Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

New Chandigarh

2026-05-07T22:03:57Z

CelestaWolf314: typo fix

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = New Chandigarh
| official_name =
| image_skyline = New Chandigarh Skyline.jpg
| imagesize =
| image_alt =
| image_caption = New Chandigarh Skyline
| nickname =
| image_map =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| pushpin_map = India Punjab#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{Coord|30|48|31.93|N|76|43|36.48|E|type:city}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Mohali District]]
| established_title = Established
| established_date = 10 June 2014<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://sikhsiyasat.net/2014/06/10/sukhbir-badal-clears-deck-for-new-chandigarh-politicians-bureaucrats-own-land-near-proposed-city/|title=Sukhbir Badal clears deck for New Chandigarh; Politicians, bureaucrats own land near proposed city|date=2014-06-10|work=Sikh Siyasat News|access-date=2018-07-26|language=en-US|archive-date=26 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726170226/https://sikhsiyasat.net/2014/06/10/sukhbir-badal-clears-deck-for-new-chandigarh-politicians-bureaucrats-own-land-near-proposed-city/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| founder =
| named_for = [[Chandigarh]]
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 346
| population_total =
| population_urban =
| population_as_of =
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|Pincode(s)]]
| postal_code = 140901
| area_code = [[Telephone numbers in India|+91 172]]
| registration_plate = PB-65
| website = {{URL|https://gmada.gov.in/category/new-chandigarh/about/}}For plots 9501310398
| footnotes =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| type = [[Smart City]]
| leader_title2 = Deputy Commissioner
| demographics1_title2 = Regional
| demographics1_info2 = [[Puadhi dialect|Puadhi]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chaba |first1=Anju Agnihotri |date=25 September 2021 |title=Punjab: Rich in culture but politically neglected, Puadh region now hopes it will finally get its due |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/jalandhar/rich-in-culture-but-politically-neglected-puadh-region-now-hopes-it-will-finally-get-its-due-7533184/ |work=The Indian Express |access-date=10 April 2026}}</ref>
| leader_name2 = Gurpreet Kaur Sapra
}}

'''New Chandigarh''' is a [[central business district]] and [[Planned community|planned]] [[smart city]] near [[Mullanpur Garibdass|Mullanpur]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.iifl.com/blogs/new-chandigarh-upcoming-residential-settlement-region-punjab|title=New Chandigarh- the Upcoming Residential Settlement Region in Punjab|date=2017-09-08|work=IIFL|access-date=2018-07-26|language=en}}</ref> in the [[Mohali district]] (SAS Nagar) in the Indian state of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], which is part of the [[Chandigarh Capital Region]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://sikhsiyasat.net/2014/06/10/sukhbir-badal-clears-deck-for-new-chandigarh-politicians-bureaucrats-own-land-near-proposed-city/|title=Sukhbir Badal clears deck for New Chandigarh; Politicians, bureaucrats own land near proposed city|date=2014-06-10|work=Sikh Siyasat News|access-date=2018-07-26|language=en-US|archive-date=26 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726170226/https://sikhsiyasat.net/2014/06/10/sukhbir-badal-clears-deck-for-new-chandigarh-politicians-bureaucrats-own-land-near-proposed-city/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2014/20140611/punjab.htm#6|title=New Chandigarh development plan okayed|website=The Tribune|access-date=2018-07-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/punjab-and-haryana/south-korea-offers-to-build-smart-city-in-new-chandigarh/|title=South Korea offers to build smart city in New Chandigarh|date=2015-09-01|work=The Indian Express|access-date=2018-07-26|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/New-Chandigarh-will-be-Punjabs-first-smart-city/articleshow/38515724.cms|title='New Chandigarh will be Punjab's first smart city' - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-07-26}}</ref> It has been designed as an extension of the city of [[Chandigarh]].<ref>{{cite web | last=Devasahayam | first=MG | title=Inclusive urbanism can help prevent hydra-city growth | website=Tribuneindia News Service | date=2018-04-12 | url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/chandigarh/inclusive-urbanism-can-help-prevent-hydra-city-growth/572724.html | access-date=2018-07-26 | archive-date=26 July 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726170206/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/chandigarh/inclusive-urbanism-can-help-prevent-hydra-city-growth/572724.html | url-status=dead }}</ref> It is being developed by the [[Greater Mohali Area Development Authority]].<ref>{{cite web |title=New Chandigarh: Punjab's Urban Development Initiative |url=https://amritsargoldentemple.in/new-chandigarh-punjab/ |access-date=9 June 2025 |website=Amritsar Golden Temple}}</ref> A digital land survey was started by using a [[Unmanned aerial vehicle|drone]] on 26 April 2018<ref>{{cite web | last=Service | first=Tribune News | title=A first: Drone survey to acquire land | website=Tribune News Service | date=2018-04-26 | url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/chandigarh/a-first-drone-survey-to-acquire-land/579848.html | access-date=2018-07-26 | archive-date=26 July 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726201626/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/chandigarh/a-first-drone-survey-to-acquire-land/579848.html | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.geospatialworld.net/news/a-first-drone-survey-to-acquire-land-in-indian-state-punjab/|title=In a first of its kind, drone survey to acquire land in Indian state Punjab - Geospatial World|date=2018-05-02|work=Geospatial World|access-date=2018-07-26|language=en-US}}</ref> and was completed on 24 June 2018.<ref>{{cite web | last=S | first=TN | title=Drone survey over, Mohali's new township inches closer to reality | website=Tribune News Service | date=2018-06-24 | url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/chandigarh/drone-survey-over-mohali-s-new-township-inches-closer-to-reality/609916.html | access-date=2018-07-26 | archive-date=26 July 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726170222/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/chandigarh/drone-survey-over-mohali-s-new-township-inches-closer-to-reality/609916.html | url-status=dead }}</ref> Initial Master of city is divided in sectors numbering 1 to 27.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/Inauspicious-sector-13-out-of-New-Chandigarh-master-plan/articleshow/48768370.cms|title='Inauspicious' sector 13 out of New Chandigarh master plan - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-07-26}}</ref>

==Eco City==
Eco City I and Eco City II are the residential townships in New Chandigarh, spread over 806 acres in the foothills of the [[Sivalik Hills|Shivalik Hills]].The approved master plan for New Chandigarh Mullanpur Local Planning Area includes several special development control regulations such as a no-development zone, special-use zone and building height control measures, in addition to the common development control parameters applicable to the whole Greater Mohali area, under which Mullanpur falls.
==Education City==
The Education city of New Chandigarh is spread over 1700 acres and was developed to have campuses of universities and educational institutes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://gmada.gov.in/category/new-chandigarh/education-city/|title=Education City|website=gmada.gov.in|language=en-US|access-date=2018-07-26|archive-date=26 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726170157/http://gmada.gov.in/category/new-chandigarh/education-city/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Institute of Technology and Future Trends College is located at Sector 11 of New Chandigarh.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.itft.edu.in/contact.php|title=Contact ITFT College|last=Kohli|first=Sahil|website=www.itft.edu.in|language=en|access-date=2018-07-26}}</ref>

==Medi City==
Medicity of New Chandigarh has 100 bed [[Tata Memorial Centre]]'s [[Homi Bhabha Cancer Hospital and Research Centre, New Chandigarh|Homi Bhabha Cancer Hospital and Research Centre]] which is spread over 50 acres.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/Cancer-hospital-to-come-up-at-Mullanpur/articleshow/51335085.cms|title=Cancer hospital to come up at Mullanpur - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-07-26}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last=Jain | first=Nitin | title=Punjab accords regulatory approval | website=Tribuneindia News Service | date=2017-06-14 | url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/chandigarh/punjab-accords-regulatory-approval/422121.html | access-date=2018-07-26 | archive-date=26 July 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726170243/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/chandigarh/punjab-accords-regulatory-approval/422121.html | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last=S | first=TN | title=Tata cancer hospital likely to begin operations next year | website=Tribune News Service | date=2018-07-08 | url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/chandigarh/tata-cancer-hospital-likely-to-begin-operations-next-year/617123.html | access-date=2018-07-26 | archive-date=26 July 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726170229/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/chandigarh/tata-cancer-hospital-likely-to-begin-operations-next-year/617123.html | url-status=dead }}</ref> Stem Cell Centre is also under construction.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/cities/stem-cell-treatment-now-in-chandigarh-1484826165.html|title=Stem Cell treatment now in Chandigarh - The Statesman|date=2017-01-19|work=The Statesman|access-date=2018-07-26|language=en-US}}</ref> There is a plan of [[Dr. B.R. Ambedkar State Institute of Medical Sciences]] connected to Civil Hospital of Phase VI, [[Mohali]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/wealth-is-health-in-mohali/articleshow/64598433.cms|title=Wealth is health in mohali - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-07-26}}</ref> Some Organic Farms are also located in the city.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/good-earth-chandigarhs-first-organic-market-has-grown-and-spread-5261333/|title=Good Earth: Chandigarh's first organic market has grown and spread|date=2018-07-16|work=The Indian Express|access-date=2018-07-26|language=en-US}}</ref>

== Residential Townships ==
The Project New Chandigarh also introduced the private housing companies apart from the public residential area under GMADA. The Omaxe and [[DLF (company)|DLF]] are the main private housing societies. <ref>{{Cite web|last=The|first=Tribune|date=17 July 2018|title=Townships|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/chandigarh/two-townships-ready-for-stay-in-new-chandigarh-621832}}</ref>

==Tourism==
The Oberoi Sukhvilas Resort & Spa is a 5 star luxury resort located at Palanpur village near New Chandigarh.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fortuneindia.com/venture/sukhvilas-stop-breathe-repeat/103013|title=Sukhvilas: Stop, breathe, repeat|website=www.fortuneindia.com|date=12 March 2019 |language=en|access-date=2019-08-08}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Chhabra |first1=Arvind |title=Badal family’s poultry farm that became Sukhvilas resort: An island of luxury amid deprivation |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/sukhvilas-an-island-of-luxury-amid-deprivation/story-UjXVKcsnjEsk2V89sHZToL.html |access-date=2025-11-04 |work=Hindustan Times |date=2016-12-13 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/chandigarh/as-badal-s-stake-grew-so-did-mullanpur-s-fortunes/story-mAEx4FsoDXrfNe9tRvndlN.html|title=As Badal's stake grew, so did Mullanpur's fortunes|date=2015-07-14|work=hindustan times|access-date=2018-07-26|language=en}}</ref> Shaheed Dr. Diwan Singh Kalepani Museum is also located nearby.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/museum-brings-to-life-dr-diwan-singh-kalepani/articleshow/64343308.cms|title=Museum brings to life Dr Diwan Singh Kalepani - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-07-26}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last=Pioneer | first=The | title=Badal inaugurates Diwan Singh Kalepani museum | website=The Pioneer | url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/state-editions/chandigarh/badal-inaugurates-diwan-singh-kalepani-museum.html | access-date=2018-07-26}}</ref> Siswan forest range is a major [[ecotourism]] area<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/punjab-govt-to-make-siswan-forest-area-as-eco-tourism-hub-115020501108_1.html|title=Punjab govt to make Siswan forest area as eco-tourism hub|agency=Press Trust of India|date=2015-02-05|work=Business Standard India|access-date=2018-07-26}}</ref> which consists [[Leopard]] safari<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/leopards-revel-in-siswans-nights/articleshow/59139083.cms|title=Leopards revel in Siswan's nights - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-07-26}}</ref> and forest trek.<ref>{{cite web | last=S | first=TN | title=Siswan to be tourism hub | website=Tribune News Service | date=2015-02-06 | url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/community/siswan-to-be-tourism-hub/38602.html | access-date=2018-07-26 }}{{Dead link|date=September 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref> There are [[Play (theatre)|theatre plays]] in the city.<ref>{{cite web | last=S | first=TN | title=Drama, day & night | website=Tribune News Service | date=2018-07-25 | url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/life-style/drama-day--night/625996.html | access-date=2018-07-26 | archive-date=26 July 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726170237/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/life-style/drama-day--night/625996.html | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/in-a-first-director-attempts-24-hr-acting-marathon/articleshow/65098304.cms|title=In a first, director attempts 24-hour acting marathon - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-07-26}}</ref>

== Central Business District ==
The Central Business District (CBD) of New Chandigarh is envisioned as the primary commercial and financial hub of the city. Modeled on the lines of [[Sector-17, Chandigarh|Sector 17, Chandigarh]], it is designed to serve as a world-class business center. The CBD is planned to accommodate:
* High-end corporate offices and financial institutions.
* International retail outlets and premium shopping malls.
* Luxury hotels and convention centers to support business tourism.
The project is being developed under the strategic supervision of [[GMADA]], ensuring modern infrastructure and planned connectivity with the rest of the Tricity region.<ref name="GMADA_MasterPlan">Greater Mohali Area Development Authority, [https://gmada.gov.in/master-plans Master Plan of New Chandigarh], Department of Housing and Urban Development.</ref>

==Sports==
[[File:Maharaja Yadavindra Singh International Cricket Stadium.png|thumb|The Maharaja Yadavindra Singh International Cricket Stadium ]]
[[Race Across America]] qualifier ''Shivalik Signature 2018'', a {{cvt|615|km}} long cycling race event was held in New Chandigarh.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/raam-qualifier-shivalik-signature-shifts-to-new-chandigarh-as-mc-wants-commercial-rates-for-event-5121364/|title=Raam Qualifier Shivalik Signature shifts to New Chandigarh as MC wants commercial rates for event|date=2018-04-03|work=The Indian Express|access-date=2018-07-26|language=en-US}}</ref> Also the city has the 38,000 capacity [[Maharaja Yadavindra Singh International Cricket Stadium]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=IPL 2024: Punjab Kings to play home matches at newly-built stadium in Mullanpur- India Today |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/ipl-2024-punjab-kings-to-play-home-matches-at-newly-built-stadium-in-mullanpur-2507382-2024-02-26 |access-date=2024-02-26 |work=India Today}}</ref>

==Connectivity==
New Chandigarh is connected to [[Chandigarh Airport]] of Punjab via airport road through Sunny Enclave, Kharar.<ref>{{cite web | last=Ghai | first=Akash | title=Airport Road to touch New Chd | website=Tribune News Service | date=2018-01-25 | url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/chandigarh/airport-road-to-touch-new-chd/533838.html | access-date=2018-07-26 | archive-date=26 July 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726170156/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/chandigarh/airport-road-to-touch-new-chd/533838.html | url-status=dead }}</ref> This six lane road connects the city with Mohali.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/decks-cleared-for-new-township-near-mohali-airport/articleshow/63992639.cms|title=New city to come up near Mohali airport - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-07-26}}</ref>

==The Lake==
There is plan for artificial lake on the lines of [[Sukhna Lake]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/mla-roots-for-sukhna-type-lake-in-new-chandigarh-843557|title=MLA roots for Sukhna-type lake in New Chandigarh|last=Service|first=Tribune News|website=The Tribune|language=en|access-date=2020-01-05}}</ref> for natural flow of rivulet in the city.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/new-chandigarh-residential-project-obstructs-natural-flow-of-siswan-river-ngt-seeks-report-from-punjab-6050035/|title=New Chandigarh: Residential project 'obstructs natural flow of Siswan river', NGT seeks report from Punjab|date=2019-10-03|website=The Indian Express|language=en-US|access-date=2020-01-05}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/new-chandigarh-ensure-removal-of-encroachments-on-rivulets-to-prevent-green-disaster-kharar-mla-to-cm-6054405/|title=New Chandigarh: Ensure removal of encroachments on rivulets to prevent green disaster: Kharar MLA to CM|date=2019-10-05|website=The Indian Express|language=en-US|access-date=2020-01-05}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/new-chandigarh-bears-brunt-of-rain-820754|title=New Chandigarh bears brunt of rain|last=Service|first=Tribune News|website=The Tribune|language=en|access-date=2020-01-05}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/seasonal-rivulets-teem-with-heavy-rainwater-residents-of-new-chandigarh-on-alert-6035379/|title=Seasonal rivulets teem with heavy rainwater, residents of New Chandigarh on alert|date=2019-09-28|website=The Indian Express|language=en-US|access-date=2020-01-05}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/flooding-in-new-chandigarh-gmada-to-expedite-construction-of-bridges-on-road-near-cricket-stadium-5925528/|title=Flooding in New Chandigarh: GMADA to expedite construction of bridges on road near cricket stadium|date=2019-08-22|website=The Indian Express|language=en-US|access-date=2020-01-05}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/chandigarh/a-day-after-rain-residents-of-new-chandigarh-area-live-in-fear-5918917/|title=A day after rain, residents of New Chandigarh area live in fear|date=2019-08-20|website=The Indian Express|language=en-US|access-date=2020-01-05}}</ref>

==See also==
{{portal|India|Punjab}}
* [[Chandigarh]]
* [[Mohali]]
* [[Mullanpur Garibdass]]
* [[Kharar, SAS Nagar]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.google.co.in/maps/place/New+Chandigarh,+Punjab/@30.8088524,76.7232103,2603m/data=!3m2!1e3!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x390ff1794ffb9189:0x9e945acc3513dfd4!8m2!3d30.8087631!4d76.7264396 New Chandigarh on Google Maps]
* [http://gmada.gov.in/category/new-chandigarh/ Official website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809073756/http://gmada.gov.in/category/new-chandigarh/ |date=9 August 2020 }}
* [http://omaxethelake.com/ New Chandigarh Omaxe the lake]
* {{Wikivoyage-inline}}

{{Geographic location|Centre = New Chandigarh
|North = [[Baddi]], [[Himachal Pradesh]]
|Northeast = [[Pinjore]]
|East = [[Chandigarh]]
|Southeast = Chandigarh
|South = [[Mohali]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
|Southwest = [[Rajpura]], Punjab
|West = [[Kurali]], Punjab
|Northwest = [[Kharar, Ajitgarh|Kharar]], Punjab
}}

{{Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar district}}
{{Punjab (India)}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Mohali district]]
[[Category:Planned communities in India]]
[[Category:2014 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Mohali]]
[[Category:Chandigarh]]

Chandeshwar Nath Mahadev Mandir

2026-05-03T14:34:07Z

CelestaWolf314: New

{{Short description|Temple in Mithila, Bihar}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple|name=Chandeshwar Nath Mahadev Mandir|native_name=चन्देश्वर नाथ महादेव मंदिर|native_name_lang=Mai|deity=Lord Shiva|tradition=Sanatana Dharma|religious_affiliation=[[Hinduism]]|location=Harari village|state=Bihar|district=Madhubani district|country=India|site_area=Chandeshwar Sthan}}
'''Chandeshwar Nath Mahadev Mandir''' ([[Maithili language|Maithili]]: चन्देश्वर नाथ महादेव मंदिर) is a historically ancient Hindu temple in the [[Mithila (region)|Mithila region]] of [[Bihar]]. It is dedicated to [[Shiva|Lord Shiva]] in [[Hinduism]]. It located at ''Harari'' village in the [[Andhra Tharhi|Andhra Thadi]] block of the [[Madhubani district]] in Bihar. The location of the temple is locally known as ''Chandeshwar Sthan''.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2025-07-27 |title=चण्डेश्वर स्थान में शिव गण चंड भैरव ने की थी शिव लिंग की स्थापना |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/madhubani/story-chandeshwar-nath-temple-a-historical-heritage-of-religious-significance-201753637707905.html |access-date=2026-02-18 |website=www.livehindustan.com |language=hi}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news |title=चंदेश्वर स्थान में महादेव के दर्शन से दूर हो जाते हैं श्रद्धालुओं के सभी कष्ट |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/bihar/madhubani/andhratharhi/news/all-the-troubles-of-the-devotees-are-removed-by-the-darshan-of-mahadev-at-chandeshwar-sthan-134089288.html |work=Dainik Bhaskar}}</ref> It is a historical heritage of region. The [[Lingam|Shivalinga]] of the temple is situated here in the [[Garbhagriha]], approximately ten feet below the ground level.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=2019-03-04 |title=हररी-चंडेश्वर स्थान में शिवगण चंड भैरव ने की थी शिव की आराधना |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/bihar/madhubani/news/shiva39s-worship-was-done-by-shiva-chand-bhairav-in-hariri-chandeshwar-place-030621-4039270.html |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20210727140332/https://www.bhaskar.com/bihar/madhubani/news/shiva39s-worship-was-done-by-shiva-chand-bhairav-in-hariri-chandeshwar-place-030621-4039270.html |archive-date=2021-07-27 |access-date=2026-02-18 |work=Dainik Bhaskar |language=hi}}</ref>

== Etymology ==
The term Chandeshwar either have been derived from the name of the Shiva Gana Chand Bhairava or from the name of the Maithil scholar Chandeshwar Thakur.

== Legend ==
There is a legendary story of the temple related to Lord Shiva and his [[Gana|Shiva Gana]] ''[[Bhairava|Chand Bhairava]]''. The legend is detailed in the book ''Chandeshwar Suprabhat Stotram''. It was written by the former head of Sanskrit department ''Dr Mahesh Jha'' at the [[Tilka Manjhi Bhagalpur University|T M Bhagalpur University]] in Bihar.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />

According to the legend, it is said that once Chanda quarrel with Lord Shiva and hid himself here after the quarrel. This is why the place was also known as ''Hardi'' and later it also came to be known as Harari village. The ''Shiva Gana Chand Bhairava'' installed a Shivalinga here and used to perform [[Jalabhisheka]] on it.

== History ==
Some historians believe that ''[[Caṇḍeśvara Ṭhakkura|Chandeshwar Thakur]]'', the grandfather of the great [[Maithili language|Maithili]] poet [[Vidyapati]], built the Shiva temple here for the first time. And the present structure of the temple was built by ''Maharaja'' of [[Raj Darbhanga]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

== References ==
<references />
{{India-hindu-temple-stub}}

{{coord missing|Bihar}}

[[Category:Shiva temples in Madhubani district]]

John Wyllie (politician)

2026-04-19T20:37:03Z

CelestaWolf314: creating new bio nd citations!

{{Short description|British politician and civil servant}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix =
| name = John Wyllie
| honorific_suffix = {{Post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|CSI|MP}}
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| office = [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]] for [[Hereford (UK Parliament constituency)|Hereford]]
| parliament =
| majority =
| term_start = 17 November 1868
| term_end = 15 March 1869
| alongside = [[George Clive (Liberal politician)|George Clive]]
| predecessor = [[George Clive (Liberal politician)|George Clive]] [[Richard Baggallay]]
| successor = [[Edward Clive (British Army general)|Edward Clive]] [[Chandos Wren-Hoskyns]]
| birth_date = 6 October 1835
| birth_place = [[Pune|Poona]], [[Bombay Presidency]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1870|03|15|1835|10|06}}
| death_place = [[Paris]], [[France]]
| resting_place = [[Kensal Green Cemetery]], [[London]]
| alma_mater = [[Trinity College, Oxford]]
| birth_name =
| party = [[Liberal Party (UK)|Liberal]]
| parents = [[William Wyllie (British Army officer)|William Wyllie]] Amelia Hutt
| spouse =
| children =
}}

'''John William Shaw Wyllie''', {{Post-nominals|country=GBR|CSI|MP}}, (6 October 1835 – 15 March 1870)<ref>{{Rayment-hc|h|2|date=February 2018}}</ref><ref name="odnb"/><ref name="dib"/> was a [[Great Britain|British]] [[Liberal Party (UK)|Liberal Party]] politician and British Indian civil servant.

==Early life==
Wyllie was the son of British Army officer Sir [[William Wyllie (British Army officer)|William Wyllie]]<ref name="dib"/> and Amelia (née Hutt), and was born while his father was on tour in [[Pune|Poona]], under the [[Bombay presidency]]. He returned to Britain with his mother in 1841, and was then educated by a private tutor at [[Edinburgh Academy]], and then, between 1849 and 1853, at [[Cheltenham College]] with his brother Frank.<ref name="odnb">{{cite ODNB|id=30138|title=Wyllie, Sir William|last=Vetch|first=R. H.}}</ref>

Intended by his father to join the [[Indian Civil Service (British India)|Indian Civil Service]], Wyllie obtained a nomination by his uncle [[William Hutt (politician)|William Hutt]] to attend the [[University of Oxford]], ultimately winning an open scholarship at [[Trinity College, Oxford|Trinity College]] in 1854, and resigning another he had gained at [[Lincoln College, Oxford|Lincoln College]] in 1853. He graduated in 1855 with a first class in moderations, and then passed the examination for the Indian Civil Service.<ref name="odnb"/><ref name="dib"/>

On furlough from 1864 to 1865, he returned to Trinity College to sit his examinations, receiving a [[Bachelor of Arts]] in 1864, and a [[Master of Arts]] in 1868.<ref name="odnb"/>

==Indian civil service==

Wyllie followed in his father's footsteps, joining the [[Bombay Presidency]], and a 'competition-wallah', moving to India in November 1856. He then became, in January 1858, a third assistant political agent in [[Kathiawar]], before in June, nearly dying of Gujarat fever, which permanently impaired his health.<ref name="odnb"/><ref name="dib"/>

During this period, Wyllie translated Colonel Lang's ''Mulk Sherista'' into English and also served as an assistant commissioner in [[Barabanki district]] and [[Lucknow]]. He then became an assistant secretary to Sir [[George Yule (businessman)|George Yule]] in 1862, also acting as chief commissioner of the province, and in May 1862 became [[Kolkata|Calcutta]] Secretariat upon the recommendation of Sir [[Henry Marion Durand]].<ref name="odnb"/>

In 1866, he was made an under-secretary to the foreign department, becoming an exponent of foreign policy in an article, ''The foreign policy of Lord Lawrence'', which extolled the [[John Lawrence, 1st Baron Lawrence|governor-general]]'s policy. When published in the ''[[Edinburgh Review]]'' in January 1867, he influenced public opinion, bringing the phrase 'masterly inactivity' into the common lexicon.<ref name="odnb"/><ref name="dib">[[s:Dictionary of Indian Biography/Wyllie, John William Shaw]]</ref>

In his final days in India, Wyllie arranged the grand durbar at Agra in November 1866.<ref name="odnb"/>

==Return to Britain==
A deterioration in health, caused by his earlier Gujarat fever, forced Wyllie to return home in 1867 and, upon persuasion by his uncle, Sir William Hutt, he gave up his Indian career to enter home politics.<ref name="odnb"/>

He was elected MP for [[Hereford (UK Parliament constituency)|Hereford]] in [[1868 United Kingdom general election|1868]], standing on a platform of [[Irish Church Act 1869|Irish disestablishment]] and secular education. During the election, he resigned from the Indian service, worrying he would be disqualified for holding an [[office of profit]] under the crown.<ref name="odnb"/><ref name="dib"/>

However, Wyllie was shortly after unseated in March 1869, after the Conservative rivals had alleged bribery and treating. Indeed, the election was declared void on petition, after the Liberal agent was found to have "given breakfast to Liberal electors", and therefore was guilty of treating.<ref name="odnb"/><ref name="dib"/>

Wyllie did no re-stand in the [[1869 Hereford by-election|resulting by-election]], lamenting that "he had foresaken the Indian service for a career that now sunk under him; he had burned his ships and could not return".<ref name="odnb"/>

==Later life and death==
Wyllie continued to write after his failed election, including ''Masterly inactivity'', published by ''[[The Fortnightly Review]]'' in December 1869, defending Lawrence's non-interventionist policy towards [[Afghanistan]] and opposing occupation of [[Quetta]], [[Pakistan]]; and ''Mischievous activity'', published also ''The Fortnightly Review'' in March 1870, criticising [[Richard Bourke, 6th Earl of Mayo|Lord Mayo]]'s more interventionist external policy.<ref name="odnb"/><ref name="dib"/>

Wyllie also contributed to the ''[[Cornhill Magazine]]'', the ''[[Edinburgh Review]]'', and the ''[[Calcutta Review]]'', and wrote letters for ''[[The Times]]'' and publications focused on central Asia.<ref name="odnb"/>

On 2 June 1869, he was made a [[Order of the Star of India|Companion of the Order of the Star of India]] (CSI) for Indian Services<ref name="dib"/> and, in January 1870, he moved to [[Paris]] to improve his French and study French politics. While there, he suffered from a cold, then inflammation of the lungs and recurred malarial fever, before dying aged 34 at the Hôtel Vouillemont on 15 March 1870. He was temporarily interred at [[Montmartre]], before his remains were moved to [[Kensal Green Cemetery]].<ref name="odnb"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Hansard-contribs | mr-robert-campbell| Mr Robert Campbell }}

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|uk}}
{{s-bef| before = [[George Clive (Liberal politician)|George Clive]] |before2= [[Richard Baggallay]] }}
{{s-ttl| title = Member of Parliament for [[Hereford (UK Parliament constituency)|Hereford]]
| years = [[1868 United Kingdom general election|1868]]–1869
|with = [[George Clive (Liberal politician)|George Clive]]
}}
{{s-aft| after= [[Edward Clive (British Army general)|Edward Clive]] |after2= [[Chandos Wren-Hoskyns]]
}}

{{s-end}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Wyllie, John William Shaw}}
[[Category:Liberal Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies]]
[[Category:1835 births]]
[[Category:1870 deaths]]
[[Category:Companions of the Order of the Star of India]]
[[Category:UK MPs 1868–1874]]

Ranka Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T20:23:09Z

CelestaWolf314: made article!

{{Short description|Constituency of the Sikkim legislative assembly in India}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Ranka
| type= SLA
| state = Sikkim
| established = 1979
| abolished = 2008<ref>{{cite web |url=https://lddashboard.legislative.gov.in/sites/default/files/03_representation%20of%20the%20people%20act%2C%201950.pdf|access-date=19 February 2024|archive-date=19 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240219182705/https://lddashboard.legislative.gov.in/sites/default/files/03_representation%20of%20the%20people%20act%2C%201950.pdf|format=pdf|title=THE REPRESENTATION OF THE PEOPLE ACT, 1950}}</ref>
| electors = 11,258
| mla = Nimthit Lepcha
| party = {{Party index link|Sikkim Democratic Front}}
| constituency_no =
| latest_election_year = [[2004 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
| district =
| loksabha_cons =
| reservation =
}}
'''Ranka Assembly constituency '''was an assembly constituency in the [[India|Indian]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Sikkim]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
|-
| [[1979 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|1979]] || rowspan=3 | Dorjee Tshering Bhutia || {{Full party name with color|Sikkim Congress (Revolutionary)}}
|-
| [[1985 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || {{Full party name with color|Sikkim Sangram Parishad|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1989 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
|-
| [[1994 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|1994]] || Rinzing Ongmu
|-
| [[1999 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|1999]] || Tseten Dorjee Lepcha || {{Full party name with color|Sikkim Democratic Front|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2004 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|2004]] || Nimthit Lepcha
|}
== Election results ==
=== Assembly election 2004 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2004 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]]: Ranka<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2004 to the Legislative Assembly of Sikkim |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_SK_2004.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006151710/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_SK_2004.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Nimthit Lepcha |party=Sikkim Democratic Front |votes=5,083 |percentage=60.30% |change={{increase}}3.81 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pintso Chopel Lepcha |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,230 |percentage=38.32% |change={{increase}}36.85 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tashi Topgay Bhutia |party=Sikkim Himali Rajya Parishad |votes=117 |percentage=1.39% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,853 |percentage=21.98% |change= {{increase}}7.55 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=8,430 |percentage=74.88% |change= {{decrease}}5.07 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 11,258 |ref = |change= {{increase}}18.94 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Sikkim Democratic Front |loser=Sikkim Democratic Front |swing= {{increase}}3.81 }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly election 1999 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1999 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]]: Ranka<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Sikkim |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-SK99.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007144437/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-SK99.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Tseten Dorjee Lepcha |party=Sikkim Democratic Front |votes=4,274 |percentage=56.48% |change={{increase}}19.23 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pintso Chopel Lepcha |party=Sikkim Sangram Parishad |votes=3,182 |percentage=42.05% |change={{increase}}4.49 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Yangchen Doma Bhutia |party=Indian National Congress |votes=111 |percentage=1.47% |change={{decrease}}22.01 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,092 |percentage=14.43% |change= {{increase}}14.12 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=7,567 |percentage=81.46% |change= {{increase}}0.15 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 9,465 |ref = |change= {{increase}}28.95 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Sikkim Democratic Front |loser=Sikkim Sangram Parishad |swing= {{increase}}18.92 }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly election 1994 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1994 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]]: Ranka<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1994 to the Legislative Assembly of Sikkim |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-SK94.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007184813/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-SK94.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Rinzing Ongmu |party=Sikkim Sangram Parishad |votes=2,200 |percentage=37.56% |change={{decrease}}22.18 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tseten Lepcha |party=Sikkim Democratic Front |votes=2,182 |percentage=37.25% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Drug Truk Gyatso Lepcha |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,375 |percentage=23.48% |change={{decrease}}10.29 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tashi Topgay Bhutia |party=Independent politician |votes=43 |percentage=0.73% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=18 |percentage=0.31% |change= {{decrease}}25.67 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=5,857 |percentage=81.50% |change= {{increase}}3.99 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 7,340 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Sikkim Sangram Parishad |loser=Sikkim Sangram Parishad |swing= {{decrease}}22.18 }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly election 1989 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]]: Ranka<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1989 to the Legislative Assembly of Sikkim |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatREp_SK_89.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006145759/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatREp_SK_89.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Dorjee Tshering Bhutia |party=Sikkim Sangram Parishad |votes=2,909 |percentage=59.75% |change={{decrease}}5.83 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sonam Tshering Lepcha |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,644 |percentage=33.76% |change={{increase}}1.68 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nephew Bhutia |party=Rising Sun Party |votes=153 |percentage=3.14% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,265 |percentage=25.98% |change= {{decrease}}7.50 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=4,869 |percentage=73.27% |change= {{increase}}9.30 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 6,423 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Sikkim Sangram Parishad |loser=Sikkim Sangram Parishad |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly election 1985 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1985 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]]: Ranka<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Sikkim |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/StatisticalReport%201985%20Sikkim.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006223633/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/StatisticalReport%201985%20Sikkim.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Dorjee Tshering Bhutia |party=Sikkim Sangram Parishad |votes=1,880 |percentage=65.57% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Namgyal Topgay Bhutia |party=Indian National Congress |votes=920 |percentage=32.09% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lobsang Palden |party=Independent politician |votes=48 |percentage=1.67% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=960 |percentage=33.48% |change= {{increase}}32.54 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=2,867 |percentage=67.50% |change= {{increase}}2.09 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 4,311 |ref = |change= {{increase}}38.44 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Sikkim Sangram Parishad |loser=Sikkim Congress (Revolutionary) |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly election 1979 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1979 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]]: Ranka<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1979 to the Legislative Assembly of Sikkim |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1979/Statistical%20Report%201979%20Sikkim.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006104054/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1979/Statistical%20Report%201979%20Sikkim.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Dorjee Tshering Bhutia |party=Sikkim Congress (Revolutionary) |votes=679 |percentage=33.85% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sonam Tshering Bhutia |party=Sikkim Janata Parishad |votes=660 |percentage=32.90% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rinchen Lapcha |party=Sikkim Prajatantra Congress |votes=388 |percentage=19.34% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dnki Choden Bhutia |party=Janata Party |votes=213 |percentage=10.62% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kancha Lama |party=Independent politician |votes=66 |percentage=3.29% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=19 |percentage=0.95% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=2,006 |percentage=67.24% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 3,114 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Sikkim Congress (Revolutionary) |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Sikkim}}

{{coord missing|Sikkim}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Sikkim]]
[[Category:Politics of Sikkim]]
[[Category:1979 establishments in Sikkim]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]
[[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1979]]

{{Sikkim-geo-stub}}

Irreligion

2026-04-14T09:45:57Z

CelestaWolf314: updated page

{{Short description|Absence, indifference to, rejection of or hostility towards religion}}
{{Redirect|Irreligious|the album by Moonspell|Irreligious (album)}}
{{See also|Secularity|Secularism}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Use British English|date=July 2022}}
{{Irreligion sidebar}}

'''Irreligion''' is the absence or rejection of [[religious]] [[belief]]s or [[Spiritual practice|practices]]. It encompasses a wide range of viewpoints drawn from various [[philosophical]] and [[intellectual]] perspectives, including [[atheism]], [[agnosticism]], [[religious skepticism]], [[rationalism]], [[secularism]], and [[spiritual but not religious|non-religious spirituality]]. These perspectives can vary, with individuals who identify as irreligious holding diverse beliefs about religion and its role in their lives.<ref name=Britannica>{{cite encyclopedia|last=Eldridge|first=Stephen|editor-last=Duignan|editor-first=Brian|encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica|Britannica]]|title=irreligion|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/irreligion|publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.]]|archive-date=1 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240901233736/https://www.britannica.com/topic/irreligion|url-status=live|access-date=1 December 2024}}</ref>

Relatively little scholarly research was published on irreligion until around the year 2010.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.explainingatheism.org/resources/overview|title=Resources Overview|author=|website=Explaining Atheism|publisher=[[Queen's University Belfast]]|date=15 January 2025|access-date=15 January 2025}}</ref>

==Overview==
Over the past several decades,{{when|date=December 2024}} the number of secular people has increased, with a rapid rise in the early 21st century, in many countries.<ref name=ZuckermanGalenPasquale2016>{{Cite web|url=https://academic.oup.com/book/11828 |title=The Nonreligious: Understanding Secular People and Societies|author=|website=Oxford Academic|date=2016 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199924950.001.0001|isbn=978-0-19-992495-0 |access-date=14 December 2024}}</ref><ref name=ZuckermanGalenPasqualebook2016>{{Cite book|url=https://www.scribd.com/document/407943624/Phil-Zuckerman-Luke-W-Galen-Frank-L-Pasquale-The-Nonreligious-Understanding-Secular-People-and-Societies-Oxford-University-Press-2016-pdf|title=The Nonreligious: Understanding Secular People and Societies|last1=Zuckerman|first1=Phil|author-link1=Phil Zuckerman|last2=Galen|first2=Luke W.|last3=Pasquale|first3=Frank L.|date=24 March 2016|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199924950.001.0001|isbn=978-0-19-992495-0|pages=226|access-date=14 December 2024}}</ref>{{rp|p=4}}<ref name=Britannica/><ref name=InglehartForeignAffairs2020>{{cite news|last=Inglehart|first=Ronald F.|author-link=Ronald Inglehart|date=11 August 2020|title=Giving Up on God: The Global Decline of Religion|url=https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/world/2020-08-11/religion-giving-god|work=[[Foreign Affairs]]|archive-date=22 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922054651/https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/world/2020-08-11/religion-giving-god|pages=110–118|access-date=1 December 2024}}</ref>{{rp|p=112}}<ref name=InglehartWorldValuesSurvey2021>{{Cite web|url=https://www.worldvaluessurvey.org/WVSNewsShow.jsp?ID=421&ID=421|title=Giving Up on God: The Global Decline of Religion - Revisited|last=Inglehart|first=Ronald|date=20 February 2021|website=[[World Values Survey]]|publisher=World Values Survey Association|access-date=1 December 2024}}</ref> In virtually every [[World Bank high-income economy|high-income country]] and many [[Least developed countries|poor countries]], religion has declined.<ref name=InglehartForeignAffairs2020/>{{rp|p=112}} Highly secular societies tend to be societally healthy and successful.<ref name=ZuckermanGalenPasqualebook2016Conclusion>{{Cite web|url=https://academic.oup.com/book/11828/chapter-abstract/160923581|title=Conclusion|author=|website=Oxford Academic|date=2016 |pages=223–226 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199924950.003.0012|isbn=978-0-19-992495-0 |access-date=14 December 2024}}</ref> Social scientists have predicted declines in religious beliefs and their replacement with more scientific/naturalistic outlooks (secularization hypothesis).<ref name=EvolutionaryPsychologicalScience2017>{{cite journal|last1=Ellis|first1=Lee|last2=Hoskin|first2=Anthony W.|last3=Dutton|first3=Edward|last4=Nyborg|first4=Helmuth|title=The Future of Secularism: a Biologically Informed Theory Supplemented with Cross-Cultural Evidence |journal=Evolutionary Psychological Science|date=8 March 2017|volume=3|issue=3|pages=224–242|doi=10.1007/s40806-017-0090-z|url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40806-017-0090-z|access-date=22 December 2024|url-access=subscription}}</ref> According to [[Ronald Inglehart]], this trend seems likely to continue and a reverse rarely lasts long because the trend is driven by [[technological innovation]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cpsblog.isr.umich.edu/?p=2900|title=Religion's Sudden Decline: Why It's Happening and What Comes Next|last=Inglehart|first=Ronald|date=10 December 2020|website=Center for Political Studies (CPS)|publisher=[[University of Michigan Institute for Social Research]]|access-date=14 December 2024}}</ref> However, other researchers disagree (contra-secularization hypothesis).<ref name=EvolutionaryPsychologicalScience2017/> By 2050, [[Pew Research Center]] (Pew) expects irreligious people to probably decline as a share of the [[world population]] (16.4% to 13.2%), at least for a time, because of faster population growth in highly religious countries and [[Sub-replacement fertility|shrinking populations]] in at least some less religious countries.<ref name=Britannica/><ref name=Pew2022>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2022/12/21/key-findings-from-the-global-religious-futures-project/|title=Key Findings From the Global Religious Futures Project|author=|date=21 December 2022|website=[[Pew Research Center]]|access-date=1 December 2024}}</ref> Many countries may also be gradually becoming more secular, generation by generation.<ref name=Pew2022/> Younger generations tend to be less religious than their elders.<ref name=Pew2022/><ref name=Pew2018pdf>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/20/2018/06/ReligiousCommitment-FULL-WEB.pdf|title=The Age Gap in Religion Around the World|last1=Hackett|first1=Conrad|date=13 June 2018|website=[[Pew Research Center]]|access-date=7 December 2024}}</ref>{{rp|p=5}} They might become more religious as they age, but still be less religious than previous generations if their countries become more affluent and stable.<ref name=Pew2018pdf/>{{rp|p=13}} Nonetheless, secularization is compatible with religion since most versions of secularity do not lead to atheism or irreligion.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Eller |first1=Jack |editor1-last=Zuckerman |editor1-first=Phil |title=Atheism and Secularity |date=2010 |publisher=Praeger |location=Santa Barbara, Calif. |isbn=9780313351839 |pages=12–13 |chapter=What is Atheism?}}</ref> Religious congruence, that is consistency between beliefs and behaviors, in individuals is rare.<ref name=Chaves2010>{{Cite journal|last=Chaves|first=Mark|title=Rain Dances in the Dry Season: Overcoming the Religious Congruence Fallacy|journal=[[Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion]]|date=March 2010|url=https://dukespace.lib.duke.edu/bitstreams/63baac91-b6c5-4b42-88b3-eb2beb68e711/download|volume=49|issue=1|pages=1–14|doi=10.1111/j.1468-5906.2009.01489.x|url-access=subscription}}</ref>{{rp|p=2}} Religious incongruence is not the same thing as religious insincerity or hypocrisy.<ref name=Chaves2010/>{{rp|p=5}} The widespread religious congruence fallacy occurs when interpretations or explanations unjustifiably presume religious congruence.<ref name=Chaves2010/>{{rp|p=19}} This fallacy also infects "New Atheist" critiques of religion.<ref name=Chaves2010/>{{rp|p=21}}

Estimating the number of irreligious people in the world is difficult.<ref name=AtheismThroughouttheWorld>{{Cite book|chapter-url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/cambridge-history-of-atheism/atheism-throughout-the-world/5437753323F426D7A1E7E7D7341EE14B|title=The Cambridge History of Atheism|chapter=59 - Atheism Throughout the World|first=Stephen|last=Bullivant|date=2021 |pages=1095–1112 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|doi=10.1017/9781108562324.060|isbn=978-1-108-56232-4}}</ref><ref name=Britannica/> Those who do not affiliate with a religion are diverse. In many countries censuses and demographic surveys do not separate atheists, agnostics and those responding "nothing in particular" as distinct populations, obscuring significant differences that may exist between them.<ref name=JohnsonZurlo2016>{{cite book|last1=Johnson|first1=Todd|last2=Zurlo|first2=Gina|editor1-last=Cipriani|editor1-first=Roberto|editor2-last=Garelli|editor2-first=Franco|title=Annual Review of the Sociology of Religion: Volume 7: Sociology of Atheism|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/305177249|date=2016|publisher=[[Brill Publishers]]|location=[[Leiden]] |isbn=9789004317536|pages=50–74|chapter=Unaffiliated, Yet Religious: A Methodological and Demographic Analysis|access-date=30 November 2024}}</ref>{{rp|p=60}} People can feel reasonable anxieties about giving a politically ‘wrong’ answer – in either direction.<ref name=AtheismThroughouttheWorld/> Measurement of irreligiosity requires a high degree of cultural sensitivity, especially outside the West, where the concepts of "religion" or "the secular" are not always rooted in local culture and may not even be present.<ref name=ZuckermanGalenPasqualebook2016/>{{rp|p=31–34}} The sharp distinction, and often antagonism, between "religious" and "secular" is culturally and historically unique to the West since in most of human history and cultures, there was little differentiation between the natural and supernatural and concepts do not always transfer across cultures.<ref name=ZuckermanGalenPasqualebook2016/>{{rp|p=31}} Forms of secularity always reflect the societal, historical, cultural and religious contexts in which they emerge, and distinctions are sharp in religiously dominant contexts.<ref name=ZuckermanGalenPasqualebook2016/>{{rp|p=31}} Also, there's considerable prevalence of atheism and agnosticism in ancient Asian texts.<ref name=SigneCohen>{{Cite web|url=https://theconversation.com/atheism-has-been-part-of-many-asian-traditions-for-millennia-113535|title=Atheism has been part of many Asian traditions for millennia|last=Cohen|first=Signe|date=1 April 2019|website=[[The Conversation (website)|The Conversation]]|publisher=The Conversation Media Group Ltd|access-date=22 December 2024}}{{Creative Commons text attribution notice|cc=by4|url=https://theconversation.com/atheism-has-been-part-of-many-asian-traditions-for-millennia-113535|author(s)=Signe Cohen}}</ref> Atheistic traditions [[Nontheistic religion|have played a significant part in those cultures]] for millennia.<ref name=SigneCohen/> "Cultural religion" must be taken into account: non-religious people can be found in religious categories, especially where religion has very deep-seated religious roots in a culture.<ref name=JohnsonZurlo2016/>{{rp|p=59}} Many of the religiously unaffiliated have some religious beliefs and participate in religious practices.<ref name="glo">{{cite web |title=4. Religiously Unaffiliated Population Change |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2025/06/09/religiously-unaffiliated-population-change/#:~:text=What%20do%20the%20religiously%20unaffiliated,than%20religiously%20affiliated%20people%20do. |website=Pew Research Center |date=9 June 2025 |quote=What do the religiously unaffiliated believe? The religiously unaffiliated aren’t necessarily devoid of religious beliefs and practices. Research shows that many people who don’t belong to a religious group may still hold religious or spiritual beliefs and participate in religious or spiritual activities.}}</ref><ref name=Pew2012/><ref name="East">{{cite web |last1=Lesage |first1=Jonathan Evans, Alan Cooperman, Kelsey Jo Starr, Manolo Corichi, William Miner and Kirsten |title=Religion and Spirituality in East Asian Societies |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2024/06/17/religion-and-spirituality-in-east-asian-societies/ |website=Pew Research Center |date=17 June 2024 |quote=A survey in Hong Kong, Japan, South Korea, Taiwan and neighboring Vietnam finds many people don’t identify with a religion but say they believe in unseen beings, venerate ancestors’ spirits and engage in ritual practices.}}</ref><ref name="asi">{{cite web |last1=Evans |first1=Jonathan |title=6 facts about Religion and Spirituality in East Asian societies |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2024/06/17/6-facts-about-religion-and-spirituality-in-east-asian-societies/ |website=Pew Research Center |date=17 June 2024 |quote=Table - Few East Asians consider religion very important in their lives but many believe in god or unseen things}}</ref>

In 2016, [[Phil Zuckerman|Zuckerman]], Galen and Pasquale estimated there were 400 million nonreligious or nontheistic people.<ref name=ZuckermanGalenPasquale2016chapter2>{{Cite web|url=https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199924950.003.0003|title=Secularity around the World|last1=Zuckerman|first1=Phil|last2=Galen|first2=Luke W.|last3=Pasquale|first3=Frank L.|date=March 2016|website=Oxford Academic|pages=30–52 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199924950.003.0003 |isbn=978-0-19-992495-0 |access-date=1 December 2024}}</ref>
A 2022 [[Gallup International Association]] (GIA) survey, done in 61 countries, reported that 62% of respondents said they are religious, one in four that they aren't, 10% that they're atheists and the rest are not sure.<ref name=Gallup2022>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gallup-international.com/survey-results-and-news/survey-result/more-prone-to-believe-in-god-than-identify-as-religious-more-likely-to-believe-in-heaven-than-in-hell|title=More Prone to Believe in God than Identify as Religious. More Likely to Believe in Heaven than in Hell.|author=|date=4 December 2023|publisher=[[Gallup International Association]]|access-date=9 December 2024}}</ref> In 2016, it found similar results (62%, 25%, 9% and 5%), also in 2014.<ref name=Gallup2022/><ref name="WIN/GallupInternational2016">{{cite web|author=|title=Religion prevails in the world|publisher=WIN/Gallup International|url=http://www.wingia.com/web/files/news/370/file/370.pdf|pages=9|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171114113506/http://www.wingia.com/web/files/news/370/file/370.pdf|archive-date=14 November 2017|access-date=9 December 2024}}</ref>{{rp|p=1}}{{rp|p=3}} People in the [[European Union]], [[East Asia]] and [[Oceania]] were the least religious.<ref name=Gallup2022/>
In 2010, according to Pew, the religiously unaffiliated numbered more than 1.1 billion, about one-in-six people (16.3% of an estimated 6.9 billion).<ref name="Pew Global">{{cite web|author=|url=http://www.pewforum.org/2012/12/18/global-religious-landscape-exec/|title=The Global Religious Landscape|work=The Global Religious Landscape: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World’s Major Religious Groups as of 2010|publisher=[[Pew Research Center]]’s Forum on Religion & Public Life|date=18 December 2012|access-date=4 November 2024|archive-date=26 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226054851/http://www.pewforum.org/2012/12/18/global-religious-landscape-exec/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=Pew2012>{{cite web|author=|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2012/12/18/global-religious-landscape-unaffiliated/|title=Religiously Unaffiliated|work=The Global Religious Landscape: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World’s Major Religious Groups as of 2010|publisher=[[Pew Research Center]]’s Forum on Religion & Public Life|date=18 December 2012|archive-date=9 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240709030137/https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2012/12/18/global-religious-landscape-unaffiliated/|access-date=30 November 2024}}</ref><ref name=Pew2012pdf>{{cite web|last1=Hackett|first1=Conrad|last2=Grim|first2=Brian J.|url=https://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2014/01/global-religion-full.pdf|title=Religiously Unaffiliated|work=The Global Religious Landscape:A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World’s Major Religious Groups as of 2010|publisher=[[Pew Research Center]]’s Forum on Religion & Public Life|pages=82|date=December 2012|access-date=30 November 2024}}</ref>{{rp|p=24}}{{rp|p=25}} 76% of them resided in the 60 countries of [[Asia]]-[[Pacific]].<ref name="Pew2012" /><ref name=Pew2012pdf/>{{rp|p=25}}{{rp|p=46}}{{rp|p=66}} [[China]], officially an [[State atheism|atheist state]] and considered to be the [[List of countries by population (United Nations)|world's first or second most populous country]],{{NoteTag|Depending on whether or not the [[Special administrative regions of China|special administrative regions]] of Hong Kong, Macau and [[Political status of Taiwan|Taiwan]] are included in the population statistics of China. The table in the transcluded source excludes all three, referring to the population of Mainland China only.}} alone held the majority (62.2% or about 700 million).<ref name=Kuo2017OxfordAcademic>{{Cite web|url=https://academic.oup.com/edited-volume/28028/chapter-abstract/211853241|title=15 Sacred, Secular, and Neosacred Governments in China and Taiwan|author=|editor-first1=Phil |editor-first2=John R. |editor-last1=Zuckerman |editor-last2=Shook |website=Oxford Academic|date=2017 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199988457.013.16|isbn=978-0-19-998845-7 |access-date=22 December 2024}}</ref><ref name=Kuo2017>{{cite book|last1=Kuo|first1=Cheng-tian|editor1-last=Zuckerman|editor1-first=Phil|editor2-last=Shook|editor2-first=John|url=https://ah.lib.nccu.edu.tw/item?item_id=83894|title=The Oxford Handbook of Secularism|publisher=Oxford University Press|date=2017|isbn=9780199988457|chapter=15. Sacred, Secular, and Neo-sacred Governments in China and Taiwan|access-date=22 December 2024}}</ref>{{rp|p=1}}<ref name=Britannica/><ref name="Pew2012" /><ref name=Pew2012pdf/>{{rp|p=25}}{{rp|p=46}}{{rp|p=66}} Shares were relatively similar in three of the six regions: Asia-Pacific (21.2% of more than 4 billion), [[Europe]] (18.2% of more than 742 thousands) and [[North America]] (17.1% of more than 344 thousands).<ref name="Pew2012" /><ref name=Pew2012pdf/>{{rp|p=25}} [[Men]], [[Youth|younger people]], and [[whites]], [[Asian people|Asians]], and people of [[Jewish heritage]] are more likely to be secular.<ref name=ZuckermanGalenPasqualebook2016Conclusion/>

== Etymology==
Irreligion is either a borrowing from French or from [[Latin]].<ref name=OED>{{Cite OED|irreligion|id=99697}}</ref> The term ''irreligion'' is a combination of the noun ''religion'' and the ''ir-'' form of the prefix ''in-'', signifying "not" (similar to ''irrelevant''). It was first attested in French as {{lang|fr|irréligion}} in 1527, then in English as ''irreligion'' in 1598. It was borrowed into [[Dutch language|Dutch]] as {{lang|nl|irreligie}} in the 17th century, though it is not certain from which language.<ref name="INT">{{cite web |url=http://gtb.inl.nl/iWDB/search?actie=article_content&wdb=WNT&id=A009369 |title=Irreligie |work=[[Instituut voor Nederlandse Lexicologie]] |publisher=[[Instituut voor de Nederlandse Taal]] |date=2007 |access-date=29 January 2019 |archive-date=29 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190129181639/http://gtb.inl.nl/iWDB/search?actie=article_content&wdb=WNT&id=A009369|url-status=live }}</ref>

==Definition==
According to the [[encyclopedia]] ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica|Britannica]]'', the term irreligion is frequently characterized differently depending on context.<ref name=Britannica/> Sometimes, surveys of religious belief use lack of identification with a [[religion]] as a marker of irreligion.<ref name=Britannica/> This can be misleading: in some cases a person may identify with a religious cultural institution but not hold the doctrines of that institution or take part in its religious practice.<ref name=Britannica/>

Some scholars define irreligion as the active rejection of religion, as opposed to the mere absence of religion.<ref name=Britannica/> The ''Encyclopedia of Religion and Society'' defines it as: "Active rejection of religion in general or any of its more specific organized forms. It is thus distinct from the secular, which simply refers to the absence of religion. [...] In contemporary usage, it is increasingly employed as a synonym for unbelief [...]"<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|editor-last=Swatos|editor-first=William H. Jr.|title=Irreligion|first=Colin|last=Campbell|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Religion and Society|publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield|AltaMira Press]]|publication-place=[[Walnut Creek, California]]|date=1998|isbn=0-7619-8956-0|oclc=37361790|page=239|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6TMFoMFe-D8C&pg=PA239}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia|last=Campbell|first=Colin|editor-last=Swatos|editor-first=William H. Jr.|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Religion and Society|title=Irreligion|url=http://hirr.hartsem.edu/ency/irreligion.htm|location=[[Hartford International University for Religion and Peace|Hartford Institute for Religion Research]]|publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield|AltaMira Press]]|access-date=1 December 2024|archive-date=25 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525143631/http://hirr.hartsem.edu/ency/irreligion.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> Sociologist Colin Campbell also describes it as "deliberate indifference towards religion", in his 1971 ''Towards a Sociology of Irreligion''.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1474225X.2023.2292397|title=Increasing irreligious trends among a younger demographic in Ireland: are there potential benefits?|last=Mc Bennett|first=Padraig|date=31 January 2024|journal=International Journal for the Study of the Christian Church|volume=23 |issue=4 |pages=365–381 |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]|doi=10.1080/1474225X.2023.2292397|access-date=14 December 2024|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

The ''[[Oxford English Dictionary]]'' has two definitions, one of which is labelled [[Obsolescence|obsolete]] (first published in 1900).<ref name=OED/> It is want of religion; hostility to or disregard of religious principles; irreligious conduct.<ref name=OED/>

The ''[[Merriam Webster Dictionary]]'' defines it as "the quality or state of being irreligious" and "irreligious" as "neglectful of religion: lacking religious emotions, doctrines, or practices", also "indicating lack of religion".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-18 |title=Definition of IRRELIGIOUS |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/irreligious |access-date=2025-04-27 |website=www.merriam-webster.com |language=en}}</ref>

Also for "religion", there is no universally agreed-upon definition, even within the social sciences.<ref name=ZuckermanGalenPasqualebook2016/>{{rp|p=15}}

==Types==

* [[Agnostic atheism]] is a philosophical position that encompasses both [[atheism]] and [[agnosticism]]. Agnostic atheists are ''atheistic'' because they do not believe in the existence of any deity and ''agnostic'' because they claim that the existence of a [[deity]] is either unknowable in principle or unknown in fact.
* [[Agnosticism]] is the view that [[the existence of God]], the [[divinity|divine]], and the [[supernatural]] are unknown or [[Uncertainty|unknowable]].
* [[Alatrism]] or alatry ([[Greek language|Greek]]: from the privative ''ἀ''- + ''λατρεία (latreia)'' = worship) is the recognition of the existence of one or more gods, but with a deliberate lack of worship of any deity. Typically, it includes the belief that religious rituals have no supernatural significance and that gods ignore all prayers and worship.
* [[Anti-clericalism]] is opposition to religious authority, typically in social or political matters.
* [[Antireligion]] is opposition to or rejection of religion of any kind.
* [[Antitheism]] is the explicit opposition to [[theism]]. The term has had a range of applications. It typically refers to direct opposition to belief in any [[deity]].
* [[Apatheism]] is the attitude of [[apathy]] or indifference toward the existence or non-existence of any deity.
* [[Atheism]] is the lack of belief that any deities exist; in a narrower sense, positive atheism is specifically the position that there are factually no deities. There are ranges of [[negative and positive atheism]].
* "Cultural religion"<ref name=JohnsonZurlo2016/>{{rp|p=59}}
* [[Deism]] is a [[Philosophy|philosophical position]] and [[Natural theology|rationalistic theology]] that rejects [[revelation]] as a source of knowledge and asserts that [[Empirical evidence|empirical]] [[reason]] and [[observation]] of the [[Nature|natural world]] are exclusively logical, reliable, and sufficient to determine the existence of a [[God|Supreme Being]] as the [[Creator deity|creator of the universe]].
* [[Freethought]].<ref name=ZuckermanGalenPasqualebook2016/>{{rp|p=14}} It holds that positions regarding truth should be formed on the basis of logic, reason, and empiricism rather than authority, tradition, revelation, or [[dogma]].
* [[Ietsism]] is an unspecified belief in an undetermined [[Transcendence (religion)|transcendent]] reality.
* [[Ignosticism]], also known as ''igtheism'', is the idea that the question of the [[existence of God]] is meaningless because the word "God" has no coherent, unambiguous definition.
* [[Naturalism (philosophy)|Naturalism]] is the idea or belief that only natural (as opposed to supernatural or spiritual) laws and forces operate in the universe.
* [[New Atheism]] is the position of some atheist academics, writers, scientists, and philosophers of the 20th and 21st centuries, such as [[Richard Dawkins]], [[Sam Harris]], and [[Daniel Dennett]].
* Nones can be used to refer to those who are unaffiliated with any organized religion. This use derives from surveys of religious affiliation, in which "None" (or "None of the above") is typically the last choice. Since this status can be chosen because of lack of organizational affiliation or lack of personal belief, it is a more specific concept than irreligion. A 2015 [[Gallup, Inc.]] poll concluded that in the [[United States]] "nones" were growing as a percentage of the population, while Christians were declining and non-Christians also increasing but to a much lesser degree, since the 1950s.<ref name="gallup">{{cite web|url=https://news.gallup.com/poll/187955/percentage-christians-drifting-down-high.aspx|title=Percentage of Christians in U.S. Drifting Down, but Still High|date=24 December 2015|website=Gallup|first=Frank|last=Newport|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240106163050/https://news.gallup.com/poll/187955/percentage-christians-drifting-down-high.aspx|archive-date=Jan 6, 2024|access-date=14 December 2024}}</ref>
* [[Nontheism]]<ref name=ZuckermanGalenPasqualebook2016/>{{rp|p=14}}
* [[Post-theism]] is a variant of [[nontheism]] that proposes that the division of [[theism]] and [[atheism]] is obsolete and that the God-idea belongs to a stage of human development now past. Within nontheism, post-theism can be contrasted with [[antitheism]].
* [[Religious skepticism]] is a type of skepticism about religion.
* [[Secular ethics]] is a branch of moral philosophy in which ethics is based solely on human faculties, such as logic, empathy, reason, and ethical intuition, and not derived from belief in supernatural revelation or guidance—a source of ethics in many religions.
* [[Secular humanism]] is a system of thought that prioritizes human rather than divine matters.
* [[Secular liberalism]] is a form of [[liberalism]] in which secularist principles and values, and sometimes non-religious ethics, are especially emphasized.
* [[Secular paganism]] is an outlook that upholds the virtues and principles associated with [[paganism]] while maintaining a secular worldview.
* [[Secularism]]<ref name=ZuckermanGalenPasquale2016/><ref name=ZuckermanGalenPasqualebook2016/>{{rp|p=14}} is used to describe a political conviction in favor of minimizing religion in the public sphere that may be advocated for regardless of personal [[religiosity]]. Sometimes, especially in the United States, it is also a synonym for naturalism or atheism.<ref>[[Jacques Berlinerblau]], ''How to be Secular: A Call to Arms for Religious Freedom'' (2012, Houghton-Mifflin Harcourt). p. 53.</ref>
* "[[Spiritual but not religious]]" (SBNR) is a designation coined by [[Robert C. Fuller]] for people who reject traditional or [[organized religion]] but have strong metaphysical beliefs. The SBNR may be included under the definition of nonreligion,<ref>Zuckerman, Galen et al., p. 119.</ref> but are sometimes classified as a wholly distinct group.<ref>Zuckerman, Shook, (in bibliography), p. 575.</ref>
* [[Theological noncognitivism]] is the argument that religious language—specifically, words such as ''God''—are not cognitively meaningful. It is sometimes considered synonymous with [[ignosticism]].
* [[Transtheism]] refers to a system of thought or [[religious philosophy]] that is neither [[Theism|theistic]] nor [[Atheism|atheistic]] but beyond them.

==History==

In the early 1970s, Colin Campbell began a sociological study of irreligion.<ref name=ZuckermanGalenPasqualebook2016/>{{rp|p=13}}

==Human rights==
{{Main|Freedom of religion}}
In 1993, the [[United Nations Human Rights Committee]] declared that article 18 of the [[International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights]] "protects theistic, non-theistic and atheistic beliefs, as well as the right not to profess any religion or belief."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.minorityrights.org/3273/normative-instruments/ccpr-general-comment-22-300793-on-iccpr-article-18.html |title=CCPR General Comment 22: 30/07/93 on ICCPR Article 18 |work=Minority Rights Group |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150116043952/http://www.minorityrights.org/3273/normative-instruments/ccpr-general-comment-22-300793-on-iccpr-article-18.html |archive-date=2015-01-16 }}</ref> The committee further stated that "the freedom to have or to adopt a religion or belief necessarily entails the freedom to choose a religion or belief, including the right to replace one's current religion or belief with another or to adopt atheistic views." Signatories to the convention are barred from "the use of threat of physical force or penal sanctions to compel believers or non-believers" to recant their beliefs or convert.<ref name="fdih1">{{cite web|date=1 August 2003|title=Discrimination against religious minorities in Iran|publisher=International Federation for Human Rights|access-date=3 March 2009|url=http://www.fidh.org/IMG/pdf/ir0108a.pdf|archive-date=31 October 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061031221624/http://www.fidh.org/IMG/pdf/ir0108a.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.law2.byu.edu/lawreview/archives/2002/2/dav2.pdf |title=The Evolution of Religious Liberty as a Universal Human Right: Examining the Role of the 1981 United Nations Declaration on the Elimination of All Forms of Intolerance and of Discrimination Based on Religion or Belief |work=BYU Law Review |access-date=3 March 2009 |last=Davis |first=Derek H. |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723210828/http://www.law2.byu.edu/lawreview/archives/2002/2/dav2.pdf |archive-date=23 July 2011 }}</ref>

Most [[democracies]] protect the [[freedom of religion]] or belief, and it is largely implied in respective [[legal systems]] that those who do not believe or observe any religion are allowed [[freedom of thought]].

A noted exception to ambiguity, explicitly allowing non-religion, is Article 36 of the [[Constitution of China]] (as adopted in 1982), which states that "No state organ, public organization or individual may compel citizens to believe in, or not believe in, any religion; nor may they discriminate against citizens who believe in, or do not believe in, any religion."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hkhrm.org.hk/english/law/const03.html |title=Chapter two – the fundamental rights and duties of citizens |work=Constitution of the People's Republic of China |publisher=Hong Kong Human Rights Monitor |access-date=2013-06-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180323100707/http://www.hkhrm.org.hk/english/law/const03.html |archive-date=2018-03-23 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Article 46 of China's [[1978 Constitution of the People's Republic of China|1978 Constitution]] was even more explicit, stating that "Citizens enjoy freedom to believe in religion and freedom not to believe in religion and to propagate atheism."<ref>{{cite book|url=https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95_(1978%E5%B9%B4)#%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E7%AB%A0_%E5%85%AC%E6%B0%91%E7%9A%84%E5%9F%BA%E6%9C%AC%E6%9D%83%E5%88%A9%E5%92%8C%E4%B9%89%E5%8A%A1|via=Wikisource|trans-title=People's Republic of China 1978 Constitution|script-title=zh:中华人民共和国宪法 (1978年)|language=zh|year=1978|access-date=24 May 2021|archive-date=24 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210524133527/https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95_(1978%E5%B9%B4)#%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E7%AB%A0_%E5%85%AC%E6%B0%91%E7%9A%84%E5%9F%BA%E6%9C%AC%E6%9D%83%E5%88%A9%E5%92%8C%E4%B9%89%E5%8A%A1|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Demographics==
{{main|List of countries by irreligion}}
[[File:Countries by percentage of Unaffiliated–Pew Research 2010.svg|thumb|upright=2.5|[[Irreligion by country|Nonreligious population by country]], in 2010<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/religious-projection-table/|title=Religious Composition by Country, 2010–2050|date=2 April 2015|website=Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-27|archive-date=5 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190405134913/https://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/religious-projection-table/|url-status=live}}</ref>]]

Women, when in the [[labor force]], are similar to men in their [[religiosity]]. When out of the labor force, women tend to be more religious.<ref name="NationalGeographic2016">{{cite magazine |last=Bullard |first=Gabe |date=22 April 2016 |title=The World's Newest Major Religion: No Religion |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/article/160422-atheism-agnostic-secular-nones-rising-religion |access-date=9 December 2024 |magazine=[[National Geographic]] |publisher=[[National Geographic Society]]}}</ref>

In many countries censuses and demographic surveys do not separate atheists, agnostics and those responding "nothing in particular" as distinct populations.<ref name=JohnsonZurlo2016/>{{rp|p=60}} Both "religion" and "secular" are Western concepts and are not universal across cultures, languages, or time.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Eller |first1=David |title=Varieties of Secular Experience |journal=The Oxford Handbook of Secularism |date=2017 |pages=500–501, 512 |url=https://www.jimmunol.org/edited-volume/28028/chapter-abstract/211860078?redirectedFrom=fulltext |publisher=Oxford University Press|quote=It is commonplace today to note that the term “secular” is of Western origin—and not originally antagonistic to religion (“secular priests” were hardly averse to religion). Frankly, “secular” is not inherently related to religion at all: denoting “of the current age” or “of the present generation,” it could apply to any subject...Some societies, as anthropology has discovered, do not even have a term or concept for “religion” and therefore obviously do not have a concept akin to our “secular.” For the purposes of the present chapter, they do not have “secular experience” at all, since “the secular”—like religion—is nowhere and everywhere...What investigators can and should do is discover how particular groups, institutions, and societies talk about and practice secularism—if in fact they do at all—rather than to impose a speciously unified concept, derived from one society’s experience, on all places and times.}}</ref>

In 2020, of the global atheist and non-religious population, 78% live in Asia and the Pacific, while the remainder reside in Europe (10%), North America (6%), Latin America and the Caribbean (4%), sub-Saharan Africa (1.5%) and the Middle East and North Africa (.1%).<ref>{{cite web |last1=Fahmy |first1=Conrad Hackett, Marcin Stonawski, Yunping Tong, Stephanie Kramer, Anne Shi and Dalia |title=Religiously Unaffiliated Population Change |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2025/06/09/religiously-unaffiliated-population-change/ |website=Pew Research Center |date=9 June 2025}}</ref> Eleven countries have nonreligious majorities. In 2020, the countries with the highest percentage of "Non-Religious" ("Term encompassing both (a) agnostics; and (b) atheists") were [[North Korea]], the [[Czech Republic]] and [[Estonia]].<ref>{{cite web|author=|title=World Religion|publisher=Association of Religion Data Archives|url=https://www.thearda.com/world-religion/np-sort?var=ADH_704&var=ADH_1679|access-date=30 November 2024}}</ref> According to the 2018 Chinese General Social Survey, China had the largest count of unaffiliated people: about one billion adults.<ref name=PewAugust2023>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2023/08/30/is-china-a-religious-country-or-not-its-a-tricky-question-to-answer/|title=Is China a religious country or not? It's a tricky question to answer |last=Hackett|first=Conrad |date=30 August 2023|website=[[Pew Research Center]]|publisher=[[The Pew Charitable Trusts]]|access-date=7 December 2024|quote=Yet religion still permeates the everyday lives of many Chinese people who do not claim a religion. Among the total population, minority shares say they believe in religious figures and supernatural forces. But most Chinese people engage in practices premised on belief in unseen forces and spirits. Chinese people, in other words, are more religious in their practices than in their identities or beliefs...Based on common survey measures of formal religion (zongjiao), China is not a very religious country. In fact, based on the ideology of the ruling Chinese Community Party, China is an atheist nation. And yet, based on common behaviors, China is a country in which religion, broadly understood, continues to play a significant role in the lives of a large share of the population.}}</ref> According to Pew Research in 2025, China alone makes up 67% of the global religiously unaffiliated demographic.<ref name="unaf 2025">{{cite web |last1=Fahmy |first1=Conrad Hackett, Marcin Stonawski, Yunping Tong, Stephanie Kramer, Anne Shi and Dalia |title=Religiously Unaffiliated Population Change |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2025/06/09/religiously-unaffiliated-population-change/ |website=Pew Research Center |date=9 June 2025 |quote=As of 2020, the majority of people with no religious affiliation live in the Asia-Pacific region, mostly in China. (The Chinese government promotes atheism.. About 78% of all religiously unaffiliated people worldwide reside in the Asia-Pacific region, down from 83% in 2010...China is home to 67% of the world's religiously unaffiliated people}}</ref> Some broadly religious practices continue to play a significant role in the lives of a substantial shares of the Chinese population.<ref name=PewAugust2023/> The Asia-Pacific region alone accounts for 78% of the global unaffiliated demographic.<ref name="unaf 2025" />

Determining objective irreligion, as part of societal or individual levels of [[secularity]] and religiosity, requires a high degree of [[cultural sensitivity]] from [[researchers]]. This is especially so outside the [[Western world]], where the concepts of "religious" and "secular" are not necessarily rooted in local [[culture]] or even exist.<ref name=ZuckermanGalenPasqualebook2016/>{{rp|p=31–34}} "Cultural religion" is a vivid reality.<ref name=JohnsonZurlo2016/>{{rp|p=59}} It must be taken into account when trying to ascertain the numeric strength of atheism and agnosticism in a country.<ref name=JohnsonZurlo2016/>{{rp|p=59}} It is generally not considered more important than self-identification measures.<ref name=JohnsonZurlo2016/>{{rp|p=59}} Non-religious people can be found in religious categories.<ref name=JohnsonZurlo2016/>{{rp|p=59}} And many of the unaffiliated still hold religious beliefs or practices.<ref name="glo" /><ref name="asi" /><ref name="East" /> This is especially the case where religion has very deep-seated religious roots in a culture, such as with Christianity in Europe, Islam in the Middle East, Hinduism in India, and Buddhism in South-east Asia.<ref name=JohnsonZurlo2016/>{{rp|p=59}} For instance, [[Scandinavia]]n countries have among the highest measures of nonreligiosity and even atheism in [[Europe]]. For example, 58% of the [[Demographics of Sweden|Swedish population]] identify with the [[Church of Sweden]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.svenskakyrkan.se/statistik|title=Svenska kyrkan i siffror|website=www.svenskakyrkan.se|date=11 November 2024|language=Swedish|archive-date=1 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171101191748/https://www.svenskakyrkan.se/statistik|url-status=live|access-date=30 November 2024}}</ref> Yet, 47% of atheists who live in those countries are still formally members of the national churches.<ref>{{cite book|editor1-last=Zuckerman|editor1-first=Phil|title=Atheism and Secularity Vol.2|date=2010|publisher=Praeger|isbn=978-0313351815|chapter=Ch. 9 Atheism And Secularity: The Scandinavian Paradox|page=191}}</ref> In much of [[East Asia]], ritual behavior holds greater salience than belief.<ref name=ZuckermanGalenPasqualebook2016/>{{rp|p=31}} China has [[state atheism]] and is a Leninist religious state, which maintains dominance over all other religions.<ref name=Britannica/><ref name=Kuo2017OxfordAcademic/><ref name=Kuo2017/>{{rp|p=1}} About 85% of its population practice various kinds of religious behaviors with some regularity.<ref name=Kuo2017/>{{rp|p=2}} Many East Asians identify as "without religion" ({{Transliteration|zh|wú zōngjiào}} in Chinese, {{Transliteration|ja|mu shūkyō}} in Japanese, {{Transliteration|ko|mu jong-gyo}} in [[Korean language|Korean]]), but "religion" in that context refers only to [[Buddhism]] or Christianity. Most of the people "without religion" practice [[Shinto]] and other [[folk religion]]s. In the [[Muslim world]], those who claim to be "not religious" mostly imply not strictly observing Islam, and in [[Israel]], being "[[Hiloni|secular]]" means not strictly observing [[Orthodox Judaism]]. Vice versa, many [[American Jews]] share the worldviews of nonreligious people though affiliated with a Jewish denomination, and in [[Russia]], growing identification with [[Eastern Orthodoxy]] is mainly motivated by cultural and nationalist considerations, without much concrete belief.<ref>Zuckerman, Galen et al., "Secularity Around the World". pp. 30–32, 37–40, 44, 50–51.</ref> In the United States, the majority of the "Nones", those without a religious affiliation, have belief in a god or higher power, spiritual forces beyond the natural world, and souls.<ref>{{cite web |title=Are all religiously unaffiliated adults in the US nonbelievers? |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2024/01/24/are-all-nones-nonbelievers/ |website=Pew Research Center |date=January 24, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240128115906/https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2024/01/24/are-all-nones-nonbelievers/ |archive-date=January 28, 2024 |quote=Not all 'nones' are nonbelievers. Far from it. While the "nones" include many nonbelievers, 70% of "nones" say they believe in God or another higher power, and 63% say they believe in spiritual forces beyond the natural world...Roughly two-thirds of “nones” say they think humans have souls or spirits in addition to their physical bodies. This includes 60% of agnostics and 78% of U.S. adults whose religion is “nothing in particular.” By comparison, 31% of atheists believe a person has a soul or spirit in addition to a body.}}</ref> Even 23% of self-identified atheists believe in a [[higher power]], but not a god as described in the bible.<ref name="Pew 2">{{cite web |last1=Lipka |first1=Michael |last2=Tevington |first2=Patricia |last3=Starr |first3=Kelsey |title=8 facts about Atheists |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2024/02/07/8-facts-about-atheists/|website=Pew Research Center |date=7 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240510084502/https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2024/02/07/8-facts-about-atheists/ |archive-date=May 10, 2024 |quote=About three-quarters of U.S. atheists (77%) do not believe in God or a higher power or in a spiritual force of any kind, according to our summer 2023 survey. At the same time, 23% say they do believe in a higher power of some kind, though fewer than 1% of U.S. atheists say they believe in “God as described in the Bible.” This shows that not all self-described atheists fit the literal definition of “atheist,” which is “a person who does not believe in the existence of a god or any gods,” according to Merriam-Webster.}}</ref> A 2024 report by Pew on Hong Kong, Japan, South Korea, Taiwan and Vietnam found that though many in those countries are not affiliated with any religion, many of the unaffiliated still have beliefs in gods or unseen beings and engage in religious practices.<ref name="East" /> According to Pew in 2023, many unaffiliated Chinese believe in deities or other religious beliefs and participate in religious practicies.<ref name=PewAugust2023/><ref>{{cite web |last1=Nadeem |first1=Reem |title=Non-religion in China |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2023/08/30/non-religion/ |website=Pew Research Center |date=30 August 2023 |quote=Nearly 4 in 10 Chinese believe in one or more deities..In China, many adults without zongjiao [religious] affiliation engage in traditional religious beliefs and practices.}}</ref>

Secular people are complex and not always devoid of religious or spiritual involvement.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Blankholm |first1=Joseph |title=The Secular Paradox : On the Religiosity of the Not Religious |date=2022 |publisher=New York University Press |location=New York |isbn=9781479809509 }}</ref> They persist in various forms of religiosity and spirituality.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fuller |first1=Robert C. |title=Secular Spirituality |journal=The Oxford Handbook of Secularism |date=2017 |pages=571–586 |url=https://academic.oup.com/edited-volume/28028/chapter/211861053 |publisher=Oxford University Press |language=en}}</ref> "Secular churches" or "atheist churches" such as [[Sunday Assembly]] and others have emerged in multiple countries (e.g. USA, Britain, Australia) which deal with community needs that religious services often provide.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Frost |first1=Jacqui |title=Inside the "secular churches" that fill a need for some nonreligious Americans - CBS News |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/secular-churches-atheist-congregations-sunday-assembly-worship-oasis/ |work=www.cbsnews.com |publisher=CBS News |date=11 January 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Sanburn |first1=Josh |title=Atheist "Churches" Gain Popularity—Even in the Bible Belt |url=https://time.com/3028061/atheist-churches-gain-popularity-even-in-the-bible-belt/ |magazine=TIME |language=en |date=24 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Wheeler |first1=Brian |title=What happens at an atheist church? |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-21319945 |website=BBC News |date=4 February 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Winter |first1=Caroline |title=Church for atheists comes to Australia |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2013-11-09/church-for-atheists-comes-to-australia/5080996 |website=ABC News |language=en-AU |date=9 November 2013}}</ref> Atheists are diverse with some engaging spiritual practice and others having strong beliefs in that they seek to evangelize to others.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Frost |first1=Jacqui |title=Religion for Atheists? Transhumanism, Mindfulness, and Atheist Churches |journal=The Cambridge History of Atheism |date=2021 |pages=1080–1094 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/cambridge-history-of-atheism/religion-for-atheists-transhumanism-mindfulness-and-atheist-churches/3373F661578F30E4D1AAD51155823FA9 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |doi=10.1017/9781108562324.059 |isbn=978-1-108-56232-4 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> [[Nontheistic religion]]s such as Buddhism, Jainism, along with atheistic schools in Hinduism, and other Indian schools like Carvaka, Ajivika have played a significant part in Asian cultures for millennia.<ref name="SigneCohen" /> [[Anthropologist]] Jack David Eller states that "atheism is quite a common position, even within religion" and that "surprisingly, atheism is not the opposite or lack, let alone the enemy, of religion but is the most common form of religion."<ref name="Eller">{{cite book|last=Eller|first=Jack|title=Atheism and Secularity Vol.1: Issues, Concepts, Definitions|year=2010|publisher=Praeger|isbn=9780313351839|editor=Phil Zuckerman|chapter=1. What Is Atheism?}}</ref> In the Czech Republic, one of the most secular countries in the world, most nonbelievers are not atheists but are more religious skeptics fulfill their spiritual needs outside of traditional religion.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Furstova |first1=Jana |last2=Malinakova |first2=Klara |last3=Sigmundova |first3=Dagmar |last4=Tavel |first4=Peter |title=Czech Out the Atheists: A Representative Study of Religiosity in the Czech Republic |journal=The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion |date=2 October 2021 |volume=31 |issue=4 |pages=288–306 |doi=10.1080/10508619.2020.1844967 |quote=According to Nesporova and Nespor (2009), those Czechs who do not identify themselves with any church or who refuse to answer the question (in the national census) about their religious beliefs tend to have supernatural beliefs. Even among religiously unaffiliated Czechs, 52% believe in at least one of the following concepts: the existence of the soul (44%), fate (43%), miracles (37%), heaven (27%), magic, sorcery or witchcraft (24%), reincarnation (23%), the evil eye (21%) or hell (19%) (Evans, 2017). According to Janu et al. (2018), secular Czechs do not distinguish between God and evil spirits and perceive them jointly as supernatural forces. Overall, Czechs are much more likely to believe in the existence of the soul and fate than they are to believe in God (Evans, 2017). For Czechs, their search for spirituality can be referred to as “believing without belonging”, very often even accompanied by strong anti-church feelings (Davie, 2000; Luzny & Navratilova, 2001; Nespor, 2004). This even results in people declaring themselves nonbelievers, even though they simply mean that they are not church members (Nespor, 2004; Vaclavik, 2014)."(289-290)...The authors have shown that the respondents’ religious upbringing is a very important factor in their present religious beliefs. The link between the religiosity of the respondents and their sociodemographic characteristics is not very strong, except for education. A high percentage of Czech believers are not members of a church and seldom attend religious services or pray. They resemble Christians in Western Europe in their practice and in their views. The authors also argue that Czech nonbelievers are actually not atheists; they are just religious skeptics who tend to fulfill their spiritual needs outside traditional religion.}}</ref>

In 2014, [[Phil Zuckerman|Zuckerman]], Galen and Pasquale estimated there were 400 million nonreligious or nontheistic people.<ref name=ZuckermanGalenPasquale2016chapter2/> In their 2013 essay, Ariela Keysar and Juhem Navarro-Rivera estimated there were about 450 to 500 million nonbelievers, including both "positive" and "negative" atheists, or approximately 7% of the world population.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://academic.oup.com/edited-volume/37199|title=36 A World of Atheism: Global Demographics|author=|website=Oxford Academic|date=2013 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199644650.013.011|isbn=978-0-19-964465-0 |access-date=9 December 2024}}</ref> These estimates come from the [[International Social Survey Programme]] 2008 survey in which 40 countries took part.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.prri.org/academic/book-chapter-world-atheism-global-demographics/|title=Book Chapter The Oxford Handbook of Atheism|author=|date=31 January 2014|publisher=[[Public Religion Research Institute]] (PRRI)|access-date=9 December 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161209075803/https://www.prri.org/academic/book-chapter-world-atheism-global-demographics/|archive-date=2016-12-09}}</ref> In 2010, the religiously unaffiliated numbered more than 1.1 billion (around 1,126,500,000 persons), about one-in-six people (16.3% of an estimated 6,9 billion [[world population]]), according to [[Pew Research Center]].<ref name="Pew Global"/><ref name=Pew2012/><ref name=Pew2012pdf/>{{rp|p=24}}{{rp|p=25}} In Pew reports, "unaffiliated" are atheists, agnostics, and people who checked "nothing in particular".<ref name=JohnsonZurlo2016/>{{rp|p=60}} 76% of them resided in one of the six regions: [[Asia]]-Pacific.<ref name="Pew2012" /><ref name=Pew2012pdf/>{{rp|p=25}} A 2012 [[WIN/GIA|WIN/Gallup International]] report on a poll from 57 countries reported that 59% of the world's population identified as a religious person, 23% as not a religious person, 13% as "convinced atheists", and also a 9% decrease in identification as "religious" when compared to the 2005 average from 39 countries.<ref name="GallupInt2012">{{cite web|url=http://redcresearch.ie/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/RED-C-press-release-Religion-and-Atheism-25-7-12.pdf |title=Global Index of Religion and Atheism |publisher=WIN/Gallup International |access-date=13 January 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121016062403/http://redcresearch.ie/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/RED-C-press-release-Religion-and-Atheism-25-7-12.pdf |archive-date=16 October 2012}}</ref> A 2015 WIN/Gallup International poll found that 63% of the globe identified as a religious person, 22% as not a religious person, and 11% as "convinced atheists".<ref name=GallupInt2015>{{cite web|title=Losing our Religion? Two Thirds of People Still Claim to be Religious|date=13 April 2015 |publisher=WIN/Gallup International |url=http://www.wingia.com/web/files/news/290/file/290.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150430232945/http://www.wingia.com/web/files/news/290/file/290.pdf|archive-date=30 April 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Their 2016 survey found that 62% of the globe identified as a religious person, less than 25% as not a religious person, 9% others as "convinced atheists" and 5% others "Do not know/no response".<ref name="WIN/GallupInternational2016"/> Keysar and Navarro-Rivera advised caution with these figures since other surveys have consistently reached lower figures for the number of atheists worldwide.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Keysar|first1=Ariela|last2=Navarro-Rivera|first2=Juhem|editor1-last=Bullivant|editor1-first=Stephen|editor2-last=Ruse|editor2-first=Michael|title=The Oxford Handbook of Atheism|date=1 October 2013|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0199644650|chapter=36. A World of Atheism: Global Demographics|url=https://academic.oup.com/edited-volume/37199/chapter-abstract/327369979|pages=553–586|access-date=9 December 2024}}</ref>{{rp|p=553}}{{rp|p=554}}

