्ष - Badwani News Antar Singh Arya appointed national president of Scheduled Tribe Commission |url=https://www.naidunia.com/madhya-pradesh/bhopal-badwani-news-antar-singh-arya-appointed-national-president-of-scheduled-tribe-commission-8287676 |access-date=2024-04-02 |website=Nai Dunia |language=hi}}</ref>
|-
| Chairperson, [[National Commission for Backward Classes]]|| [[Hansraj Gangaram Ahir]]
| [[File:HG_Ahir_Meets_CM_Fadnavis.jpg|100px]]

|| 5 December 2022 <ref>{{cite web | url=https://currentaffairs.adda247.com/hansraj-gangaram-ahir-named-as-the-new-ncbc-chairperson/ | title=Hansraj Gangaram Ahir named as the new NCBC chairperson | date=5 December 2022 }}</ref>
|-
| Chairperson, [[National Commission for Women]] || [[Vijaya Kishore Rahatkar]]
| [[File:Mrs._Vijaya_Rahatkar,_President_,BJP_Mahila_Morcha.jpg|100px]]
|22 October 2024<ref>{{cite news |title=Vijaya Rahatkar takes charge as ninth NCW chairperson |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/vijaya-rahatkar-takes-charge-as-ninth-ncw-chairperson/article68783094.ece |access-date=22 October 2024 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] }}</ref>
|-
| Chairperson, [[National Commission for Protection of Child Rights]] || Priyank Kanoongo ||
|
|-
|Chairperson, [[Tribunals in India|Central Administrative Tribunal]]|| Ranjit More ||
| 30 July 2022<ref>{{Cite web |title=Central Administrative Tribunal |url=https://cgat.gov.in/#/bench-wise-list-of-hon%27ble-chairman-and-member-of-cat |access-date=2023-06-29 |website=cgat.gov.in}}</ref>

|-
| Chairperson, [[Central Vigilance Commission]] || Praveen Kumar Srivastava
| || 28 December 2022
|-
|Chairperson, [[Central Information Commission]]
|[[Raj Kumar Goyal]]
|[[File:Raj Kumar Goyal (IAS Retd. 1990).jpg|100px]]
|15 December 2025
|-
| Chairperson, [[Atomic Energy Commission of India|Atomic Energy Commission]]|| [[Ajit Kumar Mohanty]]||
|1 May 2023<ref>{{cite news |title=Ajit Kumar Mohanty pointed As Atomic Energy Commission Chief |work=Times of India.com |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/odia-physicist-new-chairman-of-atomic-energy-commission/articleshow/99887540.cms?from=mdr |access-date=1 May 2023}}</ref>
|-
| Secretary, [[Department of Space]]|| [[V. Narayanan (engineer)|V. Narayanan]]|| [[File:DrVNarayanan_ISROHQ_15012025.png|100px]]
|15 January 2022<ref>{{cite news |title=S Somanath appointed tenth chairman of Indian Space Research Organisation |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/s-somanath-appointed-space-secretary-and-chairman-of-space-commission-7719730/ |access-date=14 January 2022 |work=The Indian Express |date=12 January 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| Chairperson, [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]]|| [[Vineet Joshi]] {{small|''(acting)''}}
|
| 13 April 2025<ref>{{cite news |title=Vineet Joshi gets additional charge of UGC; an IIT-Kanpur, IIFT alumnus |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/education/vineet-joshi-ias-additional-charge-of-ugc-chairman-educational-qualification-career-nta-cbse-manipur-iit-kanpur-iift-9938704/ |access-date=12 November 2025 |work=The Indian Express |date=13 April 2025 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|Chairperson, [[Competition Commission of India]]|| Ravneet Kaur ||
| 23 May 2023<ref>{{cite news |title=Ravneet Kaur takes charge as chairperson of Competition Commission of India |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/technology/ravneet-kaur-takes-charge-as-cci-chairperson/articleshow/100452553.cms |access-date=29 June 2023 |work=The Economic Times |date=23 May 2023}}</ref>
|-
| Chairperson, [[Central Water Commission]]|| Atul Jain||
|1 May 2025
|-
| Chairperson, [[National Forest Commission]] || [[B. N. Kirpal]]|| [[File:Justice_B.N._Kirpal.jpg|100px]]
|
|-
| Chairperson, [[National Council for Transgender Persons]]||[[Laxmi Narayan Tripathi]]||
|27 August 2020<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/national-council-trans-persons-needs-more-grassroots-representation-community-speaks-131684 | title=National Council for Trans Persons needs more grassroots representation, community speaks | date=27 August 2020 }}</ref>
|}

==Heads of financial bodies==
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; text-align:center;"
|-
! Office
! Name
!Since
|-
| Chairperson, [[Sixteenth Finance Commission|16th Finance Commission]] || [[Arvind Panagariya]]|| 16 January 2024
|-
| [[Governor of Reserve Bank of India]]|| [[Sanjay Malhotra]]||11 December 2024<ref>{{cite news | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/banking/finance/banking/shaktikanta-das-appointed-as-the-new-rbi-governor/articleshow/67045353.cms | title=Shaktikanta Das appointed as the new RBI Governor | date= 12 December 2018 | newspaper=[[The Economic Times|Economic Times]] | accessdate=7 January 2019}}</ref>
|-
| Chairperson, [[Securities and Exchange Board of India]] || [[Tuhin Kanta Pandey]] || 1 March 2025
|-
| Chairperson, [[Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority of India|Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority]] || [[Ajay Seth]] || 1 September 2025
|-
| Chairperson, [[Central Pay Commission#Eighth Pay Commission|8th Pay Commission]] || [[Ranjana Desai]] || 29 October 2025<ref>{{cite news |title=Meet new 8th Pay Commission head Justice Ranjana Prakash Desai |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/legal-news/meet-new-8th-pay-commission-head-justice-ranjana-prakash-desai-10333361/ |access-date=29 January 2026 |work=The Indian Express |date=29 October 2025 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| Chairperson, [[Small Industries Development Bank of India|Small Industries Development Bank]] || Manoj Mittal ||19 April 2024
|-
| Chairperson and managing director, [[Exim Bank of India|Export-Import Bank]] || Harsha Bhupendra Bangari || 7 September 2021<ref>{{cite news |title=Centre appoints Harsha Bhupendra Bangari as EXIM Bank MD |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/centre-appoints-harsha-bhupendra-bangari-as-exim-bank-md-121090701465_1.html |access-date=21 November 2021 |work=Business Standard India |date=7 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
| Chief Executive Officer and Managing Director, [[National Housing Bank]] || Sanjay Shukla ||10 April 2024
|-
| Chairperson, [[National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development]] || Shaji K. V. ||7 December 2022
|-
| Chief Executive Officer and Managing Director, [[Industrial Finance Corporation of India|Industrial Finance Corporation]] || Rahul Bhave<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shukla |first=Piyush |date=2024-11-05 |title=FSIB Recommends Rahul Bhave as New MD & CEO of IFCI |url=https://currentaffairs.adda247.com/fsib-recommends-rahul-bhave-as-new-md-ceo-of-ifci/ |access-date=2024-11-19 |website=adda247 |language=en-IN}}</ref>||1 December 2024
|-
| Chairperson, [[National Stock Exchange of India|National Stock Exchange]] || Girish Chandra Chaturvedi ||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nseindia.com/global/content/about_us/our_board.htm|title=NSE – National Stock Exchange of India Ltd.|website=www.nseindia.com|access-date=2016-07-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170811060142/https://www.nseindia.com/global/content/about_us/our_board.htm|archive-date=2017-08-11|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| Chairperson, [[Bombay Stock Exchange]] ||[[Subhasis Chaudhuri]]|| 22 November 2024
|-
| Chairperson, [[State Bank of India]] || [[Challa Sreenivasulu Setty]] || 28 August 2024
|-
| Chairperson, [[Industrial Development Bank of India|Industrial Development Bank]] || M. R. Kumar ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.idbi.com/idbi-bank-management.asp |title=About Us | IDBI Bank |publisher=Idbi.com |date=2018-06-30 |accessdate=2018-07-24}}</ref>
|-
| Chairperson, [[Life Insurance Corporation of India|Life Insurance Corporation]] || <bdi>R Doraiswamy</bdi>||15 June 2025
|-
| [[Chairperson of the Central Board of Direct Taxes]] || Ravi Agarwal, ([[Indian Revenue Service (Income Tax)|IRS(IT)]]) || 1 July 2024
|-
| [[Chairperson of the Central Board of Indirect Taxes and Customs]] || Vivek Chaturvedi , ([[Indian Revenue Service (Custom and Indirect Taxes)|IRS (CIT)]]) || 1 December 2025
|-
| President, [[Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry]] ||Subhrakant Panda|| 1 May 2025
|-
| Chairperson, [[Pension Fund Regulatory and Development Authority]] || Sivasubramanian Ramann || 1 June 2025
|-
| President, [[Confederation of Indian Industry]] ||[[Rajiv Memani]]|| 3 June 2025
|-
| President, [[Associated Chambers of Commerce and Industry of India|Associated Chambers of Commerce and Industry]] || Sanjay Nayar||
|-
| Chairperson, [[National Statistical Commission]] || [[Rajeeva Laxman Karandikar]] ||1 December 2022<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-12-02 |title=Rajeeva Laxman Karandikar appointed chairperson of the National Statistical Commission |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/rajeeva-laxman-karandikar-appointed-chairperson-of-the-national-statistical-commission/article66214047.ece |access-date=2024-04-02 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X }}</ref>
|-
| Director, [[Enforcement Directorate]] || [[Rahul Navin]] ||16 September 2023<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Economic Times: Business News, Personal Finance, Financial News, India Stock Market Investing, Economy News, SENSEX, NIFTY, NSE, BSE Live, IPO News |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/defaultinterstitial.cms |access-date=2023-10-06 |website=economictimes.indiatimes.com}}</ref>
|-
|}

==Defence and Security==
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; text-align:center;"
|-
!Occupation
!Name
!From year
|-
| [[Chief of Defence Staff (India)|Chief of Defence Staff]] || [[General (India)|General]] [[Anil Chauhan]]||30 September 2022
|-
| [[Chief of the Air Staff (India)|Chief of the Air Staff]] || [[Air chief marshal (India)|Air Chief Marshal]] [[Amar Preet Singh]] || 30 September 2024
|-
| [[Chief of the Army Staff (India)|Chief of the Army Staff]] || [[General (India)|General]] [[Upendra Dwivedi]] || 30 June 2024
|-
| [[Chief of the Naval Staff (India)|Chief of the Naval Staff]] || [[Admiral (India)|Admiral]] [[Dinesh Kumar Tripathi]] || 1 May 2024
|-
| [[Chief of Integrated Defence Staff]] || [[Air Marshal (India)|Air Marshal]] [[Ashutosh Dixit]]|| 1 May 2025
|-
| Director General, [[Defence Intelligence Agency (India)|Defence Intelligence Agency]]||[[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]] D S Rana ||As of late 2025 and into 2026
|-
| [[Director of the Intelligence Bureau]]|| [[Tapan Deka]], [[Indian Police Service|IPS]] || 1 July 2022<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bahadur Singh |first1=Jitendra |title=Tapan Kumar Deka appointed as Director of Intelligence Bureau |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/tapan-deka-director-intelligence-bureau-1966387-2022-06-24 |access-date=29 June 2022 |work=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| Secretary, [[Research and Analysis Wing]] || [[Parag Jain]], [[Indian Police Service|IPS]] ||1 July 2025
|-
| Secretary, [[Special Protection Group]] || Parag Jain, [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]{{efn|(additional charge)}} || 12 November 2025<ref>{{cite news |last1=Service |first1=Express News |title=R&AW Chief Parag Jain given additional charge as Secretary (Security), Cabinet Secretariat |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2025/Nov/12/raw-chief-parag-jain-given-additional-charge-as-secretary-security-cabinet-secretariat |access-date=12 November 2025 |work=The New Indian Express |date=12 November 2025 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| Director, [[Central Bureau of Investigation]]|| [[Praveen Sood]], [[Indian Police Service|IPS]] || 25 May 2023<ref>{{cite news |title=Karnataka ex-DGP Praveen Sood takes charge as new CBI director |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/karnataka-ex-dgp-praveen-sood-takes-charge-as-new-cbi-director-8629422/ |access-date=29 June 2023 |work=The Indian Express |date=26 May 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| Director General, [[Border Security Force]] || [[Praveen Kumar (police officer)|Praveen Kumar]], [[Indian Police Service|IPS]] || 1 December 2025
|-
| Director General, [[Central Reserve Police Force]] || [[Gyanendra Pratap Singh]], [[Indian Police Service|IPS]] || 20 January 2025
|-
| Director General, [[Central Industrial Security Force]]||[[Praveer Ranjan]], [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
|1 October 2025
|-
| Director General, [[Indo-Tibetan Border Police]]|| Shatrujeet Singh Kapoor, [[Indian Police Service|IPS]] || 15 January 2026
|-
| Director General, [[Sashastra Seema Bal]]||[[Sanjay Singhal]], [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]|| 1 September 2025
|-
| Director General, [[National Security Guard]]||[[B. Srinivasan]], [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]||28 August 2024
|-
| Director General, [[National Investigation Agency]]|| Rakesh Aggarwal, [[Indian Police Service|IPS]] || 15 January 2026
|-
| Director General, [[National Disaster Response Force]]|| [[Piyush Anand]], [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]|| 1 April 2024
|}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Lists of office-holders in India|India]]
[[Category:Indian government officials|India]]
<references group="Reference " />

Government Raja Harpal Singh College, Harpalpur

2026-01-24T14:16:22Z

CelinaArellano: Creating first bio and citations

{{Short description|College in Madhya Pradesh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{One source|date=September 2016}}
{{More citations needed|date=September 2016}}
{{Orphan|date=October 2016}}
}}
{{Infobox university
|name =Government Raja Harpal Singh College
|native_name =शासकीय राजा हरपाल सिंह महाविद्यालय
|native_name_lang = hi
|latin_name =
|image_name =
|image_size =
|motto =
|established =1989
|type =[[Public College|Public]]
|endowment =
|staff =
|faculty =
|president =
|principal =
|rector =
|chancellor =
|Principal =
|dean =
|head_label =
|head =
|students =
|undergrad =
|postgrad =
|doctoral =
|city =[[Harpalpur]]
|state =[[Madhya Pradesh]]
|country =[[India]]
|campus =[[Urban areas|Urban]]
|colors =
|colours =
|mascot =
|nickname =
|affiliations =[[Maharaja Chhatrasal Bundelkhand University]]
|website ={{URL|http://www.mphighereducation.nic.in/rhscharpalpur}}
|free_label =
|free =
|logo =
}}
{{coord|25.3002338|79.3213051|display=title}}
'''Government Raja Harpal Singh College''' is a higher education institute in [[Harpalpur]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], India. It was established in 1989 by the state government under [[Motilal Vora]], with Dr. S. K. Mehra as the first founder principal.

Initially, the college offered [[Bachelor of Arts|B.A.]] first-year classes, affiliated with the Awdhesh Pratap Singh University in [[Rewa, Madhya Pradesh|Rewa]]. In 2003, in cooperation with the [[Jan Bhagidhari Samiti College]], it also opened a Science faculty, teaching [[Zoology]], [[Botany]] and [[Chemistry]] at undergraduate level.<ref>{{Cite web |title=COURSES & SEATS |url=https://rhsgcharpalpur.com/courses-seates/ |access-date=2024-04-28 |website=Raja Harpalsingh Govt. College |language=en-US}}</ref> Post-graduate classes also started in Geography and Political Science. At present, the college is established in a private building. The Government allotted 15 acres of land for the college building, which is under construction.{{when|date=February 2022}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mp.gov.in/highereducation/rhscharpalpur/ |title=rhscharpalpur - govt-of-mp-india |website=Mp.gov.in |date= |accessdate=2016-09-29}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Universities and colleges in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Chhatarpur district]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1989]]
[[Category:1989 establishments in Madhya Pradesh]]

Sher Mandal

2026-01-23T09:39:10Z

CelinaArellano: Adding a data

{{short description|16th-century historic building}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
[[File:Sher Mandal - Old Fort - New Delhi 2014-05-13 2911.JPG|thumb|Sher Mandal]]
'''Sher Mandal''' ('''Sher Shah's Pavilion''') is a 16th-century historic [[Library]] within the [[Purana Qila]] fort located in [[Delhi]], India. Designed in a blend of [[Indo-Islamic architecture|Indo-islamic]], [[Timurid art|Timurid]] and [[Iranian architecture|Persian]] architecture, it is the only surviving palace structure within the fort and has become a tourist attraction.<ref name=":02">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.79132|title=Mughal Architecture: An Outline of Its History and Development (1526-1858)|last=Koch|first=Ebba|publisher=Prestel|year=1991|pages=37|access-date=3 May 2019}}</ref>

==Location==
Sher Mandal is east of a ''[[Turkish bath|hamam]]'' (Turkish royal bath) towards the southeastern end of [[Purana Qila]], in Delhi, India.<ref name=":0" /> The highest point of the fort is occupied by this building.<ref name=":0" />

==History==

=== Death of Humayun ===
The [[Mughal emperor]] [[Humayun]] is believed to have used this building as his library.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=McVittie|first=John|date=1950|title=Akbar—The Great Moghul|journal=The Australian Quarterly|volume=22|issue=4|pages=81–93|doi=10.2307/20633306|issn=0005-0091|jstor=20633306}}</ref> Whilst contemporary historical accounts do not discuss the details of Humayun's death, [[Abul Fazl]], [[Nizamuddin Ahmad]], [[Firishta]] and [[ʽAbd al-Qadir Badayuni|Badayuni]], both of whom held distinguished positions at the royal court of Humayun's son [[Akbar]], recorded the event.<ref name=":0" />

Fazl wrote that, on 20 January 1556 (other sources give 24 January), Humayun had been on the roof of a recently fitted library to bless his subjects.<ref name=":0" /> He was expected to declare the promotions of various officers in an event which coincided with the rise of Venus, for which he had summoned his astronomers.<ref name=":0" /> Around evening, he began his descent and had made it only to the second step when he heard the ''[[Azaan]](the'' Muslim call to prayer).<ref name=":0" /> Humayun purportedly sat on the steps to pray and, as he stood up, one of his legs became entangled with his robe,<ref name=":0" /> resulting his fall down the stairs. He received an injury to his [[Temple (anatomy)|temple]] and died one to three days later.<ref>{{cite book|last=Banerji|first=S. K.|title=Humayun Badshah|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.511547|year=1938|publisher=Oxford University Press|pages=97, 232}}</ref>

Nizamuddin, Mulla Ahmad, Firishta, Badauni et al. confirmed this version, albeit with slight variations. [[Seydi Ali Reis]], who was there at the time of accident, noted the exact same events and described the building as the ''Castle of Pleasure''.<ref name=":0" />

=== Dispute about construction ===
The roles played by Sher Shah Suri and Humayun in the construction of the building (and the fort) are disputed.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TVnRBQAAQBAJ|title=Structural Analysis of Historic Construction: Preserving Safety and Significance, Two Volume Set: Proceedings of the VI International Conference on Structural Analysis of Historic Construction, SAHC08, 2-4 July 2008, Bath, United Kingdom|last1=D'Ayala|first1=Dina|last2=Fodde|first2=Enrico|date=2 June 2008|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=9781439828229|pages=290|language=en}}</ref>

Sher Mandal was previously believed to have been built by [[Suri Empire|Suri]] ruler [[Sher Shah Suri]] in 1541<ref name="SC2">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=irplPWarTG8C|title=The Archaeology and Monumental Remains of Delhi|author1=Carr|first=Stephen|publisher=Aryan Books|year=1876|isbn=978-8173052224|page=193}}</ref> as a pleasure resort.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":02" /> The name was first used by the historian Abdullah, author of ''Tarikh-i Da’udi'', who described it as being supposedly left incomplete by Sher Shah.<ref name=":0" />{{Efn|After the conquest of Multan by Haibat Khan Sher Shah went from (Agra) to Delhi in the year 947 (1540 CE); and actuated by unworthy feelings he destroyed the fort of ’Alau-d-din, which stood in Siri, conspicuous for its strength and loftiness, and built on the bank of the Jumna, between Firozabad and Kilu Kari, in the village of Indrapat, a new city, about two or three kilometers distant from the old one...He also laid the foundations of a magnificent masjid, which was very quickly completed. The name of the fort he called "Sher-garh," and the walls of it were of great breadth and height; but on account of the shortness of his reign he did not live to complete it. Within the fort was a small palace, also left incomplete, which he called "Sher-mandal."|name=|group=}} [[Catherine Ella Blanshard Asher|Catherine Asher]], a specialist in Indian and Islamic art forms,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://apps.cla.umn.edu/directory/profiles/asher001|title=Catherine B Asher : College of Liberal Arts : U of M|website=apps.cla.umn.edu|access-date=22 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170714014930/https://apps.cla.umn.edu/directory/profiles/asher001|archive-date=14 July 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> and others{{who|date=June 2019}} had initially posited that these passages allowed the Purana Qil'a to be equated with Sher-garh and that the Sher Mandal was constructed by Sher Shah. Historian [[Percival Spear]] deems it to have been constructed by Sher Shah.{{citation needed|date=June 2019}}

