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Chhetri

2026-05-06T21:20:52Z

Cdpnkr: made post

{{Short description|Ethnic group in Nepal and India}}
{{redirect|Kshetriya|military and ruling class in Hinduism|Kshatriya}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{protection padlock|small=yes}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Chhetri/Kshetri/Khasiya
| native_name = क्षेत्री/खश/खश्या
| image = Queen Tripurasundari of Nepal.jpg
| image_caption = Portrait of [[Queen Tripurasundari of Nepal]], a Chhetri who ruled the country as a queen regent from 1806 to 1832
| region1 = {{flag|Nepal}}
| pop1 = 4,796,995 (16.4% of Nepal's population) (2021)<ref>{{cite report |date=2021 |title=National Population and Housing Census 2021, Caste/Ethnicity Report |publisher=National Statistics Office, Government of Nepal |url=https://censusnepal.cbs.gov.np/results/downloads/caste-ethnicity}}</ref>
| languages = [[Eastern Pahari languages]]{{sfn|Dhungel|1998|p=5}}
| religions = [[Hinduism in Nepal|Hinduism]] 99.25% (2011), [[Christianity in Nepal|Christianity]] 0.6% (2011)<ref>{{cite report |date=2014 |title=Population monograph of Nepal |volume=II |publisher=Central Bureau of Statistics, Government of Nepal |url=https://nepal.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/Population%20Monograph%20V02.pdf}}</ref>
| related = [[Khas people]]s [[Khatri]], [[Thakuri]], [[Kumaoni people|Kumaoni]], [[Magar people|Magar]], and other [[Indo-Aryan people]]s
}}

'''Chhetri''' ('''Kshetri''', '''Kshettri''', '''Kshetry''' or '''Chhettri'''), ({{langx|ne|क्षेत्री}} {{IPA|ne|tsʰetri|pron}}; [[IAST]]: ''Kṣetrī'') historically called '''Kshettriya''' or '''Kshetriya''' or '''Khas''' are [[Nepali language|Nepali]]-speaking people historically associated with the warrior class and administration, some of whom trace their origin to migration from [[medieval India]].{{sfn|Lawoti|2005|p=91}}<ref name=PON>{{cite book|title=People of Nepal|first=Dor Bahadur |last=Bista |author-link=Dor Bahadur Bista |edition=4 |publisher=Ratna Pustak Bhandar |year=1980 |pages=2–4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NiIKAQAAIAAJ}}</ref> Chhetri was a [[caste]] of administrators, governors, [[Bir Bhadra Thapa|warriors]] and military elites in the medieval [[Khasa kingdom|Khas Kingdom]] and [[Gorkha Kingdom]] (later unified [[Kingdom of Nepal]]).{{sfn|Pradhan|2012|pp=20-21}} The nobility of the Gorkha Kingdom mainly originated from Chhetri families. They also had a strong presence in civil administration affairs.{{sfn|Pahari|1995|p=632}} The bulk of [[Prime Minister of Nepal|prime ministers of Nepal]] before the [[Revolution of 1951|democratization of Nepal]] belonged to this caste as a result of the old Gorkhali aristocracy. Gorkha-based aristocratic Chhetri families included the [[Pande dynasty]], the [[Basnyat dynasty]], the [[Kunwar family]] (and their offspring branch, the autocratic [[Rana dynasty]]) and the [[Thapa dynasty]]. From 1806 to 1951, Chhetri prime ministers wielded absolute rule in the country and the monarchy was reduced to a powerless figurehead.<ref name=":2" />

Khas Chhetris were traditionally considered a division of the Khas people with [[Khas Brahmin]] (commonly called Khas Bahun).{{sfn|Hitchcock|1978|pp=116-119}} They make up 16.45% of Nepal's population according to the [[2021 Nepal census]], making them the most populous caste or [[ethnic groups in Nepal|ethnic community in Nepal]].<ref>{{cite report |date=2021 |title=National Population and Housing Census 2021, Caste/Ethnicity Report |author=National Statistics Office |work=Government of Nepal |url=https://censusnepal.cbs.gov.np/results/downloads/caste-ethnicity}}</ref> Chhetris speak an [[Indo-Aryan language|Indo-Aryan]] [[Nepali language]] (''[[Khas language|Khas-Kura]]'') as mother tongue.{{sfn|Dhungel|1998|p=5}}{{sfn|Lawoti|2005|p=91}}

==Etymology and background==
Chhetri is considered a direct derivative of the Sanskrit word ''[[Kshatriya]]'' from the root ''kṣatra'' meaning "rule or authority" which was associated with the ruling and warrior class of [[Hindu]] society.<ref>{{Cite book |last=McLeod |first=John |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DAwmUphO6eAC&dq=Kshatriya+formerly+known+as+rajanya&pg=PA207 |title=The History of India |date=2002 |publisher=Greenwood Press |isbn=978-0-313-31459-9 |language=en}}</ref>{{sfn|Burghart|1984|p=119}}{{sfn|Gurung|1996|p=33}} According to the [[Caste system in Nepal#Muluki Ain (1854)|1854 Legal Code (''Muluki Ain'')]] of Nepal, Chhetris were a social group among the [[Upanayana|sacred thread bearers]] ([[Tagadhari]]) and ''[[Dvija|twice-born people]]'' of the [[Hindu]] tradition.{{sfn|Sherchan|2001|p=14}}<ref>Gurung, H. (2005). Social exclusion and Maoist insurgency. Paper presented at National Dialogue Conference on ILO Convention 169 on Indigenous and Tribal Peoples, Kathmandu, 19–20 January 2005.</ref> Almost all Chhetris are Hindu.{{sfn|Dhungel|1998|p=8}}

The term 'Chhetri' was adopted by a lot of the high-ranking [[Khas people|Khas]] after the [[unification of Nepal]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bista |first=Dor Bahadur |title=Fatalism and Development - Nepal's Struggle of Modernization |publisher=Orient Longman |year=1991 |isbn=8125001883 |location=Calcutta |pages=38}}</ref> and it was formalized by an order of [[Jung Bahadur Rana|Bir Narsingh Kunwar(Jang Bahadur Rana)]], who considered their original name (Khasa) to be derogatory.

== The family occupation of Chhetris ==
[[File:Bhimsen-thapa-painting.jpg|thumb|[[Bhimsen Thapa]], Prime Minister and de-facto autocratic ruler of Nepal from 1806 to 1837]]

The caste system of Nepal was decided according to the occupation they did from the ancestors of their family, known as [[Dharma]] ([[Devanagari]]: धर्म). The family occupation of Brahmin was ''[[guru]]'' or the spiritual leader in [[Hinduism]] whereas that of Chhetri was [[military]] and [[political leaders]]. Hence, the majority of military and political positions have been historically occupied by Chhetris until now.{{Refn|The Gorkha soldiers are usually from Gurung community in Gorkha district of Nepal.|name="BO"|group=note}}

==History==
[[File:Jangabahadur Horse Riding Statue.jpg|thumb|[[Jang Bahadur Kunwar Rana|Jang Bahadur Rana]], Premier and de-facto autocratic ruler of Nepal; also a patriarch of historical [[Rana dynasty]] (1846-1951)]]
[[File:Bamshidhar Kalu Pande.jpg|thumb|Portrait of Prime Minister [[Kalu Pande]] wearing [[Khukuri]], a [[Pande family|Pande Chhetri]] aristocrat; [[Kaji (Nepal)|Kaji]] (Prime Minister and Army Chief) of [[Gorkha Kingdom]].]]
They are thought to be connected to the [[Khasas]] mentioned in the ancient Indian literature and the medieval [[Khasa kingdom]].<ref name="Pradhan1984">{{cite book |author=Kumar Pradhan |title=A History of Nepali Literature |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OdRjAAAAMAAJ |year=1984 |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |page=5 }}</ref> In the early modern history of Nepal, Chhetris played a key role in the [[Unification of Nepal]], providing the core of the [[Gurkha|Gorkhali]] army of the mid-18th century.{{sfn|Gurung|1996|pages=1–33, ''passim''}} [[Bir Bhadra Thapa]] was a [[Thapa]] of Chhetri group{{sfn|Regmi|1995|p=44}} and leading Bharadar during [[Unification of Nepal]].{{sfn|Pradhan|2012|p=22}} His grandson [[Bhimsen Thapa]] became [[List of Prime Ministers of Nepal|Mukhtiyar (Prime Minister) of Nepal]].{{sfn|Pradhan|2012|p=22}} [[Swarup Singh Karki]], a leading politician and military officer, belonged to Chhetri family.{{sfn|Singh|1997|p=142}} [[Abhiman Singh Basnyat]] of [[Basnyat dynasty]], [[Damodar Pande]] of [[Pande dynasty]] were both members of Chhetri caste,{{sfn|Regmi|1975|p=73}} and [[Jung Bahadur Rana]], founder of [[Rana dynasty]] also belonged to the Chhetri community.{{sfn|Adhikari|2015|p=120}}

For 104 years since the middle of the 19th century until 1951, hereditary Rana prime ministers wielded absolute rule in the country relegating the monarchy to a mere figurehead.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=History Of Nepal - Ministry of Foreign Affairs Nepal MOFA |url=https://mofa.gov.np/about-nepal/history-of-nepal/ |access-date=2024-09-14 |website=mofa.gov.np}}</ref> During the monarchy, Chhetris continued to dominate the ranks of the [[Government of Nepal|Nepalese government]], [[Nepalese Army]], [[Nepal Police|Nepalese Police]] and administration.{{sfn|Gurung|1996|pages=1–33, ''passim''}}

===Chhetri noble families===
[[File:Abhiman Singh Basnyat.jpg|thumb|Prime Minister [[Abhiman Singh Basnyat]], a [[Basnyat family|Basnyat Kshetri]] [[Mulkaji]] ]]
Most of the political leadership of the [[Gorkha Kingdom]] (and later, [[Kingdom of Nepal]]) hailed from Chhetri families; primarily from the families of [[Basnyat family|Basnyats]], [[Baniya (surname)|Baniyas]], [[Rana dynasty|Kunwars]], [[KC (surname)|Khatris]], [[Pande family|Pandes]], and [[Thapa family|Thapas]] who formed the nobility known as [[Kaji (Nepal)|Kazis]] and [[Sardar]]s.<ref>Kings and Political Leaders of the Gorkhali Empire 1768-1814. Regmi, M (1995). Orient Longman Limited. Available at: https://pahar.in/pahar/Books%20and%20Articles/Nepal/1995%20Kings%20and%20Political%20Leaders%20of%20the%20Gorkhali%20Empire%201768-1814%20by%20Regmi%20s.pdf</ref> The political and administrative dominance of Chhetris in the kingdom of Nepal continued with the dynastic rule of the [[Rana dynasty|Rana Prime Ministers]] (1846–1953), the [[Pande family]], the [[Thapa family]], and the [[Basnyat family]],{{sfn|Pahari|1995|p=632}} all of whom held the most prominent positions in the country and overwhelmingly monopolized the Chhetri presence in the [[Government of Nepal]], its military and police. In traditional and administrative professions, Chhetris were given favorable treatment by the [[Kingdom of Nepal|royal government]].<ref name=Burbank>{{cite book|title=Nepal |series=Cultures of the World |first=Jon |last=Burbank |edition=2 |publisher=Marshall Cavendish |year=2002 |isbn=0-7614-1476-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EaWLU6Blh_sC}}</ref><ref name=CHN>{{cite book|title=Cultural History of Nepal |first1=Bhadra Ratha |last1=Bajracharya |first2=Shri Ram |last2=Sharma |first3=Shiri Ram |last3=Bakshi |publisher=Anmol Publications |year=1993 |isbn=81-7041-840-2 |pages=286–8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lELMFa9yZqsC}}</ref>

===Chhetri and premiership===
The nobility of [[Gorkha Kingdom|Gorkha]] were mainly from Chhetri families and they had strong presence in civil administration affairs.{{sfn|Pahari|1995|p=632}} All of the [[Prime Minister of Nepal]] between 1768 and 1950 were Chhetris with the exception of [[Ranga Nath Poudyal]], being a [[Bahun]], and [[Fateh Jung Shah]], being a [[Thakuri]].{{sfn|Raj|1996|p=5}} These number varied after the [[Revolution of 1951|democratization of Nepal]]. Between 1951 and 1997, out of the 16 Prime Ministers of Nepal, 5 of them were Chhetris.{{sfn|Gurung|1998|p=129}}
[[File:Crown Princess Indra of Nepal.png|thumb|Late Queen [[Indra, Crown Princess of Nepal|Indra Rajya Lakshmi Devi]] of Nepal, mother of [[Birendra of Nepal|King Birendra]] and [[Gyanendra of Nepal|King Gyanendra]], was from [[Rana dynasty|Rana Chhetri dynasty]] ]]
{| class="wikitable"
|+Chhetri Premiers of Nepal
!S.N.
!Name
!Took office
!Left office
!Notes
|-
|1
|[[Vamsharaj Pande]]
|1776
|1779
|again from 1782-1785
|-
|2
|[[Swarup Singh Karki]]
|1776
|1777
|
|-
|3
|[[Abhiman Singh Basnet|Abhiman Singh Basnyat]]
|1785
|1794
|
|-
|4
|[[Kirtiman Singh Basnyat]]
|1794
|1801
|
|-
|5
|[[Bakhtawar Singh Basnyat]]
|1801
|1803
|
|-
|6
|[[Damodar Pande]]
|1803
|1803
|
|-
|7
|[[Bhimsen Thapa]]
|1806
|1837
|
|-
|8
|[[Rana Jang Pande]]
|1837
|1837
|again from 1839-1840
|-
|9
|[[Mathabarsingh Thapa|Mathabar Singh Thapa]]
|1843
|1845
|
|-
|10
|[[Jung Bahadur Rana]]
|1846
|1856
|again from 1857-1877
|-
|11
|[[Bam Bahadur Kunwar]]
|1856
|1857
|
|-
|12
|[[Krishna Bahadur Kunwar Rana]]
|1857
|1857
|
|-
|13
|[[Ranodip Singh Kunwar]]
|1877
|1885
|
|-
|14
|[[Bir Shumsher Jung Bahadur Rana]]
|1885
|1901
|
|-
|15
|[[Dev Shumsher Jung Bahadur Rana]]
|1901
|1901
|
|-
|16
|[[Chandra Shumsher Jung Bahadur Rana]]
|1901
|1929
|
|-
|17
|[[Bhim Shumsher Jung Bahadur Rana]]
|1929
|1932
|
|-
|18
|[[Juddha Shumsher Jung Bahadur Rana]]
|1932
|1945
|
|-
|19
|[[Padma Shumsher Jung Bahadur Rana]]
|1945
|1948
|
|-
|20
|[[Mohan Shumsher Jung Bahadur Rana]]
|1948
|1951
|
|-
|21
|[[Surya Bahadur Thapa]]
|1955
|1955
|again from 1963-1964;
1965-1969, 1979-1983, 1997-1998, 2003-2004
|-
|22
|[[Subarna Shamsher Rana]]
|1958
|1959
|
|-
|23
|[[Kirti Nidhi Bista]]
|1969
|1970
|again from 1971-1973;
1977-1979
|-
|24
|[[Sher Bahadur Deuba]]
|1995
|1997
|again from 2001-2002;
2004-2005, 2017-2018, 2021-2022
|-
|25
|[[Sushila Karki]]
|2025
|
|First female Prime Minister of Nepal
|}

==Military achievements==
[[File:Prithvi Narayan Shah with Senapati Shivaram Singh Basnyat.jpg|thumb|Portrait of King [[Prithivi Narayan Shah]], founder of modern Nepal, consulting with army chief [[Shivaram Singh Basnyat]]]]
[[File:Bir Shamsher JBR.jpg|thumb|[[Bir Shamsher JBR]], a [[Rana family|Rana Kshetri]] [[Maharaja]] and Prime Minister ]]
Chhetri had dominated high military positions and monopolized the military force at the times of Chhetri autocratic administrators like PM [[Bhimsen Thapa]] and PM [[Jung Bahadur Rana]]. There were 12 [[Basnyat family|Basnyat]]s, 16 [[Pande family|Pande]]s, 6 [[Thapa family|Thapa]]s and 3 [[Rana dynasty|Kunwar]] officers totalling to 51 Chhetri officers in the year 1841  A.D.{{sfn|Adhikari|2015|p=120}} The most prominent officers at [[Shah dynasty|Shah administration]] were the [[Kaji (Nepal)|Kazis]] which had control over civil and military functions like a Minister and Military officer combined. [[Rana Jang Pande]], the leader of Pande faction, was the [[List of Prime Ministers of Nepal|Prime Minister of Nepal]] in 1841  A.D.{{sfn|Joshi|Rose|1966|p=27}} which might have caused an increase in the number of Pande officers at 1841. After the rise [[Rana dynasty]] (Kunwars), the number changed to 10 [[Basnyat family|Basnyat]]s, 1 [[Pande family|Pande]]s, 3 [[Thapa family|Thapa]]s and 26 [[Rana dynasty|Kunwar]] officers totaling to 61 Chhetri officers in the year 1854  A.D.{{sfn|Adhikari|2015|p=120}}Chhetris dominated the position of the senior officers of the Nepali Army comprising 74.4% of total senior officers in 1967. Similarly, Chhetris composed 38.1%, 54.3% and 55.3% of the senior officers in the year 2003, 2004 and 2007 respectively.{{sfn|Adhikari|2015|p=123}}[[File:Aishwarya 1972.jpg|thumb|Late [[Queen Aishwarya of Nepal]]; a [[Rana dynasty|Rana Chhetri]] ]]
[[File:Bidhya Devi Bhandari in 2019.jpg|thumb|[[Bidya Devi Bhandari]], first woman President of Nepal & [[commander-in-chief|Commander-in-Chief]] was born in a Pandey Chhetri family]]
[[File:Rajendra Chhetri, 2016.jpg|thumb|Former Head of [[Nepalese Army]], [[Rajendra Chhetri|Rajendra Chhetri (KC)]] ]]
{| class="wikitable"
|+Chhetri Heads of Nepalese Army (18th to 21st century)
!S.N.
!Name
!Office
|-
|1
|[[Shivaram Singh Basnyat]]
|1743–1747
|-
|2
|[[Kalu Pande|Vamshidhar "Kalu" Pande]]
|1747–1757
|-
|3
|[[Vamsharaj Pande]]
|????–1785
|-
|4
|[[Abhiman Singh Basnyat]]
|????–1794
|-
|5
|[[Damodar Pande]]
|????–1804
|-
|6
|[[Bhimsen Thapa]]
|1811–1837
|-
|7
|[[Rana Jang Pande]]
|1837–1837
|-
|8
|[[Mathabarsingh Thapa|Mathabar Singh Thapa]]
|1843–1845
|-
|9
|[[Jung Bahadur Rana]]
|1846–1856
|-
|10
|[[Bam Bahadur Kunwar]]
|1856–1857
|-
|11
|[[Krishna Bahadur Kunwar Rana]]
|1857–1862
|-
|12
|[[Ranodip Singh Kunwar]]
|1862–1877
|-
|13
|[[Jagat Shumsher Rana]]
|1877–1879
|-
|14
|[[Dhir Shumsher Rana|Dhir Shumsher Kunwar Rana]]
|1879–1884
|-
|15
|[[Jit Jung Rana]]
|1884–1885
|-
|16
|[[Khadga Shumsher Jung Bahadur Rana]]
|1885–1887
|-
|17
|[[Rana Shumsher Jung Bahadur Rana]]
|1887–1887
|-
|18
|[[Dev Shumsher Jung Bahadur Rana]]
|1887–1901
|-
|19
|[[Chandra Shumsher Jung Bahadur Rana]]
|1901–1901
|-
|20
|[[Bhim Shumsher Jung Bahadur Rana]]
|1901–1929
|-
|21
|[[Juddha Shumsher Jung Bahadur Rana]]
|1929–1932
|-
|22
|[[Rudra Shumsher Jung Bahadur Rana]]
|1932–1934
|-
|23
|[[Padma Shumsher Jung Bahadur Rana]]
|1934–1945
|-
|24
|[[Mohan Shumsher Jung Bahadur Rana]]
|1945–1948
|-
|25
|[[Baber Shumsher Jung Bahadur Rana]]
|1948–1951
|-
|26
|[[Kaiser Shumsher Jung Bahadur Rana]]
|1951–1953
|-
|27
|[[Kiran Shumsher Rana|Kiran Shumsher Jung Bahadur Rana]]
|1953–1956
|-
|28
|[[Toran Shumsher Jung Bahadur Rana]]
|1956–1960
|-
|29
|[[Nir Shumsher Jung Bahadur Rana]]
|1960–1965
|-
|30
|[[Singha Bahadur Basnyat]]
|1970–1975
|-
|31
|Guna Shumsher Jung Bahadur Rana
|1975–1979
|-
|32
|Arjun Narsingh Rana
|1983–1987
|-
|33
|[[Satchit Rana|Satchit Jung Bahadur Rana]]
|1987–1991
|-
|34
|Gadul Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana
|1991–1995
|-
|35
|[[Dharmapaal Barsingh Thapa]]
|1995–1999
|-
|36
|Prajwalla Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana
|1999–2003
|-
|37
|[[Pyar Jung Thapa]]
|2003–2006
|-
|38
|[[Rookmangud Katawal|Rookmangad Katawal]]
|2006–2009
|-
|39
|[[Gaurav Shumsher JB Rana|Gaurav Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana]]
|2012–2015
|-
|40
|[[Rajendra Chhetri]]
|2015–2018
|-
|41
|[[Purna Chandra Thapa]]
|2018–2021
|-
|42
|[[Ashok Raj Sigdel|Ashok Raj Sigdel Chhetri]]
|2024–
|}

=== Sino-Nepalese, Anglo-Nepalese and Nepal-Tibet wars ===

Chhetri commanders and generals of the military campaigns of the kingdom of Nepal have shaped the political course of the country overwhelmingly. Among the most prominent battles, the wars fought between Nepal and the empires of Tibet, China and the United Kingdom have highlighted the military strength of the kingdom of Nepal at a time of regional disintegration in South Asia. In 1788, Nepal invaded Tibet and as a consequence, a war was fought between [[Qing dynasty]] of China and the [[Kingdom of Nepal]] from 1788 to 1792, known as the [[Sino-Nepalese War]]. The battle, which was commanded by commanders [[Damodar Pande]], [[Abhiman Singh Basnyat]], and [[Kirtiman Singh Basnyat]] resulted in a treaty with Tibet accepting terms dictated by Nepal; as a outcome of which Tibet would pay tribute to Nepal and Nepalese citizens would have the right to visit, trade, and establish industries in any part of Tibet and China.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xDUFAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA609 |title=The National Review |date=1884 |publisher=W.H. Allen |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Killigrew |first=John W. |date=1979 |title=Some Aspects of the Sino-Nepalese War of 1792 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41930319 |journal=Journal of Asian History |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=42–63 |jstor=41930319 |issn=0021-910X}}</ref> [[File:Jitgadi Fort.png|left|thumb|upright|[[Jit Gadhi|Jit Gadhi fort]], site of Nepal's victory against the British army; led by Chhetri [[Ujir Singh Thapa|Colonel Ujir Singh Thapa]] during Anglo-Nepalese war<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-08 |title=Victory over British Army: Jit Gadhi festival being celebrated today in Butwal |url=https://myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com/news/victory-over-british-jit-gadhi-festival-being-celebrated-today-in-butwal/ |access-date=2024-11-25 |website=myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com |language=en}}</ref>]]
After about two and half decades of the Sino-Nepalese war, with the expansion of the British Empire in India, [[Anglo-Nepalese War]] was fought between the British forces and the army of [[Kingdom of Nepal]]. The war was commanded by [[Bhimsen Thapa]], [[Amar Singh Thapa]], [[Ujir Singh Thapa]], [[Ranabir Singh Thapa]], [[Dalbhanjan Pande]], [[Bakhtawar Singh Thapa]] and [[Ranajor Singh Thapa]] from 1814 to 1816 and led to a peace treaty with the British and maintained the independence of Nepal during the [[Company rule in India|British Company rule]] and [[British Raj|British Raj in South Asia]] from 18th to 20th century.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anglo-Nepalese War {{!}} British-Asian history {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Anglo-Nepalese-War |access-date=2024-10-09 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref>

With the ascent of [[Rana dynasty]], another war broke out between Nepal and Tibet ([[Nepal–Tibet War (1855–1856)|Nepal–Tibet War of 1855–1856)]] when [[Jung Bahadur Rana]] declared war over Tibet.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nepalese Army {{!}} नेपाली सेना |url=http://nepalarmy.mil.np/history.php?page=three |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220102904/http://nepalarmy.mil.np/history.php?page=three |archive-date=2016-12-20 |access-date=2025-07-06 |website=nepalarmy.mil.np}}</ref> The battle was commanded by [[Bam Bahadur Kunwar]], Sanak Singh Khatri, Prithvi Dhoj Kunwar, [[Dhir Shumsher Kunwar|Dhir Sumsher]] and Krishna Dhoj Kunwar and resulted in the victory of Nepalese troops whereby the Tibetans had to pay an annual subsidy of ten thousand rupees to Nepal and were made to allow the establishment of a Nepalese trading station and agency in Lhasa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Third Nepal-Tibet War 1855 AD |url=https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/nepal-tibet-3.htm |access-date=2024-10-09 |website=www.globalsecurity.org}}</ref>

== Religion ==
[[File:Goddess Bhadrakali Worshipped by the Gods- from a tantric Devi series - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|Due to large number of Chhetri commanders, [[Bhadrakali|Goddess Bhadrakali]] became the patron deity of Nepal's army. The war cry "''Jay Mahakali, Ayo Gurkhali'' ''"'' meaning "''Hail Great Goddess Kali, here come the Gurkhas!"'' invoked [[Kali|Goddess Kali]] during wars]]
Almost all the Chhetris are [[Hinduism|Hindus]], and form the largest Hindu adhering sub-group of Nepal representing 99.3% of their population, and those who are Hindus may also follow Buddhism; [[the Buddha]] being worshipped as the ninth [[avatar]] of god [[Vishnu]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chhetri – National Museum |url=https://nationalmuseum.gov.np/archives/112 |access-date=2024-11-26 |language=en-US}}</ref> Chhetris have historically practiced Hindu [[polytheism]] which included the worship of [[Khas|Khas Masto]] sect of [[Shaivism]], clan deity ([[Kuldevta]]), their personal favorite deity ([[Ishta-devata]]''),'' fierce forms of [[Shiva]] (such as [[Virabhadra]] and [[Rudra]]) and goddesses such as [[Adi Shakti]], [[Kali]] and [[Bhadrakali]].

Owing to the extensively large number of Chhetri generals and commander-in-chiefs in the [[Nepalese Armed Forces|Nepalese Army]] (formerly known as Gorkha Army), goddess [[Bhadrakali]], an auspicious form of [[Kali]], was the patron deity of the army and her worship was necessary before and during wars.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sangal |first=Naresh Chandra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CUWIC-vigbkC |title=Glimpses of Nepal: A Brief Compilation of History, Culture, Language, Tradition, Religious Places, Festivals, Mountains, Revers, Safari Parks, Cities, Kathmandu University, and Other Important Informations for Holiday-makers |date=1998 |publisher=APH Publishing |isbn=978-81-7024-962-7 |language=en}}</ref> The war cry, "''Jay Mahakali, Ayo Gurkhali'' ''"'' meaning "''Hail Great Goddess Kali, here come the Gurkhas!",'' invoked the sense of protection from [[Kali|Goddess Kali]] during battles and today is the war slogan of the [[Nepalese Armed Forces|Nepalese Army]] as well as [[Gorkha regiments (India)|Gurkha regiment]] of the [[Indian Army]] and the [[British Armed Forces|British Army]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=THE KHUKRI BRAVES The Illustrated History of The Gorkha {{!}} Rupa Publications |url=https://rupapublications.co.in/books/the-khukri-braves-the-illustrated-history-of-the-gorkha/ |access-date=2024-11-26 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Families and surnames ==
[[File:Red Palace of Bir Shumsher.jpg|thumb|[[Lal Durbar|Lal Durbar (Red Palace)]], associated with Rana Chhetris of [[Kathmandu]]]]
Surnames of Chhetris include, among others:<ref name="Subba1989">{{cite book|title=Dynamics of a hill society: Nepalis in Darjeeling and Sikkim Himalayas|author=Subba, Tanka Bahadur|date=1989|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=9788173041143|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1yZuAAAAMAAJ|quote=Some of the Chhetri clans are Adhikari, Baniya, Basnet, Bist, Bohra, Bura or Burathoki, Gharti, Karki, Khadka, Khatri, Khulal, Mahat, Raut, Rana, Roka, Thapa, etc.}}</ref>

* [[Adhikari]]/Raya, Thami, Khulal, Khapatari and Thada
* [[Baniya (surname)|Baniya]]
* [[Basnet]]
* [[Bisht (surname)|Bisht]]
* [[Bhandari]]/(Raghubansi)
* [[Bohora|Bohra]]
* [[Budhathoki|Burathoki]]
* [[Chauhan (surname)|Chauhan]]
* [[Gharti]]
* [[Karki (surname)|Karki]]
* [[Khadka]]
* [[Khatri (surname)|Khatri]]
* [[Khulal]]
* [[Kunwar (surname)|Kunwar]]
* [[Mahara (surname)|Mahara]]
* [[Negi (surname)|Negi]]
* [[Pande family|Pade]]/पाँडे/पाडे (not to be mistaken with Brahmin Pandeya)
* [[Rana dynasty|Rana]]
* [[Raut (disambiguation)|Raut]]
* [[Rawal (surname)|Rawal]]
* [[Rawat (surname)|Rawat]]
* [[Rayamajhi]]
* [[Rokka (surname)|Rokka]]
* [[Thapa Kaji|Thapa]]

==Demographics==
[[File:Chhetri ladies.png|thumb|Women from Chhetri community during religious festival]]
[[File:Fullsizeoutput 27e6.jpg|thumb|[[Kiran Chetry]], former [[CNN]] anchor, is of Chhetri descent ]]
The [[Central Bureau of Statistics (Nepal)|Central Bureau of Statistics]] of Nepal classifies Chhetris as a subgroup within the broader social group of Khas Arya (together with [[Thakuri]] and Sanyasi/Dasnami).<ref>[https://nepal.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/Population%20Monograph%20V02.pdf Population Monograph of Nepal, Volume II]</ref> The 2021 census recorded Chhetri population of Nepal as the largest community with a population of 4,796,995 (16.4% of Nepal). Previously, the 2011 Nepal census showed Chhetris as the largest [[Hinduism in Nepal|Hindu]] adherents in the nation with 4,365,113 people which was 99.3% of total Chhetri population.<ref name="cbs">{{Cite web|url=http://cbs.gov.np/image/data/Population/Population%20Monograph%20of%20Nepal%202014/Population%20Monograph%20V02.pdf|title=Nepal Census 2011|access-date=2017-04-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170918043750/http://cbs.gov.np/image/data/Population/Population%20Monograph%20of%20Nepal%202014/Population%20Monograph%20V02.pdf|archive-date=2017-09-18|url-status=dead}}</ref> In Nepal's hill districts the Chhetri population rises to 41% compared to 31% [[Brahmin]] and 27% other castes. This greatly exceeds the Kshatriya portion in most regions with predominantly Hindu populations.<ref name=CBS1>{{cite web|url=http://www.cbs.gov.np/Population/Monograph/Chapter%2003%20%20Social%20Composition%20of%20the%20Population.pdf |title=Chapter 3. Social composition of the Population: Caste/Ethnicity and Religion in Nepal |first=Dilli Ram |last=Dahal |publisher=[[Government of Nepal]], Central Bureau of Statistics |date=2002-12-30 |access-date=2011-04-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110519235652/http://www.cbs.gov.np/Population/Monograph/Chapter%2003%20%20Social%20Composition%20of%20the%20Population.pdf |archive-date=2011-05-19}}</ref><ref name=CBS2>{{cite web|url=http://www.cbs.gov.np/Nepal%20in%20figure/Nepal%20in%20Figures%202008.pdf |title=Nepal in Figures 2008 |publisher=[[Government of Nepal]], Central Bureau of Statistics |year=2008 |access-date=2011-04-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723080755/http://www.cbs.gov.np/Nepal%20in%20figure/Nepal%20in%20Figures%202008.pdf |archive-date=2011-07-23}}</ref>

As per 2021 census, Chhetris are largest caste group in 27 [[districts of Nepal]], increase from 21 districts of [[2001 Nepal census]] and 24 districts of [[2011 Nepal census]].<ref name=":0">National Census of Nepal 2021. Government of Nepal, National Statistics Office. (Report: available at https://censusnepal.cbs.gov.np/results/files/result-folder/Caste%20Ethnicity_report_NPHC_2021.pdf )</ref> These twenty seven districts are - [[Sankhuwasabha district]], [[Okhaldhunga district]], [[Dhankuta district]], [[Morang District|Morang district]], [[Udayapur district]], [[Dolakha District|Dolakha district]], [[Ramechhap district]], [[Gulmi District|Gulmi district]], [[Dang District, Nepal|Dang district]], [[Salyan District, Nepal|Salyan district]], [[Western Rukum District|Western Rukum district]], [[Surkhet district]], [[Dailekh district]], [[Jajarkot district]], [[Dolpa district]], [[Jumla district]], [[Mugu district]], [[Humla district]], [[Bajura district]], [[Bajhang district]], [[Achham district]], [[Doti district]], [[Dadeldhura district]], [[Baitadi district]], [[Darchula district]], [[Kalikot district]], and [[Kanchanpur district]].

The district with the largest Chhetri population is [[Kathmandu district]] with 424,172 (i.e. 20.7% of the total district population).<ref name="cbs" /><ref name=":0" /> Chhetris form the second largest demographic group after [[Newar people|Newars]] in the [[Kathmandu Valley]], together with [[Patan, Nepal|Lalitpur (Patan)]] and [[Bhaktapur]], with a population of 621,346. Other districts with more than 150,000 Chhetri population are [[Kailali District|Kailali]], [[Kanchanpur District|Kanchanpur]], [[Dang District, Nepal|Dang]], [[Jhapa District|Jhapa]] and [[Morang District|Morang]].<ref name=":0" />

Province wise, Chhetris are majority demography in [[Koshi Province]], [[Karnali Province]] and [[Sudurpashchim Province]].<ref name=":0" /> The frequency of Chhetris by province is shown in the table:<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=cast-ethnicity {{!}} national_population and housing_census_year results |url=https://censusnepal.cbs.gov.np/results/cast-ethnicity?province=1 |access-date=2024-08-27 |website=censusnepal.cbs.gov.np}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+Demographics of Chhetris in the Provinces of Nepal
!Province
!Percentage of Provincial population
!Demographic Status
|-
|[[Karnali Province]]
|42.2%
|largest
|-
|[[Sudurpashchim Province]]
|41.7%
|largest
|-
|[[Bagmati Province]]
|17.4%
|3rd largest
|-
|[[Koshi Province]]
|15%
|largest
|-
|[[Lumbini Province]]
|14.2%
|3rd largest
|-
|[[Gandaki Province]]
|13.1%
|3rd largest
|-
|[[Madhesh Province]]
|2.0%
|minority
|}
As per the [[Public Service Commission (Nepal)|Public Service Commission]] of Nepal, [[Bahun|Brahmins]] (33.3%) and Chhetris (20.01%) were the two largest caste groups to obtain governmental jobs in the fiscal year 2017–18, even though 45% governmental seats are reserved for women, [[Madhesi people|Madhesis]], [[Dalit|lower caste and tribe]]s, and other marginalized groups.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://kathmandupost.ekantipur.com/news/2018-10-16/brahmins-and-chhetris-land-most-government-jobs.html|title = Brahmins and Chhetris land most government jobs}}</ref>
[[File:Geetanjali Thapa (cropped).jpg|thumb|Indian actress [[Geetanjali Thapa]], recipient of [[National Film Award for Best Actress]] (2013)]]
[[File:Sunil Chhetri receiving award from Naveen Patnaik in 2024 (cropped).jpg|thumb|[[Sunil Chhetri]], former Captain of Indian Football National Team]]The frequency of Chhetris was higher than national average (16.4%) in the following districts:<ref name=":1" />
* [[Bajhang District|Bajhang]] (69%)
* [[Darchula District|Darchula]] (65.3%)
* [[Jumla District|Jumla]] (60.2%)
* [[Doti District|Doti]] (59.9%)
* [[Bajura District|Bajura]] (59.5%)
* [[Salyan District, Nepal|Salyan]] (59%)
* [[Achham District|Achham]] (54.6%)
* [[Dadeldhura District|Dadeldhura]] (53.7%)
* [[Western Rukum District|Western Rukum]] (53.1%)
* [[Baitadi District|Baitadi]] (53%)
* [[Mugu District|Mugu]] (50.5%)
* [[Dolpa District|Dolpa]] (47.4%)
* [[Jajarkot District|Jajarkot]] (39.3%)
* [[Humla District|Humla]] (36.6%)
* [[Dailekh District|Dailekh]] (35.3%)
* [[Rolpa District|Rolpa]] (35.2%)
* [[Surkhet District|Surkhet]] (31.7%)
* [[Dolakha District|Dolakha]] (31.2%)
* [[Kanchanpur District|Kanchanpur]] (30.9%)
* [[Kalikot District|Kalikot]] (29.6%)
* [[Dang District, Nepal|Dang]] (26.6%)
* [[Ramechhap District|Ramechhap]] (26%)
* [[Pyuthan District|Pyuthan]] (25.6%)
* [[Kailali District|Kailali]] (23.8%)
* [[Gulmi District|Gulmi]] (22.8%)
* [[Bhaktapur District|Bhaktapur]] (21.9%)
* [[Udayapur District|Udayapur]] (21.5%)
* [[Okhaldhunga District|Okhaldhunga]] (21%)
* [[Eastern Rukum District|Eastern Rukum]] (20.1%)
* [[Dhankuta District|Dhankuta]] (19.9%)
* [[Kathmandu District|Kathmandu]] (19.8%)
* [[Tehrathum District|Tehrathum]] (19.4%)
* [[Khotang District|Khotang]] (19.1%)
* [[Bhojpur District, Nepal|Bhojpur]] (17.7%)
* [[Sankhuwasabha District|Sankhuwasabha]] (17.3%)
* [[Lalitpur District, Nepal|Lalitpur]] (18.6%)
* [[Arghakhanchi District|Arghakhanchi]] (18.1%)
* [[Baglung District|Baglung]] (18.1%)
* [[Myagdi District|Myagdi]] (17.5%)
* [[Parbat District|Parbat]] (17.4%)
* [[Sindhupalchowk District|Sindhupalchowk]] (16.9%)
* [[Jhapa District|Jhapa]] (16.8%)

==Present day==

Chhetri together with [[Bahun]] and [[Thakuri]] fall under [[Khas Arya]], who are denied [[Racial quota|quota]] and reservations in civil services and other sectors due to their history of socio-political dominance in Nepal.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thehimalayantimes.com/nepal/khas-arya-quota-provision-civil-services-opposed/|title=Khas Arya quota provision in civil services opposed|date=10 November 2017|website=thehimalayantimes.com|access-date=1 May 2018}}</ref> There are no quotas for the [[Khas community]] who fall under ''Bahun-Chhetri-thakuri'' hierarchy.<ref>{{Cite news|first=Trailokya Raj|last=Aryal|url=http://www.myrepublica.com/news/20612/|title= The Bahun narrative|date=24 May 2017|newspaper= [[República (Nepalese newspaper)|Myrepublica]]}}</ref> As per the explanation of legal provisions of [[Constitution of Nepal]], Khas Arya comprises the Brahmin, Kshetri, Thakur and Sanyasi (Dashnami) communities.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mainstreamweekly.net/article7834.html|title=Nepal-India Relations: Need for Urgent Paradigm Shift - Mainstream Weekly|website=www.mainstreamweekly.net|access-date=8 June 2018}}</ref> But they are allowed reservation in federal parliament and provincial legislature.<ref name="article5111223">{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/next-door-nepal-the-nationalists-hour-5111223/|title=Next Door Nepal: The nationalist's hour|date=26 March 2018|website=indianexpress.com|access-date=8 June 2018}}</ref> The [[European Union]] has been accused of direct interference, creating ethnic strife and negative discrimination towards ''Khas Arya'' due to their recommendation to remove the reservation for Khas Aryas.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nepalitimes.com/here-now/hail-to-the-chiefs/|title=Hail to the chiefs|first=Om Astha|last=Rai|website=www.nepalitimes.com|date=23 March 2018 |access-date=8 June 2018}}</ref><ref name="article5111223" />

==Notable people ==
===Queen Mothers of Nepal===

* [[Queen Tripurasundari of Nepal|Queen Tripurasundari]], Queen mother of Nepal (1806–1832)
* [[Subarna Prabha Devi|Queen Subarna Prabha Devi]],{{sfn|Pradhan|2012|p=12}} Queen mother of Nepal (1802–1806)
* [[Queen Aishwarya of Nepal|Queen Aishwarya]], Queen mother of Nepal (1971–2001)
* [[Indra, Crown Princess of Nepal|Queen Indra Rajya Lakshmi Devi]], Crown princess of Nepal (1940–1950)
* [[Queen Ratna of Nepal|Queen Ratna Rajya Lakshmi Devi]], Queen mother of Nepal (1955–1972)
* [[Lalit Rajeshwori Rajya Lakshmi Devi|Queen Lalit Rajeshwori Rajya Lakshmi Devi]], Queen mother of Nepal (1881–1893)
* [[Queen Komal of Nepal|Queen Komal Rajya Laxmi Devi]], Queen mother of Nepal (2001–2008)

===Film industry/Fashion/Arts===

* [[Ruby Rana]], Miss Nepal World (1994), Nepal's first Miss Nepal
* [[Miss Nepal 2005|Sugarika KC]], Miss Nepal World (2005) and television host
* [[Rekha Thapa]], Nepalese actress and director
* [[Ashma Kumari KC|Ashma KC]]''',''' Miss Nepal World (2024)
* [[Priyanka Karki]], Nepalese actress
* [[Bhuwan K.C.]], Nepalese actor, director, producer, singer and filmmaker
* [[Swastima Khadka]], Nepalese actress
* [[Nischal Basnet]], Nepalese actor and director
* [[Karishma Manandhar|Karishma K.C. (Manandhar)]], prominent Nepalese actress
* [[Anmol K.C.]], actor and producer
* [[Bipana Thapa]], Nepalese actress
* [[Nandita K.C.]], Nepalese actress
* [[Hira Singh Khatri]], first Director of Nepalese Film industry
* [[Sita KC]], Nepalese singer
* [[Kiran KC]], Nepalese actor
* [[Sushil Chhetri]], Nepalese actor
* [[Sushma Karki]], Nepalese actress
* [[Arjun Karki]], Nepalese actor
* [[Shruti Bisht]], Indian film and television actress
* [[Sumi Khadka]], Nepalese actress
* [[Pradeep Khadka]], Nepalese actor
* [[Dilip Rayamajhi]], Nepalese actor
* [[Arpan Thapa]], Nepalese actor
* [[Jharna Thapa]], Nepalese actress
* [[Sunil Thapa]], Nepalese actor
* [[Subeksha Khadka]], Nepalese actress
* [[Ram Thapa]], Nepalese singer
* [[Gyanu Rana]], Nepalese singer
* [[Astha Raut]], Nepalese singer
* [[Sonam Bisht]], Indian model and actress
* [[Karun Thapa]], Ghazal writer
* [[Sashi Rawal]], Nepalese singer
* [[Geetanjali Thapa]], Indian actress
* [[Kiran Chetry]], American TV personality
* [[Babu Bogati]], Nepalese singer
* [[Sanjit Bhandari]], Nepalese actor
* [[Arun Chhetri]], Nepalese actor
* [[Shonal Rawat]], India TV anchor
* [[Bipin Karki]], Nepalese actor
* [[Nidhi Bisht]], Indian actress
* [[Kamal Khatri]], Nepalese singer
* [[Sudarshan Thapa]], Nepalese actor and director
* [[Salon Basnet]], Nepalese actor
* [[Jagat Rawat]], Indian actor
* [[Gajit Bista]], Nepalese actor
* [[Sunil Rawal]], film director
* [[Suhana Thapa]], Nepalese actress
* [[Namrata Thapa]], Indian actress
* [[Ananda Karki]], Nepalese singer
* [[Sharmila Thapa]], Nepal-born Indian television host and actress
* [[Vidhan Karki]], Nepali film director
* [[Narayan Rayamajhi]], Nepalese film Director
* [[Tirtha Kumari Thapa]], Nepalese singer
* [[Rabindra Singh Baniya]], Nepalese actor and producer
* [[Chitrashi Rawat]], Indian actress
* [[Mallika Karki]], Nepali singer
* [[Donal Bisht]], Indian television actress
* [[Navi Rawat]], American actress
* [[Shrisha Karki]], late Nepalese actress
* [[Astha Raut]], Nepali singer
* [[Deepak Rayamajhi]], Nepalese film Director
* [[Gyanu Rana]], Nepalese singer
* [[Kailash Karki]], Nepalese comedian
* [[Roshan Thapa]], Nepalese songwriter
* [[Sujita Basnet]], American model and former Miss Universe Nepal
* [[Bhairav Bahadur Thapa]], first dance director of Nepal as well as choreographer and writer
* [[Shishir Rana]], Nepalese actor, director
* [[Atithi Gautam K. C|Atithi Gautam K.C]], youngest singer in the world to release a professional solo album
* [[Bal Krishna Sama|Bal Krishna Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana]], Nepalese playwright
* [[Hari Bhakta Katuwal]], prominent poet and lyricist of Nepal
* [[Bharat Shumsher Jung Bahadur Rana|Bharat Shumsher JBR]], late Nepalese politician, Bengali movie director and producer
* [[Lil Bahadur Chettri|Lil Bahadur Chhetri]], late Indian writer and recipient of [[Padmashri]] awards
* [[Paramita RL Rana]], Nepalese actress and singer
* [[Kumar Basnet]], Nepalese singer, songwriter
* [[Komal Oli]], Nepalese singer<ref>{{Cite web |title=PRATINIDHI |url=https://mahilapratinidhi.org/detail/national/278/ |access-date=2025-07-13 |website=mahilapratinidhi.org}}</ref>
* [[Tara Devi (singer)|Tara Devi]], born Dol Kumari Karki, legendary late Nepalese singer
* [[Subhadra Adhikari]], Late Nepalese actress and singer
* [[Suman Karki]], Nepalese actor

===Politics and administration (non-historical)===

* [[Surya Bahadur Thapa]], former five-times Prime Minister of Nepal
* [[Bidya Devi Bhandari]], first woman President of Nepal
* [[Sher Bahadur Deuba]], former Prime Minister of Nepal
* [[Kirti Nidhi Bista]], former Prime Minister of Nepal
* [[Arjun Narasingha K.C.]], former five-time minister of Nepal and Senior [[Nepali Congress]] Leader
* [[Gagan Thapa]], Nepalese politician and General Secretary of the [[Nepali Congress]]
* [[Arzu Rana Deuba]], Nepalese [[Minister of Foreign Affairs (Nepal)|Minister of Foreign Affairs]]
* [[Chitra Bahadur K.C.]], former [[Deputy Prime Minister of Nepal|deputy prime minister of Nepal]] and chairman of the [[Rashtriya Jana Morcha (2006)|Rashtriya Jana Morcha]] Party
* [[Yogi Adityanath|Ajay Mohan Bisht]], known as [[Yogi Adityanath]]; Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh, India
* [[Arjun Bahadur Thapa]], former SAARC Secretary General
* [[Nayan Bahadur Khatri]], longest serving late [[Chief Justice of Nepal]]
* [[Bhekh Bahadur Thapa]], Nepalese central banker and former cabinet minister
* [[Kamal Thapa]], former Deputy Prime Minister, President of Rastriya Prajatantra Party of Nepal,
* [[Karna Bahadur Thapa]], Former Minister of Nepal
* [[Ujwal Thapa]], President of Bibeksheel Nepali
* [[Khum Bahadur Khadka]], former minister
* [[Narayan Khadka]], ex minister of urban development
* [[Hari Bahadur Khadka]], Member of 2nd Constituent Assembly
* [[Kul Bahadur Khadka]], Lieutenant General
* [[Hari Bahadur Basnet]], former minister
* [[Lal Bahadur Basnet]], Indian politician
* [[Mahesh Basnet (Nepalese politician, born 1975)|Mahesh Basnet]], former minister
* [[Mohan Bahadur Basnet]], former minister
* [[Raju Basnet]], Indian politician
* [[Singha Bahadur Basnyat]], Former Chief (COAS) of [[Nepal Army]]
* [[Rajendra Chhetri|Rajendra Chhetri (KC)]], Former Head of [[Nepalese Army]]
* [[Tek Bahadur Basnet]], Nepalese politician
* [[Amar Bahadur Thapa]], Nepalese politician
* [[Om Bikram Rana]], former inspector general of Nepal Police
* [[Hari Krishna Karki]], Nepali judge and former [[Chief Justice of Nepal]]
* [[Hikmat Kumar Karki]], former [[Chief Minister of Koshi Province]]
* [[Kedar Karki]], [[Chief Minister of Koshi Province]]
* [[Harish Rawat]], former chief minister of Uttarakhand, India
* [[Lokman Singh Karki]], former head of Commission for the Investigation of Abuse of Authority, Nepal
* [[Ram Karki]], former minister of Nepal
* [[Pradip Shumsher J.B.R.|Pradip Shumsher Jang Bahadur Rana]], former inspector general of Nepal Police
* [[Hira Singh Bisht]], Indian minister
* [[Sushila Karki]], Nepali jurist and first female [[Chief Justice of Nepal]] (2016 – 2017)
* [[Hira Chandra KC]], [[Ministry of Health and Population (Nepal)|State Minister of Health and Population]] of Nepal
* [[Tirath Singh Rawat]], former chief minister of Uttarakhand, India
* [[Bal Bahadur K.C.]], former minister of Nepal
* [[Padma Bahadur Khatri]], late former foreign minister of Nepal and [[Nepalese Ambassador to the United States]]
* [[Rajendra Kumar KC]], former minister of Nepal
* [[Pashupati Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana]] (born 1941), Nepalese politician, former minister and member of the Rana dynasty
* [[Hira Singh Bisht]], Indian politician
* [[Jayakumar Jitendrasinh Rawal]], Indian minister
* [[Nilam K.C. (Khadka)|Nilam KC.]], former [[Ministry of Women, Children and Senior Citizens (Nepal)|Minister of Women, Children and Senior Citizens]] of Nepal
* [[Nepalese Ambassador to the United States|Shreedhar Khatri]], [[Nepalese Ambassador to the United States]]
* [[Ratna Shumsher J.B.R.|Ratna Shumsher Jang Bahadur Rana]], former inspector general of Nepal Police
* [[Gyanendra Bahadur Karki]], former minister
* [[Kul Prasad KC]], Chief Minister of [[Lumbini Province]] of Nepal
* [[Bhim Bahadur Rawal]], former minister
* [[Bindu Kumar Thapa]], former minister
* [[Deepak Bohara]], Nepalese politician
* [[Harish Bisht]], vice admiral of the Indian Navy
* [[Ram Bahadur Bohara]], former Member of Parliament, Nepal
* [[Hira Singh Bisht]], Indian politician
* [[Menuka Khand K.C.]], Nepalese politician
* [[Navaraj Rawat]], former State Minister of Health and population of Nepal
* [[Keshar Jung Rayamajhi]], Advisor to late King Birendra Bir Bikram Shah of nepal
* [[Top Bahadur Rayamajhi]], former Deputy Prime Minister
* [[Udaya Shumsher Rana]], Nepalese politician, former minister
* [[Devyani Rana]], Nepalese princess
* [[Chanda Karki]], Nepalese politician
* [[Karan Mahara]], Indian politician
* [[Harry Bhandari]], first Nepalese origin American elected to a state legislature in the [[Politics of the United States|United States]]
* [[Amrit Kumar Bohara]], former Minister of Nepal
* [[Gyanu K.C.]], Nepalese politician
* [[Krishna Bahadur Mahara]], former Home minister of Nepal
* [[Shakti Bahadur Basnet]], former Home Minister of Nepal
* [[Gokarna Bista]], former minister of Nepal
* [[Mahendra Bahadur Pandey]], former minister of Nepal
* [[Dipak Bahadur K.C.|Dipak Bahadur K.C]], Nepalese politician
* [[Kalpana Bista]], first female minister of education of Nepal

===Sports===

* [[Hari Khadka]], football player
* [[Sabitra Bhandari]], Nepalese professional [[Association football|football player]]
* [[Sunil Chhetri]], Indian football player
* [[Karan KC]], Nepalese cricketer at [[Nepal national cricket team]]
* [[Nirajan Khadka]], football player
* [[Mamata Thapa]], Nepalese cricketer
* [[Paras Khadka]], former Captain of [[Nepal national cricket team]]
* [[Anjan KC]], football player
* [[Khare Basnet]], Bhutanese footballer
* [[Neri Thapa]], Nepalese cricketer
* [[Rupesh KC]], football player
* [[Rajendra Rawal]], Nepali footballer
* [[Shiva Thapa]], Indian boxer
* [[Shyam Thapa]], Indian footballer
* [[Sushil KC]], football player
* [[Jatin Singh Bisht]], Indian footballer
* [[Nam Singh Thapa]], Nepalese boxer
* [[Jit Bahadur Khatri Chhetri|Jit Bahadur K.C.]], first Nepalese athlete to win an international medal in sports (1971)
* [[Tanka Basnet]], Nepalese footballer
* [[Vaibhav Rawal]], Indian cricketer
* [[Menuka Rawat]], Nepalese athlete at the 1988 Summer Olympics
* [[Ritesh Thapa]], Nepalese footballer
* [[Manoj Katuwal]], Nepalese cricketer
* [[Arjun Kumar Basnet]], South Asian Games marathon silver medalist
* [[Lalit Thapa]], Indian footballer
* [[Avinash Bohara]], Nepalese cricketer
* [[Sagar Thapa]], Nepalese footballer
* [[Parvati Thapa]], Nepalese sports shooter
* [[Kamal Thapa (footballer)]], Indian footballer
* [[Raju Basnyat]], Nepalese cricketer
* [[Anita Basnet]], Nepalese footballer
* [[Sanjeeb Bista]], Nepalese footballer
* [[Rubina Chhetry]], former captain of Nepalese cricket team
* [[Bindu Rawal]], Nepalese cricketer
* [[Samjhana Khadka]], Nepalese cricketer
* [[Roma Thapa]], Nepalese cricketer
* [[Kabita Kunwar]], Nepalese cricketer
* [[Pratis GC]], Nepalese cricketer
* [[Manoj Katuwal]], Nepalese cricketer
* [[Deep Karki]], Nepalese footballer
* [[Arik Bista]], Nepalese footballer
* [[Gillespye Jung Karki]], Nepalese footballer
* [[Krishna Khatri]], Nepalese footballer
* [[Anjan Bista]], Nepalese footballer
* [[Rama Singh]], former captain of [[Nepal women's national football team]]
* [[Sneh Rana (sport shooter)|Sneh Rana]], Nepalese Sport shooter
* [[Sajana Rana]], Nepalese footballer
* [[Bishal Basnet]], Nepalese footballer
* [[Ganesh Thapa]], Nepalese footballer and former president of the [[All Nepal Football Association]] (ANFA)
* [[Karishma Karki]], Nepalese swimmer
* [[Basanta Thapa]], Nepalese footballer
* [[Kamana Bista]], Nepalese volleyball player
* [[Biren Basnet]], Bhutanese footballer
* [[Dil Maya Karki]], Nepalese sprinter
* [[Devu Thapa]], Nepalese Olympic judoka
* [[Chandra Kala Thapa]], sprinter
* [[Gita Rana]], Nepalese footballer
* [[Niru Thapa]], Nepalese footballer
* [[Laxmi Kunwar]], first [[Nepal]]i athlete to represent Nepal in [[Swimming at the Summer Paralympics|swimming]] at the [[Paralympic Games]]
* [[George Prince Karki]], Nepalese footballer
* [[Dhruba KC]], former coach of [[Nepal national football team]]

===Chief Justices (Supreme Court of Nepal)===

* [[Ratna Bahadur Bista]]
* [[Nayan Bahadur Khatri]]
* [[Dhanendra Bahadur Singh]]
* [[Trilok Pratap Rana]]
* [[Min Bahadur Rayamajhi]]
* [[Sushila Karki]]
* [[Cholendra Shumsher JBR|Cholendra Shumser JBR]]
* [[Hari Krishna Karki]]
* [[Prakash Man Singh Raut]]

===Academia, social work and philanthropy===

* [[Govinda K.C.|Dr. Govinda K.C.]], Nepalese orthopedic surgeon and philanthropic activist
* [[Kedar Narsingh KC|Dr. Kedar Narsingh KC]], President of Nepal Medical Association and former Director of the National Tuberculosis Center
* [[Bhola Thapa]], Nepali educationist, researcher, author and the Vice Chancellor of Kathmandu University
* [[Toshima Karki|Dr. Toshima Karki]], surgeon and former minister of Nepal
* [[Gehendra Shumsher]], first scientist of Nepal
* [[Dor Bahadur Bista]], late historian and activist
* [[Yogi Naraharinath]] (born Balbir Singh Hriksen Thapa), late historian and writer and saint
* [[Bikash Bista]], economist
* [[Rudra Raj Pande]], late prominent educator, writer and historian
* [[Daulat Bikram Bista]], late writer
* [[Rabi Thapa]], Nepalese writer
* [[Ram Pratap Thapa]], founding member of [[Non Resident Nepali Association]]
* [[Bhaskar Thapa]], late Nepalese-American engineering expert
* [[Bhim Bahadur Pande]], late historian
* [[Surya Bahadur KC]], late industrialist, founder of [[Machhapuchchhre Bank|Machhapuchhre Bank Ltd]], [[Rara noodle (food brand)|Rara Noodle]], 'KC Group Nepal', and [[Pratinidhi Sabha|Parliamentarian]] of Nepal
* [[Uttam Kunwar]], late writer and editor
* [[Kul Bahadur KC]], late Nepalese [[Poet]] and [[laureate]]
* [[Khagendra Bahadur Basnyat]], social worker and activist
* [[Tejshree Thapa]], late Nepalese [[International human rights law|human rights lawyer]]
* [[Dev Kumari Thapa]], late Indian writer
* [[Manjushree Thapa]], Canadian writer
* [[Rupchandra Bista]], late activist and philosopher
* [[Neelam Karki Niharika]], Nepalese writer
* [[Sharmila Thapa]], Indian activist
* [[Madhukar Shamsher Rana]], late finance minister and development economist
* [[Pushpa Basnet]], social worker
* [[Sony Rana]], Nepal's first female pilot

===Law and order (Head of Nepal Police)===

* [[Phuspa Ram KC]]
* [[Toran Shumsher J.B.R.]]
* [[Rom Bahadur Thapa]]
* [[Khadgajeet Baral]]
* [[Durlav Kumar Thapa]]
* [[Nara Shumsher J.B.R.]]
* [[Hem Bahadur Singh]]
* [[Ratna Shumsher J.B.R.]]
* [[Moti Lal Bohora]]
* [[Pradip Shumsher J.B.R.]]
* [[Shyam Bhakta Thapa]]
* [[Om Bikram Rana]]
* [[Kuber Singh Rana]]
* [[Shailesh Thapa Chhetri]]
* [[Dhiraj Pratap Singh]]
* [[Basanta Bahadur Kunwar]]
* [[Deepak Thapa]]

===Royalties of Chhetri descent===

* [[Prithvi of Nepal|King Prithvi of Nepal]]
* [[Tribhuvan of Nepal|King Tribhuvan of Nepal]]
* [[Mahendra of Nepal|King Mahendra of Nepal]]
* [[Birendra of Nepal|King Birendra of Nepal]]
* [[Dipendra of Nepal|King Dipendra of Nepal]]
* [[Gyanendra of Nepal|King Gyanendra of Nepal]]
* [[Princess Lakshmi of Nepal|Crown Princess Lakshmi]]
* [[Princess Shruti of Nepal|Princess Shruti Rajya Lakshmi Devi]]
* [[Princess Sharada Shah of Nepal|Princess Sharada]]
* [[Princess Shova Shahi of Nepal|Princess Shobha]]
* [[Prince Nirajan of Nepal|Prince Nirajan]]
* [[Dhirendra of Nepal|Prince Dhirendra]]

===Other notable people===

* [[Bir Bhadra Thapa]],{{sfn|Regmi|1995|p=44}} [[Kaji (Nepal)|Kaji]] of Gorkha kingdom and [[Thapa dynasty]]{{sfn|Pahari|1995|p=632}}
* [[Swarup Singh Karki]],{{sfn|Singh|1997|p=142}} [[Dewan]] in the Kingdom of Nepal
* [[Abhiman Singh Basnyat]]{{sfn|Regmi|1975|p=73}} and [[Basnyat dynasty]]{{sfn|Pahari|1995|p=632}}
* [[Damodar Pande]]{{sfn|Regmi|1975|p=73}} and [[Pande dynasty]]{{sfn|Pahari|1995|p=632}}
* [[Jung Bahadur Rana]]{{sfn|Adhikari|2015|p=120}} and [[Rana dynasty]]{{sfn|Pahari|1995|p=632}}
* [[Amar Singh Thapa (born 1759)|Amar Singh Thapa (sanu)]],{{sfn|Regmi|1995|p=44}} [[Kaji (Nepal)|Sanukaji]] of Kingdom of Nepal
* [[Amar Singh Thapa|Badakaji Amar Singh Thapa]]
* [[Bhimsen Thapa]]{{sfn|Regmi|1995|p=44}}{{sfn|Adhikari|2015|p=120}}
* [[Gagan Singh Bhandari]],{{sfn|Shaha|1990|p=201}} General of Gorkha
* [[Mohan Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana]]<ref>{{cite book|title=Social Transformation in Post-conflict Nepal: A Gender Perspective|author=Yadav, P.|date=2016|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=9781317353904|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YiURDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA39|page=39}}</ref>
* [[Subarna Shamsher Rana]],<ref name="ICPS">{{Citation |author=Institute of Constitutional and Parliamentary Studies |title=Journal of Constitutional and Parliamentary Studies |volume=14 |year=1980 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DJ45AAAAIAAJ |publisher=Institute of Constitutional and Parliamentary Studies}}</ref> Deputy Prime Minister of Nepal and democracy activist
* [[Sher Bahadur Thapa]],{{sfn|Choudhuri|Poynder|Stevens|1984|p=147}} [[Nepalese people|Nepalese]] [[Gurkha]] recipient of the [[Victoria Cross]]
* [[Sanjog Chhetri]], Indian army and youngest recipient of [[Ashoka Chakra (military decoration)|Ashoka chakra]]
* [[Sher Jung Thapa]], recipient of [[Maha Vir Chakra|Mahavir Chakra]]
* [[Dhan Singh Thapa]], recipient of [[Param Vir Chakra|Paramvir Chakra]]
* [[Nandlal Thapa]], recipient of [[George Cross|George cross]]

==See also==
* [[Caste system in India]]
* [[Caste system in Nepal]]
* [[Ethnic groups in Nepal]]
* [[Kshatriya]]
* [[Varna (Hinduism)]]

==References==
===Footnotes===
{{reflist|group=note}}

=== Citations ===
{{reflist}}

===Sources===

*{{Citation|last=Adhikari|first=Indra|title=Military and Democracy in Nepal|publisher=Routledge|year=2015|isbn=9781317589068|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CVLeCQAAQBAJ}}

* {{citation |first=Richard |last=Burghart |title=The Formation of the Concept of Nation-State in Nepal |jstor=2056748 |journal=The Journal of Asian Studies |volume=44 |issue=1 |year=1984 |pages=101–125 |doi=10.2307/2056748|s2cid=154584368 }}

*{{citation|title=9 Gurkha Rifles: a regimental history, 1817-1947|volume=4 |last1= Choudhuri|first1=P.|last2=Poynder|first2=F. S. |last3=Stevens |first3=Lt. Col.|year=1984|publisher= Vision Books |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HAk7AAAAMAAJ}}

*{{Citation|last=Dhungel|first=Dwarika Nath|title=Contemporary Nepal|publisher=Vikas|year=1998|isbn=9788125904113|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e05uAAAAMAAJ}}

*{{cite book|title=Faces of Nepal |first=Harka B. |last=Gurung |publisher=Himal Books |year=1996 |isbn=9789993343509 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9tSBAAAAMAAJ}}
*{{citation|title= Nepal: Social Demography and Expressions|last= Gurung|first=Harka B.|year=1998|publisher= New Era |isbn= 9780785574422|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LPTrAAAAMAAJ}}

* {{citation |first=John T. |last=Hitchcock |contribution=An Additional Perspective on the Nepali Caste System |editor-first=James F. |editor-last=Fisher |title=Himalayan Anthropology: The Indo-Tibetan Interface |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B0C-IhEKrSEC&pg=PA113 |year=1978 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |isbn=978-90-279-7700-7}}

*{{citation | last1 = Joshi | first1 = Bhuwan Lal | last2 = Rose | first2 = Leo E. | title = Democratic Innovations in Nepal: A Case Study of Political Acculturation | publisher = University of California Press | year = 1966 | pages = 551 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=MX22o4PJ3Q0C }}

*{{Citation|last=Lawoti|first=Mahendra|title=Towards A Democratic Nepal: Inclusive Political Institutions for a Multicultural Society|publisher= SAGE publications India|year=2005|isbn=9788132103431|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S8qGAwAAQBAJ}}

*{{citation|title=The Origins, Growth and Dissolution of Feudalism in Nepal: A Contribution to the Debate on Feudalism in Non-European Societies|volume=4 |last=Pahari|first =Anup |year=1995 |publisher= University of Wisconsin--Madison |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Gz7TAAAAMAAJ}}
*{{citation | last = Pradhan | first = Kumar L. | title = Thapa Politics in Nepal: With Special Reference to Bhim Sen Thapa, 1806–1839 | publisher = Concept Publishing Company | year = 2012 | isbn = 9788180698132 | location = New Delhi | pages = 278 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=7PP1yElRzIUC}}

*{{citation|title=Brahmins of Nepal|last= Raj |first=Prakash A.|year=1996|publisher= Nabeen Publications |isbn=9780785573661|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4i1uAAAAMAAJ}}
*{{citation|title=Kings and political leaders of the Gorkhali Empire, 1768-1814|last=Regmi|first=Mahesh Chandra |year=1995|publisher=Orient Longman|isbn=9788125005117|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gnJuAAAAMAAJ}}
* {{Citation |first=Mahesh Chandra |last=Regmi |title= Regmi Research Series |volume=7 |year=1975|publisher=Regmi Research Centre |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cB3jAAAAMAAJ}}

*{{citation|title=1769-1885|last=Shaha|first=Rishikesh|year=1990|publisher=Manohar|isbn=9788185425030|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z9JBAAAAYAAJ}}
*{{citation |title= Nepal: Refugee to Ruler: A Militant Race of Nepal|first=Nagendra Kr |last= Singh|publisher= APH Publishing |year= 1997|isbn= 9788170248477|page=142|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Aaog6bnQlNYC}}
*{{Citation|last=Sherchan|first=Sanjaya|title=Democracy, pluralism and change: an inquiry in the Nepalese context|year=2001|publisher=Chhye Pahuppe|isbn=9789993354390|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-SyOAAAAMAAJ}}

==Further reading==
* {{Citation|last=Lall|first=Keshar|title=Nepalese Language, Folklore and Practices for Foreigners|publisher=Himalayan Book Centre|year=1987|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Du0zAAAAMAAJ}}
* {{Citation|first1=Danesh |last1=Jain |first2=George |last2=Cardona|title=Indo-Aryan languages|year=2007|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781135797119|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OtCPAgAAQBAJ}}
* {{Citation|last=Negi|first=S. S.|title=Discovering the Himalaya|publisher=Indus Publishing House|year=2002|isbn=978-8-17387-079-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kusLzP8H6TQC}}
* {{Citation|author=Debra Skinner |display-authors=etal |title=Selves in time and place: Identities, Experience and History in Nepal|year=1998|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers |isbn=978-1-46171-142-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xTGzAQAAQBAJ}}

{{Ethnic groups in Nepal}}
{{Social class}}

[[Category:Castes]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in India]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Nepal]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Northeast India]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in South Asia]]
[[Category:Khas people]]

Nirvanashatkam

2026-05-06T20:02:51Z

Cdpnkr: Done - done

{{Short description|Nondual Hindu text}}
The '''''Nirvanashatkam ''''' (निर्वाणषट्कम्, {{IAST|Nirvāṇaṣatkam}}), also known as '''''Atmashatkam''''' ({{lang|sa|आत्मषट्कम्}}, {{IAST|ātmaṣatkam}}),<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sankaracharya.org/nirvana_shatkam.html |title=Nirvana Shatkam - Works of Sankaracharya, Advaita Vedānta and Hindu Sacred Scriptures |publisher=Sankaracharya.org |date=2007-09-22 |accessdate=2014-02-07}}</ref> is a [[Nondualism|non-dual]] [[Shaivism|Saivite]] composition consisting of six verses or [[shlokas|ślokas]], attributed by the early modern Advaita Vedanta tradition to [[Adi Shankara]].{{sfn|Sadhguru}}

==Etymology==
"[[Nirvana|Nirvāṇa]]" can be roughly translated as complete equanimity, peace, tranquility, freedom and joy. "[[Ātman (Hinduism)|Ātman]]" is the True Self. "Shatakam" is a [[Sanskrit]] term meaning "consisting of six", used to refer to six-verse compositions in Hindu tradition.<ref>Sanskrit Dictionary for Spoken Sanskrit, [https://www.learnsanskrit.cc/index.php?mode=3&direct=au&script=hk&tran_input=shatkam shatkam]</ref>

==Origin==
Shankara's hagiographies (15th-17th c. CE), showing the influence of Yoga-traditions on the Advaita-tradition of that time, narrate that when [[Adi Shankara]] (8th c. CE) was eight years old, he encountered the seer [[Govinda Bhagavatpada]]. Govinda asked Shankara, "Who are you?", to which he answered with these stanzas, whereafter Govinda accepted Shankara as his disciple.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Editor |date=2025-02-07 |title=“Nirvana Shatakam” : A Gateway to the Infinite |url=https://integralyogamagazine.org/nirvana-shatakam-a-gateway-to-the-infinite/ |access-date=2026-03-26 |website=Integral Yoga® Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref>

The knowledge of '''Shivoham''<nowiki/>' (I am [[Shiva]]) is a core concept in [[Kashmir Shaivism]], as conveyed in ''[[Pratyabhijnahridayam]]'' ('recognition ([[pratyabhijna]]) of the heart', [[Aham (Kashmir Shaivism)|hridayam]]), the knowledge of ''Shivoham'', "I am Shiva",<ref>{{Cite book|last=Dalal|first=Roshen|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zrk0AwAAQBAJ&dq=Pratyabhijnahridayam&pg=PT696|title=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide|date=2014-04-18|publisher=Penguin UK|isbn=978-81-8475-277-9|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Wilberg|first=Peter|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rWE0HcgTmGAC|title=Heidegger, Phenomenology and Indian Thought|date=2008|publisher=New Gnosis Publications|isbn=978-1-904519-08-9|language=en}}</ref> with ''hridayam'' originating in [[Kaula (Hinduism)#The Heart|Kaula Shaivism]]. As Flood explains, in Kashmir Shaivism, the method (''[[upaya]]'') of ''saktopaya'' is related to cognition (''jnana''), "focusing on a pure thought construction (''suddhavikalpa'') that corresponds to a true state of affairs, such as "I am Siva".{{sfn|Flood|2003|p=221}} Tagare also mentions ''[[Soham (Sanskrit)|sóham]]'', establishing the consciousness that one is not different from "the Supreme Self", a method proposed by [[Utpaladeva]] and [[Abhinavagupta|Abhinavgupta]].{{sfn|Tagare|2002|p=124-125}}

== Text ==
{{See also|Aham (Kashmir Shaivism)|l1=||l2=||l3=}}

A quite literal English translation of the composition is as follows:{{efn|This text has been transliterated at 19 july 2011 from the sources at [http://www.cse.iitb.ac.in/~siva/nirvana.pdf G. Sivakumar, ''Nirvashtakam''],<ref>[http://www.stutimandal.com/new/poemgen.php?id=30 stutimandal.com], {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719154549/http://www.stutimandal.com/new/poemgen.php?id=30 |date=2011-07-19 }}</ref> with some corrections made based on HinduPedia, "Nirvana Shatakam.<ref>[http://www.hindupedia.com/en/Nirvana_shatakam HinduPedia, "Nirvana Shatakam]</ref> It was retranslated at 26 march 2026, based on shlokam.org, [https://shlokam.org/shloka/nirvana-shatakam.htm Nirvana Shatkam (Atma Shatakam) of Adi Sankara].}}

Mind, intellect, ego (''manobuddhyahaṅkāra''{{sfn|Sastri}}{{efn|''mano'', [[Manas (early Buddhism)|manas]], mind; ''[[buddhi]]'', intellect, "the power to "form and retain concepts, reason, discern, judge, comprehend, understand"; ''[[Ahamkara|ahaṅkāra]]'', 'ego-making'}}), [my] state of mind (''[[citta|cittani]]''), [are] not (''naham''{{sfn|Sastri}}{{efn|Sanskrit Dictionary [naha]: "tying, trap, obstrucion, binding"; 'I am not bound by'; compare [[nisprapanca]].}}) [heart, center, essence] 
not [the] five senses. 
not [the] five elements, 
Consisting of pure awareness and delight (''cidānandarūpaḥ''{{efn|* ''[[Chit (consciousness)|cid]], (spiritual) consciousness, the core of the mind * ''[[Ānanda (Hindu philosophy)|ananda]]: "bliss", "delight",'the realization of something being perfectly itself' * ''[[Rūpa|rūpaḥ]]'': form;{{sfn|Sastri}} "appearance";<ref name="ss_rupa"/> 'value', the most essential; "consisting of"<ref name="ss_rupa">Spoken Sanskrit, [https://www.learnsanskrit.cc/translate?search=rupa&dir=au rupa]</ref>}}), [[Shiva]], [is] [heart, center of being-aware] (''śivo'[[Kaula (Hinduism)#The Heart|ham]]''){{efn|''śivo'', Shiva; ''[[Kaula (Hinduism)#The Heart|aham]]'', 'I am', 'the [spiritual] heart', 'the center of what "I" am'. Compare [[Svayam prakāśa]] and [[Aham Brahmasmi]].}} 

Not [[Prana|prāṇa]] (vital breath), not [the] five types of breath ([[Prana|vāyus]] - [[Prana|Prāṇa]], Apāna, Vyāna, [[Udāna]], Samāna), 
not [the] seven material essences, not [the] five sheaths ([[Panchakosha|pañca-kośa]]). 
Not [the] organ of speech, not [the] organs for holding (hand), movement (feet) or excretion, 
Consisting of pure awareness and delight, Shiva [is] [heart, center of being-aware].

Not [my] hatred or dislike, not [my] affiliation or liking, not [my] greed, not [my] delusion, 
not [my] pride or haughtiness, not [my] feelings of envy or jealousy. 
Not [my] duty ([[dharma]]), desire for wealth ([[artha]]), lust ([[Kama|kāma]]), liberation ([[Moksha|mokṣa]]). 
Consisting of pure awareness and delight, Shiva [is] [heart, center of being-aware].

Not merit (virtue), not sin, not ''[[sukkha]]'' (wordly pleasure), not ''[[dukkha]]'' (suffering due to attachement), 
Not ''[[Mantra|mantras]]'', [[Tirtha (Hinduism)|holy places]], scriptures ([[Vedas]]), rituals or sacrifices ([[Yajna|yajñas]]). 
Not [the] object being enjoyed, not the enjoyer. 
Consisting of pure awareness and delight, Shiva [is] [heart, center of being-aware].

Not death, not fear, not [[Caste system in India|caste-distinctions]], 
Not father, not mother, not birth. 
Not relatives, not friends, not [[guru]], not disciple. 
Consisting of pure awareness and delight, Shiva [is] [heart, center of being-aware].

[Essence, heart] (''aham'') [is] without erroneous [[Prapanca|thought-constructions]] (''nirvikalpaḥ''), formless-form (''nirākārarūpaḥ''), 
omnipresent (''vibhutvāt'') and everywhere (''sarvatra''), [beyond] all sense-faculties (''sarven[[Indriya#Five material or six sensory faculties|driyāṇām]]''). 
Not unattached, not liberated ([[Moksha|mukti]]), not measurable. 
Consisting of pure awareness and delight, Shiva [is] [heart, center of being-aware].{{Citation needed|date=April 2026}}

== Interpretations ==
Swami Chinmayananda's interprets Nirvana Shatakam as a systematic method of self-analysis through negation (neti-neti), guiding the seeker to identify the eternal Self by eliminating all false identifications. According to his commentary, the first two verses reject the gross and subtle aspects of existence the mind, intellect, ego, thought, five elements, five vital airs (prana, apana, samana, vyana, udana), and the five sheaths (pancha koshas) that constitute the human personality. The third verse demonstrates the liberated soul's detachment from likes and dislikes, rising even beyond the four human attainments of dharma, artha, kama, and moksha itself. The remaining verses establish that such a Self has no need for scriptures, rituals, chants, birth, death, human relationships, or caste distinctions. The refrain "Chidananda Rupah Shivoham" (I am the form of consciousness and bliss) reinforces that the true Self is nothing but pure, formless, all-pervasive consciousness the ultimate reality behind all existence.<ref>Śaṅkarācārya. *Adi Shankaracharya's Maneesha panchakam*. Commentary by Swami Chinmayananda. Bangalore: Chinmaya Movement Silver Jubilee Committee, c. 1980. "Text and translation of 'Nirvana shatkam' and 'Guru stotram' also included."</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Śaṅkarācārya |url=https://archive.org/details/wg894/page/16/mode/2up |title=Shree Sankaracharya's Nirvana Shatakam |publisher=Central Chinmaya Mission Trust |others=Commentary by Swami Tejomayananda |access-date=2026-04-05 |via=Internet Archive}}</ref>

[[Sadhguru]] comments:
{{blockquote|Nirvana means [[Nisprapanca|"formless."]] The Nirvana Shatakam is towards this – you don’t want to be either this or that. If you don’t want to be this nor that, then what do you want to be? Your mind cannot understand this because your mind always wants to be something. If I say, “I don’t want to be this; I don’t want to be that,” you would think, “Oh something super!” Not super. “Oh, so emptiness?” Not emptiness. “Nothingness?” Not nothingness. That’s what is being conveyed through this chant.{{sfn|Sadhguru}}}}

==Notes==
{{Noteslist}}

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==Sources==
{{refbegin}}

* {{cite book | last =Flood | first =Gavin | year =2003 | chapter =The Śaiva Traditions | editor-last =Flood | editor-first =Gavin |title =The Blackwell Companion to Hinduism | publisher =Wiley-Blackwell | location =Malden, MA | isbn =978-1405132510}}

* {{Cite web | last =Sadhguru | title =Nirvana Shatakam - Shivoham Shivoham Lyrics and Meaning | website =isha.sadhguru.org | url =https://isha.sadhguru.org/en/blog/article/nirvana-shatakam-lyrics-meaning | access-date =2026-03-26 | language =en}}
* {{cite web | last =Sastri | first =S. N. | url =https://shlokam.org/shloka/nirvana-shatakam.htm | title = Nirvana Shatkam | access-date =2026-03-26}}
* {{cite book | last =Tagare | first =G.V. | year =2002 | title =The Pratyabhijna Philosophy | publisher =Motilal Banarsidass | url =https://archive.org/details/ThePratyabhijnaPhilosophyG.V.Tagare}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
* Yogapedia, [https://www.yogapedia.com/definition/10977/soham-shivoham-mantra Soham Shivoham Mantra]
* mooji.org, [https://mooji.org/music/sahaja-samadhi/8 Nirvana Shatakam]

[[Category:Hindu texts]]
[[Category:Adi Shankara]]
[[Category:8th-century Sanskrit literature]]
[[Category:Advaita Vedanta]]
[[Category:Advaita Vedanta texts]]

Bhool Bhulaiyaa 3

2026-05-03T18:09:11Z

Cdpnkr: created first entry and citations

{{Short description|2024 Indian film by Anees Bazmee}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name =
| image = Bhool Bhulaiyaa 3 poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Anees Bazmee]]
| producer = [[Bhushan Kumar]] [[Krishan Kumar (actor)|Krishan Kumar]] [[Murad Khetani]]
| writer = [[Aakash Kaushik]]
| starring = [[Kartik Aaryan]] [[Vidya Balan]] [[Madhuri Dixit]] [[Triptii Dimri]]
| cinematography = Manu Anand
| editing = Sanjay Sankla
| music = {{ubl
| '''Score:'''
| [[Sandeep Shirodkar]]
| '''Songs:'''
| [[Pritam]]
| [[Tanishk Bagchi]]
| [[Amaal Mallik]]
| [[Sachet–Parampara]]
| Lijo George–[[DJ Chetas]]
| [[Aditya Rikhari]]
}}
| studio = [[T-Series (company)|T-Series Films]] Cine1 Studios
| distributor = [[AA Films]]
| released = {{Film date|2024|11|01|df=y}}
| runtime = 158 minutes<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/bhool-bhulaiyaa-3-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmdi1ndey |title=''Bhool Bhulaiyaa 3'' (12A) |website=[[British Board of Film Classification]] |date=31 October 2024 |access-date=31 October 2024}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = {{INR|150 crore}}<ref name=":BUD" />
| gross = {{estimation}} {{INR|423.85 crore}}<ref>{{cite news |title=Bhool Bhulaiyaa 3 Box Office |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/bhool-bhulaiyaa-3/box-office/|access-date=20 November 2024 |work=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref>
}}

'''''Bhool Bhulaiyaa 3''''' ({{translation|Labyrinth 3}}) is a 2024 Indian [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]-language [[comedy horror]] film directed by [[Anees Bazmee]], written by [[Aakash Kaushik]], and produced by [[T-Series (company)|T-Series Films]] and Cine1 Studios.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/bhool-bhulaiyaa-3-teaser-vidya-balan-returns-as-manjulika-to-scare-off-kartik-aaryan-rooh-baba-watch-9590770/|title=Bhool Bhulaiyaa 3 teaser: Vidya Balan returns as the terrifying Manjulika to scare off Kartik Aaryan's Rooh Baba. Watch|date=27 September 2024|website=Indian Express|access-date=28 September 2024|archive-date=28 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240928005743/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/bhool-bhulaiyaa-3-teaser-vidya-balan-returns-as-manjulika-to-scare-off-kartik-aaryan-rooh-baba-watch-9590770/|url-status=live}}</ref> It serves as the third installment of the [[Eponym|eponymous]] franchise after ''[[Bhool Bhulaiyaa]]'' (2007) and ''[[Bhool Bhulaiyaa 2]]'' (2022). It stars [[Kartik Aaryan]], [[Vidya Balan]], [[Madhuri Dixit]] and [[Triptii Dimri]], and is set in [[Kolkata]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/kartik-aaryan-announces-bhool-bhulaiyaa-3-to-be-out-on-diwali-2024-101677678250293.html | title=Kartik Aaryan announces Bhool Bhulaiyaa 3, to be out on Diwali 2024 | work=Hindustan Times | date=March 2023 | access-date=1 March 2023 | archive-date=1 March 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230301165351/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/kartik-aaryan-announces-bhool-bhulaiyaa-3-to-be-out-on-diwali-2024-101677678250293.html | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/bollywood/bhool-bhulaiyaa-3-og-manjulika-vidya-balan-spotted-filming-with-madhuri-kartik-triptii-exclusive-pics-article-110524430|title=Bhool Bhulaiyaa 3: OG Manjulika Vidya Balan Spotted Filming With Madhuri, Kartik, Triptii | EXCLUSIVE Pics|date=29 May 2024|website=Times Now|access-date=1 July 2024|archive-date=1 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240701061453/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/bollywood/bhool-bhulaiyaa-3-og-manjulika-vidya-balan-spotted-filming-with-madhuri-kartik-triptii-exclusive-pics-article-110524430|url-status=live}}</ref>

The film was officially announced in March 2023. [[Principal photography]] took place from March to September 2024 in [[Mumbai]], [[Kolkata]], [[Orchha]], and [[Leh]], with cinematography by Manu Anand. ''Bhool Bhulaiyaa 3'' was theatrically released on 1 November 2024, coinciding with [[Diwali]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/htcity/cinema/ek-number-ki-daayan-vidya-balan-petrifies-kartik-aaryan-in-bhool-bhulaiyaa-3-teaser-fans-miss-akshay-kumar-101727421646673.html|title='Ek number ki daayan': Vidya Balan petrifies Kartik Aaryan in Bhool Bhulaiyaa 3 teaser; fans miss Akshay Kumar but according to sum rumors he is back bb3|date=27 September 2024|website= Hindustan Times}}</ref> It received mixed-to-positive reviews from critics and grossed over ₹423.85 crore worldwide, emerging as the [[List of Hindi films of 2024|second highest-grossing Hindi film]] and [[List of Indian films of 2024|sixth highest-grossing Indian film]] of 2024.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Bollywood Top Grossers Worldwide |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/box-office-collections/worldwide/2024/ |access-date=14 July 2025 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{plot|date=February 2026}} 
In 1824, a woman is shown dancing [[Kathak]] in the Raktghat palace at night, only to be caught by the king and his bodyguards. The king orders that the [[Kathak]] dancer be burnt alive, and the guards obey king orders. Sometime later, the spirit of the dancer returns to haunt the killers. The spirit killed both the man who burnt her and the king as well. The bodyguards are killed, with the king being set ablaze in his bed by the spirit.

200 years later, in 2024, Ruhaan, a conman pretending to be a ghostbuster under the pseudonym “Rooh Baba,” along with his accomplice Tillu, cheat people in Kolkata for a living. One day, they get a call from a person referring to himself as the “King” of Raktghat, who wants to oust the ghost of his niece “Meera,” said to be haunting his house. While Ruhaan attempts to exorcise Meera's spirit, he inadvertently admits that he is a fraud, which her uncle records on his phone. All of this turns out to be a hoax set up by Meera and her uncle to catch Ruhaan and bring him to their native place, Raktghat—an erstwhile princely state in [[West Bengal]]. Meera promises to pay Ruhaan a sum of ₹1 crore if he helps them reclaim their palace, which is supposedly haunted by the spirit of Manjulika. With no option left, Ruhaan follows the duo to Raktghat, where he finds a broke royal family struggling to meet their daily needs. The royal family now lives in a small house outside the haunted palace.

Meera and the royal priest reveal to Ruhaan a prophecy: 200 years ago, Princess Manjulika killed her younger stepbrother Debendranath, who was chosen by their father, the king, to ascend the throne over her due to gender bias. As punishment, the king burned Manjulika alive. She returned as a spirit to haunt the royals, killing almost everyone with king, but was eventually captured. Her spirit was locked in her room by the royal priests and was never to be opened again. Ruhaan learns that he resembles Debendranath and is seen as the prophesied saviour. Everyone believe that Ruhaan is rebirth of Prince Debendranath. His return is celebrated by the villagers—except for three fake pundits.

Meera calls upon a restoration team so that the palace can be sold and Ruhaan's promised bounty can be paid. Eventually, Meera and Ruhaan fall in love. Mallika, from the restoration company, arrives at the palace. Meanwhile, three conmen posing as pundits are discovered hiding in the palace in the supposedly locked room of Manjulika. They had been trying to scare others away so they could live in the palace unnoticed, but they are caught by Ruhaan, Mallika and Meera.

Ruhaan and the others then discover another locked room, similar to Manjulika's. Believing that the palace is not truly haunted, Ruhaan opens it, unknowingly releasing a spirit. The royal priest reveals that there were actually two princesses—the elder Anjulika and the younger Manjulika. Both despised each other and wanted to ascend the throne. Somehow, Anjulika's presence was erased from the pages of history.

To everyone's surprise, a royal named Mandira arrives at the palace intending to purchase it from the family once restoration is complete. Mandira and Mallika are often at odds with each other, unbeknownst to the family and Ruhaan. Meanwhile, the spirit begins killing anyone who proposes to buy the palace's belongings. Ruhaan and Meera are haunted by illusions of Mandira and Mallika, both claiming to be Manjulika. The fake pundits and Ruhaan attempt to escape the palace, but the spirit prevents them from leaving.

On [[Durga Ashtami|Durgashtami]], Mallika and Mandira attack each other, both identifying themselves as Manjulika. The royal priest concocts a magical oil that could stop the spirit. Ruhaan uses this oil to confront it. In a shocking turn of events, the spirit provokes the family, Mandira, Mallika, and Ruhaan, finally revealing that the spirit is not Manjulika but Prince Debendranath himself.

In a flashback, the married Prince Debendranath is shown as effeminate, fond of Kathak dancing in the palace hall while the other royals slept. Anjulika and Manjulika discover this secret and pretend to sympathize. The sisters conspire together—while Anjulika sings for Debendranath as he dances Kathak, Manjulika informs the king and his ministers. Debendranath is thus shamed and berrated in front of everyone, and the king orders his bodyguards to burn him alive. The king also punishes Anjulika by erasing her presence from history, while making Manjulika appear killer of Prince Debendranath. Both sisters are expelled from the kingdom. Sometime later, Prince Debendranath's spirit returned and killed the king and his bodyguards but is eventually captured by the royal priests and kept locked in the secret room. Manjulika's room was merely a decoy, a cover-up of who the real ghost truly is to protect the king's honour.

Now, Debendranath's spirit possesses and switches both Mallika and Mandira, attacking Ruhaan and the royals, deceiving them into believing that either of them could be the true Manjulika who must be burnt alive in a similar fashion that the prince died. It is revealed that Ruhaan is not rebirth of Prince Debendranath but Mandira and Mallika are actually the rebirths of Anjulika and Manjulika. The royal priest captures the spirit and urges the sisters to destroy it. However, Mandira and Mallika beg for clemency, which the spirit finally accepts. Debendranath's soul attains salvation after 200 years.

In a [[Mid-credits and post-credits scenes in the Marvel Cinematic Universe|mid-credit]] scene, Mandira reveals that she is actually [[Assistant commissioner of police|ACP]] Rathore, a police officer whom Ruhaan had been trying to avoid, causing him to faint as everyone bursts into laughter.