Inverse association between [[Religiosity and intelligence|intelligence and religiosity]], and the inverse correlation between intelligence and [[fertility]] might lead to a decline in non-religious identity (contra-secularization hypothesis) in the foreseeable future.<ref name=EvolutionaryPsychologicalScience2017/><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Ellis|first1=Lee|last2=Hoskin|first2=Anthony W.|last3=Dutton|first3=Edward|last4=Nyborg|first4=Helmuth|title=The Future of Secularism: a Biologically Informed Theory Supplemented with Cross-Cultural Evidence|journal=Evolutionary Psychological Science|date=8 March 2017|volume=3|issue=3|pages=224–242|doi=10.1007/s40806-017-0090-z|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/314324341|access-date=7 December 2024}}</ref>{{rp|p=2}} In 2007, sociologist [[Phil Zuckerman]]'s global studies on atheism have indicated that global atheism may be in decline due to irreligious countries having the lowest birth rates in the world and religious countries having higher birth rates in general.<ref name=zucker>{{cite book|last1=Zuckerman|first1=Phil|editor1-last=Martin|editor1-first=Michael|title=The Cambridge Companion to Atheism|url=https://archive.org/details/cambridgecompani00mart_852|url-access=limited|date=2007|publisher=Cambridge Univ. Press|isbn=978-0521603676|page=[https://archive.org/details/cambridgecompani00mart_852/page/n79 59]}}</ref> A Pew 2015 global projection study for religion and nonreligion, projected that between 2010 and 2050, there will be some initial increases of the unaffiliated followed by a decline by 2050.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Future of World Religions: Population Growth Projections, 2010–2050|url=http://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/religious-projections-2010-2050/|publisher=Pew Research Center|date=5 April 2012|access-date=18 May 2015|archive-date=25 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225050553/http://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/religious-projections-2010-2050/|url-status=live}}</ref> Some theorists think religion will fade away but Pew reveals a more complicated picture.<ref name=Pew2022/> Pew predicts the unaffiliated share of the [[world population]] will decrease, at least for a while, from 16.4% to 13.2% by 2050.<ref name=Pew2015>{{cite web|last=Lipka|first=Michael|title=7 key changes in the global religious landscape|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2015/04/02/7-key-changes-in-the-global-religious-landscape/|website=[[Pew Research Center]]|date=2 April 2015|archive-date=19 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119170649/https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2015/04/02/7-key-changes-in-the-global-religious-landscape/|url-status=live|access-date=1 December 2024}}</ref><ref name=Pew2022/> Pew states that religious areas are experiencing the fastest growth because of higher fertility and younger populations.<ref name=Pew2022/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2018/06/13/the-age-gap-in-religion-around-the-world/|title=The Age Gap in Religion Around the World|author=|date=13 June 2018|website=[[Pew Research Center]]|access-date=1 December 2024}}</ref> By 2060, Pew says the number of unaffiliated will increase by over 35 million, but the overall population-percentage will decrease to 13% because the total population will grow faster.<ref>{{cite web|title=Why People With No Religion Are Projected To Decline As A Share Of The World's Population|url=http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2015/04/03/why-people-with-no-religion-are-projected-to-decline-as-a-share-of-the-worlds-population/|publisher=Pew Research Center|date=7 April 2017|access-date=29 June 2015|archive-date=1 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150701075906/http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2015/04/03/why-people-with-no-religion-are-projected-to-decline-as-a-share-of-the-worlds-population/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Changing Global Religious Landscape: Babies Born to Muslims will Begin to Outnumber Christian Births by 2035; People with No Religion Face a Birth Dearth |website=Pew Research Center |date=5 April 2017 |url=http://www.pewforum.org/2017/04/05/the-changing-global-religious-landscape/ |access-date=2 June 2018 |archive-date=6 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170406033738/http://www.pewforum.org/2017/04/05/the-changing-global-religious-landscape/ |url-status=live }}</ref> This would be mostly because of relatively [[Population ageing|old age]] and [[Sub-replacement fertility|low fertility rates]] in less religious societies such as [[East Asia]], particularly [[China]] and [[Japan]], but also [[Western Europe]].<ref name=Pew2015/><ref name=Britannica/> By 2019, 43 out of 49 countries studied continued to become less religious.<ref name=InglehartForeignAffairs2020/>{{rp|p=110}}<ref name=InglehartWorldValuesSurvey2021/>

Relatively few unbelievers select ‘Atheist’ or ‘Agnostic’ as their preferred (non)religious or secular identity.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://research.kent.ac.uk/understandingunbelief/wp-content/uploads/sites/1816/2019/05/UUReportRome.pdf|title=Understanding Unbelief Atheists and agnostics around the world|last1=Bullivant|first1=Stephen|last2=Farias|first2=Miguel|last3=Lanman|first3=Jonathan|last4=Lee|first4=Lois|date=28 May 2019|website=[[University of Kent]]|publisher=[[St Mary's University, Twickenham]]|access-date=14 December 2024}}</ref>{{rp|p=3}} Being nonreligious is not necessarily equivalent to being an atheist or agnostic. Many of the nonreligious have some religious beliefs.<ref name=Pew2012/><ref name=Pew2012pdf/>{{rp|p=24}} Also, some of the unaffiliated engage in certain kinds of religious practices.<ref name=Pew2012/><ref name=Pew2012pdf/>{{rp|p=24}} For example, "belief in God or a higher power is shared by 7% of Chinese unaffiliated adults, 30% of French unaffiliated adults and 68% of unaffiliated U.S. adults.<ref name=Pew2012/><ref name=Pew2012pdf/>{{rp|p=24}} Being unaffiliated with a religion on polls does not automatically mean objectively nonreligious since there are, for example, unaffiliated people who fall under religious measures, just as some unbelievers may still attend a church or other place of worship.<ref name=JohnsonZurlo2016/>{{Pages needed|date=November 2024}} Out of the global nonreligious population, 76.2% reside in Asia-Pacific, while the remainder reside in [[Europe]] (12%), [[North America]] (5.2%), [[Latin America]] and the [[Caribbean]] (4%), [[sub-Saharan Africa]] (2.4%) and the [[Middle East]] and [[North Africa]] (0.2%).<ref name=Pew2012/><ref name=Pew2012pdf/>{{rp|p=24}}

===2020 Population Estimate===
Irreligious individuals constitute 24.2% of the global population, with a total population of 1,905,360,000. 88.5% of this irreligious population is concentrated in ten countries, ranked by the size of their respective populations: [[China]], the [[United States]], [[Japan]], [[Vietnam]], [[Germany]], [[Russia]], [[Brazil]], [[France]], the [[United Kingdom]], and [[South Korea]]. China hosts more than 1,270,000,000; the United States more than 100,000,000; Japan more than 70,000,000; Vietnam more than 60,000,000; Germany more than 30,000,000; and Russia, Brazil, France, the United Kingdom, and South Korea each contain more than 20,000,000 irreligious individuals.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2025/06/09/religiously-unaffiliated-population-change/|title=How the Global Religious Landscape Changed From 2010 to 2020: 4. Religiously unaffiliated population change|date=9 June 2025|access-date=11 February 2026|website=[[Pew Research Center]]}}</ref>

==Historical trends==
[[File:Abandoned uniting church.jpg|thumb|An abandoned church in Australia]]
Since 2007, there has been a sharp trend away from religion.<ref name=InglehartWorldValuesSurvey2021/><ref name=InglehartForeignAffairs2020/> From about 2007 to 2019, 43 out of 49 countries studied became less religious.<ref name=InglehartWorldValuesSurvey2021/>
Past influential thinkers from [[Karl Marx]] to [[Max Weber]] to [[Émile Durkheim]] thought that the spread of scientific knowledge would dispel religion throughout the world.<ref name=InglehartForeignAffairs2020/>{{rp|p=112}} Industrialization also didn't cause religion to disappear.<ref name=InglehartForeignAffairs2020/>{{rp|p=110}} [[Political science|Political scientists]] [[Ronald Inglehart]] and [[Pippa Norris]] argue faith is "more emotional than cognitive", and both advance an alternative thesis termed "existential security." They postulate that rather than knowledge or ignorance of scientific learning, it is the weakness or vulnerability of a society that determines religiosity. They claim that increased poverty and chaos make religious values more important to a society, while wealth and security diminish its role. As need for religious support diminishes, there is less willingness to "accept its constraints, including keeping women in the kitchen and gay people in the closet".<ref name="Ikenberry-review-2004">{{cite journal |last1=Ikenberry |first1=G. John |title=Book review. Sacred and Secular: Religion and Politics Worldwide |journal=Foreign Affairs |date=November–December 2004 |volume=83 |issue=November/December 2004 |doi=10.2307/20034150 |jstor=20034150 |url=https://www.foreignaffairs.com/reviews/capsule-review/2004-11-01/sacred-and-secular-religion-and-politics-worldwide |access-date=20 September 2020 |archive-date=1 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200901222649/https://www.foreignaffairs.com/reviews/capsule-review/2004-11-01/sacred-and-secular-religion-and-politics-worldwide |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref>

===Prior to the 1980s===
Rates of people identifying as non-religious began rising in most societies at least as early as the turn of the 20th century.<ref name="nones">{{cite journal |last1=Vernon |first1=Glenn M. |title=The Religious "Nones": A Neglected Category |journal=Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion |date=1968 |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=219–229 |doi=10.2307/1384629|jstor=1384629 }}</ref> In 1968, sociologist Glenn M. Vernon wrote that [[United States census|US census]] respondents who identified as "no religion" were insufficiently defined because they were [[Definition#problems|defined in terms of a negative]]. He contrasted the label with the term "independent" for political affiliation, which still includes people who participate in [[Civic engagement|civic activities]]. He suggested this difficulty in definition was partially due to the dilemma of defining religious activity beyond membership, attendance, or other identification with a formal religious group.<ref name="nones"/> During the 1970s, social scientists still tended to describe irreligion from a perspective that considered religion as normative for humans. Irreligion was described in terms of hostility, reactivity, or indifference toward religion or as developing from radical theologies.<ref name=schumaker>{{cite book |last1=Schumaker |first1=John F. |title=Religion and Mental Health |date=1992 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New York |isbn=0-19-506985-4 |page=54}}</ref>

===1981–2019===
{{One source section
| date = July 2022
}}
In a study of religious trends in 49 countries (they contained 60 percent of the world's population) from 1981 to 2007, Inglehart and Norris found an overall, but not universal, increase in religiosity.<ref name=InglehartForeignAffairs2020/>{{rp|p=110}} Respondents in 33 of 49 countries rated themselves higher on a scale from one to ten when asked how important God was in their lives. This increase occurred in most former communist and developing countries. Most high-income countries became less religious.<ref name=InglehartForeignAffairs2020/>{{rp|p=112}} A sharp reversal of the global trend occurred from 2007 to 2019, when 43 out of 49 countries studied became less religious. This reversal appeared across most of the world.<ref name=InglehartForeignAffairs2020/> The decline in belief was not confined to [[World Bank high-income economy|high-income countries]] and appeared across most of the [[Earth|world]].<ref name=InglehartWorldValuesSurvey2021/> In virtually every high-income country, religion has continued to decline.<ref name=InglehartForeignAffairs2020/>{{rp|p=112}} At the same time, many [[Least developed countries|poor countries]], together with most of the former communist states, have also become less religious.<ref name=InglehartForeignAffairs2020/>{{rp|p=112}} From 2007 to 2019, only five countries became more religious, whereas the vast majority of the countries studied moved in the opposite direction.<ref name=InglehartForeignAffairs2020/>{{rp|p=112}} India is the most important exception to the general pattern of declining [[religiosity]].<ref name=InglehartForeignAffairs2020/>{{rp|p=112}} The United States was a dramatic example of declining religiosity{{snd}}with the mean rating of importance of religion dropping from 8.2 to 4.6{{snd}}while India was a major exception. Research in 1989 recorded disparities in religious adherence for different faith groups, with people from Christian and tribal traditions leaving religion at a greater rate than those from Muslim, Hindu, or Buddhist faiths.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Duke |first1=James T. |last2=Johnson |first2=Barry L. |title=The Stages of Religious Transformation: A Study of 200 Nations |journal=[[Review of Religious Research]] |date=1989 |volume=30 |issue=3 |pages=209–224 |doi=10.2307/3511506|jstor=3511506 }}</ref>

Inglehart and Norris speculate that the decline in religiosity comes from a decline in the social need for traditional [[gender]] and [[sexual norms]], ("virtually all world religions instilled" pro-fertility norms such as "producing as many children as possible and discouraged [[divorce]], [[abortion]], [[homosexuality]], [[contraception]], and any [[sexual behavior]] not linked to [[reproduction]]" in their adherents for centuries) as [[life expectancy]] rose and [[infant mortality]] dropped. They also argue that the idea that religion was necessary to prevent a collapse of [[social cohesion]] and [[public morality]] was belied by lower levels of [[corruption]] and [[murder]] in less religious countries. They argue that both of these trends are based on the theory that as societies develop, survival becomes more secure: [[starvation]], once pervasive, becomes uncommon; life expectancy increases; murder and other forms of [[violence]] diminish. As this level of security rises, there is less social/economic need for the high birthrates that religion encourages and less emotional need for the comfort of religious belief.<ref name=InglehartForeignAffairs2020/> Change in acceptance of "divorce, abortion, and homosexuality" has been measured by the [[World Values Survey]] and shown to have grown throughout the world outside of [[Muslim-majority countries]].<ref name=InglehartForeignAffairs2020/> Several very comprehensive surveys in the [[Middle East]] and [[Iran]] have come to similar conclusions: there is an increase in secularization and growing calls for reforms in religious political institutions.<ref>{{cite news |last=Holleis|first=Jennifer|date=2 April 2021|title=Middle East: Are people losing their religion?|url=https://www.dw.com/en/middle-east-are-people-losing-their-religion/a-56442163|work=[[Deutsche Welle]]|access-date=14 December 2024}}</ref>

==See also==

* [[Apostasy]]
* [[Faith deconstruction]]
* [[Growth of religion]]
* [[Importance of religion by country]]
* [[Infidel]]
* [[Laїcité]]
* [[Pantheism]]
* [[Secular religion]]
* [[Atheism]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

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|title=The Nonreligious: Understanding Secular People and Societies
|location=New York
|publisher=Oxford University Press
|doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199924950.001.0001
|isbn=978-0-19-992494-3
}}
* {{cite book
|last1=Zuckerman
|first1=Phil
|author1-link=Phil Zuckerman
|last2=Shook
|first2=John R.
|year=2017
|chapter=Introduction: The Study of Secularism
|editor1-last=Zuckerman
|editor1-first=Phil
|editor1-link=Phil Zuckerman
|editor2-last=Shook
|editor2-first=John R.
|title=The Oxford Handbook of Secularism
|location=New York
|publisher=Oxford University Press
|pages=1–17
|doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199988457.013.1
|isbn=978-0-19-998845-7
}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Irreligion}}
* The ''[https://research.kent.ac.uk/understandingunbelief/ Understanding Unbelief]'' program in the [[University of Kent]].
* [http://www.bbc.com/future/story/20141219-will-religion-ever-disappear "Will religion ever disappear?"], from BBC Future, by [[Rachel Nuwer]], in December 2014

{{Portal bar|Philosophy|Religion}}

{{Irreligion}}
{{Religion topics|topics}}

[[Category:Irreligion| ]]

Lilima Minz

2026-04-13T03:21:46Z

CelestaWolf314: starting some post needs work

{{Short description|Indian field hockey player (born 1994)}}
{{Prose|date=August 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox field hockey player
| name = Lilima Minz
| image =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1994|4|10|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Odisha]], India
| height = 1.58 m
| weight = 52 kg
| position = Defender
| currentclub = [[Odisha]], [[Railway]]
| nationalyears1 = 2011–
| nationalteam1 = [[India women's national field hockey team|India]]
| nationalcaps1 = 155
| nationalgoals1 = 12
| medaltemplates =
{{MedalSport|Women's [[field hockey]]}}
{{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Field hockey at the Asian Games|Asian Games]]}}
{{MedalSilver|[[Field hockey at the 2018 Asian Games|2018 Jakarta]]|[[Field hockey at the 2018 Asian Games – Women|Team]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[Field hockey at the 2014 Asian Games|2014 Incheon]]|[[Field hockey at the 2014 Asian Games – Women|Team]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Women's Hockey Asia Cup|Asia Cup]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2017 Women's Hockey Asia Cup|2017 Gifu]]|Team}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Women's Asian Champions Trophy|Asian Champions Trophy]]}}
{{MedalSilver|[[2018 Women's Asian Champions Trophy|2018 Donghae]]|}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Women's Hockey Junior World Cup|Junior World Cup]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2013 Women's Hockey Junior World Cup|2013 Mönchengladbach]]|}}
}}

'''Lilima Minz''' (born 10 April 1994) is an Indian female [[field hockey]] player.<ref>{{cite web |title=Four Odisha players part of Olympic-bound women's hockey squad |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/hockey/top-stories/Four-Odisha-players-part-of-Olympic-bound-womens-hockey-squad/articleshow/53177569.cms |website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date=12 July 2016 |accessdate=30 July 2016}}</ref> Lilima hails from Bihabandh-Tanatoli village, Lanjiberna Block, [[Sundargarh District]] of [[Odisha]]. She is a product of Sports Hostel, [[Panposh]], [[Rourkela]], [[Odisha]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Hockey cradle celebrates Rio entry |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/Hockey-cradle-celebrates-Rio-entry/2016/07/13/article3526839.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160715084332/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/Hockey-cradle-celebrates-Rio-entry/2016/07/13/article3526839.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 July 2016 |website=newindianexpress.com |accessdate=31 July 2016}}</ref><ref name="Senior Women Core Probables">{{cite web |title=Senior Women Core Probables |url=http://hockeyindia.org/team/lilima-minz-2.html |website=hockeyindia.org |accessdate=1 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160914134825/http://hockeyindia.org/team/lilima-minz-2.html |archive-date=14 September 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Career==
Lilima Minz, born on 10 April 1994, trained at the Sports Hostel, [[Panposh]], [[Rourkela]], [[Odisha]]. Lilima represented Indian senior team for the first time in 2011 during a four-nation tournament in [[Argentina]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/hockey-india-congratulates-lilima-minz-on-completing-100-international-caps-118030600426_1.html |title=Hockey India congratulates Lilima Minz on completing 100 International Caps |date=6 March 2018 |newspaper=Business Standard India |accessdate=28 July 2018}}</ref> She was part of Indian women hockey's team that won the bronze medal in junior's hockey world cup for the first time in 2013.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://mycitylinks.in/mycitylive/these-are-the-6-women-from-odisha-who-are-all-set-to-make-it-big-in-the-olympics/ |title=6 SportsWomen From Odisha Who Are All Set To Make It Big In The Rio Olympics! |last=Panigrahi |first=Avilash |date=23 July 2016 |accessdate=28 July 2018}}</ref> In March 2018, Minz completed her 100 appearances for the National team.<ref name=":0" /> Minz was also part of the squad that represented India in 2016 summer [[Olympic Games|Olympics]] after 36 years.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.womanodisha.com/odia-player-lilima-minz-completes-100-international-hockey-matches/ |title=Odia player Lilima Minz completes 100 international hockey matches |date=6 March 2018 |accessdate=28 July 2018}}</ref> She was also part of Asian cup winning squad in 2017.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |url=http://www.fih.ch/events/world-cup/world-cup-2018/hockey-world-cup-london-2018-w/news/latest-news/india-women-win-asia-cup-and-qualify-for-world-cup-2018/ |title=India women win Asia Cup and qualify for World Cup 2018 |date=5 November 2017 |website=International hockey federation |accessdate=28 July 2018}}</ref> Lilima was one of the four players who were made to sit on the floor of the train for an hour due to unconfirmed railway ticket on their way back to home from Rio Olympics.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thequint.com/sports/back-from-rio-olympics-womens-hockey-team-players-made-to-sit-on-train-floor-odisha-vijay-goel |title=Back From Rio, Women's Hockey Players Made to Sit on Train Floor |last=Krishnan |first=Suhasini |date=29 August 2016 |accessdate=28 July 2018}}</ref>

==Awards and achievements==
Lilima has appeared for Indian National team in more than 100 matches.<ref name="Senior Women Core Probables"/>

* Received a special incentive of Rs 10 Lakh for participation in Rio Olympic Games by Odisha Mining Corporation.
* Was awarded Rs. 75,000 by Odisha government and Rs. 10,000 by Odisha Cricket Association in October 2014 for helping India win women's bronze medal in the 17th Asian Games at Incheon.
* Was felicitated by Mahanadi Coalfields Limited felicitated with a cash award of Rs 1 lakh for helping India win bronze medal in the 2013 Junior Women Hockey World Cup in Germany.

===International===
* Part of the Indian team that won the bronze medal in the Girls U-18 Asia Cup Hockey Championship at [[Bangkok]], [[Thailand]] (25 September 2011).<ref>{{cite web |title=Bronze for India in the U-18 Girls Asia Cup |url=http://thefansofhockey.com/2011/09/25/bronze-for-india-in-the-u-18-girls-asia-cup/id-2339.html#.V556_6x36x4 |website=thefansofhockey.com |accessdate=31 July 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=India Get Bronze Medal in u-18 Asia Cup Women's Hockey |url=http://www.bharatiyahockey.org/2011/oct2011.html |website=bharatiyahockey.org |accessdate=31 July 2016}}</ref>
* Represented Indian senior women's hockey team in the FIH World League (Round 2) at New Delhi from 18 to 24 February 2013.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ritu Rani to Lead Indian Women's Team at World Hockey League Round 2 in Delhi |url=http://thefansofhockey.com/2013/02/05/ritu-rani-to-lead-indian-womens-team-at-world-hockey-league-round-2-in-delhi/id-9207.html#.V558w6x36x4 |website=thefansofhockey.com |accessdate=31 July 2016}}</ref>
* She was a part of the Indian team that won the bronze medal for the first time in Women's Junior Hockey World Cup at Monchengladbach in [[Germany]] on 4 July 2013.<ref>{{cite news |title=India win historic bronze at junior women hockey World Cup |url=http://www.thehindu.com/sport/hockey/india-win-historic-bronze-at-junior-women-hockey-world-cup/article4988796.ece |newspaper=The Hindu |date=4 August 2013 |accessdate=31 July 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Sushila to Lead India at Junior Women's Hockey World Cup in Mönchengladbach |url=http://thefansofhockey.com/2013/06/30/sushila-to-lead-india-at-junior-womens-hockey-world-cup-in-monchengladbach/id-11328.html#.V55_TKx36x4 |website=thefansofhockey.com |accessdate=31 July 2016}}</ref>
* Member of the Indian team that won the women's hockey test series 6–0 against [[Malaysia]] held at [[Kualalumpur]] from 9 to 17 June 2014.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ritu Rani to lead Indian Women Team for Malaysia Tour |url=http://thefansofhockey.com/2014/06/06/ritu-rani-lead-indian-women-team-malaysia-tour/id-13838.html#.V56EFqx36x4 |website=thefansofhockey.com |accessdate=31 July 2016}}</ref>
* She was part of the Indian women team in 20th Commonwealth Games, held in Glasgow from 23 July to 3 August 2014.<ref>{{cite web |title=Indian women's hockey team leaves for Commonwealth Games |url=http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Sports/2014-07-09/Indian-womens-hockey-team-leaves-for-Commonwealth-Games/101327 |website=thehansindia.com |date=9 July 2014 |accessdate=31 July 2016}}</ref>
* She was a member of the Indian women hockey team that won the bronze medal in the 17th Asian Games at [[Incheon]] ([[South Korea]]) on 1 October 2014.<ref>{{cite web |title=Indian Players at Incheon Asian games 2014 |url=http://sports.mapsofindia.com/asian-games/indian-players.html |website=sports.mapsofindia.com |accessdate=30 July 2016}}</ref>
* Played her 50th match for the Indian women hockey team against the [[China]] in the Hawke's Bay Cup at Hastings in New Zealand on 11 April 2015.<ref>{{cite web |title=Lilima Minz Completes 50 Matches In The Hawke's Bay Cup 2015 |url=http://hockeyindia.org/news/lilima-minz-completes-50-matches-in-the-hawkes-bay-cup-2015.html |website=hockeyindia.org |accessdate=1 August 2016 |archive-date=10 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510114808/http://hockeyindia.org/news/lilima-minz-completes-50-matches-in-the-hawkes-bay-cup-2015.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* Completed her 100 appearances for India against Korea in March 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.catchnews.com/sports-news/100-international-caps-for-odisha-s-midfielder-hockey-player-lilima-minz-101859.html |title=100 international caps for Odisha's midfielder Hockey player Lilima Minz |last=Mohanty |first=Swapna |date=6 March 2018 |accessdate=28 July 2018}}</ref>
*Represented India in the [[Rio Olympics]], [[Brazil]], 2016.<ref>{{cite web |title=Odisha hockey player Deep, Lilima, Sunita, Namita gets Rio ticket |url=http://sportslogon.com/body.php?page=news_details&news_id=naeipA%3D%3D |website=sportslogon.com |accessdate=31 July 2016}}</ref>
*She was part of the 2017 Asian cup winning squad.<ref name=":1" />
*Represented India in 2018 [[2018 Commonwealth Games|Commonwealth]] Games.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://odishatv.in/sports/cwg-2018-four-odia-players-in-indian-womens-hockey-squad-282074 |title=CWG 2018: Four Odia Players In Indian Women's Hockey Squad |date=14 March 2018 |accessdate=28 July 2018}}</ref>
*Represented India in the 2018 Women's Hockey World Cup in [[London]].

===National===
* Represented Panposh Hostel in the Junior Nehru Cup Hockey Tournament in 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009 (Champions) and 2010 (3rd position).
* Represented Orissa in the National Rural Games in 2007 and 2009 (Champion).
* Represented Orissa in the National School Games in 2006, 2008, 2009 (Champion) and 2011.
* Represented Orissa in the National Inter-School Games in 2008 (3rd position).
* Represented Orissa in the Sub-junior National Championship in 2007 (3rd position) and 2008 (3rd position).
* Represented Orissa in the Women's National Games in 2010 (Runners-up).
* Represented Orissa in the Senior National Championship in 2011 (3rd position).
* Represented Orissa in the National Games in 2011.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{sports links}}
*[https://www.hockeyindia.org/players/lilima-minz-profile-269 Lilima Minz] at [[Hockey India]]

{{Navboxes
|title=India squads
| bg = #0077FF
| fg = #FFFF40
|list1=
{{India FHW Squad 2014 Asian Games}}
{{India FHW Squad 2016 Summer Olympics}}
{{India FHW Squad 2017 Asia Cup}}
{{India FHW Squad 2018 World Cup}}
{{India FHW Squad 2018 Asian Games}}
}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Minz, Lilima}}
[[Category:1994 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian women's field hockey players]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]
[[Category:Asian Games silver medalists for India]]
[[Category:Asian Games field hockey players for India]]
[[Category:Asian Games bronze medalists for India]]
[[Category:Women's field hockey defenders]]
[[Category:Field hockey players at the 2014 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Field hockey players at the 2016 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Field hockey players at the 2018 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Field hockey players from Odisha]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2014 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2018 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Olympic field hockey players for India]]
[[Category:Sportswomen from Odisha]]
[[Category:Field hockey players at the 2014 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games field hockey players for India]]
[[Category:Asian Games silver medalists in field hockey]]
[[Category:Asian Games bronze medalists in field hockey]]

V. Shircy

2026-04-13T00:32:52Z

CelestaWolf314: creating new pg

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = V. Shircy
| honorific_prefix =
| image =
| caption =
| office = [[Judge]] [[Kerala High Court]]
| term_start = 5 October 2016
| term_end = 31 May 2022
| appointer = [[Pranab Mukherjee]]
| predecessor =
| office2 =
| term_start2 =
| term_end2 =
| office3 =
| term_start3 =
| term_end3 =
| office4 =
| term_start4 =
| term_end4 =
| office5 =
| term_start5 =
| term_end5 =
| office6 =
| term_start6 =
| term_end6 =
| office7 =
| term_start7 =
| term_end7 =
| office8 =
| term_start8 =
| term_end8 =
| education =
| alma_mater =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1960|5|31|df=y}}
| birth_place =
| citizenship = [[India]]n
| parents =
| website = {{URL|http://highcourtofkerala.nic.in/svj.html|High Court of Kerala}}
}}
'''V. Shircy''' (born 31 May 1960) is a retired judge of [[Kerala High Court]], the highest court in the [[Indian state]] of [[Kerala]] and in the [[Union Territory]] of [[Lakshadweep]].<ref name="hc">{{cite web|url=http://highcourtofkerala.nic.in/svj.html|title=Official}}</ref><ref name="Out">{{cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/blog/story/kerala-judiciary-creates-history-with-four-women-judges/3827|title=Kerala Judiciary Creates History With Four Women Judges|work=News outlookindia.com|access-date=7 October 2016}}</ref><ref name="Scroll">{{cite web|url=https://scroll.in/article/819047/four-women-judges-in-the-kerala-high-court-is-a-record-but-is-this-enough|title=Four women judges in the Kerala High Court is a record, but is this enough?|work=News scroll.in|access-date=19 October 2016}}</ref>

==Early life==
Shircy graduated from St. Teresa's College, Ernakulam in 1981 and obtained Law Degree from [[Government Law College, Ernakulam]].

==Career==
Shircy enrolled as an Advocate in 1984 and started practicing in Thodupuzha. On 11 July 1988 she joined Kerala Civil Judicial Service as Munsiff at [[Pathanamthitta]]. Subsequently served as Munsiff-Magistrate at Perambra, as Sub Judge at Thrissur, Kozhikode, Kochi and Kottayam, as Chief Judicial Magistrate at [[Thrissur]], as Judge Motor Accidents Claims Tribunal at [[Ottapalam]], as Judge, Family Court at [[Kozhikode]] and Thrissur, as Additional District Judge at Ernakulam, Kozhikode and Thrissur, as Principal District Judge at Manjeri, Thalassery and Thiruvananthapuram and as the Chairperson of the Administrative Committee of Sree Padmanabha Swamy Temple, Thiruvananthapuram. On 5 October 2016 she was appointed as additional judge of Kerala High Court and became permanent from 16 March 2018.<ref name="hc"/> Justice Shircy demitted her office upon attaining the age of superannuation on 31 May 2022.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://highcourtofkerala.nic.in High Court of Kerala]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shircy, V.}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Judges of the Kerala High Court]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian judges]]
[[Category:1960 births]]

Valliyin Velan

2026-04-09T04:46:49Z

CelestaWolf314:

{{Short description|Tamil language television series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox television
| image =
| caption =
| native_name =
| genre = [[Melodrama]] [[Family]]
| creator =
| based_on =
| director = V. Sadhasivam / Prathap Mani
| starring = {{ubl|[[Shreya Anchan]]|[[Sidhu Sid]]}}
| opentheme =
| endtheme =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| num_seasons =
| num_episodes = 217
| list_episodes =
| creative_director =
| composer =
| executive_producer =
| producer = John Attaikulam
| location = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| runtime = 22 minutes
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| company = Yatra Media Works
| network = [[Zee Tamil]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=y|2024|9|2}}
| last_aired = {{End date|df=y|2025|5|25}}
| editor = Jeyasimman
| cinematography = David Basker
| writer = Boopathy Pandian / Shara Sithara {{small|(dialogues)}}
}}

'''''Valliyin Velan''''' is an Indian [[Tamil language]] [[Tamil television drama|television series]] that premiered from 2 September 2024 to 25 May 2025 on [[Zee Tamil]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |title=ஜீ தமிழ் தொலைகாட்சியில் செப்டம்பர் 2 முதல் "வள்ளியின் வேலன்" புத்தம் புதிய மெகா தொடர்|url=https://zeenews.india.com/tamil/movies/valliyin-velan-brand-new-mega-serial-from-2nd-september-on-zee-tamil-television-523957|access-date=27 August 2024 |work=Zee News|language=ta}}</ref> It is produced by John Attaikulam, directed by Prathap Mani / V. Sadhasivam and it stars the real couple [[Shreya Anchan]] and [[Sidhu Sid]].<ref name=":stars">{{Cite news |title=Shreya Anchan - Sidhu set to play the titular role in upcoming show 'Valliyin Velan'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/shreya-anchan-sidhu-set-to-play-the-titular-role-in-upcoming-show-valliyin-velan/articleshow/112371401.cms|access-date=2 August 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The story revolves around an innocent young girl Valli from wealthy family, who has been waiting for years to get the love of her father. It is the remake of [[Zee Telugu]]'s ''Ammayi Garu''.

== Cast ==
=== Main ===
* [[Shreya Anchan]] as Valli: Rathinavel Pandiyan & Janaki's only one daughter & Kadhirvelan's wife (2024–2025)
* [[Sidhu Sid]] as Kadhirvelan / Sakthivel: Rathinavel Pandiyan's aide-turned-Son-in-law & Valli's husband (2024–2025)
* [[Saakshi Siva]] (2024) / Sridhar (2024–2025) / Girish (2025) as Rathinavel Pandiyan: Valli's father, Janaki's husband, Vedhanayagi's younger brother, Kathivelan's uncle & Kadhirvelan's Father-in-law

=== Recurring ===
* [[Kanya Bharathi]] as Vedhanayagi : Rathinavel Pandiyan & Muthupandi's elder sister<ref name=":1" />
* Hari Krishnan as Muthupandi : Vedhanayagi & Rathinavel Pandiyan's younger brother
* Nimisha Anandhan as Janaki : Rathinavel Pandiyan's wife, Valli's mother & Kadhirvelan's paternal aunt & Mother-in-law
* Siddharth Kapilavayi as Ranjith : Vedhanayagi's son & Ranjini elder brother<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |title=ரஞ்சித்துக்கு விழுந்த அறை! வேதநாயகிக்கு ஷாக் கொடுத்த ரத்தினவேல்! வள்ளியின் வேலன் எபிசோட் அப்டேட்|url=https://zeenews.india.com/tamil/movies/valliyin-velan-new-mega-serial-upadate-on-19th-september-zee-tamil-television-ranjit-slapping-episode-528387|access-date=19 September 2024 |work=Zee News|language=ta}}</ref>
* Sahasraa as Ammu : Muthupandi & Sumathy's daughter
* Indhra Ravichandran as Sumathy : Muthupandi's wife
* Meena Sellamuthu as Pechi Kadhirvelan : Veni & Anandhi's mother
* Ashokraja as Muthaiya Kadhirvelan : Veni & Anandhi's father
* Devika elogovan as Veni : Kadhirvelan & Anandhi's elder sister, Rajakili wife
* Sree Priya as Anandhi : Kathivelan & Veni's younger sisters & Karthik love interest
* Hemadayal as Renuka : Karthik younger sister & Kadhirvelan's love interest
* Vivin Arumugam as Karthik : Renuka's elder brother, Anandhi love interest
* Singaraja as : Karthik & Renuka's father
* Duraimani as Rajakili : Veni's husband
* Chitra Rebecca as Ranjini : Vedhanayagi's daughter
* Birla Bose as Daramalingam : Vedhanayagi, Rathinavel Pandiyan & Muthupandi's brother
* Indran as : Kadhirvelan friend

=== Special Appearances ===
* Shyam Viswanathan
* Anjana Sreenivasan as Inspector Durga
* [[Ineya]] as Governor

== Production ==
=== Development ===
The show was produced by John Attaikulam under the Yatra Media Works. It was second collaboration with [[Zee Tamil]] after ''[[Kanaa (TV series)|Kanaa]]'' serial. It was directed by Prathap Mani and V. Sadhasivam.

=== Casting ===
Shreya Anchan was cast as Valli and This series the mark comeback Shreya after one years hiatus on TV and also it was second collaboration with [[Zee Tamil]] after ''[[Rajini (TV series)|Rajini]]'' serial.<ref name=":stars" /> Sidhu Sid was cast as the male lead Kathirvelan.<ref name=":stars" /> This series will be the first series in which they will act together after their marriage.<ref>{{Cite news |title=வள்ளியின் வேலன்... சீரியலில் ஜோடியாகும் நிஜ வாழ்க்கை தம்பதி!|url=https://www.dinamani.com/cinema/cinema-news/2024/Aug/12/valliyin-velan-serial-zee-tamil-act-by-shreya-anchan-siddhu|access-date=12 August 2024 |work=[[Dinamani]]|language=ta}}</ref> And also this is the second series where the duo will be acting together after the ''[[Thirumanam (TV series)|Thirumanam]]'' series.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news |title=திருமணத்திற்குப் பிறகு மீண்டும் சீரியலில் இணையும் சித்து-ஸ்ரேயா, என்ன சீரியல் தெரியுமா?|url=https://tamil.behindtalkies.com/sidhu-shreya-pairing-again-in-new-serial-valliyin-velan/|access-date=1 September 2024 |work=tamil.behindtalkies.com|language=ta}}</ref> [[Saakshi Siva]] and [[Kanya Bharathi]] was selected to play Rathinavel Pandiyan and Vedhanayagi.<ref name=":stars" /> From on 14 November, actor [[Saakshi Siva]] was replaced by Sridhar. He played the role until his death on 5 April 2025 and he was replaced by Girish.<ref>{{Cite news |title=நடிகர் சாக்ஷி சிவா வள்ளியின் வேலன் தொடரில் இருந்து விலகினார், அவருக்கு பதிலாக ஸ்ரீதர் நியமிக்கப்பட்டார்|url=https://tamil.timesnownews.com/entertainment/sidhu-shreya-anchan-starring-valliyin-velan-serial-cast-is-changed-valli-father-rathinavel-pandian-role-replaced-by-actor-bombay-sridhar-article-115330411|access-date=14 November 2024 |work=Times Now News|language=ta}}</ref>

On 20 March 2025, actress [[Ineya]] was brought in for special appearances as Governor.<ref>{{cite web |title=Actress Iniya to make a special appearance in 'Valliiyan Velan'|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=17 March 2025|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/actress-iniya-to-make-a-special-appearance-in-valliiyan-velan-deets-inside/articleshow/119119584.cms|language=en}}</ref>

=== Release ===
The makers released the first official Launch Promo for Valliyin Velan on 7 August 2024, which gave a brief insight in Valli's background story.<ref>{{cite AV media|people=வள்ளியின் வேலன்|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=47dCJ5AIjM0|title=Launch Promo {{!}} வள்ளியின் வேலன் {{!}} Zee Tamil}}</ref> The second promo was unveiled on 28 August 2024, featuring Valli and Kadhirvelan and also revealing the upcoming release date.<ref>{{cite AV media|people=வள்ளியின் வேலன்|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jLOQAEzuNKo|title=Launch Promo 2 {{!}} வள்ளியின் வேலன் {{!}} Zee Tamil}}</ref> The serial was released on 2 September 2024,<ref name=":0" /> replacing ''[[Ninaithen Vandhai (TV series)|Ninaithen Vandhai]]'' in its 7:30 PM slot on [[Zee Tamil]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=ஜீ தமிழில் இன்னும் ஒரு வாரத்தில் தொடங்கும் புது சீரியல்.. தொடங்கும் தேதி, நேரம் விவரம் இதோ |url=https://cineulagam.com/article/zee-tamil-new-serial-valliyin-velan-starting-date-1724446294|access-date=1 September 2024 |work=cineulagam.com|language=ta}}</ref>

== Adaptations ==
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!style="background:LightBlue;"|Language
!style="background:LightBlue;"|Title
!style="background:LightBlue;"|Original release
!style="background:LightBlue;"|Network(s)
!style="background:LightBlue;"|Last aired
!style="background:LightBlue;"|Notes
|-
|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|''Ammayi Garu'' అమ్మాయి గారూ
|31 October 2022
|[[Zee Telugu]]
|19 December 2026
|Original
|-
|[[Kannada]]
|''Shravani Subramanya'' ಶ್ರಾವಣಿ ಸುಬ್ರಹ್ಮಣ್ಯ
|18 March 2024
|[[Zee Kannada]]
|Ongoing
| rowspan="5" |Remake
|-
|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|''Valliyin Velan'' வள்ளியின் வேலன்
|2 September 2024
|[[Zee Tamil]]
|25 May 2025
|-
|[[Malayalam]]
|''Akale'' അകലെ
|25 November 2024
|[[Zee Keralam]]
| rowspan="3" |Ongoing
|-
|[[Marathi language|Marathi]]
|''Shubh Shravani'' शुभ श्रावणी
|19 January 2026
|[[Zee Marathi]]
|-
|[[Bengali language|Bengali]]
|''Saat Paake Bandha'' সাত পাকে বাঁধা
|19 March 2026
|[[Zee Bangla]]
|}

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.zee5.com/global/tv-shows/details/valliyin-velan/0-6-4z5612464 ''Valliyin Velan''] at [[ZEE5]]

{{Zee Tamil shows}}

[[Category:Zee Tamil original programming]]
[[Category:Tamil-language melodrama television series]]
[[Category:2024 Tamil-language television series debuts]]
[[Category:2025 Tamil-language television series endings]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Tamil-language television shows]]
[[Category:Tamil-language television series based on Telugu-language television series]]

Mangaluru City Bus routes

2026-04-04T03:52:21Z

CelestaWolf314:

{{Short description|Public transport routes in Mangalore, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
Unlike most of the cities in [[Karnataka]], [[Mangaluru]] city bus routes are dominated by private buses.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/private-buses-have-come-a-long-way/article3445234.ece|title=Private buses have come a long way|last=Phadnis|first=Renuka|date=2012-05-22|newspaper=The Hindu|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|access-date=2016-11-05}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/private-bus-operators-in-dakshin-kannada-move-court-against-fare-hike/article6106890.ece|title=Private bus operators in Dakshin Kannada move court against fare hike|date=2014-06-12|newspaper=The Hindu|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|access-date=2016-11-05}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.mangalorecitybus.com/routes.html|title=Citybus Association|website=www.mangalorecitybus.com|access-date=2016-11-05}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=http://www.mangaloretaxi.com/travel-plus/buses/mangalore-city-bus-routes/|title=Mangalore City Bus Routes|date=2012-11-11|newspaper=Mangalore Taxi|language=en-US|access-date=2016-11-06}}</ref> 
Dilraj Alva, former president of Dakshina Kannada Bus Operators’ Association, a body of Mangaluru city bus owners, said that the city now had 325 buses. The Canara Bus Owners’ Association (comprising Dakshina Kannada and Udupi districts) operated service buses and inter-district buses. There are 1,500 such buses now, he said.<ref name=":5">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/mangalore-university-to-document-contributions-of-coastal-private-bus-sector-towards-growth-of-the-region/article68389918.ece |title=Mangalore University to document contributions of coastal private bus sector towards growth of the region |publisher=The Hindu |date=2024-07-10 |access-date=2025-09-05}}</ref>

[[Statebank, Mangalore|State Bank]], [[Kankanadi]], [[Bejai bus stand|KSRTC bus stand]], [[Surathkal]] are important bus stations in the city.

Please note- The present bus route no is along with the Destination not to be confused with Bus route no table<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mangalorean |first=Alfie Dsouza, Team |date=2021-01-20 |title=DKBOA Introduces Special 'Chalo Card' Student Pass Facility For Bus Travel in Mangaluru |url=https://www.mangalorean.com/dkboa-introduces-special-chalo-card-student-pass-facility-for-bus-travel-in-mangaluru/ |access-date=2023-05-06 |website=Mangalorean.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

{{Outdated as of|year=2023|month=01|day=13}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Mangalore City bus routes
! Bus route no
! Source
! Destination
! Old no
! Frequency
! Route
|-
|1
|[[Statebank, Mangalore|State Bank]]
|Kunjathbail
|1
|Every hour
| rowspan="11" | Carstreet, [[Urwa, India|Urwa]]
|-
|1A
|[[Statebank, Mangalore|State Bank]]
|Urwastore
|7
|Every 15 mins
|-
|1B
|[[Statebank, Mangalore|State Bank]]
|Kottara
|13A
|Every hour
|-
|1
|[[State Bank]]
|KUNJATHBAIL
|13S
|Every hour
|-
|2
|[[Statebank, Mangalore|State Bank]]
|Kodikal
|1B
|Every 15 mins
|-
|2A
|[[Statebank, Mangalore|State Bank]]
|Kodikal
|1B
|Every hour
|-
|3
|[[Statebank, Mangalore|State Bank]]
|Mannagudda Shediguri
|31
|Every 20 mins
|-
|3A
|[[Statebank, Mangalore|State Bank]]
|Lalbag Shediguri
|31A
| Every 20 mins
|-
|3B
|[[State Bank]]
|Dambel
|31B
|Every hour
|-
|4
|[[State Bank]]
|[[Sultan Bathery|Sulthan Bathery]]
|16
|Every 30 mins
|-
|4A
|[[Statebank, Mangalore|State Bank]]
|[[Sultan Battery (Mangalore)|Sulthan Bathery]]
|16A
|Every 30 mins
|-
|6
|[[Statebank, Mangalore|State Bank]]
|[[Tannirbhavi Beach|Tannirbavi beach]]
|1A
|Every hour
| rowspan="5" | Lalbag, [[Urwa, India|Urwastore]], [[Kuloor]]
|-
|6M
|[[State Bank]]
|[[Panambur Beach]]
|1M
|Every hour
|-
|7
|[[Statebank, Mangalore|State Bank]]
|Kunjathbail
|13B
|Every 15 mins
|-
|8A
|[[Statebank, Mangalore|State Bank]]
|Kavoor [[Bondel]]
|13C
|Every 15 mins
|-
|8B
|[[Statebank, Mangalore|State Bank]]
|Kavoor Pachanadi
|13D
|Every 2 hour
|-
|9
|[[Statebank, Mangalore|State Bank]]
|Akasha Bhavana
|33
|Every 20 mins
| rowspan="5" |[[Lalbagh, Mangalore|Lalbag]], Kuntikan, Konchady
|-
|9A
|[[Statebank, Mangalore|State Bank]]
|Anandanagar
|33
|Every 20 mins
|-
|9B
|[[Statebank, Mangalore|State Bank]]
|Landlinks
|33C
|Every hour
|-
|11
|[[Statebank, Mangalore|State Bank]]
|Kunjathbail
|17
|Every 30 mins
|-
|11M
|[[State Bank]]
|Kunjathbail
|13S
|Every hour
|-
|12
|[[Statebank, Mangalore|State Bank]]
|[[Bondel]]
|19
|Every 10 mins
| rowspan="6" |Jyoti/Falnir, K P T, Yeyyadi
|-
|12A
|[[Statebank, Mangalore|State Bank]]
|Pachanadi
|19
|Every hour
|-
|12B
|[[Kankanadi]]
| Lalbag [[Bondel]]
|19A
|Every hour
|-
|12M
|[[State Bank]]
|Vamanjur
|19M
|Every hour
|-
|13
|[[Statebank, Mangalore|State Bank]]
|[[Bondel]]
|14
|Every 15 mins
|-
|13A
|[[Statebank, Mangalore|State Bank]]
|[[Bondel]] Kavoor
|14A
|Every hour
|-
|14
|[[Statebank, Mangalore|State Bank]]
|Kannagudde
|4
|Every 30 mins
| rowspan="4" |Kankanadi, [[Nanthoor]], Kulashekar
|-
|14A
|[[Statebank, Mangalore|State Bank]]
|Saripalla Kannagudde
|4B
|Every hour
|-
|14B
|[[Statebank, Mangalore|State Bank]]
|Neermarga
|4C
|Every 2 hour
|-
|14C
|[[Statebank, Mangalore|State Bank]]
|Merlapadav
|4A
|Every 2 hour
|-
|16
|[[Statebank, Mangalore|State Bank]]
|Shaktinagar
|6A
|Every 15 mins
| rowspan="4" |Mallikatta, [[Nanthoor]]
|-
|16A
|[[Statebank, Mangalore|State Bank]]
|Shaktinagar
|6B
|Every 15 mins
|-
|16B
|[[Statebank, Mangalore|State Bank]]
|Shaktinagar
|6C
|Every 30 mins
|-
|16M
|[[State Bank]]
|SHAKTINAGAR
|6M
|Every hour
|-
|17A
|[[Statebank, Mangalore|State Bank]]
|Moodshedde
|3A
|Every 15 mins
| rowspan="4" |Mallikatta, Kudupu, Vamanjoor
|-
|17B
|[[Statebank, Mangalore|State Bank]]
|Moodshedde
|3B
|Every 15 mins
|-
|17M
|[[State Bank]]
|MOODSHEDDE
|3S
|Every hour
|-
|18
|[[Statebank, Mangalore|State Bank]]
|Ullaibettu
|3D
|Every hour
|-
|19
|[[Statebank, Mangalore|State Bank]]
|Neermarga
|21
|Every 30 mins
| rowspan="3" |Mallikatta, Nanthoor, Kulashekar
|-
|19A
|[[Statebank, Mangalore|State Bank]]
|Neermarga Merlapadav
|21A
|Every 2 hour
|-
|19B
|[[Statebank, Mangalore|State Bank]]
|Neermarga Konimar
|21B
|Every 2 hour
|-
|21
|[[Statebank, Mangalore|State Bank]]
|Padil
|30
|Every hour
|rowspan="4"|Mallikatta, [[Nanthoor]]
|-
|21A
|[[Statebank, Mangalore|State Bank]]
|Adyar L. Jetty
|30A
|Every 2 hour
|-
|21B
|[[Statebank, Mangalore|State Bank]]
|Adyar Padav
|30B
|Every 2 hour
|-
|22
|[[Statebank, Mangalore|State Bank]]
|Maroli Padil
|37
|Every hour
|-
|23A
|[[Statebank, Mangalore|State Bank]]
|Faisalnagar
|23
|Every 20 mins
| rowspan="11" |Kankanadi, [[Mangaluru Junction railway station| Mangalore Jn]]
|-
|23B
|[[Statebank, Mangalore|State Bank]]
|Faisalnagar
|23C
|Every 20 mins
|-
|24
|[[Statebank, Mangalore|State Bank]]
|Adyar Padav
|10
|Every 20 mins
|-
|24A
|[[Statebank, Mangalore|State Bank]]
|Adyar L. Jetty
|10A
|Every 20 mins
|-
|24B
|[[Statebank, Mangalore|State Bank]]
|Merlapadav
|10B
|Every hour
|-
|24M
|[[Lalbagh, Mangalore|KSRTC]]
|ADYAR PADAV
|10K
|Every hour
|-
|26
|[[Statebank, Mangalore|State Bank]]
|Padil Bajal
|9
|Every 20 mins
|-
|26A
|[[Statebank, Mangalore|State Bank]]
|Bajal J M Road
|9B
|Every 20 mins
|-
|26M
|[[Bejai bus stand|KSRTC]]
|BAJAL
|9M
|Every hour
|-
|27
|[[Statebank, Mangalore|State Bank]]
|Jalligudde
|11B
|Every 20 mins
|-
|27A
|[[Statebank, Mangalore|State Bank]]
|Adyar L. Jetty
|11A
|Every 20 mins
|-
|28
|[[Statebank, Mangalore|State Bank]]
|Morgan's gate
|5
|Every 5 mins
|Kankanadi
|-
|29
|[[Statebank, Mangalore|State Bank]]
|Mangaladevi
|27
|Every 10 mins
| rowspan="6" |Bolara
|-
|29A
|[[Statebank, Mangalore|State Bank]]
|Mulihitlu
|27A
|Every 10 mins
|-
|31
|[[Statebank, Mangalore|State Bank]]
|Morgan's gate
|18
|Every hour
|-
|31A
|[[Statebank, Mangalore|State Bank]]
|Bajal J M Road
|9A
|Every 30 mins
|-
|32
|[[Statebank, Mangalore|State Bank]]
|Morgan's gate
|29
|Every hour
|-
|32A
|[[Statebank, Mangalore|State Bank]]
|Bajal J M Road
|9A
|Every 30 mins
|-
|34
|[[Statebank, Mangalore|State Bank]]
|Jokkatte
|2C
|Every 30 mins
| rowspan="6" |[[Kuloor]], [[Baikampady]]
|-
|34A
|[[Statebank, Mangalore|State Bank]]
|Porkody
|2C
|Every hour
|-
|34B
|[[Statebank, Mangalore|State Bank]]
|Porkody [[Bajpe]]
|2C
|Irregular
|-
|34E
|[[Kankanadi]]
|[[Bajpe]]
|2E
|Irregular
|-
|34F
|[[Bengre]]
|[[Bajpe]]
|2B
|Every hour
|-
|34G
|[[Surathkal]]
|[[Bajpe]]
|2G
|Irregular
|-
|36
|[[Statebank, Mangalore|State Bank]]
|[[NITK]] Mukka
|2
|Every 2 hour
| rowspan="21" |[[Kuloor]], [[Panamboor]], [[Surathkal]]
|-
|36A
|[[Statebank, Mangalore|State Bank]]
|Sashihitlu
|2A
|Every hour
|-
|36B
|[[Statebank, Mangalore|State Bank]]
|Kodikere
|45K
|Irregular
|-
|36M
|[[State Bank]]
|NITK MUKKA
|2M
|Every hour
|-
|37
|[[Statebank, Mangalore|State Bank]]
|Surathkal Kaikamba
|45
|Every 30 mins
|-
|37A
|[[Statebank, Mangalore|State Bank]]
|[[Katipalla]] Kaikamba
|45C
|Every 10 mins
|-
|37B
|[[Statebank, Mangalore|State Bank]]
|Janatha Colony Kaikamba
|45B
|Every 30 mins
|-
|37C
|[[Statebank, Mangalore|State Bank]]
|[[Katipalla]] Kaikamba Kuthethur
|45D
|Every hour
|-
|37D
|[[Statebank, Mangalore|State Bank]]
|[[Katipalla]] Kaikamba Madya
|45H
|Irregular
|-
|37E
|[[Statebank, Mangalore|State Bank]]
|[[Katipalla]] Kaikamba Krishnapur
|45E
|Irregular
|-
|37M
|[[State Bank]]
|KATIPALLA
|45S
|Every hour
|-
|38
|[[Statebank, Mangalore|State Bank]]
|Katipalla Soorinje
|53
|Every hour
|-
|38A
|[[Statebank, Mangalore|State Bank]]
|Soorinje Shibaroor
|53A
|Every hour
|-
|38E
|[[Kankanadi]]
|[[Katipalla]] Soorinje
|53B
|Irregular
|-
|38F
|Kunjathbail
|[[Katipalla]] Soorinje
|53E
|Irregular
|-
|39
|[[Statebank, Mangalore|State Bank]]
|Kulai Chitrapura
|59
|Every hour
|-
|41
|[[Statebank, Mangalore|State Bank]]
|Chelair Padav
|41
|Irregular
|-
|41A
|[[Statebank, Mangalore|State Bank]]
|Chelair Colony
|41A
|Irregular
|-
|41E
|Kunjathbail
|Chelair Colony
|13J
|Irregular
|-
|41F
|Moodshedde
|Chelair Colony
|3J
|Irregular
|-
|41M
|[[State Bank]]
|CHELAIR COLONY
|41M
|Every hour
|-
|42
|[[Statebank, Mangalore|State Bank]]
|[[Bajpe]]
|47
|Every 30 mins
| rowspan="6" |Konchady, Kavoor, [[Mangalore International Airport|Airport]]
|-
|42A
|[[Statebank, Mangalore|State Bank]]
|[[Bajpe]] Airport
|47A
|Irregular
|-
|42B
|[[Statebank, Mangalore|State Bank]]
|[[Bajpe]] Kattalsar
|47C
|Irregular
|-
|42C
|[[Statebank, Mangalore|State Bank]]
|[[Bajpe]] Adyapady
|47B
|Irregular
|-
|42E
|[[Kankanadi]]
|[[Bajpe]]
|47D
|Irregular
|-
|42M
|[[State Bank]]
|[[Bajpe]]
|47K
|Every hour
|-
|43
|[[Statebank, Mangalore|State Bank]]
|[[Bajpe]]
|22
|Irregular
| rowspan="5" |[[Kudupu]], Vamanjoor, [[Kaikamba]]
|-
|43A
|[[Statebank, Mangalore|State Bank]]
|[[Bajpe]] Adyapadi
|22A
|9am 12pm 5pm
|-
|44A
|[[Statebank, Mangalore|State Bank]]
|Someshwar ullal
|12A
|Half an hour
|-
|44B
|[[Statebank, Mangalore|State Bank]]
|Polali Kolthamajal
|12B
|Irregular
|-
|44E
|[[Kankanadi]]
|Polali Ammunje
|12C
|Irregular
|-
|46A
|[[Statebank, Mangalore|State Bank]]
|[[Ullal]] Someshwara
|44A
|Every 20 mins
| rowspan="16" |Kankanadi, Moger, Thokkottu
|-
|46B
|[[Statebank, Mangalore|State Bank]]
|[[Ullal]] Kotepura
|44D
|Every 20 mins
|-
|46C
|[[Statebank, Mangalore|State Bank]]
|[[Ullal]] L. Jetty
|44C
|Every 40 mins
|-
|46D
|[[Mangaladevi Temple|Mangaladevi]]
|[[Ullal]] Someshwara
|44F
|Every 2 hour
|-
|46E
|Kunjathabail
|[[Ullal]] Someshwara
|44T
|Every 2 hour
|-
|46M
|[[Bejai bus stand|KSRTC]]
|SOMESHWARA
|44S
|Every hour
|-
|47
|[[Statebank, Mangalore|State Bank]]
|Kumpala
|44E
|Every hour
|-
|47A
|[[Statebank, Mangalore|State Bank]]
|Mangaladevi Kumpala
|44
|Every 2 hour
|-
|47E
|[[Kottarakkara|Kottara]]
|Kumpala
|44J
|Every 2 hour
|-
|47F
|[[Surathkal]]
|Kumpala
|44I
|Every 2 hour
|-
|48
|[[Statebank, Mangalore|State Bank]]
|[[Talapady, D.K.|Talapady]]
|42
|Every 10 mins
|-
|49
|[[Statebank, Mangalore|State Bank]]
|[[Talapady, D.K.|Talapady]]
|43
|Every 10 mins
|-
|43A
|[[Statebank, Mangalore|State Bank]]
|Talapady Kinya
|43A
|Every hour
|-
|43B
|[[Statebank, Mangalore|State Bank]]
|Talapady Kinya
|43B
|Every hour
|-
|49E
|Moodshedde
|Talapady Devipura
|64A
|Every 2 hour
|-
|49M
|[[Bejai bus stand|KSRTC]]
|TALAPADY
|42M
|Every hour
|-
|51
|[[Statebank, Mangalore|State Bank]]
|[[Konaje]]
|51
|Every 20 mins
| rowspan="17" |[[Kankanadi]], Moger, [[Thokottu|Thokkottu]]
|-
|51A
|[[Statebank, Mangalore|State Bank]]
|[[Konaje]] Inoli
|51A
|Every hour
|-
|51B
|[[Statebank, Mangalore|State Bank]]
|[[Harekala]] Pavoor
|55
|Every hour
|-
|51C
|[[Statebank, Mangalore|State Bank]]
|[[Konaje]] Mudipu
|51E
|Every 2 hour
|-
|51E
|Kottara Kankanadi
|Kotekar [[Konaje]]
|51B
|Every hour
|-
|51F
|Kottara Kankanadi
|[[Konaje]] Inoli
|51B
|Every hour
|-
|51G
|[[Baikampady]]
|Konaje Inoli
|51F
|Every 2 hour
|-
|51H
|Kana Kottara
|Kuttar [[Konaje]]
|51G
|Every 2 hour
|-
|51M
|[[Lalbagh, Mangalore|KSRTC]]
|KONAJE
|51S
|Every hour
|-
|52
|[[Statebank, Mangalore|State Bank]]
|Ellyarpadav
|44B
|Every 30 mins
|-
|52A
|[[Statebank, Mangalore|State Bank]]
|Ellyarpadav [[Konaje]]
|44M
|Every hour
|-
|52B
|[[Statebank, Mangalore|State Bank]]
|[[Deralakatte]] Madaka
|44G
|Every 2 hour
|-
|52C
|[[Statebank, Mangalore|State Bank]]
|[[Deralakatte]] Kinya
|51K
|Every 2 hour
|-
|52D
|[[Statebank, Mangalore|State Bank]]
|[[Deralakatte]] Padalikatte
|51L
|Every 2 hour
|-
|53
|[[Statebank, Mangalore|State Bank]]
|Thoudugoli
|54
|Every hour
|-
|53A
|[[Statebank, Mangalore|State Bank]]
|Hoo Hakuvakallu
|54A
|Every 2 hour
|-
|53B
|[[Statebank, Mangalore|State Bank]]
|[[Manjanady]] Narya
|54B
|Every 2 hour
|-
|2C
|[[Mangaladevi Temple|Mangaladevi]]
|Kodical
|1C
|Every hour
| rowspan="8" |[[Kankanadi]], [[Lalbagh, Mangalore|Lalbag]]
|-
|3C
|[[Mangaladevi Temple|Mangaladevi]]
|Kudroli Dambel
|31C
|Every 2 hour
|-
|3D
|[[Mangaladevi Temple|Mangaladevi]]
|Dambel
|15K
|Every 2 hour
|-
|3E
|[[Mangaladevi Temple|Mangaladevi]]
|Urwastore Dambel
|15J
|Every 2 hour
|-
|4C
|[[Mangaladevi Temple|Mangaladevi]]
|[[Sultan Battery (Mangalore)|Sulthan Bathery]]
|16B
|Every 2 hour
|-
|7C
|[[Mangaladevi Temple|Mangaladevi]]
|Kunjathbail
|13G
|Every 30 mins
|-
|7D
|[[Mangaladevi Temple|Mangaladevi]]
|Kunjathbail
|13H
|Every 30 mins
|-
|8C
|[[Mangaladevi Temple|Mangaladevi]]
|Kavoor [[Bondel]]
|13H
|Every 30 mins
|-
|13C
|[[Mangaladevi Temple|Mangaladevi]]
|[[Bondel]]
|14C
|Every 30 mins
| rowspan="6" | Kankanadi, Nanthoor
|-
|13D
|[[Mangaladevi Temple|Mangaladevi]]
|[[Bondel]] Kavoor
|14D
|Every 30 mins
|-
|14D
|[[Mangaladevi Temple|Mangaladevi]]
|Saripalla Kannagudde
|4F
|Every hour
|-
|14E
|[[Mangaladevi Temple|Mangaladevi]]
|Merlapadav
|4E
|Every 2 hour
|-
|16C
|[[Mangaladevi Temple|Mangaladevi]]
|Shaktinagar
|6D
|Every 30 mins
|-
|17C
|[[Mangaladevi Temple|Mangaladevi]]
|Moodshedde
|3C
|Every 20 mins
|-
|27C
|[[Mangaladevi Temple|Mangaladevi]]
|Jalligudde
|11C
|Every hour
| rowspan="2" | Kankanadi, Padil
|-
|27D
|[[Kadri, Mangalore|Kadri]]
|Jalligudde
|11D
|Every hour
|-
|33
|[[Mangaladevi Temple|Mangaladevi]]
|Surathkal
|15
|Every 30 mins
| rowspan="9" |[[Karnataka (Govt.) Polytechnic|KPT]], [[Lalbagh, Mangalore|KSRTC]], [[Kuloor]], [[NMPT]]
|-
|33
|[[Mangaladevi Temple|Mangaladevi]]
|[[Surathkal]] Kaikamba
|15
|Every 30 mins
|-
|33A
|[[Mangaladevi Temple|Mangaladevi]]
|[[Katipalla]] Kaikamba
|15A
|Every 30 mins
|-
|33A
|[[Mangaladevi Temple|Mangaladevi]]
|[[Katipalla]] Madya
|15A
|Every 30 mins
|-
|33B
|[[Mangaladevi Temple|Mangaladevi]]
|Janatha Colony Kaikamba
|15F
|Every hour
|-
|33C
|[[Mangaladevi Temple|Mangaladevi]]
|[[Katipalla]] Kuthethur
|15D
|Every hour
|-
|33D
|[[Mangaladevi Temple|Mangaladevi]]
|[[Katipalla]] Chelair Padav
|15B
|Every hour
|-
|33E
|[[Mangaladevi Temple|Mangaladevi]]
|[[Katipalla]] Soorinje
|15C
|Every hour
|-
|33F
|[[Mangaladevi Temple|Mangaladevi]]
|[[Surathkal]] Chelair Colony
|15N
|Every hour
|-
|4E
|[[Kankanadi]] Kavoor
|[[Sultan Battery (Mangalore)|Sulthan Bathery]]
|16C
|Every 2 hour
| rowspan="6" | Mallikatta, Nanthoor
|-
|13E
|[[Kankanadi]] Kavoor
|Kunjathabail
|14F
|Every hour
|-
|13F
|Saripalla [[Kankanadi]]
|Kunjathabail
|14G
|Every hour
|-
|17E
|[[Kankanadi]]
|Moodshedde
|3K
|Every 2 hour
|-
|18E
|Kottara
|Permanki
|3G
|Every 2 hour
|-
|18F
|Kottara
|Konimar
|3F
|Every 2 hour
|-
|7E
|[[Surathkal]]
|Kunjathbail
|13E
|Every 30 mins
| rowspan="8" | [[Kuloor]], Kavoor
|-
|7F
|[[Katipalla]] Kaikamba
|Kunjathabail
|13A
|Every hour
|-
|7G
|Janatha Colony Kaikamba
|Kunjathabail
|13F
|Every 2 hour
|-
|8E
|[[Katipalla]] Kaikamba
|Bondel Yeyyadi
|14M
|Every hour
|-
|17F
|[[Katipalla]] Kaikamba
|Moodshedde
|3E
|Every 30 mins
|-
|17G
|Janatha Colony Kaikamba
|Moodshedde
|3F
|Every 2 hour
|-
|17H
|Kuthethur [[Surathkal]]
|Moodshedde
|64
|Every 2 hour
|-
|26E
|Kunjathabail
|Bajal J M Road
|9C
|Every hour
|-
|36E
|[[Katipalla]] Kaikamba
|Sashihitlu
|2K
|Every 2 hour
|Krishnapur, [[Surathkal]], Mukka
|-
|38G
|Porkody, [[Baikampady]]
|Soorinje Shibaroor
|53C
|Every 2 hour
| rowspan="2" |Jokkatte, [[Surathkal]], Katipalla
|-
|38H
|[[Bajpe]], [[Baikampady]]
|Soorinje Shibaroor
|53D
|Every 2 hour
|-
|53E
|[[Thokkottu]]
|Kinya Talapady
|51T
|Every 2 hour
|Kuttar, Deralakatte, Natekal
|-
|54
|[[Kankanadi]]
|Janatha Colony Kaikamba
|65
|Every 2 hour
|[[Karnataka (Govt.) Polytechnic|KPT]], [[Kuloor]], [[Surathkal]]
|-
|56
|[[Mangaluru Junction railway station|Mangalore Jn]]
|[[KSRTC SWIFT|KSRTC]] Kodical
|61
|Every 2 hour
|Kankanadi Kadri Kottara
|-
|57
|[[Mangaluru Junction railway station|Mangalore Jn]]
|[[Katipalla]] Kaikamba
|62
|Every 2 hour
| rowspan="2" |Nanthoor, Kavoor
|-
|58
|[[Mangaluru Junction railway station|Mangalore Jn]]
|[[Mangalore International Airport|Kenjar Airport]]
|63
|Every 2 hour
|-
|59
|[[Goraguddi|Gorigudda]]
|Akashbhavana
|60
|Every 1 hour
|Kankanadi Kadri Kottara
|-
|}

== See also ==
* [[Dakshina Kannada Bus Operators' Association]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Transport in Mangalore]]

Asansol–Gaya section

2026-03-31T09:24:48Z

CelestaWolf314:

{{Short description|Railway line in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2015}}
{{Infobox rail line
| box_width = 28em
| name = Asansol–Gaya section
| color = 800000
| logo = 
| logo_width = 100 px
| image = Dhanbad Junction platformboard.jpg
| image_width = 330
| caption = [[Dhanbad Junction railway station|Dhanbad Junction]] is an important railway station on Asansol–Gaya section
| type =
| system = Electrified
| status = Operational
| locale = [[West Bengal]], [[Jharkhand]], [[Bihar]]
| start = {{stnlnk|Asansol}}
| end = [[Gaya Junction railway station|Gaya]]
| stations = 38
| routes =
| daily_ridership =
| open = 1907
| close =
| owner = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[Eastern Railway zone|Eastern Railway]], [[East Central Railway zone|East Central Railway]]
| character =
| depot =
| stock =
| linelength = {{convert|267|km|mi|0|abbr=on}}
| tracklength =
| tracks = 2
| gauge = {{Track gauge|5ft6in|lk=on}} [[broad gauge]]
| old_gauge =
| minradius =
| racksystem =
| electrification = Yes
| speed = 130 km/h
| elevation =
| website =
| map = {{Asansol–Gaya section}}
| map_state = collapsed
}}
The '''Asansol–Gaya section''' is a [[railway line]] connecting {{stnlnk|Asansol}} and [[Gaya Junction|Gaya]] in India. This {{convert|267|km|mi|adj=mid|-long}} track is part of the [[Grand Chord]], [[Howrah–Gaya–Delhi line]] and [[Howrah–Allahabad–Mumbai line]]. This section includes the NSC Bose Gomoh–Barkakana line. It is under the jurisdiction of [[Eastern Railway zone|Eastern Railway]] and [[East Central Railway zone|East Central Railway]]. The section links to [[South Eastern Railway zone|South Eastern Railway]] through {{stnlnk|Bokaro Steel City}} and {{stnlnk|Adra}}.

==History==

===Main line===
The [[Bardhaman–Asansol section|Bardhaman–Asansol line]] was first extended to Barakar in 1858 and then in 1894 [[East Indian Railway Company]] extended the line to [[Jharia]] and [[Katras]], opening up the Jharia Coalfield. Dhanbad emerged as a premier coal loading area.<ref name=timeline>{{cite web|first=R. P.| last=Saxena|title=Indian Railway History Time line|url=http://irse.bravehost.com/IRHTML.htm|work=Irse.bravehost.com|access-date=3 January 2014| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120229092028/http://irse.bravehost.com/IRHTML.htm| archive-date=29 February 2012}}</ref> One railway-related source says that the line from Sitarampur to Dhanbad was built in 1880.<ref name=grandchord>{{cite web| url = http://eastrailindia.tripod.com/grandchord.html |title = As the traffic continued to grow even beyond the capacity of the| publisher=Tripod| access-date=20 November 2011}}</ref>

====Gurpa-Gujhandi====
Once the rail link from Howrah to Delhi was completed in 1866, the East Indian Railway was making constant endeavour to reduce the distance of the [[Howrah–Delhi main line]]. After several surveys, one in 1888–89 and two more subsequently, a route was determined from Dhanbad to Mughal Sarai via Koderma and Gaya. The major works in this section were a bridge across the [[Son River]] at [[Dehri]], and tunnelling and ghat line construction between Gurpa and Gujhandi.<ref name=grandchord/>

The {{convert|22|km|adj=on}} Gujhandi (altitude 370 m)–Gurpa (altitude 193 m) section, {{convert|10|km}} west of [[Koderma]], is a ghat (mountain/hill slope), with the [[Chota Nagpur Plateau#Koderma plateau|Koderma Plateau]] sloping down to the Gaya plain.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/1428 |title = Satellite Map of Koderma railway station | website= India Rail Info |access-date=18 November 2011}}</ref>

The Grand Chord was opened on 6 December 1906 by [[Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, 4th Earl of Minto|Lord Minto]], then [[Viceroy]] and [[Governor General]] of India with a function at Gujahandi. The Viceroy and Lady Minto travelled to Gaya, from where they travelled in a special observation car to Gujhandi. Two special trains, running from Howrah, carried the invitees. The Viceroy screwed on a silver bolt with a silver spanner to formally complete the line.<ref name=grandchord/>

A repeat of the historic event was organized by East Central Railway on 6 December 2006, with a special heritage train "Grand Chord ki Rani", pulled by a 1965 steam engine, carrying the guests from Gaya to Gujhandi.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1061207/asp/jharkhand/story_7104699.asp |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130104202803/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1061207/asp/jharkhand/story_7104699.asp |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 January 2013 | title=Grand rerun of Raj rail route – Railways enact Lord Minto's flag-off at Gujhandi to celebrate 100 years of Dhanbad-Gaya chord line|work=[[The Telegraph (Kolkata)|The Telegraph]]|location=Kolkata|date=7 December 2006| first=Resham| last=Mukherjee}}</ref>

===Branch lines===
Several years before the Grand Chord was built, a connection from the Howrah–Delhi main line to Gaya was developed in 1900 (presumably the Patna–Gaya line) and the South Bihar Railway Company (operated by EIR) had laid a line from [[Lakhisarai]] to Gaya in 1879.<ref name=timeline/> Track doubling of the {{convert|130|km|mi|adj=mid|-long}} Kiul–Gaya section was announced in the [[Railway Budget]] for 2010–2011.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://news.jaibihar.com/rail-budget-2010-2011-bihars-gain/201017419.html |title = Rain Budget 2010-2011: Bihar's gain | publisher=Jai Bihar| date=25 February 2010 |access-date=20 November 2011}}{{dead link|date=December 2016}}</ref>

The [[Bengal Nagpur Railway]] system was connected to the [[East Indian Railway Company]] lines in 1889, thus connecting Asansol to {{stnlnk|Adra}}. In 1907 Adra was connected to the [[Grand Chord]] at [[Gomoh]].<ref name=timeline/>

The construction of the {{convert|143|km|mi|adj=mid|-long}} Chandrapura–Muri–Ranchi–Hatia line started in 1957 and was completed in 1961.<ref>{{cite book| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=v21-4YYgocUC&q=Muri-Chandrapura+line&pg=PA60 |title = Transport Geography of India: Commodity Flow and the Regional Structure of Indian Economy| page=60|first1=Moonis| last1=Raza| first2=Yash| last2=Aggarwal|publisher= Concept Publishing Company| isbn = 81-7022-089-0|access-date= 20 April 2013| via=Google Books| year=1999| orig-year=1986}}</ref>

In 1902, a branch line of EIR was opened from Sone East Bank (later renamed {{stnlnk|Son Nagar}}) to Daltonganj. With the development of [[South Karanpura Coalfield]], the Central India Coalfields Railway opened a line from Gomoh to {{stnlnk|Barkakana}} in 1927 and from Barkakana to Daltonganj in 1929. These lines were subsequently taken over by [[East Indian Railway Company|EIR]].<ref name=timeline/>

==Electrification==
Electrification of the stretch of mainline of this section from {{stnlnk|Asansol}} to [[Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose Gomoh railway station|Netaji SC Bose Gomoh]] was completed in 1960–61. Electrification of the stretch from Netaji SC Bose Gomoh to [[Gaya Junction railway station|Gaya]] was completed in 1961–62.<ref name=electric>{{cite web| url = http://irfca.org/docs/electrification-history.html |title = History of Electrification | publisher= IRFCA| access-date= 24 April 2013}}</ref>

On the Gomoh–Barkakana branch line electrification was done from both ends: Gomoh to Phusro in 1986–87, Barkakana to Danea in 1996–97, Danea to Gomia and Gomia to Jarandih in 1997–98.<ref name=electric/>

In 1965, Asansol–Bareilly Passenger was the first long-distance train on Eastern Railway to be hauled by an AC loco.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-history4.html |title = IR History Part IV (1947–1970)| publisher= IRFCA (Indian Railways Fan Club)|access-date=12 November 2011}}</ref>

The Gaya–Jahanabad sector was electrified in 2002–2003.<ref name="electric"/> Completion of electrification of the {{convert|97|km|mi|adj=mid|-long}} Patna–Gaya rail route before the end of 2003 was announced by the railway minister [[Nitish Kumar]].<ref>{{cite news| url = http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2002-02-15/patna/27131289_1_gaya-railway-minister-nitish-kumar | archive-url = https://archive.today/20120710104136/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2002-02-15/patna/27131289_1_gaya-railway-minister-nitish-kumar | url-status = dead | archive-date = 10 July 2012 |title = Patna–Gaya rail electrification by end of 2003 | access-date=20 November 2011| work = [[The Times of India]] | date=15 February 2002}}</ref>

==Loco sheds==
Asansol is home to the oldest electric loco shed of Indian Railways. It houses [[Indian locomotive class WAG-5|WAG-5]] and [[Indian locomotive class WAM-4|WAM-4]] electric locomotives.<ref name=shed>{{cite web| url = http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-shed.html |title = Sheds and Workshops| publisher= IRFCA| access-date=10 April 2013}}</ref>

[[Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose Gomoh railway station|Netaji SC Bose Gomoh]] has an electric loco shed with capacity to hold 125+ locos. Locos housed at the shed include WAG-7, WAG-9, WAG-9I, WAP-7. WAP-7 locos serve the prestigious [[Howrah Rajdhani Express]].<ref name=shed/>

{{stnlnk|Bokaro Steel City}} has a diesel loco shed with WDM-2 and WDM-3A locos. It has a large yard for [[Bokaro Steel Plant]].<ref name=shed/>

==Speed limits==
Most of the Asansol–Gaya section is classified as ‘A’ class line where trains can run up to 160 km per hour but in certain sections speeds may be limited to 120–130 km per hour. The Howrah Rajdhani (between Howrah and New Delhi) travels at an average speed of 85.8 km per hour and the Sealdah Rajdhani (between Sealdah and New Delhi) travels at an average speed of 84.70 km per hour.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-pway.html |title=Track Classifications: Permanent Way| publisher=IRFCA| access-date=15 January 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-trivia.html#fasttrack| title=Trivia: Highest speed sections of track| publisher=IRFCA| access-date=15 January 2012}}</ref>

==Railway reorganisation==
In 1952, [[Eastern Railway zone|Eastern Railway]], [[Northern Railway zone|Northern Railway]] and [[North Eastern Railway zone|North Eastern Railway]] were formed. Eastern Railway was formed with a portion of [[East Indian Railway Company]], east of Mughalsarai and [[Bengal Nagpur Railway]]. Northern Railway was formed with a portion of East Indian Railway Company west of Mughalsarai, Jodhpur Railway, Bikaner Railway and Eastern Punjab Railway. North Eastern Railway was formed with [[Oudh and Tirhut Railway]], Assam Railway and a portion of [[Bombay, Baroda and Central India Railway]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-geog.html#newzone |title = Geography: Railway Zones| publisher= IRFCA| access-date=28 March 2014}}</ref> East Central Railway was created in 1996–97.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.ecr.indianrailways.gov.in/ |title = East Central Railway| publisher= ECR| access-date=28 March 2014| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160519232432/http://www.ecr.indianrailways.gov.in/| archive-date=19 May 2016}}</ref>

== Trains ==
The following trains are famous trains of this section

* [[Netaji Express]]
* [[Garba Superfast Express]]
* [[Pratap Express]]
* [[Shabd Bhedi Superfast Express]]
* [[Ajmer–Sealdah Express]]
* [[Howrah-Bikaner Superfast Express]]
* [[Howrah-Jodhpur Express]]
* [[Howrah-Mumbai CSMT Mail (via Gaya)]]
* [[Howrah-Gaya Vande Bharat Express]]
* [[Howrah–Lalkuan Express]]
* [[Howrah-Bikaner Weekly Superfast Express]]
* [[Poorva Express (via Gaya)]]
* [[Durgiana Express]]
* [[Kolkata–Agra Cantonment Express]]
* [[Kolkata-Jammu Tawi Express]]
* [[Kolkata-Gwalior Superfast Express]]
* [[West Bengal Sampark Kranti Express]]
* [[Jallianwalla Bagh Express]]
* [[Sealdah-Jammu Tawi Humsafar Express]]
* [[Howrah-New Delhi Rajdhani Express (via Gaya)]]
* [[Sealdah-New Delhi Rajdhani Express]]
* [[Parasnath Express]]
* [[Howrah–Agra Cantonment Chambal Express]]
* [[Howrah–Gwalior Chambal Express]]
* [[Howrah–Mathura Chambal Express]]
* [[Shipra Express]]
* [[Howrah-Barmer Superfast Express]]
* [[Doon Express]]

While There are also a lot of Passenger and Express trains that serves the section.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{external media
| float=right
| video1= [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LXk3TpLD3RM Gurpa Gajhandi Ghat Section (Part I)]
| video2= [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XJMVpABrnBk Gurpa Gajhandi Ghat Section (Part II)]
}}

|{{Railways in Eastern India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Asansol-Gaya section}}
[[Category:5 ft 6 in gauge railways in India]]
[[Category:Asansol railway division|*]]
[[Category:Railway lines in Bihar]]
[[Category:Transport in Asansol]]
[[Category:Dhanbad railway division|*]]

Hum Dono (1961 film)

2026-03-28T18:14:27Z

CelestaWolf314: expand details based on references

{{about|the 1961 film|the 1985 film|Hum Dono (1985 film)|the 1995 film|Hum Dono (1995 film)|the television series|Hum Dono (2000 television series)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Hum Dono
| image = Humdono.jpg
| caption = Film Poster
| director = Amarjeet [[Vijay Anand (filmmaker)|Vijay Anand]] (ghost director)
{{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes
| label1 = Based on
| data1 = ''Uttarayan'' {{small|(a novel)}} by [[Tarashankar Bandyopadhyay]]
}}
| story = Tarashankar Bandyopadhyay
| producer = [[Dev Anand]]
| writer = [[Vijay Anand (Hindi film maker)|Vijay Anand]] (screenplay and dialogue) Nirmal Sircar (adapted story)
| narrator =
| starring = Dev Anand [[Nanda (actress)|Nanda]] [[Sadhana Shivdasani|Sadhana]]
| music = [[Jaidev]]
| cinematography = V. Ratra
| editing = Dharamvir
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1961|02|04|df=yes}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
}}
'''Hum Dono''' (transl. ''Both of Us'') is a 1961 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[romantic drama]] film produced by [[Dev Anand]] and [[Navketan Films|Navketan films]]. Amarjeet (credited as Amar Jeet) is credited as the film's director, but producer and star Dev Anand claimed that it was his brother [[Vijay Anand (Hindi film maker)|Vijay Anand]] who ghost–directed the film, based on his own script.<ref name=upperstall>{{cite web|url=http://www.upperstall.com/films/1961/hum-dono|title=Hum Dono (1961 film)|website=Upperstall.com website|archive-date=7 November 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111107065516/http://www.upperstall.com/films/1961/hum-dono |access-date=8 April 2024}}</ref> It stars Anand in a double role, and also has [[Nanda (actress)|Nanda]], [[Sadhana Shivdasani|Sadhana]] and [[Leela Chitnis]].<ref name=upperstall/> The film is known for its music by [[Jaidev]] and lyrics by [[Sahir Ludhianvi]] and became a box office hit.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.co.in/worth-their-weight-in-gold/ |title=Worth Their Weight in Gold! (Top Ten films from the 1960s) |website= Box Office India website |access-date=8 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111103185138/http://www.boxofficeindia.co.in/worth-their-weight-in-gold/ |archive-date=3 November 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmfare.com//features/best-dev-anand-movies-43840.html|title=Best Dev Anand Movies|website=Filmfare.com website|first=Devesh |last=Sharma |access-date=8 April 2024|date=26 September 2020}}</ref>

''Hum Dono'' was [[Film colorization|relaunched in colour]] after exactly 50 years on 4 February 2011.<ref name="TicketPlease.com">{{cite web |title=Film Review of Hum Dono (1961 film) -'The three hours are completely worth it' |url=http://ticketplease.com/review/bollywood_movie/story/53a40df1-705c-4433-9dbf-359aa7eb0e63/The_three_hours_are_completely_worth_it.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717054818/http://ticketplease.com/review/bollywood_movie/story/53a40df1-705c-4433-9dbf-359aa7eb0e63/The_three_hours_are_completely_worth_it.aspx |archive-date=17 July 2011 |access-date=8 April 2024 |website=TicketPlease website |df=dmy-all}}</ref>

== Plot ==
The film is set in [[India in World War II|India during the period of World War II]]. Anand is an unemployed but happy-go-lucky guy who is in love with a rich girl, Mita. Mita tells her father about Anand, and the next day Anand comes to meet him although he had to face an interview for a job. Mita's father insults Anand saying that on the one hand, he doesn't have enough money to feed Mita but he looks to be so irresponsible that instead of first facing an interview for getting an employment, he has come with a marriage proposal. Anand takes it personally and walks out. On the way back home he sees an [[Indian Army]] poster. Eager as he is to get a job, he quickly enrolls, much to the displeasure of his mother. Mita, not knowing what has happened between her father and Anand, visits his home and learns that Anand has left to serve in the Army. She tells his mother that, being her future daughter-in-law, she will stay with Anand's mother. Mita makes sure that Anand does not learn about her presence at his home and takes care of his mother.

Meanwhile, Anand gets trained and is posted in a war zone ([[Burma campaign]]). At his camp, Anand befriends [[Major (India)|Major]] Verma, a man who looks just like him (except that he has a moustache). With time, a bond develops between the two. The Major tells Anand about his personal life, his wife Ruma and his mother. As fate would have it, Major Verma goes missing in the war, and is presumed dead. A telegram is sent to his family saying that they are unable to trace him.

On the other hand, Anand is promoted for his heroic acts. He returns home to find Mita there and learns of his mother's death. Anand envisions what Verma's family must be going through in his absence. He decides to break the news of the Major's death personally and visits their home. Upon seeing him, the Major's mother mistakes him for her son and hugs him. Ruma too is overjoyed. Anand tells the family doctor of his true identity, but the doctor advises Anand against telling Ruma the truth since Ruma suffers from heart disease and cannot bear emotional stress. To keep Ruma happy and stress-free, Anand has no choice but to play the part of Major Verma, and starts spending more and more time at Verma's home. Mita grows unhappy about Anand's continuous absence from home. Once, when she sees him at a temple with Ruma, she concludes that he is having an affair and leaves him.