However, others have noted a lack of corresponding archaeological and literary evidence to assert the linkage or connect the Qal’a-i Kuhna masjid with Sher Shah's mosque or the pavilion at the Purana Qil'a to be Sher Mandal.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=The tomb of Nasir-ud-Din Muhammad Humayun|last=Lowry|first=Glenn David|author-link=Glenn D. Lowry|date=August 1982|publisher=[[Harvard University]]|language=en|oclc=77585589}}</ref> Contemporaneous literary descriptions of the monuments at the palace do not support the idea that Sher Shah destroyed (and replaced) Din-panah, as implied by the theories associating Sher-garh with the Purana Qil'a.<ref name=":1" /> Abu’l Fazl and Badaoni explicitly mention that Sher Shah established an extensive city ''between'' the fortress of Din-panah, which Muhammad Humayun Padshah constructed, and Firozabad.<ref name=":1" /> Anthony Monserrate, who visited Delhi during the early 1580s, also recorded the existence of Din-panah.<ref name=":1" /> Furthermore, the Qal’a-i Kuhna masjid nor the pavilion resemble any of the buildings of Sher Shah.<ref name=":1" /> The rectangular plan of the mosque, for instance, with its five bays, inset colonettes and octagonal corner towers, is almost identical to the mosque of Jamali-Kamali, which was begun during the reign of Babur.<ref name=":1" /> The double-story pavilion on the other hand, with its octagonal plan, rectangular decorative panels and large chhatri, closely resembles a number of palaces described by Khwandamir and Gulbadam Begam in their accounts of Humayun's architecture.<ref name=":1" /> Most importantly, Badayuni, in his chronicle of Humayun's death, prominently mentions that the building was constructed by Humayun himself.<ref name=":0" /> [[Ram Nath]] points to the architectural designs at Sher Mandal as evidence of a homogeneous construction that is consistent with Humayan's style.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/CatherineB.AsherTheNewCambridgeHistoryOfbOk.org|title=Architecture of Mughal India|last=Asher, Catherine Ella Blanshard.|date=1992|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=0521267285|pages=[https://archive.org/details/CatherineB.AsherTheNewCambridgeHistoryOfbOk.org/page/n16 33]|oclc=1057943833}}</ref>

=== Dispute about usage ===
[[Stephen Carr (British Officer)|Stephen Carr]], writing in the state gazetteer of 1876, firmly rejected Sher Madal's use as a palace of any kind or even as a flank tower.<ref name="SC2" /> Ram Nath, too, noted the structure as lacking any minimal resemblance to an unfinished palace, as well as a lack of shelves, niches or any other feature that might have justified its use as a library.<ref name=":0" /> Nath, in light of its geographical position and circumstantial literary corpus, proposed that it was used as an astronomical observatory and named ''Saur Mandal'', which evolved into its current name based on the mistaken belief that Sher Shah had destroyed the entire fort-town.<ref name=":0" />

==Architecture==
[[File:Gate of sher mandal, old fort delhi.jpg|thumb|Gate of Sher Mandal in 2022]]
The building is a two-storey octagonal structure (about {{convert|60|ft|m}} in height<ref name="autogenerated1"/>) constructed of red [[sandstone]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.532498|title=History of architecture.|last=Nath|first=Ram|publisher=Abhinav|year=1982|isbn=039102650X|oclc=59153735|author-link=Ram Nath}}{{page needed|date=June 2019}}</ref> Two extremely steep, narrow, and irregular granite staircases, of about eighteen steps each run along the northern and southern walls connecting the two floors.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="SC2" /> There is a single staircase joining the upper floor with the terrace.<ref name=":0" /> Between the two floors there is a band of black slate.<ref name="SC2" />

The upper storey is protected by small ''[[chhajja]]s'' (overhanging roofs), above which are [[cornice]]s, while the ''chhajjas'' of the first storey have been destroyed over time.<ref name=":0" /> The middle of the terrace contains a spacious octagonal ''[[chhatri]]'', with each pillar separated by a distance of {{convert|2.64|m|ft}}.<ref name=":0" /> The [[Dado (architecture)|dados]] of this storey contain a 12-pointed star,<ref name=":0" /> which was considered auspicious by [[Humayun]], despite it being an astronomical numeral.<ref name=":0" />

Both storeys have eight alcoves, one on each side;<ref name=":0" /> in the lower storey, they are alternately square and semi-octagonal in shape, whilst those of the upper storey are deeper and rectangular in shape.<ref name=":0" /> Marbled ''[[Shatkona|satkona]]'' symbols are present on each exterior [[spandrel]] of the upper arches of the alcove, while the intrados of the arches are etched with marble-inlaid motifs of a 12-petaled flower with a 12-pointed star.<ref name=":0" />

There exists a cruciform chamber in the upper storey—a single square-shaped room at the centre, which opens out into four smaller rooms aligned with four of the alcoves.<ref name="SC2" /><ref name=":0" /> These arms in turn are linked to form an [[ambulatory]].<ref name=":02" /> The chamber has semi-vaulted [[soffit]]s on the sides supporting the four arches and a vaulted ceiling.<ref name=":0" /> The interiors bear exquisite [[Muqarnas|stalactite designs]] and other decorations of glazed tiles and incised [[stucco]]. The walls are paneled with encaustic tiles to a height of about three feet from the floor. The rest of the wall, up to the ceiling, is ornamented with paintings of flowers and fancy patterns.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="SC2" /> The interior of the arches are scantily ornamented with marble.<ref name=":0" />

The lower storey is completely enclosed such that the interior is inaccessible.<ref name=":0" /> Nath presumes that it corresponds to a temporary burial site of Humayan, mentioned across contemporary texts.<ref name=":0" /> Although the chamber was initially open, it was later closed out of respect, when his corpse was moved to a newly commissioned tomb about two years after his death.<ref name=":0" />

== Tourism ==
The upper storey of Sher Mandal is restricted to visitors.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wmf.org/sites/default/files/article/pdfs/Purana%20Qila%20and%20its%20Surroundings.pdf|title=Purana Qila and its surroundings|last=Delhi Chapter|first=INTACH|date=2012|publisher=[[World Monuments Fund]]|access-date=7 June 2019}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

{{Coord|28|36|31|N|77|14|42|E|region:IN-DL_type:landmark_scale:50|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sher Mandal}}
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Delhi]]
[[Category:16th century in India]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures of the Mughal Empire]]

Rajarhat (community development block)

2026-01-02T21:11:24Z

CelinaArellano: general enhanced layout for accuracy per standard format

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Rajarhat
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = bn
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Community development block
| image_skyline = File:Rajarhat in North 24 Parganas (West Bengal).svg
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|22|36|33|N|88|31|37|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[North 24 Parganas district|North 24 Parganas]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Representative democracy]]
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 72.90
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 189,893
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]
| demographics_type2 = Literacy (2011)
| demographics2_title2 = Total literates
| demographics2_info2 = 139,571 (83.13%)
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 700135 (Rajarhat)
| area_code_type = Telephone/STD code
| area_code = 03174
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-23, [[List of RTO districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-24, [[List of RTO districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-25, [[List of RTO districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-26
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Barasat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Barasat]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Rajarhat New Town (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Rajarhat New Town]]
| website = {{URL|north24parganas.nic.in/}}
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-WB]]
| footnotes =
}}
'''Rajarhat''' is a [[Community development block in India|community development block]] that forms an administrative division in [[Bidhannagar subdivision]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Change of Guard|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/change-of-guard/cid/1471266}}</ref> of [[North 24 Parganas district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==Geography==
Rajarhat Bishnupur, a constituent panchayat in Rajarhat block, is located at {{coord|22.6102200|N|88.5269780|E|source:yahoomaps_region:IN-WB|format=dms}}.

Rajarhat CD Block is bounded by [[Barasat II]] CD Block in the north, [[Bhangar II]] CD Block in South 24 Parganas district in the east and south, [[Rajarhat|Rajarhat-Gopalpur Municipality]] and [[Bidhannagar|Bidhannagar municipality]] (both part of [[Bidhannagar Municipal Corporation]] since 2015) in the west.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://north24parganas.gov.in/n24p/page.php?nm=Map_Gallery | title = North 24 Parganas District | work = Map Gallery – CD Blocks | publisher = North 24 Parganas district administration | access-date = 10 March 2016 | archive-date = 9 March 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160309211214/http://north24parganas.gov.in/n24p/page.php?nm=Map_Gallery | url-status = dead }}</ref>

Rajarhat CD Block is part of the North Hooghly Flat, one of the three physiographic regions in the district located in the lower [[Ganges Delta]]. It is a raised [[alluvium]] area along the [[Hooghly River|Hooghly]], which forms the western boundary of the district.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1911_PART_A_DCHB_NORTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf |title = District Census Handbook North Twenty Four Parganas, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Page 13 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 16 April 2018}}</ref>

Rajarhat CD Block has an area of 72.90 km2(according to 2011 census, including Mahisbathan II). It has 1 [[Panchayat Samiti (Block)|panchayat samity]], 6 [[gram panchayat]]s (now 5),<ref name="BMC" /> 99 gram sansads (village councils), 39 [[mouza]]s and 38 inhabited villages, as per the District Statistical Handbook: North 24 Parganas. Rajarhat police station serves this block.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook |work = North 24 Parganas 2010-2011, Tables 2.1, 2.2 |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 16 April 2018 |archive-date = 21 January 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |url-status = dead }}</ref> Headquarters of this CD Block is at Rajarhat.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1911_PART_A_DCHB_NORTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf |title = District Census Handbook North Twenty Four Parganas, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Map of North Twenty Four Parganas with CD Block HQs and Police Stations (on the fifth page) | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 16 April 2018}}</ref>

===Gram panchayats===
[[Gram panchayat]]s of Rajarhat block/ panchayat samiti are: Chandpur, Rajarhat Bishnupur I, Rajarhat Bishnupur II, Jangrahatiara II, Patharghata and Mahisbathan II (now under [[Bidhannagar Municipal Corporation]] and is now ward no 27 of [[Bidhannagar Municipal Corporation|BMC]]),<ref name="BMC">{{cite web|title=About BMC|url=http://www.bmcwbgov.in/index.php/about-us/about-bmc}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://wbprd.gov.in/HtmlPage/PANCHAYATS.aspx |title = Directory of District, Subdivision, Panchayat Samiti/ Block and Gram Panchayats in West Bengal |work = North Twentfour Parganas - Revised in March 2008 | publisher= Panchayats and Rural Development Department, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 30 April 2018}}</ref>

==Demographics==
===Population===
As per [[2011 Census of India]] Rajarhat CD Block had a total population of 189,893, of which 89,607 were rural and 100,286 were urban. There were 97,623 (51%) males and 92,210 (49%) females. Population below 6 years was 22,003. [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Castes]] numbered 65,551 (35.05%) and [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribes]] numbered 1,174 (0.62%).<ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = C.D. Block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= West Bengal – District-wise CD Blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 10 March 2015}}</ref>

As per 2001 census, Rajarhat block has a total population of 145,357 out of which 75,142 were males and 72,709 were females. Population of the rural areas in the block was 138,629 and that of the urban areas was 6,728.<ref name=census>{{cite web|url=http://www.wbcensus.gov.in/DataTables/02/Table4_11.htm |title=Census of India 2001, Provisional Population Totals, West Bengal, Table - 4 |access-date=2010-10-25 |work=North Twenty Four Parganas District (11) |publisher=Government of West Bengal |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927041813/http://www.wbcensus.gov.in/DataTables/02/Table4_11.htm |archive-date=27 September 2007 }}</ref>

There are several [[census towns]] in Rajarhat CD Block (2011 census figures in brackets): [[Raigachhi]] (8,254), [[Rekjuani]] (16,553), [[Bhatenda]] (6,349), [[Basina, North 24 Parganas|Basina]] (5,413), [[Bishnupur, North 24 Parganas|Bishnupur]] (12,660), [[Chandpur Champagachhi]] (6,431), [[Jatragachhi]] (6,890), [[Ghuni]] (24,249) and [[Sulanggari]] (13,496).<ref name=census2011/>

Large villages in Rajarhat CD Block (2011 census figures in brackets): Thakdari (4,247), Mahisgot (7,224), Tarulia (4,278), Mahammadpur (4,141), Chakpachuria (5,024), Baligari (4,193), Patharghata (8,039) and Bagdobamachhi Bhanga (4,483).<ref name=census2011/>

North 24 Parganas district is densely populated, mainly because of the influx of [[East Bengali refugees|refugees from East Pakistan]] (later Bangladesh). With a density of population of 2,182 per km2 in 1971, it was 3rd in terms of density per km2 in West Bengal after Kolkata and Howrah, and 20th in India.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgs%20north.PDF| title = District Human Development Report: North 24 Parganas| work = Intro P 6| publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2010| access-date = 20 April 2018| archive-date = 5 February 2018| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180205044900/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgs%20north.PDF| url-status = dead}}</ref> According to the District Human Development Report: North 24 Parganas, “High density is also explained partly by the rapid growth of urbanization in the district. In 1991, the percentage of urban population in the district has been 51.23.”<ref>{{cite web| url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgs%20north.PDF| title = District Human Development Report: North 24 Parganas| work = Page 259, Table 11.2.2| publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2010| access-date = 20 April 2018| archive-date = 5 February 2018| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180205044900/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgs%20north.PDF| url-status = dead}}</ref>

'''Decadal [[Population growth|Population Growth]] Rate (%)'''
{{Graph:Chart
|width=300
|height=300
|legend=Legend
|xAxisTitle=X
|yAxisTitle=Y
|type= rect
|x=1971-1981,1981-1991,1991-2001,2001-2011
|y1 = 0,0,-49.18,30.62
|y2 = 31.4,31.7,22.7,12.0
|y3 = 23.17,24.73,17.84,13.93
|colors = olive,yellow,violet
|y1Title= Rajarhat CD Block
|y2Title=North 24 Parganas district
|y3Title=West Bengal
}}

The decadal growth of population in Rajarhat CD Block in 2001-2011 was 30.62%.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1911_PART_A_DCHB_NORTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf |title = District Census Handbook: North 24 Parganas, Series 20 Part XII A | work= Brief Analysis of Inset Tables based on Primary Census Abstract 2011 (Inset Tables 1-35), Table I: Decadal change in population of Tahsils (Sub-district) by Residence, 2001-2011, Page 52 |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | access-date = 20 April 2018 }}</ref> The decadal growth of population in Rajarhat CD Block in 1991-2001 was -49.18%. Rajarhat-Gopalpur Municipality with a population of 271,881 in 2001, came up largely in 1991-2001 decade.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook | work = North 24 Parganas 2010-2011; Table 2.4A: Distribution of Rural and Urban Population by Sex in the district of North 24 Parganas, 1991; Table 2.4B: Distribution of Rural and Urban Population by Sex in the district of North 24 Parganas, 2001 | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | access-date = 20 April 2018 | archive-date = 21 January 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | url-status = dead }}</ref>

The decadal growth rate of population in North 24 Parganas district was as follows: 47.9% in 1951-61, 34.5% in 1961-71, 31.4% in 1971-81, 31.7% in 1981-91, 22.7% in 1991-2001 and 12.0% in 2001-11.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1911_PART_A_DCHB_NORTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf | title = District Census Handbook: North 24 Parganas, Series 20 Part XII A | work= Growth Rate, Page 45 |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011| access-date = 25 July 2017}}</ref> The decadal growth rate for West Bengal in 2001-11 was 13.93%.<ref name="Decadal Growth Rate">{{cite web | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/prov_data_products_wb.html | title = Census of India 2011: Provisional Totals for West Bengal | publisher = Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India | access-date = 26 April 2018}}</ref> The decadal growth rate for West Bengal was 17.84% in 1991-2001, 24.73% in 1981-1991 and 23.17% in 1971-1981.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgs%20north.PDF| title = District Human Development Report: North 24 Parganas| work = Page 40, Table 3.2.1| publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2010| access-date = 20 April 2018| archive-date = 5 February 2018| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180205044900/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgs%20north.PDF| url-status = dead}}</ref>

Only a small portion of the border with Bangladesh has been fenced and it is popularly referred to as a porous border. It is freely used by [[Illegal immigration to India|Bangladeshi infiltrators]], terrorists, smugglers, criminals et al.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.rediff.com/news/report/why-bsf-wants-817-km-of-indo-bangla-border-fenced-urgently/20160821.htm | title = Why BSF wants 81.7 km of Indo-Bangla border fenced urgently | publisher = Rediff.com. 21 August 2016 | access-date = 20 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.sundayguardianlive.com/news/10049-lashkar-helped-fan-basirhat-tension | title = Laskar helped fan Basirhat tension| first = Abhinandan|last= Mishra | date = 8 July 2017| publisher = Sunday Guardian, 8 July 2017 | access-date = 20 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2015/03/infiltrating-porous-bangladesh-india-border-150323140511893.html | title = Infiltrating porous Bangladesh-India border| publisher = Aljazeera | access-date = 20 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.dailypioneer.com/columnists/oped/bangladeshi-infiltration-the-reality-check.html | title = Bangladeshi Infiltrators – the Reality Check | publisher = The Pioneer, 27 June 2015 | access-date = 20 April 2018}}</ref>

===Literacy===
As per the 2011 census, the total number of literates in Rajarhat CD Block was 139,571 (83.13% of the population over 6 years) out of which males numbered 75,258 (87.25% of the male population over 6 years) and females numbered 64,313 (78.78% of the female population over 6 years). The [[Literacy#Gender disparities|gender disparity]] (the difference between female and male literacy rates) was 8.47%.<ref name=census2011/>

See also – [[List of West Bengal districts ranked by literacy rate]]

{{Literacy in CD Blocks of North 24 Parganas district|collapsible=y}}

===Language and religion===

{{bar box
|title=Religion in Rajarhat CD block (2011)<ref name="religion"/>
|titlebar=#FCD116
|left1=
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in West Bengal|Hinduism]]|darkorange|59.41}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam in West Bengal|Islam]]|green|39.90}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.69}}
}}

In the 2011 census Hindus numbered 112,824 and formed 59.41% of the population in Rajarhat CD Block. Muslims numbered 75,763 and formed 39.90% of the population. Others numbered 1,306 and formed 0.69% of the population.<ref name="religion">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: West Bengal |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11396/download/14509/DDW19C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

In 1981 Hindus numbered 104,432 and formed 63.99% of the population and Muslims numbered 58,298 and formed 35.82% of the population. In 1991 Hindus numbered 214,970 and formed 75.15% of the population and Muslims numbered 69,588 and formed 24.33% of the population in Rajarhat CD Block. (1981 and 1991 census was conducted as per jurisdiction of the police station). In 2001, Hindus were 84,153 (57.88%) and Muslims 60,108 (41.35%).<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/docs/Handbook_2004/24Pgs(N)2.pdf | title = Block Level Statistics of North 24 Parganas District | work = Handbook 2004 | publisher = Government of West Bengal | access-date = 20 July 2016 | archive-date = 20 July 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160720152245/http://wbplan.gov.in/docs/Handbook_2004/24Pgs(N)2.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref>

{{See also|North 24 Parganas: minority concentrated district}}

{{Pie chart
|caption = Languages in Rajarhat CD block (2011)<ref name="languages"/>
|label1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]] |value1 = 95.64 |color1 = orchid
|label2 = [[Hindi]] |value2 = 1.98 |color2 = orange
|label3 = [[Urdu]] |value3 = 1.81 |color3 = green
|label4 = Others |value4 = 0.57 |color4 = grey
}}

At the time of the 2011 census, 95.64% of the population spoke [[Bengali language|Bengali]], 1.98% [[Hindi]] and 1.81% [[Urdu]] as their first language.<ref name="languages">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: West Bengal |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10226/download/13338/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1900.XLSX |website=www.censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

==Rural Poverty==
22.60% of households in Rajarhat CD Block lived [[Below Poverty Line (India)|below poverty line]] in 2001, against an average of 29.28% in North 24 Parganas district.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgs%20north.PDF| title = District Human Development Report: North 24 Parganas| work = Page 259, Table 11.2.2| publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2010| access-date = 20 April 2018| archive-date = 5 February 2018| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180205044900/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgs%20north.PDF| url-status = dead}}</ref>

==Economy==
===Livelihood===
{{Pie chart
|caption= '''Livelihood in Rajarhat CD Block'''
|value1 = 4.72
|label1 = Cultivators
|value2 = 5.07
|label2 = Agricultural labourers
|value3 = 3.36
|label3 = Household industries
|value4 = 86.86
|label4 = Other Workers}}

In Rajarhat CD Block in 2011, amongst the class of total workers, cultivators numbered 3,001 and formed 4.72% of the total workers, agricultural labourers numbered 3,223 and formed 5.07%, household industry workers numbered 2,135 and formed 3.36% and other workers numbered 55,242 and formed 86.86%. Total workers numbered 63,601 and formed 33.49% of the total population, and non-workers numbered 126,292 and formed 66.51% of the population.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1911_PART_A_DCHB_NORTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf |title = District Census Handbook North 24 Parganas, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Page 93, Table 33: Distribution of Workers by Sex in Four Categories ofEconomic Activity in Sub-district 2011; Page 84, Table 30: Number and Percentage of Main Workers, Marginal Workers and Non-workers by sex in sub-districts, 2011| publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 19 April 2011}}</ref>

In more than 30 percent of the villages in North 24 Parganas, agriculture or household industry is no longer the major source of livelihood for the main workers there. The CD Blocks in the district can be classified as belonging to three categories: border areas, Sundarbans area and other rural areas. The percentage of other workers in the other rural areas category is considerably higher than those in the border areas and Sundarbans area.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgs%20north.PDF| title = District Human Development Report: North 24 Parganas| work = Pages 27-28| publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2010| access-date = 20 April 2018| archive-date = 5 February 2018| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180205044900/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgs%20north.PDF| url-status = dead}}</ref>