==Cast==
{{castlist|
* [[Kartik Aaryan]] in a [[dual role]] as:
**Ruhaan "Rooh Baba" Randhawa
**Rajkumar Debendranath "Debu"
* [[Vidya Balan]] in a [[dual role]] as:
**Rajkumari Manjulika
**Mallika
* [[Madhuri Dixit]] in a [[dual role]] as:
**Rajkumari Anjulika
**[[Assistant Commissioner of Police|ACP]] Rathore [[Indian Police Service|IPS]] "Mandira"
* [[Triptii Dimri]] in a [[dual role]] as:
**Rajkumari Meera
**Rajkumari Madhulika Devi
* [[Vijay Raaz]] as Raja Sahib
* [[Rajpal Yadav]] as Natwar "Chhote Pandit"
* [[Sanjay Mishra (actor)|Sanjay Mishra]] as Jagannath Shastri "Bade Pandit"
* [[Ashwini Kalsekar]] as Panditayeen, Bade Pandit's wife
* [[Rajesh Sharma (actor)|Rajesh Sharma]] as Meera's uncle
* Arun Kushwah as Tillu
* [[Manish Wadhwa]] as Rajpurohit
* [[Shataf Figar]] as Vicky Khanna
* Saurabh Dubey as the Rajpurohit in 1824
* [[Denzil Smith]] as the Maharaj in 1824
* [[Suresh Menon]] as Pillai
* Moumita Pal as Pillai's wife
* Shivam Dubey as Pillai's son
* Surendra Thakur as Jallad
* [[Kanchan Mullick]] as Faulad Singh
* [[:simple:Prantika Das|Prantika Das]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bhool Bhulaiyaa 3 actress Prantika Das: Kartik Aaryan and I were destined to meet in Kolkata |url=https://www.ottplay.com/interview/bhool-bhulaiyaa-3-actress-prantika-das-kartik-aaryan-and-i-were-destined-to-meet-in-kolkata/eb68987ce4841 |access-date=29 July 2024 |website=OTTPlay |language=en |archive-date=29 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240729204532/https://www.ottplay.com/interview/bhool-bhulaiyaa-3-actress-prantika-das-kartik-aaryan-and-i-were-destined-to-meet-in-kolkata/eb68987ce4841 |url-status=live }}</ref> as Noor
* Agrim Mittal as Modak
* Ajay Tiwari as Daas
* Yogesh Jadhav as Senapati
* [[Rose Sardana]] as Meera's sister
* Swagatam Halder as Mr. Chopra
* Averi Singharoy as Mrs. Chopra
* Badri Chavan as Arjun / Pintu
* Arvind Prakash as Arjun's father
* [[Parineeta Borthakur]] as Arjun's mother
}}

==Production==
=== Casting ===
[[Kartik Aaryan]] was cast as an alternate version of his role from ''Bhool Bhulaiyaa 2''. On 12 February 2024, it was announced that Vidya Balan, who played Manjulika in the original ''[[Bhool Bhulaiyaa]]'' (2007), would play an alternate version of her character, by sharing a video of [[Instagram]].<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |date=11 March 2024 |title=Vidya Balan Joins Kartik Aaryan And Triptii Dimri As 'Bhool Bhulaiyaa 3' Begins Shooting |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/vidya-balan-joins-kartik-aaryan-and-triptii-dimri-as-bhool-bhulaiyaa-3-begins-shooting/articleshow/108395638.cms |access-date=12 March 2024 |work=The Times of India |archive-date=11 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240311112139/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/vidya-balan-joins-kartik-aaryan-and-triptii-dimri-as-bhool-bhulaiyaa-3-begins-shooting/articleshow/108395638.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> On 21 February 2024, it was announced that [[Madhuri Dixit]] and [[Triptii Dimri]] would be joining the project. [[Rajpal Yadav]], known for his role as Chhota Pandit in the previous films, will also return to reprise his role. The cast also features [[Vijay Raaz]], [[Rajesh Sharma (actor)|Rajesh Sharma]], [[Manish Wadhwa]], [[Sanjay Mishra (actor)|Sanjay Mishra]], and [[Ashwini Kalsekar]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 July 2024 |title=Vijay Raaz, Sanjay Mishra Slip Into Bhool Bhulaiyaa 3 Characters. See EXCLUSIVE Pics |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/bollywood/vijay-raaz-sanjay-mishra-slip-into-bhool-bhulaiyaa-3-characters-see-exclusive-pics-article-112126682 |access-date=30 July 2024 |website=Times Now |language=en |archive-date=30 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240730061406/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/bollywood/vijay-raaz-sanjay-mishra-slip-into-bhool-bhulaiyaa-3-characters-see-exclusive-pics-article-112126682 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=29 May 2024 |title=Exclusive: BTS pics of Kartik Aaryan, Sanjay Mishra from 'Bhool Bhulaiyaa 3' |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/bts-pics-kartik-aaryan-sanjay-mishra-vijay-raaz-bhool-bhulaiyaa-3-2538619-2024-05-13 |access-date=1 July 2024 |archive-date=1 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240701060140/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/bts-pics-kartik-aaryan-sanjay-mishra-vijay-raaz-bhool-bhulaiyaa-3-2538619-2024-05-13 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Filming ===
On 9 March 2024, in [[Mumbai]], the cast and crew of ''Bhool Bhulaiyaa 3'' gathered for an inaugural [[Puja (Hinduism)|muhurat puja]] ceremony to mark the beginning of [[principal photography]]. Producer [[Bhushan Kumar]] clapped the [[muhurat shot]] for Kartik Aaryan. Vidya Balan, Triptii Dimri, Rajesh Sharma, and co-producer Shiv Chanana were also present at the ceremony.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 March 2024 |title=Vidya Balan Begins Shooting For Bhool Bhulaiyaa 3 With Kartik Aaryan, Triptii Dimri: 'Super Thrilled To...' |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/vidya-balan-begins-shooting-for-bhool-bhulaiyaa-3-with-kartik-aaryan-triptii-dimri-super-thrilled-to-8811347.html |access-date= |website=News18 |language=en |archive-date=12 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240312053207/https://www.news18.com/movies/vidya-balan-begins-shooting-for-bhool-bhulaiyaa-3-with-kartik-aaryan-triptii-dimri-super-thrilled-to-8811347.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=11 March 2024 |title=Vidya Balan joins Kartik Aaryan and Triptii Dimri as 'Bhool Bhulaiyaa 3' begins shooting |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/vidya-balan-joins-kartik-aaryan-and-triptii-dimri-as-bhool-bhulaiyaa-3-begins-shooting/articleshow/108395638.cms |work=The Times of India |access-date=12 March 2024 |archive-date=11 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240311112139/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/vidya-balan-joins-kartik-aaryan-and-triptii-dimri-as-bhool-bhulaiyaa-3-begins-shooting/articleshow/108395638.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> A glimpse video of this ceremony was shared by [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]] on 11 March 2024, titled "Bhool Bhulaiyaa 3 Begins", The video also featured Aaryan shooting the first shot of the movie, which was a train sequence, filmed by [[Director of photography|DOP]] Manu Anand.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Web |first=Statesman |date=11 March 2024 |title=Bhool Bhulaiyaa 3 shoot starts: Vidya Balan shares BTS |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/bollywood/bhool-bhulaiyaa-3-shoot-starts-vidya-balan-shares-bts-1503278381.html |website=The Statesman |language=en |access-date=1 August 2024 |archive-date=1 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240801161321/https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/bollywood/bhool-bhulaiyaa-3-shoot-starts-vidya-balan-shares-bts-1503278381.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

During shooting, director [[Anees Bazmee]] faced significant challenges as he fractured his leg on the last day of the [[Recce (filmmaking)|film recce]]. Against doctor's suggestions to get a steel plate and rest for 3 months, he opted for minor surgery that allowed him to honor his commitment to the film. He came to the [[film set]] in a wheelchair and continued with his work.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 March 2024 |title=Anees Bazmee shoots day 1 of Bhool Bhulaiyaa 3 on a wheelchair; See Pictures |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/exclusives/anees-bazmee-shoots-day-1-of-bhool-bhulaiyaa-3-on-a-wheelchair-see-pictures-1285043 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en |access-date=1 August 2024 |archive-date=1 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240801154311/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/exclusives/anees-bazmee-shoots-day-1-of-bhool-bhulaiyaa-3-on-a-wheelchair-see-pictures-1285043 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=14 March 2024 |title=Kartik Aaryan hails Anees Bazmee for shooting 'Bhool Bhulaiyaa 3' with broken foot |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/kartik-aaryan-hails-director-anees-bazmee-for-shooting-bhool-bhulaiyaa-3-with-broken-foot-2514932-2024-03-14 |website=India Today |language=en |access-date=1 August 2024 |archive-date=1 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240801154315/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/kartik-aaryan-hails-director-anees-bazmee-for-shooting-bhool-bhulaiyaa-3-with-broken-foot-2514932-2024-03-14 |url-status=live }}</ref> The film's [[Film production|production]] involved extensive planning and coordination, with key members Bhushan Kumar, Bazmee, and Aaryan actively engaged in discussions and preparations.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=5 January 2024 |title=EXCLUSIVE: Bhool Bhulaiyaa 3 set to roll in March 2024, Bhushan Kumar, Anees Bazmee, and Kartik Aaryan gather for further discussions : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/exclusive-bhool-bhulaiyaa-3-set-roll-march-2024-bhushan-kumar-anees-bazmee-kartik-aaryan-gather-discussions/ |website=Bollywood Hungama |language=en |access-date=1 August 2024 |archive-date=1 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240801154309/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/exclusive-bhool-bhulaiyaa-3-set-roll-march-2024-bhushan-kumar-anees-bazmee-kartik-aaryan-gather-discussions/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Filming began in [[Mumbai]], with the first schedule wrapping up on 27 March 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 March 2024 |title=Kartik Aaryan, Triptii Dimri wrap up first schedule of Bhool Bhulaiyaa 3: 'Small break is gonna make me impatient' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/kartik-aaryan-triptii-dimri-wrap-up-first-schedule-of-bhool-bhulaiyaa-3-vidya-balan-101711546845566.html |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> During this schedule, the entry sequence of Aaryan was also shot. A massive set was erected in [[Film City, Mumbai]], specifically for the song, which involved over a thousand [[background dancer]]s with choreography done by [[Ganesh Acharya]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 March 2024 |title='Bhool Bhulaiyaa 3' starring Kartik Aaryan to have the biggest song sequence: Reports |url=https://mirchi.in/stories/music/kartik-aaryan-starrer-bhool-bhulaiyaa-3-title-song-to-be-big/108820202 |access-date= |website=mirchi.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title='1000 dancers to dazzle up Kartik Aaryan's entry song in 'Bhool Bhulaiyaa 3'|url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=1177963|website=daijiworld|language=en}}</ref> After a short break, Bazmee, still recovering from his injury, scouted for locations in Kolkata for the next schedule.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anees Bazmee goes on a recce to Kolkata graveyard for 'Bhool Bhulaiyaa 3' |url=https://ianslive.in/anees-bazmee-does-recce-inside-kolkata-graveyard-for-bhool-bhulaiyaa-3--20240408122105 |access-date= |website=ianslive.in |archive-date=1 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240801181406/https://ianslive.in/anees-bazmee-does-recce-inside-kolkata-graveyard-for-bhool-bhulaiyaa-3--20240408122105 |url-status=live }}</ref> The cast and crew landed in [[Kolkata]] on 8 April 2024, to commence the second schedule.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |date=8 April 2024 |title='Bhool Bhulaiyaa 3': Next schedule of the Kartik Aaryan, Triptii Dimri, Vidya Balan starrer begins in Kolkata - deets inside |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/bhool-bhulaiyaa-3-next-schedule-of-the-kartik-aaryan-triptii-dimri-vidya-balan-starrer-begins-in-kolkata-deets-inside/articleshow/109124390.cms |work=The Times of India |access-date=1 August 2024 |archive-date=1 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240801181406/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/bhool-bhulaiyaa-3-next-schedule-of-the-kartik-aaryan-triptii-dimri-vidya-balan-starrer-begins-in-kolkata-deets-inside/articleshow/109124390.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> In this schedule, Aaryan rode a [[Royal Enfield Bullet|bullet]] on [[Howrah Bridge]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 April 2024 |title=Bhool Bhulaiyaa 3: Kartik Aaryan Shoots On Kolkata's Iconic Howrah Bridge, Fans Throng To Catch A Glimpse |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/bhool-bhulaiyaa-3-kartik-aaryan-shoots-on-kolkatas-iconic-howrah-bridge-fans-throng-to-catch-a-glimpse-8846853.html |website=News18 |language=en |access-date=1 August 2024 |archive-date=1 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240801181407/https://www.news18.com/movies/bhool-bhulaiyaa-3-kartik-aaryan-shoots-on-kolkatas-iconic-howrah-bridge-fans-throng-to-catch-a-glimpse-8846853.html |url-status=live }}</ref> with Prantika Das and with Arun Kushwah at [[Victoria Memorial, Kolkata|Victoria Memorial]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 April 2024 |title=Pics: Kartik Aaryan as Rooh Baba shoots on Howrah Bridge for 'Bhool Bhulaiyaa 3' |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/kartik-aaryan-rooh-baba-howrah-bridge-kolkata-bhool-bhulaiyaa-3-shoot-2525154-2024-04-09 |website=India Today |language=en |access-date=1 August 2024 |archive-date=1 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240801181405/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/kartik-aaryan-rooh-baba-howrah-bridge-kolkata-bhool-bhulaiyaa-3-shoot-2525154-2024-04-09 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Pacific Press - Galerie - India: Shooting of the movie "Bhool Bhulaiyaa 3" at the Victoria Memorial in Kolkata |url=https://www.pacificpressagency.com/galleries/75842 |access-date=1 August 2024 |website=www.pacificpressagency.com |language=en |archive-date=1 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240801181406/https://www.pacificpressagency.com/galleries/75842 |url-status=live }}</ref> The shooting then progressed to Mallick Ghat flower market, where a small set with skeletons was put up.<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 April 2024 |title=Kartik Aaryan shoots for next film at Howrah Bridge and Mallick Ghat flower market in Kolkata |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/kolkata/kartik-aaryan-shoots-for-next-film-at-howrah-bridge-in-kolkata/articleshow/109160307.cms |work=The Times of India |issn= |access-date=1 August 2024 |archive-date=1 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240801181406/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/kolkata/kartik-aaryan-shoots-for-next-film-at-howrah-bridge-in-kolkata/articleshow/109160307.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Following this, Bazmee filmed scenes at the [[The Park Street Graveyard|Park Street Graveyard]] and [[Beniapukur|Nonapukur Tram Depot]], and finally concluded the shoot at [[Maniktala|Laha Bari]] in [[Geography of Kolkata|Central Kolkata]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 April 2024 |title=Inside Kartik Aaryan's AKA Rooh Baba's Bhool Bhulaiyaa 3 Shoot In Kolkata |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/inside-kartik-aaryans-aka-rooh-babas-bhool-bhulaiyaa-3-shoot-in-kolkata-5414712 |website=www.ndtv.com |language=en |access-date=1 August 2024 |archive-date=1 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240801181415/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/inside-kartik-aaryans-aka-rooh-babas-bhool-bhulaiyaa-3-shoot-in-kolkata-5414712 |url-status=live }}</ref> Prior to this, key shots were filmed at an elaborate [[Bengalis|Bengali]] village set setup by the [[production team]] in Mumbai.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 March 2024 |title=Bhool Bhulaiyaa 3 director Anees Bazmee scarps West Bengal shoot, builds set in Mumbai's film city |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/bhool-bhulaiyaa-3-director-anees-bazmee-scarps-west-bengal-shoot-builds-set-in-mumbai-film-city-23342125 |website=Mid-day |language=en |access-date=1 August 2024 |archive-date=1 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240801181410/https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/bhool-bhulaiyaa-3-director-anees-bazmee-scarps-west-bengal-shoot-builds-set-in-mumbai-film-city-23342125 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=11 April 2024 |title=Anees Bazmee: Bhool Bhulaiyaa 3 is based in Bengal. The costumes are Bengali, the whole culture is Bengali. We have recreated an entire Bengal village as a set in Mumbai. |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/interview-anees-bazmee-on-what-prompted-the-shoot-of-bhool-bhulaiyaa-3-in-kolkata/cid/2012706 |website=Telegraph India |access-date=1 August 2024 |archive-date=1 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240801181430/https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/interview-anees-bazmee-on-what-prompted-the-shoot-of-bhool-bhulaiyaa-3-in-kolkata/cid/2012706 |url-status=live }}</ref> The song 'Mere Dholna' has been filmed as [[jugalbandi]] between Madhuri and Vidya and has been choreographed by [[Chinni Prakash]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=11 April 2024 |title=Choreographer Chinni Prakash on working with Vidya Balan and Madhuri Dixit in 'Bhool Bhulaiyaa 3': 'They hand themselves over to you completely' - Exclusive|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/choreographer-chinni-prakash-on-working-with-vidya-balan-and-madhuri-dixit-in-bhool-bhulaiyaa-3-they-hand-themselves-over-to-you-completely-exclusive/articleshow/114698298.cms|website=Times of India |access-date=29 October 2024}}</ref>

After completing the Kolkata schedule, the team resumed filming on the same Bengali set in Mumbai, with a segment involving Kartik Aaryan, Sanjay Mishra, Vijay Raaz, Rajpal Yadav, and Ashwini Kalsekar, wrapping up the week-long schedule on 13 May 2024. A significant dance sequence featuring lead actors was also filmed on 21 May 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 April 2024 |title=EXCLUSIVE: Vidya Balan and Madhuri Dixit gear up for a dance face off in Bhool Bhulaiyaa 3 |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/exclusives/bhool-bhulaiyaa-3-exclusive-vidya-balan-and-madhuri-dixit-gear-up-for-a-dance-face-off-on-ami-je-tomar-1295670 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en |access-date=1 August 2024 |archive-date=1 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240801181405/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/exclusives/bhool-bhulaiyaa-3-exclusive-vidya-balan-and-madhuri-dixit-gear-up-for-a-dance-face-off-on-ami-je-tomar-1295670 |url-status=live }}</ref> On 29 May 2024; Balan, Dixit, [[Manish Wadhwa]], Sharma, Raaz, [[Rose Sardana]] and others shot a sequence on the film's set in Mumbai, with Balan and Dixit twinning in black [[Sari|sarees]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 May 2024 |title=Bhool Bhulaiyaa 3: OG Manjulika Vidya Balan Spotted Filming With Madhuri, Kartik, Triptii {{!}} EXCLUSIVE Pics |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/bollywood/bhool-bhulaiyaa-3-og-manjulika-vidya-balan-spotted-filming-with-madhuri-kartik-triptii-exclusive-pics-article-110524430 |website=Times Now |language=en |access-date=1 July 2024 |archive-date=1 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240701061453/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/bollywood/bhool-bhulaiyaa-3-og-manjulika-vidya-balan-spotted-filming-with-madhuri-kartik-triptii-exclusive-pics-article-110524430 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Bazmee had shot Aaryan's scenes in advance, in May 2024, and continued filming without him for some days in early June. In early June 2024, the team took a break from shooting, allowing Aaryan to focus on promotional commitments for his film ''[[Chandu Champion]]'', which was released on 14 June 2024. The next schedule was kicked off on 1 July 2024, in [[Orchha]], [[Madhya Pradesh]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 June 2024 |title=Bhool Bhulaiyaa 3: Kartik Aaryan-Triptii Dimri To Resume Shooting For Film In Madhya Pradesh |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/bollywood/bhool-bhulaiyaa-3-kartik-aaryan-triptii-dimri-to-resume-shooting-for-film-in-madhya-pradesh-article-111060437 |website=Times Now |language=en |access-date=1 August 2024 |archive-date=1 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240801181405/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/bollywood/bhool-bhulaiyaa-3-kartik-aaryan-triptii-dimri-to-resume-shooting-for-film-in-madhya-pradesh-article-111060437 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=17 June 2024 |title=Bhool Bhulaiyaa 3: Details about Kartik Aaryan and Triptii Dimri's next shooting schedule REVEALED |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/bhool-bhulaiyaa-3-details-about-kartik-aaryan-and-triptii-dimris-next-shooting-schedule-revealed-1317579 |access-date= |website=PINKVILLA |language=en |archive-date=4 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240804022558/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/bhool-bhulaiyaa-3-details-about-kartik-aaryan-and-triptii-dimris-next-shooting-schedule-revealed-1317579 |url-status=dead }}</ref> with Kartik Aaryan, Vidya Balan, Madhuri Dixit, Triptii Dimri, Rajpal Yadav, and others.<ref>{{Cite web |last=दुबे |first=मयंक |date=3 July 2024 |title=ओरछा में शुरू हुई Kartik Aryan और तृप्ति की इस फिल्म की शूटिंग, MP बना बॉलीवुड का फेवरिट डेस्टिनेशन |url=https://www.mptak.in/apna-madhya-pradesh/story/shooting-of-bhool-bhulaiyaa-3-film-of-karthik-aryan-and-tripti-dimri-started-in-orchha-mp-became-bollywoods-most-wanted-destination-3013136-2024-07-03 |access-date= |website=MpTak |language=hi |archive-date=1 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240801181408/https://www.mptak.in/apna-madhya-pradesh/story/shooting-of-bhool-bhulaiyaa-3-film-of-karthik-aryan-and-tripti-dimri-started-in-orchha-mp-became-bollywoods-most-wanted-destination-3013136-2024-07-03 |url-status=live }}</ref> Key scenes were shot at various [[historic landmark]]s such as [[Orchha Fort complex|Orchha Fort]], [[Ram Raja Temple|Ram Raja Mandir]], where some dramatic scenes were filmed, and [[Jahangir Mahal, Orchha|Jahangir Mahal]], where Aaryan filmed a romantic song and some romantic scenes with Dimri. The schedule included filming intense sequences at Kanchana Ghat on the [[Betwa River]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=OTTPlay |date=10 July 2024 |title=Bhool Bhulaiyaa 3: Kartik Aaryan, Madhuri Dixit-Nene, Triptii Dimri film key scenes in Madhya Pradesh; details inside |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/bhool-bhulaiyaa-3-kartik-aaryan-madhuri-dixit-nene-triptii-dimri-vidya-balan-film-key-scenes-madhya-pradesh/28a8434bc7511 |access-date= |website= |language=en |archive-date=1 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240801181410/https://www.ottplay.com/news/bhool-bhulaiyaa-3-kartik-aaryan-madhuri-dixit-nene-triptii-dimri-vidya-balan-film-key-scenes-madhya-pradesh/28a8434bc7511 |url-status=live }}</ref>

A part of the [[Climax (narrative)|climax sequence]] with all the principal actors together, was also shot there, with Aaryan and other leads performing some action sequences.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=10 July 2024 |title=Bhool Bhulaiyaa 3: Madhya Pradesh's Orchha becomes new setting for climax shoot for Kartik Aaryan, Vidya Balan, Madhuri Dixit and Triptii Dimri – Report : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/bhool-bhulaiyaa-3-madhya-pradeshs-orchha-becomes-new-setting-climax-shoot-kartik-aaryan-vidya-balan-madhuri-dixit-triptii-dimri-report/ |access-date= |website=Bollywood Hungama |language=en}}</ref> After shooting a portion of the climax in Orchha, the team returned to Mumbai to shoot the remaining scenes of the climax sequence with the entire cast.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 July 2024 |title=Vijay Raaz, Sanjay Mishra Slip Into Bhool Bhulaiyaa 3 Characters. See EXCLUSIVE Pics |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/bollywood/vijay-raaz-sanjay-mishra-slip-into-bhool-bhulaiyaa-3-characters-see-exclusive-pics-article-112126682 |access-date= |website=Times Now |language=en |archive-date=30 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240730123605/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/bollywood/vijay-raaz-sanjay-mishra-slip-into-bhool-bhulaiyaa-3-characters-see-exclusive-pics-article-112126682 |url-status=live }}</ref> Principal photography was seemingly wrapped with final scenes being shot on 31 July and 1 August 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 August 2024 |title=Bhool Bhulaiyaa 3: Kartik Aaryan drops hilarious BTS video as team wraps up film; 'Haveli ka darwaza ek baar phir...' |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/bhool-bhulaiyaa-3-kartik-aaryan-drops-hilarious-bts-video-as-team-wraps-up-film-haveli-ka-darwaza-ek-baar-phir-1334676 |access-date= |website=PINKVILLA |language=en |archive-date=27 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240927081403/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/bhool-bhulaiyaa-3-kartik-aaryan-drops-hilarious-bts-video-as-team-wraps-up-film-haveli-ka-darwaza-ek-baar-phir-1334676 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2 August 2024 |title=It's a wrap! Kartik Aaryan, Anees Bazmee conclude Bhool Bhulaiyaa 3 shooting|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/wrap-kartik-aaryan-anees-bazmee-conclude-bhool-bhulaiyaa-3-shooting/|access-date=2 August 2024|work=Bollywood Hungama|language=en-US}}</ref> Additionally in September 2024, a romantic track featuring Aaryan and Dimri was shot in [[Leh]], [[Ladakh]].<ref>{{cite web |access-date=21 September 2024 |title=Kartik Aaryan and Triptii Dimri shoot a romantic song in Leh for Bhool Bhulaiyaa 3: Report |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/kartik-aaryan-triptii-dimri-shoot-romantic-song-leh-bhool-bhulaiyaa-3-report/ |work=Bollywood Hungama |date=21 September 2024 |archive-date=21 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240921051350/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/kartik-aaryan-triptii-dimri-shoot-romantic-song-leh-bhool-bhulaiyaa-3-report/ |url-status=live }}</ref> It was revealed that 2 different [[Climax (narrative)|climax scene]] were filmed to keep the suspense around the ending of the film.<ref>{{cite web|access-date=17 October 2024|title=Diljit Dosanjh, Kartik Aaryan's Bromance Amid Bhool Bhulaiyaa 3's Title Track Release Is Unmissable|url=https://www.news18.com/movies/diljit-dosanjh-kartik-aaryans-bromance-amid-bhool-bhulaiyaa-3s-title-track-release-is-unmissable-9089126.html |work=news18|date=17 October 2024}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Bhool Bhulaiyaa 3
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Pritam]], [[Tanishk Bagchi]], [[Amaal Mallik]], [[Sachet–Parampara]], Lijo George–[[DJ Chetas]] and Aditya Rikhari
| released = 23 October 2024
| recorded = 2023–2024
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = {{Duration|m=24|s=06}}
| language = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| label = [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]
| producer = [[Bhushan Kumar]]
| misc = {{External media
| audio1 = {{YouTube|lGRjDFuLD1c|Bhool Bhulaiyaa 3 (Audio Jukebox)}}
}}
}}

The [[background score]] of the film is composed by [[Sandeep Shirodkar]], whereas the [[soundtrack]] is composed by [[Tanishk Bagchi]], [[Amaal Mallik]], [[Sachet–Parampara]], Lijo George–DJ Chetas and Aditya Rikhari<ref>{{Cite web |title=‘Bhool Bhulaiyaa 3’ album review: A fresh blend of spooky, romantic, and fun tracks |url=https://mirchi.in/stories/music/bhool-bhulaiyaa-3-album-review-starring-kartik-aaryan-triptii-dimri-vidya-balan-madhuri-dixit/151069496 |access-date=2026-02-06 |website=mirchi.in |language=en}}</ref>. The lyrics are written by [[Sameer Anjaan]], [[Rashmi Virag]], Aditya Rikhari, Dhrruv Yogi, Som and [[Pitbull (rapper)|Pitbull]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kartik Aaryan reveals his favourite track from ‘Bhool Bhulaiyaa 3’! Exclusive |url=https://mirchi.in/stories/music/kartik-aaryan-and-vidya-balan-interview-with-mirchi-plus-for-bhool-bhulaiyaa-3/151071173 |access-date=2026-02-06 |website=mirchi.in |language=en}}</ref>. The "Title Track" and "Ami Je Tomar" song originally composed by [[Pritam]] were recreated once again after ''[[Bhool Bhulaiyaa 2]]''.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=27 September 2024 |title=Kartik Aaryan's 'Bhool Bhulaiyaa 3' music set to give you chills! Watch the teaser to know more|url=https://mirchi.in/stories/music/bhool-bhulaiyaa-3-teaser-starring-kartik-aaryan-vidya-balan-and-triptii-dimri-out-now/151042028|work=Radio Mirchi}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |access-date=27 September 2024 |title=Ami Je Tomar song: Bhool Bhulaiyaa 3's song to have Kartik Aaryan, Madhuri Dixit and Vidya Balan|url=https://mirchi.in/stories/music/ami-je-tomar-song-bhool-bhulaiyaa-3s-song-to-have-kartik-aaryan-madhuri-dixit-and-vidya-balan/109654084|work=Radio Mirchi}}</ref>

The first single titled "Bhool Bhulaiyaa 3 – Title Track" was released on 16 October 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |access-date=16 October 2024 |title=Bhool Bhulaiyaa 3 title track: Kartik Aaryan 'moonwalks on stairs' to Diljit Dosanjh-Pitbull's fresh rehash |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/bhool-bhulaiyaa-3-title-track-kartik-aaryan-moonwalks-on-stairs-to-diljit-dosanjh-pitbulls-fresh-rehash-101729068271858.html |website=Hindustan Times|date=16 October 2024 }}</ref> The second single titled "Jaana Samjho Na" was released on 22 October 2024, a reprised version of singer Aditya Rikhari's 2022 single "Samjho Na". The album was released on 23 October 2024 across all music streaming platforms.<ref>{{Citation |title=Bhool Bhulaiyaa 3 |date=2024-10-23 |work=[[Spotify]] |url=https://open.spotify.com/album/2DNzidacofd4SvmOyj620R |access-date=2024-10-31 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Bhool Bhulaiyaa 3 (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) - EP by Tanishk Bagchi, Sachet-Parampara, Amaal Mallik & Aditya Rikhari on Apple Music |date=2024-10-24 |url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/bhool-bhulaiyaa-3-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1775419633 |access-date=2024-10-31 |language=en-GB}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| total_length = {{Duration|m=24|s=06}}
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Bhool Bhulaiyaa 3 –Title Track
| extra1 = [[Pitbull (rapper)|Pitbull]], [[Diljit Dosanjh]], [[Neeraj Shridhar]]
| lyrics1 = Dhruv Yogi, [[Sameer Anjaan|Sameer]], [[Pitbull (rapper)|Pitbull]]
| music1 = [[Tanishk Bagchi]], [[Pritam]]
| length1 = 3:50
| title2 = Jaana Samjho Na
| extra2 = Aditya Rikhari, [[Tulsi Kumar]]
| lyrics2 = Aditya Rikhari
| music2 = Lijo George-DJ Chetas, Aditya Rikhari
| length2 = 3:32
| title3 = Ami Je Tomar 3.0
| extra3 = [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| lyrics3 = [[Sameer Anjaan|Sameer]]
| music3 = [[Amaal Mallik]], Pritam
| length3 = 5:15
| title4 = Beiraada
| extra4 = Sachet Tandon, Parampara Tandon
| lyrics4 = [[Rashmi Virag]]
| music4 = [[Sachet–Parampara]]
| length4 = 3:19
| title5 = Hukkush Phukkush
| extra5 = [[Sonu Nigam]]
| lyrics5 = Som
| music5 = Tanishk Bagchi
| length5 = 3:44
| title6 = Mere Dholna 3.0
| note6 = Sonu Nigam Version
| length6 = 4:26
| lyrics6 = Sameer
| music6 = Amaal Mallik, Pritam
| extra6 = Sonu Nigam
}}

== Release ==
===Theatrical ===
''Bhool Bhulaiyaa 3'' was theatrically released on 1 November 2024, on the occasion of [[Diwali]]. The film was theatrically released in [[Bangladesh]] on the same day as its worldwide release and thus became the second Hindi film to be released in the country.<ref>{{Cite web |title='Bhool Bhulaiyaa 3' to release simultaneously in Bangladesh and India |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/showtime/362893/%E2%80%98bhool-bhulaiyaa-3%E2%80%99-to-release-simultaneously-in |access-date=2025-05-12 |website=Dhaka Tribune |language=en}}</ref> The worldwide theatrical [[distribution rights]] were acquired by [[AA Films]]. Distributor Anil Thadani had secured rights of single screens for the film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 July 2024 |title=EXCLUSIVE BUZZ: Distributor Anil Thadani starts booking single screens for Devara, Bhool Bhulaiyaa 3, Pushpa 2 |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/exclusives/exclusive-buzz-devara-bhool-bhulaiyaa-3-and-pushpa-2-single-screens-booking-begin-1328231 |access-date= |website=PINKVILLA |language=en |archive-date=5 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240805213737/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/exclusives/exclusive-buzz-devara-bhool-bhulaiyaa-3-and-pushpa-2-single-screens-booking-begin-1328231 |url-status=live }}</ref> The release clashed with the film ''[[Singham Again]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 October 2024 |title=Bhool Bhulaiyya 3 release clash with Singham Again |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/singham-again-vs-bhool-bhulaiyaa-3-why-are-diwali-clashes-more-than-just-box-office-numbers-etimes-explores-the-fireworks-behind-the-festive-war/articleshow/114777663.cms |access-date=30 October 2024 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=4 November 2024 |title=Bhool Bhulaiyya 3 release clash with Singham Again |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/singham-again-vs-bhool-bhulaiyaa-3-why-are-diwali-clashes-more-than-just-box-office-numbers-etimes-explores-the-fireworks-behind-the-festive-war/articleshow/114777663.cms |access-date=4 November 2024 |website=Times of India}}</ref>

The film has been banned in [[Saudi Arabia]] due to mentions of [[homosexuality]] which is banned in the country.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/ajay-devgn-starrer-singham-again-and-kartik-aaryan-starrer-bhool-bhulaiyaa-3-banned-in-saudi-arabia-for-these-reasons/articleshow/114790645.cms|title=Ajay Devgn starrer 'Singham Again' and Kartik Aaryan starrer 'Bhool Bhulaiyaa 3' BANNED in Saudi Arabia for THESE reasons|website=[[Times of India]]|access-date=31 October 2024}}</ref>

=== Home media ===
The [[digital streaming]] rights of the film were acquired by [[Netflix]] for ₹135 crore.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-02 |title=Kartik Aaryan's 'Bhool Bhulaiyaa 3' secures ₹135 crore non-theatrical deal: Report - CNBC TV18 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/entertainment/kartik-aaryan-bhool-bhulaiyaa-3-secures-rs-135-crore-non-theatrical-deal-report-19486221.htm |access-date=2025-05-12 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-11-05 |title=Kartik Aaryan's 'Bhool Bhulaiyaa 3' fetches a big non-theatrical deal of Rs 135 crore - Report |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/kartik-aaryans-bhool-bhulaiyaa-3-fetches-a-big-non-theatrical-deal-of-rs-135-crore-report/articleshow/113877081.cms |access-date=2025-05-12 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref name=":BUD">{{Cite web |date=2024-10-04 |title=Kartik Aaryan starrer Bhool Bhulaiyaa 3 recovers 90% of costs from non-theatrical avenues; set to turn profitable from Day 1 |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/kartik-aaryan-starrer-bhool-bhulaiyaa-3-recovers-90-costs-non-theatrical-avenues-set-turn-profitable-day-1/ |access-date=2024-10-05 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |language=en}}</ref> The film began streaming on the platform from 27 December 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |access-date=25 December 2024 |title=Bhool Bhulaiyaa 3 OTT release: When and where to watch Kartik Aaryan's horror-comedy |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/bhool-bhulaiyaa-3-ott-release-when-and-where-to-watch-kartik-aaryans-horror-comedy-netflix-101735123485534.html |work=Hindustan Times|date=25 December 2024 }}</ref>

==Reception==
===Box office===
''Bhool Bhulaiyaa 3'' was a [[Blockbuster (entertainment)|Blockbuster]] and earned {{INR}}36.60 crore on opening day and a weekend total nett of {{INR}}110.20 crore in [[India]]. As of 1 December 2024, the film has grossed ₹334.67 crore in India and ₹89.18 crore internationally. It concluded its run with worldwide gross estimated to be ₹423.85 crore worldwide.<ref name=":0" />

===Critical response===
''Bhool Bhulaiyaa 3'' received mixed-to-positive reviews from critics.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Bhool Bhulaiyaa 3 on OTT: Kartik Aaryan's horror-comedy to premiere on Netflix |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/bhool-bhulaiyaa-3-ott-kartik-aaryan-horror-comedy-premiere-netflix-triptii-dimri-vidya-balan-2655199-2024-12-25 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250210100805/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/bhool-bhulaiyaa-3-ott-kartik-aaryan-horror-comedy-premiere-netflix-triptii-dimri-vidya-balan-2655199-2024-12-25 |archive-date=10 February 2025 |access-date=10 February 2025 |work=[[India Today]] |quote=Directed by Anees Bazmee and produced by Bhushan Kumar's T-Series Films and Cine1 Studios, the film boasts a star-studded cast and an engaging storyline, earning both critical acclaim and commercial success.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=From Kartik Aaryan channelling Akshay to a mind-blowing climax: All good, bad, and ugly takeaways from Bhool Bhulaiyaa 3 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/from-kartik-aaryan-channelling-akshay-to-a-mind-blowing-climax-all-good-bad-and-ugly-takeaways-from-bhool-bhulaiyaa-3-101730723127620.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250210101001/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/from-kartik-aaryan-channelling-akshay-to-a-mind-blowing-climax-all-good-bad-and-ugly-takeaways-from-bhool-bhulaiyaa-3-101730723127620.html |archive-date=10 February 2025 |access-date=10 February 2025 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |quote=The Kartik Aaryan-starrer is going strong at the box office, minting over ₹150 crore despite the mixed critical response.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Bhool Bhulaiyaa 3 vs Singham Again box office collection day 9: Who will hit the ₹200-cr mark first? |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/trending/box-office/story/bhool-bhulaiyaa-3-vs-singham-again-box-office-collection-day-9-who-will-hit-the-rs200-cr-mark-first-453188-2024-11-10 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250210101146/https://www.businesstoday.in/trending/box-office/story/bhool-bhulaiyaa-3-vs-singham-again-box-office-collection-day-9-who-will-hit-the-rs200-cr-mark-first-453188-2024-11-10 |archive-date=10 February 2025 |access-date=10 February 2025 |work=[[Business Standard]] |quote=With mixed reviews but steady audience interest, the horror-comedy is positioned well for a strong second weekend, making it likely to reach the ₹200 crore milestone soon.}}</ref> {{Rotten Tomatoes prose|score=43|count=14|average=6.1|consensus=|ref=yes |access-date=5 November 2024}}

''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' rated the film 4.5 stars out of 5 and wrote, "''Bhool Bhulaiyaa 3'' is a well-made horror comedy which works due to its performances, taut script, creative execution and above all, an unpredictable climax."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=1 November 2024 |title=Bhool Bhulaiyaa 3 Movie Review: BHOOL BHULAIYAA works due to its performances, script, execution and unpredictable climax. |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/bhool-bhulaiyaa-3/critic-review/bhool-bhulaiyaa-3-movie-review/bhool-bhulaiyaa-works-due-to-its-performances-script-execution-and-unpredictable-climax/ |work=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}{{rating|4.5|5}}</ref> [[Sukanya Verma]] of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' rated the film 3/5 stars and opined "A gleefully hammy Madhuri and Vidya's volley of death stares and evil laughs engage in a ruthless glamorous tug of war in ''Bhool Bhulaiyaa 3''".<ref>{{cite web |last1=Verma |first1=Sukanya |title=Bhool Bhulaiyaa 3 Review: Horror, Hamming And Heart|url=https://rediff.com/movies/review/bhool-bhulaiyaa-3-review/20241101.htm|website=rediff.com |access-date=11 October 2024}}{{rating|3|5}}</ref> Renuka Vyavahare of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated 3.5/5 stars and wrote "The movie is unabashedly entertaining, cheesy, and wild, with moments that will have you laughing out loud."<ref>{{Cite news |title=Bhool Bhulaiyaa 3 Movie Review: A Solid Twist Elevates This Diwali Entertainer |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/bhool-bhulaiyaa-3/movie-review/114837280.cms |access-date=2024-11-01 |work=The Times of India}}{{rating|3.5|5}}</ref>

Vinamra Mathur of ''[[Firstpost]]'' rated the film 3/5 stars and wrote "''Bhool Bhulaiyaa 3'' could be savored taste; for those wanting to see romance have Aaryan and Dimri, for those waiting to see the OG Manjulika have Balan at their service, for anyone enamored by Dixit, she brings back the memories of ''[[Devdas (2002 Hindi film)|Devdas]]'' with her thunderous aura and nimble moves. And for those stepping in with zero expectations, may not be exactly doing a Bhool!".<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mathur |first1=Vinamra |title='Bhool Bhulaiyaa 3' movie review: Kartik Aaryan, Vidya Balan, Madhuri Dixit's horror-comedy is innocuous fun|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/bhool-bhulaiyaa-3-movie-review-kartik-aaryan-vidya-balan-madhuri-dixits-horror-comedy-is-innocuous-fun-13831104.html |website=Firstpost |date=November 2024 |access-date=1 November 2024}}</ref> Anuj Kumar of ''[[The Hindu]]'' says ''Bhool Bhulaiyaa 3'' is a drab horror comedy where talented actors like Madhuri Dixit and Vidya Balan have been underutilized. He further says, "Kartik Aaryan is the lifeline who keeps the film alive with his situational humour but director Anees Bazmee has faltered between sticking to stereotypes and taking a progressive step." He continues that stereotyping of Bengalis and their culture has been done for easy laughs, but the film is ultimately a hypocritical charade.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kummar|first1=Anuj|title='Bhool Bhulaiyaa 3' movie review: Madhuri Dixit and Vidya Balan are underutilised in this drab horror comedy|website=[[The Hindu]] |date=November 2024 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/bhool-bhulaiyaa-3-movie-review-madhuri-dixit-and-vidya-balan-are-underutilised-this-drab-horror-comedy/article68819601.ece}}</ref>

[[Shubhra Gupta]] of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' rated the film 1.5/5 stars and wrote "Kartik Aaryan's ''Bhool Bhulaiyaa 3'' suffers from the same things that ''Bhool Bhulaiyaa 2'' did: stereotypes instead of characters, forced humour which refuses to land, and tasteless lines bordering on the risible."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Gupta |first1=Shubhra |title=Bhool Bhulaiyaa 3 movie review: Lazy, formulaic writing weighs heavily on Kartik Aaryan film |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/bhool-bhulaiyaa-3-movie-review-lazy-formulaic-writing-weighs-heavily-on-kartik-aaryan-film-9648357/ |access-date=3 November 2024 |work=[[Indian Express]] |date=2 November 2024}}{{rating|1.5|5}}</ref> [[Saibal Chatterjee]] of ''[[NDTV]]'' rated the film 2.5 out of 5 stars and said "Kartik Aaryan's star turn is a repeat act that promises a box-office outcome that could be on par with what ''Bhool Bhulaiyaa 2'' yielded."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chatterjee |first1=Saibal |title=Bhool Bhulaiyaa 3 Review: Vidya Balan And Madhuri Dixit Are Never Out Of Step With The Spirit Of The Film |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/bhool-bhulaiyaa-3-review-vidya-balan-and-madhuri-dixit-are-never-out-of-step-with-the-spirit-of-the-film-2-5-stars-6922105 |access-date=3 November 2024 |work=[[NDTV]] |date=1 November 2024}}{{rating|2.5|5}}</ref> Udita Jhunjhunwala of ''[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]'' opined "The dynamic between Madhuri Dixit and Vidya Balan is an opportunity wasted in the long film, which is high on concept but low on mood".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Jhunjhunwala |first1=Udita |title='Bhool Bhulaiyaa 3' review: Twice the Manjulikas but half the fun |url=https://www.livemint.com/mint-lounge/art-and-culture/bhool-bhulaiyaa-3-film-review-vidya-balan-madhuri-dixit-kartik-aaryan-11730518665613.html |access-date=3 November 2024 |work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |date=2 November 2024}}</ref> Abhimanyu Mathur of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' writes "A brave climax attempts to elevate this otherwise middling horror comedy. The film simply tries to sell a brand through nostalgia, using a new(er) rendition of Ami Je Tomar and Vidya Balan."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mathur |first1=Abhimanyu |title=Bhool Bhulaiyaa 3 review: Kartik Aaryan, Vidya Balan shine in splendid climax, but only after 2 agonising hours |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/bhool-bhulaiyaa-3-review-kartik-aaryan-vidya-balan-shine-in-splendid-climax-after-agonising-two-hour-run-madhuri-dixit-101730447716055.html |access-date=4 November 2024 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=1 November 2024}}</ref>

Neha Sen of ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' rated the film 3 stars out of 5 and highlighted "The film retains some traditional horror elements while still trying to be comedic. It ends up delivering neither with much grace nor gusto. A few jumpscares scattered around and a handful of laughs are not enough to salvage the broken Bangla and thoroughly under-researched presentation of the Bengali culture and festivities."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sen |first1=Neha |title='Bhool Bhulaiyaa 3' movie review: A mixed bag of surprises and disappointments |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/bhool-bhulaiyaa-3-movie-review-a-mixed-bag-of-surprises-and-disappointments-3259253 |access-date=3 November 2024 |work=[[Deccan Herald]] |date=2 November 2024}}{{rating|3|5}}</ref> Nishad Thaivalappil of ''[[News18]]'' rated 2/5 stars and opined "The film features unexplained flashbacks, and the mediocre jokes and predictable jump scares make it a rather dull watch."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Thaivalappil |first1=Nishad |title=Bhool Bhulaiyaa 3 Review: Kartik Aaryan, Vidya Balan And Madhuri Dixit's Star Power Can't Save This Lacklustre Film |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/bhool-bhulaiyaa-3-review-kartik-aaryan-vidya-balan-and-madhuri-dixits-star-power-cant-save-this-lackluster-film-9106040.html |access-date=3 November 2024 |work=[[News18]]|date=1 November 2024}}{{rating|2|5}}</ref> Tanmayi Savadi of ''[[Times Now]]'' rated the film 4 out of 5 stars and wrote "The film resorts to cliché jokes and dramatics. The scares are effective but never bone-chilling. It is enigmatic, mysterious and deceptive."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Savadi |first1=Tanmayi |title=Bhool Bhulaiyaa 3 Movie Review: Kartik Aaryan, Vidya Balan Light Diwali Rocket Of Mystery And Deception |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/bhool-bhulaiyaa-3-movie-review-kartik-aaryan-vidya-balan-light-diwali-rocket-of-mystery-and-deception-review-114804423 |access-date=4 November 2024 |work=[[Times Now]] |date=1 November 2024}}{{rating|4|5}}</ref>

Ritika Handoo of ''[[Zee News]]'' rated the film 3 out of 5 stars and highlighted "What deserves a special mention here is the twist-filled climax. The writers have done their homework well to keep the crescendo high for the end."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Handoo |first1=Ritika |title=Bhool Bhulaiyaa 3 Movie Review: Vidya Balan-Madhuri Dixit Combo A 'Hit', Kartik Aaryan Starrer Is A Diwali Cracker! |url=https://zeenews.india.com/movies/bhool-bhulaiyaa-3-movie-review-vidya-balan-madhuri-dixit-combo-a-hit-kartik-aaryans-starrer-is-a-diwali-cracker-2814394.html |access-date=4 November 2024 |work=[[Zee News]] |date=1 November 2024}}{{rating|3|5}}</ref> Nandini Ramnath of ''[[Scroll.in]]'' writes "Imagination is largely in short supply in the threequel. Except for a twist about Manjulika's identity that works well, the film has little that we haven't seen before in the previous movie."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ramnath |first1=Nandini |title='Bhool Bhulaiyaa 3' review: Dispirited and forgettable |url=https://scroll.in/reel/1074793/bhool-bhulaiyaa-3-review-dispirited-and-forgettable |access-date=4 November 2024 |work=[[Scroll.in]] |date=1 November 2024}}</ref> Amit Bhatia of ''[[ABP News|ABP Live]]'' rated the film 3/5 stars and said "Vidya Balan and Madhuri Dixit breathe energy into the narrative, and while the comedy isn't as punchy as hoped, the story's twists and moral message manage to engage. With a blend of humour, nostalgia, and spooky twists, it's an entertaining ride that ultimately delivers a memorable experience."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhatia |first1=Amit |title=Bhool Bhulaiyaa 3 Review: Vidya Balan And Madhuri Dixit Shine In Kartik Aaryan's Film, Deliver Thrills After Shaky Start |url=https://news.abplive.com/movie-review/entertainment/movie-review-bhool-bhulaiyaa-3-review-starring-vidya-balan-madhuri-dixit-kartik-aaryan-triptii-dimri-directed-by-aneez-bazmee-1728468 |access-date=4 November 2024 |work=[[ABP News|ABP Live]] |date=1 November 2024}}{{rating|3|5}}</ref>

Aakriti Agarwala of ''[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]]'' rated the film 2.5 stars and wrote, "''Bhool Bhulaiyaa 3'' is a through-and-through climax-driven film that didn't know what to do with the first two hours. Dominated by dull comic punches and references, unnecessary and forced song sequences, and complete mutilation of the Bengali language and dialect, the film fails to keep the audiences at the edge of their seats. It was only in the last 30 minutes that the stars had the chance to shine."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Agarwala |first=Aakriti |date=2024-11-03 |title='Bhool Bhulaiyaa 3': climax-driven film underdelivers despite great star power |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/bollywood/bhool-bhulaiyaa-3-climax-driven-film-underdelivers-despite-great-star-power-1503360550.html |access-date=2024-11-20 |website=The Statesman |language=en}}</ref>

== Accolades ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|+ ''Bhool Bhulaiyaa 3'' – Awards and nominations
|-
! scope="col" | Award
! scope="col" | Category
! scope="col" | Recipients
! scope="col" | Result
! class="unsortable" scope="col" | {{Refh}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="8" |[[25th IIFA Awards|International Indian Film Academy (IIFA) Awards]]
|[[IIFA Award for Best Film|Best Film]]
|[[Bhushan Kumar]] [[T-Series Films]]
|{{nom}}
| rowspan="8" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Awasthi |first=Pragati |date=2025-03-07 |title=IIFA Awards 2025: Date, time, host, venue, nominees list and more |url=https://www.wionews.com/entertainment/iifa-awards-2025-date-time-host-venue-nominees-list-and-more-8831806 |access-date=2025-03-11 |website=Wion |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=IIFA Awards 2025: Laapataa Ladies Sweeps 10 Awards. Kartik Aaryan Named Best Actor. Check Full List Of Winners |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/iifa-awards-2025-laapataa-ladies-sweeps-with-10-awards-kartik-aaryan-named-best-actor-check-full-list-of-winners-7888397 |access-date=2025-03-11 |website=www.ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[IIFA Award for Best Director|Best Director]]
|[[Anees Bazmee]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[IIFA Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
|[[Kartik Aaryan]]
|{{won}}
|-
|[[IIFA Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]]
|[[Rajpal Yadav]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[IIFA Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]
|[[Vidya Balan]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[IIFA Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]]
|[[Pritam]] [[Tanishk Bagchi]] [[Sachet–Parampara]] [[Amaal Mallik]] Adiya Rikhari Lijo George [[DJ Chetas]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[IIFA Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Best Female Playback Singer]]
|[[Shreya Ghoshal]] {{small|(for "Ami Je Tomar")}}
|{{won}}
|-
|[[IIFA Award for Best Special Effects|Best Special Effects]]
|[[Red Chillies Entertainment|Red Chillies VFX]]
|{{won}}
|-
! rowspan="4" |[[Iconic Gold Awards]]
|Best Film
|[[Bhushan Kumar]] [[T-Series Films]]
|{{won}}
| rowspan="4" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kartik Aaryan, Chandu Champion, and Bhool Bhulaiyaa 3 Win Top Honours at the 6th Edition of Iconic Gold Awards 2025 |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/business/kartik-aaryan-chandu-champion-and-bhool-bhulaiyaa-3-win-top-honours-at-the-6th-edition-of-iconic-gold-awards-202520250215105425/ |access-date=2025-03-11 |website=ANI News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kartik Aaryan, Chandu Champion, and Bhool Bhulaiyaa 3 Win Top Honours at the 6th Edition of Iconic Gold Awards 2025 |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/business/kartik-aaryan-chandu-champion-and-bhool-bhulaiyaa-3-win-top-honours-at-the-6th-edition-of-iconic-gold-awards-2025/ |access-date=2025-03-11 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|Best Actor
|[[Kartik Aaryan]]
|{{won}}
|-
|Best Director
|[[Anees Bazmee]]
|{{won}}
|-
|Best Singer {{small|(male)}}
|[[Sonu Nigam]] {{small|(for "Mere Dholna")}}
|{{won}}
|-
! rowspan="4" |[[Zee Cine Awards]]
|[[Zee Cine Award for Best Film|Best Film]]
|[[Bhushan Kumar]] [[T-Series Films]]
|{{nom}}
| rowspan="4" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-18 |title=Zee Cine Awards 2025: Kartik Aaryan, Shraddha Kapoor shine as top actors; Stree 2 takes best film - CNBC TV18 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/entertainment/zee-cine-awards-2025-full-list-of-winners-kartik-aaryan-shraddha-kapoor-bag-top-acting-honours-19606277.htm |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Wadhwa |first=Aman |title=Zee Cine Awards 2025 full list of winners: Kartik Aaryan, Shraddha Kapoor bag top acting honours; Stree 2 wins Best Film |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-zee-cine-awards-2025-full-list-of-winners-kartik-aaryan-shraddha-kapoor-bag-top-acting-honours-stree-2-wins-best-film-3152635 |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[Zee Cine Award for Best Actor – Male|Best Actor (Viewer's Choice)]]
|[[Kartik Aaryan]]
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Zee Cine Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role – Female|Best Supporting Actress]]
|[[Madhuri Dixit]]
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Zee Cine Award for Best Background Score|Best Background Score]]
|[[Sandeep Shirodkar]]
|{{won}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="7" |[[Filmfare Awards]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Film|Best Film]]
|[[Bhushan Kumar]] [[T-Series Films]]
|{{nom}}
| rowspan="7" |<ref>{{Cite news |title=Nominations for The 70th Hyundai Filmfare Awards 2025 With Gujarat Tourism: Full List Out |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/nominations-for-the-70th-hyundai-filmfare-awards-2025-with-gujarat-tourism-full-list-out-78037.html |work=Filmfare |date=26 September 2025 |access-date=27 September 2025 }}</ref>
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Director|Best Director]]
|[[Anees Bazmee]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]
|[[Madhuri Dixit]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Album]]
|[[Pritam]] [[Tanishk Bagchi]] [[Sachet–Parampara]] [[Amaal Mallik]] Adiya Rikhari Lijo George–[[DJ Chetas]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer|Best Male Playback Singer]]
|[[Sonu Nigam]] {{small|(for "Mere Dholna")}}
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Story|Best Story]]
|Aakash Kaushik
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Choreography|Best Choreography]]
|[[Chinni Prakash]]
|{{nom}}
|}

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt26932223}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama title|bhool-bhulaiyaa-3}}

{{Anees Bazmee}}
{{Portal bar|India|Film|Bollywood}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2024 films]]
[[Category:2024 comedy horror films]]
[[Category:2024 LGBTQ-related films]]
[[Category:2024 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Indian horror films]]
[[Category:Indian LGBTQ-related films]]
[[Category:Indian sequel films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy horror films]]
[[Category:Hindi-language comedy horror films]]
[[Category:T-Series (company) films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Anees Bazmee]]
[[Category:Films scored by Pritam]]
[[Category:Films scored by Sandeep Shirodkar]]
[[Category:Films set in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Films shot in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Films shot in Ladakh]]
[[Category:2024 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films distributed by AA Films]]
[[Category:Alternative sequel films]]
[[Category:2020s ghost films]]
[[Category:Indian ghost films]]

Koridang Assembly constituency

2026-04-29T15:44:16Z

Cdpnkr: starting a stub

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Nagaland State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| map_image = Koridang Assembly constituency map.svg
| name = Koridang
| state = [[Nagaland]]
| type = SLA
| district = [[Mokokchung district|Mokokchung]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Nagaland (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nagaland]]
| established = 1964
| constituency_no = 28
| reservation = ST
| mla = '''Vacant'''
| party =
| latest_election_year =
| electors = {{formatnum:21740}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14874-nagaland-general-legislative-election-2023/ |title=Nagaland General Legislative Election 2023 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=20 April 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|5}}
}}
'''Koridang''' is one of the 60 [[Nagaland Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Nagaland]] state in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://legislativebodiesinindia.nic.in/States/nagaland/nagaland-w.htm |title=Nagaland Legislative Assembly |website=legislativebodiesinindia.nic.in |accessdate= 10 February 2021}}</ref>

It is part of [[Mokokchung district]] and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Tribes]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
| [[1964 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1964]] || Tajen Ao || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician|rowspan=2}}
|-
| 1966^ || K. Tiayanger
|-
| [[1969 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1969]] || Tajen Ao || {{Full party name with color|United Front of Nagaland}}
|-
| [[1974 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1974]] || Tajenyuba Ao || {{Full party name with color|United Democratic Alliance (Nagaland)|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1977 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1977]] || Dalle Namo
|-
| [[1982 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1982]] || rowspan=2 | Nokzenketba || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[1987 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1987]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1989 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1989]] || L. Nokzenketba
|-
| [[1993 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1993]] || rowspan=2 | T. Nokyu Longchar || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[1998 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1998]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2003 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2003]] || rowspan=5 | [[Imkong L. Imchen]] || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[2008 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2008]] || {{Full party name with color|Naga People's Front|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2013 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
|-
| [[2018 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
|-
| [[2023 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2023]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|2026^
|
|
|
|}

== Election results ==
===2026 by-election===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2026 elections in India#State Legislative Assembly by-elections|2026 Koridang by-election]]: Koridang
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Daochier I Imchen|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=T. Chalukumba Ao|party=Indian National Congress|votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=I. Abenjang Imchen|party=National People's Party (India)|votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Imtiwapang Kichu|party=Independent|votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Maj. Toshikaba (Retd.)|party=Independent|votes=
{{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Imchatoba Imchen|party=Independent|votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[None of the above]]|party=None of the above (India)|votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=82.21|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner =
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2023 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2023 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Koridang<ref>{{cite news |last1=The Indian Express |title=Nagaland Assembly Election results 2023: Check full list of winners |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/nagaland-assembly-election-results-2023-winners-8473973/ |access-date=3 March 2023 |date=2 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230303042608/https://indianexpress.com/elections/nagaland-assembly-election-results-2023-winners-8473973/ |archive-date=3 March 2023 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Imkong L. Imchen]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=8,340 |percentage=43.56% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Maj. Toshikaba (Retd) |party=Naga People's Front |votes=7,930 |percentage=41.42% |change=-6.48% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=I. Talitsuba Imchen |party=Independent politician |votes=2,696 |percentage=14.08% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=T. Chalukumba Ao |party=Janata Dal (United) |votes=138 |percentage=0.72% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate= None of the above
|party= None of the above (India) |votes=41
|percentage=0.21%
|change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=410 |percentage=2.14% |change=1.33% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=19,145 |percentage=88.06% |change= -2.44% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 21,740 |change =25.25% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Naga People's Front |swing= -4.34% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2018 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Koridang<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3652-nagaland-general-legislative-election-2018/?do=download&r=8575&confirm=1&t=1&csrfKey=0b619cd94134dd7b05162acdebe1ba9f|title=Nagaland General Legislative Election 2018 - Nagaland - Election Commission of India |website=eci.gov.in |date= |author= |accessdate= December 29, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/13th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2018.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128161430/https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/13th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2018.pdf |archive-date=28 January 2022 | title = Report on the General Election to the 13th Nagaland Legislative Assembly 2018 |website=Chief Electoral Officer, Nagaland}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Imkong L. Imchen]] |party=Naga People's Front |votes=7,525 |percentage=47.90% |change=-17.44% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=T. Chalukumba Ao |party=National People's Party (India) |votes=7,397 |percentage=47.09% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=C. Lima Imchen |party=Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party |votes=749 |percentage=4.77% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=38 |percentage=0.24% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=128 |percentage=0.81% |change=-30.76% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=15,709 |percentage=90.51% |change= -5.89% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 17,357 |change =-7.89% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Naga People's Front |loser=Naga People's Front |swing= -17.44% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 2013 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2013 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Koridang<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/12th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2013.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221125124535/https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/12th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2013.pdf |archive-date=25 November 2022 | title = Report on the General Election to the 11th Nagaland Legislative Assembly 2013 |website=Chief Electoral Officer, Nagaland}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Imkong L. Imchen]] |party=Naga People's Front |votes=11,869 |percentage=65.34% |change=11.86% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=T. Chalukumba Ao |party=Independent politician |votes=6,134 |percentage=33.77% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Moatemjen |party=Indian National Congress |votes=98 |percentage=0.54% |change=-1.65% }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,735 |percentage=31.57% |change=25.26% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=18,164 |percentage=96.40% |change= 12.75% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 18,843 |change =-16.90% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Naga People's Front |loser=Naga People's Front |swing= 11.86% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 2008 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2008 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Koridang<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/11th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2008.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128170532/https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/11th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2008.pdf |archive-date=28 January 2022 | title = Report on the General Election to the 11th Nagaland Legislative Assembly 2008 |website=Chief Electoral Officer, Nagaland}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Imkong L. Imchen]] |party=Naga People's Front |votes=10,144 |percentage=53.49% |change=50.29% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=T. Chenung Longchar |party=Independent politician |votes=8,947 |percentage=47.17% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Moa Imchen |party=Indian National Congress |votes=415 |percentage=2.19% |change=-38.13% }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,197 |percentage=6.31% |change=4.18% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=18,966 |percentage=86.03% |change= -13.91% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 22,674 |change =29.12% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Naga People's Front |loser=Independent politician |swing= 11.04% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 2003 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2003 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Koridang<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/10th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2003.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220623083626/https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/10th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2003.pdf |archive-date=23 June 2022 | title = Report on the General Election to the 10th Nagaland Legislative Assembly 2003 |website=Chief Electoral Officer, Nagaland}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Imkong L. Imchen]] |party=Independent politician |votes=7,258 |percentage=42.45% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=T. Nokyu Longchar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=6,894 |percentage=40.32% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Nokden |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=2,400 |percentage=14.04% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Temsukaba |party=Naga People's Front |votes=547 |percentage=3.20% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=364 |percentage=2.13% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=17,099 |percentage=97.56% |change= 97.56% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 17,560 |change =15.12% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 14.34% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1998 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1998 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Koridang<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/9th_General_Election_Report_NLA_1998.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128160926/https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/9th_General_Election_Report_NLA_1998.pdf |archive-date=28 January 2022 | title = Report on the General Election to the 9th Nagaland Legislative Assembly 1998 |website=Chief Electoral Officer, Nagaland}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate unopposed with party link| |candidate=T. Nokyu Longchar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=Uncontested |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 15,254 |change =6.17% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Independent politician |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1993 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1993 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Koridang}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=T. Nokyu Longchar |party=Independent politician |votes=3,957 |percentage=28.11% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Alemwapang |party=Independent politician |votes=3,701 |percentage=26.29% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=L. Chubatoshi Pongen |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,327 |percentage=23.64% |change=-12.65% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nokzenketba |party=Naga People's Front |votes=3,052 |percentage=21.68% |change=-7.42% }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=256 |percentage=1.82% |change=-5.36% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=14,076 |percentage=98.19% |change= 2.81% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 14,368 |change =38.59% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -8.17% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1989 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Koridang}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=L. Nokzenketba |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,574 |percentage=36.28% |change=3.50% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bendangtoshi |party=Naga People's Front |votes=2,867 |percentage=29.11% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Imtiwati |party=Independent politician |votes=2,558 |percentage=25.97% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=L. Chubatoshi Pongen |party=National People's Party (India) |votes=851 |percentage=8.64% |change=-7.48% }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=707 |percentage=7.18% |change=0.51% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=9,850 |percentage=95.38% |change= 4.35% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 10,367 |change =0.15% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 3.50% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1987 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1987 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Koridang}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Nokzenketba |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,045 |percentage=32.78% |change=9.01% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bendangtoshi |party=Independent politician |votes=2,426 |percentage=26.12% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pangjungtemsu |party=Naga National Democratic Party |votes=2,320 |percentage=24.98% |change=0.29% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=L. Chubatoshi Pongen |party=National People's Party (India) |votes=1,497 |percentage=16.12% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=619 |percentage=6.66% |change=5.78% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=9,288 |percentage=91.03% |change= 10.14% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 10,351 |change =4.67% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Independent politician |swing= 7.21% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1982 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1982 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Koridang}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Nokzenketba |party=Independent politician |votes=2,025 |percentage=25.57% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dalle Nomo |party=Naga National Democratic Party |votes=1,955 |percentage=24.69% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sosangnokdang |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,883 |percentage=23.78% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tajamyaba |party=Independent politician |votes=1,070 |percentage=13.51% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Akangtemjen |party=Independent politician |votes=986 |percentage=12.45% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=70 |percentage=0.88% |change=-5.14% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=7,919 |percentage=80.89% |change= -2.54% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 9,889 |change =66.54% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=United Democratic Alliance (Nagaland) |swing= -17.50% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1977 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Koridang}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Dalle Namo |party=United Democratic Alliance (Nagaland) |votes=2,102 |percentage=43.07% |change=5.47% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Akangtemjan |party=Independent politician |votes=1,808 |percentage=37.05% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=N. Supong |party=National Convention of Nagaland |votes=970 |percentage=19.88% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=294 |percentage=6.02% |change=-8.31% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=4,880 |percentage=83.43% |change= -0.28% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 5,938 |change =-27.44% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=United Democratic Alliance (Nagaland) |loser=United Democratic Alliance (Nagaland) |swing= 5.47% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1974 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1974 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Koridang}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Tajenyuba Ao |party=United Democratic Alliance (Nagaland) |votes=2,531 |percentage=37.60% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=N. Subong |party=Nagaland Nationalist Organisation |votes=1,566 |percentage=23.27% |change=3.97% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pangerchiba |party=Independent politician |votes=1,563 |percentage=23.22% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nokzenketba |party=Independent politician |votes=1,071 |percentage=15.91% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=965 |percentage=14.34% |change=4.14% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=6,731 |percentage=83.71% |change= 1.61% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 8,184 |change =115.37% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=United Democratic Alliance (Nagaland) |loser=United Front of Nagaland |swing= 2.86% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1969 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1969 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Koridang}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Tajen Ao |party=United Front of Nagaland |votes=1,084 |percentage=34.74% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Subongmeren |party=Independent politician |votes=766 |percentage=24.55% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tialiba |party=Independent politician |votes=668 |percentage=21.41% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tiayanger |party=Nagaland Nationalist Organisation |votes=602 |percentage=19.29% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=318 |percentage=10.19% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=3,120 |percentage=82.11% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 3,800 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=United Front of Nagaland |loser=Independent politician |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1966 Assembly by-election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1966 Nagaland Legislative Assembly by-election]]: Koridang}}
{{Election box winning candidate unopposed with party link| |candidate=K. Tiayanger |party=Independent politician |votes=Uncontested |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Independent politician |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1964 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1964 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Koridang}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Tajen Ao |party=Independent politician |votes=1,753 |percentage=87.69% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=I. Chubatemsu |party=Independent politician |votes=246 |percentage=12.31% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,507 |percentage=75.39% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,999 |percentage=75.62% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,650 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Independent politician |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Nagaland Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Mokokchung district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Nagaland}}

{{coord|26.26|94.22|display=title}}

[[Category:Mokokchung district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Nagaland]]
[[Category:Politics of Nagaland]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1964]]
[[Category:1964 establishments in Nagaland]]

Chitrasena (gandharva)

2026-04-27T18:08:11Z

Cdpnkr:

{{short description|Celestial being in Hindu mythology}}
{{Distinguish|Chitraratha}}
{{Infobox deity
| type = Hindu
| image = File:Chitrasena and Narada.jpg
| caption = Sculpture of Chitrasena and the divine sage [[Narada]], both holding lute
| affiliation = [[Gandharva]]
| abode = [[Svarga]]
| battles = [[Ghoshayatra Parva|Ghoshayatra]] battle
| texts = ''[[Mahabharata]], [[Puranas]]''
| gender = Male
| spouse = Sandhyavali and Ratnavali
| children = Patreshvara
| father = [[Vishvavasu]]
| mother =
}}
'''Chitrasena''' ({{Langx|Sa|चित्रसेन|Citrasena}}) is a prominent [[Gandharva]] king in [[Hindu mythology]]. He is primarily featured in the ''[[Mahabharata]]'', known for his mastery of music and dance. The son of the Gandharva [[Vishvavasu]], Chitrasena is closely associated with the courts of the gods [[Indra]] and [[Kubera]]. He plays a significant role in instructing music to the hero [[Arjuna]] during his visit to [[Svarga|Indra's abode]]. Chitrasena is also noted for his martial prowess, confronting and defeating the entire [[Kaurava]] army during the [[Pandava|Pandavas]]’ exile. Chitrasena's mythology is further expanded in [[Puranas|Puranic literature]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Williams |first=George M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N7LOZfwCDpEC&dq=citrasena+gandharva&pg=PA101 |title=Handbook of Hindu Mythology |date=2008-03-27 |publisher=OUP USA |isbn=978-0-19-533261-2 |language=en}}</ref>

== In the ''Mahabharata'' ==
The ''[[Vana Parva]]'' mentions Chitrasena as the son of the most prominent gandharva, [[Vishvavasu]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hopkins |first=E. Washburn |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Epic_Mythology/4nDiDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=vi%C5%9Bv%C4%81vasu&pg=PA154&printsec=frontcover |title=Epic Mythology |date=1984-01-01 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-0-8426-0560-1 |language=en}}</ref> According to ''[[Sabha Parva]]'', Chitrasena holds a prominent position in the assemblies of [[Indra]], the king of the gods, where he plays music for entertainment. Chitrasena is also described as a member of [[Kubera]]’s court.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hopkins |first=E. Washburn |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4nDiDwAAQBAJ&dq=citrasena+gandharva&pg=PA154 |title=Epic Mythology |date=1984-01-01 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-0-8426-0560-1 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Mani |first=Vettam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mvXsDwAAQBAJ&dq=citrasena+gandharva&pg=PA187 |title=Puranic Encyclopedia: A Comprehensive Work with Special Reference to the Epic and Puranic Literature |date=2015-01-01 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0597-2 |language=en}}</ref> During [[Rajasuya|''Rajasuya yajna'']], Chitrasena occupied a seat in the court of King [[Yudhishthira]], along with twenty-seven other [[Gandharva|Gandharvas]] and several [[Apsara|Apsaras]].<ref name=":1" />

According to ''[[Vana Parva]]'', during the Pandavas’ 13 year long exile, [[Arjuna]] was invited to Indra’s realm (''devaloka''), where Chitrasena taught him the arts of music and dance.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last1=Buitenen |first1=Johannes Adrianus Bernardus |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2QG_ZgsM13IC&dq=citrasena+gandharva&pg=PA685 |title=The Mahābhārata |last2=Fitzgerald |first2=James L. |date=1973 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-84664-4 |language=en}}</ref> A myth, rejected in the Critical Edition, adds that during his stay, Arjuna also encountered the Apsara [[Urvashi]], whose romantic advances he rejected. In response, she cursed him to live as an eunuch for a period, a curse that Chitrasena helped mitigate by relaying a message from Indra to console Arjuna.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Leslie |first=Julia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z7LKAgAAQBAJ&dq=citrasena+gandharva&pg=PA13 |title=Myth and Mythmaking: Continuous Evolution in Indian Tradition |date=2014-02-04 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-77888-9 |language=en}}</ref>

Chitrasena plays a pivotal role in an altercation with [[Duryodhana]], which occurs during the latter's [[Ghoshayatra Parva|''Ghoshayatra'']] while the Pandavas are in their final year of exile in the Dvaitavana forest. According to the narrative, Duryodhana, desiring to display his opulence before the exiled Pandavas, instructed his men to build pleasure houses near a lake in the forest. However, as his soldiers approached the lakeside, they encountered Chitrasena, who was accompanied by other Gandharvas and Apsaras. Chitrasena declared that the lake and surrounding woodland belonged to him and forbade Duryodhana’s men from entering. When the soldiers relayed Chitrasena’s message to Duryodhana, he, angered by the refusal, ordered his generals to drive the Gandharvas away. Chitrasena, however, mocked Duryodhana’s arrogance, warning that challenging celestial beings would lead to disaster. Ignoring Chitrasena’s warning, Duryodhana sent his army to attack the Gandharvas. In the ensuing battle, Chitrasena and his forces overpowered the [[Kaurava]] soldiers using mayastra.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Thapliyal |first=Uma Prasad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3gAaEAAAQBAJ&dq=citrasena+gandharva&pg=PA124 |title=Wars and War-Tactics in Ancient India |date=2021-04-21 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-000-39771-0 |language=en}}</ref> Eventually, Chitrasena captured Duryodhana, his brothers, and their [[Wives of Duryodhana|wives]], binding them and taking them prisoner. Some of Duryodhana’s men fled to Yudhishthira’s camp, pleading for help. Although Bhima initially mocked Duryodhana’s misfortune, Yudhishthira emphasized the importance of family honor and ordered Arjuna, [[Bhima]], [[Nakula]], and [[Sahadeva]] to rescue their cousins. A fierce battle followed, during which Arjuna’s celestial weapons decimated the Gandharva forces. During the battle, Chitrasena revealed his identity to Arjuna, explaining that he had captured Duryodhana on Indra’s command to punish the prince for his arrogance and malicious intent toward the Pandavas. Arjuna, however, requested Chitrasena to release the Kauravas, citing Yudhishthira’s instructions and the value of mercy. Chitrasena complied, freeing Duryodhana and his retinue.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Bhattacharyya |first=Narendra Nath |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7HjXAAAAMAAJ&q=citrasena+gandharva |title=Indian Demonology: The Inverted Pantheon |date=2000 |publisher=Manohar Publishers & Distributors |isbn=978-81-7304-309-3 |language=en}}</ref>

== Puranas ==
In addition to his role in the ''Mahabharata'', Chitrasena is also mentioned in various [[Puranas]], where additional details about his life and relationships are provided. According to these texts, Chitrasena had two wives, Sandhyavali and Ratnavali. One Puranic story recounts a serious conflict involving Chitrasena, and the sage Galava. While Chitrasena was traveling in his aerial chariot with his wives, Sandhyavali and Ratnavali, he accidentally spat, and his spittle fell on the sage Galava, who was performing his sandhya rites (rituals performed during twilight). Angered by the insult, Galava complained to [[Krishna]], who vowed to bring Chitrasena’s head before sunset. This vow alarmed Chitrasena when he learned of it from Sage [[Narada]]. Fearing for his life, Chitrasena, along with his wives, sought refuge. In desperation, Sandhyavali and Ratnavali approached [[Subhadra]], Arjuna’s wife, for help. They dug a fire pit in front of her house and prepared to end their lives alongside Chitrasena by jumping into the flames.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" />

As Chitrasena circled the fire-pit, preparing for the ritual, his wives wept loudly. Hearing their cries, Subhadra came outside and intervened. The distressed wives begged Subhadra for a boon, requesting that they be allowed to live with their husband. Moved by their plea, Subhadra granted the boon before fully understanding the situation. When Subhadra realized that Krishna had vowed to kill Chitrasena, she found herself in a dilemma. Arjuna, however, stepped in and promised to protect Chitrasena at all costs. A fierce battle ensued between Krishna and Arjuna, as Arjuna defended Chitrasena by deflecting Krishna’s arrows. As tensions escalated, Subhadra intervened, stepping between Krishna and Arjuna and preventing them from continuing the fight.To resolve the situation, Krishna advised Chitrasena to apologize to Sage Galava. Chitrasena obeyed, humbly bowing and touching the sage’s feet. Pleased with his repentance, Galava forgave him, and the conflict was peacefully settled without further harm to any party.<ref name=":1" />

According to the ''[[Skanda Purana]]'', Chitrasena had a son named Patreshvara, who is described as the most handsome of all Gandharvas.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Neuß |first=Jürgen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q5TYd6pXmdIC&dq=citrasena+gandharva&pg=PA174 |title=Narmad?parikram? - Circumambulation of the Narmad? River: On the Tradition of a Unique Hindu Pilgrimage |date=2012-08-03 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-22857-3 |language=en}}</ref>

== In Buddhism ==

Chitrasena is explained in the [[Atanatiya Sutta]] as one of the gandharvas that a practitioner of Buddhism can call upon in need of protection from demonic forces.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Mahabharata}}
{{Hindu apsaras}}
[[Category:Gandharvas]]
[[Category:Characters in the Mahabharata]]

Pradeep Nirankarnath Sharma

2026-04-20T08:36:08Z

Cdpnkr: New - done

{{Short description|Administrative Officer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Pradeep Nirankarnath Sharma
| image =
| birth_name =
| birth_place =
| birth_date =
| office = Indian Administrative Service
| term_start = 1981
| term_end = 2009 (Suspended)
| predecessor =
| successor =
| office1 =
| term_start1 =
| term_end1 =
| predecessor1 =
| successor1 =
| alma_mater =
| occupation = Multiple roles as Collector (DM) & Municipal Commissioner
| father =
| mother =
| spouse =
| children =
| website =
}}

'''Pradeep Nirankarnath Sharma''' is a former [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS officer]] of Gujarat. In 2013, he filed a petition in [[Supreme Court of India|supreme court]] alleging that [[Narendra Modi]] had spied on an architect using state machinery and had called for a CBI probe into it.<ref name="''Hindu2014'">{{cite news |title=Snoopgate: Delete allegations against Modi, says SC|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/snoopgate-delete-allegations-against-modi-says-sc/article5586563.ece |access-date=21 July 2025 |work=The Hindu |date=17 January 2014 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

He is facing at least five cases of corruption and is accused of illegal land allocation in [[Kutch]] and [[Bhuj]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/ed-locks-rs-6-crore-assets-in-probe-against-ex-gujarat-ias-officer/articleshow/120742890.cms|title=ED locks Rs 6 crore assets in probe}}</ref>

== Family ==
He is brother of [[Kuldeep Sharma (Cop)|Kuldeep Sharma]], a former [[Indian Police Service|IPS officer]] (ex-[[Director General of Police|DIG]], Gujarat) who had accused Amit Shah, then Home Minister of state of accepting a bribe of 2.5 crore to bail out a 1600 crore fraudster involving a bank of which Shah was the director.<ref>{{cite news |title=The accusations against the BJP's new president |url=https://caravanmagazine.in/vantage/accusations-against-bjp-new-president |access-date=22 July 2025 |work=caravanmagazine.in |language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==
Sharma held various administrative positions during his near thirty-year career including that of [[District magistrate]], Bhuj, [[Kutch]] and [[Rajkot]] and as municipal commissioner of [[Jamnagar]] and [[Bhavnagar]].<ref>{{cite news |title=IAS Story: पढ़ लिखकर बने डिप्‍टी कलेक्‍टर, प्रमोशन से हो गए आईएएस, अब हो गई जेल! |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/career/jobs-former-ias-officer-pradeep-sharma-story-gujarat-cader-deputy-collector-now-sentenced-to-5-years-and-fined-ws-kl-9188911.html |access-date=21 July 2025 |work=News18 हिंदी |date=20 April 2025 |language=hi}}</ref> A 2011 article by BBC (‘Gujarat's astonishing rise from rubble of 2001 quake’) credits Sharma of being instrumental in redeveloping the [[Bhuj]] region after the devastating [[2001 Gujarat earthquake|2001 earthquake]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Gujarat's astonishing rise from rubble of 2001 quake |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-south-asia-12309791 |access-date=22 July 2025 |work=BBC News |date=30 January 2011}}</ref> He was instrumental in faster rebuilding of streets and several public gardens.{{sfn|Patel|Revi|2012|page=200}}

== Stalk-gate/Snoopgate==
{{anchor | Snoopgate }}

In 2013, Sharma had alleged that Narendra Modi, the current [[Prime Minister of India]], tailed and snooped upon a female architect with whom Modi had allegedly became obsessed with, by misusing the Gujarat state machinery when Modi was then Chief Minister of Gujarat in 2009.<ref>{{cite news |title=Stalk-Gate: Woman's father wrote letter to save Narendra Modi, claims IAS officer |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/stalk-gate-womans-father-wrote-letter-to-save-narendra-modi-claims-ias-officer-542133 |access-date=22 July 2025 |work=www.ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref> Pradeep supported his allegations with audio tapes leaked by [[Cobrapost]] and Gulail.com.<ref>{{cite news |title=THE STALKERS: AMIT SHAH'S ILLEGAL SURVEILLANCE EXPOSED |url=https://cobrapost.com/blog/stalkers-amit-shahs-illegal-surveillance-exposed/904 |access-date=22 July 2025 |work=Cobrapost}}</ref> The tapes which are conversations between a police officer and [[Amit Shah]], then Home Minister of Gujarat and the present home minister and close aide of Modi show, that every movement of the woman was tracked on the behest of some 'saheb' (master) where the "Saheb" is widely understood to be Modi.<ref>{{cite news |title=For 'saheb',Modi's aide Amit Shah accused of using cops to snoop on woman |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/web/for-saheb-modis-aide-amit-shah-accused-of-using-cops-to-snoop-on-woman/ |access-date=22 July 2025 |work=The Indian Express |date=16 November 2013 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=India orders inquiry into Gujarat spying allegations |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-25519314 |access-date=22 July 2025 |work=BBC News |date=26 December 2013}}</ref> The allegations were refuted and instead Sharma was accused of having doubtful personality traits.<ref>{{cite news|title=Suspended bureaucrat Pradeep Sharma's antics forced snooping on woman in Gujarat|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/snoopgate-controversy-narendra-modi-pradeep-sharma-gujarat-government-187351-2014-04-03}}</ref>

In April 2013, suspended IPS officer G.L. Singhl told [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] (CBI) that he was directed multiple times by Amit Shah to tail Pradeep Sharma.{{sfn|Jaffrelot|2024|page=130}} Singhl provided 267 clips of such conversations which show that the over-reaching surveillance was ordered and maintained by Amit Shah, the then home minister of Gujarat, on the female architect, her family and also the officer Sharma.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.outlookindia.com/national/no-ones-family-news-288625|title=No one's family|work=Outlook India}}</ref>

The accusations snowballed into a major controversy and embarrassment for the [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]], the current ruling party who had nominated Modi as prime ministerial candidate for [[2014 Indian general election]]s.{{sfn|Sardesai|2015|page=193}} The Gujarat State agencies submitted in court & the BJP leaders accepted in public that snooping did happen which they said was done on behest of girl's father and with her knowledge.<ref>{{cite news |title=Gujarat justifies 2009 snoopgate; opposes CBI probe |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/gujarat-justifies-2009-snoopgate-opposes-cbi-probe/article5867585.ece |access-date=22 July 2025 |work=The Hindu |date=3 April 2014 |language=en-IN}}</ref> S.K. Saikia, the then police commissioner of [[Ahemdabad]] said in an interview that if such surveillance was legal, he should have had some paperwork for it.<ref>{{cite news |title=All you need to know about Snoopgate |url= https://www.business-standard.com/article/politics/all-you-need-to-know-about-snoopgate-113112700241_1.html |access-date=22 July 2025 |agency=Business Standard}}</ref>

== Arrests and charges==
=== 2009 - First arrest ===

Pradeep sharma was first arrested on corruption charges by Gujarat police when he was Municipal commissioner, Bhavnagar but he later got bail.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/ED-arrests-suspended-IAS-officer-Pradip-Sharma/article14518479.ece|title=ED arrests suspended officer|work=The Hindu|year=2016}}</ref> He was suspended in 2010 on corruption charges.

=== 2014 ===
In August 2014, he filed a petition in Supreme Court for a CBI probe into cases against him but his application was rejected. He has been since slapped with multiple cases of corruption which his family allege are because of his allegations.<ref name="Wire">{{cite news|title=IAS Officer Being 'Taught a Lesson' for Taking on Modi, Says Family |url=https://thewire.in/politics/rights/ias-officer-being-taught-a-lesson-for-taking-on-modi-says-family|work=The Wire}}</ref>

He was arrested in October 2014 in a graft case by Anti-Corruption Bureau.<ref>{{cite news|title= Suspended IAS officer Pradeep Sharma held in graft case |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/suspended-ias-officer-pradeep-sharma-arrested-in-corruption-case/article6464759.ece}}</ref>

=== 2016—2018===
A case of money laundering was filed against him by [[Enforcement Directorate]] for and misusing his powers to allocate land to one M/S. Wellspun Company Ltd and to M/s Saw Pipes Ltd causing a loss of ₹1,20,30,824/- to the government. He was convicted of the crime on 08.01.2018 by an order passed by the Special Judge (PMLA), Ahmedabad, in PMLA Case No. 02 of 2016.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://indiankanoon.org/doc/28493992/|title= Pradeep Nirankarnath Sharma V. Directorate Of Enforcement And Anr|work=Vikram Nath|year=2025}}</ref> This was consequently appealed<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-18 |title=Money Laundering as a Continuing Offence: Clarifying the Scope of PMLA in Sharma v. Directorate of Enforcement |url=https://www.casemine.com/commentary/in/money-laundering-as-a-continuing-offence:-clarifying-the-scope-of-pmla-in-sharma-v.-directorate-of-enforcement/view |access-date= |website=www.casemine.com |language=en}}</ref> in upper courts and decided per below.

=== 2025 ===
He was sentenced to two five-year imprisonments in aforementioned cases, first one in January (by [[Ahemdabad]] sessions court) over allotment of land to Welspun Group at alleged loss of 1.2 crore to the government<ref>{{Cite news |last= |date=2025-01-21 |title=Former Gujarat IAS officer Pradeep Sharma gets five years in jail in 2004 corruption case |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/gujarat/former-gujarat-ias-officer-pradeep-sharma-gets-five-years-in-jail-in-2004-corruption-case/article69122147.ece |access-date= |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> and other in April (by Bhuj district court) over allotment of land to Saw Pipes Pvt Ltd in excess of legal limit of two hectares.<ref>{{cite news|title= Gujarat court sentences ex-IAS officer, three others to 5-year jail terms in land allotment case|work= The Hindu|date= 19 April 2025|url= https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/gujarat/gujarat-court-sentences-ex-ias-officer-three-others-to-5-year-jail-terms-in-land-allotment-case/article69468792.ece}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Sources ==
* {{cite book |first=Christophe|last=Jaffrelot|author-link=Christophe Jaffrelot|title=Gujarat Under Modi: Laboratory of Today's India |date=1 March 2024 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-779052-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Upr8EAAAQBAJ&pg=PT130|language=en|page=130}}
*{{cite book |last1=Patel |first1=Shirish |last2=Revi |first2=Aromar |title=Recovering from Earthquakes: Response, Reconstruction and Impact Mitigation in India |date=26 July 2012 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-51807-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oUSUtdwvK_sC&pg=PA200 |language=en|page=200}}
*{{cite book |last1=Sardesai |first1=Rajdeep |title=2014: The Election That Changed India |year=2015 |publisher=Penguin UK |isbn=978-81-8475-010-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IJBuBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT193|page=193 |language=en}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sharma, Pradeep Nirankarnath}}
[[Category:Indian Administrative Service officers convicted of crimes]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Timeline of the Narendra Modi premiership

2026-04-16T21:39:57Z

Cdpnkr: creating data - done

{{short description|None}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2016}}
{{Narendra Modi series}}
[[Narendra Modi]] has served as the [[Prime Minister of India]] since 2014. The following is a [[timeline]] of major events of his [[Premiership of Narendra Modi|premiership]] from his inauguration on 26 May 2014 till now.
{{TOC limit|3}}
[[File:The President, Smt. Droupadi Murmu administers the Oath of Office and Secrecy to the Prime Minister of India, Shri Narendra Modi during the swearing-in ceremony, at Rashtrapati Bhavan, in New Delhi on June 09, 2024 (5).jpg|thumb|Narendra Modi with President Droupadi Murmu administering the oath of his third term.|200px|right]]

== 2014 ==
=== May 2014 ===
*'''26 May''' – Modi Sworn in as the [[Prime Minister of India|prime minister of India]] at the [[Rashtrapati Bhavan, New Delhi|Rashtrapati Bhawan]], New Delhi.<ref name="DC">{{cite web |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140520/nation-current-affairs/article/will-narendra-modi-stake-claim-form-government-today |title=Narendra Modi to be sworn in as 15th Prime Minister of India on 26 May |newspaper=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |date=20 May 2014 |access-date=26 May 2014}}</ref>
*'''27 May''' – Modi held bilateral talks with each visiting [[head of state]]/[[head of government]] of eight [[SAARC]] nation plus [[Mauritius]] at [[Hyderabad House]], New Delhi. This event was dubbed as [[List of SAARC summits|mini SAARC summit]] in the media.

=== June 2014 ===
*'''15–16 June''' – Modi made his first foreign visit to Bhutan following an invitation by King [[Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck]] and Tobgay. The visit was called by the media as a "charm offensive" that would also seek to check Bhutan-China relations that had recently been formalised.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asiapacific/india-s-modi-heads-to/1160430.html |title=India's Modi heads to Bhutan to woo neighbours |work=Channel NewsAsia |date=4 June 2014 |access-date=15 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140616040725/http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asiapacific/india-s-modi-heads-to/1160430.html |archive-date=16 June 2014 }}</ref> He also sought to build business ties,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/pm-narendra-modi-arrives-to-a-grand-welcome-in-bhutan/article1-1229665.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140615135000/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/pm-narendra-modi-arrives-to-a-grand-welcome-in-bhutan/article1-1229665.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 June 2014 |title=India, Bhutan to enhance economic ties as PM Modi pitches for 'B2B' links |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=1 January 1980 |access-date=15 June 2014}}</ref> including a hydro-electric deal and inaugurated the India-funded [[Supreme Court of Bhutan]] building in [[Thimphu]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/modi-inaugurates-bhutan-s-supreme-court-building-114061500581_1.html |title=Modi inaugurates Bhutan's Supreme Court building |work=[[Business Standard]] |access-date=2014-06-15}}</ref> While talking about the visit, Modi said that Bhutan was a "natural choice" for his first foreign destination because of the "unique and [[Bhutan-India relations|special relationship]]" the two countries shared. He added that he was looking forward to nurture and further strengthen India's special relations with Bhutan. His entourage included Foreign Minister Sushma Swaraj, National Security Adviser [[Ajit Doval]] and Foreign Secretary Sujatha Singh.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/bhutan-rolls-out-the-red-carpet-for-prime-minister-narendra-modi-541836 |title=Bhutan Rolls Out the Red Carpet for Prime Minister Narendra Modi |work=NDTV |access-date=15 June 2014}}</ref> He was further set to discuss the [[insurgency in Northeast India]], and China.<ref>{{cite news|author=Rajeev Sharma |url=http://www.firstpost.com/world/ne-terror-china-whats-on-pm-modis-bhutan-trip-agenda-1571127.html |title=NE terror, China: What's on PM Modi's Bhutan trip agenda? |work=Firstpost |access-date=15 June 2014}}</ref>
*'''30 June''' – Modi went to the [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre]] (SHAR) in [[Sriharikota]], Andhra Pradesh to witness the launch of [[PSLV|PSLV C23]] carrying French satellite SPOT-7 along with other smaller foreign satellites. He also expressed his intention of funding a unique ''[[SAARC satellite]]'' for the use of all South Asian nations.

=== July 2014 ===

*'''13–16 July''' – In July 2014, he visited Brazil for his first multilateral visit, the [[6th BRICS summit]] was held at the north-eastern beach city of Fortaleza.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/brics-summit-to-be-modi-s-first-multilateral-meet-114070700041_1.html |title=BRICS summit to be Modi's first multilateral meet |author=Press Trust of India |work=[[Business Standard]]|date=7 July 2014 |access-date=28 July 2014}}</ref> In the [[Fortaleza]] summit the group have agreed to establish a financial institution rivaling the western dominated [[World Bank]] and [[IMF]], The bank would be named the [[New Development Bank]] as suggested by the Indian side but Modi government failed to bag the bank's headquarter for [[New Delhi]], which would be located in [[Shanghai]], China. Later the BRICS leader also attended an event in [[Brasília]] where they met the [[UNASUR]] heads of government. At the same time, the Ministry of External Affairs added Spanish to its list of available languages, which the ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' read as "indicative of the government's intent to go beyond Europe, Asia and the US to forge diplomatic and trade ties with Latin American nations."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/pm-narendra-modi-to-leave-for-brazil-tomorrow-for-brics-summit/article1-1239519.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140713100114/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/pm-narendra-modi-to-leave-for-brazil-tomorrow-for-brics-summit/article1-1239519.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 July 2014 |title=BRICS summit: PM Modi leaves for Brazil, also to meet Latin leaders |date= 12 July 2014 |access-date=28 July 2014 |work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> He travelled there via Germany.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/modi-causes-interpreter-crisis-for-external-affairs-ministry-114071200902_1.html?_ga=1.143976821.1702752175.1400080839 |title=Modi causes interpreter crisis for external affairs ministry |date=12 July 2014 |author=Archis Mohan |work=[[Business Standard]]|access-date=28 July 2014}}</ref>
* '''16 July''' – Modi met the [[Brazilian President]], [[Dilma Rousseff]] on the sidelines of the [[6th BRICS summit]] in [[Brasília]], Brazil, in July 2014.

=== August 2014 ===
*'''2 August -''' The [[Swachh Bharat Mission|Swachh Bharat]] campaign to eliminate open defecation is launched
*'''28 August -''' [[Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana]] was formally launched.<ref name="jan dhan">{{cite news|title=PM Modi launches Jan Dhan Yojana, 1.5 crore bank accounts opened|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/pm-modi-launches-jan-dhan-yojana-1-5-crore-bank-accounts-opened-114082800764_1.html|access-date=2 October 2014|work=[[Business Standard]]|date=28 August 2014}}</ref>

=== September 2014 ===
*'''1 to 2 September '''– Two day trip by Modi to [[Japan]]. He met [[Shinzō Abe|Shinzo Abe]] at [[Akasaka Palace]], in Tokyo, Japan.{{Sfn|PMO||p=1-2 September 2014}}
* '''5 September '''– Modi meets the Australian Prime Minister, [[Tony Abbott]] on his State Visit to India and holds talks on bilateral, regional and other important issues.
* '''8 September '''– PM visits [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]]; reviews situation in flood affected areas.
* '''10 September '''– Modi meets {{not a typo|Emeritus}} Senior Minister (ESM) of [[Singapore]], [[Goh Chok Tong]].
* '''11 September '''– Modi chairs a high-level meeting on Mission [[Swachh Bharat Abhiyan|Swacch Bharat]]; calls for making it a mass movement and linking it to economic activity.
* '''17 September '''– Modi and [[General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party]], [[Xi Jinping]] witness signing of 3 MoUs in [[Ahmedabad]], [[Gujarat]].
* '''19 September '''– Modi meets [[Bill Gates]] and [[Melinda Gates]].
* '''24 September '''– Modi was at the [[ISRO]] headquarter in Bangalore to witness the Martian orbit insertion of [[Mars Orbiter Mission]].{{Sfn|PMO||p=5 September 2014}}
* '''25 September '''– Modi unveils the global ‘[[Make in India]]’ initiative.
* '''26 September '''– Five day trip to US invited by [[Barack Obama]], included attending the [[sixty-ninth session of the United Nations General Assembly]] in New York.
* '''27 September '''– Modi addresses the [[United Nations General Assembly]].
* '''28 September '''– PM addresses Indian Community at [[Madison Square Garden]] in [[New York City|New York]]; announces sweeping changes in PIO and OCI schemes.
* '''29 September '''– Modi addresses the [[Council on Foreign Relations]] in New York City.
* '''30 September '''– Modi visits [[Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial|Martin Luther King Memorial]].

=== October 2014 ===

* '''2 October''' - Modi launches [[Swachh Bharat Mission]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Towards a Swachh Bharat |url=https://www.pmindia.gov.in/en/government_tr_rec/swachh-bharat-abhiyan-2/#:~:text=On%202nd%20October%202014%2C%20Swachh,a%20clean%20and%20hygienic%20India. |access-date=18 April 2024 |website=pmindia.gov.in}}</ref>
* '''3 October''' - First show of [[Mann Ki Baat]] is held.<ref>{{cite web |date=3 October 2014 |title=10 highlights from Prime Minister Narendra Modi's 'Mann Ki Baat' |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-10-highlights-from-prime-minister-narendra-modi-s-mann-ki-baat-2023254 |url-status=deviated |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109025131/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-10-highlights-from-prime-minister-narendra-modi-s-mann-ki-baat-2023254 |archive-date=9 January 2015 |access-date=31 January 2015 |work=dna}}</ref>

== 2015 ==

=== March 2015 ===

* '''23 March''' – Trip to Singapore.

==== April 2015 ====

* '''9 April''' – Trip to France.
* '''12 April''' – Trip to Germany.
* '''14 April''' – Trip to Canada.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/indian-pm-narendra-modis-visit-to-canada-stirs-emotions-in-local-diaspora/article23963448/ | title=Indian PM Narendra Modi's visit to Canada stirs emotions in local diaspora | date=14 April 2015 | access-date=19 April 2024 | author=Hume, Mark| website=[[The Globe and Mail]] }}</ref>

=== May 2015 ===
* '''9 May''' – Modi launches Jan Suraksha Schemes.{{Sfn|PMO||p=9 May 2015}}
* '''17 May''' – Trip to [[China]].
* '''18 May''' – Trip to [[Mongolia]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/in-21-pics-what-pm-narendra-modi-did-in-mongolia/story-MN9yXo6ZT2rGbudN42k9tI.html | title=In 21 pics: What PM Narendra Modi did in Mongolia | publisher=Hindustan Times | date=18 May 2015 | access-date=19 April 2024}}</ref>
* '''19 May''' – Trip to [[South Korea]].
* '''25 May''' – Modi addresses a rally in Mathura.
* '''26 May''' – Modi launches [[DD Kisan]].

=== June 2015 ===
* '''6 June''' - Trip to [[Bangladesh]]
* '''7 June''' - On behalf of [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]], PM Narendra Modi receives the Bangladesh Liberation War honour.
* '''9 June''' - Assesses healthcare initiatives.
* '''11 June''' – Bangladesh Liberation War Honour presented to Atal Bihari Vajpayee was handed over to family members by PM Narendra Modi.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Shandeep |first1=Shukla |title=Complete List of Schemes Launched by PM Narendra Modi |url=https://www.wiki.meramaal.com/2018/04/03/complete-list-schemes-launched-pm-narendra-modi/ |website=Meramaal |access-date=21 December 2018 |date=3 April 2018}}</ref>
* '''21 June''' – First [[International Day of Yoga|Yoga Day]] Celebrated, led by PM Narendra Modi in New Delhi. This gathering was held at Raj Path, New Delhi, India.{{Sfn|PMO||p=10 July 2015}}
*'''24 June''' - Launches [[Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana]] for providing houses for rural and urban low and mid income group.

=== July 2015 ===
* '''6 July''' – Trip to [[Uzbekistan]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/july-6-2015/pm-modi-in-uzbekistan/slideshow/47959763.cms | title=PM Modi in Uzbekistan | publisher=The Economic Times | date=6 July 2015 | access-date=24 April 2024}}</ref>
* '''8 July''' – Trip to [[Kazakhstan]].
* '''10 July''' – Trip to [[Russia]] to attend BRICS and SCO summit in Ufa, Russia.
* '''13 July''' - PM Narendra Modi's visit to Tajikistan.{{Sfn|PMO||p=13 July 2015}}

== 2016 ==

=== February 2016 ===

* '''28 February''' - Modi first talked of the target of [[doubling farmers' income]] at a farmer's rally in Uttar Pradesh.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Gulati|first1=Ashok|last2=Hussain|first2=Siraj|date=2017-08-28|title=From plate to plough: Tall tales for farmers|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/farmers-agriculture-doubling-farmers-income-dfi-cultivation-fdi-from-plate-to-plough-4816550/|access-date=2021-11-26|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>

=== May 2016 ===
*'''1 May -''' Launches [[Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana]] for providing free LPG connection to poor women.
*'''9 May''' - [[Pradhan Mantri Jeevan Jyoti Bima Yojana]] launched by Modi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vishwanathan |first=Vivina |date=2015-05-08 |title=Banks advertise Pradhan Mantri Bima Yojana ahead of the roll out |url=https://www.livemint.com/Money/n6uNxsGr1kytGMNBXklVTI/Banks-advertise-Pradhan-Mantri-Bima-Yojana-ahead-of-the-roll.html |access-date=2024-04-19 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref>

=== November 2016 ===
* '''8 November –''' Announcement of [[2016 Indian banknote demonetisation|demonetization of Indian currency]] denominations of Rs 500 and 1000.{{Sfn|PMO||p=8 November 2016}}

== 2017 ==

=== August 2017 ===
* The BJP Government formulated the [[The Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Marriage) Bill, 2017|Triple talaq Ban]] after 100 cases of instant triple talaq in the country since the Supreme Court judgement in August 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|date=Dec 28, 2017|title=Ravi Shankar Prasad: '100 cases of instant triple talaq in the country since the SC judgement' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/66-cases-of-triple-talaq-in-the-country-since-the-sc-judgement-law-minister/articleshow/62279519.cms|access-date=2021-01-13|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

=== December 2017 ===
*'''25 December''' - Modi inaugurates Delhi Metro's magenta line, addresses public meeting in Noida
*'''28 December''' – Lok Sabha passed [[The Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Marriage) Bill, 2017]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/lok-sabha-passes-the-triple-talaq-bill/article22319663.ece|title=Lok Sabha passes triple talaq bill|newspaper=The Hindu|date=28 December 2017|last1=Phukan|first1=Sandeep}}</ref> The bill make instant triple talaq (talaq-e-biddah) in any form – spoken, in writing or by electronic means such as email, SMS and WhatsApp illegal and void, with up to three years in jail for the husband. MPs from RJD, AIMIM, BJD, AIADMK and AIML{{clarify|what do these abbreviations mean?|date=January 2018}} opposed the bill, calling it arbitrary in nature and a faulty proposal, while Congress supported the Bill tabled in Lok Sabha by law minister [[Ravi Shankar Prasad]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-12-28|title=Congress' backing of triple talaq bill indicates it's gradually withdrawing from Muslim appeasement politics |url=https://www.firstpost.com/politics/congress-backing-of-triple-talaq-bill-indicates-its-gradually-withdrawing-from-muslim-appeasement-politics-4279223.html|access-date=2021-01-13|website=Firstpost}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Congress backs triple talaq bill, Khurshid strikes discordant note|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/congress-backs-triple-talaq-bill-khurshid-strikes-discordant-note/articleshow/62283011.cms|access-date=2021-01-13}}</ref> 19 amendments were moved in Lok Sabha but all were rejected.

== 2018 ==
===October 2018===
* '''31 October 2018''' - The world's tallest statue, the [[Statue of Unity]], was inaugurated by Modi.

=== November 2018 ===

* '''25 November''' – 50th edition of [[Mann Ki Baat]] held.<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 24, 2018 |title=As Mann Ki Baat Turns 50, A Look Back At What PM Modi Spoke About Earlier |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/as-mann-ki-baat-turns-50-a-look-back-at-what-pm-modi-spoke-about-earlier-1952593 |access-date=2024-04-18 |website=NDTV.com |agency=PTI}}</ref>

== 2019 ==

=== January 2019 ===
*'''3 January''' – Modi attended 106th Science Congress.
*'''8 January''' – India's lower house of parliament approves a bill that would grant residency and citizenship rights to non-Muslim immigrants Hindus, Sikhs, Buddhists, Jains, Parsis and Christians from three Muslim-majority countries - Bangladesh, Pakistan and Afghanistan - eligible for Indian citizenship. the Bill excludes Muslims.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/01/india-house-passes-citizenship-bill-excludes-muslims-190108145755215.html|title=India's lower house passes citizenship bill that excludes Muslims|website=Al Jazeera|access-date=1 June 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/citizenship-bill-hinduisation-india-190110141421871.html|title=The new citizenship bill and the Hinduisation of India|author=Apoorvanand|website=Al Jazeera|access-date=1 June 2019}}</ref>

=== February 2019 ===
*'''3 February''' - Modi launches multiple development projects in Srinagar. Modi lays foundation stone and inaugurates development projects in Jammu. Modi lays foundation stone and inaugurates development projects in Leh
*'''11 February''' - Modi takes part in the 3 billionth meal of Akshaya Patra mid-day meal programme in Vrindavan
*'''14 February''' – Pulwama suicide attack resulting in death of 40 CRPF personnel while Narendra Modi was shooting for Discovery in Jim Corbett National park.
*'''26 February''' – Authorizes air strike on Balakot terrorist camp in [[Pakistan]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-47366718 | title=Balakot: Indian air strikes target militants in Pakistan | publisher=BBC | date=26 February 2019 | access-date=24 April 2024}}</ref>
*'''29 February''' – Inaugurates the [[National War Memorial (India)|National War memorial]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=PM Narendra Modi inaugurates the National War Memorial|work=[[The Economic Times]]|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/pm-narendra-modi-inaugurates-the-national-war-memorial/articleshow/68154036.cms|access-date=2021-01-13}}</ref>

=== May 2019 ===
*'''23 May''' – Wins for the second time as Member of Parliament from the city of [[Varanasi]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/varanasi-election-result-2019-varansi-lok-sabha-result-updates-congress-bjp-sp-bsp-narendra-modi-ajai-rai-leading-trailing/420614|title=Varanasi Election Result 2019 - PM Modi wins Lok Sabha election by margin of 4,79,505 votes|website=www.timesnownews.com|date=23 May 2019 |access-date=1 June 2019}}</ref>
*'''30 May''' – Sworn in for the second time as the 15th [[Prime Minister of India]] at the [[Rashtrapati Bhavan, New Delhi|Rashtrapati Bhawan]], New Delhi.

=== June 2019 ===
*'''21 June''' – The government introduced a fresh [[The Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Marriage) Bill, 2019]] bill in the Lok Sabha on 21 June 2019.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Fresh triple talaq bill introduced in Lok Sabha, Opposition members protest|work=[[The Economic Times]]|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/fresh-triple-talaq-bill-introduced-in-lok-sabha-oppositon-members-protest/articleshow/69891244.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2021-01-13}}</ref><ref name="Official-2019-Bill-from-Loksabha-Website">{{Cite web|url=http://164.100.47.4/BillsTexts/LSBillTexts/PassedLoksabha/82_Eng_Muslim_2019.pdf|title=THE MUSLIM WOMEN (PROTECTION OF RIGHTS ON MARRIAGE)BILL, 2019|website=Lok Sabha India Website|access-date=2019-07-30}}</ref>

=== July 2019 ===
*'''25-30 July''' – [[The Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Marriage) Bill, 2019]] bill which will ban Triple talaq was passed by [[Lok Sabha]] on 25 July 2019<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/lok-sabha-passes-triple-talaq-bill-over-to-rajya-sabha-now/articleshow/70381627.cms|title=Lok Sabha passes instant triple talaq bill|website=Economic Times|access-date=2019-07-26}}</ref> and then by [[Rajya Sabha]] on 30 July 2019,<ref>{{Cite magazine|date=July 31, 2019|title=History made, triple talaq bill passed by Parliament|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/triple-talaq-bill-passed-in-rajya-sabha-1575309-2019-07-30|access-date=2021-01-13|magazine=[[India Today]]|language=en}}</ref> and received the presidential assent soon thereafter. The bill stands to be retrospectively effective from 19 September 2018.

=== August 2019 ===
*'''5 August''' – Home Minister [[Amit Shah]] moved a presidential resolution to scrap [[Article 370 of the Constitution of India|Article 370]] in the Rajya Sabha,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/kashmir-unrest-amit-shah-parliament-reservation-bill-amendment-artcle-370-1577275-2019-08-05|title=No Article 370 for Jammu & Kashmir, historic move by Modi govt|newspaper=India Today|language=en|access-date=2019-08-05|agency=Ist}}</ref> and also a bill to [[Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019|reorganize the state]], creating the new union territories of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] and [[Ladakh]].<ref>{{Cite web|author= |date=2019-08-05|title=Full state status will be restored to J&K at appropriate time: Amit Shah in RS|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/full-state-status-will-be-restored-to-j-k-at-appropriate-time-amit-shah-in-rs-1564981600854.html|access-date=2021-01-13|website=[[Mint (newspaper)|mint]]|language=en}}</ref> The Jammu and Kashmir reorganisation act became effective from 31 October 2019.