At the same time, Anand is not comfortable with being close to Ruma. This pains Ruma and she asks him why he is so distant from her, and when they would have a child. Anand replies that the war has changed him, and he would never have a child with her. However, Ruma starts to think that Major Verma no longer loves her and is having an extra-marital affair.

It is now revealed that the Major is alive, though he has lost a leg. He reaches home and finds Anand in his place. He misjudges him and believes that he is taking sexual advantage of Ruma. Major Verma ambushes Anand on a secluded street and tries to kill him. A scuffle ensues, and the attempt to shoot Anand fails. Anand explains that he is merely playing his part to keep Verma's family happy and his wife healthy. To convince the Major, Anand tells him to come to the temple the next day. He also communicates the same to Mita.

The next day, Anand comes to the temple with Ruma. As Major Verma and Mita secretly listen on, Ruma again complains to Anand about the lack of physical intimacy between them. Anand then asks her whether she would leave her husband if he were to become handicapped. Ruma's answer is an emphatic no.

At this point, the real Major Verma reveals himself and Ruma hugs him. Mita too understands the situation and reconciles with Anand. The two couples leave the temple and the film ends on a happy note.

==Cast==
*[[Dev Anand]] in double role as [[Major (India)|Major]] Manohar Lal "Mani" Verma and [[Captain (armed forces)|Capt.]] Anand<ref name=upperstall/>
*[[Nanda (actress)|Nanda]] as Ruma Verma, Major Manohar Lal Verma's wife
*[[Sadhana Shivdasani|Sadhana]] as Mita, Capt. Anand's [[Innamorati|love interest]]<ref name=upperstall/>
*[[Lalita Pawar]] as Mrs. Verma, Major Manohar Lal Verma's mother<ref name=upperstall/>
*[[Leela Chitnis]] as Capt. Anand's mother<ref name=upperstall/>
*[[Gajanan Jagirdar]] as Mita's father (credited as Jagirdar)
*[[Rashid Khan (actor)|Rashid Khan]] as John<ref name=upperstall/>

== Production ==
Dev Anand had actually read [[Tarasankar Bandyopadhyay|Tarasankar Bandopadhyay]]'s novel ''Uttarayan'' and bought the rights from him to make a Hindi film on it, under his home banner Navketan Films. His brother Vijay Anand wrote its screenplay, adapting the original story. ''Hum Dono'' was originally supposed to be directed by Kartik Chatterjee, who had made a big name for himself with Bengali hits like ''Ramer Sumati'', ''Mahaprasthaner Pathey'' (''[[Yatrik (film)|Yatrik]]'' in Hindi), ''[[Saheb Bibi Golam (film)|Saheb Bibi Golam]]'' and ''[[Chandranath (1957 film)|Chandranath]]''. But Chatterjee left the project after Anand suggested some changes in the screen adaptation of the novel. Bandyopadhyay also left the project and gave his novel's adaptation right to [[Agradoot]]. Later, Anad hired Nirmal Sircar to write a modified version of the novel and got on board Amarjeet as director, and made ''Hum Dono''.

==Soundtrack==
The film's music was composed by [[Jaidev]] and song lyrics were written by [[Sahir Ludhianvi]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scoopwhoop.com/entertainment/black-and-white/|title=18 Black And White Bollywood Films That We Can Still Watch Any Time|last=ScoopWhoop|date=10 January 2015|publisher=}}</ref>
{|class="wikitable"
! Song !! Singer
![[Raga]]
|-
| "[[Abhi Na Jaao Chhod Kar]]"
| [[Mohammed Rafi]], [[Asha Bhosle]]
|
|-
| "Allah Tero Naam "
| [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
|
|-
| "Jahan Mein Aisa Kaun Hai"
| [[Asha Bhosle]]
|
|-
| "Kabhi Khud Pe Kabhi Haalaat Pe Rona Aaya"
| Mohammed Rafi
|[[Gara (raga)]]
|-
| "Mai Zindagi Ka Saath Nibhata Chala Gaya"
| Mohammed Rafi
|
|-
| "Prabhu Tero Naam"
| Lata Mangeshkar
|[[Bhimpalasi]]
|-
|}

== Nominations ==
*[[9th Filmfare Awards|Filmfare]] Nomination for [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]] - [[Dev Anand]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://deep750.googlepages.com/FilmfareAwards.pdf|title=Filmfare Awards - Nominations and Winners (see page 13 of 125 for Hum Dono (1961 film)|access-date=8 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090612065210/http://deep750.googlepages.com/FilmfareAwards.pdf|archive-date=12 June 2009|url-status=dead|website=Googlepages.com website}}</ref>
*Director Amarjeet was nominated for the [[Golden Bear]] at the [[12th Berlin International Film Festival|1962 Berlin International Film Festival]].<ref name="imdb">{{cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0225961/awards |title=IMDB.com: Awards for Hum Dono|work=imdb.com}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* {{IMDb title|0225961|Hum Dono}}

[[Category:1961 films]]
[[Category:1961 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Indian war films]]
[[Category:Hindi films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Indian Army in films]]
[[Category:Indian World War II films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Jaidev]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Dev Anand]]
[[Category:Films produced by Dev Anand]]
[[Category:Films about the Burma campaign]]
[[Category:Films about lookalikes]]
[[Category:Films based on Indian novels]]
[[Category:Films based on adaptations]]
[[Category:Fiction about unemployment]]
[[Category:Films about interclass romance]]
[[Category:Films about missing people]]
[[Category:Films set in temples]]
[[Category:Films about adultery in India]]
[[Category:Films about disability in India]]
[[Category:Japan in non-Japanese culture]]
[[Category:India–Japan military relations]]
[[Category:India–Myanmar relations]]

Ramgarh, Bihar Assembly constituency

2026-03-22T19:37:04Z

CelestaWolf314: enhanced intro further and fixed typos as per guidelines

{{For|the constituency in other states with same name|Ramgarh, Jharkhand Assembly constituency|Ramgarh, Rajasthan Assembly constituency}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Ramgarh, Bihar Assembly constituency
| type = SLA
| map_image = 203-Ramgarh, Bihar constituency.svg
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| mla = [[Satish Kumar Singh Yadav]]
| party = {{Party index link|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|Independent|None}}
| latest_election_year = [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
| region =
| state = [[Bihar]]
| district = [[Kaimur district|Kaimur]]
| division =
| loksabha_cons =
| constituency_no = [[List of constituencies of the Bihar Legislative Assembly|203]]
| established = 1951
| electors = 286,876
| abolished = 
}}

'''Ramgarh Assembly constituency''' is one of 243 constituencies of [[Bihar Legislative Assembly|legislative assembly of Bihar]]. It comes under [[Buxar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Buxar]] Lok Sabha constituency.<ref name="election2017">{{cite web | url=http://www.elections.in/bihar/parliamentary-constituencies/buxar.html | title=Buxar Parliamentary Constituencies | publisher=elections.in | access-date=30 December 2017}}</ref>

==Overview==
Ramgarh comprises [[Community development block in India|community blocks]] of [[Ramgarh, Kaimur|Ramgarh]], [[Nuaon]] & [[Durgawati]].<ref name=commission>{{cite web|url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |title = Schedule – XIII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008 of the Election Commission of India|work= Schedule VI Bihar, Part A – Assembly constituencies, Part B – Parliamentary constituencies |access-date = 2017-12-30 }}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Member<ref name="election2018">{{Cite web |title=Ramgarh Election and Results 2018, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/bihar/assembly-constituencies/ramgarh.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1952 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
|Dular Chand Ram
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1957 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|Dasrath Tewari
|{{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
|[[1962 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|Viswanath Rai
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1967 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|Sachchidanand Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}
|-
|[[1969 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|Viswanath Rai
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1972 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| rowspan="2" |Sachchidanand Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}
|-
|[[1977 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1980 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|Prabhavati Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}
|-
|[[1985 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| rowspan="6" |[[Jagada Nand Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Lokdal}}
|-
|[[1990 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1995 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|-
|[[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
| {{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal|rowspan=5}}
|-
|[[February 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
|-
|[[October 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
|-
|2009^
| rowspan="2" |[[Ambika Singh Yadav|Ambika Yadav]]
|-
|[[2010 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2010]]
|-
|[[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2015]]
|[[Ashok Kumar Singh (Ramgarh)|Ashok Kumar Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2020]]
|[[Sudhakar Singh (Bihar politician)|Sudhakar Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[2024 elections in India#Bihar|2024^]]
|[[Ashok Kumar Singh (Ramgarh)|Ashok Kumar Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
|[[ Satish Kumar Singh (Ramgarh)|Satish Kumar Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}

|}

^by-election

==Election results==
=== 2025 ===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Ramgarh<ref name="2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly Election Result: Ramgarh">{{cite news |title=2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly Election Result: Ramgarh |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S04203.htm |access-date=16 November 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=14 November 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251116143250/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S04203.htm |archive-date=16 November 2025 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Satish Kumar Singh (Ramgarh)|Satish Kumar Singh]]
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = {{formatnum:72689}}
|percentage = 37.31
|change = +5.01
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate =[[Ashok Kumar Singh (Ramgarh)|Ashok Kumar Singh]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:72659}}
|percentage = 37.29
|change = +6.0
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Ajit Singh
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|votes = {{formatnum:41480}}
|percentage = 21.29
|change = -11.11
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Anand Kumar Singh
|party = Jan Suraaj Party
|votes = {{formatnum:4426}}
|percentage = 2.27
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Suheldev Bhartiya Samaj Party
|candidate = Ghurelal Rajbhar
|votes = {{formatnum:1779}}
|percentage = 0.91
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1154}}
|percentage = 0.59
|change = -0.54
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:30}}
|percentage = 0.02
|change = -0.08
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:194844}}
|percentage = 67.92
|change = +3.79
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|
|winner = Bahujan Samaj Party
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2024 bypoll===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2024 elections in India#Bihar|Bihar Legislative Assembly by-election 2024]]: Ramgarh<ref name="Ramgarh Assembly Constituency By Poll Result 2024">{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of India |title=Ramgarh Assembly Constituency By Poll Result 2024 |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcByeNov2024/candidateswise-S04203.htm |access-date=25 November 2024 |date=23 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241125120921/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcByeNov2024/candidateswise-S04203.htm |archive-date=25 November 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate=[[Ashok Kumar Singh (Ramgarh)|Ashok Kumar Singh]]
|party=Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes=62,179
|percentage=36.99
|change=+5.7}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Satish Kumar Singh|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|votes=60,895|percentage=36.18|change=+3.88}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Ajit Kumar Singh|party=Rashtriya Janata Dal|votes=35,825|percentage=21.28|change=-11.12}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Sushil Kumar Singh|party=Jan Suraaj Party|votes=6513|percentage=3.87|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[None of the Above]]|party=None of the above (India)|votes=1,287|percentage=0.76|change=}}
{{Election box majority|votes=1,362|percentage=0.81|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=168,320|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2020 ===
{{Election box begin |title=[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Ramgarh<ref name="election2020">{{Cite web |date=2021-01-13 |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 2020 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/12787-bihar-legislative-election-2020/ |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Sudhakar Singh (Bihar politician)|Sudhakar Singh]]
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|votes = {{formatnum:58083}}
|percentage = 32.4
|change = +0.39
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Ambika Singh
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = {{formatnum:57894}}
|percentage = 32.3
|change = +9.14
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Ashok Kumar Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:56084}}
|percentage = 31.29
|change = -5.91
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2019}}
|percentage = 1.13
|change = -0.21
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:189}}
|percentage = 0.1
|change = -5.09
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:179266}}
|percentage = 64.13
|change = +3.89
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|
|winner = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2015 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Ramgarh<ref name="Ramgarh Constituency Election Results 2015 - 2025">{{cite news |title=Ramgarh Constituency Election Results 2015 - 2025 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/constituency-show/ramgarh |access-date=6 December 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=14 November 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251206075855/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/constituency-show/ramgarh |archive-date=6 December 2025 |language=en}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Ashok Kumar Singh (Ramgarh)|Ashok Kumar Singh]]
|votes = {{formatnum:57501}}
|percentage = 37.2
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Ambika Singh Yadav|Ambika Yadav]]
|votes = {{formatnum:49490}}
|percentage = 32.01
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Pramod Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:35796}}
|percentage = 23.16
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jai Hind Samaj Party
|candidate = Hari Narayan Bind
|votes = {{formatnum:3641}}
|percentage = 2.36
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Yogendra Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:1407}}
|percentage = 0.91
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2067}}
|percentage = 1.34
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:8011}}
|percentage = 5.19
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:154592}}
|percentage = 60.24
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = BJP
|loser = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2010===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2010 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Ramgarh<ref name="election2010">{{cite web | title=Vidhan Sabha / 2010 / Bihar / Ramgarh | website=IndiaVotes | url=https://www.indiavotes.com/vidhan-sabha-details/2010/bihar-[2000-onwards]/ramgarh/58/31606/212 | access-date=18 November 2025}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Ambika Singh Yadav|Ambika Yadav]]
|votes = {{formatnum:30787}}
|percentage = 25.0
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = Ashok Kumar Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:27809}}
|percentage = 22.6
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Sudhakar Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:18551}}
|percentage = 15.1
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:2978}}
|percentage = 2.4
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:123219}}
|percentage = 60.4
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of all Bihar Assembly elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/68-bihar/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Bihar}}

[[Category:Politics of Kaimur district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Bihar]]
[[Category:Constituencies established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Bihar]]

Martyr

2026-03-22T15:47:33Z

CelestaWolf314: expanded page based on references based on references

{{Short description|Person who suffers persecution and death for the faith}}
{{Other uses}}
[[File:20,000 martyrs of Nicomedia (Menologion of Basil II).jpg|thumb|330x330px|Miniature from the ''[[Menologion of Basil II]]'' depicting the [[20,000 Martyrs of Nicomedia]], who were martyred when Roman soldiers set their church on fire on [[Christmas Day]], AD 302]]
A '''martyr''' ({{Langx|el|μάρτυς}}, ''mártys'', 'witness' [[Word stem|stem]] {{Lang|el|μαρτυρ-}}, ''martyr-'') is someone who suffers [[persecution]] and [[death]] for advocating, renouncing, or refusing to renounce or advocate, a religious belief or other cause as demanded by an external party. In colloquial usage, the term can also refer to any person who suffers a significant consequence in protest or support of a cause.

In the [[Martyrdom in Christianity|martyrdom]] narrative of the remembering community, this refusal to comply with the presented demands results in the punishment or execution of an individual by an [[oppression|oppressor]]. Accordingly, the status of the 'martyr' can be considered a [[posthumous title]] as a reward for those who are considered worthy of the concept of martyrdom by the living, regardless of any attempts by the deceased to control how they will be remembered in advance.<ref>Gölz, Olmo [https://www.academia.edu/39112997/G%C3%B6lz_Martyrdom_and_the_Struggle_for_Power_Interdisciplinary_Perspectives_on_Martyrdom_in_the_Modern_Middle_East._Editorial_Behemoth_12_no._1_2019_2_13 "Martyrdom and the Struggle for Power. Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Martyrdom in the Modern Middle East."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190517121625/https://www.academia.edu/39112997/G%C3%B6lz_Martyrdom_and_the_Struggle_for_Power_Interdisciplinary_Perspectives_on_Martyrdom_in_the_Modern_Middle_East._Editorial_Behemoth_12_no._1_2019_2_13 |date=2019-05-17 }}, Behemoth 12, no. 1 (2019): 2–13, 5.</ref> Insofar, the martyr is a relational figure of a society's boundary work that is produced by [[collective memory]].<ref>Gölz, Olmo [https://www.academia.edu/41498238/G%C3%B6lz_The_Imaginary_Field_of_the_Heroic_On_the_Contention_between_Heroes_Martyrs_Victims_and_Villains_in_Collective_Memory._helden.heroes.h%C3%A9ros_Special_Issue_5_Analyzing_Processes_of_Heroization._Theories_Methods_Histories._Ed._by_N_Falkenhayner_S_Meurer_and_T_Schlechtriemen_2019_27_38 "The Imaginary Field of the Heroic: On the Contention between Heroes, Martyrs, Victims and Villains in Collective Memory."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200103113440/https://www.academia.edu/41498238/G%C3%B6lz_The_Imaginary_Field_of_the_Heroic_On_the_Contention_between_Heroes_Martyrs_Victims_and_Villains_in_Collective_Memory._helden.heroes.h%C3%A9ros_Special_Issue_5_Analyzing_Processes_of_Heroization._Theories_Methods_Histories._Ed._by_N_Falkenhayner_S_Meurer_and_T_Schlechtriemen_2019_27_38 |date=2020-01-03 }} In helden.heroes.héros, Special Issue 5: Analyzing Processes of Heroization. Theories, Methods, Histories. Ed. by N Falkenhayner, S Meurer and T Schlechtriemen (2019): 27–38, 27.</ref> Originally applied only to those who suffered for their religious beliefs, the term has come to be used in connection with people killed for a political cause.

Most martyrs are considered holy or are respected by their followers, becoming symbols of exceptional leadership and heroism in the face of difficult circumstances. Martyrs play significant roles in religions. Similarly, martyrs have had notable effects in secular life, including such figures as [[Socrates]], among other political and cultural examples.

==Meaning==
[[File:King Charles I from NPG.jpg|thumb|[[King Charles the Martyr|Charles I]] is regarded by many members of the Church of England as a martyr because, it is said,<ref>{{cite journal|last=Episcopal Church. Diocese of Eau Claire|title=annual convention|journal=Journal of the Diocese of EAU Claire |year=1978|quote=Whereas, as Bishop Creighton in 1895 said, 'Had Charles been willing to abandon the Church and give up the episcopacy, he might have saved his throne and his life, but on this point he stood firm. For this dying, saved it for the future'|publisher=The Diocese|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wn_kAAAAMAAJ&q=stood+firm&pg=24}}</ref> he was offered his life if he would abandon the historic [[episcopacy]] in the Church of England. It is said he refused, however, believing that the Church of England was truly "[[Catholic (term)|Catholic]]" and should maintain the Catholic episcopate.]]
In its original meaning, the word martyr, meaning ''[[witness]]'', was used in the secular sphere as well as in the [[New Testament]] of the [[Bible]].<ref>See e.g. Alison A. Trites, ''The New Testament Concept of Witness'', {{ISBN|978-0-521-60934-0}}.</ref> The process of bearing witness was not intended to lead to the death of the witness, although it is known from ancient writers (e.g., [[Josephus]]) and from the New Testament that witnesses often died for their testimonies.

During the [[early Christianity|early Christian]] centuries, the term acquired the extended meaning of believers who are called to witness for their religious belief, and on account of this witness, endure suffering or death. The term, in this later sense, entered the [[English language]] as a [[loanword]]. The death of a martyr or the value attributed to it is called ''martyrdom''.

The early Christians who first began to use the term ''martyr'' in its new sense saw [[Jesus]] as the first and greatest martyr, on account of his [[Crucifixion of Jesus|crucifixion]].<ref>Frances M. Young, ''The Use of Sacrificial Ideas in Greek Christian Writers from the New Testament to John Chrysostom'' (Eugene, OR: Wipf & Stock, 2004), pp. 107.</ref><ref>[[Eusebius]] wrote of the early Christians: "They were so eager to imitate Christ ... they gladly yielded the title of martyr to Christ, the true Martyr and Firstborn from the dead." Eusebius, ''Church History'' 5.1.2.</ref><ref>Scholars believe that [[Book of Revelation|Revelation]] was written during the period when the word for ''witness'' was gaining its meaning of ''martyr''. Revelation describes several Christian reh with the term ''martyr'' (Rev 17:6, 12:11, 2:10–13), and describes Jesus in the same way ("Jesus Christ, the faithful witness/martyr" in Rev 1:5, and see also Rev 3:14).</ref> The early Christians appear to have seen Jesus as the [[Archetype|archetypal]] martyr.<ref name="D. Rusk, 2011 pp. 217-229">A. J. Wallace and R. D. Rusk, ''Moral Transformation: The Original Christian Paradigm of Salvation'' (New Zealand: Bridgehead, 2011), pp. 217–229.</ref>

The word ''martyr'' is used in English to describe a wide variety of people. However, the following table presents a general outline of common features present in stereotypical martyrdoms.

A female martyr may rarely be referred to as a '''martyress'''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Martyress - Noun |url=https://www.oed.com/dictionary/martyress_n?tab=factsheet |website=Oxford English Dictionary}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=martyress |url=https://rabbitique.com/profile/en/martyress |website=Rabbitique |access-date=2025-07-28 |archive-date=2025-08-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250823004722/https://rabbitique.com/profile/en/martyress |url-status=live }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto; width: 75%;"
|+ Common features of stereotypical martyrdoms<ref>From A. J. Wallace and R. D. Rusk, ''Moral Transformation: The Original Christian Paradigm of Salvation'' (New Zealand: Bridgehead, 2011), pp. 218.</ref>
| style="width:5%;"| 1.
| style="width:20%;"| A hero
| style="width:75%;"| A person of some renown who is devoted to a cause believed to be admirable.
|-
| 2. || Opposition || People who oppose that cause.
|-
| 3. || Foreseeable risk || The hero foresees action by opponents to harm him or her, because of their commitment to the cause.
|-
| 4. || Courage and commitment || The hero continues, despite knowing the risk, out of commitment to the cause.
|-
| 5. || Death || The opponents kill the hero because of their commitment to the cause.
|-
| 6. || Audience response || The hero's death is commemorated. People may label the hero explicitly as a martyr. Other people may in turn be inspired to pursue the same cause.
|}

== Martyrdom in the Middle East ==

In contemporary Middle Eastern cultures, the term for 'martyr' (Arabic ''[[shahid]]'') has more uses than the English word 'martyr'.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fierke |title=Martyrdom in the contemporary Middle East and north Africa |journal=Political Self-Sacrifice: Agency, Body and Emotion in International Relations |date=2012 |page= 198|doi=10.1017/CBO9781139248853.011|isbn=9781139248853 }}</ref>

While the term can be narrowly used for a person who is killed because of their religion, it is more generally used to mean a person who died a violent death. Thus it can arguably mean a general 'victim'.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Whitaker |first1=Brian |title=Martyrs, never victims |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2000/oct/13/israel12 |work=The Guardian |date=October 12, 2000}}</ref>

A person is a martyr if they were killed because of their identity, because of natural disasters like earthquakes,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Akasoy |first1=Anna |title=Islamic Attitudes to Disasters in the Middle Ages: A Comparison of Earthquakes and Plagues |journal=The Medieval History Journal |date=2006 |volume=10 |issue=1–2 |page=398 |doi=10.1177/097194580701000214 |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/097194580701000214|url-access=subscription }}</ref> or while performing relief or health care work. For example, [[İbrahim Bilgen]] was killed by Israel in the [[2010 Gaza flotilla raid]]. Because he died as a humanitarian activist, he is called a martyr by [[Al Jazeera Arabic|Al-Jazeera]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Keddie |first1=Patrick |title=Remembering the Mavi Marmara victims |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/7/21/remembering-the-mavi-marmara-victims |publisher=Al Jazeera |date=21 Jul 2016 |archive-date=28 October 2023 |access-date=28 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231028034840/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/7/21/remembering-the-mavi-marmara-victims |url-status=live }}</ref>

Martyrdom is also tied with nationalism, because a martyr can be a person who died in the context of national struggle.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Buckner, Elizabeth and [[Lina Khatib|Khatib, Lina]] |title=The Martyrs' Revolutions: The Role of Martyrs in the Arab Spring |journal=British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies |date=2014 |volume=41 |issue=4 |page=370 |doi=10.1080/13530194.2014.918802 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13530194.2014.918802 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=2023-10-28 |access-date=2023-10-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231028034838/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13530194.2014.918802 |url-status=live }}</ref> For example, in Beirut, [[Martyrs' Square, Beirut|Martyrs' Square]] is a public square that's dedicated to Lebanese nationalists who were executed by the Ottomans.

In Palestine, the word 'martyr' is [[Martyrdom in Palestinian society|traditionally used]] to mean a person killed by Israeli forces, regardless of religion.<ref name="MA01182">{{cite web |date=January 4, 2018 |title=The Culture of Palestinian Shaheeds |url=https://www.terrorism-info.org.il/app/uploads/2018/01/E_002_18.pdf |access-date=9 December 2023 |website=The Meir Amit Intelligence and Terrorism Information Center |archive-date=9 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209202640/https://www.terrorism-info.org.il/app/uploads/2018/01/E_002_18.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fierke |title=Martyrdom in the contemporary Middle East and north Africa |journal=Political Self-Sacrifice: Agency, Body and Emotion in International Relations |date=2012 |page= 216|doi=10.1017/CBO9781139248853.011|isbn=9781139248853 }}</ref> For example, [[Shireen Abu Akleh]] was a Palestinian Christian journalist who was killed by Israeli forces, and Arabic media calls her a 'martyr'.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Alamuddin |first1=Baria |title=Shireen Abu Akleh: A martyr to the truth of Israeli inhumanity |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/2082786 |publisher=Arab News |date=May 16, 2022}}</ref> This reflects a communal belief that every Palestinian death is part of a resistance against Israeli occupation.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Raja Abdulrahim and Hiba Yazbek |title=For Palestinians, a Rush to Claim 'Martyrs' Killed by Israel |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/12/31/world/middleeast/palestinian-martyrs-israel.html |work=The New York Times |date=December 31, 2022 |archive-date=October 28, 2023 |access-date=October 28, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231028034838/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/12/31/world/middleeast/palestinian-martyrs-israel.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Children are likewise called martyrs, such as the children of journalist [[Wael Al-Dahdouh]] who were killed in an Israeli airstrike.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Abu Mazen |first1=Saddam |title=كتاب وأدباء عرب: صلابة وائل الدحدوح نموذج للجسارة الفلسطينية [Arab writers and writers: Wael Al-Dahdouh's toughness is a model of Palestinian courage] |url=https://www.aljazeera.net/culture/2023/10/28/%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8-%D9%88%D8%A3%D8%AF%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8-%D8%B5%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A9-%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%AD |publisher=Al Jazeera |date=October 28, 2023}}</ref>

The label of martyrdom is used as a form of memoralizing the dead within some narrative, such as how the victims of the [[2020 Beirut explosion]] were called 'martyrs of corruption' as a form of protest against the government.<ref>{{cite web |last1=ICSR Team |title=Martyrdom in Lebanon: An Evolution of Memory-Making |url=https://www.xcept-research.org/martyrdom-in-lebanon-an-evolution-of-memory-making/ |website=International Centre for the Study of Radicalisation |date=10 May 2023 |access-date=28 October 2023 |archive-date=28 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231028034840/https://www.xcept-research.org/martyrdom-in-lebanon-an-evolution-of-memory-making/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

The wide usage of 'martyr' is not restricted to Arabic. Armenian culture likewise uses the term for the victims of the [[Armenian genocide]], who are called ''Holy Martyrs''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Holy Martyrs of the Armenian Genocide |url=https://armenianchurch.us/the-saints/holy-martyrs-of-the-armenian-genocide/ |website=The Armenian Church, Eastern Diocese of America |access-date=28 October 2023 |archive-date=28 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231028014745/https://armenianchurch.us/the-saints/holy-martyrs-of-the-armenian-genocide/ |url-status=live }}</ref> April 24 is [[Armenian Genocide Memorial Day]], and also called "Armenian Martyrs Day".<ref>{{cite web |last1=The Genocide Education Project |title=President Biden formally recognizes the Armenian Genocide |url=https://genocideeducation.org/president-biden-formally-recognizes-the-armenian-genocide/}}</ref>

== Religious meanings==

===Eastern religions===

==== Chinese culture ====
{{main|Martyrdom in Chinese culture}}
Martyrdom was extensively promoted by the [[Tongmenghui]] and the [[Kuomintang]] party in modern China. Revolutionaries who died fighting against the Qing dynasty in the [[Xinhai Revolution]] and throughout the [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]] period, furthering the cause of the revolution, were recognized as martyrs.{{Citation needed|date = December 2016}}

====Hinduism====
According to Stephen Knapp,{{who|date=November 2024}} despite the promotion of ''[[ahimsa]]'' (non-violence) within [[Sanatana Dharma]], and there being no concept of martyrdom,<ref>{{cite book| author= Stephen Knapp | year= 2006 | title= The Power of the Dharma: An Introduction to Hinduism and Vedic Culture | publisher= iUniverse | isbn= 978-0-595-83748-9 | url= https://books.google.com/books?id=O9upBAAAQBAJ&q=martyrdom+&pg=PT138 }}</ref> there is the belief of righteous duty (''[[dharma]]''), where violence is used as a last resort to resolution after all other means have failed. Examples of this are found in the [[Mahabharata]]. Upon completion of their exile, the Pandavas were refused the return of their portion of the kingdom by their cousin Duryodhana; and following which all means of peace talks by [[Krishna]], [[Vidura]] and [[Sanjaya]] failed. During the great war which commenced, even [[Arjuna]] was brought down with doubts, e.g., attachment, sorrow, fear. This is where Krishna instructs Arjuna in the [[Bhagavad Gita]] how to carry out his duty as a righteous [[warrior]] and fight.{{citation needed|date=November 2024}}

====Sikhism====

[[File:Mehdiana 5.jpg|thumb|Sculpture at [[Mehdiana Sahib]] of the execution of [[Banda Singh Bahadur]] by [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]]s in 1716{{citation needed|date=November 2024}} ]]
{{main|Martyrdom in Sikhism}}
{{see also|Istishhad #Sikhism}}

Martyrdom (called ''shahadat'' in Punjabi) is a fundamental concept in [[Sikhism]] and represents an important institution of the faith. Sikhs believe in ''Ibaadat se Shahadat'' (from love to martyrdom). Some famous Sikh martyrs include:<ref>{{cite web |author=Sandeep Singh Bajwa |url=http://www.sikh-history.com/sikhhist/martyrs/nojava.html |title=Biographies of Great Sikh Martyrs |publisher=Sikh-history.com |date=2000-02-11 |access-date=2014-08-22 |archive-date=2019-04-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403054654/http://www.sikh-history.com/sikhhist/martyrs/nojava.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[Guru Arjan]], the fifth leader of Sikhism. Guru ji was brutally tortured for almost 5 days before he attained shaheedi, or martyrdom.
* [[Guru Tegh Bahadur]], the ninth guru of Sikhism, martyred on 11 November 1675. He is also known as ''Dharam Di Chadar'' (i.e. "the shield of Religion"), suggesting that to save Hinduism, the guru gave his life.
* [[Bhai Dayala]] is one of the Sikhs who was martyred at Chandni Chowk at Delhi in November 1675 due to his refusal to accept Islam.
* [[Bhai Mati Das]] is considered by some one of the greatest martyrs in Sikh history, martyred at Chandni Chowk at Delhi in November 1675 to save Hindu Brahmins.
* [[Bhai Sati Das]] is also considered by some one of the greatest martyrs in Sikh history, martyred along with Guru Teg Bahadur at Chandni Chowk at Delhi in November 1675 to save kashmiri pandits.
* [[Sahibzada Ajit Singh]], [[Sahibzada Jujhar Singh]], [[Sahibzada Zorawar Singh]] and [[Sahibzada Fateh Singh]] – the four sons of Guru Gobind Singh, the 10th Sikh guru.
* [[Bhai Mani Singh]], who came from a family of over 20 different martyrs

===Abrahamic religions===
{{see also| Abrahamic religions }}

====Judaism====
{{main|Martyrdom in Judaism}}{{See also|Self-sacrifice in Jewish law|Kiddush Hashem|Milkhemet Mitzvah}}
[[File:Attavante, martirio dei sette fratelli ebrei, bibl ap vaticana bibbia ms. urb lat 2 f 174v.jpg|thumb| [[Woman with seven sons|''Martyrdom of the seven Hebrew brothers'']], [[Attavante degli Attavanti]], [[Vatican Library]]{{citation needed|date=November 2024}} ]]

Martyrdom in [[Judaism]] is one of the main examples of ''[[Kiddush Hashem]]'', meaning "sanctification of God's name" through public dedication to Jewish practice. Religious martyrdom is considered one of the more significant contributions of [[Hellenistic Judaism]] to [[Western Civilization]]. [[1 Maccabees]] and [[2 Maccabees]] recount numerous martyrdoms suffered by [[Jews]] resisting [[Hellenization|Hellenizing]] (adoption of Greek ideas or customs of a [[Hellenistic civilization]]) by their [[Seleucid]] overlords, being executed for such crimes as [[Shabbat|observing the Sabbath]], [[Brit milah|circumcising their boys]] or [[Kashrut|refusing to eat pork or meat sacrificed to foreign gods]]. However, the notion of martyrdom in the Jewish and Christian traditions differ considerably.<ref>See Philippe Bobichon, « Martyre talmudique et martyre chrétien », ''Kentron : Revue du Monde Antique et de Psychologie Historique'' 11, 2 (1995) and 12, 1 (1996), pp. 109–129</ref>

There are times that the Hebrew Bible records that the [[Israelites]], the ancestors of the Jews, [[Judaism and warfare|are instructed to wage war]] against their enemies in the Bible sometimes as instructed by God or their leaders or both. Examples are wars against [[Amalek]] and the [[Seven Nations (Bible)|Seven Nations]]. Such wars are known as ''[[Milkhemet Mitzvah]]'' ("war by commandment" in Hebrew, or "[[Holy War]]") and any Israelite or Jew who is killed in the course of fighting for the cause is automatically regarded as having died ''al Kiddush Hashem'' ("for Sanctifying God's Name") and is hence a Jewish martyr.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Cohen |first1=Alfred |title=On Yeshiva Men Serving In The Army |journal=Journal of Halacha and Contemporary Society |date=Spring 1992 |volume=XXIII |url=https://www.daat.ac.il/daat/english/halacha/cohen_1.htm |access-date=12 February 2020 |archive-date=17 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191117222725/http://www.daat.ac.il/daat/english/halacha/cohen_1.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Christianity====

[[File:Westminster Abbey C20th martyrs.jpg|thumb|From the gallery of 20th century martyrs at [[Westminster Abbey]]—l. to r. [[Princess Elisabeth of Hesse and by Rhine (1864–1918)|Mother Elizabeth of Russia]], Rev. [[Martin Luther King Jr.]], Archbishop [[Óscar Romero]] and Pastor [[Dietrich Bonhoeffer]]{{citation needed|date=November 2024}} ]]
{{main|Christian martyr}}

In [[Christianity]], a martyr, in accordance with the meaning of the original Greek term ''martys'' in the [[New Testament]], is one who brings a testimony, usually written or verbal. In particular, the testimony is that of the Christian [[Gospel]], or more generally, the [[Word of God (Bible)|Word of God]]. A Christian witness is a biblical witness whether or not [[death]] follows.<ref>See Davis, R.[http://www.newmatthewbible.org/martyr.html "Martyr, or Witness?"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511195005/http://www.newmatthewbible.org/martyr.html |date=2011-05-11 }}, New Matthew Bible Project</ref>

[[File:Christian martyrs burned at the stake in Madagascar.jpg|thumb| Illustration of Christian martyrs burned at the stake by the order of [[Ranavalona I]] in [[Madagascar]]{{citation needed|date=November 2024}} ]]

The concept of Jesus as a martyr has recently received greater attention. Analyses of the [[Passion (Christianity)|Passion narratives in the Gospels]] have led many scholars to conclude that they are martyrdom accounts in terms of genre and style.<ref>J. W. van Henten, "Jewish Martyrdom and Jesus' Death" in Jörg Frey & Jens Schröter (eds.), ''Deutungen des Todes Jesu im Neuen Testament'' (Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2005) pp. 157–168.</ref><ref>Donald W. Riddle, "The Martyr Motif in the Gospel According to Mark." The Journal of Religion, IV.4 (1924), pp. 397–410.</ref><ref>M. E. Vines, M. E. Vines, "The 'Trial Scene' Chronotype in Mark and the Jewish Novel", in G. van Oyen and T. Shepherd (eds.), ''The Trial and Death of Jesus: Essays on the Passion Narrative in Mark'' (Leuven: Peeters, 2006), pp. 189–203.</ref> Several scholars have also concluded that [[Paul the Apostle]] understood Jesus' death as a martyrdom.<ref>Stephen Finlan, ''The Background and Content of Paul's Cultic Atonement Metaphors'' (Atlanta, GA: SBL, 2004), pp. 193–210</ref><ref>Sam K. Williams, ''Death as Saving Event: The Background and Origin of a Concept'' (Missoula, MT: Scholars Press for Harvard Theological Review, 1975), pp. 38–41.</ref><ref>David Seeley, ''The Noble Death'' (Sheffield: JSOT Press, 1990), pp. 83–112.</ref><ref>Stanley Stowers, ''A Rereading of Romans: Justice, Jews, and Gentiles'' (Ann Arbor: Yale University Press, 1997), pp. 212ff.</ref><ref>Jarvis J. Williams, ''Maccabean Martyr Traditions in Paul's Theology of Atonement'' (Eugene, OR: Wipf and Stock, 2010)</ref><ref>S. A. Cummins, ''Paul and the Crucified Christ in Antioch'' (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001).</ref> In light of such conclusions, some have argued that the [[early Christians]] of the first three centuries would have interpreted the [[crucifixion of Jesus]] as a martyrdom.<ref name="D. Rusk, 2011 pp. 217-229"/><ref>Stephen J. Patterson, ''Beyond the Passion: Rethinking the Death and Life of Jesus'' (Minneapolis, MN: Fortress, 2004).</ref>

In the context of [[church history]], from the time of the [[persecution of early Christians in the Roman Empire]] under the [[Julio-Claudian dynasty]], it developed that a martyr was one who was killed for maintaining a [[Faith|religious belief]], ''knowing'' that this will almost certainly result in imminent death (though without intentionally seeking death). This definition of ''martyr'' is not specifically restricted to the Christian faith. Christianity recognizes certain Old Testament Jewish figures, like [[Abel]] and the [[Maccabees]], as holy, and the New Testament mentions the imprisonment and beheading of [[John the Baptist]], Jesus's possible cousin and his prophet and forerunner. The first Christian witness, after the establishment of the Christian faith at [[Pentecost]], to be killed for his testimony was [[Saint Stephen]] (whose name means "crown"), and those who suffer martyrdom are said to have been "crowned". From the time of the Roman Emperor [[Constantine I|Constantine]], Christianity was decriminalized, and then, under [[Theodosius I]], became the [[State church of the Roman Empire|state religion]], which greatly diminished persecution (although not for non-Nicene Christians). As some wondered how then they could most closely follow Christ there was a development of ''desert spirituality'' characterized by a [[Hermit|eremitic lifestyle]], [[renunciation]], [[Mortification of the flesh|self-mortification]], and separation from the world, practiced by several [[Desert Fathers|desert monks]] and [[Asceticism#Christianity|Christian ascetics]] in [[late antiquity]] (such as [[Paul the Hermit]] and [[Anthony the Great]]). This was a kind of ''white martyrdom'', dying to oneself every day, as opposed to a ''red martyrdom'', the giving of one's life in a violent death.<ref>''[[Arena (UK TV series)|Arena]]'', ''Saints'', directed by Paul Tickell, 2006</ref>

[[File:Anneken van den Hove te Brussel levend begraven (Jan Luyken, 1597).PNG|thumb|[[Jan Luyken]]'s drawing of the [[Anabaptist]] [[Anna Utenhoven]] being buried alive at [[Vilvoorde]] (present-day [[Belgium]]) in 1597. In the engraving, her head is still above the ground and the Catholic priest is exhorting her to recant her faith, while the executioner stands ready to completely cover her up upon her refusal. This engraving was part of a major Protestant outrage praising Utenhoven as a martyr.{{citation needed|date=November 2024}} ]]

In the history of Christianity, [[Sectarian violence among Christians|death due to sectarian persecutions by other Christians]] has been regarded as martyrdom as well. There were martyrs recognized on both sides of the [[English Reformation|schism between the Roman Catholic Church and the Church of England]] after 1534. Two hundred and eighty-eight Christians were martyred for their faith by [[Foxe's Book of Martyrs|public burning]] between 1553 and 1558 by the Roman Catholic [[Mary I of England|Queen Mary I]] in England leading to the reversion to the [[Church of England]] under [[Elizabeth I of England|Queen Elizabeth I]] in 1559. "From hundreds to thousands" of [[Waldensians]] were martyred in the [[Mérindol massacre|Massacre of Mérindol]] in 1545. Three-hundred Roman Catholics were said to have been martyred by the Church authorities in England in the 16th and 17th centuries.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Forty Martyrs of England and Wales {{!}} Description, History, Canonization, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Forty-Martyrs-of-England-and-Wales |access-date=2022-09-13 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en |archive-date=2022-08-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220812055851/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Forty-Martyrs-of-England-and-Wales |url-status=live }}</ref>

Even more modern day accounts of martyrdom for Christ exist, depicted in books such as ''[[Jesus Freaks (book)|Jesus Freaks]]'', though the numbers are disputed. The claim that 100,000 Christians are killed for their faith annually is greatly exaggerated according to the [[BBC]], with many of those deaths due to war,<ref>{{cite news |last=Alexander |first=Ruth |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-24864587 |title=Are there really 100,000 new Christian martyrs every year? |work=BBC News |date=2013-11-12 |access-date=2014-08-22 |archive-date=2020-12-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201214102051/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-24864587 |url-status=live }}</ref> but the fact of ongoing Christian martyrdoms remains undisputed.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-50924266|title=IS 'beheads Christian hostages' in Nigeria|date=2019-12-27|work=BBC News|access-date=2020-02-17|language=en-GB|archive-date=2021-03-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210304123636/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-50924266|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.foxnews.com/world/martyr-killed-by-bulldozer-becomes-symbol-of-growing-persecution-of-christians-in-china|title=Martyr killed by bulldozer becomes symbol of growing persecution of Christians in China|last=Chiaramonte|first=Perry|date=2016-04-21|website=Fox News|language=en-US|access-date=2020-02-17|archive-date=2021-01-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109093102/https://www.foxnews.com/world/martyr-killed-by-bulldozer-becomes-symbol-of-growing-persecution-of-christians-in-china|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jpost.com/Christian-News/Christian-evangelist-murdered-in-southeast-Turkey-608669|title=Christian evangelist murdered in southeast Turkey|website=The Jerusalem Post|date=22 November 2019|access-date=2020-02-17|author-first1=Donna Rachel|author-last1=Edmunds|archive-date=2020-02-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200216154245/https://www.jpost.com/Christian-News/Christian-evangelist-murdered-in-southeast-Turkey-608669|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/christian-martyrs-victims-radical-islam/story?id=9976549|title=Christianity's Modern-Day Martyrs: Victims of Radical Islam|website=ABC News|language=en|access-date=2020-02-17|archive-date=2021-03-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210307222621/https://abcnews.go.com/International/christian-martyrs-victims-radical-islam/story?id=9976549|url-status=live}}</ref>{{clear left}}

====Islam====
[[File:Brooklyn Museum - Battle of Karbala - Abbas Al-Musavi - overall.jpg|thumb|A painting commemorating the martyrdom of the 3rd Shia Imam [[Husayn ibn Ali]] at the [[Battle of Karbala]] in 680 AD{{citation needed|date=November 2024}} |alt=]]
{{main|Shahid|Istishhad|Mujahid}}

''[[Shahid]]'' is an [[Arabic]] term in [[Islam]] meaning "witness", and is also used to denote a martyr; a female martyr is named ''[[shahid]]a''. The term ''Shahid'' occurs frequently in the [[Quran]] in the generic sense "witness", but only once in the sense "martyr, one who dies for his faith"; this latter sense acquires wider use in the [[Hadith|''ḥadīth'' literature]]. Islam views a martyr as a man or woman who dies while conducting ''[[jihad]]'', whether on or off the battlefield (see [[greater jihad]] and [[lesser jihad]]).<ref>A. Ezzati (1986). [http://www.al-islam.org/al-serat/concept-ezzati.htm The Concept Of Martyrdom In Islam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605080606/http://www.al-islam.org/al-serat/concept-ezzati.htm |date=2013-06-05 }}. [[Tehran University]].</ref>

The concept of martyrdom in Islam became prominent during the [[Iranian Revolution|Islamic Revolution in Iran]] (1979) and the subsequent [[Iran–Iraq War]] (1980–1988), so that the cult of the martyr had a lasting impact on the course of revolution and war.<ref>Gölz, [https://www.academia.edu/39134486/G%C3%B6lz_Martyrdom_and_Masculinity_in_Warring_Iran_The_Karbala_Paradigm_the_Heroic_and_the_Personal_Dimensions_of_War._Behemoth_12_no._1_2019_35_51 "Martyrdom and Masculinity in Warring Iran. The Karbala Paradigm, the Heroic, and the Personal Dimensions of War."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728135834/https://www.academia.edu/39134486/G%C3%B6lz_Martyrdom_and_Masculinity_in_Warring_Iran_The_Karbala_Paradigm_the_Heroic_and_the_Personal_Dimensions_of_War._Behemoth_12_no._1_2019_35_51 |date=2020-07-28 }}, Behemoth 12, no. 1 (2019): 35–51, 35.</ref> Since the early 2000s, it has been primarily associated with [[Islamic extremism]] and [[jihadism]].<ref name="Karimi 2023">{{cite journal |author-last=Karimi |author-first=Nima |date=December 2023 |title=The Punishment of the Grave: A Neglected Motivation for Jihad and Martyrdom |url=https://pt.icct.nl/sites/default/files/2023-12/A6%20-%20Karimi%20with%20changes.pdf |url-status=live |journal=[[Perspectives on Terrorism]] |publisher=[[International Centre for Counter-Terrorism]] |volume=17 |issue=4 |pages=127–151 |issn=2334-3745 |jstor=27274061 |jstor-access=free |lccn=2014200073 |oclc=1061231390 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240502192454/https://pt.icct.nl/sites/default/files/2023-12/A6%20-%20Karimi%20with%20changes.pdf |archive-date=2 May 2024 |access-date=3 May 2024}}</ref>

==== Baháʼí Faith ====
{{main|Martyrdom in the Baháʼí Faith}}
In the [[Baháʼí Faith]], martyrs are those who sacrifice their lives serving humanity in the name of God.<ref name="winters_conclusion">{{cite book | title = Dying for God: Martyrdom in the Shi'i and Babi Religions | first = Jonah | last = Winters | date = 1997-09-19 | access-date = 2007-01-23 | chapter = Conclusion | url = http://bahai-library.com/theses/dying/dying8.conclusion.html | publisher = M.A. Thesis | archive-date = 2020-02-18 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200218065600/http://bahai-library.com/theses/dying/dying8.conclusion.html | url-status = dead }}</ref> However, [[Bahá'u'lláh]], the founder of the Baháʼí Faith, discouraged the literal meaning of sacrificing one's life. Instead, he explained that martyrdom is devoting oneself to service to humanity.<ref name="winters_conclusion" />

==Notable people entitled as religious martyrs==
[[File:Interior of Martyrs Shrine Coliseum.jpg|thumb|Interior of the Coliseum at the [[National Shrine of the North American Martyrs]], Auriesville, New York, showing the sanctuary and high altar]]
* 399 BCE – [[Socrates]], a Greek philosopher who chose to die rather than renounce his ideals.
* {{Circa|34 CE}} – [[Saint Stephen]], considered to be the first Christian martyr.
* {{Circa|2nd century CE}} – [[Ten Martyrs]] of [[Judaism]].
* {{Circa|288}} – [[Saint Sebastian]], the subject of many works of art.
* {{Circa|290}} - [[Hripsime]], Martyred after refusing a Marriage proposal by king [[Trdat III]].
* {{Circa|304}} – [[Saint Agnes of Rome]], beheaded for refusing to forsake her devotion to Christ, for Roman paganism.
* {{Circa|450}} – [[Moses the Black]], Refused to flee an attack from a group of [[Mazices]] Raiders on his [[Monastery]].
* {{Circa|680}} – [[Husayn ibn Ali]], grandson of [[Muhammad]] beheaded for opposing the [[Umayyad Caliphate]].
* {{Circa|692}} – [[Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr]], martyred for opposing the Umayyad Caliphate.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-06-03 |title=Biography of Hazrat Abdullah bin az-Zubayr (رضئ اللہ تعالی عنہ) |url=https://aalequtub.com/hazrat-abdullah-bin-az-zubayr-%d8%b1%d8%b6%d8%a6-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%84%db%81-%d8%aa%d8%b9%d8%a7%d9%84%db%8c-%d8%b9%d9%86%db%81/ |access-date=2023-09-05 |website=Aal-e-Qutub |language=en |archive-date=2023-09-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230905191622/https://aalequtub.com/hazrat-abdullah-bin-az-zubayr-%D8%B1%D8%B6%D8%A6-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%DB%81-%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C-%D8%B9%D9%86%DB%81/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* 1415 – [[Jan Hus]], Christian reformer burned at the stake for [[heresy]].
* 1535 – [[Thomas More]], beheaded for refusing to acknowledge [[Henry VIII of England|Henry VIII]] as [[Supreme Head of the Church of England]]. Canonised in 1935.
* 1606 – [[Guru Arjan Dev]], the fifth leader of [[Sikhism]].
* 1675 – [[Guru Tegh Bahadur]], the ninth [[Sikh gurus|guru]] of Sikhism, referred to as "Hind di Chadar" or "Shield of India" martyred in defense of religious freedom of Hindus.
* 1844 – [[Joseph Smith Jr.]], founder of [[Mormonism]], [[Killing of Joseph Smith|killed by a mob]] in [[Carthage Jail]], Illinois.
* 1918–1991 – [[New Martyrs and Confessors of the Russian Orthodox Church]], [[Persecution of Christians in the Soviet Union|persecuted by communists in the Soviet Union]] after the [[October Revolution]].
* 1941 – [[Maximilian Kolbe]], a Roman Catholic priest who was martyred in the [[Auschwitz concentration camp|Nazi concentration camp at Auschwitz]].
* 1984 – Father [[Jerzy Popiełuszko]], a Polish Catholic priest and a [[Solidarity chaplaincy of Jerzy Popiełuszko|chaplain of]] [[Solidarity (Polish trade union)|Solidarity]], was [[Assassination of Jerzy Popiełuszko|attacked and murdered]] by [[Security Service (Poland)|Security Service]] agents.

== Political meanings ==
In politics, a martyr is someone who suffers persecution and/or death for advocating, renouncing, refusing to renounce, and/or refusing to advocate a political belief or cause.

=== Sovereignty ===
{{see also|Separatism|Independence|Irredentism}}

The leaders of the [[Easter Rising|1916 Easter Rising]] were executed for organising an armed insurrection in Ireland during [[Octave of Easter|Easter Week]] in April 1916. A series of [[Court-martial|courts martial]] began on 2 May, in which 187 people were tried. Controversially, Maxwell decided that the courts martial would be held in secret and without a defence, which Crown law officers later ruled to have been illegal.<ref>{{Citation |title=Rebellion and hibernation, 1916 |date=1999-12-02 |work=The Resurrection of Ireland |pages=43–76 |url=https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9781139106849.004 |access-date=2025-06-19 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |doi=10.1017/cbo9781139106849.004 |isbn=978-0-521-65073-1|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Easter Rising |date=2025-06-12 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Easter_Rising&oldid=1295294941 |access-date=2025-06-19 |language=en |archive-date=2026-01-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260114063821/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Easter_Rising&oldid=1295294941 |url-status=live }}</ref> Ninety were sentenced to death. Fifteen of those (including all seven signatories of the [[Proclamation of the Irish Republic|Proclamation of Independence]] ) had their sentences confirmed by Maxwell and fourteen were [[Execution by firing squad|executed by firing squad]] at [[Kilmainham Gaol]] between 3 and 12 May.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-12 |title=Easter Rising {{!}} Events, Leaders, Executions, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Easter-Rising |access-date=2025-06-19 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en |archive-date=2023-03-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327043725/https://www.britannica.com/event/Easter-Rising |url-status=live }}</ref>[https://www.rte.ie/centuryireland/articles/what-was-the-easter-rising].

The [[Manchester Martyrs]] were three Irishmen executed after being convicted for the murder of a [[Manchester City Police]] officer in 1867. The day after the executions, [[Frederick Engels]] wrote to [[Karl Marx]]: "Yesterday morning the Tories, by the hand of Mr Calcraft, accomplished the final act of separation between England and Ireland. The only thing that the [[Fenians]] still lacked were martyrs. ... To my knowledge, the only time that anybody has been executed for a similar matter in a civilised country was the case of [[John Brown (abolitionist)|John Brown]] at Harpers Ferry. The Fenians could not have wished for a better precedent."<ref>Marx and Engels in Ireland (1971) Progress Publishers, Moscow. [http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1867/letters/67_11_24.htm Letter of November 24 1867 Engels to Marx] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140424223033/http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1867/letters/67_11_24.htm |date=2014-04-24 }}</ref> Ten [[Provisional IRA|Irish Republican Army]] members died during a [[1981 hunger strike]], including [[Bobby Sands]].

The [[Belfiore martyrs]] (in [[Italian language|Italian]], ''Martiri di Belfiore'') were a group of [[Italy|Italian]] pro-independence fighters condemned to death by hanging in 1853 during the Italian [[Italian Unification|Risorgimento]]. They included [[Tito Speri]] and the priest [[Enrico Tazzoli (priest)|Enrico Tazzoli]] and are named after the site where the sentence was carried out, in the valley of Belfiore at the south entrance to [[Mantua]].

=== Unionism ===
The [[Tolpuddle Martyrs]] were a group of 19th century agricultural labourers in [[Dorset]], England, who were arrested for and convicted of swearing a secret oath as members of the ''Friendly Society of Agricultural Labourers.'' The rules of the society showed it was clearly structured as a [[friendly society]], that is, a mutual association for the purposes of insurance, pensions, savings or cooperative banking; and it operated as a trade-specific [[benefit society]]. But at the time, friendly societies had strong elements of what are now considered to be the principal role of [[trade union]]s, and wages were at issue. The Tolpuddle Martyrs were sentenced not to death but to [[Penal transportation|transportation]] to [[Australia]], a harsh form of exile.<ref>{{cite web |date= |title=The Tolpuddle Martyrs |url=http://www.historic-uk.com/HistoryUK/England-History/TolpuddleMartyrs.htm |accessdate=2014-08-22 |publisher=Historic-uk.com|author-first1=Ellen|author-last1=Castelow}}</ref>

=== Communism ===
{{see also|Martyrdom in Chinese culture}}

In the [[People's Republic of China]], people who died in the cause of the [[Chinese Communist Party|Communist Party]]{{mdash}}most particularly the many victims of the 1927 [[Shanghai massacre]] but also including devoted humanitarians during the [[Chinese Civil War]] such as the Canadian physician [[Tillson Harrison]]{{mdash}}are honored and commemorated as martyrs. The red scarf worn by the 100+ million [[Young Pioneers of China|Young Pioneers]] honors their spilt blood. [[Jiang Zhuyun]] and [[Liu Hulan]] are notable female martyrs who have been commemorated in various media. Notable monuments include the [[Monument to the People's Heroes (Shanghai)|Monument to the People's Heroes]] at the confluence of [[Suzhou Creek]] and the [[Huangpu River]] in central [[Shanghai]] and the [[Longhua Martyrs' Memorial]].

Many [[communist]] activists have died as martyrs in India, due to their allegiance to various communist parties, such as the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] and the [[Communist Party of India|CPI]]. Most of them hail from mainly [[leftist]] states such as [[Kerala]], and [[Tripura]]. In Kerala, many are killed in protests by the police, and some are assassinated by activists in other political parties, such as the [[Indian National Congress|INC]] and the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh|RSS]]. The district of [[Kannur district|Kannur]] has reported to have had the most political murders. Here, the RSS are known to have used brutal violence to eliminate CPI(M) workers.

=== Civil rights movement ===
In the [[United States]], the assassinations of [[Malcolm X]] in 1965 and [[Martin Luther King Jr.]] in 1968 have been linked to their leadership in movements to improve the rights and quality of life of black citizens, [[black nationalism]] and the [[civil rights movement]] respectively.

==Notable people entitled as political martyrs==
{{More citations needed|section|date=July 2024}}
A political martyr is someone who suffers persecution or death for advocating, renouncing, refusing to renounce, or refusing to advocate a political belief or cause.
* 1835 – King [[Hintsa kaKhawuta]], a Xhosa monarch who was shot and killed while attempting to escape captivity during Sixth Frontier War, also known as the Hintsa War.
* 1859 – [[John Brown (abolitionist)|John Brown]], a militant abolitionist who was executed after his raid on Harper's Ferry. Many abolitionists of the time extolled him as a martyr.
* 1865 – [[Abraham Lincoln]], 16th U.S. President. Assassinated by a Confederate sympathizer [[John Wilkes Booth]] after the end of the American Civil War.
* 1967 – [[Che Guevara]], an influential Marxist–Leninist revolutionary in [[Cuba]], [[Republic of the Congo (Léopoldville)|the Congo]], and [[Bolivia]] who was executed in Bolivia by counter-revolutionary forces. He has since become a figure of political protests and revolutions worldwide.
* 2024 – [[Alexei Navalny]], a Russian opposition leader, lawyer, anti-corruption activist, and political prisoner who died while serving a 19-year prison sentence in the corrective colony [[FKU IK-3]].

==Revolutionary martyr==
The term "revolutionary martyr" usually relates to those dying in [[revolution]]ary struggle.<ref>Revolutionary Mexico: The Coming and Process of the Mexican ... p. 250 John Mason Hart – 1987 "They popularized Ricardo Flores Magon as a revolutionary martyr who was harassed by the American and Mexican ..."</ref> During the 20th century, the concept was developed in particular in the culture and propaganda of communist or socialist revolutions, although it was and is also used in relation to nationalist revolutions.

* In [[France]], the assassination of radical [[Jacobin]] leader [[Jean-Paul Marat]] by [[Charlotte Corday]] in 1793 led to his veneration as a martyr of the [[French Revolution]]. [[File:Death of Marat by David.jpg|thumb|right|''The Death of Marat'' (1793) by [[Jacques-Louis David]], depicting Marat shortly after his assassination]] [[The Death of Marat|The painting]], created by artist and politician [[Jacques-Louis David]], immortalized Marat as a revolutionary icon.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Jean-Paul Marat |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jean-Paul-Marat |access-date=2025-10-03 |archive-date=2015-06-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150615022141/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jean-Paul-Marat |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Harris |first1=Beth |last2=Zucker |first2=Steven |title=Jacques-Louis David, The Death of Marat |website=Smarthistory |url=https://smarthistory.org/jacques-louis-david-the-death-of-marat/ |access-date=2025-10-03 |archive-date=2025-10-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251003064553/https://smarthistory.org/jacques-louis-david-the-death-of-marat/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* In the [[culture of North Korea]], martyrdom is a consistent theme in the ongoing revolutionary struggle, as depicted in literary works such as ''[[Sea of Blood]]''. There is also a [[Revolutionary Martyrs' Cemetery]] in the country.
* In [[Vietnam]], those who died in the [[Indochina wars|independence struggle]] are often honoured as martyrs, or ''liệt sĩ'' in Vietnamese. [[Nguyễn Thái Học]] and schoolgirl [[Võ Thị Sáu]] are two examples.<ref>Vietnam At War Mark Philip Bradley – 2009 "As the concept of 'sacrifice' (hi sinh) came to embody the state's narrative of sacred war (chien tranh than thanh), the ultimate sacrifice was considered to be death in battle as a 'revolutionary martyr' (liet si)."</ref>
* In [[India]], the term "revolutionary martyr" is often used when referring to the world history of socialist struggle. [[Guru Radha Kishan]] was a notable Indian independence activist and communist politician known to have used this phrasing.
*In [[Algeria]], those who died in the [[Algerian War|Algerian war for independence]] are officially recognized as martyrs.<ref>{{Cite web |author=The New Arab Staff |date=2021-10-04 |title=Algeria says 5.6 million died under French colonialism |url=https://www.newarab.com/news/algeria-says-56-million-died-under-french-colonialism |access-date=2023-08-18 |website=www.newarab.com/ |language=en |archive-date=2023-08-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230818080301/https://www.newarab.com/news/algeria-says-56-million-died-under-french-colonialism |url-status=live }}</ref>
*In [[Colombia]], [[Camilo Torres Restrepo]] is recognized as a martyr.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Keizer |first=Garret |date=2014 |title=No Smoke for Camilo |url=https://www.laphamsquarterly.org/revolutions/no-smoke-camilo |access-date=2026-02-05 |work=Lapham’s Quarterly |language=en |volume=7 |issue=2 |issn=1935-7494 |archive-date=2026-02-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260213002922/https://www.laphamsquarterly.org/revolutions/no-smoke-camilo |url-status=live }}</ref>

== See also ==
{{cmn|colwidth=30em|
* [[Altruistic suicide]]
* [[Jauhar]]
* [[Martyr complex]]
* [[Martyrology]]
* ''[[Martyrs Mirror]]''
* [[Perpetua and Felicity]]
* [[Religious persecution]]
* [[Religious views on suicide]]
* [[Shahid]]
}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09736b.htm "Martyrs"], ''Catholic Encyclopedia''
* Foster, Claude R. Jr. (1995). ''Paul Schneider, the Buchenwald apostle: a Christian martyr in Nazi Germany: A Sourcebook on the German Church Struggle''. Westchester, PA: SSI Bookstore, West Chester University. {{ISBN|978-1-887732-01-7}}
* History.com Editors. "Abolitionist John Brown Is Hanged". History.com, 4 Mar. 2010, www.history.com/this-day-in-history/john-brown-hanged.

== Further reading ==
* Bélanger, Jocelyn J., et al. "The Psychology of Martyrdom: Making the Ultimate Sacrifice in the Name of a Cause." Journal of Personality & Social Psychology 107.3 (2014): 494–515.
* Kateb, George. "Morality and Self-Sacrifice, Martyrdom and Self-Denial." Social Research 75.2 (2008): 353–394.
* Olivola, Christopher Y. and Eldar Shafir. "The Martyrdom Effect: When Pain and Effort Increase Prosocial Contributions." Journal of Behavioral Decision Making 26, no. 1 (2013): 91–105.

== External links ==
{{Wiktionary}}
{{wikiquote|Martyrdom}}
{{Commons category|Martyrs}}
* [http://www.ccel.org/ccel/foxe/martyrs.html ''Fox's Book of Martyrs''] – 16th century classic book, accounts of martyrdoms
* [http://www.cqpress.com/incontext/terrorism/links/epr_martyrdom.html "Martyrdom from the perspective of sociology"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923210929/http://www.cqpress.com/incontext/terrorism/links/epr_martyrdom.html |date=2015-09-23 }}. ''Encyclopedia of Politics and Religion''.

{{Death}}
{{Saints}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Martyrdom| ]]
[[Category:Religious terminology]]
[[Category:Jungian archetypes]]
[[Category:Religion]]

Ipur, Palnadu district

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CelestaWolf314: creating some place v1

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{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Ipur
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_caption =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 14
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| pushpin_label = 
| pushpin_label_position = right
| coordinates = {{coord|16.229429|N|79.775488|E|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes = 
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Palnadu district|Palnadu]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Mandal]]
| subdivision_name3 = Ipur
| government_footnotes = <ref name="panchayat">{{cite web |title=Gram Panchayat Identification Codes |url=http://saaksharbharat.nic.in/saaksharbharat/forms/gp_code.pdf |website=Saakshar Bharat Mission |publisher=National Informatics Centre |accessdate=7 May 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170818173131/http://saaksharbharat.nic.in/saaksharbharat/forms/gp_code.pdf |archivedate=18 August 2017 |page=103 | url-status=dead}}</ref>
| government_type = [[Panchayati raj (India)|Panchayati raj]]
| governing_body = Ipur [[gram panchayat]]
| leader_title = [[Sarpanch]]
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="census">{{cite web |title=District Census Hand Book : Guntur (Part B) |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2817_PART_B_DCHB_GUNTUR.pdf |website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Andhra Pradesh |accessdate=5 June 2019 |pages=14,330 |date=2011}}</ref>
| area_total_ha = 2471
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes = <ref name="population">{{cite web |title=Population |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=668300 |website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]] |accessdate=8 May 2019}}</ref>
| population_total = 5935
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 522647
| area_code_type = 
| area_code = +91–8646
| registration_plate_type =
| registration_plate = AP
}}

'''Ipur''' is a village in [[Palnadu district]] of the [[Indian state]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It is the headquarters of Ipur [[mandal]] in [[Narasaraopet revenue division]].<ref name="village">{{cite web |title=District Census Handbook : Guntur (Part A) |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2817_PART_A_DCHB_GUNTUR.pdf |website=Census of India |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Andhra Pradesh |accessdate=5 June 2019 |pages=5,494–495 |date=2011}}</ref>

== Geography ==

Ipur is situated at {{coord|16.2333|N|79.8|E|}}. It is spread over an area of {{Convert|2471|ha|abbr=on}}.<ref name="census" />

== Governance ==
Ipur [[gram panchayat]] is the [[Local self-government in India|local self-government]] of the village.<ref name="panchayat" /> It is divided into wards and each ward is represented by a ward member.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aDoppmCmeqUC&q=sarpanch|title=Citizen Participation in Rural Development|last=Seetharam|first=Mukkavilli|date=1990-01-01|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=9788170992271|page=34|language=en}}</ref>

== Education ==

As per the school information report for the academic year 2018–19, the village has 10 schools. These include one [[Kasturba Gandhi Balika Vidyalaya|KGBV]], one model, 2 private and 6 [[District Councils of India|Zilla]]/[[Mandal Parishad]] schools.<ref>{{cite web |title=School Information |url=https://cse.ap.gov.in/DSE/totalSchoolReport.xls |website=Commissionerate of School Education |publisher=Government of Andhra Pradesh |accessdate=7 May 2019 |archive-date=16 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190416174708/https://cse.ap.gov.in/DSE/totalSchoolReport.xls |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== See also ==
*[[List of villages in Guntur district]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Guntur district}}
{{Mandal headquarters in Guntur district}}

[[Category:Villages in Guntur district]]
[[Category:Mandal headquarters in Guntur district]]

{{Guntur-geo-stub}}

University of Sheffield

2026-03-16T22:49:25Z

CelestaWolf314: Structure improved and content revised

{{short description|Public university in Sheffield, South Yorkshire, England}}
{{redirect-distinguish|Sheffield University|Sheffield Hallam University|Sheffield College}}
{{Use British English|date=February 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox university
| name = University of Sheffield
| image_name = File:Shield of the University of Sheffield.svg
| image_size = 160px
| caption = [[Coat of arms of the University of Sheffield|Coat of arms]]
| motto = ''[[Felix, qui potuit rerum cognoscere causas|Rerum cognoscere causas]]'' ([[Latin]])
| mottoeng = To discover the causes of things
| established = {{start date|1905}} – University of Sheffield Predecessor institutions: 
{{start date|1828}} – [[Sheffield Medical School]] {{start date|1879}} – Firth College {{start date|1884}} – Sheffield Technical School<ref name="MATHERS">{{cite book |last=Mathers |first=Helen |date=2005 |title=Steel City Scholars, The Centenary History of the University of Sheffield |page=191 |publisher=James and James |isbn=1-904022-01-4}}</ref> {{start date|1897}} – University College of Sheffield<ref>{{cite web |title=Royal Charter |url=https://www.sheffield.ac.uk/polopoly_fs/1.52606!/file/royal_charter.pdf |publisher=Charter of Incorporation |access-date=29 August 2020 |archive-date=3 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303061811/https://www.sheffield.ac.uk/polopoly_fs/1.52606!/file/royal_charter.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
| type = [[public university|Public]] [[research university]]
| chancellor = [[Andy Haldane]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=University of Sheffield |title=University of Sheffield announces Andy Haldane as new Chancellor |url=https://sheffield.ac.uk/news/university-sheffield-announces-andy-haldane-new-chancellor |website=University of Sheffield |publisher=University of Sheffield |access-date=11 December 2025}}</ref>
| vice_chancellor = [[Koen Lamberts]]<ref name=Blackledge>{{cite news |last=Blackledge |first=Richard |date=26 June 2018 |title=Sheffield University appoints new vice-chancellor |url=https://www.thestar.co.uk/news/education/sheffield-university-appoints-new-vice-chancellor-1-9222388 |work=The Star |access-date=6 December 2018 |archive-date=6 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181206235047/https://www.thestar.co.uk/news/education/sheffield-university-appoints-new-vice-chancellor-1-9222388 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| academic_staff = {{HESA academic staff population|INSTID=10007157}} ({{HESA staff year}})<ref name="HESA staff citation">{{HESA staff citation}}</ref>
| administrative_staff = {{HESA non-academic staff population|INSTID=10007157}} ({{HESA staff year}})<ref name="HESA staff citation"/>
| students = {{HESA student population|INSTID=10007157}} ({{HESA year}})<ref name="HESA citation">{{HESA citation}}</ref> {{HESA FTE student population|INSTID=10007157}} [[Full-time equivalent|FTE]] ({{HESA year}})<ref name="HESA citation"/>
| undergrad = {{HESA undergraduate population|INSTID=10007157}} ({{HESA year}})<ref name="HESA citation"/>
| postgrad = {{HESA postgraduate population|INSTID=10007157}} ({{HESA year}})<ref name="HESA citation"/>
| endowment = £59.0&nbsp;million (2025)<ref name="Sheffield Financial Statement 24/25">{{cite web |title=Annual Report and Financial Statements 2024–25 |url=https://sheffield.ac.uk/media/111736/download?attachment |publisher=The University of Sheffield |access-date=18 December 2025 }}</ref>
| budget = £845.2&nbsp;million (2024/25)<ref name="Sheffield Financial Statement 24/25"/>
| city = [[Sheffield]]
| country = England
| coor = {{coord|53|22|53|N|01|29|19|W|type:edu_region:GB-BST|display=inline,title}}
| campus = Urban
| free_label = Newspaper
| free =''[[Forge Media|Forge Press]]''
| colours = Black and gold {{scarf|{{Cells|3|#000000}}{{Cells|2|#FFD700}}{{Cells|3|#000000}}{{Cells|2|#FFD700}}{{Cells|3|#000000}}}}
| affiliations = {{hlist|[[Association of Commonwealth Universities|ACU]]|[[Association of MBAs|AMBA]]|[[CESAER]]|[[EQUIS]]|[[European University Association|EUA]]|[[N8 Group]]|[[Russell Group]]|[[Sutton Trust#Sutton Trust 30|Sutton 30]]|[[Universities UK]]|[[White Rose University Consortium|White Rose]]|[[Worldwide Universities Network|WUN]]}}
| website = {{URL|https://sheffield.ac.uk}}
| logo = University of Sheffield logo.svg
}}

The '''University of Sheffield''' (informally '''Sheffield University'''<ref name=":0">{{cite news|title=Overseas students 'worth £120m to Sheffield'|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/education-21658410|access-date=22 August 2020|work=BBC News|publisher=BBC|archive-date=8 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308002658/https://www.bbc.com/news/education-21658410|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=The 10 best universities to study politics|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/education-and-careers/0/10-best-universities-study-politics/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/education-and-careers/0/10-best-universities-study-politics/ |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|access-date=22 August 2020|work=The Telegraph}}{{cbignore}}</ref> or '''TUOS''')<ref>{{cite web |title=The University of Sheffield (TUOS) Approach to Benefits Management and Realisation (Executive Summary) |url=https://www.sheffield.ac.uk/polopoly_fs/1.864243!/file/Benefits_Executive_Summary.pdf |website=Strategic Change Office |publisher=The University of Sheffield |access-date=28 August 2020 |archive-date=21 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220521160030/https://www.sheffield.ac.uk/polopoly_fs/1.864243!/file/Benefits_Executive_Summary.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=TUOS Referencing standards |url=https://www.sheffield.ac.uk/library/idlt/referencing |website=Information and Digital Literacy Tutorials |date=8 December 2021 |publisher=The University of Sheffield |access-date=28 August 2020 |archive-date=29 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729030747/https://www.sheffield.ac.uk/library/idlt/referencing |url-status=live }}</ref> is a [[public university|public]] [[research university]] in [[Sheffield]], [[South Yorkshire]], England. The university is one of the original [[red brick universities]] and a founding member of the [[Russell Group]]. It is also part of the [[Worldwide Universities Network]], the [[N8 Group]] of the eight most research intensive universities in Northern England<ref>{{cite web |last1= |title=About Us |url=https://www.n8research.org.uk/about-us/ |website=The N8 Research Partnership |access-date=24 January 2026}}</ref> and the [[White Rose University Consortium]]. There are six [[Nobel Prize|Nobel]] laureates affiliated with Sheffield, as either the alumni or former long-term staff of the university.<ref>{{cite web |title=Nobel Laureates |url=https://sheffield.ac.uk/research/people/nobel-laureates |website=University of Sheffield |publisher=University of Sheffield |access-date=24 January 2026}}</ref>

Sheffield is formed from 21 academic schools which are organised into five faculties. The annual income of the institution for 2024–25 was £845.2&nbsp;million, of which £355.8&nbsp;million was from tuition fees and education contracts (£401.8&nbsp;million in the year prior), £204.2&nbsp;million was from research grants and contracts, with an expenditure of £847.7&nbsp;million.<ref name="Sheffield Financial Statement 24/25"/> Sheffield's research projects benefit from 150-acre [[Advanced Manufacturing Park]] and 100-acre Runway park<ref name="auto3">{{cite web|url=https://www.runwaypark.co.uk/|title=University of Sheffield Innovation District &#124; Runway Park &#124; Discover Innovation Today|website=University of Sheffield Innovation District &#124; Runway Park|accessdate=24 February 2026}}</ref>.

In recent years, the University has faced criticism over several issues.<ref>{{cite web |title=UK CS Rankings |url=https://www.ukcsrankings.com/ |accessdate=16 March 2026}}</ref> The institution has been subject to industrial action due to disputes over proposed job cuts and management decisions.<ref>{{cite news |title=University of Sheffield staff to strike from this week in job cuts row |url=https://www.ucu.org.uk/article/14263/University-of-Sheffield-staff-to-strike-from-this-week-in-job-cuts-row |publisher=University and College Union |date=18 November 2025 |accessdate=5 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Uni staff 'intimidated' by pay forfeit warning |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c78v7k8vn20o |work=BBC News |accessdate=5 January 2026}}</ref> In 2022–2023, student protests led to controversy when it was reported that the University had hired a private investigator to monitor participants.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sheffield University criticised over handling of protest investigation |url=https://www.theguardian.com/education/2023/mar/13/sheffield-university-criticised-over-handling-of-protest-investigation |publisher=The Guardian |date=13 March 2023 |accessdate=6 January 2026}}</ref> Additionally, staff members have reported experiencing a culture of racism, particularly affecting individuals of African and South Asian origin.<ref>{{cite web |last=Jameela |first=Maryam |title="A subtle, insidious sense of limitation": University of Sheffield staff speak out against culture of racism |url=https://nowthenmagazine.com/articles/a-subtle-insidious-sense-of-limitation-university-of-sheffield-staff-speak-out-against-culture-of-racism |publisher=Now Then Magazine |date=6 August 2025 |accessdate=5 January 2026}}</ref>
In 2016, the University used a student's Facebook posts expressing Christian views on homosexuality as grounds for expulsion from his social work course, the Court of Appeal overturned the decision in 2019<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-south-yorkshire-48857032 |title=Felix Ngole: Social work student can return to university |work=BBC News |date=3 July 2019 |access-date=27 January 2025}}</ref>
.The Court ruled the University's disciplinary process was inappropriate calling it an "extreme penalty" and found that the University's disciplinary procedures were flawed and unfair to
the student.<ref>{{cite court |litigants=Ngole v University of Sheffield |court=Court of Appeal |date=3 July 2019 |url=https://www.judiciary.uk/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/ngole-v-sheffield-university-judgment.pdf |neutralcite=[2019] EWCA Civ 1127}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mills-reeve.com/publications/student-wins-right-to-express-religious-views-on-s/ |title=Student wins right to express religious views on social media |publisher=Mills & Reeve LLP|accessdate=27 January 2026}}</ref>

==History==
===Origins===
{{See also|History of Sheffield Medical School}}
Its history traces back to the foundation of [[Sheffield Medical School]] in 1828, Firth College in 1879 and Sheffield Technical School in 1884.<ref name="MATHERS"/> The University College of Sheffield was subsequently formed by the amalgamation of the three institutions in 1897 and was granted a [[royal charter]] as the University of Sheffield in 1905 by King [[Edward VII]].

The University of Sheffield was originally formed by the merger of three local institutions: the Sheffield School of Medicine, Firth College, and the Sheffield Technical School. With a history dating back to as early as the 1810s, the Sheffield School of Medicine is the university's oldest predecessor institution, which is also the oldest higher education establishment in Sheffield. In 1795, the [[Sheffield Royal Infirmary|General Infirmary]] was opened, becoming the first hospital in the city. Because of the [[Apprenticeship|apprenticeship-type]] training, the medical education at that time was largely unstructured. Regarded as the father of Sheffield's medical education, surgeon apothecary Hall Overend began to train medical students in 1811.<ref>{{cite ODNB |url=https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-68312 |title=Overend, Hall |year=2004 |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/68312 |access-date=16 August 2020}}</ref> His school of anatomy and medicine was externally recognised in 1828,<ref name="Overend">{{cite ODNB |last1=Swan |first1=H.&nbsp;T. |title=Overend, Hall |date=23 September 2004 |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/68312 |url=https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-68312 |access-date=3 September 2020}}</ref> and he conducted and taught human dissection in an anatomy museum at his home in [[Church Street, Sheffield|Church Street]]. Overend, however, was not officially registered as a lecturer with the [[Society of Apothecaries]], a recognised body for medical education.<ref name = "med history">{{cite web |url=https://www.sheffield.ac.uk/polopoly_fs/1.251178!/file/ClassRoomBoard1.pdf |title=Medical education in Sheffield: the early years |publisher=University of Sheffield |access-date=18 August 2020 |archive-date=3 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303230504/http://www.sheffield.ac.uk/polopoly_fs/1.251178!/file/ClassRoomBoard1.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Physicians and surgeons of the General Infirmary suggested that a school associated with the hospital would be highly eligible for recognition by the society. As a result, in 1828, a public meeting was called by physician Sir Arnold Knight, and supported by Overend, to establish a new medical school. The Sheffield Medical Institution was formally opened a year later in 1829 on Surrey Street, with the Latin motto ''[[Ars longa vita brevis]]'' (Art is long, life is short), which refers to the difficulty to acquire and practice the art of Medicine.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.shef.ac.uk/uni/academic/I-M/medsch/arslonga.html |title=Sheffield Faculty of Medicine |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19981205192234/http://www.shef.ac.uk/uni/academic/I-M/medsch/arslonga.html |access-date=16 August 2020|archive-date=5 December 1998 }}</ref> Knight laid the foundation stone and delivered the opening lecture.<ref name = "Med Origins">{{cite journal |last1= Swan|first1= Harold&nbsp;T. |date= 1 February 1994|title= Sheffield Medical School: Origins and Influences|journal= Journal of Medical Biography|volume= 2|issue= 1|pages= 22–32|doi= 10.1177/096777209400200105|pmid= 11615265 |s2cid= 30810638 }}</ref><ref name = "med history"/>

The University Extension Movement emerged in the 1870s with the aim of providing education in the city which lacked any tertiary institutions.<ref>{{cite book |last=Lawrie |first=Alexandra |date=2014 |title=The University Extension Movement. In: The Beginnings of University English|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |page=56 |isbn=9781349456307}}</ref> During the period, the steel industry in Sheffield was prospering and the city's population was doubled to around 240,000 from the 1840s.<ref name="MATHERS"/> In 1871, the university extension scheme arrived in Sheffield, and a group of lecturers from the universities of Oxford and Cambridge travelled to the city giving lectures and educating people about the benefits of tertiary education. Steel manufacturer and former mayor of Sheffield [[Mark Firth]] and clergyman [[Samuel Earnshaw]] therefore organised courses in English literature and political economy. The courses became popular so Firth decided to donate £20,000 and purchase a site in the city centre (now Leopold Street and West Street) in 1877 to build a new institution for the classes.<ref name="MATHERS"/> Firth College was founded during Firth's late year in 1879 and developed out of the Extension Movement scheme to teach arts and pure science subjects.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.shef.ac.uk/polopoly_fs/1.169730!/file/Legacy_Brochure.pdf |title=A Legacy of Excellence |access-date=22 November 2013 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924122719/http://www.shef.ac.uk/polopoly_fs/1.169730!/file/Legacy_Brochure.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The college saved the medical school, which had an insecure early history, from collapse and took over the teaching of all background subjects to medical students.<ref name="Historical note">{{cite web |url=http://www.shef.ac.uk/about/history |title=Historical note |publisher=University of Sheffield |access-date=8 September 2015 |archive-date=17 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117195449/http://www.shef.ac.uk/about/history |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1888 the medical school was relocated, opposite Firth College, to a new building on Leopold Street.<ref name = "Med Origins"/>

[[File:Firth college.png|thumb|The original Firth College opened by former Master Cutler and Mayor of Sheffield [[Mark Firth]] in 1879]]
Firth College also helped to fund the opening of the Sheffield Technical School in 1884 to teach applied science, the only major faculty the existing colleges did not cover. The Sheffield Technical School was created by collecting funds within Firth College because of local concern about the need for technical training, particularly steelmaking in Sheffield. Former mayor of Sheffield [[Sir Frederick Mappin, 1st Baronet|Sir Frederick Mappin]] started to fundraise for the school and £10,240 was raised.<ref name=Legacy>{{cite web| author=University of Sheffield| title=A Legacy to Sheffield| url=https://www.sheffield.ac.uk/polopoly_fs/1.598162!/file/Legacy_Brochure.pdf| access-date=17 August 2020| archive-date=13 July 2021| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210713183738/https://www.sheffield.ac.uk/polopoly_fs/1.598162!/file/Legacy_Brochure.pdf| url-status=live}}</ref> A grant was secured in 1883 to fund a professor of Metallurgy and Mechanical Engineering.<ref name="MATHERS"/> Many of the steel-making firms in Sheffield contributed to funding the Technical School, and research from the school in turn helped develop new processes and products for the companies.<ref>{{cite book |title=The rise of modern business : Great Britain, the United States, Germany, Japan, and China |date=2008 |publisher=University of North Carolina Press |location=Chapel Hill |isbn=9780807858868 |page=68 |edition=3rd, rev. and updated}}</ref> The Technical School was originally founded as a new technical department in Firth College, and in 1886, the school moved to St George's Square (later renamed Charlotte Street and now Mappin Street) on the site of the old [[Sheffield Grammar School|Grammar School]].<ref name="Historical note"/> [[William Ripper]] was appointed as Head of Mechanical Engineering at Firth College from 1889, then Principal of Sheffield Technical School.

===Foundation===
Sheffield was at that time the only large city in England without a university. [[William Mitchinson Hicks]], who was Principal of Firth College from 1892 to 1897, had an ambition to establish a university in the city.<ref name="Hicks">{{cite journal |last1=Milner |first1=S.&nbsp;R. |title=William Mitchinson Hicks. 1850–1934 |journal=Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society |date=1935 |volume=1 |issue=4 |pages=393–399 |doi=10.1098/rsbm.1935.0004 |doi-access=free|jstor=768971 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/768971 |access-date=4 September 2020 |issn=1479-571X |archive-date=20 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211020034721/https://www.jstor.org/stable/768971 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> As a first stage of his ideal, Hicks was devoted to the union of the three higher education institutions in Sheffield and to transform Firth College into a [[university college]]. He also extended the college by creating new departments and adding new buildings.<ref name="Hicks"/> In 1897, Firth College merged with the Medical School and the Technical School to form the University College of Sheffield, and Hicks served as its first principal.<ref name="MATHERS"/><ref name="Historical note"/> Six years since the foundation of the university college, on 18 May 1903, the resolution to apply for a [[royal charter]] was passed.<ref name="birthday">{{cite web |title=Our University, our birthday, our story |date=30 May 2017 |url=https://www.sheffield.ac.uk/staff/news/our-birthday-our-story-1.579303 |publisher=The University of Sheffield |access-date=1 September 2020 |archive-date=21 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191021220141/https://www.sheffield.ac.uk/staff/news/our-birthday-our-story-1.579303 |url-status=live }}</ref> The university college started to develop its estate soon after: Western House by Weston Park on Western Bank was bought and demolished in 1903 for building a new university property.<ref name="birthday"/> A building with a traditional collegiate quadrangle (later known as Western Bank building and now Firth Court) was planned on the site.<ref name="birthday"/> Sir Frederick Mappin later successfully sought financial support from the Sheffield City Council and appealed for public donations.<ref name="birthday"/> In 1904, steelworkers, coal miners, factory workers and the people of Sheffield donated over £50,000 via penny donations to help found the University of Sheffield.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sheffield.ac.uk/polopoly_fs/1.234217!/file/Friday_programme.pdf |title=Graduation 2013 |access-date=12 March 2015 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924122227/http://www.sheffield.ac.uk/polopoly_fs/1.234217!/file/Friday_programme.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[File:Arthur Stockdale Cope - William M. Hicks 1909.jpg|thumb|[[William Mitchinson Hicks]] was the founding vice-chancellor of the university]]

It was originally envisaged that the university college would join [[Victoria University of Manchester|Manchester]], [[University of Liverpool|Liverpool]] and [[University of Leeds|Leeds]] as the fourth member of the federal [[Victoria University (United Kingdom)|Victoria University]]. The new university was proposed to be named "Victoria University of Yorkshire" by Leeds<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.yorksphilsoc.org.uk/history.html|title=The history of the Society|publisher=The Yorkshire Philosophical Society|access-date=18 October 2006 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060827052216/http://www.yorksphilsoc.org.uk/history.html  |archive-date = 27 August 2006}}</ref> but was rejected by the Privy Council.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sheffield.ac.uk/polopoly_fs/1.87481!/file/YU3.pdf |title=Centenary reminiscences |access-date=16 August 2020 |archive-date=18 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118101243/https://www.sheffield.ac.uk/polopoly_fs/1.87481!/file/YU3.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The Victoria University, however, began to split up as independent universities before this could happen, when Liverpool gained a charter of its own in 1903. Rather than joining a Yorkshire university with Leeds, the University College of Sheffield was driven by civic pride to pursue independent university status,<ref name="birthday"/> to bring higher education, give support to industries and serve as a centre for disease study. Hicks also advocated the independent degree awarding power would attract talented staff.<ref name="MATHERS"/> The University College of Sheffield's charter was sealed on 31 May 1905 and became the University of Sheffield.<ref name="birthday"/> On 12 July 1905, Firth Court on Western Bank was opened by [[King Edward VII]] and [[Queen Alexandra]]. St George's Square remained the centre of departments of Applied Science, and the departments of Arts, Medicine and Science moved to Western Bank.<ref name="Historical note"/> Sheffield is one of the six pre-World War One [[red brick universities]], the civic universities founded in the major industrial cities of England.