Note: In the census records a person is considered a cultivator, if the person is engaged in cultivation/ supervision of land owned by self/government/institution. When a person who works on another person’s land for wages in cash or kind or share, is regarded as an agricultural labourer. Household industry is defined as an industry conducted by one or more members of the family within the household or village, and one that does not qualify for registration as a factory under the [[Factories Act,1948, India|Factories Act]]. Other workers are persons engaged in some economic activity other than cultivators, agricultural labourers and household workers. It includes factory, mining, plantation, transport and office workers, those engaged in business and commerce, teachers, entertainment artistes and so on.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1911_PART_A_DCHB_NORTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf |title = District Census Handbook North 24 Parganas, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Census Concepts and Definitions, Page 31 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 19 April 2018}}</ref>

===Infrastructure===
There are 30 inhabited villages in Rajarhat CD Block, as per the District Census Handbook: North 24 Parganas. 100% villages have power supply and drinking water supply. 11 villages (36.67%) have post offices. 23 villages (76.67%) have telephones (including landlines, public call offices and mobile phones). 24 villages (80.00%) have a pucca approach road and 26 villages (86.67%) have transport communication (includes bus service, rail facility and navigable waterways). 9 villages (30.00%) have agricultural credit societies and 10 villages (33.33% ) have banks.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1911_PART_A_DCHB_NORTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, North24 Parganas district, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Pages 103-104, Table 36: Distribution of villages according to availability of different amenities, 2011 | publisher = Directorate of Operations, West Bengal. | access-date = 19 April 2018}}</ref>

===Agriculture===
The North 24 Parganas district [[Human Development Report]] opines that in spite of agricultural productivity in North 24 Parganas district being rather impressive 81.84% of rural population suffered from shortage of food. With a high urbanisation of 54.3% in 2001, the land use pattern in the district is changing quite fast and the area under cultivation is declining. However, agriculture is still the major source of livelihood in the rural areas of the district.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgs%20north.PDF| title = District Human Development Report: North 24 Parganas| work = Pages 66, 195| publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2010| access-date = 20 April 2018| archive-date = 5 February 2018| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180205044900/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgs%20north.PDF| url-status = dead}}</ref>

From 1977 on wards major [[Land reform in India|land reforms]] took place in West Bengal. Land in excess of land ceiling was acquired and distributed amongst the peasants.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | title = District Human Development Report: South 24 Parganas | work = (1) Chapter 1.2, South 24 Parganas in Historical Perspective, pages 7-9 (2) Chapter 3.4, Land reforms, pages 32-33 | publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2009 | access-date = 7 August 2016 | archive-date = 5 October 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161005044029/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | url-status = dead }}</ref> Following land reforms land ownership pattern has undergone transformation. In 2010-11, persons engaged in agriculture in Rajarhat CD Block could be classified as follows: [[bargadar]]s 1,781 (11.86%), patta (document) holders 2,113 (14.08%), small farmers (possessing land between 1 and 2 hectares) 10 (0.07%), marginal farmers (possessing land up to 1 hectare) 3,890 (25.91%) and agricultural labourers 7,217 (48.08%).<ref name=handbook2010-2011>{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook |work = North 24 Parganas 2010-2011, Tables 17.2, 16.1, 18.1, 18.2, 18.3, 20.1, 21.2, 4.4, 3.1, 3.2 and 3.3 (arranged in order of use) |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 16 April 2018 |archive-date = 21 January 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |url-status = dead }}</ref>

Rajarhat CD Block had 58 [[Public distribution system|fair price shops]] in 2010-11.<ref name=handbook2010-2011/>

In 2010-11, Rajarhat CD Block produced 4,237 tonnes of [[Rice#Ecotypes and cultivars|Aman paddy]], the main winter crop from 1,748 hectares, 3,656 tonnes of Boro paddy (spring crop) from 1,114 hectares, 1,732 tonnes of Aus paddy (summer crop) from 750 hectares, 98 tonnes of wheat from 40 hectares, 2,130 tonnes of jute from 118 hectares and 549 tonnes of potatoes from 25 hectares. It also produced pulses and oilseeds.<ref name=handbook2010-2011/>

In 2010-11, the total area irrigated in Rajarhat CD Block was 34 hectares, out of which 20 hectares were irrigated by river lift irrigation and 14 hectares by deep tube well.<ref name=handbook2010-2011/>

===Pisciculture===
In 2010-11, the net area under effective pisciculture in Rajarhat CD Block was 1,197.91 hectares. 4,648 persons were engaged in the profession. Approximate annual production was 35,937.3 quintals.<ref name=handbook2010-2011/>

===Banking===
In 2010-11, Rajarhat CD Block had offices of 5 commercial banks and 3 [[Regional Rural Bank|gramin banks]].<ref name=handbook2010-2011/>

==Transport==
In 2010-11, Rajarhat CD Block had 1 originating/ terminating bus route. The nearest railway station is 22 km from CD Block headquarters.<ref name=handbook2010-2011/>

[[State Highway 3 (West Bengal)|SH 3]] passes through this CD Block.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1911_PART_A_DCHB_NORTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf |title = District Census Handbook North Twenty Four Parganas, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Map of Rajarhat CD Block, Page 605 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal | access-date = 30 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.wbtrafficpolice.com/state-highways.php |title = List of State Highways in West Bengal | publisher= West Bengal Traffic Police | access-date = 30 April 2018}}</ref>

==Education==
In 2010-11, Rajarhat CD Block had 60 primary schools with 8,090 students, 3 high schools with 2,208 students and 12 higher secondary schools with 22,822 students. Rajarhat CD Block had 1 professional/ technical institution with 72 students and 430 institutions for special and non-formal education with 15,705 students.<ref name=handbook2010-2011/>

As per the 2011 census, in Rajarhat CD Block, amongst the 30 inhabited villages, 1 village did not have a school, 10 villages had more than 1 primary school, 11 villages had at least 1 primary and 1 middle school and 7 villages had at least 1 middle and 1 secondary school.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1911_PART_A_DCHB_NORTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, North Twentyfour Parganas, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Page 717, Appendix I A: Villages by number of Primary Schools and Appendix I B: Villages by Primary, Middle and Secondary Schools | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. | access-date = 28 April 2018}}</ref>

==Healthcare==
In 2011, Rajarhat CD Block had 1 block primary health centre and 2 [[Primary Health Centre (India)|primary health centre]], with total 15 beds and 4 doctors (excluding private bodies). It had 37 family welfare subcentres. 1,602 patients were treated indoors and 69,001 patients were treated outdoor in the hospitals, health centres and subcentres of the CD Block.<ref name=handbook2010-2011/>

Rekjoani Rural Hospital at [[Rekjuani]], Rajarhat with 30 beds functions as the main medical facility centre in Rajarhat CD Block. There are primary health centres at Badu (Chandpur PHC (Arbelia) with 10 beds) and Patharghata (with 10 beds).<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/ | title = Health & Family Welfare Department | work = Health Statistics | publisher = Government of West Bengal | access-date = 24 May 2018 | archive-date = 28 October 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211028134305/https://qphs.fs.quoracdn.net/main-qimg-99a499ee367f0c1530476c81086270c8 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|3}}

{{Municipalities of West Bengal}}
{{North 24 Parganas topics}}

[[Category:Community development blocks in North 24 Parganas district]]

K. S. Masthan

2026-01-02T08:15:13Z

CelinaArellano: updated layout per standard format and updated info

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Gingee K. S. Masthan
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1955|5|31}}
| birth_place = [[Gingee]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| residence =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office = Minister of Minorities Welfare, Non Resident Tamils Welfare, Refugees & Evacuees and Wakf Board. Government of Tamil Nadu
| term_start = 7 May 2021
| term_end = 28 Sep 2024
| 1blankname = Chief Minister
| 1namedata = [[M. K. Stalin]]
| office1 = [[Gingee (state assembly constituency)|MLA of Gingee]]
| constituency1 =
| term_start1 = 2016
| term_end1 = current
| predecessor1 = [[A. Ganeshkumar]]
| successor1 =
| party = [[File:Indian election symbol rising sun.svg|20px]] [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| alma_mater =
| religion =
| spouse = {{marriage|Saidhani B Masthan|6-03-1985}}
| children = 3 Daughters Maimunnisa, Jaibunnisa, Thaimunnisa 1 Son K. S. M. Mokthiyar Masthan
| website =
}}

'''Gingee K. S. Masthan''' (born 31 May 1955) is an Indian politician and one of [[M. K. Stalin ministry|the Minister]]s of [[Tamil Nadu]] from May 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tn.gov.in/department/4|title = Department | Tamil Nadu Government Portal}}</ref>
He has been elected as a Member of Legislative Assembly ([[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|MLA]]) in 2016<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/complete-list-of-tamil-nadu-assembly-elections-2016-winners-1245308.html
|title=Complete List of Tamil Nadu Assembly Elections 2016 Winners
|date=19 May 2016|accessdate=28 September 2019|website=News18
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|accessdate=28 September 2019|website=www.myneta.info|title=List of Winners in Tamil Nadu 2016
|url=http://myneta.info/tamilnadu2016/index.php?action=show_winners&sort=default
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|accessdate=28 September 2019|website=www.elections.in|title=Tamil Nadu Assembly Election Results 2016
|url=http://www.elections.in/tamil-nadu/assembly-constituencies/2016-election-results.html
}}</ref> on behalf of [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]] in the [[Gingee (state assembly constituency)|Gingee assembly constituency]] which is a part of the [[Viluppuram district|Villupuram district]]. He was re-elected to the same legislative assembly in the [[Tamil Nadu assembly election 2011|2021 Tamil Nadu assembly election.]] Following this, on 7 May 2021, he was appointed a Minister of Minorities Welfare, Wakf Board, and Non Resident Tamil Welfare, Refugees & Evacuees. Non Resident Tamil Welfare, Refugees & Evacuees is an initiative by the [[M.K. Stalin]] Cabinet Ministry. KS Masthan is also the District Secretary of Vilupuram North with DMK.

== Life ==
He was born in Gingee on 31 May 1955, to Ghaza Basha and Julaika Bi, who were farmers. He completed his E.S.L.C. schooling from Gingee Government High School in 1972. He married Saidhani B Masthan in 1985 and has three daughters, Mimunnisa, Jai Munnisa, Thai Munnisa and one son K. S. M. Mokthiyar Masthan.

== Politics ==
Masthan has been elected to Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly for two consecutive terms from [[Gingee (state assembly constituency)|Gingee constituency]] in the elections of [[2016 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|2016]] and [[2021 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|2021]].

=== Party Responsibilities ===
* His political career began in 1976 when he became involved in [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (DMK) political party while he was working as a Tea master in Gingee.
* In 1978, he became the secretary of the Gingee Perur Association.
* Member of the General Committee in 1980.
* Member of the Integrated Vilupuram District Management Committee in 1992.
* A member of the State Executive Committee in 1996.
* The Chairman of the Integrated Vilupuram District in 1999.
* Vilupuram North District Secretary since 2014.

== Government posts ==
* President of the Gingee Town Panchayat for 5 terms From 1986 to 2016.
* President of the Gingee Milk Producers [[Co-operative Society|Cooperative Society]] in 1989.
* [[Cuddalore district|Cuddalore]] – [[Viluppuram district|Vilupuram District]] Dairy Chief in 1996.
* Chairman of Gingee Agricultural Cooperative Bank in 1996.
* Member Legislative Assembly for Gingee from 2016, 2021 Elections.
* 2021-Minister for Minority Welfare and Overseas Tamil Welfare.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Council of Ministers of Tamil Nadu}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Masthan, K. S.}}
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2016–2021]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2021–2026]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Tamil Muslims]]
[[Category:Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:1955 births]]

Shree Shiv Chhatrapati Sports Complex

2025-12-26T07:52:41Z

CelinaArellano: brief reworked citations further and cleaned formatting per standard format

{{Short description|Building in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{infobox venue
| name = Shree Shiv Chhatrapati Sports Complex
| image = Balewadi Athletics Stadiums Interior.jpg
| image_size =
| caption =
| fullname = Shree Shiv Chhatrapati Sports Complex
| location = [[Mahalunge]], [[Balewadi]], [[Pune district]], [[India]]
| coordinates =
| broke_ground = 1992
| built = 1994
| opened = 1994
| renovated = 2007, 2008
| expanded =
| closed =
| demolished =
| operator = [[Government of Maharashtra]]
| surface = Grass
| construction_cost =
| architect =
| structural_engineer =
| services_engineer =
| general_contractor =
| main_contractors =
| former_names =
| tenants = [[Air India FC|Air India]] (2011–2013) [[DSK Shivajians]] (until 2017)<ref>{{cite web|title=DSK Shivajians 4–4 Minerva Punjab|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2017/04/30/india/i-league/dsk-shivajians/india-minerva-fc/2442844/|website=Soccerway|archive-date=15 May 2017|access-date=29 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170515055841/https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2017/04/30/india/i-league/dsk-shivajians/india-minerva-fc/2442844/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Pune F.C.|Pune]] (2009–2015) [[Bharat FC]] (2014–2015) [[FC Pune City]] (2014–2019)<ref>{{cite web|title=SHREE SHIV CHHATRAPATI SPORTS COMPLEX STADIUM, PUNE|url=http://www.indiansuperleague.com/fc-pune-city/venue|website=www.indiansuperleague.com|publisher=[[Indian Super League]]|access-date=7 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150927050540/http://www.indiansuperleague.com/fc-pune-city/venue|archive-date=27 September 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Puneri Paltan]] (2014–present)
| capacity = 11,900<ref>[http://www.indiansuperleague.com/fc-pune-city/venue FC Pune City Venue] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170613222109/http://www.indiansuperleague.com/fc-pune-city/venue |date=13 June 2017 }} ''indiansuperleague.com''. Retrieved 9 August 2021</ref>
| dimensions = 100.0 M x 68.0 M
| scoreboard = Yes
}}

The '''Shree Shiv Chhatrapati Sports Complex''', also known as '''Balewadi Stadium''', is a [[sports complex]] located in [[Pune]], India. The complex is situated about 15 km from downtown Pune and 5 km from [[Hinjawadi]]. This complex was a venue for the [[2008 Commonwealth Youth Games]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Balewadi, Mahalunge sports complex gears up for Youth Games |url=http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/balewadi-sports-complex-gears-up-for-youth-games/357137/ |work=[[Indian Express]] |date=4 September 2008 |access-date=26 September 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120930070224/http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/balewadi-sports-complex-gears-up-for-youth-games/357137/ |archive-date=30 September 2012 }}</ref> [[Khelo India Youth Games]] in 2019<ref name="the_hindu_jan_9">{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/khelo-india-youth-games-off-to-a-colourful-start/article25953085.ece?homepage=true |title=Khelo India Youth Games off to a colourful start |last=Srinivasan |first=Kamesh |date=9 January 2019 |work=The Hindu |access-date=9 January 2019 |archive-date=14 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414163553/https://www.thehindu.com/sport/khelo-india-youth-games-off-to-a-colourful-start/article25953085.ece?homepage=true |url-status=live }}</ref> and [[2022 AFC Women's Asian Cup|AFC Women's Asian Cup]].<ref name="auto">{{cite web|title=New venues for AFC Women's Asian Cup India 2022 confirmed {{!}} Football {{!}} News {{!}} AFC Women's Asian Cup 2017|url=https://www.the-afc.com/competitions/afc-womens-asian-cup/latest/news/new-venues-for-afc-women-s-asian-cup-india-2022tm-confirmed|access-date=2021-07-20|website=the-AFC|language=en-GB|archive-date=6 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210706062339/https://www.the-afc.com/competitions/afc-womens-asian-cup/latest/news/new-venues-for-afc-women-s-asian-cup-india-2022tm-confirmed|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:Robocon India 2017 Arena View.jpg|thumb|Indoor arena of Balewadi Sports Complex hosting 2017 Robocon India]]

== History ==
This complex was built in 1994 for the [[National Games of India|National Games]] 1994, which were hosted by Pune. The [[2008 Commonwealth Youth Games]] were hosted here. In 2008 the World Junior Table Tennis Circuit was successfully held here. The [[2009 FIVB Men's Junior World Championship]] was held here. The city also hosted [[FIBA Asia Under-16 Championship for Women 2009]].

The second edition of the [[Khelo India Youth Games]] was kicked off in Shree Shiv Chhatrapati Sports Complex, by Sports Minister, [[Rajyavardhan Singh Rathore]], and then [[List of chief ministers of Maharashtra|Chief Minister of Maharashtra]], [[Devendra Fadnavis]].

The venue is also going to host upcoming [[2022 AFC Women's Asian Cup]].<ref name="auto"/>

Indian Super League club Mumbai City FC decided to use this arena for two of their home matches in AFC Champions League 2023 group stage.

== Other games ==
;American football

Beginning in fall 2012, the Shree Shiv Chhatrapati Sports Complex Stadium underwent a [[retrofitting]] and it became the host stadium for the [[Elite Football League of India]] and the home arena for the [[Pune Marathas (American football)|Pune Marathas]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://sports.yahoo.com/nfl/news?slug=ycn-8919377 |title=NFL stars taking American football overseas: A fan's perspective - NFL - Yahoo Sports |access-date=15 January 2017 |archive-date=12 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512223647/http://sports.yahoo.com/nfl/news?slug=ycn-8919377 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

;Rollball

The [[2011 Rollball World Cup]] was held in this games village. This was the first [[Roll Ball World Cup|world cup]] of [[Roll Ball]]. The Denmark national Rollball team was the winner of the tournament. Also the 3rd Roll Ball World Cup in 2015 was organized here.

;Volleyball

The [[2009 FIVB Men's Junior World Championship]] was held on 31 July 2009 to 9 August 2009. Host [[India men's national volleyball team|India]] ended 4th in this tournament. This tournament was conducted in Badminton Hall and Boxing Arena. [[Brazil men's national volleyball team|Brazil]] won this championship.

==Facilities==

The complex was designed by [[Shashi Prabhu|Shashi Prabhu & Associates]] as the venue for National Games 1995. It was later modernized in 2011 to host Youth Commonwealth Games.

===Main Stadium ===

The Shree Shiv Chhatrapati Sports Complex Stadium has a [[seating capacity]] of roughly 11,000 people, and also has flood lights and an 8 lane track.

====Football====

The athletics stadium hosted matches for the [[India national football team]]. It has also hosted the [[I-League]] matches for [[Pune F.C.]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/sports/goan-bashing-for-mumbai-fc/story-stHvLxvGWceGagl5ev1v9H.html|title=Goan bashing for Mumbai FC|date=18 December 2010|website=hindustantimes.com|publisher=The Hindustan Times|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181119091916/https://www.hindustantimes.com/sports/goan-bashing-for-mumbai-fc/story-stHvLxvGWceGagl5ev1v9H.html|archive-date=19 November 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> India played against [[Vietnam national football team|Vietnam]] in a friendly match in 2010.<ref>{{cite news|url = http://www.thehardtackle.com/2010/india-v-vietnam-preview-and-pre-match-press-conference/|title = India v Vietnam: Preview and Pre-Match Press Conference|newspaper = Thehardtackle.com|date = 7 October 2010|author1 = Thehardtackle|access-date = 18 August 2011|archive-date = 12 May 2014|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140512231430/http://www.thehardtackle.com/2010/india-v-vietnam-preview-and-pre-match-press-conference/|url-status = live}}</ref>

India played their first match in the [[Football at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Men's Asian Qualifiers Preliminary Round 1|2012 London Olympic Qualifiers (first round)]] against [[Myanmar national football team|Myanmar]]. India won the game 2–1. India then drew 1–1 with [[Qatar national football team|Qatar]] in the [[Football at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Men's Asian Qualifiers Preliminary Round 2|2012 London Olympic Qualifier (second round)]] at the stadium.
Then during the [[2011 Indian Federation Cup]] the Balewadi Sports Complex co-hosted with the [[Salt Lake Stadium]] the Federation Cup group-stages.<ref>{{cite web|first=Kratik|last=Malhotra|url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/65445/salgaocar-sc-vs-mumbai-fc/report|title=Federation Cup: Salgaocar SC Held By Mumbai FC To A Goalless Draw|date=18 September 2011|access-date= 31 October 2011|publisher=Goal|website=goal.com|archive-date=25 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110925145035/http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/65445/salgaocar-sc-vs-mumbai-fc/report|url-status=dead}}</ref>
The [[Federation Cup (India)|Federation Cup]] is the second most important football competition in India.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/65447/hal-bangalore-vs-salgaocar-sc/report| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110925101112/http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/65447/hal-bangalore-vs-salgaocar-sc/report| archive-date = 2011-09-25| title = Salgaocar 4-0 HAL Bangalore - Goal.com}}</ref> This stadium hosted [[Indian Super League]] for [[FC Pune City]] bought by [[Bollywood]] actor [[Hrithik Roshan]].

====International football matches====

{{Football box collapsible
|round =
|date = 8 October 2010
|time =
|team1 = {{fb-rt|IND}}
|score = 3–1
|report = http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/50301/india-vs-vietnam/report
|team2 = {{fb|VIE}}
|goals1 = [[Sunil Chhetri|Chhetri]] {{goal|25||48||72}}
|goals2 = [[Vu Nhu Thanh]] {{goal|62}}
|location = [[Pune]]
|stadium = Shree Shiv Chhatrapati Sports Complex Stadium
|attendance =
|referee = [[Dinesh Nair]] ([[All India Football Federation|India]])
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|round =
|date = 23 February 2011
|time =
|team1 = [[India national under-23 football team|India u23]] {{flagicon|India}}
|score = 2–1
|report =
|team2 = {{flagicon|Myanmar}} Myanmar u23
|goals1 = [[Jeje Lalpekhlua|Lalpekhlua]] [[Malsawmfela]]
|goals2 = [[Mai Aih Naing]]
|location = [[Pune]]
|stadium = Shree Shiv Chhatrapati Sports Complex Stadium
|attendance =
|referee =
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|round =
|date = 23 June 2011
|time =
|team1 = [[India national under-23 football team|India u23]] {{flagicon|India}}
|score = 1–1
|report =
|team2 = {{flagicon|Qatar}} Qatar u23
|goals1 = [[Khalid Muftah]] o.g.
|goals2 = [[Mohammed Elneel]]
|location = [[Pune]]
|stadium = Shree Shiv Chhatrapati Sports Complex Stadium
|attendance =
|referee =
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|round =
|date = 31 August 2015
|time = 14:30
|team1 = [[India national football team|India]] {{flagicon|India}}
|score = 0–0
|report = http://www.goalnepal.com/news.php?id=24904
|team2 = {{flagicon|Nepal}} Nepal
|goals1 =
|goals2 =
|location = [[Pune]]
|stadium = Shree Shiv Chhatrapati Sports Complex Stadium
|attendance =
|referee =
}}

====Aquatics centre====
[[File:Shree Shiv Chhatrapati Sports Complex aquatic centre.jpeg|thumb|Aquatic centre]]
This [[List of water sports|aquatics]] centre contains two 50 x 25m swimming pools, with a [[seating capacity]] of 3500.