=== November 2019 ===
*'''9 November''' – India's Supreme Court [[2019 Supreme Court verdict on Ayodhya dispute|rules]] to hand over the [[Demolition of the Babri Masjid|disputed site]] (2.77 acres) to a government-created trust to build the [[Ram Janmabhoomi]] temple, it also ruled to the government to provide an alternate 5 acres of land to the [[Sunni Waqf Board]] to build a mosque.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Hannah Ellis-Petersen|date=2019-11-09|title=Ayodhya: India's top court gives Hindus site claimed by Muslims|language=en-GB|work=The Observer|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/nov/09/ayodhya-verdict-hindus-win-possession-of-site-disputed-by-muslims|access-date=2021-01-13|issn=0029-7712}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=India: Court rules in favor of Hindus over Ayodhya temple-mosque dispute|url=https://www.dw.com/en/india-court-rules-in-favor-of-hindus-over-ayodhya-temple-mosque-dispute/a-51177838|access-date=2021-01-13|website=Deutsche Welle|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2019-11-09|title=Ayodhya verdict: Indian top court gives holy site to Hindus|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-50355775|access-date=2021-01-13}}</ref>

=== December 2019 ===
*'''11 December''' – Rajya Sabha passes the [[Citizenship Amendment Bill]], providing a path to Indian citizenship for refugees from Pakistan, Bangladesh and Afghanistan who are the religious minorities (Hindus, Sikhs, Buddhists, Jains, Parsis and Christians) in the three countries and who came to India before 31 December 2014. The law also reduced the naturalization period for the listed religious minorities from these countries from 11 years to 5 years.<ref>{{Cite news|agency=Press Trust of India|date=2019-12-11|title=Rajya Sabha passes Citizenship Amendment Bill with 125 votes in favour|work=[[Business Standard|Business Standard India]]|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/rajya-sabha-passes-citizenship-amendment-bill-119121101468_1.html|access-date=2021-01-13}}</ref>

== 2020 ==

=== May 2020 ===
*'''12 May''' – Prime Minister announced an economic stimulus package of 20 trillion rupees, which is equivalent to 10% of India's gross domestic product, during the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>{{cite news |url =https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-52640807|title =Coronavirus: India announces $264bn economic rescue package|publisher =BBC|quote =India has announced a 20 trillion rupee ($264bn; £216bn) economic package to help the country cope with its prolonged coronavirus lockdown.|location =India|date =13 May 2020|website =bbc.com|access-date =13 May 2020}}</ref>
*'''15 May''' – Prime Minister gave the clarification and motto of [[Atmanirbhar Bharat]] to strong economy of the nation.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-05-12|title=What is 'Atmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyan' announced by PM Modi|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/atmanirbhar-bharat-abhiyan-pm-modi-economic-package-6406850/|access-date=2021-01-13|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>
*'''22 May''' – Prime Minister made project to counter the [[Amphan]] cyclone in [[West Bengal]] and Orissa and also visited the affected areas.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-05-21|title=PM Modi in Bengal, Odisha today in wake of cyclone Amphan; to hold review meetings|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/pm-modi-to-visit-bengal-in-the-aftermath-of-cyclone-amphan-accepts-cm-mamata-s-request/story-p7YjD7Z704ZL7PT8NqguCM.html|access-date=2021-01-13|website=[[Hindustan Times]]|language=en}}</ref>

=== June 2020 ===

*'''16 June''' – Modi held virtual meeting with [[Chief minister (India)|Chief ministers of all states]] regarding the [[COVID-19 lockdown in India|Unlock-1 in India]].{{Sfn|PMO||p=16 June 2020}}
*'''18 June''' – Modi launches auction process of 41 coal blocks for commercial mining.{{Sfn|PMO||p=[https://www.narendramodi.in/prime-minister-narendra-modi-addresses-launching-of-auctioning-of-41-coal-mines-for-commercial-mining-550225 18 June 2020]}}
*'''19 June''' – Modi held meeting regarding [[India China border|India-China border dispute]].{{Sfn|PMO||p=19 June 2020}}

=== July 2020 ===

* '''3 July''' – Prime Minister visits to [[Nimu|Nimu, Ladakh]] to see border situation.{{Sfn|PMO||p=3 July 2020}}
*'''17 July''' - Modi delivers keynote address at [[United Nations Economic and Social Council]] session.
*'''22 July''' - Modi attends the India Ideas Summit.
*'''23 July''' - Modi lays foundation stone for Manipur Water Supply Project via video conferencing.
*'''27 July''' - Modi launches High Throughput COVID testing facilities at Kolkata, Mumbai and Noida.
* '''30 July''' – Prime Minister along with [[Prime Minister of Mauritius|Mauritius prime minister]], [[Pravind Jugnauth]] inaugurates new parliament building of [[Mauritius]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=Jul 30, 2020 |title=Mauritius Supreme Court: PM Modi inaugurates Mauritius Supreme Court building: Key points |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/pm-modi-inaugurates-mauritius-supreme-court-building-key-points/articleshow/77255662.cms |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

=== August 2020 ===

* '''1 August''' – Modi addresses Grand Finale of Smart India Hackathon 2020.{{Sfn|PMO||p=1 August 2020}}
* '''14 August''' – Modi becomes the longest-serving non-[[Indian National Congress|Congress]] Prime Minister.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/modi-becomes-longest-serving-non-congress-pm-of-india/articleshow/77525505.cms|title=PM Modi adds one more feat to his list of achievements|website=[[The Economic Times]]|date=13 August 2020 }}</ref>
* '''5 August''' – Modi prays at [[Hanuman Garhi Temple]] in [[Ayodhya]],<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-07-30|title=Not Just Ram Mandir, Why August 5 is a Significant Date for Independent India|url=https://www.news18.com/news/opinion/not-just-ram-mandir-why-august-5-is-a-significant-date-for-independent-india-2744437.html|access-date=2021-01-14|website=[[News18]]|language=en}}</ref> and then held the bhoomipoojan in [[Ram Mandir, Ayodhya|Ram Mandir in Ayodhya]].<ref>{{Cite web |title='Ramarchan puja' begins ahead of 'bhoomi pujan' in Ayodhya |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/video-ramarchan-puja-begins-ahead-of-bhoomi-pujan-in-ayodhya-2835952 |access-date=2021-01-14 |website=[[Zee News|DNA India]] |language=en}}</ref>

=== September 2020 ===

* '''20 September''' – The [[Rajya Sabha]] approved [[2020 Indian agriculture acts|three farm reform bills]].<ref name=":8">{{Cite web|title=Parliament passes The Farmers' Produce Trade and Commerce (Promotion and Facilitation) Bill, 2020 and The Farmers (Empowerment and Protection) Agreement and Farm Services Bill, 2020|url=http://pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1656929|access-date=21 December 2020|website=pib.gov.in}}</ref>
* '''27 September''' – The President of India, [[Ram Nath Kovind]] gave his assent on the approved [[2020 Indian agriculture acts|three farm reform bills]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=27 September 2020|title=President Kovind gives his assent for 3 farm bills passed by Parliament|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/president-kovind-gives-his-assent-for-three-farm-bills-passed-by-parliament-11601210482225.html|access-date=6 October 2020|website=mint|language=en}}</ref>

=== October 2020 ===

* '''3 October''' - Modi inaugurates [[Atal Tunnel]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-10-03 |editor-last=Kumar |editor-first=Ravi Prakash |title=PM Modi inaugurates Atal Tunnel in Rohtang. 5 facts about engineering marvel |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/atal-tunnel-to-be-inaugurated-today-by-pm-modi-5-facts-about-engineering-marvel-11601689838516.html |access-date=2024-04-19 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref>

=== December 2020 ===

* '''12 December''' - Modi delivers inaugural address at FICCI's 93rd Annual General Meeting.<ref>{{Cite press release |date=2020-12-12 |title=PM Modi delivers keynote address at 93rd Annual General Meeting of FICCI |url=https://www.narendramodi.in/prime-minister-narendra-modi-s-keynote-address-at-93rd-annual-general-meeting-of-ficci-552820 |access-date=2024-02-18 |website=Narendra Modi}}</ref>
*'''15 December''' - Modi lays foundation stone of multiple development initiatives in [[Kutch district|Kutch]].<ref>{{Cite press release |date=2020-12-15 |title=PM Modi lays foundation stone of multiple development initiatives in Kutch |url=https://www.narendramodi.in/prime-minister-narendra-modi-lays-foundation-stone-of-multiple-development-projects-in-kutch-gujarat-552857 |website=Narendra Modi}}</ref>
*'''17 December''' - Modi, [[Bangladesh]] PM hold virtual bilateral meeting.<ref>{{Cite press release |date=2020-12-17 |title=PM Modi, Bangladesh PM hold virtual bilateral meeting |url=https://www.narendramodi.in/prime-minister-narendra-modi-pm-sheikh-hasina-hold-india-bangladesh-virtual-bilateral-summit-552886 |website=Narendra Modi}}</ref>
*'''18 December''' - Modi addresses Kisan Sammelan held in [[Madhya Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite press release |date=2020-12-18 |title=There is no reason for mistrust in the recent agricultural reforms: PM Modi |url=https://www.narendramodi.in/prime-minister-narendra-modis-address-at-kisan-sammelan-held-across-madhya-pradesh-via-video-conferencing-552904 |website=Narendra Modi}}</ref>
*'''21 December''' - Modi holds Virtual Summit with PM [[Nguyễn Xuân Phúc|Nguyen Xuan Phuc]] of [[Vietnam]].<ref>{{Cite press release |date=2020-12-21 |title=India-Vietnam Leaders' Virtual Summit |url=https://www.narendramodi.in/prime-minister-narendra-modi-pm-nguyen-xuan-phuc-hold-india-vietnam-virtual-bilateral-summit-552952 |website=Narendra Modi}}</ref>
*'''22 December''' - Modi awarded the [[Legion of Merit]] by the [[United States|United States of America]].<ref>{{Cite press release |date=2020-12-22 |title=Recognition for increasing consensus on Indo- US Strategic Partnership, says PM on accepting Legion of Merit Award from US |url=https://www.narendramodi.in/recognition-for-increasing-consensus-on-indo-us-strategic-partnership-says-pm-on-accepting-legion-of-merit-award-from-us-552974 |website=Narendra Modi}}</ref> Modi addresses Centenary Celebrations of [[Aligarh Muslim University]].<ref>{{Cite press release |date=2020-12-22 |title=PM Modi addresses centenary celebrations of Aligarh Muslim University |url=https://www.narendramodi.in/prime-minister-narendra-modi-addresses-centenary-celebrations-of-aligarh-muslim-university-552966 |website=Narendra Modi}}</ref>
*'''24 December''' - Modi addresses centenary celebrations of [[Visva-Bharati University|Visva Bharati University]], [[Shantiniketan]].<ref>{{Cite press release |date=2020-12-24 |title=PM Modi addresses centenary celebrations of Visva Bharati University |url=https://www.narendramodi.in/prime-minister-narendra-modi-addresses-centenary-celebrations-of-visva-bharati-university-552995 |website=Narendra Modi}}</ref>
*'''25 December''' - Modi releases installment of financial benefit under [[Pradhan Mantri Kisan Samman Nidhi|PM Kisan Samman Nidhi]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sahu |first=Priyanka |date=2021-08-09 |title=pm modee ne kisaanon ke khaaton mein hastaantarit kee karodon rupe kee raashi |script-title=hi:PM मोदी ने किसानों के खातों में हस्तांतरित की करोड़ों रुपए की राशि |trans-title=PM Modi releases installment of financial benefit under PM Kisan Samman Nidhi |url=https://www.rajexpress.co/india/pm-modi-releases-instalment-of-financial-benefit-under-pm-kisan-samman-nidhi |access-date=2024-02-18 |website=Raj Express}}</ref>
* '''28 December''' - Modi flags off 100th Kisan Rail from [[Maharashtra]] to [[West Bengal]].<ref>{{Cite press release |date=2020-12-28 |title=PM Modi flags off 100th Kisan Rail from Maharashtra to West Bengal |url=https://www.narendramodi.in/prime-minister-narendra-modi-flags-of-100th-kisan-rail-from-maharashtra-to-west-bengal-553114 |website=Narendra Modi}}</ref>
* '''29 December''' - Modi inaugurates New Bhaupur-New Khurja section of [[Eastern Dedicated Freight Corridor]].<ref>{{Cite press release |date=2020-12-29 |title=PM Modi inaugurates New Bhaupur-New Khurja section of Eastern Dedicated Freight Corridor |url=https://www.narendramodi.in/prime-minister-narendra-modi-inaugurates-new-bhaupur-new-khurja-section-of-eastern-dedicated-freight-corridor-553124 |work=Narendra Modi}}</ref>
* '''31 December''' - Modi lays Foundation Stone of [[All India Institutes of Medical Sciences|AIIMS]] at [[Rajkot]].<ref>{{Cite press release |date=2020-12-31 |title=PM Modi lays Foundation Stone of AIIMS at Rajkot |url=https://www.narendramodi.in/pm-modi-lays-foundation-stone-of-aiims-rajkot-gujarat-31st-dec-twenty-twenty-553154 |website=Narendra Modi}}</ref>

== 2021 ==

=== January 2021 ===

* '''1 January''' - Modi lays foundation stone of Light House projects (LHPs) across six states.<ref>{{Cite press release|title=PM Modi lays foundation stone of Light House projects (LHPs) across six states |date=2021-01-01 |url=https://www.narendramodi.in/prime-minister-narendra-modi-lays-foundation-stone-of-light-house-projects-under-ghtc-india-553168 |website=Narendra Modi}}</ref>
* '''2 January''' - Modi lays foundation stone of the permanent campus of [[Indian Institute of Management Sambalpur|IIM Sambalpur]] in [[Odisha]].<ref>{{multiref |{{Cite press release |title=PM Modi lays foundation stone of the permanent campus of IIM Sambalpur in Odisha|url=https://www.narendramodi.in/pm-modi-lays-foundation-stone-of-the-permanent-campus-of-iim-sambalpur-in-odisha-553178 |date=2021-01-02 |website=Narendra Modi}}|{{Cite news|last=Chaturvedi|first=Megha|date=January 2, 2021 |title=PM Narendra Modi lays foundation stone for permanent campus of IIM Sambalpur|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/news/story/pm-narendra-modi-lays-foundation-stone-for-permanent-campus-of-iim-sambalpur-1755235-2021-01-02|access-date=2021-08-26|work=[[India Today]]|publisher=[[Living Media]]|language=en}}|{{Cite news|last=Singh|first=Prashasti|date=2021-01-02|title='Come up with ways to turn local into global': PM Modi lays foundation stone of IIM Sambalpur|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/pm-modi-lays-foundation-stone-of-permanent-campus-of-iim-sambalpur-in-odisha/story-gYvtQDHiwxP91G5NOwHWXM.html|access-date=2021-08-26|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|language=en}}|{{Cite news|last=Bakshi|first=Upasana|date=2021-01-02|title=Modi lays foundation stone of Sambalpur IIM campus in Odisha|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/modi-lays-foundation-stone-of-sambalpur-iim-campus-in-odisha/702071|access-date=2021-08-26|work=[[Times Now]]|language=en}}|{{Cite news|last=Madhukalya|first=Anwesha|date=2021-01-02|title=PM Modi lays foundation stone of IIM-Sambalpur; urges IIMs to come up with ways to turn local into global|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/economy-politics/story/pm-modi-lays-foundation-stone-of-iim-sambalpur-urges-iims-to-come-up-with-ways-to-turn-local-into-global-283304-2021-01-02|access-date=2021-08-26|work=[[Business Today (India)|Business Today]]|language=en}}|{{Cite news|last=Sharma|first=Kritika|date=2021-01-02|title=IIM Sambalpur to get permanent campus after five years as PM lays foundation stone|url=https://theprint.in/india/iim-sambalpur-to-get-permanent-campus-after-five-years-as-pm-lays-foundation-stone/578161/|work=[[ThePrint|The Print]]|access-date=2021-08-26}}}}</ref>

=== February 2021 ===
* '''14 February''' - Modi launched five developmental projects in Kerala, projects worth crores in Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{Cite news|title=PM launches five developmental projects in Kerala, several crores worth projects in Tamil Nadu|website=[[The Hindu]] |date=14 February 2021 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/pm-narendra-modi-in-chennai-tamil-nadu-kochi-kerala-february-14-2021/article33834154.ece}}</ref>
* '''18 February''' - Modi inaugurates road projects worth Rs 7,700 crore in Assam.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pmindia.gov.in/en/news_updates/pm-launches-mahabahu-brahmaputra-and-lays-foundation-stone-of-two-bridges-in-assam|title=PM launches 'Mahabahu-Brahmaputra' and lays foundation stone of two bridges in Assam}}</ref>

=== March 2021 ===
* '''9 March''' - PM virtually inaugurated the India-Bangladesh Friendship Bridge ([[Maitri Setu]]).<ref>{{Cite news|title=Modi inaugurates 'Maitri Setu' between India and Bangladesh|website=[[The Hindu]] |date=9 March 2021 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/pm-modi-inaugurates-maitri-setu-between-india-and-bangladesh/article34026410.ece |last1=Ali |first1=Syed Sajjad }}</ref>
* '''9 March''' - Modi lays the foundation stone for 8 infrastructure projects together worth ₹ 3,518 crore.
* '''15 March''' - Modi held a video-conference meeting of all chief ministers in response to the recent spike of COVID-19 cases across India.<ref>{{Cite web|title=PM Modi calls meeting of all chief ministers on March 17 over surge in Covid cases|date=15 March 2021 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/coronavirus-outbreak/story/pm-modi-meeting-chief-ministers-all-state-march-17-covid-coronavirus-situation-1779665-2021-03-15}}</ref>

=== April 2021 ===
* '''7 April''' - Modi held his annual interaction with students ''[[Pariksha Pe Charcha]].''
* '''11 April''' - Modi launches [[Tika Utsav]] (Vaccine Festival) emphasizing on testing and awareness and urged every eligible person to get vaccinated.<ref>{{Cite news|title= 'Tika Utsav' is start of second big war against virus: Modi| website=[[The Hindu]] | date=11 April 2021 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tika-utsav-beginning-of-second-big-war-on-covid-19-pm-modi/article34294513.ece=live}}</ref>

== 2022 ==

=== May 2022 ===

* '''2 May''' - Official visit to Germany.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=April 27, 2022 |title=Prime Minister's visit to Germany, Denmark and France |url=https://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/35235/Prime_Ministers_visit_to_Germany_Denmark_and_France |access-date=19 April 2024 |website=Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India}}</ref>
* '''3 May''' - Working visit to Denmark.<ref name=":2" />
* '''4 May''' - Trip to France.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Embassy of India, France & Principality of Monaco : Hon'ble Prime Minister visit to France in May 2022 |url=https://www.eoiparis.gov.in/page/hon-ble-prime-minister-visit-to-france-in-may-2022/ |access-date=2024-04-19 |website=www.eoiparis.gov.in}}</ref>
* '''16 May''' - Fifth trip to Nepal.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Ghimire |first1=Bipin |last2=Pathak |first2=Apoorva |date=25 May 2022 |title=What Lies Behind Modi's Nepal Visit? |url=https://thediplomat.com/2022/05/what-lies-behind-modis-nepal-visit/ |access-date=2024-04-19 |website=thediplomat.com |language=en-US}}</ref>
* '''23 May''' - Trip to Japan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=PM's Visit to Japan for Quad Leaders' Summit (May 23-25, 2022) |url=https://www.pmindia.gov.in/en/news_updates/pms-visit-to-japan-for-quad-leaders-summit-may-23-25-2022/ |access-date=19 April 2024 |website=pmindia.gov.in}}</ref>

=== June 2022 ===

* '''26 June''' - Trip to Germany.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Visit of Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi to Germany and UAE (June 26-28, 2022) |url=https://www.mea.gov.in/outgoing-visit-info.htm?2/1366#:~:text=for%20this%20page-,Visit%20of%20Prime%20Minister%20Shri%20Narendra%20Modi%20to%20Germany%20and,June%2026%2D28%2C%202022) |access-date=19 April 2024 |website=Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India}}</ref>
* '''28 June''' - Trip to UAE.

=== September 2022 ===

* '''15 September''' - Trip to [[Uzbekistan]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-15 |title=SCO Summit 2022: Economic significance of PM Modi's visit. Check 5 points here |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/sco-summit-2022-economic-significance-of-prime-minister-narendra-modi-s-visit-check-5-points-here-11663202029699.html |access-date=2024-04-19 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref>
* '''27 September''' - Trip to Japan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 27, 2022 |title=Japan-India Summit Meeting |url=https://www.mofa.go.jp/s_sa/sw/in/page1e_000486.html |access-date=19 April 2024 |website=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan}}</ref>

=== November 2022 ===

* '''15 November''' - Trip to Indonesia for [[G-20 summit]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=PM Modi To Visit Indonesia From November 14–16 To Attend G-20 Summit |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/pm-modi-to-visit-indonesia-from-november-14-16-to-attend-g-20-summit-3508544 |access-date=2024-04-19 |website=NDTV.com |agency=PTI}}</ref>

== 2023 ==

=== April 2023 ===

* '''30 April''' - 100th episode of [[Mann Ki Baat]] is aired.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-30 |title=100 episodes of Mann Ki Baat: 'A truly special journey,' tweets PM Modi ahead of broadcast |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/mann-ki-baat-100-episodes-live-updates-pm-narendra-modi-101682826846413.html |access-date=2024-04-19 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

=== May 2023 ===

* '''19 May''' - Modi visits Japan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 May 2023 |title=Prime Minister's meeting with Prime Minister of Japan |url=https://pib.gov.in/pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1925683 |access-date=2024-04-18 |website=pib.gov.in}}</ref>
* '''21 May''' - Modi visits [[Papua New Guinea]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 May 2023 |title=PM arrives in Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea |url=https://pib.gov.in/pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1926143 |access-date=2024-04-18 |website=pib.gov.in}}</ref>
* '''22 May''' - Modi visits Australia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=High Commission of India, Canberra, Australia : Press Releases |url=https://www.hcicanberra.gov.in/news_letter_detail/?id=103 |access-date=2024-04-18 |website=www.hcicanberra.gov.in}}</ref>
* '''28 May''' - [[Parliament House, New Delhi|New parliament building of]] was inaugurated by Modi.<ref>{{Cite news |agency=PTI |date=2023-05-26 |title=New Parliament building will make every Indian proud, says PM Modi |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/new-parliament-building-will-make-every-indian-proud-says-pm-modi/article66896965.ece |access-date=2023-12-15 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

===June 2023===
* '''20 June''' - Modi is on a state visit to the United Nations at United States of America.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=June 16, 2023 |title=Prime Minister's visit to USA and Egypt |url=https://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/36683/Prime_Ministers_visit_to_USA_and_Egypt#:~:text=Prime%20Minister%20will%20subsequently%20travel,is%20at%20invitation%20of%20H.E. |website=Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India}}</ref>
* '''25 June''' - Modi visits Egypt.<ref name=":1" />
'''July 2023'''
* '''13 July''' - PM is on an official visit to France.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=12 July 2023 |title=Prime Minister's visit to France and UAE (July 13-15, 2023) |url=https://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/36780/Prime_Ministers_visit_to_France_and_UAE_July_1315_2023#:~:text=Prime%20Minister%20will%20visit%20Paris,forces%20contingent%20would%20be%20participating. |website=Ministry of External Affairs, India}}</ref>
* '''15 July''' - PM visits UAE.<ref name=":0" />

=== August 2023 ===

* '''25 August''' - Trip to Greece.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-08-25/india-greece-pledge-closer-ties-after-rare-meeting-of-premiers | title=India, Greece Pledge Closer Ties After Rare Meeting of Premiers | date=25 August 2023 | access-date=19 April 2024 | author=Tugwell, Paul| website=[[Bloomberg News]] }}</ref>

'''September 2023'''

* '''5 September''' - Trip to Indonesia.
* '''9-10 September''' - The eighteenth meeting of [[G20]] (Group of Twenty) was held in [[Bharat Mandapam]], [[Delhi]] on 9–10 September 2023. It was the first G20 summit held in [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-07 |title=G20 Summit 2023 Delhi LIVE update: PM Modi finalises agreements with Joe Biden |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/g20-summit-2023-delhi-live-updates-dates-countries-to-participating-leaders-all-that-you-should-you-know-11694049208072.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230908114813/https://www.livemint.com/news/india/g20-summit-2023-delhi-live-updates-dates-countries-to-participating-leaders-all-that-you-should-you-know-11694049208072.html |archive-date=8 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-08 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref>{{refn|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-11-23|title=India to host G20 Summit in 2023, year after 2022 meeting in Indonesia: Grouping's declaration|url=https://www.firstpost.com/world/india-to-host-g20-summit-in-2023-year-after-2022-meeting-in-indonesia-groupings-declaration-9042481.html|access-date=2021-03-14|website=Firstpost|archive-date=23 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201123033338/https://www.firstpost.com/world/india-to-host-g20-summit-in-2023-year-after-2022-meeting-in-indonesia-groupings-declaration-9042481.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=India to host G20 Summit in 2023|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/india-to-host-g20-summit-in-2023-groupings-declaration/article33156506.ece|access-date=2021-06-02|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=22 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221222191127/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/india-to-host-g20-summit-in-2023-groupings-declaration/article33156506.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=India's G-20 Summit Will Now Be in 2023, a Year Later Than Planned|url=https://thewire.in/diplomacy/indias-g20-summit-postponed-2023|access-date=2021-06-02|website=thewire.in|archive-date=23 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201123053044/https://thewire.in/diplomacy/indias-g20-summit-postponed-2023|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-11-23|title=Indonesia to Host G20 Summit in 2022|url=https://setkab.go.id/en/indonesia-to-host-g20-summit-in-2022/|access-date=2021-06-02|website=Sekretariat Kabinet Republik Indonesia|archive-date=25 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201125100031/https://setkab.go.id/en/indonesia-to-host-g20-summit-in-2022/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Indonesia Leading 2022 G20 Summit|url=https://indonesiaexpat.id/news/indonesia-leading-2022-g20-summit/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-06-02|website=indonesiaexpat-id.cdn.ampproject.org|date=24 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118234943/https://indonesiaexpat.id/news/indonesia-leading-2022-g20-summit/|archive-date=18 January 2021}}</ref>}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-10 |title=As Delhi G20 Summit ends, PM Modi hands over group presidency to Brazil |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/g20-summit-ends-pm-modi-presidency-brazil-8933223/ |access-date=2023-09-10 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
* '''19 September''' - The [[Parliament House, New Delhi|New Parliament House]] was first used for official business on this during a Parliamentary Special Session.<ref>{{cite news |title=How the new Parliament building is readying for special session |url=https://www.firstpost.com/explainers/new-parliament-building-special-session-19-september-ganesh-chaturthi-puja-13114192.html |access-date=14 September 2023 |work=Firstpost |date=12 September 2023 |language=en}}</ref> On the same day, [[Women's Reservation Bill, 2023]] was introduced in Lok Sabha during the special session of Parliament. This legislation seeks to allocate 33 percent of the seats in the directly elected Lok Sabha, State legislative assemblies and Delhi legislative assembly for women.

=== November 2023 ===

* '''30 November''' - Trip to UAE.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.reuters.com/world/india/indian-prime-minister-modi-attend-cop28-dubai-2023-11-27/ | title=Indian Prime Minister Modi to attend COP28 in Dubai | website=[[Reuters]] | date=26 November 2023 | access-date=19 April 2024}}</ref>

== 2024 ==

=== January 2024 ===

* '''22 January''' - Modi [[Consecration of the Ram Mandir|addresses the opening ceremony]] of [[Ram Temple]] of Ayodhya.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ram-temple-mandir-ayodhya-consecration-ceremony-modi-january-22-2024/article67761881.ece | title=Ayodhya Ram Mandir Inauguration LIVE: PM Modi unveils Ram Lalla idol at Ayodhya | newspaper=The Hindu | date=21 January 2024 }}</ref>

=== February 2024 ===
* '''13 February''' – Modi visits UAE.<ref>{{Cite news |title=PM Modi lands in UAE ahead of temple inauguration on Feb 14, gets rousing welcome |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/proud-diaspora-pm-ahead-ahlan-modi-event-abu-dhabi-2501231-2024-02-13 |access-date=14 February 2024 |work=[[India Today]]}}</ref>
* '''14 February''' – Modi visits Qatar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 February 2024 |title=Prime Minister arrives in Doha, Qatar |url=https://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/37631/Prime_Minister_arrives_in_Doha_Qatar |access-date=15 February 2024 |website=Ministry of External Affairs}}</ref>
* '''25 February''' - Modi inaugurates [[Sudarshan Setu]] bridge.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhavsar |first=Karishma Pranav |date=2024-02-25 |title=PM Modi in Guj: Inaugurates Sudarshan Setu, India's longest cable-stayed bridge |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/pm-modi-inaugurates-sudarshan-setu-india-s-longest-cable-stayed-bridge-in-dwarka-10-points-to-know-11708829874666.html |access-date=2024-04-19 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref>
* '''29 February''' - Modi in Mauritius.<ref>{{Cite web |date=February 29, 2024 |title=Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi and Mauritian Prime Minister jointly inaugurate new Airstrip and a Jetty at Agalega Island in Mauritius |url=https://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/37667/Prime+Minister+Shri+Narendra+Modi+and+Mauritian+Prime+Minister+jointly+inaugurate+new+Airstrip+and+a+Jetty+at+Agalega+Island+in+Mauritius |access-date=19 April 2024 |website=Ministry of External Affairs}}</ref>

=== March 24 ===

* '''9 March''' - Modi inaugurates [[Sela Tunnel]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-09 |title=PM Modi inaugurates Sela Tunnel in Arunachal Pradesh : All you need to know |url=https://www.livemint.com/politics/news/pm-modi-sela-tunnel-inauguration-all-you-need-to-know-about-worlds-longest-twin-lane-passageway-near-china-border-11709960784322.html |access-date=2024-04-19 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref>
* '''23 March''' – Modi visits Bhutan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-22 |title=PM Narendra Modi arrives in Bhutan for two-day visit |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/pm-narendra-modi-departs-for-two-day-tour-to-bhutan-101711072415713.html |access-date=2024-03-23 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

=== April 2024 ===
*'''1 April''' – Modi addresses the RBI@90 ceremony, commemorating the 90 years journey of the [[Reserve Bank of India]].<ref>{{Cite web |access-date=2024-07-05 |title=PM addresses RBI@90 opening ceremony |url=https://www.narendramodi.in/prime-minister-narendra-modi-attends-the-rbi90-opening-ceremony-in-mumbai-581010 |website=Narendra Modi (Press Release) |language=en}}</ref>

=== June 2024 ===
*'''4 June''' – In the [[2024 Indian general election]], Modi won the [[Varanasi Lok Sabha constituency|Varanasi seat]] for the consecutive third time, this time with a victory margin of 1,52,513 votes.<ref>{{Cite news |access-date=2024-07-04 |title=PM Narendra Modi wins from Varanasi for a third consecutive term, victory margin lowest |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/lok-sabha/election-results-2024-pm-narendra-modi-wins-from-varanasi-for-third-consecutive-term-victory-margin-lowest/article68251070.ece |website=The Hindu |date=4 June 2024 |language=en}}</ref> The [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]-led [[National Democratic Alliance]] formed the [[Third Modi ministry|government]] at the [[Lok Sabha|centre]], getting 293 out of 543 seats, which was quite a major drop in seats as compared to the [[2019 Indian general election|2019 elections]].
*'''9 June''' – Sworn in for the third time as the 16th [[Prime Minister of India]] at the [[Rashtrapati Bhavan, New Delhi|Rashtrapati Bhawan]], New Delhi.
[[File:The President, Smt. Droupadi Murmu administers the Oath of Office and Secrecy to the Prime Minister of India, Shri Narendra Modi during the swearing-in ceremony, at Rashtrapati Bhavan, in New Delhi on June 09, 2024 (5).jpg|thumb|Prime Minister of India, with President Droupadi Murmu administering the oath.|170px|right]]
*'''14-15 June''' – Modi visited [[Italy]] for the [[50th G7 summit]] representing [[India]] on invitation by the [[Government of Italy|Italian delegation]], the hosts of the event.<ref>{{Cite news |title=G7 Summit 2024: Looking forward to engaging in productive discussions with world leaders, says PM Modi |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/pm-modi-arrives-in-italy-for-g7-summit-outreach-meet-bilateral-talks-with-world-leaders/article68287784.ece |access-date=2024-07-04 |website=The Hindu |date=14 June 2024 |language=en}}</ref> He also met several Heads of the Nations and has discussed the bilateral relations between India and the respective countries.<ref>{{Cite news |title=PM Modi shares glimpses of highlights from G7 Summit in Italy |url=https://m.economictimes.com/news/india/pm-modi-shares-glimpses-of-highlights-from-g7-summit-in-italy/articleshow/111015105.cms |access-date=2024-07-04 |website=The Economic Times |date=17 June 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

=== July 2024 ===
*'''8-9 July''' – Modi pad an official visit to the [[Russian Federation]] on invitation of the [[President of Russia|Russian President]] [[Vladimir Putin]] to hold the [[India-Russia relations|22nd India-Russia Annual Summit]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=PM Modi to visit Russia, Austria on July 8–10 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/pm-modi-to-visit-russia-austria-on-july-8-10/articleshow/111487338.cms |access-date=2024-07-04 |website=The Times of India |date=4 July 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

=== August 2024 ===
*'''15 August ''' - Modi delivered his 11th and longest [[Independence Day (India)|Independence Day]] speech at [[Red Fort]] of 98 minutes.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.business-standard.com/amp/india-news/independence-day-2024-i-day-pm-modi-delivers-longest-ever-red-fort-speech-at-nearly-100-minutes-124081500243_1.html | title=I-Day: PM Modi delivers longest-ever Red Fort speech at nearly 100 minutes | website=www.business-standard.com | date=2024-08-15 | first=Nisha | last=Anand}}</ref>
*'''21-22 August ''' - Modi visited [[Poland]]. It marked 45 years since any Indian Prime Minister visited Poland. It draw four-year action plan for the strategic partnership that encompasses security cooperation, [[trade]], [[technology]], [[internet access|connectivity]], [[counter-terrorism]], [[cyber-security]] and [[health]], the two sides decided to finalise a social security agreement to protect the interests of professionals working in each other's countries and to promote mobility.<ref>{{Cite news | url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/modi-tusk-elevate-ties-to-strategic-partnership-between-india-poland-101724358812105-amp.html | title=Modi, Tusk elevate ties to strategic partnership between India & Poland | newspaper=[[The Hindustan Times]] | first=Rezaul H | last=Laskar | date=2024-08-23}}</ref>
* '''22 August''' - Modi visited [[Ukraine]]. It was first time since any Indian Prime Minister visited Ukraine.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/pm-narendra-modi-meets-zelensky-in-ukraine-amid-war-with-russia-6400385 | title=In PM Modi's Historic Ukraine Visit, A Hug and Handshake with Zelensky }}</ref> [[India]] and Ukraine signed four agreements to provide for cooperation in agriculture, medicine, culture, humanitarian assistance.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://m.economictimes.com/news/newsblogs/india-latest-news-pm-modi-ukraine-visit-zelenskyy-poland-dnc-us-kamala-harris-monsoon-delhi-rains-mumbai-sc-kolkata-doctor-rape-murder-case-rahul-gandhi-assembly-elections-august-23/liveblog/112724618.cms | title=PM Modi in Ukraine Live Updates: We were never neutral in this war, we side with peace, says EAM Jaishankar on Russia-Ukraine conflict }}</ref> In a gesture of solidarity, India handed over medical support equipment to Ukraine, amounting to a total weight of 22 tonnes. Modi also called for a "path to peace through dialogue." on ongoing [[Russo-Ukrainian War]], he added India was never a neutral, it stands with peace.<ref>cnn.com/cnn/2024/08/23/europe/modi-zelensky-ukraine-india-intl-hnk</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/pm-modi-zelenskyy-ukraine-war-india-never-neutral-peace-russia-putin-2586955-2024-08-23 | title=India was never neutral in this war, on side of peace: PM to Ukraine's Zelenskyy | date=23 August 2024 }}</ref>
* '''30 August''' - Modi laid the foundation stone of [[Vadhavan Port]], which is planned to be one of the largest deep-water ports in India. The port will be in [[Palghar]], Maharashtra and has an estimated cost of {{INRConvert|76000|c}}.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/pm-narendra-modi-maharashtra-vadhvan-port-project-address-global-fintech-fest-in-mumbai-101724978777779.html | title=Narendra Modi in Maharashtra highlights: PM in Palghar lays foundation stone for India's largest deep water port | website=www.hindustantimes.com | date=2024-08-30}}</ref> Modi addressed the Global Fintech Fest, 2024 in Mumbai.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/there-is-festivity-in-economy-and-markets-pm-modi-at-global-fintech-fest/articleshow/112917634.cms | title='There is festivity in economy and markets': PM Modi at Global Fintech Fest | date=2024-08-30 | website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

=== September 2024 ===
*'''3 September ''' - Modi visited [[Brunei]], This visit marked the first time when any Indian Prime minister visited Brunei.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/pm-modi-arrives-in-brunei-the-first-leg-of-two-nation-visit/article68600557.ece|title=PM Modi arrives in Brunei, the first leg of two-nation visit|work=The Hindu |date=3 September 2024|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref>
*'''4-5 September''' - Modi visited [[Singapore]]. This visit will build synergies in semiconductor ecosystems of Singapore and India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/pm-narendra-modi-in-singapore-two-day-visit/article68604515.ece|title=PM Modi arrives in Singapore for two-day visit|work=The Hindu |date=4 September 2024|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref>
*'''11 September''' - Modi haired the first meeting of the Governing Board of [[Anusandhan National Research Foundation Act 2023|Anusandhan National Research Foundation]] This body will continue working towards ensuring a transformation of India's research landscape, thus breaking new ground in the world of science.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/education/news/pm-narendra-modi-chairs-first-governing-board-meeting-of-anrf-101726027477912.html | title=PM Narendra Modi chairs first governing board meeting of ANRF | website=www.hindustantimes.com | date=2024-09-11}}</ref>
*'''21-23 September''' - PM Modi attended the [[Quadrilateral Security Dialogue|QUAD Summit]] of 2024,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/india/story/pm-modi-in-us-us-india-firm-up-drone-deal-setting-up-of-semiconductor-plant-in-kolkata-446934-2024-09-22|title=Day 1 of PM Modi's US visit: US-India firm up drone deal, semiconductor plant to come up in Kolkata|date=22 September 2024|website=Business Today}}</ref> an event of [[Indian diaspora]] in New York. He hosted the Roundtable of CEOs of several American companies such as [[Google]]'s [[Sundar Pichai]], [[Adobe Inc.|Adobe]]'s Shantanu Narayena, [[Accenture]]'s Julie Sweet and [[NVIDIA]]'s [[Jensen Huang]], AMD's Lisa Su, [[HP Inc.]]'s Enrique Lores, [[IBM]]'s Arvind Krishna, Dr Noubar Afeyan, Chairman of [[Moderna]], and [[Verizon]]'s Hans Vestberg.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/pm-modi-attends-tech-ceos-roundtable-in-new-york/article68672615.ece/|title=PM Modi hosts roundtable with tech CEOs to boost India-US collaboration in AI, Quantum Computing|work=The Hindu |date=23 September 2024|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref> President [[Joe Biden]] also hosted Modi for a bilateral meeting in his home. He welcomed the progress made towards India sealing procurement of 31 long-endurance MQ-9B armed drones from American defence major General Atomics. Modi also addressed the 'Summit of the Future' at the [[UN General Assembly]] during the trip.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.livemint.com/news/us-news/pm-modi-departs-for-india-from-new-york-summing-up-the-successful-substantial-3-day-us-visit-in-5-points-11727139822732.html | title=PM Modi departs for India from New York: Summing up 'successful & substantial' 3-day US visit in 5 points | date=2024-09-24 | website=www.livemint.com}}</ref>

=== October 2024 ===
*'''10-11 October '''- PM Modi attended the nineteenth [[East Asia Summit]] in [[Vientiane]], [[Laos]]. Modi also held bilateral talks with the prime minister of [[Laos]] [[Sonexay Siphandone]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=PM Modi meets PM Sonexay Siphanedone |url=https://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/38407/Prime+Minister+meets+with+Prime+Minister+of+Lao+PDR}}</ref>
*'''22-24 October''' - PM Modi visited [[Kazan]], [[Russia]] for [[16th BRICS summit|the sixteenth BRICS summit]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=PM Modi receives warm welcome in Kazan ahead of BRICS summit |date=22 October 2024 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/world/watch-pm-modi-receives-warm-welcome-in-kazan-ahead-of-brics-summit-19496996.htm}}</ref> Modi also held bilateral talks with [[General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party]] [[Xi Jinping]] and [[President of Russia|Russian President]] [[Vladimir Putin]]. India and China struck an agreement ending the 4 years long [[2020–2021 China–India skirmishes|border standoff]] in the backdrop of this summit.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Haidar |first1=Suhasini |title=PM Modi and President Xi welcome the border pact and seek to rebuild ties. |work=The Hindu |date=23 October 2024 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/pm-modi-and-president-xi-hold-structured-bilateral-talks/article68787324.ece}}</ref>
*'''25 October''' - PM Modi met [[Chancellor of Germany|German Chancellor]] [[Olaf Scholz]] at [[Hyderabad House]] in [[New Delhi]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Germany's Scholz, India's Modi meet in New Delhi. |website=[[Deutsche Welle]] |url=https://www.dw.com/en/germanys-scholz-and-indias-modi-aim-to-increase-economic-military-cooperation/a-70595432}}</ref>
*'''28 October''' - PM Modi met [[President of the Government of Spain]], [[Pedro Sánchez|Pedro Sanchez]] at [[Lakshmi Vilas Palace, Vadodara|Lakshmi Vilas Palace]] in [[Vadodara|Vadodra]].
*'''31 October''' - PM Modi celebrated [[Diwali]] with the soldiers posted in [[Rann of Kutch|Kutch]]. This was his 11th Diwali celebrations with soldiers.<ref>{{Cite web |title=PM Modi Continues Diwali Tradition, Celebrates With Soldiers In Kachchh |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/pm-narendra-modi-diwali-2024-pm-modi-continues-diwali-tradition-celebrates-with-soldiers-in-kachchh-6914280}}</ref>

=== November 2024 ===

* '''16-17 November''' - PM Modi visited [[Abuja]] as a state visit and held bilateral talks with [[President of Nigeria|President]] [[Bola Tinubu|Tinubu]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=PM Modi Pays a State Visit to Nigeria |url=https://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/38546/Joint+Statement+Prime+Ministers+State+visit+to+Abuja+Nigeria}}</ref> Modi was conferred with the national award, “[[Order of the Niger|Grand Commander of the Order of Niger”]] by President Tinubu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prime Minister conferred with the national award - "Grand Commander of the Order of Niger" |url=https://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/38528/Prime_Minister_conferred_with_the_national_award___Grand_Commander_of_the_Order_of_Niger#:~:text=%E2%80%8BIn%20a%20ceremony%20at,to%20fostering%20India%2DNigeria%20ties.}}</ref>
* '''18-19 November''' - PM Modi attended the [[2024 G20 Rio de Janeiro summit|nineteenth G20 summit]] held in [[Rio de Janeiro]]. This was the first G20 summit since [[New Delhi]] hosted the [[2023 G20 New Delhi summit|G20 Summit]] last year. He held multiple bilateral and multilateral meetings in the backdrop of this summit.<ref>{{Cite web |title=PM Modi Arrives in Brazil for G20 Leader's Summit | work=The Economic Times | date=18 November 2024 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/pm-narendra-modi-arrives-in-brazil-to-attend-g20-summit/articleshow/115398064.cms?from=mdr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=PM concludes visit to Brazil after G20 summit, emplanes for next stop Guyana |date=20 November 2024 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/prime-minister-narendra-modi-visit-brazil-g20-summit-next-stop-guyana-three-nation-tour-2636193-2024-11-20}}</ref>
* '''19-21 November''' - PM Modi visited Guyana, making this the first state visit by an Indian head of state in over 56 years.<ref>{{Cite web |title=PM Modi becomes 1st Indian PM to visit Guyana in 5 decades, gets grand welcome |date=20 November 2024 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/pm-modi-in-guyana-first-indian-prime-minister-to-visit-president-mohamed-irfaan-ali-welcome-video-india-caricom-meeting-2636260-2024-11-20}}</ref> The [[President of Guyana]] conferred upon Modi the highest national award of Guyana, "[[Order of Excellence of Guyana|The Order of Excellence]]". Modi also took part in multiple cultural and community programs, including meeting many local cricketers. Modi was also present in the 2nd India-[[Caribbean Community|CARICOM]] summit, where he held bilateral meetings with many heads of [[Caribbean]] nations.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prime Minister Modi's Visit to Guyana |date=21 November 2024 |url=https://www.nextias.com/ca/current-affairs/21-11-2024/prime-minister-modis-visit-to-guyana}}</ref>
* '''25 November''' - Modi addressed the media at the beginning of Parliament's winter session.<ref>{{Cite web |title=PM's speech at the beginning of Winter Session of Parliament |url=https://www.pmindia.gov.in/en/news_updates/pms-speech-at-the-beginning-of-winter-session-of-parliament/}}</ref>

=== December 2024 ===

* '''5 December''' - Modi received [[King of Bhutan|Bhutan King]] [[Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck|Jigme K. Namgyel Wangchuck]] at [[7, Lok Kalyan Marg]] in [[New Delhi]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prime Minister receives Their Majesties the King and Queen of Bhutan |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2081074&ref=delhibriefing.in}}</ref>
* '''13 December''' - Modi inaugurated and launched multiple projects developmental projects worth Rs 5500 crore in [[Prayagraj]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=PM inaugurates and launches multiple development projects worth around Rs 5500 crore at Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh |url=https://www.pmindia.gov.in/en/news_updates/pm-inaugurates-and-launches-multiple-development-projects-worth-around-rs-5500-crore-at-prayagraj-uttar-pradesh/}}</ref> He also inspected the preparations for the [[2025 Prayag Kumbh Mela|2025 Mahakumbh]] being held in Prayagraj. The 2025 Mahakumbh is on the occasion of a rare celestial event that occurs once in 144 years.
* '''16 December''' - Modi and [[President of Sri Lanka|Sri Lankan President]] [[Anura Kumara Dissanayake]] held their first bilateral meeting in New Delhi following the latter's [[2024 Sri Lankan presidential election|election]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sri Lankan president Dissanayake meets PM Modi, vows not to let the country's territory be used for anti-India activities. |date=17 December 2024 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/modi-sri-lanka-president-dissanayaka-visit-bilateral-ties-9727723/}}</ref>
* '''21-22 December''' - Modi visited [[Kuwait]], becoming first prime minister in 43 years to visit Kuwait. Modi took part in community programs hailing the large [[Indians in Kuwait|Indian diaspora in Kuwait]]. Modi was conferred the [[Order of Mubarak the Great]] by the [[Emir of Kuwait]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=PM Modi Gets Top Honour In Kuwait, Discusses Strategic Partnership With Top Leadership |url=https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/narendra-modi-kuwait-visit-pm-receives-ceremonial-guard-of-honour-at-bayan-palace-signs-pacts-to-strengthen-bilateral-ties-7306749}}</ref>

== 2025 ==

=== January 2025 ===

* '''9 January''' - Modi inaugurated the 18th [[Pravasi Bharatiya Divas]] convention in [[Odisha]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=PM inaugurates 18th Pravasi Bharatiya Divas convention in Odisha |url=https://www.pmindia.gov.in/en/news_updates/pm-inaugurates-18th-pravasi-bharatiya-divas-convention-in-odisha/}}</ref>
*'''13 January''' - Modi inaugurated the [[Sonamarg Tunnel]] in [[Sonamarg]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=PM opens key Z-Morh Tunnel in Jammu and Kashmir's Sonamarg in big tourism boost |date=13 January 2025 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/pm-modi-jammu-kashmir-visit-sonamarg-tunnel-inauguration-today-photo-videos-2663792-2025-01-13}}</ref>
* '''14 January''' - Modi attended and addressed a program celebrating the 150th anniversary of the [[India Meteorological Department]] in [[Bharat Mandapam]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=IMD@150: PM Modi says it helped nations, enhanced India's Vishwa Bandhu image |work=The Times of India |date=15 January 2025 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/imd150-pm-modi-says-it-has-helped-nations-enhanced-india-vishwa-bandhu-image/articleshow/117246593.cms}}</ref>
* '''15 January''' - PM Modi commissioned a destroyer, a frigate and a submarine, [[INS Surat]], [[INS Nilgiri (2019)|INS Nilgiri]] and [[INS Vagsheer (S26)|INS Vaghsheer]] respectively, in a ceremony at [[Naval Dockyard (Mumbai)|Mumbai Naval Dockyard]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=PM Modi commissions INS Surat, INS Nilgiri and INS Vaghsheer: 'India has emerged a strong, responsible global leader' |date=16 January 2025 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/pm-modi-indian-navy-new-combatants-ins-surat-nilgiri-vaghsheer-9779833/}}</ref>
* '''16 January''' - PM Modi met with the [[President of Singapore]] [[Tharman Shanmugaratnam]] in [[New Delhi]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=PM meets the President of Singapore |url=https://www.pmindia.gov.in/en/news_updates/pm-meets-the-president-of-singapore/?comment=disable}}</ref>
* '''25 January''' - PM Modi hosted the [[President of Indonesia]] [[Prabowo Subianto]] at [[Hyderabad House]] in [[New Delhi]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=India is honoured to welcome President Prabowo Subianto: Prime Minister |url=https://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/38947/India_is_honoured_to_welcome_President_Prabowo_Subianto_Prime_Minister}}</ref>
* '''31 January''' - PM Modi addressed the media at the start of budget session of the parliament. The [[2025 Union budget of India|union budget]] was presented by Finance Minister [[Nirmala Sitharaman]], the day later.<ref>{{Cite web |title=PM Modi addresses media ahead of budget session of Parliament, reiterates 'Viksit Bharat' plan |url=https://www.wionews.com/videos/pm-modi-addresses-media-ahead-of-budget-session-of-parliament-reiterates-viksit-bharat-plan-8677007}}</ref>

===February 2025===
*'''10-12 February''' - PM Modi paid a state visit to [[France]], during which he co-chaired AI-Action Summit in [[Paris]] along with French President [[Emmanuel Macron]]. Both leaders later traveled to [[Marseille]] and inaugurated a new Indian consulate. They later visited [[ITER]] in [[Saint-Paul-lès-Durance]].
*'''12-14 February''' - PM Modi paid a state visit to the [[US]], where he held talks with the newly elected US President [[Donald Trump]] at the [[White House]]. He also held diplomatic talks with the American [[NSA]] and other prominent American officials.

===March 2025===
*'''11-12 March''' - PM Modi was invited to [[Mauritius]] by the [[Prime Minister of Mauritius]] to attend the Mauritius National Day celebrations as the Chief Guest. He was also conferred Mauritius's highest civilian award, the Grand Commander of the [[Order of the Star and Key of the Indian Ocean]], by [[President of Mauritius]] [[Dharam Gokhool]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=PM Modi receives Mauritius' highest award |work=The Hindu |date=12 March 2025 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/pm-modi-receives-mauritius-highest-award/article69321371.ece}}</ref>

===April 2025===
*'''1 April''' - PM Modi met with the [[President of Chile]] [[Gabriel Boric Font]] at the [[Hyderabad House]] in [[New Delhi]]. There were multiple agreements made. This meeting was seen to be significant in conjecture to the large reserves of [[lithium]], an [[alkali metal]], present in [[Chile]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=PM Modi discusses Antarctica Cooperation, Trade with Chilean President|url=https://ddnews.gov.in/en/pm-modi-discusses-antarctica-cooperation-trade-with-chilean-president/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=PM Modi Calls Chile Important Friend Discusses Strengthening Ties in Trade Defence and Critical Minerals|work=The Times of India |date=April 2025 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/pm-modi-calls-chile-important-friend-discusses-strengthening-ties-in-trade-defence-and-critical-minerals/articleshow/119861815.cms}}</ref>
*'''3-4 April''' - PM Modi visited [[Bangkok]], [[Thailand]] for the 6th [[BIMSTEC]] Summit, where he held bilateral meetings with the [[Prime Minister of Thailand]] [[Paetongtarn Shinawatra]], the [[chairman of the State Administration Council|Chief of Myanmar Junta]] [[Min Aung Hlaing]] and the [[Chief Advisor of Bangladesh]] [[Muhammad Yunus]] for the first time since regime change in [[Bangladesh]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=PM Modi arrives in Thailand to attend BIMSTEC summit|work=The Hindu |date=3 April 2025 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/pm-modi-thailand-visit-bimstec-summit/article69406712.ece}}</ref> PM Modi also paid a visit to the [[Monarchy of Thailand|Thai Royal Family]]. Later, PM Modi was accompanied by the Thai PM [[Paetongtarn Shinawatra]] to the [[Wat Pho]] Temple in [[Bangkok]] .<ref>{{Cite web |title=PM Modi, Thailand counterpart Shinawatra visit Wat Pho, pays homage to Reclining Buddha|website=[[ThePrint]] |url=https://theprint.in/world/pm-modi-thailand-counterpart-shinawatra-visit-wat-pho-pays-homage-to-reclining-buddha/2578270/%3famp}}</ref>
*'''4-6 April''' - PM Modi paid a state visit to [[Sri Lanka]], where he met with the [[Sri Lankan President]] [[Anura Kumara Dissanayake]]. Both the leaders held bilateral discussions on many important topics.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prime Minister Narendra Modi in Colombo|work=The Hindu |date=5 April 2025 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/prime-minister-narendra-modi-in-colombo-day-1/article69415571.ece}}</ref> PM Modi was conferred with the [[Sri Lanka Mitra Vibhushana]], Sri Lanka's highest civilian award.<ref>{{Cite web |title=PM Modi Receives Sri Lanka's Highest Civillian Award|date=6 April 2025 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/pm-modi-sri-lanka-president-dissanayake-talks-highest-civilian-honour-9926414/lite/}}</ref> Later, PM Modi paid tribute at Sri Lanka's sacred [[Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi]] Temple.<ref>{{Cite web |title=PM Modi pays tribute at Sri Lanka's sacred Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi temple|date=6 April 2025 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/pm-modi-pays-tribute-at-sri-lankas-sacred-jaya-sri-maha-bodhi-temple-101743922021917.html}}</ref>
*'''22 April''' - PM Modi departed for [[Jeddah]], [[Saudi Arabia]] to attend the second meeting of the Strategic Partnership Council. Upon his arrival in Jeddah, he was informed of a [[2025 Pahalgam attack|terrorist attack at a tourist spot in Pahalgam]]. In response, he decided to cut short his visit and immediately returned to India. The terror attack
*'''23 April''' - PM Modi chaired a meeting of the [[Cabinet Committee on Security]] (CCS) at his residence at [[7, Lok Kalyan Marg]] in response to the Pakistan-backed [[2025 Pahalgam attack|terrorist attack at Pahalgam]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Decisions Taken At Cabinet Committee On Security Meet: Full Statement |url=https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/decisions-taken-at-cabinet-committee-on-security-meet-full-statement-8238725 |website=NDTV}}</ref> The CCS declared the suspension of the Indus Water Treaty and the termination of all Indian visas issued to Pakistani nationals.<ref>{{Cite web |title=India suspends Indus Waters Treaty: Here's how it impacts Pakistan's farms, cities, and power |date=23 April 2025 |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/india/story/india-suspends-indus-waters-treaty-heres-how-it-impacts-pakistans-farms-cities-and-power-473351-2025-04-23}}</ref>
*'''27 April''' - PM Modi in his monthly radio address to the nation, [[Mann Ki Baat]], criticised [[Pakistan and state-sponsored terrorism|terror]] and terror sympathisers and vowed a strong and just revenge.<ref>{{Cite web |title=In 'Mann Ki Baat', PM Modi's Big Message Over Pahalgam Attack |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/blood-is-boiling-pm-s-pahalgam-remark-in-mann-ki-baat-8267698}}</ref>

=== May 2025 ===

* '''7''' '''May''' - India launched [[2025 India–Pakistan conflict|Operation Sindoor]] with missile strikes on terrorism-related infrastructure facilities of Pakistan-based militant groups [[Jaish-e-Mohammed]] and [[Lashkar-e-Taiba]] in Pakistan and Pakistan-administered [[Azad Kashmir]], and said that no Pakistani military or civilian facilities were targeted. PM Modi canceled his three-nation visit, originally scheduled between May 13 and May 17.<ref>{{Cite web |title=PM Modi's three-nation visit to Europe called off |work=The Hindu |date=7 May 2025 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/pm-modis-three-nation-visit-to-europe-called-off/article69548264.ece}}</ref>
* '''7-10 May''' - India and Pakistan had a brief armed conflict, where Pakistan called India to have a ceasefire. And thus the ceasefire was agreed.
* '''12 May''' - PM Modi addressed the nation for the first time post [[2025 India–Pakistan conflict|Operation Sindoor]] and India-Pakistan conflict.<ref>{{Cite web |title=English rendering of PM's address to the Nation |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2128268}}</ref>
* '''13 May''' - PM Modi visited [[Adampur Airport|AFS Adampur]] and took a series of photographs, one of which featured the [[S-400 missile system|S-400 system]] in the background, thus disproving claims made by the Pakistani military and media outlets about its destruction in Adampur.<ref>{{Cite web |title=PM Modi poses in front of S-400 missile system at Adampur Air Base days after Pakistan claimed it was destroyed |work=The Times of India |date=13 May 2025 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/pm-modi-poses-in-front-of-s-400-missile-system-at-adampur-air-base-days-after-pakistan-claimed-it-was-destroyed/articleshow/121134748.cms}}</ref>

=== June 2025 ===

* '''4''' '''June''' - PM Modi chaired a meeting of [[Union Council of Ministers|Council of Ministers]].

=== August 2025 ===

*'''31 August - 1 September''' - PM Modi visited [[Tianjin]], [[China]] for [[2025 Tianjin SCO summit]]. Modi also held bilateral talks with [[General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party]] [[Xi Jinping]] and [[President of Russia]] [[Vladimir Putin]].

== See also ==
* [[Premiership of Narendra Modi]]
* [[List of international prime ministerial trips made by Narendra Modi]]
* [[List of awards and honours received by Narendra Modi]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

=== External sources ===

* {{Cite web|author=PMO|author-link=Prime Minister of India|date=24 May 2014|title=Timeline of Narendra Modi|url=https://www.narendramodi.in/categories/timeline|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200617125524/https://www.narendramodi.in/categories/timeline|archive-date=2020-06-17|access-date=2021-01-13|website=[[Government of India]]|ref={{SfnRef|PMO}}}}

{{Narendra Modi}}

[[Category:Modi administration]]
[[Category:Indian history timelines|Modi, Narendra]]
[[Category:Narendra Modi-related lists]]
[[Category:Contemporary history timelines]]
[[Category:Personal timelines]]
[[Category:Political timelines]]
[[Category:2010s in Indian politics]]
[[Category:2020s in Indian politics]]
[[Category:2010s politics-related lists]]
[[Category:2020s politics-related lists]]

Tikken Singh

2026-04-13T05:20:16Z

Cdpnkr: creating a bio

{{Short description|Indian field hockey player}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox sportsperson
| name = Tikken Singh
| fullname =
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Manipur]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| residence =
| nationality = Indian
| spouse =
| sport = Field hockey
| event =
| club =
| worlds =
| nationals =
| headercolor =
| show-medals =
|medaltemplates =
{{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}
{{MedalSport|Men's [[Field hockey at the Summer Olympics|field hockey]]}}
{{MedalCompetition | [[Asian Games]] }}
{{MedalBronze | [[1986 Asian Games|1986 Seoul]] | [[Field hockey at the 1986 Asian Games|Team]] }}
}}
{{Meitei name||Tikken|Singh}}
'''Tikken Singh''' is an Indian [[field hockey]] player.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://fih.ch/events/champions-trophy/champions-trophy-karachi-1986-m/Teams/?teamID=335&playerid=39601|title=TIKKEN SINGH|website=FIH|accessdate=21 November 2021}}</ref> He competed at the [[1986 Asian Games]] in [[Seoul]], where the Indian team won the bronze medal. He is from the state of [[Manipur]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/sports/rio-2016-olympics/india-mens-hockey-teams-chinglensana-singh-kothajit-singh-enjoy-rare-moment-in-the-sun-2967248/ |title=Manipuri boys Chinglensana Singh, Kothajit Singh enjoy rare moment in the sun |website=The Indian Express |last1=Judge |first1=Shahid |date=11 August 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/sport/story/19840515-indian-hockey-team-braces-up-for-los-angeles-olympics-803588-1984-05-15 |title=Indian hockey team braces up for Los Angeles Olympics |website=India Today |last1=Gupta |first1=Shekhar |date=15 May 1984 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/hockey/rio-olympics-201-manipur-elated-sushila-chanu-elevation-indian-womens-hockey-team-captain |title=Rio Olympics 2016: Manipur elated at Sushila Chanu's elevation to India women's hockey team captain |website= Sportskeeda |last1=Barua |first1=Suhrid |date=26 July 2016 }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{India FH Squad 1986 Asian Games}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Field hockey players from Manipur]]
[[Category:Indian men's field hockey players]]
[[Category:Field hockey players at the 1986 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Asian Games bronze medalists for India]]
[[Category:Asian Games field hockey players for India]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 1986 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Asian Games bronze medalists in field hockey]]

{{India-fieldhockey-bio-stub}}

Fall (TV series)

2026-04-12T05:49:34Z

Cdpnkr: made entry!

{{Short description|Indian-Tamil language thriller drama television series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Fall (TV series).jpg
| caption = Release poster
| native_name = {{Infobox name module|ஃபால்}}
| genre = [[horror (genre)|Horror]] [[Drama (film and television)|drama]]
| writer =
| director = Siddharth Ramaswamy
| producer = {{ubl|
* [[Deepak Dhar]]
* [[Rajesh Chadha]]
}}
| executive_producer = Gowtham Selvaraj
| starring = {{ubl|
* [[Anjali (actress)|Anjali]]
* [[Santhosh Prathap]]
* Sastika Rajendran
* [[Poornima Bhagyaraj]]
* [[Sonia Agarwal]]
* Namita Krishnamurthy
* [[S. P. Charan]]
}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 7
| music = [[Ajesh]]
| cinematography = Siddarth Ramaswamy
| editor = [[Kishan Chezhian]]
| runtime = 40–55 minutes
| company = {{ubl|
* Banijay Asia
* Circle Box Entertainment
}}
| network = [[Disney+ Hotstar]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=yes|2022|12|9}}
| last_aired = {{End date|df=yes|2022|12|23}}
| related = ''[[Vertige (TV series)|Vertige]]''
}}

'''''Fall''''' is a 2022 Indian [[Tamil-language]] [[thriller drama]] television series, which is an official remake of the Canadian television miniseries ''[[Vertige (TV series)|Vertige]]''. The series was directed by Siddharth Ramaswamy<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2022/sep/17/first-look-of-siddharth-ramaswamys-upcoming-web-series-fall-released-2499185.html|title=First look of Siddharth Ramaswamy's upcoming web series 'Fall' released|date=17 September 2022|publisher=www.newindianexpress.com|access-date=|language=en|archive-date=3 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221203125527/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2022/sep/17/first-look-of-siddharth-ramaswamys-upcoming-web-series-fall-released-2499185.html|url-status=live}}</ref> for [[Disney+ Hotstar]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/industry/media/disney-hotstar-announces-new-original-fall-11664341851812.html|title=Disney+Hotstar Announces new Original Fall|date=28 September 2022 |publisher=www.livemint.com|access-date=|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/disney-hotstar-next-special-series-falls-anjali-tamilfont-news-328041|title=அஞ்சலி நடித்த ஃபால்.. டிஸ்னி ஹாட்ஸ்டாரின் அடுத்த ஸ்பெஷல் தொடர்!|date=25 November 2022|work=www.indiaglitz.com|access-date=|language=ta|archive-date=3 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221203125521/https://www.indiaglitz.com/disney-hotstar-next-special-series-falls-anjali-tamilfont-news-328041|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.koimoi.com/television/fall-anjali-starrer-tamil-web-series-is-all-set-to-release-on-disney-hotstar-on-december-9/|title=Fall: Anjali Starrer Tamil Web Series Is All Set To Release On Disney+ Hotstar On December 9|date=8 December 2022 |publisher=www.koimoi.com|access-date=|language=en}}</ref> under the banner of Banijay Asia and Circle Box Entertainment.{{fact|date=November 2023}}

The principal characters of the series include [[Anjali (actress)|Anjali]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/videos/2022/nov/26/anjalis-web-series-fall-locks-release-date-37054.html|title=Anjali's web series Fall locks release date|date=26 November 2022|publisher=www.cinemaexpress.com|access-date=|language=en|archive-date=3 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221203125524/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/videos/2022/nov/26/anjalis-web-series-fall-locks-release-date-37054.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/videos/2022/nov/12/teaser-of-anjali-starrer-web-series-fall-out-36542.html|title=Teaser of Anjali-starrer web series Fall out|date=12 November 2022|publisher=www.cinemaexpress.com|access-date=|language=en|archive-date=3 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221203125523/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/videos/2022/nov/12/teaser-of-anjali-starrer-web-series-fall-out-36542.html|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Santhosh Prathap]], Sastika Rajendran, [[Poornima Bhagyaraj]], Namita Krishnamurthy, [[Sonia Agarwal]] and [[S. P. Charan]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/spb-charan-sonia-agarwal-anjali-and-santhosh-prathap-come-together-for-a-web-series/articleshow/92385970.cms|title=SPB Charan, Sonia Agarwal, Anjali and Santhosh Prathap come together for a web series!|newspaper=The Times of India|date=23 June 2022|publisher=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|access-date=|language=en|archive-date=3 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221203125521/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/spb-charan-sonia-agarwal-anjali-and-santhosh-prathap-come-together-for-a-web-series/articleshow/92385970.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The series is about a young women who wakes up from a [[coma]], a coma that was caused by an alleged suicide attempt she has no memory of.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/suicide-attempt-memory-loss-first-look-out-of-tamil-web-series-fall--news-224032|title=Suicide Attempt, Memory Loss: First Look Out Of Tamil Web Series 'Fall'|date=17 September 2022|publisher=www.outlookindia.com|access-date=|language=en|archive-date=3 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221203125523/https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/suicide-attempt-memory-loss-first-look-out-of-tamil-web-series-fall--news-224032|url-status=live}}</ref> ''Fall'' premiered on 9 December 2022,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://filmcrazy.in/fall-web-series-official-tamil-trailer/|title=அஞ்சலி நடிப்பில் 'Fall' வெப் சீரிஸ் த்ரில்லரான டிரைலர் இதோ|publisher=filmcrazy.in|access-date=|language=ta|archive-date=3 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221203125523/https://filmcrazy.in/fall-web-series-official-tamil-trailer/|url-status=dead}}</ref> and consists of seven episodes.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dailythanthi.com/Cinema/CinemaNews/the-trailer-of-anjalis-fall-web-series-has-been-released-845211|title=அஞ்சலி நடித்துள்ள 'ஃபால்' வெப்தொடரின் டிரைலர் வெளியானது..!|date=26 November 2022 |publisher=www.dailythanthi.com|access-date=|language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/fall-ott-release-date-when-and-where-to-watch-the-tamil-thriller-series-starring-anjali-online/5fbe2e1d33752|title=Fall OTT release date: When and where to watch the Tamil thriller series starring Anjali online|publisher=www.ottplay.com|access-date=|language=en|archive-date=9 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209085532/https://www.ottplay.com/news/fall-ott-release-date-when-and-where-to-watch-the-tamil-thriller-series-starring-anjali-online/5fbe2e1d33752|url-status=live}}</ref>

It was announced on Saturday 16 September 2022 that the series will be released in Tamil and dubbed in [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Hindi]],<ref>{{cite web |title=डिज्नी प्लस हॉटस्टार पर इस तारीख को आ रही फाल, जानें- शो की कहानी और स्टार कास्ट |url=https://www.jagran.com/entertainment/web-series-review-disney-plus-hotstar-web-series-fall-streaming-on-9th-december-in-hindi-tamil-telugu-malayalam-kannada-marathi-bengali-23248456.html |access-date= |publisher=www.jagran.com |language=hi |archive-date=9 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209085534/https://www.jagran.com/entertainment/web-series-review-disney-plus-hotstar-web-series-fall-streaming-on-9th-december-in-hindi-tamil-telugu-malayalam-kannada-marathi-bengali-23248456.html |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Malayalam]], [[Kannada]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]] and [[Bengali language|Bengali]] will make its streaming debut on 9 December, on [[Disney+ Hotstar]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Trailer of Anjali's Fall series to release tomorrow |date=24 November 2022 |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2022/nov/24/trailer-of-anjalis-fall-series-to-release-tomorrow-37001.html |access-date= |publisher=www.cinemaexpress.com |language=en |archive-date=7 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207155752/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2022/nov/24/trailer-of-anjalis-fall-series-to-release-tomorrow-37001.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=அஞ்சலி நடிக்கும் 'ஃபால்' வெப் தொடரின் வித்தியாசமான ஃபர்ஸ்ட் லுக் வெளியானது..! |url=https://tamil.asianetnews.com/cinema/anjali-acting-fall-web-series-first-look-released-rib891 |access-date= |publisher=tamil.asianetnews.com |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=17 September 2022 |title=First look of web series 'Fall' released |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/first-look-of-web-series-fall-released-1503111988.html |access-date= |publisher=www.thestatesman.com |language=en |archive-date=3 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221203125523/https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/first-look-of-web-series-fall-released-1503111988.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Cast==
* [[Anjali (actress)|Anjali]]<ref>{{cite news |date=19 September 2022 |title=Anjali to play the lead role in web series Fall |language=en |newspaper=The Times of India |publisher=timesofindia.indiatimes.com |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/anjali-to-play-the-lead-role-in-web-series-fall/articleshow/94304947.cms?UTM_Source=Google_Newsstand&UTM_Campaign=RSS_Feed&UTM_Medium=Referral&from=mdr |access-date= |archive-date=3 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221203125524/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/anjali-to-play-the-lead-role-in-web-series-fall/articleshow/94304947.cms?UTM_Source=Google_Newsstand&UTM_Campaign=RSS_Feed&UTM_Medium=Referral&from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref> as Dhivya
* [[Santhosh Prathap]] as Daniel
* Sastika Rajendran as Krithika
* [[Poornima Bhagyaraj]] as Dhivya's mother
* Namita Krishnamurthy as Maya
* [[S. P. Charan]] as Rohit Selvakumar
* [[Sonia Agarwal]] as Malar
* [[Thalaivasal Vijay]] as Dhivya's father
* [[Rajmohan Arumugam|"Put Chutney" Rajmohan]] as Thirukumaran
* Yohan as Jeeva

== Episodes ==
{{Episode table |background=#000000 |overall= |title= |director= |writer= |airdate= |airdateR= |episodes=
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1
|Title = Plunged into Darkness
|DirectedBy = Siddarth Ramaswamy
|WrittenBy = Kishan C Chezhiyan
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2022|12|09}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000056
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 2
|Title = Waking up from the Abyss
|DirectedBy = Siddarth Ramaswamy
|WrittenBy = Kishan C Chezhiyan
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2022|12|09}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 3
|Title = Web of Lies
|DirectedBy = Siddarth Ramaswamy
|WrittenBy = Kishan C Chezhiyan
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2022|12|09}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 4
|Title = What Lies Beneath
|DirectedBy = Siddarth Ramaswamy
|WrittenBy = Kishan C Chezhiyan
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2022|12|16}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 5
|Title = Prey in the Shadows
|DirectedBy = Siddarth Rangaswamy
|WrittenBy = Kishan C Chezhiyan
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2022|12|16}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 6
|Title = Truth Unwinds
|DirectedBy = Siddarth Rangaswamy
|WrittenBy = Kishan C Chezhiyan
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2022|12|23}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 7
|Title = The Fall
|DirectedBy = Siddarth Rangaswamy
|WrittenBy = Kishan C Chezhiyan
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2022|12|23}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000000
}}
}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=tt23642102}}

{{Disney+ Hotstar Tamil original programming}}
[[Category:Tamil-language web series]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Disney+ Hotstar original programming]]
[[Category:2022 Tamil-language television series debuts]]
[[Category:Tamil-language thriller television series]]
[[Category:Tamil-language crime television series]]
[[Category:Tamil-language television series based on non-Tamil-language television series]]

Sasimani Debi

2026-04-05T06:04:18Z

Cdpnkr:

{{Infobox person
| name = Sasimani Debi
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = 
| birth_place =
| death_date = 19 March 2015 (92 years)
| death_place = Dolamandap Sahi, [[Puri]], [[Odisha]]
| other_names =
| known_for =
| occupation = [[Devdasi]], [[Dancer]]
}}

'''Sasimani Debi''' (alternatively spelled ''Sashimani, Shashimani, Devi''), was the last living Mahari or [[Devdasi]] of Jagannath temple and “human consort” of the Lord [[Jagannath]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/last-living-devdasi-of-lord-jagannath-dies-at-the-age-of-93/|title=Last living Devdasi of Lord Jagannath dies at the age of 93|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|date=20 March 2015|access-date=7 November 2021}}</ref> Sashimani came from a poor family and was initiated into service at the temple when she was a small girl. At the age of 12, she was considered a “living wife” of Lord Jagannath, the god who is worshiped at the [[Jagannath temple]], and she was not expected to marry anyone in her entire lifespan. According to temple records, she was one of about 25 women assigned to care for Jagannath.

==Early life==
At the age of 12, Sashimani was inducted into Devadasi Seva after being ceremonially married to Lord Jagannath at the age of 7 or 8.<ref>{{cite news|title=Obituary: Sashimani Devi: A marriage made in heaven|url=https://www.economist.com/news/obituary/21647583-sashimani-devi-last-human-consort-god-jagannath-died-march-19th-aged-92-marriage|access-date=6 April 2015|newspaper=[[The Economist]]|date=4 April 2015}}</ref> As a part of her duties, she used to dance before the Lord during Badasinghara Besha and festivals related to the Jagannath temple including Chandan Jatra. As Sashimani grew old, her services were confined to reciting [[Gita Govinda|Gitagovinda]] in the traditional [[Odissi music]] manner.<ref name=sun>{{cite news|title=Odisha's last Devadasi Sashimani passes away at 92|url=http://odishasuntimes.com/118666/odishas-last-devadasi-sashimani-passes-away-at-92/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403004647/http://odishasuntimes.com/118666/odishas-last-devadasi-sashimani-passes-away-at-92/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=April 3, 2015|access-date=23 March 2015|newspaper=The Odisha Sun Times|date=19 March 2015}}</ref>

==Devadasi culture in Odisha==
The Orissa Gazette of 1956 mentions some occasions where the devadasis danced. They had two daily rituals. The '''Bahar Gaaunis''' would dance at the ''Sakaala Dhupa''. [[Jagannath|Lord Jagannath]], after breakfast, would give Darshan to the '''bhaktas''' (the devotees). In the Main hall, a devadasi accompanied by musicians and the Rajguru, the court guru, would dance, standing near the [[Garuda]] sthambha (pillar).This dance could be watched by the audience. They would perform only pure dance here. The '''Bhitar Gaunis''' would sing at the ''Badasinghara'', the main ceremony for ornamenting and dressing the God. [[Jagannath|Lord Jagannath]], at bedtime, would be first served by male Sebaets- they would fan Him and decorate Him with flowers.

==Death==
At the age of 92 she died at Dolamandapa sahi, [[Puri]], and was cremated at Swargadwar in Puri, where her foster son Somanath Panda lit the funeral pyre brought from the kitchen of Jagannath temple.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/24/world/asia/sashimani-devi-last-of-indias-jagannath-temple-ritual-dancers-dies-at-92.html|title=Sashimani Devi, Last of India's Jagannath Temple Dancers, Dies at 92|first=Ellen|last=Barry|date=23 March 2015|access-date=7 November 2021|website=Nytimes.com}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/11535593/Sashimani-Devi-temple-dancer-obituary.html Sashimani Devi, temple dancer - obituary]
{{Jagannath}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Articles created or expanded during Women's History Month (India) - 2015]]
[[Category:People from Odisha]]
[[Category:Jagannath]]
[[Category:2015 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian courtesans]]

Maharishi Mahesh Yogi Ramayan University

2026-04-04T01:33:14Z

Cdpnkr: made...

{{Short description|University in Ayodhya, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Maharishi Mahesh Yogi Ramayan Vishwavidyalaya (MMYRV)<ref>{{cite news |title=अयोध्या में रामायण विवि को हरी झंडी, निजी विश्वविद्यालय स्वीकृत |url=https://jantaserishta.com/local/uttar-pradesh/lucknow-green-signal-to-ramayana-university-in-ayodhya-private-university-approved-lucknow--4126502 |access-date=4 July 2025 |work=Janta Serishta |date=4 July 2025 |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=योगी सरकार का बड़ा तोहफा; यूपी में खुलेंगे दो नए निजी विश्वविद्यालय, अयोध्या और गाजियाबाद में होंगे शुरू |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/hi/!state/up-lucknow-yogi-government-gift-higher-education-two-private-universities-approval-start-ayodhya-mahesh-yogi-ramayana-university-ghaziabad-ajay-kumar-garg-university-uttar-pradesh-news-ups25070404424 |access-date=13 July 2025 |work=ETV Bharat |date=4 July 2025 |language=hi}}</ref>

| other_name = Ramayan University, Ayodhya

| motto = बौद्धिक पुनर्जागरण से प्रभाव शालीनता
| image = Logo of Maharishi Mahesh Yogi Ramayan University by Ritesh Kumar Bhanu.jpg
| colours = Maroon and Yellow {{color box|Maroon}} {{color box|yellow}}
| type = [[Private university|Private]]
| established = 12 January 2025<ref>{{cite news |title=महर्षि महेश योगी रामायण विश्वविद्यालय में तीन दिवसीय श्री राम तारक यज्ञ का शुभारंभ |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/ayodhya/story-three-day-shri-ram-tarak-yagya-begins-at-maharishi-mahesh-yogi-ramayan-university-201736532174701.html |access-date=13 July 2025 |work=Live Hindustan |date=10 January 2025 |language=hi}}</ref>

| founder = [[Maharishi Mahesh Yogi]]
| chancellor = Dr. Ajay Prakash Shrivastava<ref>[https://www.ptinews.com/press-release/a-visionary-leader-bridging-science-education-and-consciousness/1967023 महर्षि विद्यापीठ के मुख्य ट्रस्टी अजय प्रकाश श्रीवास्तव]</ref>
| vice_chancellor =
| city = [[Ayodhya]]
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| country = [[India]]
| campus = Rural
| affiliation = [[University Grants Commission (India)]]<ref>{{cite web
|title=Gazette Notification – UGC Letter of Recognition for Maharishi Mahesh Yogi Ramayan University
|url=https://mmyrv.edu.in/pdf/Gazette.pdf
|publisher=Maharishi Mahesh Yogi Ramayan Vishwavidyalaya (MMYRV)
|date=July 2025
|format=PDF
|access-date=21 July 2025
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|title=उत्तर प्रदेश शासन, उच्च शिक्षा अनुभाग-1 की अधिसूचना – महार्षि रामायण विश्वविद्यालय, अयोध्या की स्थापना
|url=https://mmyrv.edu.in/pdf/Gazette.pdf
|publisher=उत्तर प्रदेश शासन (Government of Uttar Pradesh)
|date=2025
|language=hi
|format=PDF
|access-date=21 July 2025
}}</ref>
| campus_size = {{Convert|21|acre}}<ref>{{cite news |title=अयोध्या में बनेगा रामायण विश्वविद्यालय, छात्र पढ़ेंगे रामचरितमानस; योगी सरकार ने 21 एकड़ भूमि चिह्नित की |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/lucknow-city-ramayana-university-will-be-built-in-ayodhya-students-will-read-ramcharitmanas-yogi-government-has-marked-21-acres-of-land-22611594.html |access-date=13 July 2025 |work=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref>
| coordinates = {{coord|26.7945|82.2248|display=title,inline}}
| website = {{Official website|https://www.mmyrv.edu.in/|Ramayan University, Ayodhya}}
}}

'''Maharishi Mahesh Yogi Ramayan University''' (Ramayan University)<ref>{{cite news |title=रामायण यूनिवर्सिटी कहां बनाई जाएगी और इसमें क्या-क्या पढ़ाया जाएगा |url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/ramayan-university-facts-in-hindi-1638876392-2 |access-date=13 July 2025 |work=Jagran Josh |date=21 December 2021 |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=अयोध्या में रामायण विश्वविद्यालय में इसी वर्ष शुरू होगी पढ़ाई, उच्च शिक्षा के तीन प्रस्तावों पर कैबिनेट की मुहर |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/ayodhya-ramayan-university-approved-in-ayodhya-engineering-college-to-become-university-23954841.html |access-date=13 July 2025 |work=Jagran |date=3 June 2025 |language=hi}}</ref> is a private university located in [[Ayodhya]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India. The university was established on 12 January 2025<ref>{{cite news |title=उत्तर प्रदेश शासन ने अयोध्या में महर्षि महेश योगी रामायण विश्वविद्यालय के संचालन की अनुमति प्रदान की है |url=https://www.timesnowhindi.com/education/up-govt-approves-two-new-private-universities-in-the-state-maharishi-mahesh-yogi-ramayan-university-gets-green-signal-in-ayodhya-article-152218540 |access-date=13 July 2025 |work=Times Now Hindi |date=4 July 2025 |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=UP government grants permission for 2 new private universities |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/up-government-grants-permission-for-2-new-private-universities/articleshow/122250006.cms |website=The Economic Times |date=4 July 2025 |access-date=16 July 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=UP में दो नए निजी विश्वविद्यालयों के संचालन को मंजूरी |url=https://dainiksaveratimes.com/uttar-pradesh/approval-operation-two-new-private-universities-up/ |website=दैनिक सवेरा टाइम्स |date=4 July 2025 |access-date=16 July 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=यूपी में दो नई प्राइवेट यूनिवर्सिटीज को मंजूरी, अयोध्या में महर्षि महेश योगी रामायण विश्वविद्यालय |url=https://www.timesnowhindi.com/education/up-govt-approves-two-new-private-universities-in-the-state-maharishi-mahesh-yogi-ramayan-university-gets-green-signal-in-ayodhya-article-152218540 |website=Times Now Hindi |date=4 July 2025 |access-date=16 July 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=रामायण यूनिवर्सिटी कहाँ बनाई जाएगी और इसमें क्या-क्या पढ़ाया जाएगा |url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/ramayan-university-facts-in-hindi-1638876392-2 |website=Jagran Josh (हिंदी) |date=7 December 2021 |access-date=16 July 2025}}</ref> with the vision of imparting ancient Indian knowledge systems such as [[Ramayan]], [[Vedic science]], [[Sanskrit]], [[Indian philosophy]], and [[Transcendental Meditation]] alongside contemporary academic disciplines. The institution is named after spiritual leader [[Maharishi Mahesh Yogi]], who is also the founder of the global [[Transcendental Meditation]] movement.

==History==
The idea for the university was inspired by Maharishi Mahesh Yogi's vision of making Ayodhya the global hub of Vedic knowledge. The university was formally established in 2025 under the aegis of Maharishi Mahesh Yogi Sansthan and with approval from the Government of [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite news |title=अयोध्या में रामायण विश्वविद्यालय को मिली सरकार की हरी झंडी, वर्षों पहले देखा गया था सपना |url=https://www.newsnationtv.com/states/uttar-pradesh/ayodhya-ramayana-university-approved-by-up-govt-and-cm-yogi-9335632 |access-date=13 July 2025 |work=News Nation Hindi |date=4 June 2025 |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=अयोध्या में महर्षि महेश योगी रामायण विवि के संचालन की हरी झंडी |url=https://www.amarujala.com/lucknow/up-20-reservation-for-agniveers-in-police-recruitment-studies-to-be-done-at-ayodhya-ramayana-university-re-2025-06-03 |access-date=13 July 2025 |work=Amar Ujala |date=3 June 2025 |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=अयोध्या के विकास में नए युग का सूत्रपात: 2022 में 21 एकड़ में महर्षि रामायण विश्वविद्यालय के शिलान्यास से होगी शुरुआत, CM ने दी हरी झंडी |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/uttar-pradesh/ayodhya/news/in-2022-the-foundation-stone-of-maharishi-ramayana-university-will-be-started-in-21-acres-cm-gave-green-signal-129173109.html |website=दैनिक भास्कर |date= |access-date=16 July 2025}}</ref>

The institution began academic operations in 2025, offering programs rooted in Indian scriptures, consciousness-based education, Vedic sciences, and Ramayan studies, along with interdisciplinary and professional programs.<ref>{{cite news |title=भगवान राम के हज़ार वर्षों के जीवन पर हुआ गहन शोध, महर्षि महेश योगी रामायण विश्वविद्यालय में पढ़ाई शुरू|url=https://www.swadeshnews.in/uttar-pradesh/ayodhya/intensive-research-done-on-1000-years-of-lord-ram-life-studies-start-in-maharishi-mahesh-yogi-ramayana-university-941632 |access-date=13 July 2025 |work=Swadesh News |date=10 February 2025 |language=hi}}</ref><ref name="MMYRV-UGC-PDF">{{cite web
|url= https://mmyrv.edu.in/pdf/MAHARISHI%20RAMAYAN%20UNIVERSITY%20AYODHYA.pdf
|title= Gazette Notification – UGC Recognition for Maharishi Mahesh Yogi Ramayan University, Ayodhya
|publisher= Maharishi Mahesh Yogi Ramayan Vishwavidyalaya (MMYRV)
|access-date= 23 July 2025
}}</ref>

==Governance==
The founding Chancellor of the university is Dr. Ajay Prakash Shrivastava, a senior member of Maharishi organizations in India.

==Campus==
[[File:Ramayan University Campus Pic By Ritesh Kumar Bhanu.png|thumb|Ramayan University Campus]]
The campus is located in the spiritual city of [[Ayodhya]], along the banks of the Saryu River. It features traditional Indian architectural elements inspired by Ramayan-era design. The university also houses meditation halls, Vedic gurukuls, digital classrooms, and an e-library of ancient scriptures.

==Academic Programs==
Maharishi Mahesh Yogi Ramayan University offers undergraduate, postgraduate, diploma, and research programs in:<ref>{{cite news |title=ZeeNews: यूपी के इस शहर में 500 करोड़ से बन रही रामायण यूनिवर्सिटी, राम-लक्ष्मण पर होगी पीएचडी |url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/india/up-uttarakhand/ayodhya/maharishi-mahesh-yogi-ramayan-university-in-ayodhya-80-percent-complete/2476603 |access-date=13 July 2025 |work=Zee News Hindi |date=17 October 2024 |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=रामायण विश्वविद्यालय: संस्कृति और आधुनिकता का संगम होगा रामायण विश्वविद्यालय, जानिए इसकी खासियत |url=https://www.amritvichar.com/article/501057/ayodhya--ramayana-university-will-be-a-confluence-of-culture-and-modernity--know-its-specialty#goog_rewarded |access-date=13 July 2025 |work=Amrit Vichar |date=21 October 2024 |language=hi}}</ref>

* Ramayan Studies
* Sanskrit and Indian Philosophy
* Vedic Science and Consciousness
* Yoga and Transcendental Meditation
* Engineering
* Business & Management

==Affiliations and Recognition==
The university is recognized by the [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission (UGC)]].<ref>{{cite web
|title=Gazette Notification – UGC Letter of Recognition for Maharishi Mahesh Yogi Ramayan University
|url=https://mmyrv.edu.in/pdf/Gazette.pdf
|publisher=Maharishi Mahesh Yogi Ramayan Vishwavidyalaya (MMYRV)
|date=July 2025
|format=PDF
|access-date=21 July 2025
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Maharishi University of Information Technology |url=https://www.ugc.gov.in/universitydetails/Private_university_other?id=1423 |website=University Grants Commission |publisher=UGC |access-date=19 March 2026}}</ref> The curriculum aligns with the National Education Policy 2020 (NEP 2020), emphasizing holistic development, multilingual education, and integration of Indian knowledge systems.

== Statue unveiling ceremony ==
[[File:Lord Rama Statue Maharishi Mahesh Yogi Ramayan University Ayodhya.jpg|thumb]]

On the occasion of the 109th birth anniversary of Maharishi Mahesh Yogi, a 35-foot-tall statue of Maryada Purushottam Lord Rama was unveiled at the campus of Maharishi Mahesh Yogi Ramayan University. The Governor of Uttar Pradesh, [[Anandiben Patel]], attended the ceremony as the chief guest and formally unveiled the statue. During her address, she described Ayodhya as an eternal symbol of the ideals of Ram Rajya. The event was attended by university officials, academicians, and other dignitaries.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ayodhya: Governor Anandiben Patel unveils 35-foot-tall statue of Lord Ram |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/uttar-pradesh/ayodhya/news/ayodhya-unveiling-of-the-35-foot-tall-statue-of-lord-shri-ram-today-136958911.html |work=Dainik Bhaskar |access-date=16 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Ayodhya is an eternal symbol of the ideals of Ram Rajya: Governor Anandiben Patel |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/ayodhya-governor-anandi-ben-patel-in-ayodhya-says-ayodhya-is-an-eternal-symbol-of-the-ideals-of-ram-rajya-40109756.html |work=Dainik Jagran |access-date=16 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Governor to arrive in Ayodhya today, will unveil 35-foot-tall statue of Lord Ram |url=https://www.amritvichar.com/article/567902/the-governor-will-arrive-in-ayodhya-today-and-will-unveil-a-35-foot-tall-statue-of-lord-ram |work=Amrit Vichar |access-date=16 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=35-foot-tall statue of Lord Ram unveiled in Ayodhya |url=https://vocaltv.in/uttar-pradesh/ayodhya-pradesh-rajyapal-php/cid18122860.htm |work=Vocal TV |access-date=16 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title=महेश योगी रामायण विश्वविद्यालय में लगी प्रभु राम की 35 फुट ऊंची प्रतिमा, राज्यपाल ने किया अनावरण | url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/uttar-pradesh/ayodhya/ayodhya-mahesh-yogi-ramayana-university-lord-ram-35-foot-tall-statue-installed-governor-anandi-ben-patel-unveiled/articleshow/126601645.cms | access-date=17 January 2026 | publisher=Navbharat Times | language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=MoU signed between Avadh and Ramayana University |url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/ayodhya/mou-signed-between-avadh-and-ramayana-university-ayodhya-news-c-13-1-lko1045-1562052-2026-01-16 |publisher=Amar Ujala |date=16 January 2026 |access-date=17 January 2026}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Maharishi Mahesh Yogi]]
* [[Transcendental Meditation]]
* [[Maharishi University of Information Technology]]
* [[Transcendental Meditation movement]]
* [[Global Country of World Peace]]
* [[Ramayan]]
* [[Ayodhya]]
* [[Vedic education]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Universities in Uttar Pradesh}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Private universities in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 2023]]
[[Category:2023 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges affiliated with the Transcendental Meditation movement]]
[[Category:Hindu universities and colleges]]
[[Category:Sanskrit universities in India]]

Muralidhar Goud

2026-03-30T19:07:13Z

Cdpnkr: new

{{Short description|Indian actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Muralidhar Goud
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 
| birth_place = [[Ramayampet]], [[Andhra Pradesh]] (now in [[Telangana]]), India
| occupation = Actor
| years_active = 2018–present
| spouse =
| children =
| website =
}}

'''Ireni Muralidhar Goud''' is an Indian actor who works in [[Telugu cinema]]. His breakthrough came with his performance in ''[[DJ Tillu]]'' (2022) and ''[[Balagam (film)|Balagam]]'' (2023).<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LEnU1-rYpDk |title=This Is My Remuneration {{!}} Balagam Fame Muralidhar Goud {{!}} Open Talk With Lakshmi {{!}} DJ Tillu{{!}}Film Tree |date=2023-04-09 |last=Tree Media |access-date=2024-08-30 |via=YouTube}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Sunita |first=Y. |date=2023-06-12 |title=From TV serials to Telugu cinema, actor Muralidhar Goud talks about his acting career |url=https://thesouthfirst.com/entertainment/pareshan-fame-actor-muralidhar-goud-talks-about-his-career/ |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=The South First |language=en}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Goud hails from [[Ramayampet]], [[Telangana]] and completed his education in [[Siddipet]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Balagam Actor Muralidhar Goud About His Struggles - Sakshi |url=https://www.sakshi.com/telugu-news/movies/balagam-actor-muralidhar-goud-about-his-struggles-1574829 |access-date=2024-10-18 |website=[[Sakshi (newspaper)|Sakshi]] |language=te}}</ref> He worked as a Junior Accounts Officer at the Electricity Board of the Mint Compound in Hyderabad until retirement, after which he pursued a career in films.{{fact|date=December 2024}}

== Career ==
He began his career with small roles in television shows.<ref name=":0" /> Goud’s first breakthrough role in film came through with ''[[DJ Tillu]]'' (2022).<ref name=":0" /> He went on to reprise his role in its ''[[Tillu Square]]'' (2024) as well. Speaking about his role as Tillu’s father, Abhilasha Cherukuri of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' wrote that Goud emerged in "steady form without missing a single beat."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cherukuri |first=Abhilasha |date=2024-03-30 |title=Movie Review 'Tillu Square'{{!}} Effectively leverages the strength of the original film |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2024/Mar/30/movie-review-tillu-square-effectively-leverages-the-strength-of-the-original-film |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Jeevi of ''[[Idlebrain.com]]'' wrote that Goud is naturally talented and praised his comic timing.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tillu Square review - Siddhu Jonnalagadda, Anupama Parameswaran |url=https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/tillusquare.html |access-date=2024-10-18 |website=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref> Speaking about his role in [[Mad (film)|''Mad'']] (2023), Sangeetha Devi Dundoo of ''[[The Hindu]]'' stated that, "Muralidhar is easily one of the best actors in Telugu cinema today to play the frustrated father who delivers snarky lines with a deadpan expression."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dundoo |first=Sangeetha Devi |date=2023-10-06 |title='MAD' movie review: Sangeeth Shobhan and Vishnu Oi sparkle in director Kalyan Shankar's campus entertainer that packs in plenty of laughs within its wafer-thin storyline |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/mad-telugu-movie-review-director-kalyan-shankar-delivers-lighthearted-campus-fun/article67388352.ece |access-date=2024-10-18 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year !! Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| rowspan="3" |2018
|''[[Rangasthalam]]''
| style="text-align: center;"|''Unknown''
|
|-
|''[[Aatagallu]]''
| style="text-align: center;"|''Unknown''
|
|-
|''[[Antariksham 9000 KMPH]]''
| style="text-align: center;"|''Unknown''
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2019
| [[NTR: Kathanayakudu|''NTR: Kathanayakudu'']]
| Tanguturu Anjaiah
|
|-
|''[[Marshal (film)|Marshal]]''
| style="text-align: center;"|''Unknown''
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2021
|''Climax''
|
|
|-
|''[[Pitta Kathalu]]''
|Ex-MLA
|"Ramula" segment
|-
| rowspan="2" |2022
|[[The American Dream (film)|''The American Dream'']]
|
|
|-
|''[[DJ Tillu]]''
|Tillu's father
|
|-
| rowspan="9" |2023
|''[[Mem Famous]]''
|Sarpanch Yella Reddy
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-29 |title=SS Rajamouli Praises Newbie Director Sumanth Prabhas For 'Mem Famous' |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/ss-rajamouli-praises-newbie-director-sumanth-prabhas-for-mem-famous--news-290426 |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=Outlook India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Nandan |first=Deepthi |date=2023-05-26 |title=Mem Famous movie review: This Telangana-style youth flick is for those who have idle time |url=https://thesouthfirst.com/entertainment/mem-famous-movie-review-this-telangana-style-youth-flick-is-for-those-who-have-idle-time/ |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=The South First |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Pareshan]]''
|Samarpan
|
|-
|''[[Unstoppable (2023 film)|Unstoppable]]''
|Kohinoor Kalyan's father
|
|-
|''[[Slum Dog Husband]]''
|Mounika's father
|<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SVwWU32TFsk |title=Muralidhar Goud Speech At Slum Dog Husband Release Date Announcement Event {{!}} Ntv ENT |date=2023-07-10 |last=NTV Entertainment |access-date=2024-08-30 |via=YouTube}}</ref>
|-
|[[Mad (film)|''Mad'']]
|Ganesh's father
|
|-
|''[[Bhagavanth Kesari]]''
|Jogi
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Arikatla |first=Venkat |date=2023-10-19 |title=Bhagavanth Kesari Movie Review: Careful Bro |url=https://www.greatandhra.com/movies/reviews/bhagavanth-kesari-review-careful-bro-132987 |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=greatandhra.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Das Ka Dhamki]]''
|Sanjay's pretending father
|
|-
|''[[Mangalavaaram]]''
|
|
|-
|[[Balagam (film)|''Balagam'']]
|Narayana
|<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wNIdstgRmpg |title=Balagam Fame Muralidhar Goud & Kota Jayaram Exclusive Interview {{!}} Ntv ENT |date=2023-04-02 |last=NTV Entertainment |access-date=2024-08-30 |via=YouTube}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="10" |2024
|''Babu''
|
|
|-
|''[[Tillu Square]]''
|Tillu's father
|
|-
|''[[Music Shop Murthy]]''
|
|-
|''Padmavyuham Lo Chakradhari''
|840 Ramakrishna
|
|-
|[[Darling (2024 film)|''Darling'']]
| Raghav's father
|
|-
| ''[[Pekamedalu]]''
| Varalaxmi's relative
|
|-
|''Bhavanam''
|
|
|-
|''Ramnagar Bunny''
|Bunny’s father
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-05 |title=Ramnagar Bunny is a youthful entertainer with a familiar story |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/ramnagar-bunny-movie-review-1828279#:~:text=Muralidhar%20Goud%20stands%20out%20as,Malayaja%20Prabhakar,%20and%20ETV%20Prabhakar. |access-date=2024-10-18 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Pushpa 2]]''
|Jewellery shop owner
|
|-
|''[[Srikakulam Sherlock Holmes]]''
|Michael Raj
|
|-
| rowspan="14" |2025
|''[[Sankranthiki Vasthunam]]''
|Bhagyam's father
|
|-
|''[[Pelli Kani Prasad]]''
|Prasad’s father
|
|-
|[[Mad Square|''Mad Square'']]
|Ganesh's father
|
|-
| ''[[Akkada Ammayi Ikkada Abbayi (2025 film)|Akkada Ammayi Ikkada Abbayi]]'' ||Krishna’s father ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harsh |first=B. H. |date=2025-04-05 |title=Radhan brings a unique sound in ‘Priyamara,’ the new single from Akkada Ammayi Ikkda Abbayi |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Apr/05/radhan-brings-a-unique-sound-in-priyamara-the-new-single-from-akkada-ammayi-ikkda-abbayi |access-date=2025-04-11 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Shashtipoorthi]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Kingdom (2025 film)|Kingdom]]''
|SI Ramulu
|
|-
|''[[Kanya Kumari (film)|Kanya Kumari]]''
|Bride’s father
|
|-
|''[[Constable (film)|Constable]]''
|Doctor
|
|-
|''[[K-Ramp]]''
|Daniel
|
|-
|''[[Santhana Prapthirasthu]]''
|Eshwar Rao
|
|-
|''[[Jigris]]''
|Karthik’s father
|
|-
|''School Life''
|
|
|-
|''[[Champion (2025 film)|Champion]]''
|Kistayya
|
|-
|''[[Dhandoraa]]''
|Babai
|
|-
| 2026
|''[[Bhartha Mahasayulaku Wignyapthi]]''
|Kamalasan Naidu
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Bhartha Mahasayulaku Wignyapthi Review: Partly fun, partly familier |url=https://telugucinema.com/reviews/bhartha-mahasayulaku-wignyapthi-review-partly-fun-partly-familier |work=[[Telugucinema.com]] |date=13 January 2026}}</ref>
|-
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Network
|-
|2024
|[[Brinda (TV series)|''Brinda'']]
|Postmortem Surgeon
|[[SonyLIV]]
|-
|2025
|''[[Sivarapalli]]''
|Mitta Sudhakar
|[[Amazon Prime Video]]
|}

== Awards and nominations ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Award
!Category
!Work
!Result
!{{Ref.}}
|-
|[[68th Filmfare Awards South|2023]]
|[[Filmfare Awards South]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor – Telugu|Best Supporting Actor – Telugu]]
| rowspan="2" |''[[DJ Tillu]]''
|{{Nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nominations for the 68th Filmfare Awards South (Telugu) 2023 {{!}} Grazia India |url=https://www.grazia.co.in/fashion/news/nominations-for-the-68th-filmfare-awards-south-telugu-2023_-12819.html |access-date=2024-10-18 |website=www.grazia.co.in |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[11th South Indian International Movie Awards|2023]]
|[[South Indian International Movie Awards]]
|[[SIIMA Award for Best Supporting Actor – Telugu|Best Supporting Actor – Telugu]]
|{{Nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-09-14 |title=SIIMA 2023: Tollywood's top contenders for major awards |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/siima-2023-tollywoods-top-contenders-for-major-awards/photostory/103671724.cms |access-date=2024-10-18 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
<references />

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ramana, Goparaju}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Telugu male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male artists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu television]]
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu theatre]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:Indian theatre people]]
[[Category:Indian soap opera actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Telangana]]
[[Category:People from Medak district]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

List of most expensive Indian films

2026-03-28T14:27:41Z

Cdpnkr: general improve citations per standard format also and fixed typos as per guidelines

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}

This ranking lists the most expensive films in [[Cinema of India|Indian cinema]], based on conservative production budget estimates reported by organisations classified as green.{{efn|See [[BP:RSP]], [[BP:ICTFSOURCES]]}} The figures are not adjusted for inflation and represent only the actual filming costs, including promotional expenses (such as advertisements, commercials, posters, etc.).