===20th century===
In 1905, when the university first opened, there were 363 students<ref name ="tour">{{cite web |title=Self Guided Tour |url=https://www.sheffield.ac.uk/polopoly_fs/1.215510!/file/university-self-guided-tour.pdf |publisher=The University of Sheffield |access-date=1 September 2020 |archive-date=22 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130922045340/http://www.sheffield.ac.uk/polopoly_fs/1.215510!/file/university-self-guided-tour.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> and 114 of them were enrolled full-time.<ref name="Historical note"/> Sheffield at the time had 71 members of staff.<ref name ="tour"/> By then, the first Hall of Residence (Stephenson Hall) and library (Edgar Allen library) had been established. The number of students increased to a short-lived peak of 1,000 in 1919 when returning ex-servicemen were admitted to the university. During the [[First World War]], some of the academic subjects and courses were replaced by teaching of munitions making and medical appliances production.<ref name="Historical note"/> The university has expanded since the 1920s from two ends on Western Bank and on the St George's site.<ref name=cmpart2>{{cite web|title=The Campus in Context|url=https://www.sheffield.ac.uk/polopoly_fs/1.405399!/file/CM-Part2.pdf|page=34|publisher=University of Sheffield|access-date=3 February 2016|archive-date=5 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160205225444/https://www.sheffield.ac.uk/polopoly_fs/1.405399!/file/CM-Part2.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> The number of full-time students was stabilized at about 750 between the two world wars.<ref name="Historical note"/> In 1943, the [[University Grants Committee (UK)|University Grants Committee]] announced that universities in the UK should look forward to expansion in the years after the [[Second World War]].<ref name="CMp20">{{cite web|title=The Campus in Context|url=https://www.sheffield.ac.uk/polopoly_fs/1.405399!/file/CM-Part2.pdf|page=20|publisher=University of Sheffield|access-date=3 February 2016|archive-date=5 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160205225444/https://www.sheffield.ac.uk/polopoly_fs/1.405399!/file/CM-Part2.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Sheffield predicted a 50% increase in student population but the university was unprepared for such growth. There was pressure on the university to expand since the student numbers had increased from around 1,000 to 3,000 by 1946.<ref name="CMp20"/> The university announced proposals for development in 1947, which emphasised the need for new departments, medical school, library, administration building, halls of residence, as well as the completion of the Western Bank quadrangle and the extension of the Students' Union.<ref name="CMp20"/>
[[File:Sir Frederick Mappin Building.jpg|left|thumb|300px|upright|The [[Sir Frederick Mappin, 1st Baronet|Sir Frederick Mappin]] Building, home to the Faculty of Engineering, was refurbished from 2017 to 2020.]]

The university then grew slowly until the 1950s and 1960s when it began to expand rapidly. Many new buildings (including the [[Western Bank Library|Main Library]] and the [[Arts Tower]]) were built and older houses were brought into academic use. Student numbers increased to their present levels of just under 26,000. At the same time in the 1950s, the university was expanding at other sites, including the St Georges area.<ref name=cmpart2/> From the 1960s, many more buildings have been constructed or extended, including the Union of Students and St George's Library. The campus master plan proposed in the 1940s was completed by the 1970s, and the university required a new development plan.<ref name="CM">{{cite web|title=The Campus in Context|url=https://www.sheffield.ac.uk/polopoly_fs/1.405399!/file/CM-Part2.pdf|publisher=University of Sheffield|access-date=3 February 2016|archive-date=5 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160205225444/https://www.sheffield.ac.uk/polopoly_fs/1.405399!/file/CM-Part2.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

The 1980s saw the opening of many new buildings and centres, such as the multi-purpose [[Octagon Centre]] and the Sir Henry Stephenson Building. The university's teaching hospital, [[Northern General Hospital]], was also extended.<ref name="CMp20"/> In 1987 the university began to collaborate with its once would-be partners of the Victoria University by co-founding the [[NCUK|Northern Consortium]]; a coalition for the education and recruitment of international students.<ref name="Historical note"/> The university continued to expand in the 1990s. New premises were opened for School of the Clinical Dentistry, the Division of Education, and the Management School.<ref name="CMp20"/> In 1995, the university took over the Sheffield and North Trent College of Nursing and Midwifery, forming a new School of Nursing and Midwifery. The St George's Hospital was extended and a new building at the Northern General Hospital has been constructed, which greatly increased the size of the medical faculty.

[[Hans Adolf Krebs]] was appointed as lecturer in pharmacology in 1935. At Sheffield Krebs and his postgraduate student discovered the [[citric acid cycle]] (also known as the Krebs cycle) in 1937,<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Krebs|first1=H.&nbsp;A.|last2=Johnson|first2=W.&nbsp;A.|title=Metabolism of ketonic acids in animal tissues.|journal=The Biochemical Journal|year=1937|volume=31|issue=4|pages=645–60|pmid=16746382|pmc=1266984|doi=10.1042/bj0310645}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Krebs|first1=H.&nbsp;A.|last2=Johnson|first2=W.&nbsp;A.|title=Acetopyruvic acid (alphagamma-diketovaleric acid) as an intermediate metabolite in animal tissues|journal=The Biochemical Journal|year=1937|volume=31|issue=5|pages=772–9|pmid=16746397|pmc=1267003|doi=10.1042/bj0310772}}</ref> which earned him a Nobel Prize for Medicine and Physiology for 1953. In 1938, the university opened the Department of Biochemistry (renamed since the 1990s as the Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology) and Krebs became its first Head. Krebs Institute, a research centre for mechanistic biology, was founded in 1988 within the Department of Biochemistry. [[George Porter]] joined the university as Professor of Physical Chemistry in 1955 and he further developed his later Nobel Prize-winning work [[flash photolysis]] at Sheffield. Porter was appointed Firth Professor of Chemistry and became Head of the Department of Chemistry in 1963.<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Cole|first1= Rupert |date= 20 June 2015|title= The importance of picking Porter: the Royal Institution, George Porter and the two cultures, 1959–64|journal= Notes Rec R Soc Lond|volume= 69|issue= 2|pages= 191–216|doi= 10.1098/rsnr.2014.0041|pmid= 31390385 |pmc= 4424602 |doi-access= free}}</ref>

===21st century===
[[File:Octagon Centre, University of Sheffield.jpg|thumb|Octagon Centre, University of Sheffield]]
In the 21st century, the university opened many more major buildings in the area immediately to the east and west of [[Upper Hanover Street]], such as the Jessop Building, the Soundhouse, [[Jessop West]] and the [[Information Commons, Sheffield|Information Commons]]. The Arts Tower building, the Students' Union and University House buildings, the [[Sheffield Bioincubator]] and University Health Centre were also refurbished. A new campus, North Campus, was opened.<ref name="Historical note"/> In 2003, a development framework was produced by Turnberry Consulting, with proposals aimed to densify the campus.<ref name = "main campus"/><ref>{{cite web |title=Development Framework |url=https://mcwarchitects.com/the-university-of-sheffield-development-framework |website=mcwarchitects.com |publisher=MCW architects |access-date=28 August 2020 |archive-date=20 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211020033751/https://mcwarchitects.com/the-university-of-sheffield-development-framework |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2005, the South Yorkshire Strategic Health Authority announced that it would split the training between Sheffield and [[Sheffield Hallam University]] – however, the university decided to pull out of providing preregistration nursing and midwifery training due to "costs and operational difficulties".<ref name="guardian-nursing">{{cite news | url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2005/jul/20/nhsstaff.highereducation | title=Sheffield pulls out of nurse training deal | first=Donald |last=MacLeod | newspaper=The Guardian | date=20 July 2005 | access-date=4 April 2008 | location=London | archive-date=19 September 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140919054237/http://www.theguardian.com/society/2005/jul/20/nhsstaff.highereducation | url-status=live }}</ref> On 28 September 2015, a new six-storey building, [[The Diamond, Sheffield|the Diamond]], was opened.<ref>{{cite web|title=Our new £81m Diamond building opens its doors for students|url=https://www.sheffield.ac.uk/efm/estatesdevelopment/projects/thediamond|website=Estates & Facilities Management|publisher=University of Sheffield|access-date=4 February 2016|archive-date=16 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200216063640/https://www.sheffield.ac.uk/efm/estatesdevelopment/projects/thediamond|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:AMRC, The University of Sheffield.jpg|thumb|left|300px|[[Advanced Manufacturing Park|Advanced Manufacturing Research Centre]] set within a 150-acre campus]]
In February 2016, the university started to work with [[Sheffield City Council]] to transform public spaces around the campus.<ref name=transforming>{{cite web|title=Transforming our public spaces|url=http://www.sheffield.ac.uk/campusmasterplan/transforming/index|website=Campus Masterplan|publisher=University of Sheffield|access-date=4 February 2016|archive-date=5 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160205214601/http://www.sheffield.ac.uk/campusmasterplan/transforming/index|url-status=live}}</ref> The £8&nbsp;million project includes building and improving pedestrianisation, crossings, cycle routes, as well as greening the campus.<ref name=transforming/><ref>{{cite web|title=Improving our key spaces|url=http://www.sheffield.ac.uk/campusmasterplan/vision/improving-key-spaces|website=Campus Masterplan|publisher=University of Sheffield|access-date=4 February 2016|archive-date=5 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160205220611/http://www.sheffield.ac.uk/campusmasterplan/vision/improving-key-spaces|url-status=live}}</ref> The university intended to expand the Advanced Manufacturing Research Centre and provision for apprenticeships; however, while the Sheffield City Region Local Enterprise Partnership recommended that the £10&nbsp;million funding bid should be approved, the university withdrew the bid in November 2018.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sheffield 'turned down £10&nbsp;milllion' for apprenticeships |url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/news/sheffield-turned-down-ps10-milllion-apprenticeships |website=Times Higher Education (THE) |date=6 July 2021 |access-date=21 July 2021 |archive-date=21 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721170507/https://www.timeshighereducation.com/news/sheffield-turned-down-ps10-milllion-apprenticeships |url-status=live }}</ref> The University Concourse was refurbished in 2019 to replace the 50-year-old paving and walls.<ref>{{cite web |title=University of Sheffield's public concourse completed |url=http://www.henryboot.co.uk/media/group-news/2019/university-of-sheffields-public-concourse-completed/ |publisher=Henry Boot |access-date=28 August 2020 |archive-date=25 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225213048/http://www.henryboot.co.uk/media/group-news/2019/university-of-sheffields-public-concourse-completed/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Major development projects in the 2020s include constructions of a new Information School building (Northumberland Road Building), Social Sciences Building, Royce Discovery Centre, energy centre (the Transformer), Translational Energy Research Centre, and redevelopment of the original [[Henderson's Relish#Factory|Henderson's factory]].<ref name=estate>{{cite web |title=Current projects |url=https://www.sheffield.ac.uk/efm/estatesdevelopment/projects |website=Estates Development |publisher=The University of Sheffield |access-date=28 August 2020 |archive-date=24 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170424094422/http://www.sheffield.ac.uk/efm/estatesdevelopment/projects |url-status=live }}</ref>

From 2022 to 2023, [[2022–2023 University of Sheffield protests|students protested]] against the university working with and accepting payment for various activities from companies including Rolls Royce, BAE Systems, and Boeing who are involved in the arms manufacturing industry.<ref name=":0" />

==Campus and locations==
The University of Sheffield is a city-based campus, with most of its 290 buildings located in close proximity to each other in the St George's Quarter, on the west slopes of the city centre.<ref>{{cite web |last1=HESA |title=Table 1 – Buildings and spaces |url=https://www.hesa.ac.uk/data-and-analysis/estates/table-1 |website=HESA |publisher=HESA |access-date=10 December 2025}}</ref><ref name=estate/> Since receiving its royal charter, the University has expanded from two academic foci about 1&nbsp;km apart; Firth Court (on Western Bank), and Sir Frederick Mappin Building (on Mappin Street). Bisecting the campus is the [[Sheffield Inner Ring Road]].<ref name = "campus master plan">{{cite web |url=https://www.sheffield.ac.uk/polopoly_fs/1.456581!/file/FullCampusMasterplandocumentPDF24MB.pdf |title=The University of Sheffield Masterplan 2014 |year=2014 |access-date=20 August 2020 |publisher=The University of Sheffield |archive-date=21 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190321145853/https://www.sheffield.ac.uk/polopoly_fs/1.456581!/file/FullCampusMasterplandocumentPDF24MB.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The two foci started to fuse together in the 1960s, as more buildings were constructed or acquired by the University. The completion of the [[Information Commons, Sheffield|Information Commons]] and Jessop West buildings, in the late 2000s, bridge the two sides of the campus.

The university campus is composed of an eclectic range of buildings from [[Victorian architecture|Victorian style]] to [[modern architecture|modernism]] to [[contemporary architecture|contemporary]]. [[Sir Frederick Mappin Building]] and Central Block are two Victorian university buildings, now linked by a contemporary curved glass roof constructed in 2020. Opened as the Western Bank Building, [[Firth Court]] is a red brick Edwardian building in Perpendicular Revival style,<ref name="List Entry">{{NHLE |num=1247504 |desc=EDGAR ALLEN BUILDING, FIRTH HALL, ROTUNDA AND QUADRANGLE |year=1995 |access-date=17 August 2020 }}</ref> and is connected to the 1971 modernist [[Alfred Denny Building]]. The nearby [[Arts Tower]] is also an example of postwar modernist building in the [[International Style (architecture)|International Style]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Places features |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/southyorkshire/content/articles/2008/09/18/the_arts_tower_feature.shtml |access-date=25 August 2020 |work=BBC South Yorkshire |agency=BBC |archive-date=3 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181203155036/http://www.bbc.co.uk/southyorkshire/content/articles/2008/09/18/the_arts_tower_feature.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref> The Diamond, a contemporary architecture designed by Twelve Architects, is situated next to the Victorian Jessop Building on the former site of Jessop's Edwardian wing.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Griffiths |first1=Alyn |title=Twelve Architects applies diamond-patterned facade to Sheffield university building |url=https://www.dezeen.com/2016/01/16/the-diamond-university-of-sheffield-faculty-of-engineering-building-twelve-architects-england/ |website=www.dezeen.com |date=16 January 2016 |publisher=dezeen |access-date=26 August 2020 |archive-date=17 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200817182354/https://www.dezeen.com/2016/01/16/the-diamond-university-of-sheffield-faculty-of-engineering-building-twelve-architects-england/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

A total of 36 university buildings are [[listed building|listed]].<ref name = "campus master plan"/> Of these, the [[Arts Tower]] and [[Western Bank Library]] are Grade II* listed buildings, whilst [[Firth Court]], [[Sir Frederick Mappin Building|Sir Frederick Mappin]], St George's Church and the Jessop are Grade II listed.

===Main (Western Bank) Campus===
{{main|Western Bank Campus}}
[[File:Firth Court, The University of Sheffield.jpg|thumb|left|300px|[[Firth Court]] on [[Western Bank Campus|Western Bank]] is home to the biomedical sciences department and remains the main administrative centre of the university]]

The centre of the university's presence lies one mile to the west of Sheffield city centre, where there is a mile-long collection of buildings belonging almost entirely to the university. This main campus area<ref name = "main campus">{{cite web |url=https://www.sheffield.ac.uk/ssid/maps/octagon |title=Location of the Octagon Centre |access-date=20 August 2020 |publisher=The University of Sheffield |archive-date=18 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418195523/https://www.sheffield.ac.uk/ssid/maps/octagon |url-status=live }}</ref> is bounded by Upper Hanover Street to the east, Glossop Road to the south, Clarkson Street to the west, and Bolsover Street to the north. Western Bank ([[A57 road|A57]]) runs through the campus.<ref name = "campus master plan"/> The area to the north of Western Bank includes [[Firth Court]], [[Alfred Denny Building]], [[Western Bank Library]] and [[Arts Tower]], Geography and Planning building, [[Bartolomé House]], and Dainton and Richard Roberts Buildings. Within the southern area of the campus are the [[University of Sheffield Union of Students|Sheffield Students' Union]], the [[Octagon Centre]], Graves Building and [[Hicks Building]].<ref name="Campus map">{{cite web|url=https://www.sheffield.ac.uk/visitors/mapsandtravel/university|title=Campus map|publisher=University of Sheffield|access-date=24 June 2015|archive-date=5 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105195059/https://www.sheffield.ac.uk/visitors/mapsandtravel/university|url-status=live}}</ref> A concourse under the A57 flyover connects Alfred Denny Building on the north side and Students' Union on the south. Until the completion of three pedestrian crossings on Western Bank in 2017, the concourse underpass was the only link that allowed students to easily move between buildings in this cluster.<ref>{{cite news |title=£8m for University of Sheffield public spaces transformation |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-south-yorkshire-35458442 |access-date=26 August 2020 |work=BBC Sheffield & South Yorkshire |agency=BBC News |date=1 February 2016 |archive-date=21 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121024338/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-south-yorkshire-35458442 |url-status=live }}</ref> The Information Commons, a library and computing centre opened in 2007, is also located at the Western Bank Campus on Leavygreave Road. In addition, throughout 2010 the Western Bank Library received a £3.3&nbsp;million restoration and refurbishment, the [[University of Sheffield Union of Students]] underwent a £5&nbsp;million rebuild, and work commenced on a multimillion-pound refurbishment of the Grade II* listed [[Arts Tower]] to extend its lifespan by 30 years.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.shef.ac.uk/artstowerproject/introduction.html |title=Arts Tower Project |date=23 November 2010 |access-date=6 December 2010 |publisher=The University of Sheffield |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091101165406/http://www.shef.ac.uk/artstowerproject/introduction.html |archive-date=1 November 2009 }}</ref>

===St George's Campus===
[[File:Engineering Heartspace, The University of Sheffield.jpg|thumb|Engineering Heartspace, between Sir Frederick Mappin building and Central Block]]
To the east of the main campus lies St George's campus, named after [[St George's Church, Portobello|St George's Church]] (now a lecture theatre and postgraduate residence). The campus is the historical location of the Sheffield Technical School. It is bounded by Upper Hanover Street to the west, Broad Lane to the north, Rockingham Street to the east, and West Street to the south,<ref name = "campus master plan"/> and is part of [[St George's Quarter]], one of the seven official Sheffield city centre quarters.<ref>[http://sccplugins.sheffield.gov.uk/urban_design/quarters_georges.htm Sheffield City Council Quarters plan] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061230190532/http://sccplugins.sheffield.gov.uk/urban_design/quarters_georges.htm |date=30 December 2006 }}</ref> Also known as the Engineering campus,<ref name="Engineering campus">{{cite web |url=https://www.sheffield.ac.uk/engineering/campus |title=Engineering campus |website=www.architecture.com |publisher=University of Sheffield |access-date=19 August 2020 |archive-date=10 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200510104050/https://www.sheffield.ac.uk/engineering/campus |url-status=live }}</ref> St George's campus is centred on Mappin Street, the location of the Faculty of Engineering (partly housed in the [[Listed building|Grade II-listed]] [[Mappin Building]]) and the Department of Journalism Studies, Department of Economics and Department of [[Computer Science]]. The university also maintains the [[Turner Museum of Glass]] in this area. As part of the 2000s development plan, the university has converted the listed [[Victorian architecture|Victorian]] [[Jessop Hospital|Jessop Hospital for Women]] into the new home of the Department of Music in 2009. The formerly Grade II-listed Edwardian wing of the Jessop Hospital was demolished after Sheffield City Council's planning committee voted for approval.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sheffield City Council approves demolition of Grade II listed Edwardian Jessop Hospital despite objections from the heritage sector |date=3 April 2013 |url=https://www.savebritainsheritage.org/campaigns/article/260/Sheffield-City-Council-approves-demolition-of-Grade-II-listed-Edwardian-Jessop-Hospital-despite-objections-from-the-heritage-sector |publisher=Save Britain's Heritage |access-date=26 August 2020 |archive-date=21 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021020509/https://www.savebritainsheritage.org/campaigns/article/260/Sheffield-City-Council-approves-demolition-of-Grade-II-listed-Edwardian-Jessop-Hospital-despite-objections-from-the-heritage-sector |url-status=live }}</ref> The building was replaced by a new £81&nbsp;million building for the Faculty of Engineering which opened in September 2015, named the [[The Diamond, Sheffield|Diamond]]. It is a purpose-built multi-disciplinary building that houses lecture theatres, laboratories, workrooms and other facilities for the teaching of engineering.<ref name=StarDiamond>{{cite news|url=http://www.thestar.co.uk/news/business/business-news/university-opens-new-81m-new-diamond-building-1-7485976|title=University opens new £81m new Diamond building|newspaper=The Star (Sheffield)|date=29 September 2015|access-date=14 October 2015|archive-date=5 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105195059/http://www.thestar.co.uk/news/business/business-news/university-opens-new-81m-new-diamond-building-1-7485976|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sheffield.ac.uk/news/nr/new-engineering-building-sheffield-jessop-west-1.231929 |title=New Engineering Building will open door to growth and investment |publisher=The University of Sheffield |date=17 December 2012 |access-date=16 August 2013 |archive-date=29 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200229201514/https://www.sheffield.ac.uk/news/nr/new-engineering-building-sheffield-jessop-west-1.231929 |url-status=live }}</ref> Amongst the more recent additions to the university's estate located on this campus are the Soundhouse (2008; a music practice and studio facility) and the [[Jessop West]] building (2009; the first UK project by Berlin architects [[Sauerbruch Hutton]]).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.shef.ac.uk/jessop/developmentandbuildings/jessopwest.html |title=About Jessop |year=2010 |access-date=6 December 2010 |publisher=The University of Sheffield |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090914082315/http://www.shef.ac.uk/jessop/developmentandbuildings/jessopwest.html |archive-date=14 September 2009 }}</ref>

The [[Sir Frederick Mappin Building]] is a Grade II-listed building in an area known as the St George's Complex. The building houses much of the Faculty of Engineering and St George's IT centre.<ref name="Campus landmarks">{{cite web |url=https://www.sheffield.ac.uk/visitors/landmarks |title=Campus landmarks |publisher=University of Sheffield |access-date=24 June 2015 |archive-date=5 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105195058/https://www.sheffield.ac.uk/visitors/landmarks |url-status=live }}</ref> Completed in 1885, the oldest part of the building, the former Sheffield Technical School, now the Central Wing, lies in the centre of the building. The extensive Mappin Street frontage includes the main entrance, the John Carr Library and Mappin Hall, and is connected to the Central Wing by a bridge. In early 2020, the Mappin Building and the Central Wing were refurbished. As a result of the refurbishments, the two buildings are joined by a quadruple-height atrium with curved glass roof.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.scci.org.uk/news/universitys-engineering-heartspace-wins-distinguished-award-for-social-impact/ | title=University's Engineering Heartspace wins distinguished award for social impact | publisher=Royal Institute of Chartered Surveyors | access-date=18 August 2020 | archive-date=13 October 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211013105628/https://www.scci.org.uk/news/universitys-engineering-heartspace-wins-distinguished-award-for-social-impact/ | url-status=live }}</ref> The atrium, called the Engineering Heartspace, houses laboratories, offices and social spaces.<ref name="Engineering campus"/>
[[File:St_George%27s_Church,_Portobello_(28275927046).jpg|thumb|Former St George's Church, now a lecture theatre]]

Given its name to the campus, [[St George's Church, Portobello|St George's Church]] was the first of three commissioners' churches to be built in Sheffield under the Church Building Act 1818. It was built in the Perpendicular style. The church closed in 1981 and was acquired by the university. It was converted for use as a lecture theatre in 1994,<ref name="Pevsner">Harman, R. & Minnis, J. (2004) ''Pevsner City Guides: Sheffield'', p88. New Haven & London: Yale University Press. {{ISBN|0-300-10585-1}}</ref> while the upstairs has been converted for use as student accommodation.

===Other sites===
[[File:AMRC KTC 22 10 2018 2.jpg|thumb|Knowledge Transfer Centre, part of the AMRC]]
Further west lies Weston Park, the [[Weston Park Museum]], the [[Harold Cantor Gallery]], university's sports facilities [[Goodwin Sports Centre]] in the [[Crookesmoor]] area, and the Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health around the [[Royal Hallamshire Hospital]] (although these subjects are taught in the city's extensive teaching hospitals under the [[Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust]], and throughout [[South Yorkshire]] and [[North East Lincolnshire]]). It is in this area that the new £12&nbsp;million Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), opened by [[Queen Elizabeth II]] in November 2010, is located.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.shef.ac.uk/mediacentre/2010/1803.html |title=SITraN |date=18 November 2010 |access-date=6 December 2010 |publisher=The University of Sheffield |archive-date=11 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111124813/http://www.shef.ac.uk/mediacentre/2010/1803.html |url-status=live }}</ref> There is a cluster of buildings located to the north of Broad Lane, opposite St George's campus, collectively called the north campus. Kroto Research Institute, [[Kroto Innovation Centre]], Nanoscience and Technology Building, Graduate Research Centre, George Porter Building and the International College are based on this campus area.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sheffield.ac.uk/northcampus|title=North campus|date=15 August 2020|access-date=15 August 2020|publisher=The University of Sheffield|archive-date=1 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801113523/https://www.sheffield.ac.uk/northcampus|url-status=live}}</ref> To the south of the city on Warminster Road are where the sports pitches at Norton Sports Park located.<ref>{{cite web |title=Norton Sports Park |url=https://www.sport-sheffield.com/venues |website=www.sport-sheffield.com |publisher=Sport Sheffield |access-date=26 August 2020 |archive-date=27 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160527041310/https://www.sport-sheffield.com/Venues |url-status=live }}</ref> The university also operates Advanced Manufacturing Research Centres (AMRCs) on the border of Sheffield, in [[Rotherham]] and Lancashire.<ref>{{cite web |title=The University of Sheffield Advanced Manufacturing Research Centre |url=https://www.amrc.co.uk/pages/about |publisher=AMRC Sheffield |access-date=29 August 2020 |archive-date=11 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200511135759/https://amrc.co.uk/pages/about |url-status=live }}</ref> The Conference Centre and Teaching Hall at Philadelphia Campus of St. Thomas' Church are used as exam venues by the university.<ref>{{cite web |title=Directions To Philadelphia Campus |url=https://www.sheffield.ac.uk/ssid/maps/philadelphia |publisher=The University of Sheffield |access-date=31 August 2020 |archive-date=5 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305132517/https://www.sheffield.ac.uk/ssid/maps/philadelphia |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Former locations===
[[File:Former Firth College, West Street, Sheffield - geograph.org.uk - 3889895.jpg|thumb|Former Firth College building]]

The old Firth College building, dating to 1879–80, was located at the corner of Leopold Street and West Street. It was designed by [[Flockton (architects)|T.J. Flockton]] and [[Edward Robert Robson|E.R. Robson]] with the front facing West Street.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Historic England |title=Sheffield City Council Education Committee Offices |url=https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1246562?section=official-list-entry |website=Historic England |publisher=Historic England |access-date=11 December 2025}}</ref> Opposite this building, at 7 Leopold Street, was the old Medical School building, which was designed by John Dodsley Webster and completed in 1888.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Historic England |title=7, Leopold Street |url=https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1271314?section=official-list-entry |website=Historic England |publisher=Historic England |access-date=11 December 2025}}</ref> Both Firth College and the Medical School left these buildings following the establishment of the university in 1905.

The Manvers campus at [[Wath-on-Dearne]] was where the majority of nursing was taught. Humphry Davy House (named after the chemist) was constructed in 1998 to house the School of Nursing and Midwifery and was located at Golden Smithies Lane.<ref name = "Rotherham"/> The School had been established in 1995 following the integration of the Sheffield and North Trent College of Nursing and Midwifery, into the university.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/N13703401 | title=University of Sheffield & Sheffield & North Trent College of Nursing and Midwifery | publisher=The National Archives | access-date=17 August 2020 | archive-date=21 January 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121024704/https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/N13703401 | url-status=live }}</ref> In 2004, following changes to the nursing and midwifery training contract offered by the NHS, the University opted to close the campus. The final intake of Midwifery Studies students was in July 2006 and the site closed one year later.<ref name = "Rotherham">{{cite web | url=http://www.rothbiz.co.uk/2018/02/news-5927-flats-plan-for-empty-uni.html | title=Flats plan for empty uni building | publisher=Rotherham Business News | access-date=17 August 2020 | archive-date=26 February 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226182148/http://www.rothbiz.co.uk/2018/02/news-5927-flats-plan-for-empty-uni.html | url-status=live }}</ref>

==Organisation==
===Faculties and schools===
The university has five academic faculties, into which 21 academic schools are organised.<ref>{{cite web |last1=University of Sheffield |title=Faculties |url=https://sheffield.ac.uk/departments/faculties |website=University of Sheffield |publisher=University of Sheffield |access-date=29 November 2025}}</ref> These are:


{{Div col}}
* '''Faculty of Arts and Humanities'''
** School of English
** School of History, Philosophy and Digital Humanities
** School of Languages, Arts and Societies
** School of Law
* '''Faculty of Engineering'''
** School of Chemical, Materials and Biological Engineering
** School of Computer Science
** School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
** School of Mechanical, Aerospace and Civil Engineering
* '''Faculty of Health'''
** School of Allied Health, Nursing and Midwifery
** School of Clinical Dentistry
** School of Medicine and Population Health (including the [[Sheffield Medical School|Medical School]])
* '''Faculty of Science'''
** School of Biosciences
** School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences
** School of Psychology
* '''Faculty of Social Sciences'''
** [[Sheffield School of Architecture|School of Architecture and Landscape]]
** School of Economics
** School of Education
** School of Geography and Planning
** School of Information, Journalism and Communication
** [[University of Sheffield Management School|Management School]]
** School of Sociological Studies, Politics and International Relations
{{div col end}}

====Faculty of Arts and Humanities====
The Faculty of Arts and Humanities is made up of eight schools and departments. It is also home to three institutes (Humanities Research Institute, Sheffield Institute for Interdisciplinary Biblical Studies, and Digital Humanities Institute) and 16 research centres. The [[Centre for Research into Freemasonry and Fraternalism]] of the faculty was the first centre devoted to scholarly research into [[Freemasonry]] in a UK university.<ref>{{cite web |title=About the Centre |url=http://freemasonry.dept.shef.ac.uk/index.php?lang=0&type=toc&level0=241 |publisher=Centre for Research into Freemasonry |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100326024754/http://freemasonry.dept.shef.ac.uk/index.php?lang=0&type=toc&level0=241|access-date=2 September 2020|archive-date = 26 March 2010}}</ref> The centre was closed in 2010, ten years after its establishment, due to its failure to capture substantial grants to support the centre's activities.<ref>{{cite web |title=CRFF Update |url=https://www.jiscmail.ac.uk/cgi-bin/webadmin?A2=ACADEMIC-STUDY-MAGIC;f24481aa.1004 |publisher=JiscMail |access-date=2 September 2020 |archive-date=25 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225193926/https://www.jiscmail.ac.uk/cgi-bin/webadmin?A2=ACADEMIC-STUDY-MAGIC;f24481aa.1004 |url-status=live }}</ref> In May 2021, [[Department of Archaeology, University of Sheffield|archaeology]] staff at the university have been told their jobs could be at risk after a review. A petition to save the department has gathered more than 35,000 signatures but the university said no decisions had yet been taken, but later changed to announcing they intended to dissolve the department, which was met with international outcry.<ref>{{cite news |title=University of Sheffield Archaeology department threat 'blow to UK' |work=BBC News |date=21 May 2021 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-south-yorkshire-57199118 |access-date=25 May 2021 |archive-date=25 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210525081446/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-south-yorkshire-57199118 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Over 32,000 people sign petition to save University of Sheffield's archaeology department as protest is held on campus|url=https://www.yorkshirepost.co.uk/education/over-32000-people-sign-petition-to-save-university-of-sheffields-archaeology-department-as-protest-is-held-on-campus-3249338|access-date=27 May 2021|work=The Yorkshire Post|archive-date=27 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210527095848/https://www.yorkshirepost.co.uk/education/over-32000-people-sign-petition-to-save-university-of-sheffields-archaeology-department-as-protest-is-held-on-campus-3249338|url-status=live}}</ref>

====Faculty of Engineering====
The precursor to the Faculty of Engineering is the Sheffield Technical School established in the 1880s, which offered part-time and evening class programme to adults working in the steel industry.<ref name="Engineering history">{{cite web| author=University of Sheffield| title=A hundred years of history – Engineering at the University of Sheffield| date=26 June 2017| url=https://www.sheffield.ac.uk/news/nr/centenary-engineering-1.711174| access-date=19 August 2020| archive-date=21 January 2021| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121024723/https://www.sheffield.ac.uk/news/nr/centenary-engineering-1.711174| url-status=live}}</ref> During 1917, departments of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Civil and Structural Engineering and Mechanical Engineering were founded in response to the needs of the First World War. The departments provided training courses for injured and incapacitated soldiers, and manufactured inspection gauges and munition shells.<ref name="Engineering history"/> The Faculty of Engineering has now over 6,700 students and 1,000 staff.<ref>{{cite web |title=Engineering at Sheffield {{!}} The University of Sheffield |url=https://www.sheffield.ac.uk/engineering |website=www.sheffield.ac.uk |access-date=7 September 2020 |date=4 June 2020 |archive-date=3 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210503061248/https://www.sheffield.ac.uk/engineering |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Faculty of Health====
The Faculty of Health is made up of three schools, which are the School of Applied Health, Nursing and Midwifery, the School of Clinical Dentistry, and the School of Medicine and Population Health (which includes the [[Sheffield Medical School|Medical School]]; the oldest school of the University). The Medical School operated independently as the Sheffield School of Medicine until its mergers with Firth College and with Sheffield Technical School.<ref name=history>{{cite web| author=University of Sheffield| work=shef.ac.uk/about/history| title=Historical note| url=https://www.sheffield.ac.uk/about/history| access-date=28 March 2018| archive-date=14 February 2007| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070214045405/http://www.shef.ac.uk/about/history.html| url-status=live}}</ref> The Medical School is located next to the [[Royal Hallamshire Hospital]], one of the Sheffield's teaching hospitals, and the school is associated with [[Sheffield Children's Hospital]], [[Northern General Hospital]], [[Weston Park Hospital]] and [[Charles Clifford Dental Hospital]]. It is one of 32 bodies entitled to award medical degrees in the United Kingdom by the General Medical Council (GMC), the body responsible for registering doctors to practise medicine as well as regulating medical education and training in the United Kingdom.<ref name="GMC">{{cite web|url=http://www.gmc-uk.org/|title=Medical schools|publisher=General Medical Council|access-date=1 August 2010|archive-date=16 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516224500/https://www.gmc-uk.org/|url-status=live}}</ref>

====Faculty of Science====
The Faculty of Science comprises seven classical science departments: Animal and Plant Sciences, Biomedical Science, Chemistry, Mathematics and Statistics, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Physics and Astronomy, and Psychology. All of the university's six [[Nobel Laureate]]s have been affiliated with this faculty.<ref name ="Nobel"/>

The Department of Animal and Plant Sciences is one of the largest departments dedicated for whole-organism biology studies in the UK.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.iode.org/index.php?option=com_oe&task=viewInstitutionRecord&institutionID=8648|title=University of Sheffield, Department of Animal and Plant Sciences|publisher=Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission|access-date=18 August 2020|archive-date=21 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121024724/https://www.iode.org/index.php?option=com_oe&task=viewInstitutionRecord&institutionID=8648|url-status=live}}</ref> Biology has been taught in Sheffield since 1884 in Firth College. Appointed the first Professor of Biology in 1888, Alfred Denny was the only biologist in the Department of Biology at the college who taught zoology and botany to science and medical students. In 1896, a second biologist, botanist Bertram H. Bentley, joined the college.<ref>{{cite journal |author= |date= 1946|title= Prof. B. H. Bentley|journal= Nature|volume= 158|issue= 4008|pages= 263–264|doi= 10.1038/158263B0|bibcode= 1946Natur.158..263.|doi-access= free}}</ref> Soon after the university was founded, in 1908, two separate departments were established: Zoology (head by Denny) and Botany (head by Bentley).<ref name = "APS History">{{cite book |last=Hill |first=Len |date=2008 |title=The History of Animal and Plant Sciences In Sheffield |pages=2–6 |publisher=APS Sheffield}}</ref> The departments were not merged until the establishment of the Department of Animal and Plant Sciences in 1988, as part of a major rationalisation at the university. David H. Lewis, who was Head of Botany, was the first Head of Animal and Plant Sciences.<ref name = "APS History"/> The department was awarded a maximum score of 24 points in the [[Quality Assurance Agency for Higher Education|QAA]] Teaching Quality Assessment in 1999, and top five for biological sciences research in the REF 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.qaa.ac.uk/reviewing-higher-education/quality-assurance-reports/University-of-Sheffield|title=Quality assurance reports|publisher=Quality Assurance Agency|access-date=18 August 2020|archive-date=21 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121024737/https://www.qaa.ac.uk/reviewing-higher-education/quality-assurance-reports/University-of-Sheffield|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name = "REF14">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/ng-interactive/2014/dec/18/university-research-excellence-framework-2014-full-rankings|title=University Research Excellence Framework 2014 – the full rankings|date=17 December 2014|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=17 February 2017|archive-date=12 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612140152/https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/ng-interactive/2014/dec/18/university-research-excellence-framework-2014-full-rankings|url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Faculty of Social Sciences ====
[[File:Arts Tower, Sheffield (2022).jpg|thumb|Arts Tower, the tallest academic building in the UK houses the School of Architecture]]
The [[Sheffield School of Architecture]] is consistently ranked among the top 10 in Europe and the UK for "Architecture and the Built-Environment" and is one of the longest established architecture schools in the UK, opening in 1908. It was first located in the tower of Firth Court but soon moved to the Sunday School in Shearwood Road and is located on the top 6 floors of the Arts Tower since 1965.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sheffield.ac.uk/architecture/about/history |title=The History of the Sheffield School of Architecture |access-date=14 February 2015 |publisher=The University of Sheffield |archive-date=28 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328191924/https://www.sheffield.ac.uk/architecture/about/history |url-status=live }}</ref> The school has courses accredited by the Architects Registration Board (ARB) and the Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA), and has an active student society (SUAS). In the [[Research Excellence Framework]] (REF) 2014, Sheffield School of Architecture ranked 4th in the UK.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sheffield.ac.uk/architecture/latest/ref |title=REF 2014 Results |access-date=14 February 2015 |publisher=The University of Sheffield |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141223120604/https://www.sheffield.ac.uk/architecture/latest/ref |archive-date=23 December 2014 }}</ref>

Established in 1986, the [[University of Sheffield Management School|Management School]] is a triple-accredited (AMBA, AACSB and EQUIS) business school.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://find-mba.com/accreditations/triple-accredited-business-schools/3|title=Triple-Accredited Business Schools (page 3)|website=Find MBA|access-date=14 July 2021|archive-date=14 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210714190035/https://find-mba.com/accreditations/triple-accredited-business-schools/3|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2013 the school moved into newly refurbished facilities close to the University of Sheffield campus and Broomhill. It now has dedicated learning and teaching space, a courtyard, dedicated café and Employability Hub.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.shef.ac.uk/management/about/the_school |title=Management School |access-date=14 February 2015 |publisher=The University of Sheffield |archive-date=16 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170316153534/https://www.shef.ac.uk/management/about/the_school |url-status=live }}</ref>

The [[University of Sheffield Information School|Information School]] (iSchool) is a constituent school of the Faculty of Social Sciences. It was founded as Postgraduate School of Librarianship in 1963 and became the Department of Information Studies in 1981. In 2010, the Information School devoting to the study of the information field was established. The current head of school is Professor Peter Bath. The school is ranked second in the world and first in Europe for Library and Information Studies in the ''QS World University Rankings'' 2020.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/university-subject-rankings/2020/library-information-management |title=Library & Information Management |access-date=20 August 2020 |publisher=QS Quacquarelli Symonds |archive-date=27 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127002141/https://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/university-subject-rankings/2020/library-information-management |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[File:The Wave, Faculty of Scicial Science, The University of Sheffield.jpg|thumb|The Wave, Faculty of Social Science]]
The Department of Urban Studies and Planning (USP) was founded as the Department of Town and Regional Planning (TRP) in 1965 and is located in the Geography Building in the Western Bank Campus. It was ranked as the top [[Royal Town Planning Institute|RTPI]] accredited planning school in the UK by the 2014 [[Research Excellence Framework]] (REF) and second for "Building and town and country planning" by the ''Guardian University Rankings'' 2021.

===Former faculties===
Sheffield had four faculties in 1905, which were Arts, Pure Science, Medicine and Applied Science. The Faculty of Applied Science later split into Engineering and Metallurgy in 1919.<ref name="Historical note"/> As well as educating full-time students, in the early 20th century, the university taught non-degree courses that covered non-conventional, occupation-focused subjects such as cow-keeping, railway economics, mining and razor-grinding.<ref name="Historical note"/>

====International faculty====
The University previously had an international faculty, known as [[CITY College, International Faculty of the University of Sheffield|CITY College]], located in [[Thessaloniki]], Greece. It was established in 1989<ref>{{cite web |title=City College, International Faculty of the University of Sheffield |url=https://thessaloniki.travel/en/things-to-do/education/private-educational-institutes/item/1360-city-college,-international-faculty-of-the-university-of-sheffield |website=Thessaloniki.travel |publisher=Thessaloniki Tourism Organization |access-date=22 August 2020 |archive-date=25 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125043148/https://www.thessaloniki.travel/en/things-to-do/education/private-educational-institutes/item/1360-city-college,-international-faculty-of-the-university-of-sheffield |url-status=live }}</ref> in order to bridge the UK with Southeast and Eastern Europe, and was a separate, private legal entity according to Greek law.<ref name="city college"/> The International Faculty was organised into four departments (Business Administration and Economics, Psychology, Computer Science, and English Studies), which were housed in the L. Sofou and Strategakis buildings, in close proximity in Thessaloniki city centre.<ref name="city college">{{cite web |url=https://citycollege.sheffield.eu/frontend/index.php |title=CITY College |access-date=19 August 2020 |publisher=Κολέγιο CITY College |archive-date=18 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201218072524/https://citycollege.sheffield.eu/frontend/index.php |url-status=live }}</ref> The faculty also operated the South East European Research Centre (SEERC), a multidisciplinary research centre established in 2003.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.seerc.org/new/about-seerc |title=About SEERC |access-date=19 August 2020 |publisher=SEERC |archive-date=21 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121024813/https://www.seerc.org/new/about-seerc |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2024, the University ended their partnership with CITY College, which became part of the University of York.<ref>{{cite web |title=About our partnership with CITY College |url=https://sheffield.ac.uk/city-college/about-our-partnership |website=The University of Sheffield |date=26 May 2022 |access-date=23 July 2025}}</ref>

===Governance===
====Committees====
There are several bodies which govern the university, including the council, the Senate and the faculties.<ref>{{cite web |title=Our governance structure |url=https://www.sheffield.ac.uk/govern/structure |publisher=The University of Sheffield |access-date=28 August 2020 |archive-date=26 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926033330/https://www.sheffield.ac.uk/govern/structure |url-status=live }}</ref> The council is the governing body of the university, which is responsible for the strategic development, legal and regulatory affairs, and performance of university business (finance and property).<ref name="shef.ac.uk"/> Council membership comprises a majority of non-executive lay members appointed under the statutes of the university.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sheffield.ac.uk/govern/council/councilmem|title=Membership of the Council – Council – Governance |publisher= The University of Sheffield|website=www.sheffield.ac.uk|date=4 August 2022|access-date=1 April 2017|archive-date=2 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170402082326/http://www.sheffield.ac.uk/govern/council/councilmem|url-status=live}}</ref> The chair and pro-chancellor of the council is currently Tony Pedder.<ref>{{cite web |title=Membership of the Council |url=https://www.sheffield.ac.uk/govern/council/councilmem |publisher=The University of Sheffield |access-date=28 August 2020 |archive-date=18 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918174049/https://www.sheffield.ac.uk/govern/council/councilmem |url-status=live }}</ref> The Senate manages the academic side of the university. It is the highest academic authority of the university, and is also responsible for the regulation of research work and students' discipline.<ref name="shef.ac.uk"/> The Senate is chaired by the vice-chancellor, with its membership drawn mainly from the university's academic staff.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Senate: Constitution and Membership at 1 May 2019 |url=https://www.sheffield.ac.uk/polopoly_fs/1.721345!/file/senate.pdf |publisher=The University of Sheffield |access-date=28 August 2020 |archive-date=5 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305134754/https://www.sheffield.ac.uk/polopoly_fs/1.721345!/file/senate.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The five faculties regulates departmental teaching, research, examination, and also admission. They are responsible for making recommendations to the Senate on the award of degrees, fellowships, and academic staff appointments and promotions.<ref name="shef.ac.uk"/>

The university central committees also include the University Executive Board, whose members are: president and vice-chancellor (or simply vice-chancellor), provost and deputy vice chancellor, chief financial officer, executive director of corporate services, executive director of academic services, five faculty vice-presidents, three cross-cutting vice-presidents (education, innovation and research), and university secretary.<ref>{{cite web |title=UEB & Professional Services structure |url=https://www.sheffield.ac.uk/media/5862/download |publisher=University of Sheffield |access-date=28 August 2020 |archive-date=23 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023112629/https://www.sheffield.ac.uk/media/5862/download |url-status=live }}</ref> The board provides leadership and management, as well as advises the vice-chancellor on operational matters. the vice-chancellor is the chief executive and accountable officer of the university.

====Court====
The [[university court|Court]] was formerly the University's supreme governing body.<ref name="auto">{{cite web |title=Court registers, 1906–1951 |url=https://archives.sheffield.ac.uk/repositories/4/archival_objects/30409 |website=University of Sheffield Archives |publisher=University of Sheffield |access-date=27 August 2025}}</ref> It existed to foster relations between the University and the community, and included lay members, many of whom are University alumni. [[Ex-officio]] members of the Court included all [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|MPs]] of Sheffield , the Bishops of Sheffield and Hallam, and the chief constable of South Yorkshire Police,<ref name="shef.ac.uk">{{cite web |url=http://www.shef.ac.uk/about/governance.html |title=Governance of the University |publisher=The University of Sheffield |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090623110114/http://www.shef.ac.uk/about/governance.html |archive-date=23 June 2009 }}</ref> along with representatives of professional bodies such as the [[Royal Society]] and [[General Medical Council]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://govern.dept.shef.ac.uk/committees/court.pdf |title=Membership of the Court |date=1 August 2009 |access-date=2 August 2010 |publisher=The University of Sheffield |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100326054840/http://govern.dept.shef.ac.uk/committees/court.pdf |archive-date=26 March 2010 }}</ref> The Court was disbanded during the 2014–15 academic year,<ref name="auto"/> and is no longer a University committee.<ref>{{cite web |title=University of Sheffield Committee Structure 2020–21 |url=https://www.sheffield.ac.uk/polopoly_fs/1.639860!/file/Committee_Structure.pdf |publisher=The University of Sheffield |access-date=28 August 2020 |archive-date=16 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200516114109/https://www.sheffield.ac.uk/polopoly_fs/1.639860!/file/Committee_Structure.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Vice-chancellors====
[[File:Herbert_Fisher.jpg|thumb|upright|[[H. A. L. Fisher|Herbert Albert Laurens Fisher]], 3rd Vice-Chancellor of the university]]
*1905: [[William Mitchinson Hicks]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Robert A. |first1=Hadfield |title=Speech by Sir Robert Hadfield, Bt., F.R.S.: IV: The University of Sheffield |date=1933 |location=Sheffield |page=6 |url=http://ignca.gov.in/Asi_data/20588.pdf |access-date=8 September 2020 |archive-date=3 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303143919/http://ignca.gov.in/Asi_data/20588.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
*1905: [[Charles Eliot (diplomat)|Sir Charles Eliot]]
*1912: [[H. A. L. Fisher|Herbert Fisher]]
*1917: [[William Ripper]] (acting)
*1919: [[William Henry Hadow|Sir William Henry Hadow]]
*1930: [[Arthur Pickard-Cambridge|Sir Arthur Pickard-Cambridge]]
*1938: [[Irvine Masson|Sir Irvine Masson]]
*1953: [[John Macnaghten Whittaker]]
*1965: [[Arthur Roy Clapham]] (acting)
*1966: [[Hugh Robson (educator)|Sir Hugh Robson]]
*1974: [[Geoffrey Sims]]
*1991: [[Gareth Roberts (physicist)|Sir Gareth Roberts]]
*2001: [[Bob Boucher (educator)|Bob Boucher]]
*2007: [[Keith Burnett|Sir Keith Burnett]]
*2018: [[Koen Lamberts]]

[[File:Lady Justice Rafferty 2017.jpg|thumb|upright|alt=Photo of Anne Rafferty speaking at a lectern.|[[Anne Rafferty|Dame Anne Rafferty]], 8th Chancellor of the university]]

====Chancellors====
*1905: [[Henry Fitzalan-Howard, 15th Duke of Norfolk]]
*1917: [[Robert Crewe-Milnes, 1st Marquess of Crewe]]
*1944: [[Henry Lascelles, 6th Earl of Harewood]]
*1947: [[Edward Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax]]
*1959: [[Rab Butler|Rab Butler, Baron Butler]]
*1979: [[Frederick Dainton, Baron Dainton]]
*1999: [[Peter Middleton (banker)|Sir Peter Middleton]]
*2015: [[Anne Rafferty|Dame Anne Rafferty]]
*2025: [[Andy Haldane]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=Forge Press |title=Andy Haldane appointed new Chancellor of the University of Sheffield |url=https://forgepress.org/andy-haldane-appointed-new-chancellor-of-the-university-of-sheffield/ |website=Forge Press |date=9 May 2025 |access-date=30 July 2025}}</ref>

====Finances====
In the financial year ending 31 July 2024, the University of Sheffield had a total income of £887.9&nbsp;million (2022/23 – £880.2&nbsp;million) and total expenditure of £651.4&nbsp;million (2022/23 – £790.5&nbsp;million).<ref name="Sheffield Financial Statement 23/24">{{cite web |title=Annual Report and Financial Statements 2023–24 |url=https://www.sheffield.ac.uk/media/84071/download?attachment |publisher=The University of Sheffield |access-date=17 December 2024 }}</ref> Key sources of income included £401.8&nbsp;million from tuition fees and education contracts (2022/23 – £397.5&nbsp;million), £109.1&nbsp;million from funding body grants (2022/23 – £111.5&nbsp;million), £185.8&nbsp;million from research grants and contracts (2022/23 – £198.6&nbsp;million) and £32.6&nbsp;million from endowment and investment income (2022/23 – £24.2&nbsp;million).<ref name="Sheffield Financial Statement 23/24"/>

At year end the University of Sheffield had endowments of £55.2&nbsp;million (2022/23 – £47.1&nbsp;million) and total net assets of £1.886&nbsp;billion (2022/23 – £1.630&nbsp;billion).<ref name="Sheffield Financial Statement 23/24"/>

===Coat of arms===
{{main|Coat of arms of the University of Sheffield}}
[[File:ShefuniCourtofarms2012.JPG|thumb|The University Coat of Arms, displayed on the front of Mappin Building|left]]
The arms of the university was granted by the [[College of Arms]] on 28 June 1905. It is on an azure shield with a gold-edged book inscribed with the Latin ''Disce Doce'' (Learn and Teach) at its centre, a sheaf of eight silver arrows on either side (from the arms of the city), the Crown of Success and the [[White Rose of York]]. Below is a scroll carrying the motto ''Rerum cognoscere causas'' (To Discover the Causes of Things; from the ''[[Georgics]]''{{efn|From Book 2, line 490}} by Latin poet [[Virgil]]), which was also the motto of Firth College since 1879.<ref name="The Arms of the University of Sheffield">{{cite web |url=https://www.sheffield.ac.uk/about/arms |title=The Arms of the University of Sheffield |publisher=University of Sheffield |access-date=3 September 2015 |archive-date=19 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151119054753/https://www.sheffield.ac.uk/about/arms |url-status=live }}</ref> In heraldic terminology, the official coat of arms is blazoned as follows: 
<blockquote>''Azure, an open book proper, edged gold, inscribed with the words Disce Doce between in fess two sheaves of eight arrows interlaced saltireways and banded argent, in chief an open crown or, and in base a rose also argent barbed and seeded proper.''<ref>{{cite book |last=Fox-Davies |first=Arthur Charles |date=1915 |title=The book of public arms : a complete encyclopædia of all royal, territorial, municipal, corporate, official, and impersonal arms |page=810 |publisher=T.C. & E.C. Jack}}</ref></blockquote>
The current university's logo, consists of a redrawn version of the coat of arms and the name of the institution, is introduced in 2005, the centenary year of the university. However, the logo should not supersede and be confused with the coat of arms, which remains the official heraldic symbol of the university.<ref name="The Arms of the University of Sheffield"/>

===University fonts===
The University uses the Source Sans and Source serif fonts.<ref>{{cite web |last1=The University of Sheffield |title=About our brand identity |url=https://sheffield.ac.uk/brand-toolkit/introducing-our-brand-identity |website=The University of Sheffield |date=28 January 2025 |access-date=30 July 2025}}</ref>

Previously, the University's fonts were [[Stephenson Blake|TUOS Stephenson]] ([[serif]]) and TUOS Blake ([[sans-serif]]). Both TUOS Stephenson and TUOS Blake are modified versions of a typeface designed by Sheffield company Stephenson & Blake Co.

The university brand (encompassing the visual identity) is led by its motto ''Rerum cognoscere causas'' and centred on the theme of "discovery". The theme has been applied across print, screen and other areas such as signage, vehicle livery and merchandising.<ref>{{cite web|date=5 April 2006|title=University scoops top marketing award|url=http://www.shef.ac.uk/mediacentre/2006/568.html|access-date=29 December 2007|publisher=The University of Sheffield|archive-date=4 March 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080304140234/http://www.shef.ac.uk/mediacentre/2006/568.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Ceremony===
====Academic dress====
[[File:Ian_Cooke_HC1.jpg|thumb|Australian medic Ian D. Cooke (right) wearing a doctoral gown at graduation ceremony]]
As at most universities, Sheffield graduands wear academic dress appropriate to the degree they are to be received when graduating. Bachelors wear a black Oxford BA [b1] gown (see [[Groves classification system]]). The hood is in green, half-lined with white fur, and edged with two inches of silk of the colour distinctive of the degree or the faculty.<ref name = "academic dress">{{cite web|url=https://www.sheffield.ac.uk/media/8044/download|title=The University of Sheffield academic dress|access-date=18 August 2020|archive-date=3 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211003052042/https://www.sheffield.ac.uk/media/8044/download|url-status=live}}</ref> Masters wear a black Oxford MA [m1] gown with a hood of green silk which is lined throughout with the faculty colour. The PhD and the [[Master of Philosophy|MPhil]] hoods are lined in green.<ref name = "academic dress"/> Research doctors have a fine scarlet cloth gown with green silk facings, with bell-shaped sleeves [d2]; higher doctorates wear the robe with full sleeves that are lined scarlet silk and the lining held up at the elbow level with a scarlet cord and button [d1]. The hood is of the Cambridge shape [f1] and is made of red ottoman silk.<ref name = "academic dress"/><ref name = "Dress timeline">{{cite journal|last1= Gledhill|first1= Nicholas|date= 2004|title= Academical Dress at the University of Sheffield: A Timeline|url= https://newprairiepress.org/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1030&context=burgonsociety|journal= Transactions of the Burgon Society|volume= 4|pages= 49–52|doi= 10.4148/2475-7799.1030|access-date= 22 August 2020|doi-access= free|archive-date= 18 July 2018|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180718220433/http://newprairiepress.org/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1030&context=burgonsociety|url-status= live|url-access= subscription}}</ref> In 1993, the postgraduate diplomate hood is entered in the Calendar of the University of Sheffield.<ref>{{cite book |author= |title= Calendar of the University of Sheffield|location= Sheffield|publisher= Sheffield University|page= A79|date= 1994–1995}}</ref> It is a blend of Bachelors' and Masters' hoods,<ref name = "Dress timeline"/> with a hood of green silk and a neckband of the faculty colour.<ref name = "academic dress"/>

The faculty and degree colours are: Arts and Humanities—crushed strawberry; Music (only for BMus, MMus, and DMus degrees)—cream brocade; Engineering—purple; Medicine and Surgery—red; Dental Surgery—pale rose pink; Health—[[cerise (color)|cerise]]; Science—[[apricot (color)|apricot]]; Social Sciences—[[lemon (color)|lemon yellow]]; International Faculty—Saxon blue; Board of Extra Faculty Provision—pale blue.<ref name = "academic dress"/> Some schools at Sheffield had previously their own colours but are no longer used.<ref name = "Dress timeline"/><ref name="Shaw AD">{{cite book |last1=Groves |first1=Nicholas |title=Shaw's Academical Dress of Great Britain and Ireland |date=1 February 2012 |publisher=Burgon Society |location=Bridport |page=367 |edition=third }}</ref> They were: Metallurgy—[[steel grey]]; Education—[[pearl (color)|pearl]]; Architecture—[[old gold]]; Law—[[olive (color)|olive green]].<ref name="Shaw AD"/><ref name="Grad2015">{{cite web |title=Graduation 2015 |url=https://www.sheffield.ac.uk/polopoly_fs/1.480517!/file/Thursday_programme_Final.pdf |publisher=The University of Sheffield |access-date=22 August 2020 |archive-date=13 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210713183934/https://www.sheffield.ac.uk/polopoly_fs/1.480517!/file/Thursday_programme_Final.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The old colour of the Faculty of Social Sciences was pale green.<ref name="Grad2015"/>

====University mace====
The university mace is an ornament of governance of the University of Sheffield. It is [[silver-gilt]] and carries the coats of arms of both the university and the city of Sheffield, and the [[White Rose of York]]. A figure of [[Minerva]] holding a wreath and palm branch on a heraldic crown adorns the top of the mace. Used for the first time in 1909, the mace is carried in [[academic procession]] as the symbol of authority, which precedes the presiding officer.<ref name="Grad2015"/>

==Academics==
===Reputation and rankings===
{{Infobox UK university rankings
| ARWU_W = 151–200
| QS_W = 92
| THE_W = 108=
| LINE_1 = 0
| Complete = 16
| The_Guardian = 16
| Times/Sunday_Times = 13
| LINE_2 = 0
| TEF = Silver
| REF = 11
}}
[[File:Sheffield 10 Years.png|thumb|upright=1.2|University of Sheffield's [[Rankings of universities in the United Kingdom|national league table]] performance over the past ten years]]
In 2007, the University had been described by ''[[The Sunday Times]]'' as one of the powerhouses of British higher education.<ref name="timesuos">{{cite news | url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/education/sunday_times_university_guide/article2496304.ece | title=University of Sheffield | work=[[The Times]] | date=23 September 2007 | access-date=19 December 2007 | location=London | first=Anushka | last=Asthana | archive-date=7 October 2008 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081007074242/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/education/sunday_times_university_guide/article2496304.ece | url-status=dead }}</ref> The university is a member of the [[Russell Group]], the [[European University Association]], the [[Worldwide Universities Network]] and the [[White Rose University Consortium]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wun.ac.uk/wun/members|title=Universities|website=Worldwide Universities Network|access-date=1 May 2021|archive-date=1 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210501091010/https://www.wun.ac.uk/wun/members|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.n8research.org.uk/|title=N8 Research Partnership|website=N8 Research Partnership|access-date=1 May 2021|archive-date=19 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419114016/https://www.n8research.org.uk/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://whiterose.ac.uk/about/|title=About Us|access-date=1 May 2021|archive-date=1 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210501091011/https://whiterose.ac.uk/about/|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2026, it was ranked 12th in the UK and 108th in the world by Times Higher Education World University Rankings scoring 49.7 on a scale of 100 for its teaching and 49.1 for its research environment.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/student/best-universities/best-universities-uk|title=Best universities in the UK 2025 – University Rankings|date=9 October 2024|website=Times Higher Education|accessdate=11 October 2024}}</ref> As per QS ranking, the University was ranked 28th in Europe and 92nd globally.<ref>https://www.topuniversities.com/europe-university-rankings</ref><ref>https://www.topuniversities.com/universities/university-sheffield</ref>. Sheffield was ranked 10th in the UK and 54th in the world universities ranking by [[Time (magazine)|''Time'']] magazine and [[Statista]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://time.com/7358185/top-universities-globally-2026/|title=The World's Top Universities of 2026|first1=Raj|last1=Chetty|first2=John|last2=Friedman|date=28 January 2026|website=TIME|accessdate=1 March 2026}}</ref>Sheffield has been voted University of the Year, Best Students' Union and Best for Student Life at the Whatuni Student Choice Awards 2024,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.sheffield.ac.uk/about/uni-year | title=University of the Year | date=August 2024 }}</ref> and named runner-up for University of the Year 2025 by The Times and Sunday Times Good University Guide 2025.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.sheffield.ac.uk/news/university-sheffield-named-runner-university-year-2025-times-and-sunday-times | title=University of Sheffield named runner-up for University of the Year 2025 by the Times and Sunday Times | date=20 September 2024 }}</ref> It has also come to the top position in the Russell Group based on 2024 National Student Survey (NSS).<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.sheffield.ac.uk/news/university-sheffield-ranked-top-russell-group-student-experience | title=University of Sheffield ranked top in Russell Group for student experience | date=6 September 2024 }}</ref>

Sheffield has been awarded Queen's Anniversary Prizes for five times.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sheffield.ac.uk/about/queens-prize|title=Queen's Anniversary Prizes|date=5 October 2023|website=sheffield.ac.uk|accessdate=1 March 2026}}</ref> In 2011 it was named '[[Times Higher Education University of the Year|University of the Year]]' in the ''[[Times Higher Education]]'' awards.<ref name=THE2011>{{cite news |url=http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/story.asp?sectioncode=26&storycode=418247&c=1 |work=Times Higher Education |date=25 November 2011 |title=Sheffield named 'University of the Year' at annual THE Awards |access-date=14 January 2012 |archive-date=2 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121202063637/http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/story.asp?sectioncode=26&storycode=418247&c=1 |url-status=live }}</ref> It was also named as one of the top 50 most international universities in 2018 around the world<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/student/best-universities/most-international-universities-world-2018|title=Most international universities in the world 2018: top 200|date=14 March 2018|access-date=13 July 2018|archive-date=21 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210321125626/https://www.timeshighereducation.com/student/best-universities/most-international-universities-world-2018|url-status=live}}</ref> and its reputation of outstanding teaching has been underlined in the most recent league table which put Sheffield joint 9th in the UK and 11th across Europe.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/europe-teaching-rankings-2018-developing-continental-standards|title=THE Europe Teaching Rankings 2018: developing continental standards|date=11 July 2018|access-date=13 July 2018|archive-date=13 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180713134312/https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/europe-teaching-rankings-2018-developing-continental-standards|url-status=live}}</ref>

In the 2021 Research Excellence Framework (REF) Sheffield was ranked 11th for research power in the UK, moving up from 13th in REF2014,<ref name="auto1">{{cite web | url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/news/ref-2021-research-excellence-framework-results-announced | title=REF 2021: Quality ratings hit new high in expanded assessment | date=12 May 2022 | access-date=7 June 2022 | archive-date=14 June 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220614151200/https://www.timeshighereducation.com/news/ref-2021-research-excellence-framework-results-announced | url-status=live }}</ref> with 92% of the research submitted by the academic staff having been rigorously judged as world leading (4*) or internationally excellent (3*).<ref name="auto2">{{cite web | url=https://www.sheffield.ac.uk/news/university-sheffield-celebrates-its-impactful-research | title=University of Sheffield celebrates its impactful research | date=12 May 2022 | access-date=7 June 2022 | archive-date=7 June 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220607092636/https://www.sheffield.ac.uk/news/university-sheffield-celebrates-its-impactful-research | url-status=live }}</ref> The university was one of only ten in the country to include more than 1500 staffs for the submissions in a wide range of subject areas. A number of areas of research at the University of Sheffield are in the top 10 nationally in terms of the assessment of their research and impact as world-leading or internationally excellent. Some highlights include: Physics and Astronomy – which achieved 100 per cent and came top for research and impact; Biological Sciences – which came in the top five with 98 per cent; Architecture, Built Environment and Planning – which came in the top three with 95 per cent and Engineering – which achieved 96 per cent and came in the top 10.<ref name="auto2"/>

The University of Sheffield achieved global recognition for its academic strengths in specific fields. In 2023, it secured the top position for Library and Information Management and ranked 32nd for Architecture and Built Environment, along with a 42nd rank for Archaeology, according to QS.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.topuniversities.com/universities/university-sheffield|title=The University of Sheffield|website=Top Universities}}</ref> In the ARWU rankings of 2022, the university achieved 8th place in Geography and Urban Planning, 38th in Civil Engineering, and 46th in Ecology.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.shanghairanking.com/institution/the-university-of-sheffield|title=ShanghaiRanking-Univiersities|website=www.shanghairanking.com}}</ref>
====UK Subject Ranking (top 10)====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Subject !! Complete Rank 2025<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thecompleteuniversityguide.co.uk/universities/university-of-sheffield|title=University of Sheffield Ranking UK 2025 / 2026 – Complete University Guide|website=www.thecompleteuniversityguide.co.uk|accessdate=24 February 2026}}</ref> !! Subject !! Guardian Rank 2025<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/education/ng-interactive/2024/sep/07/the-guardian-university-guide-2025-the-rankings|title=The Guardian University Guide 2025 – the rankings|date=7 September 2024|accessdate=24 February 2026|via=The Guardian}}</ref> !! Subject !! Sunday Times Rank 2026<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thetimes.com/uk-university-rankings/league-table|title=UK university rankings 2026: League table|website=www.thetimes.com|accessdate=24 February 2026}}</ref>
|-
| Aeronautical & Aerospace Engineering || 5 || Aerospace Engineering || 3 || Aeronautical & Manufacturing Engineering || 5
|-
| Architecture || 1 || Architecture || 4 || Architecture || 3
|-
| Asian Studies || 7 || – || – || Accounting and Finance || 9
|-
| Biomedical Sciences || 9 || – || – || Bioengineering & Biomedical Engineering || 3
|-
| Childhood & Youth Studies || 4 || – || – || Biological Sciences || 8
|-
| Communication & Media Studies || 3 || – || – || Communication & Media Studies || 3
|-
| – || – || Computer Science and Information Systems || 9 || – || –
|-
| Dentistry || 10 || – || – || Dentistry || 7
|-
| – || – || Civil Engineering || 5 || Civil Engineering || 8
|-
| Electrical & Electronic Engineering || 8 || Electrical & Electronic Engineering || 6 || Electrical & Electronic Engineering || 7
|-
| General Engineering || 5 || General Engineering || 5 || General Engineering || 3
|-
| Manufacturing & Production Engineering || 2 || International Relations || 10 || Politics and International Relations || 5
|-
| Materials Technology || 5 || Journalism || 5 || Materials Technology || 4
|-
| – || – || – || – || Geography and Environmental Science || 9
|-
| – || – || – || – || Mathematics || 8
|-
| Mechanical Engineering || 7 || Mechanical Engineering || 4 || Mechanical Engineering || 4
|-
| Music || 9 || – || – || Music || 5
|-
| – || – || – || – || Criminology || 1
|-
| Nursing & Midwifery || 1 || General Nursing || 7 || Nursing || 3
|-
| – || – || – || – || Law || 8
|-
| – || – || – || – || Linguistics || 5
|-
| Optometry, Ophthalmics & Orthoptics || 10 || – || – || – || –
|-
| Speech & Language Therapy || 5 || Zoology || 7 || Information Systems and Management || 2
|-
| Town & Country Planning and Landscape Design || 2 || Construction, Surveying and Planning || 1 || Town & Country Planning and Landscape || 4
|-
|}

====World Subject Ranking (top 100)====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! QS Subject !! QS World Rank 2025<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.topuniversities.com/universities/university-sheffield|title=The University of Sheffield|website=Top Universities|accessdate=24 February 2026}}</ref> !! THE Subject Area !! THE World Rank 2026<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/university-sheffield|title=The University of Sheffield|date=12 January 2024|website=Times Higher Education (THE)|accessdate=24 February 2026}}</ref> !! ARWU Subject !! ARWU World Rank 2025<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.shanghairanking.com/institution/the-university-of-sheffield|title=ShanghaiRanking-Univiersities|website=www.shanghairanking.com|accessdate=24 February 2026}}</ref>
|-
| – || – || Medical and Health || 98 || Public Health || 51–75
|-
| – || – || Social Sciences || 67 || – || –
|-
| – || – || Engineering || 97 || Energy Science and Engineering || 76–100
|-
| Arts and Humanities || 82 || Arts and Humanities || 69 || – || –
|-
| Library and Information Management || 1 || – || – || Library and Information Science || 29
|-
| Architecture || 44 || – || – || – || –
|-
| Archaeology || 29 || – || – || Ecology || 51–75
|-
| Geography || 39 || – || – || Geography || 30
|-
| Materials Sciences || 61 || – || – || Mechanical Engineering || 76–100
|-
| Anatomy and Physiology || 51–100 || – || – || – || –
|-
| Communication and Media Studies || 51–100 || – || – || Communication || 76–100
|-
| Engineering – Civil and Structural || 51–100 || – || – || – || –
|-
| Dentistry || 51–100 || – || – || Dentistry and Oral Sciences || 51–75
|-
| Engineering – Mechanical || 88 || – || – || – || –
|-
| Politics || 89 || – || – || – || –
|-
| Sociology || 91 || – || – || Sociology || 51–75
|-
| English Language and Literature || 100 || – || – || – || –
|-
|}

=== Admissions ===
{| class="floatright"
|
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:85%; text-align:center; margin-bottom: 5px"
|+UCAS Admission Statistics
!
!2025
!2024
!2023
!2022
!2021
|-
| '''Applications'''{{efn-lg|name=mainscheme}}<ref name=UCASEoC>{{cite web |title=UCAS Undergraduate Sector-Level End of Cycle Data Resources 2025 |url=https://www.ucas.com/data-and-analysis/undergraduate-statistics-and-reports/ucas-undergraduate-end-of-cycle-data-resources-2025 |at=Provider > Applicants, applications, acceptances & offers |website=ucas.com |date=February 2026 |publisher=[[UCAS]] |access-date=11 March 2026}}</ref>
| 46,300
| 43,305
| 43,665
| 40,440
| 39,350
|-
| '''Accepted'''{{efn-lg|name=mainscheme}}<ref name=UCASEoC/>
| 5,890
| 5,615
| 5,820
| 6,020
| 5,980
|-
| '''Applications/Accepted Ratio'''{{efn-lg|name=mainscheme}}
| 7.9
| 7.7
| 7.5
| 6.7
| 6.6
|-
| '''Overall Offer Rate (%)'''{{efn-lg|name=mainscheme}}<ref name=UCASEoC/>
| 75.3
| 77.9
| 76.2
| 76.3
| 76.9
|-
| ↳ UK only (%){{efn-lg|name=ukjune}}
| 74.9
| 78.0
| 75.5
| 75.1
| 75.9
|-
| '''[[UCAS Tariff|Average Entry Tariff]]'''<ref name="CUG Entry">{{cite web | url=https://www.thecompleteuniversityguide.co.uk/league-tables/rankings?tabletype=full-table&sortby=entry-standards | title=University League Tables entry standards 2026 |work=The Complete University Guide}}</ref>
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| 158
| 157
|-
| ↳ Top three exams{{efn-lg|The maximum tariff score for three exams is 168: the equivalent of A*A*A* at [[A-level (United Kingdom)|A-Level]], 777 at HL for the [[IB Diploma Programme]], or AAA at [[Advanced Higher]]}}<ref name="Mean Tariff">{{cite web|url=https://explore-education-statistics.service.gov.uk/data-catalogue/data-set/d4afbfe7-1715-4bc2-b108-63bdb6df890b|title=Tariff Groups: HE providers by tariff group|publisher=[[Department for Education]]|date=31 July 2025| access-date=14 March 2026}}</ref>
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| 147.6
| 149.2
| 147.7
|}
{| style="font-size:80%;float:left"
|{{notelist-lg|refs=
{{efn-lg|name=mainscheme|Main scheme applications, International and UK}}
{{efn-lg|name=ukjune|UK domiciled applicants}}
}}
|}
|}
{| class="wikitable floatright sortable collapsible mw-collapsible"; style="font-size:85%; text-align:right;"
|+ class="nowrap" |HESA Student Body Composition (2024/25)
|-
!Domicile<ref name="Table 1">{{cite web|url=https://www.hesa.ac.uk/data-and-analysis/students/table-1|title=HE student enrolments by HE provider, permanent address, level of study, mode of study, entrant marker, sex and academic year|publisher=[[Higher Education Statistics Agency|HESA]]|access-date=27 January 2026}}</ref> and Ethnicity<ref name="HESA ethnicity">{{cite web|url=https://www.hesa.ac.uk/data-and-analysis/students/whos-in-he/characteristics|title=Who's studying in HE?: Personal characteristics|date=27 January 2026|publisher=[[Higher Education Statistics Agency|HESA]]|access-date=27 January 2026}}</ref>
! colspan="2" data-sort-type=number |Total
|-
|[[White people in the United Kingdom|British White]]{{efn|Not be confused solely with [[White British]]}}
|align=right| {{bartable|54|%|2||background:red}}
|-
|[[Classification of ethnicity in the United Kingdom#Collective terms for minority ethnic groups|British Ethnic Minorities]]{{efn|Includes those who indicate that they identify as [[British Asian|Asian]], [[Black British people|Black]], [[Mixed (United Kingdom ethnicity category)|Mixed Heritage]], [[British Arabs|Arab]] or any other ethnicity except White.}}
|align=right| {{bartable|18|%|2||background:green}}
|-
|[[European Union|International EU]]
|align=right| {{bartable|2|%|2||background:blue}}
|-
|[[International students in the United Kingdom|International Non-EU]]
|align=right| {{bartable|26|%|2||background:gray}}
|-
! colspan="4" data-sort-type=number |Undergraduate [[Widening participation|Widening Participation]] Indicators<ref name="Table 1"/><ref name="Times26">{{cite web |date=19 September 2025 |title=Good University Guide: Social Inclusion Ranking |url=https://www.thetimes.com/uk-university-rankings/league-table |work=[[The Times]]}}</ref>
|-
|[[Feminism in the United Kingdom#Education|Female]]
|align=right| {{bartable|50|%|2||background:purple}}
|-
|[[Private schools in the United Kingdom|Independent School]]
|align=right| {{bartable|10|%|2||background:orange}}
|-
|Low Participation Areas{{efn|Calculated from the Polar4 measure, using Quintile1, in England and Wales. Calculated from the [[Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation]] (SIMD) measure, using SIMD20, in Scotland.}}
|align=right| {{bartable|9|%|2||background:black}}
|}
In the {{HESA year}} academic year, the student body consisted of {{HESA student population|INSTID=10007157}} students, composed of {{HESA undergraduate population|INSTID=10007157}} undergraduates and {{HESA postgraduate population|INSTID=10007157}} postgraduate students.<ref name="HESA citation">{{HESA citation}}</ref> The university is consistently designated as a 'high-tariff' institution by the [[Department for Education]], with the average undergraduate entrant to the university in recent years amassing between 147–149 [[UCAS Tariff]] points in their top three pre-university qualifications – the equivalent of AAA to A*AA at [[A-level (United Kingdom)|A-Level]].<ref name="Mean Tariff"/> Based on 2022/23 [[Higher Education Statistics Agency|HESA]] entry standards data published in domestic league tables, which include a broad range of qualifications beyond the top three exam grades, the average student at the University of Sheffield achieved 158 points – the 26th highest in the country.<ref name="CUG Entry"/>

According to the 2017 ''Times'' and ''Sunday Times'' Good University Guide, approximately 13% of Sheffield's undergraduates come from independent schools.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://extras.thetimes.co.uk/gooduniversityguide/institutions/ |title= The Times and Sunday Times Good University Guide 2017 |work= [[Rankings of universities in the United Kingdom|The Good University Guide]] |location= London |access-date= 16 August 2016 |archive-date= 29 November 2022 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20221129125021/https://extras.thetimes.co.uk/gooduniversityguide/institutions/ |url-status= dead }}{{subscription required}}</ref> In the 2016–17 academic year, the university had a domicile breakdown of 71:5:24 of UK:EU:non-EU students respectively with a female to male ratio of 51:49.<ref>{{cite web|title=Where do HE students study?|url=https://www.hesa.ac.uk/data-and-analysis/students/where-study#provider|website=hesa.ac.uk|publisher=Higher Education Statistics Authority|access-date=9 February 2018|archive-date=10 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180210120926/https://www.hesa.ac.uk/data-and-analysis/students/where-study#provider|url-status=live}}</ref> 57.8% of [[International students in the United Kingdom|international students]] enrolled at the institution are from China, the second highest proportion out of all mainstream universities in the UK.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Jack |first1=Patrick |title=OfS writes to 23 institutions over 'high levels' of Chinese students |url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/news/ofs-writes-23-institutions-over-high-levels-chinese-students |work=Times Higher Education |date=18 May 2023 |access-date=21 May 2023}}</ref>

===Libraries===
[[File:Information Commons - University of Sheffield - geograph.org.uk - 7047863.jpg|thumb|The [[Information Commons, Sheffield|Information Commons]], viewed from Leavygreave Road]]

The University of Sheffield has currently four libraries: Western Bank Library, the [[Information Commons, Sheffield|Information Commons]], Health Sciences Library (Royal Hallamshire Hospital and Northern General Hospital), and The Diamond,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sheffield.ac.uk/library/libsites|title=The University Library|access-date=26 February 2015|publisher=The University of Sheffield|archive-date=27 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150227010138/http://www.sheffield.ac.uk/library/libsites|url-status=live}}</ref> holding a total of 1.5&nbsp;million printed books.<ref>{{cite web |title=University of Sheffield – Information Commons |url=https://jiscinfonetcasestudies.pbworks.com/w/page/60468599/University%20of%20Sheffield%20-%20Information%20Commons |website=Jisc Case studies |publisher=Jisc |access-date=27 August 2020 |archive-date=1 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301132942/https://jiscinfonetcasestudies.pbworks.com/w/page/60468599/University%20of%20Sheffield%20-%20Information%20Commons |url-status=live }}</ref> Western Bank Library was the university's main library until the opening of the Information Commons in 2007. The Grade II* listed library has 730 study spaces and contains 1.2&nbsp;million texts for most subjects, as well as archives and special collections.<ref name ="self-guide">{{cite web |title=Self Guided Campus Tour |url=https://www.sheffield.ac.uk/media/53/download |publisher=University of Sheffield |access-date=27 August 2020 |archive-date=20 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211020045201/https://www.sheffield.ac.uk/media/53/download |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Jisc">{{cite web |title=About the library |url=https://discover.libraryhub.jisc.ac.uk/about/libraries/university-of-sheffield.html |publisher=Jisc |access-date=27 August 2020 |archive-date=24 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200824172946/https://discover.libraryhub.jisc.ac.uk/about/libraries/university-of-sheffield.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The Information Commons (IC) is a [[24/7]] learning centre combining both library and IT services, which was the first of its kind in the UK.<ref name ="self-guide"/> The IC houses 120,000 core textbooks for all undergraduate and postgraduate subjects, and has approximately 1,300 study spaces and 550 PCs.<ref name="Jisc"/> The university has two medical libraries collectively called the Health Sciences Library.<ref>{{cite web |title=Health Sciences Library |url=https://www.sheffield.ac.uk/library/hsl |website=The University Library |publisher=The University of Sheffield |access-date=27 August 2020 |archive-date=31 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031202015/https://www.sheffield.ac.uk/library/hsl |url-status=live }}</ref> It was opened at the [[Royal Hallamshire Hospital]] in 1978, and a year later a branch at the [[Northern General Hospital]] was opened.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Shipman |first1=Jean&nbsp;P. |last2=Stoddart |first2=Joan&nbsp;M. |last3=Peay |first3=Wayne&nbsp;J. |title=International health sciences library perspectives |journal=J Med Libr Assoc |date= 2014 |volume=102 |issue=3 |pages=153–159 |doi=10.3163/1536-5050.102.3.004 |pmid=25031555 |pmc=4076123 }}</ref> The Royal Hallamshire Hospital library has collections cover medicine, dentistry, nursing and midwifery, and the Northern General Hospital library contains material for medicine and nursing.<ref name="Jisc"/> Opened its door in 2018, the Diamond provides 24-hour library services (and other teaching facilities), with in-demand textbooks, a non-loanable reference collection and over 1,000 study spaces.<ref name="Jisc"/><ref>{{cite web |title=The Diamond – Online resources |date=16 April 2020 |url=https://www.sheffield.ac.uk/engineering/diamond/online-resources |publisher=The University of Sheffield |access-date=27 August 2020 |archive-date=5 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305140416/https://www.sheffield.ac.uk/engineering/diamond/online-resources |url-status=live }}</ref> It replaces the 1992 St George's Library on St George's Campus as the main engineering library and study space. The University of Sheffield Library is a member of [[Research Libraries UK]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sheffield.ac.uk/library/about|title=About the Library|access-date=26 February 2015|publisher=The University of Sheffield|archive-date=27 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150227001513/http://www.sheffield.ac.uk/library/about|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:Diamond UoS 2 26 May 2017.jpg|thumb|[[The Diamond, Sheffield|The Diamond]], viewed from St George's Terrace]]

Former libraries include Edgar Allen Library closed by the late 1950s and St George's Library closed on 14 June 2015. Edgar Allen Library was the first university library. In 1905 when the university was established, the library was housed in a lecture room due to lack of funds to construct a purpose-built library. William Edgar Allen, a member of the University Council, provided £10,000 to build a proper library named Edgar Allen Library, locating beside the main university building (Firth Court). Edgar Allen Library had 100 seats in its reading room, shelves for 20,000 books, and a stack space for 60,000 more books. [[Charles Firth (historian)|Sir Charles Harding Firth]], the first lecturer in Modern History in Firth College, donated part of his personal collection to the library. [[Sheffield Town Trust]]ee also helped the university to transform the General Lecture Theatre into a reading room housing the Firth Collection (rare book collection of approximately 20,000 volumes) in 1931.<ref name="Library Collection">{{cite web|url=https://www.sheffield.ac.uk/library/special/libcoll|title=Sheffield University Library Collection|date=4 July 2018|access-date=17 August 2020|publisher=The University of Sheffield|archive-date=5 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305140933/https://www.sheffield.ac.uk/library/special/libcoll|url-status=live}}</ref> As the university rapidly expanded in the 1950s, it became necessary to replace Edgar Allen Library with a modern post-war era library. The library, later known as the Western Bank Library, was opened on 12 May 1959.<ref name="Library Collection"/> Edgar Allen Library (now the Rotunda in Firth Court)<ref>{{cite web |title=University Silver, Silverplate and Metalware |url=https://www.sheffield.ac.uk/library/heritage/silver |website=The University Library |date=3 December 2019 |publisher=The University of Sheffield |access-date=27 August 2020 |archive-date=5 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305131845/https://www.sheffield.ac.uk/library/heritage/silver |url-status=live }}</ref> became the Registrar and Secretary's Office. St George's Library (now 38 Mappin Street) was refurbished as an exam venue.<ref>{{cite web |title=38 Mappin Street |url=https://www.sheffield.ac.uk/ssid/maps/38-mappin-st |publisher=The University of Sheffield |access-date=27 August 2020 |archive-date=7 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507004107/https://www.sheffield.ac.uk/ssid/maps/38-mappin-st |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Museums and collections===
The Alfred Denny Museum is a zoology museum operated by the university.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sheffield.ac.uk/alfred-denny-museum|title=The Alfred Denny Museum of Zoology|access-date=26 February 2015|publisher=The University of Sheffield|archive-date=12 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180712032537/https://www.sheffield.ac.uk/alfred-denny-museum|url-status=live}}</ref> Established in 1905, the museum was located in Firth Court, spanning three floors,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sheffield.ac.uk/alfred-denny-museum/history|title=History of Alfred Denny Museum|access-date=26 February 2015|publisher=The University of Sheffield|archive-date=27 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150227013159/http://www.sheffield.ac.uk/alfred-denny-museum/history|url-status=live}}</ref> and was named after the first professor of biology at Sheffield in 1950. It has specimens from all major phyla, and two letters written from Charles Darwin to Henry Denny, father of Alfred Denny. Many of the specimens have been collected since the 1900s, but much of the information about the collection was lost during the Second World War. The museum, now reduced in size, has been moved to Alfred Denny Building after the war.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nfa.dept.shef.ac.uk/jungle/index4d2.html|title=The Sheffield Jungle|access-date=26 February 2015|publisher=The University of Sheffield|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130225103242/http://www.nfa.dept.shef.ac.uk/jungle/index4d2.html|archive-date=25 February 2013}}</ref> The museum is not open to the public at all time but usually on the first Saturday of each month.