====Badminton Hall====
[[File:Badminton arena in Balewadi Sports Complex, Pune 01.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Badminton Arena]]
The badminton hall 6 competition courts and 4 warm-up courts, and has a [[seating capacity]] of 3800. This hall is air conditioned and has a wooden floor. It has changing rooms available and seating & lounges for VIPs.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cygpune2008.com/sports-venues/venue-badminton.php|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120405000924/http://www.cygpune2008.com/sports-venues/venue-badminton.php|url-status=dead |title=2008 Commonwealth Youth Games (Badminton Venue) official site|archive-date=5 April 2012}}</ref> This venue is the home ground of [[Pune Pistons]], a franchise in [[Indian Badminton League|Indian Badminton League (IBL)]]. So far 3 [[Indian Badminton League|IBL]] matches have been played on this venue.

====Basketball====
The first edition of [[FIBA Asia Under-16 Championship for Women]] was played in this indoor stadium from 30 November 2009 to 6 December 2009. The host, [[India women's national basketball team|India]], finished in fifth position.

It has been a host for the [[UBA Pro Basketball League]], India's top professional basketball division.<ref>[https://www.sportskeeda.com/basketball/uba-bryan-seals-victory-punjab-steelers-over-chennai-slam UBA: Bryan seals victory for Punjab Steelers over Chennai Slam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180127005006/https://www.sportskeeda.com/basketball/uba-bryan-seals-victory-punjab-steelers-over-chennai-slam |date=27 January 2018 }} Joe Williams (''sportskeeda''), 30 July 2016. Accessed 2 May 2017.</ref>

====Boxing Arena====
The boxing arena has 3 rings, and 5 warm-up rings, with a [[seating capacity]] of 3500. This hall is air conditioned and has changing rooms for players. This arena is the host of 2011 [[World Series Boxing]].

====Shooting Range====
The complex has 15 shooting ranges, with a [[seating capacity]] of 1500. The ranges are constructed according to ISSF rules. Ranges 50 m, 25 m and 10 m are available<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cygpune2008.com/sports-venues/venue-shooting-range.php|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120404235335/http://www.cygpune2008.com/sports-venues/venue-shooting-range.php|url-status=dead |title=3rd Commonwealth Youth Games (Shooting Venue) official site|archive-date=4 April 2012}}</ref>

;Ranges:

{| class="wikitable" style="width:85%; text-align:left"
|-
! Shooting Range
! Seating Capacity
! Firing points
! Notes
|-
| 10m Shooting Range
| 425
| 80
| A/C
|-
| 25m Shooting Range
| 425
| 50
| Non A/C
|-
| 50m Shooting Range
| 700
| 80
| Non A/C
|-
| Combined Trap and Skee Shooting Range 1
|
|
| Non A/C
|-
| Combined Trap and Skee Shooting Range 2
|
|
| Non A/C
|-
| Combined Trap and Skee Shooting Range 3
|
|
| Non A/C
|}

====Table Tennis Hall====
The hall, with a [[seating capacity]] of 1500 people, successfully held [[World Junior Table Tennis]] Circuit in September 2008. This has 4 competition tables and 4 warm up tables. This hall is air conditioned and has changing rooms for players. Seating and lounges are for VIPs.

====Tennis Court====
The tennis courts feature one central court and four competition courts, with six warm-up courts. Centre court has a [[seating capacity]] of 4200. The stadium hosted the only South Asian [[ATP 250]] series championship named [[Tata Open|Tata Open Maharashtra]] annually until 2023.

====Weightlifting Hall====
This hall has a capacity of 3,000. It has hosted the 2009 commonwealth bench press championships. The most famous athlete to compete was Britain's strongest man Paddy the Pac man Jumelle. The hall is air conditioned and has one competition podium and 10 warm-up platforms. Seating and lounges are provided for VIPs. There is also a changing room for competitors.

====Wrestling Hall====
The Shree Shiv Chhatrapati Sports Complex Wrestling Hall, which is used by Kabaddi club [[Puneri Paltan]], has four rings, and six warm-up rings with a [[seating capacity]] of 4,400 people. This has seating and lounges for VIPs. This also has changing room for players. This is an air conditioned hall.

====Velodrome====
[[File:Shree Shiv Chhatrapati Sports Complex velodrome.jpeg|thumb|400px|Velodrome]]
{{main|Shree Shiv Chhatrapati Sports Complex velodrome}}

The {{convert|333.33|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} [[velodrome]] is outdoor and the surface is made of concrete. While it was a prime venue for the 3rd Nationals Games in the year 1993–94 it has never been a place for any major events thereafter, and was left unused. In 2014 it was announced that with a Rs 10 crore maintenance grant from the governments for the entire complex, the facelift of the velodrome had top priority. At that time the velodrome was in [[dilapidation|dilapidated]] state.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/pune/report-finally-velodrome-at-balewadi-sports-complex-to-get-facelift-gets-grant-of-10-crore-1998112|title=Finally, velodrome at Balewadi sports complex to get facelift, gets grant of 10 crore|date=27 June 2014|access-date=23 December 2015|archive-date=25 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151225180622/http://www.dnaindia.com/pune/report-finally-velodrome-at-balewadi-sports-complex-to-get-facelift-gets-grant-of-10-crore-1998112|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Games village===
This is a non-sporting venue at the sports city with 400 rooms, ranging between three and five stars.

===Other buildings===
The other buildings are as follows:

;Cultural Centre:

;Fitness Centre:
This centre has equipment to develop physical and physiological attributes. This hall is air condition hall and has provision for Yoga and Meditation. This has provision for sauna and chill water bath for recovery.

;Sports Science Centre:
This centre has sauna and chill water bath. This has seven departments:
# Central dope collection centre.
# Department of bio-mechanics.
# Department of nutrition and ergogenic aids.
# Department of physiotherapy.
# Department of Psychology.
# Department of sports rehabilitation.
# Human performance and evolution laboratory.

==Teams==

{| style="border: 1px solid #ADADAD; margin-bottom: 10px; padding-bottom: 5px;"
|- style="background:#adadad; text-align:left;"
! style="width:150px;"| Club
! style="width:140px;"| Sport
! style="width:250px;"| League
|-
| [[Pune F.C.]]
| [[Association football|Football]]
| [[I-League]]
|-
| [[Bharat FC]]
| [[Association football|Football]]
| [[I-League]]
|-
| [[FC Pune City]]
| [[Association football|Football]]
| [[Indian Super League]]
|-
| [[Puneri Paltan]]
| [[Kabaddi]]
| [[Pro Kabaddi League]]
|-
| [[Pune Marathas (American football)|Pune Marathas]]
| [[American football]]
| [[Elite Football League of India]]
|-
|[[Mumbai City FC]]
|Football
|AFC Champions League 2023
|}

==Tournaments==

; Major Tournaments

{| class="wikitable" style="width:85%; text-align:left"
!
! Year
! Tournament
|-
| 1
| 1994
| [[National Games of India]]
|-
| 2
| 2008
| World Junior Table Tennis Circuit
|-
| 3
| 2008 (''[[2008 Commonwealth Youth Games|Details]]'')
| [[Commonwealth Youth Games]]
|-
| 4
| 2009 (''[[2009 FIVB Men's Junior World Championship|Details]]'')
| [[Men's Junior Volleyball World Championship]]
|-
| 5
| 2009 (''[[2009 FIBA Asia Under-16 Championship for Women|Details]]'')
| [[FIBA Asia Under-16 Championship for Women]]
|-
| 6
| 2011 (''[[2011 Rollball World Cup|Details]]'')
| [[2011 Rollball World Cup|Rollball World Cup]].
|-
| 7
| 2011
| [[World Series Boxing]]
|-
| 8
| 2013 (''[[2013 Asian Athletics Championships|Details]]'')
| [[Asian Athletics Championships]].
|-
| 9
| 2014 (''[[2014 Pro Kabaddi League|Details]]'')
| [[Pro Kabaddi League]]
|-
| 10
| 2014 (''[[2011 Rollball World Cup|Details]]'')
| [[Rollball]]
|-
|11
|2019
|[[Khelo India Youth Games]]
|-
|12
|2022 ([[2022 AFC Women's Asian Cup|Details]])
|[[2022 AFC Women's Asian Cup|AFC Women's Asian Cup 2022]]<ref name="auto"/>
|-
|13
|2022 ([[2022 Tata Open Maharashtra|Details]])
|[[Maharashtra Open|ATP 250 Maharashtra Open]]<ref>{{cite news|last=Basu|first=Sohinee|title=Tata Open Maharashtra 2020: Where to watch and live stream details|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/tennis/tata-open-maharashtra-2020-where-to-watch-and-live-stream-details|access-date=2021-09-16|website=www.sportskeeda.com|date=2 February 2020|language=en-us|archive-date=16 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210916185252/https://www.sportskeeda.com/tennis/tata-open-maharashtra-2020-where-to-watch-and-live-stream-details|url-status=live}}</ref>
|}

;Professional Leagues and Cups

{| class="wikitable" style="width:85%; text-align:left"
|-
!
! Sport
! Team
! League
! Seasons
! Matches Played
|-
| 1
| [[American football]]
| [[Pune Marathas (American football)|Pune Marathas]]
| [[Elite Football League of India]]
| ''[[2012–13 Elite Football League of India|2012–13]]''
| 0
|-
| 2
| [[Badminton]]
| [[Pune Pistons]]
| [[Indian Badminton League]]
| ''[[2013 Indian Badminton League|2013]]''
| 3
|-
| 4
| [[Association football|Football]]
| [[Pune F.C.|Pune]]
| [[I-League]]
| ''[[2009–10 I-League|2009–10]], [[2010–11 I-League|2010–11]], [[2011–12 I-League|2011–12]], [[2012–13 I-League|2012–13]], [[2013–14 I-League|2013–14]]''
| 89
|-
| 3
| [[Association football|Football]]
| [[FC Pune City]]
| [[Indian Super League]]
| 2014, 2015 with semi-finals.
| 15
|-
| 5
| [[Association football|Football]]
| Group A and Group B
| [[Federation Cup (India)|Indian Federation Cup]]
| ''[[2011 Indian Federation Cup|2011]]''
| 7
|-
| 6
| [[Kabaddi]]
| [[Puneri Paltan]]
| [[Pro Kabaddi League]]
| [[2014 Pro Kabaddi League|2014]], ''[[2015 Pro Kabaddi League|2015]]''
| 7
|}

==International Sports University, Maharashtra==
In 2020, Maharashtra passed a bill to establish a university named [[International Sports University, Maharashtra]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://lj.maharashtra.gov.in/Site/Upload/Acts/Mah_Act_No_XXXV_of_2020_06012020.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=10 January 2021 |archive-date=17 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417193907/https://lj.maharashtra.gov.in/Site/Upload/Acts/Mah_Act_No_XXXV_of_2020_06012020.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> For this, [[Pune]]'s [[Balewadi]]-based Shree Shiv Chhatrapati Sports Complex will be upgraded to upcoming sports university. University will start functioning in 2021–22.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/pune-news/pune-to-get-maharashtra-s-first-sports-university-at-balewadi-stadium/story-4O7dqkTNTRMXb61LZsnBBL.html|title=Pune to get Maharashtra's first sports university at Balewadi stadium|date=17 December 2020|website=Hindustan Times|access-date=10 January 2021|archive-date=12 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112105923/https://www.hindustantimes.com/pune-news/pune-to-get-maharashtra-s-first-sports-university-at-balewadi-stadium/story-4O7dqkTNTRMXb61LZsnBBL.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Other uses==

===Filmset===
Several scenes for the 2016 film [[Dangal (2016 film)|Dangal]] were filmed at this sports complex in December 2015. The film is about two Indian daughters who won the gold and silver medal in wrestling at the [[2010 Commonwealth Games]].

==See also==
* [[Lists of stadiums]]

==References==
{{commons category|Shree Shiv Chhatrapati Sports Complex}}
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://lj.maharashtra.gov.in/Site/Upload/Acts/Mah_Act_No_XXXV_of_2020_06012020.pdf International Sports University, Maharashtra act]

{{s-start}}
{{succession box
| title=[[Asian Athletics Championships]] Venue
| before=[[Kobe Universiade Memorial Stadium]] [[Kobe]]
| years=[[2013 Asian Athletics Championships|2013]]
| after= TBA

|}}
{{succession box
| before = doesn't exist
| title = [[Rollball World Cup]]
| years = [[2011 Rollball World Cup|2011]]
| after = [[Moi International Sports Centre|Moi International Sports Complex]] [[Kasarani]]
| }}
{{s-end}}

{{Indian Super League stadiums}}
{{Pune topics}}
{{Football stadiums in India}}

{{coord|18.574745|73.760984|display=t|type:landmark}}

[[Category:Sports complexes in the India]]
[[Category:Multi-purpose stadiums in India]]
[[Category:1993 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Monuments and memorials to Shivaji]]
[[Category:Sports venues completed in 1993]]
[[Category:20th-century architecture in India]]

Karim's

2025-12-23T11:10:32Z

CelinaArellano: added info

{{Short description|International restaurant chain headquartered in Delhi, India}}
{{other uses|Karim (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}{{Infobox company
| name = Karim's
| logo = Karim's.jpg
| logo_size = 180px
| logo_caption = Karim's logo
| image = Karim's Hotel, Delhi(4) (cropped).jpg| image_size = 300
| image_caption = Karim's (Headquarters)
| native_name = करीम होटल
| native_name_lang = hi
| type = [[Privately owned company]]
| traded_as =
| industry = {{Unbulleted list|[[Restaurant]]|[[Hospitality Industry]]|}}
| genre = [[Mughlai cuisine]]
| foundation = [[Delhi, India]] (1913)
| founder = Haji Karimuddin
| hq_location =
| location_city = [[Jama Masjid]], [[Old Delhi]]
| location_country = India
| locations =
| area_served = {{Unbulleted list| [[India]] | [[United Arab Emirates]]}}
| key_people =
| products =
| production =
| services =
| revenue =
| operating_income =
| net_income =
| assets =
| equity =
| owner = Aivaz Asif
| num_employees =
| parent =
| homepage =
| footnotes =
| intl =
| bodystyle =
}}

'''Karim's Hotel''' or '''Karim's''' ({{Langx|Hi|करीम होटल}}) is an international chain of restaurants headquartered in [[Old Delhi]] in [[Delhi]], India. Established in 1913, the original location in the Jama Masjid area of Delhi was founded by Haji Karimuddin, a cook from the royal court of Mughal Emperor [[Bahadur Shah Zafar]]. The restaurant has been described as Old Delhi's most famous culinary destination.

The chain serves Indian and Mughlai cuisine and operates more than 50 outlets in India and the United Arab Emirates.

== Flagship location ==
The historic flagship restaurant is located in Gali Kababian near [[Jama Masjid]], [[Shahjahanabad]] since its inception in 1913. The restaurant is usually all days open from 9:00 am to 12:30 am.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Doshi |first=Anvi |date=2019-04-29 |title=We Ate At One Of Delhi's Most Iconic Restaurants & It's Totally Worth The Hype |url=https://curlytales.com/karims-delhi/ |access-date=2024-12-03 |website=Curly Tales |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=DK Eyewitness Top 10 Travel Guide: Delhi |publisher=[[Dorling Kindersley]] |year=2012 |isbn=9781409387008 |page=65}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-14 |title=कबाब की खुशबू, निहारी का स्वाद..., रमजान में सबसे अलग है पुरानी दिल्ली के खाने का अंदाज |url=https://www.aajtak.in/lifestyle/food/story/ramadan-2024-purani-dilli-famous-non-vegetarian-food-karim-hotel-aslam-chicken-jama-masjid-tlifws-1897305-2024-03-14 |access-date=2024-12-03 |website=आज तक |language=hi}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news |last=Rosenfeld |first=Cynthia |date=27 March 2009 |title=Restaurant Review: Karim Hotel, New Delhi, India |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/29/travel/29Bites.html |work=[[New York Times]]}}</ref>

[[File:Karims_at_Old_Delhi.jpg|thumb|Karim’s, Old Delhi|200x200px]]
[[File:Karim's Hotel, Delhi (cropped).jpg|thumb|Dining Hall entry|180x180px]]

[[File:20181103 105936832 iOS.jpg|thumb|Interiors|200x200px]]

==History==

In the mid-19th century, Mohammed Aziz was a cook in the royal court of the [[Mughal Emperor]], however after the Bahadur Shah Zafar was exiled, Aziz left the city for [[Meerut]] and later [[Ghaziabad]]. However, in 1911, when [[Delhi Durbar]] was held for the coronation of the [[George V|King George V]], one of Aziz's son Haji Karimuddin moved back to Delhi with an innovative idea of opening a Dhaba with the Mughal culinary, to cater the people coming from all over India to join the coronation.<ref>{{cite book |title=India |publisher=[[Lonely Planet]] |year=2001 |isbn=9781864503289 |page=158}}</ref><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-31 |title=Karim vs Kareem: What's the fight over the name of Delhi's famous Mughlai food eatery all about? |url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/karim-vs-kareem-whats-the-fight-over-the-name-of-delhis-famous-mughlai-food-eatery-all-about-10741741.html |access-date=2024-12-03 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us}}</ref>

Haji Karimuddin started the Dhaba selling just two items of [[Alu gosht]] (mutton with potatoes) and [[Dal|Daal]] (lentil curry) served with [[Rumali Roti]].<ref>{{cite web
| title = Fit for an emperor: Old Delhi's most enduring restaurant Karim's celebrates its centenary|work=The Independent
| url = https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/food-and-drink/features/fit-for-an-emperor-old-delhis-most-enduring-restaurant-karims-celebrates-its-centenary-8586968.html |author=Andrew Buncombe|date=28 April 2013|accessdate = 2014-08-24 }}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2024-03-21 |title=Karim's restaurant: A small corner in Old Delhi where the Mughal legacy continues |url=https://www.lifestyleasia.com/ind/dining/food/karims-in-delhi-jama-masjid-history-flavourful-dishes-and-more/ |access-date=2024-12-03 |website=Lifestyle Asia India |language=en-IN}}</ref>

In 1913, Haji Karimuddin established the flagship location of Karim Hotel in Gali Kababian, near [[Jama Masjid, Delhi]] saying, "I want to earn fame and money by serving the royal food to the common man". The restaurant opened its first branch in the 1990s in [[Nizamuddin West]], followed by [[Kailash Colony]], [[Noida]], [[Gurgaon]], [[Kamla Nagar]], [[Dwarka, Delhi]] and all of the Delhi NCR region.<ref>{{cite web | title = Karim's -- a non-vegetarians's delight! |work=Rediff.com| url = http://www.rediff.com/getahead/2005/sep/02karim.htm |date=2 September 2005| accessdate = 2014-08-24 }}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Tête-À-Tea With Sachin Pabreja: An Insightful Conversation With Mr. Aivaz Asif, The New Generation Successor Of The Heritage Restaurant Chain – Karim's (Estd. 1913) |url=https://www.eazydiner.com/food-trends/tete-a-tea-with-sachin-pabreja-an-insightful-conversation-with-mr-aivaz-asif-the-new-generation-successor-of-the-heritage-restaurant-chain-karims-estd-1913 |access-date=2024-12-03 |website=www.eazydiner.com |language=en}}</ref>

Currently, the fourth-generation restaurateur Aivaz Asif is operating the brand under the name of 'Karim Hotels Pvt. Ltd’ along with more than 50 outlets across India and United Arab Emirates.<ref>{{Cite web |title=How this 108 years old brand has grown on consistency, quality without innovating for once |url=https://www.indianretailer.com/restaurant/article/how-this-108-years-old-brand-has-grown-on-consistency-quality-without-innovating-for-once.14108 |access-date=2024-12-03 |website=Restaurant India |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=karim hotels |url=https://www.delhitourism.gov.in/dttdc/food_tour/karim_hotels.jsp |access-date=2024-12-03 |website=www.delhitourism.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-24 |title=मुगलों के खानसामा ने छोटी सी दुकान से शुरू किया सफर, आज नॉनवेज के लिए पूरे देश में मशहूर |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/business/success-story-karim-hotel-delhi-success-story-founded-by-karimuddin-who-was-royal-chef-in-mughal-era-sold-everything-to-start-a-small-shop-8266142.html |access-date=2024-12-03 |website=News18 हिंदी |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-30 |title=Eid Special The Dilli Way, Karim's Owner Aivaz Asif Shares His Childhood Memories Of The Festival |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/lifestyle/food/news/eid-special-the-dilli-way-karims-owner-aivaz-asif-shares-his-childhood-memories-of-the-festival-article-151313746 |access-date=2025-04-09 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref>
==Dining==
Karim's offers a variety of Mughlai dishes, including a selection of [[Non-vegetarian food in India|non-vegetarian]] options. The menu also features a range of [[Vegetarian cuisine]] items, along with sweets and [[Dessert|desserts]].<ref name=":4" />
;Non Vegetarian Main Course
[[File:Nihari_at_Karim's,_Jama_Masjid,_Old_Delhi.png|thumb|Nihari at Karim's, Jama Masjid, Old Delhi]]
* [[Biryani]]
* [[Curried chicken|Different Curries of Chicken]]
* [[Chicken karahi|Karahi Gosht]]
* [[Kebab|Kababs]]
* [[Keema]]
* [[Mutton curry|Mutton Curries]]
* [[Nihari|Mutton Nihari]]
* [[Pilaf|Pulao & Rice]]
* [[Roll (food)|Rolls]]
* [[Soup|Soups]]
* [[Tikka (food)|Tikkas]]
* [[Korma|Qormas]]
;Vegetarian Main Course
* [[Dal makhani|Dal Makhani]]
* [[Jeera bhaat|Jeera Rice]]
* [[Kadai paneer|Karahi Paneer]]
* [[Palak paneer|Palak Paneer]]
* [[Roll (food)|Paneer Roll]]
* [[Shahi paneer|Shahi Paneer]]
;Dessert
[[File:Kheer Benazir, Karim's (01).jpg|thumb|Kheer Benazir, at Karim’s Jama Masjid.]]
*[[Gajar ka halwa|Gajar ka Halwa]]
*[[Gulab jamun|Gulab Jamun]]
*[[Kheer|Kheer Benazir]]
*[[Shahi Tukra|Shahi Tukda]]