==Most expensive films==

The following table lists the most expensive films produced in the Indian film industry, each with a budget of [[Indian rupee|₹]]275 [[crore]] or more.
{|class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|+{{Screen reader-only|Most expensive Indian films}}
!scope="col" |Rank
!scope="col" |Title
!scope="col" |Budget
!scope="col" |Language
!scope="col" |Year
!scope="col" class="unsortable" |{{Refh}}
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align: right;" |1
|''[[Kalki 2898 AD]]''
| align="right" |₹600 crore
| align="center" |Telugu
| align="center" |2024
| align="center" |<ref name="WB">{{Cite web |last=Prakash |first=B. V. S. |date=10 June 2024 |title=Whopping Budget for Kalki 2898 AD in Two Parts |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/prabhass-kalki-mounted-on-rs-700-cr-budget-898213 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240627182913/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/prabhass-kalki-mounted-on-rs-700-cr-budget-898213 |archive-date=27 June 2024 |website=Deccan Chronicle |access-date=27 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Malhotra |first=Rahul |date=6 July 2024 |title='Kalki 2898 AD' Prepares To Demolish a Massive Global Box Office Milestone |url=https://collider.com/kalki-2898-ad-global-box-office-96-million/ |access-date=18 August 2025 |website=Collider |language=en}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:right" |2
|''[[RRR]]''
| align="right" |₹550 crore
| align="center" |Telugu
| align="center" |2022
| align="center" |<ref name="EI">{{cite web |title=RRR, 2.0, Brahmastra, Adipurush: Expensive Indian films that cost over Rs 300 crore |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/photo-gallery-from-rrr-to-prithviraj-9-most-expensive-movies-that-crossed-a-budget-of-rs-300-crores-or-more-2954513/20-2954517 |website=[[DNA India]] |access-date=24 September 2022 |archive-date=24 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220924054414/https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/photo-gallery-from-rrr-to-prithviraj-9-most-expensive-movies-that-crossed-a-budget-of-rs-300-crores-or-more-2954513/20-2954517 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:right" |3
|''[[Adipurush]]''
| align="right" |₹700 crore
| align="center" |Hindi Telugu
| align="center" |2023
| align="center" |{{efn|name="adi"|''Adipurush''{{'s}} reported budget varies between ₹500 crore (''[[Bollywood Hungama]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prabhas starrer Adipurush made on a budget of Rs. 500 cr. recovers Rs. 432 cr. before its release |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/prabhas-starrer-adipurush-made-budget-rs-500-cr-recovers-rs-432-cr-release/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602132032/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/prabhas-starrer-adipurush-made-budget-rs-500-cr-recovers-rs-432-cr-release/ |archive-date=2 June 2023 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=2 June 2023 |access-date=1 July 2023}}</ref>) – ₹700 crore (''[[India Today]]'',<ref>{{Cite magazine |title=Om Raut calls Prabhas 'flop-proof', says 'Adipurush' did 'well at box office' |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/om-raut-calls-prabhas-flop-proof-says-adipurush-did-well-at-box-office-2590078-2024-08-29 |magazine=[[India Today]] |date=29 August 2024 |access-date= 6 September 2024}}</ref> ''[[Network18 Group|News18]]''<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 July 2023 |title=Chandrayaan-3 Is Rs 75 Cr Cheaper Than Prabhas' Adipurush: Viral Tweet Leaves Netizens In Splits |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/chandrayaan-3-is-rs-75-cr-cheaper-than-prabhas-adipurush-viral-tweet-leaves-netizens-in-splits-8340841.html |access-date=17 July 2023 |work=[[News18]] |archive-date=16 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230716214655/https://www.news18.com/movies/chandrayaan-3-is-rs-75-cr-cheaper-than-prabhas-adipurush-viral-tweet-leaves-netizens-in-splits-8340841.html |url-status=live }}</ref>)}}
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:right" |4
|''[[2.0 (film)|2.0]]''
| align="right" |₹400 crore
| align="center" |Tamil
| align="center" |2018
| align="center" |{{efn|name="2.0"|''2.0''{{'s}} reported budget varies between ₹400 crore (''[[Bollywood Hungama]]''<ref>{{cite web|title=REVEALED: The Real Budget of the Rajinikanth – Akshay Kumar starrer 2.0|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/revealed-real-budget-rajinikanth-akshay-kumar-starrer-2-0/|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=26 October 2018|access-date=3 March 2023|archive-date=2 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230302184312/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/revealed-real-budget-rajinikanth-akshay-kumar-starrer-2-0/|url-status=live}}</ref>) – ₹500 crore (''[[NDTV]]''<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 November 2018 |title=Rajinikanth And Akshay Kumar's 2.0 Has Reportedly Recovered Rs 370 Crore Out Of 500 Already |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/rajinikanth-and-akshay-kumars-2-0-has-reportedly-recovered-rs-370-crore-out-of-500-already-1952280 |access-date=2 March 2023 |website=NDTV.com |archive-date=2 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230302184310/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/rajinikanth-and-akshay-kumars-2-0-has-reportedly-recovered-rs-370-crore-out-of-500-already-1952280 |url-status=live}}</ref>) – ₹570 crore (''[[Network18 Group|News18]]''<ref name="ZS">{{Cite web|title=Zero to Saaho, Films That Tanked at Box Office Despite Their Trailers Smashing Records|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/zero-to-saaho-films-that-tanked-at-box-office-despite-their-trailers-smashing-records-4919396.html|website=News18|date=29 March 2022|access-date=3 March 2023|archive-date=12 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230712115536/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/zero-to-saaho-films-that-tanked-at-box-office-despite-their-trailers-smashing-records-4919396.html|url-status=live}}</ref>) – ₹543 crore (''[[The News Minute]]'',<ref>{{cite web |title='2.0' strikes gold at box-office, grosses over Rs 500 crore in 1 week|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/20-strikes-gold-box-office-grosses-over-rs-500-crore-1-week-92882|website=[[The News Minute]]|date=6 December 2018|access-date=19 October 2022|archive-date=19 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221019131046/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/20-strikes-gold-box-office-grosses-over-rs-500-crore-1-week-92882|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[Filmfare]]'',<ref>{{cite web|title=Rajinikanth and Akshay Kumar's 2.0 has earned Rs 490 crores already|url=https://m.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/rajinikanth-and-akshay-kumars-20-has-earned-rs-490-crores-already-31363.html|website=[[Filmfare]]|access-date=20 October 2022|archive-date=20 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221020063831/https://m.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/rajinikanth-and-akshay-kumars-20-has-earned-rs-490-crores-already-31363.html|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[Zee News]]''<ref>{{cite web|title=Rajinikanth and Akshay Kumar's 2.0: Makers spend over Rs 543 crore on VFX!|url=https://zeenews.india.com/regional/rajinikanth-and-akshay-kumars-2-0-makers-spend-over-rs-543-crore-on-vfx-2139951.html|website=[[Zee News]]|date=10 September 2018|access-date=20 October 2022|archive-date=20 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221020063834/https://zeenews.india.com/regional/rajinikanth-and-akshay-kumars-2-0-makers-spend-over-rs-543-crore-on-vfx-2139951.html|url-status=live}}</ref>) – ₹550 crore (''[[India Today]]'',<ref>{{cite web|title=VFX work in 2.0 starring Rajinikanth and Akshay Kumar cost Rs 550 crore?|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/vfx-work-in-2-0-starring-rajinikanth-and-akshay-kumar-cost-rs-550-crore-1337646-2018-09-11|website=[[India Today]]|date=11 September 2018 |access-date=28 September 2022|archive-date=28 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928055802/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/vfx-work-in-2-0-starring-rajinikanth-and-akshay-kumar-cost-rs-550-crore-1337646-2018-09-11|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[Business Today (India)|Business Today]]''<ref>{{cite web|title=2.0 Box Office Collection: Rajinikanth, Akshay Kumar film makes a mark in US; earns Rs 24 crore in 4 days|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/trends/story/2point0-box-office-collection-rajinikanth-akshay-kumar-film-makes-mark-us-earns-rs-24-crore-in-4-days-119884-2018-12-03|website=[[Business Today (India)|Business Today]]|date=3 December 2018|access-date=28 September 2022|archive-date=28 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928060152/https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/trends/story/2point0-box-office-collection-rajinikanth-akshay-kumar-film-makes-mark-us-earns-rs-24-crore-in-4-days-119884-2018-12-03|url-status=live}}</ref>) – ₹570 crore (''[[Daily News and Analysis|DNA India]]''<ref name="EI" />) – ₹600 crore (''[[Cinema Express]]'',<ref name="cinemaexpress.com">{{cite web|title=Lyca Productions says 2.0 grosses Rs 400 crore worldwide|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2018/dec/03/lyca-productions-says-20-grosses-400-crores-worldwide-9050.html|website=[[Cinema Express]]|date=3 December 2018|access-date=24 September 2022|archive-date=24 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220924111323/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2018/dec/03/lyca-productions-says-20-grosses-400-crores-worldwide-9050.html|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[The New Indian Express]]'',<ref>{{cite web|title=Rajinikanth's 2.0 has recovered Rs 370 crore already?|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2018/nov/23/rajinikanths-20-has-recovered-rs-370-crore-already-1902323.amp|website=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=4 November 2018|access-date=16 October 2022|archive-date=16 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221016120551/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2018/nov/23/rajinikanths-20-has-recovered-rs-370-crore-already-1902323.amp|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[The Hindu]]''<ref>{{cite news|title=Rajinikanth's 2.0: Why it is a big deal|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/20-the-buzz-about-the-rajinikanth-akshay-kumar-film/article25613646.ece/|website=[[The Hindu]]|date=28 November 2018|access-date=16 October 2022|archive-date=16 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221016121111/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/20-the-buzz-about-the-rajinikanth-akshay-kumar-film/article25613646.ece/amp/|url-status=live}}</ref>)}}
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:right" |5
|''[[Pushpa 2: The Rule]]''
| align="right" |₹400 crore
| align="center" |Telugu
| align="center" |2024
| align="center" |<ref name="budget pushpa 2" /><ref>{{cite web |access-date=25 April 2024 |title=Allu Arjun Increases His Fee To ₹150 Crore Ahead Of Pushpa 2 Release? Heres What We Know |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/allu-arjun-increases-his-fee-to-150-crore-ahead-of-pushpa-2-release-heres-what-we-know-8866294.html |work=News18}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:right" |6
|''[[The RajaSaab]]''
| align="right" |₹400 crore
| align="center" |Telugu
| align="center" |2026
| align="center" |{{Efn|Attributed to multiple references<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 January 2026 |title=The Raja Saab worldwide box office collection day 4: Prabhas film faring worse than Adipurush, Saaho; crawls to ₹170 cr |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/the-raja-saab-worldwide-box-office-collection-day-4-prabhas-film-faring-worse-than-adipurush-saaho-170-crore-101768279713775.html |access-date=14 January 2026 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Kumar |first=Vineeta |title=5 films, 1 Prabhas: How Rs 2100 crore is riding on actor's shoulders at box office |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/5-films-one-prabhas-rs-2100-crore-riding-on-actor-shoulders-at-box-office-2601365-2024-09-17 |website=India Today |date=17 September 2024 |access-date=20 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Prabhas' The Raja Saab teaser leaked online ahead of official release |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/entertainment/prabhas-the-raja-saab-teaser-leaked-online-ahead-of-official-release-article-13117413.html |website=Moneycontrol |access-date=21 July 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Prabhas's Rajasaab includes an iconic Bollywood song remix |url=https://www.siasat.com/prabhass-rajasaab-includes-an-iconic-bollywood-song-remix-3132988/ |website=Siasat |date=8 April 2025 |access-date=21 July 2025}}</ref>|name=rajasaab}}
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:right" |7
|''[[The Greatest of All Time]]''
| align="right" |₹380 crore
| align="center" |Tamil
| align="center" |2024
| align="center" |<ref name="Greatest of all">{{Cite web |date=1 September 2024 |title=Archana Kalpathi on spending Rs 400 crore for Vijay-Venkat Prabhu's GOAT: 'Star salary is proportionate to box office revenue' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/archana-kalpathi-on-spending-rs-400-crore-for-vijay-venkat-prabhus-goat-9544491/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240904125653/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/archana-kalpathi-on-spending-rs-400-crore-for-vijay-venkat-prabhus-goat-9544491/ |archive-date=4 September 2024 |access-date=6 September 2024 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:right" |8
|''[[Brahmāstra: Part One – Shiva]]''
| align="right" |₹375 crore
| align="center" |Hindi
| align="center" |2022
| align="center" |<ref name="RK">{{Cite web |date=1 September 2022 |title=SCOOP: Brahmastra official budget is over Rs. 400 crores – Ranbir Kapoor, Alia Bhatt film creates history |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/scoop-brahmastra-official-budget-rs-400-crores-ranbir-kapoor-alia-bhatt-film-creates-history/ |access-date=3 April 2024 |archive-date=1 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220901110439/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/scoop-brahmastra-official-budget-rs-400-crores-ranbir-kapoor-alia-bhatt-film-creates-history/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:right" |9
|''[[Game Changer (film)|Game Changer]]''
| align="right" |₹350 crore
| align="center" |Telugu
| align="center" |2025
| align="center" |{{efn|<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 January 2025 |title='Game Changer' Tickets And Advance Booking: Ram Charan's Film Is Posed For A Great Start |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/telugu/game-changer-tickets-and-advance-booking-ram-charans-film-is-posed-for-a-great-start-article-117018995 |access-date=9 January 2025 |website=Times Now |language=en |quote=While the budget of the Ram Charan-starrer has reportedly been around Rs 350 plus crore, the film's pre-release business too has been stunning.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=9 January 2025 |title=Ticket prices hiked for Ram Charan's 'Game Changer', permission for 1am shows denied |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/trending/entertainment/story/ticket-prices-hiked-for-ram-charans-game-changer-permission-for-1am-shows-denied-460136-2025-01-09 |access-date=9 January 2025 |website=[[Business Today (India)|Business Today]] |language=en |quote=Made at a budget of around ₹400 crore, Ram Charan's latest film has logged stellar advance bookings for day 1 in India so far.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=31 December 2024 |title=Ram Charan's 'Game Changer' recovers half its budget even before trailer release: Report |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/ram-charans-game-changer-recovers-half-its-budget-even-before-trailer-release-report/articleshow/116808794.cms?from=mdr |access-date=9 January 2025 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389 |quote=The film, with a budget of Rs 400 crore, has already recouped 50% of its cost ....}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=5 January 2025 |title=Game Changer: Ram Charan's Film Budget, Cast Remunerations, Box Office Prediction, Here's Everything You Need To Know |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/photo-gallery-game-changer-ram-charan-s-film-budget-cast-remunerations-box-office-prediction-here-s-everything-you-need-to-know-3126378 |access-date=9 January 2025 |website=DNA India |language=en |quote=The film is reportedly being made with a budget of ₹500 crore.}}</ref>|name=game}}
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:right" |10
|[[Coolie (2025 film)|''Coolie'']]
| align="right" |₹350 crore
| align="center" |Tamil
| align="center" |2025
| align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lokesh Kanagaraj On His Salary for 'Coolie': It Has Doubled After Success of 'Leo' |url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/features/interviews/lokesh-kanagaraj-on-his-salary-for-coolie-it-has-doubled-after-success-of-leo |access-date=18 August 2025 |website=The Hollywood Reporter India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:right" |11
|''[[Singham Again]]''
| align="right" |₹350 crore
| align="center" |Hindi
| align="center" |2024
| align="center" |<ref name="SA">{{Cite web |access-date=3 October 2024 |title=Singham Again rakes in Rs. 130 crores from Amazon Prime in historic OTT deal for Rohit Shetty and Ajay Devgn |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/singham-rakes-rs-130-crores-amazon-prime-historic-ott-deal-rohit-shetty-ajay-devgn/ |work=Bollywood Hungama |date=3 October 2024 |archive-date=3 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241003073451/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/singham-rakes-rs-130-crores-amazon-prime-historic-ott-deal-rohit-shetty-ajay-devgn/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="BB">{{cite web | title=Bhool Bhulaiyaa 3 vs Singham Again box office collection Day 8: So who is winning the race? | website=Business Today | date=9 November 2024 | url=https://www.businesstoday.in/trending/box-office/story/bhool-bhulaiyaa-3-vs-singham-again-box-office-collection-day-8-so-who-is-winning-the-race-kartik-aaryan-ajay-devgn-453132-2024-11-09 | access-date=11 November 2024}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:right" |12
|''[[Bade Miyan Chote Miyan (2024 film)|Bade Miyan Chote Miyan]]''
| align="right" |₹350 crore
| align="center" |Hindi
| align="center" |2024
| align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mankad |first=Himesh |date=27 April 2022 |title=EXCLUSIVE: Bade Miyan Chote Miyan's cost of production expected to be 120 crore; Costliest Akshay Kumar film |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/exclusives/exclusive-bade-miyan-chote-miyan-s-cost-production-expected-be-120-crore-costliest-akshay-kumar-film |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240202025822/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/exclusives/exclusive-bade-miyan-chote-miyan-s-cost-production-expected-be-120-crore-costliest-akshay-kumar-film |archive-date=2 February 2024 |access-date=26 March 2024 |work=PINKVILLA}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:right" |13
|''[[Saaho]]''
| align="right" |₹325 crore
| align="center" |Telugu Hindi
| align="center" |2019
| align="center" |<ref name="ZS" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=29 August 2019 |title=Here's where Prabhas' Saaho stands on list of most expensive Indian films |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/at-a-reported-rs-350-crore-budget-here-s-where-prabhas-saaho-stands-on-list-of-most-expensive-indian-films/story-aweF3WWFspNQ2OPPupGx9I.html |access-date=21 August 2025 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:right" |14
|''[[War 2 (film)|War 2]]''
| align="right" |₹300 crore
| align="center" |Hindi
| align="center" |2025
| align="center" |{{efn|''War 2''{{'s}} reported budget varies between ₹300–400 crore<ref>{{Cite web |title=War 2 Distributor Quits Industry After Film's Debacle? Says 'Sorry To Disappoint You All...' |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/bollywood/war-2-producer-quits-industry-after-films-debacle-says-sorry-to-disappoint-you-all-ws-l-9518148.html |access-date=1 September 2025 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=30 May 2025 |title=SCOOP: YRF ties up with IPL for War 2; all set to unleash Hrithik Roshan vs NTR promos during the final |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/scoop-yrf-ties-ipl-war-2-set-unleash-hrithik-roshan-vs-ntr-promos-final |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250530134720/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/amp/news/bollywood/scoop-yrf-ties-ipl-war-2-set-unleash-hrithik-roshan-vs-ntr-promos-final/ |archive-date=30 May 2025 |access-date=30 May 2025 |website=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref>}}
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:right" |15
|''[[Kanguva]]''
| align="right" |₹300 crore
| align="center" |Tamil
| align="center" |2024
| align="center" |<ref>{{cite web |last=Lifestyle |first=FE |title=Kanguva budget and actor salaries: Suriya took Rs 39 crore, Bobby Deol earned Rs 5 crore for his role – How much money others charged for the film |website=Financialexpress |date=13 November 2024 |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/life/lifestyle-kanguvas-rs-300-crore-budget-and-actor-salaries-suriya-took-rs-39-crore-bobby-deol-earned-rs-5-crore-for-his-role-how-much-money-others-charged-for-the-film-3663021/ |access-date=14 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last=Srinivasan | first=Latha | title=Kanguva Review: Suriya's superb performance let down by weak writing and narration | website=Hindustan Times | date=14 November 2024 | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/kanguva-review-suriya-s-superb-performance-let-down-by-weak-writing-and-narration-101731566399629.html | access-date=14 November 2024}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="3" scope="row" style="text-align:right" |16
|''[[Jawan (film)|Jawan]]''
| rowspan="3" align="right" |₹300 crore
| align="center" |Hindi
| align="center" |2023
| align="center" |<ref name="BH_Jawan">{{Cite news |title=SCOOP: Jawan becomes Shah Rukh Khan's most expensive film; budget of Rs. 300 crores |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/scoop-jawan-becomes-shah-rukh-khans-expensive-film-budget-rs-300-crores/ |access-date=10 September 2023 |work=Bollywood Hungama |date=16 August 2023 |archive-date=16 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230816111603/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/scoop-jawan-becomes-shah-rukh-khans-expensive-film-budget-rs-300-crores/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="DE">{{Cite web |date=26 October 2023 |title=Decoding The Economics of Jawan: Shah Rukh Khan starrer budget, recovery, verdict & Lifetime Box Office |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/decoding-the-economics-of-jawan-shah-rukh-khan-starrer-budget-recovery-verdict-lifetime-box-office-1254014 |access-date=21 July 2024 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Tiger 3]]''
|align="center" |Hindi
|align="center" |2023
|align="center" |<ref name="BH_Tiger3">{{Cite news |title=BREAKING: Salman Khan and Aditya Chopra take film budget to next level; Rs. 300 crores |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/breaking-salman-khan-aditya-chopra-take-tiger-3-next-level-rs-300-crore-budget-last-film-franchise/ |access-date=23 October 2023 |work=Bollywood Hungama |date=5 August 2020 |archive-date=28 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230128193616/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/breaking-salman-khan-aditya-chopra-take-tiger-3-next-level-rs-300-crore-budget-last-film-franchise/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|''[[Vettaiyan]]''
| style="text-align:center;" |Tamil
| style="text-align:center;" |2024
|align="center" |<ref name="ZS" />
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:right" |19
|''[[Border 2]]''
| align="right" |₹275 crore
| align="center" |Hindi
| align="center" |2026
| align="center" |<ref>{{cite web |title= Sunny Deol's Border 2 will need at least Rs 500 crore at the box office to be a hit|url=https://ndtv.in/bollywood/border-2-box-office-collection-sunny-deol-movie-will-be-called-flop-after-earned-rs-300-crore-movie-will-have-to-earn-rs-500-crore-for-hit-9736613 |date=16 December 2025 |access-date=19 December 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=
Border 2 Day 1 Estimate: Sunny Deol and Varun Dhawan film takes a solid start at the box office with approx. Rs 33 crores |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/border-2-day-1-estimate-sunny-deol-and-varun-dhawan-film-takes-a-solid-start-at-the-box-office-with-approx-rs-33-crores/ |access-date=24 January 2026 |publisher=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=23 January 2026 |language=en}}</ref>
|}

==Most expensive films by language==
===Assamese===
[[Assamese cinema]] is a part of Indian cinema, based in [[Assam]], and is dedicated to the production of films in the [[Assamese language|Assamese]] language. The following table lists the top most expensive Assamese films produced in the Assamese film industry.

{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|-
! scope="col" | Rank
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Budget
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Ref
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:right" | 1
| ''[[Bhaimon Da]]''
| style="text-align:right" | ₹6 crore
| style="text-align:center" | 2025
| <ref>{{Cite web
|url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/entertainment/story/bhaimon-da-review-how-sasanka-samir-chronicles-munin-baruas-legacy-in-this-first-ever-assamese-biopic-1217598-2025-05-22
|title=Bhaimon Da Review: How Sasanka Samir chronicles Munin Barua’s legacy in this first-ever Assamese biopic
|date=15 April 2025
|access-date=28 June 2025
}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:right" | 2
| ''[[Roi Roi Binale]]''
| style="text-align:right" | ₹5 crore
| style="text-align:center" | 2025
| <ref>{{Cite web
|url=https://northeastlivetv.com/topnews/zubeen-gargs-final-film-touches-millions-roi-roi-binale-crosses-rs-30-crore-at-box-office/
|title=Zubeen Garg’s final film ‘Roi Roi Binale’ touches millions, crosses ₹30 crore at box office
|access-date=28 June 2025
}}</ref>
|}

===Bengali===
[[Cinema of West Bengal]], also known as Tollywood or Bengali cinema, is a part of Indian cinema. It is based in the [[Tollygunge]] region of [[Kolkata]], West Bengal, and is dedicated to the production of films in the [[Bengali language|Bengali]]-language. The following table lists the top four most expensive Indian Bengali films.

{|class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|-
!scope="col" |Rank
!scope="col" |Title
!scope="col" |Budget
!scope="col" |Year
!scope="col" class="unsortable" |{{Refh}}
|-
!scope="row" style=text-align:right |1
|''[[Devi Chowdhurani (2025 film)|Devi Chowdhurani]]''
|align="right" |₹20–25 crore
|align="center" |2025
|align="center" |
|-
!scope="row" style=text-align:right |2
|''[[Amazon Obhijaan]]''
|align="right" |₹20 crore
|align="center" |2017
|align="center" |<ref>{{cite web | last=Himatsingka | first=Anuradha | title=SVF unveils the biggest film poster for Bengali film 'Amazon Obhijaan' | website=The Economic Times | date=4 November 2017 | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/svf-unveils-the-biggest-film-poster-for-bengali-film-amazon-obhijaan/articleshow/61510003.cms?from=mdr | access-date=2 November 2024}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" style=text-align:right |3
|''[[Chander Pahar (film)|Chander Pahar]]''
|align="right" |₹15 crore
|align="center" |2013
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|title=Costliest Tolly film fights the odds - Mountain to climb for chander pahar at box-office |work=[[The Telegraph (Kolkata)|The Daily Telegraph]] |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1131220/jsp/calcutta/story_17698775.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131223024220/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1131220/jsp/calcutta/story_17698775.jsp|archive-date=23 December 2013}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:right" |4
|''[[Professor Shonku O El Dorado]]''
| align="right" |₹10 crore
|align="center" | 2019
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite news |title=বাংলা ছবির হালহকিকত: এ বছরের উল্লেখযোগ্য ৫ |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/check-out-best-five-bengali-movies-of-2019-dgtl-1.1085501 |access-date=2 January 2020 |publisher=আনন্দবাজার পত্রিকা |date=21 December 2019 |language=bn |archive-date=2 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200102025804/https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/check-out-best-five-bengali-movies-of-2019-dgtl-1.1085501 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=পারমিতা সাহা |title=বাবা যে সব জায়গায় যেতে পারেননি, শঙ্কুকে সেখানে পাঠিয়েছিলেন |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/interview-of-sandip-ray-on-his-next-film-on-professor-shonku-1.1083017 |access-date=27 December 2019 |publisher=আনন্দবাজার পত্রিকা |date=15 December 2019 |language=bn |archive-date=27 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191227072624/https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/interview-of-sandip-ray-on-his-next-film-on-professor-shonku-1.1083017 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|}

===Bhojpuri===
[[Bhojpuri cinema]] is a part of Indian cinema, dedicated to the production of films in the [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]-language. Its major production centres are [[Lucknow]] and [[Patna]]. The following table lists the top most expensive Bhojpuri films produced in the Bhojpuri film industry.

{|class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|-
!scope="col" |Rank
!scope="col" |Title
!scope="col" |Budget
!scope="col" |Year
!scope="col" class="unsortable" |{{Refh}}
|-
!scope="row" style=text-align:right |1
|''[[Sangharsh 2]]''
|align="right" |₹6 crore
|align="center" |2023
|align="center" |<ref>{{cite web | last=कश्यप | first=आनंद | title=Sangharsh 2 Box Office Collection: संघर्ष 2 के आगे नहीं टिक पाए टाइगर श्रॉफ और कंगना रनौत, 6 करोड़ की फिल्म ने कमा डाले 75 करोड़ | website=ndtv.in | date=1 February 2024 | url=https://ndtv.in/bhojpuri-cinema/sangharsh-2-lifetime-box-office-collection-khesari-lal-yadav-movie-beat-ganapath-and-tajas-with-earned-rs-75-crores-4960309 | language=hi | access-date=2 November 2024 | archive-date=31 January 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240131035623/https://ndtv.in/bhojpuri-cinema/sangharsh-2-lifetime-box-office-collection-khesari-lal-yadav-movie-beat-ganapath-and-tajas-with-earned-rs-75-crores-4960309 | url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" style=text-align:right |2
|''[[Nirahua Chalal London]]''
|align="right" |₹4 crore
|align="center" |2019
|align="center" |<ref>{{cite news|title=Dinesh Lal Yadav: 'निरहुआ चलल लंदन' का Box Office Collection, इस मामले में रणवीर-आलिया की 'गली बॉय' को दे रही है टक्कर - dinesh lal yadav aka nirahua and amrapali dubey starer film nirahua chalal london box office collection day 6|language=hi|work=Navbharat Times|url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bhojpuri-cinema/dinesh-lal-yadav-aka-nirahua-and-amrapali-dubey-starer-film-nirahua-chalal-london-box-office-collection-day-6/articleshow/68105941.cms|access-date=3 April 2020|archive-date=26 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200226175322/https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/movie-masti/bhojpuri-cinema/dinesh-lal-yadav-aka-nirahua-and-amrapali-dubey-starer-film-nirahua-chalal-london-box-office-collection-day-6/amp_articleshow/68105941.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|}

===Gujarati===
[[Gujarati cinema]] is a part of Indian cinema, dedicated to the production of films in the [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]-language. It is based in [[Ahmedabad]] and is sometimes referred to as Dhollywood.<ref>{{cite web |title=New age Gujarati cinema sets industry on revival course |website=Hindustan Times |date=11 February 2018 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/new-age-gujarati-cinema-sets-industry-on-revival-course/story-FuVgZnvAjE5Bz5cPEtmWiL.html |access-date=9 September 2024 |archive-date=21 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231021104140/https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/new-age-gujarati-cinema-sets-industry-on-revival-course/story-FuVgZnvAjE5Bz5cPEtmWiL.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The following table lists the top most expensive Gujarati films produced in the Gujarati film industry.

{|class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|-
!scope="col" |Rank
!scope="col" |Title
!scope="col" |Budget
!scope="col" |Year
|-
!scope="row" style=text-align:right | 1
|''[[Vash Level 2]]''
|align="right" |₹8 crore
|align="center" |2025
|-
!scope="row" style=text-align:right |2
|''[[Vash (film)|Vash]]''
|align="right" |₹3–3.5 crore
|align="center" |2023
|}

===Hindi===
[[Hindi cinema]] is a part of Indian cinema based in [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Gulzar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8y8vN9A14nkC |title=Encyclopaedia of Hindi Cinema |last2=Nihalani, Govind |last3=Chatterji, Saibal |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica (India) Pvt Ltd. |year=2003 |isbn=81-7991-066-0 |pages=10–18 |access-date=15 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190405040645/https://books.google.com/books?id=8y8vN9A14nkC |archive-date=5 April 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> The films are made primarily in the [[Hindi]]-language.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Pippa de Bruyn |url=https://archive.org/details/frommersindia0000debr/page/579 |title=Frommer's India |last2=Niloufer Venkatraman |last3=Keith Bain |publisher=Frommer's |year=2006 |isbn=0-471-79434-1 |page=[https://archive.org/details/frommersindia0000debr/page/579 579]}}</ref> It is often known as Bollywood and is one of the largest film producers in India as well as a major centre of film production worldwide.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wasko, Janet |title=How Hollywood works |publisher=SAGE |year=2003 |isbn=0-7619-6814-8 |page=185}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=K. Jha |url=https://archive.org/details/essentialguideto00jhas/page/1970 |title=The Essential Guide to Bollywood |last2=Subhash |publisher=Roli Books |year=2005 |isbn=81-7436-378-5 |page=[https://archive.org/details/essentialguideto00jhas/page/1970 1970]}}</ref> The following table lists the top ten most expensive Hindi films produced in the Hindi film industry.

{|class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|-
!scope="col" |Rank
!scope="col" |Title
!scope="col" |Budget
!scope="col" |Year
!scope="col" class="unsortable" |{{Refh}}
|-
!scope="row" style=text-align:right |1
|''[[Adipurush]]''{{efn|name="hte"|The film was produced in both the Hindi and Telugu languages, according to the filmmakers.}}
|align="right" |₹500–700 crore
|align="center" |2023
|align="center" |{{efn|name="adi"}}
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:right" |2
|''[[Brahmāstra: Part One – Shiva]]''
| align="right" |₹375–400 crore
| align="center" |2022
| align="center" |<ref name="RK" />
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:right" |3
|''[[Singham Again]]''
| align="right" |₹350–375 crore
| align="center" |2024
| align="center" |<ref name="SA" /><ref name="BB" />
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:right" |4
|''[[Bade Miyan Chote Miyan (2024 film)|Bade Miyan Chote Miyan]]''
| align="right" |₹350 crore
| align="center" |2024
| align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=EXCLUSIVE: Bade Miyan Chote Miyan's cost of production expected to be 120 crore; Costliest Akshay Kumar film |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/exclusives/exclusive-bade-miyan-chote-miyan-s-cost-production-expected-be-120-crore-costliest-akshay-kumar-film |access-date=28 March 2024 |website=PINKVILLA |date=26 April 2022 |language=en |archive-date=2 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240202025822/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/exclusives/exclusive-bade-miyan-chote-miyan-s-cost-production-expected-be-120-crore-costliest-akshay-kumar-film |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:right" |5
|''[[Saaho]]''{{efn|name="hte"}}
| align="right" |₹325–350 crore
| align="center" |2019
| align="center" |<ref name="ZS" />
|-
!scope="row" style=text-align:right |6
|''[[War 2 (film)|War 2]]''
|align="right" |₹300–400 crore
|align="center" |2025
|align="center" |<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 June 2024 |title=Hrithik Roshan and NTR Jr's War 2: Whopping budget, world tours to Kiara Advani's first bikini shot. Watch |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/hrithik-roshan-and-ntr-jrs-war-2-whopping-budget-world-tours-to-kiara-advanis-first-bikini-shot-watch-10017322/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250624112711/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/hrithik-roshan-and-ntr-jrs-war-2-whopping-budget-world-tours-to-kiara-advanis-first-bikini-shot-watch-10017322/ |archive-date=24 June 2025 |access-date=24 June 2025 |work=The Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=30 May 2025 |title=SCOOP: YRF ties up with IPL for War 2; all set to unleash Hrithik Roshan vs NTR promos during the final |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/scoop-yrf-ties-ipl-war-2-set-unleash-hrithik-roshan-vs-ntr-promos-final |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250530134720/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/amp/news/bollywood/scoop-yrf-ties-ipl-war-2-set-unleash-hrithik-roshan-vs-ntr-promos-final/ |archive-date=30 May 2025 |access-date=30 May 2025 |website=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="2" scope="row" style="text-align:right" |7
|''[[Jawan (film)|Jawan]]''
| rowspan="2" align="right" |₹300 crore
| align="center" |2023
| align="center" |<ref name="BH_Jawan" /><ref name="DE" />
|-
|''[[Tiger 3]]''
|align="center" |2023
|align="center" |<ref name="BH_Tiger3" />
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:right" |9
|''[[Border 2]]''
| align="right" |₹275 crore
| align="center" |2026
| align="center" |<ref>{{cite web |title= Sunny Deol's Border 2 will need at least Rs 500 crore at the box office to be a hit|url=https://ndtv.in/bollywood/border-2-box-office-collection-sunny-deol-movie-will-be-called-flop-after-earned-rs-300-crore-movie-will-have-to-earn-rs-500-crore-for-hit-9736613 |date=16 December 2025 |access-date=19 December 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=
Border 2 Day 1 Estimate: Sunny Deol and Varun Dhawan film takes a solid start at the box office with approx. Rs 33 crores |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/border-2-day-1-estimate-sunny-deol-and-varun-dhawan-film-takes-a-solid-start-at-the-box-office-with-approx-rs-33-crores/ |access-date=24 January 2026 |publisher=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=23 January 2026 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="2" scope="row" style="text-align:right" |10
|''[[Pathaan (film)|Pathaan]]''
| rowspan="2" align="right" |₹250 crore
| align="center" |2023
| align="center" |<ref name="WA">{{Cite web |title=250 करोड़ की लागत से बनी 'पठान' के लिए शाहरुख खान ने वसूले इतने करोड़, बादशाह के आगे कहीं नहीं हैं दीपिका और जॉन की फीस |url=https://ndtv.in/bollywood/shah-rukh-khan-charged-whopping-amount-for-pathaan-over-all-budget-of-250-crores-3696174 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240501084627/https://ndtv.in/bollywood/shah-rukh-khan-charged-whopping-amount-for-pathaan-over-all-budget-of-250-crores-3696174 |archive-date=1 May 2024 |access-date=1 May 2024 |website=NDTVIndia |language=hi}}</ref><ref name="YR">{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=17 April 2023 |title=EXCLUSIVE Economics of Pathaan: Yash Raj Films makes a profit of approx. Rs. 333 crores; Shah Rukh Khan walks away with a WHOPPING Rs. 200 crores as his remuneration :Bollywood Box Office - Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/exclusive-economics-pathaan-yash-raj-films-makes-profit-approx-rs-333-crores-shah-rukh-khan-walks-away-whopping-rs-200-crores-remuneration/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240403142951/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/exclusive-economics-pathaan-yash-raj-films-makes-profit-approx-rs-333-crores-shah-rukh-khan-walks-away-whopping-rs-200-crores-remuneration/ |archive-date=3 April 2024 |access-date=21 July 2024 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Fighter (2024 film)|Fighter]]''
|align="center" |2024
|align="center" |<ref name="Filmfare_January2021">{{Cite magazine |date=15 January 2021 |title=Hrithik Roshan and Deepika Padukone Starrer Fighter's Budget Is a Whopping Rs 250 Crore |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/hrithik-roshan-and-deepika-padukone-starrer-fighters-budget-is-a-whopping-rs-250-crore-45811.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325122448/https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/hrithik-roshan-and-deepika-padukone-starrer-fighters-budget-is-a-whopping-rs-250-crore-45811.html |archive-date=25 March 2023 |access-date=25 March 2023 |magazine=Filmfare}}</ref><ref name="TG">{{Cite magazine |date=24 January 2024 |title=Siddharth Anand addresses 'Fighter's' comparisons with 'Top Gun': It is inevitable |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/siddharth-anand-hrithik-roshan-fighter-comparisons-with-top-gun-2492884-2024-01-24 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240124055143/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/siddharth-anand-hrithik-roshan-fighter-comparisons-with-top-gun-2492884-2024-01-24 |archive-date=24 January 2024 |access-date=24 January 2024 |magazine=India Today}}</ref>
|}

===Kannada===
[[Kannada cinema]] is a part of Indian cinema based in [[Bengaluru]]. The films are made primarily in [[Kannada]]-language. The following table lists the top ten most expensive Kannada films produced in the Kannada film industry.

{|class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|-
!scope="col" |Rank
!scope="col" |Title
!scope="col" |Budget
!scope="col" |Year
!scope="col" class="unsortable" |{{Refh}}
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:right" |1
|''[[Kantara: Chapter 1]]''
| align="right" |₹125 crore
| align="center" |2025
| align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Parasuraman |first=Prathyush |date=19 October 2025 |title=Kantara: Chapter 1 Explores Divine Justice, Moral Ambiguity, and the Limits of Ritual |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/columns/kantara-chapter-1-divine-justice-moral-ambiguity-review/article70167028.ece |access-date=23 October 2025 |website=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title='Kantara 2': Has Rishab Shetty increased the budget for the prequel by over Rs. 100 crore? Here's what we know... |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/kantara-2-has-rishab-shetty-increased-the-budget-for-the-prequel-by-over-rs-1-crore-heres-what-we-know-/articleshow/102971692.cms |work=The Times of India |date=23 August 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |access-date=23 August 2023 |title='Kantara 2' to be made on a whopping budget; here are the full details |date=23 August 2023 |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/kantara-2-to-be-made-on-a-whopping-budget-here-are-the-full-details-817626 |publisher=The Hans India}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:right" |2
|''[[Kabzaa (2023 film)|Kabzaa]]''
| align="right" |₹120 crore
| align="center" |2023
| align="center" |<ref>{{cite web |last=India Today Entertainment Desk |title=Kabzaa box office collection day 8: Kichcha Sudeep's film struggles to hit big numbers |website=India Today |date=25 March 2023 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/kabzaa-box-office-collection-day-8-kichcha-sudeeps-film-struggles-to-hit-big-numbers-2351257-2023-03-25 |access-date=2 November 2024}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:right" |3
|''[[KGF: Chapter 2]]''
| align="right" |₹100 crore
| align="center" |2022
| align="center" |<ref>{{cite web |last=K |first=Janani |title=KGF Chapter 2 box office collection Day 33: Yash's film mints Rs 1200 crore, sets new record |website=India Today |date=17 May 2022 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/kgf-chapter-2-box-office-collection-day-33-yash-s-film-mints-rs-1200-crore-sets-new-record-1950309-2022-05-17 |access-date=1 November 2024 |archive-date=20 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221220195205/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/kgf-chapter-2-box-office-collection-day-33-yash-s-film-mints-rs-1200-crore-sets-new-record-1950309-2022-05-17 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:right" |4
|''[[Vikrant Rona]]''
| align="right" |₹95 crore
| align="center" |2023
| align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 August 2022 |title=Vikrant Rona likely to breach Rs. 200 crore mark in second week |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/kiccha-sudeeps-vikrant-rona-likely-to-breach-rs-200-crore-mark-in-second-week-5725801.html |access-date=20 September 2022 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:right" |5
|''[[Martin (2024 film)|Martin]]''
| align="right" |₹80–150 crore
| align="center" |2024
| align="center" |<ref>{{cite web |last=Entertainment Bureau |title=Martin Box Office Collection: Dhruva Sarja's Film Collects Rs 0.14 Crore On 14th Day |website=News18 |date=25 October 2024 |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/martin-box-office-collection-dhruva-sarjas-film-collects-rs-0-14-crore-on-14th-day-9098871.html |access-date=2 November 2024}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="1" scope="row" style="text-align:right" |6
|''[[KGF: Chapter 1]]''
| rowspan="1" align="right" |₹80 crore
| align="center" |2018
| align="center" |{{efn|''KGF: Chapter 1''{{'s}} reported budget varies between ₹50 crore (''[[Hindustan Times]]''<ref>{{cite news |title=Shah Rukh Khan's Zero beaten at the box office by Kannada film KGF in photo finish |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/shah-rukh-khan-s-zero-beaten-at-the-box-office-by-kannada-film-kgf-in-photo-finish/story-EC5yZTidmeLLMNTGbPetbI.html |access-date=28 January 2020 |work=Hindustan Times |date=24 December 2018 |archive-date=13 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190813040743/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/shah-rukh-khan-s-zero-beaten-at-the-box-office-by-kannada-film-kgf-in-photo-finish/story-EC5yZTidmeLLMNTGbPetbI.html |url-status=live}}</ref>) – ₹80 crore (''[[Business Today (India)|Business Today]]''<ref>{{cite news |title=KGF Box Office Collection Day 6: Hindi version of Yash's movie picks up pace as SRK's Zero slows down |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/trending/box-office/kgf-box-office-collection-day-6-hindi-version-yash-movie-picks-up-pace-srk-zero-slows-down/story/304580.html |access-date=28 January 2020 |work=businesstoday.in |date=27 December 2018 |archive-date=1 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401020131/https://www.businesstoday.in/trending/box-office/kgf-box-office-collection-day-6-hindi-version-yash-movie-picks-up-pace-srk-zero-slows-down/story/304580.html |url-status=live}}</ref>)}}
|-
! rowspan="1" scope="row" style="text-align:right" |7
|''[[Kurukshetra (2019 film)|Kurukshetra]]''
| align="right" |{{INR}}75 crore
| align="center" |2019
| align="center" |<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/from-kurukshetra-to-the-villain-and-kgf-kannada-cinema-is-betting-on-big-budget-films-5055281.html |title=From Kurukshetra to The Villain and KGF, Kannada cinema is betting on big-budget films |date=27 August 2018 |access-date=27 August 2018}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:right" |8
|''[[UI (film)|UI]]''
| align="right" |₹60–100 crore
| align="center" |2024
| align="center" |<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/trends/ui-ott-release-date-how-to-watch-kannada-science-fiction-movie-online-11735986629544.html |title=UI OTT Release Date |date=4 January 2025 |website=Live Mint |access-date=7 January 2025}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:right" |9
|''[[James (2022 film)|James]]''
| align="right" |₹50–70 crore
| align="center" |2022
| align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Taneja |first=Parina |date=15 March 2022 |title=Puneeth Rajkumar's last film James: Where to Watch, Trailer, Release Date, Movie Review, HD download online |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/regional-cinema/puneeth-rajkumar-last-film-james-where-to-watch-release-date-movie-review-hd-download-online-bookymyshow-2022-03-15-764480 |access-date=17 March 2022 |website=www.indiatvnews.com |language=en}}</ref>
|}

===Malayalam===
[[Malayalam cinema]], also referred to as Mollywood by certain media outlets, is a part of Indian cinema, based in [[Kerala]] and dedicated to the production of films in the [[Malayalam]]-language. The following table lists the 10 most expensive Malayalam films produced in the Malayalam film industry.

{|class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|-
!scope="col" |Rank
!scope="col" |Title
!scope="col" |Budget
!scope="col" |Year
!scope="col" class="unsortable" |{{Refh}}
|-
! rowspan="1" scope="row" style="text-align:right" |1
|''[[L2: Empuraan]]''
| rowspan="1" align="right" |₹150–175 crore
|align="center" |2025
|align="center" |<ref>{{Cite news |author=Kuhu Verma |date=26 July 2025 |title=Saiyaara becomes 2nd biggest movie of 2025; THESE are top 10 highest-grossing films of the year |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/life/entertainment/saiyaara-becomes-2nd-biggest-movie-of-2025-these-are-top-10-highest-grossing-films-of-the-year/3927364/ |newspaper=Financial Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:right" |2
|''[[Barroz 3D]]''
|align="right" |₹150 crore
|align="center" |2024
|align="center" |<ref>{{cite web |access-date=31 December 2024 |title=Mohanlal reacts to Barroz's box office failure after film collects Rs 9 cr in 6 days: 'Not made for the numbers'|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/mohanlal-reacts-to-barroz-box-office-failure-after-film-collects-rs-9-cr-in-6-days-not-made-for-the-numbers-9752550/ |work=Indian Express|date=30 December 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250103190259/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/mohanlal-reacts-to-barroz-box-office-failure-after-film-collects-rs-9-cr-in-6-days-not-made-for-the-numbers-9752550/|archive-date=3 January 2025|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Barroz Lifetime Kerala Box Office: Mohanlal's fantasy movie to end its run grossing ONLY Rs 11 crore in the state|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/barroz-lifetime-kerala-box-office-mohanlals-fantasy-movie-to-end-its-run-grossing-only-rs-11-crore-in-the-state-1366314|website=[[PINKVILLA]]|date=8 January 2025}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:right" |3
|''[[Patriot (film)|Patriot]]''
|align="right" |₹140 crore
|align="center" |2026
|align="center" |
|-
!scope="row" style=text-align:right |4
|''[[Marakkar: Lion of the Arabian Sea]]''
| rowspan="1" align="right" |₹100 crore
|align="center" |2021
|align="center" |<ref name="Marakkar">{{cite web | last1=Krishnakumar | first1=G. | title=Mohanlal's 'Marakkar: Arabikadalinte Simham' to have exclusive three-week run in over 600 screens in Kerala from August 12 | work=The Hindu | date=21 June 2021 | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/mohanlals-marakkar-arabikadalinte-simham-to-have-exclusive-three-week-run-in-over-600-screens-in-kerala-from-august-12/article34877948.ece }}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="1" scope="row" style="text-align:right" |5
|''[[The Goat Life]]''
|align="right" |₹82 crore
|align="center" |2024
|align="center" |<ref>{{cite web | last=Entertainment Bureau | title=Aadujeevitham Box Office Report: Prithviraj Sukumaran's Film Eyes Rs 50-Crore Milestone | website=News18 | date=5 April 2024 | url=https://www.news18.com/movies/aadujeevitham-box-office-report-prithviraj-sukumarans-film-eyes-rs-50-crore-milestone-8840565.html | access-date=2 November 2024 | archive-date=10 April 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240410065434/https://www.news18.com/movies/aadujeevitham-box-office-report-prithviraj-sukumarans-film-eyes-rs-50-crore-milestone-8840565.html | url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="2" scope="row" style="text-align:right" |6
|''[[Turbo (2024 film)|Turbo]]''
| rowspan="2" align="right" |₹70 crore
|align="center" |2024
|align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 January 2024 |title=Turbo Movie: അടി മാത്രമല്ല വെടിയും ഉണ്ട്; 73 കോടി ബജറ്റിൽ മമ്മൂട്ടിയുടെ ടർബോ, ലൊക്കേഷൻ വീഡിയോ ലീക്കായി... |trans-title=Turbo Movie: There are not only beats but also shots; Mammootty's Turbo with a budget of 73 crores, location video leaked |url=https://zeenews.india.com/malayalam/movies/turbo-movie-70-crore-big-budget-mammootty-film-fight-scene-leaked-in-social-media-178647 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240525171447/https://zeenews.india.com/malayalam/movies/turbo-movie-70-crore-big-budget-mammootty-film-fight-scene-leaked-in-social-media-178647 |archive-date=25 May 2024 |access-date=14 April 2024 |website=Zee News Malayalam |language=ml |quote=Turbo is the biggest big budget film under the production of Mammootty. 70 crores are being spent on the film.}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Vrusshabha]]''{{efn|The film was produced in both the Telugu and Malayalam languages}}
|align="center" |2025
|align="center" |<ref>{{cite web |title=ബജറ്റ് 70 കോടി, പ്രീ സെയിലില്‍ ഒരു കോടി പോലും സ്വന്തമാക്കാനാകാതെ മോഹന്‍ലാലിന്റെ 'പാന്‍ ഇന്ത്യന്‍' വൃഷഭ|url=https://www.doolnews.com/vrushabha-movie-pre-sales-not-crossed-one-crore-64-144.html |access-date=27 December 2025 |work=Dool News |date=26 December 2025}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:right" |8
|''[[Malaikottai Vaaliban]]''
| align="right" |₹65 crore
| align="center" |2024
| align="center" |<ref>{{cite web | title=Malaikottai Vaaliban: ചിത്രത്തിൻറെ ബഡ്ജറ്റ് 65 കോടി? മലൈക്കോട്ടൈ വാലിബനിൽ മോഹൻലാൽ പ്രതിഫലം കുറച്ചോ? | website=Zee News Malayalam | date=25 January 2024 | url=https://zeenews.india.com/malayalam/movies/malaikottai-vaaliban-updates-mohanlals-salary-upto-20-crores-says-reports-181016 | language=ml | access-date=2 November 2024 | archive-date=25 January 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240125071832/https://zeenews.india.com/malayalam/movies/malaikottai-vaaliban-updates-mohanlals-salary-upto-20-crores-says-reports-181016 | url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:right" |9
|''[[Mamangam (film)|Mamangam]]''
| align="right" |₹55 crore
| align="center" |2019
| align="center" |<ref>{{cite web |title=Mammootty starrer Mamangam earns Rs 60 crore in opening weekend |website=The Indian Express |date=16 December 2019 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/mamangam-mammootty-box-office-opening-weekend-collection-worldwide-6170093/ |access-date=2 November 2024 |archive-date=23 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200923124700/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/mamangam-mammootty-box-office-opening-weekend-collection-worldwide-6170093/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="2" scope="row" style="text-align:right" |10
|''[[Odiyan]]''
| rowspan="2" align="right" |₹50 crore
| align="center" |2018
| align="center" |<ref>{{cite web |title=Odiyan: Mohanlal, VA Shrikumar Menon fight negative reviews |website=The Indian Express |date=18 December 2018 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/odiyan-negative-reviews-5499375/ |access-date=2 November 2024 |archive-date=15 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415090304/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/odiyan-negative-reviews-5499375/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|''[[King of Kotha]]''
|align="center" |2023
|align="center" |<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/malayalam-features/dulquer-salmaan-dreamt-big-with-king-of-kotha-malayalam-movies-kurup-guns-and-gulaabs-sita-ramam|title=Dulquer Salmaan Dreamt Big With King Of Kotha|date=13 December 2018|access-date=16 September 2023|archive-date=18 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918104718/https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/malayalam-features/dulquer-salmaan-dreamt-big-with-king-of-kotha-malayalam-movies-kurup-guns-and-gulaabs-sita-ramam|url-status=live}}</ref>
|}

===Marathi===
[[Marathi cinema]] is a part of Indian cinema, dedicated to the production of films in the [[Marathi language|Marathi]]-language and is based in [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]]. The following table lists the top ten most expensive Marathi films produced in the Marathi film industry.

{|class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|-
!scope="col" |Rank
!scope="col" |Title
!scope="col" |Budget
!scope="col" |Year
!scope="col" class="unsortable" |{{Refh}}
|-
!scope="row" style=text-align:right |1
|''[[Raja Shivaji (film)|Raja Shivaji]]''{{efn|The film will be released simultaneously in Marathi and Hindi.}}
|align="right" |₹100 crore
|align="center" |2026
|align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |first5=GNFollow |title=45 రోజుల్లో 1500 కోట్ల బిజినెస్.. అంచనాలు పెంచేస్తున్న 6 పాన్ ఇండియా సినిమాలు, లిస్ట్ ఇదే |url=https://telugu.asianetnews.com/gallery/entertainment/indian-cinema-2026-big-budget-movie-releases-and-box-office-clashes-qp01h0a |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260226145027/https://telugu.asianetnews.com/gallery/entertainment/indian-cinema-2026-big-budget-movie-releases-and-box-office-clashes-qp01h0a |archive-date=26 February 2026 |access-date=26 February 2026 |website=Asianet News Telugu |language=te}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" style=text-align:right |2
|''[[Ved (film)|Ved]]''
|align="right" |₹15 crore
|align="center" |2022
|align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 January 2023 |title=Riteish Deshmukh's Ved Becomes Second-highest Grossing Marathi film After Sairat |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/riteish-deshmukhs-ved-becomes-second-highest-grossing-marathi-film-after-sairat-6854539.html |access-date=4 March 2023 |website=[[News18]] |language=en |archive-date=4 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230304135604/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/riteish-deshmukhs-ved-becomes-second-highest-grossing-marathi-film-after-sairat-6854539.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" style=text-align:right |3
|''[[Punha Shivajiraje Bhosale]]''
| align="right" |₹13 crore
| align="center" |2025
| align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Khambe |first=Komal |date=31 October 2025 |title=७-८ नव्हे तर 'पुन्हा शिवाजीराजे भोसले' सिनेमा बनवण्यासाठी लागले तब्बल 'इतके' कोटी; महेश मांजरेकर म्हणाले- "बजेट वाढलं कारण..." |url=https://www.lokmat.com/filmy/marathi-cinema/mahesh-manjarekar-revealed-budget-of-punha-shivajiraje-bhosale-marathi-movie-a-a971/ |access-date=1 November 2025 |website=Lokmat |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" style=text-align:right |4
|''[[Dashavatar (2025 film)|Dashavatar]]''
| align="right" |₹12.50 crore
| align="center" |2025
| align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tirodkar |first=Amey |date=27 September 2025 |title=Dashavtar Marathi Film: Konkan's Ecology vs Development Battle |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/arts-and-culture/dashavtar-marathi-film-konkan-ecology/article70101136.ece |access-date=27 September 2025 |website=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]] |publisher=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:right" |5
|''[[Har Har Mahadev]]''
| align="right" |₹10–15 crore
| align="center" |2022
| align="center" |<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bhonsale |date=26 October 2022 |first=Divya |title=Box Office Report: Ram Setu, Thank God or Har Har Mahadev, which film proved to be a hit? |url=https://newsable.asianetnews.com/entertainment/tuesday-box-office-report-ram-setu-thank-god-har-har-mahadev-drb-rkcr22 |work=[[Asianet News]] |access-date=12 August 2024 |archive-date=29 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221129013506/https://newsable.asianetnews.com/entertainment/tuesday-box-office-report-ram-setu-thank-god-har-har-mahadev-drb-rkcr22 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:right" |6
|''[[Subhedar]]''
| align="right" |₹10 crore
| align="center" |2023
| align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=भव्यदिव्य सुभेदार सिनेमाची कोट्यवधींची कमाई, पण बजेटचा आकडा वाचून वाटेल आश्चर्य |url=https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/box-office-collections/chinmay-mandlekar-and-ajay-purkar-marathi-subhedar-movie-budget-box-office-collection/articleshow/103308110.cms |access-date=7 September 2023 |website=[[Maharashtra Times]] |language=mr |archive-date=6 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230906182959/https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/box-office-collections/chinmay-mandlekar-and-ajay-purkar-marathi-subhedar-movie-budget-box-office-collection/articleshow/103308110.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="2" scope="row" style="text-align:right" |7
|''[[Ghar Banduk Biryani]]''
| rowspan="2" align="right" |₹8–10 crore
| align="center" |2023
| align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 April 2023 |title=Ghar Banduk Biryani Review: सयाजी शिंदे-नागराज मंजुळेंचा नाद खुळा, 'घर बंदुक बिर्याणी'मध्ये चित्रपट हिट की फ्लॉप? वाचा सविस्तर |url=https://www.saamtv.com/entertainment/nagraj-manjule-sayaji-shinde-akash-thosar-movie-ghar-banduk-biryani-review-psd94 |access-date=17 July 2023 |website=[[Saam TV]] |language=mr |archive-date=10 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410123428/https://www.saamtv.com/entertainment/nagraj-manjule-sayaji-shinde-akash-thosar-movie-ghar-banduk-biryani-review-psd94 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|''[[Timepass 3]]''
| align="center" |2022
| align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 August 2022 |title=Timepass 3: Marathi Ekikaran Samiti Demands Removal Of Some Scenes |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/timepass-3-marathi-ekikaran-samiti-demands-removal-of-some-scenes-5673943.html |access-date=3 August 2023 |website=News18 |language=en |archive-date=31 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221031155505/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/timepass-3-marathi-ekikaran-samiti-demands-removal-of-some-scenes-5673943.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Naik |first=Payal Shekhar |title=Timepass ३ Box Office Collection: प्रथमेश- ऋताच्या जोडीची जादू, किती आहे कमाई? |url=https://marathi.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/timepass-3-box-office-collection-prathmesh-parab-and-hruta-durgule-timepass-3-collection-141659259368973.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220805073958/https://marathi.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/timepass-3-box-office-collection-prathmesh-parab-and-hruta-durgule-timepass-3-collection-141659259368973.html |archive-date=5 August 2022 |access-date=25 March 2025 |website=Hindustan Times Marathi |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="2" scope="row" style="text-align:right" |9
|''[[Dharmaveer]]''
| rowspan="2" align="right" |₹8 crore
| align="center" |2022
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 May 2022 |title=Dharmaveer Box Office Collection: 'धर्मवीर' चित्रपटाचे बॉक्स ऑफिस कलेक्शन समोर, पहिल्या दिवशी कमावले इतके कोटी |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/actor-prasad-oak-anand-dighe-dharmaveer-marathi-movie-box-office-day-1-collection-nrp-97-2927856/ |access-date=2 August 2023 |website=[[Loksatta]] |language=mr |archive-date=2 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230802085733/https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/actor-prasad-oak-anand-dighe-dharmaveer-marathi-movie-box-office-day-1-collection-nrp-97-2927856/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|''[[Dharmaveer 2]]''
|align="center" | 2024
|align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Naik |first=Payal |date=17 October 2024 |title='धर्मवीर'समोर फ्लॉप ठरला 'धर्मवीर २'; नाही चालली चित्रपटाची जादू; बॉक्स ऑफिसवर एकूण किती केलं कलेक्शन? वाचा आकडा |url=https://www.esakal.com/premier/dharmaveer-2-box-office-collection-know-how-much-movie-earned-in-19-days-psn14 |access-date=17 October 2024 |website=[[Sakal]] |language=mr}}</ref>
|}

===Meitei===
[[Meitei cinema]] is a part of Indian cinema, dedicated to the production of films in the [[Meitei language|Meitei]]-language (officially Manipuri-language) and is based in [[Manipur]]. The following table lists the top most expensive Meitei films produced in the Meitei film industry.

{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|-
!scope="col" |Rank
!scope="col" |Title
!scope="col" |Budget
!scope="col" |Year
!scope="col" class="unsortable" |{{Refh}}
|-
!scope="row" style=text-align:right |1
|''[[My Japanese Niece]]''
|align="right" |₹1 crore
|align="center" | 2015
|align="center" |<ref>{{Cite news|title=Budget for "My Japanese Niece" – a masterpiece from Mohen Naorem|url=https://manipurtimes.com/my-japanese-niece-a-masterpiece-from-mohen-naorem/|access-date=13 June 2022|work=Manipur Times|date=19 March 2013|archive-date=24 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220524184305/https://manipurtimes.com/my-japanese-niece-a-masterpiece-from-mohen-naorem/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|}

===Odia===
[[Cinema of Odisha|Odia cinema]], also known as Ollywood, is a part of Indian cinema, based in [[Cuttack]], [[Odisha]] and dedicated to the production of films in the [[Odia language|Odia]]-language. The following table lists the top most expensive Odia films produced in the Odia film industry.

{|class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|-
!scope="col" |Rank
!scope="col" |Title
!scope="col" |Budget
!scope="col" |Year
!scope="col" class="unsortable" |{{Refh}}
|-
! rowspan="2" scope="row" style="text-align:right" |1
|''Shree Jagannath Nabakalebara''
| align="right" |₹3 crore
| rowspan="2" align="center" |2025
|
|-
|''[[Bou Buttu Bhuta]]''
| align="right" |₹2.5 crore
|
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align: right;" |3
|''Karma''
| align="right" |₹2 crore
| align="center" |2024
|
|}

===Punjabi===
[[Punjabi cinema]] is a part of Indian cinema, dedicated to the production of films in the [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]-language films. It is based in [[Amritsar]], [[Ludhiana]] and [[Mohali]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rawle |first=Steven |title=Transnational Cinema: An Introduction |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |year=2018 |isbn=978-1-137-53014-1 |page=28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Jeffrey |first=Craig |title=Modern India: A Very Short Introduction |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2017 |isbn=978-0-19-108223-8 |series=Very Short Introductions |page=88}}</ref> The following table lists the top most expensive Indian Punjabi films produced in the Punjabi film industry.
{|class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|-
!scope="col" |Rank
!scope="col" |Title
!scope="col" |Budget
!scope="col" |Year
!scope="col" class="unsortable" |{{Refh}}
|-
!scope="row" style=text-align:right |1
|''[[Chaar Sahibzaade]]''
|align="right" |₹20 crore
|align="center" |2014
|align="center" |<ref name="Business Standard Chaar">{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/harry-baweja-s-chaar-saahibzaade-rakes-in-rs-70-crore-globally-115010800141_1.html|title=Harry Baweja's Chaar Saahibzaade gives 250% returns|first=Urvi|last=Malvania|date=9 January 2015|access-date=29 December 2019|work=Business Standard|archive-date=12 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230712120348/https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/harry-baweja-s-chaar-saahibzaade-rakes-in-rs-70-crore-globally-115010800141_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|}

===Tamil===
[[Tamil cinema]] is a part of Indian cinema based in [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]]. The films are made primarily in [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language. The following table lists the top ten most expensive Tamil films produced in the Tamil film industry.

{|class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|-
!scope="col" |Rank
!scope="col" |Title
!scope="col" |Budget
!scope="col" |Year
!scope="col" class="unsortable" |{{Refh}}
|-
!scope="row" style=text-align:right |1
|''[[2.0 (film)|2.0]]''
|align="right" |₹400–600 crore
|align="center" |2018
|align="center" |{{efn|name=2.0}}
|-
!scope="row" style=text-align:right |2
|''[[The Greatest of All Time]]''
|align="right" |₹380–400 crore
|align="center" |2024
|align="center" |<ref name="Greatest of all"/>
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:right" |3
|''[[Coolie (2025 film)|Coolie]]''
| align="right" |₹350–400 crore
| align="center" |2025
| align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lokesh Kanagaraj On His Salary for 'Coolie': It Has Doubled After Success of 'Leo' |url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/features/interviews/lokesh-kanagaraj-on-his-salary-for-coolie-it-has-doubled-after-success-of-leo |access-date=18 August 2025 |website=The Hollywood Reporter India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:right" |4
|''[[Kanguva]]''
| align="right" |₹300–350 crore
| align="center" |2024
| align="center" |<ref>{{cite web | last=Lifestyle | first=FE | title=Kanguva budget and actor salaries: Suriya took Rs 39 crore, Bobby Deol earned Rs 5 crore for his role – How much money others charged for the film | website=Financialexpress | date=13 November 2024 | url=https://www.financialexpress.com/life/lifestyle-kanguvas-rs-300-crore-budget-and-actor-salaries-suriya-took-rs-39-crore-bobby-deol-earned-rs-5-crore-for-his-role-how-much-money-others-charged-for-the-film-3663021/ | access-date=14 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last=Srinivasan | first=Latha | title=Kanguva Review: Suriya's superb performance let down by weak writing and narration | website=Hindustan Times | date=14 November 2024 | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/kanguva-review-suriya-s-superb-performance-let-down-by-weak-writing-and-narration-101731566399629.html |access-date=14 November 2024}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:right" |5
|''[[Vettaiyan]]''
| align="right" |₹300 crore
| style="text-align:center;" |2024
| align="center" |<ref name="ZS" />
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:right" |6
|''[[Good Bad Ugly]]''
| align="right" |₹270 crore
| align="center" |2025
| align="center" |<ref name="Prakash-2024">{{Cite web |last=Prakash |first=B. V. S. |date=1 July 2024 |title=Tamil Star Ajith's Good Bad Ugly Goes Over Budget? |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/thala-ajithkumars-good-bad-ugly-budget-overshoots-1308924 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240701091940/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/thala-ajithkumars-good-bad-ugly-budget-overshoots-1308924 |archive-date=1 July 2024 |access-date=1 July 2024 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Chorudhury-2025">{{cite web |last=Choudhury |first=Anjali |date=14 March 2025 |title=Good Bad Ugly plot REVEALED, fans compare Ajith Kumar starrer with Thalapathy Vijay's Leo |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/good-bad-ugly-plot-revealed-fans-compare-ajith-kumar-starrer-with-thalapathy-vijays-leo-1377466 |website=Pinkvilla |access-date=8 April 2025}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="2" scope="row" style="text-align:right" |7
|''[[Leo (2023 Indian film)|Leo]]''
| rowspan="2" align="right" |₹250–300 crore
| align="center" |2023
| align="center" |<ref name="VM">{{Cite web |title=Leo box office collection Day 9: Vijay's magic fizzles out at box office |url=https://www.business-standard.com/entertainment/leo-box-office-collection-day-9-vijay-s-magic-fizzles-out-at-box-office-123102700877_1.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231105133112/https://www.business-standard.com/entertainment/leo-box-office-collection-day-9-vijay-s-magic-fizzles-out-at-box-office-123102700877_1.html |archive-date=5 November 2023 |access-date=5 November 2023}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Indian 2]]''
|align="center" |2024
|align="center" |{{efn|name="i2"|''Indian 2''{{'s}} reported budget varies between ₹250 crore (''[[India Today]]''<ref>{{cite web |last=K |first=Janani |date=20 May 2024 |title=Kamal Haasan's 'Indian 2' to release on July 12, 1st single to be out on May 22 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/kamal-haasans-indian-2-to-release-on-july-12-1st-single-to-be-out-on-may-22-2541233-2024-05-20 |access-date=31 October 2024 |website=India Today |archive-date=16 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716054506/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/kamal-haasans-indian-2-to-release-on-july-12-1st-single-to-be-out-on-may-22-2541233-2024-05-20 |url-status=live }}</ref>) – ₹300 crore ([[Network18 Group|''News18'']]<ref>{{cite web | last= Entertainment Bureau | title=After Indian 2's Failure, Indian 3 To Skip Theatrical Release? What We Know | website=News18 | date=4 October 2024 | url=https://www.news18.com/movies/after-indian-2s-failure-indian-3-to-skip-theatrical-release-what-we-know-9073849.html | access-date=3 November 2024}}</ref>)}}
|-
! rowspan="2" scope="row" style="text-align:right" |9
|''[[Ponniyin Selvan: I]]''
| rowspan="2" align="right" |₹250 crore
| align="center" |2022
| align="center" |<ref name="TF">{{Cite web |date=10 February 2021 |title=Telangana folk, tribal arts in Mani Ratnam's movie |url=https://telanganatoday.com/telangana-folk-tribal-arts-in-mani-ratnams-movie |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210210183924/https://telanganatoday.com/telangana-folk-tribal-arts-in-mani-ratnams-movie |archive-date=10 February 2021 |access-date=10 April 2023 |website=[[Telangana Today]]}}</ref><ref name="PS">{{Cite web |date=13 April 2021 |title=70% of ''Ponniyin Selvan'' shoot was completed |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/ponniyin-selvan-mani-ratnam-shifts-shoot-plan-due-to-corona-second-wave/articleshow/82048490.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414013101/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/ponniyin-selvan-mani-ratnam-shifts-shoot-plan-due-to-corona-second-wave/articleshow/82048490.cms |archive-date=14 April 2021 |access-date=10 April 2023 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Ponniyin Selvan: II]]''
|align="center" |2023
|align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 April 2022 |title=Mani Ratnam's 'Ponniyin Selvan' OTT rights and release date details revealed! |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/mani-ratnam-ar-rahman-chiyaan-vikram-aishwarya-rai-ponniyin-selvan-ott-right-release-date-details-update-tamil-news-313170 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220429124139/https://www.indiaglitz.com/mani-ratnam-ar-rahman-chiyaan-vikram-aishwarya-rai-ponniyin-selvan-ott-right-release-date-details-update-tamil-news-313170 |archive-date=29 April 2022 |access-date=10 April 2023 |website=Indiaglitz}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mani Ratnam's Ponniyin Selvan: Rs 125 Cr Pre-release! |url=https://www.indiaherald.com/Movies/Read/994497935/Mani-Ratnams-Ponniyin-Selvan-Rs-Cr-Prerelease |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220708143151/https://www.indiaherald.com/Movies/Read/994497935/Mani-Ratnams-Ponniyin-Selvan-Rs-Cr-Prerelease |archive-date=8 July 2022 |access-date=10 April 2023 |website=India Herald}}</ref>
|}

===Telugu===
[[Telugu cinema]] is a part of Indian cinema producing films in the [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language, in the states of [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Telangana]] and is centered in the [[Film Nagar]] neighbourhood of [[Hyderabad]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 December 2007 |title=Year of success for tinsel town |url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/12/26/stories/2007122650520200.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071227070116/http://www.hindu.com/2007/12/26/stories/2007122650520200.htm |archive-date=27 December 2007 |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India}}</ref> The following table lists the top ten most expensive Telugu films.

{|class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|-
!scope="col" |Rank
!scope="col" |Title
!scope="col" |Budget
!scope="col" |Year
!scope="col" class="unsortable" |{{Refh}}
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:right" |1
|''[[Kalki 2898 AD]]''
| align="right" |₹600 crore
| align="center" |2024
| align="center" |<ref name="WB" />
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:right" |2
|''[[RRR]]''
| align="right" |₹550 crore
| align="center" |2022
| align="center" |<ref name="EI" />
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:right" |3
|''[[Adipurush]]''{{efn|name="hte"}}
| align="right" |₹500–700 crore
| align="center" |2023
| align="center" |{{efn|name="adi"}}
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:right" |4
|''[[Pushpa 2: The Rule]]''
| align="right" |₹400–500 crore
| align="center" |2024
| align="center" |<ref name="budget pushpa 2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.aajtak.in/entertainment/news/story/Superstar-allu-arjun-pushpa-2-budget-500-crores-makers-plan-release-10-language-by-august-2023-tmovs-1504621-2022-07-23|title=Superstar Allu Arjun की 'पुष्पा 2' का बजट होगा 500 करोड़, मेकर्स ने दिया रिलीज डेट का हिंट|date=23 July 2022|website=[[Aaj Tak]]|access-date=21 September 2023|archive-date=15 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915055924/https://www.aajtak.in/entertainment/news/story/allu-arjun-pushpa-2-budget-500-crores-makers-plan-release-10-language-by-august-2023-tmovs-1504621-2022-07-23|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |access-date=25 April 2024 |title=Allu Arjun Increases His Fee To ₹150 Crore Ahead Of Pushpa 2 Release? Heres What We Know |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/allu-arjun-increases-his-fee-to-150-crore-ahead-of-pushpa-2-release-heres-what-we-know-8866294.html |work=News18}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:right" |5
|''[[The RajaSaab]]''
| align="right" |₹400–450 crore
| align="center" |2026
| align="center" |{{Efn|name=rajasaab}}
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:right" |6
|''[[Game Changer (film)|Game Changer]]''
| align="right" |₹350–500 crore
| align="center" |2025
| align="center" |<ref name="Game change">{{Cite web |date=1 September 2024 |title=Archana Kalpathi on spending Rs 400 crore for Vijay-Venkat Prabhu's GOAT: 'Star salary is proportionate to box office revenue' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/archana-kalpathi-on-spending-rs-400-crore-for-vijay-venkat-prabhus-goat-9544491/ |access-date=6 September 2024 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en |archive-date=4 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240904125653/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/archana-kalpathi-on-spending-rs-400-crore-for-vijay-venkat-prabhus-goat-9544491/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Baranwal |first=Rishika |title=Game Changer: Ram Charan, Kiara Advani's film's budget, cast fees, box office prediction, and more |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/photo-gallery-game-changer-ram-charan-s-film-budget-cast-remunerations-box-office-prediction-here-s-everything-you-need-to-know-3126378 |access-date=18 August 2025 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:right" |7
|''[[Saaho]]''{{efn|name="hte"}}
| align="right" |₹325–350 crore
| align="center" |2019
| align="center" |<ref name="ZS" />
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:right" |8
|''[[Salaar: Part 1 – Ceasefire]]''
| align="right" |₹270 crore
| align="center" |2023
| align="center" |<ref name="DY">{{Cite web |date=18 December 2023 |title=Do you know the real production cost of Salaar? |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/181223/producer-of-salaar-made-the-film-withing-rs-300-crores.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240105093015/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/181223/producer-of-salaar-made-the-film-withing-rs-300-crores.html |archive-date=5 January 2024 |access-date=5 January 2024 |website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref><ref name="MW">{{Cite news |date=25 December 2023 |title='Salaar' Day 3 box-office: Prabhas' action-packed epic roars past Rs 400 cr milestone worldwide |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/salaar-day-3-box-office-prabhas-action-packed-epic-roars-past-rs-400-cr-milestone-worldwide/articleshow/106262909.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231227180209/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/salaar-day-3-box-office-prabhas-action-packed-epic-roars-past-rs-400-cr-milestone-worldwide/articleshow/106262909.cms |archive-date=27 December 2023 |access-date=5 January 2024 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="1" scope="row" style="text-align:right" |9
|''[[Hari Hara Veera Mallu]]''
| rowspan="1" align="right" |₹250–300 crore
| align="center" |2025
| align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Telangana |first=Namasthe |date=7 June 2025 |title=Hari Hara Veera Mallu - 'హ‌రిహ‌ర వీర‌మ‌ల్లు' బ‌డ్జెట్ రూ.250 కోట్లు: ద‌ర్శ‌కుడు జ్యోతికృష్ణ |url=https://www.ntnews.com/cinema/harihara-veeramallu-budget-is-rs-250-crores-director-jyothikrishna-2025196 |access-date=22 June 2025 |website=Namathe Telangana |language=en}}</ref>
|}

==Back-to-back films==
This ranking features [[Back-to-back film production|back-to-back Indian films]]—films in which two or more are shot as a single production, reducing both costs and time.
{|class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|+{{Screen reader-only|Most expensive back to back Indian films}}
!scope="col" |Rank
!scope="col" style="width:30em;" |Titles
!scope="col" style="width:25em;" |Budget
!scope="col" style="width:30em;" |Total budget
!Language
!Years
!class="unsortable" scope="col" style="width:8em;" |{{Refh}}
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:right" !scope="row" |1
|''[[Ponniyin Selvan: I]]''
| align="right" |₹250 crore
| rowspan="2" align="right" |₹500 crore
| rowspan="2" align="center" |Tamil
| align="center" |2022
| rowspan="2" align="right" |
|-
|''[[Ponniyin Selvan: II]]''
| align="right" |₹250 crore
| align="center" |2023
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:right" !scope="row" |2
|''[[Baahubali: The Beginning]]''
| align="right" |₹180 crore
| rowspan="2" align="right" |₹430 crore
| rowspan="2" align="center" |Telugu
| align="center" |2015
| rowspan="2" align="center" |{{efn|{{blist|''Baahubali: The Beginning'' – ₹180 crore<ref name="bb1" />|''Baahubali 2: The Conclusion'' – ₹250 crore<ref name="bb2" />}}}}
|-
|''[[Baahubali 2: The Conclusion]]''
| align="right" |₹250 crore
|align="center" |2017
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:right" !scope="row" |3
|''[[Dhurandhar]]''
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" align="right" |₹250–300 crore
| rowspan="2" align="center" |Hindi
| align="center" |2025
| rowspan="2" align="center" |<ref>
*{{cite web|title=Dhurandhar: 5 Box Office Records Set By The Film|url=https://www.news18.com/photogallery/movies/bollywood/dhurandhar-5-box-office-records-set-by-the-film-ws-l-9756397.html|work=[[News18 India|News18]]|date=8 December 2025|accessdate=27 December 2025|author1=Nisha Dubey|author2=Bhaswati Sengupta|archive-date=1 January 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260101105104/https://www.news18.com/photogallery/movies/bollywood/dhurandhar-5-box-office-records-set-by-the-film-ws-l-9756397.html|url-status=live}}
*{{Cite web|date=3 December 2025|title=Dhurandhar Movie: Release Date, Trailer, Tickets price, Advance Booking, Box Office Collection Prediction, other details you need to know|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/dhurandhar-movie-release-date-trailer-tickets-price-advance-booking-box-office-collection-prediction-other-details-you-need-to-know-10399381/|access-date=4 December 2025|website=[[Indian Express]]|archive-date=3 December 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251203174258/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/dhurandhar-movie-release-date-trailer-tickets-price-advance-booking-box-office-collection-prediction-other-details-you-need-to-know-10399381/|url-status=live}}
*{{Cite web|date=12 December 2025|title=Dhurandhar Eyes Rs 300 Crore By Weekend Despite "Revenue Loss" From No Gulf Release: Experts|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/dhurandhar-eyes-rs-300-crore-by-weekend-despite-revenue-loss-from-no-gulf-release-experts-9797457|access-date=13 December 2025|website=[[NDTV]]|author=Tanisha Bhattacharya|archive-date=13 December 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251213162501/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/dhurandhar-eyes-rs-300-crore-by-weekend-despite-revenue-loss-from-no-gulf-release-experts-9797457|url-status=live}}
*{{cite web |date=20 January 2026 |title=2025’s Most Profitable Films: Dhurandhar rakes in Rs. 350 cr. profit; Saiyaara’s ROI 300% plus; Chhaava adds Rs. 280–300 cr. to Maddock’s kitty; Ek Deewane Ki Deewaniyat earns 2X its budget |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/2025s-profitable-films-dhurandhar-rakes-rs-350-cr-profit-saiyaaras-roi-300-plus-chhaava-adds-rs-280-300-cr-maddocks-kitty-ek-deewane-ki-deewaniyat/ |access-date=20 January 2026 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |author=Bollywood Hungama News Network}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Dhurandhar: The Revenge]]''
| align="center" |2026
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:right" !scope="row" |4
| ''[[KGF: Chapter 1]]''
| align="right" |₹80 crore
| rowspan="2" align="right" |₹180 crore
| rowspan="2" align="center" |Kannada
| align="center" |2018
| rowspan="2" align="center" |
|-
|''[[KGF: Chapter 2]]''
| align="right" |₹100 crore
|align="center" |2022
|}

==Record-holders==
The following table lists milestone Indian films by production budget, produced within the Indian film industry.
{|class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|+Timeline of the most expensive Indian films{{Screen reader-only|Most expensive Indian films by year}}
!scope="column" |Year
!scope="column" |Title
!scope="column" |Budget
!scope="column" |Language
!scope="column" class="unsortable" |{{Refh}}
|-
!scope="row" |1913
|''[[Raja Harishchandra]]''
|align="right" |₹15,000
|align="center" |Silent
|align="center" |{{efn|As per the [[Samkhya]] [[hindu philosophy]], [[Prakṛti]] is one of two eternal principles. It is composed of three ''gunas'' (prime qualities): ''[[sattva]]'', ''[[rajas]]'', and ''[[tamas (philosophy)|tamas]]''.<ref name="Frawley2014">{{Cite book |last=Frawley |first=David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2rvQCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT172 |title=Vedic Yoga: The Path of the Rishi |date=7 October 2014 |publisher=Lotus Press |isbn=978-0-940676-25-1 |page=172 |author-link=David Frawley |access-date=17 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200908144808/https://books.google.com/books?id=2rvQCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT172 |archive-date=8 September 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="FrawleyRanade2004">{{Cite book |last1=Frawley |first1=David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LFipzD44hNIC&pg=PA28 |title=Ayurveda, Nature's Medicine |last2=Ranade |first2=Subhash |date=August 2004 |publisher=M. Banarsidass Publ. |isbn=978-81-208-2040-1 |page=28 |access-date=17 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200908144809/https://books.google.com/books?id=LFipzD44hNIC&pg=PA28 |archive-date=8 September 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref>}}
|-
!scope="row" |1931
|''[[Alam Ara]]''
|align="right" |₹40,000
|align="center" |Hindustani
|align="center" |<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Garga |first=Bhagwan Das |author-link=Bhagwan Das Garga |date=1980 |title=Making of Alam Ara: An Interview with Ardeshir Irani |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X-wKAQAAMAAJ |magazine=Cinema Vision India |language=en |volume=1 |issue=2–4|page=12}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" |1933
|''[[Sati Savitri (C. Pullayya film)|Sati Savitri]]''
|align="right" |₹75,000
|align="center" |Telugu
|align="center" |<ref>{{Cite news |last=Narasimham |first=M. L. |date=7 November 2010 |title=Sati Savithri (1933) |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/article871376.ece |access-date=8 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113225918/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/article871376.ece |archive-date=13 November 2010}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" |1943
|''[[Kismet (1943 film)|Kismet]]''
|align="right" |{{INR}}2 lakh
|align="center" |Hindi
|align="center" |<ref>{{cite news|title=B-Town rewind: The tale of the first Bollywood crore|url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/b-town-rewind-the-tale-of-the-first-bollywood-crore/15162064|work=[[Mid-Day]]|date=16 March 2014|access-date=16 November 2017|archive-date=16 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140316114251/http://www.mid-day.com/articles/b-town-rewind-the-tale-of-the-first-bollywood-crore/15162064|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" |1948
|''[[Chandralekha (1948 film)|Chandralekha]]''
|align="right" |{{INR}}30 lakh
|align="center" |Tamil
|align="center" |<ref name="madras musings">{{cite journal |url=http://madrasmusings.com/Vol%2018%20No%2017/and_thus_he_made_chandralekha_sixty_years_ago.html |title=... And thus he made Chandralekha sixty years ago |date=December 2008 |access-date=2 July 2013 |last=Guy |first=Randor |journal=[[Madras Musings]] |volume=XVIII |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130524070957/http://madrasmusings.com/Vol%2018%20No%2017/and_thus_he_made_chandralekha_sixty_years_ago.html |archive-date=24 May 2013 |author-link=Randor Guy}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" |1952
|''[[Aan]]''
|align="right" |{{INR}}35 lakh
|rowspan="8" style="text-align:center;" |Hindi
|align="center" |<ref>{{cite web|title=Nadira – Interview|url=http://cineplot.com/nadira-interview/|website=cineplot.com|date=25 November 2012|access-date=16 November 2017|archive-date=30 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121130094039/http://cineplot.com/nadira-interview/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" |1953
|''[[Jhansi Ki Rani (1953 film)|Jhansi Ki Rani]]''
|align="right" |{{INR|60 lakh}}
|align="center" |<ref>{{cite news |title=2.0 - Among The Biggest Films Ever Made In India - Box Office India |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=4467 |access-date=5 February 2019 |publisher=[[Box Office India]] |date=27 November 2018 |archive-date=7 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190207020158/https://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=4467 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" |1957
|''[[Mother India]]''
|align="right" |{{INR|60 lakh}}
|align="center" |<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-50-years-later-the-mother-india-legend-endures-1129805 |title=50 Years Later, the 'Mother India' Legend Endures |work=[[Daily News and Analysis|DNA India]] |date=25 October 2007 |access-date=2 August 2015 |ref={{sfnref|Hindustan Times|2007a}} |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924052510/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-50-years-later-the-mother-india-legend-endures-1129805 |archive-date=24 September 2015 }}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" |1960
|''[[Mughal-e-Azam]]''
|align="right" |{{INR}}1.5 crore
|align="center" |<ref name="et1">{{cite news |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-11-24/news/30437557_1_tata-sons-shapoorji-pallonji-mistry-tata-group |title=Shapoorji Pallonji Group: The Mughal-e-Azam Of realty business |work=[[The Economic Times]] |date=24 November 2011 |access-date=2 May 2013 |archive-date=5 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305020705/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-11-24/news/30437557_1_tata-sons-shapoorji-pallonji-mistry-tata-group |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="indiatimes">{{cite news|title=10 Of The Most Expensive Bollywood Films Ever Made|url=https://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/10-of-the-most-expensive-bollywood-films-ever-made-231862.html|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=17 April 2015|access-date=15 November 2017|archive-date=12 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230712115538/https://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/10-of-the-most-expensive-bollywood-films-ever-made-231862.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" |1975
|''[[Sholay]]''
|align="right" |{{INR}}3 crore
|align="center" |<ref>Chopra, Anupama (2000). ''Sholay – The Making of a Classic''. Penguin Books, India. {{ISBN|0-14-029970-X}}. p. 143</ref>
|-
!scope="row" |1980
|''[[Shaan (1980 film)|Shaan]]''
|align="right" |{{INR}}6 crore
|align="center" |<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/the-man-behind-gabbar/article5204322.ece|title=The man behind Gabbar|date=5 October 2013|newspaper=The Hindu|last1=Rangan|first1=Baradwaj|access-date=12 November 2018|archive-date=22 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200622151117/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/the-man-behind-gabbar/article5204322.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" |1983
|''[[Razia Sultan (film)|Razia Sultan]]''
|align="right" |{{INR|7 crore}}
|align="center" |<ref>{{cite news |title=Kamal Amrohi's dream film Razia Sultan bombs at the box-office |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/films/story/19831015-kamal-amrohi-dream-film-razia-sultan-bombs-at-the-box-office-771082-2013-07-17 |access-date=25 June 2014 |work=[[India Today]] |date=15 October 1983 |archive-date=17 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211217041352/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/films/story/19831015-kamal-amrohi-dream-film-razia-sultan-bombs-at-the-box-office-771082-2013-07-17 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" rowspan="2" |1991
|''[[Ajooba]]''
|align="right" |{{INR|8 crore}}
|align="center" |<ref name="mint">{{cite news |last=Jha |first=Lata |title=Ten big-budget Bollywood box-office disasters |url=https://www.livemint.com/Consumer/j0uwEr1EQbbKoB83ASpASK/Ten-bigbudget-Bollywood-boxoffice-disasters.html |work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |date=28 September 2015 |access-date=12 December 2018 |archive-date=27 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127003908/https://www.livemint.com/Consumer/j0uwEr1EQbbKoB83ASpASK/Ten-bigbudget-Bollywood-boxoffice-disasters.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|''[[Shanti Kranti]]''
|align="right" |₹10 crore
|align="center" |Kannada Telugu Tamil
Malayalam Hindi
|align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 May 2021 |title=Ravichandran: Big dreamer who sometimes lost his way |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/ravichandran-big-dreamer-who-sometimes-lost-his-way-991254.html |access-date=23 April 2022 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en |archive-date=15 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220515235710/https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/ravichandran-big-dreamer-who-sometimes-lost-his-way-991254.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/indias-most-expensive-film-shanti-kranti-box-office-bomb-earned-8-cr-maker-bankrupt-rajinikanth-nagarjuna-juhi-chawla-101744353721912.html|title=How India's most expensive film became biggest box office bomb: Had 3 superstars, earned just ₹8 cr, left maker bankrupt|work=Hindustan Times |date=11 April 2025}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" |1995
|''[[Trimurti (1995 film)|Trimurti]]''
|align="right" |{{INR|11 crore}}
|align="center" |Hindi
|align="center" |<ref>{{cite web |title=Highest Budget Movies 1995 |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/budget.php?year=1995 |publisher=[[Box Office India]] |access-date=13 December 2018 |archive-date=16 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181216031123/https://boxofficeindia.com/budget.php?year=1995 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" |1996
|''[[Indian (1996 film)|Indian]]''
|align="right" |{{INR}}15 crore
|rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;" |Tamil
|align="center" |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/birthday-special-kamal-haasans-five-decades-of-excellence/20141107.htm|title=Birthday Special: Kamal Haasan's 60 years of excellence|access-date=6 May 2017|archive-date=5 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205120614/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/birthday-special-kamal-haasans-five-decades-of-excellence/20141107.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" |1997
|[[Ratchagan]]
|align="right" |{{INR}}18 crore
|
|-
!scope="row" |1998
|''[[Jeans (film)|Jeans]]''
|align="right" |{{INR}}20 crore
|align="center" |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/films/story/19980406-tamil-director-shankars-latest-film-jeans-costliest-indian-production-to-date-826054-1998-04-05|title=Tamil director Shankar's latest film, Jeans, costliest Indian production to date: FILMS - India Today|date=6 April 1998 |access-date=5 November 2015|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304135823/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/tamil-director-shankars-latest-film-jeans-costliest-indian-production-to-date/1/263819.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" |2000
|''[[Raju Chacha]]''
|align="right" |{{INR}}25 crore
|rowspan="5" style="text-align:center;" |Hindi
|align="center" |<ref name="mint" />
|-
!scope="row" rowspan="2" |2001
|''[[Lagaan]]''
|align="right" |{{INR}}25 crore
|align="center" |<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2001/20010601/edit.htm#7 |title=Aamir Khan causes traffic jam |work=The Tribune |date=1 June 2001 |access-date=20 January 2008 |archive-date=20 January 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080120092057/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2001/20010601/edit.htm#7 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|''[[Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham]]''
|align="right" |{{INR}}40 crore
|align="center" |<ref>{{cite news |last=Dhawan |first=Himanshu |title=Look who's laughing |url=http://www.indiatoday.com/itoday/20020128/uk-cinema.shtml |work=India Today |date=28 January 2002 |access-date=10 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924034427/http://www.indiatoday.com/itoday/20020128/uk-cinema.shtml |archive-date=24 September 2015 }}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" |2002
|''[[Devdas (2002 Hindi film)|Devdas]]''
|align="right" |{{INR}}50 crore
|align="center" |<ref name="Devdas Budget">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SMYo4Abel2EC&pg=PA346|page=346|title=Cinemas of the World: Film and Society from 1895 to the Present |first=James |last=Chapman|publisher=Reaktion Books|date=2004|isbn=1-86189-574-7|access-date=12 August 2015}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" |2005
|''[[Taj Mahal: An Eternal Love Story]]''
|align="right" |{{INR|50 crore}}
|align="center" |<ref>{{cite web|last1=Tuteja|first1=Joginder|title=Taj Mahal - An Eternal Love Story|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/taj-mahal-an-eternal-love-story-news--music-kkfv7dfeijbsi.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190116051501/http://www.sify.com/movies/taj-mahal-an-eternal-love-story-news--music-kkfv7dfeijbsi.html|archive-date=16 January 2019|website=[[Sify]]|access-date=30 October 2016|date=19 March 2005}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Avijit |first1=Anshul |title=Akbar Khan's ambitious epic Taj Mahal slated to become India's most expensive film |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/films/story/20021209-akbar-khan-epic-taj-mahal-slated-to-become-most-expensive-film-in-india-793935-2002-12-09 |access-date=12 July 2012 |work=[[India Today]] |date=9 December 2002 |archive-date=16 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190116050234/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/films/story/20021209-akbar-khan-epic-taj-mahal-slated-to-become-most-expensive-film-in-india-793935-2002-12-09 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" |2007
|''[[Sivaji: The Boss]]''
|align="right" |{{INR}}60 crore
|rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |Tamil
|align="center" |<ref>{{cite news|url = http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/shivaji-mania-theatres-out-of-tickets/articleshow/2124355.cms?intenttarget=no|title = Shivaji mania: Theatres out of tickets|newspaper = [[The Economic Times]]|access-date = 13 July 2017|date = 15 June 2007|archive-date = 17 December 2018|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181217160146/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/shivaji-mania-theatres-out-of-tickets/articleshow/2124355.cms?intenttarget=no|url-status = live}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" rowspan="2" |2008
|''[[Dasavathaaram]]''
|align="right" |{{INR}}60 crore
|align="center" |<ref>{{cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/business-of-bollywood/dasavatharam-indias-most-ambitious-film-to-date/articleshow/3173741.cms|title=Dasavatharam: India's most ambitious film to date|newspaper=The Economic Times|access-date=5 November 2015|date=28 June 2008|archive-date=29 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150929100504/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/business-of-bollywood/dasavatharam-indias-most-ambitious-film-to-date/articleshow/3173741.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Ghajini (2008 film)|Ghajini]]''
|align="right" |{{INR}}65 crore
|rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;" |Hindi
|align="center" |<ref name="indiatimes" />
|-
!scope="row" |2009
|''[[Blue (2009 film)|Blue]]''
|align="right" |{{INR}}75 crore
|align="center" |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://boxofficeindia.com/Movies/movie_detail/blue |title=Blue |publisher=[[Box Office India]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150805003739/http://boxofficeindia.com/Movies/movie_detail/blue |archive-date=5 August 2015 }}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" rowspan="2" |2010
|''[[My Name Is Khan]]''
|align="right" |{{INR|85 crore}}
|align="center" |<ref>{{cite web |title=Highest Budget Movies 2010 |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/budget.php?year=2010 |publisher=[[Box Office India]] |access-date=13 December 2018 |archive-date=16 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181216031719/https://boxofficeindia.com/budget.php?year=2010 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|''[[Enthiran]]''
|align="right" |{{INR}}132 crore
|align="center" |Tamil
|align="center" |<ref name="The Economic Times">{{cite news |date=28 January 2011 |title=Sun TV Network Q3 Net up 48.40% at Rs 250.25cr |work=The Economic Times |agency=Press Trust of India |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-01-28/news/28425591_1_interim-dividend-satellite-rights-enthiran |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150204082505/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-01-28/news/28425591_1_interim-dividend-satellite-rights-enthiran |archive-date=4 February 2015}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" |2011
|''[[Ra.One]]''
|align="right" |{{INR}}150 crore
|rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |Hindi
|align="center" |<ref name="ra">{{cite web |title = Despite Rs 170cr income, RA.One not a hit? |work = [[Hindustan Times]] |date = 2 November 2011 |url = http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/despite-rs-170cr-income-ra-one-not-a-hit/story-yw7lvEwuItuSwHIIBGpFyI.html |access-date = 15 November 2017 |archive-date = 28 August 2016 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160828205143/http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/despite-rs-170cr-income-ra-one-not-a-hit/story-yw7lvEwuItuSwHIIBGpFyI.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" |2013
|''[[Dhoom 3]]''
|align="right" |{{INR}}175 crore
|align="center" |<ref>{{cite web |title=Highest Budget Movies All Time |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/budget.php |access-date=28 September 2018 |publisher=[[Box Office India]] |archive-date=25 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225152126/https://boxofficeindia.com/budget.php |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" |2015
|''[[Baahubali: The Beginning]]''
|align="right" |{{INR}}180 crore
|rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |Telugu
|align="center" |<ref name="bb1">{{cite web |date=February 2017 |title=Baahubali 2: Has SS Rajamouli's film already made Rs 500 crore before release? |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/baahubali-2-has-ss-rajamouli-s-film-already-made-rs-500-crore-before-release/story-wMTs2y7ZfVXDFe39wjt3XM.html |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=17 March 2017 |archive-date=25 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225152117/https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/baahubali-2-has-ss-rajamouli-s-film-already-made-rs-500-crore-before-release/story-wMTs2y7ZfVXDFe39wjt3XM.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" |2017
|''[[Baahubali 2: The Conclusion]]''
|align="right" |{{INR}}250 crore
|align="center" |<ref name="bb2">{{cite web |date=8 April 2017 |title=Investments covered, Baahubali 2 is a gold mine even before release: Experts business-news Hindustan Times |url=http://hindustantimes.com/business-news/investments-already-covered-baahubali-2-is-a-goldmine-even-before-its-release-experts/story-gmnuMjMv6lMvzxWbuyQVpN.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225152109/https://www.hindustantimes.com/business-news/investments-already-covered-baahubali-2-is-a-goldmine-even-before-its-release-experts/story-gmnuMjMv6lMvzxWbuyQVpN.html |archive-date=25 December 2018 |access-date=17 April 2017 |work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" |2018
|''[[2.0 (film)|2.0]]''
|align="right" |₹400 crore
|align="center" |Tamil
|align="center" |{{efn|name="2.0"}}
|-
!scope="row" |2022
|''[[RRR]]''
|align="right" |₹550 crore
|rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |Telugu
|align="center" |<ref name="EI" />
|-
!scope="row" |2024
|''[[Kalki 2898 AD]]''
|align="right" |{{INR}}600 crore
|align="center" |<ref name="WB" />
|}

==See also==
* [[List of most expensive films]]
* [[List of most expensive non-English-language films]]
* [[List of highest-grossing films]]
* [[List of highest-grossing Indian films]]
* [[List of Indian films with the highest digital rights]]

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Most expensive}}
{{Cinema of India}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Lists of Indian films|Expensive]]
[[Category:Lists of most expensive films|Indian films]]

Catholic Church

2026-03-28T08:05:22Z

Cdpnkr:

{{Short description|Christian church based in Rome}}
{{Redirect-several|Catholic Church|Catholic|Catholicism|Roman Catholic Church|Roman Catholic}}
{{Good article}}
{{protection padlock|small=yes}}
{{Use Oxford spelling|date=December 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox Christian denomination
| icon = Emblem of the Papacy SE.svg
| icon_width = 25px
| icon_alt = Emblem of the Holy See
| name = Catholic Church
| native_name = Ecclesia Catholica
| native_name_lang = la
| image = Saint Peter's Basilica facade, Rome, Italy.jpg
| imagewidth = 300px
| alt = Saint Peter's Basilica
| caption = [[St. Peter's Basilica]] in Vatican City, the largest Catholic church building in the world
| abbreviation =
| main_classification = [[Catholicity|Catholic]]
| type =
| scripture = [[Catholic Bible]]
| theology = [[Catholic theology]]
| polity = [[Episcopal polity|Episcopal]]<ref name="Episcopal_Polity">{{cite book|title=Notes of the Episcopal Polity of the Holy Catholic Church|last=Marshall|first=Thomas William|year=1844|location=London|publisher=Levey, Rossen and Franklin|id={{ASIN|1163912190|country=uk}}}}</ref>
| governance = [[Holy See]] and [[Roman Curia]]
| leader_title = [[Pope]]
| leader_name = {{Incumbent pope}}
| fellowships_type = [[Catholic particular churches and liturgical rites|{{br list|Particular churches |''sui iuris''}}]]
| fellowships = [[Latin Church]] and 23 [[Eastern Catholic Churches]]
| fellowships_type1 =
| fellowships1 =
| division_type = [[List of Catholic dioceses (structured view)|Dioceses]]
| division = {{plainlist|
* Archdioceses: [[List of Catholic archdioceses|640]]
* Dioceses: [[List of Catholic dioceses (alphabetical)|2,851]]}}
| division_type1 = [[Parish in the Catholic Church|Parishes]]
| division1 = 221,700 approx.
| area = [[Catholic Church by country|Worldwide]]
| language = [[Ecclesiastical Latin]] and [[native languages]]
| liturgy = [[Latin liturgical rites|Latin]] and [[Eastern Catholic liturgy|Eastern]]
| headquarters = [[Vatican City]]
| founder = {{Ubl | [[Jesus Christ]], according to | [[Sacred tradition#Catholic Church|sacred tradition]]}}
| founded_date = [[Christianity in the 1st century|1st century]]
| founded_place = [[Roman Empire]]<ref name="RCC">{{cite web|last=Stanford|first=Peter|authorlink=Peter Stanford|title=Roman Catholic Church|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/christianity/catholic/catholic_1.shtml|website=BBC Religions|publisher=BBC|access-date=1 February 2017|archive-date=6 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106083425/http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/christianity/catholic/catholic_1.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfn|Bokenkotter|2004|p=18}}
| separations = {{plainlist|
* [[Protestantism]]
* [[Old Catholicism]]
* [[Independent Catholicism]]
* [[Sedevacantism]]}}
| members = {{ubil
| 1.279 billion according to ''[[World Christian Database]]'' (2026)<ref name="WorldChristianDatabase">{{cite web |last1=Zurlo |first1=Gina A. |last2=Johnson |first2=Todd M. |last3=Crossing |first3=Peter F. |title=Status of Global Christianity, 2026, in the Context of 1900 –2075 |url=https://dev.worldchristiandatabase.org/static/downloads/Status-of-Global-Christianity-2026.2b54be19fc0c.pdf |website=www.worldchristiandatabase.org |publisher=Brill |quote=Christian total 2,673,989,000, Catholic total 1,278,885,000 (47.8% of all Christians) |language=en |date=2026}}</ref>
| 1.406 billion according to the ''[[Annuario Pontificio]]'' (2023)<ref name="Yearbook_3/20/2025">{{cite web | title=The Pontifical Yearbook 2025 and the Annuarium Statisticum Ecclesiae 2023 | website=L'Osservatore Romano | date=March 20, 2025 | url=https://www.osservatoreromano.va/it/news/2025-03/quo-064/aumentano-i-cattolici-nel-mondo-sono-un-miliardo-e-406-milioni.html | language=it | access-date=March 26, 2025}}</ref>
}}
| ministers_type = [[Hierarchy of the Catholic Church|Clergy]]
| ministers = {{plainlist|
* [[Bishop in the Catholic Church|Bishops]]: 5,430
* [[Priesthood in the Catholic Church|Priests]]: 406,996
* [[Deacon]]s: 51,433
* (2023)<ref name="Yearbook_3/20/2025" />
}}
| hospitals = {{ubl
| 18,000 [[clinic]]s
| [[Catholic Church and health care|5,500 hospitals]]<ref name="World Development p.40">Calderisi, Robert. ''Earthly Mission – The Catholic Church and World Development''; TJ International Ltd; 2013; p. 40</ref>
}}
| nursing_homes = 16,000<ref name="World Development p.40" />
| primary_schools = [[Catholic school|95,200]]<ref name="Vermont_winter">{{cite journal|title=Laudato Si|journal=Vermont Catholic|date=2016–2017|edition=Winter|volume=8|issue=4|page=73|url=http://www.onlinedigeditions.com/publication/index.php?i=365491&m=&l=&p=1&pre=&ver=html5#{%22page%22:74,%22issue_id%22:365491}|access-date=19 December 2016}}</ref>
| secondary_schools = 43,800
| website = {{URL|https://www.vatican.va/|vatican.va}}
}}
{{Catholic Church sidebar}}
{{Christianity|expanded=hide}}


The '''Catholic Church''' ({{langx|la|Ecclesia Catholica}}), commonly called the '''Roman Catholic Church''',{{refn|group=note|This term may either refer to the entire church, including both the [[Latin Church]] and the [[Eastern Catholic Churches]], or to the Latin Church specifically.}} is the [[List of Christian denominations by number of members|largest Christian church]], with an estimated 1.28 to 1.41 billion [[baptized]] members [[Catholic Church by country|worldwide]] as of 2026. It consists of 24 autonomous (''[[sui iuris]]'') churches—the [[Latin Church]] and 23 [[Eastern Catholic Churches]]—organized into nearly 3,500 [[diocese]]s and [[eparchies]] governed by [[Bishops in the Catholic Church|bishops]]. Throughout history, the church has had a large role in the development of [[Western civilization]]. Catholic communities are present worldwide through [[Catholic missions|missions]], [[immigration]], and [[Conversion to Christianity|conversions]]. The majority of Catholics live in the [[Global North and Global South|Global South]], reflecting rapid demographic growth in [[Africa]], [[Asia]], and [[Latin America]], as well as [[secularization]] in parts of [[Europe]] and [[North America]].