The [[Turner Museum of Glass]] houses the university's collections of 19th and 20th century glass.<ref name="About the Museum">{{cite web|url=http://www.turnermuseum.group.shef.ac.uk/index.html|title=About the Museum|access-date=27 February 2015|publisher=The University of Sheffield|archive-date=27 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150227195923/http://www.turnermuseum.group.shef.ac.uk/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref> It contains items mainly from major European and American glassworkers and examples from ancient Egypt and Rome. It is in the Hadfield Building. It was founded by [[W. E. S. Turner]] of the university in 1943.<ref name="About the Museum" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scienceandsociety.co.uk/results.asp?image=10303200&wwwflag=2&imagepos=3|title=W E S Turner|access-date=27 February 2015|publisher=Science and Society|archive-date=27 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150227200107/http://www.scienceandsociety.co.uk/results.asp?image=10303200&wwwflag=2&imagepos=3|url-status=live}}</ref> One of the exhibits is the wedding dress of Helen Nairn (Turner's wife) which is made of glass fibre. This has been selected as one of the items in the BBC's A History of the World in 100 Objects.<ref name="bbc100">[https://www.bbc.co.uk/ahistoryoftheworld/objects/NolQSkbeRc-6HNQvhF1J_A BBC A History of the World] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191201225927/http://www.bbc.co.uk/ahistoryoftheworld/objects/NolQSkbeRc-6HNQvhF1J_A |date=1 December 2019 }} Glass Fibre Wedding Dress</ref>

The Traditional Heritage Museum (THM) was opened to the public in 1985 as part of the National Centre for English Cultural Tradition.<ref name="The Traditional Heritage Museum">{{cite web|url=http://www.sheffield.ac.uk/library/heritage/thm/museum|title=The Traditional Heritage Museum|access-date=5 March 2015|publisher=The University of Sheffield|archive-date=2 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402090021/http://www.sheffield.ac.uk/library/heritage/thm/museum|url-status=live}}</ref> It was created (and curated) by Prof John Widdowson in 1964 and was entirely run by volunteers and students.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thestar.co.uk/what-s-on/out-about/founder-of-traditional-heritage-museum-says-site-could-close-for-good-1-3715420|title=Founder of Traditional Heritage Museum says site could close for good|access-date=5 March 2015|newspaper=The Star|archive-date=2 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402173607/http://www.thestar.co.uk/what-s-on/out-about/founder-of-traditional-heritage-museum-says-site-could-close-for-good-1-3715420|url-status=live}}</ref> The THM housed collections including a replica kitchen from the 1920s, reconstructed workshops and retail shops, such as Pollard's tea and coffee.<ref name="The Traditional Heritage Museum" /><ref>{{cite news |title=Fears Sheffield's Traditional Heritage museum may close |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-south-yorkshire-13903574 |access-date=27 August 2020 |work=BBC News|date=24 June 2011 |archive-date=20 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211020011221/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-south-yorkshire-13903574 |url-status=live }}</ref> The university decided to close the Museum in 2011 because the building could not afford continued public access.<ref name="The Traditional Heritage Museum" /><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-south-yorkshire-15173891|title=Sheffield Traditional Heritage Museum shuts permanently|work=BBC News|date=5 October 2011|access-date=5 March 2015|archive-date=5 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105195059/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-south-yorkshire-15173891|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2013, the collections from the Traditional Heritage Museum were relocated and are accessible again to the public. The majority of the items was transferred to not-for-profit organisation Green Estate (operators of the [[Sheffield Manor Lodge]]). Other major recipients include [[Sheffield Galleries and Museums Trust]], [[Sheffield Industrial Museums Trust]] and Ken Hawley Trust.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sheffield.ac.uk/news/nr/traditional-heritage-museum-collections-available-to-all-1.308139|title=Traditional heritage collections will be available to all|date=12 September 2013|access-date=17 August 2020|publisher=The University of Sheffield|archive-date=5 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305133201/https://www.sheffield.ac.uk/news/nr/traditional-heritage-museum-collections-available-to-all-1.308139|url-status=live}}</ref>

The Western Bank Library has an Exhibition Gallery.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sheffield.ac.uk/library/exhibition|title=Exhibition Gallery|access-date=26 February 2015|publisher=The University of Sheffield|archive-date=27 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150227013201/http://www.sheffield.ac.uk/library/exhibition|url-status=live}}</ref> It is located on the mezzanine level of the library, enabling special collections from the university library and the National Fairground Archive to be displayed in controlled conditions.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://librarysupport.shef.ac.uk/WBL_Exhibition_Benefactors.pdf|title=WBL Exhibition|access-date=26 February 2015|publisher=The University of Sheffield|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304041416/http://librarysupport.shef.ac.uk/WBL_Exhibition_Benefactors.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2010, the gallery was restored and refurbished by a grant from the [[Wolfson Foundation]]. The library usually schedules three temporary exhibitions per year, and most of the exhibitions are free to visit during library opening hours.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://librarysupport.shef.ac.uk/Exhibition%20and%20Display%20policy.pdf|title=The Sheffield Jungle|access-date=17 August 2020|publisher=The University of Sheffield|archive-date=25 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225211632/http://librarysupport.shef.ac.uk/Exhibition%20and%20Display%20policy.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>[[File:H_C_Sorby_2729.jpg|thumb|[[Henry Clifton Sorby]] donated his lantern glass slide collection to the university library]]

The Henry Clifton Sorby Collection contains glass lantern slides of marine organisms prepared and donated by [[Henry Clifton Sorby]] in the 1900s. Sorby was president of Firth College after the death of Mark Firth, vice-president of the University College of Sheffield, and a member of the Council of the University of Sheffield. His broad interests included marine biology, and he had developed a technique for preparing and mounting invertebrate marine animals onto slides. The specimens were cleared and stained so that enabling projection onto a screen for viewing. The glass lantern slides are now held in the Department Animal and Plant Sciences.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sheffield.ac.uk/aps/about/sorby|title=The Sorby slides|access-date=18 August 2020|publisher=The University of Sheffield|archive-date=23 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200923042503/https://www.sheffield.ac.uk/aps/about/sorby|url-status=live}}</ref>
The Sheffield Herbarium is also operated by the Department Animal and Plant Sciences, with a [[herbarium|collection]] of preserved plant specimens collected in the late 19th century and early to mid 20th century. The collection is mainly from the [[British Isles]] and Europe focusing on [[tracheophytes]], [[bryophytes]], [[charophytes]] and [[fungi]]. Many of the micro-fungi specimens are from the collection of mycologist and Sheffield alumnus [[John Webster (mycologist)|John Webster]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sheffield.ac.uk/aps/about/herbarium|title=The Herbarium|access-date=18 August 2020 |publisher=The University of Sheffield}}</ref>

The National Fairground and Circus Archive (NFCA) is a living archive that collects material from the [[fair]]ground, [[circus]] and the allied entertainment industries.<ref name="NFCA">{{cite web |title=About the NFCA |date=14 July 2017 |url=https://www.sheffield.ac.uk/nfca/about |publisher=The University of Sheffield |access-date=26 August 2020 |archive-date=6 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806112144/https://www.sheffield.ac.uk/nfca/about |url-status=live }}</ref> NFCA was in 1994 developed out of the PhD research by [[Vanessa Toulmin]], who was later director of the archive from its inception until 2016.<ref>{{cite web |title=Toulmin, Vanessa 1967– (Vanessa Elizabeth Toulmin) |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/arts/educational-magazines/toulmin-vanessa-1967-vanessa-elizabeth-toulmin |website=Encyclopedia.com |access-date=26 August 2020 |archive-date=20 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220820053133/https://www.encyclopedia.com/arts/educational-magazines/toulmin-vanessa-1967-vanessa-elizabeth-toulmin |url-status=live }}</ref> With its own Reading Room situated in Western Bank Library, the archive holds 150,000 photographs, 4,000 books and journals, together with over 20,000 items of printed and video [[ephemera]]. Major collections include the Shufflebottom Family Collection, the John Bramwell Taylor Collection, the Malcolm Airey Collection and the John Turner Collection.<ref name="NFCA"/>

===Flagship institutes===
Sheffield has four research institutes.<ref>{{cite web |title=Flagship institutes |url=https://www.sheffield.ac.uk/research/flagship-institutes |website=www.sheffield.ac.uk |publisher=The University of Sheffield |access-date=22 August 2020 |archive-date=24 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200824234141/https://www.sheffield.ac.uk/research/flagship-institutes |url-status=live }}</ref> Launched in 2019, the institutes focus on clean energy generation, sustainable food, health improvement and quality of life.<ref name="flagships">{{cite web |title=University unveils new research flagships to tackle biggest global challenges |url=https://www.sheffield.ac.uk/news/nr/research-flagships-tackle-global-challenges-1.842112 |website=www.sheffield.ac.uk |date=30 April 2019 |publisher=University of Sheffield |access-date=22 August 2020 |archive-date=30 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030170617/https://www.sheffield.ac.uk/news/nr/research-flagships-tackle-global-challenges-1.842112 |url-status=live }}</ref> The Energy Institute is one of the largest energy research centres in Europe.<ref name="flagships"/> It has over 300 researchers working on energy-related problems, including improving energy efficiency and developing ways to achieve [[clean growth]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Nuclear expertise puts Sheffield is at heart of clean-energy revolution |url=https://www.sheffieldtelegraph.co.uk/news/opinion/columnists/nuclear-expertise-puts-sheffield-heart-clean-energy-revolution-2885999 |access-date=22 August 2020 |work=Sheffield Telegraph |agency=JPIMedia Publishing |date=16 June 2020 |archive-date=3 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210803100739/https://www.sheffieldtelegraph.co.uk/news/opinion/columnists/nuclear-expertise-puts-sheffield-heart-clean-energy-revolution-2885999 |url-status=live }}</ref> The Neuroscience Institute works on the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of neurological disorders. This includes the exploration of [[artificial intelligence]] applications in healthcare for diagnosing [[Alzheimer's disease]] and improving prognosis.<ref>{{cite news |title=Artificial intelligence can speed up and improve Alzheimer's diagnosis |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/science/artificial-intelligence-can-speed-up-and-improve-alzheimers-diagnosis-study/articleshow/77241011.cms |access-date=22 August 2020 |work=The Economic Times |agency=Bennett, Coleman & Co. |archive-date=11 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201211220004/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/science/artificial-intelligence-can-speed-up-and-improve-alzheimers-diagnosis-study/articleshow/77241011.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> The Healthy Lifespan Institute researches [[multimorbidity]] and slowing down the ageing process.<ref>{{cite web |title=Experts discover toolkit to repair DNA breaks linked to aging, cancer and MND |url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2020/03/200309093031.htm |website=www.sciencedaily.com |publisher=ScienceDaily |access-date=23 August 2020 |archive-date=14 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200314133619/https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2020/03/200309093031.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> The Institute for Sustainable Food studies food security and environmental sustainability.<ref>{{cite news |title=Food security is a global problem. Here's how urban farming could help |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2020/06/12/food-security-is-a-global-problem-heres-how-urban-farming-could-help.html |access-date=23 August 2020 |work=CNBC |agency=CNBC LLC |date=12 June 2020 |archive-date=17 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200817093243/https://www.cnbc.com/2020/06/12/food-security-is-a-global-problem-heres-how-urban-farming-could-help.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="flagships"/>

===Academic and industrial partners===
The University of Sheffield's major research partners and clients included [[Boeing]], [[Rolls-Royce plc|Rolls-Royce]], [[Siemens]], [[Unilever]], [[Alliance Boots|Boots]], [[AstraZeneca]], [[GlaxoSmithKline|GSK]], [[Imperial Chemical Industries|ICI]], and [[Slazenger]] in 2017 - as well as UK and overseas government agencies and charitable foundations.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sheffield.ac.uk/business/partners-collaborators/withcompanies|title=Partnerships with companies – Partners and collaborators – For business |publisher= The University of Sheffield|website=www.sheffield.ac.uk|access-date=6 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170415100028/http://www.sheffield.ac.uk/business/partners-collaborators/withcompanies|archive-date=15 April 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> Advanced Manufacturing Research Centre is a network of centres and a partnership between the university and over a hundred industrial companies on the [[Advanced Manufacturing Park]].<ref name = "About AMRC">{{cite web |title=About AMRC |url=https://www.amrc.co.uk/pages/about |website=amrc.co.uk |publisher=AMRC Sheffield |access-date=22 August 2020 |archive-date=11 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200511135759/https://amrc.co.uk/pages/about |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2025, another 100-acre Runway Park project has been undertaken on the land of former Sheffield City Airport. This will be shaped around four distinct zones: research, innovation, manufacturing and leisure, and be designed to suit occupiers with custom builds, from small-scale co-working to large-scale manufacturing.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.placeyorkshire.co.uk/ukreiif-runway-park-launched-by-university-of-sheffield/|title=UKREiiF &#124; Runway Park launched by University of Sheffield|first=Sally|last=Gibson|date=26 May 2025|accessdate=24 February 2026}}</ref><ref name="auto3"/>

The university also works with local [[small and medium enterprises]] through the dedicated physical spaces at the [[Sheffield Bioincubator]] and [[Kroto Innovation Centre]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Our Centres|url=http://www.innovation.group.shef.ac.uk/our-centres/|publisher=University of Sheffield Innovation|access-date=23 February 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303133641/http://www.innovation.group.shef.ac.uk/our-centres/|archive-date=3 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Facilities|url=https://www.sheffield.ac.uk/ris/rpe/innovationcentres|website=Research & Innovation Services|publisher=The University of Sheffield|access-date=23 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304145343/https://www.sheffield.ac.uk/ris/rpe/innovationcentres|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> For many years the university has been engaged in theological publishing through [[Sheffield Academic Press]] and [[JSOT]] Press. The university is also a partner organisation in [[Higher Futures]], a collaborative association of institutions set up under the government's [[Lifelong Learning Networks]] initiative, to co-ordinate vocational and work-based education.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://extra.shu.ac.uk/higherfutures/partners/index.html | title=Partners | access-date=30 July 2007 | publisher=Higher Futures | archive-date=30 September 2007 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930044756/http://extra.shu.ac.uk/higherfutures/partners/index.html | url-status=live }}</ref>

As well as the research carried out in departments, the university has over 180 specialised research centres or institutes.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sheffield.ac.uk/research|title=Research |publisher= The University of Sheffield|website=www.sheffield.ac.uk|date=30 March 2021|access-date=6 June 2017|archive-date=19 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170619054135/https://www.sheffield.ac.uk/research|url-status=live}}</ref> The last Teaching Quality Assessment awarded Sheffield University grades of "excellent" in 29 subject areas, a record equalled by only a few other UK universities.<ref>{{cite web|title=A global reputation|url=https://www.sheffield.ac.uk/postgraduate/whyshef/excellence|publisher=The University of Sheffield|access-date=23 February 2016|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304142427/https://www.sheffield.ac.uk/postgraduate/whyshef/excellence|url-status=live}}</ref> The National Epitaxy Facility at Sheffield is leading the semiconductor research & development in collaboration with The [[University of Cambridge]] and [[University College London]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sheffield.ac.uk/news/major-research-facility-will-help-uk-become-world-leader-semiconductor-rd|title=Major research facility will help UK become world leader in semiconductor R&D|date=1 July 2022|website=www.sheffield.ac.uk|accessdate=26 February 2025}}</ref>

The University of Sheffield has around 250 student exchange partners in nearly 40 countries world-wide including exchange programs with [[Georgia Institute of Technology]], [[University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign]], [[University of Texas at Austin]], [[National University of Singapore]], [[University of Munich]] and [[University of Melbourne]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sheffield.ac.uk/globalopps/inbound/exchange/partners|title=Inbound exchange partners|website=The University of Sheffield|access-date=19 September 2020|archive-date=30 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930102632/https://www.sheffield.ac.uk/globalopps/inbound/exchange/partners|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sheffield.ac.uk/globalopps/outbound/semester-or-year/where|title=Where can I go? A-Z|website=The University of Sheffield|access-date=19 September 2020|archive-date=24 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024211843/https://www.sheffield.ac.uk/globalopps/outbound/semester-or-year/where|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Controversies ==

=== Proposed closure of the Department of Archaeology ===

On 25 May 2021 during the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], the University of Sheffield Executive Board (UEB) including Vice Chancellor [[Koen Lamberts]] and Deputy Vice Chancellor [[Gill Valentine]] voted to close the [[Department of Archaeology, University of Sheffield|Department of Archaeology]] and move two areas into other departments; a world leading institution since its formation in 1976.<ref>{{cite news|title=Devastated staff reject decision to close University of Sheffield's Department of Archaeology|url=https://www.thestar.co.uk/education/devastated-staff-reject-decision-to-close-university-of-sheffields-department-of-archaeology-3251060|access-date=16 June 2021|work=The Star|archive-date=17 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210617094419/https://www.thestar.co.uk/education/devastated-staff-reject-decision-to-close-university-of-sheffields-department-of-archaeology-3251060|url-status=live}}</ref> The decision had been made through a commissioned Institutional Review process chaired by Valentine and was met with national and international outcry including a petition signed by over 40,000 people.<ref>{{cite web|date=22 May 2021|title=Drive to Save University of Sheffield Archaeology Goes Viral|url=https://www.argophilia.com/news/drive-to-save-university-of-sheffield-archaeology-goes-viral/228991/|access-date=16 June 2021|website=Argophilia|archive-date=20 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210620150310/https://www.argophilia.com/news/drive-to-save-university-of-sheffield-archaeology-goes-viral/228991/|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Involvement with the arms trade===
Advanced Manufacturing Research Centre conducts a wide range of research projects including some funded by [[arms industry|arms manufacturers]] such as [[BAE Systems]].<ref name="About AMRC" /> In 2008, the university partnered with BAE Systems to launch a new Centre for Research in Active Control which aimed to improve the stealth of BAE Systems' submarines.<ref>{{cite web|title=BAE Systems Centre for Research in Active Control launched – news releases – News – ACSE|url=http://www.sheffield.ac.uk/acse/news/releases/baesystems|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130706202516/http://www.sheffield.ac.uk/acse/news/releases/baesystems|archive-date=6 July 2013|access-date=16 August 2013|publisher=The University of Sheffield}}</ref> In 2012 the Students Union voted in favour of the university ending all links with the arms trade.<ref>{{cite news|last=Rouse|first=Alisha|date=18 October 2012|title='Fund Education Not War' proposal voted in, as record turnout chooses new union councillors|work=Forge Press|publisher=University of Sheffield Students Union|url=http://forgetoday.com/news/fund-education-not-war-proposal-voted-in-as-record-turnout-chooses-new-union-councillors/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140821172938/http://forgetoday.com/news/fund-education-not-war-proposal-voted-in-as-record-turnout-chooses-new-union-councillors/|archive-date=21 August 2014}}</ref>

In October 2022, students occupied '[[The Diamond, Sheffield|The Diamond]]' over the university's alleged links with [[Rolls-Royce Holdings|Rolls-Royce]], and their involvement in arms manufacture.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 October 2022 |title=Masked protesters occupy building in Sheffield in anger over alleged 'arms company links' |url=https://www.thestar.co.uk/news/masked-students-occupy-sheffield-university-diamond-building-in-protest-over-alleged-arms-company-links-3891302 |access-date=26 October 2022 |website=www.thestar.co.uk }}</ref> This resulted in the closure of the building, with the occupiers refusing to leave until negotiations with the [[Koen Lamberts|Vice-Chancellor]] commenced. Over the past eight years, the university has received some £47&nbsp;million from Rolls-Royce.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Scheer |first1=Victoria |last2=Fuller |first2=Phoebe |date=24 October 2022 |title=Hooded students occupy university building over arms trade allegations |url=https://www.examinerlive.co.uk/news/local-news/hooded-students-occupy-sheffield-university-25345286 |access-date=26 October 2022 |website=YorkshireLive }}</ref> The following month, the university hired a private investigator to investigate two students for "alleged misconduct" in relation to the protests.<ref>{{cite news |last=Perry |first=Keith |title=Sheffield University hires investigator to look into student sit-in |newspaper=[[The Times]] |url=https://www.thetimes.com/uk/education/article/sheffield-university-hires-investigator-to-look-into-student-sit-in-6qn2glhw9 |access-date=14 March 2023 |issn=0140-0460}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Hall |first=Rachel |date=13 March 2023 |title=Sheffield University criticised for hiring private investigator after protest |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/education/2023/mar/13/sheffield-university-criticised-over-handling-of-protest-investigation |access-date=14 March 2023 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> In November 2023, students interrupted the opening ceremony of the university's newest building, in support of Palestine and in [[Gaza war protests|protest]] over the university's financial contracts with arms manufacturers, including BAE Systems, [[GKN]] and [[Boeing]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Harrison |first1=Harry |title=Sheffield University students crash The Wave opening in support of Palestine and to protest arms trade links |url=https://www.thestar.co.uk/news/people/sheffield-university-students-the-wave-palestine-protest-4416676 |work=The Star |date=20 November 2023}}</ref>

==Student life==
===Students' Union===
{{main|University of Sheffield Students' Union}}
[[File:Students' Union, The University of Sheffield.jpg|thumb|Students' Union building on Western Bank]]
The [[University of Sheffield Students' Union]] was founded in 1906,<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sheffield Students' Union |title=Our History |url=https://su.sheffield.ac.uk/about/our-history |website=Sheffield Students' Union |publisher=Sheffield Students' Union |access-date=9 December 2025}}</ref> and has over 300 student societies<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sheffield Students' Union |title=Start A Society |url=https://su.sheffield.ac.uk/activities/start-a-society |website=Sheffield Students' Union |publisher=Sheffield Students' Union |access-date=9 December 2025}}</ref> and 60 sports teams.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sheffield Students' Union |title=Find Clubs and Societies |url=https://su.sheffield.ac.uk/activities/find-student-groups |website=Sheffield Students' Union |publisher=Sheffield Students' Union |access-date=9 December 2025}}</ref> The Students' Union has been voted best in the UK for ten consecutive years, from 2009 to 2018, by [[The Times]] Higher Education Student Experience Survey.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sheffield.ac.uk/news/nr/students-union-voted-number-one-times-higher-education-student-experience-1.770605|title=THE Student Experience Survey: Students vote University of Sheffield's Students' Union best nationally for tenth year running – Latest – News |publisher= The University of Sheffield|website=www.sheffield.ac.uk|date=22 March 2018|access-date=11 February 2019|archive-date=12 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190212011437/https://www.sheffield.ac.uk/news/nr/students-union-voted-number-one-times-higher-education-student-experience-1.770605|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Sheffield University F.C.|Sheffield University Football Club]] has been established for many decades and has previously competed in the [[FA Amateur Cup]] and [[FA Vase]]. The Union building contains society and union workplaces and coffee shops, restaurants, shops, and the student run cinema Film Unit. Facilities include two bars (''Bar One'' – which has a book-able function room with its own bar, ''The Raynor Lounge'' – and ''The Interval''); a three-room club venue (''Foundry''); There is also a [[student radio]] station called Forge Radio, a TV station called Forge TV, and a newspaper called ''Forge Press'', which are run under the umbrella of [[Forge Media]] since 2008.<ref>{{cite web |title=Forge Media |url=http://forgetoday.com/ |publisher=Forge Media |access-date=3 September 2020 |archive-date=4 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200904043230/http://forgetoday.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In November 2009 a development project began to redevelop the Students' Union building, funded by £5&nbsp;million by the [[Higher Education Funding Council for England|HEFCE]], which was completed and re-opened in September 2010. Works centred on improving circulation around the building by aligning previously disjointed floors, improving internal access between the Union building and neighbouring University House, and constructing a new entrance and lobby that incorporates the university's traditional colours of black and gold.<ref>{{cite web |title=We are Black and Gold! |url=https://ssu.unioncloud.org/articles/we-are-black-and-gold |publisher=Sheffield Students' Union |access-date=28 August 2020 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
During the 2012–13 academic year the Students' Union underwent further redevelopment with a £20&nbsp;million refurbishment of University House, resulting in the 1963 building being fully integrated with the Students' Union in a single building.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sheffield.ac.uk/news/nr/students-union-refurbishment-sheffield-1.311374|title=Award-winning Students' Union launches today following multimillion pound refurbishment|author=University of Sheffield|date=23 September 2013|access-date=16 July 2015|archive-date=16 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150716162754/http://www.sheffield.ac.uk/news/nr/students-union-refurbishment-sheffield-1.311374|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Student accommodation===
The university [[halls of residence]] comprises two separate sites: Ranmoor/Endcliffe and City.<ref name = "Accommodation">{{cite web|url=https://www.sheffield.ac.uk/visitors/maps-travel/accommodation|title=Accommodation|access-date=18 August 2020|archive-date=1 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101021304/https://www.sheffield.ac.uk/visitors/maps-travel/accommodation|url-status=live}}</ref> Ranmoor/Endcliffe is situated in the western suburb of Sheffield, which is close to [[Broomhill, Sheffield|Broomhill]] and [[Ecclesall Road]]. The [[Endcliffe Student Village|Endcliffe Village]] was opened in 2008 and the Ranmoor Village in 2009.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sheffield.ac.uk/polopoly_fs/1.47955!/file/CBE-UG-Course-Brochure-2011.pdf|title=Accommodation|access-date=18 August 2020|archive-date=5 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305142834/https://www.sheffield.ac.uk/polopoly_fs/1.47955!/file/CBE-UG-Course-Brochure-2011.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Ranmoor House, opened in the autumn term of 1968, was once the largest hall of residence at the university, housing around 800 students. As part of the university's Student Residences Strategy, Ranmoor House was demolished in March 2008, a year before the new Ranmoor Village was scheduled to open.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sheffield.ac.uk/polopoly_fs/1.87484!/file/your-university08.pdf|title=Farewell to Ranmoor|access-date=18 August 2020|archive-date=7 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107012713/https://www.sheffield.ac.uk/polopoly_fs/1.87484!/file/your-university08.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> The Endcliffe and Ranmoor villages have been together referred to as Ranmoor/Endcliffe since 2016. The Endcliffe Village was renamed "South accommodation (near Endcliffe)", and the Ranmoor Village "North accommodation (near Ranmoor)".<ref name = "Accommodation"/> City accommodation, including Allen Court, Broad Lane Court, St. George's Flats, Mappin Court and Studio 300, are located on the Main Campus, on St George's Campus, or near the North Campus.<ref name = "Accommodation"/>

Off campus can be found [[Sheffield Student Housing Co-operative]], a [[student housing cooperative]] providing not-for-profit, student-managed housing for its members. They currently manage a property on Northfield Road in Crookes, Sheffield.

===Sheffield Varsity===
The annual Sheffield Varsity is an annual [[List of British and Irish varsity matches|varsity match]] that takes place between sports teams from the university and its rival [[Sheffield Hallam University]] starting from 1996.<ref name="Sheffield Varsity 2012">{{cite web|url=http://www.sheffield.ac.uk/alumni/events/varsity|title=Sheffield Varsity 2012|access-date=31 March 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402122638/http://www.sheffield.ac.uk/alumni/events/varsity|archive-date=2 April 2015}}</ref> The varsity is divided into winter and summer competitions. Over 1,000 students from both universities compete in over 30 varsity sports in more than 70 events.<ref name="Sheffield Varsity 2012"/> The Sheffield Varsity series is home to the largest Ice Hockey Varsity Match outside North America, as well as one of the largest collegiate ice hockey matches in the world. With an annual ice hockey match at Utilita Arena attracting over 9500 supporters.<ref>{{cite web | title=City of Sheffield celebrates 25th anniversary of Varsity | date=24 February 2022 | url=https://sheffield.ac.uk/city-region/news/city-sheffield-celebrates-25th-anniversary-varsity }}</ref> The university's sports colours are black and gold. Sheffield won the Varsity competition in 2013, beating Hallam for the first time in ten years.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.shef.ac.uk/news/nr/varsity-victory-for-university-of-sheffield-1.267395|title=Varsity victory for University of Sheffield's sporting champions|author=University of Sheffield|date=11 April 2013|access-date=16 July 2015|archive-date=16 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150716235932/http://www.shef.ac.uk/news/nr/varsity-victory-for-university-of-sheffield-1.267395|url-status=live}}</ref> Since finding victory in 2013, the University has had consistent success against Sheffield Hallam, with the University winning for 11 consecutive years.<ref>{{cite web | title=University of Sheffield seal Varsity victory to make it 11-in-a-row for the Black and Gold | date=3 April 2025 | url=https://forgepress.org/university-of-sheffield-seal-varsity-victory-to-make-it-11-in-a-row-for-the-black-and-gold/ }}</ref>

==Notable alumni==
{{main list|List of University of Sheffield people}}
Many notable people in a number of disciplines have attended Sheffield. A number of politicians are alumni of the university, including President of Dominica [[Nicholas Liverpool]], Deputy Prime Minister of Turkey [[Nurettin Canikli]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.presidentoffice.gov.dm/cv.htm |title=Curriculum Vitae of Dr. N.J.O. Liverpool, D.A.H. President of the Commonwealth of Dominica|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080928132927/http://www.presidentoffice.gov.dm/cv.htm |archive-date=28 September 2008 |publisher= President's Office| access-date= 26 July 2008}}</ref> Home Secretary [[David Blunkett]], Minister for Foreign Affairs of Seychelles [[Jean-Paul Adam]],<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.culturaldiplomacy.org/academy/index.php?jean-paul-adam-1 |title= Minister Jean Paul Adam |publisher= Academy for Cultural Diplomacy |access-date= 21 August 2020 |archive-date= 18 September 2020 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200918223630/http://www.culturaldiplomacy.org/academy/index.php?jean-paul-adam-1 |url-status= live }}</ref> Downing Street Chief of Staff [[Nick Timothy]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Richardson|first1=Hannah|title=School selection plans could undo years of reform – Morgan|date=9 September 2016|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/education-37322295|work=BBC News|access-date=9 September 2016|archive-date=9 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160909184106/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/education-37322295|url-status=live}}</ref> At least ten [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Members of the UK Parliament]] and two [[Member of the European Parliament|Members of the European Parliament]] have studied at Sheffield. Notable public servants who have studied at the university includes Secretary General of the Higher Commission for Industrial Security of Saudi Arabia [[Khalid S. Al-Ageel]],<ref>{{cite thesis |url= http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/12785/ |title= Alageel, Khalid Saad's PhD thesis |year= 1999 |publisher= White Rose eTheses |access-date= 21 August 2020 |type= phd |last1= Alageel |first1= Khalid Saad |archive-date= 29 September 2020 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200929015314/http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/12785/ |url-status= live }}</ref> Chief Economist at the Bank of England [[Andy Haldane]],<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/profiles/andy-haldane-the-coming-man-of-british-banking-8975109.html |title= Andy Haldane: The coming man of British banking |work= The Independent |date= 30 November 2013 |access-date= 21 August 2020 |archive-date= 28 October 2019 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20191028104859/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/profiles/andy-haldane-the-coming-man-of-british-banking-8975109.html |url-status= live }}</ref> head of London Metropolitan Police [[Bernard Hogan-Howe]],<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14181898 |title=Who might be next Met Police commissioner? |work=BBC News |date=18 July 2011 |access-date=18 July 2011 |archive-date=18 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718175326/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14181898 |url-status=live }}</ref> Chief of the Defence Staff [[Stuart Peach]],<ref name=WW>''[[Who's Who (UK)|Who's Who]] 2014'', [[A & C Black]], 2010, {{ISBN|978-1408181195}}</ref><ref name=official>{{cite web|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/people/stuart-peach|title=Air Chief Marshal Sir Stuart Peach KCB CBE DL BA MPhil DTech DLitt RAF|publisher=Ministry of Defence|access-date=22 January 2016|archive-date=12 November 2017|archive-url=https://archive.today/20171112065856/https://www.gov.uk/government/people/stuart-peach|url-status=live}}</ref> Children's Commissioner for England [[Maggie Atkinson]].<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.anewdirection.org.uk/about-us/board-of-trustees/professor-maggie-atkinson |title= Professor Maggie Atkinson |publisher= A New Direction London |access-date= 21 August 2020 |archive-date= 17 May 2021 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210517223923/https://anewdirection.org.uk/about-us/board-of-trustees/professor-maggie-atkinson |url-status= live }}</ref> and housing expert [[Tony Crook (town planner)|Tony Crook CBE]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sheffield.ac.uk/alumni/our-alumni/obituaries/professor-tony-crook|title=In loving memory of Professor Tony Crook|date=18 February 2025|website=sheffield.ac.uk|accessdate=24 February 2026}}</ref>

Sheffield has educated a number of judges and lawyers. The university has the highest number of alumni appointed to the bench of the [[Court of Appeal (England and Wales)|Court of Appeal]] after Oxford and Cambridge.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sheffield.quantumitdigital.com/2014-2015/news/making-history-at-court-of-appeal.1.html|title=Making history at Court of Appeal|publisher=University of Sheffield|access-date=21 August 2020|archive-date=2 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302103138/http://sheffield.quantumitdigital.com/2014-2015/news/making-history-at-court-of-appeal.1.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In November 2013, the court had a bench consisting of judges all graduated at Sheffield; the sitting judges were Lord and Lady Justices of Appeal [[Maurice Kay]], [[Anne Rafferty]] and [[Julia Macur]].<ref name="Outstanding Sheffield Alumni"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sheffield.ac.uk/staff/news/new-chancellor-lady-justice-rafferty-1.528791|title=Meet our new Chancellor|date=25 November 2015 |publisher=University of Sheffield|access-date=21 August 2020|archive-date=5 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305142148/https://www.sheffield.ac.uk/staff/news/new-chancellor-lady-justice-rafferty-1.528791|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.shef.ac.uk/polopoly_fs/1.87482!/file/YU4.pdf|title= Your University 2006/07|page= 35|publisher= University of Sheffield|access-date= 6 November 2012|archive-date= 4 October 2013|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131004213718/http://www.shef.ac.uk/polopoly_fs/1.87482!/file/YU4.pdf|url-status= live}}</ref> The Sheffield School of Law has also produced lawyers around the world. This includes Deputy Minister of Justice of Afghanistan [[Mohammad Qasim Hashimzai]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.afghan-bios.info/index.php?option=com_afghanbios&id=655&task=view&total=4327&start=1516&Itemid=2|title= Hashimzai, Mohammad Qaasem Dr. Hashemzai |publisher= Afghan Biographies |access-date=21 August 2020}}</ref> Chief Justice of Bangladesh [[Md. Muzammel Hossain]],<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-185334 |title= Muzammel made chief justice |date= 12 May 2011 |publisher= The Daily Star |access-date= 21 August 2020 |archive-date= 1 March 2021 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210301093002/https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-185334 |url-status= live }}</ref> Supreme Court Justice of Sierra Leone [[Henry M. Joko-Smart]],<ref>{{cite book|last=Fyle|first=Magbaily&nbsp;C.|title=Historical Dictionary of Sierra Leone|url=https://archive.org/details/historicaldictio0000fyle|url-access=registration|date=27 March 2006|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=9780810865044|pages=[https://archive.org/details/historicaldictio0000fyle/page/190 190]–191}}</ref> and Chief Justice of Malaysia [[Arifin Zakaria]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://innsofcourtmalaysia.org/category/news/sheffield/|title=Distinguished Alumnus, the Chief Justice of Malaysia Visits the University of Sheffield|publisher=Inns of Court Malaysia|access-date=21 August 2020|archive-date=26 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926054359/https://innsofcourtmalaysia.org/category/news/sheffield/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Writers who attended the university include two-times Booker Prize winner [[Hilary Mantel]],<ref name="Outstanding Sheffield Alumni">{{cite web|url=https://www.sheffield.ac.uk/alumni/our_alumni/outstanding|title=Outstanding Sheffield Alumni|publisher=University of Sheffield|access-date=24 June 2015|archive-date=7 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150907160711/http://www.sheffield.ac.uk/alumni/our_alumni/outstanding|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Lee Child]],<ref name="Outstanding Sheffield Alumni"/> [[Andrew Grant (writer)|Andrew Grant]],<ref name="Outstanding Sheffield Alumni"/> [[Brooke Magnanti]] (Belle de Jour), [[Lindsay Ashford]] and [[Katie B. Edwards]]. Actors and actress [[Brian Glover]], [[Ian Hallard]], [[Rachel Shelley]] and [[Eddie Izzard]] were students at the university. Notable Sheffield alumni in religion includes Dean of Westminster Abbey [[Wesley Carr]],<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.churchtimes.co.uk/articles/2017/4-august/gazette/obituaries/the-very-revd-dr-arthur-wesley-carr |title= Obituary: The Very Revd Dr Arthur Wesley Carr |publisher= Church Times |access-date= 21 August 2020 |archive-date= 28 February 2021 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210228095009/https://www.churchtimes.co.uk/articles/2017/4-august/gazette/obituaries/the-very-revd-dr-arthur-wesley-carr |url-status= live }}</ref> Dean of Christ Church of Oxford [[Martyn Percy]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thetimes.com/article/percys-rocky-road-to-enlightenment-pwlthhjwb2n|title=Percy's rocky road to enlightenment|newspaper=[[The Times]]|access-date=5 February 2020|issn=0140-0460|archive-date=5 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200205115725/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/percys-rocky-road-to-enlightenment-pwlthhjwb2n|url-status=live}}</ref> General Secretary of Action of Churches Together in Scotland [[Stephen Smyth (Marist Brother)|Stephen Smyth]], and Archbishop of Sydney [[Glenn Davies]]. Many pioneers were students at the university, including first British astronaut [[Helen Sharman]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.helensharman.uk/about-helen/|title=About Helen|publisher=Helen Sharman|access-date=21 August 2020|archive-date=28 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200128125130/http://www.helensharman.uk/about-helen/|url-status=live}}</ref> Polar explorer [[Roy Koerner]], and the first female pilot to fly solo from London to Australia [[Amy Johnson]].<ref name="Outstanding Sheffield Alumni"/> Sheffield students have also excelled in sports. [[Jessica Ennis-Hill]] and [[Hollie Webb]] are Olympic gold medalists.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jessica-Ennis-Hill |title= Jessica Ennis-Hill |publisher= Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date= 21 August 2020 |archive-date= 14 August 2020 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200814124845/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jessica-Ennis-Hill |url-status= live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thestar.co.uk/news/doncaster-school-pupils-inspired-visit-olympic-gold-medalist-49976|title=Doncaster school pupils inspired by visit from Olympic gold medalist|work=The Star|date=16 February 2018 |access-date=21 August 2020|archive-date=31 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210731080251/https://www.thestar.co.uk/news/doncaster-school-pupils-inspired-visit-olympic-gold-medalist-49976|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Bryony Page]] and [[Nick Beighton]] have won medals at the Olympics and Paralympics respectively. Notable alumni in sports also include [[Herbert Chapman]], [[Zara Dampney]], [[Catherine Faux]], [[Tim Robinson (English cricketer)|Tim Robinson]] and [[David Wetherill]].

Warburg Medal winning scientist [[Hans Kornberg]] have been studied at Sheffield, along with [[Olive Scott]] and [[Donald Bailey (civil engineer)|Donald Bailey]], inventor of the Bailey bridge. Sheffield's Department of Chemistry has also educated two winners of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry.<ref name ="Nobel">{{cite web |url= https://www.sheffield.ac.uk/research/people/nobel-laureates |title= Nobel Laureates |date= 16 April 2019 |publisher= The University of Sheffield |access-date= 21 August 2020 |archive-date= 14 August 2020 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200814151305/https://www.sheffield.ac.uk/research/people/nobel-laureates |url-status= live }}</ref>

<gallery>
File:Official portrait of Lord Blunkett crop 2, 2025.jpg|[[David Blunkett|Lord Blunkett]]
File:Lee Child, Bouchercon 2010.jpg|[[Lee Child]]
File:Official portrait of Lord Hogan-Howe, 2022.jpg|[[Bernard Hogan-Howe]]
File:Amy Johnson 1930-06-14.jpg|[[Amy Johnson]]
File:25th Laureus World Sports Awards - Red Carpet - Jessica Ennis-Hill - 240422 175644 (cropped).jpg|[[Jessica Ennis-Hill]]
File:Andy Haldane - Festival Economia 2013.JPG|[[Andy Haldane]]
File:Dr. Helen Sharman (cropped).jpg|[[Helen Sharman]]
File:Team GB 2024 Bryony Page 120618.jpg|[[Bryony Page]]
File:2025_01_25_Sundance_Film_Festival-41_Full_(cropped).jpg|[[Tim Key]]
</gallery>

===Nobel prizes===
The university's Faculty of Science is associated with six Nobel laureates, two for the Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology:<ref name ="Nobel"/>

* 1945 [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] (joint award) [[Howard Florey]], for his work on penicillin<ref name="Sir Howard Florey">{{cite web|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1945/florey-bio.html|title=Sir Howard Florey|publisher=Nobel Media|access-date=24 June 2015|archive-date=11 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150811104124/http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1945/florey-bio.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* 1953 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, [[Hans Adolf Krebs]], "for the discovery of the [[citric acid cycle]] in [[cellular respiration]]"<ref name="Hans Krebs">{{cite web|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1953/krebs-bio.html|title=Hans Krebs|publisher=Nobel Media|access-date=24 June 2015|archive-date=19 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150419085657/http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1953/krebs-bio.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

And four to its Department of Chemistry:
* 1967 Nobel Prize in Chemistry (joint award), [[George Porter]], "for their work on extremely fast chemical reactions" (see [[Flash photolysis]])<ref name="George Porter">{{cite web|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1967/porter-bio.html|title=George Porter|publisher=Nobel Media|access-date=24 June 2015|archive-date=27 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150627025000/http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1967/porter-bio.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* 1993 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (joint award), [[Richard J. Roberts]], "for the discovery that genes in eukaryotes are not contiguous strings but contain introns, and that the splicing of messenger RNA to delete those introns can occur in different ways, yielding different proteins from the same DNA sequence"<ref name="Richard J. Roberts">{{cite web|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1993/roberts-bio.html |title=Richard J. Roberts |publisher=Nobel Media |access-date=24 June 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304003141/http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1993/roberts-bio.html |archive-date=4 March 2016 }}</ref>
* 1996 Nobel Prize in Chemistry (joint award), [[Harry Kroto|Sir Harry Kroto]], "for their discovery of fullerenes"<ref name="Sir Harry Kroto">{{cite web|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1996/kroto-bio.html|title=Sir Harry Kroto|publisher=Nobel Media|access-date=24 June 2015|archive-date=9 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150709172047/http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1996/kroto-bio.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* 2016 Nobel Prize in Chemistry (joint award), [[Fraser Stoddart|Sir James Fraser Stoddart]], "for the design and synthesis of molecular machines"<ref name="Sir Fraser Stoddart">{{cite web|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2016/press.html|title=Press Release: The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2016|publisher=Nobel Media|access-date=6 October 2016|archive-date=23 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161223000242/https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2016/press.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

<gallery>
File:Howard Walter Florey 1945.jpg|{{center|[[Howard Florey]]}}
File:Hans_Adolf_Krebs.jpg|{{center|[[Hans Adolf Krebs]]}}
File:George Porter Nobel.jpg|{{center|[[George Porter]]}}
File:Roberts,_Richard_John_(1943).jpg|{{center|[[Richard J. Roberts|Richard Roberts]]}}
File:Harold_Kroto_1c389_8471.sweden.jpg|{{center|[[Harold Kroto]]}}
File:Nobel Laureates Fraser Stoddart 2016 (31117136180).jpg|{{center|[[Fraser Stoddart|Sir James Fraser Stoddart]]}}
</gallery>

Two Nobel laureates associated with the university are not officially counted. They are: [[John Vane|Sir John Vane]] (research worker)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1982/vane/biographical/|title=John R. Vane – Biographical|publisher=Nobel Media|access-date=17 August 2020|archive-date=1 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201090042/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1982/vane/biographical/|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Wole Soyinka]] (visiting professor).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/literature/1986/soyinka/biographical/|title=Wole Soyinka – Biographical|publisher=Nobel Media|access-date=17 August 2020|archive-date=5 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180805093041/https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1986/soyinka-bio.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==In popular culture==

A fictionalized version of the University of Sheffield is the setting of the award-winning comic book series, ''[[Giant Days]]''. Comedy ''Love in the Time of Britpop'' is set at the university in the 1990s [[Cool Britannia]] era.<ref>{{cite magazine|last= Smith|first= Nicola|date= 11 November 2019|title= Love in the Time of Britpop by Tim Woods|url= https://nbmagazine.co.uk/love-in-the-time-of-britpop-by-tim-woods/|magazine= NB Magazine|location= Bradford-on-Avon|publisher= AMS Digital Publishing|access-date= 19 August 2020|archive-date= 4 March 2021|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210304030611/https://nbmagazine.co.uk/love-in-the-time-of-britpop-by-tim-woods/|url-status= live}}</ref> The university's Western Bank Library is featured in Barry Libin's novel ''Mystery of the Milton Manuscript''.

==See also==
* [[Armorial of British universities]]
* [[Hughes Professor of Spanish]]
* [[List of modern universities in Europe (1801–1945)]]
* [[List of universities in the United Kingdom]]
* [[Sheffield school]]
* [[Sheffield Hallam University]]

==References==
'''Informational notes'''
{{notelist}}

'''Citations'''
{{reflist}}

'''Further reading''' 
There are two official histories of the university:
* Arthur W. Chapman (1955) ''The Story of a Modern University: A History of the University of Sheffield'', Oxford University Press.
* Helen Mathers (2005) ''Steel City Scholars: The Centenary History of the University of Sheffield'', London: James & James.

==External links==
* {{official website}}
* [http://www.shef.ac.uk/union/ University of Sheffield's Union of Students]

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Sheffield, University Of}}
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[[Category:Buildings and structures in Sheffield|University of Sheffield]]
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University of Sheffield

2026-03-16T22:49:25Z

CelestaWolf314: Structure improved and content revised

War of the Goldsmith's Daughter

2026-03-16T18:18:27Z

CelestaWolf314: creating stub

{{Short description|Fifteenth century war between the Bahmani Sultanate and the Vijayanagar empire}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = The War of the Goldsmith's Daughter
| place = [[Mudgal]], [[Vijayanagar]], present day [[Karnataka]]
| partof = [[Bahmani–Vijayanagar War (disambiguation)|Bahmani–Vijayanagar Wars]]
| image = View of the Virupaksha temple complex from Hemakuta hill.JPG
| caption = A temple from the capital of Vijayanagar
| date = 1406
| coordinates = {{coord|15|20|04|N|76|27|44|E}}
| map_type = Karnataka#India
| map_caption = The capital of the Vijayanagar empire, which was besieged by Bahmanis
| territory = * [[Bankapur]] annexed to Bahmani Sultanate.
* Reddis and Velamas received their lost land from Vijayanagar.
| result = Bahmani victory
| combatant1 = [[Bahmani Sultanate]] [[Reddi Kingdom]] [[Velama|Velama chiefs]]
| combatant2 = [[Vijayanagar empire]]
| commander1 = [[Taj ud-Din Firuz Shah|Firuz Shah Bahmani]]{{WIA}} [[Ahmad Shah I Wali]] Faulad Khan Fazlullah Inju Khan-i Khanan Anapota Velama Peda Komati Vema Sarnaubat Siddu
| commander2 = [[Deva Raya I]]{{Surrender}}
}}

The '''War of the Goldsmith's Daughter'''<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bingham |first1=Woodbridge |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hGYUAQAAIAAJ |title=A History of Asia |last2=Conroy |first2=Hilary |last3=Iklé |first3=Frank William |date=1964 |publisher=Allyn and Bacon |pages=220 |language=en}}</ref> or the '''Bahmani–Vijayanagar War of 1406'''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jaques |first=Tony |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EbLOEAAAQBAJ |title=Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: A Guide to 8,500 Battles from Antiquity through the Twenty-first Century [3 volumes] |date=2006-11-30 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing USA |isbn=978-0-313-02799-4 |pages=1075 |language=en}}</ref> was a significant conflict between the [[Bahmani Sultanate]] and the [[Vijayanagara Empire|Vijayanagar Empire]], the two primary powers in the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan region]] of thirteenth and fourteenth century [[India]], occurring in 1406. Led by [[Taj ud-Din Firuz Shah|Tajuddin Firuz Shah]], the Bahmani forces, supported by [[Velama|Velama chiefs]] and the [[Reddi Kingdom|Reddis]], launched multiple attacks on the Vijayanagar empire ruled by [[Deva Raya I]]. Despite his initial resistance, Deva Raya suffered heavy casualties, ultimately leading to the acceptance of the terms imposed by the Bahmanis, ending the war.

Following the [[Bahmani–Vijayanagar War (1398)|Bahmani–Vijayanagar war of 1398]], Bahmani ruler Firuz Shah directed his attention northward to quell [[Rajput]] rebellions within his territories. Meanwhile, the Vijayanagar ruler [[Harihara II]] died in 1404, sparking a succession struggle among his sons, namely [[Virupaksha Raya]], [[Bukka Raya II]], and [[Deva Raya I]]. Although Virupaksha Raya briefly ascended to the Vijayanagar throne, his reign lasted only a few months before his brother Bukka Raya II took over. However, in 1406, Deva Raya I ousted Bukka and proclaimed himself king of Vijayanagar.

Following [[Deva Raya I|Deva Raya I's]] ascension, a [[Brahmin]] saint returning from pilgrimage in [[Varanasi|Banaras]] recounted his encounter with a goldsmith's daughter named Parthal in [[Mudgal]] Doab, praising her beauty, musical prowess, and other virtues. Intrigued by the Brahmin's description, Deva Raya dispatched him to Parthal's home to propose marriage on his behalf. However, Parthal, mindful of the recent succession turmoil in Vijayanagar and aware of the fate of girls who ventured to the kingdom that they never came back to their families, as well as the practice of [[Sati (practice)|Sati]], declined Deva Raya's proposal. Instead, she expressed a desire to wed an Islamic prince.

Infuriated by the rejection, Deva Raya personally led his army to Mudgal to abduct Parthal. Sensing the impending threat, the goldsmith sought refuge in Bahmani territories. In response, the Bahmani Governor of Mudgal Doab, Faulad Khan, confronted and defeated the Vijayanagar forces, repelling their invasion.

Upon learning of Deva Raya's aggression, Firuz Shah personally led the Bahmani forces, bolstered by allies from the [[Reddi Kingdom]] and Velama chiefs who harbored grievances against Vijayanagar over territorial disputes. Initially encountering resistance, the Bahmani forces persevered and launched multiple assaults on Vijayanagar strongholds.

As the campaign progressed, the Bahmanis seized the strategic [[Bankapura|Bankapur]] region, a major trade center, and systematically conquered various Vijayanagar territories. Faced with overwhelming odds, Deva Raya had no choice but to seek peace and surrender. Accepting the terms imposed by the Bahmanis, Deva Raya agreed to relinquish all lands captured by the Bahmanis during the campaign as dowry, return the territories taken from the Reddis and Velamas, and offer his daughter in marriage to Firuz Shah.

The treaty, though humiliating for Deva Raya, marked the end of the conflict, with the marriage between Parthal, the daughter of the goldsmith, and Hassan Khan, the son of Firuz Shah, cementing the agreement between the two powers.

== Background ==
{{Main|Bahmani–Vijayanagar War (1362–1367)|Bahmani–Vijayanagar War (1398)}}
The [[Bahmani Sultanate]] and [[Vijayanagara Empire]], two prominent kingdoms in the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]] during the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, engaged in frequent military conflicts since their inception. Following the initial [[Bahmani–Vijayanagar War (1362–1367)|Bahmani–Vijayanagar war]], a period of three decades ensued marked by peace, between the two empires, largely due to the pacifist reign of Bahmani ruler Muhammad Shah II.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Farooqui |first=Salma Ahmed |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sxhAtCflwOMC |title=A Comprehensive History of Medieval India: Twelfth to the Mid-eighteenth Century |date=2011 |publisher=Pearson Education India |isbn=978-81-317-3202-1 |pages=117 |language=en}}</ref> However, with the accession of [[Taj ud-Din Firuz Shah|Tajuddin Firuz Shah]], hostilities resumed between the Bahmanis and Vijayanagar. Concurrently, during the rebellion of [[Sagara, Karnataka|Sagar]] on the northern frontier of the Bahmani Sultanate, Vijayanagara ruler [[Harihara II]] seized the opportunity to launch an invasion into the southern frontier of the Bahmani Sultanate, thus sparking the second war between the two powers.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Allan |first1=John Andrew |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RZeOnQEACAAJ |title=The Cambridge Shorter History of India |last2=Dodwell |first2=Henry Herbert |last3=Haig |first3=Wolseley |date=1943 |publisher=University Press |pages=283–286 |language=en}}</ref> The second Bahmani-Vijayanagar war in 1398 concluded with the Bahmanis emerging victorious. Following their triumph, Vijayanagara Emperor Harihara II sought peace by offering one million Huns in tribute to the Bahmanis.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iRJuAAAAMAAJ |title=A Comprehensive History of India: The Delhi Sultanat, A.D. 1206-1526, edited by Mohammad Habib and Khaliq Ahmad Nizami |date=1970 |publisher=People's Publishing House |pages=977 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Influence of Timur ===
{{See also|Sack of Delhi (1398)}}
[[File:Raichur Doab.jpg|thumb|The map depicting the Kingdoms of Deccan India]]
After [[Timur|Timur's]] invasion of [[Delhi]] in 1398, he departed for his capital in [[Samarkand]] without establishing a permanent presence. Firuz Shah, who was engaged in conflict with Vijayanagar during that period, recognized an opportunity in Timur's departure. Understanding that Timur could alleviate his northern concerns, Firuz Shah dispatched ambassadors bearing lavish gifts. Their mission was to convey Firuz Shah's willingness to become one of Timur's allies and to offer his support in any future campaigns to conquer all of [[Hindustan]]. Additionally, the ambassadors were instructed to sway influential courtiers in Timur's court to support Firuz Shah's cause. Their efforts proved successful, as Timur agreed to accept Firuz Shah's offer of nominal suzerainty and bestowed sovereignty over [[Malwa Sultanate|Malwa]] and [[Gujarat Sultanate|Gujarat]] upon him. From his end, Timur reciprocated by sending a royal [[robe]], a [[Turki]] slave, and four [[Arabian horse|Syrian horses]] of unparalleled quality, surpassing any previously witnessed in the Deccan region.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Watson |first=Adam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-qUeAAAAMAAJ |title=The War of the Goldsmith's Daughter |date=1964 |publisher=Chatto & Windus |pages=138–140 |language=en}}</ref>

The rulers of the [[Malwa Sultanate]], [[Gujarat Sultanate]], and [[Farooqui dynasty|Khandesh Sultanate]], upon learning of the alliance between Firuz Shah and Timur, conveyed to Timur that they considered themselves as brothers to the Bahmanis. However, behind the scenes, they clandestinely sent a message to Harihara II, the reigning monarch of Vijayanagar, expressing their willingness to provide active military assistance whenever they are in trouble with the Bahmanis. However, Firuz came to know about the secret message sent by the Sultanates to Vijayanagar.{{Sfn|Sherwani|1985|p=159}}<ref name=":1" />

=== Revolt at Kherla ===
[[File:Approximate extent of the Gond kingdom of Deogarh.png|Gondwana or Kherla region|thumb]]
After the war of 1398, Firuz Shah relocated to [[Betul district|Kherla]], where he had encountered a revolt prior to the conflict. The local ruler of [[Mahur, Maharashtra|Mahur]] surrendered to him, having previously aligned with [[Narsingh Rai]], the [[Rajput]] leader of the rebellion. From there, Firuz dispatched a letter to Narsingh demanding tribute, but Narsingh adamantly refused, prompting a battle between them. Firuz then moved to [[Achalpur|Ellichpur]], where the decisive battle took place, resulting in the death of prominent Bahmani amirs such as Shuja‘at Khan, Bahadur Khan, Dilawar Khan, and Rustam Khan. Firuz himself took to the battlefield to lead his forces.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Sherwani |first=Haroon Khan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3kIeAAAAMAAJ |title=The Bahmanis of the Deccan |date=1985 |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal |pages=108–110 |language=en}}</ref>

Firuz emerged victorious over the Rajputs, capturing Narsingh's son Kaushal Singh as a prisoner of war. Narsingh then retreated to the fort of Kherla, where Bahmani forces besieged him. Eventually, Narsingh surrendered to Firuz, agreeing to pay tribute. The siege lasted for two months, after which Narsingh laid down his arms and personally approached the Sultan at Ellichpur, pleading to accept tribute as his ancestors on the [[Kalaburagi|Gulbarga]] throne had done before him.<ref name=":0" /> Additionally, Narsingh requested that his daughter be taken into the royal palace as one of the royal servants and offered forty elephants, five maunds of gold, and fifty maunds of silver as gifts. In return, Firuz restored Kherla to Narsingh, appointed him as an amir of the kingdom, and bestowed upon him robes of state, including an embroidered cap.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chandra |first=Satish |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L5eFzeyjBTQC |title=Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals-Delhi Sultanat (1206-1526) - Part One |date=2004 |publisher=Har-Anand Publications |isbn=978-81-241-1064-5 |pages=184 |language=en}}</ref>

===Struggle of succession at Vijayanagar===
After the passing of Harihara II in 1404, a succession struggle ensued among his sons, including [[Virupaksha Raya|Virupaksha Raya I]], [[Bukka Raya II]], [[Deva Raya I]], [[Sadasiva Raya]], and [[Ramachandra Raya]]. Virupaksha eventually ascended to the throne and ruled for a brief period, during which he conducted military campaigns in the southern regions, adding to the empire's conquests.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Natarajan |first=B. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NnDXAAAAMAAJ |title=Tillai and Nataraja |date=1994 |publisher=Mudgala Trust |language=en}}</ref> Bukka Raya II, the sibling of Virupaksha, seized the throne from Virupaksha and ruled for a span of two years.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Jayapalan |first=N. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6L6avTlqJNYC |title=History of India |date=2001 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distri |isbn=978-81-7156-928-1 |pages=81 |language=en}}</ref> The rule of Bukka Raya II was short-lived, as he was succeeded by his brother Deva Raya I in 1406.<ref name=":2" />

With Deva Raya I ascending the throne, the Vijayanagar Empire gained a capable and energetic leader. Under his reign, the empire reached its zenith of power. Deva Raya, along with his supporters, saw themselves as champions of [[Hindus|Hindu]] civilization, with a dynamic system that unified the diverse elements of the south and aimed to push back against Muslim invasions. This sentiment had been growing during the reign of Harihara II but was fully realized under Deva Raya's leadership. His resolute military prowess contrasted with the perceived incompetence of his predecessors, particularly Bukka II, ultimately leading to his ascension to the throne. This marked the beginning of a new era for the empire.{{Sfn|Watson|1964|p=153}}

== Prelude ==
=== The goldsmith's daughter===
[[File:Mudgal fort 3.jpg|thumb|A fort at Mudgal]]
During the early weeks of Deva Raya's reign, an elderly [[Brahmin]] appeared at his court, bearing a tale that captured Deva Raya's imagination. The Brahmin recounted his recent pilgrimage to [[Varanasi|Benares]] on the [[Ganges]], during which he passed through the city of [[Mudgal]] in the Doab. There, he learned of a goldsmith who resided in a nearby village and boasted a daughter of extraordinary beauty. Intrigued, the Brahmin decided to visit the goldsmith's home, where he was warmly welcomed. When Deva Raya I learned of the remarkable talents of his host's daughter, he expressed a desire to meet her.{{Sfn|Watson|1964|p=154}}{{Sfn|Sherwani|1985|p=160}} Upon seeing the daughter, named Parthal, the Brahmin was astounded by her surpassing beauty. He was so impressed that he decided to adopt her as his own child, eighteen months prior, in the summer of 1405. The Brahmin devoted himself to teaching Parthal music and dancing, skills in which he was an instructor in the temples. Remarkably, Parthal displayed a proficiency in these arts that matched her physical beauty, leading the Brahmin to believe that the gods had crafted her to be perfect in every aspect.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_9cmAQAAMAAJ |title=A Comprehensive History of India: The Delhi Sultanat (A.D. 1206-1526), ed. by Mohammad Habib and Khaliq Ahmad Nizami |date=1970 |publisher=People's Publishing House |pages=981 |language=en}}</ref>{{Sfn|Watson|1964|p=154}}

The Brahmin informed the Deva Raya that, in accordance with tradition, her parents had initially intended to arrange her [[Engagement|betrothal]] in her childhood to a young man of her caste. However, she had fervently pleaded for the postponement of the ceremony, leading to the abandonment of the plan. Consequently, the Brahmin explained, this beautiful maiden remained unmarried. Now, thanks to his teachings, she possessed the ability to adorn any position, no matter how esteemed, even within Vijayanagar itself.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6x8LAQAAIAAJ |title=History: Mediaeval period |date=1967 |publisher=Directorate of Government Printing, Stationery and Publications, Maharashtra State |pages=25 |language=en}}</ref> The Brahmin's narrative ignited Deva Raya's imagination, and he expressed a strong desire to have her as his own. However, the Brahmin insisted that his foster daughter should not be reduced to a mere [[Concubinage|royal concubine]] or risk descending into the role of a [[Sacred prostitution|temple prostitute]]. The Emperor must extend to her an honorable marriage proposal. Eventually, it was settled that the Brahmin would return to Mudgal as the envoy of the Vijayanagar Raya, bearing lavish gifts for the girl's parents. Along with these gifts, he would present an offer of marriage to their daughter, bestowing upon her the esteemed title of [[Rani]], or Princess.{{Sfn|Watson|1964|p=156}}

===The marriage proposal===
The Brahmin proceeded to Mudgal and conveyed to the parents the immense opportunity awaiting their daughter by entering the Raya's zenana. Upon arrival, the Brahmin conveyed the Raya's commands to Parthal's parents, assuring them that the Doab rightfully belonged to the Vijayanagar Empire. He urged them to promptly obey the commands of their rightful sovereign and accompany their daughter to the capital. Overjoyed by this stroke of good fortune, the parents eagerly presented the princely gifts of the Emperor to Parthal, congratulating her on her elevation from the humble caste of goldsmith to the esteemed position of the bride of the Vijayanagar ruler. Subsequently, the Brahmin attempted to adorn her with a golden necklace adorned with jewels, symbolizing the unbreakable pledge of betrothal.{{Sfn|Watson|1964|p=156}} However, Parthal herself vehemently rejected the idea and adamantly refused to leave Mudgal. She explained to her parents that once a girl entered the Raya's palace, she never returned in her lifetime and never saw her parents again.{{Sfn|Sherwani|1985|p=160}}

Despite her resolution and tears, Parthal's parents were deeply moved, as they had been on a previous occasion. Ultimately, they reluctantly informed the Brahmin that they were unwilling to resort to force, returning the necklace along with the other gifts. Consequently, the Brahmin was compelled to return to Vijayanagar, reporting the unexpected failure of his mission.{{Sfn|Watson|1964|p=157}}

Once the Brahmin had departed, the goldsmith's daughter gradually confided in her parents, revealing additional reasons for her refusal. She expressed concerns about the stability of the Vijayanagar throne, noting that two rulers had died in the past two years. She had spoken to individuals who had witnessed events in Vijayanagar during those tumultuous times. She explained that the practice of Sati was particularly horrifying in Vijayanagar, where numerous women were immolated upon the death of the Raya. For instance, at Harihara II's funeral, hundreds, if not thousands, of women, including all his queens, many of whom were young girls like herself, had been sacrificed. While some believed these princesses regarded it as an honor, she did not share this perspective. Parthal refused to marry the new ruler, who had recently seized the throne and might not hold onto it for long.{{Sfn|Watson|1964|p=157}}

Furthermore, Parthal disclosed that she had long held an inner conviction that she would one day wed a prince of the [[Islam]]ic faith. Although she did not reveal what had instilled this conviction or if she had a specific prince in mind, she remained steadfast in her belief.{{Sfn|Watson|1964|p=157}}

===Aftermath of the rejection===
[[File:Karnataka topo deu.png|thumb|The map of [[Karnataka]], including the [[Tungabhadra River]]]]
Upon the old Brahmin's return to Vijayanagar and his recounting of the failed mission, Deva Raya erupted in anger. He adamantly refused to accept defeat in such a manner, fearing ridicule within his own court. Accustomed to having his every command promptly obeyed, he could not tolerate being thwarted. Declaring his intention to satisfy his desires by force, Deva Raya announced to the Brahmin and his court that he would seize the girl who had rejected his engagement necklace, even if she resided beyond the [[Tungabhadra River]]. Moreover, he viewed this incident as aligning with his broader strategy for reclaiming the Doab, almost interpreting it as an auspicious sign.{{Sfn|Watson|1964|p=158}}

Deva Raya, despite the counsel of his advisors, he resolved to take action. He mobilized an army of thirty thousand soldiers and commanded five thousand cavalry, along with a sizable infantry force, to cross the [[Tungabhadra River]]. Their mission was to advance on Mudgal, kidnap the girl, and bring her back to his capital, thus violating the recently forged treaty between his father Harihara II and the Bahmani Sultan Taj ud-Din Firuz Shah.{{sfn|Sherwani|1985||p=161-162}}

Upon hearing that a Vijayanagar army had crossed the river, the goldsmith and the people of Mudgal chose to abandon their homes and seek refuge in the jungle. To safeguard their lives, they relocated to the territories of the Bahmanis. Failing to locate their intended target, the Vijayanagar army resorted to pillaging and plundering as they retreated.{{sfn|Sherwani|1985||p=161-163}}{{Sfn|Watson|1964|p=158}}

=== Repelling the Vijayanagar army from Tungabhadra===
Upon hearing about the invasion of Vijayanagar, the Bahmani Governor of Mudgal named Faulad Khan, came to defend the Doab.{{sfn|Sherwani|1985|pp=160-161}} However, the Vijayanagar forces, who were numerically superior to the Bahmani Governor's army, defeated him and forced him to retreat. The Governor was able to collect reinforcements and set out again. The invaders, not realizing they were being followed by a defeated army, became careless. As a result, the Governor managed to surprise and completely defeat them, with the loss of over one-third of their number, before they could recross the Tungabhadra river.{{sfn|Watson|1964|pp=158-159}}

== The War ==
Faulad Khan, following the successful repulsion of the Vijayanagar forces, dispatched a letter to [[Firozabad, Karnataka|Firozabad]], where Firuz Shah was located, detailing the incident.{{Sfn|Sherwani|1985|p=161}} War was, indeed, inevitable. For four years, Firuz had refrained from insisting on the payment of tribute outlined in the last peace settlement with Harihara II. However, he was not willing to tolerate invasion. Seeing an opportunity to settle scores with the Vijayanagar Empire, Firuz, along with his brother [[Ahmad Shah I Wali|Ahmad Shah Wali]], mustered a sizable army, which included Khan-I Khanan, Fazlullah Inju and Sarnaubat Siddu.{{Sfn|Sherwani|1985|p=161}} They marched to the Tungabhadra and crossed it unopposed. Concurrently, Firuz sought support from his Hindu allies, namely [[Recherla Nayakas|Anapota Velama]] of [[Warangal]] and the [[Reddi Kingdom|Reddies]] of the [[Krishna district|Krishna Delta]], urging them to join forces in restraining the ambitions of Vijayanagar. The Reddis, especially eager to reclaim their territories south of the Krishna and seek retribution against their adversary Deva Raya, found a charismatic leader in Peda Komati Vema, who ascended to the throne of [[Kondaveedu Fort|Kondavidu]] in 1402. Known for his prowess in warfare and scholarship, Peda Komati Vema emerged as one of the most distinguished Hindu rulers of his era, despite not being the most powerful.{{Sfn|Watson|1964|p=160}}
[[File:Kondavid-drug. Signed 'W.R.'.jpg|thumb|Kondavidu fort of the Reddis]]

=== First attack on Vijayanagar ===
[[File:Panaromic view of the natural fortification and landscape at Hampi.jpg|thumb|A fort at Vijayanagar]]
Witnessing the approach of the Bahmani army, Deva Raya opted to retreat towards his capital. His actions led to unforeseen consequences, as now Firuz himself marched against him.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Rapson |first=Edward James |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fhJkPK1cJEQC |title=The Cambridge History of India: Turks and Afghans |date=1928 |publisher=Macmillan |pages=392–394 |language=en}}</ref> Upon entering the formidable capital, Firuz awaited the Bahmanis. In the hilly terrain and especially in the close-quarter combat in the suburbs of the grand city, the Bahmani troops lost their advantage stemming from their superior cavalry. Additionally, they found themselves in hostile territory, facing staunch resistance from defenders fueled by fanatical courage.{{Sfn|Watson|1964|p=161}}

The Sultan launched an assault on the city and managed to secure control over the suburbs and some streets within the inner walls. However, as the fighting intensified with their advance, the elite troops of Vijayanagar, although locally recruited, fiercely opposed the Bahmani progression. This steadfast resistance forced Firuz to withdraw without successfully penetrating into the palace precincts.<ref name=":3" /> Firuz sustained a wound from an arrow, compelling him to retreat.{{Sfn|Sherwani|1985|p=161-162}} His forces withdrew for twenty-four miles, fortified their camp, and paused to allow their wounded soldiers to recuperate. Despite Deva Raya launching eighteen attacks on the Bahmani camp, he was defeated on every occasion.<ref name=":3" /> Deva Raya dispatched letters to the rulers of Malwa, Gujarat, and Khandesh, seeking their assistance. However, due to the sudden outbreak of war, they were unable to provide aid to Vijayanagar.{{Sfn|Sherwani|1985|p=161-162}}

=== Council of the war ===
Following these events, Firuz convened a council of war to assess the general strategy of the struggle. It became evident that weakening, and potentially destroying, the Vijayanagar Empire required a gradual approach of encroachment and devastation, as the traditional method of a direct assault on the capital was not feasible. The objective was to confine Deva Raya within Vijayanagar without engaging in direct combat. He made a plan to defeat Vijayanagar by assigning duties to each of his contingents.{{Sfn|Watson|1964|p=161}}
<Ol><li>The Bahmani forces needed to recapture their territories in the west.</li><li>The Reddis and Velamas should launch an invasion into the eastern rear of the Vijayanagar territories.</li><li>Ahmad Shah should launch an attack on south of the Vijayanagar with a force of 10,000.</li><li>Fazlullah Inju, his best general should make an attack at [[Bankapur]], to besiege the fort.{{Sfn|Watson|1964|p=161-162}}</li><li>Firuz will besiege [[Adoni]], leaving Khan-I Khanan, who proved his merit by fighting with Vijayanagar.{{Sfn|Sherwani|1985|p=161-162}}</li></Ol>

=== Attacks on Vijayanagar===
[[File:Hall of The Nawab.JPG|thumb|Adoni fort]]
Fazlullah Inju, Firuz's prime minister tasked with besieging Bankapur, not only captured the fortress but also brought the surrounding region under obedience, extending the kingdom's influence to the Tungabhadra River. This strategic move effectively established the river as the southern boundary of the kingdom.<ref name=":3" /> Bankapur, being a crucial fortress in the western region, controlled trade routes to the Arabian Sea, a vital source of wealth for both the Sultanate and Vijayanagar.{{Sfn|Watson|1964|p=162}}

In the east, the Reddis had already crossed the Kistna River. To prevent Deva Raya from pursuing these expeditions, Firuz stationed the majority of his army near the capital, fortifying their camp in the Turkish fashion with a circle of gun carriages. This strategic decision proved effective, as Deva Raya attempted multiple attacks on the Bahmani camp but was consistently repelled with significant losses in the open plain.{{Sfn|Watson|1964|p=162}}

This situation persisted for approximately four months. Deva Raya, after several sorties, realized the futility of trying to dislodge Firuz's army with the forces available in Vijayanagar. However, he anxiously awaited the arrival of armies from other provinces of the Empire, which his emissaries had been dispatched to summon.

Deva Raya realized that what began as an attempt to abduct a girl from the Doab had escalated into a major war. Despite his impatience in Vijayanagar, he found the Empire's machinery unable to function rapidly or effectively enough. The news he received about the ongoing struggle was consistently disheartening. The frontier along the Tungabhadra and the Krishna, which he had hoped to advance, appeared to have collapsed entirely. In the west, Firuz's general, Fazlullah, captured the fortress of Bankapur, bringing valuable trade routes under Bahmani control. Meanwhile, the Sultan's brother, Ahmad, ravaged the prosperous towns and districts of the Kanarese country to the south of the city, the former territory of the [[Hoysala Kingdom]]. In the east, an army from Warangal crossed the Kistna, while downstream, the Reddis, led by Peda Komati Vema, proved formidable opponents for Vijayanagar troops in Deva Raya's absence. The Hindu allies of the Bahmanis systematically reclaimed disputed areas previously won for the Empire by Deva Raya's father's Viceroy in the east. After several significant victories, the allied armies converged and descended upon Udayagiri itself.{{Sfn|Watson|1964|pp=162-163}}

Ahmad returned to the royal camp bearing a rich haul of gold and approximately 60,000 captives, both male and female. His triumphant return coincided with Fazlullah's successes at Bankapur and in the western region, prompting Firuz to organize a grand celebration, complete with a splendid festival and the distribution of rewards to the entire army. Around this time, an embassy from the Velama King arrived at the Bahmani camp to coordinate further military actions, leading to the allies devising a plan for future operations.{{sfn|Watson|1964|pp=162-163}}

It was decided that Ahmad would be granted a period of rest from his exertions and would remain stationed outside Vijayanagar. Meanwhile, Firuz and Fazlullah would march to join forces with the Velama troops and lay siege to Adoni, a formidable fortress downstream to the east. Adoni, which had never been captured since falling into Vijayanagar hands, was perhaps one of the strongest fortresses in Deva Raya's possession, second only to the capital itself. Firuz took measures to ensure that refugees would carry news of these developments back to Vijayanagar.{{Sfn|Watson|1964|pp=162-163}}

Deva Raya received alarming news that the Muslim Kings in the north were unwilling to offer him any assistance, as they were embroiled in their own conflict. Learning of Firuz's plan to march eastward, Deva Raya was filled with despair. Not only was his entire northern frontier collapsing, but he and his advisors also had to contemplate how long the recently incorporated southern territories would remain loyal under such circumstances. It appeared that there was no end in sight to the process of dismantling the Vijayanagar Empire. Consequently, Deva Raya dispatched some of his chiefs to inquire about the terms of peace with the Sultan.{{sfn|Watson|1964|pp=163-164}}

Initially, Firuz adamantly refused to entertain any terms of peace. Eager to lead a successful campaign and bolster his reputation to match that of his brother and Fazlullah, he was resolute in his stance. However, Fazlullah, supported by more moderate advisers of the Sultan, pleaded with Firuz to pursue peace. Their arguments were compelling. It was crucial for Firuz to return to his own kingdom and resume governance. At that moment, Deva Raya appeared willing to accept almost any terms Firuz proposed. Yet, there remained uncertainty about the possibility of warfare erupting along the northern frontier of the Sultanate.{{sfn|Watson|1964|p=164}}

== Aftermath ==
The Bahmanis likely possessed more concrete intelligence than Deva Raya regarding the gradual mobilization of new armies by the Southern Viceroys of the Empire, armies that could potentially shift the military balance. Either of these developments might compel the Sultan to agree to a less favorable peace deal than what he could currently demand. Finally, Firuz relented.{{Sfn|Watson|1964|p=164}} The proposals presented to Vijayanagar included an indemnity of ten lakhs of hoons in gold (approximately five million dollars), the same amount agreed upon seven years prior. Additionally, Vijayanagar was to provide a large quantity of pearls, fifty prized elephants, and 2,000 male and female slaves—singers, dancers, and musicians, for which Vijayanagar was renowned. Firuz also insisted that Deva Raya give him his daughter in marriage, along with the surrender of the fortress of Bankapur as her dowry, which would be definitively surrendered to the Bahmani Kingdom.{{Sfn|Sherwani|1985|p=162}}<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sMkKAQAAIAAJ |title=India: Medieval History (A.D. 1206-1761). |date=1988 |publisher=Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India |pages=39 |language=en}}</ref>

For their allies, the Bahmanis aimed to secure the traditional Reddi lands south of the [[Krishna River]]. However, they made it clear that no harm should come to what their allies deemed as the undisputed territory of the Vijayanagar Empire itself. The primary objective for the Bahmanis was to curtail the expansionist ambitions of Vijayanagar. They understood that this goal aligned with the desires of their allies, the Velamas and Reddis. To solidify the alliance between the two states, a marriage bond was proposed. Once this pact was sealed, the Sultanate could then focus its attention on affairs in the north.{{Sfn|Watson|1964|p=165}}

Ahmad Shah Wali and his faction, the Ghazis, the religious fighters, were dissatisfied with this policy. They did not view the Bahmani Sultanate as simply an Indian kingdom engaged in political and economic interactions with Muslims and Hindus alike, but rather as the forefront of expanding Islam. The Ghazis believed that all Hindus were heathens and natural enemies, and they always preferred wars over non-believers.{{sfn|Watson|1964|p=167}}

The individuals whom Ahmad listened to were less concerned about the welfare and prosperity of the Bahmani Sultanate as a whole. They also harbored mistrust towards Firuz due to his affinity towards Hindu practices. The policy of forming alliances with Hindu powers such as the Velamas was already contentious for them. However, an understanding with Vijayanagar, solidified by a marriage bond that would further increase Hindu influence at court, and the possibility of eventual conflict with Muslim princes to the north instead of infidels, was nearly intolerable for the war faction.{{sfn|Watson|1964|p=167}}

It was only Ahmad's begrudging and stubborn loyalty to his brother that restrained them from taking more drastic actions.
The marriage between the daughter of Deva Raya and Firuz was celebrated with great pomp, yet it failed to foster goodwill between the two kingdoms. When escorting Firuz from Vijayanagar to his camp, Deva Raya turned back prematurely, leading to a parting marked by anger between the two rulers.<ref name=":3" />

As Firuz was the most powerful and illustrious Muslim ruler in India, he did not view the marriage to the daughter of the Raya of Vijayanagar as humiliating to his defeated adversary. However, to Deva Raya, this was the ultimate humiliation.{{sfn|Watson|1964|p=168}}

Upon his return to Firuzabad, Firuz dispatched messengers to Mudgal to summon the beautiful Parthal and her parents. The girl was wedded to Hasan Khan, Firuz's son, and her parents were bestowed with monetary gifts and granted ownership of their native village. It is likely that during this event, the goldsmiths of the Deccan were once again permitted to resume their ancestral profession as bankers and money-changers, from which they had been prohibited by the decree of Muhammad Shah I.<ref name=":3" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Battles involving the Vijayanagara Empire]]
[[Category:Wars involving the Bahmani Sultanate]]

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2026-03-15T07:01:03Z

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| profit = ₹ 511 crore
| profit_year = 2023
| assets =
| assets_year = 
| equity =
| equity_year = 
| members =
| members_year = 
| num_employees =
| num_employees_year = 
| parent = [[Ministry of New and Renewable Energy]]
| divisions =
| subsid =
| module = 
| website = {{URL|http://www.seci.co.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Solar Energy Corporation of India Ltd.''' ('''SECI''') is a [[public sector]] undertaking under the [[Ministry of New and Renewable Energy]], [[Government of India]], established to facilitate the implementation of the [[National Solar Mission]] (NSM).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/energy/power/solar-energy-corporation-of-india-plans-to-set-up-more-solar-plants/articleshow/52084659.cms |title=Solar Energy Corporation of India plans to set up more solar plants - The Economic Times |publisher=Economictimes.indiatimes.com |date=2016-05-03 |access-date=5 September 2016}}</ref> The company's mandate has been broadened to cover the entire [[renewable energy]] domain. The company attained ''Navratna'' status in 2024, which allows the organisation to undertake substantial investments of up to ₹1,000 crore without needing approval from the centre. SECI has also been designated as one of the Renewable Energy Implementing Agencies (REIA) by the Government for the addition and expansion of Renewable Energy capacity in the country.

The company is responsible for implementation of several government schemes,<ref>{{cite web|author=Our Bureau |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/policy/solar-energy-corporation-to-be-renamed/article7350491.ece |title=Solar Energy Corporation of India to be renamed | Business Line |publisher=Thehindubusinessline.com |date=2015-06-24 |accessdate=2016-09-05}}</ref> major ones being the VGF schemes for large-scale grid-connected projects under NSM, solar park scheme and grid-connected solar rooftop scheme, along with a host of other specialised schemes.

In addition, SECI has ventured into solar project development on a turnkey basis for several PSUs.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.delhimetrorail.com/press_reldetails.aspx?id=v9OvBWAncl58Ylld |title=Delhi metro signs mou with solar energy corporation of India, to jointly take up off site solar power project update |publisher=Delhimetrorail.com |date=2013-09-17 |accessdate=5 September 2016}}</ref> The company also has a power-trading licence and is active in this domain through trading of solar power from projects set up under the schemes being implemented by it.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://seci.gov.in/content/innerpage/introduction.php|title=Introduction :: Solar Energy Corporation of India (SECI), A Government of India Enterprise|website=seci.gov.in|access-date=2016-05-15}}</ref> [[Indian Renewable Energy Development Agency|IREDA]], [[REC Limited|REC]], and Tusco Ltd. are some of the public sector rivals in the same space.

== Background ==
SECI was incorporated in the year 2011 as a not-for-profit company (Sec 25 of the Companies Act, 1956) and converted to a [[Business|commercial company]] in 2015 (Sec 3 of the Companies Act, 2013). SECI releases tenders for the selection of Renewable Energy (RE) developers for the establishment of Projects on a Pan-India or State-specific basis. The selection process for successful bidders is conducted through a tariff-based competitive [[Online auction|e-bidding]] procedure.<ref>https://www.newindianexpress.com/business/2024/Nov/21/seci-the-central-psu-at-heart-of-adani-bribery-allegations</ref>

SECI invited bids to set up 2000MW inter-state grid-connected solar power projects. SECI will be paid US$265 million under this tender.

Though SECI was not meant to make profits, it made profits of ₹12 crores in 2014–15, following which the [[Union Council of Ministers|Union Cabinet]] under the chairmanship of Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] gave its approval to SECI to:
# Converting it into Section 3 Company under the Companies Act, 2013
The major impact of the decision will be:
# SECI will become a self-sustaining and self-generating organisation with its own solar power plants that will generate and sell power. It will also help the company in other segments of solar sector activities, including the manufacturing of solar products and materials, since it was not allowed earlier.
# SECI will become RECI after a change of its name and then will take up development of all segments of renewable energy, namely, geothermal, offshore wind, tidal, etc., apart from solar energy.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |date=2011-09-20 |title=Conversion of Solar Energy Corporation of India from Section 8 company to Section 3 company under the Companies Act, 2013 and renaming it as Renewable Energy Corporation of India (RECI) |url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=122756 |access-date=5 September 2016 |publisher=Pib.nic.in}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite web |date=2015-06-25 |title=Solar Energy Corp of India converted into commercial entity |url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/XIpVpcMMkTjIqZRY08pWdN/Solar-Energy-Corp-of-India-converted-into-commercial-entity.html |access-date=5 September 2016 |publisher=Livemint}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/policy/solar-energy-corporation-to-be-renamed/article7350491.ece|title=Solar Energy Corporation of India to be renamed|date=24 June 2015|newspaper=The Hindu Business Line|access-date=14 February 2017|language=en}}</ref>
#In 2016, SECI also faced huge challenges. Since India's reverse auction mechanism has not stabilized the market and system in 2016, SECI has conducted 9 auctions. However, most of the projects were unable to proceed normally, and many bids were under-subscribed.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Kandpal|first1=Divik|last2=Dhingra|first2=Tarun|date=2021-09-01|title=Migrating to reverse Auction mechanisms in wind energy sector: Status and challenges|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301421521002226|journal=Energy Policy|language=en|volume=156|article-number=112352|doi=10.1016/j.enpol.2021.112352|bibcode=2021EnPol.15612352K |issn=0301-4215|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==See also==
* [[Solar power in India]]
* [[Central Electronics Limited]] (CEL)
* [[Tata Power Solar]]
* [[Solairedirect]]

{{Energy Ministries and Departments of India}}
{{SPIN}}

[[Category:2011 establishments in Delhi]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 2011]]
[[Category:Government-owned companies of India]]
[[Category:Government-owned energy companies of India]]
[[Category:Ministry of New and Renewable Energy]]
[[Category:Companies based in New Delhi]]
[[Category:Solar energy companies of India]]

Rakesh Pandey (actor)

2026-03-15T04:02:15Z

CelestaWolf314: made stub!