;Breads
[[File:Delhi,_in_restaurant_(2981842242).jpg|thumb|Tandoor at Karim’s Jama Masjid]]
*[[Bakarkhani|Baqarkhani]]
*[[Naan]]
*[[Manda roti|Rumaali Roti]]
*[[Tandoori roti|Tandoori Roti]]
==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Instagram|id=karimhoteldelhi6}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Karim's}}
[[Category:1913 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Restaurants established in 1913]]
[[Category:Restaurants in Delhi]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Delhi]]
[[Category:Restaurant chains in India]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1913]]
[[Category:Indian restaurants outside India]]
[[Category:Indian restaurants]]
[[Category:Restaurant chains]]
[[Category:Halal restaurants]]
[[Category:Companies based in Delhi]]

2008 Canara Bank Bangalore Open

2025-11-29T19:11:05Z

CelinaArellano: article

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{TennisEventInfo|2008|Canara Bank Bangalore Open|
| logo=BangaloreOpenLogo.jpg
| logo_size=100px
| date=3–9 March
| edition=6th
| category= [[WTA Tier II tournaments|Tier II]]
| draw=28S / 16D
| prize_money=$600,000
| surface = [[Hard court|Hard]] / outdoor
| location=[[Bangalore]], India
| venue=KST Signature Kingfisher Tennis stadium
| champs={{flagicon|USA}} [[Serena Williams]]
| champd={{flagicon|CHN}} [[Peng Shuai]] / {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Sun Tiantian]]
| after_year = 2022
| after_name = Chennai Open
| before_name = Sony Ericsson International
| main_name = WTA Indian Open
}}

The '''2008 Canara Bank Bangalore Open''' was the biggest [[Women's Tennis Association|Women's WTA Tennis Tournament]] of South and South-East Asia in 2008. It took place from 3 March to 9 March in the KST Signature Kingfisher Tennis stadium in the Indian city of [[Bangalore]] on outdoor [[Hard court|hardcourts]]. 2008 was the sixth edition of the [[Canara Bank Bangalore Open|tournament]], and the third held in Bangalore. The tournament had been upgraded to [[WTA Tier II tournaments|Tier II]] from a [[WTA Tier III tournaments|Tier III]] event and would offer a total prize money pot of US$600,000 up from $175,000 last year.

The field was led by [[Jelena Janković]]<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/tennis/top-stories/Jankovic-confirms-participation-in-Bangalore-Open/articleshow/2813453.cms | title=Jankovic confirms participation in Bangalore Open | date=25 February 2008 | author=PTI | newspaper=The Times of India | accessdate=31 October 2018 }}</ref> and formers world No. 1, [[Venus Williams]] and [[Serena Williams]].{{cn|date=November 2012}} [[Patty Schnyder]], [[Ágnes Szávay]], [[Sybille Bammer]] and [[Vera Zvonareva]]<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.rediff.com/sports/2008/feb/26vera.htm | title=Zvonareva to play in Bangalore Open | date=26 February 2008 | publisher=Rediff | accessdate=31 October 2018 }}</ref> were also present.

[[Sania Mirza]], the top Indian woman tennis player decided to skip her home event, citing the number of controversies that ensue every time she plays at home. According to Mirza: "Every time I play in India, there has been a problem. So [me and my manager] just thought it was better not to play this time."<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.thepicky.com/sports/sania-mirza-boycotts-wta-bangalore-open/ | title=Sania Mirza boycotts WTA Bangalore Open | publisher=ThePicky | accessdate=31 October 2018 }}</ref>

Third-seeded [[Serena Williams]] won the singles title.<ref>{{cite web |title=Serena wins first title in India |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2008-03-10/serena-wins-first-title-in-india/1067222 |website=ABC |date=9 March 2008}}</ref>

==Finals==

===Singles===
{{main|2008 Canara Bank Bangalore Open – Singles}}
{{flagicon|USA}} [[Serena Williams]] defeated {{flagicon|SUI}} Patty Schnyder, 7–5, 6–3
* It was Williams' first singles title of the year and 29th of her [[Serena Williams career statistics|career]].

===Doubles===
{{main|2008 Canara Bank Bangalore Open – Doubles}}
{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Peng Shuai]] / {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Sun Tiantian]] defeated {{flagicon|TPE}} [[Chan Yung-jan]] / {{flagicon|TPE}} [[Chuang Chia-jung]], 6–4, 5–7, 10–8

==WTA entrants==

===Seeds===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! width="70"| Country
! width="175"| Player
! Rank 1
! Seed
|-
| {{flag|SRB}}
| [[Jelena Janković]]
| 4
| 1
|-
| {{flagu|USA}}
| [[Venus Williams]]
| 8
| 2
|-
| {{flagu|USA}}
| [[Serena Williams]]
| 10
| 3
|-
| {{flag|SUI}}
| [[Patty Schnyder]]
| 12
| 4
|-
| {{flag|HUN}}
| [[Ágnes Szávay]]
| 17
| 5
|-
| {{flag|AUT}}
| [[Sybille Bammer]]
| 20
| 6
|-
| {{flag|RUS}}
| [[Vera Zvonareva]]
| 21
| 7
|-
| {{flag|RUS}}
| [[Maria Kirilenko]]
| 27
| 8
|}
*1 Rankings are as of 25 February 2008

===Other entrants===
The following players received [[wild card (tennis)|wild card]]s into the main singles draw:
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[Isha Lakhani]]
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[Shikha Uberoi]]

The following player used [[protected ranking]] to gain entry into the singles main draw:
* {{flagicon|CRO}} [[Sanda Mamić]]

The following players received entry from the singles [[qualifying draw (tennis)|qualifying draw]]:
* {{flagicon|GER}} [[Angelika Bachmann]]
* {{flagicon|ROU}} [[Monica Niculescu]]
* {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Sun Tiantian]]
* {{flagicon|ROU}} [[Ágnes Szatmári]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090309065622/http://www.wtabangalore.in/ Official website]
* [https://wtafiles.blob.core.windows.net/pdf/draws/archive/2008/1033.pdf WTA tournament draws]

{{2008 WTA Tour}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Canara Bank Bangalore Open, 2008}}
[[Category:2008 WTA Tour]]
[[Category:Bangalore Open|2008]]
[[Category:2008 in Indian tennis]]

Surya

2025-11-29T01:44:43Z

CelinaArellano: expand structure for clarity per standard format

{{Short description|Solar deity in Hinduism}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Pp-move}}
{{Use British English|date=April 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Infobox deity
| type = Hindu
| image = File:Surya with Adityas and attendants.jpg
| caption = Sculpture of Surya with attendants, c. 11th century
| affiliation = [[Deva (Hinduism)|Deva]], [[Adityas]], [[Navagraha]]
| other_names = {{hlist|Aditya|Vivasvat|Martanda|Savitr|Bhaskara|Bhanu|Divakara|Suryanarayana|Ravi|Kathiravan|Prabhakara}}
| god_of = God of the Sun<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sDmwCcLza2AC&dq=hinduism+surya&pg=PA1278 | isbn=9788176250641 | title=Encyclopaedia of Hinduism | year=1999 | publisher=Sarup & Sons }}</ref> Ruler of the Planets [[Para Brahman]], the Supreme Being (Saura)
| mount = Chariot drawn by seven horses '''Charioteer''': [[Aruṇa]]<ref name=Jansen-BkHindImg>
{{cite book |last=Jansen |first=Eva Rudy |year= |title=The Book of Hindu Imagery: Gods, manifestations, and their meaning |page=65}}</ref>
| children = {{bulleted list|[[Vaivasvata Manu]] (son)|[[Yama]] (son)|[[Yami|Yamuna]] (daughter)|[[Ashvins]] (twin-sons)|[[Revanta]] (son)|[[Shani]] (son)|[[Tapati]] (daughter)|[[Savarni Manu]] (son)|[[Sugriva]] (son)|[[Karna]] (son)}}
| siblings = [[Adityas]] including {{hlist|[[Indra]]|[[Varuna]]|[[Vamana]]|[[Bhaga]]|[[Aaryaman]]|[[Mitra]]}}
| consorts = [[Sanjna]] and [[Chhaya]]{{refn|group=note|The number of Surya's wives varies across different scriptures. Typically, he is shown with two wives—Sanjna and Chhaya—but some texts also include others such as Rajni, Prabha, Nikshubha, Mahashveta, and [[Ushas]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A00VAAAAMAAJ&q=surya+four+consorts | title=Sun-worship in Ancient India | last1=Pāṇḍeya | first1=Lālatā Prasāda | date=1971 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=87k0AwAAQBAJ&dq=surya+four+wives&pg=PT1125 | title=The Religions of India: A Concise Guide to Nine Major Faiths | isbn=978-81-8475-396-7 | last1=Dalal | first1=Roshen | date=18 April 2014 | publisher=Penguin UK }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZPvpAAAAMAAJ&q=surya+four+consorts | title=A Pageant of Indian Culture: Art and Archaeology | isbn=978-81-7017-273-4 | last1=Bhattacharyya | first1=Asoke Kumar | date=1995 | publisher=Abhinav Publications }}</ref>}}
| father = [[Kashyapa]]
| mother = [[Aditi]]
| abode = Suryaloka
| planet = [[Sun]]
| day = [[Sunday]]
| festivals = [[Pongal (festival)|Pongal]], [[Sankranti]],<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xcIrkKUJH9QC&dq=sun+god+pongal&pg=PA141 | isbn=9788170174158 | title=South Indian Hindu Festivals and Traditions | year=2005 | publisher=Abhinav Publications }}</ref> [[Chhath]],
[[Samba Dashami]]
| number = 1
| weapon = [[Suryastra]], [[Astra (weapon)|Astras]], [[Wand]], [[Trisula]], [[Sudarshana Chakra|Chakra]], [[Gada (mace)|Gada]] and [[Shankha]]
| mantra = *[[Gayatri Mantra]]<ref>{{cite book|author=Wendy Doniger|title=Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of World Religions |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780877790440|url-access=registration|year=1999|publisher=Merriam-Webster|isbn=978-0-87779-044-0|page=1039}}</ref>
*Oṃ ādityāya namo namaḥ
*Oṃ sūryadevāya namaḥ
| member_of = [[Navagraha]]
}}
'''Surya''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|uː|r|i|ə}} {{respell|SOO|ree|ə}};<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Surya |dictionary=Oxford Dictionaries (en.oxforddictionaries.com) |url=https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/surya |access-date=15 September 2017 |archive-date=15 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170915204423/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/surya |url-status=dead }}</ref> {{langx|sa|सूर्य}}, {{IAST3|Sūrya}}) is the Sun<ref name="s399">[[#Dalal|Dalal]], p. 399</ref> as well as the [[solar deity]] in [[Hinduism]].<ref name="s399" /> He is traditionally one of the major five deities in the [[Smarta tradition|Smarta]] tradition, all of whom are considered as equivalent deities in the [[Panchayatana puja]] and a means to realise [[Brahman]].<ref name="Flood-1996-intro">{{cite book |last=Flood |first=Gavin |year=1996 |title=An Introduction to Hinduism |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9780521438780 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KpIWhKnYmF0C}}</ref> Throughout Indian literature, Surya has been given multiple epitaphs such as '''Ravi''', '''Vaivasvat''', '''Bhāskara''', etc. Furthermore, Surya has been described through aspects of itself which are identified as the [[Adityas|Ādityas]]; including [[Savitr]], [[Pushan]], [[Mārtanda]], [[Bhaga]], etc.<ref name=d5>[[#Dalal|Dalal]], pp. 5, 311</ref><ref name="Geer2008">{{cite book|author=van der Geer, Alexandra Anna Enrica |title=Animals in Stone: Indian Mammals Sculptured Through Time|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oQ3quxh9gsgC&pg=PA236|date=2008|publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-16819-0|pages=236–}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=India through the ages |url=https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada/page/76|last=Gopal |first=Madan |year=1990| page=76 |editor=K. S. Gautam |publisher=Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India}}</ref>

The iconography of Surya is often depicted riding a chariot harnessed by horses, often seven in number<ref name=Jansen-BkHindImg/> which represent the seven colours of visible light, and the seven days of the week.<ref name=d5/><ref name="Shimkhada1984">{{cite journal|last1=Shimkhada|first1=Deepak |title=The Masquerading Sun: A Unique Syncretic Image in Nepal|journal=Artibus Asiae|volume=45 |issue=2/3|year=1984|pages=223–229|doi=10.2307/3249732|jstor=3249732}}</ref> During the medieval period, Surya was worshipped in tandem with [[Brahma]] during the day, [[Shiva]] at noon, and [[Vishnu]] in the evening.<ref name=d5/><ref>{{cite book |author=Blurton, T. Richard |title=Hindu Art |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xJ-lzU_nj_MC&pg=PA118 |year=1993|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-39189-5|page=118 }}</ref> In some ancient texts and art, Surya is presented syncretically with [[Indra]], [[Ganesha]], and others.<ref name=d5/><ref name="Shimkhada1984"/> Surya as a deity is also found in the arts and literature of [[Buddhism]] and [[Jainism]]. Surya is also regarded as the father of [[Sugriva]] and [[Karna]], who play important roles in the two Hindu epics—the ''[[Ramayana]]'' and the ''[[Mahabharata]]'', respectively. Surya was a primary deity in veneration by the characters of the ''Mahabharata'' and ''Ramayana''.<ref name=kumarkumar/><ref>{{cite book|author1=Vyas, R. T. |author2=Shah, Umakant Premanand |title=Studies in Jaina Art and Iconography and Allied Subjects|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fETebHcHKogC&pg=PA23|year=1995|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-81-7017-316-8|pages=23–24}}</ref>

Surya is depicted with a ''Chakra'', also interpreted as ''[[Dharmachakra]]''. Surya is the lord of Simha (Leo), one of the twelve [[constellations]] in the [[zodiac]] system of [[Hindu astrology]]. Surya or Ravi is the basis of ''Ravivara'', or [[Sunday]], in the Hindu calendar.<ref>[[#Dalal|Dalal]], p. 89</ref> Major festivals and pilgrimages in reverence for Surya include [[Makar Sankranti]], [[Pongal (festival)|Pongal]], [[Samba Dashami]], [[Ratha Saptami]], [[Chath puja]], and [[Kumbh Mela|Kumbha Mela]].<ref name="Melton2011p547">{{cite book |author=Melton, J. Gordon |title=Religious Celebrations: An Encyclopedia of Holidays, Festivals, Solemn Observances, and Spiritual Commemorations |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KDU30Ae4S4cC&pg=PA547 |year=2011 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-59884-205-0 |pages=547–548 |quote=Makar Sankranti is a festival held across India, under a variety of names, to honour the god of the sun, Surya.}}</ref><ref name=eck153>{{cite book |author=Eck, Diana L. |title=India: A Sacred Geography |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PyC4o7i9tnEC&pg=PA153|year=2013|publisher=Random House|author-link=Diana L. Eck |isbn=978-0-385-53192-4 |pages=152–154 }}</ref><ref name=l514>{{cite book |author=Lochtefeld, James G. |title=The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism |volume=N–Z |url=https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc0000loch/page/514|url-access=registration |year=2002 |publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-8239-3180-4 |page=514}}</ref>

He is particularly venerated in the Saura and [[Smarta tradition|Smarta]] traditions found in Indian states such as [[Rajasthan]], [[Gujarat]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Bihar]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Jharkhand]], and [[Odisha]].

Having survived as a primary deity in Hinduism longer than most of the original Vedic deities, the worship of Surya declined greatly around the 13th century, perhaps as a result of the Muslim destruction of Sun temples in North India. New Sun temples virtually ceased to be built, and some were later repurposed to a different deity. A number of important Surya temples remain, but most are no longer in worship. In certain aspects, Surya has tended to be merged with the prominent deities of [[Vishnu]] or [[Shiva]], or seen as subsidiary to them.<ref>Pathak, Ratnesh K., Humes, Cynthia Ann (1993) "Lolark Kund: Sun and Shiva Worship in the City of Light", [in] ''Living Banaras: Hindu Religion in Cultural Context'', Bradley R. Hertel, Cynthia Ann Humes, [eds] pp. 206–211, SUNY Press, {{ISBN|0791413314}}</ref>

==Texts and history==
===Vedic===
{{Quote box
| quote = '''The Sun and the Earth'''
<poem>
The Sun causes day and night on the earth,
because of revolution,
when there is night here, it is day on the other side,
the sun does not really rise or sink.
</poem>
| source = —''[[Aitareya Brahmana]] III.44'' (Rigveda)<ref>{{cite book|author=Barnett, Lionel D. |title=Antiquities of India: An Account of the History and Culture of Ancient Hindustan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x40mwFwgK44C|year=1994|publisher=Phillip Warner: London|isbn=978-81-206-0530-5|pages=203 footnote 1}}</ref><ref>Martin Haug (1922), [https://archive.org/stream/aitareyabrahmana04hauguoft#page/162/mode/2up The Aitareya Brahmana of the Rigveda], Chapter 3, Verse 44, Editor: BD Basu, The Sacred Books of the Hindus Series, pages 163–164</ref>
| bgcolor = #FFE0BB
| align = right
}}
The oldest surviving Vedic hymns, such as the hymn 1.115 of the [[Rigveda]], mention ''Sūrya'' with particular reverence for the "rising sun" and its symbolism as dispeller of darkness, one who empowers knowledge, the good and all life.<ref name="Atkins1938">
{{cite journal
|last1=Atkins |first1=Samuel D.
|year=1938
|title=A Vedic Hymn to the Sun-God Sūrya: (Translation and Exegesis of Rig-Veda 1. 115)
|journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society
|volume=58 |issue=3 |pages=419–434
|doi=10.2307/594607 |jstor=594607
}}
</ref><ref name=d399>[[#Dalal|Dalal]], pp. 399–401</ref> However, the usage is context specific. In some hymns, the word Surya simply means Sun as an inanimate object, a stone or a gem in the sky (Rigvedic hymns 5.47, 6.51 and 7.63); while in others it refers to a [[personification|personified]] deity.<ref name=MacDonell-1898-Vedc-myth>
{{cite book
|first=Arthur Anthony |last=MacDonell
|orig-year=1897–1898 |year=1996
|title=Vedic Mythology
|edition=reprint |pages=30–31
|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass
|isbn=978-81-208-1113-3
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b7Meabtj8mcC
}}
</ref><ref name=d399/>
Surya is prominently associated with the dawn goddess [[Ushas]] and sometimes, he is mentioned as her son or her husband.<ref>
{{cite book
|first1=Constance |last1=Jones
|first2=James D. |last2=Ryan
|title=Encyclopedia of Hinduism
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OgMmceadQ3gC&pg=PA472
|year= 2006
|publisher=Infobase Publishing
|isbn=978-0-8160-7564-5
|page=472
}}
</ref>

Surya's origin differs heavily in the Rigveda, with him being stated to have been born, risen, or established by a number of deities, including the [[Ādityas]], [[Aditi]], [[Dyaush]], [[Mitra (Hindu god)|Mitra]]-[[Varuna]], [[Agni]], [[Indra]], [[Soma (drink)|Soma]], Indra-Soma, Indra-Varuna, Indra-[[Vishnu]], [[Purusha]], [[Dhatri]], the Angirases, and the [[Deva (Hinduism)|gods]] in general.<ref name=MacDonell-1898-Vedc-myth/><ref>{{Cite book|last=Jamison|first=Stephanie W.|title=The Rigveda: The Earliest Religious Poetry of India|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2014|isbn=9780199370184|pages=45}}</ref> The Atharvaveda also mentions that Surya originated from [[Vritra]].<ref name=MacDonell-1898-Vedc-myth/>

The Vedas assert Sun (Surya) to be the creator of the material universe ([[Prakriti]]).<ref>
{{cite journal
|first=Barbara A. |last=Weightman
|date=January 1996
|title=Sacred landscapes and the phenomenon of light
|journal=Geographical Review
|volume=86 |issue=1 |pages=59–71
|doi=10.2307/215141
|jstor=215141
|bibcode=1996GeoRv..86...59W
}}
</ref> In the layers of [[Vedas|Vedic]] texts, Surya is one of the several trinities along with [[Agni]] and either [[Vayu]] or [[Indra]], which are presented as an equivalent icon and aspect of the Hindu metaphysical concept called the [[Brahman]].<ref>
{{cite journal
|first=Jan |last=Gonda
|year=1968–1969
|title=The Hindu trinity
|journal=Anthropos
|volume=63–64 |issue=1–2 |pages=216, 219, ''see'' pp 212–226 note [51]
|jstor=40457085
}}
</ref>