Catholic doctrine is rooted in the [[Nicene Creed]] and holds that the church is the "[[one, holy, catholic and apostolic Church]]" founded by [[Jesus in Christianity|Jesus Christ]].<ref name="Catholic News Service">{{cite web |url=http://www.catholicnews.com/data/stories/cns/0703923.htm |title=Vatican congregation reaffirms truth, oneness of Catholic Church |publisher=Catholic News Service |access-date=17 March 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20070710201403/http://www.catholicnews.com/data/stories/cns/0703923.htm |archive-date=10 July 2007}}</ref>{{sfn|Bokenkotter|2004|p=7}}{{refn|group=note|While the Catholic Church considers itself to be the authentic continuation of the Christian community founded by Jesus Christ, it teaches that other Christian churches and communities can be in an imperfect communion with the Catholic Church.<ref name="note1cite1" /><ref name="note1cite2" />}} It teaches that bishops are the [[Apostolic succession|successors]] of the [[Apostles in the New Testament|apostles]] and that the pope is the [[successor to Saint Peter|successor]] of [[Saint Peter]], entrusted with a unique [[Primacy of Peter|pastoral role]]. The pope serves as [[Papal supremacy|the head]] of the church; the [[Diocese of Rome]] forms his local jurisdiction, while the [[Holy See]] serves as the church’s central governing authority through the [[Roman Curia]]. Apostolic teaching is understood to be transmitted through [[Biblical canon|Scripture]] and [[sacred tradition]], interpreted by the [[magisterium]], the church's teaching authority. Catholic liturgical life includes the [[Roman Rite]], [[Latin liturgical rites|other]] rites of the Latin Church, and the liturgical traditions of the Eastern Catholic Churches. Religious orders, [[Enclosed religious orders|monastic communities]], and lay [[Association of the Christian faithful|movements]] contribute to a wide [[Catholic particular churches and liturgical rites|range]] of [[theological]] and [[Catholic devotions|devotional]] expressions within Catholicism globally.<ref>{{Cite CCC|2.1|835|quote=The rich variety of ... theological and spiritual heritages proper to the local churches 'unified in a common undertaking shows all the more resplendently the catholicity of the undivided Church'.(cf. [[Second Vatican Council]], Dogmatic Constitution on the Church [[Lumen gentium]], 23)}}</ref><ref name="Gunton2">Colin Gunton. "Christianity among the Religions in the Encyclopedia of Religion", ''Religious Studies'', Vol. 24, no. 1, p. 14. In a review of an article from the Encyclopedia of Religion, Gunton writes: "[T]he article [on Catholicism in the encyclopedia] rightly suggests caution, suggesting at the outset that Roman Catholicism is marked by several different doctrinal, theological and liturgical emphases."</ref>

Among the church's [[Sacraments of the Catholic Church|seven sacraments]], the [[Eucharist in the Catholic Church|Eucharist]] is seen as the source and summit of the Christian life and is celebrated in the [[Mass in the Catholic Church|Mass]]. Catholics believe that through [[Consecration#Eucharist|consecration]] by a [[Priesthood (Catholic Church)|priest]], the [[Sacramental bread|bread]] and [[Sacramental wine|wine]] become the [[Transubstantiation|body and blood of Christ]]. The [[Virgin Mary]] is [[Veneration of Mary in the Catholic Church|venerated]] as the [[Mother of God]] and honored through [[Dogma in the Catholic Church|dogmas]] such as the [[Immaculate Conception]], [[perpetual virginity]], and [[Assumption of Mary|Assumption]], including [[Marian devotions|devotional]] practices.{{refn|name=marian_dogmas|{{cite web|url=https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/resource/55423/the-four-marian-dogmas|publisher=Catholic News Agency|title=The Four Marian Dogmas|access-date=25 March 2017}}|}} [[Catholic social teaching]] emphasizes care for the poor, the sick, and the [[marginalized]]. The church operates tens of thousands of [[Catholic school|educational]], [[Catholic Church and health care|medical]], and [[Catholic charities|charitable]] institutions worldwide, becoming the largest non-governmental provider of education and health care.

Its relations with other Christian traditions have been shaped by divisions. The separation between the church and [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Eastern Orthodox churches]] within the [[Christianity as the Roman state religion|state Roman church]] developed [[East–West Schism|gradually]] and was solidified by the [[Fourth Crusade]], amidst theological and political disputes, especially over papal authority.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Davie |first=Grace |title=The Oxford Handbook of Religion and Europe |publisher=Oxford University Press |date=8 December 2021 |isbn=9780191872402 |pages=70 |language=English}}</ref> Earlier schisms occurred with the [[Church of the East]] after the [[Council of Ephesus]] (431) and with the [[Oriental Orthodox Churches]] following the [[Council of Chalcedon]] (451). The 16th-century [[Reformation|Protestant Reformation]] led to [[Protestantism|new Christian traditions]] and prompted the Catholic [[Counter-Reformation|Counter‑Reformation]]. Since the late 20th century, the church has faced criticism on its teachings on [[Catholic theology of sexuality|sexuality]], [[Clerical celibacy in the Catholic Church|clerical celibacy]], the [[Ordination of women and the Catholic Church|ordination of women]], and its handling of [[Catholic Church sexual abuse cases|clerical sexual abuse]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-19 |title=Top 5 Issues Hounding Today's Catholic Church |url=https://www.christianitydaily.com/news/top-5-issues-hounding-todays-catholic-church.html |access-date=2026-01-19 |website=www.christianitydaily.com |language=en-US}}</ref>
{{TOC limit|3}}

==Name==
{{Further|Catholic (term)|Roman Catholic (term)}}
[[File:Ignatius of Antiochie, poss. by Johann Apakass (17th c., Pushkin museum).jpg|thumb|left|The first use of the term "Catholic Church", meaning "universal church", was by the [[Church Father]] Saint [[Ignatius of Antioch]] in his ''[[Letter to the Smyrnaeans]]'' in {{circa|110|lk=no}} AD.<ref>John Meyendorff, ''Catholicity and the Church'', St Vladimirs Seminary Press, 1997, {{ISBN|0-88141-006-3}}, p. 7</ref> Ignatius of Antioch also is credited with the first recorded use of the term ''[[Christianity]]'' ten years earlier, in {{circa|100|lk=no}} AD.<ref>{{Citation | last1 =Elwell | first1 =Walter | last2 =Comfort | first2 =Philip Wesley | year =2001 | title =Tyndale Bible Dictionary | publisher =Tyndale House Publishers | isbn =0-8423-7089-7|pages=266, 828}}</ref> He died in Rome, with his [[relic]]s located in [[San Clemente al Laterano]].|253x253px]]
Catholic (from {{langx|el|καθολικός|katholikos|universal}}) is first attested as an adjective used to describe the church in the early second century.<ref>MacCulloch, ''Christianity'', p. 127.</ref> The first known use of the phrase "the catholic church" ({{langx|el|καθολικὴ ἐκκλησία|katholikḕ ekklēsía}}) appears in a letter written around AD 100 by [[Saint Ignatius of Antioch|Ignatius of Antioch]] to the [[Smyrna]]eans,{{refn|group=note|Quote of St Ignatius to the Smyrnaeans ({{Circa|110 AD|lk=no}})}} which reads: "Wheresoever the bishop shall appear, there let the people be, even as where Jesus may be, there is the universal [katholike] Church."<ref name="CathEnc1910_Catholic" /> In the ''Catechetical Lectures'' ({{Circa|350|lk=no}}) of [[Saint Cyril of Jerusalem|Cyril of Jerusalem]], the name "Catholic Church" was used to distinguish it from other groups that also called themselves "the church".<ref name="CathEnc1910_Catholic">{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03449a.htm |encyclopedia=The Catholic Encyclopedia |title=Catholic |last=Thurston |first=Herbert |author-link=Herbert Thurston |place=New York |publisher=Robert Appleton Company |date=1908 |access-date=17 August 2012 |editor-first=Kevin |editor-last=Knight |editor-link=Knight |volume=3 |archive-date=3 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240103033237/https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03449a.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tertullian.org/fathers2/NPNF2-07/Npnf2-07-23.htm |title=Cyril of Jerusalem, Lecture XVIII, 26 |publisher=Tertullian.org |date=6 August 2004 |access-date=17 August 2012 |archive-date=8 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230608224834/https://www.tertullian.org/fathers2/NPNF2-07/Npnf2-07-23.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> The "Catholic" notion was further emphasized in the edict ''[[Edict of Thessalonica|De fide catolica]]'', issued in 380 by [[Theodosius I]], the last emperor to rule over both the [[Eastern Roman Empire|eastern]] and [[Western Roman Empire|western]] halves of the [[Roman Empire]], when he established the [[state church of the Roman Empire]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://webu2.upmf-grenoble.fr/Haiti/Cours/Ak/Constitutiones/Thessalonique.htm |title=Edictum de fide catholica |access-date=9 October 2017 |archive-date=8 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120208135704/http://webu2.upmf-grenoble.fr/Haiti/Cours/Ak/Constitutiones/Thessalonique.htm }}</ref>

Since the [[East–West Schism]] of 1054, the [[Eastern Orthodox Church]] has taken the adjective "Orthodox" as its distinctive epithet; its official name continues to be the "Orthodox Catholic Church".<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/topic/Eastern-Orthodoxy "Eastern Orthodoxy"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200531013354/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Eastern-Orthodoxy |date=31 May 2020 }}, ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' online.</ref> The [[Latin Church]] was described as "Catholic", with that description also denoting those in communion with the [[Holy See]] after the [[Protestant Reformation]] of the 16th century, when those who ceased to be in communion became known as Protestants.<ref>"catholic, adj. and n." [[Oxford English Dictionary]] Online. Oxford University Press, June 2014. Web. 7 August 2014. Excerpt: "After the separation of East and West 'Catholic' was assumed as its descriptive epithet by the Western or Latin Church, as 'Orthodox' was by the Eastern or Greek. At the Reformation, the term 'Catholic' was claimed as its exclusive right by the body remaining under the Roman obedience, in opposition to the 'Protestant' or 'Reformed' National Churches. These, however, also retained the term, giving it, for the most part, a wider and more ideal or absolute sense, as the attribute of no single community, but only of the whole communion of the saved and saintly in all churches and ages. In England, it was claimed that the Church, even as Reformed, was the national branch of the 'Catholic Church' in its proper historical sense." Note: The full text of the OED definition of "catholic" can be consulted [[Bharatpedia talk:Requests for mediation/Roman Catholic Church/Archive 17|here]].</ref><ref name="McBrien">McBrien, Richard (2008). ''The Church''. Harper Collins. p. xvii. Online version available [http://browseinside.harpercollins.com/index.aspx?isbn13=9780061245213 Browseinside.harpercollins.com] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090827023130/http://browseinside.harpercollins.com/index.aspx?isbn13=9780061245213 |date=27 August 2009 }}. Quote: "[T]he use of the adjective 'Catholic' as a modifier of 'Church' became divisive only after the East–West Schism... and the Protestant Reformation. ... In the former case, the Western Church claimed for itself the title ''Catholic'' Church, while the East appropriated the name ''Orthodox'' Church. In the latter case, those in communion with the Bishop of Rome retained the adjective "Catholic", while the churches that broke with the Papacy were called ''Protestant''."</ref>

While the "Roman Church" has been used to describe the pope's [[Diocese of Rome]] since the [[Fall of the Western Roman Empire]] and into the [[Early Middle Ages]] (6th–10th century), "Roman Catholic Church" has been applied to the whole church in the English language since the Protestant Reformation in the late 16th century.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/167063|title=Roman Catholic, n. and adj.|work=Oxford English Dictionary|access-date=24 October 2017|url-access=subscription|archive-date=25 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230625133257/https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/167063|url-status=live}}</ref> Further, some refer to the Latin Church as "Roman Catholic" in distinction from the Eastern Catholic churches.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://catholicnewsherald.com/88-news/fp/5548-eastern-catholics-where-are-they-where-should-they-be|title=Eastern Catholics: Where are they? Where should they be?|work=[[Catholic News Herald]]|publisher=[[Diocese of Charlotte]]|date=12 March 2020|access-date=19 March 2022|archive-date=4 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240104221641/https://catholicnewsherald.com/88-news/fp/5548-eastern-catholics-where-are-they-where-should-they-be|url-status=live}}</ref> "Roman Catholic" has occasionally appeared in documents produced by the Holy See,<ref name="RCHolySeeR" group="note">Examples uses of "Roman Catholic" by the Holy See: the encyclicals [https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/pius_xi/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-xi_enc_31121929_divini-illius-magistri_en.html ''Divini Illius Magistri''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100923233927/https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/pius_xi/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-xi_enc_31121929_divini-illius-magistri_en.html |date=23 September 2010 }} of [[Pope Pius XI]] and [https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/pius_xii/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-xii_enc_12081950_humani-generis_en.html ''Humani generis''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120419021937/https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/pius_xii/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-xii_enc_12081950_humani-generis_en.html |date=19 April 2012 }} of [[Pope Pius XII]]; joint declarations signed by [[Pope Benedict XVI]] with [https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/speeches/2006/november/documents/hf_ben-xvi_spe_20061123_common-decl_en.html Archbishop of Canterbury Rowan Williams on 23 November 2006] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130302070228/https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/speeches/2006/november/documents/hf_ben-xvi_spe_20061123_common-decl_en.html |date=2 March 2013 }} and [http://www.ewtn.com/library/PAPALDOC/b16bart1decl.htm Patriarch Bartholomew I of Constantinople on 30 November 2006.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110430072019/http://www.ewtn.com/library/PAPALDOC/b16bart1decl.htm |date=30 April 2011 }}</ref> and has been used by certain national [[episcopal conference]]s and local dioceses.<ref name="RCbishop" group="note">Example use of "Roman" Catholic by a bishop's conference: ''The Baltimore Catechism'', an official catechism authorized by the Catholic bishops of the United States, states: "That is why we are called Roman Catholics; to show that we are united to the real successor of St Peter" (Question 118) and refers to the church as the "Roman Catholic Church" under Questions 114 and 131 ([http://www.cin.org/users/james/ebooks/master/baltimore/bcreed09.htm Baltimore Catechism).] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923203520/http://www.cin.org/users/james/ebooks/master/baltimore/bcreed09.htm |date=23 September 2015 }}</ref>

The name "Catholic Church" for the whole church is used in the ''[[Catechism of the Catholic Church]]'' (1990) and the [[1983 Code of Canon Law|''Code of Canon Law'']] (1983). "Catholic Church" is also used in the documents of the [[Second Vatican Council]] (1962–1965),<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Vatican.va.|url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council|title=Documents of the II Vatican Council|access-date=4 May 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040605190838/https://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/|archive-date=5 June 2004|quote=Note: The pope's signature appears in the Latin version.}}</ref> the [[First Vatican Council]] (1869–1870),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.papalencyclicals.net/councils/ecum20.htm|title=Decrees of the First Vatican Council – Papal Encyclicals|date=29 June 1868|access-date=29 July 2018|archive-date=8 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240108180831/https://www.papalencyclicals.net/councils/ecum20.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> the [[Council of Trent]] (1545–1563)<ref>[https://history.hanover.edu/texts/trent/trentall.html "The Bull of Indiction of the Sacred Oecumenical and General Council of Trent under the Sovereign Pontiff, Paul III."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180730022027/https://history.hanover.edu/texts/trent/trentall.html |date=30 July 2018 }} ''The Council of Trent: The Canons and Decrees of the Sacred and Oecumenical Council of Trent''. Ed. and trans. J. Waterworth. London: Dolman, 1848. Retrieved from History. Hanover.edu, 12 September 2018.</ref> and numerous other official documents.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/13121a.htm|title=Catholic Encyclopedia: Roman Catholic|website=New Advent|access-date=11 October 2017|archive-date=1 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401054227/http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/13121a.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ewtn.com/library/ANSWERS/HOWNAME.HTM|title=Kenneth D. Whitehead|website=ewtn.com|access-date=11 October 2017|archive-date=20 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231120121958/https://www.ewtn.com/library/ANSWERS/HOWNAME.HTM|url-status=live}}</ref>

==History==
{{Main|History of the Catholic Church}}

{{For timeline}}
{{Further|Historiography of early Christianity}}
{{See also|History of Catholic theology}}

===Apostolic era and papacy===
{{Main|Apostolic Age}}

[[File:Perugino - Entrega de las llaves a San Pedro (Capilla Sixtina, 1481-82).jpg|thumb|alt=Painting a haloed Jesus Christ passing keys to a kneeling man.|A {{Circa|1481–1482}} [[fresco]] by [[Pietro Perugino]] in the [[Sistine Chapel]] showing [[Jesus]] giving the [[keys of heaven]] to [[Saint Peter]]]]
[[File:The Last Supper - Leonardo Da Vinci - High Resolution 32x16.jpg|thumb|[[The Last Supper (Leonardo)|''The Last Supper'']] in the [[Santa Maria delle Grazie, Milan|Santa Maria delle Grazie Church]] in [[Milan]], Italy, a late 1490s mural painting by [[Leonardo da Vinci]], depicting the [[Last Supper]] of Jesus and his [[twelve apostles]], depicts the [[Last Supper|final meal]] of [[Jesus]] before [[Crucifixion of Jesus|his crucifixion and death]].]]
The [[New Testament]], particularly the [[Gospels]], records Jesus' activities and teaching, his appointment of the [[Apostles in the New Testament|Twelve Apostles]], and his [[Great Commission]] to them, instructing them to continue his work.{{sfn|Bokenkotter|2004|p=30}}<ref name="Kreeft98O">Kreeft, p. 980.</ref> The ''[[Acts of Apostles]]'' recounts the founding of the [[Christian Church]] and the spread of its message throughout the Roman Empire.<ref>Burkett, p. 263</ref>  The Catholic Church teaches that its public ministry began on [[Pentecost]], which occurred fifty days after the date on which Christ is believed to have [[Resurrection of Christ|risen from the dead]].<ref name="Barry48" /> At Pentecost, the apostles are held to have received the [[Holy Spirit in Christianity|Holy Spirit]], preparing them for their mission of leading the church.<ref>{{Cite CCC|2.1|1076|quote=The Church was made manifest to the world on the day of Pentecost by the outpouring of the Holy Spirit...}}</ref><ref>{{cite Catholic Encyclopedia|wstitle=Holy Ghost}} "He [the Holy Spirit] is essentially the Spirit of truth (John 14:16–17; 15:26), Whose office it is to ... to teach the Apostles the full meaning of it [of the truth] (John 14:26; 16:13). With these Apostles, He will abide forever (John 14:16). Having descended on them at Pentecost, He will guide them in their work (Acts 8:29)...</ref> The Catholic Church further teaches that the [[college of bishops]], led by the [[bishop of Rome]], is the [[Apostolic succession|successor]] to the apostles.<ref>{{Cite CCC|2.1|880, 883}}</ref>

In the account of the [[Confession of Peter]] found in the [[Gospel of Matthew]], Christ designates Peter as the "rock" upon which his Church will be built.<ref>Christian Bible, {{Bibleverse|Matthew|16:13–20}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/453832/Saint-Peter-the-Apostle/5630/Incidents-important-in-interpretations-of-Peter|title=Saint Peter the Apostle: Incidents important in interpretations of Peter|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=8 November 2014|archive-date=10 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141110070846/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/453832/Saint-Peter-the-Apostle/5630/Incidents-important-in-interpretations-of-Peter|url-status=live}}</ref> The Catholic Church considers the bishop of Rome, the pope, to be the successor of [[Saint Peter]].<ref>{{Cite CCC|2.1|880–81}}</ref> Some scholars hold that Peter was the first bishop of Rome,<ref name="JoyceCE1913">{{cite Catholic Encyclopedia|wstitle=The Pope|first=George|last=Joyce}}</ref> while other scholars argue that the institution of the papacy does not depend on the view that Peter was bishop of Rome, or even on the claim that he ever resided in Rome.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.catholic.com/tracts/was-peter-in-rome|title=Was Peter in Rome?|publisher=Catholic Answers|date=10 August 2004|quote=if Peter never made it to the capital, he still could have been the first pope, since one of his successors could have been the first holder of that office to settle in Rome. After all, if the papacy exists, it was established by Christ during his lifetime, long before Peter is said to have reached Rome. There must have been a period of some years in which the papacy did not yet have its connection to Rome.|access-date=9 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161212105950/http://www.catholic.com/tracts/was-peter-in-rome|archive-date=12 December 2016}}</ref>

Many scholars maintain that a church structure consisting of multiple presbyters/bishops persisted in Rome until the mid-2nd century, when a structure with a single bishop and multiple presbyters was adopted,<ref name="REB">{{cite book|last=Brown|first=Raymond E.|year=2003|title=101 Questions and Answers on the Bible|url={{googlebooks|b8ubeFP6JUYC|page=132|plainurl=y}}|publisher=Paulist Press|isbn=978-0-8091-4251-4|pages=132–34}}</ref> and that later writers retrospectively applied the title "bishop of Rome" to the most prominent members of the clergy in the earlier period, as well as to Peter himself.<ref name="REB" /> On this basis, [[Bart D. Ehrman]] argues Peter "could not have been the first bishop of Rome", while also noting that the church "did not have anyone as its bishop until about a hundred years after Peter's death."{{refn|name=ehrman|{{cite book|url=https://global.oup.com/academic/product/peter-paul-and-mary-magdalene-9780195343502|last=Ehrman|first=Bart D|title=Peter, Paul, and Mary Magdalene: The Followers of Jesus in History and Legend|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=US|date=2006|isbn=978-0-19-530013-0|page=84|quote=Peter, in short, could not have been the first bishop of Rome, because the Roman church did not have ''anyone'' as its bishop until about a hundred years after Peter's death.}}|}} [[Raymond E. Brown]] likewise states that it is anachronistic to speak of Peter in terms of a local bishop of Rome, but that Christians of that period would have regarded Peter as exercising roles that contributed "to the development of the role of the papacy in the subsequent church". These roles, Brown argues, "contributed enormously to seeing the bishop of Rome ... as the successor of Peter ... for the church universal".<ref name="REB" />

===Antiquity and Roman Empire===
{{Main|Early Christianity|Pentarchy|List of heresies in the Catholic Church}}

[[File:Old St Peter's Basilica, Rome, about the year 1450 restored from ancient authorities.jpg|thumb|A 19th-century drawing by [[Henry William Brewer]] of [[Old St. Peter's Basilica]], built in 318 by [[Constantine the Great]]]]
The [[Roman Empire]] facilitated the spread of new ideas through its extensive network of roads and waterways, the relative security of the ''[[Pax Romana]]'', and the promotion of a common culture with strong Greek influences, all of which allowed ideas to be more easily expressed and understood.{{sfn|Bokenkotter|2004|p=24}} However, unlike most religions in the Roman Empire, Christianity required its followers to renounce [[Idolatry|all other gods]], a practice inherited from [[Judaism]]. Because Christians refused to participate in [[Paganism|pagan]] festivals and civic rituals, they were excluded from many aspects of public life, leading some non-Christians, including government authorities, to fear that they were angering the gods and thereby threatening the peace and prosperity of the empire. The [[Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire|resulting prosecutions]] became a defining element of early Christian self-understanding until Christianity was legalized in the 4th century.<ref name="macculloch155and164">MacCulloch, ''Christianity'', pp. 155–59, 164.</ref>

In 313, [[Constantine the Great]]—the first Roman emperor to convert to Christianity—issued the [[Edict of Milan]], which legalized the Christian faith, and he moved the imperial capital to [[Constantinople]] (modern [[Istanbul|Istanbul, Turkey]]) in 330. In 380, the [[Edict of Thessalonica]] made [[Nicene Christianity]] the [[state church of the Roman Empire]], a status that continued within the shrinking territory of the [[Byzantine Empire]] until its [[Fall of Constantinople|fall in 1453]]. Elsewhere, the church functioned independently of imperial authority, becoming especially evident after the [[East–West Schism|East-West Schism]]. During the period of the [[First seven ecumenical councils|Seven Ecumenical Councils]], five principal sees emerged—Rome, [[Constantinople]], [[Alexandria]], [[Antioch]], and [[Jerusalem]]—formalized in the mid-6th century, arranged by [[Justinian I]], the [[Byzantine emperor]] from 527 to 565, as the pentarchy.<ref name="Valliere2012">{{cite book|last=Valliere|first=Paul|year= 2012|title=Conciliarism|url={{googlebooks|Qrt3Z7fyzlUC|page=92|plainurl=y}}|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-01574-6|page=92}}</ref><ref name="Bartholomew2008">{{cite book|last=Patriarch|first=Bartholomew|year=2008|title=Encountering the Mystery|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4_UB3_UpIcQC&pg=PA3|publisher=Random House|isbn=978-0-385-52561-9|page=3|access-date=31 March 2021|archive-date=10 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240310112403/https://books.google.com/books?id=4_UB3_UpIcQC&pg=PA3#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 451, the [[Council of Chalcedon]], in a canon of disputed validity,<ref name="Michalopulos">{{cite web|last=Michalopulos|first=George C.|url=http://www.aoiusa.org/canon-28-and-eastern-papalism-cause-or-effect|title=Canon 28 and Eastern Papalism: Cause or Effect?|date=11 September 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130110112941/http://www.aoiusa.org/canon-28-and-eastern-papalism-cause-or-effect|archive-date=10 January 2013}}</ref> elevated the [[see of Constantinople]] to a role "second in eminence and power to the bishop of Rome".<ref name="Noble214">Noble, p. 214.</ref> From {{Circa|350|500}}, the bishops, or popes, of Rome steadily increased their authority through consistently intervening in helping [[Episcopal see|orthodox leaders]] during theological disputes, which encouraged appeals to them.<ref name="ReferenceA">"Rome (early Christian)". Cross, F.L., ed., ''The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church''. New York: Oxford University Press. 2005</ref> Emperor [[Justinian I|Justinian]], under his controlled territories, established a form of [[caesaropapism]] where he could regulate "the minutest details of worship and discipline" and "theologian opinions" in the church—establishing imperial influence over Rome and other Western territories again.<ref>Ayer, p. 553</ref> This act created the [[Byzantine Papacy]] period (537–752) in which popes required approval from the emperor or his representative for consecration, leading to most being selected by the emperor from his Greek-speaking subjects, which created a "melting pot" of Western and Eastern Christian traditions in art and liturgy.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/behindl_bau_2003_00_6167|url-access=registration|title=Behind Locked Doors: A History of the Papal Elections|first=Frederic J.|last=Baumgartner|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=2003|isbn=978-0-312-29463-2|pages=[https://archive.org/details/behindl_bau_2003_00_6167/page/n29 10]–12}}</ref><ref>[[Eamon Duffy|Duffy, Eamon]]. 1997. ''Saints & Sinners: A History of the Popes''. Yale University Press. pp. 66–67</ref>

In the following centuries, Germanic tribes who invaded the Roman Empire adopted Christianity in its [[Arianism|Arian]] form, which the [[First Council of Nicaea|Council of Nicaea]] declared [[Heresy|heretical]], causing discord between Germanic rulers and Catholic subjects.<ref>Le Goff, p. 14: "The face of the barbarian invaders had been transformed by another crucial fact. Although some of them had remained pagan, another part of them, not the least, had become Christian. But, by a curious chance, which was to leave serious consequences, these converted barbarians—the Ostrogoths, Visigoths, Burgundians, Vandals, and later the Lombards—had been converted to Arianism, which had become a heresy after the council of Nicaea. They had in fact been converted by followers of the 'apostle of the Goths', Wulfilas."</ref><ref>Le Goff, p. 14: "Thus what should have been a religious bond was, on the contrary, a subject of discord and sparked off bitter conflicts between Arian barbarians and Catholic Romans."</ref> In 497, [[Clovis I]], the [[Frankish language|Frankish]] ruler, converted to orthodox Catholicism and he aligned himself with the papacy and the [[Monasticism|monastic]] communities—an act that unified Germanic rulers and Catholic subjects for the most part.<ref>Le Goff, p. 21: "Clovis' master-stroke was to convert himself and his people not to Arianism, like the other barbarian kings, but to Catholicism."</ref> Following his lead, the [[Visigoths]] converted to Catholicism in 589, and the [[Lombards]] in Italy gradually adopted it during the 7th century.<ref>Le Goff, p. 21</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Drew|first=Katherine Fischer|year=2014|title=The Lombard Laws|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|url={{googlebooks|7ItMSn421GAC|pg=PR18|plainurl=y}}|isbn=978-0-8122-1055-2|page=xviii}}</ref>

[[Western Christianity]]—particularly through its monastic institutions—played a massive role in preserving [[Classical antiquity|classical civilization]], including its [[Illuminated manuscript|artistic traditions]] and literacy.<ref name="Cahill_Thomas">{{cite book|title=[[How The Irish Saved Civilization: The Untold Story of Ireland's Heroic Role from the Fall of Rome to the Rise of Medieval Europe]] |first=Thomas |last=Cahill |date=1995 |publisher=[[Penguin Random House]] |location=New York City}}</ref> [[Benedict of Nursia]] (c. 480–543), one of the founders of [[Christian monasticism|Western monasticism]], with his ''[[Rule of Saint Benedict|Rule]]'', exerted a crucial influence on European culture with his appropriation of the church's monastic spiritual heritage and his preservation and transmission of ancient culture with the spread of the [[Benedictines|Benedictine]] tradition. During this time, monastic [[Ireland]] became a center of scholarship; early Irish missionaries such as [[Columbanus]] and [[Columba]] spread Christianity and established monasteries across [[continental Europe]].<ref name="Cahill_Thomas" />

===Middle Ages and Renaissance===
{{Further|History of Christianity during the Middle Ages|Christianity in the 16th century#Renaissance Church}}
[[File:Santa Capilla, París, Francia, 2022-11-01, DD 80-82 HDR.jpg|270px|thumb|An interior view of the [[Sainte-Chapelle]] on the [[Île de la Cité]] in [[Paris]], France, completed in 1248. During the Middle Ages, many buildings in the [[Gothic architecture]]-style were erected as places of worship for the Catholic Church.]]
From [[Late antiquity|Late Antiquity]] to the dawn of the [[Modern era|modern age]], the Catholic Church held a dominant influence on Western civilization, being the primary sponsor of [[Romanesque architecture and art|Romanesque]], [[Gothic art|Gothic]], [[Renaissance art|Renaissance]], [[Mannerism|Mannerist]], and [[Baroque]] styles in art, architecture, and music—including visual artists like [[Raphael]], [[Michelangelo]], [[Leonardo da Vinci]], [[Sandro Botticelli]], [[Fra Angelico]], [[Tintoretto]], [[Titian]], [[Gian Lorenzo Bernini]], and [[Caravaggio]].<ref name="O'CollinsPref">[[Gerald O'Collins|O'Collins]], p. v (preface).</ref><ref>Woods, pp. 115–27</ref><ref>Duffy, p. 133.</ref> A [[Stanford University]] historian Paul Legutko said the church is "at the center of the development of the values, ideas, science, laws, and institutions" of [[Western culture|Western civilization]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Review of ''How the Catholic Church Built Western Civilisation''|first=Thomas Jr.|last=Woods|url=http://www.nrbookservice.com/products/bookpage.asp?prod_cd=c6664|work=National Review Book Service|access-date=16 September 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060822150152/http://www.nrbookservice.com/products/BookPage.asp?prod_cd=c6664|archive-date=22 August 2006}}</ref>

Monks established the [[Medieval university|first universities in Europe]] in the time of Western [[Christendom]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Managing the University Campus: Information to Support Real Estate Decisions|first=Alexandra |last= Den Heijer| isbn=9789059724877| year =2011|publisher=Academische Uitgeverij Eburon| quote= Many of the medieval universities in Western Europe were born under the aegis of the Catholic Church, usually as cathedral schools or by papal bull as Studia Generali.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Encyclopedia of Christian Education|first=Mark|last= A. Lamport |year= 2015| page =484|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield| isbn=9780810884939|quote= All the great European universities—Oxford, to Paris, to Cologne, to Prague, to Bologna—were established with close ties to the Church.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Encyclopedia of the Developing World|first=Thomas |last=B M. Leonard|year= 2013| isbn=9781135205157| page = 1369|publisher=Routledge|quote= Europe established schools in association with their cathedrals to educate priests, and from these emerged eventually the first universities of Europe, which began forming in the eleventh and twelfth centuries.}}</ref> In [[Tertiary education|higher education]], several older cathedral schools became universities beginning in the 11th century, including the [[University of Oxford]], [[University of Paris]], and [[University of Bologna]]. Dating back to 6th-century AD, [[monk]]s and [[nun]]s spearheaded higher education with Christian cathedral schools or monastic schools.<ref name="auto">Riché, Pierre (1978): "Education and Culture in the Barbarian West: From the Sixth through the Eighth Century", Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, {{ISBN|0-87249-376-8}}, pp. 126–27, 282–98</ref> These new universities expanded their curriculums to include academic programs for clerics, lawyers, civil servants, and physicians.<ref>Rudy, ''The Universities of Europe, 1100–1914'', p. 40</ref> Thus, due to its initial origins, the university is generally regarded as starting in a [[Medieval Christian]] setting.<ref name="verger1999">{{cite book |last=Verger |first=Jacques |date=1999 |author-link=:fr:Jacques Verger |title=Culture, enseignement et société en Occident aux XIIe et XIIIe siècles |edition=1st |language=fr |publisher=Presses universitaires de Rennes in Rennes |isbn=978-2-86847-344-8 |url=https://openlibrary.org/works/OL822497W |access-date=17 June 2014 |archive-date=13 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200313042832/https://openlibrary.org/works/OL822497W/Culture_enseignement_et_soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_en_Occident_aux_XIIe_et_XIIIe_si%C3%A8cles |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>Verger, Jacques. "The Universities and Scholasticism", in ''The New Cambridge Medieval History'': Volume V c. 1198–c. 1300. Cambridge University Press, 2007, 257.</ref><ref name="Rüegg, Walter 1992, pp. XIX">Rüegg, Walter: "Foreword. The University as a European Institution", in: ''A History of the University in Europe. Vol. 1: Universities in the Middle Ages'', Cambridge University Press, 1992, {{ISBN|0-521-36105-2}}, pp. xix–xx</ref>

Massive [[Christianity in the 7th century|mid-7th century]] Islamic invasions elongated the struggles of power between Christianity and Islam throughout the [[Mediterranean basin|Mediterranean Basis]]; the Byzantine Empire lost its lands of the eastern patriarchates of Jerusalem, Alexandria and Antioch were reduced to Constantinople, the empire's capital, and the Frankish state, centered away from the [[Early Muslim conquests|Islamic domination of the Mediterranean]], evolved into the dominant power that shaped the Western Europe of the Middle Ages.<ref>{{cite book|last=Pirenne|first=Henri|year=1980|title=Medieval Cities: Their Origins and the Revival of Trade|others=Frank D. Halsey (trans.)|location=Princeton, NJ|publisher=Princeton University Press|orig-date=1925|url={{googlebooks|TKUN4UdfVaQC|page=27|plainurl=y}}|isbn=978-0-691-00760-1|pages=27–32}}</ref> Battles in [[Battle of Toulouse (721)|Toulouse]] and [[Battle of Tours|Tours]] halted Islamic advancements in the West; a failed siege of [[Siege of Constantinople (717–718)|Constantinople]] halted them in the East. In 751, the Byzantine Empire lost the city of [[Ravenna]], which [[Exarchate of Ravenna|governed the small fragments]] of Italy, including Rome, to the Lombards, meaning confirmation by a no longer existent [[exarch]] was not asked during the election of [[Pope Stephen II]] in 752—the papacy had to look elsewhere for a civil power to protect it.<ref>{{cite book|last=Richards|first=Jeffrey|year=2014|title=The Popes and the Papacy in the Early Middle Ages|publisher=Routledge|url={{googlebooks|Zod9AwAAQBAJ|page=230|plainurl=y}}|isbn=978-1-317-67817-5|page=230}}</ref> The Frankish king [[Pepin the Short]] conquered the Lombards in 754 at the urgent request of Pope Stephen, and then gifted the lands back to the pope, initiating the time of the [[Papal States]]. In the 860s, Rome and the Byzantine East had a conflict during the [[Photian schism]], as [[Photios I of Constantinople|Photius]] criticized the [[Latin West]] for adding the ''[[filioque]]'' clause, after being [[Excommunication|excommunicated]] by [[Pope Nicholas I|Nicholas I]], causing unresolved issues that led to further divisions.<ref>{{cite book|last=Walker|first=Willston|year=1985|title=History of the Christian Church|publisher=Simon and Schuster|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bFw8PtQhpVoC&pg=PA250|isbn=978-0-684-18417-3|pages=250–51|access-date=31 March 2021|archive-date=10 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240310112235/https://books.google.com/books?id=bFw8PtQhpVoC&pg=PA250#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Dolci Santa Caterina da Siena.JPG|thumb|upright|A painting of St. [[Catherine of Siena]] by [[Carlo Dolci]]. A 14th century Catholic mystic associated with [[Order of Preachers|Dominican]] spirituality, she helped to heal the [[Great Western Schism]].]]
In the 11th century the efforts of [[Hildebrand of Sovana]] led to the creation of the [[College of Cardinals]] to elect new popes, starting with [[Pope Alexander II]] in the [[1061 papal election|papal election of 1061]]. When Alexander II died, Hildebrand was elected to succeed him, as [[Pope Gregory VII]]. The basic election system of the College of Cardinals which Gregory VII helped establish has continued to function into the 21st century. Pope Gregory VII further initiated the [[Gregorian Reforms]] regarding the independence of the clergy from secular authority. This led to the [[Investiture Controversy]] between the church and the [[Holy Roman Emperor|Holy Roman emperor]]s, over which had the authority to appoint bishops and popes.<ref name="Vidmar107">Vidmar, ''The Catholic Church Through the Ages'' (2005), pp. 107–11</ref><ref name="Duffy78">Duffy, ''Saints and Sinners'' (1997), p. 78, quote: "By contrast, Paschal's successor [[Pope Eugene II|Eugenius II]] (824–27), elected with imperial influence, gave away most of these papal gains. He acknowledged the Emperor's sovereignty in the papal state, and he accepted a constitution imposed by Lothair which established imperial supervision of the administration of Rome, imposed an oath to the Emperor on all citizens, and required the pope–elect to swear fealty before he could be consecrated. Under [[Pope Sergius II|Sergius II]] (844–847) it was even agreed that the pope could not be consecrated without an imperial mandate and that the ceremony must be in the presence of his representative, a revival of some of the more galling restrictions of Byzantine rule."</ref>

In 1095 the Byzantine emperor, [[Alexius I]], appealed to [[Pope Urban II]] for help against renewed Muslim invasions in the [[Byzantine–Seljuk wars]],<ref name="rileysmith">Riley-Smith, p. 8</ref> which caused Urban to launch the [[First Crusade]] aimed at aiding the Byzantine Empire and returning the [[Holy Land]] to Christian control.{{sfn|Bokenkotter|2004|pp=140–41}} In the [[Christianity in the 11th century|11th century]] strained relations between the primarily Greek church and the Latin Church separated them in the East–West Schism, partially due to conflicts over papal authority. The [[Fourth Crusade]] and the sacking of Constantinople by renegade crusaders proved the final breach.<ref>{{cite book|last=Phillips|first=Jonathan|title=The Fourth Crusade and the Sack of Constantinople|publisher=Penguin Books|year=2005|url={{googlebooks|kkA2nomlPLwC|pg=PT19|plainurl=y}}|isbn=978-1-101-12772-8|page=PT19}}</ref>

In the twelfth century, [[inquisitions]] began in the Catholic [[Kingdom of France]] in response to the [[Albigensian]]s. The system spread throughout other European countries in the succeeding centuries, through multiple forms: first as individual inquisitors sporadically appointed for certain problem areas by popes, then as state-sponsored tribunals.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kelly |first1=Henry Ansgar |title=Inquisition and the Prosecution of Heresy: Misconceptions and Abuses |journal=Church History |date=December 1989 |volume=58 |issue=4 |pages=439–451 |doi=10.2307/3168207 |jstor=3168207 }}</ref> The ''ad hoc'' use of torture by secular medieval judges was common, and the directives governing inquisitions progressively allowed various situations where non-maiming, non-bloody torture could or must be used to corroborate testimony, not only on some classes of accused but sometimes even on denouncers and witnesses.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kelly |first1=Henry Ansgar |title=Judicial Torture in Canon Law and Church Tribunals: From Gratian to Galileo |journal=The Catholic Historical Review |date=2015 |volume=101 |issue=4 |pages=754–793 |jstor=43898858 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43898858 |issn=0008-8080}}</ref>

In the early 13th century [[mendicant orders]] were founded by [[Francis of Assisi]] and [[Dominic de Guzmán]]. The ''studia conventualia'' and ''[[studia generalia]]'' of the mendicant orders played a large role in the transformation of church-sponsored cathedral schools and palace schools, such as that of [[Charlemagne]] at [[Aachen]], into the prominent universities of Europe.<ref>Woods, pp. 44–48</ref> [[Scholasticism|Scholastic]] theologians and philosophers such as the Dominican priest [[Thomas Aquinas]] studied and taught at these studia. Aquinas' ''[[Summa Theologica]]'' was an intellectual milestone in its synthesis of the legacy of [[ancient Greek philosophers]] such as [[Plato]] and [[Aristotle]] with the content of Christian revelation.{{sfn|Bokenkotter|2004|pp=158–59}}

A growing sense of church-state conflicts marked the 14th century. In 1309, to escape instability in Rome, [[Pope Clement V]] became the first of seven popes to reside in the fortified city of [[Avignon]] in southern France<ref name="Duffy122">Duffy, ''Saints and Sinners'' (1997), p. 122</ref> during a period known as the [[Avignon Papacy]]. The Avignon Papacy ended in 1376 when the pope returned to Rome.<ref name="McManners232">Morris, p. 232</ref> In 1378 a 38-year-long [[Western Schism]] began, with claimants to the papacy located in Rome, Avignon and, after 1409, Pisa.<ref name="McManners232" /> The matter was largely resolved in 1414–1418 at the [[Council of Constance]], with the claimants in Rome and Pisa agreeing to resign and the third claimant [[Excommunication in the Catholic Church|excommunicated]] by the cardinals, who held a new election naming [[Martin V]] pope.<ref name="McManners240">McManners, p. 240</ref>

In 1438 the [[Council of Florence]] convened, which featured a strong dialogue focussed on understanding the theological differences between the East and West, with the hope of reuniting the Catholic and Orthodox churches.<ref>{{cite book|last=Geanakoplos|first=Deno John|year=1989|title=Constantinople and the West|location=Madison|publisher=University of Wisconsin Press|isbn=978-0-299-11880-8}}</ref> Several eastern churches reunited, forming the majority of the [[Eastern Catholic Churches]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Collinge|first=William J.|year=2012|title=Historical Dictionary of Catholicism|publisher=Scarecrow Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LR0Nyt3bi_MC&pg=PA169|isbn=978-0-8108-5755-1|page=169|access-date=31 March 2021|archive-date=8 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230908080036/https://books.google.com/books?id=LR0Nyt3bi_MC&pg=PA169|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Age of Discovery and Counter-Reformation===
{{Main|Catholic Church and the Age of Discovery|Counter-Reformation}}

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The [[Age of Discovery]] beginning in the 15th century saw the expansion of Western Europe's political and cultural influence worldwide. Because of the rise in power overseas of strongly Catholic nations of Spain and Portugal (as well as France), Catholicism was spread to the Americas, Asia and Oceania by explorers, conquistadors, and missionaries, as well as by the conversion of people who lived in these societies to the Catholic faith. [[Pope Alexander VI]] had awarded sovereignty rights over most of the newly discovered lands to [[Spanish Empire|Spain]] and [[Portuguese Empire|Portugal]] (later confirmed by the [[Treaty of Tordesillas]])<ref name="Koschorke13">Koschorke, pp. 13, 283</ref> and the ensuing ''[[Patronato real|patronato]]'' system allowed state authorities, not the Vatican, to control all clerical appointments in the new colonies.<ref>Hastings (1994), p. 72</ref> In 1521 the Portuguese explorer [[Ferdinand Magellan]] made the first Catholic converts in the [[Spanish East Indies|Philippines]].<ref name="Koschorke21">Koschorke, p. 21</ref> Elsewhere, Portuguese missionaries under the Spanish Jesuit [[Francis Xavier]] evangelized in India, China and Japan.<ref name="Koschorke3">Koschorke, pp. 3, 17</ref> The [[French colonization of the Americas]] beginning in the 16th century established a Catholic [[French language|Francophone]] population and forbade non-Catholics to settle in [[Quebec]].<ref>Lyons (2013), p. 17</ref>

In 1415 popular Bohemian preacher [[Jan Hus]] was burned at the stake for refusing to recant [[Wycliffite]] heresies.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Schaff |first1=Phillip |title=New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge, Vol. V: Goar - Innocent |page=418 |url=https://ccel.org/ccel/schaff/encyc05/encyc05.h.xiii.html}}</ref> His "hot-headed" reform efforts presaged [[Martin Luther]], an [[Order of Saint Augustine|Augustinian]] friar in Germany, who [[History of Lutheranism#The start of the Reformation|sent]] a list of topics for academic disputation, the ''[[Ninety-five Theses]]'', to several bishops in 1517.{{sfn|Bokenkotter|2004|p=215}} His theses protested against some Catholic [[doctrine]]s as well as contemporary practices such as the supposed sale of [[indulgence]]s, and these were the start of a rapidly escalating series of inflammatory works ending with ''[[On the Babylonian Captivity of the Church]]'' (1520) which accused the Pope of being the anti-Christ:<ref>{{cite book |last1=Schaff |first1=Phillip |title=New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge, Vol. VII: Liutprand - Moralities |page=71 |url=https://ccel.org/ccel/schaff/encyc07/png/0089=71.htm}}</ref> this led to [[Martin Luther#Excommunication|his excommunication]] in 1521.{{sfn|Bokenkotter|2004|p=215}}<ref name="Vidmar184">Vidmar, p. 184.</ref> In Switzerland [[Huldrych Zwingli]], [[John Calvin]] and other [[Protestant Reformers]] further criticized certain Catholic teachings. These challenges developed into the Reformation, which gave birth to the great majority of [[Protestant]] [[list of Christian denominations|denominations]]{{sfn|Bokenkotter|2004|pp=223–24}} and also [[crypto-Protestantism]] within the Catholic Church.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Fernández|first=Luis Martínez|title=Crypto-Protestants and Pseudo-Catholics in the Nineteenth-Century Hispanic Caribbean|journal=Journal of Ecclesiastical History|volume=51|issue=2|pages=347–65|year=2000|doi=10.1017/S0022046900004255|s2cid=162296826}}</ref> Meanwhile, [[Henry VIII]] of the [[Kingdom of England]] petitioned [[Pope Clement VII]] for a [[declaration of nullity]] concerning his marriage to [[Catherine of Aragon]]. When this was denied, he had the [[Acts of Supremacy]] passed to make himself [[Supreme Head]] of the [[Church of England]], spurring the [[English Reformation]] and the eventual development of [[Anglicanism]].{{sfn|Bokenkotter|2004|pp=235–37}}

[[File:Ruínas 1.jpg|thumb|Ruins of the [[Jesuit missions among the Guaraní|Jesuit mission]] of [[Ruins of São Miguel das Missões|São Miguel das Missões]] in Brazil]]
The Reformation contributed to clashes between the Protestant [[Schmalkaldic League]] and the Catholic Emperor [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles V]] and his allies. The first nine-year war ended in 1555 with the [[Peace of Augsburg]] but continued tensions produced a far graver conflict—the [[Thirty Years' War]]—which broke out in 1618.<ref name="Vidmar233" /> In France a series of conflicts termed the [[French Wars of Religion]] was fought from 1562 to 1598 between the [[Huguenot]]s (French [[Calvinists]]) and the forces of the [[French Catholic League]], which were backed and funded by a series of popes.<ref name="Duffy177">Duffy, ''Saints and Sinners'' (1997), pp. 177–78</ref> This ended under [[Pope Clement VIII]], who hesitantly accepted King [[Henry IV of France]]'s 1598 [[Edict of Nantes]] granting civil and [[religious toleration]] to French Protestants.<ref name="Vidmar233">Vidmar, ''The Catholic Church Through the Ages'' (2005), p. 233</ref><ref name="Duffy177" />

The [[Council of Trent]] (1545–1563) became the driving force behind the [[Counter-Reformation]] in response to the Protestant movement. Doctrinally, it reaffirmed many central Catholic teachings such as [[transubstantiation]], the keeping of the [[Sacraments of the Catholic Church|sacraments]], and the requirement of [[Good works#Catholic Church|good works]] anchored in love and hope to justify one's salvation, as well as faith as a necessary condition to attain such salvation.{{sfn|Bokenkotter|2004|pp=242–44}} In subsequent centuries, Catholicism spread widely across the world, in part through missionaries and [[imperialism]], although its hold on European populations declined due to the growth of [[religious scepticism]] during and after the Enlightenment.<ref>Maxwell, Melvin. ''Bible Truth or Church Tradition'', p. 70</ref>

===Enlightenment and modern period===
{{Main|Age of Enlightenment}}

{{Modern persecutions of the Catholic Church}}
From the 17th century onward, the Enlightenment questioned the power and influence of the Catholic Church over Western society.<ref name="Pollard8">Pollard, pp. 7–8</ref> In the 18th century, writers such as [[Voltaire]] and the ''[[Encyclopédistes]]'' wrote biting critiques of both religion and the Catholic Church. One target of their criticism was the 1685 [[revocation of the Edict of Nantes]] by King [[Louis XIV of France]], which ended a century-long policy of religious toleration of Protestant Huguenots. As the papacy resisted pushes for [[Gallicanism]], the [[French Revolution]] in 1789 shifted power to the state, caused the destruction of churches, the establishment of a [[Cult of Reason]],{{sfn|Bokenkotter|2004|pp=283–85}} and the martyrdom of [[Martyrs of Compiègne|nuns]] during the [[Reign of Terror]].<ref>{{CathEncy|wstitle=The Sixteen Blessed Teresian Martyrs of Compiègne}}</ref> In 1798 [[Napoleon]]'s General [[Louis-Alexandre Berthier]] invaded the [[Italian Peninsula]], imprisoning [[Pope Pius VI]], who died in captivity. Napoleon later re-established the Catholic Church in France through the [[Concordat of 1801]].<ref name="Collins176">Collins, p. 176</ref> The end of the [[Napoleonic Wars]] brought Catholic revival and the return of the [[Papal States]].<ref>Duffy, pp. 214–16</ref>

In 1854 [[Pope Pius IX]], with the support of the overwhelming majority of Catholic bishops, whom he had consulted from 1851 to 1853, proclaimed the [[Immaculate Conception]] as a [[dogma in the Catholic Church]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/audiences/alpha/data/aud19930324en.html|title=John Paul II, General Audience|publisher=Vatican.va|date=24 March 1993|access-date=30 June 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110810175256/https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/audiences/alpha/data/aud19930324en.html|archive-date=10 August 2011}}</ref> In 1870 the [[First Vatican Council]] affirmed the doctrine of [[papal infallibility]] when exercised in specifically defined pronouncements,<ref name="Leith">Leith, ''Creeds of the Churches'' (1963), p. 143</ref><ref name="Duffy232">Duffy, ''Saints and Sinners'' (1997), p. 232</ref> striking a blow to the rival position of [[Conciliar Church|conciliarism]]. Controversy over this and other issues resulted in a breakaway movement called the [[Old Catholic Church#First Vatican Council, Old Catholic Union of Utrecht|Old Catholic Church]].<ref name="Fahlbusch">Fahlbusch, ''The Encyclopedia of Christianity'' (2001), p. 729</ref>

The [[Italian unification]] of the 1860s incorporated the Papal States, including Rome itself from 1870, into the [[Kingdom of Italy]], thus ending the papacy's [[temporal power (papal)|temporal power]]. In response Pius IX excommunicated [[King Victor Emmanuel II]], refused payment for the land and rejected the Italian [[Law of Guarantees]], which granted him special privileges. To avoid placing himself in visible subjection to the Italian authorities, he remained a "[[prisoner in the Vatican]]".<ref>{{cite book|last=Kertzer|first=David I.|year=2006|title=Prisoner of the Vatican|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y_4eaFsFdI4C&pg=PT155|isbn=978-0-547-34716-5|page=PT155|access-date=31 March 2021|archive-date=10 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240310112426/https://books.google.com/books?id=y_4eaFsFdI4C&pg=PT155#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> This stand-off, which was spoken of as the [[Roman question]], was resolved by the [[Lateran Treaty]] in 1929, whereby the Holy See acknowledged Italian sovereignty over the former [[Papal States]] in return for payment and Italy's recognition of papal sovereignty over Vatican City as a new sovereign and independent state.<ref>{{cite book|chapter='Utterly Faithless Specimens': Italians in the Catholic Church in America|first=Peter R.|last=D'Agostino|editor-last=Connell|editor-first=William J.|editor2-last=Gardaphé|editor2-first=Fred|title=Anti-Italianism: Essays on a Prejudice|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=2010|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qp_GAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA33|isbn=978-0-230-11532-3|pages=33–34|access-date=31 March 2021|archive-date=10 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240310112304/https://books.google.com/books?id=qp_GAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA33#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref>

Catholic missionaries generally supported, and sought to facilitate, the European imperial powers' [[conquest of Africa]] during the late nineteenth century. According to the historian of religion [[Adrian Hastings]], Catholic missionaries were generally unwilling to defend African rights or encourage Africans to see themselves as equals to Europeans, in contrast to Protestant missionaries, who were more willing to oppose colonial injustices.<ref>Adrian Hastings, ''The Church in Africa, 1450–1950'', Oxford: Clarendon, 1996, 394–490</ref>

===20th century===
{{Main|Catholic Church in the 20th century}}

[[File:Members of the Royal 22e Regiment in audience with Pope Pius XII.jpg|thumb|Members of the Canadian Army's [[Royal 22nd Regiment]] in audience with [[Pope Pius XII]] on 4 July 1944, following the [[Battle of Anzio]], which liberated Rome from [[Nazi German]] and the [[Italian Social Republic|Italian fascist]] occupation during [[World War II]]]]
[[File:Second Vatican Council by Lothar Wolleh 003.jpg|thumb|Bishops listen during the [[Second Vatican Council]] in the early 1960s]]
[[File:President Ronald Reagan and Nancy Reagan meet with Pope John Paul II at the Vatican Library.jpg|thumb|[[Pope John Paul II]] and then U.S. president [[Ronald Reagan]] (pictured with his wife [[Nancy Reagan|Nancy]]) meeting in June 1982; both Pope John Paul II and Reagan were credited with contributing to the [[Revolutions of 1989]], which led to the fall of communism and the end of the [[Cold War]] two years later, in 1991.]]
During the 20th century, the church's global reach continued to grow, despite the rise of [[anti-Catholic]] authoritarian regimes and the collapse of European [[Colonial empire|colonial empires]], accompanied by a general decline in religious observance in the West. Under the popes [[Benedict XV]] and [[Pius XII]] the Holy See sought to maintain public neutrality through the World Wars, acting as peace broker and delivering aid to the victims of the conflicts. In the 1960s [[Pope John XXIII]] convened the [[Second Vatican Council]], which ushered in radical change to church ritual and practice, and in the later 20th century the long papacy of [[Pope John Paul II]] contributed to the [[fall of communism]] in Europe, and a new public and international role for the papacy.<ref>Geoffrey Blainey; ''A Short History of Christianity''; Viking; 2011</ref><ref name="communist">{{cite news|title=Pope Stared Down Communism in Homeland – and Won|publisher=CBC News|date=April 2005|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/obit/pope/communism_homeland.html|access-date=31 January 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071223141702/http://www.cbc.ca/news/obit/pope/communism_homeland.html|archive-date=23 December 2007}}</ref> From the late 20th century, the Catholic Church has been [[Criticism of the Catholic Church|criticized]] for its doctrines on [[Catholic teachings on sexual morality|sexuality]], its inability to [[Catholic Church doctrine on the ordination of women|ordain women]] and its handling of [[Catholic Church sexual abuse cases|sexual abuse cases]].


The Second Vatican Council (1962–65) introduced the most significant changes to Catholic practices since the Council of Trent, four centuries before.<ref>''The Second Vatican Council Celebrating Its Achievements and the Future''. p. 86</ref> Initiated by Pope John XXIII, this ecumenical council modernized the practices of the Catholic Church, allowing the Mass to be said in the [[vernacular]] (local language) and encouraging "fully conscious, and active participation in liturgical celebrations".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_const_19631204_sacrosanctum-concilium_en.html |title=Constitution on the Sacred Liturgy Sacrosanctum Concilium |publisher=Vatican.va |date=4 December 1963 |access-date=12 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080221180735/https://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_const_19631204_sacrosanctum-concilium_en.html |archive-date=21 February 2008}}</ref> It intended to engage the church more closely with the present world (''[[aggiornamento]]''), which was described by its advocates as an "opening of the windows".<ref name="Duffy272">Duffy, pp. 270–76</ref> In addition to changes in the liturgy, it led to changes to the church's approach to [[Catholic Church and ecumenism|ecumenism]],<ref>Duffy, ''Saints and Sinners'' (1997), pp. 272, 274</ref> and a call to improved relations with non-Christian religions, especially Judaism, in its document ''[[Nostra aetate]]''.<ref name="NOSTRA AETATE">{{cite web|author=Pope Paul VI|url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_decl_19651028_nostra-aetate_en.html|title=''Nostra aetate'': Declaration on the Relation of the Church to Non-Christian Religions|date=28 October 1965|access-date=16 June 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081220214550/https://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_decl_19651028_nostra-aetate_en.html|archive-date=20 December 2008|quote=According to Section 4: "True, the Jewish authorities and those who followed their lead pressed for the death of Christ; still, what happened in His passion cannot be charged against all the Jews, without distinction, then alive, nor against the Jews of today. Although the Church is the new people of God, the Jews should not be presented as rejected or accursed by God, as if this followed from the Holy Scriptures."}}</ref>

The council, however, generated significant controversy in implementing its reforms: proponents of the "[[Spirit of Vatican II]]" such as the Swiss theologian [[Hans Küng]] said that Vatican II had "not gone far enough" to change church policies.<ref>Bauckham, p. 373</ref> [[Traditionalist Catholics]], such as [[Archbishop]] [[Marcel Lefebvre]], however, strongly criticized the council, arguing that its liturgical reforms led "to the destruction of the Holy Sacrifice of the Mass and the sacraments", among other issues.<ref>{{cite journal|last=O'Neel|first=Brian|url=http://www.catholic.com/thisrock/2003/0304fea2.asp|title=Holier Than Thou: How Rejection of Vatican II Led Lefebvre into Schism|journal=This Rock|volume=14|issue=4|location=San Diego|publisher=Catholic Answers|date=3 April 2003|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100510014807/http://www.catholic.com/thisrock/2003/0304fea2.asp|archive-date=10 May 2010}}</ref> The teaching on the morality of [[contraception]] also came under scrutiny; after a series of disagreements, ''[[Humanae vitae]]'' upheld the church's prohibition of all forms of contraception.<ref>{{cite book|last=May|first=John F.|year=2012|title=World Population Policies: Their Origin, Evolution, and Impact|publisher=Springer|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UCQRxtm3Z34C&pg=PA202|isbn=978-94-007-2837-0|pages=202–03|access-date=31 March 2021|archive-date=10 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240310112236/https://books.google.com/books?id=UCQRxtm3Z34C&pg=PA202#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Kinkel|first=R. John|year=2014|title=Papal Paralysis: How the Vatican Dealt with the AIDS Crisis|publisher=Lexington|url={{googlebooks|O9dkAgAAQBAJ|page=2|plainurl=y}}|isbn=978-0-7391-7684-9|page=2}}</ref><ref group="note">While ruling contraception to be prohibited, Pope Paul VI did, however, consider natural family planning methods to be morally permissible if used with just cause.</ref><ref name="HV_then_now">{{cite web|url=http://www.zenit.org/en/articles/germain-grisez-on-humanae-vitae-then-and-now|title=Germain Grisez on "Humanae Vitae", Then and Now: The Dust Still Hasn't Settled, But There Are Signs of Hope|publisher=Zenit: The World Seen from Rome|date=14 July 2003|access-date=16 November 2014|archive-date=29 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129021843/http://www.zenit.org/en/articles/germain-grisez-on-humanae-vitae-then-and-now|url-status=live}}</ref>


In 1978 [[Pope John Paul II]], formerly [[Archbishop of Kraków]] in the [[Polish People's Republic]], became the first non-Italian pope in 455 years. His 26 1/2-year [[pontificate]] was one of the longest in history and was credited with hastening the fall of communism in Europe.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.history.co.uk/this-day-in-history/April-02.html;jsessionid=08931E713115A304B13BB1A6FA315A63.public1|title=2 April – This Day in History|publisher=History.co.uk|access-date=28 October 2010|archive-date=13 May 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110513125001/http://www.history.co.uk/this-day-in-history/April-02.html;jsessionid=08931E713115A304B13BB1A6FA315A63.public1|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Peter and Margaret Hebblethwaite and Peter Stanford|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/apr/02/guardianobituaries.catholicism|title=Obituary: Pope John Paul II|work=The Guardian|date=2 April 2005|access-date=28 October 2010|location=London|archive-date=29 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130829041832/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/apr/02/guardianobituaries.catholicism|url-status=live}}</ref> John Paul II sought to evangelize an increasingly [[Secularism|secular world]]. He travelled more than any other pope, visiting 129 countries,<ref>{{cite book|last=Maxwell-Stuart|first=P.G.|year=2006|title=Chronicle of the Popes: Trying to Come Full Circle|location=London|publisher=Thames & Hudson|page=234|isbn=978-0-500-28608-1}}</ref> and used television and radio as means of spreading the church's teachings. He also emphasized the [[dignity of work]] and natural rights of labourers to have [[Living wage|fair wages]] and safe conditions in ''[[Laborem exercens]]''.<ref>{{cite web|author=John Paul II|url=https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/encyclicals/documents/hf_jp-ii_enc_25031995_evangelium-vitae_en.html|title=Laborem exercens|publisher=Libreria Editrice Vaticana|date=15 May 1981|access-date=16 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141027122758/https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/encyclicals/documents/hf_jp-ii_enc_25031995_evangelium-vitae_en.html|archive-date=27 October 2014}}</ref> He emphasized several church teachings, including moral exhortations [[Catholic Church and abortion|against abortion]], [[euthanasia]] and [[Catholic Church and capital punishment|against the widespread use of capital punishment]], in ''[[Evangelium Vitae]]''.<ref>{{cite web|author=John Paul II|url=https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/encyclicals/documents/hf_jp-ii_enc_25031995_evangelium-vitae_en.html|title=Evangelium Vitae|publisher=Libreria Editrice Vaticana|date=25 March 1995|access-date=16 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141027122758/https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/encyclicals/documents/hf_jp-ii_enc_25031995_evangelium-vitae_en.html|archive-date=27 October 2014}}</ref>

===21st century===
[[Pope Benedict XVI]], elected in 2005, was known for upholding traditional [[Christian values]] against [[secularization]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.deseretnews.com/article/1,5143,635185276,00.html |title=Benedict's encyclical offers hope for world |work=Deseret News |first=Jerry Earl |last=Johnston |date=18 February 2006 |access-date=12 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402092429/http://www.deseretnews.com/article/1%2C5143%2C635185276%2C00.html |archive-date=2 April 2015}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20120307235713/http://www.deseretnews.com/article/635185276/Benedicts-encyclical-offers-hope-for-world.html WebCitation archive]</ref> and for increasing use of the [[Tridentine Mass]] as found in the [[Roman Missal]] of 1962, which he titled the "Extraordinary Form".<ref>Gledhill, Ruth [https://web.archive.org/web/20070218185841/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/europe/article667813.ece "Pope set to bring back Latin Mass that divided the Church"] ''The Times'' 11 October 2006. Retrieved 21 November 2010 [https://web.archive.org/web/20110805040153/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/europe/article667813.ece WebCitation archive]</ref> Citing the frailties of advanced age, [[Resignation of Pope Benedict XVI|Benedict resigned]] in 2013, becoming the first pope to do so in nearly 600 years.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2013/02/12/world/europe/pope-benedict-resignation/ |first1=Laura |last1=Smith-Spark |first2=Hada |last2=Messia |title=Pope's resignation was not forced by health issues, spokesman says |work=CNN |date=13 February 2013 |access-date=30 March 2015 |archive-date=2 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402233151/http://www.cnn.com/2013/02/12/world/europe/pope-benedict-resignation/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Pope Francis]] became in 2013 the first pope from the Americas, the first from the [[Southern Hemisphere]] and the first from outside Europe since the eighth-century [[Pope Gregory III|Gregory III]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Donadio|first=Rachel|date=27 October 2019|title=Pope Francis, the Revolutionary, Takes On the Traditionalists|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2019/10/pope-francis-revolutionary-culture-war/600877/|access-date=19 June 2021|website=The Atlantic|language=en|archive-date=28 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210728034227/https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2019/10/pope-francis-revolutionary-culture-war/600877/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Ambrosino|first=Brandon|date=13 July 2018|title=Everything you need to know about Pope Francis|url=https://www.vox.com/2018/7/13/17570124/who-is-pope-francis|access-date=19 June 2021|website=Vox|language=en|archive-date=24 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624203402/https://www.vox.com/2018/7/13/17570124/who-is-pope-francis|url-status=live}}</ref> Francis made efforts to further close Catholicism's estrangement with the Eastern churches.<ref name="orthodox">Ritter, Karl, [http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/03/15/pope-francis-jews_n_2883560.html "Pope Francis reaches out to Jews"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160215230923/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/03/15/pope-francis-jews_n_2883560.html |date=15 February 2016 }}, huffingtonpost.com, 16 March 2013. Retrieved 16 March 2013.</ref> His installation was attended by [[Patriarch Bartholomew I of Constantinople]] of the Eastern Orthodox Church,<ref name="patriarch">Demacopoulos, George E., [http://www.archons.org/news/detail.asp?id=619 "The extraordinary historical significance of His Holiness' presence at Pope Francis' installation as Bishop of Rome"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171018142627/http://www.archons.org/news/detail.asp?id=619 |date=18 October 2017 }}, Archon News (Order of St. Andrew the Apostle), 19 March 2013. Retrieved 19 March 2013.</ref> the first time since the [[East–West Schism|Great Schism]] of 1054 that the [[Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople]] has attended a papal installation,<ref>{{cite news|title=Our Eastern Brothers|first=Alton J.|last=Pelowski|journal=Columbia|date=May 2013|pages=20–23|url=http://www.kofc.org/un/en/columbia/detail/2013_05_eastern.html|access-date=17 March 2017|archive-date=25 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525144237/http://www.kofc.org/un/en/columbia/detail/2013_05_eastern.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> while he also met [[Patriarch Kirill of Moscow]], head of the largest Eastern Orthodox church, in 2016; this was the first such high-level meeting between the two churches since the [[East–West Schism|Great Schism]] of 1054.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-35565085|title=Unity call as Pope Francis holds historic talks with Russian Orthodox Patriarch|publisher=BBC|date=12 February 2016|access-date=13 February 2016|archive-date=12 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160212224729/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-35565085|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2017 during a visit in [[Egypt]], Pope Francis re-established mutual recognition of baptism with the [[Coptic Orthodox Church]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thetrumpet.com/15756-catholics-and-copts-seek-shared-baptism|title=Catholics and Copts Recognise Shared Baptism|work=The Philadelphia Trumpet|date=3 May 2017|last=Miille|first=Andrew|access-date=22 May 2017|archive-date=25 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525143547/https://www.thetrumpet.com/15756-catholics-and-copts-seek-shared-baptism|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Pope Leo XIV]] was elected as Pope in the [[2025 conclave]], following the death of Francis. He is the first Augustinian pope, the first North American pope (born in [[Chicago]] in the [[United States]]), and the first pope of [[Peru]]vian citizenship.<ref name="Atlantic2025">{{Cite web |last=Rocca |first=Francis X. |date=May 8, 2025 |title=The Conclave Just Did the Unthinkable |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2025/05/pope-leo-robert-prevost-american/682749/ |access-date=May 30, 2025 |website=The Atlantic |language=en}}</ref>

==Organization==
{{Anchor|Organization and demographics|Organization and demographics}}
{{Main|Hierarchy of the Catholic Church|Catholic Church by country}}

[[File:Emblem of the Papacy SE.svg|thumb|The crossed keys of the Holy See symbolize those of [[Simon Peter]]. The triple crown [[papal tiara]] symbolizes the triple power of the pope as "father of kings", "governor of the world" and "[[Vicar of Christ]]". The gold cross symbolizes the sovereignty of Jesus.]]
The Catholic Church follows an [[episcopal polity]], led by bishops who have received the sacrament of [[#Sacraments at the service of communion|holy orders]] who are given formal [[ecclesiastical jurisdiction|jurisdictions]] of governance within the church.<ref name="CCC880">{{Cite CCC|2.1|880–883|quote='[T]he Roman Pontiff [the pope], ... has full, supreme, and universal power over the whole Church, a power which he can always exercise unhindered.' 'The college or body of bishops has no authority unless united with the Roman Pontiff, Peter's successor, as its head.' As such, this college has 'supreme and full authority over the universal Church; but this power cannot be exercised without the agreement of the Roman Pontiff.'}}</ref><ref name="CEHierarchy">{{Cite CE1913 | wstitle = Hierarchy| title = Hierarchy | first = A.| last = Van Hove }} "It is usual to distinguish a twofold hierarchy in the Church, that of [[holy orders|order]] and that of jurisdiction, corresponding to the twofold means of sanctification, grace, which comes to us principally through the sacraments, and good works, which are the fruit of grace."</ref> There are three levels of clergy: the episcopate, composed of bishops who hold jurisdiction over a geographic area called a [[diocese]] or [[eparchy]]; the presbyterate, composed of priests ordained by bishops and who work in local dioceses or religious orders; and the diaconate, composed of deacons who assist bishops and priests in a variety of ministerial roles. Ultimately leading the entire Catholic Church is the [[bishop of Rome]], known as the pope ({{langx|la|papa|translation=father}}), whose jurisdiction is called the [[Holy See]] ({{lang|la|Sancta Sedes}} in Latin).<ref name="section880">{{cite web|url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/_P2A.HTM#PZ|work=[[Catechism of the Catholic Church]]|title=Christ's Faithful – Hierarchy, Laity, Consecrated Life: The episcopal college and its head, the Pope|publisher=Libreria Editrice Vaticana|location=Vatican City|year=1993|access-date=14 April 2013|archive-date=3 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303075200/https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/_P2A.HTM#PZ|url-status=live}}</ref>

In parallel to the diocesan structure are a variety of [[religious institute]]s that function autonomously, often subject only to the authority of the pope, though sometimes subject to the local bishop. Most religious institutes only have male or female members but some have both. Additionally, [[Catholic laity|lay members]] aid many liturgical functions during worship services. The Catholic Church has been described as the oldest [[multinational organization]] in the world.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Robinson |first=Paula |date=April 2017 |title=Globalization of the Catholic Church: Implications for managing a large multinational organization for a long period of time |url=https://digitalcommons.bryant.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1022&context=honors_marketing |website=Bryant Digital Repository |access-date=30 July 2023 |archive-date=21 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230521192442/https://digitalcommons.bryant.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1022&context=honors_marketing |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Pope, CEO |newspaper=The Economist |url=https://www.economist.com/business/2013/03/09/pope-ceo |access-date=30 July 2023 |issn=0013-0613 |archive-date=30 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730220035/https://www.economist.com/business/2013/03/09/pope-ceo |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Yglesias |first=Matthew |date=13 March 2013 |title=The New Pope Runs One of America's Largest Businesses |language=en-US |work=Slate |url=https://slate.com/business/2013/03/catholic-church-revenue-one-of-america-s-biggest-businesses.html |access-date=30 July 2023 |issn=1091-2339 |archive-date=30 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730234720/https://slate.com/business/2013/03/catholic-church-revenue-one-of-america-s-biggest-businesses.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Holy See, papacy, Roman Curia, and College of Cardinals===
{{Main|Holy See|Pope|Roman Curia|College of Cardinals}}

{{Further|List of popes}}
[[File: Pope Leo XIV 2 (4x5 cropped).png|thumb|left|[[Pope Leo XIV]], the [[List of popes|267th]] and current pope of the Catholic Church, a [[courtesy title|title]] he holds ''[[ex officio]]'' as bishop of Rome and sovereign of Vatican City, was elected in the [[2025 papal conclave]].]]
The [[hierarchy of the Catholic Church]] is headed{{refn|group=note|According to Catholic teaching, Jesus Christ is the 'invisible Head' of the Church<ref>{{cite web|title=Lesson 11: On the Church|url=https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/resource/55449/lesson-11-on-the-church|publisher=Catholic News Agency|access-date=3 September 2020|archive-date=9 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809120229/https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/resources/catechism/baltimore-catechism/lesson-11-on-the-church|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Most|first=William G.|title=The Catholic Church is the Mystical Body of Christ|url=https://www.ewtn.com/catholicism/teachings/catholic-church-is-the-mystical-body-of-christ-89|website=ewtn.com|publisher=Global Catholic Network|access-date=3 September 2020|archive-date=4 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804083816/https://www.ewtn.com/catholicism/teachings/catholic-church-is-the-mystical-body-of-christ-89|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Christ's Headship|url=https://www.catholicculture.org/Culture/library/dictionary/index.cfm?id=32529|website=catholicculture.org|access-date=3 September 2020|archive-date=23 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023022220/https://www.catholicculture.org/Culture/library/dictionary/index.cfm?id=32529|url-status=live}}</ref> while the pope is the 'visible Head'.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Pope|url=https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/12260a.htm|website=newadvent.org|access-date=3 September 2020|archive-date=7 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181007002926/http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/12260a.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Lumen Gentium|url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_const_19641121_lumen-gentium_en.html|website=The Holy See|access-date=15 March 2020|archive-date=6 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140906031754/https://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_const_19641121_lumen-gentium_en.html|url-status=live}}</ref> }} by the pope, currently [[Pope Leo XIV]], who was elected on 8 May 2025 by [[2025 papal conclave|a papal conclave]]. The office of the pope is known as the ''papacy''. The Catholic Church holds that Christ instituted the papacy upon giving the [[keys of Heaven]] to [[Saint Peter]]. His ecclesiastical jurisdiction is called the Holy See, or the [[Apostolic See]] (meaning the see of the apostle Peter).<ref>{{cite book|first=Jaroslav|last=Pelikan|year=1985|title=Christian Tradition: A History of the Development of Doctrine, Volume 4: Reformation of Church and Dogma (1300–1700)|publisher=University of Chicago Press|url={{googlebooks|Qve0IqI5YC|page=114|plainurl=y}}|isbn=978-0-226-65377-8|page=114}}{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|editor-first=Robert|editor-last=Feduccia|year=2005|title=Primary Source Readings in Catholic Church History|publisher=Saint Mary's Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Bkc6gh1JdGkC&pg=PA85|isbn=978-0-88489-868-9|page=85|access-date=31 March 2021|archive-date=10 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240310112255/https://books.google.com/books?id=Bkc6gh1JdGkC&pg=PA85|url-status=live}}</ref> Directly serving the pope is the Roman Curia, the central governing body that administers the day-to-day business of the Catholic Church.<ref>{{Cite web |last=O'Connell |first=Gerard |date=2022-03-19 |title=With Pope Francis' reform of the Roman Curia, nine years of work is coming to fruition |url=https://www.americamagazine.org/faith/2022/03/19/roman-curia-pope-francis-242636 |access-date=2022-03-20 |website=America Magazine |language=en}}</ref>

The pope is also [[sovereign]] of Vatican City,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vaticanstate.va/EN/State_and_Government/|title=Vatican City State – State and Government|publisher=Vaticanstate.va|access-date=11 August 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100722082631/http://www.vaticanstate.va/EN/State_and_Government/|archive-date=22 July 2010}}</ref> a small [[city-state]] entirely enclaved within the city of Rome, which is an entity distinct from the Holy See. It is as head of the Holy See, not as head of Vatican City State, that the pope receives ambassadors of states and sends them his own diplomatic representatives.<ref>{{cite web|work=British Foreign and Commonwealth Office|url=http://www.fco.gov.uk/en/travel-and-living-abroad/travel-advice-by-country/country-profile/europe/holy-see/|title=Country Profile: Vatican City State/Holy See {{!}} Travel and Living Abroad|date=27 February 2012|access-date=26 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101231084624/http://www.fco.gov.uk/en/travel-and-living-abroad/travel-advice-by-country/country-profile/europe/holy-see/|archive-date=31 December 2010}}</ref>

The position of [[Cardinal (Catholicism)|cardinal]] is a rank of honour bestowed by popes on certain clerics, such as leaders within the Roman Curia, bishops serving in major cities and distinguished theologians. For advice and assistance in governing, the pope may turn to the [[College of Cardinals]].<ref name="McDonough227">McDonough (1995), p. 227</ref>

Following the death or resignation of a pope,{{refn|The last resignation occurred on 28 February 2013, when [[Pope Benedict XVI]] retired, citing ill health in his advanced age. The next most recent resignation occurred in 1415, as part of the [[Council of Constance]]'s resolution of the [[Avignon Papacy]].<ref name="duffy415">Duffy (1997), p. 415</ref>|group=note}} members of the College of Cardinals who are under age 80 act as an [[electoral college]], meeting in a [[papal conclave]] to elect a successor.<ref name="duffy416">Duffy (1997), p. 416</ref> Although the conclave may elect any male Catholic in the world as pope, since 1389 only cardinals have been elected.<ref name="duffy417and18">Duffy (1997), pp. 417–18</ref>

===Canon law===
{{Main|Canon law of the Catholic Church}}

{{See also|Catholic Church#Liturgy}}
{{Catholic canon law}}

Catholic canon law ({{Langx|la|jus canonicum}})<ref>''Black's Law Dictionary'', 5th ed., p. 771: "Jus canonicum"</ref> is the [[legal system|system]] of laws and [[canon law|legal principles]] made and enforced by the [[Hierarchy of the Catholic Church|hierarchical authorities]] of the Catholic Church to regulate its external organization and government and to order and direct the activities of Catholics toward the mission of the church.{{sfn|Della Rocca|1959|p=3}} The canon law of the Latin Church was the first modern Western [[legal system]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Berman |first=Harold J. |author-link=Harold J. Berman |title=Law and Revolution: The Formation of the Western Legal Tradition |year=1983 |pages=86, 115 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0674517769}}</ref> and is the oldest continuously functioning legal system in the West,<ref>{{Cite web |first=Edward N. |last=Peters |author-link=Edward N. Peters |url=http://canonlaw.info/ |title=CanonLaw.info Home Page |access-date=11 June 2013 |archive-date=28 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928005444/http://www.canonlaw.info/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |first=Raymond |last=Wacks |author-link=Raymond Wacks |title=Law: A Very Short Introduction|edition=2nd |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2015 |page=13 |isbn=978-0198745624}}</ref> while the distinctive traditions of [[Eastern Catholic canon law]] govern the 23 Eastern Catholic [[particular church]]es ''[[sui iuris]]''.<ref>Pete Vere & Michael Trueman, ''Surprised by Canon Law'', vol. 2. Cincinnati, Ohio: Servant Books, 2007, p. 123</ref>

Positive ecclesiastical laws, based directly or indirectly upon immutable divine law or [[natural law]], derive formal authority in the case of universal laws from [[Promulgation (Catholic canon law)|promulgation]] by the supreme legislator—the [[Supreme Pontiff]]—who possesses the totality of legislative, executive and judicial power in his person,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P16.HTM|title=Canon 331 – 1983 Code of Canon Law|website=Vatican.va|publisher=[[Secretariat for Communication|Segreteria per la Comunicazione]]|access-date=15 March 2020|archive-date=2 April 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070402021624/https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P16.HTM|url-status=live}}</ref> while particular laws derive formal authority from promulgation by a legislator inferior to the supreme legislator, whether an ordinary or a delegated legislator. The actual subject material of the canons is not just doctrinal or moral in nature, but all-encompassing of the human condition. It has all the ordinary elements of a mature legal system:<ref name="clinfocat" /> laws, [[Ecclesiastical court|courts]], lawyers, judges,<ref name="clinfocat">{{Cite web |first=Edward N. |last=Peters |author-link=Edward N. Peters |url=http://www.canonlaw.info/a_catechistintro.htm |title=A Catechist's Introduction to Canon Law |website=CanonLaw.info |access-date=11 June 2013 |archive-date=2 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170802095547/http://www.canonlaw.info/a_catechistintro.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> a fully articulated [[1983 Code of Canon Law|legal code]] for the Latin Church{{sfn|Della Rocca|1959|p=49}} as well as a [[Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches|code]] for the Eastern Catholic Churches,{{sfn|Della Rocca|1959|p=49}} principles of [[Interpretation (Catholic canon law)|legal interpretation]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.intratext.com/IXT/ENG0017/_P2.HTM|title=Code of Canon Law: text – IntraText CT|website=intratext.com|access-date=18 June 2014|archive-date=11 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201211125942/http://www.intratext.com/IXT/ENG0017/_P2.HTM|url-status=live}}</ref> and coercive penalties.<ref>{{cite periodical |url=https://stjosephcanonlaw.com/sites/default/files/newsletter-preview-pdfs/christifidelis30.7.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714200828/https://stjosephcanonlaw.com/sites/default/files/newsletter-preview-pdfs/christifidelis30.7.pdf |archive-date=14 July 2014 |title=Canonical Basics |periodical=Christifidelis |publisher=St. Joseph Foundation |date=25 December 2012 |volume=30|issue=7|page=3}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.firstthings.com/article/2012/08/conscience-and-coercion|title=Conscience and Coercion|journal=[[First Things]]|access-date=24 March 2015|quote=The 1983 Code of Canon Law still teaches that the Church has a coercive authority over the baptized, with the authority to direct and to punish, by temporal as well as spiritual penalties, for culpable apostasy or heresy.|first=Thomas|last=Pink|date=1 August 2012|publisher=The Institute on Religion and Public Life|archive-date=2 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402085937/http://www.firstthings.com/article/2012/08/conscience-and-coercion|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Canon law of the Catholic Church|Canon law]] concerns the Catholic Church's life and organization and is distinct from civil law. In its own field it gives force to civil law only by specific enactment in matters such as the guardianship of minors.<ref>{{cite book|first=John P.|last=Beal|year=2000|title=New Commentary on the Code of Canon Law|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JKgZEjvB5cEC&pg=PA85|publisher=[[Paulist Press]]|isbn=978-0-8091-4066-4|page=85|access-date=31 March 2021|archive-date=10 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240310112254/https://books.google.com/books?id=JKgZEjvB5cEC&pg=PA85#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> Similarly, civil law may give force in its field to canon law, but only by specific enactment, as with regard to canonical marriages.<ref name="Malta">{{cite web|url=https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/secretariat_state/archivio/documents/rc_seg-st_19930203_s-sede-malta_en.html|date=3 February 1993|access-date=6 August 2014|title=Agreement between the Holy See and the Republic of Malta on the recognition of civil effects to canonical marriages and to the decisions of the ecclesiastical authorities and tribunals about the same marriages|website=Vatican.va|publisher=[[Secretariat of State (Holy See)|Secretariat of State]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140216060609/https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/secretariat_state/archivio/documents/rc_seg-st_19930203_s-sede-malta_en.html|archive-date=16 February 2014}}</ref> Currently, the [[1983 Code of Canon Law]] is in effect for the Latin Church.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.intratext.com/IXT/ENG0017/_P1.HTM|title=Code of Canon Law: Book I General Norms (1–6)|publisher=Intratext Library|access-date=3 April 2015|archive-date=29 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150429083022/http://www.intratext.com/IXT/ENG0017/_P1.HTM|url-status=live}}</ref> The distinct 1990 ''[[Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches]]'' (''CCEO'', after the Latin initials) applies to the autonomous Eastern Catholic Churches.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jgray.org/codes/cceo90eng.html|title=1990 Code of Canons of Oriental churches|website=jgray.org|publisher=Jason Gray|access-date=3 April 2015|archive-date=12 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150312160522/http://www.jgray.org/codes/cceo90eng.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Latin and Eastern churches===
{{anchor|Autonomous particular churches|Particular churches ''sui iuris''}}
{{Main|Catholic particular churches and liturgical rites|Latin Church|Eastern Catholic Churches}}

{{Major Sui Iuris Catholic Churches}}

In the first thousand years of Catholic history, different varieties of Christianity developed in the Western and [[Eastern Christian]] areas of Europe, Asia and Africa. Though most Eastern-tradition churches are no longer in communion with the Catholic Church after the [[East–West Schism|Great Schism]] of 1054 (as well as the earlier [[Nestorian Schism]] and [[Chalcedonian Schism]]), 23 autonomous [[particular churches]] of eastern traditions participate in the Catholic communion, also known as "churches ''[[sui iuris]]''" ({{langx|la|"of one's own right}}"). The largest and most well known is the Latin Church, the only Western-tradition church, with more than 1 billion members worldwide. Relatively small in terms of adherents compared to the Latin Church, are the 23 self-governing Eastern Catholic Churches with a combined membership of 17.3 million {{As of|2010|lc=y}}.<ref name="Roberson">{{cite web |url=http://www.cnewa.org/default.aspx?ID=125&pagetypeID=1&sitecode=HQ&pageno=1 |author=Ronald G. Roberson |title=Eastern Catholic Churches Statistics 2010 |work=CNEWA |access-date=30 April 2011 |archive-date=18 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190518233329/http://www.cnewa.org/default.aspx?ID=125&pagetypeID=1&sitecode=HQ&pageno=1 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Gunton">Colin Gunton. "Christianity among the Religions in the Encyclopedia of Religion", ''Religious Studies'', Vol. 24, no. 1, p. 14. In a review of an article from the ''Encyclopedia of Religion'', Gunton writes "... [T] he article [on Catholicism in the encyclopedia] rightly suggests caution, suggesting at the outset that Roman Catholicism is marked by ''several different doctrinal and theological emphases''."</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_decree_19641121_orientalium-ecclesiarum_en.html |title=Orientalium Ecclesiarum |work=[[Vatican Council II]] |access-date=30 April 2011 |at=2 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000901223734/https://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_decree_19641121_orientalium-ecclesiarum_en.html |archive-date=1 September 2000}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.catholiceducation.org/en/culture/catholic-contributions/the-other-catholics-a-short-guide-to-the-eastern-catholic-churches.html |title=The Other Catholics: A Short Guide to the Eastern Catholic Churches |author=Kevin R. Yurkus |website=Catholic Education Resource Center |date=14 July 2005 |access-date=20 June 2017 |archive-date=27 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227183405/https://www.catholiceducation.org/en/culture/catholic-contributions/the-other-catholics-a-short-guide-to-the-eastern-catholic-churches.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

The Latin Church is governed by the pope and diocesan bishops directly appointed by him. The pope exercises a direct [[patriarch]]al role over the Latin Church, which is considered to form the original and still major part of [[Western Christianity]], a heritage of certain beliefs and customs originating in Europe and northwestern Africa, some of which are inherited by many [[Christian denominations]] that trace their origins to the Protestant Reformation.<ref name="west_christ">[http://www.philtar.ac.uk/encyclopedia/christ/west/westessay.html "General Essay on Western Christianity"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170428000510/http://www.philtar.ac.uk/encyclopedia/christ/west/westessay.html |date=28 April 2017 }}, [http://www.philtar.ac.uk/encyclopedia/christ/west/westrc.html "Western Church/Roman Catholicism"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225133021/http://www.philtar.ac.uk/encyclopedia/christ/west/westrc.html |date=25 February 2021 }} ''Overview of World Religions''. Division of Religion and Philosophy, University of Cumbria. 1998/9 ELMAR Project. Accessed 26 March 2015.</ref>

The Eastern Catholic Churches follow the traditions and spirituality of [[Eastern Christianity]] and are churches that have always remained in full communion with the Catholic Church or who have chosen to re-enter full communion in the centuries following the [[East–West Schism]] or earlier divisions. These churches are communities of Catholic Christians whose forms of worship reflect distinct historical and cultural influences rather than differences in doctrine.<ref name="Blackwell Publishing">{{cite book |title=The Blackwell Dictionary of Eastern Christianity |date=1999 |publisher=Blackwell Publishing |isbn=0-631-23203-6 |editor-last=Parry |editor-first=Ken |location=Malden, MA |editor2=David Melling}}</ref>

The pope's recognition of Eastern Catholic Churches has caused controversy in [[Catholic–Eastern Orthodox relations|ecumenical relations with the Eastern Orthodox]] and other eastern churches. Historically, pressure to conform to the norms of the Western Christianity practised by the majority Latin Church led to a degree of encroachment ([[Liturgical Latinisation]]) on some of the Eastern Catholic traditions. The [[Second Vatican Council]] document, ''[[Orientalium Ecclesiarum]]'', built on previous reforms to reaffirm the right of Eastern Catholics to maintain their distinct liturgical practices.<ref name="Blackwell Publishing"/>

A church ''sui iuris'' is defined in the ''[[Code of Canons for the Eastern Churches]]'' as a "group of Christian faithful united by a hierarchy" that is recognized by the pope in his capacity as the [[papal supremacy|supreme authority]] on matters of doctrine within the church.{{refn|{{cite web |url=http://www.intratext.com/IXT/ENG1199/_PR.HTM |title=Code of Canons for the Eastern Churches, Title 2 |publisher=intratext.com |date=1992}}}} The Eastern Catholic Churches are in [[full communion]] with the pope, but have governance structures and liturgical traditions separate from that of the Latin Church.<ref name="Gunton" />

Some Eastern Catholic churches are governed by a patriarch who is elected by the [[synod]] of the bishops of that church,<ref name="CCEO55_150">[http://www.intratext.com/IXT/ENG1199/_P1R.HTM "''CCEO'', Canons 55–150"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224135155/http://www.intratext.com/IXT/ENG1199/_P1R.HTM |date=24 February 2021 }}. Intratext.com (English Translation). 1990.</ref> others are headed by a [[major archbishop]],<ref name="CCEO151_154">"''CCEO'', Canons 151–154". 1990.</ref> others are under a [[metropolitan bishop|metropolitan]],<ref name="CCEO155_173">"''CCEO'', Canons 155–173". 1990.</ref> and others are organized as individual [[eparchies]].<ref name="CCEO">"''CCEO'', Canons 174–176". 1990.</ref> Each church has authority over the particulars of its internal organization, [[Catholic liturgical rites|liturgical rites]], [[General Roman Calendar|liturgical calendar]] and other aspects of its spirituality, subject only to the authority of the pope.<ref name="CCEO27_7">[http://www.intratext.com/IXT/ENG1199/_PR.HTM "''CCEO'', Canon 27–28."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722181249/http://www.intratext.com/IXT/ENG1199/_PR.HTM |date=22 July 2011 }}. Intratext.com (English Translation). 1990.</ref> The Roman Curia has a specific department, the [[Congregation for the Oriental Churches]], to maintain relations with them.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/orientchurch/profilo/rc_con_corient_pro_20030320_profile.html |title=Congregation for the Oriental Churches: Profile |publisher=Vatican.va |location=Rome |access-date=2 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514004919/https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/orientchurch/profilo/rc_con_corient_pro_20030320_profile.html |archive-date=14 May 2011}}</ref>

===Dioceses, parishes, organizations, and institutes===
{{further|List of Catholic dioceses (structured view)|Parish in the Catholic Church|Religious institute|Catholic charities}}
{{Catholicism map}}
Individual countries, regions, and major cities are served by [[particular church]]es known as [[diocese]]s in the [[Latin Church]], or [[eparchies]] in the [[Eastern Catholic Churches]], each of which are overseen by a bishop. {{as of|2021}}, the Catholic Church [[List of Catholic dioceses (structured view)|has 3,171 dioceses]] globally.<ref name="sees">Vatican, ''[[Annuario Pontificio]]'' 2009, p. 1172.</ref> The bishops in a particular country are members of a national or regional episcopal conference.<ref>''Annuario Pontifico per l'anno 2010'' (''Città di Vaticano: Libreria Editrice Vaticana'', 2010)</ref>

Dioceses are divided into parishes, each with one or more [[Priesthood (Catholic Church)|priests]], [[deacon]]s, or [[lay ecclesial ministers]].<ref name="OneFaith52">Barry, p. 52</ref> Parishes are responsible for the day to day celebration of the sacraments and pastoral care of the laity.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.intratext.com/IXT/ENG0017/_P1T.HTM|title=Canon 519 1983 Code of Canon Law|website=Intratext.com|quote=The parish priest is the proper clergyman in charge of the congregation of the parish entrusted to him. He exercises the pastoral care of the community entrusted to him under the authority of the [[diocesan bishop]], whose ministry of Christ he is called to share, so that for this community he may carry out the offices of teaching, sanctifying and ruling with the cooperation of other priests or deacons and with the assistance of lay members of Christ's faithful, in accordance with the law.|access-date=25 March 2015|archive-date=31 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210131004630/http://www.intratext.com/IXT/ENG0017/_P1T.HTM|url-status=live}}</ref> {{as of|2016}} there are approximately 221,700 parishes worldwide.<ref name="Vermont_winter" />

In the Latin Church, Catholic men may serve as deacons or priests by receiving sacramental [[Holy Orders|ordination]]. Men and women may serve as [[extraordinary ministers of Holy Communion]], as readers ([[Reader (liturgy)|lectors]]), or as [[altar servers]]. Historically, boys and men have only been permitted to serve as altar servers; however, since the 1990s, girls and women have also been permitted.<ref name="Apostalicae86">{{cite book|title=Acta Apostolicae Sedis 86|year=1994|pages=541–42|url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/aas/documents/AAS%2086%20%5B1994%5D%20-%20ocr.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150721142407/https://www.vatican.va/archive/aas/documents/AAS%2086%20%5B1994%5D%20-%20ocr.pdf|archive-date=21 July 2015}}; [http://www.catholicculture.org/library/view.cfm?recnum=5212 English translation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209105945/https://www.catholicculture.org/library/view.cfm?recnum=5212 |date=9 February 2021 }}</ref>{{refn|group=note|In 1992, the Vatican clarified the 1983 Code of Canon Law removed the requirement that altar servers be male; permission to use female altar servers within a diocese is at the discretion of the bishop.<ref name="Apostalicae86" />}}

Catholics may enter into [[consecrated life]] either on an individual basis, as a [[hermit]] or [[consecrated virgin]], or by joining an [[institute of consecrated life]] (a religious institute or a [[secular institute]]) in which to take [[Religious vows|vows]] confirming their desire to follow the three [[evangelical counsels]] of [[chastity]], poverty and obedience.<ref name="Canons573-746">They can be [[Catholic laity|laity]] or ordained priests. {{cite web|url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P1Y.HTM|title=Canon 573–746|website=1983 Code of Canon Law|publisher=Vatican.va|access-date=9 March 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160418141521/https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P1Y.HTM|archive-date=18 April 2016}}</ref> Examples of institutes of consecrated life are the [[Benedictines]], the [[Carmelites]], the [[Dominican Order|Dominicans]], the [[Franciscan]]s, the [[Missionaries of Charity]], the [[Legionaries of Christ]] and the [[Sisters of Mercy]].<ref name="Canons573-746" />

"Religious institutes" is a modern term encompassing both "[[Religious order (Catholic)|religious orders]]" and "[[religious congregations]]", which were once distinguished in [[canon law]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22+the+1983+code+uses+the+single+term+religious+institute%22&btnG=Search&as_sdtp=on|title=Google Scholar|website=scholar.google.com|access-date=5 June 2022|archive-date=5 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220605181033/https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22+the+1983+code+uses+the+single+term+religious+institute%22&btnG=Search&as_sdtp=on|url-status=live}}</ref> The terms "religious order" and "religious institute" tend to be used as synonyms colloquially.<ref>Cafardi, Nicolas P. [https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22+Religious+order+is+a+colloquialism%22&btnG=Search&as_sdt=1%2C5&as_sdtp=on "Catholic Law Schools and Ex Corde Ecclesiae"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224195313/https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22+Religious+order+is+a+colloquialism%22&btnG=Search&as_sdt=1%2C5&as_sdtp=on |date=24 February 2021 }}, ''Theological Exploration'', vol. 2. no. 1 of Duquesne University and in ''Law Review'' of University of Toledo, vol. 33</ref>

By means of [[Catholic charities]] and beyond, the Catholic Church is the largest non-government provider of [[Catholic school|education]] and [[Catholic Church and health care|health care]] in the world.<ref name="Geopolitics">{{cite journal|last=Agnew|first=John|title=Deus Vult: The Geopolitics of Catholic Church|journal=Geopolitics|date=12 February 2010|volume=15|issue=1|pages=39–61|doi=10.1080/14650040903420388|s2cid=144793259 |issn=1465-0045 }}</ref>

===Membership===
{{Main|Catholic Church by country}}

{{Further|List of Christian denominations by number of members}}
{{Chart
| chart = Catholics per continent.Line.chart
| data = World population-Catholics.tab
}}
 
{{Chart
| chart = Catholics percentage per continent.Line.chart
| data = World population-Catholics.tab
}}

{{bar box
| width=250px
| float=left
| title=Geographic distribution of Catholics in 2023<ref name="Yearbook_3/20/2025" />
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Americas]]|Blue|47.8}}
{{bar percent|[[Europe]]|Gold|20.4}}
{{bar percent|[[Africa]]|Brown|20.0}}
{{bar percent|[[Asia]]|#d4213d|11.0}}
{{bar percent|[[Oceania]]|Purple|0.8}}
}}
As of 2020 Catholicism is the second-largest [[Religious denomination|religious body]] in the world after [[Sunni Islam]].<ref>{{cite web|quote=The Roman Catholic Church, which consists of 23 particular Churches in full communion with the Bishop of Rome. The Catholic Church is the world's second largest religious body after Sunni Islam.|url=https://www.yourdictionary.com/catholic-church|title=Definition of Catholic Church on the Your Dictionary website|publisher=Yourdictionary.com|access-date=3 June 2020|archive-date=8 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308175053/https://www.yourdictionary.com/catholic-church|url-status=live}}</ref> Catholics represent about half of all Christians.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Chryssides|first1=George D.|last2=Wilkins|first2=Margaret Z.|date=2014|title=Christians in the Twenty-First Century|page=9|publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-54558-3|quote=Roughly half of all Christians worldwide are Roman Catholics}}</ref> According to the ''[[World Christian Database]]'', there are 1.279 billion Catholics constituting 47.8% of 2.674 billion Christians globally, as of 2026.<ref name="WorldChristianDatabase" /> According to the ''[[Annuario Pontificio]]'', church membership, defined as baptized Catholics, was 1.406 billion at the end of 2023, which was 17.4% of the world population:<ref name="Yearbook_3/20/2025" /> Under Pope Francis the church membership grew by almost 11%, with growth concentrated in Africa and loss in Europe.<ref>Anthony Faiola. (21 April 2025). "Pope Francis, whose humility and empathy reshaped the papacy, dies at 88". [https://wapo.st/44yfumD Washington Post website] Retrieved 21 April 2025.</ref>

Brazil has the largest Catholic population in the world, followed by Mexico, the Philippines and the United States.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pewforum.org/2013/02/13/the-global-catholic-population/|title=The Global Catholic Population|date=13 February 2013|publisher=[[Pew Research Center]]|access-date=4 April 2021|archive-date=28 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928103612/https://www.pewforum.org/2013/02/13/the-global-catholic-population/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Geographic distribution of Catholics worldwide continues to shift, with 20.0% in [[Africa]], 47.8% in the [[Americas]], 11.0% in [[Asia]], 20.4% in [[Europe]] and 0.8% in [[Oceania]].<ref name="Yearbook_3/20/2025" />

Catholic ministers include ordained clergy, [[lay ecclesial ministers]], [[missionaries]] and [[catechists]]. Also as of the end of 2023, there were 463,859 ordained clergy, including 5,430 bishops, 406,996 priests (diocesan and religious) and 51,433 deacons (permanent).<ref name="Yearbook_3/20/2025" /> Non-ordained ministers, as at October 2024, include 2,883,049 catechists and 413,561 lay missionaries.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fides.org/en/attachments/view/file/STATISTICS_2024_002_.pdf |title=Catholic Church Statistics 2024 |website=fides.org |access-date=26 March 2025 |date=17 October 2024}}</ref>