{{Short description|Indian actor (1940–2025)}}
{{About|the actor|the politician from Punjab|Rakesh Pandey (politician)|the politician from Uttar Pradesh|Rakesh Pandey (politician, born 1952)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Rakesh Pandey
| birth_name =
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1940|04|09}}
| birth_place = [[Ambala]], [[East Punjab]], [[Dominion of India|India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|2025|03|21|1940|04|09}}
| death_place = [[Mumbai]], Maharashtra, India
| alma_mater = [[Indian Film and Television Institute]]
| occupation = Actor
| years_active = 1969–2023
| spouse =
| website =
}}

'''Rakesh Pandey''' (9 April 1940 – 21 March 2025) was an Indian actor in [[Hindi]] and [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] films. He appeared in TV serials such as ''[[Chotti Bahu]]'' and ''Dehleez''. He was an alumnus of the [[Indian Film and Television Institute]], [[Pune]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.virtualpune.com/html/channel/entertain/movie/html/ftti.shtml |title=FTII-Film and Television Institute of India, Pune |publisher=Virtualpune.com |date= |accessdate=20 August 2012}}</ref><ref>IMDb
https://m.imdb.com
Rakesh Pandey(1940-2025)</ref>

== Life and career ==
Born in [[Ambala]] [[East Punjab]], Rakesh graduated from Shamsher High School [[Nahan]] in 1961. He was a graduate of [[Bhartendu Academy of Dramatic Arts]]. In 1966, he left the Indian Film and Television Institute and joined the [[Indian People's Theatre Association|IPTA]]. His film debut came in 1969 in ''[[Sara Akash]]'', based on the novel by [[Rajendra Yadav]], and directed by [[Basu Chatterjee]]. He was awarded the President's Award. As a Bhojpuri actor,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.anjoria.com/v1/films/bc216-shad-kumar.htm |title=Filmi Halchal : News from Bhojpuri Film Industry |publisher=Anjoria.com |date= |accessdate=20 August 2012 |archive-date=13 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200713082708/http://www.anjoria.com/v1/films/bc216-shad-kumar.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> he received the fourth [[Bhojpuri Film Award]] for Lifetime Achievement. He acted in the first [[Bhojpuri cinema|Bhojpuri]] TV serial ''Sanchi Piritia''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bhojpatra.net/pathakrss.asp?a_id=127 |title=Manoj Bhawuk :: राकेश पाण्डेय से मनोज भावुक के बात-चीत :: Bhojaptara Devanagari :: Bhojpuri Literature Online in Devanagari |publisher=Bhojpatra.net |date= |accessdate=20 August 2012}}</ref>

==Death==
Rakesh Pandey died from a cardiac arrest on 21 March 2025, at the age of 84. He died at 8:50 AM at Arogya Nidhi Hospital, Juhu, [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Veteran Actor Rakesh Pandey passes away At 77 due to cardiac arrest |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/veteran-actor-rakesh-pandey-passes-away-at-77-due-to-cardiac-arrest/articleshow/119343200.cms |website=The Times of India |date=22 March 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Hungama |first1=Bollywood |title=Veteran actor Rakesh Pandey passes away at 77 due to cardiac arrest : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/veteran-actor-rakesh-pandey-passes-away-77-due-cardiac-arrest/ |language=en |date=22 March 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Entertainment |first1=ABP Live |title=Veteran Actor Rakesh Pandey Dies At 77 Due To Cardiac Arrest |url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/celebrities/veteran-actor-rakesh-pandey-dies-at-77-due-to-cardiac-arrest-1759662 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en |date=22 March 2025}}</ref>

==Filmography==

=== Films ===
{{div col|colwidth=25em}}
*''The Rise of Sudarshan Chakra'' (2023) as Dada ji
*''Malik Ek'' (2010) as Collector Sahib
*''Staying Alive'' (2007) as Pandey
*''[[Indian (2001 film)|Indian]]'' (2001)... Raw Chief
*''[[Dil Chahta Hai]]'' (2001)
*''[[Hasina Dacait]]'' (2001)
*''[[Champion (2000 film)|Champion]]'' (2000) as Mukhtar Ahmed
*''Brij Kau Birju'' (1999) Brajbhasha dialect
*''[[Sar Kati Laash]]'' (1999)
*''[[Bhishma (1996 film)|Bhishma]]'' (1996)
*''[[Taqdeerwala]]'' (1995) as Suraj's dad
*''[[Beta Ho To Aisa]]'' (1994)
*''Gopalaa'' (1994)
*''[[Santaan]]'' (1993) Defence Lawyer
*''[[Pyar Ka Tarana|Pyar Ka Taraana]]'' (1993)
*''[[Adharm (1992 film)|Adharm]]'' (1992) as Bharat Verma
*''Mehboob Mere Mehboob'' (1992) as Ranjha's brother
*''[[Eeshwar (1989 film)|Eeshwar]]'' (1989)
*''Chintamani Surdas'' (1988)
*''Jawani Ki Lahren'' (1988)
*''108 Teerthyatra'' (1987) as Rajkumar Uttam Kumar
*''[[Zevar]]'' (1987) as Gagan
*''[[Yudh (film)|Yudh]]'' (1985) as Rahim
*''[[Bhaiya Dooj]]'' (1984) as Mohan
*''Chandani Bani Chudel'' (1984)
*''[[Maya Bazaar]]'' (1984/II) as Shri Krishna
*''[[Paanchwin Manzil]]'' (1983)
*''[[Apradhi Kaun? (1982 film)|Apradhi Kaun?]]'' (1982)
*''Sant Gyaneshwar'' (1982)
*''[[Mahabali Hanuman]]'' (1981) as Shri Ram
*''Nai Imarat'' (1981)
*"[[Dharti Maiyaan]]" (1981)
*''[[Abdullah (1980 film)|Abdullah]]'' (1980) as Yashoda's husband
*''Gori Dian Jhanjran'' (1980) as Choudhary
*''[[Manzil (1979 film)|Manzil]]'' (1979) as Prakash Mariwalla
*''[[Balam Pardesia]]'' (1979)
*''[[Mera Rakshak]]'' (1978) as Mangal
*''[[Darwaza]]'' (1978)
*''[[Toote Khilone]]'' (1978)
*''[[Yehi Hai Zindagi]]'' (1977)
*''[[Zindagi (1976 film)|Zindagi]]'' (1976) as Ramesh R. Shukla
*''Aarambh'' (1976)
*''[[Jeevan Jyoti (1976 film)|Jeevan Jyoti]]'' (1976) as Harbhans
*''Andolan'' (1975)
*''[[Apne Dushman]]'' (1975) as Singh
*''[[Himalay Se Ooncha]]'' (1975) as Captain George
*''Mutthi Bhar Chawal'' (1975)
*''[[Zindagi Aur Toofan]]'' (1975)
*''Ek Gaon ki Kahani (1975)''
*''[[Do Chattane]]'' (1974) as Ramzan
*''Shatranj Ke Mohre'' (1974)
*''Shikwa'' (1974)
*''Ujala Hi Ujala'' (1974) as Ajit
*''[[Woh Main Nahin]]'' (1974)
*''[[Dil Ki Rahen]]'' (1973)
*''[[Haathi Ke Daant]]'' (1973)
*''Intezaar'' (1973)
*''[[Kunwara Badan]]'' (1973)
*''[[Amar Prem]]'' (1972) as Anand Babu's Brother-in-law
*''[[Anokha Daan]]'' (1972)
*''[[Man Jaiye]]'' (1972) as Ajay Sharma
*''[[Rakhwala (1971 film)|Rakhwala]]'' (1971) (as Rakesh Panday) as Suresh
*''[[Do Raha]]'' (1971)
*''[[Sara Akash]]'' (1969) (as Rakesh) as Samar Thakur
{{div col end}}

=== Serials ===
*''[[Jaat Ki Jugni]]'' (2017) as Khazan Singh Dahiya
*''[[Dehleez (2009 TV ,series)|Dehleez]]'' (2009)
*''[[Chotti Bahu]]'' (2008)
*''Aek Chabhi Hai Padoss Mein'' (2006)
*''[[Pyaar Ke Do Naam: Ek Raadha, Ek Shyaam]]'' (2006) TV series as Brijkishore - Raadha's father
*''[[Devi (TV series)|Devi]]'' (2003) TV series
*''[[Shaktimaan]]'' (2002) as Pandit Vidhadhar Shastri - Shatimaan's adoptive father
*''[[Piya Binaa]]'' (2000) as Ayub Khan's father
*''Kahkashaan'' (1992) as Majaz Lucknowi - Urdu poet
*''[[Saans]]'' (1999) TV mini-series
*''Aakhri Chaal'' (1985) (TV)
* 2002 Ghar Sansaar as Shashikant

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|id=0659244|name=Rakesh Pandey}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pandey, Rakesh}}
[[Category:1948 births]]
[[Category:2025 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Bhojpuri cinema]]
[[Category:Film and Television Institute of India alumni]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:People from Sirmaur district]]
[[Category:Male actors from Mumbai]]

M. Kumaran Son of Mahalakshmi

2026-03-10T15:57:59Z

CelestaWolf314: fixed formatting for consistency

{{short description|2004 film by M. Raja}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| image = M. Kumaran Son of Mahalakshmi.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[M. Raja]]
| writer = Prasanna Kumar (dialogues)
| screenplay = M. Raja
| story = [[Puri Jagannadh]]
| producer = M. Raja
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Ravi Mohan]]
*[[Asin]]
*[[Nadhiya]]
*[[Prakash Raj]]
}}
| cinematography = [[Balasubramaniem]]
| editing = S. Surajkavee
| music = [[Srikanth Deva]]
| studio = Jayam Productions
| released = {{Film date|2004|10|01|df=yes}}
| runtime = 168 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''M. Kumaran Son of Mahalakshmi''''' is a 2004 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[sports drama]] film co-written and directed by [[M. Raja]], starring [[Ravi Mohan]] (credited as Jayam Ravi), [[Asin]], [[Nadhiya]], and [[Prakash Raj]], while [[Vivek (actor)|Vivek]] and [[Subbaraju]] play supporting roles. This marks the [[Tamil language|Tamil]] debut of Asin and the return of Nadhiya after a hiatus. The film's score and soundtrack are composed by [[Srikanth Deva]]. It is a remake of the Telugu film ''[[Amma Nanna O Tamila Ammayi]]'', also starring Asin in her reprised role from the original version. The film became a blockbuster and one of the most profitable movies of 2004.

== Plot ==
For Kumaran, life revolves around his mother, Mahalakshmi, who is separated from his father, Easwar. Easwar pursued his passion for [[kickboxing]], becoming a world-renowned trainer based in [[Malaysia]]. Meanwhile, Mahalakshmi has remained in [[Chennai]], devoting her life to raising Kumaran. Kumaran is also passionate about kickboxing and shares a special relationship with his mother. However, her death shatters his world. On her deathbed, she asks him to meet his father, so he travels to Malaysia to do so. He finds work at his father's kickboxing academy, but he also discovers that his father has remarried and had a daughter named Swapna with his new wife, Shalini. Kumaran feels betrayed and angry, which causes plenty of friction between them. Meanwhile, Easwar is training a boxer named Anand, whom he believes will win the championship. He considers Anand his protégé and often shows favouritism towards him over Kumaran. However, Anand soon gets Swapna pregnant and leaves her. Kumaran finds out when he follows Swapna and Shalini to a pet shop, where they are buying insect repellent to kill themselves with. They attempt suicide, but Kumaran saves them. He then betrays Easwar by joining another team when they offer him a better contract. The rest of the story follows Easwar training Kumaran to compete against Anand in a kickboxing competition, while Kumaran helps his half-sister with matters of the heart. Kumaran wins the kickboxing championship. The film ends with Kumaran seeing a final apparition of his mother looking at him proudly and waving goodbye.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Ravi Mohan]] as M. Kumaran
* [[Asin]] as Mythili alias Malabar
* [[Nadhiya]] as Mahalakshmi, Kumaran's mother
* [[Prakash Raj]] as Easwar, Kumaran's father
* [[Vivek (actor)|Vivek]] as Ganesh, Kumaran's friend
* [[Aishwariyaa Bhaskaran|Aishwarya]] as Shalini, Easwar’s second wife
* Deepu as Swapna, Easwar and Shalini’s daughter
* [[Subbaraju|Subburaj]] as Anand
* [[J. Livingston|Livingston]] as Sheikh Fakhrudeen
* [[Manobala]] as Ganesh's father
* [[Vennira Aadai Moorthy]] as Namboothri
* [[Vaiyapuri]] as Velu
* [[Janagaraj]] as the inspector
* [[R. S. Shivaji]] as Constable Sambandham
* [[Jyothi Lakshmi]] as Malabar's aunt
* [[O. A. K. Sundar]] as Kumaran's coach
* [[Bonda Mani]] as assistant priest
* [[Muthukaalai]] as a man at the mall
* [[Cool Suresh]] as a rowdy
* Nandha Saravanan as a rowdy
* Shanthi Anandraj as Mahalakshmi's colleague
* Vijay Ganesh as a devotee
* Master Chandrahasan as young Kumaran<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 May 2006 |title=Chandrahasan acts in 'Vanjagan' with Suman – Sujibala |url=http://www.cinesouth.com/masala/hotnews/new/15052006-4.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060826131455/http://www.cinesouth.com/masala/hotnews/new/15052006-4.shtml |archive-date=26 August 2006 |access-date=25 October 2023 |website=Cinesouth}}</ref>
* Freddy Odiyo as an emcee
*''Osthe'' J. Ram as henchman
* [[Kalyan (choreographer)|Kalyan]] (in the song "Tamizh Nattu Manava")
* [[Ragasya]] (in the song "Yaaru Yaaru Ivano")
* [[Vijay Sethupathi]] as a boxing student (uncredited)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Karthik |first=Janani |date=17 December 2012 |title='I was rejected even for the role of a junior artist' |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/I-was-rejected-even-for-the-role-of-a-junior-artist/articleshow/17646577.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160324152247/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/I-was-rejected-even-for-the-role-of-a-junior-artist/articleshow/17646577.cms |archive-date=24 March 2016 |access-date=28 March 2025 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
}}

== Production ==
After the success of ''[[Jayam (2003 film)|Jayam]]'' (2003), Raja decided to remake the successful Telugu film ''[[Amma Nanna O Tamila Ammayi]]'' (2003).<ref name="R">{{cite news |date=12 October 2007 |title=Raja of remakes |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/raja-of-remakes/article3023879.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214085959/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/raja-of-remakes/article3023879.ece |archive-date=14 December 2019 |access-date=23 August 2018 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The film was originally titled ''M. Kumaran S/O Bhagyalakshmi''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 February 2004 |title='Remake' Ravi is back! |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/remake-ravi-is-back-news-tamil-kkfvNLfjbeisi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170901202407/http://www.sify.com/movies/remake-ravi-is-back-news-tamil-kkfvNLfjbeisi.html |archive-date=1 September 2017 |access-date=1 September 2017 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> Raja made a few modifications to the film including adding a child episode to the film's introduction after his father [[Editor Mohan]] suggested it.<ref name="Interview">{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4Wp-d1Ku6nA |title=Mohan Raja Emotional 🥺 "அப்பாதான் ரொம்ப கஷ்டப்பட்டாரு 😓படம் ஓடாதுன்னு சொன்னாங்க..காரணம்" | M.Kumaran |date=13 March 2025 |language=ta |publisher=Rednool |time=22:03-22:10; 23:00-23:11 |access-date=13 May 2025 |via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> Unlike ''Amma Nanna O Tamila Ammayi'' which featured both the mother and father characters living in India, ''M. Kumaran Son of Mahalakshmi'' featured the father's character living in Malaysia.<ref name="Interview" />

[[Nadhiya]] made her acting comeback with this film portraying Ravi's mother as Raja felt that he wanted to portray her as a modern mother as opposed to the usual portrayal of mothers, and she was the right choice for the role.<ref name="R" /> Some of the comedy scenes were reused from ''[[Ishq (1997 film)|Ishq]]'' (1997).<ref name="S" /> This film marked [[Vijay Sethupathi]]'s first noticeable role and he was seen during Ravi Mohan's introduction sequence. He was paid ₹71 rupees for his role.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K89bFfXEa80 |title="அம்மா சாகுற Scene 🥺 Ravi தடுமாறி, அப்போ அண்ணன் சொல்லக்கூடாத வார்த்தைய சொன்னேன்" 😱 Mohan Raja |date=14 March 2025 |language=ta |publisher=Rednool |time=2:39-3:37 |access-date=13 May 2025 |via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> Asin and Prakash Raj reprised their roles from original Telugu version.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mannath |first=Malini |date=8 March 2004 |title=M Kumaran son of Mahalakshmi |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/film/Newlaunches/03kumaran.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040920024607/http://www.chennaionline.com/film/Newlaunches/03kumaran.asp |archive-date=20 September 2004 |access-date=7 January 2026 |website=Chennai Online}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The songs and background score was done by [[Srikanth Deva]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2004 |title=M. Kumaran S/O Mahalakshmi |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/m.-kumaran-so-mahalakshmi/K94R0Y96DOg_ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220808232547/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/m.-kumaran-so-mahalakshmi/K94R0Y96DOg_ |archive-date=8 August 2022 |access-date=18 April 2023 |website=[[JioSaavn]] |language=en}}</ref> The song "Ayyo Ayyo" [[Interpolation (popular music)|interpolated]] the Malaysian song "Hati Kama", composed by Pak Ngah.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 May 2018 |title=Anirudh's Kalyana Vayasu song is not plagiarised, but these tracks are |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/tamil-copied-songs-tamil-music-copy-cats-1238775-2018-05-22 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190719165516/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/tamil-copied-songs-tamil-music-copy-cats-1238775-2018-05-22 |archive-date=19 July 2019 |access-date=19 July 2019 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref> The song "Chennai Senthamizh" is based on "Chennai Chandrama" from the original, which in turn is based on "Mahaganapathim" by [[Muthuswami Dikshitar]], and is set in the raga [[Nata (raga)|Nattai]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vandhana |date=6 June 2016 |title=Song Of The Day – Chennai Senthamizh |url=https://silverscreenindia.com/movies/news/song-of-the-day-chennai-senthamizh/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418133506/https://silverscreenindia.com/movies/news/song-of-the-day-chennai-senthamizh/ |archive-date=18 April 2023 |access-date=18 April 2023 |website=Silverscreen India}}</ref> The original composers of both of these songs were not given credit.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 December 2004 |title=Borrowing tunes! |url=http://sify.com/movies/tamil/fullstory.php?id=13635848 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050326124246/http://sify.com/movies/tamil/fullstory.php?id=13635848 |archive-date=26 March 2005 |access-date=8 April 2024 |work=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 38:45
| title1 = Chennai Senthamizh
| extra1 = [[Harish Raghavendra]]
| lyrics1 = [[Na. Muthukumar]]
| length1 = 4:17
| title2 = Neeye Neeye
| extra2 = [[KK (singer)|KK]]
| lyrics2 = [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]]
| length2 = 6:19
| title3 = Ayyo Ayyo
| extra3 = [[Udit Narayan]], [[Pop Shalini|Shalini Singh]]
| lyrics3 = [[Yugabharathi]]
| length3 = 5:47
| title4 = Vacchuka Vacchukava
| lyrics4 = Srikanth Deva
| extra4 = KK, [[Srilekha Parthasarathy]]
| length4 = 5:25
| title5 = Yaaru Yaaru Ivano
| lyrics5 = [[Kabilan (lyricist)|Kabilan]]
| extra5 = [[Devan Ekambaram|Devan]], [[Febi Mani]]
| length5 = 5:13
| title6 = Tamizh Nattu Maanava
| lyrics6 = [[Pa. Vijay]]
| extra6 = [[Shankar Mahadevan]], [[Premgi Amaren]]
| length6 = 5:22
| title7 = Neeye Neeye
| lyrics7 = Vaali
| extra7 = Srikanth Deva
| note7 = II
| length7 = 6:22
}}

==Reception==
=== Critical reception ===
Malathi Rangajan of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote, "casting is a main draw", praising the inclusion of Nadhiya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=8 October 2004 |title=M. Kumaran Son of ... |url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2004/10/08/stories/2004100802130301.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041122114949/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2004/10/08/stories/2004100802130301.htm |archive-date=22 November 2004 |access-date=28 December 2015 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Sify]]'' wrote "MKSM begins on a fresh note but peters off in the latter half into a mushy sentimental drama that is so predictable with no reason or logic".<ref name="S">{{Cite web |date=2 October 2004 |title=M.Kumaran son of Mahalakshmi |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/m-kumaran-son-of-mahalakshmi-review-tamil-pclv9ocjffice.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171203224518/http://www.sify.com/movies/m-kumaran-son-of-mahalakshmi-review-tamil-pclv9ocjffice.html |archive-date=3 December 2017 |access-date=28 March 2025 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> G. Ulaganathan of ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' felt Ravi looked "quite uncomfortable in the presence of actors like Prakash Raj" and that Vivek "tends to do an action replay of some of his earlier films" and Malaysia "could have been better used" but appreciated Nadhiya's acting.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ulaganathan |first=G. |date=2 January 2005 |title=M Kumaran S/O Mahalakshmi |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/jan022005/mr4.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050204170927/http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/jan022005/mr4.asp |archive-date=4 February 2005 |access-date=27 March 2025 |website=[[Deccan Herald]]}}</ref> [[Rediff.com]] listed the film amongst the "best Tamil films of 2004", stating that the film was "a big success".<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 December 2004 |title=The Best Tamil Films, 2004 |url=http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2004/dec/21sld8.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160929194222/http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2004/dec/21sld8.htm |archive-date=29 September 2016 |access-date=28 December 2015 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref>

The film went on to become a commercial success and a major leap in Jayam Ravi's career.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 October 2004 |title=The family 'connection' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/the-family-connection/article28350960.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250328154727/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/the-family-connection/article28350960.ece |archive-date=28 March 2025 |access-date=28 March 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

=== Box-office ===
The film collected share of {{INR}}54 [[lakh]] in 40 days in Chennai.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 November 2004 |title='Jayam' Ravi is victorious second time! |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/jayam-ravi-is-victorious-second-time-news-tamil-kkfvDWiaahbsi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140909131225/http://www.sify.com/movies/jayam-ravi-is-victorious-second-time-news-tamil-kkfvDWiaahbsi.html |archive-date=9 September 2014 |access-date=2 September 2017 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{M. Raja}}

[[Category:2000s sports drama films]]
[[Category:2004 sports films]]
[[Category:2004 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2004 films]]
[[Category:2004 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Mohan Raja]]
[[Category:Films scored by Srikanth Deva]]
[[Category:Films shot in Malaysia]]
[[Category:Indian boxing films]]
[[Category:Indian sports drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil remakes of Telugu films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language sports drama films]]

Moner Manush (1997 film)

2026-03-07T06:15:51Z

CelestaWolf314: small edit

{{for|2010 Bangladesh & Indian film|Moner Manush (2010 film)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Moner Manush
| image =
| caption =
| director = [[Sujit Guha]]
| producer =
| writer =
| story =
| screenplay =
| starring = [[Prosenjit Chatterjee]] [[Rituparna Sengupta]] [[Shakti Kapoor]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gomolo.com/moner-manush-movie-cast-crew/14997|title=Moner Manush (1997) Cast and Crew|work=gomolo.com|accessdate=2015-05-26}}</ref>
| music = Dilip Sen-Sameer Sen
| cinematography = Goutom Basu
| editing =
| studio = Sahabadi Films
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1997|||df=y}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Bengali
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Moner Manush''''' ([[English language|English]]: ''Ideal Person'') is a 1997 [[romantic film|romantic]] [[action film]] directed by [[Sujit Guha]] featuring [[Prosenjit Chatterjee]] and [[Rituparna Sengupta]] in the lead roles.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.in.com/tv/movies/etv-bangla-115/moner-manush-30316.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402135141/http://www.in.com/tv/movies/etv-bangla-115/moner-manush-30316.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2015-04-02|title=Moner Manush movie|work=in.com|accessdate=2015-06-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/moner-manush-37169|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190824110413/https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/moner-manush-37169|url-status=live|archive-date=24 August 2019|title=Moner Manush (1997) - Review, Star Cast, News, Photos|website=Cinestaan|access-date=2019-08-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gomolo.com/moner-manush-movie/14997|title=Moner Manush (1997)|website=gomolo.com|access-date=2019-08-24}}</ref> It is a remake of 1983 hit movie ''[[Betaab]]''. It was a box office success.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-08-18 |title=Prasenjit and Rituparna, unbeatable combination of Bengali Film industry – News18 Bangla |url=https://bengali.news18.com/news/entertainment/prasenjit-and-rituparna-unbeatable-combination-of-bengali-film-industry-205911.html |access-date=2023-03-31 |website=News18 Bengali |language=bn}}</ref>

==Plot==
{{no plot|date=July 2018}}

==Cast==
*[[Prosenjit Chatterjee]] as Rahul
*[[Rituparna Sengupta]] as Payel
*[[Shakti Kapoor]] as Major
*[[Subhendu Chatterjee|Shubhendu Chatterjee]] as Rahul's Father
*[[Biplab Chatterjee]] as Aziz
*[[Dilip Ray]] as Payel's Father
*[[Aparajita Auddy]] as Payel's friend

==Soundtrack==
{| class="wikitable"
! # !! Title !! Singer(s) !! Duration
|-
| 1
| Hasle Je Misti Kore
| [[Kumar Sanu]] [[Sadhana Sargam]]
| 3:57
|-
| 2
| Moner Manush Fire Pelam
| Kumar Sanu [[Sadhana Sargam]]
| 5:20
|-
| 3
| Tan Tana Tan
| [[Alka Yagnik]]
| 4:27
|-
| 4
| Tumi Chara Keu Nei (Female)
| Alka Yagnik
| 4:16
|-
| 5
| Ei Mon Bholate Tomari
| Kumar Sanu Deepa Narayan
| 4:29
|-
| 6
| Tumi Chara Keu Nei (Male)
| Kumar Sanu
| 4:43<ref>{{cite web|url=http://webmusic.in/bengali_music.php?id=864-Moner-Manush-1997-Bengali-Movie-Mp3-Song|title=Moner Manush Movie Songs|work=webmusic.in|accessdate=2015-06-07}}</ref>
|-
|7
|Kolkata Kolkata
|Kumar Sanu
|3:50
|-
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|4249112}}

{{Sujit Guha}}

[[Category:1997 films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]
[[Category:1997 Bengali-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Sujit Guha]]
[[Category:Bengali remakes of Hindi films]]

Mr. Bakra

2026-03-04T07:31:44Z

CelestaWolf314: starting the post w/ refs

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Mr. Bakra
| image = Mr. Bakra.jpg
| caption = VCD cover
| director = Vasanth
| producer = B. G. Babu Reddy
| writer =
| screenplay =
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Jaggesh]]
*[[Sujibala|Rohini]]
}}
| music = [[V. Manohar]]
| cinematography = Janardhan Babu
| editing = Rajashekhar Reddy
| studio = Kalalaya Chithra
| released = {{film date|2005|5|20|df=yes}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Kannada
}}
'''''Mr. Bakra''''' is a 2005 Indian Kannada-language comedy film directed by Vasanth starring [[Jaggesh]] and [[Sujibala|Rohini]]. This is Jaggesh's 101st film and released to mixed reviews.

==Plot==
Gopal, son of coconut merchant Bettappa is trapped by Shankar who loots him in the guise of making him a movie hero. Gopal vows to go back to his village only after recovering his amount.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.filmibeat.com/kannada/movies/mr-bakra/story.html#synopsis | title=Mr Bakra: Story, Preview, First Day Box Office Collection - FilmiBeat | access-date=26 November 2023 | archive-date=26 November 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231126060108/https://www.filmibeat.com/kannada/movies/mr-bakra/story.html#synopsis | url-status=live }}</ref>

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Jaggesh]] as Gopal
* [[Sujibala|Rohini]]
* [[Mukhyamantri Chandru]] as Shankar
* [[Srinivasa Murthy]] as Gowda Bettappa
* [[Bank Janardhan]]
* [[Honnavalli Krishna]]
* [[M. N. Lakshmi Devi]]
* [[Vaijanath Biradar]] as Beggar
* Padmini Nanda as Shankar's wife
* [[Komal (actor)|Komal Kumar]] as Director (guest appearance)
}}

==Production==
This film marks the return of [[Jaggesh]] to films after being involved in politics. [[Sujibala]] made her Kannada debut with the stage name of Rohini.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.viggy.com/english/current_bakra.asp|title=Jaggesh returns to acting|work=Viggy|access-date=25 November 2023|archive-date=31 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031140604/http://www.viggy.com/english/current_bakra.asp|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack of the film was composed by [[V. Manohar]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Mr. Bakra (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) - EP by V. Manohar |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/mr-bakra-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1366649564 |website=[[Apple Music]] |access-date=24 November 2023 |date=31 August 2014 |archive-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326132148/https://music.apple.com/us/album/mr-bakra-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1366649564 |url-status=live }}</ref>
{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Metgontho Nange
| length1 = 5:19
| lyrics1 = [[V. Manohar]]
| extra1 = [[Jaggesh]], Sangeetha Madhuri
| title2 = Hannu Maagidare
| length2 = 4:15
| lyrics2 = V. Manohar
| extra2 = [[Rajesh Krishnan]], [[Nanditha (singer)|Nanditha]]
| title3 = Rajani Rathi Rajani
| length3 = 4:38
| lyrics3 = V. Manohar
| extra3 = Rajesh Krishnan, Nanditha
| title4 = Bhamini Rukmini
| length4 = 5:21
| lyrics4 = Bhangiranga
| extra4 = Jaggesh
| total_length = 19:33
}}

== Reception ==
A critic from ''[[Vijaya Karnataka]]'' wrote that "The only plus point of the film is Jaggesh. Once again he has proved that his body language and timing are still good. Whether in the guise of Krishna, or in the context of wearing a lot of gold, his performance should be enjoyed".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kannada.filmibeat.com/reviews/230505bakra.html|title=ಪ್ರತಿ ಚಿತ್ರದಲು ಅವತರಿಪ ಬಕ್ರಾವತಾರ!|work=[[Vijaya Karnataka]]|via=[[Oneindia|Filmibeat]]|date=25 January 2003|language=kn|access-date=25 November 2023|archive-date=25 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210725150005/https://kannada.filmibeat.com/reviews/230505bakra.html|url-status=live}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Chitraloka.com]]'' wrote that "Debutant director Vasanth is good in bits and pieces. The comedy scenes he has carved to suit the image of 101 films young Jaggesh is hilarious. Jaggesh still has the fine timing and comedy sense".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://202.65.151.11/movie-reviews/651-mister-bhakra-review.html|title=Mister Bhakra Movie Review|work=[[Chitraloka.com]]|access-date=25 November 2023|archive-date=5 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231105075321/http://202.65.151.11/movie-reviews/651-mister-bhakra-review.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt14803382}}

[[Category:Indian comedy films]]
[[Category:2005 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2005 Indian films]]

Tamanna (1942 film)

2026-03-03T23:08:34Z

CelestaWolf314: creating details

{{EngvarB|date=August 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Tamanna
| image = Tamanna_(1942).jpg
| caption =
| director = [[Phani Majumdar]]
| producer = Chimanlal Trivedi
| writer =
| narrator =
| starring = [[Leela Desai]] [[P. Jairaj]] [[Karan Dewan]] [[K. C. Dey]]
| music = [[Manna Dey]] [[K. C. Dey]]
| cinematography = Bibhuti Laha
| editing =
| studio = Laxmi Productions
| distributor = Supreme Film Distributors
| released = {{Film date|1942|06|20|df=y}}
| runtime =
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Tamanna''''' is a [[Bollywood]] [[film]]. It was released in 1942.<ref name="Gomolo">{{cite web|url=http://www.gomolo.com/tamanna-movie/1070|title=Tamanna (1942)|publisher=Gomolo.com|access-date=12 August 2012|archive-date=8 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180708221905/http://www.gomolo.com/tamanna-movie/1070|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="RajadhyakshaWillemen1999">{{cite book|last1=Rajadhyaksha|first1=Ashish|last2=Willemen|first2=Paul|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian cinema|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediaofi0000raja|url-access=registration|access-date=12 August 2012|year=1999|publisher=British Film Institute|isbn=978-0-85170-669-6 }}</ref> The film was directed by [[Phani Majumdar]], who also wrote the screenplay, for the Laxmi Productions Ltd. banner. This was the first film from the Laxmi banner, which had been started by Chimanlal Trivedi who earlier headed Circo Productions. ''Tamanna'' was also the renowned dancer, [[Leela Desai]]'s, first film in Bombay. The main cast included Leela Desai, [[P. Jairaj]], [[Karan Dewan]], Jagdish Sethi and [[K. C. Dey]], who besides acting, composed the music. S. K. Kalla wrote the dialogue and lyrics.<ref name=Filmindia>{{cite journal|last1=Patel |first1=Baburao|title=Our Review-Tamanna|journal=Filmindia|date=August 1942|volume=8|issue=8 |pages=69 |url=https://archive.org/stream/filmindia194208unse#page/n617/mode/2up/search/Tamanna|access-date=9 August 2015|ref=Leela Desai Entertains Bombay Crowds!}}</ref>

Leela Desai, had previously worked in films made in Calcutta, like ''[[Vidyapati (film)|Vidyapati]]'' (1937), ''[[President (1937 film)|President]]'' (1937), ''Kapal Kundala'' (1939), ''[[Nartaki (1940 film)|Nartaki]]'' (1940) and ''Jiban Maran'' (1940).<ref name=LeelaDesai>{{cite web|title=Leela Desai|url=http://www.citwf.com/detailPerson.asp?personID=152028&sortOn=YEAR&sortBy=UP|website=citwf.com|publisher=Alan Goble|access-date=9 August 2015}}</ref> [[Nargis]] and [[Suraiya]] appeared as the child actresses in the film and "charmed the audiences".<ref name="Rishi2012">{{cite book|author=Tilak Rishi|title=Bless You Bollywood!: A Tribute to Hindi Cinema on Completing 100 Years |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r623sWyGm0sC&pg=PA74|access-date=9 August 2015|year=2012|publisher=Trafford Publishing|isbn=978-1-4669-3963-9|pages=74–|chapter=Bright Little Stars}}</ref>

The story revolves around two people, Ramesh and Uma, who are in love with each other. Uma forgoes her love for Ramesh in order to help him fulfill his mission by marrying someone else.

==Plot==
Ramesh ([[P. Jairaj]]) is a straightforward young man with a desire to help mankind. He works as an engineer in a mill, and is interested in inventive research. Half his income is spent on that, and the rest on the betterment of the villagers. Uma ([[Leela Desai]]), is a wealthy young girl and lives with her brother, who is a Professor. She can not avail of money entitled to her till she gets married. Uma and Ramesh meet when they share a taxi. They soon fall in love but Ramesh's ideals come in the way. Uma marries someone else in order to procure the money for Ramesh to fulfill his mission.

==Cast==
=== Main Cast ===
* [[Leela Desai]] as Uma
* [[P. Jairaj|Jairaj]] as Ramesh
* [[Jagdish Sethi|Jagdish Shethi]] as Arabind
* [[K. C. Dey]] as Ramdas
* Shanta Kumari as Shanti
* [[Karan Dewan]] as Anupam
* Shankerlal as Mr. Mehta
* Majid as Chimanbhoy

=== Supporting cast ===
* [[Suraiya]] as Baby Suraiya
* [[Nargis (actress)|Nargis]] as Baby Rani
* Kashinath as Kashinath

==Review==
In his review of ''Tamanna'', [[Baburao Patel]], editor of the cine-magazine ''[[Filmindia]]'' of August 1948, commented, "The fundamental defect in the picture is the poor story, poorly presented". He put the blame of this on director Phani Majumdar. He praised Leela Desai, Jairaj, and Jagdish, with a special mention for K. C. Dey's acting "K. C. Dey attracts attention with his emotional work in certain tense moments".<ref name=Filmindia/>

==Soundtrack==
The music was composed by [[Manna Dey]] and the background score composed by [[K. C. Dey]] with lyrics by S. K. Kalla.<ref name=MySwar>{{cite web|title=Tamanna (1942)|url=http://myswar.com/album/tamanna-1942|website=myswar.com|publisher=MySwar|access-date=9 August 2015|archive-date=18 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160418153054/http://myswar.com/album/tamanna-1942|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Song list===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! # !! Title
|-
| 1
| "Rani Meri Rani Hai"
|-
| 2
| "Jaago Aayi Usha"
|-
| 3
| "Hoshiyar Musafir Ab Na Chalega"
|-
| 4
| "Kaan Mere Kuch Sunte Hain"
|-
| 5
| "Bhabhi Bhool Kar Ke Dekh"
|-
| 6
| "Jo Teri Awaaz Pe Koi Na Aave"
|-
|7
| "Hai Kaun Des Tumhara Musafir"
|-
|8
| "Ri Mere Paar Nikas Gaya"
|-
|9
| "Yun Yaad Mein Tumhari Dil"
|-
| 10
| "Aao Aao Door Se Aao"
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id = 0236787 }}

[[Category:1942 films]]
[[Category:1942 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1942 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:1942 drama films]]
[[Category:Hindi-language drama films]]

Saptagiri Sankar Ulaka

2026-03-03T12:28:39Z

CelestaWolf314: cleaned up structure for accuracy further and fixed typos

{{short description|Member of the Lok Sabha}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}

{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Saptagiri Sankar Ulaka
| native_name =
| image = Saptagiri Ulaka 2025 Koraput.png
| caption =

| office1 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| term_start1 = 23 May 2019
| term_end1 =
| predecessor1 = [[Jhina Hikaka]]
| successor1 =
| constituency1 = [[Koraput (Lok Sabha constituency)|Koraput]]

| office2 = [[All India Congress Committee|AICC]] Incharge for [[Tripura Pradesh Congress Committee|Tripura PCC]], [[Manipur Pradesh Congress Committee|Manipur PCC]], [[Nagaland Pradesh Congress Committee|Nagaland PCC]], [[Sikkim Pradesh Congress Committee|Sikkim PCC]]
| term_start2 = 14 February 2025
| term_end2 =
| predecessor2 = [[Girish Chodankar]]

| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1979|01|1|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Rayagada]], [[Odisha]], India
| otherparty =
| alma_mater = [[Utkal University]]
| profession =
| spouse = {{marriage|Pooja Ulaka|2013}}
| father = [[Ramachandra Ulaka]]
| mother = Ratnamani Ulaka
}}

'''Saptagiri Sankar Ulaka''' (born January 1, 1979) is an Indian tribal politician, software professional and tribal rights activist from Rayagada, Koraput. A member of the [[Indian National Congress]] (INC), he is one of the party’s tribal leaders from eastern India and currently chairs the Parliamentary Standing Committee on Rural Development & Panchayati Raj.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rural Development and Panchayati Raj |url=https://prsindia.org/parliamentary-committees/rural-development |access-date=August 9, 2025 |website=PRS Legislative Research |language=en-US}}</ref> The panel has been vocal on revision of [[Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, 2005|MNREGA]] wages and ease of wage/labour payments.<ref>{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=2025-03-13 |title=Congress highlights recommendations of Parliament panel calling for MGNREGS wage revision |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/congress-highlights-recommendations-of-parliament-panel-calling-for-mgnregs-wage-revision/article69325527.ece |access-date=August 9, 2025 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Currently he is appointed as the '''AICC In-charge''' for [[Tripura]], [[Manipur]], [[Nagaland]], and [[Sikkim]].<ref>{{Cite news |author=((The Hindu Bureau)) |date=2025-02-14 |title=Congress carries out extensive organisational reshuffle after a series of losses in Assembly polls |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/congress-appoints-new-general-secretaries-state-in-charges/article69220790.ece |access-date=August 9, 2025 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2025-03-05 |title=Party will leave no stones unturn to bring better governance and form Congress Government by 2028: MP Saptagiri Sankar Ulaka |url=https://nagalandtribune.in/party-will-leave-no-stones-unturn-to-bring-better-governance-and-form-congress-government-by-2028-mp-saptagiri-sankar-ulaka/ |access-date=August 9, 2025 |website=Nagaland Tribune |language=en-US}}</ref>

Elected to the 17th [[Lok Sabha]], lower house of the [[Parliament of India]] from [[Koraput (Lok Sabha constituency)|Koraput]], [[Odisha]] in the [[2019 Indian general election]] as a member of the [[Indian National Congress]]. Saptagiri retained his seat again by winning with a margin of 1,47,744 votes in the [[2024 Indian general election]]. He is currently the only member from [[Odisha Pradesh Congress Committee|Odisha Congress]] in the Lok Sabha<ref>{{cite web |title=Koraput (Odisha) election 2019: A triangular battle among BJD, Congress, BJP leaders |date=14 May 2019 |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/elections/article/koraput-odisha-election-2019-koraput-election-results-candidates-voter-population-polling-percentage/403787 |publisher=TimesNow |access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref><ref name="Bullish Wins & Bearish Losses: Here are the key contests and results of 2024 Lok Sabha polls">{{cite news|last1=The Economic Times|title=Bullish Wins & Bearish Losses: Here are the key contests and results of 2024 Lok Sabha polls|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/lok-sabha/india/bullish-wins-bearish-losses-here-are-the-key-contests-of-2024-lok-sabha-results/articleshow/110713130.cms?from=mdr|accessdate=27 July 2024|date=6 June 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240727153249/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/lok-sabha/india/bullish-wins-bearish-losses-here-are-the-key-contests-of-2024-lok-sabha-results/articleshow/110713130.cms?from=mdr|archivedate=27 July 2024}}</ref><ref name="Koraput Constituency Lok Sabha Election Result 20242">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-constituencies/odisha/koraput|title=Koraput Constituency Lok Sabha Election Result 2024|date=4 June 2024|access-date=24 March 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250324144036/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-constituencies/odisha/koraput|archive-date=24 March 2025|work=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Full list of Odisha Lok Sabha elections 2024 winners">{{cite news |date=5 June 2024 |title=Full list of Odisha Lok Sabha elections 2024 winners |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/full-list-of-odisha-lok-sabha-elections-2024-winners-9365721/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250324144254/https://indianexpress.com/elections/full-list-of-odisha-lok-sabha-elections-2024-winners-9365721/ |archive-date=24 March 2025 |access-date=24 March 2025 |publisher=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Saptagiri hails from a political family of South Odisha belonging to the [[Jatapu people|Jatapu]] tribal community, his father was a veteran politician and lawmaker [[Ramachandra Ulaka]] who was a two term MP from Koraput and seven time MLA from [[Rayagada Assembly constituency|Rayagada]].<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2019/apr/02/siblings-battle-it-out-in-fathers-name-1959068.html |title = Odisha polls: Rama Chandra Ulaka's sons to battle it out in father's name | date=2 April 2019 }}</ref> Saptagiri's mother Ratnamani Ulaka is a member of AICC and State Vice President of Odisha Mahila Congress.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Saptagiri Sankar Ulaka |url=https://indianexpress.com/about/saptagiri-sankar-ulaka/ |access-date=2025-08-12 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=archive |first=From our online |date=2019-04-02 |title=Odisha polls: Rama Chandra Ulaka's sons to battle it out in father's name |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2019/Apr/02/siblings-battle-it-out-in-fathers-name-1959068.html |access-date=2025-08-13 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

Saptagiri knows [[Kui language (India)|Kui]], [[Odia language|Odia]], [[English language|English]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Hindi]], and [[Germany|German]]. This linguistic exposure has shaped his focus on grassroots advocacy and policy-level reforms enabling him to bridge the gap between the indigenous peoples and that of rest of India. Saptagiri Sankar Ulaka is married to Pooja Ulaka who is a social activist & social entrepreneur. The couple together have two children Nandini & Ramachandra Ulaka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=My best wishes to Nandini Ulaka (Nandu) & Ramachandra Ulaka (Rishu) - my two tribal warriors on their Namakaran Utsav. |url=https://twitter.com/saptagiriulaka/status/1432336585429643265 |access-date=2022-05-15 |website=Twitter |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Congress's lone MP from Odisha on food security, Aadhaar and the condition of his party |url=https://caravanmagazine.in/politics/congresss-lone-mp-from-odisha-on-food-security-aadhaar-and-the-condition-of-his-party |access-date=2025-08-12 |website=caravanmagazine.in |language=en}}</ref>

== Professional career ==
Saptagiri, a software engineer, employed as a Senior Project Manager at Infosys in the [[United States]]. He held positions at companies including Ranbaxy and HCL Technologies. His corporate experience, which spans domestic and international work, provided him with expertise in structured project delivery, multi-stakeholder management, and technology-driven solutions. He later applied these skills to roles in his constituency and governance.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ulaka |first=Saptagiri |date=September 15, 2022 |title="Another productive day meeting Dr Tomhiko Taniguchi (Special Adviser to Prime Minister Abe....." |url=https://x.com/saptagiriulaka/status/1570419426981449728 |website=www.x.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ulaka |first=Saptagiri |date=December 24, 2022 |title="Wonderful dinner meet with Ambassador of Japan to India Shri Hiroshi Suzuki." |url=https://x.com/saptagiriulaka/status/1606615556840648705 |website=www.x.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dahl4K7zF9Q |title=Saptagiri Sankar Ulaka {{!}} The Constitution ST Order Amend & The Constitution (SC&ST) Order Amend 2024 |date=2024-02-08 |last=Sansad TV |access-date=2025-08-09 |via=YouTube}}</ref><ref name=":1" />

==Political career==
He has been instrumental in raising his voice for a High Court Bench in undivided Koraput among many other issues that are pertinent to the welfare and development of Koraput.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://orissadiary.com/koraput-mp-saptagiri-ulaka-urges-center-high-court-bench-undivided-koraput/|title=Koraput MP Saptagiri Ulaka Urges Center For High Court Bench in Undivided Koraput|last=OdAdmin|date=2019-07-27|website=OdishaDiary|language=en-US|access-date=2019-07-31}}</ref> The Parliamentary Constituency of Koraput & South Odisha at large have benefitted due to an upgraded airport at Jeypore after consistent demands in the Lok Sabha for the upgradation of the existing Jeypore airstrip into a full fledged commercial airport by Saptagiri.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Flight operations in Odisha's Jeypore airport to start by year-end |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2021/feb/13/flight-operations-in-odishas-jeypore-airport-to-startby-year-end-2263477.html |access-date=2022-05-14 |website=The New Indian Express |date=13 February 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Debate : Loksabha |url=http://loksabhaph.nic.in/Debates/DebateAdvSearch17.aspx |access-date=2022-05-14 |website=loksabhaph.nic.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Saptagiri Sankar Ulaka {{!}} PRSIndia |url=https://prsindia.org/mptrack/17-lok-sabha/saptagiri-sankar-ulaka |access-date=2022-05-14 |website=PRS Legislative Research |language=en-US}}</ref> The [[Jeypore Airport]] since June 2022 has been commercially operational.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-06 |title=Good news for frequent flyers! Flight services from Jeypore airstrip from June |url=https://sambadenglish.com/good-news-for-frequent-flyers-flight-services-from-jeypore-airstrip-from-june/ |website=sambadenglish.com |access-date=2022-05-14 |language=en-US}}</ref> Saptagiri has also been raising the voice of the Opposition in the Lok Sabha and in protests on bringing attention to the rising violence amongst women in Odisha.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-03-11 |title=Ulaka highlights increase in crimes against women in LS |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/ulaka-highlights-increase-in-crimes-against-women-in-ls/articleshow/118888082.cms |access-date=2025-08-09 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-26 |title=After suspension, Congress MLAs clash with police outside Odisha Assembly |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/after-suspension-congress-mlas-clash-with-police-outside-odisha-assembly-9907342/ |access-date=2025-08-09 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OPRABVZbSNQ |title=Saptagiri Ulaka Slams Modi Model In Odisha {{!}} Vows To Raise Issue In Parliament |date=2025-03-26 |last=Kanak News |access-date=2025-08-09 |via=YouTube}}</ref> Due to the Koraput MPs sustained efforts mobile and cellular connectivity has greatly increased in [[Koraput district|Koraput]] and [[Rayagada district|Rayagada]] districts of Odisha where the hilly terrain makes it extremely challenging to set up mobile towers. Saptagiri through the Universal Service Obligation Fund(USOF)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Universal Service Obligation Fund (USOF){{!}} National Portal of India |url=https://www.india.gov.in/spotlight/universal-service-obligation-fund-usof |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250617102322/https://www.india.gov.in/spotlight/universal-service-obligation-fund-usof |archive-date=17 June 2025 |access-date=2025-08-23 |website=www.india.gov.in |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> has initiated and completed the erection of 1482 mobile towers at a cost of 1350 crore rupees (US$160 million).<ref>{{Cite web |title=MP Saptagiri's sustained effort paved the way for mobile connectivity in Rayagada, Koraput districts |work=Odisha Diary |url=https://orissadiary.com/mp-saptagiris-sustained-effort-paved-the-way-for-mobile-connectivity-in-rayagada-koraput-districts/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241103123619/https://orissadiary.com/mp-saptagiris-sustained-effort-paved-the-way-for-mobile-connectivity-in-rayagada-koraput-districts/ |archive-date=3 November 2024 |access-date=2025-08-13 |language=en-US |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=MINISTRY OF COMMUNICATIONS DEPARTMENT OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS |first=GOVERNMENT OF INDIA |date=17 July 2019 |title=AU3889.pdf |url=https://sansad.in/getFile/loksabhaquestions/annex/171/AU3889.pdf |website=sansad.in}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025}}</ref>

== Roles ==

* '''Chairperson''', Standing Committee on Rural Development & Panchayati Raj (2024–present).<ref>{{Cite news |author=((The Hindu Bureau))|date=2025-07-01 |title=NDA MPs walk out protesting Medha Patkar's presence at meet of House panel on rural development |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/nda-mps-walk-out-protesting-medha-patkars-presence-at-meet-of-house-panel-on-rural-development/article69760380.ece |access-date=2025-08-09 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
* '''Member''', Standing Committee on Food, Consumer Affairs and Public Distribution (2019–present)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Centre |first=National Informatics |title=Digital Sansad |url=https://sansad.in/ls |access-date=2025-08-12 |website=Digital Sansad |language=en}}</ref>
* '''Member''', Committee on Papers Laid on the Table (2019–present)<ref name=":0" />
* '''Member''', Consultative Committee, Ministry of Steel <ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Meeting of the Parliamentary Consultative Committee for Ministry of Steel held at Shimla on “Transition towards Green Steel” |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1823217 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220506085212/https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1823217 |archive-date=6 May 2022 |access-date=2025-08-23 |website=www.pib.gov.in |url-status=live }}</ref>
* '''Member''', Consulatative Committee On Defence (2024–present)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Centre |first=National Informatics |title=Digital Sansad |url=https://sansad.in/ls |access-date=2025-08-22 |website=Digital Sansad |language=en}}</ref>
* '''AICC In-charge''' for Tripura, Manipur, Nagaland, Sikkim (2025–present)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian National Congress |url=https://inc.in/ |access-date=2025-08-23 |website=Indian National Congress |language=en}}</ref>
* '''Participant''' in the India-Japan Forum 2024 edition (a platform for Indian and Japanese leadership on the future of bilateral and strategic partnerships through deliberation and collaboration)<ref>{{Cite web |title=IndiaJapanForum |url=https://indiajapanforum.in/# |access-date=2025-08-12 |website=indiajapanforum.in}}</ref>

== Parliamentary Interventions ==
1. Recognition of Jhodia & Dhurua Community

Ulaka has introduced a Private Member’s Bill seeking Scheduled Tribe status for the Jhodia and Dhurua communities. On 21 February 2025, he met President [[Droupadi Murmu]] to press for the restoration of ST status for the Jhodia, which had been excluded since 1997. Ministry confirmed the proposal was under review by the Registrar General of India and the NCST.<ref>{{Cite web |last=odishabarta |date=2025-02-22 |title=Delegation from Rayagada met President Murmu on Jhodia Tribal Status Right & Soura Language Recognition {{!}} |url=https://odishabarta.com/delegation-from-rayagada-met-president-murmu-on-jhodia-tribal-status-right-soura-language-recognition/ |access-date=2025-08-12 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-08-04 |title=Jhodias meet MP, demand tribal status |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/jhodias-meet-mp-demand-tribal-status/articleshow/102409623.cms |access-date=2025-08-12 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

2. Forest Rights Act (FRA)

He questioned Ministry of Tribal Affairs on implementation gaps.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Climate Change Mitigation Actions, Question No. 804 |url=https://sansad.in/getFile/loksabhaquestions/annex/178/AU804.pdf?source=pqals |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240507200006/https://sansad.in/getFile/loksabhaquestions/annex/178/AU804.pdf?source=pqals |archive-date=7 May 2024 |access-date=2025-08-09 |website=sansad.in |url-status=live }}</ref> Govt reply (May 2025): 5.12 million claims filed nationwide, 2.51 million titles granted; Odisha filed 736,172 claims, received 470,899 titles and demanded reduction in rejection rates and faster title issuance.

3. Adjournment Motion on Crimes Against Women

July 2025 motion cited: 54 gang rapes, 36,420 missing women, 8,403 missing children, 421 trafficking cases, 26 hostel student deaths.Called for hostel safety norms, legal aid, trauma counselling, and fast-track courts.

4. Balasore Self-Immolation

Raised in Zero Hour and via adjournment motion (22 July 2025).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sethy |first=Itishree |date=2025-07-21 |title=FM College Case: MP Saptagiri Ulaka Pushes for Urgent Institutional Reform in Parliament |url=https://pragativadi.com/fm-college-case-mp-saptagiri-ulaka-pushes-for-urgent-institutional-reform-in-parliament/ |access-date=2025-08-09 |website=Pragativadi |language=en-US}}</ref> Proposed POSH-compliant grievance systems, campus counselling units, and institutional accountability mechanisms.

5. Infrastructure & Connectivity

Advocated for Jeypore Airport commercial operations. He pushed for NH-326 bypass completion and departmental execution after failed private bids. Called for a permanent High Court bench in undivided Koraput.

6. Eklavya Model Residential Schools

Flagged that one-third of sanctioned EMRS were non-functional and pressed for teacher recruitment and infrastructure completion.

7. Agricultural Policy

Questioned MSP policy for tribal crops and also has promoted GI-tagged Kalajeera rice for domestic and export markets.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5nRVoE1SyEA |title=LS {{!}} Saptagiri Sankar Ulaka {{!}} Demands for Grants under the control of MoA & FW for 2025-26 |date=2025-03-21 |last=Sansad TV |access-date=2025-08-13 |via=YouTube}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Indicationtag |first1=the Dongria Kondhs of Odisha are poised to receive a Geographical |last2=tag |first2=while Koraput Kalajeera Rice has been granted the esteemed GI |date=2023-09-07 |title=Odisha: GI Tags For Rayagada Shawls And Koraput's Kala Jeera Rice |url=https://currentaffairs.adda247.com/odisha-gi-tags-for-rayagada-shawls-and-koraputs-kala-jeera-rice/ |access-date=2025-08-13 |website=adda247 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

8. Minority Rights

Protested in Parliament over the arrest and harassment of Catholic nuns in Chhattisgarh.

9. Air Connectivity: Jeypore Airport

Ulaka championed the upgradation of the Jeypore airstrip into a commercial airport under the [[UDAN]] regional connectivity scheme. The airport now operates regular flights to [[Bhubaneswar]] and [[Visakhapatnam]], boosting trade and tourism in South Odisha.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ulaka |first=Saptagiri |date=11 February 2021 |title=Government of India, Ministry of Civil Aviation, Lok Sabha Unstarred Question No.: 1740 |url=https://sansad.in/getFile/loksabhaquestions/annex/175/AU1740.pdf?source=pqals }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Cong MP Saptagiri Ulaka slams Centre, State govt for 'neglecting' southern and western Odisha |url=https://odishatv.in/news/politics/cong-mp-saptagiri-ulaka-slams-centre-state-govt-for-neglecting-southern-and-western-odisha-180602 |access-date=2025-08-12 |website=Cong MP Saptagiri Ulaka slams Centre, State govt for 'neglecting' southern and western Odisha |language=en}}</ref>

10. Industrial Development: Kansariguda Alumina Refinery

Ulaka raised the issue of the stalled Kansariguda Alumina Refinery project, noting that land had been acquired over 14 years earlier but the plant remained incomplete. He called for its immediate commissioning to create jobs and boost the local economy.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ulaka |first=Saptagiri |date=9 July 2022 |title=Regarding establishment of Alumina refinery Unit in Kansariguda, Odisha. |url=https://eparlib.sansad.in/bitstream/123456789/1038769/1/8319.pdf }}</ref>

11. Education: Kendriya Vidyalaya, Jeypore and Central University of Odisha

In the 17th Lok Sabha, Ulaka made a ''Special Mention'' demanding the establishment of a Kendriya Vidyalaya in Jeypore to cater to the educational needs of the region.<ref>{{Cite book |title=LOK SABHA DEBATES(Original Version) Fifteenth Session (Seventeenth Lok Sabha) |date=February 8, 2024 |publisher=Lok Sabha Secretariat |edition=Seventeenth Series, Vol. XXIX No. 7 |location=New Delhi, India |pages=142, 188, 195, 200, 204, 216 |language=English}}</ref> He has also pressed the [[Ministry of Education (India)|Union Ministry of Education]] to expedite recruitment of faculty at the Central University of Odisha, Koraput, to address significant staff shortages.<ref>{{Cite web |last=archive |first=From our online |date=2019-07-05 |title=Koraput MP Saptagiri Ulaka seeks Centre help on Central University of Odisha faculty crunch |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2019/Jul/05/koraput-mp-saptagiri-ulaka-seeks-centre-help-on-central-university-of-odisha-faculty-crunch-1999770.html |access-date=2025-08-12 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=9 July 2020 |title=MP Koraput Saptagiri Sankar Ulaka visits Central University of Odisha |url=https://cuo.ac.in/DOC/Press-Release-09072020.pdf |work=CENTRAL UNIVERSITY OF ODISHA, KORAPUT, OFFICE OF THE PUBLIC RELATIONS}}</ref>

=== Electoral performance ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Election
!colspan="2"|Party
!Constituency Name
!Result
!Votes gained
!Vote share%
!Margin
|-
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|[[17th Lok Sabha]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|rowspan=2|[[Koraput (Lok Sabha constituency)|Koraput]]
|{{Won}}
|3,71,129
|34.36%
|3,613
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|[[18th Lok Sabha]]
|{{Won}}
|4,71,393
|41.03%
|1,47,744<ref name="2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Koraput">{{cite news |date=4 June 2024 |title=2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Koraput |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S1821.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250324144147/https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S1821.htm |archive-date=24 March 2025 |access-date=24 March 2025 |publisher=Election Commission of India}}</ref>
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{18th LS members from Odisha}}
{{17th LS members from Odisha}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ulaka, Saptagiri Sankar}}
[[Category:1979 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Rayagada district]]
[[Category:India MPs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Odisha]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Odisha]]
[[Category:People from Koraput district]]
[[Category:India MPs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance candidates in 2024 Indian general election]]

Ajas, Jammu and Kashmir

2026-03-01T12:17:46Z

CelestaWolf314: fixes

{{More citations needed|date=February 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2020}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Ajas
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Village]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Jammu and Kashmir#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Jammu and Kashmir, India
| coordinates = {{coord|34.33|N|74.67|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|Union territory]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of Jammu and Kashmir|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Bandipora district|Bandipora]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsils of India|Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name3 = Ajas<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bandipore.nic.in/tehsil/|title=Tehsils of Bandipore district|work=District Bandipore|accessdate=16 October 2020}}</ref>
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 12961
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]], [[Urdu]], [[Hindi]], [[Dogri language|Dogri]], [[English language|English]]<ref name="OfficialLang">{{cite web |url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2020/222037.pdf |title=The Jammu and Kashmir Official Languages Act, 2020 |publisher=The Gazette of India|date=27 September 2020 |access-date=27 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title=Parliament passes JK Official Languages Bill, 2020 | work=Rising Kashmir | date=23 September 2020 | url=http://risingkashmir.com/news/parliament-passes-jk-official-languages-bill-2020 | access-date=23 September 2020 | archive-date=24 September 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924141909/http://risingkashmir.com/news/parliament-passes-jk-official-languages-bill-2020 | url-status=dead }}</ref>
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 193502<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.postalpincodefor.com/pin-code-of-Ajas/Bandipora/Baramulla/Jammu-And-Kashmir|title=Ajas Pin Code|work=Postal Pin Code For|accessdate=17 March 2020}}</ref>
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Ajas''' is a tehsil town located in [[Bandipora district]] of the [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. The town is located at a distance of 39 kilometers from capital '''Srinagar''' and 21 kilometres from the district headquarters [[Bandipore]]. The town is situated on the banks of the famous and largest freshwater lake of India, the [[Wular Lake]]. Its circumference is partly bound by huge mountains and dense green forests.

The is one of the wildlife area and only one wildlife range in Bandipora. There are hundreds of Wild Animals like, Leopard, Black Bear, Mask Dear and many other Wild Animals. A large stream flows through the village and is called the "BudKul".

Conservation of Protected Area Networks Ajas through maintenance of species composition, enhancing food availability for flagship species, and protection by the State Wildlife Department

Strengthening the existing network of protected areas and establishment of new bird sanctuaries in the unprotected areas in the stretch of '''Ajas''' as '''bird sanctuary''' / community reserves would help protection of resident and migratory species from '''Central Asia'''

==Demographics==
According to the [[2011 census of India]], Ajas has 1908 households.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ourhero.in/villages/ajas-2777|title=Ajas Population|work=Our Hero.in|accessdate=17 March 2020}}</ref> The literacy rate of Ajas village was 56.88% compared to 67.16% of Jammu and Kashmir. In Ajas, Male literacy stands at 68.91% while the female literacy rate was 44.24%.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Demographics (2011 Census)
! !! Total !! Male !! Female
|-
| Population || 12961 || 6726 || 6235
|-
| Children aged below 6 years || 2160 || 1190 || 970
|-
| [[Scheduled caste]] || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| [[Scheduled tribe]] || 2483 || 1293 || 1190
|-
| Literacy || 56.88% || 68.91% || 44.24%
|-
| Workers (all) || 3966 || 2857 || 1109
|-
| Main workers (total) || 2172 || – || –
|-
| Marginal workers (total) || 1794 || 870 || 924
|}

==Transport==
===Road===
Ajas is connected by road with other places in Jammu and Kashmir and India by the Bandipora-Srinagar Road, Ganderbal-Mansbal Road, etc.

===Rail===
The nearest railway stations to Ajas are [[Sopore railway station]] and [[Baramulla railway station]], located at a distance of 29 and 38 kilometres from Ajas.

===Air===
The nearest airport is [[Sheikh ul-Alam International Airport|Srinagar International Airport]] located at a distance of {{cvt|49|km}} respectively.

=== Places ===
----'''Shrine of Hazrat Syed Jaffar Ud Din Bukhari (RA)'''

Located in '''Ajas''', on the Bandipora–Srinagar Road '''-''Hazrat Syed Jaffar Ud Din Bukhari (RA)''''' was born in the 12th century in the historic city of Bukhara, in present-day Uzbekistan. Coming from a noble lineage known for its piety and deep spiritual roots, he became a towering figure in the spiritual history of the region. His life, marked by devotion and wisdom, left an enduring impact on generations of seekers.

Hazrat Jaffar Ud Din Bukhari (RA) passed away in the 13th century. His final resting place in '''Ajas, Bandipora''', along the '''Srinagar-Bandipora Road''', has since become a revered shrine. Today, it stands as a serene place of devotion, attracting pilgrims and spiritual seekers who come to draw inspiration and solace from his legacy.

'''Wular Lake'''

'''Wular Lake''' (Urdu pronunciation: [[Help:IPA/Hindi and Urdu|[ʋʊlər]]]), also known as '''Wolar''' (Kashmiri pronunciation: [[Help:IPA|[ʋɔlar]]]) in [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]], is one of the largest [[fresh water]] lakes in [[South Asia]].

'''Ajas''' is close to '''Wular Lake,''' which is known for its immense size and ecological significance. The lake supports a diverse range of flora and fauna and serves as a habitat for various bird species.

The lake's size varies seasonally from 30 to 189 square kilometres. In addition, much of the lake has been drained as a result of willow plantations being built on the shore in the 1950s

'''Orchard'''

'''Bagh-I-Nabla''' (Jan’s) is a private orchard owned by '''Nabla Begum''', belonging to one of the most notable families of Ajas, popularly known as the Jans of Ajas. Located just 1.2 kilometres from the revered Shrine of '''Hazrat Syed Jaffar-ud-Din Bukhari (RA'''), the orchard offers a serene retreat where nature and spirituality blend harmoniously. During the apple season, selective guests may pre-arrange '''apple picking''', while the summer months provide an ideal setting to relax amidst lush greenery and stunning mountain views. Enhancing its unique charm, the iconic '''Wular Lake'''—Asia’s largest freshwater lake—is directly visible from the orchard, offering breathtaking vistas and a truly tranquil experience..<ref>{{Cite journal |date=2005 |title=Finding Local Census Information |url=https://doi.org/10.5040/9798400680403.0010 |journal=Local and Regional Government Information |pages=77–94 |doi=10.5040/9798400680403.0010|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

=== Personalties ===
----The most notable people of '''Ajas''' includes: The, “'''Jan'''” family of '''Kashmir'''- direct descendants of the great martyr- '''Qazi Syed Musa Shaheed (RA)''', have carried forth his legacy with honor. Their lives are a living testament to the values of justice, charity, and unyielding integrity. They embody the spirit of '''Qazi Syed Musa Shaheed (RA),''' their deeds a reflection of their revered ancestor's enduring courage.

From the storied lineage of '''Qazi Mir Ali Bukhari,''' who hailed and traveled to Kashmir on invitation of Sultan Zainulabidin ( Budshah) around '''15th century''' from '''Bukhara''', Central Asia.However, very little is known preceding their migration from '''''Bukhara to Kashmir'''''. His arrival was akin to a divine gift.

'''Qazi Syed Musa Shaheed (RA)''' stands as an immortal beacon, his legacy a radiant flame that defies the darkness. His story, intertwined with the “Jan`s” family's enduring contributions, is a profound reminder that true greatness is born from unwavering faith and the courage to uphold justice, no matter the cost. In the celestial cradle of Kashmir—where mountains embrace the heavens and rivers sing ageless songs—there lived a figure of sublime virtue: '''Qazi Syed Musa Shaheed (RA)'''. His tale is not merely of resistance but of an eternal flame that defied the encroaching shadows of tyranny, a narrative etched into the very soul of the land.

=== Notable ===
The prominent family of "'''Ajas"''' , known as the '''Jan's''', originally migrated from '''Central Asia''' to Srinagar, Kashmir around 15th century . Due to political persecution, they later relocated to Bandipora, Kashmir. Some members of the family initially settled in Qazipora, Bandipora, before gradually spreading to other parts of Bandipora and its surrounding areas.

*'''Qazi Syed Mohammad Jan''' ( Spiritual leader ) & '''Qazi Syed Ahad Jan''' ( Social leader )
*'''''Qazi Syed Ghulam Nabi Jan''''' ( Chairman, Land Development Bank & Social Activist )
*'''''Qazi Syed Ghulam Ali Jan''''' (Assistant Conservator Forest, Government of Jammu & Kashmir )

==See also==
*[[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
*[[Bandipora district]]
*Patushay
*[[Wular Lake]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Jammu and Kashmir}}

[[Category:Villages in Bandipora district]]
[[Category:Tehsils of Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)]]

Chamba, Uttarakhand

2026-02-17T17:58:01Z

CelestaWolf314:

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{About|the town in [[Uttarakhand]]|the municipality in [[Himachal Pradesh]]|Chamba, Himachal Pradesh}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Chamba, Uttarakhand
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Town]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Uttarakhand#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttarakhand, India
| coordinates = {{coord|30.21|N|78.23|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = [[Country]]
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttarakhand]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Tehri Garhwal district|Tehri Garhwal]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 4
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 1524
| population_total = 7,771
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]] , [[Sanskrit]]
| demographics1_title2 = Native
| demographics1_info2 = [[Garhwali language|Garhwali]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 249145
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 01376
| registration_plate = UK 09
| website = {{URL|uk.gov.in}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Chamba''' is a town and a hill station, nearby [[New Tehri|New Tehri City]] in [[Tehri Garhwal district]] in the state of [[Uttarakhand]], [[India]]. It is situated at a junction of roads connecting [[Mussoorie]] and [[Rishikesh]] with the [[Tehri Dam]] reservoir and [[New Tehri]]. The town is about 50 km from Mussoorie and also near [[Dhanaulti]], [[Surkanda Devi]] Temple, Ranichauri, [[New Tehri]], and [[Kanatal]], [[tipri]] halfway between Chamba and Dhanaulti.Chamba is situated at an altitude of 1600m above sea level. One can reach Chamba in about 7-8 hrs from Delhi via Haridwar, Rishikesh and Narendranagar (290 km).

==Demographics==
{{As of|2011}} India [[census]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/town/800301-chamba-uttarakhand.html|title = Chamba Nagar Palika City Population Census 2011-2021 | Uttarakhand}}</ref>
Chamba is a Nagar Palika city in the district of Tehri Garhwal, Uttarakhand. The Chamba city is divided into seven wards for which elections are held every 5 years. The Chamba Nagar Palika has population of 7,771, of which 4,149 are males while 3,622 are females as per report released by Census India 2011.

Population of Children with age of 0-6 is 1010 which is 13.00% of the total population of Chamba (NPP). In Chamba Nagar Palika, Female Sex Ratio is of 873 against state average of 963. Moreover, the child sex ratio in Chamba is around 857 compared to the Uttarakhand state average of 890. Literacy rate of Chamba city is 89.04% higher than state average of 79.82%. In Chamba, the male literacy rate is around 91.71%, while female literacy rate is 85.99%.

Chamba Nagar Palika has a total administration over 1,971 houses to which it supplies basic amenities like water and sewerage. It is also authorized to build roads within Nagar Palika limits and impose taxes on properties coming under its jurisdiction.

*Caste Factor
Schedule Caste (SC) constitutes 7.73% while Schedule Tribe (ST) were 0.59% of total population in Chamba (NPP).

*Work Profile
Out of the total population, 2,517 were engaged in work or business activity. Of this 2,085 were males while 432 were females. In census survey, a worker is defined as a person who does business, job, service, and cultivator and labour activity. Of total 2517 working population, 85.78% were engaged in Main Work while 14.22% of total workers were engaged in Marginal Work.

==World War 1 and Chamba==
The Chamba area, and indeed, most of Uttarakhand, has rendered in the past deep historical sacrifices during [[World War I]]. The village Manjud was one of the villages of South Asia to produce the most soldiers and volunteers, about 480 who joined various army regiments and served in various theatres of war between 1914-1918<ref>Matched only by [[Dulmial]] village in Punjab, [[Pakistan]]</ref> It is also worth noting that the famous [[Victoria Cross]] recipient, Rifleman [[Gabbar Singh Negi]], also belonged to this area, and an annual fair is still held in Chamba at 21st of April each year<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/uttarakhand/community/fair-celebrating-gabbar-singh-negi-s-bravery-starts/225230.html |title=Fair celebrating Gabbar Singh Negi's bravery starts }}</ref> to commemorate Negi's great and gallant sacrifice as a young man of barely 19 or 20 years. This annual fair and festival is widely attended by many people and is a major tourist attraction.

==See also==
*[[Kanatal]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Wikivoyage|Chamba_(Uttarakhand)|Chamba}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071210172150/http://210.212.78.56/50cities/chamba/english/home.asp Chamba, Official website]
* [http://www.euttaranchal.com/tourism/nature_wildlife/chamba-uttaranchal.php Chamba, Uttarakhand]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070301032842/http://www.gmvnl.com/newgmvn/districts/tehri/excursion.aspx#chamba Chamba at GMVN]
* [http://wikimapia.org/#lat=30.3470281&lon=78.3817005&z=14&l=0&m=a&v=2&show=/7635123/Chamba-Tehri-Garhwal Chamba, Tehri Garhwal] at ''[[wikimapia]]''

{{Tehri Garhwal}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Tehri Garhwal district]]

Rukhsana Kausar

2026-02-10T03:09:32Z

CelestaWolf314: cleanup page and corrected details after review

{{Short description|Indian activist}}
{{about||the Pakistani politician|Rukhsana Kausar (politician)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Rukhsana Kausar
| honorific_suffix = [[Kirti Chakra|KC]]
| image =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth year and age|1989}}
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| body_discovered =
| death_cause =
| resting_place =
| resting_place_coordinates = 
| citizenship = Indian
| other_names =
| known_for = Killed a LeT terrorist and injured another at her residence in Rajouri district.
| alma_mater =
| employer =
| occupation =
| years_active =
| height =
| spouse = Kaber Husain
| partner =
| children =
| parents = Noor Hussain (Father), Rashida Begum (Mother)
| relations = Aijaz (Brother), Waqalat Hussain (Uncle), Kulzum Pari (Aunt)
| callsign =
| awards = [[Kirti Chakra]] Announced [[National Bravery Award]], Cash award of 5Lakhs by J&K government.
 Cash award of Rs 10 lakh by All India Anti-Terrorist Front (AIATF) Chairman M S Bitta.
| signature =
| website =
}}

'''Rukhsana Kausar''' [[Kirti Chakra|KC]] (born 1989) is a [[Gujjar]] woman from Upper Kalsi known for the 2009 shooting of a [[Laskar-E-Taiba|LeT]] terrorist at her home, in [[Nowshera, Jammu and Kashmir|Nowshera]], [[Rajouri district]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] (J&K), India.<ref name=ab/><ref name=cd/><ref name=AK47/><ref name=zee/> She was born to Noor Hussain and Rashida Begum. A Class 10 dropout, she has been awarded the India [[National Bravery Award]], for the killing of a [[Laskar-E-Taiba]] terror cell leader, Abu Osama, at her residence, using an axe and [[AK47]] rifle. She has a younger brother, Aijaz, who helped her chase the other terrorists involved in the home invasion and contact the police afterward.<ref name=cd/><ref name="ef">{{cite web|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-10-31/india/28112630_1_rukhsana-grenade-attacks-rajouri|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025151216/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-10-31/india/28112630_1_rukhsana-grenade-attacks-rajouri|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 October 2012|title=Terrorists attack Jammu braveheart Rukhsana's house|last=PTI|date=31 October 2009|work=[[The Times of India]]|accessdate=26 December 2009}}</ref><ref name="gh">{{cite web|url=http://sify.com/news/i-fear-my-life-in-j-amp-k-rukhsana-news-national-jldrEfdcebh.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214093457/http://www.sify.com/news/i-fear-my-life-in-j-amp-k-rukhsana-news-national-jldrEfdcebh.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=14 December 2013|title=I fear my life in J&K: Rukhsana|last=India Blooms News Service|date=3 November 2009|website=[[Sify]]|accessdate=26 December 2009}}</ref><ref name="zee2">{{cite web|url=http://www.zeenews.com/news569027.html|title=Centre announces bravery award for Rukhsana|date=7 October 2009|publisher=Zeenews.com|accessdate=26 December 2009}}</ref>

She and her brother have received several major awards for their actions.

==Militant Incident==
On a Sunday night at around 9:30 pm, 27 September 2009, three militants came to the house of Waqalat Hussain, Rukhsana's uncle. They had forced him to lead them to his elder brother Noor Hussain's adjoining house. When Noor Hussain did not open the door, the three allegedly broke open a window and entered the house.<ref name="ab" /><ref name=zee2/> By then, he with his wife, Rashida Begum, had hidden Rukhsana beneath a cot.<ref name="ab" /><ref name=AK47/><ref name="op">{{cite web|url=http://www.zeenews.com/news582378.html|title=Brave girl Rukhsana pays homage to Nariman House victims |last=PTI|date=26 November 2009|publisher=Zeenews|accessdate=27 December 2009}}</ref> They demanded Rukhsana be handed over to them. When her parents and younger brother Aijaz tried to resist, the militants started hitting them with rifle butts.<ref name="ab" /><ref name="cd" /><ref name=AK47/> Rukhsana emerged from her hiding place with an [[axe]] and hit the LeT commander on his head.<ref name="ab" /><ref name=AK47/><ref name="op" /><ref name="uv">{{cite web|url=http://twocircles.net/2010jan08/rukhsana_get_bravery_award_taj_hotel_hero_zaheen_mateen_also_list.html|title=Rukhsana to get bravery award, Taj Hotel hero Zaheen Mateen also in the list|last=Admin|date=8 January 2010 |publisher=TCN|accessdate=9 January 2010}}</ref> One of the militants opened fire, injuring Waqalat Hussain in his arm. Other family members joined Rukhsana in attacking the militants.<ref name="ab" /> Rukhsana picked up the commander's [[AK47]] rifle, retrieved another from the other militant, and threw it to her brother. Rukhsana shot the commander, killing him, and she and her brother fired on the other militants, forcing them to flee.<ref name="ab" /><ref name=cd/><ref name=AK47/><ref name="ef" /><ref name="gh" /><ref name=zee2/><ref name="uv" /><ref name="qr">{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/rukhsana-to-be-felicitated-in-gujarat/543017/|title=Rukhsana to be felicitated in Gujarat|last=Express News Service|date=18 Nov 2009 |publisher=Indianexpress.com|accessdate=27 December 2009|location=Ahmedabad}}</ref> Rukshana and her brother then led their family to the Shahdra Shareif police post and handed over the weapons. En route, to ensure that the militants stayed away, her brother fired in the air at regular intervals until they reached the police post.<ref name="ab" />

The militant was later identified as Abu Osama, a commander of [[Laskar-E-Taiba]].<ref name=cd/><ref name=zee2/> According to Rukhsana's mother, he had earlier threatened Rukhsana to beware.<ref name=cd/>

==Critical location==
: ''Main articles: [[Rajouri]] and [[Rajouri district]]''.
Shahdra Sharief in Rajouri district, the place where Rukhsana's house is located, is {{convert|20|mi|km|0}} away from the cease-fire line between the Indian and Pakistani forces. It is close to dense forests known to be a hiding place of the LeT militant group that is believed to have carried out the [[2008 Mumbai attacks]].

==Aftermath==
After her shooting incident, Rukhsana Kausar stated:
: "I don't want a job in Jammu, but in Delhi. The Centre has to give me a job in the capital ...we will be safer there. It's not that I want to leave my house at Rajouri district in J&K, but after that incident, I am sure the terrorists will target me and {{nowrap|my family." –Rukhsana to reporters}}

To ensure the family's protection, a special police post had been set up at Noor Hussain's house. Rukhsana and Aijaz were also offered jobs as Special Police Officers.<ref name="ab" /> The offer was reportedly declined owing to the possibility of violent reprisal in J&K. Instead Rukhsana stated she wanted the center to protect her family and move them to Delhi.<ref name="gh" />

===Revenge attack===
On 31 October 2009, unidentified gunmen threw two hand grenades and fired several rounds at Rukhsana's house at around 10:30 pm.<ref name="ef" /><ref name="gh" /><ref name="st">{{cite web|url=http://nvonews.com/2009/12/18/himachal-to-honor-kashmiri-braveheart-rukhsana/|title=Himachal to honor Kashmiri braveheart Rukhsana|last=Kaira|first=Shalendra|date=18 December 2009|publisher=Northern Voice Online|accessdate=27 December 2009|location=Nahan|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20130130174642/http://nvonews.com/2009/12/18/himachal-to-honor-kashmiri-braveheart-rukhsana/|archivedate=30 January 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The grenades, however, missed and exploded away from her house. Later, the militants again fired from a hilltop, retreating soon afterwards as night fell. As no family members were present at the time, there were no casualties.<ref name=zee/><ref name="ef" /> They had already been moved to a high-security police colony<ref name="ef" /><ref name="st" /> on 7 October 2009, where a government quarter has been allotted to them.<ref name="ef" />

On Tuesday night, 10 November 2009, following a tip-off, the security forces recovered an [[improvised explosive device]] (IED) near Rukhsana's house. It was later defused by a [[bomb disposal]] squad.<ref name=zee/>

== 2013 ==

By 2013, Rukhsana had taken a position as constable in her home town. She had two daughters. She still sought security from the government for her family. She had been awarded the following awards:<ref name="2013 update">{{cite web|url=http://post.jagran.com/rape-accused-should-get-death-penalty-rukhsana-kausar-1359362574|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130130181708/http://post.jagran.com/Rape-accused-should-get-death-penalty-Rukhsana-Kausar-1359362574|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 January 2013|title=Rape accused should get death penalty: Rukhsana Kausar|date=28 January 2013 |publisher=Jagran Post|accessdate=3 Feb 2016|location=Nahan}}</ref>

* National Bravery Award
* Sarvottam Jeevan Raksha Padak
* Sardar Patel Award
* Rani Jhansi Bravery Award
* Astha Award among others

==Abducted earlier==
On 24 July 2009, Rukhsana and her aunt Kulzum Pari were reportedly abducted by local youth Aijaz Sameer and his accomplices. A medical report, however, confirmed that she had not been raped. Rukhsana alleged that the police tried to cover up her abduction and even offered her money to say before the magistrate that she was not abducted. The police closed the case after getting her statement recorded before a judicial magistrate. Rajour SSP Shafqat Watalli also admitted that the girl was indeed abducted. He said that the local police by no means could close the case, and even if it was closed, it will be reopened. He also reportedly said that there might be a link between her abduction and the militants' home invasion.<ref name="cd" />

==Reactions==
Rukhsana, who had never picked up a rifle before that incident, has been the talk of the town. Maulana Amir Mohammad Shamsi, head preacher of Alhuda Jamia Masjid, Rajouri congratulated her saying that it was [[jihad]]. Shahdra Sharief shrine administrator Inayat Hussain Baba said Rukhsana had set an example for others to emulate.<ref name="ab" />

On Tuesday, 29 September 2009, Governor of J&K [[Narinder Nath Vohra]] said that he wanted to recommend Rukhsana for a gallantry award. The Governor also intended to invite her to be honoured at the Raj Bhavan.<ref name="cd" />

President [[Pratibha Patil]], Prime Minister [[Manmohan Singh]] and home minister [[P. Chidambaram]], during their visit to J&K, praised Rukhsana for her act.<ref name="ef" /><ref name="gh" />

==Visiting Nariman House==
On Thursday, 26 November 2009, Rukhsana visited the [[Nariman House]] and paid homage to those killed at the Jewish centre during the [[2008 Mumbai attacks|26/11 terror attacks]]. She paid homage by lighting a candle in the prayer hall of the Nariman House.<ref name="op" />

==In popular culture==
In 2010, Indian Film Director Geetha Krishna announced his film Koffi Shop, which happens to be dedicated to Rukhsana, hailing her as one of the bravest women India has seen lately.

==Felicitations==
On Wednesday, 18 November 2009, the All India Anti-Terrorist Front (AIATF) chairman M S Bitta, at a function organised at the Town Hall on [[Ashram Road]], conferred the Sardar Patel Award on Rukhsana and her brother Aijaz Ahmed for their courageous act. He also presented a cash award of Rs. 1 lakh to both as appreciation of their bravery.<ref name="qr" />

Certain organisations of the [[Nahan]] town in [[Himachal Pradesh]] are planning to honour Rukhsana on 28 December 2009. Rukhsana will be accompanied by her parents and AIATF chief Manjinder Singh Bitta. It will be her first tour to this hilly state. Ashutosh Gupta, the chairman of the Aastha welfare Society said that Rukhsana would be given a cash award of rupees one lakhs. After the Nahan, Rukhsana would also be honored in the state capital on 29 December 2009.<ref name="st" />

==Awards==
*The J&K government has given her a cash award of Rs 5000.<ref name="cd" />
*On 7 October 2009, the center announced [[National Bravery Award]] for Rukhsana.<ref name="gh" />
*On 4 November 2009, she was given the Rani Jhanshi bravery award during a felicitation function held at Durgapura in Jaipur.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.timescontent.com/tss/showcase/related/photos/c1/Bravery_award/1/r/Bravery-award.html|title=Bravery awards photos|publisher=Times contents|accessdate=2 January 2010}}</ref>
*She may also receive a £4,000 reward if, as police believe, the dead terrorist is confirmed as Uzafa Shah, a wanted Pakistani LeT commander who had been active in the area for the past four years.<ref name=AK47/>
*Sardar Patel Award and Cash award of Rs 1 lakh by AIATF, [[Gujarat]] chapter.<ref name="qr" />
*Cash award of Rs 1 lakh by Aastha Welfare Society, [[Nahan]].<ref name="st" />
*On Friday 8 January 2010, the [[President of India]] announced the [[Sarvottam Jeevan Raksha Padak]] for Rukhsana.<ref name="uv" />
*On the eve of [[Republic Day (India)|Republic Day]], on Monday, 25 January 2010, Rukhsana and her brother, Aijaz, were awarded the [[Kirti Chakra]], the second highest gallantry award in peacetime, for their bravery act.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.in.com/news/current-affairs/fullstory-kirti-chakra-for-braveheart-rukhsana-12545011-bedbb306a8f3c6c84ddd373455e8cc9bf5d65fe3-1.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005202950/http://www.in.com/news/current-affairs/fullstory-kirti-chakra-for-braveheart-rukhsana-12545011-bedbb306a8f3c6c84ddd373455e8cc9bf5d65fe3-1.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2011-10-05|title=Kirti Chakra for braveheart Rukhsana|last=IANS|date=2010-01-25|website=Sify News|accessdate=4 February 2010}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Terrorism in Kashmir]]
*[[Terrorism in Jammu and Kashmir]]

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="ab">{{cite web
| url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/this-20yrold-kashmiri-killed-a-militant-shot-another/522719
| title=This 20-yr-old Kashmiri killed a militant, shot another
| last=Sharma | first=Arun | date=29 September 2009
| publisher=Indianexpress.com |accessdate=26 December 2009
| location=Shahdra Sharief (Rajouri)}}
</ref><ref name="cd">{{cite web
| url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/behind-rukhsanas-story-of-bravery-a-forgo/523116/
| title=Behind Rukhsana's story of bravery, a 'forgotten' abduction
| last=Sharma | first=Arun | date=30 September 2009
| publisher=Indianexpress.com |accessdate=26 December 2009
| location=Shahdra Sharief (Rajouri)}}
</ref><ref name="AK47">{{cite web
|url= https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/india/6244076/Farmers-daughter-disarms-terrorist-and-shoots-him-dead-with-AK47.html
| title=Farmer's daughter disarms terrorist and shoots him dead with AK47
| last=Nelson | first=Dean | date=29 September 2009
| publisher=Telegraph.co.uk |accessdate=27 December 2009
| location=New Delhi}}
</ref><ref name="zee">{{cite web
| url=http://www.zeenews.com/news578005.html
| title=IED recovered near Rukhsana's house in Rajouri, defused
| last=Bureau Report | date=11 November 2009
| publisher=Zeenews |accessdate=27 December 2009}}
</ref>
}}

==External links==
*[http://twocircles.net/2010jan08/rukhsana_get_bravery_award_taj_hotel_hero_zaheen_mateen_also_list.html Rukhsana to get Sarvottam Jeevan Raksha Padak] TCN News
*[http://www.indianexpress.com/news/this-20yrold-kashmiri-killed-a-militant-shot-another/522719/ This 20-yr-old Kashmiri killed a militant, shot another] Indian Express
*[http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_rukhsana-kausar-seeks-permanent-job-in-paramilitary-force_1306683 Rukhsana Kausar seeks permanent job in paramilitary force] DNA

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kausar, Rukhsana}}
[[Category:Indian women activists]]
[[Category:People from Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Terrorism in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:1989 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Date of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Indian women in 21st-century warfare]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Kirti Chakra]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sarvottam Jeevan Raksha Padak]]

Shekhar Sen

2026-01-30T13:07:14Z

CelestaWolf314:

{{Short description|Indian musician, singer and theatre actor}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Shekhar Sen
| image = INI2242.jpg
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1961|2|16}}
| birth_place = [[Raipur]], Madhya Pradesh now [[Chhattisgarh]], India
| alma_mater = [[Indira Kala Sangeet Vishwavidyalaya]]
| occupation = Chairman of [[Sangeet Natak Akademi]] (2015–present)
| mother = [[Dr. Aneeta Sen]]
| father = [[Dr. ArunKumar Sen]]
| spouse = [[Shweta Sen]]
| children = [[Kritarth Sen]]
| awards = [[Padma Shri]](2015)
| website = {{url|www.shekharsen.com}}
| years active = 1979–present
}}

'''Shekhar Sen''' is a singer, a music composer, a lyricist, and an actor.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=64iW7rgaWRA&list=PLYHIz9V30Iv9e2bMbq-IkZoJvzXx8yO_W |title=Shekhar Sen - 200 Videos on YouTube.com |date=12 April 2017 |website=YouTube.com |access-date=12 April 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LNxGNPHTma4&list=PLYHIz9V30Iv94YLjdG-q93CvhmCbxmmaE |title=Shekhar Sen - 247 Videos on YouTube.com |date=12 April 2017 |website=YouTube.com |access-date=12 April 2017}}</ref>

Sen is famous for his monoact musical plays that he researched, written, composed, enacted, and directed: "[[Tulsidas|Tulsi]]", "[[Kabir|Kabeer]]", "[[Swami Vivekananda|Vivekanand]]", "Saahab" & "[[Sur (poet)|Soordas]]".<ref>{{cite web|author=Vinayak Sinha|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/NM20/Shekhar-Sen-One-man-theatre-team/Article1-185161.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131023133938/http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/NM20/Shekhar-Sen-One-man-theatre-team/Article1-185161.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=23 October 2013 |title=Shekhar Sen: One-man theatre team |publisher=Hindustan Times, India |date=4 June 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Jaideep Shenoy |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/Shekhar-Sen--a-renowned-singer-music-composer-and-actor-performed-this-musical-monologue-The-musical-monologue-contained-rich-content-with-moving-dialogues-and-harmonious-music-/articleshow/17889185.cms |title=Shekhar Sen – a renowned singer, music composer and actor performed this musical monologue. The musical monologue contained rich content with moving dialogues and harmonious music. |newspaper=The Times of India |date=4 January 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Shalini Narang|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/CaliforniaDiary/Shekhar-Sen-s-Kabeer-enthrals-viewers/Article1-30626.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131023133936/http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/CaliforniaDiary/Shekhar-Sen-s-Kabeer-enthrals-viewers/Article1-30626.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=23 October 2013 |title=Shekhar Sen's Kabeer enthrals viewers |publisher=Hindustan Times, India |date=27 February 2013}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Sen was born in 1961 and raised in a Bengali family in [[Raipur]], [[Chhattisgarh]]. His father, the late Dr. Arun Kumar Sen, who was the Vice-Chancellor at [[Indira Kala Sangeet Vishwavidyalaya]], [[Khairagarh]], and mother late Dr. Aneeta Sen, were both renowned classical singers of [[Gwalior Gharana]] and [[Musicologists]]. He learned music from his parents, moved to Mumbai in 1979 to become music composer, and began singing in 1984. He started doing research oriented musical programs, such as Dushywant Ne Kaha Tha 1984 (ghazals of Dushyant Kumar), Madhya Yugeen Kaavya 1985 (sang medieval poets like [[Raskhan]], [[Abdul Rahim Khan-I-Khana|Raheem]], Lalitkishori, [[Kavi Bhushan|Bhooshan]], [[Bihari Lal|Bihari]], [[Kabir]], [[Tulsidas]], [[Sur (poet)|Sur]] Pakistan ka Hindi Kavya1986 (Hindi Geet, Dohe written in Pakistan), Meera Se Mahadevi Tak 1987 (Hindi songs by Poetesses) & many more innovative programmes.