In the [[Brahmana]]s layer of Vedic literature, Surya appears with [[Agni]] (fire god) in the same hymns.<ref name="Bodewitz1976p36"/> Surya is revered for the day, while Agni for its role during the night.<ref name="Bodewitz1976p36">{{cite book|author=Bodewitz, H. W. |title=The Daily Evening and Morning Offering (Agnihotra) According to the Brāhmanas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8hmmCoxGmX4C&pg=PA36|year=1976|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-1951-1|pages=36–39 with notes}}</ref> The idea evolves, states Kapila Vatsyayan, where Surya is stated to be Agni as the first principle and the seed of the universe.<ref>{{cite book|author=Perrett, Roy W. |title=Indian Philosophy: Theory of value|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=61gqCISiFAQC|year=2001|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-8153-3612-9|pages=182–183}}</ref> It is in the Brahmanas layer of the Vedas,<ref name=bodewitz328>Bodewitz, Henk (1997), ''Jaiminīya Brāhmaṇa I, 1–65: Translation and Commentary'', Brill Academic, {{ISBN|978-9004036048}}, pp. 328–329, 254-258</ref><ref name=heesterman93>Heesterman, J.C. (1985), ''The Inner Conflict of Tradition: Essays in Indian Ritual, Kinship, and Society'', University of Chicago Press, {{ISBN|978-0226322995}}, pp. 93–94</ref> and the [[Upanishad]]s that Surya is explicitly linked to the power of sight, to visual perception and knowledge. He is then interiorized to be the eye as ancient Hindu sages suggested abandonment of external rituals to gods in favor of internal reflections and meditation of gods within, in one's journey to realize the Atman (soul, self) within, in texts such as the [[Brihadaranyaka Upanishad]], [[Chandogya Upanishad]], [[Kaushitaki Upanishad]] and others.<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/thirteenprincipa028442mbp#page/n117/mode/2up Brihadaranyaka Upanishad] Robert Hume (Translator), Oxford University Press, pp. 96–97</ref><ref>[https://archive.org/stream/thirteenprincipa028442mbp#page/n323/mode/2up Kausitaki Upanishad] Robert Hume (Translator), Oxford University Press, pp. 302–303, 307–310, 327–328</ref><ref name=olivellesu147>Olivelle, Patrick (1992), ''The Samnyasa Upanisads: Hindu Scriptures on Asceticism and Renunciation'', Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0195070453}}, pp. 147–151</ref>

====Conflation with other solar deities====
Surya in Indian literature is referred to by various names, which typically represent different aspects or phenomenological characteristics of the Sun. The figure of Surya as we know him today is an amalgamation of various different Rigvedic deities.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Coulter|first1=Charles Russell|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VWxekbhM1yEC&q=vivasvan&pg=PT1134|title=Encyclopedia of Ancient Deities|last2=Turner|first2=Patricia|date=2013-07-04|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-96397-2}}</ref> Thus, [[Savitr]] refers to one that rises and sets, Aditya means one with splendor, [[Mitra (Hindu god)|Mitra]] refers to Sun as "the great luminous friend of all mankind",<ref>{{cite book|author1=Boner, Alice |author2=Śarmā, Sadāśiva Rath |title=New Light on the Sun Temple of Koṇārka|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x_DVAAAAMAAJ|year=1972|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|oclc= 759154388|page=ix}}</ref> while [[Pushan]] refers to Sun as illuminator that helped the [[Deva (Hinduism)|Devas]] win over Asuras who use darkness.<ref name=hopkins81>{{cite book|author=Hopkins, Edward Washburn |title=Epic Mythology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-H0eiuvcG5IC|year=1968|publisher=Biblo & Tannen: New York|isbn=978-0-8196-0228-2|pages=81–85}}</ref> Arka, Mitra, Vivasvat, Aditya, Tapan, Ravi and Surya have different characteristics in early mythologies, but by the time of the epics they are synonymous.<ref name=hopkins81/>

The term "Arka" is found more commonly in temple names of north India and in the eastern parts of India. The 11th century [[Konark Temple]] in [[Odisha]] is named after a composite word "Kona and Arka", or "Arka in the corner".<ref name=Donaldson-2005-Konark/>{{rp|page=6–7}}
Other Surya temples named after Arka include Devarka (Deva teertha) and Ularka (Ulaar) in Bihar, Uttararka and Lolarka in [[Uttar Pradesh]], and Balarka in [[Rajasthan]]. Another 10th-century sun temple ruin is in [[Bahraich]], Uttar Pradesh named Balarka Surya Mandir, which was destroyed in the 14th century during the Turkish invasions.{{citation needed|date=September 2016}}

Vivasvat, also known as Vivasvant,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Oldenberg|first=Hermann|title=Die Religion Des Veda|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|year=1988|location=Delhi|pages=310|translator-last=Shrotri|translator-first=Shridhar B.|trans-title=The Religion of the Veda}}</ref> is also one such of these deities. His wife is [[Saranyu]], daughter of [[Tvastar|Tvashtar]]. His sons include the [[Ashvins]], [[Yama]], and [[Manu (Hinduism)|Manu]]. Through Manu, Vivasvat is considered an ancestor of humanity. Vivasvat is affiliated with [[Agni]] and [[Matarishvan]], with Agni being stated to have been first revealed to those two. Vivasvat is also variously related to [[Indra]], [[Soma (drink)|Soma]], and [[Varuna]]. Vivasvant is also used as an adjective of Agni and [[Ushas]] to mean "brilliant". Already by the time of his earliest appearance (the Rigveda), Vivasvat had declined in importance. He was likely a solar deity, but scholars debate his specific role as one.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Macdonnell|first=Arthur Anthony|title=Vedic Mythology|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1897|pages=42–43}}</ref> In the Rigveda, Indra drinks Soma alongside Manu Vivasvat and [[Trita]].<ref name=":0" /> In post-Vedic literature, Vivasvat further declines in importance, and is merely another name for the sun.<ref name=":0" /> He is cognate to the [[Avesta]]n Vivanhvant, who is the father of [[Jamshid|Yima]] (cognate to Yama) and Manu.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Witzel|first=Michael|date=2001|title=Autochthonous Aryans? The Evidence from Old Indian and Iranian Texts.|url=https://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~witzel/EJVS-7-3.pdf|journal=The Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies|pages=8}}</ref> ''[[Taittiriya Aranyaka]]'', in Prapataka (section) 6, provides the methods of meditating on Surya.<ref>Swami Harshananda, [https://references.rkmm.org/external/manual/a-concise-encyclopaedia-of-hinduism/article/taittir%C4%ABya-%C4%81ra%E1%B9%87yaka?p=03408e62817b3af3099725755af0978b04fddd5ece0745ea1b7f78cbb5508433 A Concise Encyclopedia of Hinduism]</ref>

=== Epics ===
As per the [[Ramayana]]'s Yuddha Kanda, [[Rama]] was taught the [[Ādityahṛdayam]] stotra before his war against [[Ravana]], the king of the [[rakshasa]]s. The stotra was composed in Anushtup Chanda in praise of Surya, who is described as the embodiment of all gods and the origin of everything in the universe.

The Mahabharata epic opens its chapter on Surya that reverentially calls him as the "eye of the universe, soul of all existence, origin of all life, goal of the [[Samkhya]]s and [[Yogi]]s, and symbolism for freedom and spiritual emancipation.<ref name=d399/>

In the [[Mahabharata]], [[Karna]] is the son of Surya and unmarried princess [[Kunti]].<ref name=d399/> The epic describes Kunti's trauma as an unmarried mother, then abandonment of Karna, followed by her lifelong grief. Baby [[Karna]] is found and adopted by a charioteer but he grows up to become the greatest warrior and one of the central heroes of the great war of [[Kurukshetra war|Kurukshetra]].<ref>
{{cite book
| author=Milner, G.B.
| year=2005
| title=Natural Symbols in South East Asia
| publisher=Routledge
| pages=129–130
| isbn=978-1-135-75287-3
| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gYuRAgAAQBAJ
}}
</ref>

==Iconography==
===Buddhism and Jainism===
{{multiple image|perrow=1/2|total_width=300|caption_align=center
| align = right
| direction =horizontal
| image1 = Surya and Helios.jpg
| caption1 = A [[Hellenistic]] coin of [[Plato of Bactria]] (145–130 BCE) with the sun god [[Helios]] (left), and depiction of Surya in a Buddhist relief at [[Bodh Gaya]] (2nd century BCE), its earliest known depiction in India (right).<ref name="OB">{{cite journal |last1=Bopearachchi |first1=Osmund |title=GREEK HELIOS OR INDIAN SŪRYA? THE SPREAD OF THE SUN GOD IMAGERY FROM INDIA TO GANDHĀRA |journal=Connecting the Ancient West and East. Studies Presented to Prof. Gocha R. Tsetskhladze, Edited by J. Boardman, J. Hargrave, A. Avram and A. Podossinov, Monographs in Antiquity |date=1 January 2021 |pages=942–946|url=https://www.academia.edu/50839613}}</ref><ref name="Society 1930, p. 87">Society, Religion And Art Of The Kushana India, Chakraberti, Kanchan, 1930, p. 87</ref>
| image2 = 030 Chariot and Horses (33536298312).jpg
| caption2 = Surya on his charriot with horses, [[Bhaja Caves]] (1st cent BCE).
| image3 =Surya - Kushan Period - Kankali Mound - ACCN 12-269 - Government Museum - Mathura 2013-02-23 5839.JPG|Sun God Surya, also revered in Buddhism, Kushan Period
| caption3=A Surya of the [[Kushan Empire|Kushan]] period, in northern clothing. 2nd–3rd century CE, [[Art of Mathura]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Revire |first1=Nicolas |title=Kinsman of the Sun: An Early Buddha Image in the Asian Art Museum, Berlin, and Solar Symbolism |journal=Indo-Asiatische Zeitschrift |volume=20–21 |pages=3–14 [10] |date=1 January 2017 |url=https://www.academia.edu/35217420}}</ref>
| footer=
}}
Earliest representations of Surya riding a chariot occur in the Buddhist railings of the [[Mahabodhi]] temple in [[Bodhgaya]] (2nd century BCE), in the [[Bhaja Caves]] (1st century BCE), and the [[Jain]] cave of Ananta Gumpha in [[Khandagiri]] (1st century CE).<ref name="Society 1930, p. 87"/> They follow similar depiction of the chariot-riding god [[Helios]] of Hellenistic mythology, as appearing for example on the coinage of [[Greco-Bactrian]] kings, such as [[Diodotus III Plato|Plato I]].<ref name="OB"/>

The iconography of Surya has varied over time. In some ancient arts, particularly from the early centuries of the common era, his iconography is similar to those found in Persia and Greece suggesting likely adoption of Greek, Iranian and Scythian influences.<ref name="Sick2004">
{{cite journal
| last1=Sick | first1=David
| year=2004
| title=Mit(h)ra(s) and the Myths of the Sun
| journal=Numen
| volume=51 | issue=4 | pages=432–467
|doi=10.1163/1568527042500140
}}
</ref><ref name=d399/>
After the Greek and Kushan influences arrived in ancient India, some Surya icons of the period that followed show him [[:File:Surya - Kushan Period - Kankali Mound - ACCN 12-269 - Government Museum - Mathura 2013-02-23 5839.JPG|wearing a cloak and high boots]].<ref name="Elgood2000p80"/>
<ref>
{{cite book
|author=Pal, Pratapaditya
|title=Indian Sculpture: 700–1800, Los Angeles County Museum of Art
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-fvKVDxcJoUC&pg=PA62
|year=1988
|publisher=University of California Press
|isbn=978-0-520-06477-5
|page=62
}}
</ref>
In some Buddhist artwork, his chariot is shown as being pulled by four horses.<ref name=kumarkumar/> The doors of Buddhist monasteries of Nepal show him, along with the ''Chandra'' (moon god), symbolically with Surya depicted as a red circle with rays.<ref>
{{cite book
|author1=Huntington, John C.
|author2=Bangdel, Dina
|year=2003
|title=The Circle of Bliss: Buddhist Meditational Art
|page=76
|publisher=Serindia
|isbn=978-1-932476-01-9
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l3KmWbcq5foC
}}
</ref>

===Hinduism===
[[File:8th century Surya on chariot in ceiling at Virupaksha Shaivism temple, Pattadakal Hindu monuments Karnataka 2.jpg|thumb|left|One of the first depictions of Surya in a Hindu context, in the [[Pattadakal#Virupaksha Temple|Virūpākṣa temple]] in [[Pattadakal|Paṭṭadakal]] (8th century CE).<ref name="OB"/>]]
In Hindu context, the sun-god only appears at a later period, as in the [[Pattadakal#Virupaksha Temple|Virūpākṣa temple]] in [[Pattadakal|Paṭṭadakal]] (8th century CE).<ref name="OB"/> The iconography of Surya in Hinduism varies with its texts. He is typically shown as a resplendent standing person holding a lotus flower in both hands, riding a chariot pulled by one or more horses typically seven.<ref>
{{cite book
| author=Blurton, T. Richard
| year=1993
| title=Hindu Art
| publisher=Harvard University Press
| isbn=978-0-674-39189-5
| page=208
| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xJ-lzU_nj_MC
}}
</ref>
The seven horses are named after the seven meters of [[Sanskrit prosody]]: Gayatri, Brihati, Ushnih, Jagati, Trishtubha, Anushtubha and Pankti.

The [[Brihat Samhita]] of [[Varaha Mihira]] ({{circa|505–587}}), a Hindu text that describes architecture, iconography and design guidelines, states that Surya should be shown with two hands and wearing a crown. It specifically describes his dress to be Northern (i.e. Central Asian, with boots).<ref>
Brihat Samhita, Chap. LVIII, 46–48
</ref>
In contrast, the Vishnudharmottara, another Hindu text on architecture, states Surya iconography should show him with four hands, with flowers in two hands, a staff in third, and in fourth he should be shown to be holding writing equipment (Kundi palm leaf and pen symbolizing knowledge).<ref name=d399/> His chariot driver in both books is stated to be [[Aruṇa]] who is seated.<ref name=d399/> Two females typically flank him, who represent the dawn goddesses named Usha and Pratyusha. The goddesses are shown to be shooting arrows, a symbolism for their initiative to challenge darkness.<ref name="Elgood2000p80">{{cite book|author=Elgood, Heather |title=Hinduism and the Religious Arts|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cj2tAwAAQBAJ|year=2000|publisher=Bloomsbury Academic|isbn=978-0-304-70739-3|pages=80–81}}</ref> In other representations, these goddesses are Surya's two wives, [[Saranyu|Samjna]] and [[Chhaya]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Nagar|first=Shanti Lal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_GDkAAAAMAAJ&q=s%C5%ABrya+seven+two+wives|title=Sūrya and Sun Cult in Indian Art, Culture, Literature, and Thought|date=1995|publisher=Aryan Books International|isbn=978-81-7305-056-5}}</ref> He had two other wives according to some texts, [[Ratri|Rajni]] and Prabha.<ref>{{Cite book |last=J. L. Shastri |first=Editor |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.460751 |title=The Linga-Purana, Part 1 |date=1951 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |pages=258}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=J. L. Shastri |first=G. P. Bhatt |url=http://archive.org/details/AgniPuranaUnabridgedEnglishMotilal |title=Agni Purana Unabridged English Motilal |date=1998-01-01 |pages=735}}</ref>

Aniconic symbols of Surya include the Swastika and the ring-stone.<ref name="Elgood2000p80"/> In various texts including [[Mahabharata]], [[Surya Satakam|Suryasataka]], or Prasasti of Vatsabhatti, Surya is depicted as being worshipped by a host of semi-divine beings. These beings, namely [[Siddha]]s, [[Charan]]as, [[Gandharva]]s, [[Yaksha|Yaksas]], [[Guhyaka]]s, and the [[Nāga|Nagas]], desirous of obtaining boons, follow the course of Surya's chariot through the sky.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mayūra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QcBDAAAAYAAJ |title=The Sanskrit poems of Mayūra |date=1917 |publisher=Columbia University Press }}</ref>

==Astronomy==
[[File:Sunrise from Kausani, Almora, Uttarakhand, India.jpg|thumb|''Surya'' means Sun in Indic literature. Above: Sunrise in [[Uttarakhand]], India]]
Surya as an important heavenly body appears in various Indian astronomical texts in [[Sanskrit]], such as the 5th century ''Aryabhatiya'' by [[Aryabhata]], the 6th century ''Romaka'' by Latadeva and ''Panca Siddhantika'' by Varahamihira, the 7th century ''Khandakhadyaka'' by Brahmagupta and the 8th century ''Sisyadhivrddida'' by Lalla.<ref name="Burgess1989vii">
{{cite book
|author=Burgess, Ebenezer
|editor=P Ganguly, P Sengupta
|title=Sûrya-Siddhânta: A Text-book of Hindu Astronomy
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W0Uo_-_iizwC
|year=1989
|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass (Reprint), Original: Yale University Press, American Oriental Society
|isbn=978-81-208-0612-2
|pages=vii–xi
}}
</ref>
These texts present Surya and various planets and estimate the characteristics of the respective planetary motion.<ref name="Burgess1989vii"/> Other texts such as ''Surya Siddhanta'' dated to have been complete sometime between the 5th century and 10th century present their chapters on various planets with deity mythologies.<ref name="Burgess1989vii"/>

The manuscripts of these texts exist in slightly different versions, present Surya- and planets-based calculation and its relative motion to earth. These vary in their data, suggesting that the text were open and revised over their lives.<ref>
{{cite book
|author=Barnett, Lionel D.
|title=Antiquities of India: An Account of the History and Culture of Ancient Hindustan
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x40mwFwgK44C&pg=PA190
|year=1994
|publisher=Asian Educational Services
|isbn=978-81-206-0530-5
|pages=190–192
}}
</ref><ref name="Burgess1989vii"/><ref>
{{cite journal
|author=Fleet, J. |title=Arbhatiya
|journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1LssAAAAIAAJ
|year=1911
|publisher=Cambridge University Press for the Royal Asiatic Society
|pages=794–799
}}
</ref> For example, the 10th century BCE Hindu scholars had estimated the sidereal length of a year as follows, from their astronomical studies, with slightly different results:<ref name="Burgess198926">
{{cite book
|author=Burgess, Ebenezer
|editor=P. Ganguly, P. Sengupta
|title=Sûrya-Siddhânta: A Text-book of Hindu Astronomy
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W0Uo_-_iizwC
|year=1989
|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass (Reprint), Original: Yale University Press, American Oriental Society
|isbn=978-81-208-0612-2
|pages=26–27
|access-date=26 September 2016
}}
</ref>

{| class="wikitable" align=center style="background:transparent;"
|+ Sanskrit texts: How many days in a year?
|-style="text-align:center;"
|width=200px style="background:#ffad66;"| Hindu text
|width=340px| Estimated length of the [[sidereal year]]<ref name="Burgess198926"/>
|-style="text-align: center;"
|width=200px| ''Surya Siddhanta''
|width=340px| 365 days, 6 hours, 12 minutes, 36.56 seconds
|-style="text-align: center;"
|width=200px| ''Paulica Siddhanta''
|width=340px| 365 days, 6 hours, 12 minutes, 36 seconds
|-style="text-align: center;"
|width=200px| ''Paracara Siddhanta''
|width=340px| 365 days, 6 hours, 12 minutes, 31.50 seconds
|-style="text-align: center;"
|width=200px| ''Arya Siddhanta''
|width=340px| 365 days, 6 hours, 12 minutes, 30.84 seconds
|-style="text-align: center;"
|width=200px| ''Laghu Arya Siddhanta''
|width=340px| 365 days, 6 hours, 12 minutes, 30 seconds
|-style="text-align: center;"
|width=200px| ''Siddhanta Shiromani''
|width=340px| 365 days, 6 hours, 12 minutes, 9 seconds
|}

The oldest of these is likely to be the ''Surya Siddhanta'', while the most accurate is the ''Siddhanta Shiromani''.<ref name="Burgess198926"/>

=== Zodiac and astrology ===
[[File:Lord Surya.JPG|thumb|Surya (center) is typically depicted holding lotus flowers and riding in a horse-drawn chariot. He is accompanied by his wives (bottom female figures) and children (other male figures). The dawn goddesses (top female figures) are depicted shooting arrows. Circa 9th century CE.]]
Surya's synonym Ravi is the root of the word 'Ravivara' or [[Sunday]] in the Hindu calendar.<ref>[[#Dalal|Dalal]], p. 88</ref> In both Indian and Greek-Roman nomenclature for days of the week, the Sunday is dedicated to the Sun.