Catholics who have committed to religious or consecrated life as a state of life or relational vocation include 49,414 male religious (as of 2022) and 589,423 women religious (as of 2023). These are not ordained, nor generally called "ministers" unless also engaged in one of the lay minister categories above.<ref name="Yearbook_3/20/2025" />

==Doctrine==
{{Main|Catholic theology}}

Catholic doctrine has developed over the centuries, reflecting direct teachings of early Christians, formal definitions of [[Heresy in Christianity|heretical]] and [[orthodoxy|orthodox]] beliefs by [[ecumenical councils]] and in [[papal bull]]s, and theological debate by scholars. The church believes that it is continually guided by the Holy Spirit as it discerns new theological issues and is protected [[Infallibility of the Church|infallibly]] from falling into doctrinal error when a firm decision on an issue is reached.<ref>{{Cite CCC|2.1|889|quote=[I]n order to preserve the Church in the purity of the faith handed on by the apostles, Christ who is the Truth willed to confer on her a share in his own infallibility.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Second Vatican Council|url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_const_19641121_lumen-gentium_en.html|work=Lumen Gentium|publisher=Vatican|access-date=24 July 2010|title=Chapter III, paragraph 25|quote=by the light of the Holy Spirit ... vigilantly warding off any errors that threaten their flock.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140906031754/https://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_const_19641121_lumen-gentium_en.html|archive-date=6 September 2014}}</ref>

It teaches that revelation has one common source, [[God in Christianity|God]], and two distinct modes of transmission: Sacred Scripture and [[Sacred Tradition]],<ref>{{Cite CCC|2.1|80–81}}</ref><ref name="LumenG3">{{cite web|last=Paul VI|first=Pope|title=Lumen Gentium chapter 2, Paragraph 14|publisher=Vatican|year=1964|url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_const_19641121_lumen-gentium_en.html|access-date=9 March 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140906031754/https://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_const_19641121_lumen-gentium_en.html|archive-date=6 September 2014}}</ref> and that these are authentically interpreted by the [[Magisterium]].<ref>{{Cite CCC|2.1|888–92}}</ref><ref>{{Cite CCC|2.1|85–88}}</ref> Sacred Scripture consists of the 73 books of the [[Catholic Bible]], consisting of 46 [[Old Testament]] and 27 [[New Testament]] writings. Sacred Tradition consists of those teachings believed by the church to have been handed down since the time of the Apostles.<ref name="Schreck16">Schreck, pp. 15–19</ref> Sacred Scripture and Sacred Tradition are collectively known as the "deposit of faith" ({{lang|la|depositum fidei}} in Latin). These are in turn interpreted by the Magisterium (from {{lang|la|magister}}, Latin for "teacher"), the church's teaching authority, which is exercised by the pope and the [[College of Bishops]] in union with the pope.<ref name="Schreck30">Schreck, p. 30</ref> Catholic doctrine is authoritatively summarized in the ''[[Catechism of the Catholic Church]]'', published by the Holy See.<ref name="cat">Marthaler, preface</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=John Paul II|first=Pope|title=Laetamur Magnopere|publisher=Vatican|year=1997|url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/ccc_css/archive/catechism/aposletr.htm|access-date=21 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150314024145/https://www.vatican.va/archive/ccc_css/archive/catechism/aposletr.htm|archive-date=14 March 2015}}</ref>

===Nature of God===
{{Main|Trinity}}

[[File:Shield-Trinity-Scutum-Fidei-English.svg|thumb|This diagram depicts the [[Shield of the Trinity]], which expresses many aspects of the doctrine of the Trinity.]]The Catholic Church holds that there is one [[Attributes of God in Christianity#Eternity|eternal]] God, who exists as a ''[[perichoresis]]'' ("mutual indwelling") of three ''[[Hypostasis (philosophy and religion)|hypostases]]'', or "persons": [[God the Father#Christianity|God the Father]]; [[God the Son]]; and [[God the Holy Spirit]] (also called the Holy Ghost), which together are called the "Holy Trinity".<ref name="232_252">{{Cite CCC|2.1|232–37, 252}}</ref>

Catholics believe that Jesus Christ is the "Second Person" of the Trinity, God the Son. In an event known as the [[Incarnation (Christianity)|Incarnation]], through the power of the Holy Spirit, God became united with human nature through the conception of Christ in the womb of the [[Veneration of Mary in the Catholic Church|Blessed Virgin Mary]]. Christ, therefore, is understood as being both fully divine and fully human, including possessing a human [[soul]]. It is taught that Christ's mission on earth included giving people his teachings and providing his example for them to follow as recorded in the four [[Gospel]]s.<ref name="McGrath">McGrath, pp. 4–6.</ref> Jesus is believed to have remained sinless while on earth, and to have allowed himself to be unjustly executed by [[Crucifixion of Jesus|crucifixion]], as a sacrifice of himself to reconcile humanity to God; this reconciliation is known as the [[Paschal Mystery]].<ref>{{Cite CCC|2.1|595}}</ref> The Greek term "Christ" and the Hebrew "Messiah" both mean "anointed one", referring to the Christian belief that Jesus' death and resurrection are the fulfilment of the Old Testament's [[Jesus and messianic prophecy|messianic prophecies]].<ref name="Kreeft71">Kreeft, pp. 71–72</ref>

The Catholic Church teaches dogmatically that "the Holy Spirit proceeds eternally from the Father and the Son, not as from two principles but as from one single principle".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ewtn.com/library/curia/pccufilq.htm|title=Greek and Latin Traditions on Holy Spirit|work=ewtn.com|access-date=12 February 2015|archive-date=3 September 2004|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040903132523/http://www.ewtn.com/library/CURIA/PCCUFILQ.HTM}}</ref> It holds that the Father, as the "principle without principle", is the first origin of the Spirit, but also that he, as Father of the only Son, is with the Son the single principle from which the Spirit proceeds.<ref>{{Cite CCC|2.1|248}}</ref> This belief is expressed in the {{lang|la|[[Filioque]]}} clause which was added to the Latin version of the Nicene Creed of 381 but not included in the Greek versions of the creed used in Eastern Christianity.<ref name="245_248">{{Cite CCC|2.1|245–48}}</ref>

===Nature of the church===
{{Main|Catholic ecclesiology}}

The Catholic Church teaches that it is the "[[one true church]]",<ref name="Catholic News Service" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/cfaith/documents/rc_con_cfaith_doc_20070629_responsa-quaestiones_en.html|title=Responses to Some Questions Regarding Certain Aspects of the Doctrine of the Church|location=Rome|publisher=Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith|date=29 June 2007|author=William Cardinal Levada|access-date=26 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130813100622/https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/cfaith/documents/rc_con_cfaith_doc_20070629_responsa-quaestiones_en.html|archive-date=13 August 2013}}</ref> "the universal sacrament of salvation for the human race",<ref name="GAUDIUM">{{cite web|title=Pastoral Constitution on the Church in the Modern World ''GAUDIUM ET SPES'' § 45|url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_const_19651207_gaudium-et-spes_en.html|publisher=Vatican.va|date=7 December 1965|access-date=4 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121017073250/https://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_const_19651207_gaudium-et-spes_en.html|archive-date=17 October 2012}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceC">{{cite web|url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_const_19641121_lumen-gentium_en.html|title=Dogmatic Constitution on the Church ''Lumen Gentium''|editor-first=Pericle|editor-last=Felici|date=21 November 1964|access-date=4 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140906031754/https://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_const_19641121_lumen-gentium_en.html|archive-date=6 September 2014}}</ref> and "the one true religion".<ref>Para. 2, 2nd sentence: {{cite web|url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_decl_19651207_dignitatis-humanae_en.html|title=Dignitatis humanae|access-date=20 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120211202206/https://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_decl_19651207_dignitatis-humanae_en.html|archive-date=11 February 2012}}</ref> According to the ''Catechism'', the Catholic Church is further described in the Nicene Creed as the "one, holy, catholic, and apostolic Church".<ref>{{Cite CCC|2.1|811}}</ref> These are collectively known as the [[Four Marks of the Church]]. The church teaches that its founder is Jesus Christ.<ref name="Kreeft98">Kreeft, p. 98, quote "The fundamental reason for being a Catholic is the historical fact that the Catholic Church was founded by Christ, was God's invention, not man's;... As the Father gave authority to Christ (Jn 5:22; Mt 28:18–20), Christ passed it on to his apostles (Lk 10:16), and they passed it on to the successors they appointed as bishops." (see also Kreeft, p. 980)</ref>{{sfn|Bokenkotter|2004|p=30}} The [[New Testament]] records several events considered integral to the establishment of the Catholic Church, including Jesus' activities and teaching and his appointment of the [[Apostles in the New Testament|apostles]] as witnesses to his ministry, suffering, and resurrection. The [[Great Commission]], after his resurrection, instructed the apostles to continue his work. The coming of the Holy Spirit upon the apostles, in an event known as [[Pentecost]], is seen as the beginning of the public ministry of the Catholic Church.<ref name="Barry48">Barry, p. 46.</ref> The church teaches that all duly consecrated bishops have a lineal succession from the apostles of Christ, known as [[apostolic succession]].<ref name="OneFaith46">Barry, p. 46</ref> In particular, the Bishop of Rome (the pope) is considered the successor to the apostle [[Simon Peter]], a position from which he derives his [[papal supremacy|supremacy]] over the church.<ref>{{Cite CCC|2.1|880}}</ref>

Catholic belief holds that the church "is the continuing presence of Jesus on earth"<ref name="Schreck131">Schreck, p. 131</ref> and that it alone possesses the full means of [[Salvation (Christianity)|salvation]].<ref name="CCC_816">{{Cite CCC|2.1|816|quote=The Second Vatican Council's Decree on Ecumenism explains: 'For it is through Christ's Catholic Church alone, which is the universal help toward salvation, that the fullness of the means of salvation can be obtained. It was to the apostolic college alone, of which Peter is the head, that we believe that our Lord entrusted all the blessings of the New Covenant, in order to establish on earth the one Body of Christ into which all those should be fully incorporated who belong in any way to the People of God.' [''[[Unitatis redintegratio]]'' 3 § 5.]}}</ref> Through the [[Passion (Christianity)|passion]] (suffering) of Christ leading to his [[Crucifixion of Jesus|crucifixion]] as described in the Gospels, it is said Christ made himself an oblation to God the Father to [[Atonement in Christianity|reconcile]] humanity to God;<ref name="608_">{{Cite CCC|2.1|608}}</ref> the [[Resurrection of Jesus]] makes him the firstborn from the dead, the first among many brethren.<ref>Colossians 1.18</ref> By reconciling with God and following Christ's words and deeds, an individual can enter the [[Kingdom of God (Christianity)|Kingdom of God]].<ref name="OneFaith26">Barry, p. 26</ref> The church sees its liturgy and sacraments as perpetuating the graces achieved through Christ's sacrifice to strengthen a person's relationship with Christ and aid in overcoming sin.<ref name="CoCCC_Paschal">{{cite web|url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/compendium_ccc/documents/archive_2005_compendium-ccc_en.html#God%20Comes%20to%20Meet%20Man|title=The paschal mystery in the sacraments of the church|date=2005|access-date=14 December 2014|website=Compendium of the Catechism of the Catholic Church|publisher=Vatican.va|archive-date=22 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122221130/http://www.vatican.va/archive/compendium_ccc/documents/archive_2005_compendium-ccc_en.html#God%20Comes%20to%20Meet%20Man|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Final judgement===
{{Main|Last Judgment#Catholicism}}

The Catholic Church teaches that, immediately after death, the [[soul]] of each person will receive a [[particular judgement]] from God, based on their [[sin]]s and their relationship to Christ.<ref>{{Cite CCC|2.1|1021–22, 1039, 1051|quote=The Last Judgment will reveal even to its furthest consequences the good each person has done or failed to do during his earthly life}}</ref><ref name="Schreck397">Schreck, p. 397</ref> This teaching also attests to another day when Christ will sit in universal judgement of all mankind. This [[final judgement]], according to the Church's teaching, will bring an end to human history and mark the beginning of both a new and better heaven and earth ruled by God in righteousness.<ref>{{Cite CCC|2.1|1038–41}}</ref>

Depending on the judgement rendered following death, it is believed that a soul may enter one of three states of the afterlife:
* [[Heaven in Christianity#Roman Catholicism|Heaven]] is a state of unending union with the divine nature of God, not ontologically, but by grace. It is an eternal life, in which the soul contemplates God in ceaseless [[beatific vision|beatitude]].<ref>{{Cite CCC|2.1|1023–29, 1042–50}}</ref>
* [[Purgatory]] is a temporary condition for the purification of souls who, although destined for Heaven, are not fully detached from sin and thus cannot enter Heaven immediately.<ref>{{Cite CCC|2.1|1030–32, 1054}}</ref> In Purgatory, the soul suffers, and is purged and perfected. Souls in purgatory may be aided in reaching heaven by the prayers of the faithful on earth and by the [[intercession of saints]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ewtn.com/Library/Liturgy/zlitur215.htm|title=Saints' Prayers for Souls in Purgatory|publisher=Ewtn.com|access-date=28 October 2010|archive-date=30 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110430072118/http://www.ewtn.com/Library/Liturgy/zlitur215.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Hell in Christian beliefs#Roman Catholicism|Final Damnation]]: Finally, those who persist in living in a state of mortal sin and do not repent before death subject themselves to hell, an everlasting separation from God.<ref>{{Cite CCC|2.1|1033–37, 1057}}</ref> The church teaches that no one is condemned to hell without having freely decided to reject God.<ref>{{Cite CCC|2.1|1058}}</ref> No one is [[predestined]] to hell and no one can determine with absolute certainty who has been condemned to hell.<ref>{{Cite CCC|2.1|1037}}</ref> Catholicism teaches that through God's mercy a person can repent at any point before death, be illuminated with the truth of the Catholic faith, and thus obtain salvation.<ref name="Luke23">Christian Bible, {{bibleverse||Luke|23:39–43}}</ref> Some Catholic theologians have speculated that the souls of unbaptized infants and non-Christians without mortal sin but who die in [[original sin]] are assigned to [[limbo]], although this is not an official [[Dogma in the Catholic Church|dogma]] of the church.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.catholicculture.org/culture/library/view.cfm?id=7529&CFID=32422018&CFTOKEN=46037657|title=Library: The Hope of Salvation for Infants Who Die Without Being Baptised|publisher=Catholic Culture|date=19 January 2007|access-date=28 October 2010|archive-date=1 May 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110501133631/http://www.catholicculture.org/culture/library/view.cfm?id=7529&CFID=32422018&CFTOKEN=46037657|url-status=live}}</ref>

While the Catholic Church teaches that it alone possesses the full means of salvation,<ref name="CCC_816" /> it also acknowledges that the Holy Spirit can make use of [[Ecclesial Community|Christian communities]] separated from itself to "impel towards Catholic unity"<ref name="ewtn.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.ewtn.com/library/Doctrine/subsistit.htm|title=Christ's Church Subsists in the Catholic Church|website=ewtn.com|access-date=27 August 2015|archive-date=20 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181120114032/https://www.ewtn.com/library/Doctrine/subsistit.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> and "tend and lead toward the Catholic Church",<ref name="ewtn.com" /> and thus bring people to salvation, because these separated communities contain some elements of proper doctrine, albeit admixed with [[heresy|errors]]. It teaches that anyone who is saved is saved through the Catholic Church but that people can be saved outside of the ordinary means known as [[baptism of desire]], and by pre-baptismal martyrdom, known as [[baptism of blood]], as well as when conditions of [[invincible ignorance]] are present, although invincible ignorance in itself is not a means of salvation.<ref>{{cite CE1913|wstitle=Baptism|first=William|last=Fanning}} (See: "Necessity of baptism" and "Substitutes for the sacrament")</ref> The [[Vatican II]] document [[Lumen gentium|''Lumen'' ''gentium'']] further clarifies the possibility of salvation of those who "through no fault of their own, do not know the Gospel of Christ or his Church, but who nevertheless seek God with a sincere heart," being "moved by (divine) grace".{{CCC|847}}

===Saints and devotions===
{{Main|Saint|Canonization|Veneration|Catholic devotions}}


A saint (also historically known as a hallow) is a person who is recognized as having an exceptional degree of holiness or likeness or closeness to God, while canonization is the act by which a Christian church declares that a person who has died was a saint, upon which declaration the person is included in the "canon", or list, of recognized saints.<ref name="WilsonFischer2005">{{cite book|last1=Wilson|first1=Douglas|last2=Fischer|first2=Ty|year=2005|title=Omnibus II: Church Fathers Through the Reformation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zClmDnl3b3EC&pg=PA101|publisher=Veritas Press|isbn=978-1-932168-44-0|page=101|quote=The word 'hallow' means 'saint,' in that 'hallow' is just an alternative form of the word 'holy' ('hallowed be Thy name').|access-date=31 March 2021|archive-date=10 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240310112757/https://books.google.com/books?id=zClmDnl3b3EC&pg=PA101#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="DiehlDonnelly2001">{{cite book|last1=Diehl|first1=Daniel|last2=Donnelly|first2=Mark|year=2001|title=Medieval Celebrations|publisher=Stackpole Books|url={{googlebooks|WKyMpNnRWUC|page=13|plainurl=y}}|isbn=978-0-8117-2866-9|page=13|quote=The word hallow was simply another word for saint.}}{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The first persons honoured as saints were the [[Christian martyr|martyrs]]. By the fourth century, however, "[[Confessor of the Faith|confessors]]"—people who had confessed their faith not by dying but by suffering—began to be venerated publicly.<ref name="ce beccari">{{cite Catholic Encyclopedia |wstitle=Confessor |last1=Beccari |first1=Camillo|volume=4}}</ref>

In the Catholic Church, both in Latin and Eastern Catholic churches, the act of canonization is reserved to the [[Apostolic See]] and occurs at the conclusion of a long process requiring extensive proof that the candidate for canonization lived and died in such an exemplary and holy way that he is worthy to be recognized as a saint. The church's official recognition of sanctity implies that the person is now in [[Heaven]] and that he may be publicly invoked and mentioned officially in the [[liturgy]] of the church, including in the [[Litany of the Saints]]. [[Canonization]] allows universal veneration of the saint in the liturgy of the [[Roman Rite]]; for permission to venerate merely locally, only [[beatification]] is needed.<ref>"Beatification, in the present discipline, differs from canonization in this: that the former implies (1) a locally restricted, not a universal, permission to venerate, which is (2) a mere permission, and no precept; while canonization implies a universal precept" ([http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/02364b.htm Beccari, Camillo. "Beatification and Canonisation".] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180724145034/http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/02364b.htm |date=24 July 2018 }} ''The Catholic Encyclopedia''. Vol. 2. New York, New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1907. Accessed 27 May 2009.).</ref>

[[Catholic devotions|Devotions]] are "external practices of piety" which are not part of the official liturgy of the Catholic Church but are part of the popular spiritual practices of Catholics.<ref>{{cite book|last=Carroll|first=Michael P.|year=1989|title=Catholic Cults and Devotions: A Psychological Inquiry|publisher=McGill-Queen's University Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FHVmFOHNr7cC&pg=PA7|isbn=978-0-7735-0693-0|page=7|access-date=31 March 2021|archive-date=10 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240310112749/https://books.google.com/books?id=FHVmFOHNr7cC&pg=PA7#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> These include various practices regarding the veneration of the saints, especially [[Veneration of Mary in the Catholic Church|veneration of the Virgin Mary]]. Other devotional practices include the [[Stations of the Cross]], the [[Sacred Heart]] of Jesus, the [[Holy Face of Jesus]],<ref name="etwndevoti">{{cite web|url=http://ewtn.com/Devotionals/prayers/index.asp|title=Catholic Prayers, Novenas, Prayers of Jesus, Marian Prayers, Prayers of the Saints|work=EWTN|access-date=4 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150407085827/http://www.ewtn.com/Devotionals/prayers/index.asp|archive-date=7 April 2015}}</ref> the various [[scapular]]s, novenas to various saints,<ref name="popdevos">{{cite web|url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/12275b.htm|title=Popular Devotions|work=New Advent|access-date=4 April 2015|archive-date=24 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150424075244/http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/12275b.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Christian pilgrimage|pilgrimages]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/12085a.htm|title=Pilgrimages|work=New Advent|access-date=4 April 2015|archive-date=11 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210211020331/https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/12085a.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> and devotions to the [[Eucharist (Catholic Church)|Blessed Sacrament]],<ref name="popdevos" /> and the veneration of [[Santo (art)|saintly images]] such as the ''[[Santo (art)|santos]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1994-09-15-ca-38635-story.html|first=Christopher|last=Knight|title=Art Review: Images of 'Santos': Fascinating Portrait of Catholic Devotion|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=15 September 1994|access-date=4 April 2015|archive-date=16 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150416195335/http://articles.latimes.com/1994-09-15/entertainment/ca-38635_1_art-center|url-status=live}}</ref> The bishops at the Second Vatican Council reminded Catholics that "devotions should be so drawn up that they harmonize with the liturgical seasons, accord with the sacred liturgy, are in some fashion derived from it, and lead the people to it, since, in fact, the liturgy by its very nature far surpasses any of them."<ref>''[[Sacrosanctum Concilium]]'', 13</ref>

===Virgin Mary===
{{Catholic mariology sidebar}}
{{Main|Veneration of Mary in the Catholic Church|Mariology of the Catholic Church|Mariology of the saints|Mariology of the popes}}

[[File:Antolinez-inmaculada-bilbao.jpg|alt=|thumb|left|The [[Veneration of Mary in the Catholic Church|Blessed Virgin Mary]] is highly regarded in the Catholic Church, proclaiming her as [[Mother of God]], [[Immaculate Conception|free from original sin]] and an [[intercessor]].]]
[[Catholic Mariology]] deals with the [[Dogma in the Catholic Church|dogmas]] and teachings concerning the life of [[Mary, mother of Jesus]], as well as the veneration of Mary by the faithful. Mary is held in special regard, declared the [[Mother of God]] ({{Langx|el|Θεοτόκος|links=yes|lit=God-bearer|translit=Theotokos}}), and believed as dogma to have remained a [[Perpetual virginity of Mary|virgin throughout her life]].<ref name="ReferenceB">{{cite web|url=https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/homilies/2012/documents/hf_ben-xvi_hom_20120101_world-day-peace_en.html|title=Pope Benedict XVI. 1 January 2012 – Feast of Solemnity of the Blessed Virgin Mary|publisher=Vatican.va|date=1 January 2012|access-date=17 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120702070352/https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/homilies/2012/documents/hf_ben-xvi_hom_20120101_world-day-peace_en.html|archive-date=2 July 2012}}</ref> Further teachings include the doctrines of the [[Immaculate Conception]] (her own conception without the stain of original sin) and the [[Assumption of Mary]] (that her body was assumed directly into heaven at the end of her life). Both of these doctrines were defined as infallible dogma, by [[Pope Pius IX]] in 1854 and [[Pope Pius XII]] in 1950 respectively,<ref name="Barry, p. 106">Barry, p. 106</ref> but only after consulting with the Catholic bishops throughout the world to ascertain that this is a Catholic belief.<ref>Schaff, Philip (2009). ''The Creeds of Christendom''. {{ISBN|1-115-46834-0}}, p. 211.</ref> In the Eastern Catholic churches, however, they continue to celebrate the feast of the Assumption under the name of the [[Dormition of the Mother of God]] on the same date.<ref>{{cite web |title=People, Look East: The Dormition of Mary |url=https://cnewa.org/people-look-east-the-assumption-of-mary/ |website=CNEWA |language=en-us |date=15 August 2021 |access-date=22 August 2021 |archive-date=21 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210821231251/https://cnewa.org/people-look-east-the-assumption-of-mary/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The teaching that Mary died before being assumed significantly precedes the idea that she did not. St John Damascene wrote that "St Juvenal, Bishop of Jerusalem, at the Council of Chalcedon (451), made known to the Emperor Marcian and Pulcheria, who wished to possess the body of the Mother of God, that Mary died in the presence of all the Apostles, but that her tomb, when opened, upon the request of St Thomas, was found empty; wherefrom the Apostles concluded that the body was taken up to Heaven."<ref>{{cite web |title=What do we mean by "the sleep of Mary" or "the dormition of Mary"? |url=https://catholicstraightanswers.com/what-do-we-mean-by-the-sleep-of-mary-or-the-dormition-of-mary/ |website=Catholic Straight Answers |language=en |date=21 May 2013 |access-date=22 August 2021 |archive-date=21 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210821233423/https://catholicstraightanswers.com/what-do-we-mean-by-the-sleep-of-mary-or-the-dormition-of-mary/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Marian devotions|Devotions to Mary]] are part of Catholic piety but are distinct from the worship of God.<ref>Schreck, pp. 199–200</ref> Practices include prayers and [[Marian art]], [[Catholic Marian music|music]] and [[Catholic Marian church buildings|architecture]]. Several [[Marian feast days|liturgical Marian feasts]] are celebrated throughout the [[Church Year]] and she is honoured with [[titles of Mary|many titles]] such as [[Queen of Heaven]]. [[Pope Paul VI]] called her [[Mother of the Church]] because, by giving birth to Christ, she is considered to be the spiritual mother to each member of the [[Body of Christ]].<ref name="Barry, p. 106" /> Because of her influential role in the life of Jesus, prayers and devotions such as the [[Hail Mary]], the [[Rosary]], the [[Salve Regina]] and the [[Memorare]] are common Catholic practices.<ref>Barry, pp. 122–23</ref> [[Christian pilgrimage|Pilgrimage]] to the sites of several [[Marian apparitions]] affirmed by the church, such as [[Our Lady of Lourdes|Lourdes]], [[Our Lady of Fátima|Fátima]] and [[Our Lady of Guadalupe|Guadalupe]],<ref>Schreck, p. 368</ref> are also popular Catholic devotions.<ref>{{cite news|last=Baedeker|first=Rob|title=World's most-visited religious destinations|work=USA Today|date=21 December 2007|url=https://www.usatoday.com/travel/destinations/2007-12-21-most-visited-religious-spots-forbes_N.htm|access-date=3 March 2008|archive-date=8 March 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080308234445/http://www.usatoday.com/travel/destinations/2007-12-21-most-visited-religious-spots-forbes_N.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Sacraments==
{{Anchor|Celebration of the sacraments|Doctrine of the sacraments}}
{{Main|Sacraments of the Catholic Church}}

[[File:20190529 Spain and Portugal El Camino Pilgrimage 1063 (48002601588).jpg|thumb|left|[[Mass in the Catholic Church|Holy Mass]] at the [[Sanctuary of Our Lady of Fátima]], Portugal. The [[Sacramental bread|host]] and the [[chalice]] are displayed to the people immediately after the [[Consecration in Christianity|consecration]] of the bread and wine into the [[Eucharist|Holy Body and Blood of Christ]].]]
The Catholic Church teaches that it was entrusted with seven sacraments that were instituted by Christ. The number and nature of the sacraments were defined by several [[ecumenical council]]s, most recently the Council of Trent.<ref name="1113_14">{{Cite CCC|2.1|1113–14, 1117}}</ref>{{refn|group=note|Other councils that addressed the sacraments include the [[Second Council of Lyon]] (1274); [[Council of Florence]] (1439); as well as the [[Council of Trent]] (1547)<ref name="1113_14" />|}} These are [[baptism]], [[confirmation]], the [[Eucharist]], [[Sacrament of Penance (Catholic Church)|penance]], [[Anointing of the Sick (Catholic Church)|anointing of the sick]] (formerly called Extreme Unction, one of the "[[Last Rites]]"), [[holy orders]] and [[Catholic marriage|holy matrimony]]. Sacraments are visible rituals that Catholics see as signs of God's presence and effective channels of God's [[Grace (Christianity)|grace]] to all those who receive them with the proper disposition (''[[ex opere operato]]'').<ref>Kreeft, pp. 298–99</ref> The ''[[Catechism of the Catholic Church]]'' categorizes the sacraments into three groups, the "sacraments of Christian initiation", "sacraments of healing" and "sacraments at the service of communion and the mission of the faithful". These groups broadly reflect the stages of people's natural and spiritual lives which each sacrament is intended to serve.<ref>{{Cite CCC|2.1|1210–11}}</ref>

The liturgies of the sacraments are central to the church's mission. According to the ''Catechism'':

{{Blockquote
| In the liturgy of the New Covenant every liturgical action, especially the celebration of the Eucharist and the sacraments, is an encounter between Christ and the Church. The liturgical assembly derives its unity from the "communion of the Holy Spirit" who gathers the children of God into the one Body of Christ. This assembly transcends racial, cultural, social—indeed, all human affinities.<ref>{{Cite CCC|2.1|1097}}</ref>
}}

According to church doctrine, the sacraments of the church require the proper form, matter, and intent to be validly celebrated.<ref>{{CathEncy|wstitle=Sacraments}}</ref> In addition, the [[Canon Law]]s for both the Latin Church and the Eastern Catholic Churches govern who may licitly celebrate certain sacraments, as well as strict rules about who may receive the sacraments.<ref name="CoCC291">{{cite news |title=''CoCC'' 291 |publisher=Vatican.va |quote=To receive Holy Communion one must be fully incorporated into the Catholic Church and be in the state of grace, that is, not conscious of being in mortal sin. Anyone who is conscious of having committed a grave sin must first receive the sacrament of Reconciliation before going to Communion. Also important for those receiving Holy Communion are a spirit of recollection and prayer, observance of the fast prescribed by the Church, and an appropriate disposition of the body (gestures and dress) as a sign of respect for Christ.}}</ref> Notably, because the church teaches that Christ is [[real presence#Catholic and Orthodox|present]] in the Eucharist,<ref name="Kreeft326">Kreeft, p. 326</ref> those who are conscious of being in a state of mortal sin are forbidden to receive the sacrament until they have received absolution through the [[sacrament of Reconciliation]] (Penance).<ref name="Kreeft331" /> Catholics are normally obliged to abstain from eating for at least an hour before receiving the sacrament.<ref name="Kreeft331">Kreeft, p. 331</ref> Non-Catholics are ordinarily prohibited from receiving the Eucharist as well.<ref name="CoCC291" /><ref>{{Cite CCC|2.1|1400–01}}</ref>

Catholics, even if they were in danger of death and unable to approach a Catholic minister, may not ask for the sacraments of the Eucharist, penance or anointing of the sick from someone, such as a Protestant minister, who is not known to be validly ordained in line with Catholic teaching on ordination.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/pontifical_councils/chrstuni/general-docs/rc_pc_chrstuni_doc_19930325_directory_en.html |title=Principles and Norms on Ecumenism – 132 |work=vatican.va |access-date=12 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100816040600/https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/pontifical_councils/chrstuni/general-docs/rc_pc_chrstuni_doc_19930325_directory_en.html |archive-date=16 August 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite CCC|2.1|1400}}</ref> Likewise, even in grave and pressing need, Catholic ministers may not administer these sacraments to those who do not manifest Catholic faith in the sacrament. In relation to the churches of Eastern Christianity not in communion with the Holy See, the Catholic Church is less restrictive, declaring that "a certain ''communion in sacris'', and so in the Eucharist, given suitable circumstances and the approval of Church authority, is not merely possible but is encouraged."<ref>{{Cite CCC|2.1|1399}}</ref>

===Sacraments of initiation===
{{Main|Sacraments of initiation}}

====Baptism====
[[File:Baptême Cathédrale de Troyes 290308.jpg|left|thumb|Baptism of [[Augustine of Hippo]] as represented in a sculptural group in [[Troyes Cathedral]] (1549), France]]
As viewed by the Catholic Church, baptism is the first of three sacraments of initiation as a Christian.<ref>{{Cite CCC|2.1|1275}}</ref> It washes away all sins, both [[original sin]] and personal actual sins.<ref>{{Cite CCC|2.1|1263}}</ref> It makes a person a member of the church.<ref>{{Cite CCC|2.1|1267}}</ref> As a gratuitous gift of God that requires no merit on the part of the person who is baptized, it is [[infant baptism|conferred even on children]],<ref>{{Cite CCC|2.1|1282}}</ref> who, though they have no personal sins, need it on account of original sin.<ref>{{Cite CCC|2.1|1250}}</ref>

If a new-born child is in a danger of death, anyone—be it a doctor, a nurse, or a parent—may baptize the child.<ref>{{cite book|last=Lazowski|first=Philip|year=2004|title=Understanding Your Neighbor's Faith: What Christians and Jews Should Know About Each Other|publisher=KTAV Publishing House|url={{googlebooks|HIhIPIYLQ6QC|page=157|plainurl=y}}|isbn=978-0-88125-811-0|page=157}}</ref> Baptism marks a person permanently and cannot be repeated.<ref>{{Cite CCC|2.1|1272}}</ref> The Catholic Church recognizes as valid baptisms conferred even by people who are not Catholics or Christians, provided that they intend to baptize ("to do what the Church does when she baptizes") and that they use the [[Trinitarian formula#Use in baptism|Trinitarian baptismal formula]].<ref>{{Cite CCC|2.1|1256}}</ref>

====Confirmation====
{{Main|Confirmation in the Catholic Church}}

The Catholic Church sees the sacrament of confirmation as required to complete the grace given in baptism.<ref>{{Cite CCC|2.1|1285}}</ref> When adults are baptized, confirmation is normally given immediately afterwards,<ref name="cann883">{{cite web|url=http://www.intratext.com/IXT/ENG0017/_P31.HTM|title=Canon 883|website=1983 Code of Canon Law|publisher=Intratext.com|date=4 May 2007|access-date=30 June 2011}}</ref> a practice followed even with newly baptized infants in the Eastern Catholic Churches.<ref name="cceo695">{{cite web|url=http://www.intratext.com/IXT/ENG1199/_PJB.HTM|title=''CCEO'', Canon 695|publisher=Intratext.com (English translation)|date=1990|access-date=30 June 2011}}</ref> In the West confirmation of children is delayed until they are old enough to understand or at the bishop's discretion.<ref name="cann891">{{cite web|url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P33.HTM|title=Canon 891|website=1983 Code of Canon Law|publisher=Vatican.va|access-date=30 June 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110628184246/https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P33.HTM|archive-date=28 June 2011}}</ref> In Western Christianity, particularly Catholicism, the sacrament is called ''confirmation'', because it confirms and strengthens the grace of baptism; in the Eastern Churches, it is called ''chrismation'', because the essential rite is the anointing of the person with [[chrism]],<ref name="Chrism">{{cite web|url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/compendium_ccc/documents/archive_2005_compendium-ccc_en.html#The%20Seven%20Sacraments%20of%20the%20Church|title=Compendium of the CCC, 267|publisher=Vatican.va|access-date=30 June 2011}}</ref> a mixture of [[olive oil]] and some perfumed substance, usually [[Oleoresin|balsam]], blessed by a bishop.<ref name="Chrism" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ewtn.com/library/councils/florence.htm#3|title=Council of Florence: Bull of union with the Armenians|publisher=Ewtn.com|access-date=30 June 2011|archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20180103203301/http://www.ewtn.com/library/councils/florence.htm#3|archive-date=2018-01-03}}</ref> Those who receive confirmation must be in a state of grace, which for those who have reached the [[age of reason (canon law)|age of reason]] means that they should first be cleansed spiritually by the sacrament of Penance; they should also have the intention of receiving the sacrament, and be prepared to show in their lives that they are Christians.<ref>{{Cite CCC|2.1|1310}}</ref>

====Eucharist====
{{Main|Eucharist in the Catholic Church}}

[[File:BentoXVI-51-11052007 (frag).jpg|thumb|[[Pope Benedict XVI]] celebrates the Eucharist at the [[canonization]] of [[Frei Galvão]] in São Paulo, Brazil on 11 May 2007.]]
For Catholics, the Eucharist is the sacrament which completes Christian initiation. It is described as "the source and summit of the Christian life".<ref>{{Cite CCC|2.1|1322–24}}</ref> The ceremony in which a Catholic first receives the Eucharist is known as [[First Communion]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.catholicculture.org/culture/liturgicalyear/activities/view.cfm?id=601|title=Catholic Activity: Preparing for First Holy Communion|publisher=Catholicculture.org|access-date=25 March 2015}}</ref>

The Eucharistic celebration, also called the [[Mass (liturgy)|Mass]] or [[Divine liturgy]], includes prayers and scriptural readings, as well as an offering of bread and wine, which are brought to the [[altar]] and [[consecration#Eucharist|consecrated]] by the priest to become the body and the blood of Jesus Christ: the [[substance (philosophy)|substance]] of bread and wine changes despite the [[Accident_(philosophy)|accidents]] (e.g the visible form) remaining: a change called [[transubstantiation]].<ref>{{Cite Catholic Encyclopedia|wstitle=The Real Presence of Christ in the Eucharist|first=Joseph|last=Pohle}}</ref><ref group="note">For an outline of the Eucharistic liturgy in the Roman Rite, see the [[#Roman Rite of Mass|side bar]] in the "Worship and liturgy".</ref>

The [[words of consecration]] reflect the words spoken by Jesus during the [[Last Supper]], where Christ offered his body and blood to his Apostles the night before his crucifixion. The sacrament re-presents (makes present) the sacrifice of Jesus on the cross,<ref>{{Cite CCC|2.1|1365–1372|quote=Because it is the memorial of Christ's Passover, the Eucharist is also a sacrifice, thus, in the ritual text of the Mass, the priest asks of the congregation present, 'Pray, brothers and sisters, that this my sacrifice and yours may be acceptable to God, the Almighty Father.' The sacrificial character of the Eucharist is manifested in the very words of institution: 'This is my body which is given for you' and 'This cup which is poured out for you is the New Covenant in my blood.' [Lk 22:19–20] In the Eucharist, Christ gives us the very body which he gave up for us on the cross, the very blood which he 'poured out for many for the forgiveness of sins.' [Mt 26:28]}}</ref> and perpetuates it. Christ's death and resurrection give grace through the sacrament that unites the faithful with Christ and one another, remits venial sin, and aids against committing moral sin (though mortal sin itself is forgiven through the sacrament of penance).<ref name="ccc1392">{{Cite CCC|2.1|1392–95}}</ref>

[[File:Convento de San Francisco - Ciudad de México - Creyente.jpg|left|thumb|upright|A Catholic prays in a church in Mexico.]]

===Sacraments of healing===

====Penance====
{{Main|Sacrament of Penance}}

The sacrament of penance (also called Reconciliation, Forgiveness, Confession, and Conversion<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/compendium_ccc/documents/archive_2005_compendium-ccc_en.html#The%20Sacraments%20of%20Healing |title=''Compendium of the CCC'', 296 |publisher=Vatican.va |access-date=30 June 2011}}</ref>) exists for the conversion of those who, after baptism, separate themselves from Christ by sin.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/compendium_ccc/documents/archive_2005_compendium-ccc_en.html#The%20Sacraments%20of%20Healing |title=''Compendium of the CCC'', 297 |publisher=Vatican.va |access-date=30 June 2011}}</ref> Essential to this sacrament are acts both by the sinner (examination of conscience, contrition with a determination not to sin again, confession to a priest, and performance of some act to repair the damage caused by sin) and by the priest (determination of the act of reparation to be performed and [[absolution]]).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/compendium_ccc/documents/archive_2005_compendium-ccc_en.html#The%20Sacraments%20of%20Healing |title=''Compendium of the CCC'', 302–03 |publisher=Vatican.va |access-date=30 June 2011}}</ref>

Serious sins ([[mortal sin]]s) should be confessed at least once a year and always before receiving the Eucharist, while confession of [[venial sin]]s also is recommended.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/compendium_ccc/documents/archive_2005_compendium-ccc_en.html#The%20Sacraments%20of%20Healing |title=''Compendium of the CCC'', 304–06 |publisher=Vatican.va |access-date=30 June 2011}}</ref> The priest is bound under the severest penalties to maintain the "[[seal of confession]]", absolute secrecy about any sins revealed to him in confession.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/compendium_ccc/documents/archive_2005_compendium-ccc_en.html#The%20Sacraments%20of%20Healing |title=''Compendium of the CCC'', 309 |publisher=Vatican.va |access-date=30 June 2011}}</ref>

====Anointing of the sick====
{{Main|Anointing of the Sick in the Catholic Church}}

[[File:Extreme Unction Rogier Van der Weyden.jpg|left|upright=1.35|thumb|The ''[[Seven Sacraments Altarpiece]]'' [[triptych]] painting of Extreme Unction (anointing of the sick) with oil being administered by a priest during last rites. [[Rogier van der Weyden]], 1445.]]
While chrism is used only for the three sacraments that cannot be repeated, a different oil is used by a priest or bishop to bless a Catholic who, because of illness or old age, has begun to be in danger of death.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/compendium_ccc/documents/archive_2005_compendium-ccc_en.html#The%20Sacraments%20of%20Healing |title=''Compendium of the CCC'', 316 |publisher=Vatican.va |access-date=30 June 2011}}</ref> This sacrament, known as anointing of the sick, is believed to give comfort, peace, courage and, if the sick person is unable to make a confession, even forgiveness of sins.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/compendium_ccc/documents/archive_2005_compendium-ccc_en.html#The%20Sacraments%20of%20Healing |title=''Compendium of the CCC'', 319 |publisher=Vatican.va |access-date=30 June 2011}}</ref>

The sacrament is also referred to as ''unction'', and in the past as ''extreme unction'', and it is one of the three sacraments that constitute the [[last rites]], together with Penance and [[Viaticum]] (Eucharist).<ref>{{cite CE1913| wstitle = Extreme Unction | first = Patrick | last = Toner }}</ref>

===Sacraments at the service of communion===
According to the Catechism, there are two sacraments of [[Koinonia|communion]] directed towards the salvation of others: priesthood and marriage.<ref>{{Cite CCC|2.1|1534}}</ref> Within the general vocation to be a Christian, these two sacraments "consecrate to specific mission or [[vocation]] among the people of God. Men receive the holy orders to feed the church by the word and [[Grace (Christianity)|grace]]. Spouses marry so that their love may be fortified to fulfil duties of their state".<ref>{{Cite CCC|2.1|1535}}</ref>

====Holy orders====
{{Main|Holy orders in the Catholic Church}}

[[File:Priesterweihe in Schwyz 2.jpg|thumb|Priests lay their hands on the ordinands during the rite of ordination.]]
The sacrament of holy orders consecrates and deputes some Christians to serve the whole body as members of three degrees or orders: episcopate (bishops), presbyterate (priests) and diaconate (deacons).<ref name="cann10081009">{{cite web |url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P3N.HTM |title=Canon 1008–1009 |website=1983 Code of Canon Law |publisher=Vatican.va |access-date=12 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160302172900/https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P3N.HTM |archive-date=2 March 2016}} (As modified by the 2009 [https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/apost_letters/documents/hf_ben-xvi_apl_20091026_codex-iuris-canonici_en.html motu proprio] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110616013341/https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/apost_letters/documents/hf_ben-xvi_apl_20091026_codex-iuris-canonici_en.html |date=16 June 2011 }} ''[[Omnium in mentem]]'')</ref><ref>{{Cite CCC|2.1|1536}}</ref> The church has defined rules on who may be ordained into the [[Clergy#Catholicism|clergy]]. In the Latin Church the priesthood is generally restricted to celibate men, and the episcopate is always restricted to celibate men.<ref>[http://www.ewtn.com/library/ANSWERS/WCRB.htm Karl Keating, "What Catholics Really Believe: Setting the Record Straight: Chapter 46: Priestly Celibacy"]. ''ewtn.com''. Retrieved on 27 August 2015.</ref> Men who are already married may be ordained in certain Eastern Catholic churches in most countries,<ref>{{cite news |last=Niebuhr |first=Gustav |title=Bishop's Quiet Action Allows Priest Both Flock And Family |work=The New York Times |date=16 February 1997 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/02/16/us/bishop-s-quiet-action-allows-priest-both-flock-and-family.html |access-date=4 April 2008}}</ref> and the personal ordinariates and may become deacons even in the Latin Church<ref name="CCL1031">[https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P3Q.HTM Canon 1031] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080221173442/https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P3Q.HTM |date=21 February 2008 }} Catholic Church Canon Law. Retrieved 9 March 2008.</ref><ref name="CCL1037">[https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P3R.HTM Canon 1037] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080218110036/https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P3R.HTM |date=18 February 2008 }}, Catholic Church Canon Law. Retrieved 9 March 2008.</ref> (see [[clerical marriage]]). After becoming a Catholic priest, a man may not marry (see [[clerical celibacy]]) unless he is formally [[laicized]].<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=JKgZEjvB5cEC&dq=Beal+%22dispensation+from+celibacy%22&pg=PA390 John P. Beal, ''New Commentary on the Code of Canon Law'' (Paulist Press 2000] {{ISBN|978-0-80914066-4}}), pp. 389–390</ref>

All clergy, whether deacons, priests or bishops, may preach, teach, baptize, witness marriages and conduct funeral liturgies.<ref>{{cite web |title=Frequently Asked Questions About Deacons |url=http://www.usccb.org/beliefs-and-teachings/vocations/diaconate/faqs.cfm |author=Committee on the Diaconate |publisher=United States Conference of Catholic Bishops |access-date=9 March 2008}}</ref> Only bishops and priests can administer the sacraments of the Eucharist, reconciliation (penance) and anointing of the sick.<ref>[http://www.intratext.com/IXT/ENG1199/_P16.HTM Canon 42] Catholic Church Canon Law. Retrieved 9 March 2008.</ref><ref>[https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P1D.HTM Canon 375] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080219141242/https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P1D.HTM |date=19 February 2008 }}, Catholic Church Canon Law. Retrieved 9 March 2008.</ref> Only bishops can administer the sacrament of Holy Orders, which [[ordination|ordains]] someone into the clergy.<ref name="OneFaith114">Barry, p. 114.</ref>

====Matrimony====
{{Anchor|Sacrament of marriage}}
{{Main|Marriage in the Catholic Church}}

{{See also|Catholic teachings on sexual morality}}

[[File:Jf9694Wedding San Nicolas Church Tolentine Marriage Pampangafvf 02.JPG|thumb|Wedding mass in the [[Philippines]]]]
The Catholic Church teaches that marriage is a social and spiritual bond between a man and a woman, ordered towards the good of the spouses and procreation of children; according to Catholic teachings on sexual morality, it is the only appropriate context for sexual activity. A Catholic marriage, or any marriage between baptized individuals of any Christian denomination, is viewed as a sacrament. A sacramental marriage, once consummated, cannot be dissolved except by death.<ref>{{Cite CCC|2.1|1601, 1614|quote=The matrimonial covenant, by which a man and a woman establish between themselves a partnership of the whole of life, is by its nature ordered toward the good of the spouses and the procreation and education of offspring; this covenant between baptized persons has been raised by Christ the Lord to the dignity of a sacrament.}}</ref>{{refn|Marriages involving unbaptized individuals are considered valid, but not sacramental. While sacramental marriages are insoluble, non-sacramental marriages may be dissolved under certain situations, such as a desire to marry a Catholic, under [[Pauline privilege|Pauline]] or [[Petrine privilege]].<ref name="Gantley" /><ref name="Doors" />||group="note"}} The church recognizes certain [[Marriage (Catholic Church)#Conditions for a valid marriage of Catholics|conditions]], such as freedom of consent, as required for any marriage to be valid; In addition, the church sets specific rules and norms, known as [[Marriage (Catholic Church)#Canonical form|canonical form]], that Catholics must follow.<ref>{{Cite CCC|2.1|1631}}</ref>

The church does not recognize divorce as ending a valid marriage and allows state-recognized divorce only as a means of protecting the property and well-being of the spouses and any children. However, consideration of particular cases by the competent ecclesiastical tribunal can lead to declaration of the invalidity of a marriage, a declaration usually referred to as an [[annulment (Catholic Church)|annulment]]. Remarriage following a divorce is not permitted unless the prior marriage was declared invalid.<ref>{{Cite CCC|2.1|1629}}</ref>

{{clear}}

==Liturgy==
{{Main|Catholic liturgy|Eastern Catholic liturgy}}

[[File:Thebible33.jpg|thumb|Catholic religious objects – [[Bible|Holy Bible]], [[crucifix]] and [[rosary]]]]
Among the 24 autonomous (''[[sui iuris]]'') churches, numerous liturgical and other traditions exist, called rites, which reflect historical and cultural diversity rather than differences in belief.<ref>{{Cite CCC|2.1|1200–09}}</ref> In the definition of the [[Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches]], "a rite is the liturgical, theological, spiritual, and disciplinary patrimony, culture and circumstances of history of a distinct people, by which its own manner of living the faith is manifested in each Church ''sui iuris''".<ref name="CCEO28">[http://www.intratext.com/IXT/ENG1199/__PS.HTM "''CCEO'', Canon 28 § 1"]. Vatican.va ([https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/apost_constitutions/documents/hf_jp-ii_apc_19901018_codex-can-eccl-orient-1_lt.html official text] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604154301/https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/apost_constitutions/documents/hf_jp-ii_apc_19901018_codex-can-eccl-orient-1_lt.html |date=4 June 2011 }}). Intratext.com (English translation). 1990. Excerpt: "''Ritus est patrimonium liturgicum, theologicum, spirituale et disciplinare cultura ac rerum adiunctis historiae populorum distinctum, quod modo fidei vivendae uniuscuiusque Ecclesiae sui iuris proprio exprimitur''." (A rite is the liturgical, theological, spiritual and disciplinary heritage, differentiated by peoples' culture and historical circumstances, that finds expression in each ''sui iuris'' Church's own way of living the faith).</ref>

The liturgy of the sacrament of the [[Eucharist]], called the [[Mass (liturgy)|Mass]] in the West and [[Divine Liturgy]] or other names in the East, is the principal liturgy of the Catholic Church.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P41.HTM|title=Catechism of the Catholic Church – IntraText – 1362–64|work=vatican.va|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150101045530/https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P41.HTM|archive-date=1 January 2015}}</ref> This is because it is considered the propitiatory sacrifice of Christ himself.<ref>{{Cite CCC|2.1|1367}}</ref> Eastern Catholic Churches have their [[Eastern Catholic liturgy|own rites]]: the liturgies of the Eucharist and the other sacraments vary from rite to rite, reflecting different theological emphases.

{{clear}}

===Western rites===
{{Main|Roman Rite|Latin liturgical rites}}


{{Anchor|Roman Rite of Mass}}{{Roman Rite of Mass}}

The [[Roman Rite]] is the most common [[Catholic liturgical rites|rite of worship]] used by the Catholic Church, with the [[Ordinary Form of the Roman Rite]] form of the Mass. Its use is found worldwide, originating in Rome and spreading throughout Europe, influencing and eventually supplanting local rites.<ref>{{cite book|last=Dobszay|first=Laszlo|date=2010|title=The Restoration and Organic Development of the Roman Rite|chapter=3|location=New York|publisher=T&T Clark International|chapter-url={{googlebooks|FYpD7C7__TYC|page=3|plainurl=y}}|isbn=978-0-567-03385-7|pages=3–5}}</ref> The present ordinary form of Mass in the Roman Rite, found in the post-1969 editions of the [[Roman Missal]], is usually celebrated in the local [[vernacular]] language, using an officially approved translation from the original text in [[Latin]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Sacrosanctum Concilium |url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_const_19631204_sacrosanctum-concilium_en.html |website=www.vatican.va}} Second Vatican Council, Constitution on the Sacred Liturgy, art. 36, 3-4).</ref>

Its most widely used [[Mass of Paul VI|form]] was [[Missale Romanum (apostolic constitution)|promulgated]] by [[Pope Paul VI]] in 1969 and [[Liturgiam Authenticam|revised]] by [[Pope John Paul II]] in 2001. In certain circumstances, the [[1962 Roman Missal|1962 form]] of the Roman Rite remains authorized in the Latin Church.


Since 2014, clergy in the small [[personal ordinariate]]s set up for groups of former Anglicans under the terms of the 2009 document ''[[Anglicanorum Coetibus]]''<ref name="Anglicanorum Coetibus">{{cite web|work=Apostolic Constitution of Pope Benedict XVI|url=https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/apost_constitutions/documents/hf_ben-xvi_apc_20091104_anglicanorum-coetibus_en.html|title=''"Anglicanorum Coetibus'': Providing for Personal Ordinariates for Anglicans Entering into Full Communion with the Catholic Church"|publisher=vatican.va|date=4 November 2009|access-date=31 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141027053023/https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/apost_constitutions/documents/hf_ben-xvi_apc_20091104_anglicanorum-coetibus_en.html|archive-date=27 October 2014}}</ref> are permitted to use a variation of the Roman Rite called "Divine Worship" or, less formally, "Ordinariate Use",<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ordinariate.org.uk/news/OrdinariateNews.php?New-Liturgical-Book-for-the-Personal-Ordinariates-195|title=Personal Ordinariate of Our Lady of Walsingham|work=ordinariate.org.uk|access-date=12 February 2016|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304131204/http://www.ordinariate.org.uk/news/OrdinariateNews.php?New-Liturgical-Book-for-the-Personal-Ordinariates-195|url-status=dead}}</ref> which incorporates elements of the [[Christian liturgy#Anglican Communion|Anglican liturgy]] and traditions.<ref group="note">The Divine Worship variant of the Roman Rite differs from the "Anglican Use" variant, which was introduced in 1980 for the few United States parishes established in accordance with a [[pastoral provision]] for former members of the [[Episcopal Church (United States)|Episcopal Church]] (the American branch of the Anglican Communion). Both uses adapted Anglican liturgical traditions for use within the Catholic Church.</ref>

In the [[Archdiocese of Milan]], with around five million Catholics the largest in Europe,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.catholicculture.org/news/headlines/index.cfm?storyid=10827|title=News Headlines|website=catholicculture.org}}</ref> Mass is celebrated according to the [[Ambrosian Rite]]. Other [[Latin liturgical rites|Latin Church rites]] include the [[Mozarabic Rite|Mozarabic]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Mozarabic Rite|url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/10611a.htm|publisher=New Advent|access-date=29 March 2015}}</ref> and those of some religious institutes.<ref>{{cite web|title=Western Catholic Liturgics/Early Western Liturgics|url=http://www.liturgica.com/html/litWLEarly.jsp?hostname=null#Worship|publisher=Liturgica.com|access-date=29 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150521124654/http://www.liturgica.com/html/litWLEarly.jsp?hostname=null|archive-date=21 May 2015}}</ref> These liturgical rites have an antiquity of at least 200 years before 1570, the date of Pope Pius V's ''[[Quo primum]]'', and were thus allowed to continue.<ref>{{cite web|title=Quo primum|url=http://www.newadvent.org/library/docs_pi05qp.htm|publisher=New Advent|access-date=29 March 2015}}</ref>

===Eastern rites===
{{Main|Catholic particular churches and liturgical rites#Eastern rites}}

[[File:Crowning in Syro-Malabar Nasrani Wedding by Mar Gregory Karotemprel.jpg|thumb|[[East Syrian Rite]] [[wedding crowning]] celebrated by a bishop of the [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Church]] in India, one of the 23 Eastern Catholic Churches in [[full communion]] with the pope and the Catholic Church]]
The Eastern Catholic Churches share common patrimony and liturgical rites as their counterparts, including [[Eastern Orthodox]] and other [[Eastern Christian]] churches who are no longer in communion with the Holy See. These include churches that historically developed in Russia, Caucasus, the Balkans, North Eastern Africa, India and the Middle East. The Eastern Catholic Churches are groups of faithful who have either never been out of communion with the Holy See or who have restored communion with it at the cost of breaking communion with their associates of the same tradition.<ref>{{cite CE1913 | wstitle = Eastern Churches | first = Adrian | last = Fortescue }} See "Eastern Catholic Churches"; In part: "The definition of an Eastern-Rite Catholic is: A Christian of any Eastern Catholic churches in union with the pope: i.e. a Catholic who belongs not to the Roman, but to an Eastern rite. They differ from other Eastern Christians in that they are in communion with Rome, and from Latins in that they have other rites"</ref>

The [[Eastern Catholic liturgy|liturgical rites of the Eastern Catholic Churches]] include the [[Byzantine Rite]] (in its Antiochian, Greek and Slavonic [[Use (liturgy)|recensions]]), the [[Alexandrian Rite]], the [[West Syrian Rite]], the [[Armenian Rite]], and the [[East Syriac Rite]]. Eastern Catholic Churches have the autonomy to set the particulars of their liturgical forms and worship, within certain limits to protect the "accurate observance" of their liturgical tradition.<ref>{{cite web |title=''CCEO'', Canon 40 |publisher=Intratext.com (English translation) |date=1990 |url=http://www.intratext.com/IXT/ENG1199/_P14.HTM}}</ref>

In the past, some of the rites used by the Eastern Catholic Churches were subject to a degree of [[liturgical Latinization]]. In recent years Eastern Catholic Churches have returned to traditional Eastern practices in accord with the 1964 [[Vatican II]] decree ''[[Orientalium Ecclesiarum]]''.<ref>{{cite book|editor-last=Parry|editor-first=Ken |editor2=David Melling|display-editors=etal |title=The Blackwell Dictionary of Eastern Christianity |pages=357–85 |publisher=Blackwell Publishing |date=1999 |location=Malden, MA |isbn=978-0-631-23203-2}}</ref> Each church has its own [[liturgical calendar]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Eastern Rite Catholicism |url=http://ccky.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/Eastern-Rite-Catholicism.pdf |publisher=Catholic Conference of Kentucky |access-date=4 April 2015 |archive-date=10 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150410005013/http://ccky.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/Eastern-Rite-Catholicism.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

{{clear}}

==Social, moral and cultural issues==
===Catholic social teaching===
{{Main|Catholic social teaching}}

[[File:Pope Francis Korea Haemi Castle 19 (4x5 cropped).jpg|thumb|upright|On 24 May 2015, [[Pope Francis]] issued the {{lang|it|[[Laudato si']]}}, an [[encyclical]] that deals with questions such as consumerism, responsible development and environmental degradation.]]

Catholic social teaching, reflecting the concern Jesus showed for the impoverished, places a heavy emphasis on the [[corporal works of mercy]] and the [[spiritual works of mercy]], namely the support and concern for the sick, the poor and the afflicted.<ref>{{cite CE1913| wstitle = Corporal and Spiritual Works of Mercy | first = Joseph | last = Delany }}</ref><ref name="Compendium of the CCC, 388">{{cite web |url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/compendium_ccc/documents/archive_2005_compendium-ccc_en.html#Mans%20Vocation:%20Life%20in%20the%20Spirit |title=''Compendium of the CCC'', 388 |publisher=Vatican.va |access-date=30 June 2011}}</ref> Church teaching calls for a preferential [[option for the poor]] while canon law prescribes that "The Christian faithful are also obliged to promote [[social justice]] and, mindful of the precept of the Lord, to assist the poor."<ref name="Cann22">{{cite web |url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__PU.HTM |title=Canon 222 § 2 |website=1983 Code of Canon Law |publisher=Vatican.va |access-date=12 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303192100/https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__PU.HTM |archive-date=3 March 2016}}</ref> Its foundations are widely considered to have been laid by Pope Leo XIII's 1891 encyclical letter ''[[Rerum novarum]]'' which upholds the rights and dignity of labour and the right of workers to form unions.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Rerum-Novarum|title=''Rerum Novarum''|encyclopedia=Britannica|access-date=1 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Rerum Novarum Summary |url=https://capp-usa.org/2025/03/rerum-novarum-summary/ |website=CAPP-USA |date=6 March 2025}}</ref>

===Social services===
{{Main|Catholic Church and health care|Catholic school|l2 = Catholic education}}

[[File:MotherTeresa 090.jpg|thumb|upright| [[Mother Teresa|Saint Teresa of Calcutta]] advocated for the sick, the poor and the needy by practising the acts of [[corporal works of mercy]]. She was awarded the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] in 1979.]]

The Catholic Church is the largest non-government provider of education and medical services in the world.<ref name="Geopolitics" /> In 2010 the Catholic Church's Pontifical Council for Pastoral Assistance to Health Care Workers said that the church manages 26% of health care facilities in the world, including hospitals, clinics, orphanages, pharmacies and centres for those with leprosy.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/18624/catholic-hospitals-comprise-one-quarter-of-worlds-healthcare-council-reports|title=Catholic hospitals comprise one quarter of world's healthcare, council reports|publisher=Catholic News Agency |date=10 February 2010|access-date=17 August 2012}}</ref>

The church has always been involved in education, since the founding of the [[Medieval university|first universities]] of Europe.<ref name="auto" /> It runs and sponsors thousands of primary and secondary schools, [[Catholic higher education|colleges and universities]] throughout the world<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.usccb.org/beliefs-and-teachings/how-we-teach/catholic-education/upload/2013-By-the-Numbers-Catholic-Education.pdf|title=Catholic Education|archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20140408052602/http://www.usccb.org/beliefs-and-teachings/how-we-teach/catholic-education/upload/2013-By-the-Numbers-Catholic-Education.pdf|archive-date=2014-04-08}}</ref><ref name="Vermont_winter" /> and operates the world's largest non-governmental school system.<ref>{{citation|last1=Gardner|first1=Roy|first2=Denis|last2=Lawton|first3=Jo|last3=Cairns|title=Faith Schools|publisher=Routledge|year=2005|page=148|isbn=978-0-415-33526-3}}</ref>

Religious institutes for women have played a particularly prominent role in the provision of health and education services,<ref name="nunsworldwide">{{cite web|url=http://www.catholicworldreport.com/Item/663/nuns_worldwide.aspx|title=Nuns Worldwide|first=J. J.|last=Zieglera|date=12 May 2012|publisher=Catholic World Report}}</ref> as with orders such as the [[Sisters of Mercy]], [[Little Sisters of the Poor]], the Missionaries of Charity, the [[Sisters of St. Joseph of the Sacred Heart]], the [[Sisters of the Blessed Sacrament]] and the [[Daughters of Charity of Saint Vincent de Paul]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vocations.com/womenrel.html|title=Vocations Online Internet Directory of Women's Religious Communities|date=2010|publisher=[[Joliet Diocese]] Vocation Office|access-date=14 June 2018|archive-date=10 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180910114541/http://www.vocations.com/womenrel.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> The Catholic nun [[Mother Teresa]] of [[Calcutta, India]], founder of the Missionaries of Charity, was awarded the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] in 1979 for her humanitarian work among India's poor.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1979/press.html|title=Press Release – The Nobel Peace Prize 1979|publisher=Nobelprize.org|date=27 October 1979|access-date=28 October 2010}}</ref> Bishop [[Carlos Filipe Ximenes Belo]] won the same award in 1996 for "work towards a just and peaceful solution to the conflict in [[East Timor]]".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1996/press.html|title=Press Release – Nobel Peace Prize 1996|publisher=Nobelprize.org|date=11 October 1996|access-date=28 October 2010}}</ref>

The church is also actively engaged in international aid and development through organizations such as [[Catholic Relief Services]], [[Caritas Internationalis]], [[Aid to the Church in Need]], refugee advocacy groups such as the [[Jesuit Refugee Service]] and community aid groups such as the [[Saint Vincent de Paul Society]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cpn.nd.edu/resources-for-scholars-clergy-and-practitioners/international-catholic-peacebuilding-organizations/|title=International Catholic Peacebuilding Organisations (directory)|publisher=Catholic Peacebuilding Network|location=Notre Dame, IN|date=2015|access-date=2 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403084409/http://cpn.nd.edu/resources-for-scholars-clergy-and-practitioners/international-catholic-peacebuilding-organizations/|archive-date=3 April 2015}}</ref>

===Sexual morality===
{{Main|Catholic theology of sexuality|Catholic theology of the body|Marriage in the Catholic Church}}

[[File:Hans Memling - Allegory with a Virgin - WGA14896.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|An [[allegory]] of chastity by [[Hans Memling]]]]

====Chastity and marriage====
In the church's teaching, sexual activity should be reserved to married couples without artificial birth control. Marriage is considered the only appropriate context for sexual activity,<ref name="2337_">{{Cite CCC|2.1|2337,2349|quote='People should cultivate [chastity] in the way that is suited to their state of life. Some profess virginity or consecrated celibacy which enables them to give themselves to God alone with an undivided heart in a remarkable manner. Others live in the way prescribed for all by the moral law, whether they are married or single.' (CDF, ''[[Persona humana]]'' 11.) Married people are called to live conjugal chastity; others practise chastity in continence: 'There are three forms of the virtue of chastity: the first is that of spouses, the second that of widows, and the third that of virgins. We do not praise any one of them to the exclusion of the others. ... This is what makes for the richness of the discipline of the Church.' (St. Ambrose, De viduis 4,23:PL 16,255A.)}}</ref> whether in a [[Marriage in the Catholic Church|sacramental marriage]] among Christians or in a [[natural marriage]] where one or both spouses are unbaptized. Even in romantic relationships, including [[engagement to marriage]], partners are called to abstain from sexual activity, in order to test mutual respect and fidelity.<ref>{{Cite CCC|2.1|2348–50}}</ref>

Chastity in marriage requires, in particular, conjugal fidelity and protecting the fecundity of marriage. The couple must foster trust and honesty as well as spiritual and physical intimacy. Sexual activity must always be open to the transmission of new life;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.diocesehelena.org/offices-and-ministries/pastoral-renewal-services/fertility-awareness/church-teaching-about-contraception/|title=Church teaching about contraception|publisher=[[Roman Catholic Diocese of Helena]]|access-date=19 December 2014|archive-date=19 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141219190706/http://www.diocesehelena.org/offices-and-ministries/pastoral-renewal-services/fertility-awareness/church-teaching-about-contraception/|url-status=dead}}</ref> the church calls this the procreative significance. It must likewise always bring a couple together in love; the church calls this the unitive significance.<ref name="humanaevitae" >{{cite web|url=https://www.vatican.va/content/paul-vi/en/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-vi_enc_25071968_humanae-vitae.html|title=Humanae Vitae|author=[[Pope Paul VI]]|date=25 July 1968|work=vatican.va}}</ref> Artificial [[contraception]] and certain other [[Catholic teachings on sexual morality#Teachings on specific subjects|sexual practices]] are not permitted, although [[natural family planning]] methods are permitted to provide healthy spacing between births, or to postpone children for a just reason.<ref>{{Cite CCC|2.1|2364–72}}</ref>

Church teachings about sexuality have become an issue of increasing controversy in the Western world, especially after the close of the Second Vatican Council in the 1960s, due to changing cultural attitudes described as the [[sexual revolution]].<ref name="humanaevitae" /> Pope Francis said in 2015 that he was worried that the church has grown "obsessed" with issues such as abortion, [[same-sex marriage]] and [[contraception]], and for prioritizing moral doctrines over helping the poor and marginalized.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.americamagazine.org/faith/2013/09/30/big-heart-open-god-interview-pope-francis|title=A Big Heart Open to God: An interview with Pope Francis|website=[[America (magazine)|America]]|date=30 September 2013|access-date=16 February 2021|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/20/world/europe/pope-bluntly-faults-churchs-focus-on-gays-and-abortion.html|title=Pope Says Church Is 'Obsessed' With Gays, Abortion and Birth Control|newspaper=The New York Times|date=20 September 2013|author-last1=Goodstein|author-first1=Laurie}}</ref>

====Homosexuality====
{{Main|Homosexuality and the Catholic Church}}

The Catholic Church teaches that "homosexual acts" are "contrary to the natural law", "acts of grave depravity" and "under no circumstances can they be approved", but that persons experiencing homosexual tendencies must be accorded respect and dignity.<ref name="ccc2357-2359">{{Cite CCC|2.1|2357–59}}</ref> According to the ''[[Catechism of the Catholic Church]]'',

{{blockquote
| text = The number of men and women who have deep-seated homosexual tendencies is not negligible. This inclination, which is objectively disordered, constitutes for most of them a trial. They must be accepted with respect, compassion, and sensitivity. Every sign of unjust discrimination in their regard should be avoided...

Homosexual persons are called to chastity. By the virtues of self-mastery that teach them inner freedom, at times by the support of disinterested friendship, by prayer and sacramental grace, they can and should gradually and resolutely approach Christian perfection.<ref name="ccc2357-2359" />{{refn|group=note|This part of the ''Catechism'' was quoted by Pope Francis in a 2013 press interview in which he remarked, when asked about an individual: "I think that when you encounter a person like this [the individual he was asked about], you must make a distinction between the fact of a person being gay from the fact of being a lobby, because lobbies, all are not good. That is bad. If a person is gay and seeks the Lord and has good will, well who am I to judge them?"<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/27823/full-transcript-of-popes-in-flight-press-remarks-released|title=Full transcript of Pope's in-flight press remarks released|publisher=Catholic News Agency|date=5 August 2013|access-date=12 October 2013}}</ref> This remark and others made in the same interview were seen as a change in the tone, but not in the substance of the teaching of the church,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://religion.blogs.cnn.com/2013/07/29/popes-remarks-on-gays-a-shift-in-tone-not-substance/ |publisher=CNN |title=Pope on gays: A shift in tone, not substance |date=29 July 2013 |access-date=12 October 2013 |archive-date=5 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201205092955/https://religion.blogs.cnn.com/2013/07/29/popes-remarks-on-gays-a-shift-in-tone-not-substance/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> which includes opposition to [[same-sex marriage]].<ref name="1601_05">{{Cite CCC|2.1|1601–05}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/world/pope-denounces-gay-marriage-annual-xmas-message-article-1.1225960|work=NY Daily News|date=22 December 2012|title=Pope Benedict denounces gay marriage during his annual Christmas message|first=Carol|last=Kuruvilla|location=New York}}</ref>
}} }}

Orthodox Catholic groups, such as Building Catholic Futures, encourage parishes to incorporate celibate gay people into the church communities.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.americamagazine.org/faith/2023/06/26/lgbt-catholic-resources-245546|title=Young LGBT Catholics need to know they belong in the church. I'm creating a curriculum to tell them that.|work=America The Jesuit Review|date=26 June 2023|author=Eve Tushnet |access-date=28 May 2025}}</ref>
Certain [[dissent]]ing Catholic groups, such as [[DignityUSA]], [[Dissent from Catholic teaching on homosexuality|oppose the position of the Catholic Church]] and seek to change it and to educate Catholics on LGBT issues.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.dignityusa.org/news/stub | title=Statement of Position & Purpose }}</ref> the Catholic Church has banned all such groups from church property.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/cfaith/documents/rc_con_cfaith_doc_19861001_homosexual-persons_en.html |title=LETTER TO THE BISHOPS OF THE CATHOLIC CHURCH ON THE PASTORAL CARE OF HOMOSEXUAL PERSONS|work=America The Jesuit Review|date=1 October 1986 |author=Joseph Cardinal Ratzinger |access-date=28 May 2025}}</ref>

====Divorce and declarations of nullity====
{{Main|Declaration of nullity}}

{{further|Divorce law by country}}

Canon law makes no provision for divorce between baptized individuals, as a valid, consummated sacramental marriage is considered to be a lifelong bond.<ref>{{Cite CCC|2.1|1640}}</ref> However, a declaration of nullity may be granted when the proof is produced that essential conditions for contracting a valid marriage were absent from the beginning—in other words, that the marriage was not valid due to some impediment. A declaration of nullity, commonly called an annulment, is a judgement on the part of an [[ecclesiastical tribunal]] determining that a marriage was invalidly attempted.<ref>{{Cite CCC|2.1|1625–32}}</ref>

Marriages among unbaptized individuals may be dissolved with papal permission under certain situations, such as a desire to marry a Catholic, under [[Pauline privilege|Pauline]] or [[Petrine privilege]].<ref name="Gantley">Rev. Mark J. Gantley. [http://www.ewtn.com/vexperts/showmessage.asp?number=410268 "Petrine or Pauline Privilege"]. EWTN Global Catholic Network. 3 September 2004. Accessed 15 November 2014.</ref><ref name="Doors">"[http://www.catholicdoors.com/misc/marriage/canonlaw.htm Canon 1141–1143]". 1983 Code of Canon Law. Catholicdoors.com.</ref> An attempt at remarriage following divorce without a declaration of nullity places "the remarried spouse ... in a situation of public and permanent adultery". An innocent spouse who lives in continence following divorce, or couples who live in continence following a civil divorce for a grave cause, do not sin.<ref>{{Cite CCC|2.1|2384–86}}</ref>


Worldwide, diocesan tribunals completed over 49000 cases for nullity of marriage in 2006. Over the past 30 years about 55 to 70% of annulments have occurred in the United States. The growth in annulments has been substantial; in the United States, 27,000 marriages were annulled in 2006, compared to 338 in 1968. However, approximately 200,000 married Catholics in the United States divorce each year; 10 million total {{As of|2006|lc=y}}.<ref name="Soule">{{cite web |last=Soule |first=W. Becket |title=Preserving the Sanctity of Marriage |url=http://www.kofc.org/un/en/resources/cis/cis301.pdf |work=2009 |publisher=Knights of Columbus |access-date=6 January 2014 |archive-date=7 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211107092530/http://www.kofc.org/un/en/resources/cis/cis301.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>{{refn|group=note|With regard to divorce in the United States, according to the Barna Group, among all who have been married, 33% have been divorced at least once; among American Catholics, 28% (the study did not track religious annulments).<ref>{{cite web |title=New Marriage and Divorce Statistics Released |date=2008 |url=https://www.barna.org/barna-update/article/15-familykids/42-new-marriage-and-divorce-statistics-released |publisher=Barna Group |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141219120231/http://www.barna.org/barna-update/article/15-familykids/42-new-marriage-and-divorce-statistics-released |archive-date=19 December 2014}}</ref>|}} Divorce is increasing in some predominantly Catholic countries in Europe.<ref>{{cite web |title=Divorces rising in Catholic Europe |url=http://religiousconsultation.org/News_Tracker/divorces_rising_in_Catholic_Europe.htm |work=Los Angeles Times |date=24 May 2006}}</ref>

====Contraception and abortion====
{{Main|Christian views on birth control#Catholicism}}

{{see also|Catholic Church and HIV/AIDS|Religious response to assisted reproductive technology#Catholicism}}

[[File:Paulaudenece1977.jpg|upright=0.8|thumb|[[Pope Paul VI]] issued ''[[Humanae vitae]]'' on 25 July 1968.]]
The church teaches that [[Human reproduction#Copulation|sexual intercourse]] should only take place between a man and woman who are married to each other, and should be without the use of [[birth control]] or [[contraception]]. In his encyclical ''[[Humanae vitae]]''<ref name="humanae">{{cite web|last=Paul VI|first=Pope|title=Humanae vitae|publisher=Vatican|year=1968|url=https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/paul_vi/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-vi_enc_25071968_humanae-vitae_en.html|access-date=2 February 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110303114045/https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/paul_vi/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-vi_enc_25071968_humanae-vitae_en.html|archive-date=3 March 2011}}</ref> (1968) [[Pope Paul VI]] firmly rejected all artificial contraception, thus contradicting dissenters in the church who saw the [[birth control pill]] as an ethically justifiable method of [[contraception]], though he permitted the regulation of births by means of natural family planning (NFP.) This teaching was continued especially by John Paul II in his encyclical ''{{lang|la|[[Evangelium Vitae]]}}'', where he clarified the church's position on artificial contraception, [[Catholic Church and abortion|abortion]] and [[euthanasia]] by condemning them as part of a "culture of death" and calling instead for a "[[culture of life]]".{{sfn|Bokenkotter|2004|pp=27, 154, 493–94}}

Many Western Catholics have voiced significant disagreement with the church's teaching on contraception.<ref>A summary and restatement of the debate is available in Roderick Hindery. "The Evolution of Freedom as Catholicity in Catholic Ethics." ''Anxiety, Guilt, and Freedom''. Eds. Benjamin Hubbard and Brad Starr, UPA, 1990.</ref> Overturning the church's teaching on this point features high on progressive agendas.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Front Page |url=https://ten-commandments.org/ |access-date=8 November 2022 |website=Ten Commandments for Church Reform |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Catholics for Choice]], a political lobbyist group that is not associated with the Catholic Church, stated in 1998 that 96% of American Catholic women had used contraceptives at some point in their lives and that 72% of Catholics believed that one could be a good Catholic without obeying the church's teaching on birth control.<ref name="cath_choice">{{cite web|url=http://www.catholicsforchoice.org/topics/prevention/documents/1998amatterofconsciece.pdf|title=A Matter of Conscience: Catholics on Contraception|access-date=1 October 2006|author=Catholics for a Choice|year=1998|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061011221417/http://www.catholicsforchoice.org/topics/prevention/documents/1998amatterofconsciece.pdf|archive-date=11 October 2006}}</ref> Use of natural family planning methods among United States Catholics purportedly is low, although the number cannot be known with certainty.{{refn|group=note|Regarding use of [[natural family planning]], in 2002, 24% of the U.S. population identified as Catholic,<ref name="adherents">{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/19990508224844/http://www.adherents.com/rel_USA.html Largest Religious Groups in the USA]}}. Accessed 13 November 2005.</ref> but according to a 2002 study by the [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]], of sexually active Americans avoiding pregnancy, only 1.5% were using NFP.<ref name="cdc">{{cite journal|last=Chandra|first=A.|author2=Martinez G.M.|author3=Mosher W.D.|author4=Abma J.C.|author5=Jones J.|title=Fertility, Family Planning, and Reproductive Health of U.S. Women: Data From the 2002 National Survey of Family Growth|publisher=National Center for Health Statistics|journal=Vital and Health Statistics|volume=23|issue=25|year=2005|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/series/sr_23/sr23_025.pdf|access-date=20 May 2007}} See Table 56.</ref>|}} As Catholic health providers are among the largest providers of services to patients with [[HIV/AIDS]] worldwide, there is significant controversy within and outside the church regarding the use of condoms as a means of limiting new infections, as [[condom]] use ordinarily constitutes prohibited contraceptive use.<ref name="CNS.AIDS">{{cite news|title=Pope speaks out on condoms|work=The Catholic Leader|agency=CNS|url=http://catholicleader.com.au/news/pope-speaks-out-on-condoms_45117|date=29 March 2009|access-date=27 March 2017|quote=Pope Benedict XVI's declaration that distribution of condoms only increases the problem of AIDS is the latest and one of the strongest statements in a simmering debate inside the church... he was asked whether the church's approach to AIDS prevention—which focuses primarily on sexual responsibility and rejects condom campaigns—was unrealistic and ineffective... The pope did not get into the specific question of whether in certain circumstances condom use was morally licit or illicit in AIDS prevention, an issue that is still under study by Vatican theologians.}}</ref>

Similarly, the Catholic Church opposes [[artificial insemination]] regardless of whether it is homologous (from the husband) or heterologous (from a [[Sperm donation|donor]]) and [[in vitro fertilization]] (IVF), saying that the artificial process replaces the love and conjugal act between a husband and wife.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Medical News Today|url=http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/38686.php|title=Pope Benedict XVI Declares Embryos Developed For In Vitro Fertilisation Have Right To Life|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081229164506/http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/38686.php|archive-date=29 December 2008}}</ref> In addition, it opposes IVF because it might cause disposal of embryos; Catholics believe an embryo is an individual with a [[soul]] who must be treated as such.<ref>Allen, John L., ''The Future Church: How Ten Trends are Revolutionising the Catholic Church'', p. 223.</ref> For this reason, the church also opposes abortion.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.usccb.org/issues-and-action/human-life-and-dignity/abortion/respect-for-unborn-human-life|title=Respect for Unborn Human Life: The Church's Constant Teaching|publisher=[[United States Conference of Catholic Bishops]]|author=USCCB Committee on Pro-Life Activities|access-date=14 October 2021}}</ref>

The Catholic Church oppose all forms of [[abortion]] procedures whose direct purpose is to destroy a [[zygote]], [[blastocyst]], [[embryo]] or [[fetus]], since it holds that "human life must be respected and protected absolutely from the moment of [[fertilisation|conception]]. From the first moment of his existence, a human being must be recognized as having the rights of a person – among which is the inviolable [[Right to life|right of every innocent being to life]]".<ref name="Catechism">{{Cite web|url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P7Z.HTM#-2C6|title=Catechism of the Catholic Church - IntraText|website=www.vatican.va|access-date=2017-07-05}}</ref> However, the church does recognize as morally legitimate certain acts which [[Indirect abortion|indirectly]] result in the death of the [[fetus]]. The [[1983 Code of Canon Law|1983 ''Code of Canon Law'']] imposes [[Latae sententiae|automatic (''latae sententiae'')]] [[Excommunication (Catholic Church)|excommunication]] on [[Latin Catholics]] who actually procure an abortion,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/cod-iuris-canonici/eng/documents/cic_lib6_en.pdf|title=Penal Sanctions in the Church|publisher=The Holy See|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230612075224/https://www.vatican.va/archive/cod-iuris-canonici/eng/documents/cic_lib6_en.pdf|archive-date=Jun 12, 2023}}</ref> if they fulfill the conditions for being subject to such a sanction.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/cod-iuris-canonici/cic_index_en.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071224152526/https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P4W.HTM|url-status=dead|title=Code of Canon Law: Table of Contents|archivedate=December 24, 2007|website=www.vatican.va}}</ref>

Due to the anti-abortion stance, some Catholics oppose receiving vaccines derived from fetal cells obtained via abortion. On 21 December 2020, and regarding [[COVID-19 vaccination]], the [[Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith]] emitted a document stating that "it is morally acceptable to receive Covid-19 vaccines that have used cell lines from aborted fetuses in their research and production process" when no alternative vaccine is available, since "the moral duty to avoid such passive material cooperation is not obligatory if there is a grave danger, such as the otherwise uncontainable spread of a serious pathological agent."<ref>{{Cite journal|date=1 May 2019|title=Pontifical Academy for Life Statement: Moral Reflections on Vaccines Prepared from Cells Derived from Aborted Human Foetuses|journal=[[The Linacre Quarterly]]|language=en|volume=86|issue=2–3|pages=182–87|doi=10.1177/0024363919855896|issn=0024-3639|pmc=6699053|pmid=32431408}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=[[Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith]]|date=21 December 2020|title=Note on the morality of using some anti-Covid-19 vaccines (21 December 2020)|url=https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/cfaith/documents/rc_con_cfaith_doc_20201221_nota-vaccini-anticovid_en.html|access-date=23 June 2021|website=[[Holy See|Vatican]]}}</ref> The document states that receiving the vaccine does not constitute endorsement of the practice of abortion, and that "the morality of vaccination depends not only on the duty to protect one's own health, but also on the duty to pursue the common good."<ref name=":0" /> The document cautions further:{{blockquote
| Those who, however, for reasons of conscience, refuse vaccines produced with cell lines from aborted fetuses, must do their utmost to avoid, by other prophylactic means and appropriate behavior, becoming vehicles for the transmission of the infectious agent. In particular, they must avoid any risk to the health of those who cannot be vaccinated for medical or other reasons, and who are the most vulnerable.<ref name=":0" />
}}

===Death penalty and euthanasia===
{{Main|Catholic Church and capital punishment}}

The Catholic Church is committed to the worldwide abolition of the death penalty in any circumstance.<ref name=":16">{{Cite web |last=Brockhaus |first=Hannah |date=2 August 2018 |title=Vatican changes Catechism teaching on death penalty, calls it 'inadmissible' |url=https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/39033/vatican-changes-catechism-teaching-on-death-penalty-calls-it-inadmissible |access-date=2 August 2018 |website=[[Catholic News Agency]]}}</ref> The current ''[[Catechism of the Catholic Church]]'' teaches that "in the light of the [[Gospel]]" the death penalty is "inadmissible because it is an attack on the inviolability and [[Human dignity|dignity of the person]]" and that the Catholic Church "works with determination for its abolition worldwide."<ref name=":02">{{Cite news |last=Harlan |first=Chico |date=2 August 2018 |title=Pope Francis changes Catholic Church teaching to say death penalty is 'inadmissible' |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/pope-francis-changes-catholic-church-teaching-to-say-death-penalty-is-inadmissible/2018/08/02/0d69ef5e-9647-11e8-80e1-00e80e1fdf43_story.html |access-date=2 August 2018 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref> In his 2020 encyclical ''[[Fratelli tutti]]'', Francis repeated that the death penalty is "inadmissible" and that "there can be no stepping back from this position".<ref name=":112">{{Cite web |last=Pentin |first=Edward |date=4 October 2020 |title=Pope's New Encyclical 'Fratelli Tutti' Outlines Vision for a Better World |url=https://www.ncregister.com/news/pope-s-new-encyclical-fratelli-tutti-outlines-vision-for-a-better-world |access-date=6 October 2020 |website=[[National Catholic Register]] |language=en}}</ref> On 9 January 2022 Pope Francis stated in his annual speech to Vatican ambassadors: "The death penalty cannot be employed for a purported state justice, since it does not constitute a deterrent nor render justice to victims, but only fuels the thirst for vengeance".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pullella |first=Philip |date=9 January 2023 |title=Pope condemns Iran's use of death penalty against protesters |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/pope-says-wars-like-that-ukraine-are-crime-against-god-humanity-2023-01-09/ |access-date=13 January 2023}}</ref>

There is controversy about whether the Catholic Church considers the death penalty intrinsically evil.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Trabbic |first=Joseph G. |date=16 August 2018 |title=Capital punishment: Intrinsically evil or morally permissible? |url=https://www.catholicworldreport.com/2018/08/16/capital-punishment-intrinsically-evil-or-morally-permissible/ |access-date=27 February 2023 |website=[[Catholic World Report]] |language=en-US |quote=The revision of no. 2267 of the Catechism of the Catholic Church recently authorized by Pope Francis to develop magisterial teaching on the death penalty has generated a variety of conflicting interpretations. These interpretations could be divided up in different ways. One division might note that some interpretations claim—or strongly imply—that the revision teaches that the death penalty is intrinsically evil, whereas others claim that it continues to teach, in line with past magisterial declarations, that the death penalty is morally permissible in certain circumstances.}}</ref> The American Archbishop [[José Horacio Gómez]]<ref name=":1" /> and the Catholic philosopher [[Edward Feser]] argue that this is a matter of prudential judgement and that the church does not teach this as a ''de fide'' statement;<ref>{{Cite web |last=Feser |first=Edward |author-link=Edward Feser |date=3 August 2018 |title=Pope Francis and Capital Punishment |url=https://www.firstthings.com/web-exclusives/2018/08/pope-francis-and-capital-punishment |access-date=26 February 2023 |website=First Things |language=en}}</ref> others, such as Cardinals [[Charles Maung Bo]] and [[Rino Fisichella]], state that it does.<ref name=":1" />

The Catholic Church opposes active euthanasia and [[physician-assisted suicide]] on the grounds that life is a gift from God and should not be prematurely shortened. However, the church allows dying people to refuse [[Dysthanasia|extraordinary treatments]] that would minimally prolong life without hope of recovery.<ref name="Dowbiggin98">{{Harvnb|Dowbiggin|2003|p=98}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author= |date=21 November 2013 |title=Religious Groups' Views on End-of-Life Issues |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2013/11/21/religious-groups-views-on-end-of-life-issues/ |access-date=7 August 2022 |website=Pew Research Center |quote=}}</ref>

===Holy orders and women===
{{Main|Ordination of women in the Catholic Church|Women in the Catholic Church}}

Women and men religious engage in a variety of occupations such as contemplative prayer, teaching, providing health care, and working as missionaries.<ref name="nunsworldwide" /><ref name="news.bbc.co.uk">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7227629.stm|title=Europe – Catholic nuns and monks decline|work=BBC News|date=5 February 2008|access-date=12 March 2013}}</ref> [[Catholic Church and women|Catholic women]] have played diverse roles in the life of the church, with religious institutes providing a formal space for their participation and [[convent]]s providing spaces for their self-government, prayer and influence through many centuries. [[Religious sisters]] and [[nun]]s have been extensively involved in developing and running the church's worldwide health and education service networks.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/21/us/21nuns.html|work=[[The New York Times]]|first=Kevin|last=Sack|title=Nuns, a 'Dying Breed,' Fade From Leadership Roles at Catholic Hospitals|date=20 August 2011}}</ref>

[[Holy Orders]] are reserved for men. Efforts in support of the [[Catholic Church doctrine on the ordination of women|ordination of women]] to the priesthood led to several rulings by the Roman Curia or popes against the proposal, as in ''[[Declaration on the Question of the Admission of Women to the Ministerial Priesthood]]'' (1976), ''[[Mulieris Dignitatem]]'' (1988) and ''[[Ordinatio sacerdotalis]]'' (1994). According to the latest ruling, found in ''Ordinatio sacerdotalis'', [[Pope John Paul II]] affirmed that the Catholic Church "does not consider herself authorised to admit women to priestly ordination".<ref>[https://www.vatican.va/content/john-paul-ii/en/apost_letters/1994/documents/hf_jp-ii_apl_19940522_ordinatio-sacerdotalis.html ''Apostolic Letter ''Ordinatio Sacerdotalis'' of John Paul II to the Bishops of the Catholic Church on Reserving Priestly Ordination to Men Alone''] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151125234700/http://w2.vatican.va/content/john-paul-ii/en/apost_letters/1994/documents/hf_jp-ii_apl_19940522_ordinatio-sacerdotalis.html |date=25 November 2015 }} Copyright 1994 Libreria Editrice Vaticana. Retrieved 25 March 2015</ref>

In defiance of these rulings, independent opposition groups such as [[Roman Catholic Womenpriests]] have performed ceremonies they affirm as sacramental ordinations, with, reputedly, an ordaining male Catholic bishop in the first few instances, which, according to [[canon law]], are both illicit and invalid and considered mere ''simulations''<ref name="cann1379">{{cite web|url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/_P54.HTM|title=Canon 1379|website=1983 Code of Canon Law|publisher=Vatican.va|access-date=17 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020161758/https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/_P54.HTM|archive-date=20 October 2012}}</ref> of the sacrament of ordination.<ref name="RCWP">[http://www.romancatholicwomenpriests.org/ordained.htm "Ordinations: Response Regarding Excommunication Decree"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190201114453/https://www.romancatholicwomenpriests.org/ordained.htm |date=1 February 2019 }}. 2011 Roman Catholic Womenpriests-USA, Inc. Retrieved 5 June 2011</ref>{{refn|According to Roman Catholic Womanpriests: "The principal consecrating Roman Catholic male bishop who ordained our first women bishops is a bishop with apostolic succession within the Roman Catholic Church in full communion with the pope."<ref name="RCWP" />|group=note}} The [[Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith]] responded by issuing a statement clarifying that any Catholic bishops involved in ordination ceremonies for women, as well as the women themselves if they were Catholic, would automatically receive the penalty of [[excommunication]] (''[[latae sententiae]]'', literally "with the sentence already applied", i.e. automatically), citing canon 1378 of [[canon law]] and other church laws.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/12780/vatican-decrees-excommunication-for-participation-in-ordination-of-women|title=Vatican decrees excommunication for participation in 'ordination' of women|publisher=Catholic News Agency|date=29 May 2008|access-date=6 June 2011}}</ref>

===Sexual abuse cases===
{{Main|Catholic Church sexual abuse cases}}

From the 1990s the issue of [[sexual abuse of minors]] by Catholic clergy and other church members has become the subject of civil litigation, criminal prosecution, media coverage and public debate in [[Catholic Church sex abuse cases by country|countries around the world]]. Many Catholic bishops and other officials had protected priests accused of sexual abuse, and transferred them to other assignments elsewhere, where they continued to commit sex crimes against children. There has been resultant extensive public criticism of the church.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Accused - BishopAccountability.org |url=https://www.bishop-accountability.org/accused/ |access-date=2025-01-21 |website=Bishop-accountability.org |language=en-US}}</ref>

In response to the scandals, formal procedures have been established to help prevent abuse, encourage the reporting of any abuse that occurs and to handle such reports promptly, although groups representing victims have disputed their effectiveness.<ref>{{cite news|author=David Willey|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-10645748|title=Vatican 'speeds up' abuse cases|work=BBC News|date=15 July 2010|access-date=28 October 2010}}</ref> In 2014, Pope Francis instituted the [[Pontifical Commission for the Protection of Minors]] for the safeguarding of minors.<ref name="hspo.b0199/00444.2014.03.22">{{cite press release |url=https://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/it/bollettino/pubblico/2014/03/22/0199/00444.html |title=Comunicato della Sala Stampa: Istituzione della Pontificia Commissione per la Tutela dei Minori |trans-title=Press Release: Establishment of the Pontifical Commission for the Protection of Minors |language=it |publisher=[[Holy See Press Office]] |date=22 March 2014 |access-date=30 March 2014 |id=B0199/00444}}</ref>

=== Environmental ===

The church has also addressed stewardship of the natural environment, and its relationship to other social and theological teachings. In the document {{lang|it|[[Laudato si']]}}, dated 24 May 2015, Pope Francis critiques [[consumerism]] and [[overdevelopment|irresponsible development]], and laments [[environmental degradation]] and [[climate change]].<ref name="NYT">{{cite news|first1=Jim|last1=Yardley|first2=Laurie|last2=Goodstein|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/19/world/europe/pope-francis-in-sweeping-encyclical-calls-for-swift-action-on-climate-change.html|title=Pope Francis, in Sweeping Encyclical, Calls for Swift Action on Climate Change|work=The New York Times|date=18 June 2015}}</ref> The pope expressed concern that the warming of the planet is a symptom of a greater problem: the developed world's indifference to the destruction of the planet as humans pursue short-term economic gains.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/29/opinion/the-popes-ecological-vow.html|title=The Pope's Ecological Vow|first=Paul|last=Vallely|work=The New York Times |author-link=Paul Vallely|date=28 June 2015|access-date=29 June 2015}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Spoken Bharatpedia|Catholic Church Spoken Version.ogg|date=23 October 2013}}
* [[Catholic Church and politics]]
* [[Catholic Church and race]]
* [[Catholic art]]
* [[Catholic culture]]
* [[Catholic peace traditions]]
* [[Glossary of the Catholic Church]]
* [[Index of Catholic Church articles]]
* [[Index of Vatican City-related articles]]
* [[List of Catholic religious institutes]]
* [[Liturgical year#Catholic Church|Liturgical year of the Catholic Church]]
* [[Lists of Catholics]]
* [[List of popes]]
* [[Role of Christianity in civilization]]
* [[Society of Jesus]]
{{Portal bar|Christianity|Architecture}}

==Notes==
{{Notelist|group=note}}

==References==
'''NOTE:''' ''CCC'' stands for ''[[Catechism of the Catholic Church]]''. The number following ''CCC'' is the paragraph number, of which there are 2865. The numbers cited in the ''[[Compendium of the Catechism of the Catholic Church|Compendium of the CCC]]'' are question numbers, of which there are 598. Canon law citations from the 1990 ''[[Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches]]'' are labelled "''CCEO'', Canon xxx", to distinguish from canons of the 1983 ''[[1983 Code of Canon Law|Code of Canon Law]]'', which are labelled "Canon xxx".

{{Reflist|23em|


|refs=<ref name="note1cite1">{{cite web|url=https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/cfaith/documents/rc_con_cfaith_doc_20070629_responsa-quaestiones_en.html|title=Responses to Some Questions regarding Certain Aspects of the Doctrine of the Church|publisher=Vatican.va|quote=It is possible, according to Catholic doctrine, to affirm correctly that the Church of Christ is present and operative in the churches and [[Ecclesial community|ecclesial communities]] not yet fully in communion with the Catholic Church, on account of the elements of sanctification and truth that are present in them.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130813100622/https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/cfaith/documents/rc_con_cfaith_doc_20070629_responsa-quaestiones_en.html|archive-date=13 August 2013}}</ref><ref name="note1cite2">{{cite news|title=Declaration on the Unicity and Salvific Universality of Jesus Christ and the Church ''Dominus Iesus'' § 17|publisher=Vatican.va|quote=Therefore, there exists a single Church of Christ, which subsists in the Catholic Church, governed by the Successor of Peter and by the Bishops in communion with him. The Churches which, while not existing in perfect ''Koinonia'' with the Catholic Church, remain united to her by means of the closest bonds, that is, by apostolic succession and a valid Eucharist, are true [[particular churches]]. Therefore, the Church of Christ is present and operative also in these Churches, even though they lack full communion with the Catholic Church since they do not accept the Catholic doctrine of the Primacy, which, according to the will of God, the Bishop of Rome objectively has and exercises over the entire Church. ... 'The Christian faithful are therefore not permitted to imagine that the Church of Christ is nothing more than a collection—divided, yet in some way one—of Churches and [[Ecclesial community|ecclesial communities]]; nor are they free to hold that today the Church of Christ nowhere really exists, and must be considered only as a goal which all Churches and ecclesial communities must strive to reach.'}}</ref>

}}

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{{Div col end}}
{{Refend}}

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Pontederia crassipes

2026-03-25T09:48:03Z

Cdpnkr: small fix content for consistency additionally and improved wording for consistency

{{Short description|Aquatic plant native to the Amazon basin}}
{{Italic title}}
{{hatnote|For other plants known as "water hyacinth", see ''[[Eichhornia]]''.}}
{{use American English|date=January 2020}}
{{use mdy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Speciesbox
| name = Common water hyacinth
| image = Eichhornia crassipes C.jpg
| genus = Pontederia
| species = crassipes
| authority = [[Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius|Mart.]]
| synonyms =
* ''Eichhornia crassipes'' ([[Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius|Mart.]]) [[Hermann Maximilian Carl Ludwig Friedrich zu Solms-Laubach|Solms]]
* ''Eichhornia cordifolia'' Gand.
* ''Eichhornia crassicaulis'' Schltdl.
* ''Eichhornia speciosa'' Kunth
* ''Heteranthera formosa'' Miq.
* ''Piaropus crassipes'' (Mart.) Raf.
* ''Piaropus mesomelas'' Raf.
* ''Pontederia crassicaulis'' Schltdl.
* ''Pontederia elongata'' Balf.
|synonyms_ref = <ref name="POWO1" />
}}

'''''Pontederia crassipes''''' (formerly ''Eichhornia crassipes''), commonly known as '''common water hyacinth''', is an aquatic plant native to [[South America]], naturalized throughout the world, and often [[invasive species|invasive]] outside its native range.<ref name="POWO1">[https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:310928-2 ''Pontederia crassipes'']. Kew Royal Botanic Gardens Plants of the World Online. Accessed April 19, 2022.</ref><ref name="POWO">[https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:1198589-2 ''Eichhornia crassipes'']. Kew Royal Botanic Gardens Plants of the World Online. Accessed April 19, 2022.</ref><ref name="PlntsBang">[http://www.floraofbangladesh.com/2016/06/kochuripana-water-hyacinth-eichhornia.html Kochuripana, Water hyacinth, Eichhornia crassipes ]. June 15, 2016. Flora of Bangladesh. Accessed April 19, 2022.</ref> It is the sole species of the subgenus ''Oshunae'' within the genus ''[[Pontederia]]''.<ref name=Pellegrini-etal2018/> Anecdotally, it is known as the "terror of Bengal" due to its invasive growth tendencies.

==Description==
Water hyacinth is a free-floating [[Perennial plant|perennial]] [[aquatic plant]] (or hydrophyte) native to tropical and subtropical South America.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Mahmood |first1=Qaisar |last2=Siddiqi |first2=M. Rehan |last3=Islam |first3=Ejaz ul |last4=Azim |first4=M. Rashid |last5=Zheng |first5=Ping |last6=Hayat |first6=Yousaf |date=2005-09-28 |title=Anatomical studies on water hyacinth ( Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms) under the influence of textile wastewater |url=http://www.zju.edu.cn/jzus/article.php?doi=10.1631/jzus.2005.B0991 |journal=Journal of Zhejiang University SCIENCE |language=en |volume=6B |issue=10 |pages=991–998 |doi=10.1631/jzus.2005.B0991 |pmid=16187412 |pmc=1390441 |issn=1009-3095}}</ref> With broad, thick, glossy, ovate leaves, water hyacinth may rise above the surface of the water as much as {{convert|1|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} in height.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Khotsa |first1=Matlhatse Daisy |last2=Mkolo |first2=Nqobile Monate |last3=Motshudi |first3=Mmei Cheryl |last4=Mphephu |first4=Mukhethwa Micheal |last5=Makhafola |first5=Mmamudi Anna |last6=Naidoo |first6=Clarissa Marcelle |date=2025-08-12 |title=A Comprehensive Review of the Biology, Ecological Impacts, and Control Strategies of Eichhornia crassipes |journal=Diversity |language=en |volume=17 |issue=8 |pages=564 |doi=10.3390/d17080564 |doi-access=free|issn=1424-2818}}</ref> The [[leaf|leaves]] are {{convert|10–20|cm|in|0|abbr=in|sp=us}} across on a [[Plant stem|stem]], which is floating by means of buoyant bulb-like nodules at its base above the water surface. They have long, spongy, bulbous stalks. The feathery, freely hanging roots are purple-black. An erect stalk supports a single spike of 8–15 conspicuously attractive [[flower]]s, mostly lavender to pink in colour with six petals. When not in bloom, water hyacinth may be mistaken for frogbit (''[[Limnobium spongia]]''<ref>{{cite web |website=UF / IFAS Center for Aquatic and Invasive Plants |url=https://plant-directory.ifas.ufl.edu/plant-directory/limnobium-spongia/ |title=Limnobium spongia}}</ref>) or Amazon frogbit (''[[Limnobium laevigatum]]'').