[[File:Shekhar Sen i.jpg|thumb|Shekhar Sen performing as Kabir]]
== Career ==
Sen started his career in Mumbai in 1979, with the objective of becoming a music composer.<ref>Sankhayan Ghosh Indian Express [http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/man-of-many-avatars-2/ Man of Many Avatars] 17 June 2013. Retrieved 5 April 2014</ref> He was contracted by [[Saregama|His Master's Voice]] as a ghazal singer. He soon realized that his true talent lay in composing bhajans so he shifted to that, rendering more than 200 Bhajan Albums since 1983 as singer, a lyricist, and a composer. He sang and composed for many TV serials and films. He has performed more than 1200 concerts, singing all over the world.

Since 1998, as a playwright, actor, singer, director and composer, Sen has created one man musical plays and performed more than 1000 shows of his Mono Act Musical Plays, "Tulsi", "Kabeer" "Vivekananda" "Sanmati", "Saahab" & "Soordas".<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-05-30|title=‘I want to make you hungry about your own culture’|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/art-and-culture/i-want-to-make-you-hungry-about-your-own-culture-shekhar-sen-sangeet-natak-akademi-5755497/|access-date=2021-01-20|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> His performances received great acclaim in India as well as abroad such as US, England, [[Belgium]], [[Suriname]], Singapore, [[Jakarta]], Hong Kong, [[Johannesburg]], [[Sharjah (city)|Sharjah]], [[Mauritius]], and [[Trinidad]].<ref>Timeout Ayesha Venkataraman. [http://www.timeoutmumbai.net/music/features/one-all Shekhar Sen gives Time Out the scoop on his one-man show, Soordas.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407103658/http://www.timeoutmumbai.net/music/features/one-all |date=7 April 2014 }} Retrieved 5 apr.2014</ref>

Sen's play, a mono-act "Soordas", premiered at [[National Centre for the Performing Arts (India)|NCPA]] Mumbai on 14 June 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ncpamumbai.com/event/soordas-shekhar-sen |title=Soordas By Shekhar Sen|publisher=NCPA}}</ref> Sen told Timeout Mumbai, "Initially, I was very apprehensive about whether to portray a blind person for two hours – a very tough task. But when I started writing [the play] I realised that people with sight can only see the world [in a 180-degree view], while those without sight are able to see the world [in] 360 degrees".<ref>Timeout Ayesha Venkataraman, [http://www.timeoutmumbai.net/music/features/one-all Soordas] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407103658/http://www.timeoutmumbai.net/music/features/one-all |date=7 April 2014 }}. Retrieved 5 apr.2014</ref> In 2015, he received the [[Padma Shri|Padma Shri Award]], and was appointed to be the Chairperson for Sangit Natya Academy by Indian Government.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2015-01-29|title=Shekhar Sen named chairman of Sangeet Natak Akademi|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/shekhar-sen-named-chairman-of-sangeet-natak-akademi/article6835134.ece|access-date=2021-01-20|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Awards and accolades==
* Chair Person of [[Sangeet Natak Academy]] since 2015<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-05-30|title=‘I want to make you hungry about your own culture’|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/art-and-culture/i-want-to-make-you-hungry-about-your-own-culture-shekhar-sen-sangeet-natak-akademi-5755497/|access-date=2021-04-22|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>
* [[Padma Shri Awards (2010-2019)|Padma Shri Award]] in Art field by Indian Government, 2015<ref name=pdma>{{cite web|title=Padma Awards 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150128022143/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=114952|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=114952|publisher=Press Information Bureau|access-date=25 January 2015|archive-date=28 January 2015|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
* [[Sangeet Natak Academy]] [[Uttar Pradesh]] felicitated him with "Safdar Hashmi Puraskaar, 2001" for the contribution in the field of theatre
* Performed "[[Kabir|Kabeer]]" at [[Lok Sabha]] on 4 May 2005
* [[V.Shantaram]] Samman of Maharashtra Rajya Hindi Sahitya Academy, 2008
* Performed "[[Swami Vivekananda|Vivekanand]]" at [[Rashtrapati Bhavan]] on 27 April 2013
* Performed "[Mono Act on life of Soordas]" at [[Rashtrapati Bhavan]] on 11 April 2015
* Performed in [[World Hindi Conference]] at [[Paramaribo]], [[Suriname]] on 6–9 June 2003
* Served as expert committee member of [[Ministry of Human Resource Development (India)]] for 2 years
* Performed in [[World Hindi Conference]] at [[Johannesburg]], South Africa on 22–24 September 2012
* As member of [[Central Board of Film Certification]] for 4 years

==Discs and albums==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:80%"
|-
! rowspan="2"|Album
! rowspan="2"|Language
! colspan="2"|Role
! rowspan="2"|Other notes
|-
! Singer
! Composer
|-
| Samnarpan
| Hindi
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
| Shekhar Sen,
|-
| Amrit Wani
| Hindi
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
| Shekhar Sen,
|-
| Durga Sapt Shati (edited)
| Hindi
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
| [[Anuradha Paudwal]],
|-
| Sangeet Sandhya
| Hindi
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
| Shekhar Sen,
|-
| Aaj Tera Jagraata Maa
| Hindi
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
| [[Sonu Nigam]], [[Alka Yagnik]]
|-
| Bhajanodaya
| Hindi
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
| [[Udit Narayan]]
|-
| Bhajan Vatika
| Hindi
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
| [[Udit Narayan]]
|-
| Chalisa Sangrah
| Hindi
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
| [[Anuradha Paudwal]]
|-
| Gayatri Maha Mantram
| Kannada/Tamil/Telugu
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
| [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]]
|-
| Hey Mahavir (Dhun)
| Hindi
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
| Shalini Shrivastava
|-
| Jay Sai Ram Jay Sai Shyam
| Hindi
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
| Ravinder Bijur
|-

|-
| Maago Anandomoyee
| Bangla
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
| [[Anuradha Paudwal]]
|-
| Aami Ek Probashi
| Bangla
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
|-
| Maha Mrityunjaya Mantram
| Telugu
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
| [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]]
|-

| Mahima Mahakal Ki
| Hindi
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
| [[Anuradha Paudwal]]
|-
| Mahima Mata Chhinnmasta Ki
| Hindi
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
| Priya Bhattacharya & Soham
|-
| Naman
| Hindi
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
| [[Nitin Mukesh]]
|-
| Nehanjali
| Hindi
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
| [[Nitin Mukesh]]
|-
| Paawan Haridwar Mahakumbh
| Hindi
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
| [[Anuradha Paudwal]], Babla Mehta
|-
| Ram Shyam Gungaan
| Hindi
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
| [[Ronu Majumdar]]
|-
| Samarpan
| Hindi
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
|-
| Shakti-Maa Kaali Bhajans
| Hindi
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
| [[Anuradha Paudwal]]
|-
| Shirdi Wale Saibaba Ki Kahani(2 Volumes)
| Hindi
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
| [[Nitin Mukesh]], [[Anuradha Paudwal]]
|-
| Shiv Aaradhana
| Hindi
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
| [[Anuradha Paudwal]]
|-
| Shivganga
| Hindi
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
| [[Anuradha Paudwal]]
|-
| Shree Durga Stuti Vol. 1 To 4
| Hindi
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
| [[Anuradha Paudwal]]
|-
| Shree Ram Charit Mala
| Hindi
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
| [[Anuradha Paudwal]]
|-
| Shreemad Bhagavad Geeta (Vol. 1 To 4)
| Sanskrit
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
| [[Anuradha Paudwal]]
|-
| Shri Ganapati Sahastranamavali
| Hindi
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
| [[Anuradha Paudwal]]
|-
| Shubh Deepavali
| Hindi
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
| [[Anuradha Paudwal]], [[Hari Om Sharan]], [[Sukhwinder Singh]], Kavita Paudwal
|-
| Tulsi Ramayan Vol. 1 To 8
| Hindi
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
| [[Anuradha Paudwal]], Babla Mehta
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{official|http://www.shekharsen.com}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Art}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sen, Shekhar}}
[[Category:Indian male singers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1961 births]]
[[Category:People from Raipur district]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts]]
[[Category:Musicians from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Male actors from Maharashtra]]

Tetragnatha

2026-01-26T13:09:03Z

CelestaWolf314:

{{Short description|Genus of spiders}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| name =
| image = Tetragnatha.extensa.female.jpg
| image_caption = female ''T. extensa''
| image2 =
| image2_caption =
| fossil_range = {{Fossil range| Palaeogene| Present}}
| taxon = Tetragnatha
| authority = [[Pierre André Latreille|Latreille]], 1804<ref name=wsc />
| type_species = ''[[Tetragnatha extensa|T. extensa]]''
| type_species_authority = ([[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]])
| subdivision = > 300, [[#Species|see text]]
| synonyms =
| synonyms_ref = <ref name=wsc />
}}

'''''Tetragnatha''''' is a [[genus]] of [[Tetragnathidae|long-jawed orb-weavers]] found all over the world. It was first described by [[Pierre André Latreille]] in 1804,<ref name=Latr1804 /> and contains hundreds of species. Most occur in the tropics and subtropics, and many can run over water. They are commonly called '''stretch spiders''' in reference to their elongated body form and their ability to hide on blades of grass or similar elongated substrates by stretching their front legs forward and the others behind them.

==Distribution==
Species in this genus are found worldwide, including [[Greenland]].<ref name=wsc />

==Habitat and ecology==
[[File:LogJawed SilverSiders.webm|thumb|left|thumbtime=141|Pair of [[Tetragnatha laboriosa|silver long-jawed orb weaver spider]]s ]]

''Tetragnatha'' species occupy the tall herb and tree layer. They construct [[orb web]]s, usually in vegetation near or above streams and ponds. Several studies have reported that they build their webs near slow-flowing streams in sunlit areas. Without access to a humid habitat, these spiders suffer from dehydration. The webs are short-lived, being taken down and digested daily or even more frequently. Webs are usually horizontally inclined and consist of an open hub with 30 to 40 viscid spirals. The spider hangs underneath the central hub of the web with its long front legs directed forward.<ref name="dippenaar2023" />

These spiders are capable of walking over water surfaces at a very fast pace, with legs I and II moving alternately in a diagonal rhythm while legs III and IV are dragged behind. When at rest on vegetation, the body is pressed against the substrate with the long front legs stretched forward.<ref name="dippenaar2023" />

One of the biggest and most common species is ''[[Tetragnatha extensa|T. extensa]]'', which has a [[holarctic]] distribution. It can be found near lakes, river banks or swamps.<ref name="Habitate" /> Large numbers of individuals can often be found in reeds, tall grass, and around minor trees and shrubs.

== Cursorial species found on Hawaiian archipelago ==
Evolution to cursorial behavior occurred long ago in a few different species, the most studied being those found on the Hawaiian islands.<ref name=":0" />

The Tetragnatha spiders found on the Hawaiian archipelago are believed to have no more than three colonization events, two from web building species and one from cursorial species. This is because a species of mainland Tetragnatha spider was found to be more closely related to web building spiders on the Hawaiian islands than the cursorial species.<ref name=":0" /> This means that the divergence of web building and cursorial spiders must have occurred off the islands. There have been many events of cursorial evolution in various spider species around the world,<ref name="fix2" /> including a few Tetragnatha species, although many species have not been thoroughly studied. The factors leading to this change of behavior is not well understood, although study of the Hawaiian Tetragnatha species can lead to some suggestions. Environmental factors, such as landscape<ref name="fix3" /> and prey diversity play an important role in influencing the structure of webs in web building spiders.<ref name="fix4" /> This could be a reasonable explanation for the loss of web function and evolving to a cursorial behavior.

===Morphology===
[[File:Tetragnatha eye group.svg|thumb|left|Eye arrangement of ''Tetragnatha'']]

The general coloration ranges from fawn to dull brown or grey with silvery markings. The [[carapace]] is longer than wide, and the sternum is longer than wide with a pointed posterior end. Eight eyes are arranged in two rows, with lateral eyes slightly apart.<ref name="dippenaar2023" />

The [[chelicerae]] are notably variable, being long and well developed, featuring rows of large teeth and strong projecting spurs that are markedly elongated in males. The endites are parallel. The legs bear three claws and are long and slender, with or without spines.<ref name="dippenaar2023" />

The [[opisthosoma|abdomen]] is elongated and cylindrical in some species, extending posteriorly beyond the [[spinneret]]s. The spinnerets are unmodified, with anterior and posterior pairs similar in size.<ref name="dippenaar2023" />

In females, the [[epigyne]] has genital openings located at the posterior end of the procurved epigastric furrow, with the genital plate not sclerotized. Males possess a separate and movable paracymbium with a coiled [[embolus]] and conductor at the distal tip.<ref name="dippenaar2023" />

==Species distinction==
''Tetragnatha'' species are hard to separate from each other without a microscope to scrutinize the genitalia of a mature individual.<ref name="NASP" /> Hawaiian ''Tetragnatha'' appear to distinguish each other via
highly specific chemical compounds in their silk. These chemical differences are especially prominent amongst [[sympatric]] and closely related species. This may constitute a form of chemical [[species recognition]].<ref name="fix1" />

==Name==
The name ''Tetragnatha'' is derived from Greek, ''tetra-'' a numerical prefix referring to four and ''gnatha'' meaning jaw.

==Species==
<gallery mode=packed>
Green Longjawed Orbweaver -2- (Tetragnatha Alberta and Saskatchewan).jpg|''Tetragnatha'' sp.
Tetragnatha resting jewelweed.jpg|resting on ''[[Impatiens]]''
Tetragnatha mating, Botevgrad, Bulgaria 02.jpg|mating
Tetragnatha sp. juvenile.jpg|
</gallery>

{{as of|2025|10}}, this genus includes 309 species and nine subspecies.<ref name="wsc" />

Species with articles on Wikipedia:
{{Div col}}
* ''[[Tetragnatha armata]]'' [[Ferdinand Karsch|Karsch]], 1892 – [[Sri Lanka]]
* ''[[Tetragnatha bogotensis]]'' [[Eugen von Keyserling|Keyserling]], 1865 – Mexico to Paraguay, Caribbean. Introduced to [[Spain]], [[Italy]] (Sardinia), Africa, [[Seychelles]], [[Yemen]], India, [[Nepal]], Bangladesh, China
* ''[[Tetragnatha caffra]]'' (Strand, 1909) – [[South Africa]]
* ''[[Tetragnatha caudata]]'' [[James Henry Emerton|Emerton]], 1884 – North, Central America, [[Cuba]], [[Jamaica]], Uruguay, Argentina
* ''[[Tetragnatha ceylonica]]'' [[Octavius Pickard-Cambridge|O. Pickard-Cambridge]], 1869 – [[Mozambique]], South Africa, Seychelles, India, [[Thailand]], [[Philippines]], New Guinea, Japan (Ryukyu Is.)
* ''[[Tetragnatha demissa]]'' L. Koch, 1872 – Australia. Introduced to [[Cyprus]], Tanzania, South Africa, Seychelles, [[Tonga]]
* ''[[Tetragnatha determinata]]'' Karsch, 1892 – Sri Lanka
* ''[[Tetragnatha elongata]]'' Walckenaer, 1841 – Canada to Argentina, Caribbean
* ''[[Tetragnatha extensa]]'' ([[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], 1758) – North America, [[Greenland]], Europe, [[Turkey]], Caucasus, Russia (Europe to Far East), [[Iraq]], [[Iran]], [[Kazakhstan]], Central Asia, China, Korea, Japan (type species)
* ''[[Tetragnatha flavida]]'' Urquhart, 1891 – [[New Zealand]]
* ''[[Tetragnatha foveata]]'' Karsch, 1892 – Sri Lanka, Laccadive Is. Maldive Is.
* ''[[Tetragnatha geniculata]]'' Karsch, 1892 – India, Sri Lanka, China, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam
* ''[[Tetragnatha guatemalensis]]'' O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1889 – North and Central America, Cuba, Jamaica, Brazil, [[Paraguay]]
* ''[[Tetragnatha hasselti]]'' Thorell, 1890 – India to China, Indonesia (Sulawesi)
* ''[[Tetragnatha isidis]]'' (Simon, 1880) – Southern Europe, [[Libya]], Egypt, [[Sudan]], [[Uganda]], South Africa, Iran, India
* ''[[Tetragnatha jaculator]]'' [[Albert Tullgren|Tullgren]], 1910 – Africa to China and India, New Guinea (Indonesia, Papua New Guinea). Introduced to the Caribbean and South America
* ''[[Tetragnatha keyserlingi]]'' Simon, 1890 – Central America, Caribbean, Brazil, Africa, Korea, China, India to Philippines, New Hebrides, Polynesia
* ''[[Tetragnatha laboriosa]]'' [[Nicholas Marcellus Hentz|Hentz]], 1850 – Alaska to Chile, Argentina, [[Falkland Is]].
* ''[[Tetragnatha mandibulata]]'' Walckenaer, 1841 – Central America, Caribbean, [[Colombia]], Guyana, Brazil, West Africa, India to Philippines, Australia
* ''[[Tetragnatha montana]]'' Simon, 1874 – Europe, Turkey, Caucasus, Russia (Europe to Far East), Kazakhstan, Iran, Central Asia
* ''[[Tetragnatha multipunctata]]'' Urquhart, 1891 – New Zealand
* ''[[Tetragnatha nigricans]]'' [[Raymond Comte de Dalmas|Dalmas]], 1917 – New Zealand
* ''[[Tetragnatha nitens]]'' (Audouin, 1826) – Tropical and subtropical Asia. Introduced to Americas, [[Macaronesia]], Mediterranean, [[St. Helena]], South Africa, [[Madagascar]], Pacific Is. New Zealand
* ''[[Tetragnatha pallescens]]'' [[Frederick Octavius Pickard-Cambridge|F. O. Pickard-Cambridge]], 1903 – North, Central America, Caribbean
* ''[[Tetragnatha planata]]'' Karsch, 1892 – Sri Lanka
* ''[[Tetragnatha praedonia]]'' L. Koch, 1878 – Russia (Far East), Korea, Japan, China, Taiwan, Laos
* ''[[Tetragnatha squamata]]'' Karsch, 1879 – India, China, Taiwan, Russia (Far East), Korea, Japan
* ''[[Tetragnatha straminea]]'' Emerton, 1884 – Canada, United States, Cuba
* ''[[Tetragnatha subsquamata]]'' Okuma, 1985 – Tanzania, South Africa
* ''[[Tetragnatha taylori]]'' O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1891 – South Africa
* ''[[Tetragnatha tenera]]'' Thorell, 1881 – Sri Lanka, Australia (Queensland)
* ''[[Tetragnatha torrensis]]'' Schmidt & Piepho, 1994 – Cape Verde
* ''[[Tetragnatha unicornis]]'' Tullgren, 1910 – Tanzania, [[Botswana]], South Africa
* ''[[Tetragnatha vermiformis]]'' Emerton, 1884 – Temperate and tropical Asia. Introduced to North and Central America, Brazil, South Africa
* ''[[Tetragnatha versicolor]]'' Walckenaer, 1841 – North, Central America, Cuba
* ''[[Tetragnatha virescens]]'' Okuma, 1979 – Bangladesh, Sri Lanka to Indonesia, Philippines
* ''[[Tetragnatha viridis]]'' Walckenaer, 1841 – Canada, United States
* ''[[Tetragnatha yesoensis]]'' Saito, 1934 – Russia (Far East), China, Korea, Japan
{{Div col end}}

{{Collapse top|List of all described species}}
{{Div col}}
* ''[[Tetragnatha acuta]]'' Gillespie, 1992 – [[Hawaii]]
* ''[[Tetragnatha aenea]]'' Cantor, 1842 – [[China]]
* ''[[Tetragnatha aetherea]]'' ([[Eugène Simon|Simon]], 1895) – [[Venezuela]]
* ''[[Tetragnatha albida]]'' Gillespie, 1994 – Hawaii
* ''[[Tetragnatha amazonica]]'' Castanheira, Baptista & Oliveira, 2022 – Venezuela
* ''[[Tetragnatha amoena]]'' Okuma, 1987 – [[New Guinea]]
* ''[[Tetragnatha anamitica]]'' [[Charles Walckenaer|Walckenaer]], 1841 – [[Vietnam]]
* ''[[Tetragnatha andamanensis]]'' [[B. K. Tikader|Tikader]], 1977 – [[India]] (Andaman Is.), [[Bangladesh]]
* ''[[Tetragnatha andonea]]'' [[Reginald Frederick Lawrence|Lawrence]], 1927 – [[Namibia]]
* ''[[Tetragnatha angolaensis]]'' Okuma & [[Ansie Dippenaar-Schoeman|Dippenaar-Schoeman]], 1988 – [[Angola]]
* ''[[Tetragnatha anguilla]]'' [[Tamerlan Thorell|Thorell]], 1877 – [[Indonesia]] (Java, Sulawesi), New Guinea, [[Australia]]
* ''[[Tetragnatha angulata]]'' Hogg, 1914 – Australia (Western Australia)
* ''[[Tetragnatha anuenue]]'' Gillespie, 2002 – Hawaii
* ''[[Tetragnatha argentinensis]]'' [[Cândido Firmino de Mello-Leitão|Mello-Leitão]], 1931 – [[Brazil]], [[Uruguay]], [[Argentina]]
* ''[[Tetragnatha armata]]'' [[Ferdinand Karsch|Karsch]], 1892 – [[Sri Lanka]]
* ''[[Tetragnatha atriceps]]'' [[Nathan Banks|Banks]], 1898 – [[Mexico]]
* ''[[Tetragnatha atristernis]]'' [[Embrik Strand|Strand]], 1913 – Central Africa
* ''[[Tetragnatha baculiferens]]'' Hingston, 1927 – [[Myanmar]]
* ''[[Tetragnatha beccarii]]'' [[Ludovico di Caporiacco|Caporiacco]], 1947 – [[Guyana]]
* ''[[Tetragnatha bengalensis]]'' Walckenaer, 1841 – India
* ''[[Tetragnatha bicolor]]'' White, 1841 – Australia (Tasmania)
* ''[[Tetragnatha bifurcata]]'' Li & Liu, 2022 – China
* ''[[Tetragnatha bimaculata]]'' Li & Liu, 2022 – China
* ''[[Tetragnatha biseriata]]'' Thorell, 1881 – New Guinea (Indonesia, Papua New Guinea), Australia (Queensland)
* ''[[Tetragnatha bituberculata]]'' [[Ludwig Carl Christian Koch|L. Koch]], 1867 – [[Japan]], New Guinea, Australia
* ''[[Tetragnatha boeleni]]'' Chrysanthus, 1975 – New Guinea
* ''[[Tetragnatha bogotensis]]'' [[Eugen von Keyserling|Keyserling]], 1865 – Mexico to Paraguay, Caribbean. Introduced to [[Spain]], [[Italy]] (Sardinia), Africa, [[Seychelles]], [[Yemen]], India, [[Nepal]], Bangladesh, China
* ''[[Tetragnatha boninensis]]'' Okuma, 1981 – Japan
* ''[[Tetragnatha brachychelis]]'' Caporiacco, 1947 – [[Tanzania]], [[Kenya]]
* ''[[Tetragnatha branda]]'' [[Herbert Walter Levi|Levi]], 1981 – [[United States]]
* ''[[Tetragnatha brevignatha]]'' Gillespie, 1992 – Hawaii
* ''[[Tetragnatha bryantae]]'' [[Carl Friedrich Roewer|Roewer]], 1951 – [[Puerto Rico]]
* ''[[Tetragnatha caffra]]'' (Strand, 1909) – [[South Africa]]
* ''[[Tetragnatha cambridgei]]'' Roewer, 1942 – Mexico, Central America, Puerto Rico
* ''[[Tetragnatha caudata]]'' [[James Henry Emerton|Emerton]], 1884 – North, Central America, [[Cuba]], [[Jamaica]], Uruguay, Argentina
* ''[[Tetragnatha caudicula]]'' (Karsch, 1879) – [[Russia]] (Far East), China, [[Korea]], [[Taiwan]], Japan, Mexico
* ''[[Tetragnatha caudifera]]'' (Keyserling, 1887) – Australia (New South Wales)
* ''[[Tetragnatha cavaleriei]]'' [[Ehrenfried Schenkel-Haas|Schenkel]], 1963 – China
* ''[[Tetragnatha cephalothoracis]]'' Strand, 1906 – [[Ethiopia]]
* ''[[Tetragnatha ceylonica]]'' [[Octavius Pickard-Cambridge|O. Pickard-Cambridge]], 1869 – [[Mozambique]], South Africa, Seychelles, India, [[Thailand]], [[Philippines]], New Guinea, Japan (Ryukyu Is.)
* ''[[Tetragnatha chauliodus]]'' (Thorell, 1890) – China, Japan, Myanmar to Papua New Guinea, Brazil (introduced?)
* ''[[Tetragnatha cheni]]'' Zhu, Song & Zhang, 2003 – China
* ''[[Tetragnatha chinensis]]'' ([[Ralph Vary Chamberlin|Chamberlin]], 1924) – China
* ''[[Tetragnatha chiyokoae]]'' Castanheira & Baptista, 2020 – China, Taiwan, Japan
* ''[[Tetragnatha cladognatha]]'' Bertkau, 1880 – Brazil, Argentina
* ''[[Tetragnatha clavigera]]'' Simon, 1887 – [[Sierra Leone]], [[Ivory Coast]], [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|DR Congo]]
* ''[[Tetragnatha cochinensis]]'' Gravely, 1921 – India
* ''[[Tetragnatha coelestis]]'' [[Reginald Innes Pocock|Pocock]], 1901 – India
* ''[[Tetragnatha cognata]]'' O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1889 – Guatemala to Panama
* ''[[Tetragnatha conica]]'' Grube, 1861 – Russia (Far East)
* ''[[Tetragnatha corsica]]'' Simon, 1929 – [[France]] (Corsica)
* ''[[Tetragnatha crassichelata]]'' Chrysanthus, 1975 – New Guinea
* ''[[Tetragnatha cristata]]'' Castanheira, Baptista & Oliveira, 2022 – Brazil, Argentina
* ''[[Tetragnatha cuneiventris]]'' Simon, 1900 – Hawaii
* ''[[Tetragnatha cylindracea]]'' (Keyserling, 1887) – Australia (Queensland, New South Wales)
* ''[[Tetragnatha cylindrica]]'' Walckenaer, 1841 – New Guinea, Australia, [[Fiji]]
* ''[[Tetragnatha cylindriformis]]'' Lawrence, 1952 – Congo
* ''[[Tetragnatha dearmata]]'' Thorell, 1873 – North America, Europe, [[Caucasus]], Russia (Europe to Far East)
* ''[[Tetragnatha delumbis]]'' Thorell, 1891 – India (Nicobar Is.)
* ''[[Tetragnatha demissa]]'' L. Koch, 1872 – Australia. Introduced to [[Cyprus]], Tanzania, South Africa, Seychelles, [[Tonga]]
* ''[[Tetragnatha dentatidens]]'' Simon, 1907 – Sierra Leone, Congo
* ''[[Tetragnatha desaguni]]'' Barrion & [[:species:James Allen Litsinger|Litsinger]], 1995 – Philippines
* ''[[Tetragnatha determinata]]'' Karsch, 1892 – Sri Lanka
* ''[[Tetragnatha didorata]]'' Castanheira, Baptista & Oliveira, 2022 – Brazil
* ''[[Tetragnatha digitata]]'' O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1899 – Mexico, [[Costa Rica]]
* ''[[Tetragnatha earmra]]'' Levi, 1981 – United States, Antigua, [[Martinique]]
* ''[[Tetragnatha eberhardi]]'' Okuma, 1992 – [[Panama]]
* ''[[Tetragnatha elongata]]'' Walckenaer, 1841 – Canada to Argentina, Caribbean
** ''[[Tetragnatha elongata debilis|T. e. debilis]]'' Thorell, 1877 – United States
** ''[[Tetragnatha elongata principalis|T. e. principalis]]'' Thorell, 1877 – United States
** ''[[Tetragnatha elongata undulata|T. e. undulata]]'' Thorell, 1877 – United States
* ''[[Tetragnatha elyunquensis]]'' Petrunkevitch, 1930 – Jamaica, Puerto Rico
* ''[[Tetragnatha esakii]]'' Okuma, 1988 – Taiwan
* ''[[Tetragnatha eumorpha]]'' Okuma, 1987 – New Guinea
* ''[[Tetragnatha eurychasma]]'' Gillespie, 1992 – Hawaii
* ''[[Tetragnatha exigua]]'' Chickering, 1957 – Jamaica
* ''[[Tetragnatha exquista]]'' Saito, 1933 – Japan
* ''[[Tetragnatha extensa]]'' ([[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], 1758) – North America, [[Greenland]], Europe, [[Turkey]], Caucasus, Russia (Europe to Far East), [[Iraq]], [[Iran]], [[Kazakhstan]], Central Asia, China, Korea, Japan (type species)
** ''[[Tetragnatha extensa brachygnatha|T. e. brachygnatha]]'' Thorell, 1873 – [[Sweden]], Russia (Kamchatka)
** ''[[Tetragnatha extensa maracandica|T. e. maracandica]]'' Charitonov, 1951 – Iran, Central Asia
** ''[[Tetragnatha extensa pulchra|T. e. pulchra]]'' [[Władysław Kulczyński|Kulczyński]], 1891 – [[Hungary]]
* ''[[Tetragnatha fallax]]'' Thorell, 1881 – Indonesia
* ''[[Tetragnatha farri]]'' Chickering, 1962 – Jamaica
* ''[[Tetragnatha filiciphilia]]'' Gillespie, 1992 – Hawaii
* ''[[Tetragnatha filipes]]'' Schenkel, 1936 – China
* ''[[Tetragnatha filum]]'' Simon, 1907 – Congo, [[Equatorial Guinea]] (Bioko), São Tomé and Príncipe
* ''[[Tetragnatha flagellans]]'' van Hasselt, 1882 – Indonesia (Sumatra)
* ''[[Tetragnatha flava]]'' ([[Jean Victor Audouin|Audouin]], 1826) – [[Egypt]]
* ''[[Tetragnatha flavida]]'' Urquhart, 1891 – [[New Zealand]]
* ''[[Tetragnatha fletcheri]]'' Gravely, 1921 – India, Bangladesh
* ''[[Tetragnatha foai]]'' Simon, 1902 – Central, East Africa
* ''[[Tetragnatha foliferens]]'' Hingston, 1927 – India (Nicobar Is.)
* ''[[Tetragnatha foveata]]'' Karsch, 1892 – Sri Lanka, Laccadive Is. Maldive Is.
* ''[[Tetragnatha fragilis]]'' Chickering, 1957 – Panama
* ''[[Tetragnatha franganilloi]]'' [[Paolo Brignoli|Brignoli]], 1983 – Cuba
* ''[[Tetragnatha friedericii]]'' Strand, 1913 – New Guinea
* ''[[Tetragnatha gemmata]]'' L. Koch, 1872 – Australia (Queensland)
* ''[[Tetragnatha geniculata]]'' Karsch, 1892 – India, Sri Lanka, China, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam
* ''[[Tetragnatha gertschi]]'' Chickering, 1957 – Panama
* ''[[Tetragnatha gibbula]]'' Roewer, 1942 – [[French Guiana]]
* ''[[Tetragnatha gongshan]]'' Zhao & Peng, 2010 – China
* ''[[Tetragnatha gracillima]]'' (Thorell, 1890) – Indonesia (Sumatra)
* ''[[Tetragnatha granti]]'' Pocock, 1903 – Yemen (Socotra)
* ''[[Tetragnatha gressitti]]'' Okuma, 1988 – Borneo
* ''[[Tetragnatha gressittorum]]'' Okuma, 1987 – New Guinea
* ''[[Tetragnatha guatemalensis]]'' O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1889 – North and Central America, Cuba, Jamaica, Brazil, [[Paraguay]]
* ''[[Tetragnatha gui]]'' Zhu, Song & Zhang, 2003 – China (Hainan)
* ''[[Tetragnatha hamata]]'' Thorell, 1898 – Myanmar
* ''[[Tetragnatha hasselti]]'' Thorell, 1890 – India to China, Indonesia (Sulawesi)
** ''[[Tetragnatha hasselti birmanica|T. h. birmanica]]'' Sherriffs, 1919 – Myanmar
* ''[[Tetragnatha hastula]]'' Simon, 1907 – Sierra Leone, [[Gabon]], São Tomé and Príncipe
* ''[[Tetragnatha hawaiensis]]'' Simon, 1900 – Hawaii
* ''[[Tetragnatha heongi]]'' Barrion & Barrion-Dupo, 2011 – China
* ''[[Tetragnatha hirashimai]]'' Okuma, 1987 – New Guinea
* ''[[Tetragnatha hiroshii]]'' Okuma, 1988 – Taiwan
* ''[[Tetragnatha hulli]]'' Caporiacco, 1955 – Venezuela
* ''[[Tetragnatha insularis]]'' Okuma, 1987 – Australia (Lord Howe Is.)
* ''[[Tetragnatha insulicola]]'' Okuma, 1987 – Australia (Lord Howe Is.)
* ''[[Tetragnatha intermedia]]'' Kulczyński, 1891 – [[Madeira]], Portugal to Turkey
* ''[[Tetragnatha iriomotensis]]'' Okuma, 1991 – Japan (Okinawa)
* ''[[Tetragnatha irridescens]]'' Stoliczka, 1869 – India
* ''[[Tetragnatha isidis]]'' (Simon, 1880) – Southern Europe, [[Libya]], Egypt, [[Sudan]], [[Uganda]], South Africa, Iran, India
* ''[[Tetragnatha iwahigensis]]'' Barrion & Litsinger, 1995 – Philippines
* ''[[Tetragnatha jaculator]]'' [[Albert Tullgren|Tullgren]], 1910 – Africa to China and India, New Guinea (Indonesia, Papua New Guinea). Introduced to the Caribbean and South America
* ''[[Tetragnatha javana]]'' (Thorell, 1890) – Africa, Asia
* ''[[Tetragnatha jejuna]]'' (Thorell, 1897) – Myanmar
* ''[[Tetragnatha josephi]]'' Okuma, 1988 – India, [[Malaysia]], [[Singapore]]
* ''[[Tetragnatha jubensis]]'' [[:species:Pietro Pavesi|Pavesi]], 1895 – Ethiopia
* ''[[Tetragnatha kamakou]]'' Gillespie, 1992 – Hawaii
* ''[[Tetragnatha kapua]]'' Gillespie, 2003 – Marquesas Is.
* ''[[Tetragnatha kauaiensis]]'' Simon, 1900 – Hawaii
* ''[[Tetragnatha kea]]'' Gillespie, 1994 – Hawaii
* ''[[Tetragnatha keyserlingi]]'' Simon, 1890 – Central America, Caribbean, Brazil, Africa, Korea, China, India to Philippines, New Hebrides, Polynesia
* ''[[Tetragnatha khanjahani]]'' Biswas & Raychaudhuri, 1996 – Bangladesh
* ''[[Tetragnatha kikokiko]]'' Gillespie, 2002 – Hawaii
* ''[[Tetragnatha kiwuana]]'' Strand, 1913 – Central Africa
* ''[[Tetragnatha klossi]]'' Hogg, 1919 – Indonesia (Sumatra)
* ''[[Tetragnatha kolosvaryi]]'' Caporiacco, 1949 – Kenya
* ''[[Tetragnatha kukuhaa]]'' Gillespie, 2002 – Hawaii
* ''[[Tetragnatha kukuiki]]'' Gillespie, 2002 – Hawaii
* ''[[Tetragnatha laboriosa]]'' [[Nicholas Marcellus Hentz|Hentz]], 1850 – Alaska to Chile, Argentina, [[Falkland Is]].
* ''[[Tetragnatha laminalis]]'' Strand, 1907 – East Africa
* ''[[Tetragnatha lancinans]]'' Kulczyński, 1911 – New Guinea
* ''[[Tetragnatha laqueata]]'' L. Koch, 1872 – Korea, Japan, (Ogasawara Is.)
* ''[[Tetragnatha latro]]'' Tullgren, 1910 – East Africa
* ''[[Tetragnatha lauta]]'' Yaginuma, 1959 – India, China, Taiwan, Japan, Korea, [[Laos]]
* ''[[Tetragnatha lea]]'' [[:species:Friedrich Wilhelm Bösenberg|Bösenberg]] & Strand, 1906 – Russia (Far East), Japan, [[Korea]]?
* ''[[Tetragnatha lena]]'' Gillespie, 2003 – Hawaii
* ''[[Tetragnatha lepida]]'' Rainbow, 1916 – Australia (Queensland)
* ''[[Tetragnatha levii]]'' Okuma, 1992 – Mexico
* ''[[Tetragnatha limu]]'' Gillespie, 2003 – Hawaii
* ''[[Tetragnatha lineatula]]'' Roewer, 1942 – Malaysia
* ''[[Tetragnatha linyphioides]]'' Karsch, 1878 – Mozambique
* ''[[Tetragnatha llavaca]]'' Barrion & Litsinger, 1995 – Philippines
* ''[[Tetragnatha luculenta]]'' Simon, 1907 – [[Guinea-Bissau]]
* ''[[Tetragnatha luteocincta]]'' Simon, 1908 – Australia (Western Australia)
* ''[[Tetragnatha mabelae]]'' Chickering, 1957 – Panama, [[Trinidad]]
* ''[[Tetragnatha macilenta]]'' L. Koch, 1872 – Australia, (Norfolk Is.) to French Polynesia (Society Is.)
* ''[[Tetragnatha macracantha]]'' Gillespie, 1992 – Hawaii
* ''[[Tetragnatha macrops]]'' Simon, 1907 – São Tomé and Príncipe
* ''[[Tetragnatha maculata]]'' [[John Blackwall|Blackwall]], 1865 – [[Cape Verde]]
* ''[[Tetragnatha maeandrata]]'' Simon, 1908 – Australia (Western Australia)
* ''[[Tetragnatha maka]]'' Gillespie, 1994 – Hawaii
* ''[[Tetragnatha makiharai]]'' Okuma, 1977 – Russia (Far East), Japan (mainland, Ryukyu Is.)
* ''[[Tetragnatha mandibulata]]'' Walckenaer, 1841 – Central America, Caribbean, [[Colombia]], Guyana, Brazil, West Africa, India to Philippines, Australia
* ''[[Tetragnatha maralba]]'' Roberts, 1983 – Seychelles (Aldabra)
* ''[[Tetragnatha margaritata]]'' L. Koch, 1872 – Australia (Queensland)
* ''[[Tetragnatha marginata]]'' (Thorell, 1890) – Myanmar to New Caledonia
* ''[[Tetragnatha marquesiana]]'' [[Lucien Berland|Berland]], 1935 – Marquesas Is.
* ''[[Tetragnatha martinicensis]]'' Dierkens, 2011 – Martinique
* ''[[Tetragnatha mawambina]]'' Strand, 1913 – Central Africa
* ''[[Tetragnatha megalocera]]'' Castanheira & Baptista, 2020 – Brazil
* ''[[Tetragnatha mengsongica]]'' Zhu, Song & Zhang, 2003 – China
* ''[[Tetragnatha mertoni]]'' Strand, 1911 – Indonesia (Aru Is.)
* ''[[Tetragnatha mexicana]]'' Keyserling, 1865 – Mexico to Panama
* ''[[Tetragnatha micrura]]'' Kulczyński, 1911 – New Guinea, [[Solomon Islands]]
* ''[[Tetragnatha minitabunda]]'' O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1872 – [[Syria]], [[Lebanon]], [[Israel]]
* ''[[Tetragnatha modica]]'' Kulczyński, 1911 – New Guinea
* ''[[Tetragnatha mohihi]]'' Gillespie, 1992 – Hawaii
* ''[[Tetragnatha montana]]'' Simon, 1874 – Europe, Turkey, Caucasus, Russia (Europe to Far East), Kazakhstan, Iran, Central Asia
** ''[[Tetragnatha montana timorensis|T. m. timorensis]]'' Schenkel, 1944 – Timor
* ''[[Tetragnatha monticola]]'' Okuma, 1987 – New Guinea
* ''[[Tetragnatha moua]]'' Gillespie, 2003 – Tahiti
* ''[[Tetragnatha moulmeinensis]]'' Gravely, 1921 – Myanmar
* ''[[Tetragnatha multipunctata]]'' Urquhart, 1891 – New Zealand
* ''[[Tetragnatha nana]]'' Okuma, 1987 – New Guinea
* ''[[Tetragnatha nandan]]'' Zhu, Song & Zhang, 2003 – China
* ''[[Tetragnatha nepaeformis]]'' [[Carl Ludwig Doleschall|Doleschall]], 1859 – Indonesia (Java)
* ''[[Tetragnatha nero]]'' [[Arthur Gardiner Butler|Butler]], 1876 – [[Mauritius]] (Rodriguez)
* ''[[Tetragnatha netrix]]'' Simon, 1900 – Hawaii
* ''[[Tetragnatha nigricans]]'' [[Raymond Comte de Dalmas|Dalmas]], 1917 – New Zealand
* ''[[Tetragnatha nigrigularis]]'' Simon, 1898 – Seychelles
* ''[[Tetragnatha nigrita]]'' Lendl, 1886 – Europe, Caucasus, Russia (Europe to Far East), Kazakhstan, Iran, Central Asia, China, Japan
* ''[[Tetragnatha niokolona]]'' Roewer, 1961 – [[Senegal]]
* ''[[Tetragnatha nitens]]'' (Audouin, 1826) – Tropical and subtropical Asia. Introduced to Americas, [[Macaronesia]], Mediterranean, [[St. Helena]], South Africa, [[Madagascar]], Pacific Is. New Zealand
* ''[[Tetragnatha nitidiuscula]]'' Simon, 1907 – West Africa
* ''[[Tetragnatha nitidiventris]]'' Simon, 1907 – Guinea-Bissau
* ''[[Tetragnatha notophilla]]'' Boeris, 1889 – [[Peru]]
* ''[[Tetragnatha noumeensis]]'' Berland, 1924 – [[New Caledonia]]
* ''[[Tetragnatha novia]]'' Simon, 1901 – Malaysia
* ''[[Tetragnatha nubica]]'' [[:species:Jacques Denis|Denis]], 1955 – [[Niger]]
* ''[[Tetragnatha obscura]]'' Gillespie, 2002 – Hawaii
* ''[[Tetragnatha obscuriceps]]'' Caporiacco, 1940 – Ethiopia
* ''[[Tetragnatha obtusa]]'' [[Carl Ludwig Koch|C. L. Koch]], 1837 – Europe, Turkey, Caucasus, Russia (Europe to Far East), Kazakhstan, Iran, Central Asia
* ''[[Tetragnatha oculata]]'' Denis, 1955 – Niger
* ''[[Tetragnatha okumae]]'' Barrion & Litsinger, 1995 – Philippines
* ''[[Tetragnatha olindana]]'' Karsch, 1880 – Polynesia
* ''[[Tetragnatha oncognatha]]'' Castanheira, Baptista & Oliveira, 2022 – Brazil
* ''[[Tetragnatha oomua]]'' Gillespie, 2003 – Marquesas Is.
* ''[[Tetragnatha oreobia]]'' Okuma, 1987 – New Guinea
* ''[[Tetragnatha orizaba]]'' (Banks, 1898) – Mexico, Cuba, Jamaica
* ''[[Tetragnatha oubatchensis]]'' Berland, 1924 – New Caledonia
* ''[[Tetragnatha palikea]]'' Gillespie, 2003 – Hawaii
* ''[[Tetragnatha pallescens]]'' [[Frederick Octavius Pickard-Cambridge|F. O. Pickard-Cambridge]], 1903 – North, Central America, Caribbean
* ''[[Tetragnatha pallida]]'' O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1889 – Costa Rica, Panama
* ''[[Tetragnatha paludicola]]'' Gillespie, 1992 – Hawaii
* ''[[Tetragnatha paludis]]'' Caporiacco, 1940 – Ethiopia
* ''[[Tetragnatha panopea]]'' L. Koch, 1872 – Macronesia, Polynesia, Hawaii
* ''[[Tetragnatha papuana]]'' Kulczyński, 1911 – New Guinea
* ''[[Tetragnatha paradisea]]'' Pocock, 1901 – India
* ''[[Tetragnatha paradoxa]]'' Okuma, 1992 – Costa Rica
* ''[[Tetragnatha paraguayensis]]'' (Mello-Leitão, 1939) – Brazil, Paraguay, Argentina
* ''[[Tetragnatha parvula]]'' Thorell, 1891 – India (Nicobar Is.)
* ''[[Tetragnatha paschae]]'' Berland, 1924 – Easter Is.
* ''[[Tetragnatha perkinsi]]'' Simon, 1900 – Hawaii
* ''[[Tetragnatha perreirai]]'' Gillespie, 1992 – Hawaii
* ''[[Tetragnatha phaeodactyla]]'' Kulczyński, 1911 – New Guinea
* ''[[Tetragnatha pilosa]]'' Gillespie, 1992 – Hawaii
* ''[[Tetragnatha pinicola]]'' L. Koch, 1870 – Europe, Turkey, Caucasus, Russia (Europe to Far East), Kazakhstan, Iran, Central Asia, China, Korea, Japan
* ''[[Tetragnatha piscatoria]]'' Simon, 1898 – Caribbean
* ''[[Tetragnatha planata]]'' Karsch, 1892 – Sri Lanka
* ''[[Tetragnatha plena]]'' Chamberlin, 1924 – China
* ''[[Tetragnatha polychromata]]'' Gillespie, 1992 – Hawaii
* ''[[Tetragnatha pradoi]]'' Castanheira, Baptista & Oliveira, 2022 – Brazil, Argentina
* ''[[Tetragnatha praedonia]]'' L. Koch, 1878 – Russia (Far East), Korea, Japan, China, Taiwan, Laos
* ''[[Tetragnatha priamus]]'' Okuma, 1987 – Solomon Islands
* ''[[Tetragnatha protensa]]'' Walckenaer, 1841 – Madagascar to Australia, New Caledonia, Palau Is.
* ''[[Tetragnatha puella]]'' Thorell, 1895 – Myanmar, Indonesia (Sumatra), New Guinea
* ''[[Tetragnatha pulchella]]'' Thorell, 1877 – Indonesia
* ''[[Tetragnatha punua]]'' Gillespie, 2003 – Marquesas Is.
* ''[[Tetragnatha quadrinotata]]'' Urquhart, 1893 – Australia (Tasmania)
* ''[[Tetragnatha quasimodo]]'' Gillespie, 1992 – Hawaii
* ''[[Tetragnatha quechua]]'' Chamberlin, 1916 – Peru
* ''[[Tetragnatha radiata]]'' Chrysanthus, 1975 – New Guinea
* ''[[Tetragnatha rava]]'' Gillespie, 2003 – Tahiti
* ''[[Tetragnatha reimoseri]]'' (Roșca, 1939) – France to Poland and Bulgaria, [[Ukraine]], Russia (Europe, Urals), Caucasus, Kazakhstan
* ''[[Tetragnatha renatoi]]'' Castanheira & Baptista, 2020 – Venezuela, Brazil, Argentina
* ''[[Tetragnatha reni]]'' Zhu, Song & Zhang, 2003 – China
* ''[[Tetragnatha restricta]]'' Simon, 1900 – Hawaii
* ''[[Tetragnatha retinens]]'' Chamberlin, 1924 – China
* ''[[Tetragnatha rimandoi]]'' Barrion, 1998 – Philippines
* ''[[Tetragnatha rimitarae]]'' Strand, 1911 – Polynesia
* ''[[Tetragnatha riveti]]'' Berland, 1913 – [[Ecuador]]
* ''[[Tetragnatha roeweri]]'' Caporiacco, 1949 – Kenya
* ''[[Tetragnatha rossi]]'' Chrysanthus, 1975 – New Guinea
* ''[[Tetragnatha rouxi]]'' (Berland, 1924) – New Caledonia
* ''[[Tetragnatha rubriventris]]'' Doleschall, 1857 – New Guinea, Australia (Queensland)
* ''[[Tetragnatha scopus]]'' Chamberlin, 1916 – Peru
* ''[[Tetragnatha serra]]'' Doleschall, 1857 – India, Thailand, China, Indonesia (Sumatra to New Guinea)
* ''[[Tetragnatha shinanoensis]]'' Okuma & Chikuni, 1978 – Korea, Japan
* ''[[Tetragnatha shoshone]]'' Levi, 1981 – [[Canada]], United States, Europe, Russia (Europe, South Siberia), Kazakhstan, Iran, [[Mongolia]], China
* ''[[Tetragnatha sidama]]'' Caporiacco, 1940 – Ethiopia
* ''[[Tetragnatha signata]]'' Okuma, 1987 – New Guinea
* ''[[Tetragnatha simintina]]'' Roewer, 1961 – Senegal
* ''[[Tetragnatha sinuosa]]'' Chickering, 1957 – Panama
* ''[[Tetragnatha sobrina]]'' Simon, 1900 – Hawaii
* ''[[Tetragnatha sociella]]'' Chamberlin, 1924 – China
* ''[[Tetragnatha squamata]]'' Karsch, 1879 – India, China, Taiwan, Russia (Far East), Korea, Japan
* ''[[Tetragnatha stelarobusta]]'' Gillespie, 1992 – Hawaii
* ''[[Tetragnatha stellarum]]'' Chrysanthus, 1975 – New Guinea
* ''[[Tetragnatha stimulifera]]'' Simon, 1907 – Congo
* ''[[Tetragnatha straminea]]'' Emerton, 1884 – Canada, United States, Cuba
* ''[[Tetragnatha strandi]]'' [[Roger de Lessert|Lessert]], 1915 – East, Southern Africa
** ''[[Tetragnatha strandi melanogaster|T. s. melanogaster]]'' Schmidt & [[Otto Kraus|Kraus]]e, 1993 – [[Comoros]]
* ''[[Tetragnatha streichi]]'' Strand, 1907 – China
* ''[[Tetragnatha striata]]'' L. Koch, 1862 – Europe, Russia (Europe to South Siberia), Kazakhstan
* ''[[Tetragnatha subclavigera]]'' Strand, 1907 – Congo
* ''[[Tetragnatha subesakii]]'' Zhu, Song & Zhang, 2003 – China
* ''[[Tetragnatha subextensa]]'' Petrunkevitch, 1930 – Jamaica, Puerto Rico
* ''[[Tetragnatha subsquamata]]'' Okuma, 1985 – Tanzania, South Africa
* ''[[Tetragnatha suoan]]'' Zhu, Song & Zhang, 2003 – China
* ''[[Tetragnatha sutherlandi]]'' Gravely, 1921 – India
* ''[[Tetragnatha tahuata]]'' Gillespie, 2003 – Marquesas Is.
* ''[[Tetragnatha tanigawai]]'' Okuma, 1988 – Japan (Ryukyu Is.)
* ''[[Tetragnatha tantalus]]'' Gillespie, 1992 – Hawaii
* ''[[Tetragnatha taylori]]'' O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1891 – South Africa
* ''[[Tetragnatha tenera]]'' Thorell, 1881 – Sri Lanka, Australia (Queensland)
* ''[[Tetragnatha tenuis]]'' O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1889 – Guatemala to Panama
* ''[[Tetragnatha tenuissima]]'' O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1889 – Mexico, Central America, Caribbean to Brazil, Argentina
* ''[[Tetragnatha tincochacae]]'' Chamberlin, 1916 – Peru
* ''[[Tetragnatha tipula]]'' (Simon, 1894) – West Africa
* ''[[Tetragnatha tonkina]]'' Simon, 1909 – Vietnam
* ''[[Tetragnatha torrensis]]'' Schmidt & Piepho, 1994 – Cape Verde
* ''[[Tetragnatha tortilis]]'' Li & Liu, 2022 – China
* ''[[Tetragnatha trichodes]]'' Thorell, 1878 – Indonesia
* ''[[Tetragnatha tristani]]'' Banks, 1909 – Costa Rica
* ''[[Tetragnatha trituberculata]]'' Gillespie, 1992 – Hawaii
* ''[[Tetragnatha tuamoaa]]'' Gillespie, 2003 – Society Is.
* ''[[Tetragnatha tullgreni]]'' Lessert, 1915 – Central, East Africa
* ''[[Tetragnatha uluhe]]'' Gillespie, 2003 – Hawaii
* ''[[Tetragnatha uncifera]]'' Simon, 1900 – Hawaii
* ''[[Tetragnatha unicornis]]'' Tullgren, 1910 – Tanzania, [[Botswana]], South Africa
* ''[[Tetragnatha vacillans]]'' (Butler, 1876) – Mauritius (Rodriguez)
* ''[[Tetragnatha valida]]'' Keyserling, 1887 – Australia (Queensland, New South Wales, Tasmania)
* ''[[Tetragnatha vermiformis]]'' Emerton, 1884 – Temperate and tropical Asia. Introduced to North and Central America, Brazil, South Africa
* ''[[Tetragnatha versicolor]]'' Walckenaer, 1841 – North, Central America, Cuba
* ''[[Tetragnatha virescens]]'' Okuma, 1979 – Bangladesh, Sri Lanka to Indonesia, Philippines
* ''[[Tetragnatha viridis]]'' Walckenaer, 1841 – Canada, United States
* ''[[Tetragnatha viridorufa]]'' Gravely, 1921 – India
* ''[[Tetragnatha visenda]]'' Chickering, 1957 – Jamaica
* ''[[Tetragnatha waikamoi]]'' Gillespie, 1992 – Hawaii
* ''[[Tetragnatha yalom]]'' Chrysanthus, 1975 – New Guinea, Papua new Guinea (Bismarck Arch.), Australia (Queensland)
* ''[[Tetragnatha yesoensis]]'' Saito, 1934 – Russia (Far East), China, Korea, Japan
* ''[[Tetragnatha yinae]]'' Zhao & Peng, 2010 – China
* ''[[Tetragnatha yongquiang]]'' Zhu, Song & Zhang, 2003 – China
* ''[[Tetragnatha zangherii]]'' (Caporiacco, 1926) – Italy
* ''[[Tetragnatha zhaoi]]'' Zhu, Song & Zhang, 2003 – China
* ''[[Tetragnatha zhaoya]]'' Zhu, Song & Zhang, 2003 – China
{{Div col end}}
{{Collapse bottom}}

{{Collapse top|Synonyms}}
{{Div col}}
*''T. aduncata'' Wang, 1991 = ''Tetragnatha hasselti'' Thorell, 1890
*''T. alba'' F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1903 = ''Tetragnatha laboriosa'' Hentz, 1850
*''T. amplidens'' Chamberlin & Ivie, 1936 = ''Tetragnatha elongata'' Walckenaer, 1841
*''T. andina'' [[Władysław Taczanowski|Taczanowski]], 1878 = ''Tetragnatha bogotensis'' Keyserling, 1865
*''T. anirensis'' Strand, 1915 = ''Tetragnatha biseriata'' Thorell, 1881
*''T. antillana'' Simon, 1897 = ''Tetragnatha nitens'' (Audouin, 1826)
*''T. apheles'' Chamberlin & Ivie, 1936 = ''Tetragnatha mexicana'' Keyserling, 1865
*''T. aptans'' Chamberlin, 1920 = ''Tetragnatha nitens'' (Audouin, 1826)
*''T. banksi'' McCook, 1894 = ''Tetragnatha guatemalensis'' O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1889
*''T. bemalcuei'' Mello-Leitão, 1939 = ''Tetragnatha bogotensis'' Keyserling, 1865
*''T. borealis'' L. Koch, 1879 = ''Tetragnatha dearmata'' Thorell, 1873
*''T. boydi'' O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1898 = ''Tetragnatha bogotensis'' Keyserling, 1865
*''T. boydi'' Tullgren, 1910 = ''Tetragnatha bogotensis'' Keyserling, 1865
*''T. caporiaccoi'' [[Norman I. Platnick|Platnick]], 1993 = ''Tetragnatha nitens'' (Audouin, 1826)
*''T. casula'' Walckenaer, 1841 = ''Tetragnatha versicolor'' Walckenaer, 1841
*''T. cliens'' Chamberlin, 1924 = ''Tetragnatha nigrita'' Lendl, 1886
*''T. conformans'' Chamberlin, 1924 = ''Tetragnatha keyserlingi'' Simon, 1890
*''T. confraterna'' Banks, 1909 = ''Tetragnatha mandibulata'' Walckenaer, 1841
*''T. convexa'' Banks, 1898 = ''Tetragnatha versicolor'' Walckenaer, 1841
*''T. coreana'' Seo & Paik, 1981 = ''Tetragnatha vermiformis'' Emerton, 1884
*''T. culicivora'' Walckenaer, 1841 = ''Tetragnatha elongata'' Walckenaer, 1841
*''T. decipiens'' Badcock, 1932 = ''Tetragnatha nitens'' (Audouin, 1826)
*''T. dentigera'' F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1903 = ''Tetragnatha versicolor'' Walckenaer, 1841
*''T. earmra'' Levi, 1981 = ''Tetragnatha gracilis'' (Bryant, 1923)
*''T. eitapensis'' Strand, 1913 = ''Tetragnatha ceylonica'' O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1869
*''T. elmora'' Chamberlin & Ivie, 1942 = ''Tetragnatha nitens'' (Audouin, 1826)
*''T. ethodon'' Chamberlin & Ivie, 1936 = ''Tetragnatha keyserlingi'' Simon, 1890
*''T. festina'' Bryant, 1945 = ''Tetragnatha nitens'' (Audouin, 1826)
*''T. filiformis'' (Audouin, 1826) = ''Tetragnatha flava'' (Audouin, 1826)
*''T. foliifera'' Simon, 1898 = ''Tetragnatha demissa'' L. Koch, 1872
*''T. fraterna'' Banks, 1898 = ''Tetragnatha guatemalensis'' O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1889
*''T. fuerteventurensis'' [[Jörg Wunderlich|Wunderlich]], 1992 = ''Tetragnatha nitens'' (Audouin, 1826)
*''T. galapagoensis'' Banks, 1902 = ''Tetragnatha nitens'' (Audouin, 1826)
*''T. graciliventris'' Schenkel, 1963 = ''Tetragnatha mandibulata'' Walckenaer, 1841
*''T. grenda'' Roberts, 1983 = ''Tetragnatha demissa'' L. Koch, 1872
*''T. groenlandica'' Thorell, 1872 = ''Tetragnatha extensa'' ([[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]])
*''T. haitiensis'' Bryant, 1945 = ''Tetragnatha bogotensis'' Keyserling, 1865
*''T. harrodi'' Levi, 1951 = ''Tetragnatha dearmata'' Thorell, 1873
*''T. heatwolei'' [[Chrysanthus (arachnologist)|Chrysanthus]], 1975 = ''Tetragnatha bituberculata'' L. Koch, 1867
*''T. hotingchiehi'' Schenkel, 1963 = ''Tetragnatha nitens'' (Audouin, 1826)
*''T. huahinensis'' Berland, 1942 = ''Tetragnatha macilenta'' L. Koch, 1872
*''T. infuscata'' [[:species:Pierre L. G. Benoit|Benoit]], 1978 = ''Tetragnatha mandibulata'' Walckenaer, 1841
*''T. intermedia'' Banks, 1898 = ''Tetragnatha guatemalensis'' O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1889
*''T. japonica'' Bösenberg & Strand, 1906 = ''Tetragnatha keyserlingi'' Simon, 1890
*''T. kaestneri'' (Crome, 1954) = ''Tetragnatha reimoseri'' (Rosca, 1939)
*''T. kochi'' Thorell, 1895 = ''Tetragnatha keyserlingi'' Simon, 1890
*''T. kovblyuki'' [[Yuri M. Marusik|Marusik]], 2010 = ''Tetragnatha shoshone'' Levi, 1981
*''T. laudativa'' [[Willis J. Gertsch|Gertsch]] & Mulaik, 1936 = ''Tetragnatha guatemalensis'' O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1889
*''T. limnocharis'' Seeley, 1928 = ''Tetragnatha versicolor'' Walckenaer, 1841
*''T. listeri'' Gravely, 1921 = ''Tetragnatha keyserlingi'' Simon, 1890
*''T. mackenziei'' Gravely, 1921 = ''Tetragnatha vermiformis'' Emerton, 1884
*''T. maderiana'' Schenkel, 1938 (described as subspecies of ''T. extensa'') = ''Tetragnatha extensa'' ([[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]])
*''T. mandibulata'' Gravely, 1921 = ''Tetragnatha bogotensis'' Keyserling, 1865
*''T. manitoba'' Chamberlin & Ivie, 1942 = ''Tetragnatha extensa'' ([[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]])
*''T. marianna'' [[Allan Frost Archer|Archer]], 1940 = ''Tetragnatha versicolor'' Walckenaer, 1841
*''T. maxillosa'' Thorell, 1895 = ''Tetragnatha keyserlingi'' Simon, 1890
*''T. maxillosa'' Strand, 1911 = ''Tetragnatha keyserlingi'' Simon, 1890
*''T. modesta'' Hirst, 1911 = ''Tetragnatha ceylonica'' O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1869
*''T. munda'' Chamberlin & Gertsch, 1929 = ''Tetragnatha versicolor'' Walckenaer, 1841
*''T. necatoria'' Tullgren, 1910 = ''Tetragnatha mandibulata'' Walckenaer, 1841
*''T. nigrita'' Strand, 1906 = ''Tetragnatha praedonia'' L. Koch, 1878
*''T. nitens'' (Hogg, 1911) = ''Tetragnatha nitens'' (Audouin, 1826)
*''T. nitens'' Wiehle, 1962 = ''Tetragnatha bogotensis'' Keyserling, 1865
*''T. numa'' Levi & Levi, 1955 = ''Tetragnatha laboriosa'' Hentz, 1850
*''T. obtusa'' Kulczyński, 1891 = ''Tetragnatha dearmata'' Thorell, 1873
*''T. pelusia'' (Audouin, 1826) = ''Tetragnatha nitens'' (Audouin, 1826)
*''T. peninsulana'' Banks, 1898 = ''Tetragnatha bogotensis'' Keyserling, 1865
*''T. peruviana'' Taczanowski, 1878 = ''Tetragnatha nitens'' (Audouin, 1826)
*''T. petrunkevitchi'' Caporiacco, 1947 = ''Tetragnatha mandibulata'' Walckenaer, 1841
*''T. pinea'' Seeley, 1928 = ''Tetragnatha viridis'' Walckenaer, 1841
*''T. potanini'' Schenkel, 1963 = ''Tetragnatha extensa'' ([[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]])
*''T. producta'' ([[Pelegrin Franganillo-Balboa|Franganillo]], 1930) = ''Tetragnatha nitens'' (Audouin, 1826)
*''T. propioides'' Schenkel, 1936 = ''Tetragnatha keyserlingi'' Simon, 1890
*''T. punctipes'' Westring, 1874 = ''Tetragnatha dearmata'' Thorell, 1873
*''T. qiuae'' Zhu, Song & Zhang, 2003 = ''Tetragnatha shoshone'' Levi, 1981
*''T. quadridens'' Dondale, 1966 = ''Tetragnatha demissa'' L. Koch, 1872
*''T. ramboi'' Mello-Leitão, 1943 = ''Tetragnatha bogotensis'' Keyserling, 1865
*''T. recurva'' Schenkel, 1936 = ''Tetragnatha squamata'' Karsch, 1879
*''T. rusticana'' Chickering, 1959 = ''Tetragnatha extensa'' ([[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]])
*''T. sanctitata'' Walckenaer, 1841 = ''Tetragnatha elongata'' Walckenaer, 1841
*''T. seminola'' Gertsch, 1936 = ''Tetragnatha nitens'' (Audouin, 1826)
*''T. seneca'' Seeley, 1928 = ''Tetragnatha guatemalensis'' O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1889
*''T. shikokiana'' Yaginuma, 1960 = ''Tetragnatha vermiformis'' Emerton, 1884
*''T. siduo'' Chamberlin & Ivie, 1936 = ''Tetragnatha elongata'' Walckenaer, 1841
*''T. soaresi'' Camargo, 1950 = ''Tetragnatha longidens'' Mello-Leitão, 1945
*''T. steckleri'' Gertsch & Ivie, 1936 = ''Tetragnatha nitens'' (Audouin, 1826)
*''T. trapezoides'' Walckenaer, 1841 = ''Tetragnatha versicolor'' Walckenaer, 1841
*''T. tropica'' O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1889 = ''Tetragnatha elongata'' Walckenaer, 1841
*''T. valoka'' [[Chrysanthus (arachnologist)|Chrysanthus]], 1975 = ''Tetragnatha biseriata'' Thorell, 1881
*''T. vermiventris'' Schenkel, 1963 = ''Tetragnatha javana'' (Thorell, 1890)
*''T. vicina'' Simon, 1897 = ''Tetragnatha nitens'' (Audouin, 1826)
{{Div col end}}
{{Collapse end}}

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="wsc">{{cite web | url=https://wsc.nmbe.ch/genus/3311 | title=Genus Tetragnatha | publisher=World Spider Catalog | doi=10.24436/2 | accessdate=2025-10-01}}</ref>
<ref name="dippenaar2023">{{cite book | last1=Dippenaar-Schoeman | first1=A.S. | last2=Haddad | first2=C.R. | last3=Foord | first3=S.H. | last4=Lotz | first4=L.N. | year=2023 | title=The Tetragnathidae of South Africa. Version 2 | publisher=South African National Survey of Arachnida Photo Identification Guide | page=33 | doi=10.5281/zenodo.7513261}}{{Creative Commons text attribution notice|cc=by4}}</ref>
<ref name=:0>{{Cite journal|last1=Casquet|first1=Juliane|last2=Bourgeois|first2=Yann X. C.|last3=Cruaud|first3=Corinne|last4=Gavory|first4=Frédérick|last5=Gillespie|first5=Rosemary G.|last6=Thébaud|first6=Christophe|date=2015|title=Community assembly on remote islands: a comparison of Hawaiian and Mascarene spiders|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/jbi.12391|journal=Journal of Biogeography|language=en|volume=42|issue=1|pages=39–50|doi=10.1111/jbi.12391|s2cid=83565719 |issn=1365-2699|url-access=subscription}}</ref>
<ref name=fix1>{{cite journal |last1=Adams |first1=Seira A. |last2=Gurajapu |first2=Anjali |last3=Qiang |first3=Albert |last4=Gerbaulet |first4=Moritz |last5=Schulz |first5=Stefan |last6=Tsutsui |first6=Neil D. |last7=Ramirez |first7=Santiago R. |last8=Gillespie |first8=Rosemary G. |title=Chemical species recognition in an adaptive radiation of Hawaiian Tetragnatha spiders (Araneae: Tetragnathidae) |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |date=10 April 2024 |volume=291 |issue=2020 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2023.2340|pmc=11003775 }}</ref>
<ref name=fix2>{{Cite journal|last1=Kallal|first1=Robert J.|last2=Kulkarni|first2=Siddharth S.|last3=Dimitrov|first3=Dimitar|last4=Benavides|first4=Ligia R.|last5=Arnedo|first5=Miquel A.|last6=Giribet|first6=Gonzalo|last7=Hormiga|first7=Gustavo|date=2021|title=Converging on the orb: denser taxon sampling elucidates spider phylogeny and new analytical methods support repeated evolution of the orb web|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/cla.12439|journal=Cladistics|language=en|volume=37|issue=3|pages=298–316|doi=10.1111/cla.12439|pmid=34478199 |hdl=11250/2754972 |s2cid=228966334 |issn=1096-0031|hdl-access=free|url-access=subscription}}</ref>
<ref name=fix3>{{Cite journal|last1=Vandergast|first1=Amy G.|last2=Gillespie|first2=Rosemary G.|last3=Roderick|first3=George K.|date=2004-04-27|title=Influence of volcanic activity on the population genetic structure of Hawaiian Tetragnatha spiders: fragmentation, rapid population growth and the potential for accelerated evolution: POPULATION GENETICS OF HAWAIIAN TETRAGNATHA|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-294X.2004.02179.x|journal=Molecular Ecology|language=en|volume=13|issue=7|pages=1729–1743|doi=10.1111/j.1365-294X.2004.02179.x|pmid=15189199 |s2cid=10090815 |url-access=subscription}}</ref>
<ref name=fix4>{{Cite journal|last1=Kennedy|first1=Susan|last2=Lim|first2=Jun Ying |last3=Clavel |first3=Joanne |last4=Krehenwinkel |first4=Henrik |last5=Gillespie |first5=Rosemary G. |date=2019 |editor-last=Godoy |editor-first=Oscar |title=Spider webs, stable isotopes and molecular gut content analysis: Multiple lines of evidence support trophic niche differentiation in a community of Hawaiian spiders |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1365-2435.13361 |journal=Functional Ecology |language=en |volume=33 |issue=9 |pages=1722–1733 |doi=10.1111/1365-2435.13361 |s2cid=182857924 |issn=0269-8463}}</ref>
<ref name="Habitate">{{cite book |last1=Hänggi |first1=Ambros |last2=Stöckli |first2=Edi |last3=Nentwig |first3=Wolfgang |year=1995 |title=Lebensräume Mitteleuropäischer Spinnen |publisher=Miscellanea Faunistica Helvetiae – Centre suisse de cartographie de la faune, Neuchatel |isbn=2-88414-008-5}}</ref>
<ref name=Latr1804>{{cite journal| last=Latreille| first=P. A.| year=1804| title=Tableau methodique des Insectes| journal=Nouveau Dictionnaire d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris| pages=129–295| volume=24| author-link=Pierre_André_Latreille}}</ref>
<ref name=NASP>{{cite web |title=''Tetragnatha montana'' |url=https://www.naturespot.org.uk/species/tetragnatha-montana |website=NatureSpot |access-date=4 February 2024}}</ref>
}}

{{Taxonbar| from=Q1303362}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Tetragnathidae genera]]
[[Category:Cosmopolitan spiders]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Pierre André Latreille]]
[[Category:Tetragnathidae]]

British Indo-Caribbean people

2026-01-25T12:46:20Z

CelestaWolf314: cleanup

{{Short description|Residents of the UK}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
|group = British Indo-Caribbean people
|image =
|population = [[Indo-Guyanese]] - ''Unknown'' [[Indo-Jamaican]] - ''Unknown'' [[Indo-Trinidadians]] - ''Approx 25,000''<ref name="scribd.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/7099691/IndoCaribbean-Times-December-2007|title=Indo-Caribbean Times December 2007 - Kidnapping - Venezuela|website=Scribd.com|access-date=17 August 2018}}</ref> [[Indo-Surinamese]] - ''Unknown''
|regions = '''United Kingdom''' In particular [[London]], [[Birmingham]], [[Manchester]], [[Leicester]], [[Leeds]], [[Glasgow]], [[Preston, Lancashire|Preston]], [[Sheffield]], [[Liverpool]], [[Nottingham]], [[Southampton]], [[Bristol]], [[Newcastle upon Tyne]], [[Slough]], [[Edinburgh]], [[Cardiff]], [[Stoke on Trent]], [[Coventry]]
|languages = {{hlist| [[British English]] (predominantly [[Multicultural London English]])| [[Caribbean English]] (predominantly [[Trinidadian and Tobagonian English|Trinidadian and Tobagonian]] and [[Guyanese Creole|Guyanese]])| [[Caribbean Hindustani]]| [[Hinglish]]| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]}}
|religions =
'''Majority''': {{hlist|[[Hinduism in the United Kingdom|Hinduism]]}}
'''Significant Minority''': {{hlist|[[Christianity]]|[[Islam in the United Kingdom|Islam]]}}
'''Other Minority''': {{hlist|[[Sikhism in the United Kingdom|Sikhism]]|[[Jainism]]|[[Buddhism]]|[[Zoroastrianism]]|[[Baháʼí Faith|Baháʼí]]|Others}}
|related = [[British Indians]]{{·}}[[Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin|Indian diaspora]]{{·}}[[Indo-Caribbean people]]{{·}}[[Indo-Caribbean Americans]]{{·}}[[South Asians in the Netherlands#Indo-Caribbeans|Dutch Indo-Caribbeans]]
}}

'''British Indo-Caribbean people''' are British citizens, whose recent ancestors came from the [[Caribbean]], and who further trace their ancestry back to [[British Raj|India]] and the wider [[Indian subcontinent|subcontinent]]. The UK has a large population of Indo-Caribbean people.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.smallislandread.com/read_more/indo_carribean.htm |title=The Indo-Caribbean community |website=smallislandread.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090531233835/http://www.smallislandread.com/read_more/indo_carribean.htm |archive-date=May 31, 2009 }}</ref>
==Background==
Indian people were first introduced to the Caribbean as [[Indian indenture system|indentured laborers]] by the British government beginning in the 1830s after the abolition of slavery and when cheap labour was needed. The majority settled in [[Trinidad and Tobago]], [[Guyana]], and [[Suriname]]. There are smaller but well established population in [[Jamaica]], [[Saint Lucia]] and other [[Caribbean]] countries. The Indian communities in these countries have now become extremely well established and currently have a very successful diaspora. With the strong links between the Caribbean and the UK, as well as the large [[British Indians|Indian community in the UK]], it has proven a popular destination for Indo-Caribbean emigrants. In 1990, between 22,800 and 30,400 Indo-Caribbean people were estimated to be living in the UK.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/+/http://www.movinghere.org.uk/galleries/histories/caribbean/settling/indo_caribbean2.htm |title=*Migration Histories > Caribbean > Settling: An Established Community |first=Ron |last=Ramdin |website=nationalarchives.gov.uk |access-date=17 August 2018}}</ref> In the recent [[UK 2021 census]], 10,841 persons self-identified as having Indo-Caribbean ancestry using the categories of "Other ethnic group: Caribbean Asian" and "Mixed or Multiple ethnic groups: Caribbean Asian.<ref>{{cite web |title=Interactive Map of the Indo-Caribbean Population in England and Wales |url=https://anesaresearch.wordpress.com/2025/01/06/interactive-map-of-the-indo-caribbean-population-in-england-and-wales/ |website=Higher Education Research Blog |language=en |date=6 January 2025}}</ref> This is a lower estimate as Indo-Caribbean people had to write this in for their ethnicity under Asian: Other, and may have found it easier to click Asian: Indian for example.

==Sub-groups==

===British Indo-Guyanese people===
{{see also|Indo-Guyanese|Guyanese in the United Kingdom}}

Notable Britons of Indo-Guyanese descent include [[Arif Ali (publisher)|Arif Ali]], [[Waheed Alli, Baron Alli]], [[Shakira Caine]], [[David Dabydeen]], [[Gina Miller]], [[Bishnodat Persaud]], [[Avinash Persaud]], [[Raj Persaud]] and [[Gordon Warnecke]], and [[Mark Ramprakash]].

===British Indo-Jamaicans===
{{see also|Indo-Jamaicans|British Jamaicans}}
A notable Briton of Indo-Jamaican descent is [[Lee Gopthal]]. The British eighties pop group [[Five Star]] are of Indo Caribbean descent through their mother.

===British Indo-Trinidadians===
{{see also|Indo-Trinidadian and Tobagonian|Trinidadian and Tobagonian British
}}

Indo-Trinidadian people are thought to number well over 25,000, which is even more than the number of people born in [[Trinidad and Tobago]] living in the UK according to the 2001 Census.<ref name="scribd.com" /> Notable Britons of Indo-Trinidadian descent include [[Waheed Alli, Baron Alli]], [[Chris Bisson]], [[Vahni Capildeo]], [[Krishan Kumar (sociologist)|Krishan Kumar]], [[Krishna Maharaj]], [[Shiva Naipaul]], [[V. S. Naipaul]], [[Lakshmi Persaud]], [[Avinash Persaud]] and [[Raj Persaud]].

===British Indo-Surinamese people===
{{see also|Indo-Surinamese}}

==See also==
* [[Indo-Caribbean people]]
* [[British Indians]]
* [[Indian Canadians]]
* [[British African-Caribbean people]]
* [[British Asian]]
* [[Indo-Caribbean Americans]]

==References==

{{reflist}}

{{Indian diaspora}}
{{Caribbean diaspora}}
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Karnataka textbook controversy

2026-01-03T08:15:59Z

CelestaWolf314: creating the info initial version!

{{Short description|2022 event in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2015}}

The '''Karnataka textbook controversy''' arose in May–June 2022 after [[Government of Karnataka]] made changes to the books used by the government schools in Karnataka. They have been accused of reflecting the political views of BJP, the party in power in the Government of Karnataka.<ref>{{cite news |title='Why did Karnataka Government appoint non-academician as chairperson of textbook revision committee?' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/why-did-karnataka-government-appoint-non-academician-as-chairperson-of-textbook-revision-committee/article65503615.ece |access-date=7 June 2022 |work=The Hindu |date=7 June 2022 |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref name="The Wire">{{cite news |title=Amid 'Saffronisation' Claims, Karnataka Govt Doubles Down on Textbook Syllabus Changes |url=https://thewire.in/politics/karnataka-syllabus-saffronisation |access-date=7 June 2022 |work=The Wire |date=24 May 2022}}</ref><ref name="India Today Dwarakanath">{{cite news |last1=Dwarakanath |first1=Nagarjun |title=Congress to protest against Karnataka textbook revision on June 9 in Bengaluru |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/karnataka-news-textbook-row-congress-protest-vidhan-soudha-thursday-cm-bommai-1959352-2022-06-07 |access-date=7 June 2022 |work=India Today |date=7 June 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

== 'Burn the chaddi' campaign==
In June 2022 the Congress students' wing [[National Students Union of India]] (NSUI) protested against the "saffronisation" of school textbooks. As a symbolic protest they burnt an underwear outside the Home of Education Minister [[B. C. Nagesh]]. They set fire to a pair of khaki shorts similar to the short in the uniform of the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] (RSS) members.<ref name="freepressjournal" />

The BJP complained to the police accusing the NSUI activists of trying to burn the minister's house down. Congress leader [[Siddaramaiah]] said, "During a protest, we symbolically burnt one underwear - just one underwear. But the police and government made it a big issue and said we are trying to burn the house... So let's start a chaddi-burning campaign," The Congress launched a "burn-the-chaddi" campaign and Siddaramaiah announced that, as a sign of protest against RSS ‘chaddis’ would be burnt.<ref name="freepressjournal">{{cite news |title=Karnataka: What is 'burn the chaddi' campaign? Know why politicians are burning underwears as protest |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/karnataka-what-is-burn-the-chaddi-campaign-know-why-politicians-are-burning-underwears-as-protest |date=6 June 2022 |access-date=7 June 2022 |work=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref><ref name="RSS sends">{{cite news |last1=Dwarakanath |first1=Nagarjun |last2=K. |first2=Karthik |title=RSS sends Karnataka Congress underwear after Siddaramaiah threatens to burn 'chaddis' |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/rss-karnataka-congress-burn-chaddis-siddaramaiah-protest-1959077-2022-06-06 |access-date=7 June 2022 |work=India Today |date=6 June 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Bias in curricula]]
* [[Saffronisation]]
* [[California textbook controversy over Hindu history]]
* [[NCERT textbook controversies]]
* [[Pakistani textbooks controversy]]

==Notes and references==
{{reflist|2}}

[[Category:Textbook controversies]]
[[Category:Hindu education]]
[[Category:Education controversies in India]]
[[Category:Hinduism-related controversies]]

Kal Bhairav Temple, Ujjain

2025-11-25T06:23:29Z

CelestaWolf314: creating new place nd citations!