Surya is a part of the [[Navagraha]] in Hindu zodiac system. The role and importance of the Navagraha developed over time with various influences. Deifying the sun and its astrological significance occurred as early as the [[Vedic period]] and was recorded in the [[Vedas]]. The earliest work of astrology recorded in India is the [[Vedanga Jyotisha]] which began to be compiled in the 14th century BCE. It was possibly based on works from the Indus Valley Civilization as well as various foreign influences.<ref name="jameslochtefeldsca326">
{{cite book
|first=James |last=Lochtefeld
|year=2002
|article=Jyotisha
|title=The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism
|volume=A–M |pages=326–327
|publisher=Rosen Publishing
|isbn=0-8239-2287-1
}}
</ref> [[Babylonian astrology]] was the first to develop astrology and the calendar, and was adopted by multiple civilizations including India.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Campion|first=Nicholas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xyETCgAAQBAJ&q=babylon+astrology+india&pg=PA110|title=Astrology and Cosmology in the World's Religions|date=2012-06-11|publisher=NYU Press|isbn=978-0-8147-1714-1}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w0D5Jr6VDngC&q=babylon+astrology+india&pg=PA13|title=Astrology Anthology: Contemporary Topics in Astrology and Astrological Divination|publisher=eMarketing Media Advertising|isbn=978-1-105-08635-9}}</ref>

The Navagraha developed from early works of astrology over time. The Sun and various [[classical planet]]s were referenced in the [[Atharvaveda]] around 1000 BCE. The Navagraha was furthered by additional contributions from [[Western Asia]], including [[Zoroastrian calendar|Zoroastrian]] and [[Hellenistic astrology|Hellenistic]] influences.<ref>{{cite book|author=Campion, Nicholas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MxSr1NT3BLoC|title=Astrology and Cosmology in the World's Religions|publisher=New York University Press|year=2012|isbn=978-0-8147-0842-2|pages=110–111}}</ref> The [[Yavanajataka]], or 'Science of the [[Yavana]]s', was written by the [[Indo-Greek Kingdom|Indo-Greek]] named "[[Yavanesvara]]" ("Lord of the Greeks") under the rule of the [[Western Kshatrapa]] king [[Rudrakarman I]]. The Yavanajataka written in 120 BCE is often attributed to standardizing Indian astrology. The Navagraha would further develop and culminate in the [[Shaka era]] with the [[Saka]], or Scythian, people.

Additionally the contributions by the Saka people would be the basis of the [[Indian national calendar]], which is also called the Saka calendar.

The [[Hindu calendar]] is a [[Lunisolar calendar]] which records both lunar and solar cycles. Like the Navagraha, it was developed with the successive contributions of various works.

==Temples and worship==
Surya temples are found in many parts of India. More common than Surya temples are artwork related to Surya, which are found in all types of temples of various traditions within Hinduism, such as the [[Hindu temple]]s related to Shiva, Vishnu, Ganesha, and Shakti.{{refn|
name=Meister-1986-p243|
Meister (1986)<ref name=Meister-1986-var-Mātṛkā>
{{cite journal
|first=Michael W. |last=Meister
|year=1986
|title=Regional variations in Mātṛkā conventions
|journal=Artibus Asiae
|volume=47 |issue=3–4 |pages=233–262, 252–254, 239–241
|doi=10.2307/3249973
|jstor=3249973
}}
</ref>
pp 243 (with notes [35] and [36]), 252-254, 239-241
}}
Reliefs on temple walls, forts and artwork above doorways of many Hindu monasteries feature Surya.<ref>
{{cite journal
|first=Alexander |last=Lubotsky
|year=1996
|title=The iconography of the Viṣṇu temple at Deogarh and the Viṣṇudharmottarapurāṇa
|journal=Ars Orientalis
|department=Freer Gallery of Art
|publisher=The Smithsonian Institution
|volume=26 |pages=65–80 (esp. fig. 10 caption p 76)
|jstor=4629500
}}
</ref><ref name=Meister-1986-p243/>

[[File:Modhera SunTemple.JPG|thumb|[[Sun Temple, Modhera]]]]
Many of the temples that contain Surya icons and artwork are dated to the second half of the 1st millennium BCE and early centuries of the 2nd millennium. The 11th-century Vaishnava temple at Kadwaha in Madhya Pradesh, for example, features a Surya artwork along with many other gods and goddesses at its doorway.<ref name=Meister-1986-p243/> The 8th and 9th century goddess (Shaktism) temples of central India, similarly engrave Surya along with other Hindu gods within the temple.<ref name=Meister-1986-p243/> The six century Shiva temple at Gangadhar in Rajasthan includes Surya.{{refn|
name=Meister-1986-pp233-262|
Meister (1986)<ref name=Meister-1986-var-Mātṛkā/> pp 233–262
}}
Similar mentions are found in stone inscriptions found near Hindu temples, such as the 5th century Mandasor inscription.<ref>
{{cite book
|author1=Kramrisch, Stella
|author2=Burnier, Raymond
|year=1976
|title=The Hindu Temple
|pages=161–162
|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass
|isbn=978-81-208-0223-0
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NNcXrBlI9S0C
}}
</ref>
These temples, states Michael Meister, do not glorify one god or goddess over the other, but present them independently and with equal emphasis in a complex iconography.<ref name=Meister-1986-p243/>

Cave temples of India, similarly, dedicated to different gods and goddesses feature Surya.<ref>{{cite book|author=Boner, Alice |title=Principles of Composition in Hindu Sculpture: Cave Temple Period|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=doQLZ21CGScC|year=1990|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-0705-1|pages=91–102}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Rao, T. A. Gopinatha |title=Elements of Hindu iconography|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MJD-KresBwIC|year=1993|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-0878-2|page=xxiv}}</ref> For example, the 6th century carvings in the [[Ellora Caves]] in Maharashtra as well as the 8th and 9th century artworks there, such as Cave 25, the [[Kailasa temple, Ellora|Kailasha Temple]] (Cave 16) and others feature complete iconography of Surya.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Goetz|first1=H.|title=The Kailasa of Ellora and the Chronology of Rashtrakuta Art |journal=Artibus Asiae|volume=15 |issue=1/2| year=1952|pages=84–107| doi=10.2307/3248615|jstor=3248615}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Berkson, Carmel |title=The Life of Form in Indian Sculpture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hVZr_XKQBegC&pg=PA315|year=2000|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-81-7017-376-2|page=317}}</ref>

Hindu temples predominantly have their primary entrance facing east, and their square principle based architecture is reverentially aligned the direction of the rising Surya.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Kramrisch, Stella |author2=Burnier, Raymond |title=The Hindu Temple|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NNcXrBlI9S0C|year=1976|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-0223-0|pages=43–47, 91–92, 236}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Vinayak Bharne|author2=Krupali Krusche|title=Rediscovering the Hindu Temple: The Sacred Architecture and Urbanism of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CGukBgAAQBAJ|year=2014|publisher=Cambridge Scholars|isbn=978-1-4438-6734-4|page=94}}</ref> This alignment towards the sunrise is also found in most Buddhist and Jaina temples in and outside of India.<ref>{{cite book|author=Kerin, Melissa R. |title=Art and Devotion at a Buddhist Temple in the Indian Himalaya|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xrPdCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA101|year=2015|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=978-0-253-01309-5|pages=101–103}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Bharne, Vinayak |author2=Krusche, Krupali |title=Rediscovering the Hindu Temple: The Sacred Architecture and Urbanism of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CGukBgAAQBAJ|year=2014|publisher=Cambridge Scholars|isbn=978-1-4438-6734-4|pages=61–77}}</ref>

===Dedicated temples===
A prominent temple dedicated to Surya can be found in [[Arasavalli]], which is in the [[Srikakulam district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]], India. The coastal district temple is peculiar with its latitude aligned to the [[Orbit of the Moon#minorlunar standstill|minor lunar standstill]]. Also the transition from [[lunar calendar]] of north India to [[Indian national calendar|solar calendar]] of south India can be seen in the [[Uttarandhra|local culture]]. This is probably the eastern most coastal sun temple in the peninsular India, where prayers are offered until date. The place, [[Chicacole]], has a significance in the [[Kalinga (historical region)]] kingdom with their port at [[Kalingapatnam]], making it to [[Megasthenes]] dairy ([[Calingae]]). The diaspora is spread in the present day south east Asia at historical [[Kalinga (province)]], [[Kalingga Kingdom]] etc. [[File:Sun-temple DEO Aurangabad Bihar,India.jpg|thumb|[[Deo Surya Mandir]]]]
Other most worshiped Surya temple is the [[Deo Surya Mandir]]. Sun Temple of [[Deo, Bihar|Deo]] is one of the most remarkable, major crowd-puller and notable temple and religious place in [[Deo, Bihar]], India for chhath puja. Deo Sun Temple Built in during the 8th century. Similarly in the [[Mithila (region)|Mithila region]] of Bihar, there is [[Kandaha Surya Mandir]] also known as ''Markandeyark Surya Mandir'' at Kandaha village in the [[Saharsa district]] dedicated to ''Lord Suryanarayana''. It is believed to be built by [[Samba (Krishna's son)|Samba]], the son of [[Krishna]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=देश के 12 सूर्य मंदिरों में एक है कंदाहा का सूर्य मंदिर - |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/saharsa-14961338.html |access-date=2025-03-22 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref> In the [[Sitamarhi district]] of the Mithila region, there are two major Surya temples. They are [[Sitamarhi Surya Mandir|Surya Mandir]] at [[Punaura Dham|Punauradham]] and [[Navagraha Surya Mandir, Mangaldham|Navagraha Surya Mandir]] at Mangaldham. In the [[Madhubani district]], there is an ancient Surya temple known as [[Kamaladitya Sthan|Kamlark Surya Mandir]] at the campus of the Kamaladitya Sthan.

In [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Navagraha temples in Tamil Nadu|Navagraha temples]] are world famous. [[Suryanar Kovil|Suryanar kovil]] situated in [[Thanjavur|Tanjore]] district of [[Tamil Nadu]] is one among the [[Navagraha temples in Tamil Nadu|Navagraha temples]] and it is dedicated to Surya. Here lord Surya is called as Sivasurya Perumal. It is the first among the Navagraha temples of Tamil Nadu.<ref>
{{cite news
|first=Priya |last=Srivastava
|date=25 May 2016
|title=Deo Sun Temple
|department=Sightseeing, Bihar
|series=Travel
|newspaper=[[Times of India]]
|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/destinations/Deo-Sun-Temple/ps52430772.cms
|access-date=3 November 2019
|archive-date=11 October 2020
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011215216/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/destinations/Deo-Sun-Temple/ps52430772.cms
|url-status=live
}}
</ref>

The most famous Surya temple is the [[Konark Sun Temple]], a World Heritage Site in [[Orissa, India|Orissa]]. Constructed in the 13th century by the Eastern Ganga dynasty, on a pre-existing pilgrimage site for Surya god, the temple architecture mimics a grand chariot with twelve wheels pulled by seven horses.<ref>[[#Dalal|Dalal]], p. 205</ref><ref name="Aitkin2007">
{{cite journal
|last1=Aitkin |first1=Molly Emma
|year=2007
|type=book review
|title=''Konark'' by E. Donaldson Thomas. (Monumental Legacy Series). Oxford University Press, 2003
|journal=The Journal of Asian Studies
|volume=63 |issue=3 |pages=823–825
|doi=10.1017/S0021911804002098
}}
</ref>
The temple features Surya in three representations, with the main large Surya destroyed and the temple damaged over the course of repeated Muslim invasions.<ref name=Donaldson-2005-Konark>
{{cite book
|first=Thomas |last=Donaldson
|year=2005
|title=Konark
|series=Monumental Legacy Series
|publisher=Oxford University Press
|isbn=978-0-19-567591-7
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aJBNAAAAYAAJ
|access-date=26 September 2016 |url-status=live
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190809073150/https://books.google.com/books?id=aJBNAAAAYAAJ
|archive-date=9 August 2019
}}
</ref>{{rp|page=17–20}}
Besides Konark, there are two other sun temples in Orissa called [[Biranchi Narayan Sun Temple]].

There are sun temples in many parts of India, such as [[Sun Temple, Modhera|Modhera]], Gujarat.<ref>
{{cite book
|first=T. Richard |last=Blurton
|year=1993
|title=Hindu Art
|pages=196–197
|publisher=Harvard University Press
|isbn=978-0-674-39189-5
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xJ-lzU_nj_MC
}}
</ref> It was sponsored by King Bhimdev of the [[Chaulukya dynasty]]. Other major Surya temples are found in Kanakaditya Temple in Kasheli (Dist ratnagiri) – [[Maharashtra]], near the famous [[Galtaji]]'s temple in Jaipur, Rajasthan and [[Assam]].

[[Adithyapuram Sun Temple]] is a [[Hindu temple]] located in Iravimangalam near [[Kaduthuruthy]] in [[Kottayam]] district in the Indian state of [[Kerala]] dedicated to Surya. It is noted as the only Surya shrine in the [[Kerala]] state.<ref>
{{cite web
|title=Surya Temple
|place=Adityapuram, Kottayam
|website=Kerala Tourism (www.keralatourism.org)
|url=https://www.keralatourism.org/destination/surya-temple-adityapuram/489
|access-date=8 December 2016 |url-status=live
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220113325/https://www.keralatourism.org/destination/surya-temple-adityapuram/489
|archive-date=20 December 2016
|quote=The only temple in Kerala dedicated to Aditya, the sun god at Adityapuram, Kottayam
}}
</ref><ref>
{{cite web
|title=Adityapuram Surya Temple
|series=mobile travel hot-spots
|website=english.mathrubhumi.com
|url=http://english.mathrubhumi.com/mobile/travel/hot-spots/adityapuram-surya-temple-1.33587
|access-date=8 December 2016 |url-status=live
|archive-date=20 December 2016
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220193322/http://english.mathrubhumi.com/mobile/travel/hot-spots/adityapuram-surya-temple-1.33587
}}
</ref>

The [[Martand Sun Temple]] in [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] was destroyed by Islamic armies.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Eaton, Richard |year=2000|title= Temple Desecration and Indo-Muslim States|journal= Journal of Islamic Studies|volume= 11| issue=3| pages= 283–319|doi=10.1093/jis/11.3.283|doi-access=}}</ref> A surviving Surya temple in northern India is Kattarmal Surya mandir in [[Almora District]], [[Uttarakhand]] created by King Kattarmal in the 12th century.{{citation needed|date=September 2016}}

The Indian rulers were essentially worshipers of the sun and some of the sun temples were erected by them during the medieval period.<ref>Lālatā Prasāda Pāṇḍeya (1971). ''Sun-worship in ancient India''. [[Motilal Banarsidass]]. p. 245</ref> The sun temple known as ''Jayaditya'' was constructed by king of [[Rajpipla|Nandipuri]], Jayabhatta II. This temple is situated at Kotipura near Kapika in the Bharukachha district.<ref name="India)2000">
{{cite book
|department=[[Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda#Oriental Institute|Oriental Institute]]
|place=[[Vadodara]], India
|title=Gujarat under the Maitrakas of Valabhī: History and culture of Gujarat during the Maitraka period, circa 470–788 A.D.
|year=2000
|publisher=[[Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda]]
|page=133
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zeVjAAAAMAAJ
}}
</ref> The Surya temple of [[Bhinmal]] known as ''Jagaswami Surya temple'' was also erected during this period.<ref name="Kalia1982">
{{cite book
|author=Kalia, Asha
|date=1982
|title=Art of Osian Temples: Socio-economic and religious life in India, 8th–12th centuries A.D.
|publisher=Abhinav Publications
|isbn=978-0-391-02558-5
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3n-sycLo3XQC&pg=PA2
}}
</ref>
{{wide image|Konark Temple Panorama2.jpg|1080px|[[Konark Sun Temple]] Panoramic View}}

===Surya temples outside India===
[[File:Corinthian Capital with Sun God Surya Riding a Chariot (Quadriga) Gandhara 100-200 CE.jpg|thumb|[[Indo-Corinthian capital]] featuring Surya. Gandhara, 2nd century CE.]]
The [[Sun Temple of Multan]] (in modern-day Pakistan) contained a revered statue of Surya. It was one of the focal points of Hindu-Muslim religious conflicts.<ref name="Wink">
{{cite book
|last=Wink |first=André
|year=1997
|title=Al-Hind: The slave kings and the Islamic conquest. 2
|volume=1 |pages=187–188
|publisher=BRILL
|isbn=978-9004095090
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bCVyhH5VDjAC&pg=PA187
}}
</ref>
After 871 BCE, Multan (Panjab) was under the rule by Arab princes, who kept the Surya temple hostage and desecrated it,<ref>
{{cite book
|last1=Jackson |first1=Roy
|date=2014
|title=What is Islamic Philosophy?
|publisher=Routledge
|isbn=978-1317814047
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5XPMAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA161
}}
</ref> in order to threaten its destruction if the Indian Hindu rulers attacked them.<ref>
{{cite book
|author1=Kulke, Hermann |author2=Rothermund, Dietmar |title=A History of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xYelDQAAQBAJ|year=1998|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-317-24212-3|page=154
}}
</ref> The early Muslim rulers taxed Hindu pilgrims for the privilege to visit the Surya temple, and this provided these rulers an important source of revenue.<ref name="d">
{{cite book
|title=Divine Prostitution By Nagendra Kr Singh|year=1997|pages=44|isbn=9788170248217|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nYEdPoGAaz0C&pg=PA44|last1=Singh|first1=Nagendra Kr
|publisher=APH }}
</ref>
The Surya temple was destroyed by [[Ismaili]] [[Shia]] rulers in the late 10th century, who built a mosque atop the site, abandoning the Sunni [[Jama Masjid|congregational mosque]] in Multan.<ref name="Flood">
{{cite book
|last1=Flood|first1=Finbarr Barry|title=Objects of Translation: Material Culture and Medieval "Hindu-Muslim" Encounter|year=2009|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0691125947|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OLNE_li8C10C&pg=PA155
}}
</ref> This Ismaili Shia mosque atop the Sun Temple's ruins was then destroyed by the Sunni ruler [[Mahmud of Ghazni]], the Surya temple was not rebuilt and an empty space left in place, actions that helped re-establish the importance of the Sunni mosque in Multan.<ref name="Flood" />

While Shiva and Vishnu are more common in 1st millennium southeast Asian artwork such as those found in [[Cambodia]] and [[Thailand]], archaeological evidence suggest god Surya were among the pantheon of ideas adopted early in these regions and retained after Buddhism became the dominant tradition.<ref>Harris, Ian (2005) ''Cambodian Buddhism: History and Practice''. University of Hawaii Press. p. 9. {{ISBN|0824827651}}</ref>

[[File:A Nepalese stone sculpture depicting the Sun god Surya, Bhaktapur.jpg|thumb|250px|Nepalese stone sculpture depicting Surya]]In Kabul [[Khair Khāna]], there is a Hindu temple dedicated to Surya,<ref name="Chavan2020">{{cite news |last1=Chavan |first1=Akshay |title=Uncovering Afghanistan's Pre-Islamic Past |url=https://www.livehistoryindia.com/story/history-daily/afghanistans-pre-islamic-past/ |access-date=11 November 2021 |date=28 July 2020 }}</ref> of two distinct periods. The first period consisted of a mud-brick temple with possible human sacrifice remains dedicating it. This was then superseded by three distinct sanctuaries built of schist slabs, surrounded by subsidiary buildings of diaper masonry construction and an open-air altar in a semi-circular enclosure. The most important finds were two marble statues of Surya, the first example found during the original excavations (1934, Delegation Archaeologique Française Afghanistan), the second example found by accident in 1980.