One of the fastest-growing plants known, water hyacinth reproduces primarily by way of runners or [[stolon]]s, which eventually form daughter plants. Each plant additionally can produce thousands of seeds each year, and these seeds can remain viable for more than 28 years.<ref>{{cite conference |last1=Sullivan |first1=Paul R |last2=Wood |first2=Rod |date=2012 |title=Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms) seed longevity and the implications for management |conference=18th Australasian Weeds Conference |location=Melbourne |url=https://www.cabi.org/isc/FullTextPDF/2012/20123367606.pdf}}</ref> Common water hyacinths are vigorous growers, and mats can double in size in one to two weeks.<ref name=weeds/> In terms of plant count rather than size, they are said to multiply by more than a hundredfold in number in a matter of 23 days.

In their native range, the flowers are pollinated by long-tongued bees.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Coetzee |first1=Julie A. |last2=Hill |first2=Martin P. |last3=Ruiz-Téllez |first3=Trinidad |last4=Starfinger |first4=Uwe |last5=Brunel |first5=Sarah |date=2017-10-02 |title=Monographs on invasive plants in Europe N° 2: Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/23818107.2017.1381041 |journal=Botany Letters |language=en |volume=164 |issue=4 |pages=303–326 |doi=10.1080/23818107.2017.1381041 |issn=2381-8107}}</ref> These plants can reproduce both sexually and clonally. The invasiveness of the hyacinth is related to its ability to clone itself, and large patches are likely to all be part of the same genetic form.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Harun |first1=Irina |last2=Pushiri |first2=Hafizah |last3=Amirul-Aiman |first3=Ahmad Juhari |last4=Zulkeflee |first4=Zufarzaana |date=2021-08-06 |title=Invasive Water Hyacinth: Ecology, Impacts and Prospects for the Rural Economy |journal=Plants |language=en |volume=10 |issue=8 |pages=1613 |doi=10.3390/plants10081613 |doi-access=free|issn=2223-7747 |pmc=8401593 |pmid=34451658}}</ref>

Water hyacinth has three flower morphs and is termed "[[Heterostyly|tristylous]]". The flower morphs are named for the length of their pistils: long (L), medium (M), and short (S).<ref>{{cite web |title=''Eichhornia crassipes'' (water hyacinth) |url=https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/20544 |publisher=CABI |website=Invasive Species Compendium |access-date=14 November 2017}}</ref> Tristylous populations are, however, limited to the native lowland South American range of water hyacinth; in the introduced range, the M-morph prevails, with the L-morph occurring occasionally and the S-morph absent altogether.<ref>[[Spencer C. H. Barrett|Barrett, Spencer C.H.]] (1977) Tristyly in Eichhornia crassipes (Water Hyacinth). Biotropica, 9: 230–238</ref> This geographical distribution of the floral morphs indicates that [[founder event]]s have played a prominent role in the species' worldwide spread.<ref>[[Spencer C. H. Barrett|Barrett, Spencer C.H.]] (1989) Waterweed invasions. Scientific American, 260: 90–97.</ref>

==Habitat and ecology==
Its [[habitat]] ranges from [[tropics|tropical desert]] to [[Subtropics|subtropical]] or warm, temperate desert to [[rainforest]] zones. The temperature tolerance of the water hyacinth is:
* Its minimum growth temperature is {{convert |12|C|F}}
* Its optimum growth temperature is {{convert |25|-|30|C|F}}
* Its maximum growth temperature is {{convert |33|-|35|C|F}}
Its pH tolerance is estimated at 5.0–7.5. Leaves are killed by [[frost]] and plants do not tolerate water temperatures more than {{convert |34|C|F}}. Water hyacinths do not grow where the average [[salinity]] is greater than 15% that of sea water (around 5 g salt per kg). In [[salinity|brackish water]], its leaves show [[epinasty]] and [[chlorosis]], and eventually die. Rafts of harvested water hyacinth have been floated to the [[sea]], which kills it.<ref name = duke>{{harvnb|Duke|1983|loc=[https://hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/duke_energy/Eichornia_crassipes.html ''Eichhornia crassipes'' (Mart.) Solms]}}</ref>

''[[Azotobacter chroococcum]]'', a species of nitrogen-fixing [[bacteria]], is probably concentrated around the bases of the [[Petiole (botany)|petioles]], but the bacteria do not fix [[nitrogen]] unless the plant is suffering extreme nitrogen deficiency.<ref name = matai>{{citation|last1=Matai |first1=S.|last2=Bagchi |first2=D.K. |title=Water hyacinth: a plant with prolific bioproductivity and photosynthesis |pages=144–148 |editor1=Gnanam, A. |editor2=Krishnaswamy, S. |editor3=Kahn, J.S. |work=Proceedings of the International Symposium on Biological Applications of Solar Energy, 1–5 December 1978 |publisher=MacMillan Co. of India, Madras |year=1980 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nWNBAAAAYAAJ&q=%22water+hyacinth%22}} apud {{harvp|Duke|1983}}.</ref>

Fresh plants contain prickly [[crystal]]s.<ref name = duke/> This plant is reported to contain [[hydrogen cyanide]], [[alkaloid]]s, and [[Terpenoid|triterpenoid]]s, and may induce [[itch]]ing.<ref name = perry>''Medicinal plants of east and southeast Asia.'' By L.M Perry. 1980. MIT Press, Cambridge. Cited in {{harvp|Duke|1983}}.</ref> Plants sprayed with [[2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid]] (2,4-D) may accumulate lethal doses of nitrates<ref name = gohl>''Tropical feeds. Feed information summaries and nutritive values.'' By B. Gohl. 1981. FAO Animal Production and Health Series 12. FAO, Rome. Cited in {{harvp|Duke|1983}}.</ref> and other harmful elements in [[pollution|polluted environments]].{{Citation needed|date=May 2021}}

== Invasive species ==
Water hyacinth grows and reproduces quickly, so it can cover large portions of ponds and lakes.<ref name=":02">{{cite web |last=Voiland |first=Adam |date=1 June 2016 |title=Seven Things You Didn't Know About Water Hyacinth |url=https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/blogs/earthmatters/2016/06/01/seven-things-you-didnt-know-about-water-hyacinth/ |access-date=21 November 2017 |website=Earth Observatory}}</ref> It can easily coexist with other invasive plants and native plants in an area.<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Ghoussein | first1=Y. | last2=Abou Hamdan | first2=H. | last3=Fadel | first3=A. | last4=Coudreuse | first4=J. | last5=Nicolas | first5=H. | last6=Faour | first6=G. | last7=Haury | first7=J. | title=Biology and ecology of Pontederia crassipes in a Mediterranean river in Lebanon | journal=Aquatic Botany | date=2023 | volume=188 | article-number=103681 | doi=10.1016/j.aquabot.2023.103681 | bibcode=2023AqBot.18803681G | url=https://institut-agro-rennes-angers.hal.science/hal-04188106 }}</ref> Particularly vulnerable are bodies of water that have already been affected by human activities, such as artificial reservoirs or [[Eutrophication|eutrophied]] lakes that receive large amounts of nutrients.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Coetzee |first1=Julie A. |last2=Hill |first2=Martin P. |date=2012-04-01 |title=The role of eutrophication in the biological control of water hyacinth, Eichhornia crassipes, in South Africa |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s10526-011-9426-y |journal=BioControl |language=en |volume=57 |issue=2 |pages=247–261 |doi=10.1007/s10526-011-9426-y |bibcode=2012BioCo..57..247C |s2cid=16415244 |issn=1573-8248|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Yu |first1=Haihao |last2=Dong |first2=Xianru |last3=Yu |first3=Dan |last4=Liu |first4=Chunhua |last5=Fan |first5=Shufeng |date=2019 |title=Effects of Eutrophication and Different Water Levels on Overwintering of Eichhornia crassipes at the Northern Margin of Its Distribution in China |journal=Frontiers in Plant Science |volume=10 |article-number=1261 |doi=10.3389/fpls.2019.01261 |issn=1664-462X |pmc=6788430 |pmid=31636651|doi-access=free |bibcode=2019FrPS...10.1261Y }}</ref> It outcompetes native aquatic plants, both floating and submerged.<ref name=":02" /><ref name=":12">{{cite web |title=Non-native Invasive Freshwater Plants — Water Hyacinth (Eichornia crassipes) — Technical Information |url=http://www.ecy.wa.gov/programs/wq/plants/weeds/aqua010.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171115000059/http://www.ecy.wa.gov/programs/wq/plants/weeds/aqua010.html |archive-date=2017-11-15 |access-date=21 November 2017 |website=Washington State Department of Ecology}}</ref> In 2011, Wu Fuqin et al.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Li |first1=Xuebao |last2=Wu |first2=Zhenbin |last3=He |first3=Guangyuan |date=May 1995 |title=Effects of low temperature and physiological age on superoxide dismutase in water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes Solms) |journal=Aquatic Botany |volume=50 |issue=2 |pages=193–200 |doi=10.1016/0304-3770(94)00417-k |bibcode=1995AqBot..50..193L |issn=0304-3770}}</ref> tracked the results of Yunnan Dianchi Lake and also showed that water hyacinth could affect the photosynthesis of phytoplankton, submerged plants, and algae by water environment quality and inhibit their growth. The decay process depletes dissolved [[oxygen]] in the water, often killing fish.<ref name=":02" />

Water hyacinth can absorb a large amount of harmful heavy metals and other substances. After death, it rots and sinks to the bottom of the water, causing secondary pollution to the water body, destroying the natural water quality, and may even affect the quality of residents' drinking water in severe cases. Water where water hyacinth grows heavily is often a breeding place for [[disease vector]]s (e.g. [[mosquito]]es<ref name=":12" /> and [[snail]]s<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Coles |first1=G.C. |last2=Kabatereine |first2=N.B. |date=June 2008 |title=Water hyacinth and the transmission of schistosomiasis |journal=Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene |volume=102 |issue=6 |pages=619–620 |doi=10.1016/j.trstmh.2008.01.009 |pmid=18374376}}</ref>) and harmful pathogens, posing a potential threat to the health of local residents.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kong |first1=Fanbin |last2=Xiong |first2=Kai |last3=Zhang |first3=Ning |date=2014-09-29 |title=Determinants of Farmers' Willingness to Pay and Its Level for Ecological Compensation of Poyang Lake Wetland, China: A Household-Level Survey |journal=Sustainability |volume=6 |issue=10 |pages=6714–6728 |doi=10.3390/su6106714 |issn=2071-1050 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2014Sust....6.6714K }}</ref> It is very critical to monitor areas quickly that are infested in order to efficiently reduce or control the growth of these species.<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Datta | first1=Aviraj | last2=Maharaj | first2=Savitri | last3=Prabhu | first3=G. Nagendra | last4=Bhowmik | first4=Deepayan | last5=Marino | first5=Armando | last6=Akbari | first6=Vahid | last7=Rupavatharam | first7=Srikanth | last8=Sujeetha | first8=J. Alice R. P. | last9=Anantrao | first9=Girish Gunjotikar | last10=Poduvattil | first10=Vidhu Kampurath | last11=Kumar | first11=Saurav | last12=Kleczkowski | first12=Adam | title=Monitoring the Spread of Water Hyacinth (Pontederia crassipes): Challenges and Future Developments | journal=Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution | date=2021 | volume=9 | article-number=631338 | doi=10.3389/fevo.2021.631338 | doi-access=free | bibcode=2021FrEEv...931338D }}</ref> Water hyacinth can also provide a food source for goldfish, keep water clean,<ref name="J. Todd, B. Josephson 19962">{{cite journal |last1=Todd |first1=J. |last2=Josephson |first2=B. |date=May 1996 |title=The design of living technologies for waste treatment |journal=Ecological Engineering |volume=6 |issue=1–3 |pages=109–136 |doi=10.1016/0925-8574(95)00054-2 |bibcode=1996EcEng...6..109T |s2cid=13068184}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Sheffield |first=C.W. |date=June 1967 |title=Water Hyacinth For Nutrient Removal |url=http://www.apms.org/japm/vol06/v6p27.pdf |journal=Journal of Aquatic Plant Management |volume=6 |pages=27–30 |access-date=31 July 2013 |archive-date=March 4, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304100111/http://www.apms.org/japm/vol06/v6p27.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> and help with oxygenation.<ref>{{cite web |last=Hanson |first=Sarah |date=20 March 2013 |title=''Eichhornia crassipes'' – The 'Jekyll and Hyde' of the freshwater world |url=http://blogs.reading.ac.uk/tropical-biodiversity/2013/03/eichhornia-crassipes-the-jekyll-and-hyde-of-the-freshwater-world/ |access-date=21 November 2017 |website=Tropical Biodiversity}}</ref> Invertebrate species harboring with water hyacinth are dispersed as [[Phytochory|phytochores]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=Volovnik S.V. |title=Phytochory – the dispersal of animals by terrestrial and aquatic plants |journal=[[Journal of Natural History]] |year=2025 |volume=59 |issue=21–24 | pages=1469–1539 |doi=10.1080/00222933.2025.2475536 |bibcode=2025JNatH..59.1469V |access-date=1 September 2025 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00222933.2025.2475536}}</ref>

The invasion of water hyacinth also has socioeconomic consequences. Since water hyacinth is composed of up to 95% water, its [[evapotranspiration]] rate is high.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jamal |first=Tazim |date=2019-09-30 |title=Tourism ethics: a perspective article |journal=Tourism Review |volume=75 |issue=1 |pages=221–224 |doi=10.1108/tr-05-2019-0184 |issn=1660-5373 |s2cid=211444052}}</ref> As such, small lakes that have been covered with the species can dry out and leave communities without adequate water or food supply. In some areas, dense mats of water hyacinth prevent the use of a waterway, leading to the loss of transportation (both human and cargo), as well as a loss of fishing possibilities.<ref>{{cite book |last=Twongo |first=T. |title=The Limnology, Climatology and Paleoclimatology of the East African Lakes |date=2019-08-13 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-203-74897-8 |pages=633–642 |chapter=Growing Impact of Water Hyacinth on Nearshore Environments on Lakes Victoria and Kyoga (East Africa) |doi=10.1201/9780203748978-35 |s2cid=202198793}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Villamagna |first1=A. M. |last2=Murphy |first2=B. R. |date=2010 |title=Ecological and socio-economic impacts of invasive water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes): a review |journal=Freshwater Biology |language=en |volume=55 |issue=2 |pages=282–298 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2427.2009.02294.x |bibcode=2010FrBio..55..282V |issn=1365-2427}}</ref> Large sums of money are allocated to the removal of water hyacinth from the water bodies as well as figuring out how to destroy the remains harvested.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wyk |first1=E. van |last2=Wilgen |first2=B. W. van |date=2002-01-01 |title=The cost of water hyacinth control in South Africa: a case study of three options |journal=African Journal of Aquatic Science |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=141–149 |doi=10.2989/16085914.2002.9626585 |bibcode=2002AfJAS..27..141V |issn=1608-5914 |s2cid=218644199}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Chu |first1=Jian-jun |last2=Ding |first2=Yi |last3=Zhuang |first3=Qi-jia |date=2006-08-14 |title=Invasion and control of water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) in China |journal=Journal of Zhejiang University Science B |language=en |volume=7 |issue=8 |pages=623–626 |doi=10.1631/jzus.2006.B0623 |pmid=16845715 |pmc=1533751 |issn=1673-1581}}</ref> Harvesting water hyacinth mechanically requires considerable effort. A million tons of fresh biomass would require 75 trucks with a capacity of 40 m3, per day, for 365 days to get rid of it.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Water Hyacinth |date=2017-08-09 |isbn=9781315151809 |doi=10.1201/9781315151809}}</ref> The water hyacinth would then be transferred to a dumping site and allowed to decompose, which releases CO2, [[methane]], and nitrogen oxides.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sarika |first1=D. |last2=Singh |first2=Jiwan |last3=Prasad |first3=Ravi |last4=Vishan |first4=Isha |last5=Varma |first5=V. Sudharsan |last6=Kalamdhad |first6=Ajay S. |date=September 2014 |title=Study of physico-chemical and biochemical parameters during rotary drum composting of water hyacinth |journal=International Journal of Recycling of Organic Waste in Agriculture |language=en |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=9 |doi=10.1007/s40093-014-0063-1 |issn=2195-3228 |s2cid=86070957|doi-access=free |bibcode=2014IJROW...3....9S }}</ref>

Water hyacinth has been widely introduced in North America, Europe, Asia, Australia, Africa, and [[New Zealand]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Gannon |first=Mike |date=15 January 2014 |title=Water Hyacinth – In and Out of Your Water Garden |url=http://fullserviceaquatics.com/aquatic-plants/water-hyacinth-in-and-out-of-your-water-garden/ |website=Full Service Aquatics}}</ref> In many areas, it has become an important and pernicious [[invasive species]]. In New Zealand, it is listed on the [[National Pest Plant Accord]], which prevents it from being propagated, distributed, or sold. In large water areas such as Louisiana, the [[Kerala Backwaters]] in [[India]], [[Tonlé Sap]] in [[Cambodia]], and [[Lake Victoria]], it has become a serious pest. The common water hyacinth has become an [[Water hyacinth in Lake Victoria|invasive plant species on Lake Victoria in Africa]] after it was introduced into the area in the 1980s.<ref>{{cite web |last=Chepkoech |first=Anita |date=7 February 2017 |title=Removal of Water Hyacinth Could Take Longer, Expert Says |url=http://www.nation.co.ke/counties/kisumu/removal-of-water-hyacinth-lake-victoria-could-take-longer/1954182-3804090-mw2c6z/index.html |website=Daily Nation}}</ref>

A 1.22 Gb/8 chromosome reference genome was assembled to study [[Nuclear genome|nuclear]] and [[chloroplast genome]]s between 10 water hyacinth lines from 3 continents.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |doi=10.1093/gigascience/giae006 |title=A reference genome of Commelinales provides insights into the commelinids evolution and global spread of water hyacinth ( ''Pontederia crassipes'' ) |date=2024 |last1=Huang |first1=Yujie |last2=Guo |first2=Longbiao |last3=Xie |first3=Lingjuan |last4=Shang |first4=Nianmin |last5=Wu |first5=Dongya |last6=Ye |first6=Chuyu |last7=Rudell |first7=Eduardo Carlos |last8=Okada |first8=Kazunori |last9=Zhu |first9=Qian-Hao |last10=Song |first10=Beng-Kah |last11=Cai |first11=Daguang |last12=Junior |first12=Aldo Merotto |last13=Bai |first13=Lianyang |last14=Fan |first14=Longjiang |journal=GigaScience |volume=13 |article-number=giae006 |pmid=38486346 |pmc=10938897 }}</ref> Results indicate the spread of a limited genotype of water hyacinth from South America, where it has the highest genetic diversity. The paper proposes the spread potentially originating from ships travelling from [[Itajaí|Itajaí Port]] on the Brazilian East Coast.<ref name=":3" /> However, genetic studies on samples from [[Bangladesh]] and [[Indonesia]] demonstrate different genotypes, potentially implicating multiple introduction vectors.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Zhang |first1=Yuan-Ye |last2=Zhang |first2=Da-Yong |last3=Barrett |first3=Spencer C. H. |date=May 2010 |title=Genetic uniformity characterizes the invasive spread of water hyacinth (''Eichhornia crassipes''), a clonal aquatic plant |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-294X.2010.04609.x |journal=Molecular Ecology |language=en |volume=19 |issue=9 |pages=1774–1786 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-294X.2010.04609.x|pmid=20529068 |bibcode=2010MolEc..19.1774Z |url-access=subscription }}</ref>

Further, the genomic study also revealed the adaptation in four key pathways; plant-pathogen interaction, plant-hormone signal transduction, photosynthesis and abiotic stress tolerance, which provide water hyacinth to expand its niche and compete with other native flora.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bisht |first1=Manohar S. |last2=Singh |first2=Mitali |last3=Chakraborty |first3=Abhisek |last4=Sharma |first4=Vineet K. |title=Genome of the most noxious weed water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) provides insights into plant invasiveness and its translational potential |journal=iScience |date=2024 |volume=27 |issue=9 |article-number=110698 |doi=10.1016/j.isci.2024.110698 |doi-access=free |pmid=39262811 |pmc=11387899 |bibcode=2024iSci...27k0698B }}</ref>

=== United States ===

====Introduction into the U.S.====

Various accounts are given as to how the water hyacinth was introduced to the [[United States]].{{Refn|group="lower-alpha"|Including indication that these were grown in nurseries and landscapes soon after the [[American Civil War]] (ended 1865).<ref>{{harvp|Penfound|Earle|1948|p=449}}: "some evidence... cultivated as greenhouse and landscape exotic shortly after the War between the States."</ref>}}

;{{small|1884 Exposition}}
The claim that the water hyacinth was introduced to the U.S. in 1884 at the [[1884 World's Fair|World's Fair in New Orleans]], also known as the [[World Cotton Centennial]],<ref name="mooallem2013"/> has been characterized as the "first authentic account",{{sfnp|Penfound|Earle|1948|p=449}} as well as "local legend".<ref name=douglas/>

;{{small|Alleged Japanese involvement}}
At some point, a legend arose that the plants had been given away as a gift by a Japanese delegation at the fair.{{Refn|Claimed in Major James Brown (1941),<ref name=brown/> [[Noel D. Vietmeyer|Vietmeyer]] (1975),{{sfnp|Vietmeyer|1975|p=65}} {{harvp|Wolverton|McDonald|1979|p=2}}, {{harvp|Barrett|2004|p=92}}, and Mooallem (2013)<ref name="mooallem2013"/> as delineated below.}} This claim is absent in a pertinent article published in a military engineer's trade journal dating to 1940,{{efn|Note that military engineers were tasked with the removal of water hyacinths in the South, as explained below.}}<ref name=wunderlich/> but appears in a piece penned in 1941 by the director of the wildlife and fisheries division at the Louisiana Department of Conservation, where the author writes, "the Japanese government maintained a Japanese building" at the fair, and the "Japanese staff imported from Venezuela considerable numbers of water hyacinth, which were given away as souvenirs".{{efn|{{harvp|Brown|1941}} also wrongly claims the species to be "a native to Japan", p. 9. Brown appears in a photograph on p. 12.}}<ref name=brown/> The claim has been repeated by later writers, with various shifts in the details. Thus [[National Academy of Sciences]] fellow [[Noel D. Vietmeyer]] (1975) wrote that "Japanese entrepreneurs" introduced the plant into the U.S., and the plants had been "collected from the Orinoco River in Venezuela."{{sfnp|Vietmeyer|1975|p=65}} This claim was echoed by a pair of [[National Aeronautics and Space Administration|NASA]] researchers ({{harvnb|Wolverton|McDonald|1979}}), who asserted that the souvenir plants were carelessly dumped in various waterways.<ref>{{harvp|Wolverton|McDonald|1979|p=2}}: " Japanese exhibitors coming to the 1884 Cotton States Exposition in New Orleans, Louisiana, brought along this aquatic plant because of its beautiful lavender flowers. They had collected the water hyacinths from the Orinoco River in Venezuela. These plants were given away at the exposition as souvenirs".</ref> Canadian biologist [[Spencer C. H. Barrett]] (2004) meanwhile favored the theory they were first cultivated in garden ponds, after which they multiplied and escaped to the environs.<ref>{{harvp|Barrett|2004|p=92}}: "..In that year water hyacinths imported from the lower Orinoco River in Venezuela were distributed as gifts by a Japanese delegation".</ref> The account gains different details as told by children's story-teller [[Carole Marsh]] (1992), who says "Japan gave away water hyacinth seeds" during the exposition,<ref name=marsh/> and another Southern raconteur, Gaspar J. "Buddy" Stall (1998), assured his readership that the Japanese gave each family a package of those seeds.<ref name=stall/>

;{{small|Other means of introduction}}
One paper has also inquired into the role which catalog sales of seeds and plants may have played in the dissemination of invasive plants. ''P. crassipes'' was found to have been offered in the 1884 issue of [[Bordentown, New Jersey]]–based Edmund D. Sturtevant's ''Catalogue of Rare Water Lilies and Other Choice Aquatic Plants'',<ref name=mack/> and {{interlanguage link|Johann Nicolaus Haage (b. 1826){{!}}Haage & Schmidt|de|Johann Nicolaus Haage (Gärtner, 1826)}} of Germany has offered the plant since 1864 (when the firm was founded).<ref name=mack/> By 1895, it was offered by seed purveyors in the states of New Jersey, New York, California, and Florida.<ref>{{harvp|Mack|1991|pp=265–266, 262 (Table 1, ''Eicchornia crassipes'')}}</ref>{{Refn|group="lower-alpha"|It might be also noted that when the World's Fair returned to the U.S. in 1993 and was held in Chicago ([[World's Columbian Exposition]]), Edmund D. Sturtevant was there displaying his water lilies.<ref name=tricker/>}}

''[[Harper's Weekly]]'' magazine (1895) printed an anecdotal account stating that a certain man from New Orleans collected and brought home water hyacinths from Colombia, around 1892, and the plant proliferated in a matter of 2 years.<ref>{{citation|title=This Busy World |journal=Harper's Weekly |volume=39 |date=4 May 1895 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i4Y-AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA424}}</ref>

==== Infestation and control in the Southeast ====

As the hyacinths multiply into mats, they may be detrimental to some species of fish, and choke waterways for boating and shipping.{{sfnp|Penfound|Earle|1948|p=450}} This effect was already observed in the state of Louisiana by the turn of the 20th century.<ref name="mooallem2013"/>

The plant was introduced in [[Florida]] in 1890,<ref>{{harvnb|Webber|1897|p=11}}{{harvnb|Penfound|Earle|1948|p=449}}</ref> accumulating an estimated plant mass of 50 kg/m2<ref>{{cite journal |title=A Troublesome ′Water Weed′|journal=Popular Science Monthly |volume=LII |date=January 1898 |page=429 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/1859110 |access-date=14 November 2017}}</ref> and clogging [[St. Johns River]].
In [[1897]] the government dispatched a task force of the [[United States Army Corps of Engineers]] to solve the water hyacinth problem plaguing [[Gulf States (U.S.)|Gulf states]] such as Florida and Louisiana.{{efn|The term "board of engineer officer" is used, but the biography from one of its members, in the West Point graduate roll, shows he was from the Army Corps of Engineers.<ref name=west-point/>}}{{sfn|Klorer|1909|p=43}}<ref name=west-point/>

In the early 20th century, the [[U.S. War Department]] (i.e., the Army Corps of Engineers) tested various means of eradicating the plants, including jet-streaming steam and hot water, applying various [[Acid strength#strong acids|strong acids]] or [[petroleum]] followed by incineration.{{efn|The 1903 Experiment Report has "petroleum", whereas {{harvnb|Klorer|1909|p=443}} writes "Beaumont [[fuel oil]]".}} Spraying with [[Saturated solution|saturated]] salt solution killed the plants but was considered prohibitively expensive. The engineers selected Harvesta brand herbicide, whose active ingredient was [[arsenic acid]], as the optimal cost-effective tool for eradication.<ref>{{citation|title=Report on Experiments for Destruction of the Water Hyacinth in the Waters of Florida |work=Annual Report of the Department of War |volume=12 |number=4 |year=1903 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=smX5_DEvoR4C&pg=PA2433 |page=2433}}</ref>{{sfn|Klorer|1909|pp=42–44}} This herbicide was used until 1905, when it was substituted with a different, [[white arsenic]]–based compound.{{sfn|Klorer|1909|pp=42–44}} An engineer charged with the spraying did not think the poison to be a matter of concern, stating that the crew of the spraying boat would routinely catch fish from their working areas and consume them.{{sfn|Klorer|1909|p=45}} However, spraying had little hope of completely eradicating the water hyacinth, due to the vastness of escaped colonies and the inaccessibility of some of the infested areas, and the engineer suggested that some biological means of control may be needed.{{sfn|Klorer|1909|p=47}}

In 1910 the [[New Foods Society]] suggested to import and release [[hippopotamus]] from Africa into the rivers and bayous of Louisiana to eat the water hyacinth and solve another serious problem at the time, the American meat crisis.<ref name="mooallem2013"/>
Known as the American Hippo Bill, H.R. 23621 was introduced by Louisiana Congressman [[Robert Broussard]] and debated by the Agricultural Committee of the U.S. House of Representatives. The chief collaborators in the New Foods Society and proponents of Broussard's bill were Major [[Frederick Russell Burnham]], the celebrated American [[Scouting|Scout]], and Captain [[Fritz Duquesne]], a South African Scout who later became a notorious spy for Germany. Presenting before the Agricultural Committee, Burnham made the point that none of the animals that Americans ate (chickens, pigs, cattle, sheep, or lambs) were native to the U.S. and had all been imported by European settlers centuries before, so Americans should not hesitate to introduce hippopotamus and other large animals into the American diet. Duquesne, who was born and raised in South Africa, further noted that European settlers on that continent commonly included hippopotamus, ostrich, antelope, and other African wildlife in their diets and suffered no ill effects. The American Hippo Bill fell one vote short of passage.<ref name="mooallem2013"/>

Water hyacinths have also been introduced into waters inhabited by [[West Indian manatee|manatees]] in Florida, for the purpose of [[bioremediation]] (cf. [[#Phytoremediation|§Phytoremediation]] below) of the waters that have become contaminated and fallen victim to [[algal bloom]]ing.<ref name=doughty&turner/> The manatees include the water hyacinth in their diet,<ref name=doughty&turner/> but it may not be the food of first choice for them.{{sfnp|Barrett|2004|p=96}}

==== Legality of sale and shipment in the United States ====
In 1956, ''E. crassipes'' was banned for sale or shipment in the United States, subject to a fine and/or imprisonment.<ref name="US-ban-law" /> This law was repealed by H.R. 133<ref>{{Cite web|last=Cuellar|first=Henry|date=2020-12-27|title=H.R.133 - 116th Congress (2019-2020): Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021|url=https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/house-bill/133|access-date=2020-12-29|website=www.congress.gov}}</ref><ref name="US-ban-law-repealed" /> of the [[116th United States Congress|116th Congress (2019–2021)]] on December 27, 2020.

=== Africa ===
{{See also|Water hyacinth in Lake Victoria}}
[[File:Kenya Kisumu Harbour Hyacinths 1997ke09b21.jpg|thumb|Water hyacinth at Kisumu Port]]

The water hyacinth may have been introduced into Egypt in the late 18th to early 19th century during [[Muhammad Ali of Egypt]]'s era, but was not recognized as an invasive threat until 1879.{{sfnp|Kitunda|2017|pp=xxiv, 6}}<ref>{{cite news |last=Hussein |first=Walaa |date=7 September 2016 |title=How this invasive flower is taking over the Nile |url=http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2016/09/egypt-nile-water-flower-hyacinth-invasive-species.html |newspaper=Al-Monitor |location=CAIRO |url-access=subscription}}</ref> The invasion into Egypt is dated between 1879 and 1892 by [[Brij Gopal]].{{sfn|Gopal|Sharma|1981}}<ref>Gopal; Junk; Davis (2000) [https://books.google.com/books?id=pj3wAAAAMAAJ&q=Egypt+%221879%22 '', Biodiversity in Wetlands'' '''2'''p. 109].</ref>

The plant (Afrikaans: ''waterhiasint''<ref name=stirton/>) arguably invaded South Africa in 1910,{{Refn|Dutoit. R., (1938). "Water hyacinth". ''Farming South Africa'' '''13''', 16–17, ''apud'' {{harvp|Ashton|Scott|Sten|Wells|1979|p=303}}<ref name=ashton/>}}{{sfn|Gopal|1987}}<ref>apud Gopal; Junk; Davis (2000) [https://books.google.com/books?id=pj3wAAAAMAAJ&q=%22hyacinth%22+%22South+Africa%22+%221910%22 '', Biodiversity in Wetlands'' '''2'''p. 109].</ref> although earlier dates have been claimed.{{Refn|The 1884 dating given by R. L. Kluge (1978)<ref>Kluge. R. L. (1978). Eichhornia crassipes. In Plant Invaders: Beautiful but Dangerous, edit. C. H. Stirton</ref> (also C. H. Stirton (1983)<ref name=stirton/>) is refuted by {{harvp|Ashton|Scott|Sten|Wells|1979|p=303}} as a mistake for the year it was introduced into the U. S., 1884 (year of the World's Fair in New Orleans, Louisiana). {{harvp|Kitunda|2017|pp=107–108}} cites Zimmermann, H. G. et al. (2007), that the plant was distributed at the 1904 [[St. Louis World's Fair]], aka "Louisiana Purchase Exposition", and this was one possible route of transmission to South Africa in 1910.<ref name=wise&zimmermann/>}}{{Refn|group="lower-alpha"|The more ambitious by {{harvp|Kitunda|2017|p=xv}} dating to 1829 due to [[William Townsend Aiton]] of [[Kew Gardens]] does not pan out, since the pointed source, ''[[Curtis's Botanical Magazine]]'' (1829) merely states Aiton made the plant available then to [[Glasgow Botanic Gardens]].<ref>[[William Jackson Hooker|Hooker, William Jackson]] (1829) "[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/14216#page/173/mode/1up #2932 Pontederia azurea. Large-flowered Pnotederia]", Curtis's Botanical Magazine, New Series '''3''' (=Vol. '''56''')</ref>}} A waterbody extensively threatened by water hyacinth is the [[Hartebeespoort Dam]] near [[Brits, North West|Brits]] in [[North West (South African province)|North West Province]].

The plant was introduced by Belgian [[colonist]]s to [[Rwanda]] to beautify their holdings. It then advanced by natural means to [[Lake Victoria]], where it was first sighted in 1988.<ref>{{cite news |language=de |url=http://www.spiegel.de/politik/ausland/0,1518,534060,00.html |title=Die grüne Pest |trans-title=The Green Pest |first=Thilo |last=Thielke |newspaper=Spiegel Online |date=2 September 2008 |access-date=2 September 2008}}</ref> There, without any natural enemies, it has become an ecological plague, suffocating the lake, diminishing the fish reservoir, and hurting the local economies. It impedes access to [[Kisumu]] and other harbors.

The water hyacinth has also appeared in [[Ethiopia]], where it was first reported in 1965 at the [[Koka Reservoir]] and in the [[Awash River]], where the [[Ethiopian Electric Light and Power Authority]] has managed to bring it under moderate control at considerable cost of human labor. Other infestations in Ethiopia include many bodies of water in the [[Gambela Region]], the [[Blue Nile]] from Lake Tana into [[Sudan]], and Lake Ellen near [[Alem Tena]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Rezene |first=F. |title=Water Hyacinth (''Eichhornia crassipes''): A Review of its Weed Status in Ethiopia |journal=Arem |volume=6 |date=2005 |pages=105–111}} Cited in {{cite journal |last1=Yirefu |first1=F. |last2=Tafesse |first2=A. |last3=Gebeyehu |first3=T. |last4=Tessema |first4=T. |title=Distribution, Impact and Management of Water Hyacinth at Wonji-Shewa Sugar Factory |url=http://www.eiar.gov.et/IAS-Publications/hyac1.pdf |journal=Ethiopian Journal of Weed Management |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=41–52 |date=2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222153838/http://www.eiar.gov.et/IAS-Publications/hyac1.pdf |archive-date=2014-02-22}}</ref> By 2018, it has become a serious problem on Lake Tana in Ethiopia.

The water hyacinth is also present on the Shire River in the [[Liwonde National Park]] in Malawi.

===Asia===
[[File:Water Hyacinth choking the Haldia Municipality Pool at South Bengal.jpg|thumb|Haldia Municipality Pool, a public water reservoir is being choked by growing water hyacinth population as in December 2019.]]
[[File:The Eruption of Taal Volcano on it's 3rd day.jpg|thumb|Ash-covered blooming water hyacinth along the lakeshore in [[San Nicolas, Batangas]], Philippines due to [[2020 Taal Volcano eruption|the eruption of Taal Volcano]] in the distance.]]
[[File:LucbinhTienGiang.jpg|thumb|Water hyacinth on a canal in Tien Giang province, Vietnam.]]

The water hyacinth was introduced to [[Bengal]], because of its ornamental flowers and shapes of leaves, but became an invasive weed, draining oxygen from the water bodies and resulting in devastation of fish stocks.<ref>{{harvp|Gopal|Sharma|1981}}, apud Petr, T. (2000) ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=7tvoQ8-_PB4C&pg=PA84 Interactions Between Fish and Aquatic Macrophytes in Inland Waters: A Review]'', p. 84</ref> The water hyacinth was referred to as the "(beautiful) blue devil" in Bengal and "Bengal terror" elsewhere in India; it was called "German weed" (Bengali: ''Germani pana'') in [[Bangladesh]] out of belief the German [[Kaiser]] submarine mission<ref name="husain" /> was involved in introducing them at the outbreak of World War I. Concerted efforts were made to eradicate water hyacinths, which affected [[navigability]] in Bengal's rivers. The Bengal Water Hyacinth Act, 1936 prohibited the cultivation of the plants. By 1947, the problem was resolved, and navigability was restored to the rivers, although the plants still exist in wetlands.<ref>{{Cite Banglapedia|last=Pasha|first=Mostafa Kamal|article=Water Hyacinth}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ashraful |first=Haque |date=2023-05-17 |title=Water hyacinth: A source of pollution until turned into a solution |url=https://www.tbsnews.net/features/panorama/water-hyacinth-source-pollution-until-turned-solution-633130 |access-date=2024-06-11 |website=[[The Business Standard]] |language=en}}</ref> Water hyacinths were called "Japanese trouble" in [[Sri Lanka]] because there was a rumor that the British had planted them to entice Japanese aircraft to land on the insecure pads.{{sfnp|Vietmeyer|1975|p=67}}{{sfnp|Monsod|1979|p=30}}

The plant entered Japan in 1884 for horticultural appreciation, according to conventional wisdom,{{sfnp|Kadono|2004|p=163}}{{sfnp|Ishii|Ninjo|Norinao|Maeda|2001|p=28}} but a researcher devoted to the study of the plant has discovered that ''[[ukiyo-e]]'' artist [[Utagawa Kunisada]] (or Utagawa Toyokuni III, d. [[1865]]) produced a wood-block print featuring the water hyacinth, goldfish, and [[bijin|beautiful women]], dated to 1855.{{sfnp|Ishii|Ninjo|Norinao|Maeda|2001|pp=29–30}} The plant is floated on the water surface of filled (glassware) fishbowls<ref name=kojien/> or glazed earthenware waterlily pots ([[hibachi]] pots serving as substitute).<ref name=kaneko/>

In the 1930s, water hyacinth was introduced into China as a [[Animal feed|feed]], [[ornamental plant]], and [[sewage]]-control plant, and it was widely planted in the south as an animal feed. Beginning in the 1980s, with the rapid development of China's inland industry, the eutrophication of inland waters has intensified. With the help of its efficient asexual reproduction and environmental adaptation mechanisms, water hyacinth began to spread widely in river basins. The hyacinths has blocked rivers and hindered water traffic. For example, many waterways in Zhejiang and other provinces have been blocked by the rapidly growing water hyacinth. In addition, a large number of water hyacinths floating in the water block sunlight from entering the water, and its decay consumes dissolved oxygen in the water, pollutes water quality, and can kill other aquatic plants.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wu |first1=Hao |last2=Ding |first2=Jianqing |date=2019-06-12 |title=Global Change Sharpens the Double-Edged Sword Effect of Aquatic Alien Plants in China and Beyond |journal=Frontiers in Plant Science |volume=10 |article-number=787 |doi=10.3389/fpls.2019.00787 |doi-access=free|issn=1664-462X |pmc=6582753 |pmid=31249587 |bibcode=2019FrPS...10..787W }}</ref> The outbreak of water hyacinth has seriously affected the biodiversity of the local [[ecosystem]] and threatened the production, life, and health of community residents.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Lu |first1=Jianbo |last2=Wu |first2=Jianguo |last3=Fu |first3=Zhihui |last4=Zhu |first4=Lei |date=2007-11-26 |title=Water Hyacinth in China: A Sustainability Science-Based Management Framework |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00267-007-9003-4 |journal=Environmental Management |language=en |volume=40 |issue=6 |pages=823–830 |doi=10.1007/s00267-007-9003-4 |pmid=17768654 |bibcode=2007EnMan..40..823L |issn=0364-152X}}</ref>

===Europe===
In 2016, the European Union banned any sales of the water hyacinth in the EU.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Marks |first1=Simon |title=Dutch breeders hit back at EU's invasive alien species ban |url=https://www.politico.eu/article/dutch-breeders-hit-back-at-eus-invasive-alien-species-ban/ |access-date=10 September 2020 |work=Politico |date=14 December 2016}}</ref> The species features on the list of Invasive Alien Species of Union Concern.<ref>{{Cite web|title=List of Invasive Alien Species of Union concern - Environment - European Commission|url=https://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/invasivealien/list/index_en.htm|access-date=2021-07-27|website=ec.europa.eu}}</ref> This means that not only the sales but also importation, cultivation, or intentional release into the environment are forbidden in the whole of the European Union.<ref>{{Cite web|title=REGULATION (EU) No 1143/2014 of the European parliament and of the council of 22 October 2014 on the prevention and management of the introduction and spread of invasive alien species|url=https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32014R1143&from=EN|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170303185733/http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32014R1143&from=EN |archive-date=March 3, 2017 }}</ref>

=== Oceania ===
In [[Papua New Guinea]], water hyacinth blocks sunlight to other aquatic organisms, creates habitat for malaria-carrying mosquitoes, clogs waterways to the point that boats cannot get through, and reduces the quality of water for purposes such as cooking, washing, and drinking. People have lost income or even died due to being unable to travel to get food or medical care, or due to diseases from contaminated water or mosquitoes.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Biological control in Papua New Guinea {{!}} Global Education |url=https://globaleducation.edu.au/case-studies/biological-control-in-papua-new-guinea.html |access-date=2022-08-03 |website=globaleducation.edu.au |archive-date=October 18, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221018015908/https://www.globaleducation.edu.au/case-studies/biological-control-in-papua-new-guinea.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Control==
Control depends on the specific conditions of each affected location such as the extent of water hyacinth infestation, regional climate, and proximity to human and wildlife.<ref name=Villamagna>{{cite journal |last1=Villamagna |first1=Amy |last2=Murphy |first2=Brian |title=Ecological and socio-economic impacts of invasive water hyacinth (''Eichhornia crassipes''): a review |journal=Freshwater Biology |date=27 August 2009 |volume=55 |issue=2 |pages=282–298 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2427.2009.02294.x|bibcode=2010FrBio..55..282V }}</ref>

=== Chemical control ===
Chemical control is the least used of the three controls of water hyacinth, because of its long-term effects on the environment and human health. The use of herbicides requires strict approval from governmental protection agencies and skilled technicians to handle and spray the affected areas. The use of chemical herbicides is only used in case of severe infiltration of water hyacinth.<ref name=California>{{cite web |title=Water Hyacinth |url=http://dbw.ca.gov/BoaterInfo/WaterHyacinth.aspx|website=California State Parks: Division of Boating and Waterways|publisher=State of California: Division of Boating and Waterways |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141114220334/http://dbw.ca.gov/BoaterInfo/WaterHyacinth.aspx |archive-date=2014-11-14}}</ref> However, the most successful use of herbicides is when it is used for smaller areas of infestation, because in larger areas, more mats of water hyacinths are likely to survive the herbicides and can fragment to further propagate a large area of water hyacinth mats. In addition, it is more cost-effective and less laborious than mechanical control, yet it can lead to environmental effects, as it can penetrate into the ground water system and can affect not only the hydrological cycle within an ecosystem, but also negatively affect the local water system and human health. Also of note, the use of herbicides is not strictly selective of water hyacinths; keystone species and vital organisms such as microalgae can perish from the toxins and can disrupt fragile food webs.<ref name="Villamagna"/>

The chemical regulation of water hyacinths can be done using common herbicides such as 2,4-D, [[glyphosate]], and diquat. The herbicides are sprayed on the water hyacinth leaves and leads to direct changes to the physiology of the plant.<ref name=Jimenez>{{cite web |last1=Jiménez |first1=Maricela |title=Progress on water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) management |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/006/y5031e/y5031e0c.htm |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |access-date=4 November 2014}}</ref> The use of the herbicide known as 2,4-D leads to the death of water hyacinth through inhibition of cell growth of new tissue and cellular apoptosis.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Jiménez |first=VM |s2cid=2458933 |date=November 2005 |title=Involvement of plant hormones and plant growth regulators on in vitro somatic embryogenesis |journal=Plant Growth Regulation |volume=47 |issue=2–3 |pages=91–110 |doi=10.1007/s10725-005-3478-x}}</ref> Almost a two-week period may be needed before mats of water hyacinth are destroyed with 2, 4-D. Between {{convert|75000|and|150000|acre}} of water hyacinth and [[Alternanthera philoxeroides|alligator weed]] are treated annually in Louisiana.<ref name="Louisiana Agriculture">{{cite journal |last1=Sanders |first1=Dearl |last2=Jonhson |first2=Seth |last3=Kelso |first3=Bill |title=Invasive Aquatic Weeds in Louisiana |volume=53 |issue=4 |date=Fall 2010 |pages=34–37 |url=http://www.lsuagcenter.com/en/communications/publications/agmag/Archive/2010/fall/Invasive-Aquatic-Weeds-in-Louisiana.htm |journal=Louisiana Agriculture |access-date=13 October 2014}}</ref>

The herbicide known as diquat is a liquid bromide salt that can rapidly penetrate the leaves of the water hyacinth and lead to immediate inactivity of plant cells and cellular processes. The herbicide [[glyphosate]] has a lower toxicity than the other herbicides, so takes longer for the water hyacinth mats to be destroyed (about three weeks). The symptoms include steady wilting of the plants and a yellow discoloration of the plant leaves that eventually leads to plant decay.<ref name="California"/>

=== Physical control ===
Physical control is performed by land-based machines, such as bucket cranes, draglines, or boom, or by water-based machinery such as [[aquatic weed harvester]]s, [[dredges]], or vegetation shredder.{{Citation needed|date=March 2026|reason=No sources about listed machines being used in control of water hyacinth}} Mechanical removal is seen as the best short-term solution to the proliferation of the plant.

[[File:Berky Mähsammelboot Typ 6520.jpg|thumb|right|alt=An aquatic weed harvester from the German manufacturer Berky collects the water plant via conveyor belt on a hold and can unload the material at the shore |An [[aquatic weed harvester]] collects the water plant via conveyor belt on a hold and can unload the material at the shore.]]

The spinning cutters of plant-harvesting machinery leave fragments of water hyacinth behind that can reproduce asexually.<ref name="Jimenez"/>

Harvested water hyacinth can pose a health risk to humans because of the plant's propensity for absorbing contaminants,<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=Huynh |first1=An The |last2=Chen |first2=Yi-Ching |last3=Tran |first3=Bich Ngoc Thi |date=October 2021 |title=A Small-Scale Study on Removal of Heavy Metals from Contaminated Water Using Water Hyacinth |journal=Processes |language=en |volume=9 |issue=10 |pages=1802 |doi=10.3390/pr9101802 |issn=2227-9717 |doi-access=free}}</ref> and it is considered toxic to humans.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Malik |first1=Anushree |title=Environmental challenge vis a vis opportunity: The case of water hyacinth |journal=Environment International |date=January 2007 |volume=33 |issue=1 |pages=122–138 |doi=10.1016/j.envint.2006.08.004 |pmid=17010439|bibcode=2007EnInt..33..122M }}</ref>

[[File:Megamelus scutellaris biocontrol.jpg|thumb|alt= In 2010, the insect ''Megamelus scutellaris'' was released by the Agricultural Research Service as a biological control for the invasive species ''Eichhornia crassipes'', more commonly known as water hyacinth.| In 2010, the insect ''[[Megamelus scutellaris]]'' was released by the Agricultural Research Service as a biological control for water hyacinth.<ref name=USDA2010>{{cite web |title=Scientists Release Biocontrol for Waterhyacinth |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service |url=https://www.ars.usda.gov/news-events/news/research-news/2010/scientists-release-biocontrol-for-waterhyacinth/}}</ref>]]

=== Biological control ===
As chemical and mechanical removals are often too expensive, polluting, and ineffective, researchers have turned to [[Biological pest control|biological control]] agents to deal with water hyacinth. The effort began in the 1970s, when [[United States Department of Agriculture|USDA]] researchers released into the United States three species of [[weevil]]s known to feed on water hyacinth, ''[[Neochetina bruchi]]'', ''[[Neochetina eichhorniae|N. eichhorniae]]'', and the water hyacinth borer ''[[Sameodes albiguttalis]]''. The weevil species were introduced into the Gulf Coast states, such as Louisiana, Texas, and Florida, where thousands of acres were infested by water hyacinth. A decade later, a decrease was found in water hyacinth mats by as much as 33%, but because the lifecycle of the weevils is 90 days, the use of biological predation to efficiently suppress water hyacinth growth is limited.<ref name="Louisiana Agriculture" /> These organisms regulate water hyacinth by limiting its size, vegetative propagation, and seed production. They also carry microorganisms that can be pathological to the water hyacinth. These weevils eat stem tissue, which results in a loss of buoyancy for the plant, which will eventually sink.<ref name="Jimenez" /> Although meeting with only partial success, the weevils have since been released in many other countries.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Roy. |first=Van Driesche |title=Biological control of invasive plants in the eastern United States |date=2002 |publisher=U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team |pages=41–64 |oclc=51311198}}</ref> However, the most effective control method remains the control of excessive nutrients and prevention of the spread of this species.{{citation needed|date=October 2017}}

In May 2010, the USDA's [[Agricultural Research Service]] released ''[[Megamelus scutellaris]]'' as an additional biological control insect for the invasive water hyacinth species. ''M. scutellaris'' is a small [[planthopper]] insect native to Argentina. Researchers have been studying the effects of the biological control agent in extensive host-range studies since 2006 and concluded that the insect is highly [[Host specificity|host-specific]] and will not pose a threat to any other plant population other than the targeted water hyacinth. Researchers also hope that this biological control will be more resilient than existing biological controls and the herbicides that are already in place to combat the invasive water hyacinth.<ref name=USDA2010/> Another insect being considered as a biological control agent is the semiaquatic grasshopper ''[[Cornops aquaticum]]''. This insect is specific to the water hyacinth and its family, and besides feeding on the plant, it introduces a secondary pathogenic infestation. This grasshopper has been introduced into [[South Africa]] in controlled trials.<ref name=amedegnato&devriese/>

The Rhodes University [[Centre for Biological Control]] is rearing ''M. scutellaris'' and the water hyacinth [[weevil]]s ''N. eichhorniae'' and ''N. bruchi'' en masse for biological control at [[List of dams in South Africa|dams]] in South Africa, including the [[Hartbeespoort Dam]].<ref name="Sisonke">{{cite web | title=Sisonke | website=[[Centre for Biological Control]] - [[Rhodes University]] | date=2014-09-17 | url=http://www.ru.ac.za/centreforbiologicalcontrol/communityengagement/sisonke/about/ | access-date=2020-11-11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2011-07-21|title=CBC releases status and future expectations for its Hartbeespoort Dam water hyacinth project|url=https://www.ru.ac.za/latestnews/cbcreleasesstatusandfutureexpectationsforitshartbeespoortdamwaterhyac.html|access-date=2022-02-13|website=www.ru.ac.za|language=en-US}}</ref> The moth ''[[Niphograpta albiguttalis]]'' (Warren) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) has been introduced to North America, Africa, and Australia. Larvae of this moth bore in the stems and flower buds of water hyacinth.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Species ''Niphograpta albiguttalis'' - Water Hyacinth Moth - Hodges#5149 |url=https://bugguide.net/node/view/49440 |access-date=2022-08-04 |website=bugguide.net}}</ref>

== Uses ==

=== Bioenergy ===
Due to its high growth rate, ''Pontederia crassipes'' is an excellent source of [[biomass]]. {{convert|1|ha|spell=In}} of standing crop produces more than {{convert|70000|m3/ha|ft3/acre|abbr=on}} of [[biogas]] (70% {{chem|C|H|4}}, 30% {{chem|C|O|2}}).<ref name = nas>{{cite book |author=National Research Council |title=Making Aquatic Weeds Useful: Some Perspectives for Developing Countries |publisher=The National Academies Press |location=Washington, DC |date=1976 |url=https://www.nap.edu/catalog/19948/making-aquatic-weeds-useful-some-perspectives-for-developing-countries |doi=10.17226/19948 |access-date=15 November 2017|isbn=978-0-309-33457-0}}</ref> According to Curtis and Duke, {{convert|1|kg|lb|spell=in|abbr=on}} of dry matter can yield {{convert|370|L|ft3|abbr=out}} of biogas, giving a heating value of {{convert|22000|kJ/m3|Btu/ft3|abbr=on}} compared to pure methane (895 Btu/ft3)<ref name = curtis>Curtis, C.R.; Duke., J.A.(1982) ''An assessment of land biomass and energy potential for the Republic of Panama'', vol. 3. Institute of Energy Conversion. Univ. Delaware. apud {{harvp|Duke|1983}}.</ref>

[[Bill Wolverton|Wolverton]] and McDonald report approximately {{convert|0.2|m3/kg|ft3/lb|sigfig=1|abbr=on}} methane,{{Refn|group="lower-alpha"|i.e., 200 liters out of the "350 to 411 liters of biogas per kg dry weight of water hyacinths (5.7 to 6.6 scf per dry lb)" reported by this team with Barlow.<ref>{{citation|last1=Wolverton |first1=B.C. |last2=Barlow |first2=R.M. |last3=McDonald |first3=R.C. |title=17. Application of Vascular Aquatic Plants for Pollution Removal, Energy, and Food Production in a Biological System |work=Biological Control of Water Pollution |editor-last=Tourbier |editor-first=J. |editor-last2=Pierson |editor-first2=R. W. Jr. |publisher= [[University of Pennsylvania Press]] |year=1976|pages=141–149}}, apud {{harvp|Wolverton|McDonald|1979|p=7}}</ref>}} indicating biomass requirements of {{convert|350|t/ha|ST/acre|abbr=on}} to attain the {{convert|70000|m3/ha |ft3/acre|abbr=on}} yield projected by the National Academy of Sciences (Washington).<ref name = wolv>Wolverton, B.C.; McDonald, R.C. (1981) "Energy from vascular plant wastewater treatment systems – Eichhornia crassipes, Spirodela lemna, Hydrocotyle ranunculoides, Pueraria lobata, biomass harvested for fuel production", ''Economic Botany'' '''35''' (2), pp. 224–232, {{doi|10.1007/BF02858689}}, apud {{harvp|Duke|1983}}.</ref> Ueki and Kobayashi mention more than {{convert|200|t/ha|ST/acre|sigfig=1|abbr=on}} per year.<ref name = ueki>Cultivation of new biomass resources. By K. Ueki and T. Kobayashi. 1981. Energy Develop. in Japan. 3(3):285–300. Cited in {{harvp|Duke|1983}}.</ref> Reddy and Tucker found an experimental maximum of more than {{convert|1/2|t/ha|ST/acre|frac=4}} per day.<ref name = reddy>''Productivity and nutrient uptake of water hyacinth Eichhornia crassipes''. By K.R. Reddy and J.C. Tucker. 1983. 1. Effect of nitrogenous source. Econ. Bot. 37(2):237–247. Cited in {{harvp|Duke|1983}}.</ref>

[[Bengal]]i farmers collect and pile up these plants to dry at the onset of the cold season; they then use the dry water hyacinths as fuel. The ashes are used as fertilizer. In India, {{convert|1|t|ST|spell=in}} of dried water hyacinth yields about 50 liters [[ethanol]] and 200 kg residual fiber (7,700 Btu). Bacterial fermentation of {{convert|1|t|ST|spell=in}} yields 26,500 ft3 gas (600 Btu) with 51.6% [[methane]] ({{chem|C|H|4}}), 25.4% [[hydrogen]] ({{chem|H|2}}), 22.1% [[carbon dioxide]] ({{chem|C|O|2}}), and 1.2% [[oxygen]] ({{chem|O|2}}). Gasification of {{convert|1|t|ST|spell=in}} dry matter by air and [[steam]] at high temperatures ({{convert|800|C|F|-2|disp=or}}) gives about 40,000 ft3 (1,100 m3) natural gas (143 Btu/ft3) containing 16.6% {{chem|H|2}}, 4.8% {{chem|C|H|4}}, 21.7% {{chem|C|O}} ([[carbon monoxide]]), 4.1% {{chem|C|O|2}}, and 52.8% {{chem|N|2}} ([[nitrogen]]). The high [[moisture]] content of water hyacinth adds to handling costs and limits commercial use.<ref name = wolv/><ref name = csir>''The wealth of India.'' By C.S.I.R. (Council of Scientific and Industrial Research). 1948–1976. 11 vols. New Delhi. Cited in {{harvp|Duke|1983}}.</ref> A continuous, [[hydroponic]] production system would be more efficient than conventional batch operation.<ref name = duke/><ref name = ben>Benemann, J.R. (1981) "Energy from fresh and brackish water aquatic plants", pp. 99–121. In: Klass, D.L. (ed.), Biomass as a non-fossil fuel source. ACS Symposium Series 144. ACS. Washington. Cited in {{harvp|Duke|1983}}.</ref>

The labor involved in [[harvest]]ing water hyacinth can be reduced by locating collection sites and processors on impoundments that take advantage of prevailing [[wind]]s. The harvested [[biomass]] can be converted to [[ethanol]], [[biogas]], [[hydrogen]], gaseous [[nitrogen]], and/or [[fertilizer]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=State of the art research on sustainable use of water hyacinth: A bibliometric and text mining analysis |url=https://scholar.google.com/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&user=PRh78IkAAAAJ&citation_for_view=PRh78IkAAAAJ:UeHWp8X0CEIC |access-date=2022-04-14 |website=scholar.google.com}}x</ref> The [[byproduct]] water can be used to [[irrigate]] nearby [[crop]]land.<ref name = duke/>

{{anchor|Phytoremediation|Waste water treatment}}

=== Phytoremediation, waste water treatment ===
Water hyacinth could be used to remove [[arsenic]] from contaminated tube well water in [[Bangladesh]].<ref>Misbahuddin, M.; Fariduddin, A.T.M. (2002). "Water Hyacinth Removes Arsenic from Arsenic-Contaminated Drinking Water". Archives of Environmental Health. 57: 516- 518.</ref>

Water hyacinth is observed to enhance [[nitrification]] in [[wastewater treatment]] cells. The root zones host bacterial communities.<ref name="J. Todd, B. Josephson 19962" />

Water hyacinth is a common fodder plant in the third world especially Africa though excessive use can be toxic. It is high in protein (nitrogen) and [[trace mineral]]s.

Water hyacinth is reported for its efficiency to remove about 60–80% nitrogen.<ref>Fox, LJ; Struik, PC; Appleton, BL; Rule, JH; et al. (2008) Nitrogen phytoremediation by water hyacinth (''Eichhornia crassipes'' (Mart.) Solms). Water Air Soil Pollut 194:199–207</ref> and about 69% of potassium from water.<ref>Zhou, W; Zhu, D; Tan, L; Liao, S; Hu, H; David, H; et al. (2007) Extraction and retrieval of potassium from water hyacinth (''Eichhornia crassipes''). Biores Tech 98:226–231</ref>
The roots of water hyacinth were found to remove particulate matter and nitrogen in a natural shallow eutrophicated wetland.<ref>Billore, SK; Bharadio, R; Kumar, A; et al. (1998) Potential removal of particulate matter and nitrogen through roots of water hyacinth in a tropical natural wetland. Curr Sci 74:154–156</ref><ref>{{Cite book |author1=Ansari, Abid |author2=Gill, Sarvajeet |author3=Khan, Fareed |author4=Ghauri, Naeem |title=Eutrophication: Causes, Consequences and Control |chapter=Phytoremediation Systems for the Recovery of Nutrients from Eutrophic Waters |date=2014 |volume=2 |pages=239–248 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/260094644 |doi=10.1007/978-94-007-7814-6_17|isbn=978-94-007-7813-9}}</ref>

The plant is tolerant of, and has a high capacity for, the uptake of [[heavy metals]], including [[cadmium]], [[chromium]], [[cobalt]], [[nickel]], [[lead]], and [[Mercury (element)|mercury]], which could make it suitable for the biocleaning of industrial wastewater.<ref name=":1" /><ref name="ppbc3">{{cite journal |last=Upadhyay |first=Alka R. |author2=B. D. Tripathi |year=2007 |title=Principle and Process of Biofiltration of Cd, Cr, Co, Ni & Pb from Tropical Opencast Coalmine Effluent |journal=Water, Air, & Soil Pollution |publisher=Springer |volume=180 |issue=1–4 |pages=213–223 |bibcode=2007WASP..180..213U |doi=10.1007/s11270-006-9264-1 |s2cid=97353113}}</ref><ref name="ctbe3">{{cite journal |last1=Abou-Shanab |first1=R. A. I. |last2=Angle |first2=JS |last3=Van Berkum |first3=P |display-authors=etal |year=2007 |title=Chromate-Tolerant Bacteria for Enhanced Metal Uptake by ''Eichhornia crassipes'' (MART.) |url=https://naldc-legacy.nal.usda.gov/naldc/download.xhtml?id=8357&content=PDF |journal=International Journal of Phytoremediation |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=91–105 |doi=10.1080/15226510701232708 |pmid=18246718 |bibcode=2007IJPhy...9...91A |s2cid=21893402|url-access=subscription }}{{dead link|date=June 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref name="nmrc3">{{cite journal |last1=Maine |first1=M.A. |last2=Sune |first2=N |last3=Hadad |first3=H |last4=Sanchez |first4=G |last5=Bonetto |first5=C |display-authors=etal |year=2006 |title=Nutrient and metal removal in a constructed wetland for wastewater treatment from a metallurgic industry |journal=Ecological Engineering |publisher=Elsevier |volume=26 |issue=4 |pages=341–347 |doi=10.1016/j.ecoleng.2005.12.004|bibcode=2006EcEng..26..341M }}</ref><ref name="muaf3">{{cite journal |last1=Skinner |first1=Kathleen |last2=Wright |first2=N |last3=Porter-Goff |first3=E |display-authors=etal |year=2007 |title=Mercury uptake and accumulation by four species of aquatic plants |journal=Environmental Pollution |publisher=[[Elsevier]] |volume=145 |issue=1 |pages=234–237 |doi=10.1016/j.envpol.2006.03.017 |pmid=16781033|bibcode=2007EPoll.145..234S }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Niering |first1=William A. |title=The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Wildflowers, Eastern Region |last2=Olmstead |first2=Nancy C. |publisher=Knopf |year=1985 |isbn=0-394-50432-1 |page=711 |author-link1=William Niering |orig-year=1979}}</ref>

The [[root]]s of ''Pontederia crassipes'' naturally absorb some organic compounds believed to be [[carcinogen]]ic, in concentrations 10,000 times that in the surrounding water.<ref name = biosci>{{cite journal |title=UNKNOWN |department=Biology Briefs |journal=BioScience |volume=26 |issue=3 |page=224 |date=March 1976 |doi=10.2307/1297259|jstor=1297259}}</ref> Water hyacinths can be cultivated for waste water treatment (especially dairy waste water).<ref name = duke/>{{failed verification|date=July 2017}}

In addition to heavy metals, ''Pontederia crassipes'' can also remove other toxins, such as [[cyanide]], which is environmentally beneficial in areas that have endured gold-mining operations.<ref name="cpwh3">{{cite journal |last1=Ebel |first1=Mathias |last2=Evangelou |first2=MW |last3=Schaeffer |first3=A |display-authors=etal |year=2007 |title=Cyanide phytoremediation by water hyacinths (''Eichhornia crassipes'') |journal=Chemosphere |publisher=[[Elsevier]] |volume=66 |issue=5 |pages=816–823 |bibcode=2007Chmsp..66..816E |doi=10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.06.041 |pmid=16870228}}</ref>

Water hyacinth can take in and degrade [[ethion]], a phosphorus pesticide.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=XIA |first1=H |last2=MA |first2=X |date=May 2006 |title=Phytoremediation of ethion by water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) from water |journal=Bioresource Technology |volume=97 |issue=8 |pages=1050–1054 |doi=10.1016/j.biortech.2005.04.039 |issn=0960-8524 |pmid=15982870|bibcode=2006BiTec..97.1050X }}</ref>

=== Agriculture ===

Water hyacinth is used as an organic fertilizer<ref name=aguilo-et-al/> and as [[animal feed]]<ref name=aguilo-et-al/> and [[silage]] for [[cattle]], [[sheep]], [[geese]], [[pig]]s, and other [[livestock]].<ref name="Yan-et-al-2016">{{cite journal | last1=Yan | first1=Shao-Hua | last2=Song | first2=Wei | last3=Guo | first3=Jun-Yao | title=Advances in management and utilization of invasive water hyacinth (''Eichhornia crassipes'') in aquatic ecosystems – a review | journal=[[Critical Reviews in Biotechnology]] | publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] | volume=37 | issue=2 | date=2016-01-26 | issn=0738-8551 | doi=10.3109/07388551.2015.1132406 | pages=218–228 | s2cid=26481942 | pmid=26810214}}</ref>

In Bengal, India the ''kachuri-pana'' has been used primarily for fertilizer, compost or mulch, and secondarily as fodder for livestock and fish.<ref name=datta&baneriee/> In Bangladesh, farmers in the southwestern region cultivate vegetables on "floating gardens" usually with a bamboo-built frame base, with dried mass of water hyacinth covered in soil as bedding as a large portion of cultivable land goes under water for months during monsoon in this low-lying region. This method is also known as ''dhap chash'' and ''vasoman chash''.<ref name=habiba&shaw/>

In Kenya, East Africa, it has been used experimentally as organic fertilizer, although there is controversy stemming from the high alkaline pH value.<ref>{{cite web |title=Eichhornia crassipes |url=http://www.iucngisd.org/gisd/species.php?sc=70 |website=Global Invasive Species Database}}</ref>

===Other uses===
In various places in the world, the plant is used for making furniture, handbags, baskets, rope, and household goods/interior products (lampshades, picture frames) by businesses launched by NGOs and entrepreneurs.<ref name=aguilo-et-al>{{cite web |first1=Patricia |last1=Aguilo |first2=Amanda |last2=L'Esperance |first3=Elizabeth |last3=Mbau |first4=Phillip |last4=Palmer |first5=Asmita |last5=Patel |first6=Tim |last6=Sparkman |date=10 May 2007 |url=http://www.sipa.columbia.edu/academics/concentrations/epd/documents/2006-7/MCI%20-%20Investment%20Opportunities%20in%20Kisumu,%20Kenya.pdf |title=Attracting Investment to Kisumu: Opportunities and Challenges |page=78 |publisher=Columbia University |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120916072726/http://www.sipa.columbia.edu/academics/concentrations/epd/documents/2006-7/MCI%20-%20Investment%20Opportunities%20in%20Kisumu,%20Kenya.pdf |archive-date=2012-09-16}}</ref><ref name=doughty&turner/>

====Woven products====
American-Nigerian [[Achenyo Idachaba]] has won an award for showing how this plant can be exploited for profit as woven products in Nigeria.<ref>{{cite web|last=Idachaba |first=Achenyo |author-link=Achenyo Idachaba |title=How I turned a deadly plant into a thriving business |url=https://www.ted.com/talks/achenyo_idachaba_how_i_turned_a_deadly_plant_into_a_thriving_business?language=en |website=TED |date=May 2015}}</ref>

====Paper====
Though a study found water hyacinths of limited use for paper production,<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.apms.org/japm/vol12/v12p90.pdf |first1=W.J. |last1=Nolad |first2=D.W. |last2=Kirmse |title=The Papermaking Properties of Waterhyacinth |journal=Journal of Aquatic Plant Management |volume=12 |date=May 1974 |pages=90–97 |archive-date=August 31, 2021 |access-date=November 13, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831193840/http://www.apms.org/japm/vol12/v12p90.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> they are nonetheless used on a small scale. Goswami pointed out in his article that water hyacinth has the potential to make tough and strong paper. He found that adding water hyacinth pulp to the raw material of bamboo pulp for anti-grease paper can increase the physical strength of paper.

====Edibility====
The plant is used as a [[carotene]]-rich table vegetable in [[Taiwan]]. [[Java]]nese sometimes cook and eat the green parts and inflorescence.<ref name = duke/> [[Vietnamese people|Vietnamese]] also cook the plant and sometimes add its young leaves and flower to their salads.

====Potential as bioherbicidal agent====
Water hyacinth leaf extract has been shown to exhibit [[phytotoxicity]] against another invasive weed ''[[Mimosa pigra]]''. The extract inhibited the germination of ''M. pigra'' seeds in addition to suppressing the root growth of the seedlings. Biochemical data suggested that the inhibitory effects may be mediated by enhanced [[hydrogen peroxide]] production, inhibition of soluble [[peroxidase]] activity, and stimulation of cell wall-bound peroxidase activity in the root tissues of ''M. pigra''.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Chai |first1=TT |last2=Ngoi |first2=JC |last3=Wong |first3=FC |date=2013 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259358378 |title=Herbicidal potential of ''Eichhornia crassipes'' leaf extract against ''Mimosa pigra'' and ''Vigna radiata'' |journal=International Journal of Agriculture and Biology |volume=15 |issue=5 |pages=835‒842}}</ref>

====Bioplastics====
In [[Kenya]], biodegradable plastics developed from dried water hyacinths are commercialized as food wrappers, straws, and party plates.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Maina|first=Margaret |date=2024-04-09 |title=Turning invasive hyacinth into eco-friendly plastic alternatives |url=https://nation.africa/kenya/health/turning-invasive-hyacinth-into-eco-friendly-plastic-alternatives-4584206 |access-date=2026-02-12 |website=Daily Nation |language=en}}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery mode="packed" heights="135px">
File:Water_hyacinth.jpg|alt=Floating plant
File:IMG 2365.jpg|alt=Flowers
File:Eichhornia crassipes A.jpg|alt=Close-up of flowers
File:Eichhornia crassipes-water hyacinth.jpg|alt=Large infested pond
File:Eichhornia_Crassipes.jpg|Inflated petiole
File:Water hyacinth in a field.jpg|A field full of Water hyacinth.
File:Eichhornia crassipes field at Langkawi.jpg|Huge swamp field|alt=Huge infested swamp field
</gallery>

==Explanatory notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
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<ref name=amedegnato&devriese>{{citation|last1=Amédégnato |first1=Christiane |author-link1= |last2=Devriese |first2=Hendrik |author-link2= |title=Global diversity of true and pygmy grasshoppers (Acridomorpha, Orthoptera) in freshwater|editor1=Balian, E.V. |editor2=Lévêque, C. |editor3=Segers, H. |editor4=Martens, K. |work=Freshwater Animal Diversity Assessment|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dw4H6DBHnAgC&pg=PA542 |year=2008 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=978-1-4020-8259-7 |page=542}}. Reprinted from ''Hydrobiologia'', '''595''' (2008), {{doi|10.1007/s10750-007-9132-z}}.</ref>

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<ref name=brown>{{cite magazine|last=Brown |first=James |title=Water hyacinth control in fishing waters |magazine=Louisiana Conservation Review |volume=10 |number=2 |year=1941 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JvtRAQAAMAAJ&q=japanese |page=9 |publisher=Department of Conservation, State of Louisiana}} [https://archive.org/details/louisianaconsumm1941depa/page/8 Alt URL]</ref>

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<ref name=doughty&turner>{{cite book|last1=Doughty |first1=Robin W. |author-link1= |last2=Turner |first2=Matt Warnock |author-link2= |title=Unnatural Texas?: The Invasive Species Dilemma |publisher=Texas A&M University Press |year=2019 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hr6GDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA51 |pages=54–55, 246 nn26–27 |isbn=978-1-623-49705-7}}</ref>

<ref name=douglas>{{cite book|last=Douglas |first=Lake |author-link= |title=Public Spaces, Private Gardens: A History of Designed Landscapes in New Orleans |publisher=LSU Press |year=2011|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=omhLYIRqH-wC&pg=PA54 |pages=54–55, 246 nn26–27 |isbn=978-0-807-13838-0}}</ref>

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<ref name=kojien>"[https://books.google.com/books?id=8rAPAAAAYAAJ&q=%E3%83%9B%E3%83%86%E3%82%A4%E3%82%A2%E3%82%AA%E3%82%A4 Hotei-aoi ほてい-あおい【布袋葵】]", ''[[Kojien]]'', 4th ed., 1991.</ref>

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<ref name=marsh>{{cite book|last=Douglas |first=Lake |author-link= |title=Loony Louisiana! |publisher=Carole Marsh Louisiana Bks |year=1992 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IyLxhXLhFPwC&pg=PT18 |isbn=0-793-37321-2}}</ref>

<ref name="mooallem2013">{{cite magazine |last=Mooallem |first=John |title=American Hippopotamus |magazine=The Atavist |volume=32 |year=2013 |location=New York |url=https://magazine.atavist.com/story/10799 |access-date=2017-11-14 |asin=B00HEWJTF4 |postscript=; |archive-date=April 15, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415000659/https://magazine.atavist.com/story/10799 |url-status=dead }} Mooallem's piece was also featured in {{cite magazine |date=20 December 2013 |last=Miller |first=Greg |title=The Crazy, Ingenious Plan to Bring Hippopotamus Ranching to America |magazine=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]] |url=https://www.wired.com/wiredscience/2013/12/hippopotamus-ranching |issn=1059-1028 }}</ref>

<ref name=stall>{{cite book|last=Stall |first=Gaspar J. "Buddy" |author-link= |title=Buddy Stall's Louisiana Potpourri |publisher=[[Pelican Publishing]] |year=1998 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-cm80_-6o0gC&pg=PA81 |page=81 |isbn=1-56554-427-7}}</ref>

<ref name=stirton>{{cite book|last=Stirton |first=C. H. |author-link= |title=Plant Invaders: Beautiful, But Dangerous : a Guide to the Identification and Control of Twenty-six Plant Invaders of the Province of the Cape of Good Hope |publisher=Department of Nature and Environmental Conservation of the Cape Provincial Administration |year=1983 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XmY_AAAAYAAJ&q=%22waterhiasint%22+1884 |page=68 |isbn=978-0-798-40094-7}}</ref>

<ref name=tricker>{{cite magazine |last=Tricker |first=William |author-link=William Tricker |title=The Water Garden: a quarter century of aquatics |magazine=Gardening |volume=18 |issue=430 |date=1 August 1910 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=atlKAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA338 |pages=338}}</ref>

<ref name=weeds>{{cite book|last1=Dickinson |first1=Richard |author-link1= |last2=Royer |first2=France |author-link2=|title=Weeds of North America |publisher=University of Chicago Press |year=2014 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bU8EDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA625 |pages=625 |isbn=978-0-226-07658-4 |quotation=Water hyacinth forms large floating mats.. Under ideal conditions populations may double in size every 6–18 days}}.</ref>

<ref name=west-point>{{cite book|editor-last=Washington Cullum |editor-first=George |editor-link= |editor-last2=Holden |editor-first2=Edward Singleton |editor-link2= |chapter=William H. H. Benyaurd |title=Biographical Register of the Officers and Graduates of the U.S. Military Academy, at West Point, N.Y. |publisher=Houghton, Mifflin |year=1901 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-tI-AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA139 |pages=138–139}}</ref>

<ref name=wise&zimmermann>{{citation |last1=Wise |first1=R.M. |author-link1= |last2=Wilgen |first2=B.W. van |author-link2= |last3=Hill |first3=M.P. |author-link3= |last4=Schulthess |first4=F. |author-link4= |last5=Tweddle |first5=D. |author-link5= |last6=Chabi-Olay |first6=A. |author-link6= |last7=Zimmermann |first7=H.G. |author-link7= |title=The Economic Impact and Appropriate Management of Selected Invasive Alien Species on the African Continent FINAL REPORT |publisher=Global Invasive Species Programme |date=February 2007 |url=http://www.issg.org/pdf/publications/GISP/Resources/CSIRAISmanagement.pdf |page=7 |access-date=January 11, 2020 |archive-date=June 10, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190610170423/http://www.issg.org/pdf/publications/GISP/Resources/CSIRAISmanagement.pdf |url-status=dead }}. CSIR Report Number: CSIR/NRE/RBSD/ER/2007/0044/C</ref>

<ref name=wunderlich>{{cite journal|last=Wunderlich |first=William E. |author-link= |title=Machines Combat Aquatic Growth |journal=The Military Engineer |volume=33 |number=1 |year=1940 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CAHnAAAAMAAJ&q=%22louisiana%22+1884+%22water+hyacinth%22 |page=517 |publisher=Society of American Military Engineers}}</ref>

<ref name="US-ban-law">{{cite act|url=http://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/USCODE-2011-title18/USCODE-2011-title18-partI-chap3-sec46|title=Transportation of water hyacinths|legislature=[[United States Congress]]|date=1 August 1956|type=Bill|index=18 U.S. Code § 46}}</ref>

<ref name="US-ban-law-repealed">{{cite act|url=http://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/house-bill/133|title=TITLE X--CLEAN UP THE CODE ACT OF 2019 SEC. 1002. REPEALS. The following provisions of title 18, United States Code, are repealed: (1) Section 46 relating to transportation of water hyacinths.|date=27 December 2020}}</ref>

}}

=== Bibliography ===
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite journal|last=Barrett |first=Spencer C. H. |author-link=Spencer C. H. Barrett |title=Waterweed Invasions |journal=Scientific American |volume=261 |number=4 |date=October 2004 |pages=90–97 |jstor=24987444|doi=10.1038/scientificamerican1089-90}}
* {{cite book|last=Duke |first= J. |title=Handbook of Energy Crops |url=https://hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/duke_energy/dukeindex.html |date=1983 |publisher=Purdue University}} ([https://hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/duke_energy/refa-f.html Complete List of References])
* {{cite book|last1=Gopal |first1=Brij |author-link1= |last2=Sharma |first2=K. P. |author-link2=|title=Water-hyacinth (Eichhornia Crassipes): The Most Troublesome Weed of the World |publisher=Hindasia |date=1981 }}
* {{citation|ref={{SfnRef|Ishii|Ninjo|Norinao|Maeda|2001}} |last1=Ishii |first1=Takeshi |author-link1= |last2=Ninjyou |first2=Hiroyuki |author-link2= |last3=Norinao |first3=Hideki |author-link3= |last4=Maeda |first4=Hironobu |author-link4= |last5=Yamashina |first5=Youko |author-link5= |title=世界に分布するホテイアオイとその水質浄化並びに資源としての有効利用の研究(I) |trans-title=A Study on Water Hyacinth all over the World; The Usefulness for Water Purification and Agricultural (or Natural) Resources (I) |journal=Water Science / Suiri Kagaku 水利科学 |volume=45 |number=2 |year=2001|doi=10.20820/suirikagaku.45.2_17 |pages=17–33 |publisher= |language=ja}}
* {{cite journal|last=Kadono |first=Yasuro |author-link= |title=Alien aquatic plants naturalized in Japan: history and present status |journal=Global Environmental Research |volume=8 |number=2 |year=2004 |url=http://www.airies.or.jp/attach.php/6a6f75726e616c5f30382d32656e67/save/0/0/08_2-07.pdf |pages=163–169}}
* {{cite book|last=Kitunda |first=Jeremiah Mutio |author-link= |title=A History of the Water Hyacinth in Africa: The Flower of Life and Death from 1800 to the Present |publisher=Lexington Books |year=2017 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=quZCDwAAQBAJ&pg=PR24 |isbn=978-1-498-52463-6}}
* {{citation|last=Klorer |first=John |author-link= |title=The Water Hyacinth Problem |journal=Journal of the Association of Engineering Societies |volume=42 |year=1909 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fFg2AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA42 |pages=42–48}}
* {{cite book|last=Monsod |first=Godofredo G. |author-link= |title=Man and the water hyacinth |publisher=Vantage Press |year=1979 |isbn=9780533038244 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9HQ0AAAAMAAJ&q=%22Japanese+trouble%22 }}
* {{cite journal|last1=Penfound |first1=Wm. T. |author-link1= |last2=Earle |first2=T. T. |author-link2= |title=The Biology of the Water Hyacinth |journal=Ecological Monographs |volume=18 |number=4 |date=October 1948 |pages=447–472 |jstor=1948585|doi=10.2307/1948585|bibcode=1948EcoM...18..447P }}
* {{cite journal|last=Vietmeyer |first=Noel D. |author-link= |title=Beautiful Blue Devil |journal=Natural History |volume=84 |number=9 |year=1975 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OUAmp5RamkAC&q=%22blue%20devil%22 |pages=65–73}}
* {{cite journal|last=Webber |first=H. J. |author-link= |title=The Water Hyacinth, and its Relation to Navigation in Florida |journal=U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Bot. Bulletin |number=18 |year=1897 |url=https://archive.org/details/waterhyacinthits00webb/page/10 |pages=1–20}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Wolverton |first1=Billy C. |author-link1=Bill Wolverton |last2=McDonald |first2=Rebecca C. |author-link2= |title=The Water Hyacinth: From Prolific Pest to Potential Provider |journal=Ambio |volume=8 |number=1 |year=1979 |pages=2–9|jstor=4312402 |publisher=Springer on behalf of Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons}}
{{Wikispecies}}
* [http://www.hear.org/pier/species/eichhornia_crassipes.htm ''Eichhornia crassipes'']
{{WestAfricanPlants|Eichhornia crassipes}}
* [https://www.invasivespeciesinfo.gov/profile/water-hyacinth Species Profile – Water Hyacinth (''Eichhornia crassipes'')], National Invasive Species Information Center, [[United States National Agricultural Library]]. Lists general information and resources for Water Hyacinth.
* [http://www.flowersinisrael.com/Eichhorniacrassipes_page.htm Eichhornia crassipes] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151119064748/http://www.flowersinisrael.com/Eichhorniacrassipes_page.htm |date=November 19, 2015 }} Israel Wildflowers and native plants
* [http://practicalaction.org/water-hyacinth Practical uses of Water Hyacinth]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304054947/http://cmsdata.iucn.org/downloads/hyacinth_leaflet.pdf IUCN Leaflet on ''E. crassipes'' in the context of Lake Tanganyika]
* [https://aquaplant.tamu.edu/plant-identification/alphabetical-index/water-hyacinth/ "Water hyacinth"], AquaPlant Profile

{{Taxonbar|from=Q690645}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Pontederiaceae]]
[[Category:Aquatic plants]]
[[Category:Flora of the Amazon]]

List of educational institutions in Wayanad district

2026-03-20T13:27:15Z

Cdpnkr: adjusted layout also and improved wording for consistency

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}

==Universities==
* [[Kerala Veterinary University|KVASU]], [[Pookode]]
* Kannur University Mananthavady Campus, [[Mananthavady]]

==Professional colleges==
*DM WIMS Medical College,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dmwims.com/ |title=Home |website=dmwims.com}}</ref> [[Naseera Nagar]], [[Meppadi]]
*DM WIMS Nursing College,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dmwimsnursingcollege.com/ |title=Home |website=dmwimsnursingcollege.com}}</ref> [[Naseera Nagar]], [[Meppadi]]
*DM WIMS College of Pharmacy,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dmwimspharmacycollege.com/ |title=Home |website=dmwimspharmacycollege.com}}</ref> [[Naseera Nagar]], [[Meppadi]]
*[[Government Engineering College, Wayanad]], [[Mananthavady]]
*Oriental School of Hotel Management, [[Lakkidi, Wayanad|Lakkidi]], [[Kalpetta]]
*[[University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences|College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences]], [[Pookode]], [[Kalpetta]]
*Oriental College of Hotel Management and Culinary Arts, [[Vythiri]], [[Kalpetta]]
*College of Dairy Science and Technology, [[Pookode]], [[Kalpetta]]
*Oriental Institute for Management Studies, [[Vythiri]], [[Kalpetta]]
*[[University of Calicut|Centre for Computer Science and Information Technology of Calicut University]], [[Muttil, Kalpetta|Muttil]], [[Kalpetta]]
*Centre for PG Studies in Social Work of [[University of Calicut|Calicut University]], [[Sultan Bathery]]
*Government Polytechnic College, [[Meenangadi]]
*Government Polytechnic College, [[Meppadi]], [[Kalpetta]]
*Government Polytechnic College, [[Dwaraka Tirumala|Dwaraka]], [[Mananthavady]]
*Vinayaka College of Nursing, [[Sultan Bathery]]
*KMM Government ITI, Kalpetta
*Government ITI for Women, [[Nenmeni]], [[Sultan Bathery]]

== Arts and Science Colleges ==
Source:<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://universityofcalicut.info/ |title=Official website of Calicut University - Home |access-date=7 January 2016 |archive-date=12 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160112233754/http://www.universityofcalicut.info/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*St. Mary's College, Sultan Bathery
*NMSM Government College, Kalpetta
*WMO Arts & Science College, Muttil, Kalpetta
*[[Government College Mananthavady|Government College]], Mananthavady
*[[Pazhassi Raja College, Pulpally, Bathery|Pazhassi Raja College]], Pulpally
*[[Mary Matha Arts & Science College]], Mananthavady
*[[Don Bosco College]], Sultan Bathery
*Green Mount Arts & Science College, Padinjarethara, Kalpetta
*PM Charitable Trust, Arts & Science College, Meppadi, Kalpetta
*SNDP Yogam Arts & Science College, Pulpally
*Alphonsa Arts & Science College, Sultan Bathery
*[[CM College of Arts and Science Nadavayal]]
*WMO Arts & Science College, Koolivayal, Mananthavady
*PKKM College of Applied Science (under IHRD), Mananthavady
*Model College of Applied Science (under IHRD), Meenangadi
*Jayasree Arts & Science College, Kalluvayal, Pulpally
*St. Mary's College, Meenangadi
*WMO Imam Gazzali College, Panamaram

==Schools==
===[[Federal School]]s===
* Kendriya Vidyalaya, Kalpetta
* [[Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Wayanad]]

=== [[State school|Government Schools]] ===
Source:<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.wayanad.ind.in/schools_in_wayanad.html |title=Wayanad Schools, Schools in wayanad, School list in wayanad, wayanad school list |access-date=17 January 2016 |archive-date=5 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150705012342/http://www.wayanad.ind.in/schools_in_wayanad.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*G H S S, Padinjarathara Padinjarathara
*G H S S, Kakkavayal Kakkavayal
*G H S S, Kartikulam Kartikulam
*G H S S, Koleri Koleri
*G H S S, Moolankavu Moolankavu
*G H S S, Panamkandy Karani
*G H S S, Thrissileri Thrissileri
*G H S S, Vaduvanchal Vaduvanchal
*AMMR H S S, Nalloornadu Nalloornadu
*G H S S, Cheeral Cheeral
*G H S S, Kaniyambetta Kaniyambetta
*G H S S, Meenangadi Meenangadi
*G H S S, Meppadi Meppadi
*G H S S, Panamaram Panamaram
*G H S S Thalapuzha Thalapuzha
*G H S S Thariode Thariode
*G H S S Valad Valad
*G M H S S Vellamunda Vellamunda
*G H S Pariyaram Kalpetta

===Govt. Vocational Higher Secondary Schools===
*G V H S S Ambalavayal Ambalavayal
*G V H S S Kalpetta Kalpetta
*G V H S S Mananthavadi Mananthavadi
*G V H S S Sultan Bathery Sultan Bathery

===Aided Higher Secondary Schools===
* St. THOMAS HS NADAVAYAL (Estd in 1957)
*Jayasree HSS Kalluvayal Kalanadikolly
*Sacret Heart HSS Dwaraka Nalloornadu
*SKMJ HSS Kalpetta Kalpetta
*SN HSS Poothadi Poothadi
*St. Catherine's HSS Payyampally Payyampally
*St. Joseph's HSS Kallodi Edavaka
*St. Joseph's HSS Meppadi Meppadi
*St. Mary's College HSS Bathery Kuppadi
*St. Mary's HSS Mullenkolly Mullenkolly
*Vijaya HSS Pulpally Pulpally
*WO HSS Pinangode Vengapally

===Aided Vocational Higher Secondary Schools===
*Devi Vilasam V H S S Veliyambam Veliyambam
*WO V H S S Muttil Muttil

===Unaided Higher Secondary Schools===
*De Paul Public School Kalpetta
*MGM EM HSS Mananthavay Mananthavady
*NSS English Medium HSS Kalpetta Kalpetta
*St. Peters & St. Pauls HSS Meenangadi Meenangadi
*St. Joseph's Higher Secondary School, Sultan Bathery

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Educational institutions in Wayanad district}}
[[Category:Education in Wayanad district| ]]
[[Category:Colleges in Kerala|Wayanad]]
[[Category:Kerala education-related lists|Wayanad]]

Sita Ramam

2026-03-18T07:40:50Z

Cdpnkr: refine details also and added references

{{Short description|2022 Telugu film by Hanu Raghavapudi}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Sita Ramam.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Hanu Raghavapudi]]
| producer = [[C. Aswani Dutt]]
| screenplay = Hanu Raghavapudi Rutham Samar Jay Krishna Raj Kumar Kandamudi
| story = Hanu Raghavapudi
| starring = {{ubl|[[Dulquer Salmaan]]|[[Mrunal Thakur]]|[[Rashmika Mandanna]]}}
| narrator =
| music = [[Vishal Chandrasekhar]]
| editing = [[Kotagiri Venkateswara Rao]]
| cinematography = {{Ubl | [[P. S. Vinod]] | Shreyaas Krishna}}
| studio = {{Ubl
| [[Vyjayanthi Movies]]
| Swapna Cinema
}}
| distributor = [[Sita Ramam#Distribution|See distribution]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2022|08|05}}
| runtime = 163 minutes<ref>{{Cite web |last=Focus |first=Filmy |date=1 August 2022 |title=Sita Ramam taking a huge risk - Filmy Focus |url=https://filmyfocus.com/sita-ramam-taking-a-huge-risk/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220803062752/https://filmyfocus.com/sita-ramam-taking-a-huge-risk/ |archive-date=3 August 2022 |access-date=3 August 2022}}</ref>
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| budget = {{INR|25}} crores<ref>{{Cite web |title=Box Office Report: Here's how much Sita Ramam, Cobra, Karthikeya 2, Liger raked in on Friday |url=https://newsable.asianetnews.com/gallery/entertainment/friday-box-office-collection-report-sita-ramam-hindi-cobra-karthikeya-2-liger-drb-rhm9op |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220904040230/https://newsable.asianetnews.com/amp/gallery/entertainment/friday-box-office-collection-report-sita-ramam-hindi-cobra-karthikeya-2-liger-drb-rhm9op |archive-date=4 September 2022 |access-date=11 September 2022 |website=[[Asianet News]] |quote=Made at a cost of Rs 30 crores, this film collapsed on its opening day itself.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Box office collection: Bimbisara और Sita Ramam का शानदार आगाज, जानिए किस फिल्म ने की कितनी कमाई |trans-title=Bimbisara and Sita Ramam box office collection: Here's how much the film has earned |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/hindi/entertainment/south-cinema/report-bimbisara-and-sita-ramam-movie-1st-day-opening-collection-both-films-opened-decent-start-4043543/amp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220807095018/https://www.dnaindia.com/hindi/entertainment/south-cinema/report-bimbisara-and-sita-ramam-movie-1st-day-opening-collection-both-films-opened-decent-start-4043543/amp |archive-date=7 August 2022 |access-date=7 August 2022 |website=[[DNA India]] |language=hi |quote=30 करोड़ के बजट में बनी फिल्म ने पहले |trans-quote=Made in a budget of 30 crores, the film [...]}}</ref>
| gross = {{Estimation}} {{INR|100}} crores<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 October 2022 |title=Sita Ramam Final Total WW Collections |url=https://t2blive.com/sita-ramam-total-world-wide-collections/}}</ref>
}}

'''''Sita Ramam''''' ({{Translation|''Sita and Ram''}}) is a 2022 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[Historical drama|period]] [[Romance film#Romantic drama|romantic drama film]] directed by [[Hanu Raghavapudi]], who co-wrote the screenplay with Raj Kumar Kandamudi. Produced by [[C. Aswini Dutt]] under the banners of [[Vyjayanthi Movies]] and Swapna Cinema, the film stars [[Dulquer Salmaan]] and [[Mrunal Thakur]] in the titular roles, alongside [[Rashmika Mandanna]] and [[Sumanth]] in supporting roles.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Balani |first=Ayushi |date=13 October 2023 |title=25 Best romantic Bollywood movies sorted by IMDb ratings |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/25-best-romantic-bollywood-movies-sorted-by-imdb-ratings-1194834 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230805012252/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/25-best-romantic-bollywood-movies-sorted-by-imdb-ratings-1194834 |archive-date=5 August 2023 |access-date=21 August 2023 |work=[[Pinkvilla]]}}</ref> Set in 1964, the narrative interweaves themes of love, duty, and identity against a backdrop of war and political unrest.

The story follows [[Lieutenant]] Ram, an orphaned army officer posted at the [[Kashmir]] border, who begins receiving anonymous letters from a woman named Sita Mahalakshmi. Determined to uncover her identity, Ram embarks on a journey that transforms into a tale of romance and sacrifice. [[Principal photography]] commenced in April 2021 and concluded in April 2022, with filming across [[Hyderabad]], Kashmir, and [[Russia]]. Cinematography was handled by [[P. S. Vinod]] and Shreyaas Krishna, while the original score and soundtrack were composed by [[Vishal Chandrashekhar]] with lyrics by [[Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry]], [[Anantha Sriram]], and others.

''Sita Ramam'' released theatrically on 5 August 2022 to widespread critical acclaim. Reviewers praised Raghavapudi’s direction, the screenplay, music, production design, and particularly the performances of Salmaan and Thakur. The film emerged as a major commercial success, grossing over ₹100 [[crore]] (US$13 million) worldwide and ranking as the [[List of Telugu films of 2022#Box office collection|ninth highest-grossing Telugu film of 2022]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=T2BLive.Com |date=2022-10-19 |title=Sita Ramam Total World Wide Collections! |url=https://t2blive.com/sita-ramam-total-world-wide-collections/ |access-date=2024-09-20 |website=T2BLive |language=en-US}}</ref> It was screened internationally and found notable success in overseas markets, strengthening its reputation as a modern Telugu classic.

At award ceremonies, the film received multiple honors, including the [[Telangana Gaddar Film Award for Best Feature Film]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 30, 2025 |title=Gaddar Telangana Film Awards: Adivi Sesh Thanks Telangana Government For Honouring Major, Expresses Gratitude To Mahesh Babu |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/telugu/gaddar-telangana-film-awards-adivi-sesh-thanks-telangana-government-for-honouring-major-expresses-gratitude-to-mahesh-babu-article-151755732 |website=Times Now}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=DH Web |title=Gaddar Telangana Film Awards: Here's who won big in Telangana |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/ampstories/entertainment/gaddar-telangana-film-awards-heres-who-won-big-in-telangana-3564452 |website=Deccan Herald}}</ref> At the [[68th Filmfare Awards South]], ''Sita Ramam'' led the ceremony with 13 nominations, and won 5 awards, including [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Telugu|Best Actress – Telugu]] (Thakur), [[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Telugu Film|Best Film Critics – Telugu]] (Raghavapudi), and [[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actor – Telugu|Best Actor Critics' – Telugu]] (Salmaan).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Winners of the 68th Filmfare Awards South (Telugu) 2023 {{!}} Filmfare.com |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/winners-of-the-68th-filmfare-awards-south-telugu-2023_-67194.html |access-date=2025-08-21 |website=www.filmfare.com |language=en}}</ref>

In subsequent years, ''Sita Ramam'' has been cited by critics and scholars for its evocation of old-world romance and its blend of historical and fictional elements, positioning it among the most celebrated Telugu films of the decade.

==Plot==
{{Long plot|date=July 2024}}
The story is set against the background of [[Operation Gibraltar]]. In 1964, [[Pakistani]] extremist Ansari wants to break the brotherly bond between [[Kashmiri Pandits]] and [[Muslims]] using the [[Indian Army]] as a pawn through his machination, as a part of which he sends a few brainwashed teenagers to live in Kashmir as its natives.

In 1985, an aggressive Pakistani [[rabble-rouser]], Afreen, is demanded by the dean of her university in [[London]] to apologise to an Indian philanthropist, Anand Mehta, for setting his car ablaze in retaliation for burning the [[Pakistani flag]]. When Afreen repudiates, Mehta asks her to pay a compensation of 10 lakh INR within a month, or else she will be sent to prison. Afreen undertakes an initiative to reconcile with her estranged grandfather, Abu Tariq, a former [[Brigadier]] of the [[Pakistani Army]], and take money from him. Hence, she flies to [[Karachi, Pakistan]], only to learn that he died of illness a few days ago, and she herself is supposed to deliver a letter from Indian Army Lieutenant Ram, written in 1965, to Sita Mahalakshmi of [[Hyderabad, India]], which her grandfather could not deliver by means of post.

According to Tariq's will, she would inherit his wealth only after the letter was delivered to Sita. Left with no choice, Afreen goes to Noor Jahan Palace, Hyderabad, where the letter is intended to be sent, but realises that the palace was donated by its princess Noor Jahan for the higher education of girls twenty years ago. Afreen reluctantly enlists the help of her Indian senior Balaji and meets Subramanyam, an accountant who worked at the palace for [[Nawab]] for about forty years, and inquires about Sita, but he doesn't remember anyone with that name employed in the palace. Afreen decides to chase the details about Ram, believing that it could lead them to Sita, and from a military library, she collects details about Ram's regiment and meets his regiment-mate Vikas Varma in [[Anantapuram]] with Balaji. Vikas narrates to the duo that in 1965, the brainwashed teenagers established themselves as natives of Kashmir, and inadvertently, Ansari leaked their details through a spy to the Indian Army [[Major (rank)|Major]] Selvan, who ordered Ram's superior Vishnu Sharma to assassinate them despite Ram's protests.

After the teenagers, except for one, were killed, Ansari triggered a religious riot in Kashmir by provoking Kashmiri Muslims against the Indian Army, accusing the latter of murdering the teenagers and suspecting them just because they were Muslims. Agitated Kashmiri Muslims boycotted the Indian Army and proceeded to burn Agarta, a place where Kashmiri Pandits lived. Ram managed to gather all the Hindus in a safe place along with his regiment mates, and by exposing Ansari's conspiracy, he cleared the misinterpretation of Muslims, causing them to put off the fire and apologize. For their act, Ram and his companions were appreciated, and a reporter, Vijayalakshmi, arrived at their base to interview them. Perceiving that Ram was an orphan with no one to even write to him, Vijayalakshmi told everyone on the radio to send their love for Ram, with herself writing a letter to him addressing him as her son. As a result, Ram began to receive several letters, and one of them from Sita Mahalakshmi fascinated him. Sita claimed that she was married to Ram and recalled several incidents of their marriage that never happened.

However, there was no sender's address on the letter, leaving Ram unaware of who she was and how she looked. He was amused with her letters and wanted to find out who she was. While receiving letters regularly from her, Ram figured out that she would board a train to Hyderabad from Delhi through a few details in one of her letters and boarded the same train with Vikas. He eventually found her and recognised her using a riddle she posed for him in a letter. He gave her the replies he had written to her letters and left her compartment, but not before telling her to call the landline of his friend Durjoy Sharma of Hyderabad, with whom he would be staying for the next few days. Ram and Vikas unintentionally boarded a train to [[Madras]] and hence, it took them some time to reach Hyderabad, where Ram was broken to realise that Durjoy's landline was dead and felt disappointed thinking that he could not meet Sita again. However, she arrived at Durjoy's house searching for Ram, where she asked him to forget her, but he refused, and she left.

At present, Vikas reveals to Afreen and Balaji that he could not meet Ram after that due to his personal problems and gives them Durjoy's address and Vishnu's contact information. Afreen calls Vishnu through a [[telephone booth]] at a bus station, but he is about to disconnect the call as the bus to Hyderabad is about to leave. But he becomes curious that someone wants to know about Ram. Vishnu then postpones his plans to search for Afreen. They later meet Durjoy and learn what happened after Sita left. Ram and Durjoy went to a magic show, which Sita said she wanted Ram to take her to in one of her letters. They successfully managed to find Sita, and Ram conversed with her friend Rekha, who disclosed that Sita was the [[Bharatanatyam]] teacher to Princess Noor Jahan. Ram and Sita began to spend time with each other. Ram dared to fool the accountant Subramanyam into getting into the palace and meeting Sita, whom he proposed, but she left yet again as something interrupted her from accepting the proposal. Currently, Durjoy gives Afreen and Balaji a photo of Sita that Ram clicked from his camera, which Afreen takes to Subramanyam for him to identify her, but she realises through a portrait in the palace that Sita is in fact Princess Noor Jahan, coming as a big shock to Afreen and Balaji.

Afreen and Balaji meet Rekha, who reveals that Noor was in love with Ram but that her destiny prevented her from accepting him. As her family's assets in Oman were captured due to the financial crisis, her brother engineered a truce offer to get her married to the Prince of Oman. Rekha advised Noor to divulge her identity to Ram, and she intended to do it by accompanying him to his family, who wrote him letters. However, during those days, Noor felt attached to Ram and could not reveal her identity while leaving for Kashmir—not before expecting Sita to go with him, but she could not as the Prince of Oman accepted to marry her. Unbeknownst to them, a journalist named Marthandam clicked their pictures and published them in the newspaper, publicising Noor Jahan's love for a common man. When the Prince of Oman requested an explanation from Noor through an ambassador, Noor's brother asked her to say that she had nothing to do with Ram, but she conveyed that she was in love with Ram and was ready to give her property up for him. She left for Kashmir despite receiving opposition from her brother, and without passing on her true identity, she spent a few days with Ram and got acquainted with his colleagues and superiors.