{{Short description|Hindu temple in Madhya Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2017}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
|name = Kal Bahirav temple
|image = Kal Bhairav temple Ujjain.jpg
|map_type = India
|coordinates = {{coord|23.218174|N|75.768618|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
|map_caption = Location in India
|native_name = काल भैरव मन्दिर
|country = [[India]]
|state = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
|district = [[Ujjain district|Ujjain]]
|locale = Bhairavgarh, [[Ujjain]]
|elevation_m = 481
|deity = [[Kal Bhairav]]
}}
'''Kal Bhairav temple''' is a [[Hindu]] temple located in the [[Ujjain]] city of [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[India]]. It is dedicated to [[Kal Bhairav]], the [[guardian deity]] of the city.<ref name="NIE_2013_guardian"/> Located on the banks of the [[Shipra River]], it is one of the most active temples in the city, visited by hundreds of devotees daily.<ref name="ITV_2013_offer">{{cite news |url=http://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/ujjain-s-kalbhairav-the-god-to-whom-hindu-devotees-offer-liquor-20258.html |title=Ujjain's Kalbhairav, the god to whom Hindu devotees offer liquor |date=20 February 2013 |publisher=India TV }}</ref> [[Liquor]] is one of the offerings made to the temple deity.<ref name="IT_1994_tantrik"/>

== History ==

The present-day temple structure was built over the remains of an older temple. The original temple is believed to have been built by an obscure king named Bhadrasen. It has been mentioned in the ''Avanti Khanda'' of the ''[[Skanda Purana]]''.<ref name="Ujj_NIC_temples"/><ref name="ITV_2013_offer"/> Images of [[Shiva]], [[Parvati]], [[Vishnu]] and [[Ganesha]] belonging to the [[Paramara dynasty|Paramara]] period (9th-13th century CE) have been recovered from the place.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kalidasaakademi.nic.in/holy_city_ujjain/body_holy_city_ujjain.html |title=Holy City – Ujjain |publisher=Kalidasa Akademi |accessdate=28 September 2015 |archive-date=7 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307203902/http://www.kalidasaakademi.nic.in/holy_city_ujjain/body_holy_city_ujjain.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> The temple walls were once decorated with [[Malwa painting]]s. However, only traces of these paintings are visible now.<ref name="Ujj_NIC_temples"/>

The present-day temple structure shows [[Maratha Confederacy|Maratha]] influence. According to the local tradition, after the Maratha defeat in the [[Third Battle of Panipat]] (1761 CE), the Maratha general [[Mahadaji Shinde]] offered his [[pagri (turban)|pagri]] (turban) to the deity, praying for victory in his campaign to restore the Maratha rule in North India. After successfully resurrecting Maratha power, he carried out restoration of the temple.<ref name="AajTak_2015_hi">{{cite news |url=http://aajtak.intoday.in/story/shri-kaal-bhairav-temple-ujjain-in-m.p-1-747082.html |title=ग्रहों की बाधाएं दूर करते है उज्जैन के कालभैरव |publisher=Aaj Tak |date=17 January 2015 |language=Hindi }}</ref>

A replica of the temple has been established on the [[Bhuj]]-[[Mundra]] road in [[Gujarat]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/At-this-temple-you-offer-foreign-liquor/articleshow/45392091.cms |title=At this temple you offer foreign liquor |author=Paul John |newspaper=The Times of India |date=6 December 2014 }}</ref>

<gallery mode="packed">
Kal Bhairav Ujjain - entrance.jpg | Temple entrance
Kal Bhairav Ujjain - Deepmalika.jpg | ''[[Deep Jyoti Stambh|Deepmalika]]'' or tower of lamps
File:Kal Bhairav Ujjain - devotees feeding gray langurs.jpg | Devotees feed [[gray langur]]s outside the temple
</gallery>

== The deity ==

As the name suggests, the temple is dedicated to [[Kal Bhairav]] (or Kala Bhairava). The deity's image is a face in form of a rock layered with [[kumkuma]] or [[sindoor|vermilion]]. The deity's silver head is adorned with a Maratha-style pagri, a tradition dating back to the days of Mahadaji Shinde.<ref name="AajTak_2015_hi"/>

The worship of [[Ashta Bhairava]] ("eight [[Bhairava]]s") is a part of the [[Saivite]] tradition, and the Kal Bhairav is considered their chief. The worship of Kal Bhairav was traditionally popular among the [[Kapalika]] and [[Aghori|Aghora]] sects, and Ujjain was a prominent centre of these sects.<ref name="Ujj_NIC_temples">{{cite news |url=http://www.ujjain.nic.in/TouristInfo/temples/temples.html |title=Temples |publisher=District Collector, Ujjain |accessdate=28 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150921131905/http://www.ujjain.nic.in/TouristInfo/temples/temples.html |archive-date=21 September 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Kal Bhairav is the [[guardian deity]] of Ujjain:<ref name="NIE_2013_guardian">{{cite news |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/lifestyle/spirituality/article1473100.ece |title=Where Lord Shiva is guardian and ruler |author=V Guhan |date=24 February 2013 |publisher=Indian Express |access-date=29 September 2015 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304221911/http://www.newindianexpress.com/lifestyle/spirituality/article1473100.ece |url-status=dead }}</ref> he is considered [[Senapati]] (Commander-in-Chief or Chief General) of the town.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PyC4o7i9tnEC&pg=PA238 |title=India: A Sacred Geography |author=Diana L. Eck |author-link=Diana L. Eck |publisher=[[Three Rivers Press]] |year=2013 |isbn=9780385531924 |page=238 }}</ref>

== Liquor offering ==

[[Liquor]] is offered to the temple deity as one of the five [[tantra|tantric]] ritual offerings known as [[panchamakara]]: ''madya'' (alcohol), ''maansa'' (meat), ''meena'' or ''matsya'' (fish), ''mudra'' (gesture or parched grain) and ''[[maithuna]]'' (sexual intercourse). In older times, all five offerings were made to the deity, but now only alcohol is offered; the other four offerings are in form of symbolic rituals.<ref name="IT_1994_tantrik"/>

Outside the temple, vendors sell baskets of offerings, containing coconuts, flowers and a bottle of liquor.<ref name="ToI_2006_whisky"/> In 2015, the State Government set up liquor counters outside the temple to ensure that the devotees are not swindled by unlicensed vendors of alcohol. The counters sell both [[desi daru|country liquor]] and [[Indian-made foreign liquor|foreign liquor]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/ujjain-nod-to-liquor-outlets-near-kal-bhairav-temple/ |title=Ujjain: Nod to liquor outlets near Kal Bhairav temple |date=1 February 2015 |author=Milind Ghatwai |newspaper=Indian Express }}</ref>

Every day, hundreds of devotees offer liquor to the deity.<ref name="ITV_2013_offer"/> The devotees hand over the liquor bottles to the priest, who pours the liquor in a [[saucer]]. He then offers prayers and takes the saucer near the deity's lips, which have a slit. He tilts the plate a bit, and the liquor starts disappearing.<ref name="IT_1994_tantrik"/> About one-third of the bottle is returned to the devotee as [[Prasad (food offering)|prasad]].<ref name="ToI_2006_whisky">{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/sunday-times/When-gods-accept-whisky/articleshow/414121.cms |title=When gods accept whisky |newspaper=The Times of India |date=12 November 2006 |author=Nilanjana Sengupta }}</ref>

The temple priests, as well as several devotees, claim that the slit doesn't have any cavity, and that the deity miraculously swallows the liquor offered to him. However, the temple priest does not allow the visitors to examine the statue. He also claims that only he can perform the miracle, and that the others who have tried to make the statue swallow the liquor have failed.<ref name="IT_1994_tantrik">{{cite journal |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/offtrack/story/19940731-tantrik-cult-worships-deity-with-offerings-of-liquor-in-ujjain-809449-1994-07-30 |title=One for the lord |author=N.K. Singh |date=31 July 1994 |journal=India Today }}</ref>

<gallery mode="packed">
File: Lord Kal Bhairav, Ujjain.jpg | Liquor being offered to the deity
File:Kal Bhairav Ujjain - Puja basket.jpg | A typical basket of offerings, containing [[desi daru]] (country liquor), a pack of [[incense stick]]s and [[tagetes|marigold]] flowers
File:Kal Bhairav Ujjain - government liquor shop.jpg | Government liquor shop outside the temple
File:Kal Bhairav Ujjain - liquor vendor.jpg | A non-government vendor outside the temple, selling liquor, flowers and books
File:Kal Bhairav Ujjain - vendor.jpg | Another non-government vendor outside the temple, selling liquor, flowers and framed photographs
</gallery>

Although no official figures are available on how much liquor is offered at the temple daily, the amount is estimated at several hundreds of litres.<ref name="HT_2015_dedicated">{{cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/bhopal/mp-ujjain-kal-bhairav-temple-to-get-dedicated-liquor-counters/story-Q5sPVh7AgjLD9VZcXa1e2O.html |title=MP: Ujjain Kal Bhairav temple to get dedicated liquor counters |date=1 February 2015 |author=Sunil Magariya |newspaper=Hindustan Times }}</ref> During the 2016 [[Ujjain Simhastha]], the state government banned liquor sales in Ujjain for a month, but allowed the shops in front of the temple to sell alcohol.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/indore/liquor-banned-in-ujjain-but-sales-surge-at-bhairav-temple/story-URBlPSZtfsi5KnqgjcF86O.html |title=Liquor banned in Ujjain, but sales surge at Bhairav temple |author=Vinit and Ritesh Mishra |newspaper=Hindustan Times |date=24 April 2016 }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Ujjain]]
[[Category:Shiva temples in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Bhairava temples]]

Pune–Howrah Duronto Express

2025-11-11T10:01:08Z

CelestaWolf314: minor refine structure for consistency and improved wording

{{italic title}}
{{More citations needed|date=June 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox rail service
| color = 80FF00
| name = Pune Junction - Howrah Junction AC ''Duronto Express''
| image = 12221 Pune Howrah Duronto Express.jpg
| image_width =
| caption =
| type = [[Duronto Express]]
| locale =
| first = 9 October 2010
| last =
| operator = [[South Eastern Railway zone|South Eastern Railway]]
| ridership =
| start = [[Pune railway station|Pune Junction]]
| stops = 6
| end = [[Howrah railway station|Howrah Junction]]
| distance = {{convert|2020|km|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 28 hours, 35 minutes as 12221 Pune Howrah Duronto Express, 27 hours, 25 minutes as 12222 Howrah Pune Duronto Express
| frequency = 2 days a week. 12221 – Monday & Saturday, 12222 – Thursday & Saturday
| class = [[Indian Railways coaching stock|AC 1st Class]], [[Indian Railways coaching stock|AC 2 tier]], [[Indian Railways coaching stock|AC 3 tier]]
| seating =
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = Yes, [[Dining car|Pantry]] car attached
| observation = Rake sharing with 12261/62 [[Howrah Mumbai CST Duronto Express]]
| entertainment =
| baggage =
| otherfacilities =
| stock = [[LHB coach]]
| gauge = Broad - {{RailGauge|1676mm}}
| el =
| trainnumber = 12221, 12222
| speed = {{convert|140|km/h|mph|0|abbr=on}} Maximum, {{convert|72.17|km/h|mph|0|abbr=on}} (Average Speed), including halts
| map = {{Pune-Howrah AC Duronto Express Route}}
| map_state = collapsed
}}

The '''Pune - Howrah Duronto Express''' is a Duronto Category [[Express trains in India|Superfast Express]] train of the [[Indian Railways]] connecting [[Pune railway station|Pune]] to [[Howrah railway station|Howrah]].

It is one of three Duronto's operating out of [[Pune railway station|Pune]] with the other two being 12263/64 [[Hazrat Nizamuddin Pune Duronto Express]] & 12297/98 [[Pune Ahmedabad Duronto Express]].

==Coach composition==

The rake has 1 [[Indian Railways coaching stock|AC 1st Class]], 3 [[Indian Railways coaching stock|AC 2 tier]], 10 [[Indian Railways coaching stock|AC 3 tier]], 1 [[Dining car|Pantry]] Car and 2 [[Diesel generator|End on Generator]] coaches.

As with most train services in India, Coach Composition may be amended at the discretion of [[Indian Railways]] depending on demand.

==Service==

It is the fastest train on the [[Pune railway station|Pune]] – [[Howrah railway station|Howrah]] sector averaging over 5 hours faster than the only other train which does the [[Pune railway station|Pune]] – [[Howrah railway station|Howrah]] sector 12129/30 [[Azad Hind Express]].

It averages {{convert|70.67|km/h|mph|0|abbr=on}} as 12221 Pune Howrah Duronto Express covering {{convert|2020|km|abbr=on}} in 28 hrs 35 mins & {{convert|73.68|km/h|mph|0|abbr=on}} as 12222 Howrah Pune Duronto Express covering the same distance in 27 hrs 25 mins.

==Train details==

This train had its inaugural run on 9 October 2010. It is a fully AC train & uses [[LHB coach]].

==Loco link==
It is hauled by a Bhusaval-based [[Indian locomotive class WAP-4|WAP 4]] or Howrah based [[WAP-7]] from [[Pune Junction railway station|Pune Junction]] to [[Howrah Junction]].

==Time table==

{| class="wikitable
|-
! style="background:gold;"| Station Code
!! style="background:gold;"| Station Name
!! style="background:gold;"| Arrival
!! style="background:gold;"| Departure
|-
| PUNE || '''Pune Junction''' || --- || 15:15
|-
| DDCC || Daund Chord Line || 16:23 || 16:25
|-
| MMR || Manmad Junction || 20:17 || 20:20
|-
| BL || Bhusawal Junction || 22:40 || 22:45
|-
| NGP || Nagpur Junction || 04:10 || 04:15
|-
| R || Raipur Junction || 08:22 || 08:24
|-
| BSP || Bilaspur Junction || 09:55 || 10:05
|-
| TATA || Tatanagar Junction || 16:15 || 16:25
|-
| HWH || '''Howrah Junction''' || 20:05 || ---
|-
|}

==See also==
* [[Duronto Express]]
* [[Pune railway station|Pune Junction]]
* [[Howrah railway station|Howrah Junction]]
* [[Azad Hind Express]]
* [[Dedicated Intercity trains of India]]

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20131002040545/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Scripting/ArticleWin.asp?From=Search&Key=TOIPU/2010/10/10/3/Ar00303.xml&CollName=TOI_PUNE_ARCHIVE_2009&DOCID=239344&Keyword=(%3Cmany%3E%3Cstem%3EDuronto)&skin=pastissues2&AppName=2&ViewMode=HTML]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20131002035221/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Scripting/ArticleWin.asp?From=Search&Key=TOIPU/2013/05/06/3/Ar00308.xml&CollName=TOI_PUNE_ARCHIVE_2009&DOCID=609007&Keyword=(%3Cmany%3E%3Cstem%3EDuronto)&skin=pastissues2&AppName=2&ViewMode=HTML]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20131002035254/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Scripting/ArticleWin.asp?From=Search&Key=TOIPU/2011/08/15/5/Ar00504.xml&CollName=TOI_PUNE_ARCHIVE_2009&DOCID=367088&Keyword=(%3Cmany%3E%3Cstem%3EDuronto)&skin=pastissues2&AppName=2&ViewMode=HTML]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20131002034819/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Scripting/ArticleWin.asp?From=Search&Key=TOIPU/2011/07/03/3/Ar00304.xml&CollName=TOI_PUNE_ARCHIVE_2009&DOCID=350283&Keyword=(%3Cmany%3E%3Cstem%3EDuronto)&skin=pastissues2&AppName=2&ViewMode=HTML]

{{Duronto Express}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pune - Howrah Duronto Express}}
[[Category:Duronto Express trains]]
[[Category:Trains from Howrah railway station]]
[[Category:Transport in Pune]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Rail transport in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 2010]]

G. Kaito Aye

2025-10-21T12:05:00Z

CelestaWolf314:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = G. Kaito Aye
| image =
| office = [[Fifth Rio ministry|Cabinet Minister]], [[Government of Nagaland]]
| predecessor =
| successor =
| governor = [[La. Ganesan]]
| 1blankname = Chief Minister
| 1namedata = [[Neiphiu Rio]]
| subterm = '''Cabinet'''
| suboffice = [[Fifth Rio ministry]]
| 2blankname = Ministry and Departments
| 2namedata = * Roads and Bridges
| term_start = 7 March 2023
| successor1 =
| governor1 = [[Padmanabha Acharya]] [[R. N. Ravi]] [[Jagdish Mukhi]] [[La. Ganesan]]
| 1blankname1 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata1 = [[Neiphiu Rio]]
| subterm1 = '''Cabinet'''
| suboffice1 = [[Fourth Rio ministry]]
| 2blankname1 = Ministry and Departments
| 2namedata1 = * Agriculture
* Cooperation
| term_start1 = 7 March 2018
| term_end1 = March 2023
| office2 = Member of the [[Nagaland Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency2 = [[Satakha (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Satakha]]
| term_start2 = 1998
| predecessor2 = Kaito
| nationality = Indian
| party = [[Naga People's Front]] (2025-present)
| otherparty = [[Indian National Congress]] (1998-2008) [[Naga People’s Front]] (2008-2018) [[Janata Dal (United)]] (2018-2022)
| parents =
| children =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| residence =
| occupation = [[Politician]]
| education =
| alma_mater =
| spouse =
| legislature = Nagaland Legislative Assembly
}}

'''G. Kaito Aye''' is a [[Naga People's Front]] politician from [[Nagaland]]. He is currently serving as a Cabinet minister in the [[Government of Nagaland]] and member of [[Nagaland Legislative Assembly]] representing [[Satakha (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Satakha]].

==Political career==
He has been elected to the [[Nagaland Legislative Assembly]] in the 1998, 2003 election as a candidate of [[Indian National Congress]], in 2008 and 2013 as a candidate of [[Naga People's Front|Naga People’s Front]] (NFP), in 2018 as a candidate of [[Janata Dal (United)]], and as a candidate of [[Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party]] in 2023 from [[Satakha Assembly constituency]]. G Kaito Aye Minister for Roads and Bridges quit the NPF party on 15 February 2018 and joined JDU.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nagaland: 2 NPF MLAs, 6 Independents resign from assembly |url=https://www.oneindia.com/india/nagaland-2-npf-mlas-6-independents-resign-from-assembly-2635839.html}}</ref> He is the minister of Agriculture and Cooperative in the [[Fourth Neiphiu Rio ministry]] from 2018.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/north-east-india/nagaland/nagaland-neiphiu-rio-takes-cm-oath-cabinet-moves-to-rename-indira-stadium-5091437/ | title=Nagaland: Neiphiu Rio takes CM oath, cabinet moves to rename Indira stadium | date=9 March 2018 | newspaper=The Indian Express }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/know-all-about-incumbent-neiphiu-rio-the-new-chief-minister-of-nagaland-1821287 | title=All About Neiphiu Rio, Nagaland's Chief Minister For Fourth Term | date=8 March 2018 | publisher=NDTV }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/neiphiu-rio-takes-oath-as-nagaland-cm/articleshow/63215461.cms |title=Neiphiu Rio takes oath as Nagaland CM |access-date=2019-10-08 |archive-date=2018-06-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180624103224/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/neiphiu-rio-takes-oath-as-nagaland-cm/articleshow/63215461.cms |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[https://www.indiatoday.in/pti-feed/story/senior-politician-neiphiu-rio-back-as-nagaland-cm-1185069-2018-03-08 Senior politician Neiphiu Rio back as Nagaland CM]</ref><ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kohima/neiphiu-rio-a-man-born-to-rule/articleshow/63229908.cms Neiphiu Rio, a man born to rule]</ref><ref>[http://myneta.info/nagaland2018/candidate.php?candidate_id=5786 Myneta]</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Aye, G. Kaito}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party politicians]]
[[Category:Nagaland MLAs 2018–2023]]
[[Category:Naga People's Front politicians]]
[[Category:Janata Dal (United) politicians]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:People from Zünheboto district]]
[[Category:Naga people]]

{{Nagaland-politician-stub}}

Punjab Kesari

2025-10-03T10:42:05Z

CelestaWolf314: page edit

{{short description|Indian Hindi-language newspaper}}
{{for|the film of the same name|Punjab Kesari (film)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox newspaper
| name = Punjab Kesari
| italic_title = yes
| motto = Youth India, Young Paper
| logo = PKD2.jpg
| logo_size = 220px
| image = [[File:PKJ1.jpg|225px|border]]
| caption = ''Punjab Kesari'' header with the photos of late founders [[Lala Jagat Narain]] and Romesh Chander
| type = Daily newspaper
| format = [[Broadsheet]]
| founded = 1965
| price on weekdays =
| price on sundays =
| owners = [[Ashwini Kumar Chopra]]
| political_position = [[Liberalism|Liberal]]
| founder = [[Lala Jagat Narain]]
| publisher = The Hindsamachar Ltd.
| chief_editor = [[Vijay Kumar Chopra]]
| editor = Vijay Chopra (Jalandhar) and Ashwini Kumar Chopra (Delhi)
| managing_editor = [[Vijay Kumar Chopra]]
| headquarters = [[Jalandhar]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] [[Delhi]]
| language = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| publishing_country = {{flag|India}}
| circulation = 1,159,489 Daily<ref name=ABCIND>{{cite web| url= http://www.auditbureau.org/files/Highest%20Circulated%20amongst%20ABC%20Member%20Publications%20(across%20languages).pdf| title= Submission of circulation figures for the audit period July - December 2015| publisher= [[Audit Bureau of Circulations (India)|Audit Bureau of Circulations]]| access-date= 5 January 2016| archive-date= 18 September 2017| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170918051424/http://www.auditbureau.org/files/Highest%20Circulated%20amongst%20ABC%20Member%20Publications%20(across%20languages).pdf| url-status= live}}</ref>
| circulation_date = Jul - Dec 2015
| ISSN =
| oclc =
| website = {{URL|punjabkesari.in/national|Jalandhar}} {{URL|punjabkesari.com|Delhi}} 
{{URL|punjabkesari.in|Haryana}}
}}
'''''Punjab Kesari''''' ({{lit|The Lion of Punjab|translit=Paṃjāba Kesarī}}) is a [[Hindi]]-language newspaper published from many centres in [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]], [[Haryana]], [[Rajasthan]], [[Himachal Pradesh]] and [[Delhi]] in [[India]]. It is owned by the Punjab Kesari group (The Hindsamachar Ltd.). It is one of the four newspapers started by the group; the other three are ''[[Hind Samachar]]'' in [[Urdu]], ''[[Jagbani]]'' in [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] and ''[[Navodaya Times]]'' in [[Hindi]] from [[Delhi]] [[National Capital Region (India)|NCR]].

The newspaper was established by [[Lala Jagat Narain]] and later on his elder son Romesh Chander took over the reins. However, during the days of [[Punjab insurgency]], both were assassinated, in 1981 and 1984 respectively.<ref>NT-Oct22,2013 [http://www.navodayatimes.in/new_delhi/news/new_delhi/fullstory/25432581_1623 The Struggle]</ref> The management also established ''Shaheed Parivar Fund'' (martyrs' welfare fund) to provide help to the affected families.<ref>108th [http://www.punjabkesari.in/spf Shaheed Parivar Fund] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203224645/http://www.punjabkesari.in/spf |date=3 December 2013 }}</ref>

== Publication centres ==

The newspaper has a daily circulation of approximate {{formatnum:1571000}} copies which are printed from the following locations:
{{div col|colwidth=12em}}
* Jalandhar (since 1965)<ref name=":0">Jalandhar Edition [http://www.punjabkesari.in PunjabKesari.in] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105215143/http://www.punjabkesari.in/ |date=5 November 2012 }}</ref>
* Delhi (1983)<ref name=":1">Delhi Edition [http://www.punjabkesari.com PunjabKesari.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303071846/http://punjabkesari.com/ |date=3 March 2016 }}</ref>
* [[Ambala Cantt]] (1991)
* [[Palampur]] (2004)
* [[Ludhiana]] (2004)
* [[Jaipur]] (2006)
* [[Panipat]] (2006)
* [[Hisar (city)|Hisar]] (2006)
* [[Jammu]] (2007)
* [[Mohali]] (2008),
* [[Chandigarh]] (2009)
* [[Shimla]] (2009)
{{div col end}}

== ''Punjab Kesari'' on internet ==
'''Digital Portals:''' publish news on their respective websites from two different places in [[India]], i.e., [[Delhi]] on PunjabKesari.com and [[Jalandhar]] on PunjabKesari.in.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.printweek.in/features/interview-amit-chopra-punjab-kesari-17693|title=Big interview: Amit Chopra of Punjab Kesari|website=[[PrintWeek]]|author=Rahul Kumar|date=13 November 2014|access-date=17 March 2018}}</ref> As per [[Alexa Internet|Alexa]], a [[web traffic]] data and analytics, Jalandhar group's website ''PunjabKesari.in'' is ranked ''523''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/punjabkesari.in|title=How popular is punjabkesari.in?|work=[[Alexa Internet]]|access-date=17 March 2018|archive-date=2 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180302105036/https://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/punjabkesari.in|url-status=dead}}</ref> in India and Delhi group's website ''PunjabKesari.com'' is ranked ''9425''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/punjabkesari.com|title=How popular is punjabkesari.com?|work=[[Alexa Internet]]|access-date=17 March 2018|archive-date=9 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170809035854/http://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/punjabkesari.com|url-status=dead}}</ref> in India on 17 March 2018.

'''Bollywood Kesari:''' Delhi group launched a Bollywood niche website under the brand name Bollywood Kesari.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://punjabkesari.com/bollywood|title=बॉलीवुड केसरी|website=Punjab Kesari (पंजाब केसरी)|language=en-US|access-date=25 December 2017|archive-date=26 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171226235448/http://punjabkesari.com/bollywood/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

'''Cricket Kesari:''' Delhi group launched a cricket niche website recently under the brand name Cricket Kesari<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://punjabkesari.com/cricket|title=क्रिकेट केसरी|website=Punjab Kesari (पंजाब केसरी)|language=en-US|access-date=25 December 2017|archive-date=26 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171226182159/http://punjabkesari.com/cricket/|url-status=live}}</ref> and its Facebook page has over 121k likes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/cricketkesari|title=Cricket Kesari|website=www.facebook.com|language=en|access-date=25 December 2017}}</ref> Sports Punjab kesari site is: [https://Sports.punjabkesari.in sports.punjabkesari.in]

'''Shayari:''' Delhi group also launched a Shayari specific Facebook page named Shayari<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://facebook.com/shayaribypunjabkesari|title=Shayari|website=facebook.com|language=en|access-date=28 December 2017}}</ref>

== Prominent columnists ==
{{div col|colwidth=12em}}
* [[Khushwant Singh]]
* [[Shekhar Gurera]] {{small|(Cartoonist)}}<ref>Daily Page 2 : Shekhar Gurera's Pocket Cartoon [http://punjabkesari.epapr.in/339335/Punjab-kesari-/-Punjab-kesari-Main#page/2/1 Punjab Kesari 16/09/2014] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304060300/http://punjabkesari.epapr.in/339335/Punjab-kesari-/-Punjab-kesari-Main#page/2/1 |date=4 March 2016 }}</ref>
* [[Feroze Varun Gandhi]]
* Poonam I Kaushik<ref>Tuesday Weekly Editorial : Poonam I Kaushik [http://punjabkesari.epapr.in/339335/Punjab-kesari-/-Punjab-kesari-Main#page/6/1 Punjab Kesari 16/09/2014] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304060300/http://punjabkesari.epapr.in/339335/Punjab-kesari-/-Punjab-kesari-Main#page/6/1 |date=4 March 2016 }}</ref>
* [[Shanta Kumar]]
* [[Vineet Narain]]<ref>Monday Weekly Editorial : Vineet Narain [http://punjabkesari.epapr.in/338713/Punjab-kesari-/-Punjab-kesari-Main#page/6/1 Punjab Kesari 15/09/2014] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140918031810/http://punjabkesari.epapr.in/338713/Punjab-kesari-/-Punjab-kesari-Main#page/6/1 |date=18 September 2014 }}</ref>
* Virendra Kapur<ref>Sunday Weekly Editorial : Virendra Kapur [http://punjabkesari.epapr.in/338231/Punjab-kesari-/-Punjab-kesari-Main#page/4/2 Punjab Kesari 14/09/2014]</ref>
* B G Verghese<ref>Tuesday Weekly Editorial : B G Verghese [http://punjabkesari.epapr.in/338231/Punjab-kesari-/-Punjab-kesari-Main#page/4/2 Punjab Kesari 16/09/2014] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140918031745/http://punjabkesari.epapr.in/338231/Punjab-kesari-/-Punjab-kesari-Main#page/4/2 |date=18 September 2014 }}</ref>
* [[Balbir Punj]]
* [[Mahmood Shaam]]
* [[Karan Thapar]]
* Kalyani Shankar<ref>Friday Weekly Editorial : Kalyani Shankar [http://punjabkesari.epapr.in/338713/Punjab-kesari-/-Punjab-kesari-Main#page/6/1 Punjab Kesari 15/09/2014] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140918031810/http://punjabkesari.epapr.in/338713/Punjab-kesari-/-Punjab-kesari-Main#page/6/1 |date=18 September 2014 }}</ref>
* Manmohan Sharma
* Neera Chopra
* [[Maneka Gandhi]]
* Chandermohan
* Chander Trikha
* Nerja Chaudhry

{{div col end}}

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Punjab Kesari cover page.jpg|''Punjab Kesari'', [[Jalandhar]]<ref>PK Social Media, Jalandhar [https://www.facebook.com/Pkesarionline PKJ online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170131002628/https://www.facebook.com/Pkesarionline/ |date=31 January 2017 }}</ref>
File:VijayKumarChopra.jpg|[[Vijay Kumar Chopra]], Editor-in-Chief cum Managing Director ''Punjab Kesari''
File:PKD1.jpg|''Punjab Kesari'', [[Delhi]]<ref>PK Social Media, Delhi [https://www.facebook.com/PunjabKesariNational Punjab Kesari (National)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161003160125/https://www.facebook.com/PunjabKesariNational/ |date=3 October 2016 }}</ref>
File:Ashwini Kumar.jpg|[[Ashwini Kumar Chopra]] (senior journalist, Resident Editor and Owner at ''Punjab Kesari'', Delhi<ref>AKC as MP [https://www.facebook.com/akc4karnal Ashwini Kumar Chopra for Karnal]</ref>
File:Punjab Kesari during Emergency1974.jpg|During [[The Emergency (India)|1974 emergency in India]], when undeclared censorship was imposed on the press and the power supply was discontinued, the newspaper was printed by the alternative arrangements with tractors on diesel
File:Punjab Kesari during Terrorism 1984-92.jpg|1984–92 : During the [[Punjab insurgency]], due to the continuous threats and attack on media staff, the production, printing and distribution, every process was under strict police protection|alt=1984–92 : During the terrorism in Punjab, due to the continuous threats and attack on media staff, the production, printing and distribution, every process was under strict police protection
</gallery>

== References ==
{{reflist|20em}}

{{Newspapers in India}}

[[Category:Hindi-language newspapers]]
[[Category:Daily newspapers published in India]]
[[Category:Mass media in Haryana]]
[[Category:Mass media in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:1965 establishments in Delhi]]
[[Category:Newspapers established in 1965]]

Ivor Madom

2025-09-30T11:10:55Z

CelestaWolf314: typo fix

{{Short description|Temple in Kerala, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
'''Ivor Madom Parthasarathy Temple''' is a popular temple situated in [[Pampady, Thrissur district|Pampady]] village<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ivormadom Temple |url=http://www.ivormadomtemple.com/ |access-date=2023-12-21 |website=www.ivormadomtemple.com}}</ref> near [[Thiruvilwamala]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-08-22 |title=Ivormadom Sree Krishna Temple – Story – Information |url=https://www.hindu-blog.com/2021/08/ivormadom-sree-krishna-temple-story.html |access-date=2023-12-21}}</ref> in [[Thrissur district]], on the southern bank of [[Bharathappuzha]], the second longest river of [[Kerala]]. The main deity of this temple is Lord [[Krishna]] as Parthasarathy (The charioteer of [[Arjuna]], the third among the five [[Pandavas]]), and there are sub-shrines for [[Ganapathi]], [[Ayyappan]], [[Shiva]] and [[Snake deities]]. The riverside near this temple is famous for performing rituals for dead ancestors. There is also a crematorium, jointly owned by Ivor Madom trust and [[Thiruvilwamala Grama Panchayat]], near this temple.

== History ==
The legends says that this (Ivor Madom) is the place where Pandavas, after [[Kurukshetra war]], got relief from their mental agony by doing prayers and Bali Tarpanas<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ivor Madom – where the Pandavas offered 'bali' |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/travel/kerala/2018/06/30/ivor-madom-where-the-pandavas-offered-bali.html |access-date=2023-12-21 |website=OnManorama}}</ref> for their Gurujis and cousins who were killed by them in the war. [[Bharathapuzha]] is believed to have cleansed them of all their sins and restored their mental strength. 'Ivor' literally means 'five people' in Malayalam, and thus the temple came to be known as Ivor Madom after the five Pandavas. Even now, hundreds of people come to Ivor Madom Sree Krishna temple and do the last rites and Bali Tarpanam to those departed souls dear to them.

==Temple dress code==
'''Men''': Traditional [[Mundu]] is allowed. (Lungi, Shirt and Banian not allowed inside sanctum sanctorum)

'''Women''': [[Sari|Saree]], [[Mundum Neriyathum|Set Mundu]], Salwar Kameez, Skirts and Blouse are allowed.

==Other features==
The main deity is Lord Krishna, in Parthasarathy form facing east. His idol is 4 ft tall. Mahaganapathy, Ayyappan, Nagas, Shiva, etc. are the sub-deities. Palpayasam is the main nivedyam.
==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*[https://destination-dileesh.blogspot.com/2008/12/glimses-of-north-kerala.html]

{{coord missing|Kerala}}

{{Hindu temples in Kerala}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Thrissur district]]

{{Kerala-hindu-temple-stub}}

Kanchi Singh

2025-09-29T23:40:46Z

CelestaWolf314: creating basic bio initial version

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{short description|Indian television actress (born 1996)}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Kanchi Singh
| image = Kanchi Singh in 2019.jpg
| caption = Singh in 2019
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1996|03|27|df=y}}<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/tv/news-interviews/Kanchi-Singh-turns-18/articleshow/32917822.cms|title=Kanchi Singh turns 18! - Times of India|newspaper=The Times of India |date=4 December 2014 |publisher=}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Indore]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], India
| occupation = [[Actress]]
| yearsactive = 2003–present
| known_for = [[Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai]]
}}
'''Kanchi Singh''' (born 27 March 1996) is an Indian television actress. She is known for portraying Gayatri Deora in [[StarPlus]]'s ''[[Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai]]'' and Avni Khandelwal in [[Aur Pyaar Ho Gaya (TV series)|''Aur Pyaar Ho Gaya'']].

==Acting career==

===2003–2012: Early works===

Singh began her journey into television as she featured in a small role as child artist for the television series ''[[Kutumb (TV series)|Kutumb]]'' in 2003 at the age of 9. However, she took a break from acting to focus on her further studies.

Eight years later, Singh made a comeback at the age of 17 with [[Colors TV]]'s ''[[Sasural Simar Ka]]'' in 2011 wherein she played Cherry Bharadwaj, a member of the male lead's family. As there were not many scenes for her in it, she made an exit from it in 2012.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-my-character-is-like-ddljs-simran-kanchi-singh-1929334|title=My character is like 'DDLJ''s Simran: Kanchi Singh — Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis|date=4 December 2013|publisher=}}</ref>

===2014–present: Breakthrough===

The breakthrough for Singh came in December 2013 as she joined [[Zee TV]]'s January 2014-starting series ''[[Aur Pyaar Ho Gaya (TV series)|Aur Pyaar Ho Gaya]]'' as Avni Khandelwal, a girl belonging to a [[Rajasthan]]i [[business]] family opposite [[Mishkat Varma]]. She was noticed for her performance, before it went off culmination in December 2014.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/tv/news-interviews/Kanchi-Singh-Mishkat-VarmaS-New-romance-in-the-New-Year/articleshow/28337525.cms|title=Kanchi Singh & Mishkat Varma'S New romance in the New Year! - Times of India|newspaper=The Times of India |publisher=}}</ref>

Post her breakthrough Singh became a part for an episode of ''[[Pyaar Tune Kya Kiya (TV series)|Pyaar Tune Kya Kiya]]'' as Veebha opposite [[Rohit Suchanti]] in the ending month of ''Aur Pyaar Ho Gaya'' and then an episode of ''[[Bhakton Ki Bhakti Mein Shakti]]'' on [[Life OK]] as Hansa.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/tv/news-interviews/Ekta-Kapoor-brings-too-much-drama-in-her-serials-Kanchi/articleshow/29101220.cms|title=Ekta Kapoor brings too much drama in her serials: Kanchi — Times of India|newspaper=The Times of India |publisher= |last1=Wadhwa |first1=Akash }}</ref>

In 2016, Singh signed [[StarPlus|Star Plus]]' longest-running drama ''[[Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai]]'' portraying the parallel lead Gayatri "Gayu" Deora, alongside [[Mohsin Khan (Indian actor)|Mohsin Khan]] and [[Fahad Ali]].{{fact|date=December 2022}}

In 2018, Singh appeared on the reality series ''Box Cricket League'' to play for [[Lucknow]] [[Nawabs]]. A year later, she took participation in ''Kitchen Champion 5'' on Colors along with ''[[Rohan Mehra (born 1990)|Rohan Mehra]]''.{{fact|date=December 2022}}

==Personal life==
Singh was dating her co-star [[Rohan Mehra (born 1990)|Rohan Mehra]] of ''[[Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai]]'' since 2016, but they broke up in 2021.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/rohan-mehras-girlfriend-kanchi-singh-crosses-1-million-followers-on-instagram/articleshow/59349885.cms|title=Rohan Mehra's girlfriend Kanchi Singh crosses 1 million followers on Instagram|work=[[Times of India]]|date=28 June 2017}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
=== Films ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
! Ref.
|-
| 2024
| ''Forbidden Love''
| Neha
|
|
|-
| 2025
| ''[[Udaipur Files]]''
|
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rishabh |first=Suri |date=2025-08-11 |title=Udaipur Files movie review: Film about Kanhaiya Lal murder case is buried under fluff and questionable intent|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/udaipur-files-movie-review-film-about-kanhaiya-lal-murder-case-is-buried-under-fluff-and-questionable-intent-101754749316706.html |access-date=2025-08-11 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
!Ref.
|-
| 2003
| ''[[Kutumb (TV series)|Kutumb]]''
| {{N/A}}
| Child artist
|
|-
| 2011–2012
| ''[[Sasural Simar Ka]]''
| Cherry Bharadwaj
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2"|2014
| ''[[Aur Pyaar Ho Gaya (TV series)|Aur Pyaar Ho Gaya]]''
| Avni Purohit
|
|
|-
| ''[[Pyaar Tune Kya Kiya (TV series)|Pyaar Tune Kya Kiya]]''
| Veebha
| Season 4; Episode 13
|
|-
| 2016
| ''[[Bhakton Ki Bhakti Mein Shakti]]''
| Hansa
|
|
|-
| 2016–2017
| ''[[Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai]]''
| Gayatri "Gayu" Deora
|
|
|-
| 2018
| ''Box Cricket League''
|Contestant
|
|
|-
| 2019
| ''Kitchen Champion 5''
|Herself
| Episode 42
|
|}

== See also ==
* [[List of Indian television actresses]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* {{IMDb name|3902085}}
* {{Instagram|Kanchisingh09}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Kanchi}}
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Indian soap opera actresses]]
[[Category:1996 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses from Indore]]

Khara, Faridkot

2025-09-06T10:49:38Z

CelestaWolf314:

{{Short description|Village in Faridkot district of Punjab, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}} {{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Khara
| other_name = ਖਾਰਾ
| settlement_type = Village
| image_caption =
| nickname =
| pushpin_map = 
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Punjab, India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| coordinates = {{Coord|30.533524|74.713426|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Punjab]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Faridkot district|Faridkot]]
| government_type =
| governing_body = Gram panchayat
| unit_pref = Metric
| population_total = 5562
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type =
| postal_code = 152025
| registration_plate = PB
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = Kotkapura
| website =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| blank2_name_sec1 =
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Gram panchayat]]
}}
'''Khara''' ([[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]: ਖਾਰਾ) is a village located in Kotkapura tehsil of [[Faridkot district]] in the Indian state of [[Punjab]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Khara · Punjab 152025, India |url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/Khara,+Punjab+152025/@30.5324791,74.7041706,14.5z/data=!4m6!3m5!1s0x391744cae038b5b7:0xac600c84a97c081!8m2!3d30.5330832!4d74.7117591!16s/m/047906h?entry=ttu&g_ep=EgoyMDI1MDkwMy4wIKXMDSoASAFQAw== |access-date=2025-09-06 |website=Khara · Punjab 152025, India |language=en}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
The Village has a population of 5562 of which 2943 are males while 2619 are females as per the census of 2011.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Khara Village Population - Faridkot - Faridkot, Punjab |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/35466-khara-punjab.html |access-date=2025-09-06 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref> Total geographical area of the village is about 1798 hectares with 1,055 households.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Faridkot |first=DIstrict Census Handbook |url=https://cdn.s3waas.gov.in/s3ca9c267dad0305d1a6308d2a0cf1c39c/uploads/2016/09/2018052293.pdf |title=Census of India 2011 |publisher=DIRECTORATE OF CENSUS OPERATIONS PUNJAB |year=2011 |pages=62 |language=English}}</ref> The postal code of the village is 152025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=News |first=India TV |title=Khara Pin Code {{!}} Postal Code (Zip Code) of Khara, Faridkot, Punjab, India |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/pincode/punjab/faridkot/khara |access-date=2025-09-06 |website=India TV News |language=en}}</ref>

== Schools ==

* Government Primary School, Khara<ref>{{Cite web |title=GPS KHARA-2 - Khara District Faridkot (Punjab) |url=https://schools.org.in/faridkot/03130205602/gps-khara-2.html |access-date=2025-09-06 |website=schools.org.in}}</ref>
* Government Senior Secondary School, Khara<ref>{{Cite web |title=GSSS KHARA - Khara District Faridkot (Punjab) |url=https://schools.org.in/faridkot/03130205603/gsss-khara.html |access-date=2025-09-06 |website=schools.org.in}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />{{PunjabIN-geo-stub}}

[[Category:Villages in Faridkot district]]

Second Deshmukh ministry

2025-08-24T03:23:46Z

CelestaWolf314: updated page

{{Short description|2004–08 state government in Maharashtra, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox government cabinet
| cabinet_type = Ministry
| cabinet_number =
| jurisdiction = [[Maharashtra]]
| flag =
| flag_border = true
| incumbent =
| image = File:Vilasrao_Deshmukh_at_Innovation_Partnerships_Event_May_8,_2012.jpg
| image_size = 150px
| caption = [[Vilasrao Deshmukh]], Former [[Chief Minister of Maharashtra]]
| date_formed = 1 November 2004
| date_dissolved = 4 December 2008
| government_head = [[Vilasrao Deshmukh]]
| government_head_history =
| state_head = [[Governor of Maharashtra|Governor]] - [[Mohammed Fazal]] (2004) [[S. M. Krishna]] (2004-08) [[S. C. Jamir]] (2008)
| members_number = 27 Cabinet ministers [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] (8) [[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]] (17) [[Independent (politician)|Independents]] (2)
| former_members_number =
| total_number =
| political_parties = [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] [[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]] Independents
| legislature_status = [[Coalition government|Coalition]] {{Composition bar|155|288|{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}
| opposition_cabinet =
| opposition_party = [[Shiv Sena]] [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| opposition_leader = * [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]]: 
[[Narayan Rane]] (Shiv Sena) (2004-05) [[Ramdas Kadam]] (Shiv Sena) (2005-08) 
* [[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]]:
[[Nitin Gadkari]] (BJP) (2004-05) [[Pandurang Pundalik Fundkar|Pandurang Fundkar]] (BJP) (2005-08)
| election = [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
| last_election =
| legislature_term = 5 years
| budget =
| advice_and_consent1 =
| advice_and_consent2 =

| incoming_formation =
| outgoing_formation =
| previous = [[Sushilkumar Shinde ministry|Shinde ministry]]
| successor = [[First Ashok Chavan ministry]]
}}

[[File:Vilasrao_Deshmukh_at_Innovation_Partnerships_Event_May_8,_2012.jpg|thumb|right]]
'''[[Vilasrao Deshmukh]]''' of the [[Indian National Congress]] formed his second [[Government of Maharashtra|Maharashtra government]] after his party won the [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]]s, in alliance with [[Nationalist Congress Party]].<ref>{{Cite news |author=Shiv Kumar |title=Vilasrao sworn in Maharashtra CM |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20041102/nation.htm#2 |newspaper=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] |date=2 November 2004 |access-date=23 April 2021}}</ref> Deshmukh had [[First Deshmukh ministry|previously served]] as the State's [[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]] from 1999 to 2003.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Deshmukh quits, Shinde to take over in Maharashtra |newspaper=[[Rediff News]] |url=https://www.rediff.com/news/2003/jan/16maha3.htm |date=16 January 2003 |access-date=21 April 2021}}</ref>

==List of ministers==
Deshmukh's initial cabinet included the following members:<ref>{{Cite news |title=Maharashtra cabinet portfolios announced |newspaper=[[Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/maharashtra-cabinet-portfolios-announced/articleshow/921313.cms |date=12 November 2004 |access-date=23 April 2021}}</ref>
{{Cabinet table start|hiderefcol=y}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]]
*General Administration
*Information and Publicity
*Information Technology
*Cultural Affairs
*Urban Development
*Law and Judiciary
*Revenue
*Housing
*Planning
*Majority Welfare Development

Departments or portfolios not allocated to any minister.
| minister1 = [[Vilasrao Deshmukh]]
| minister1_termstart = 1 November 2004
| minister1_termend = 4 December 2008
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Deputy Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Deputy Chief Minister]]
*Home Affairs
| minister1 = [[R. R. Patil]]
| minister1_termstart = 1 November 2004
| minister1_termend = 1 December 2008
| minister1_party = Nationalist Congress Party
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title =
Cabinet Minister
*Rural Development
*Panchayat Raj
*Tourism
*Socially And Educationally Backward Classes
| minister1 = [[Vijaysinh Mohite-Patil]]
| minister1_termstart = 9 November 2004
| minister1_termend = 1 December 2008
| minister1_party = Nationalist Congress Party
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title =
Cabinet Minister
*Public Works (Excluding Public Undertakings)
| minister1 = [[Chhagan Bhujbal]]
| minister1_termstart = 9 November 2004
| minister1_termend = 1 December 2008
| minister1_party = Nationalist Congress Party
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title =
Cabinet Minister
*Finance
*Special Assistance
*Special Backward Classes Welfare
| minister1 = [[Jayant Patil]]
| minister1_termstart = 9 November 2004
| minister1_termend = 1 December 2008
| minister1_party = Nationalist Congress Party
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title =
Cabinet Minister
*Industry
*Textiles
*Mining Department
*Marathi Language
*Ex. Servicemen Welfare
*State Border Defence (First)
| minister1 = [[Ashok Chavan]]
| minister1_termstart = 9 November 2004
| minister1_termend = 1 December 2008
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title =
Cabinet Minister
*Earthquake Rehabilitation
*Co-operation
*Skill Development
*Entrepreneurship
*Fisheries
*Ports Development
*Other Backward Bahujan Welfare
| minister1 = [[Patangrao Kadam]]
| minister1_termstart = 9 November 2004
| minister1_termend = 1 December 2008
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title =
Cabinet Minister
*Marketing
*Employment Guarantee Scheme
| minister1 = [[Harshvardhan Patil]]
| minister1_termstart = 9 November 2004
| minister1_termend = 1 December 2008
| minister1_party = Independent (politician)
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title =
Cabinet Minister
*Excise
*Environment
*Vimukta Jati
| minister1 = [[Ganesh Naik]]
| minister1_termstart = 9 November 2004
| minister1_termend = 1 December 2008
| minister1_party = Nationalist Congress Party
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title =
Cabinet Minister
*Minority Development and Waqfs
*Animal Husbandry
*Dairy Development
| minister1 = [[Anees Ahmed]]
| minister1_termstart = 9 November 2004
| minister1_termend = 1 December 2008
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title =
Cabinet Minister
*Medical Education
*Energy
*Other Backward Classes
*State Border Defence (Second)
| minister1 = [[Dilip Walse-Patil]]
| minister1_termstart = 9 November 2004
| minister1_termend = 1 December 2008
| minister1_party = Nationalist Congress Party
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title =
Cabinet Minister
*Transport
*Mines
*Soil and Water Conservation
| minister1 = [[Surupsingh Hirya Naik]]
| minister1_termstart = 9 November 2004
| minister1_termend = 1 December 2008
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title =
Cabinet Minister
*Water Resources
(excluding Krishna Valley Corporation)
*Command Area Development
*Water supply
*sanitation
| minister1 = [[Ajit Pawar]]
| minister1_termstart = 9 November 2004
| minister1_termend = 1 December 2008
| minister1_party = Nationalist Congress Party
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title =
Cabinet Minister
*Water Resources (Krishna Valley Corporation)
*Woman and Child Development
| minister1 = [[Ramraje Naik Nimbalkar]]
| minister1_termstart = 9 November 2004
| minister1_termend = 1 December 2008
| minister1_party = Nationalist Congress Party
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title =
Cabinet Minister
*Higher and Technical Education
| minister1 = [[Suresh Jain]]
| minister1_termstart = 9 November 2004
| minister1_termend = 1 December 2008
| minister1_party = Nationalist Congress Party
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title =
Cabinet Minister
*School Education
*Sports and Youth Welfare
| minister1 = [[Vasant Purke]]
| minister1_termstart = 9 November 2004
| minister1_termend = 1 December 2008
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title =
Cabinet Minister
*Agriculture
*Protocol
*Employment and Self-employment
| minister1 = [[Balasaheb Thorat]]
| minister1_termstart = 9 November 2004
| minister1_termend = 1 December 2008
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title =
Cabinet Minister
*Public Health and Family Welfare
| minister1 = [[Vimal Mundada]]
| minister1_termstart = 9 November 2004
| minister1_termend = 1 December 2008
| minister1_party = Nationalist Congress Party
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title =
Cabinet Minister
*Labour
| minister1 = [[Nawab Malik]]
| minister1_termstart = 9 November 2004
| minister1_termend = 1 December 2008
| minister1_party = Nationalist Congress Party
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title =
Cabinet Minister
*Social Justice
*Parliamentary Affairs
| minister1 = [[Chandrakant Handore]]
| minister1_termstart = 9 November 2004
| minister1_termend = 1 December 2008
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title =
Cabinet Minister
*Food and Drug Administration
| minister1 = [[Manohar Naik]]
| minister1_termstart = 9 November 2004
| minister1_termend = 1 December 2008
| minister1_party = Nationalist Congress Party
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title =
Cabinet Minister
*Public Works (Including Public Undertakings)
| minister1 = [[Anil Deshmukh]]
| minister1_termstart = 9 November 2004
| minister1_termend = 1 December 2008
| minister1_party = Nationalist Congress Party
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title =
Cabinet Minister
*Food and Civil Supplies
*Khar Land Development
| minister1 = [[Sunil Tatkare]]
| minister1_termstart = 9 November 2004
| minister1_termend = 1 December 2008
| minister1_party = Nationalist Congress Party
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title =
Cabinet Minister
*Forest
*Disaster Management
*Relief & Rehabilitation
| minister1 = [[Babanrao Pachpute]]
| minister1_termstart = 9 November 2004
| minister1_termend = 1 December 2008
| minister1_party = Nationalist Congress Party
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title =
Cabinet Minister
*Non-conventional Energy
*Horticulture
| minister1 = [[Vinay Kore]]
| minister1_termstart = 9 November 2004
| minister1_termend = 1 December 2008
| minister1_party = Jan Surajya Shakti
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title =
Cabinet Minister
*Tribal Development
*Nomadic Tribes
| minister1 = [[Vijaykumar Krishnarao Gavit]]
| minister1_termstart = 9 November 2004
| minister1_termend = 1 December 2008
| minister1_party = Nationalist Congress Party
}}
{{Cabinet table end}}

==Guardian Ministers ==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Sr No.
! District
!Guardian_Minister
!colspan="2" scope="col" |Party
|-
| 01
| '''[[Ahmednagar district|Ahmednagar]]'''
| '''[[Balasaheb Thorat]]'''
| rowspan=36 |[[United Progressive Alliance]]
| rowspan=36 style="width:1px; background-color: {{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}" |
|-
| 02
| '''[[Akola district|Akola]]'''
| '''[[Vimal Mundada]]'''
|-
| 03
| '''[[Amravati district|Amravati]]'''
| '''[[Jayant Patil]]'''
|-
| 04
| '''[[Aurangabad district, Maharashtra|Aurangabad]]'''
| '''[[Vijaysinh Mohite-Patil]]'''
|-
| 05
| '''[[Beed district|Beed]]'''
| '''[[Nawab Malik]]'''
|-
| 06
| '''[[Bhandara district|Bhandara]]'''
| '''[[Jayant Patil]]'''
|-
| 07
| '''[[Buldhana district|Buldhana]]'''
| '''[[Ashok Chavan]]'''
|-
| 08
| '''[[Chandrapur district|Chandrapur]]'''
| '''[[Ashok Chavan]]'''
|-
| 09
| '''[[Dhule district|Dhule]]'''
| '''[[Surupsingh Hirya Naik]]'''
|-
| 10
| '''[[Gadchiroli district|Gadchiroli]]'''
| '''[[R. R. Patil]]''' {{small|[[List of deputy chief ministers of Maharashtra|Deputy Chief Minister]]}}
|-
| 11
| '''[[Gondiya district|Gondiya]]'''
| '''[[Patangrao Kadam]]'''
|-
| 12
| '''[[Hingoli district|Hingoli]]'''
| '''[[Vasant Purke]]'''
|-
| 13
| '''[[Jalgaon district|Jalgaon]]'''
| '''[[Suresh Jain]]'''
|-
| 14
| '''[[Jalna district|Jalna]]'''
| '''[[Vijaykumar Krishnarao Gavit]]'''
|-
| 15
|'''[[Kolhapur district|Kolhapur]]'''
| '''[[Patangrao Kadam]]'''
|-
| 16
|'''[[Latur district|Latur]]'''
| '''[[Surupsingh Hirya Naik]]'''
|-
| 17
| '''[[Mumbai City district|Mumbai City]]'''
| '''[[Chhagan Bhujbal]]'''
|-
| 18
| '''[[Mumbai Suburban district|Mumbai Suburban]]'''
| '''[[Chandrakant Handore]]'''
|-
| 19
|'''[[Nagpur district|Nagpur]]'''
| '''[[Anil Deshmukh]]'''
|-
| 20
| '''[[Nanded district|Nanded]]'''
| '''[[Ashok Chavan]]'''
|-
|21
| '''[[Nandurbar district|Nandurbar]]'''
| '''[[Manohar Naik]]'''
|-
|22
| '''[[Nashik district|Nashik]]'''
| '''[[Chhagan Bhujbal]]'''
|-
|23
| '''[[Osmanabad district|Osmanabad]]'''
| '''[[Balasaheb Thorat]]'''
|-
|24
| '''[[Palghar district|Palghar]]'''
|'''[[Harshvardhan Patil]]'''
|-
|25
| '''[[Parbhani district|Parbhani]]'''
| '''[[Dilip Walse-Patil]]'''
|-
|26
| '''[[Pune district|Pune]]'''
| '''[[Ajit Pawar]]'''
|-
|27
| '''[[Raigad district|Raigad]]'''
|'''[[Sunil Tatkare]]'''
|-
|28
| '''[[Ratnagiri district|Ratnagiri]]'''
| '''[[Anees Ahmed]]'''
|-
|29
| '''[[Sangli district|Sangli]]'''
| '''[[R. R. Patil]]''' {{small|[[List of deputy chief ministers of Maharashtra|Deputy Chief Minister]]}}
|-
|30
| '''[[Satara district|Satara]]'''
| '''[[Babanrao Pachpute]]'''
|-
|31
| '''[[Sindhudurg district|Sindhudurg]]'''
| '''Vinay Kore'''
|-
|32
|'''[[Solapur district|Solapur]]'''
|'''[[Vijaysinh Mohite-Patil]]'''
|-
|33
|'''[[Thane district|Thane]]'''
| '''[[Ganesh Naik]]'''
|-
|34
|'''[[Wardha district|Wardha]]'''
| '''[[Ganesh Naik]]'''
|-
|35
|'''[[Washim district|Washim]]'''
| '''[[Anees Ahmed]]'''
|-
|36
|'''[[Yavatmal district|Yavatmal]]'''
| '''[[Ramraje Naik Nimbalkar]]'''
|-
|}
==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Maharashtra state government ministries}}

[[Category:Indian National Congress state ministries of Maharashtra|Deshmukh II]]
[[Category:Maharashtra ministries|Deshmukh II]]
[[Category:Nationalist Congress Party]]
[[Category:Indian ministries established in 2004|Deshmukh II]]
[[Category:Indian ministries disestablished in 2008|Deshmukh II]]
[[Category:2004 establishments in Maharashtra]]

Second Amendment of the Constitution of India

2025-07-29T00:45:40Z

CelestaWolf314: typo fix

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox legislation
|short_title = The Constitution (Second Amendment) Act, 1952
|legislature = [[Parliament of India]]
|image =
|imagesize = 150px
|imagealt =
|caption =
|long_title = An Act further to amend the Constitution of India.
|citation = [http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend2.htm 2nd Amendment]
|territorial_extent = India
|enacted_by = [[Lok Sabha]]
|date_passed = 15 December 1952
|enacted_by2 = [[Rajya Sabha]]
|date_passed2 = 19 December 1952
|date_assented = 1 May 1953
|signed_by = [[Rajendra Prasad]]
|date_commenced = 1 May 1953
|date_repealed =
|administered_by =
|bill = The Constitution (Second Amendment) Bill, 1952
|bill_citation =
|bill_date = 18 June 1952
|introduced_by = C.C. Biswas
|1st_reading =
|2nd_reading =
|3rd_reading =
|conf_committee_passed = 15 December 1952
|bill2 =
|bill_citation2 =
|bill_date2 =
|introduced_by2 =
|1st_reading2 =
|2nd_reading2 =
|3rd_reading2 =
|conf_committee_passed2 =
|date_conf_committee = 18 November 1952
|white_paper =
|committee_report = Report of the Select Committee of the House of the People on ''The Constitution (Second Amendment) Bill, 1952''
|amendments =
|repeals =
|related_legislation =
|summary =
|keywords =
|status = in force
}}

The '''Second Amendment''' of the [[Constitution of India]], officially known as '''The Constitution (Second Amendment) Act, 1952''', removed the upper population limit for a [[Electoral district|parliamentary constituency]] by amending Article 81(1)(b) of the Constitution. Article 81(1)(b) had stipulated that the number of members to be allotted to each parliamentary constituency should be determined so as to ensure that there would be not less than one member for every 750,000 of the population and not more than one member for every 500,000 of the population.

==Full Text==
{{blockquote|
BE it enacted by [[Parliament of India|Parliament]] as follows:-

'''1. ''Short title''''' This Act may be called the Constitution (Second Amendment) Act, 1952.

'''2. ''Amendment of article 81''''' In sub-clause (b) of clause (1) of article 81 of the Constitution, the words and figures "not less than one member for every 750,000 of the population and" shall be omitted.
}}

The full text of sub-clauses (a) and (b) of clause (1) of Article 81, after the 2nd Amendment, is given below:
{{blockquote|'''81. (1)(a)''' Subject to the provisions of clause (2) and of articles 82 and 331, the House of the People shall consist of not more than five hundred members directly elected by the voters in the States.

'''(b)''' For the purpose of sub-clause (a), the States shall be divided, grouped or formed into territorial constituencies and the number of members to be allotted to each such constituency shall be so determined as to ensure that there shall be <s>not less than one member for every 750,000 of the population and</s> not more than one member for every 500,000 of the population.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Constitution of India (1949)|url=http://164.100.47.134/intranet/CAI/E.pdf|work=Lok Sabha Secretariat|accessdate=30 November 2013|page=938|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203013102/http://164.100.47.134/intranet/CAI/E.pdf|archivedate=3 December 2013}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>

}}

==Proposal and enactment==
The bill of ''The Constitution (Second Amendment) Act, 1952'' was introduced in the [[Lok Sabha]] on 18 June 1952, as the ''Constitution (Second Amendment) Bill, 1952'' (Bill No. 54 of 1952). It was introduced by [[Charu Chandra Biswas|C.C. Biswas]], then [[Ministry of Law and Justice (India)|Minister of Law]] and [[Ministry of Minority Affairs|Minority Affairs]]. The bill sought to amend Article 81 of the Constitution.<ref name = "Constitution Amendment in India">{{cite book|title=Constitution Amendment in India|date=1 January 1995|publisher=Northern Book Centre|location=New Delhi|pages=17–18;146–147;258|isbn=9788172110659|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4yp0yhzdKWIC|edition=Sixth|editor=R.C. Bhardwaj|accessdate=21 November 2013}}</ref> The full text of the Statement of Objects and Reasons appended to the bill is given below:

{{blockquote|Article 81(1)(a) prescribes an absolute limit of 500 elected members in the House of the People. Article 81(1)(b) provides that the States shall be divided, grouped or formed into territorial constituencies and the number of members to be allotted to each such constituency shall be so determined as to ensure that there shall be not less than one member for every 750,000 of the population and not more than one member for every 500,000 of the population.

The present [[Electoral boundary delimitation|delimitation]] of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies is based on the estimates of population which have been given legal validity by an order of the [[President of India|President]] under article 387 of the Constitution. Article 81(3) of the Constitution, however, requires that upon the completion of each [[Census of India|census]], the representation of the several territorial constituencies in the House of the People and the Legislative Assemblies of each State shall be re-adjusted by such authority, in such manner and with effect from such date as Parliament may by law determine. A Bill providing for the matters referred to in that article is being introduced in Parliament. Provision has been made in that Bill for the setting up of a [[Delimitation Commission of India|Delimitation Commission]] for the purpose of effecting re-adjustment of the representation in the House of the People and in the State Legislative Assemblies on the basis of the population as ascertained at the census of 1951.

There is a considerable difference between the population of the several States as estimated in the President's order and in the population as ascertained at the census of 1951. At present, seats have been allotted in the House of the People to Part A and Part B States on the basis of one member for every 7.2 lakhs of the estimated population giving a total of 470 members to these States. The census figures are higher in all cases, and in view of the overall limit of 500 members prescribed in article 81(1) (a), it is not possible to increase appreciably the total number of seats allotted to these States. It is accordingly necessary to reduce the representation from one member for every 7.2 lakhs of population to one member for every 7.5 lakhs of population as per 1951 census. As pointed out above, this figure 7.5 lakhs is the maximum permissible under article 81(1)(b) as it now stands; but even so, if the average population of a Parliamentary constituency in any State is to be 750,000 it is obvious that the population of a certain number of constituencies will exceed that figure. It is necessary, therefore, that article 81(1)(b) should be amended relaxing the limits prescribed in that article so as to avoid a constitutional irregularity in delimiting the constituencies for the purpose of re-adjustment of representation in the House of the People as required under article 81(3) of the Constitution. This Bill accordingly seeks to amend article 81(1)(b) of the Constitution so as to replace the figures mentioned in that article by the figures 850,000 and 650,000 respectively.
|C.C. Biswas|{{cite web|url=http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend2.htm |title=The Constitution (Second Amendment) Bill, 1952}} {{PD-notice}}
}}

The bill was debated by the Lok Sabha on 18 June, 8 and 9 July, and 11 and 18 November 1952. A motion to refer the bill to a Select Committee of the House was moved and adopted on 11 November 1952. The Select Committee presented its Report to the House on 18 November. The bill, as recommended by the committee, was then considered by the Lok Sabha on 9, 10 and 15 December. The House passed the bill on 15 December 1952. The bill was then debated by the [[Rajya Sabha]] on 15 and 18 December, and passed on 19 December 1952.<ref name = "Constitution Amendment in India"/>
{{Indian Constitution TOC}}
The bill received assent from then President [[Rajendra Prasad]] on 1 May 1953, and came into force on the same date.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.constitution.org/cons/india/amendment.htm |title=The Constitution (Amendment) Acts |publisher=Constitution.org |accessdate=2013-11-26}} {{PD-notice}}</ref> It was notified in ''[[The Gazette of India]]'' on 2 May 1953.<ref name = "Constitution Amendment in India"/>

== See also ==
* [[List of amendments of the Constitution of India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Amendments of the Constitution of India|002]]
[[Category:1952 in Indian law]]
[[Category:Nehru administration]]

Ronen Sen

2025-07-25T08:15:07Z

CelestaWolf314:

{{Short description|Indian diplomat (born 1944)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}

{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Ronen Sen
| image = Defense.gov News Photo 070716-D-9880W-084 (cropped).jpg
| caption = Sen in the United States in 2016
| office = 21st [[Ambassador of India to the United States]]
| term = August 2004 – March 2009
| successor = [[Meera Shankar]]
| predecessor = [[Lalit Mansingh]]

| office1 = 19th [[List of High Commissioners of India to the United Kingdom|High Commissioner of India to the United Kingdom]]
| term1 = May 2002 – April 2004
| predecessor1 = Nareshwar Dayal
| successor1 = [[Kamalesh Sharma]]

| office2 = 17th [[List of ambassadors of India to Germany|Ambassador of India to Germany]]
| term2 = October 1998 – May 2002
| predecessor2 = S. K. Lambah
| successor2 = T. C. A. Rangachari

| office3 = 1st [[Ambassador of India to Russia]]
| term3 = October 1992 – October 1995
| predecessor3 = A. S. Gonsalves {{small|(''then [[Soviet Union]]'')}}
| successor3 = S. K. Lambah

| office4 = 15th Ambassador of India to South Korea
| term4 = 29 September 1991 – 24 September 1992
| predecessor4 = U. C. Soni
| successor4 = P. A. Nazareth

| alma_mater = [[University of Calcutta]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1944|04|09|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]
| nationality = [[Indian people|Indian]]
| occupation = [[Civil servant]] [[Indian Foreign Service|IFS]]
| spouse = Kalpana Sen
| children = 2
| known_for =
| blank1 =
| data1 =
| blank2 =
| data2 =
}}

'''Ranendra''' "'''Ronen'''" '''Sen''' (born 9 April 1944) is an Indian diplomat who was India's [[ambassador]] to the [[United States of America]] from August 2004 to March 2009. His contribution to the landmark [[India–United States Civil Nuclear Agreement|US India Nuclear Deal of 2005]] is considered highly significant.<ref>{{cite news | title=The US made Headley, an undertrial, available to us. Which intelligence agency will do that? | url=http://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/web/the-us-made-headley-an-undertrial-available-to-us-which-intelligence-agency-will-do-that/lite/ | date=2 November 2010 | first=Shekhar | last=Gupta | newspaper=The Indian Express | access-date=26 May 2018 }}</ref>

==Career==
Mr. Sen served as an Independent Director of [[Tata Motors]], from 1 June 2010 till 2012. On 1 April 2015, Mr. Sen was appointed as a non-executive independent director on the board of [[Tata Sons]], the promoter company of major companies in the [[Tata Group]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Ronen Sen, Farida Khambata appointed directors of Tata Sons|url=http://netindian.in/news/2015/04/02/00033214/ronen-sen-farida-khambata-appointed-directors-tata-sons|website=NetIndian|access-date=1 April 2015}}</ref>

==Controversies==
==="Headless chicken" remark===
In August 2007, Sen was issued notice (and subsequently censured) by the Parliamentary Privileges Committee to explain the "headless chicken" remark he was alleged to have made in an off-the-record interview published by [[Rediff.com]] on 20, August 2007, titled: "[https://www.rediff.com/news/2007/aug/20inter.htm We will have zero credibility]" on the [[India–United States Civil Nuclear Agreement|Atomic Energy Pact]]. Sen had said:

<blockquote>It has been approved here (in Washington, DC) by the President, and there (in New Delhi) it's been approved by the Indian cabinet. So why do you have all this running around like a headless chicken, looking for a comment here or comment there, and these little storms in a tea-cup?<ref name=":0" /></blockquote>

Following the uproar over this remark, Sen later tendered his apology before the Parliamentary Privileges Committee. Sen clarified:
<blockquote>My comment about "running round like headless chicken looking for a comment here or comment there" was a tactless observation on some of my media friends, and most certainly not with reference to any Honourable Member of Parliament.<ref name=":0" /></blockquote>

The [[Lok Sabha]] Committee and the [[Rajya Sabha]], panel decided to close the issue, since "Sen has tendered unconditional and sincere apologies".<ref name=":0" /> The Rajya Sabha Committee said, in it report, tabled in the House:<blockquote>In view of Sen's acceptance of having made the impugned remarks and that the same were unwarranted, and having tendered his unconditional apology, the Committee recommends that the matter should be allowed to rest here.</blockquote>In its uncharacteristic{{According to whom|date=June 2020}} censure, the Rajya Sabha panel felt his remarks were:
<blockquote>not only in poor taste but also unwarranted... personal frame of mind should not have influenced public utterances of a senior and experienced diplomat... The Committee expects that such lapses, as admitted by him, shall not recur<ref name=":0">{{cite news | title=Headless chicken comment: Ronen Sen let off the hook | date=26 November 2007 | author=PTI | publisher=Rediff | url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2007/nov/26ronen.htm | access-date=26 May 2018 }}</ref></blockquote>

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
* [http://www.washdiplomat.com/ambprof/India.html The Washington Diplomat Newspaper - Ambassador profile ]
* [http://www.indianembassy.org/amb/amb_sen.htm Profile on website of Indian embassy]
* [http://www.bhopal.net/pmo.html Ronen Sen lobbying for Dow Chemicals]

{{s-start}}
{{s-dip}}
{{s-bef|before=A. S. Gonsalves}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Ambassador of India to Russia]]|years=1992 - 1998}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Satinder Kumar Lambah]]}}
{{s-bef|before=Nareshwar Dayal}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[High Commissioner of India to the United Kingdom]]|years=2002 - 2004}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Kamalesh Sharma]]}}
{{succession box|title=[[Ambassador of India to the United States]]|before=[[Lalit Mansingh]]|after=[[Meera Shankar]]|years=2004 - 2009}}
{{end}}

{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 2010–19}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sen, Ronen}}
[[Category:Ambassadors of India to the United States]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of India to Russia]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of India to Mexico]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of India to Germany]]
[[Category:High commissioners of India to the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:1944 births]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in civil service]]

Pul Pehladpur

2025-07-17T11:17:18Z

CelestaWolf314: made new details!

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Pul Pehladpur
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[List of neighbourhoods of Delhi|Neighbourhood of Delhi]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Delhi
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in India
| coordinates = {{coord|28|29|52|N|77|17|41|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Delhi]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[South East Delhi]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 69,657
| population_as_of = [[2011 Census of India|2011]]
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 110044
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank_info_sec1 = [[South Delhi (Lok Sabha constituency)|South Delhi]]
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Tughlakabad Assembly constituency|Tughlakabad]]
| blank1_name_sec2 = Civic agency
| blank1_info_sec2 = [[Municipal Corporation Of Delhi|MCD]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name3 = Kalkaji<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dmsoutheast.delhi.gov.in/subdivision-blocks/|title= Subdivision & Blocks of South East Delhi|publisher= District South East}}</ref>
}}
'''Pul Pehladpur''' is a [[census town]] in [[South East Delhi district|South East Delhi]] district of [[Delhi]], [[India]].

==Demographics==
{{As of|2011}} [[2011 Census of India|India Census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/census.website/data/data-visualizations/PopulationSearch_PCA_Indicators|title= Census of India 2011|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Pul Pehladpur had a population of 69,657. Males constitute 54.5% of the population and females 45.5%. Pul Pehladpur has an average literacy rate of 84.4%, higher than the [[Literacy in India|national average]] of 73%: male literacy is 91.28%, and female literacy is 76.23%. In Pul Pehladpur, 13.87% of the population is under 6 years of age.

==Connectivity==

===Road===
Pul Pehladpur is connected to the whole [[Delhi]] by M.B([[Mehrauli]]-[[Badarpur, Delhi|Badarpur]])road.{{cn|date=July 2025}} It is also connected to [[Faridabad]] by Surajkund Road.<ref>{{cite web |title=Surajkund Road |url=https://geoiq.io/roads/Surajkund-Road/edCMPiY8xk |website=geoIQ |access-date=21 July 2022}}</ref>

===Metro===
The nearest metro stations are [[Tughlakabad Station metro station|Tughlakabad]] and [[Badarpur Border metro station|Badarpur Border]] on [[Violet Line (Delhi Metro)|Violet Line]], both of which are about 1 km from Pehladpur.<ref name= Nearest>{{cite web|url=http://delhimetroroute.in/nearest/nearest-metro-station-to-pul-prahladpur-new-delhi.html|title= Nearest Metro Stations to Pul Pehladpur|publisher= delhimetroroute.in}}</ref>

===Railway===
The nearest railway station is [[Tughlakabad railway station]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.roaddistance.in/trains/nearest-railway-station-to-pul-prahladpur-new-delhi.html|title= Nearest Railway Stations to Pul Pehladpur|publisher= roaddistance.in}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in South Delhi district]]

{{Delhi-geo-stub}}

Édouard Hambye

2025-06-22T15:44:47Z

CelestaWolf314: creating a info

{{short description|Belgian Jesuit missionary priest and scholar (1916-1990)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
[[File:Edouard Hambye.jpg|thumb|right|upright|Father E.R. Hambye in Pune (c1973)]]
'''Édouard René Hambye''' (3 July 1916 – 7 September 1990),<ref name="Jesuit"/> was a [[Belgians|Belgian]] [[Society of Jesus|Jesuit]] missionary priest in the Indian subcontinent, and a leading scholar on the history of Indian churches. Hambye is the author of ''Christianity in India'',<ref name=LOC1/> and a contributor to ''The St. Thomas Christian Encyclopaedia of India''.<ref name=LOC2/> He was often published under the name '''E. R. Hambye''',<ref name=LOC1/><ref name=LOC3/> and in India was anglicized as "Edward".<ref name=Rooney/><ref name=Nedungatt/><ref name=Troll/><ref name=kollaparambil/><ref name=IndianChurch/>

{{Christianity in India sidebar}}

== Biography==
Hambye was born in [[Mons, Belgium|Mons]]<ref name="Jesuit"/> and attended that city's Jesuit high school. He entered the [[novitiate]] of the [[Society of Jesus]] on 23 September 1934. The usual spiritual and academic Jesuit training led him to receive [[sacerdotal ordination]] on 24 August 1946.

After further studies involving Syriac he was appointed Professor of [[Church history|Church History]] and of [[Patristics]] at the [[Kurseong]] Saint-Mary's Jesuit Theologate in [[West Bengal]]<ref name=Faculty/> where he undertook research into the history of eastern church rites (notably in the Syrian Catholic tradition). His primary field of writing was the Syrian Malabar church.<ref name=Diccionario/><ref name=Hallesche/> Hambye's ''History of Christianity in India'' was well received in the 1970s, but some of his contemporary scholars, such as [[Stephen Neill]], were less impressed.<ref name=Neill/>

When work on the St. Thomas Christian Encyclopaedia of India commenced in 1970 by George Menachery he was along with Paul Verghese, later Paulos Mar Gregorios, one of the prominent consultants.<ref>The St. Thomas Christian Encyclopaedia of India title pages</ref>
He also researched the history of the 'Bengal Jesuit mission' of the Belgian Jesuits and the role of chaplains in the fleet of 17th Century Flanders.<ref name=Renard/>

In Kerala Hambye was actively involved in [[ecumenism]] between [[Saint Thomas Christians]], Syrian Orthodox and Roman Catholics in India.<ref name=Sobornost/><ref name=LavenantVI/> An active member of the Indian Church Historical Association, Hambye was appointed a member of the commission for dialogue with the [[Malankara Orthodox Church]], [[Kottayam]], 1989.<ref name=LavenantV/><ref name=Indica/> In 1977 he had already been working in [[Kurseong]], [[Delhi]], [[Poona]], [[Vadavathoor]]-[[Kottayam]] for 26 years.<ref name=Gorres/>

In later years he was a professor at the [[Pontifical Oriental Institute]] in Rome.<ref name=Davey/>

==Publications==
* Hambye, E. R., ''Eastern Christianity in India; a History of the Syro-Malabar Church From the Earliest Time to the Present Day,'' (with [[Eugène Tisserant]]) The Newman Press, 1957.
* Hambye, E. R., ''Les traces liturgiques de l'usage du bêmâ dans la liturgie de l' Eglise chaldéomalabare,'' 1964.
* Hambye, Ed., S. J., ''L'aumônerie de la flotte de Flandre au XVIIè siècle, 1623–1668,'' Nauwelaerts, 1967.
* Hambye, E. R., ''Christianity in India: A history in Ecumenical Perspective,'' (with H. C. Permulalil), Alleppey, 1972.
* Hambye, E. R., ''Dimensions of Eastern Christianity,'' 1976.
* Hambye, E. R., S. J., ''Some Syriac Libraries of Kerala (Malabar), India, Notes and Comments,'' 1977.
* Hambye, E. R., Articles in ''The St. Thomas Christian Encyclopaedia of India,'' vol. 1 1982.
* Hambye, E. R. ''History of Christianity in India: Eighteenth Century,'' (with George Menachery) Church History Association of India, 1997.
* Hambye, Edouard R., ''1900 Jahre Thomas-Christen in Indien'', (with Johannes Madey) 1983.
* Hambye, Édouard R., "Un Irlandais aux origines de la Mission Navale des Jésuites Belges", ''Archivum Historicum Societatis Iesu''. Roma 15 (1946), pp. 144–154.
* Hambye, E. R., ''Bibliography on Christianity in India'' (1976).

==References==
{{reflist|2|refs=
<ref name="Jesuit">[http://www.jesuitica.be/assets/file/Prosopographia%20SJ%20BSE%201814-2003%20%20%28v0901%29%20%28E%29.pdfJesuitica.be list of Belgian Jesuits], "Hambye. Edouard. Mons. 1916-07-03 1934-09-23 Namur. 1990-09-07."</ref>

<ref name=LOC1>"[http://lccn.loc.gov/73905064 Christianity in India; a history in ecumenical perspective]", Library of Congress Online Catalog.</ref>

<ref name=LOC2>"[http://lccn.loc.gov/73905568 The St. Thomas Christian encyclopaedia of India]", Library of Congress Online Catalog.</ref>

<ref name=Rooney>Rooney, John, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=JygXAAAAIAAJ&q=Edward+Hambye The Hesitant Dawn: Christianity in Pakistan, 1579-1760]'', 1984, p. 4.</ref>

<ref name=Nedungatt>Nedungatt, George, S.J., "[https://books.google.com/books?id=SAnZAAAAMAAJ&q=Edward+Hambye Manikathanar in century retrospect]", ''Orientalia Christiana Periodica'', Volume 70, Issue 2, Pontificium Institutum Orientalium Studiorum - 2004, p. 337. "Jesuit historian Edward Hambye credits Lavigne with having secured the conversion of some Jacobite priests, which was as a matter of fact thanks to Manikathanar."</ref>

<ref name=Troll>Troll, Christian W., ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=16EuAAAAIAAJ&q=%22Edward+R.+Hambye%22 Islam in India: The Akbar Mission and Miscellaneous Studies]'', Vikas, 1982, p. xv, 3.</ref>

<ref name=kollaparambil>Kollaparambil, Jacob, "The St. Thomas Christians' revolution in 1653", 1981. "I am thankful to the Reverend Fr. Edward R. Hambye, SJ, for sharing with me his discovery of Mar Atallah's death record at the National Archives of Paris."</ref>

<ref name=IndianChurch>''[https://books.google.com/books?id=5MfYAAAAMAAJ&q=Edward+Hambye Indian Church History Review]'': Volumes 27-32 Church History Association of India - 1993. "Among the sorrows are the passings away of two prominent members of the Association: Father Edward R. Hambye SJ on 7 August 1990 and Dr. Ashish K. Mondal on 10 July 1991. Both of them as members of the CHAl Editorial Board were at ..."</ref>

<ref name=LOC3>"[http://lccn.loc.gov/79902652 A bibliography on Christianity in India]", Library of Congress Online Catalog.</ref>

<ref name=Faculty>The faculty of Theology was transferred to Delhi in 1971 and is nowadays known as the '[[Vidyajyoti College of Theology]]'.</ref>

<ref name=Diccionario>{{in lang|es}} O'Neill, Charles E. and Domínguez, Joaquín María, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=36FRIxTEEnQC&q=Edouard+Hambye&pg=PA2882 Diccionario histórico de la Compañía de Jesús: Biográfico-temático]'': Volume 3.pp. 2882 - 2001. "En la India, los estudios del belga Edouard Hambye (1916-1990) sobre el cristianismo indio han incluido escritos sobre las tradiciones malabar y malankara de Kerala y su herencia siria."</ref>

<ref name=Hallesche>{{in lang|de}} ''Hallesche Beiträge zur Orientwissenschaft'': Issue 33 Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg-2006. "Gérard Daucourt vom Einheitsrat sowie der inzwischen verstorbene Professor Edouard René Hambye SJ, der lange Zeit in Indien gewirkt hatte. Die syro-malabarische Kirche vertrat ..."</ref>

<ref name=Neill>Neill, Stephen, ''A History of Christianity in India: The Beginnings to Ad 1707'', p. 516 - reissued 2004. "The work does not quite live up to its title, being rather heavily slanted on the Roman Catholic side. Some of the chapters are barely adequate."</ref>

<ref name=Renard>{{in lang|fr}} Henrici, Thomas and Renard, Jean-Pierre, ''Amtstagebuch eines Generalvikars des Bistums Basel'', p. iv - 2007 ".. selon Edouard Hambye, lui-même auteur de L 'aumônerie de la flotte de Flandre au XVII ..."</ref>

<ref name=Sobornost>"Fellowship of St. Alban and St. Sergius", ''Sobornost'': Volumes 3-4 - 1981. "A Belgian Jesuit working in India, Fr Edouard Hambye, considered 'Ecumenism in India as a witness to hope and hesitation'."</ref>

<ref name=LavenantVI>{{in lang|fr}} Lavenant, René, ''VI Symposium Syriacum''1992: University of Cambridge, Pontificium Institutum Orientalium Studiorum- 1994 "Arthur Vööbus, Dom Louis Leloir, le P. Edouard Hambye, apôtre de l'oecuménisme auprès des églises syriaques de l'Inde, et le P. André de Halleux qui nous a quittés le 30 janvier 1994."</ref>

<ref name=LavenantV>{{in lang|fr}} Lavenant, René, ''V Symposium Syriacum'', 1988: Katholieke Universiteit, Leuven, 29-31 René Lavenant 1990 "La mise au point finale de ce Ve Symposium n'était pas encore achevée lorsque nous avons appris avec stupeur et tristesse le décès inopiné du P. Edouard R. Hambye SJ, survenu le 7 Septembre dernier à Namur."</ref>

<ref name=Indica>''Indica'': Volume 29, Saint Xavier's College, Bombay. Heras Institute of Indian History and Culture, 1992. "The conference remembered with gratitude Fr. Antonio da Silva Rego (with an exhibition of his works), Fr. Edouard Hambye, SJ, and Dr. BS Shastry, all of whom have passed away recently."</ref>

<ref name=Gorres>{{in lang|de}} Görres-Gesellschaft, 1977. "Dr. Edouard R. Hambye SJ, who is hailing from Mons and is working in India (Kurseong, Delhi, Poona, Vadavathoor-Kottayam) since 26 years."</ref>

<ref name=Davey>{{in lang|it}} ''Orientalia Christiana Periodica'': Volume 58 Pontificium Institutum Orientalium Studiorum, 1992. "Sono scritti da Colin Davey, Joseph Habbi e Edouard Hambye (t 1990) (gli ultimi due professori al PIO). I loro hanno per titolo «Chiesa anglicana e Oriente Ortodosso» (pp. 265-279), «La Chiesa d'Inghilterra ei Cristiani Siri dell'India» ..."</ref>


}}

==External links==
*[http://nasrani.net/2010/01/05/christianity-in-india-a-history/ H. C. Perumalil & E. R. Hambye ''History of Christianity in India'' Book Review and cover]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hambye, Edouard}}
[[Category:1916 births]]
[[Category:1990 deaths]]
[[Category:Belgian Roman Catholic missionaries]]
[[Category:20th-century Belgian Jesuits]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic missionaries in India]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the Pontifical Oriental Institute]]
[[Category:Jesuit missionaries in India]]

Themneihat Haokip

2024-01-13T10:05:25Z

CelestaWolf314: creating a pg

{{Short description|Indian Thadou-Kuki actress (1978–2020)}}
{{Infobox person
| name = ''Pi'', Themneihat Haokip
| image =
| birth_name =
| caption =
| birth_place = [[Sangaikot]]<ref name=Themneihat/>
| othername = Themneihat Simte<ref name=Themneihat/>
| birth_date = {{birth date |1978|5|11|df=y}}<ref name=Themneihat/>
| death_date = {{death date and age|2020|6|2|1978|5|11|df=y}}<ref name=Themneihat/>
| death_place = [[Churachandpur]]<ref name=Themneihat/>
| yearsactive =
| occupation =
| parents =
| spouse = S. Langginmang Simte<ref name=Themneihat/>
}}
'''Themneihat Haokip''' was an Indian [[Thadou-Kuki]] actress known for portraying Hoinu in the hit film ''Kum 10 Kilungset'' (1994).<ref name=Themneihat>{{Cite web|url=http://www.e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=reviews.movies.Adieu_to_Themneihat_90s_Screen_Heart_throb_By_Paojakhup_Guite|title=Adieu to Themneihat, the 90's Screen Heart-throb|work=E-PAO|last=Guite|first=Paojakhup|date=14 June 2020|access-date=12 July 2022|archive-date=12 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220712085601/http://www.e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=reviews.movies.Adieu_to_Themneihat_90s_Screen_Heart_throb_By_Paojakhup_Guite|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thusimbu.com/numei-keng-neisa-ho/|title=NUMEI KENG NEISA HO HI AMIN U ITI SUTDING HITAM?|date=9 June 2020|work=ThusimBu|access-date=12 July 2022|archive-date=12 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220712221115/https://www.thusimbu.com/numei-keng-neisa-ho/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thusimbu.com/elegy-mrs-themneihat-simte/|title=ELEGY MRS. THEMNEIHAT SIMTE|trans-title=EULOGY MRS. THEMNEIHAT SIMTE|date=4 June 2020|work=ThusimBu|access-date=12 July 2022|archive-date=12 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220712221011/https://www.thusimbu.com/elegy-mrs-themneihat-simte/|url-status=live}}</ref> Her second film ''Hinkho'' (1995) was also a box office success.<ref name=Themneihat/> She was one of the well known actresses of Kuki films during the 1990s.<ref name=Themneihat/>

== Death ==
She died on 2 June 2020 due to a stroke.<ref name=Themneihat/>

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Film
!Role
!{{Abbr|Ref.|References}}
|-
| 1994 || ''Kum 10 Kilungset'' || Hoinu || <ref name=Themneihat/>
|-
| 1995 || ''Hinkho'' || || <ref name=Themneihat/>
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Haokip, Themneihat}}
[[Category:1978 births]]
[[Category:2020 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:People from Churachandpur district]]

IISJ

2024-01-06T16:24:04Z

CelestaWolf314: creating some stub initial version

'''IISJ''' may refer to:
*[[International Indian School Jeddah]]
*[[India International School in Japan]]
{{Disambig}}

Commemorative coins of India

2023-12-10T08:53:36Z

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#REDIRECT [[Coins of the Indian rupee]]

DPS International School Singapore

2023-11-30T03:07:15Z

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#REDIRECT [[List of Delhi Public School Society schools]]

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Samserganj (Vidhan Sabha constituency)

2022-05-22T10:34:28Z

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#REDIRECT [[Samserganj Assembly constituency]]

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Phulbani (Vidhan Sabha constituency)

2022-05-12T08:39:41Z

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#REDIRECT [[Phulbani Assembly constituency]]

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Shanthnoo Bhagyaraj

2012-02-20T09:22:51Z

CelestaWolf314: Starting Post

#REDIRECT [[Shanthanu Bhagyaraj]]