In Nepal, many Surya temples and artworks trace to the medieval era, such as the 11th-century Thapahiti and Saugal-tol, and 12th century Naksal stone sculptures.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Slusser | first=Mary Shepherd|author-link=Mary Shepherd Slusser | title=The Purandi Hoard: Metalwork from Eleventh-Century Nepal | journal=Artibus Asiae | publisher=Artibus Asiae Publishers | volume=56 | issue=1/2 | year=1996 | jstor=3250106 | pages=95–143 | doi=10.2307/3250106 }}</ref>

Artifacts discovered at the [[Sanxingdui]] culture founded {{circa|1600 BCE}}, about 40 km from present day [[Chengdu]], capital city of [[Sichuan]] province China reveal an ancient worship of sun-deity, similar to Surya. The artifacts include a gold sheet with design of four birds flying around the sun deity, and a bronze sculpture of the surya-chakra.<ref name="Chung">
[[Tan Chung|Chung Tan]]
(2015)
''Himalaya Calling – The origins of China and India''
pp. 13–15
{{ISBN|978-1-938134-59-3}}
[http://www.worldscientific.com/worldscibooks/10.1142/u020#t=aboutBook Source link]
(accessed: Wed 7 Sept. 2016)</ref>

==In cultures, arts and other religions==
===Festivals===
[[File:6 images Makar Sankranti collage.jpg|thumb|Various observances in the festival of Makar Sankranti.]]
Various festivals mark deity Surya and these vary regionally in India. [[Pongal (festival)|Pongal]] or [[Makara Sankaranti]] is the most widely celebrated Hindu festival dedicated to the Sun God. These celebrate a good harvest. Other festivals that focus on Surya include [[Chhath]] of Bihar, eastern Uttar Pradesh and the neighboring regions, [[Samba Dashami]] and [[Ratha Saptami]] are also major festivals celebrated in honour of Surya; Chhath is celebrated immediately after [[Diwali]] with fasting for three days followed by bathing in river or tank with remembrance of Sun.<ref>[[#Dalal|Dalal]], p. 97</ref> Similarly [[Aytar Puja]] is celebrated in Goa.<ref name="Goa">
{{cite news
|title=Seeking the sun's blessings
|newspaper=[[Times of India]]
|date=29 August 2010
|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/Seeking-the-suns-blessings/articleshow/6454309.cms
|access-date=14 August 2014 |url-status=live
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150926085346/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/Seeking-the-suns-blessings/articleshow/6454309.cms
|archive-date=26 September 2015
}}
</ref>
The latter is known as ''Aditya Ranubai'' in [[Maharashtra]].<ref>
{{cite book
|last1=Feldhaus|first1=Anne|title=Images of Women in Maharashtrian Literature and Religion|date=1996|publisher=SUNY Pres|isbn=0-7914-2838-9|pages=168–167|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1YSU9Qp9w0MC&q=aditya++ranubai|ref=maha
}}
</ref>

The second day of the [[Pongal (festival)|Pongal]] harvest festival is dedicated to Surya in Tamil Nadu, and is called the "Surya Pongal".<ref name="l514" /> Another festival named Kartik Puja marks Surya, along with Shiva, Vishnu, Lakshmi, Radha, Krishna and Tulsi. It is observed by Hindu women, typically with visit to rivers such as the Ganges, socialization and group singing.<ref>
{{cite book
|author=Pintchman, Tracy
|editor=Flood, Gavin
|year=2008
|title=The Blackwell Companion to Hinduism
|page=334
|publisher=John Wiley & Sons
|isbn=978-0-470-99868-7
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SKBxa-MNqA8C
}}
</ref>

===Dances===
The repertoire of classical Indian dances such as the [[Bharatanatyam]] include poses that signify rays of light beaming towards all of the universe, as a form of homage to Surya.<ref>
Katherine C. Zubko
(2006)
Embodying "Bhakti Rasa" in Bharata Natyam: An Indian-Christian Interpretation of "Gayatri" Mantra through Dance
Journal of Hindu-Christian Studies
volume 19, article 10, pages 38–39
</ref>

===Yoga===
[[File:Delhi Airport in July, 2018 10.jpg|thumb|Sculpture depicting 12 asana's of Surya Namaskara A in Terminal T3 at [[Indira Gandhi International Airport|IGIA Airport]], [[New Delhi]], India, created by Nikhil Bhandari.<ref>Indian Express (4 September 2010). ''[http://www.indianexpress.com/news/destination-delhi/677151 Destination Delhi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011215217/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/destination-delhi/677151|date=11 October 2020}}''.</ref>|333x333px]][[Surya Namaskara|Sūrya namaskāra]] literally means sun salutation. It is a [[Yoga]] warm up routine based on a sequence of gracefully linked [[asana]]s.<ref>
{{cite book
|author=Mitchell, Carol |title=Yoga on the Ball
|year=2003
|publisher=Inner Traditions |isbn=978-0-89281-999-7|page=48
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b8Xgqsbp_6oC
}}
</ref> The nomenclature refers to the symbolism of Sun as the soul and the source of all life. It is relatively a modern practice that developed in the 20th century.<ref>
{{cite book
|author=Singleton, Mark
|year=2010
|title=Yoga Body: The Origins of Modern Posture Practice
|publisher=Oxford University Press
|isbn=978-0-19-974598-2
|pages=180–181, 205–206
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tUgBIrn5REwC
}}
</ref>
A yogi may develop a personalized yoga warm up routine as ''surya-namaskar'' to precede his or her asana practice.<ref>
{{cite magazine
|author=Schuster, Donna |title=Sun Salutations |magazine=Yoga Journal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h-kDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA57 |date=October–November 1990|publisher=Active Interest |page=57
}}
</ref>

The [[Gayatri Mantra]] is associated with Surya (Savitr). The mantra's earliest appearance is in the hymn 3.62.10 of the [[Rigveda]].<ref name="carpenter31">
{{cite book
|author1=Carpenter, David Bailey
|author2=Whicher, Ian
|year=2003
|title=Yoga: The Indian tradition
|page=31
|publisher=Routledge
|location=London
|isbn=0-7007-1288-7
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HlPta3a38P0C&pg=PA31
}}
</ref>

:Might we make our own that desirable effulgence
:of god Savitar, who will rouse forth our insights.
:::Gayatri mantra (translated by S. Jamison)<ref>
{{cite book
|author1=Jamison, Stephanie |author2=Brereton, Joel
|year=2014
|title=The Rigveda
|publisher=Oxford University Press
|page=554
|location=Oxford
|isbn=9780190633394
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1LTRDwAAQBAJ
}}
</ref><ref>
{{cite book
|editor=Morgan, Forrest
|display-editors=etal
|year=1904
|title=The Bibliophile Library of Literature, Art, and Rare Manuscripts
|volume=1 |page=14
|location=New York
|publisher=The International Bibliophile Society
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qb8CAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA14
}}
</ref>

===Buddhism===
Surya is celebrated as a deity in Buddhist works of art, such as the ancient works attributed to [[Emperor Ashoka|Ashoka]]. He appears in a relief at the [[Mahabodhi Temple]] in Bodhgaya, riding in a chariot pulled by four horses, with Usha and Prattyusha on his sides.<ref name="kumarkumar" /> Such artwork suggests that the Surya as symbolism for the victory of good over evil is a concept adopted in Buddhism from an earlier Indic tradition.<ref name="kumarkumar">
{{cite journal
|first1=Rajiv |last1=Kumar
|first2=Anil |last2=Kumar
|year=2010
|title=A unique Sūrya carving on Aśokan railings at Bodhgaya
|journal=Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute
|volume=91
|pages=87–89
|jstor=41692162
}}</ref>

In [[Chinese Buddhism]], Surya ({{lang|zh|日天}}, ''Rìtiān'') is regarded as one of the [[Twenty-Four Protective Deities|Twenty-Four Devas]] ({{lang|zh|二十四諸天}}, ''Èrshísì zhūtiān'') who are guardian protective deities of Buddhism.<ref>
{{cite book
|title=A dictionary of Chinese Buddhist terms : with Sanskrit and English equivalents and a Sanskrit-Pali index
|year=2004
|publisher=Routledge / Curzon
|author1=Hodous, Lewis |author2=Soothill, William Edward
|isbn=0-203-64186-8
|location=London
|oclc=275253538
}}
</ref>
His statue is usually enshrined in the [[Mahavira Hall]] of Chinese Buddhist temples, along with the other devas.<ref>
{{cite web
|script-title=zh:佛教二十四诸天_中国佛教文化网
|date=2016-03-04
|url=http://wh.zgfj.cn/ChangShi/2010-09-01/4595.html
|access-date=2021-04-26
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304090051/http://wh.zgfj.cn/ChangShi/2010-09-01/4595.html
|archive-date=4 March 2016
}}
</ref>

In [[Buddhism in Japan|Japanese Buddhism]], Surya is one of the [[Twelve Devas]], as guardian deities, who are found in or around Buddhist shrines ({{lang|ja|十二天}}, ''Jūni-ten'').<ref>
{{cite web
|title=Twelve heavenly deities (devas)
|archive-date=4 March 2016
|publisher=Nara National Museum
|place=Nara, Japan
|url=http://www.emuseum.jp/detail/100031/000/000?mode=detail&d_lang=en
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304201634/http://www.emuseum.jp/detail/100031/000/000?mode=detail&d_lang=en
}}
</ref>
In Japan, he has been called "Nit-ten".<ref name="biswas184">Biswas, S. (2000) ''Indian Influence on the Art of Japan''. Northern Book Centre. p. 184. {{ISBN|978-8172112691}}</ref><ref>Stutterheim, Willem Frederik et al. (1995) ''Rāma-legends and Rāma-reliefs in Indonesia''. pp. xiv–xvi. {{ISBN|978-8170172512}}</ref><ref>Snodgrass, Adrian (2007) ''The Symbolism of the Stupa'', Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 120–124, 298–300 {{ISBN|978-8120807815}}</ref>

On the [[Mount Meru]] Buddhist cosmological system, Surya is considered a female deity, contrasting a male [[lunar god]].<ref>John C. Huntington, Dina Bangdel, Robert A. F. Thurman, The Circle of Bliss: Buddhist Meditational Art, 6 Surya Mandala</ref>

==Outside the Indian subcontinent==
===Indonesia===
[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Wajangpop van karbouwenhuid Bima voorstellend TMnr 1772-528.jpg|thumb|Batara Surya [[wayang]] (puppetry) figures]]
In [[Indonesia]]. Surya ({{langx|id|Batara Surya}}) was adapted into [[Indonesian culture]] as the god who rules the [[sun]], and was given the title "Batara". ''Batara Surya'' is famous for giving his heirlooms or gifts to the people he chooses. This god is famous for having many children from various women, among them from ''Dewi Kunti'' in the ''[[Mahabharata]]'' who gave birth to ''Adipati Karna''.

Batara Surya was hit when Anoman blamed Batara Surya for what happened to his mother, Dewi Anjani and her grandmother, who had been cursed by her husband. Anoman feels Batara Surya must be responsible so Anoman with his magic collects clouds from all over the world to cover the natural world so that the rays of the sun cannot reach the earth. Fortunately, this incident can be resolved amicably so that Anoman voluntarily removes the clouds again so that the natural world is exposed to the sun again. Surya has three queens namely Saranyu (also called Saraniya, Saranya, Sanjna, or Sangya), Ragyi, and Prabha. Saranyu is the mother of Vaiwaswata Manu (seventh Manu, the present day), and twins [[Yama]] (god of death) and his sister Yami. She also bore him the twins known as [[Asvins|Aswin]], and the gods. Saranyu, unable to witness the bright light from Surya, created a clone of herself named Chaya, and orders her to act as Surya's wife during her absence. Chaya had two sons by ''Surya-Sawarni Manu'' (the eighth Manu, the next) and Sani (the god of the [[Saturn (planet)|planet Saturn]]), and two daughters-Tapti and Vishti. Batara Surya also had a son, Rewanta, or Raiwata, from Ragyi. Interestingly, Surya's two sons – Sani and Yama – are responsible for judging humans' lives, after death. Sani gives the results of one's actions through one's life through appropriate punishments and rewards, while Yama gives the results of one's actions after death.

In the [[Ramayana]], Surya is mentioned as the father of King Sugriva, who helped Rama and Lakshmana in defeating King Ravana. He also trains Hanoman as his teacher. In the Mahabharata, Kunti receives a mantra from a sage, Durvasa; if spoken, he will be able to summon every god and bear children by him. Believing in the power of this spell, Kunti unwittingly has summoned Surya, but when Surya appears, she gets scared and demands him to return. However, Surya has an obligation to fulfill the spell before returning. Surya miraculously made Dewi Kunti to give birth to a child, while maintaining her virginity so that she, as an unmarried princess, would not have to face any shame or be the target of questions from society. Kunti feels compelled to leave behind her son, Karna, who grows up to be one of the central characters in the great war of [[Kurukshetra]].

[[File:The Sun God Surya LACMA M.79.189.9 (1 of 2).jpg|thumb|upright|Batara Surya statue, late eighth century, [[Central Java]], [[Indonesia]]]]

====Worshiping Shiva ''Raditya'' in Bali====
In the [[Puranas]] in [[Bali]], ''Batara Surya'' is the most intelligent student of [[Shiva]], so that Surya was given the title ''Surya Raditya'' and used as an example to find out the intelligence or supernatural power of Shiva, and as a thank you from ''Batara Surya'', Shiva was given an honorary title by the name of ''[[Batara Guru]]'', because he is the teacher of the Gods. There are others who argue, however, that in the transformation of the [[Purana]]s which is the interpretation of the ''maharsi'' on the Vedic chess book, it was ''Dewa Surya'' who later turned into [[Ludra]], who was finally called Shiva, so that in worship chants it is often called the term ''Shiva Aditya''.

In the concept of ''Gama Bali'' there is a ''Pelinggih'' named ''Pelinggih Surya'' or ''Padmasana'', which is a place to worship Shiva who manifests as ''Shiva Raditya'' or the sun god. In the ''Yayur Veda'' there are several special rituals for the Sulinggih who worship God in the morning in its manifestation as the ''Surya Batara'', namely those that come from ''Surya Sewana'' or ''Surya Namaskar'' which means worshiping the ''Surya Batara''. In the Panca Sembah mantra, there is also a special mantra aimed at ''Shiva Raditya''. According to the general view, Batara Surya is worshiped because he is a witness to life and he is the best student of Lord Shiva, so he was given the title ''Hyang Siwa Raditya'' ("Surya student of Lord Shiva"). The importance of ''Dewa Surya'' in Bali can be seen from the existence of ''Sanggah Surya'', which must always be present at every ''Yadnya'' ceremony in Bali. and this is poured in several Balinese literary manuscripts, one of which is the ''Bhama Kertih Lontar''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Dewa Surya |website=Gama Bali (gamabali.com) |url=https://gamabali.com/dewa-surya/}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Solar dynasty]]

==References==
{{reflist}} 
===Notes===
{{reflist|group=note}}

==Cited sources==
*{{cite book|ref=Dalal|last=Dalal|first=Roshen|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DH0vmD8ghdMC&pg=PA343|title=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide|publisher=Penguin Books India|year=2010|isbn=978-0143414216|author-link=Roshen Dalal}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite journal
| last=Pingree | first=David
| year=1973
| title=The Mesopotamian origin of early Indian mathematical astronomy
| journal=Journal for the History of Astronomy
| publisher=SAGE
| volume=4 | issue=1 | pages=1–12
| doi=10.1177/002182867300400102
| bibcode=1973JHA.....4....1P | s2cid=125228353
}}

* {{cite book
| last=Pingree | first= David
| year= 1981
| title= Jyotihśāstra : Astral and Mathematical Literature
| publisher= Otto Harrassowitz
| isbn= 978-3447021654
}}

* {{cite book
|author=Ohashi, Yukio
|year=1999
|editor=Johannes Andersen
|title=Highlights of Astronomy
|volume=11‑B
|publisher=Springer Science
|isbn=978-0-7923-5556-4
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gQYscrT0fgQC
}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Surya}}
* {{cite web
|url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/rigveda/rv01050.htm
|title=An ancient hymn to Surya
|series=Hymns from the ''[[Rig Veda]]''
}}

* {{cite magazine
|first=R.K. |last=Sahu
|year=2012
|title=Sun worship in Odisha
|magazine=Orissa Review
|publisher=Government of the State of [[Odisha]], India
|url=http://odisha.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/2012/nov/engpdf/25-32.pdf
}}

* {{cite magazine
|first=R.K. |last=Sahu
|year=2011
|title=Iconography of Surya in the temple art of Orissa
|magazine=Orissa Review
|publisher=Government of the State of [[Odisha]], India
|url=http://odisha.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/2011/Dec/engpdf/28-34.pdf
}}

{{Navagraha}}
{{Jyotish Vidya}}
{{HinduMythology}}


{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Surya| ]]
[[Category:Adityas]]
[[Category:Navagraha]]
[[Category:Hindu gods]]
[[Category:Rigvedic deities]]
[[Category:Solar gods]]
[[Category:Names of God in Hinduism]]
[[Category:Characters in the Mahabharata]]
[[Category:Solar chariot]]
[[Category:Twenty-Four Protective Deities]]

Borivali railway station

2025-11-26T05:23:06Z

CelinaArellano:

{{Short description|Mumbai Suburban Railway Station}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{more citations needed|date=August 2013}}
{{Infobox station
| name = [[File:Indian Railways Suburban Railway Logo.svg|50px|up|link=Mumbai Suburban Railway]] Borivali
| type = [[Mumbai Suburban Railway]] station
| image = Borivali Station entrance - east.jpg
| image_caption =
| address = [[Borivali]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|19.229427|N|72.856994|E|type:railwaystation_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| line = [[Western Line (Mumbai Suburban Railway)|Western Line]]
| other =
| structure = Standard on-ground station
| platform = 10
| depth =
| levels = {{convert|19.0|m|ft}}
| tracks = 9
| parking =
| bicycle =
| opened =
| style = Mumbai Suburban Railway
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| status = Active
| electrified = Yes
| accessible =
| code = BO ([[Mumbai Suburban Railway|suburban]]) BVI ([[Indian Railways|mainline]])
| owned = [[Ministry of Railways (India)|Ministry of Railways]], [[Indian Railways]]
| zone = [[Western Railways]]
| former =
| passengers = 2.821 million<ref>{{cite web|title=It's not getting any better! Despite metro and monorail, Mumbai local trains getting more overcrowded|url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/its-not-getting-any-better-despite-metro-and-monorail-mumbai-local-trains-getting-more-overcrowded/18155192|website=mid-day|date=11 April 2017|access-date=13 April 2017|language=en}}</ref>
| pass_year = 2016-17
| pass_percent =
| pass_system = daily
| mpassengers =
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Mumbai Suburban Railway|line=Western|left=Kandivli|right=Dahisar}}
| map_type = Mumbai
| map_dot_label = Borivali
| route_map = {{MSR Western line}}
| map_state = collapsed
}}

'''Borivali''' (station code: '''BO''' ([[Mumbai Suburban Railway|''suburban'']])/'''BVI''' ([[Indian Railways|''mainline'']])) is a railway station on the Western line of the [[Mumbai Suburban Railway]] network and an [[Indian Railways|outbound]] station. It serves the suburban area of [[Borivali]].

The Borivali Railway Station<ref>[http://www.urbanrail.net/as/mumb/mumbai.htm Borivali Station on the map] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111228005506/http://www.urbanrail.net/as/mumb/mumbai.htm|date=28 December 2011}}</ref> is a terminus for all slow, semi-fast, and fast trains on the [[Mumbai Suburban Railway]] system. It also serves as the final city-limit stop for all mail and express trains on the Western Railway before leaving [[Mumbai]]. As of October 2022, the plans to extend the [[Harbour Line]] to Borivali are in full steam, with the survey for land acquisition being completed.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-10-11 |title=Harbour line extension to Borivali back on track |work=[[The Hindustan Times]] |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/others/harbour-line-extension-to-borivali-back-on-track-101665508307891.html |access-date=2022-10-29}}</ref>

Borivali is used by almost 2.87 lakh (287,000) passengers every day and is the busiest station on the western suburban line of Mumbai.

==History==
Borivali is mentioned as one of the stations where the first regular suburban train service of BB&CI halted. Then, it was known as 'Berewla'.<ref>{{Cite web |title=failed to load |url=https://wr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris/uploads/files/1392817679390-article1.pdf |access-date=August 2, 2024 |website=wr.indianrailways.gov.in}}</ref> This train service was inaugurated between [[Bombay Backbay railway station|Bombay Backbay station]] and [[Virar railway station|Viraur]] on 12 April 1867.<ref>{{Cite web| url=https://memumbai.com/first-local-train-service/| title=12th April 1867 – First Local Train Service of Western Railway | MeMumbai}}</ref>

The Station was remodeled in 1913, along with Virar as the population had increased considerably.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rahul Mehrotra |first=Sharada Dwivedi |title=Anchoring A City Line |publisher=Eminence Designs Pvt. Ltd |year=2000 |isbn=81-900602-4-4 |pages=89 |language=English}}</ref> The remodeling diagrams of the station were published in a BB&CI Magazine dated Dec 1923.

[https://wr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris/uploads/files/1392817679390-article1.pdf The Magazine (see pg 6, 11)]

The Suburban section from Colaba to Borivali was electrifies in the 1920s. The section was inaugurated on 5 January 1928, by Governor of Bombay, [[Leslie Wilson (politician)|Sir Leslie Wilson]] at a ceremony at [[Mahalaxmi railway station|Mahalaxmi]], in presence of 700 invitees. The governor travelled as a passenger upto [[Andheri railway station|Andheri]] station. The Borivali-Viraur section could not be electrified simultaneously, due to trade expressions, and a lack of funding.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rahul Mehrotra |first=Sharada Dwivedi |title=Anchoring A City Line |publisher=Eminence Designs Pvt. Ltd |year=2000 |isbn=81-900602-4-4 |pages=106-7 |language=English}}</ref>

The section from Borivali to Viraur was underwent signal modernisation around 1936. In August of the same year, the entire 16 mile (25.75 km) section between these two stations was electrified.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rahul Mehrotra |first=Sharada Dwivedi |title=Anchoring A City Line |publisher=Eminence Designs Pvt. Ltd |year=2000 |isbn=81-900602-4-4 |pages=114 |language=English}}</ref>[[File:Borivali station Remodelling Scheme Diagrams.png|thumb|243x243px|Before and after diagrams of Borivali railway station, showing changes in layout after the remodeling scheme of 1913]]

==Platforms==
For the convenience of the passengers, Western Railway has decided to change the platform numbers of Borivali station. The platforms have now been numbered from west to east, to maintain uniformity. Changes will be effective from 4 June 2017.<ref>{{cite web |title=Western Railway: Renumbering of platforms at Borivali station from June 4 - Mumbai Mirror |url=http://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/mumbai/other/western-railway-renumbering-of-platforms-at-borivali-station-from-june-4/articleshow/58838957.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170611084525/http://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/mumbai/other/western-railway-renumbering-of-platforms-at-borivali-station-from-june-4/articleshow/58838957.cms |archive-date=2017-06-11 |website=mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com}}</ref>

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:Borivali platformboard.jpg|Borivali Platform Board
File:Parle 03.jpg|Borivali Station Board
File:Mumbai 03-2016 87 Borivali station.jpg|Terminal platform
File:Borivali station remodelling layout.jpg|Borivali station's recent Remodelling layout
File:Mumbai morning rush.jpg|Borivali station during peak hours
File:Borivali railway station - Warning.jpg|Borivali railway station - Warning
File:Borivali railway station - CVM & ATVM's.jpg|Borivali railway station - CVM & ATV
</gallery>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite news|title=Google Launches Free Public Wifi Services at five railway stations|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/google-launches-free-public-wifi-service-at-five-railway-stations/article8576570.ece|access-date=4 August 2016|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=9 May 2016}}
* {{cite news|title=Swachh Bharat inspired volunteers beautify Borivali Railway Station|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/swachh-bharat-inspired-volunteers-beautify-borivali-railway-station-116012800169_1.html|access-date=4 August 2016|work=[[Business Standard]]|date=28 Jan 2016}}
* [https://wr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris/uploads/files/1392817679390-article1.pdf An WR article about the early BB&CI suburban railway, with images and diagrams of Borivali station (pg 5 and 11)]

{{commons category|Borivali railway station}}
{{Mumbai – Suburban Railway, Western}}
{{Mumbai – Suburban Railway, Harbour}}

[[Category:Borivali]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Mumbai Suburban district]]
[[Category:Mumbai Suburban Railway stations]]
[[Category:Mumbai WR railway division]]