Now, Rekha gives Noor's contact information to Afreen and Balaji, who learn that she is in Kashmir and leave to meet her over there. Upon landing in Kashmir, Afreen is apprehended by Vishnu, who tells her the rest of the story. Sita and Ram were unexpectedly dining with Vishnu and his wife, Vaidehi, when the Pakistani teenager attempted to murder Vishnu, who was rescued by Ram. Ram convinced the teenager of Ansari's intentions, got to know his whereabouts, and promised the teenager that he would protect his sister Waheeda from Ansari's clutches. Brigadier Y.K. Joshi and Major Selvan assigned Vishnu, Ram, and a few other officers on a covert mission to assassinate Ansari off the record and declared that those who wouldn't return would be declared deserted soldiers of the army. Bidding a tearful farewell to Sita, who wanted to tell him the truth once he returned, Ram departed for his mission and, along with his team, managed to successfully kill Ansari in Pakistan. However, while trying to rescue Waheeda from fire, Ram and Vishnu were arrested by the then-[[Army General]] Abu Tariq, who was compassionate towards both of them and requested the Indian diplomat Rahul Varma to trade the Pakistani prisoners in India with Ram and Vishnu.

However, the Pakistani Army only wanted to release one of the two, and eventually, Vishnu was sent to India at Ram's behest. In the present, Vishnu reveals to Afreen that after that incident, the Pakistani army orchestrated attacks on Indian Army bases in Kashmir, killing 32 soldiers, which made the army presume that Ram was a traitor, and Sita had to bear the humiliation for that misinterpretation. However, Vishnu expresses his trust in Ram and also discloses that Afreen is in fact the girl Waheeda, whom Ram tried to protect and because of whom he was separated from Sita. Afreen is devastated.
Meanwhile, Balaji delivers the letter to Sita, who has been living her life with Ram's memories, and through the letters, she learns that the Pakistani Army put a condition on Ram and Vishnu that whoever would reveal the details about Indian Army bases in Kashmir would be released. When Ram refused, Vishnu gave in to protect Vaidehi and his children from the terrorists.

This is why he has been living his life in regret, stopped Afreen, and does not want the letter to be delivered to Sita. Sita learns that Ram was executed in prison through the letter and is distraught. She also finds a newspaper clipping attached to it that was published by Marthandam, revealing that Ram knew who Sita was and was proud and happy that she left her palace to stay with Ram. Sita, through the letter, exposes Vishnu, causing an inquiry committee to be set up on him, and goes to meet Afreen, to whom she reveals that Ram is dead. Afreen blames herself and hugs Sita. While Vishnu shoots himself with his service revolver out of disgrace, Sita receives a medal for Ram's patriotism from the [[President of India]], with Afreen restoring his reputation in the army. Afreen is revealed to have apologised to Mehta and has also had 18 prisoners of India released from Pakistan's prison.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Dulquer Salmaan]] as [[Lieutenant]] Ram
* [[Mrunal Thakur]] as Princess Noorjahan / Sita Mahalakshmi ([[Voiceover]] by [[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]])
* [[Rashmika Mandanna]] as Afreen / Waheeda, Brigadier Abu Tariq's adopted granddaughter
* [[Sumanth]] as [[Brigadier]] Vishnu Sharma, Ram's superior officer and Vaidehi's husband
* [[Tharun Bhascker]] as Balaji
* [[Sachin Khedekar]] as late Brigadier Abu Tariq ([[Pakistani Army]]), Afreen's grandfather
* [[Gautham Vasudev Menon]] as [[Major (rank)|Major]] Selvan
* [[Prakash Raj]] as Brigadier Y. K. Joshi
* [[Shatru (actor)|Shatru]] as Lieutenant Vikas Varma, Ram's friend in the Army
* [[Vennela Kishore]] as Durjoy Sharma, Ram's friend
* [[Bhumika Chawla]] as Vaidehi, Vishnu's wife<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 July 2022 |title=Bhumika Chawla first look from Sita Ramam |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5YWT4GtvLPk?si=JCNK3nuiXWXjNhqe |website=[[YouTube]]}}</ref>
* [[Rukmini Vijayakumar]] as [[Professor|Prof.]] Rekha Bharadwaj
* [[Jisshu Sengupta]] as [[Nawab]], Princess Noor Jahan's elder brother
* [[Abhinaya (actress)|Abhinaya]] as Noor Jahan's sister-in-law
* [[Murali Sharma]] as Subramanyam
* [[Ashwath Bhatt]] as Ansari, a terrorist
* [[Tinnu Anand]] as Dr. Anand Mehta
* [[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]] as Vaaradhi
* [[Priyadarshi Pulikonda]] as Journalist Marthandam
* [[Rohini (actress)|Rohini]] as Vijayalakshmi
* [[Rahul Ravindran]] as Rahul Varma [[Indian Foreign Service|IFS]]
* [[Pawan Chopra]] as [[General]] Musa Khan of the Pakistani Army
* [[Neeraj Kabi]] as Afreen's family advocate
* [[Ananth Babu]] as Seetharamayya
* [[Goutham Raju]] as Ticket Collector in train to [[Madras]]
* [[Anish Kuruvilla]] as Legal Advisor to Noor Jahan's elder brother
* [[Annapurna (actress)|Annapurnamma]] as a house owner
* Praneeta Pattanaik as Radhika
* Mahesh Achanta as Bharathi
* Geetha Bhascker as the Principal of Women's College
* Bawa as Afreen's roommate
* Nayan Rosh T M as Radio Jockey (Voice)
* [[Sandeep Raj]] as a passersby
* Rajkumar Kasireddy as a passersby
}}

== Production ==

===Development ===
Hanu Raghavpudi got the idea for the film when he bought a book that had an unopened inland letter. Regarding the same, he told ''[[The Hindu]]'', "The letter I found in that book, in 2007, was from a mother to her son. I gathered that their family is from [[Vijayawada]] and the son is living in a hostel. She had enquired about his well-being and asked when he would be home. It got me thinking, what if the contents of the letter had something crucial that could change the course of events?".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dundoo |first=Sangeetha Devi |date=2022-07-28 |title=Hanu Raghavapudi: The war in Dulquer Salmaan, Mrunal Thakur's 'Sita Ramam' is an internal battle |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/hanu-raghavapudi-the-war-in-sita-ramam-is-an-internal-battle/article65689381.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220805161540/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/hanu-raghavapudi-the-war-in-sita-ramam-is-an-internal-battle/article65689381.ece |archive-date=5 August 2022 |access-date=2022-08-05 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> An army backdrop was later included in the story as suggested by Rajkumar Kandamudi. [[Sheetal Sharma]] was brought in as the costume designer for the film.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Liked Dulquer and Mrunal's looks in Sita Ramam? Meet costume designer Sheetal Sharma who recreated the 60s through his clothing |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/liked-dulquer-and-mrunals-looks-in-sita-ramam-meet-costume-designer-sheetal-sharma-who-recreated-the-60s-through-his-clothing/7818b7d90a23 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220809162952/https://www.ottplay.com/news/liked-dulquer-and-mrunals-looks-in-sita-ramam-meet-costume-designer-sheetal-sharma-who-recreated-the-60s-through-his-clothing/7818b7d90a23 |archive-date=9 August 2022 |access-date=2022-08-09 |website=[[HT Media|OTTPlay]] |language=en}}</ref> The film was announced in July 2020.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Dulquer Salmaan will be seen as lieutenant Ram in Hanu Raghavapudi's upcoming directorial - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/dulquer-salmaan-will-be-seen-as-lieutenant-ram-in-hanu-raghavapudis-upcoming-directorial/articleshow/77215488.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220625221609/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/dulquer-salmaan-will-be-seen-as-lieutenant-ram-in-hanu-raghavapudis-upcoming-directorial/articleshow/77215488.cms |archive-date=25 June 2022 |access-date=2022-06-25 |work=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> In April 2022, its title ''Sita Ramam'' was announced.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-10 |title=Dulquer Salmaan's second Telugu project with Rashmika Mandanna titled 'Sita Ramam' |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/dulquer-salmaan-s-second-telugu-project-rashmika-mandanna-titled-sita-ramam-1064866 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013045948/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/dulquer-salmaan-s-second-telugu-project-rashmika-mandanna-titled-sita-ramam-1064866 |archive-date=13 October 2022 |access-date=2022-04-13 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=India |first=The Hans |date=2022-04-12 |title=Dulquer Salman's Telugu debut titled 'Sita Ramam' |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/dulquer-salmans-telugu-debut-titled-sita-ramam-737658 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220414130510/https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/dulquer-salmans-telugu-debut-titled-sita-ramam-737658 |archive-date=14 April 2022 |access-date=2022-04-14 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref>

=== Casting ===
[[Dulquer Salmaan]] was roped in to play the lead role as a military officer, and it is his second collaboration in Telugu cinema with [[Vyjayanthi Movies]] after ''[[Mahanati]]'' (2018).<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-07-28 |title=Dulquer Salmaan as Lieutenant Ram in director Hanu Raghavapudi's Telugu film |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/dulquer-salmaans-second-telugu-film-to-be-directed-by-hanu-raghavapudi/article59864968.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220625221609/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/dulquer-salmaans-second-telugu-film-to-be-directed-by-hanu-raghavapudi/article59864968.ece |archive-date=25 June 2022 |access-date=2022-07-29 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> [[Mrunal Thakur]] was signed to play Sita by marking her debut in [[Telugu cinema]] before [[Pooja Hegde]] was finalized and later she is out of the project due to date clashes.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Balachandran |first=Logesh |date=22 May 2020 |title=Pooja Hegde to romance Dulquer Salmaan in Hanu Raghavapudi's film? |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/pooja-hegde-to-romance-dulquer-salmaan-in-hanu-raghavapudi-s-film-1680731-2020-05-22 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220729071658/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/pooja-hegde-to-romance-dulquer-salmaan-in-hanu-raghavapudi-s-film-1680731-2020-05-22 |archive-date=29 July 2022 |access-date=2022-07-29 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> [[Raashi Khanna]] was initially considered for the role of Afreen before [[Rashmika Mandanna]] was finalized for the role.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vyas |date=2020-12-08 |title=Raashi Khanna to replace Rashmika |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/raashi-khanna-to-replace-rashmika-660814 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220729071659/https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/raashi-khanna-to-replace-rashmika-660814 |archive-date=29 July 2022 |access-date=2022-07-29 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref> Singer and Voice artist [[Chinmayi Sripada]] was roped in to dub for Mrunal in the film, soon after her delivering twin babies.

=== Filming ===
[[File:Dal Lake Hazratbal Srinagar.jpg|thumb|A major portion of the film was shot in [[Srinagar]] and at [[Dal Lake]]]]

The [[principal photography]] for the film, commenced in April 2021 in [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Kashmir]] and the first schedule wrapped up in July 2021. The primary locations in Kashmir were [[Srinagar]]'s [[Dal Lake]], Jalali House and [[Sonamarg]]'s Thajwass Glacier.<ref>{{Cite news |title=EXCLUSIVE! Dulquer Salmaan is filming for his next in Kashmir - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/exclusive-dulquer-salmaan-is-filming-for-his-next-in-kashmir/articleshow/82104224.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220625221611/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/exclusive-dulquer-salmaan-is-filming-for-his-next-in-kashmir/articleshow/82104224.cms |archive-date=25 June 2022 |access-date=2022-06-25 |work=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Dulquer Salmaan is dazzled by the beauty of Kashmir and these pictures are proof - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/dulquer-salmaan-is-dazzled-by-the-beauty-of-kashmir-and-these-pictures-are-proof/articleshow/82144677.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220625221608/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/dulquer-salmaan-is-dazzled-by-the-beauty-of-kashmir-and-these-pictures-are-proof/articleshow/82144677.cms |archive-date=25 June 2022 |access-date=2022-06-25 |work=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> After two subsequent schedules in [[Russia]] and [[Hyderabad]], the final schedule took place in April 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Dulquer Salmaan shoots in J&K as Lieutenant Ram for Hanu Raghavapudi's love saga - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/dulquer-salmaan-shoots-in-jk-as-lieutenant-ram-for-hanu-raghavapudis-period-drama/articleshow/82177641.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220625221610/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/dulquer-salmaan-shoots-in-jk-as-lieutenant-ram-for-hanu-raghavapudis-period-drama/articleshow/82177641.cms |archive-date=25 June 2022 |access-date=2022-06-25 |work=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> Some parts of the song "Kaanunna Kalyanam" was also reshot and added in the Tamil version as "Kannukkule".<ref>{{Cite news |title=Dulquer Salmaan, Hanu Raghavapudi, Swapna Cinema's movie titled 'Seetha Ramam' - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/dulquer-salmaan-hanu-raghavapudi-swapna-cinemas-movie-titled-seetha-ramam/articleshow/90759969.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220625221608/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/dulquer-salmaan-hanu-raghavapudi-swapna-cinemas-movie-titled-seetha-ramam/articleshow/90759969.cms |archive-date=25 June 2022 |access-date=2022-06-25 |work=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Main|Sita Ramam (soundtrack)}}The music and soundtrack was composed by [[Vishal Chandrasekhar]]. The audio rights were acquired by [[Sony Music India]]. The first single titled "Oh Sita Hey Rama" was released on 9 May 2022. "Ala Nemaliki - Inthandam Reprise" version sung by S. P. Charan was released later.<ref>{{Citation |title=Ala Nemaliki (Inthandham Reprise Version) Video Promo {{!}} Sita Ramam {{!}} Dulquer {{!}} Mrunal {{!}} Hanu |date=3 August 2022 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FrmIsl9BRMo |access-date=2023-05-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230515083013/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FrmIsl9BRMo |archive-date=15 May 2023 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref>

==Release==
=== Theatrical ===
''Sita Ramam'' released on 5 August 2022 in Telugu along with dubbed versions of [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Malayalam]] languages.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sita Ramam Locks Release Date |url=http://www.indiaherald.com/Actors/Read/994504417/Sita-Ramam-Locks-Release-Date |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404175703/https://www.indiaherald.com/Actors/Read/994504417/Sita-Ramam-Locks-Release-Date |archive-date=4 April 2023 |access-date=2022-06-25 |website=indiaherald.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-05-25 |title=Dulquer Salmaan, Mrunal Thakur's Telugu film 'Sita Ramam', directed by Hanu Raghavapudi, to release in August |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/dulquer-salmaans-telugu-film-sita-ramam-to-release-in-august/article65459790.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220625221608/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/dulquer-salmaans-telugu-film-sita-ramam-to-release-in-august/article65459790.ece |archive-date=25 June 2022 |access-date=2022-06-25 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The [[Hindi]] dubbed version of the film was released on 2 September 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-26 |title=Dulquer Salmaan's latest hit Sita Ramam to release in Hindi on this date |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/dulquer-salmaan-latest-hit-sita-ramam-to-release-in-hindi-on-this-date-8113509/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220827174228/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/dulquer-salmaan-latest-hit-sita-ramam-to-release-in-hindi-on-this-date-8113509/ |archive-date=27 August 2022 |access-date=2022-08-27 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

The film's screening was banned in Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-04 |title=Dulquer Salmaan's film 'Sita Ramam' banned in Gulf countries |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2022/08/04/dulquer-salmaan-rashmika-mandanna-august-movie-release-ban-gulf-countries.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220805143307/https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2022/08/04/dulquer-salmaan-rashmika-mandanna-august-movie-release-ban-gulf-countries.html |archive-date=5 August 2022 |access-date=2022-08-05 |website=[[Malayala Manorama|Onmanorama]]}}</ref> According to an article published by ''[[News18]]'', the ban was a result of the film hurting religious sentiments.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-05 |title=Dulquer Salmaan's Sita Ramam Banned In Gulf Nations; Here's Why |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/dulquer-salmaans-sita-ramam-banned-in-gulf-nations-heres-why-5692375.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220805143304/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/dulquer-salmaans-sita-ramam-banned-in-gulf-nations-heres-why-5692375.html |archive-date=5 August 2022 |access-date=2022-08-05 |website=[[News18]] |language=en}}</ref> Later, the ban in the United Arab Emirates was lifted and the film released there on 11 August 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-10 |title=Dulquer Salmaan's 'Sita Ramam' up for UAE release |url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/entertainment/dulquer-salmaans-sita-ramam-up-for-uae-release |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813052724/https://www.khaleejtimes.com/entertainment/dulquer-salmaans-sita-ramam-up-for-uae-release |archive-date=13 August 2022 |access-date=2022-08-13 |website=[[Khaleej Times]] |language=en}}</ref> A pre-release event was conducted in Hyderabad on 3 August 2022 with [[Prabhas]] attending as guest.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-04 |title=Prabhas Buys First Ticket Of Dulquer Salmaan's Sita Ramam |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/prabhas-buys-first-ticket-of-dulquer-salmaans-sita-ramam-5687365.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220805053827/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/prabhas-buys-first-ticket-of-dulquer-salmaans-sita-ramam-5687365.html |archive-date=5 August 2022 |access-date=2022-08-05 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> The team promoted the film at events in [[Hyderabad]], [[Vijayawada]], [[Visakhapatnam|Vizag]], [[Chennai]] and [[Kochi]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Dulquer Salmaan and Mrunal Thakur land in Kochi for the pre-release event of 'Sita Ramam' - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/dulquer-salmaan-and-mrunal-thakur-land-in-kochi-for-the-pre-release-event-of-sita-ramam/articleshow/93161739.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220805054211/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/dulquer-salmaan-and-mrunal-thakur-land-in-kochi-for-the-pre-release-event-of-sita-ramam/articleshow/93161739.cms |archive-date=5 August 2022 |access-date=2022-08-05 |work=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Dulquer Salmaan and Mrunal Thakur look uber-cool as they land in Vijayawada for 'Sita Ramam' promotions - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/dulquer-salmaan-and-mrunal-thakur-look-uber-cool-as-they-land-in-vijayawada-for-sita-ramam-promotions/articleshow/93253657.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220806170340/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/dulquer-salmaan-and-mrunal-thakur-look-uber-cool-as-they-land-in-vijayawada-for-sita-ramam-promotions/articleshow/93253657.cms |archive-date=6 August 2022 |access-date=2022-08-05 |work=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

=== Distribution ===
The film is distributed in [[Telangana|Nizam]] region by Asian Cinemas, Krishna{{Efn|Undivided [[Krishna district]]}} and [[Uttarandhra]] region by [[Annapurna Studios]], [[Tamil Nadu]] by [[Lyca Productions]] and [[Wayfarer Films]] in [[Kerala]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-03 |title=Noted producers are confident in Sita Ramam's success |url=https://www.123telugu.com/mnews/noted-producers-are-confident-in-sita-ramams-success.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220805163238/https://www.123telugu.com/mnews/noted-producers-are-confident-in-sita-ramams-success.html |archive-date=5 August 2022 |access-date=2022-08-05 |website=[[Mallemala Entertainments|123Telugu]] |language=en}}</ref> The Hindi version rights were acquired by [[Pen Studios]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 August 2022 |title=Sita Ramam to have a Hindi release |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2022/aug/27/sita-ramam-to-have-a-hindi-release-2491759.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220827074951/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2022/aug/27/sita-ramam-to-have-a-hindi-release-2491759.html |archive-date=27 August 2022 |access-date=27 August 2022 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> In the United States, it is distributed by [[S. Radha Krishna]]'s Radhakrishna Entertainments.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-03 |title=Sita Ramam : 'సీతా రామం'పై పలువురి ఆశలు |url=https://ntvtelugu.com/movie-news/many-hope-on-sita-ramam-209238.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220805163238/https://ntvtelugu.com/movie-news/many-hope-on-sita-ramam-209238.html |archive-date=5 August 2022 |access-date=2022-08-05 |website=[[NTV (Indian TV channel)|NTV]] |language=te-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-05 |title='Sita Ramam': Premieres set to commence in US - Telugu News |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/sita-ramam-premieres-set-to-commence-in-us-telugu-news-321631 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220805163238/https://www.indiaglitz.com/sita-ramam-premieres-set-to-commence-in-us-telugu-news-321631 |archive-date=5 August 2022 |access-date=2022-08-05 |website=IndiaGlitz.com}}</ref> The worldwide theatrical rights of the film were sold at a cost of {{INR}}18.70 crore.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-04 |title='సీతారామం' చిత్రానికి భారీగా ప్రీరిలీజ్‌ బిజినెస్‌.. టార్గెట్‌ సాధ్యమేనా? |url=https://www.sakshi.com/telugu-news/movies/sita-ramam-movie-pre-release-business-details-1475941 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220804082343/https://www.sakshi.com/telugu-news/movies/sita-ramam-movie-pre-release-business-details-1475941 |archive-date=4 August 2022 |access-date=2022-08-05 |website=[[Sakshi (newspaper)|Sakshi]] |language=te}}</ref>

=== Home media ===
The [[digital distribution]] rights of the film were acquired by [[Amazon Prime Video]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-05 |title=Sita Raamam Movie OTT Release date and Platform Fixed |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/sita-raamam-movie-ott-release-date-and-platform-fixed-756515 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220806071744/https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/sita-raamam-movie-ott-release-date-and-platform-fixed-756515 |archive-date=6 August 2022 |access-date=2022-08-05 |website=[[The Hans India]] |language=en}}</ref> The film premiered on Amazon Prime Video on 9 September 2022 in Telugu and dubbed versions of Tamil and Malayalam languages.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sita Ramam OTT release: When, where to watch Dulquer Salmaan, Mrunal Thakur starrer romantic film |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-sita-ramam-ott-release-when-where-to-watch-dulquer-salmaan-mrunal-thakur-romantic-film-prime-video-september-9-2982750 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220906060201/https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-sita-ramam-ott-release-when-where-to-watch-dulquer-salmaan-mrunal-thakur-romantic-film-prime-video-september-9-2982750 |archive-date=6 September 2022 |access-date=6 September 2022 |website=[[Zee Media Corporation|DNA India]]}}</ref> The film premiered on [[Disney+ Hotstar]] in Hindi on 18 November 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 November 2022 |title=Sita Ramam Hindi OTT Release: Romantic drama 'Sita Ramam' to release in Hindi on Disney+ Hotstar on Nov 18 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/romantic-drama-sita-ramam-to-release-in-hindi-on-disney-hotstar-on-nov-18/articleshow/95399735.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221113182239/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/romantic-drama-sita-ramam-to-release-in-hindi-on-disney-hotstar-on-nov-18/articleshow/95399735.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=13 November 2022 |access-date=13 November 2022 |work=[[The Economic Times]]}}</ref> The satellite rights of the film is acquired by [[Star Maa]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 November 2022 |title=Sita Ramam Telugu Television Premiere Details | Sumanth | Dulquer Salmaan | Mrunal Thakur | Rashmika Mandanna |work=Telugu Filmnagar |url=https://www.thetelugufilmnagar.com/2022/11/16/sita-ramam-telugu-television-premiere-details/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230112052643/https://www.thetelugufilmnagar.com/2022/11/16/sita-ramam-telugu-television-premiere-details/ |archive-date=12 January 2023 |access-date=12 January 2023}}</ref>

== Reception ==
=== Critical response ===
{{Multiple image
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| footer = [[Mrunal Thakur]] and [[Dulquer Salman]] were highly praised by most critics for their portrayal of Sita and Ram respectively.
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''Sita Ramam'' received generally positive critical reviews upon release, with praise directed towards the direction, story, screenplay, dialogues, music and performances of the cast.<ref>{{Cite web |last=K. |first=Janani |date=8 August 2022 |title=Sita Ramam box office collection Day 3: Dulquer Salmaan's film soars high |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/sita-ramam-box-office-collection-day-3-dulquer-salmaan-s-film-soars-high-1985030-2022-08-08 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220817135002/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/sita-ramam-box-office-collection-day-3-dulquer-salmaan-s-film-soars-high-1985030-2022-08-08 |archive-date=17 August 2022 |website=India Today |quote=The film is being showered with positive responses from the critics and audience alike.}}</ref> {{Rotten Tomatoes prose|score=86|count=7|average=5.7|ref=yes}}

Neeshita Nyayapati of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film 3.5 out of 5 stars and wrote, "With ''Sita Ramam'', Hanu manages to deliver a story that's moving and a film that's visually aesthetic and pleasing".<ref>{{Cite news |title=Sita Ramam Movie Review : A predictable but poetic tale of love |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/sita-ramam/movie-review/93368064.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220805090941/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/sita-ramam/movie-review/93368064.cms |archive-date=5 August 2022 |access-date=5 August 2022 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Jayadeep Jayesh of ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' rated the film 3.5 out of 5 stars and wrote, "''Sita Ramam'' shares its soul with the Bollywood classic ''[[Veer-Zaara]]'' (2004), yet it maintains an identity of its own".<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 August 2022 |title='Sita Ramam' review: Dulquer a surprise weak link |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/sita-ramam-review-dulquer-a-surprise-weak-link-1133550.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220807013809/https://www.deccanherald.com/amp/entertainment/entertainment-news/sita-ramam-review-dulquer-a-surprise-weak-link-1133550.html |archive-date=7 August 2022 |access-date=7 August 2022 |website=[[Deccan Herald]]}}</ref> Jeevi of [[Idlebrain.com|''Idlebrain'']] rated the film 3 out of 5 stars and wrote, "On the whole, ''Sita Ramam'' is a classy tale of eternal love".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sita Ramam Jeevi review - Dulquer Salmaan, Mrunal Thakur |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/sitaramam.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220807024756/http://idlebrain.com/movie/archive/sitaramam.html |archive-date=7 August 2022 |access-date=2022-09-04 |website=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref> Priyanka Sundar of ''Firstpost'' rated the film 3 out of 5 stars and called the film "a visually beautiful tale of love and loss".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sundar |first=Priyanka |date=2022-08-11 |title=Sita Ramam movie review: Just short of a classic |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/sita-ramam-movie-review-just-short-of-a-classic-11043101.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220904203830/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/sita-ramam-movie-review-just-short-of-a-classic-11043101.html |archive-date=4 September 2022 |access-date=2022-09-04 |website=Firstpost |language=en}}</ref> Anji of ''[[Sakshi (media group)|Sakshi]]'' rated the film 3 out of 5 stars, praised the music, cinematography, and direction and called the film 'a beautiful love story'.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-05 |title='సీతారామం' మూవీ రివ్యూ |url=https://www.sakshi.com/telugu-news/movies/sita-ramam-movie-review-and-rating-release-live-updates-1476174 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220808061754/https://www.sakshi.com/telugu-news/movies/sita-ramam-movie-review-and-rating-release-live-updates-1476174 |archive-date=8 August 2022 |access-date=2022-09-04 |website=Sakshi |language=te}}</ref> Soundarya Athimuthu of ''[[The Quint]]'' rated the film 2.5 out of 5 stars and wrote, "''Sita Ramam'' delivers a poignant love story laced with socio-political messaging".<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 August 2022 |title='Sita Ramam' Review: Dulquer Salmaan's Film Is a Fresh Yet Old-School Love Story |url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/dulquer-salmaan-mrunal-thakur-rashmika-mandanna-starrer-sita-ramam-movie-review#read-more |access-date=6 August 2022 |publisher=[[The Quint]]}}</ref>

Janani K of ''[[India Today]]'' rated the film 2.5 out of 5 stars and wrote, "''Sita Ramam'' is also a musical, as opposed to a romantic story about war".<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 August 2022 |title=Sita Ramam Movie Review: Dulquer Salmaan, Mrunal Thakur's film aims to be a poignant love story, but falls short |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/sita-ramam-movie-review-dulquer-salmaan-mrunal-thakur-s-film-aims-to-be-a-poignant-love-story-but-falls-short-1984200-2022-08-05 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404051242/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/sita-ramam-movie-review-dulquer-salmaan-mrunal-thakur-s-film-aims-to-be-a-poignant-love-story-but-falls-short-1984200-2022-08-05 |archive-date=4 April 2023 |access-date=5 August 2022 |publisher=[[India Today]]}}</ref> Balakrishna Ganeshan of ''[[The News Minute]]'' rated the film 2.5 out of 5 stars and wrote, "''Sita Ramam'' tries hard to make the love story between Sita and Ram a poignant tale, but with weak writing, the film does not get the desired response". He also opined that Vennala Kishore's character is related to [[Hanuman|Lord Hanuman]], who helps Rama in his journey to find Sita in the [[Ramayana]]m.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ganeshan |first=Balakrishna |date=2022-08-05 |title=Sita Ramam review: Period film tries too hard to be an 'epic' love story |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/sita-ramam-review-period-film-tries-too-hard-be-epic-love-story-166566 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220805155828/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/sita-ramam-review-period-film-tries-too-hard-be-epic-love-story-166566 |archive-date=5 August 2022 |access-date=2022-08-05 |website=[[The News Minute]] |language=en}}</ref> Manoj Kumar R. of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' rated the film 2 out of 5 stars and wrote, "The screen presence of Dulquer Salmaan and Mrunal Thakur does add a little vigour to the otherwise dull narration. The film majorly leverages the good looks of its actors to make it tolerable".<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 August 2022 |title=Sita Ramam movie review: Good looks of Dulquer Salmaan, Mrunal Thakur hold this dull romantic story together |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/sita-ramam-movie-review-dulquer-salmaan-mrunal-thakur-8072706/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220805114101/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/sita-ramam-movie-review-dulquer-salmaan-mrunal-thakur-8072706/ |archive-date=5 August 2022 |access-date=5 August 2022 |publisher=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> Gautama Bhaskaran of ''[[News 18]]'' rated the film 1.5 out of 5 stars and wrote, "''Sita Ramam'' has all the ingredients of a puffed-up plot, peppered with coincidences and made to look like a web of implausibilities".<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 August 2022 |title=Sita Ramam Movie Review: Dulquer Salmaan is Convincing, Rashmika Mandanna Compelling in This Period Drama |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/sita-ramam-movie-review-dulquer-salmaan-mrunal-thakur-rashmika-mandanna-telugu-film-5695687.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220805132634/https://www.news18.com/amp/news/movies/sita-ramam-movie-review-dulquer-salmaan-mrunal-thakur-rashmika-mandanna-telugu-film-5695687.html |archive-date=5 August 2022 |access-date=5 August 2022 |website=[[News 18]]}}</ref>

A critic for ''[[Telangana Today]]'' stated, "The film is however for the grooming of Dulquer's fan following. He is a natural charmer and understands the nuances of his role".<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 August 2022 |title=Sita Ramam review: Actors reduced to props |url=https://telanganatoday.com/sita-ramam-review-a-good-story-line-fine-central-performance-soulful-songs |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220806183451/https://telanganatoday.com/sita-ramam-review-a-good-story-line-fine-central-performance-soulful-songs |archive-date=6 August 2022 |access-date=7 August 2022 |website=[[Telangana Today]]}}</ref> Writing for ''[[Hindustan Times]]'', Haricharan Pudipeddi opined, "Dulquer Salmaan and Mrunal Thakur's film is a tale of love that also takes a mature and sensitive take on the conflict between India and Pakistan".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pudipeddi |first=Haricharan |date=2022-08-05 |title=Sita Ramam review: Dulquer Salmaan, Mrunal Thakur's romance drama is a sensitive depiction of Indo-Pak conflict |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/sita-ramam-review-dulquer-salmaan-mrunal-thakur-s-romance-drama-is-a-sensitive-depiction-of-indo-pak-conflict-101659703853216.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220805155827/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/sita-ramam-review-dulquer-salmaan-mrunal-thakur-s-romance-drama-is-a-sensitive-depiction-of-indo-pak-conflict-101659703853216.html |archive-date=5 August 2022 |access-date=2022-08-05 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en}}</ref> Opining the same, ''[[The Hindu]]''{{'}}s Sangeetha Devi Dundoo wrote, "Hanu Raghavapudi's old-world romance saga brims with earnestness and is helped by charming performances from Dulquer Salmaan and Mrunal Thakur".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dundoo |first=Sangeetha Devi |date=2022-08-05 |title='Sita Ramam' movie review |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/sita-ramam-movie-review-a-poignant-love-story/article65730859.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220805155827/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/sita-ramam-movie-review-a-poignant-love-story/article65730859.ece |archive-date=5 August 2022 |access-date=2022-08-05 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Princy Alexander of [[Manorama News|''Onmanorama'']], stated, "Sita Ramam is a heartfelt romantic tale in a strife-torn setting".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Alexander |first=Princy |date=2022-08-05 |title=Dulquer Salmaan's 'Sita Ramam' |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/2022/08/05/sita-ramam-movie-release-dulquer-salmaan-mrunal-thakur-rashmika-mandanna.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220808010209/https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/2022/08/05/sita-ramam-movie-release-dulquer-salmaan-mrunal-thakur-rashmika-mandanna.html |archive-date=8 August 2022 |access-date=2022-08-05 |website=[[Manorama News|OnManorama]]}}</ref>

=== Box office ===
On its opening day, ''Sita Ramam'' collected a gross collection of {{INRConvert|5.25|c}} in worldwide.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-06 |title=Box Office Report: 'Sita Ramam', Bimbisara dominate the Friday collections |url=https://newsable.asianetnews.com/gallery/entertainment/friday-box-office-collection-report-sita-ramam-bimbisara-vikran-rona-ek-villain-returns-drb-rg6jrg |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220906143741/https://newsable.asianetnews.com/gallery/entertainment/friday-box-office-collection-report-sita-ramam-bimbisara-vikran-rona-ek-villain-returns-drb-rg6jrg |archive-date=6 September 2022 |access-date=2022-08-06 |website=[[Asianet News]] |language=en}}</ref> In nine days, the film has collected a total gross of $1 million at the United States box office.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-14 |title=Unstoppable: Sita Ramam going super strong despite new releases |url=https://www.123telugu.com/mnews/unstoppable-sita-ramam-going-super-strong-despite-new-releases.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220814161312/https://www.123telugu.com/mnews/unstoppable-sita-ramam-going-super-strong-despite-new-releases.html |archive-date=14 August 2022 |access-date=2022-08-14 |website=[[Mallemala Entertainment|123Telugu]] |language=en}}</ref> The film collected a worldwide gross of {{INR|50}} crore in 10 days, and emerged as a major commercial success at the box office.<ref>{{Cite news |title='Sita Ramam' box office collection Day 10: Dulquer Salmaan's film crosses Rs 50 crore, eyeing massive 2nd-weekend run - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/box-office/sita-ramam-box-office-collection-day-10-dulquer-salmaans-film-crosses-rs-50-crore-eyeing-massive-2nd-weekend-run/articleshow/93573112.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220817135008/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/box-office/sita-ramam-box-office-collection-day-10-dulquer-salmaans-film-crosses-rs-50-crore-eyeing-massive-2nd-weekend-run/articleshow/93573112.cms |archive-date=17 August 2022 |access-date=2022-08-17 |work=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> The film's Hindi version netted {{INR|8.19}} crore at the box office.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 October 2022 |title=Sita Ramam [Hindi] Box Office: Film collects Rs. 8.19 cr. at the close of Week 5 |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/sita-ramam-hindi-box-office-film-collects-rs-8-19-cr-close-week-5/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221009033647/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/sita-ramam-hindi-box-office-film-collects-rs-8-19-cr-close-week-5/ |archive-date=9 October 2022 |access-date=9 October 2022 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref>

== Accolades ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope="col" | Award{{efn|Awards, festivals and organizations are in alphabetical order.}}
! scope="col" | Date of ceremony{{efn|Date is linked to the article about the awards held that year, wherever possible.}}
! scope="col" | Category
! scope="col" | Recipient(s)
! scope="col" | Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable"|{{abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="13" |[[Filmfare Awards South]]
| rowspan="13" |[[68th Filmfare Awards South|2024]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Telugu|Best Film – Telugu]]
|''Sita Ramam''
| {{nom}}
| rowspan="13" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Winners of the 68th Filmfare Awards South (Telugu) 2023 {{!}} Filmfare.com |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/winners-of-the-68th-filmfare-awards-south-telugu-2023_-67194.html |access-date=2024-07-12 |website=www.filmfare.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Telugu|Best Director – Telugu]]
|[[Hanu Raghavapudi]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Telugu|Best Actor – Telugu]]
|[[Dulquer Salmaan]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Telugu|Best Actress – Telugu]]
|[[Mrunal Thakur]]
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress – Telugu|Best Supporting Actress – Telugu]]
|[[Rashmika Mandanna]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor – Telugu|Best Supporting Actor – Telugu]]
|[[Sumanth]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director – Telugu|Best Music Director – Telugu]]
|[[Vishal Chandrashekhar]]
|{{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Filmfare Award for Best Lyricist – Telugu|Best Lyricist – Telugu]]
|[[Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry]]'''{{Efn|Awarded posthumously}}''' ("Kaanunna Kalyanam")
|{{won}}
|-
|Krishnakanth ("Inthandham")
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer – Telugu|Best Male Playback Singer – Telugu]]
|[[S. P. Charan]] ("Inthandham")
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer – Telugu|Best Female Playback Singer – Telugu]]
|[[Chinmayi Sripaada]] ("Oh Prema")
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Telugu Film|Best Film Critics – Telugu]]
|Hanu Raghavapudi
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actor – South|Best Actor Critics' – Telugu]]
|Dulquer Salmaan
|{{won}}
|-
! scope="row" |[[Indian Film Festival of Melbourne]]
| [[Indian Film Festival of Melbourne#2023|11 August 2023]]
| Best Film
| [[Vyjayanthi Movies]], Swapna Cinema
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 August 2023 |title=IFFM 2023 full winners list: Shah Rukh Khan's Pathaan, Rani Mukerji, Sita Ramam win top honours |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/iffm-2023-full-winners-list-shah-rukh-khan-pathaan-rani-mukerji-sita-ramam-101691758168992.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230811144211/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/iffm-2023-full-winners-list-shah-rukh-khan-pathaan-rani-mukerji-sita-ramam-101691758168992-amp.html |archive-date=11 August 2023 |access-date=11 August 2023 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="11"|[[South Indian International Movie Awards]]
| rowspan="11"|[[11th South Indian International Movie Awards|15–16 September 2023]]
| [[SIIMA Award for Best Film – Telugu|Best Film – Telugu]]
| [[Vyjayanthi Movies]], Swapna Cinema
| {{won}}
|rowspan="11"|<ref>{{Cite web |last=K. |first=Janani |date=2023-08-02 |title=SIIMA 2023 nomination out. 'PS 1', 'RRR', 'KGF 2' and 'Kantara' bag top spots |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/siima-2023-nomination-list-out-ps-1-rrr-kantara-bag-top-spots-2415011-2023-08-02 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230805103403/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/siima-2023-nomination-list-out-ps-1-rrr-kantara-bag-top-spots-2415011-2023-08-02 |archive-date=5 August 2023 |access-date=2023-08-15 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=SIIMA Awards 2023: RRR, 777 Charlie, Sita Ramam win big; Jr NTR, Yash named Best Actors; Sreeleela and Srinidhi Shetty are Best Actresses |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/siima-awards-2023-telugu-kannada-winners-list-jr-ntr-yash-rrr-kantara-8942103/lite/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918081318/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/siima-awards-2023-telugu-kannada-winners-list-jr-ntr-yash-rrr-kantara-8942103/lite/ |archive-date=18 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-15 |work=Indian Express}}</ref>
|-
| [[SIIMA Award for Best Director – Telugu|Best Director – Telugu]]
| [[Hanu Raghavapudi]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[SIIMA Award for Best Cinematographer – Telugu|Best Cinematographer – Telugu]]
| [[P. S. Vinod]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[SIIMA Award for Best Actor – Telugu|Best Actor – Telugu]]
| [[Dulquer Salmaan]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[SIIMA Award for Best Actress – Telugu|Best Actress – Telugu]]
| rowspan="3"|[[Mrunal Thakur]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[SIIMA Critics Award for Best Actress – Telugu|Best Actress Critics' – Telugu]]
| {{won}}
|-
| [[SIIMA Award for Best Female Debut – Telugu|Best Female Debut – Telugu]]
| {{won}}
|-
| [[SIIMA Award for Best Supporting Actor – Telugu|Best Supporting Actor – Telugu]]
| [[Sumanth]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[SIIMA Award for Best Music Director – Telugu|Best Music Director – Telugu]]
| [[Vishal Chandrashekhar]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[SIIMA Award for Best Lyricist – Telugu|Best Lyricist – Telugu]]
| Krishnakanth ("Inthandham")
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[SIIMA Award for Best Male Playback Singer – Telugu|Best Male Playback Singer – Telugu]]
| [[S. P. Charan]] ("Oh Sita Hey Rama")
| {{nom}}
|}

== See also ==
* [[List of highest-grossing Telugu films]]
* [[List of Telugu films of 2022]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id=tt20850406}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes|sita_ramam|Sita Ramam}}
{{SIIMA Award for Best Film – Telugu}}

[[Category:2022 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Indian Army in films]]
[[Category:2022 romance films]]
[[Category:Films shot at Ramoji Film City]]
[[Category:Films postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic]]
[[Category:Film productions suspended due to the COVID-19 pandemic]]
[[Category:Films shot in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Films set in Kashmir]]
[[Category:Films shot in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Films shot in Russia]]
[[Category:2022 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:2022 films]]
[[Category:Indian nonlinear narrative films]]
[[Category:Films set in 1965]]
[[Category:Films about India–Pakistan wars and conflicts]]
[[Category:Films set in 1985]]
[[Category:Films scored by Vishal Chandrashekhar]]
[[Category:Films set in London]]
[[Category:Indian war romance films]]
[[Category:Vyjayanthi Movies films]]

Pawan Hans

2026-03-14T17:46:48Z

Cdpnkr:

{{Short description|Indian PSU and Aairline}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox airline
| airline = Pawan Hans Limited
| logo = Pawan_Hans_Logo.png
| logo_size = 250px
| caption =
| IATA =
| ICAO = PHE <ref name="avcodes.co.uk">{{cite web |url=http://avcodes.co.uk/ |title=Aviation Codes Central - Airline Codes, Airport Codes and much more |publisher=Avcodes.co.uk |date= |accessdate=2023-08-20 |archive-date=29 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170929183201/http://avcodes.co.uk/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
| callsign = PAWAN HANS<ref name="avcodes.co.uk"/>
| aoc =
| hubs = [[Juhu Aerodrome]], [[Mumbai]]
| focus_cities =
| frequent_flyer =
| lounge =
| fleet_size = 47
| destinations =
| parent = [[Ministry of Civil Aviation (India)|Ministry of Civil Aviation]], [[Government of India]]
| equity =
| num_employees = 569 (31 March 2023)
| founded = {{start date and age|1985|10|15|df=yes}} (as ''Helicopter Corporation of India'')
| commenced = {{start date and age|1985|11|01|df=yes}}
| headquarters = Sector-1, [[Noida]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]
| key_people =
| secondary_hubs = [[Rohini Heliport]], [[Delhi]]|
| revenue = {{profit}}{{INRConvert|372.90|c}}(2020–21)
| operating_income = {{profit}}{{INRConvert|-18.71|c}}(2020-21)
| net_income = {{profit}}{{INRConvert|-886.59|l}}(2020-21)
| website = {{URL|www.pawanhans.co.in/english/index.aspx}}
}}

[[File:Pawan Hans VT-PHA taking off.JPG|thumb|On service at [[Vaishno Devi]] to carry devotee from [[Katra, Jammu and Kashmir|Katra]] to [[Vaishno Devi]] Dham]]
[[File:Pawan Hans Helicopter.jpg|thumb|Pawan Hans owned [[Aérospatiale Dauphin]] Medical Reconnaissance helicopter on display]]

'''Pawan Hans Limited''' ('''PHL''') is a transport service operated as a [[Public sector undertakings in India|central public sector undertaking]] based at [[Noida]] in [[Delhi NCR]], [[India]]. It is a [[Public sector undertakings in India|Mini Ratna-I category PSU]] under the [[ownership]] of [[Ministry of Civil Aviation (India)|Ministry of Civil Aviation]] of the [[Government of India]]. It has cumulatively flown more than 1 million hours and has had 2.5 million landings on its fleet since its formation. The registered office is located in [[New Delhi]]. The corporate headquarter is located at Sector-1 in [[Noida]] with regional office at [[New Delhi]], [[Mumbai]] and [[Guwahati]]. The operations are based at the [[Juhu Aerodrome]] in [[Vile Parle]] (West), [[Mumbai]].<ref name="division1">{{Cite book |last=Division |first=Publications |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8ZaSDwAAQBAJ&dq=pawan+hans&pg=PT567 |title=INDIA 2019: A REFERENCE ANNUAL |publisher=Publications Division Ministry of Information & Broadcasting |isbn=978-81-230-3026-5 |language=en}}</ref>

It is the country's only [[Government of India|government-owned-helicopter service provider]] with the objective of providing helicopter support services to the oil sector for its offshore exploration operations, services in remote areas, and charter services for the promotion of tourism.

==History==
Pawan Hans Limited (PHL) was incorporated on 15 October 1985 as the ''Helicopter Corporation of India (HCI)''. It commenced its operations on 1 November 1985 with 2 [[Westland 30|British Westland helicopters]] and later acquired 21 more helicopters. [[Government of India|Union government]] had 78.5% [[ownership]] and 21.5% with [[ONGC]]. The name was changed to Pawan Hans Ltd in August 1986.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Thorpe |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AiS-DwAAQBAJ&dq=pawan+hans&pg=PA176 |title=General Knowledge Manual 2020 |publisher=Pearson Education India |isbn=978-93-5394-125-3 |language=en}}</ref>In 1986/87, PHL started operating in [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands|Andaman and Nicobar islands]] and [[Lakshadweep|Lakshadweep islands]].<ref name="society1">{{Cite book |last=Society |first=Baroda Philatelic |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2IbABQAAQBAJ&dq=pawan+hans&pg=PA2 |title=Vadophil: Issue No. 140 |date=2014-12-09 |publisher=Baroda Philatelic Society |language=en}}</ref>

During 1987, due to technical and structural problems plaguing the helicopter fleets, PHL grounded 9 [[Westland Helicopters|Westland]] and 7 [[Eurocopter AS365 Dauphin|Dauphins]] helicopters. The [[Indian Air Force]] provided some of their older helicopters to PHL to meet the shortfall on government directives. In 1988/89, multiple crashes got PHL into serious trouble and forced PHL to withdraw all helicopter services except for one charted by ONGC. However, PHL still managed to operate a Helicopter Mail Service, though in late 1988 the HMS initiative was also withdrawn.<ref name="society1" />

In 1997, Pawan Hans Helicopter Ltd and Pawan Hans Pilots' Guild settled several worker conditions.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Sinha |first1=P. R. N. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LRMwDwAAQBAJ&dq=pawan+hans&pg=PA314 |title=Industrial Relations, Trade Unions and Labour Legislation |last2=Sinha |first2=Indu Bala |last3=Shekhar |first3=Seema Priyadarshini |date=2017 |publisher=Pearson India |isbn=978-93-325-8794-6 |language=en}}</ref>In 2001, [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam|A.P.J. Kalam]] who at that time was [[Principal Scientific Adviser to the Government of India]] barely escaped when the rotor of a helicopter carrying him broke down, bringing down the chopper belonging to PHL.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2001-09-30 |title=Kalam survives chopper crash |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/kalam-survives-chopper-crash/articleshow/1567946862.cms |access-date=2023-08-20 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=25 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240125171643/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/kalam-survives-chopper-crash/articleshow/1567946862.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

In July 2002, PHL was awarded the Quality Summit International Award in the Gold Category in New York for its excellence, quality, and corporate achievement by [[Business Initiative Directions]] (BID), [[Spain]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gupta |first=K. R. Gupta & Amita |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D7l6meDg1ksC&dq=pawan+hans&pg=PA775 |title=Concise Encyclopaedia of India |date=2006 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist |isbn=978-81-269-0638-3 |language=en |access-date=20 August 2023 |archive-date=25 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240125171530/https://books.google.com/books?id=D7l6meDg1ksC&dq=pawan+hans&pg=PA775#v=onepage&q=pawan%20hans&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref>On 16 May 2003, PHL started its [[Kedarnath Temple|Kedarnath]] operations with five-seater [[Bell 407|Bell-407]] helicopter.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2003-05-16 |title=Pawan Hans starts operation to Kedarnath |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/pawan-hans-starts-operation-to-kedarnath/articleshow/46566539.cms |access-date=2023-08-20 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=20 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230820205502/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/pawan-hans-starts-operation-to-kedarnath/articleshow/46566539.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>On 26 August 2004, PHL signed a MOU with [[Uttarakhand|Uttaranchal]] government's Garhwal Mandal Vikas Nigam Ltd to promote tourism in state.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2004-08-26 |title=Pawan Hans to promote adventure tourism |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/pawan-hans-to-promote-adventure-tourism/articleshow/828329.cms |access-date=2023-08-20 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=25 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240125171659/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/pawan-hans-to-promote-adventure-tourism/articleshow/828329.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>In 2007, PHL started a 10 person project to upgrade skills of their aeronautical engineer so to make them pilots as to fight shortage of pilots.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2007-11-20 |title=Pawan Hans offers pilot training to engineers |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/pawan-hans-offers-pilot-training-to-engineers/articleshow/2554401.cms |access-date=2023-08-20 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=20 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230820191528/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/pawan-hans-offers-pilot-training-to-engineers/articleshow/2554401.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>[[File:The Air Chief Marshal Fali Major with the CMD of Pawan Hans Ltd., Shri R.K. Tyagi during the signing of Memorandum of Understanding for releasing IAF Pilots to Pawan Hans Helicopter Ltd., in New Delhi on February 15, 2008.jpg|thumb|Signing of Memorandum of Understanding for releasing IAF Pilots to Pawan Hans Helicopter Ltd., in New Delhi on February 15, 2008]]
On 15 Feb 2008, PHL and [[Indian Air Force]] signed [[Memorandum of understanding|Memorandum of Understanding]]. The MOU enabled IAF helicopter pilots which were nearing retirement age to be inducted into PHL.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Darpan |first=Pratiyogita |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UugDAAAAMBAJ&dq=pawan+hans&pg=PT21 |title=Pratiyogita Darpan |date=April 2008 |publisher=Pratiyogita Darpan |language=en |access-date=20 August 2023 |archive-date=25 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240125171610/https://books.google.com/books?id=UugDAAAAMBAJ&dq=pawan+hans&pg=PT21#v=onepage&q=pawan%20hans&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref>In 2008, PHL gave Dauphin N-3 helicopters to state anti-naxal operation cell as to counter [[Naxalite–Maoist insurgency|Maoist insurgency]] in [[Vidarbha]] District.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2008-04-16 |title=ANO guns to blaze from choppers |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/ano-guns-to-blaze-from-choppers/articleshow/2954841.cms |access-date=2023-08-20 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=20 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230820205505/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/ano-guns-to-blaze-from-choppers/articleshow/2954841.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>In 2010, ONGC has upped its stake to 49%, a move that will saw the [[equity (finance)|equity]] base of PHL being enhanced to {{INR}}245 crores from the existing {{INR}}113 crores.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ONGC hikes Pawan Hans stake to 49 pc |url=https://www.rediff.com/business/report/ongc-to-hike-pawan-hans-stake-ntpc-to-invest-rs-55-cr/20101227.htm |access-date=2023-08-20 |website=Rediff |language=en |archive-date=20 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230820191528/https://www.rediff.com/business/report/ongc-to-hike-pawan-hans-stake-ntpc-to-invest-rs-55-cr/20101227.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>[[File:The Minister for Civil Aviation, Shri Praful Patel addressing at the launch of India’s first Sea Plane (amphibian plane) of Pawan Hans Helicopters, in Mumbai on December 27, 2010.jpg|thumb|Shri [[Praful Patel]] addressing at the launch of India’s first Sea Plane]]
On 27 December 2010, seaplane services were operationalized in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands as per the MOU signed between the Andaman and Nicobar Administration and PHL. The service began with an eight-seater [[Cessna 208 Caravan|Cessna 208A]] Amphibian seaplane named Jal Hans, which will be used by PHHL to ferry tourists between [[Port Blair]] and [[Havelock Island]] in the presence of Civil Aviation Minister [[Praful Patel]]. This was the first introduction of seaplanes in India.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2010-12-31 |title=Country's first sea plane service launched in Andamans |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/countrys-first-sea-plane-service-launched-in-andamans/articleshow/7196967.cms |access-date=2023-08-20 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=20 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230820205459/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/countrys-first-sea-plane-service-launched-in-andamans/articleshow/7196967.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 29 April 2011, a Pawan Hans AS350 B-3 helicopter carrying [[Dorjee Khandu]], the Chief Minister of [[Arunachal Pradesh]], and four other people went missing. It was traced four days later near Lobthang. All 5 people were found dead. After this incident, the states of Meghalaya and Arunachal Pradesh suspended PHL services.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2011-05-02 |title=Meghalaya suspends Pawan Hans service |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/meghalaya-suspends-pawan-hans-service/articleshow/8130145.cms |access-date=2023-08-20 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=25 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240125171513/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/meghalaya-suspends-pawan-hans-service/articleshow/8130145.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

As of January 2017, the partially [[Government of India|government]] owned helicopter service provider had a net worth of {{INR}}3,701.5 crores, and paid-up equity share capital was {{INR}}245.61 crores. Pawan Hans is an "Approved Maintenance Centre of Eurocopter" and also the first [[ISO 9001]]: 2000 certified aviation company in India. On 12 January 2017, the [[Government of India]] approved the privatization of Pawan Hans.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.financialexpress.com/industry/government-to-sell-51-stake-in-pawan-hans-seeks-bids-to-appoint-merchant-bankers/505549/ | title=Government to sell 51% stake in Pawan Hans, seeks bids to appoint merchant bankers | date=12 January 2017 | access-date=10 January 2018 | archive-date=11 January 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180111052713/http://www.financialexpress.com/industry/government-to-sell-51-stake-in-pawan-hans-seeks-bids-to-appoint-merchant-bankers/505549/ | url-status=live }}</ref>

In July 2020, first helicopter service by PHL in [[Uttarakhand]] started operating under [[UDAN|UDAN-RCS scheme]].<ref name="division2">{{Cite book |last=Division |first=Publications |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-_8nEAAAQBAJ&dq=pawan+hans&pg=PT649 |title=India 2021: A Reference Annual |publisher=Publications Division Ministry of Information & Broadcasting |isbn=978-93-5409-120-9 |language=en |access-date=20 August 2023 |archive-date=25 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240125171650/https://books.google.com/books?id=-_8nEAAAQBAJ&dq=pawan+hans&pg=PT649#v=onepage&q=pawan%20hans&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> On 3 July 2023, the Department of Investment and Public Asset Management (DIPAM) scrapped the strategic [[disinvestment]] after it disqualified the successful bidder Star 9 Mobility Pvt Ltd, a consortium of three companies Maharaja Aviation Pvt, Big Charter Pvt, led by Almas Global Opportunity Fund. The consortium had placed a winning bid of ₹211.14 crore in 2021.<ref>{{cite web |last=Aulakh |first=Gulveen |date=2023-07-03 |title=Govt scraps strategic disinvestment of Pawan Hans |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/govt-scraps-strategic-disinvestment-of-pawan-hans-11688401064090.html |access-date=2023-08-20 |website=mint |language=en |archive-date=20 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230820134059/https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/govt-scraps-strategic-disinvestment-of-pawan-hans-11688401064090.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 29 January 2026, Pawan Hans placed an [[HAL Dhruv#Orders|order]] for 10 [[HAL Dhruv#Civil variants|Dhruv NG]] with deliveries by 2027.<ref>{{Cite web|title=HAL secures ₹1,800-crore order from Pawan Hans for 10 Dhruv NG helicopters|url=https://infra.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/aviation/hal-wins-1800-crore-contract-for-10-advanced-dhruv-ng-helicopters-from-pawan-hans/127776853|website=ETInfra.com|access-date=2026-01-31|language=en|last=www.ETInfra.com}}</ref> Over 28 planned. Four to be operated on behalf of [[ONGC]] for 10 years.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news |last=Pubby|first=Manu|date=2024-09-30|title=HAL's advanced light helicopters to join offshore missions of ONGC|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/hals-advanced-light-birds-to-join-offshore-missions-of-ongc/articleshow/113792385.cms?from=mdr#amp_tf=From%20%251$s&aoh=17276594098971&csi=0&referrer=https://www.google.com&ampshare=https://m.economictimes.com/news/defence/hals-advanced-light-birds-to-join-offshore-missions-of-ongc/articleshow/113792385.cms|access-date=2024-09-30|work=The Economic Times|issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref name=":10">{{Cite web |last=Vaid|first=Rohit|date=2024-12-17|title=Make-in-India: Pawan Hans to deploy Dhruv NG choppers for ONGC in ₹2,000-cr deal|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/logistics/make-in-india-pawan-hans-to-deploy-dhruv-ng-under-2000-crore-contract/article68996123.ece|access-date=2024-12-20|website=BusinessLine|language=en}}</ref>Most of their fleet is based at the company-owned [[Rohini Heliport]] located north west of New Delhi.<ref name="google1">{{Cite book |last=Jha |first=Manoj K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dk6-EAAAQBAJ&dq=pawan+hans&pg=PA504 |title=GSSCORE Concept Mapping Workbook Geography: The Ultimate Guide to Cover Concepts through MCQs for Civil Services, State PCS & Other Competitive Examinations: Bestseller Book by Manoj K. Jha: GSSCORE Concept Mapping Workbook Geography: The Ultimate Guide to Cover Concepts through MCQs for Civil Services, State PCS & Other Competitive Examinations |date=2023-05-11 |publisher=Prabhat Prakashan |isbn=978-93-5521-779-0 |language=en |access-date=20 August 2023 |archive-date=25 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240125172520/https://books.google.com/books?id=Dk6-EAAAQBAJ&dq=pawan+hans&pg=PA504#v=onepage&q=pawan%20hans&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Services==
PHL provides helicopter services to [[Oil and Natural Gas Corporation]] (ONGC) to its off-shore locations as well as [[NTPC Limited|NTPC]], [[GAIL]], GSPC, and [[Oil India]]. This [[Government of India|government-owned-helicopter service provider]] is often engaged in providing services to various state governments in India, particularly in [[North-east India]], namely [[Meghalaya]], [[Mizoram]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Tripura]], [[Odisha]], [[Himachal Pradesh]]. PHL also gives services to the Ministry of Home Affairs. It provides 4 [[Eurocopter AS365 Dauphin|Dauphin helicopters]] to [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]] for inter-island transportation, and provides 2 [[Eurocopter AS365 Dauphin|Dauphin helicopters]] to [[Government of Lakshadweep|Lakshadweep Administration]] for ferrying people from Islands to [[Cochin International Airport]] and for evacuation of patients to [[Kavaratti]]/Aggati and mainland. These helicopters are considered as the backbone of [[Lakshadweep]] and [[Minicoy|Minicoy Islands]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Civil Aviation |url=http://india.gov.in/sectors/transport/civil_aviation.php |access-date=3 June 2009 |publisher=Government of India Portal |archive-date=8 May 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090508111216/http://www.india.gov.in/sectors/transport/civil_aviation.php |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Division |first=Publications |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yOfQDwAAQBAJ&dq=pawan+hans&pg=PT615 |title=India 2020: Reference Annual Book |date=2020-02-20 |publisher=Publications Division Ministry of Information & Broadcasting |isbn=978-81-230-3274-0 |language=en |access-date=20 August 2023 |archive-date=25 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240125171611/https://books.google.com/books?id=yOfQDwAAQBAJ&dq=pawan+hans&pg=PT615#v=onepage&q=pawan%20hans&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref>

PHL runs helicopter services from Phata to the [[Kedarnath Temple]] during yatra seasons, i.e., May-June and September-October every year. It also provides service for [[Amarnath Temple]] from [[Rudraprayag]]. It also runs [[Vaishno Devi Temple|Vaishno Devi]] helicopter service.<ref name="division1"/>PHL has emerged as one of Asia's largest helicopter operators with its own operational fleet of 43 helicopters.<ref name="division2" />

Pawan Hans offers helicopter services for:

* Off-Shore operations
* Inter-island transportation
* Connecting inaccessible areas
* Heli-Pilgrimage Tourism
* Training & Skill Development
* Customs and pipeline surveillance
* Casualty and rescue work
* Charter services
* Joy Rides
* VIP transportation
* Film shooting and aerial photography
* Flower dropping and other
* Customised services.
* Heliport Services
* MRO Services
* HEMS

==Destinations==
Pawan Hans flies to various points in the states of [[Arunachal Pradesh]], [[Chandigarh]] (U.T.) [[Tripura]], [[Sikkim]], [[Nagaland]], [[Odisha]], [[West Bengal]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pawanhans.co.in/site/news115.aspx |title=Pawan Hans, Helicopter Service Company, Aviation in India - We Fly for you |access-date=15 December 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131215044730/https://www.pawanhans.co.in/site/news115.aspx |archive-date=15 December 2013 }}</ref> and also to MHA Guwahati in [[Assam]]. While [[Meghalaya]] state is suspended,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/DGCA-suspends-Pawan-Hans-helicopter-services-across-NE/articleshow/8173754.cms|title=DGCA suspends Pawan Hans helicopter services across NE - Times Of India|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=5 November 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105091615/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-05-06/india/29516284_1_pawan-hans-helicopter-services-chopper-single-engine-helicopter |archive-date=5 November 2012 }}</ref> it resumed its service on 26 July 2012. [[Mukul Sangma]], the chief minister of [[Meghalaya]], took a personal ride in the helicopter to check if it is resumable or not.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://business-standard.com/generalnews/news/pawan-hans-resumes-chopper-service-in-meghalaya/36979/ | title=Pawan Hans resumes chopper service in Meghalaya | newspaper=Business Standard India | date=26 July 2012 | agency=Press Trust of India | access-date=8 November 2012 | archive-date=18 January 2013 | archive-url=https://archive.today/20130118135218/http://business-standard.com/generalnews/news/pawan-hans-resumes-chopper-service-in-meghalaya/36979/ | url-status=live }}</ref>

;[[Arunachal Pradesh]]
* [[Itanagar]] (Helicopter)
* [[Naharlagun]] (Helicopter)
* [[Tawang|Tawang Town]] (Helicopter)

;[[Assam]]
* [[Guwahati]] – [[Lokpriya Gopinath Bordoloi International Airport]]

;[[Chandigarh]]
* [[Chandigarh Airport]] (Helicopter)

;[[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
* [[Katra, Jammu and Kashmir|Katra]] (Helicopter)
* [[Vaishno Devi Temple]] (Helicopter)

;[[Maharashtra]]
* [[Mumbai]] – [[Juhu Aerodrome]] ('''HUB''') (Offshore operation)

;[[Mizoram]]<ref>{{cite web|title=MIZORAMA HELICOPTER SERVICE TUR CHIEF MINISTER IN HAWNG |url=http://dipr.mizoram.gov.in/press-release/mizorama-helicopter-service-tur-chief-minister-in-hawng |publisher=Mizoram DIPR |access-date=14 August 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212015939/http://dipr.mizoram.gov.in/press-release/mizorama-helicopter-service-tur-chief-minister-in-hawng |archive-date=12 December 2013 }}</ref>
* [[Aizawl]] – [[Lunglei]]
* [[Aizawl]] – [[Kolasib]]
* [[Aizawl]] – [[Serchhip]]
* [[Aizawl]] – [[Champhai]]
* [[Aizawl]] – [[Khawzawl]]
* [[Aizawl]] – [[Lawngtlai]]
* [[Aizawl]] – [[Saiha]]
* [[Aizawl]] – [[Chawngte]]
* [[Aizawl]] – [[Mamit, India|Mamit]]

;[[Meghalaya]]
* [[Shillong]] – [[Shillong Airport]]
* [[Tura, Meghalaya|Tura]] (Helicopter)

;[[Odisha]]
* [[Bhubaneswar]] – [[Biju Patnaik International Airport]]
* [[Paradip]] (Helicopter)
* [[Jharsuguda]]
* [[Brahmapur, Odisha|Brahmapur]]

;[[Himachal Pradesh]]
* [[Shimla Airport]] (Helicopter)

;[[West Bengal]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pawanhans.co.in/site/news125.aspx |title=Pawan Hans, Helicopter Service Company, Aviation in India - We Fly for you |access-date=15 December 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131215044604/https://www.pawanhans.co.in/site/news125.aspx |archive-date=15 December 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pawanhans.co.in/site/news124.aspx |title=Pawan Hans, Helicopter Service Company, Aviation in India - We Fly for you |access-date=15 December 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131215044520/https://www.pawanhans.co.in/site/news124.aspx |archive-date=15 December 2013 }}</ref>
* [[Kolkata]] – [[Cooch Behar]]
* [[Durgapur]] – [[Asansol]]
* [[Durgapur]] – [[Haldia]]
* [[Siliguri]] – [[Darjeeling]]
* [[Kolkata]] – [[Siliguri]]
* [[Kolkata]] – [[Durgapur]]
* including [[English Bazar|Malda]]
[[Meghalaya|'''Uttrakhand''']]

* [[Dehradun]] – Phata- Shri [[Kedarnath Temple|Kedarnath]] – Phata – [[Dehradun]] (Sessional Charter Services)
* Phata- Shri [[Kedarnath Temple|Kedarnath]] – Phata (Sessional Passenger Services)
* [[Char Dham|Char Dham Yatra]] (Shri [[Kedarnath Temple|Kedarnath]], Shri [[Badrinath Temple|BadriNath]], [[Gangotri]] and [[Yamunotri Temple|Yamnotri]])
* Dehradun - New Tehri - Srinagar- Gauchar and vice versa

==Fleet==
The Pawan Hans fleet of 42 helicopters as of April 2021 which includes:<ref name=fleet>{{cite web |url=https://www.civilaviation.gov.in/sites/default/files/Pawan_Hans_Ltd_Preliminary_Information_Memorandum.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211002145747/https://www.civilaviation.gov.in/sites/default/files/Pawan_Hans_Ltd_Preliminary_Information_Memorandum.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=2 October 2021 |title=Preliminary Information Memorandum |publisher=Ministry of Civil Aviation |access-date=17 May 2020 }}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! |Model
!Category!! Total
!Average Age (years)
!Crew
!{{Tooltip|Pax.|Passengers}}
|-
![[Bell 206]] L4
| rowspan="3" |Light, single-engine
||3
|26
| rowspan="3" |1–2
| rowspan="3" |4–6
|-
![[Bell 407]]
|| 3
|18
|-
![[Eurocopter AS350|AS350]] B3
|| 2
|11
|-
![[Eurocopter Dauphin|Dauphin SA-365]] N
| rowspan="2" |Medium|| 17
|34
| rowspan="2" |2
| rowspan="2" |10
|-
![[Eurocopter Dauphin|Dauphin AS365]] N3
|| 14
|13
|-
![[Mil Mi-17]]-2
|Heavy|| 3
|14
|4
|26
|}

It also operates & maintains [[HAL Dhruv]] helicopters belonging to [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited]].

=== Rent ===
* Pawan Hans also rents a helicopter on a long-term contract to the Regatta Group.{{Citation needed|date=January 2026}}

=== Jal Hans ===
Pawan Hans jointly owns Jal Hans, India's first amphibious aircraft service with the [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands#Administration|Andaman and Nicobar Islands Administration]].<ref name="ZN1">{{cite news |title=First Indian seaplane service launched |url=http://www.zeenews.com/news677084.html |publisher=[[Zee News]] |date=27 December 2010 |access-date=23 January 2011 |archive-date=1 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110101020906/http://www.zeenews.com/news677084.html |url-status=live }}</ref>Jal hans has a fleet of [[Cessna 208 Caravan|Cessena 208A's.]]

==Accidents and incidents==
In 2011, PHHLs operations in the North Eastern States of India came under serious public criticism due to safety issues.<ref>{{cite news| work=[[IBN Live]]|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/will-government-overhaul-pawan-hans/151264-3.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121015064013/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/will-government-overhaul-pawan-hans/151264-3.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 October 2012| title=Will government overhaul Pawan Hans?| date=4 May 2011|access-date=13 August 2014}}</ref> After the crash that killed the Chief Minister of [[Arunachal Pradesh]] [[Dorjee Khandu]] and five others, it operations in the North East region were suspended and DGCA was asked to conduct safety audit of the company. The operations were resumed in January 2013. But yet another accident took place on 4 August 2015 killing 3 people on board, including an IAS officer.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://rajeev.in/Pages/..%5CNews%5CQuestions_Parliament%5COperation_Pawan_Hans_Helicopters_North_East.html |title=Operation of Pawan Hans Helicopters in North- East |access-date=13 August 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313121735/http://rajeev.in/news/questions_parliament/operation_pawan_hans_helicopters_north_east.html |archive-date=13 March 2016 }}</ref>

* July 1988: A Westland crashed near [[Vaishno Devi Temple|Vaishno Devi]] killing 5 passengers and two crew members.
* August 1988: A Dauphin crashed in sea near Madras killing 8 passengers and two pilots.
* Feb 1989: A helicopter crashed near Kohima killing 2 pilots and a technician.
* 1 Dec 1989: A helicopter crashed in [[Juhu Aerodrome|Juhu airport]].
* 15 Dec 1989: Helicopter crashed in Ganga near Patna killing 7 people.
* May 8, 2001: [[Arunachal Pradesh]] education minister [[Dera Natung]] died when a Pawan Hans helicopter carrying him from [[Itanagar]] to [[West Kameng district|West Kameng]] crashed due to rough weather.
* 30 Sep 2001: Helicopter crashlanded at the airport containing [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam|A. P. J. Kalam]]. No one was hurt.
* 6 May 2002: A Pawan Hans Dauphin helicopter carrying eight ONGC personnel crashed into Arabian Sea. All 10 people survived.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2002-05-07 |title=ONGC chopper crashes off Bombay High |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/ongc-chopper-crashes-off-bombay-high/articleshow/9166248.cms |access-date=2023-08-20 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=20 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230820191528/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/ongc-chopper-crashes-off-bombay-high/articleshow/9166248.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
* 22 Sep 2004: Meghalaya Community and Rural Development Minister Cyprian Sangma, two MLAs and a former Deputy Speaker were killed when a Pawan Hans helicopter A 365N crashed near [[Shillong]].<ref>[https://www.pawanhans.co.in/upload/PHHL/MainMenuEnglishLevel-3_DIRECTOR_REPORT-2004-05.pdf Pawan Hans Directors Report] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150713235012/http://www.pawanhans.co.in/upload/PHHL/MainMenuEnglishLevel-3_DIRECTOR_REPORT-2004-05.pdf |date=13 July 2015 }} Page 2 31 December 2005 Pawan Hans</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/minister-mlas-among-10-dead-in-pawan-hans-chopper-crash/|title=Minister, MLAs among 10 dead in Pawan Hans chopper crash|date=23 September 2004|access-date=20 August 2023|archive-date=20 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230820140336/https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/minister-mlas-among-10-dead-in-pawan-hans-chopper-crash/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* 26 Sep 2007: A PHI Ambulance helicopter crashed while landing at the Kavaratti helipad. All 3 people on helicopter escaped.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2007-09-27 |title=Miraculous escape for three as chopper crashes while landing |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/miraculous-escape-for-three-as-chopper-crashes-while-landing/articleshow/2408765.cms |access-date=2023-08-20 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=20 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230820205504/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/miraculous-escape-for-three-as-chopper-crashes-while-landing/articleshow/2408765.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
* 06 Aug 2010: A Pawan Hans crew member fell {{convert|10000|ft|m}} to his death at [[Namsai, India|Namsai]] in [[Arunachal Pradesh]], while trying to close a door of that had flung open during a flight.<ref>[http://dgca.gov.in/accident/reports/VT-PHF.pdf FINAL INVESTIGATION REPORT ON ACCIDENT TO M/S PAWAN HANS HELICOPTERS LTD MI-17] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304084831/http://dgca.gov.in/accident/reports/VT-PHF.pdf |date=4 March 2016 }} 23 June 2011 DGCA</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://himalnews.wordpress.com/2010/08/07/accident-watch-chopper-crew-falls-to-death-from-10000-feet/|title=ACCIDENT WATCH: Chopper crew falls to death from 10000 feet|first=Pradeep Kumar|last=Says|date=7 August 2010|access-date=20 August 2023|archive-date=20 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230820140331/https://himalnews.wordpress.com/2010/08/07/accident-watch-chopper-crew-falls-to-death-from-10000-feet/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* 16 Dec 2010: A Pawan Hans Dauphin 365 N3 helicopter<ref>[http://dgca.gov.in/accident/reports/VT-SOK.pdf FINAL REPORT ON ACCIDENT TO PAWAN HANS HELICOPTER LTD . DAUPHIN 365 N3] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304082757/http://dgca.gov.in/accident/reports/VT-SOK.pdf |date=4 March 2016 }} 4 June 2011 DGCA</ref> crashed barely 30 minutes before it State Industries and Local Bodies Minister [[Manoranjan Kalia]] at [[Chandigarh Airport]], leaving the pilots injured.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/news/chopper-crashes-in-chandigarh-airport-pilots-injured-news-national-kmqnEsbjcff.html|title=Chopper crashes in Chandigarh airport, pilots injured|website=[[Sify]] |date=19 December 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101219091913/http://www.sify.com/news/chopper-crashes-in-chandigarh-airport-pilots-injured-news-national-kmqnEsbjcff.html |archive-date=19 December 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/Chopper-crashes-minutes-before-flying-Punjab-minister/articleshow/7115083.cms | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120527142320/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-12-17/chandigarh/28272520_1_helicopter-crash-site-punjab-minister | url-status=live | archive-date=27 May 2012 | work=[[The Times of India]] | title=Chopper crashes minutes before flying Punjab minister | date=17 December 2010}}</ref>
* 19 Apr 2011: A Pawan Hans [[Mil Mi-17|Mil Mi-172]] on a flight from [[Lokpriya Gopinath Bordoloi International Airport|Guwahati]] to [[Tawang Town|Tawang]], [[2011 Pawan Hans Mi-17 crash|crashed in a gorge]] and caught fire while trying to land near Tawang. Out of 23 people on board, 17 were killed.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/17-killed-as-copter-falls-into-gorge/article14689330.ece|title=17 killed as copter falls into gorge|last=PTI|newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=14 February 2017|language=en|archive-date=10 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211010023742/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/17-killed-as-copter-falls-into-gorge/article14689330.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/northeast/story/helicopter-crashes-in-arunachal-pradesh-132428-2011-04-18|title=Pawans Hans helicopter crashes in Arunachal Pradesh, 17 dead|access-date=14 February 2017|archive-date=14 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170214182333/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/helicopter-crashes-in-arunachal-pradesh/1/135713.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* 29 Apr 2011: A Pawan Hans AS350 B-3 helicopter carrying [[Dorjee Khandu]], the Chief Minister of [[Arunachal Pradesh]], and four other people, Tawang to Itanagar went missing. It was traced four days later near Lobthang. All 5 people were found dead.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/wreckage-of-arunachal-chief-ministers-chopper-three-bodies-found-sources-454522|title=Wreckage of Arunachal Chief Minister's Chopper, three bodies found: Sources|website=NDTV.com|access-date=20 August 2023|archive-date=20 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230820140330/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/wreckage-of-arunachal-chief-ministers-chopper-three-bodies-found-sources-454522|url-status=live}}</ref>
* 29 Dec 2012: A Pawan Hans had to make a emergency landing. It was carrying 6 pilgrims and 1 pilot to Vaishnodevi. No one died but were injured.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2012-12-30 |title=Chopper makes emergency landing in Vaishnodevi hills, 7 injured |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chopper-makes-emergency-landing-in-vaishnodevi-hills-7-injured/articleshow/17818002.cms |access-date=2023-08-20 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=20 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230820191529/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chopper-makes-emergency-landing-in-vaishnodevi-hills-7-injured/articleshow/17818002.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
* 04 Aug 2015: A Pawan Hans Dauphin N3 twin-engined aircraft carrying Tirap Deputy Commissioner Kamlesh Kumar Joshi, a 2010 batch IAS officer, and pilots M S Brar and Rajeev Hoskote crashed killing all its occupants.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/chopper-with-ias-officer-goes-missing-in-arunachal-pradesh/article1-1376300.aspx|title=Missing Pawan Hans chopper spotted in Arunachal, rescue ops on|date=6 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150806220433/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/chopper-with-ias-officer-goes-missing-in-arunachal-pradesh/article1-1376300.aspx |archive-date=6 August 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/pawan-hans-crash-bodies-of-three-occupants-spotted/ | title=Pawan Hans crash: Bodies of three occupants spotted | date=12 August 2015 | access-date=13 August 2015 | archive-date=12 August 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150812150645/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/pawan-hans-crash-bodies-of-three-occupants-spotted/ | url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[File:Debris from the Pawan Hans Limited Helicopter located by an ONGC Ship in the Offshore Development Area (03).jpg|thumb|Debris from the Pawan Hans Limited Helicopter located by an ONGC Ship 4 July 2015]]04 Nov 2015: Pawan Hans Helicopter (Aerospatiale Dauphin) employed in offshore oil platform service crashed into the Arabian Sea off the coast of Mumbai. The Helicopter was on night flying practice when the incident happened and was occupied by two pilots only, no passengers were present. Both the pilots perished in the incident.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.ndtv.com/mumbai-news/pawan-hans-helicopter-crashes-off-mumbai-coast-2-pilots-missing-reports-1240179 | title=Pawan Hans Helicopter Crashes off Mumbai Coast, 2 Pilots Missing | access-date=1 March 2017 | archive-date=25 January 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240125172656/https://www.ndtv.com/mumbai-news/pawan-hans-helicopter-crashes-off-mumbai-coast-2-pilots-missing-reports-1240179 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.firstpost.com/mumbai/pawan-hans-helicopter-crash-coast-guard-recover-body-of-one-of-the-two-pilots-2501636.html | title=Pawan Hans helicopter crash: Coast Guard recover body of one of the two pilots | date=10 November 2015 | access-date=1 March 2017 | archive-date=2 March 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170302025912/http://www.firstpost.com/mumbai/pawan-hans-helicopter-crash-coast-guard-recover-body-of-one-of-the-two-pilots-2501636.html | url-status=live }}</ref>
* 13 Jan 2018: Pawan Hans Helicopter crashed into the Arabian Sea Off the coast of Mumbai while ferrying seven people including ONGC personnel. The bodies of the seven people, including five senior ONGC officers, debris from the aircraft was located.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/mumbai-news/chopper-with-7-on-board-including-ongc-employees-loses-contact-with-air-traffic-control-near-mumbai-1799536?pfrom=home-topscroll|title=Top ONGC Official Among 4 Killed in Chopper Crash Off Mumbai Coast|work=NDTV.com|access-date=13 January 2018|archive-date=13 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180113150425/https://www.ndtv.com/mumbai-news/chopper-with-7-on-board-including-ongc-employees-loses-contact-with-air-traffic-control-near-mumbai-1799536?pfrom=home-topscroll|url-status=live}}</ref>
* 28 June 2022: Pawan Hans Sikorsky helicopter crashed into the Arabian Sea killing four people, including three ONGC personnel. Five others were rescued.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2022-06-28 |title=3 ONGC employees among 4 dead in Pawan Hans helicopter crash in Arabian Sea |work=Business Standard India |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/3-ongc-employees-among-4-dead-in-pawan-hans-helicopter-crash-in-arabian-sea-122062800950_1.html |access-date=2022-07-25 |archive-date=25 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220725212211/https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/3-ongc-employees-among-4-dead-in-pawan-hans-helicopter-crash-in-arabian-sea-122062800950_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=V. |first=Manju |date=2022-07-01 |title=Mumbai: ONGC staffers boycott choppers of Pawan Hans; audit to be done {{!}} Mumbai News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/mumbai-ongc-staffers-boycott-choppers-of-pawan-hans-audit-to-be-done/articleshow/92561531.cms |access-date=2022-07-25 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=25 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220725212211/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/mumbai-ongc-staffers-boycott-choppers-of-pawan-hans-audit-to-be-done/articleshow/92561531.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
* 24 Feb 2026: A helicopter with seven people on board, including 2 crew members and 5 passengers, took off from [[Port Blair]] around 0845 hours [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]. The copter [[ditched]] into the sea for an [[emergency landing]] near [[Mayabunder]] at around 0930 hours IST. An emergency response team reached the site and rescued everyone safely. The passengers included three men, a woman and a child. The company described the incident as a "short landing incident".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Shivani |date=2026-02-24 |title=Pawan Hans chopper crash lands in Andaman Sea after snag, all 7 on board rescued |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/pawan-hans-helicopter-makes-emergency-landing-in-andaman-after-snag-all-7-rescued-2873424-2026-02-24 |access-date=2026-02-24 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-02-24 |title=Pawan Hans helicopter, with 7 onboard, crashes into sea in Andaman; all rescued |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/pawan-hans-helicopter-with-7-onboard-crashes-into-sea-in-andaman-all-rescued/articleshow/128743351.cms |access-date=2026-02-24 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Rohini Heliport]] (Delhi) india

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category-inline|Pawan Hans}}
* {{Official|http://www.pawanhans.co.in}}
* [http://www.helis.com/database/org/in_pawan_hans_helicopters_ltd/ Pawan Hans fleet]

{{Airlines of India}}
{{Public Sector Undertakings in India}}
{{Portal bar|India|Companies|Aviation}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Aviation in India]]
[[Category:Companies based in New Delhi]]
[[Category:Airlines established in 1985]]
[[Category:Government-owned companies of India]]
[[Category:Helicopter airlines]]
[[Category:Helicopter operators]]
[[Category:Ministry of Civil Aviation (India)]]
[[Category:1985 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Oil and Natural Gas Corporation]]

Bikram Yoga

2026-03-13T15:29:22Z

Cdpnkr: made entry

{{Short description|System of yoga in a heated room}}
{{Infobox yoga school
| name = Bikram Yoga
| image = Bikram Yoga - with Bikram Choudhury - Flickr - tiarescott.jpg
| caption = [[Bikram Choudhury]] leading a Bikram yoga class in his own personal style
| religious_origins = None
| founding_guru = [[Bikram Choudhury]]
| founding_year = 1970s
| practice_emphases = Unchanging [[Postures of Bikram Yoga|sequence of 26 postures]] in a heated room
}}
'''Bikram Yoga''' is a system of [[hot yoga]], a type of [[yoga as exercise]], spread by [[Bikram Choudhury]] and based on the teachings of [[B. C. Ghosh]], that became popular in the early 1970s.<ref name=Forbes>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.forbes.com/forbes/2009/0921/entrepreneurs-franchising-bikram-yoga-new-twists.html | title=Bikram Yoga's New Twists | last=Farrell |first=Maureen |date=September 3, 2009 |magazine= [[Forbes.com]] }}</ref> Classes consist of a [[Postures of Bikram Yoga|fixed sequence of 26 postures]], practised in a room heated to {{convert|105|F|C}} with a humidity of 40%, intended to replicate the climate of [[India]]. The room is fitted with carpets and the walls are covered in mirrors. The instructor may adjust the students' [[Asana|yoga postures]]. Choudhury's teaching style was abrasive.<ref name="Delaney 2019"/>

Bikram Yoga spread rapidly across America and the Western world, reaching a peak of some 1,650 studios in at least 40 countries in 2006. Choudhury attempted to [[copyright]] the Bikram Yoga sequence from 2011, but was ultimately unsuccessful. In 2016, facing lawsuits and [[Sexual abuse by yoga gurus|accusations of sexual assault]], Choudhury fled to India, leaving Bikram Yoga, Inc. to be run by others.<ref name="The Guardian"/>

==Origins==
{{further|Bikram Choudhury}}

[[Bikram Choudhury]] was born in Calcutta in 1944. He began studying yoga in 1969.<ref name="Schickel 2003">{{cite news |url=https://www.laweekly.com/body-work/ |title=Body Work |author=Schickel |first=Erica |date=September 25, 2003 |work=[[L.A. Weekly]] |access-date=21 November 2019 |publisher=[[LA Weekly]]}}</ref> He arrived in America in 1971, and soon began to teach yoga in health resorts in California.<ref name="Syman 2010">{{cite book |title=The Subtle Body: The Story of Yoga in America |url=https://archive.org/details/subtlebodystoryo0000syma/page/268 |url-access=registration |year=2010 |first=Stefanie |last=Syman |publisher=Farrar, Straus, and Giroux |location=New York |isbn=978-0-374-23676-2 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/subtlebodystoryo0000syma/page/268 268-279] }}</ref> In 1974, two pupils, [[Shirley MacLaine]] and Anne Marie Bennstrom, helped him to open his own school at 9441 [[Wilshire Boulevard]] in [[Los Angeles]].<ref name="Syman 2010"/> He attracted celebrity pupils including the Hollywood dancer [[Marge Champion]] and the actors [[Keir Dullea]], [[Martin Sheen]], [[Susan Sarandon]], and [[Raquel Welch]].<ref name="Syman 2010"/> Yoga classes were initially free, with a donation box. Maclaine told Choudhury he could not run an American yoga school like one in India, and he began to charge $5 for classes; attendance started to grow at once.<ref name="Syman 2010"/>

Choudhury later devised the 26-posture sequence of Bikram Yoga, based on the teachings of B. C. Ghosh.<ref name="Schickel 2003"/><ref>{{cite AV media |last=Henderson |first=Julia L. |title=Bikram. ''30for30'', season 3, episodes 4&5 |publisher=[[ESPN]] |date=2018 |url=https://30for30podcasts.com/bikram/}}</ref>

==Style==
{{further|Postures of Bikram Yoga}}
[[File:Bikram Yoga sequence of asanas.jpg|thumb|Bikram yoga sequence of asanas (poses). Standing pranayama (a), standing sequence (b–l), savasana (m), floor asanas (n–z), kapalabati (aa) and final savasana (m)]][[File:Dandayamana-Janushirasana.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Postures of Bikram Yoga|Bikram Yoga's 26 postures]] include some such as Dandayamana-Janushirsasana not widely used in other styles.]]

Bikram Yoga Beginning Series classes run for 90 minutes and always consist of [[Postures of Bikram Yoga|26 postures]], namely a fixed sequence of 24 [[asana]]s and two [[pranayama]] (breathing exercise). It starts with a standing pranayama, followed by a standing sequence of asanas, a first [[shavasana|savasana]], floor asanas, the last pranayama named [[Kapalabhati]] which is a [[shatkarma]] (a purification), and a final savasana that ends the sequence.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Flehr |first1=Alison |last2=Barton |first2=Christopher |last3=Coles |first3=Jan |last4=Gibson |first4=Stephen J. |last5=Lambert |first5=Gavin W. |last6=Lambert |first6=Elisabeth A. |last7=Dhar |first7=Arup K. |last8=Dixon |first8=John B. |title=#MindinBody - feasibility of vigorous exercise (Bikram yoga versus high intensity interval training) to improve persistent pain in women with a history of trauma: a pilot randomized control trial |journal=BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine |date=29 August 2019 |volume=19 |issue=1 |page=Figure 1 |doi=10.1186/s12906-019-2642-1 |pmid=31464643 |pmc=6714085 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Achanta |first1=Ramya |title=The 26 Bikram Yoga Poses – A Complete Step-By-Step Guide |url=https://www.stylecraze.com/articles/bikram-yoga-the-ultimate-guide-to-all-asanas-and-their-benefits/ |publisher=StyleCraze |date=13 August 2019}}</ref> The room is fitted with mirrors and carpets, and the yoga postures of students may be adjusted by the teacher, who can also adjust themselves using the mirrors.<ref name="Delaney 2019"/><ref name="Tripp 2013">{{cite news |last1=Tripp |first1=Megan |title=Hot Yoga vs Bikram Yoga: What's The Difference? |url=https://www.bostonmagazine.com/health/2013/09/11/what-is-the-difference-between-hot-yoga-and-bikram-yoga/ |work=Boston Magazine |date=11 September 2013}}</ref>

The [[hot yoga]] style is practised in a room heated to {{convert|105|F|C}} with a humidity of 40%, intended to replicate the climate of [[India]] where it was created.<ref name="Bikram Yoga Basic">{{cite web |url=https://www.bikramyogalondon.com/why-the-heat |title=Bikram Yoga Basic |date=2 March 2018 |publisher=bikramyogalondon.com}}</ref> Bikram Yoga [[Yoga teacher training|trains its own teachers]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bikramyoga.com/TeacherTraining/AboutTeacherTraining.php |title=Yoga teacher training programs |publisher=Bikramyoga.com |access-date=21 October 2013}}</ref> They are taught a standardized dialogue to run the class, but are encouraged to develop their own delivery style.<ref name="Bikram Yoga Basic"/>

The author Brigid Delaney described seeing Choudhury in his first yoga studio in Australia, and was "shocked"<ref name="Delaney 2019"/> by the environment and by Choudhury's bragging and abrasive manner; she noted also the docility of his students and the "fawning"<ref name="Delaney 2019"/> atmosphere, writing:<ref name="Delaney 2019"/>

{{blockquote|What the hell was this practice? The yoga took place in a room heated to around 41C. It was packed and it stunk. There were mirrors everywhere and the room was carpeted, which absorbed the stench and the sweat."<ref name="Delaney 2019">{{cite news |last1=Delaney |first1=Brigid |title=He made a fortune from his trademarked Bikram yoga, but now his empire is in tatters |url=https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2019/dec/03/he-made-a-fortune-from-his-trademarked-bikram-yoga-but-now-his-empire-is-in-tatters |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=2 December 2019}}</ref>}}

==Growth==
[[File:Bikram.jpg|right|thumb|Bikram's Yoga College of India on La Cienega Boulevard in Los Angeles, California]]

Choudhury was extremely charismatic and persuasive, and this contributed to his success according to principal Bikram teacher Emmy Cleaves. He also had a philosophy of making pupils work through pain, and a "highly entertaining in-class patter," being happy to tell pupils "I am a butcher and I try to kill you ... but don't worry, yoga is the best death."<ref>{{cite web |last=Cleaves |first=Emmy |title=About {{!}} Teacher Training |url=http://www.bikramyogatt.com/about/ |publisher=Bikram Yoga Teacher Training |access-date=23 November 2019 |quote=Bikram Choudhury - Founder and CEO {{!}} Rajashree Choudhury |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160419065628/http://www.bikramyogatt.com/about/ |archive-date=19 April 2016}}</ref><ref name="Syman 2010"/> By 1984, classes were priced at $20 (about $50 in 2019 terms).<ref>{{cite web |title=U.S. Inflation Rate, $20 in 1984 to 2019 |url=https://www.in2013dollars.com/us/inflation/1984?amount=20 |website=CPI Inflation Calculator |access-date=23 November 2019}}</ref> That year, sports journalist [[Jack McCallum]] watched a class respond to Choudhury's verbal abuse "like eager cadets."<ref name="Syman 2010"/> Practice was so intense that it demanded "an entire identity" based on commitment to hard work, a regular yoga schedule, and verbal castigation. In short, "a complete religion of bodily purification" rewarded by "a feeling of pure energy."<ref name="Syman 2010"/> The franchise grew rapidly and spread to other countries. By 2006, there were 1,650 Bikram Yoga studios around the world,<ref>{{cite news |title=Bend it like Bikram |last=Shakespeare |first=Jocasta |date=10 June 2006 |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2006/jun/11/healthandwellbeing.features1}}</ref> The franchise then declined somewhat, and by 2012, there were 330 studios in the United States and 600 worldwide.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.villagevoice.com/2012-07-18/news/the-hot-yoga-war/2/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120721082501/http://www.villagevoice.com/2012-07-18/news/the-hot-yoga-war/2/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=July 21, 2012 |title=The Hot Yoga War |last=Moss |first=Rebecca |date=8 July 2012 |newspaper=[[The Village Voice]]}}</ref> with studios in two countries in Africa, seven countries in the Americas (including in 39 US states), eleven countries in Asia and the Middle East, eighteen countries in Europe, and two in Australasia.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bikram Yoga affiliated Studios |url=http://www.bikramyoga.com/studioListing.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117174920/http://www.bikramyoga.com/studioListing.php |archive-date=2012-01-17 |publisher=Bikram Yoga |access-date=23 November 2019 |date=17 January 2017}}</ref>

==Adverse health effects==
{{further|Yoga as therapy}}

A 2013 review of 76 yoga-related adverse events included 3 in Bikram Yoga. The three case reports consisted of one case of [[rosacea]], one [[psychotic episode]], and one of [[hyponatremia]] (low salt level).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Cramer |first1=H. |last2=Krucoff |first2=C. |last3=Dobos |first3=G. |title=Adverse events associated with yoga: a systematic review of published case reports and case series |journal= [[PLOS ONE]] |date=16 October 2013 |volume=8 |issue=10 |article-number=e75515 |pmid=24146758 |pmc=3797727 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0075515|bibcode=2013PLoSO...875515C |doi-access=free }}</ref>

== Copyright claims ==

{{main|Copyright claims on Bikram Yoga}}

Choudhury claimed, starting in 2011, that Bikram Yoga was under [[copyright]] and that it could not be taught or presented by anyone whom he had not authorized. In that year, Choudhury started a lawsuit against [[Yoga to the People]], a competing yoga studio founded by a former student of Choudhury's and with a location near one of the Bikram Yoga studios in New York, and later started another against the Florida-based Evolation Yoga.

In the case ''Bikram's Yoga College of India v. Evolation Yoga'', filed in 2011, Choudhury claimed exclusive copyright over his sequence of 26 yoga poses and two breathing exercises. The U.S. District Court initially ruled against Choudhury in December 2012, finding that the yoga sequence constituted "a collection of facts and ideas" not entitled to copyright protection.<ref>{{cite court |litigants=Bikram's Yoga College of India, L.P. v. Evolation Yoga, LLC |vol=803 |reporter=F.3d |page=1032 |court=9th Cir. |date=October 8, 2015}}</ref>

When Choudhury appealed, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit unanimously affirmed the lower court's decision in October 2015. Writing for the court, Judge Kim McLane Wardlaw explained that "copyright protects only the expression of this idea — the words and pictures used to describe the Sequence — and not the idea of the Sequence itself." The appellate court found that Choudhury's yoga sequence constituted an uncopyrightable "system" or "method" designed to yield physical benefits, falling under copyright law's exclusion of ideas, processes, and systems from protection.<ref>{{cite news |title=A Court Has Ruled That Bikram Choudhury Can't Copyright His Yoga Poses |url=https://time.com/4067618/bikram-choudhury-yoga-copyright/ |work=TIME |date=October 9, 2015}}</ref>

As a result of these lawsuits, the [[United States Copyright Office]] issued a clarification that yoga postures (''[[asanas]]'') could not be copyrighted in the way claimed by Choudhury, and that other studios could continue to freely teach these exercises.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.copyright.gov/circs/circ52.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.copyright.gov/circs/circ52.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live|title=Copyright Registration of Choreography and Pantomime (Circular 52) |publisher=[[United States Copyright Office]] |date=September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Friedman |first1=Jennifer D'Angelo |title=What the Bikram Copyright Rejection Means for Yoga |url=https://www.yogajournal.com/lifestyle/rejection-bikram-copyright-upheld-means-future-yoga |publisher=[[Yoga Journal]] |date=5 April 2017 |orig-date=16 October 2015}}</ref>

==Sexual abuse by Choudhury==

{{main|Bikram Choudhury#Sexual abuse}}

Choudhury has faced [[Bikram Choudhury#Sexual abuse|multiple lawsuits alleging sexual harassment, assault, racism and homophobia]]. In 2016 he fled to India, where he continued to teach yoga. His former lawyer, Minakshi Jafa-Bodden, took over the running of Bikram, Inc. in America, after she successfully sued Choudhury for $7M in damages and he fled the country to avoid payment.<ref name="The Guardian">{{cite news |last1=Godwin |first1=Richard |title='He said he could do what he wanted': the Scandal that Rocked Bikram Yoga |url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2017/feb/18/bikram-hot-yoga-scandal-choudhury-what-he-wanted |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=18 February 2017}}</ref><ref name=newyorker>{{cite magazine |title=Yoga Reconsiders the Role of the Guru in the Age of #MeToo |last=Griswold |first=Eliza |magazine=[[The New Yorker]] |date=23 July 2019 |url=https://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/yoga-reconsiders-the-role-of-the-guru-in-the-age-of-metoo}}</ref>

The accusations against Choudhury were the subject of a 2019 [[Netflix]] true crime documentary, ''[[Bikram: Yogi, Guru, Predator]]''. The documentary also gave an exploration of Choudhury's early life in India, mostly told by Choudhury himself, in juxtaposition with the allegations and testimonies of various women who claim to have been assaulted and bullied by him. They argue that Choudhury was a charismatic but abusive and rude narcissist who took pleasure in mocking the physical appearances of his students, while holding financial and emotional power over many of them. ''Bikram: Yogi, Guru, Predator'' has since been challenged by Choudhury's lawyer.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mallenbaum |first1=Carley |title=Why Bikram Yoga's founder is in hot water in a new Netflix documentary |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/entertainment/movies/2019/11/22/bikram-yoga-founder-under-fire-new-netflix-documentary-heres-why/4250553002/ |website=www.usatoday.com |publisher=[[USA Today]] |access-date=21 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Horton |first1=Adrian |title='He got away with it': how the founder of Bikram yoga built an empire on abuse |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2019/nov/20/bikram-choudhury-yoga-founder-abuse-netflix-documentary |website=[[The Guardian]] |date=20 November 2019 |access-date=21 December 2021}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

<ref>{{cite web|access-date=20 November 2019 |date=20 December 2019 |language=en-US |last=OYTTC |title=Online Yoga Teacher Training Virabhadrasana |url=https://www.oceanicyoga.com/100-hours-yoga-teacher-training-goa/ |website=Online Yoga Teacher Training}}</ref>
{{Asana}}

[[Category:Yoga styles]]
[[Category:Yoga schools]]
[[Category:Companies based in Los Angeles]]
[[Category:Exercise-related trademarks]]

Khandikya Janaka

2026-03-11T08:29:24Z

Cdpnkr: Added new page w/ refs!

{{Short description|King of Mithila}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Khandikya Janaka
| title = Janaka
| successor = Keshidhwaja Janaka
| birth_name = Khandikya
| birth_place = Mithila
| era name =
| era dates = Later [[Ramayana]]
| father = Amitadhvaja Janaka
}}

'''Khandikya Janaka''' ([[Sanskrit]]: खांडिक्य जनक) was a king in the ancient [[Videha|Kingdom of Mithila]] in the [[Indian subcontinent]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sinha |first=Purnendu Narayan |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/A_Study_of_the_Bhagavata_Purana.html?id=GIBBAAAAYAAJ#v=onepage&q=Khandikya&f=false |title=A Study of the Bhagavata Purana: Or, Esoteric Hinduism |date=1901 |publisher=Freeman & Company, Limited |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Debroy |first=Bibek |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Holy_Puranas.html?id=IZwlAQAAIAAJ#Khandikya |title=The Holy Puranas |last2=Debroy |first2=Dipavali |date=2002 |publisher=B.R. Publishing Corporation |isbn=978-81-7646-297-6 |language=en}}</ref> He was a descendant of the [[Janaka]] dynasty in Mithila. He is mentioned in the texts [[Vishnu Purana]], [[Bhagavata Purana|Bhagavat Purana]] and [[Naradiya Purana|Narada Purana]] of [[Hinduism]]. He is an important figure in philosophical discourse of the texts.

== Early life ==
He was born in the royal family of the King [[Dharmadhwaja Janaka]] of the Videha empire in the subcontinent. His father was Amitadhvaja Janaka. Khandikya was well versed in [[Vedas|Vedic]] Karma and rituals.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Ancient_Indian_Tradition_Mythology_The_N.html?id=Eqw2AAAAIAAJ#Khandikya |title=Ancient Indian Tradition & Mythology: The Nārada-Purāṇa |date=1970 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Tattv%C4%81lokah.html?id=PTUKAQAAMAAJ#Khandikya |title=Tattvālokah |date=2007 |publisher=Sri Abhinava Vidyatheertha Educational Trust |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Rakhe |first=S. M. |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Education_in_Ancient_India.html?id=yvObAAAAMAAJ#Khandikya |title=Education in Ancient India |date=1992 |publisher=Sri Satguru Publications |isbn=978-81-7030-312-1 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Sacred_Scriptures_of_India.html?id=cP1OAQAAIAAJ#Khandikya |title=The Sacred Scriptures of India |date=2009 |publisher=Anmol Publications |isbn=978-81-261-3630-8 |language=en}}</ref> He was the cousin brother of the King [[Keshidhwaja Janaka]]. In the texts, there is philosophical dialogues between the two cousins in the Janaka dynasty of Mithila.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nambiar |first=K. Damodaran |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/N%C4%81rada_Pur%C4%81%E1%B9%87a_a_Critical_Study.html?id=ADIqAAAAYAAJ#Khandikya |title=Nārada Purāṇa, a Critical Study |date=1979 |publisher=All-India Kashiraj Trust |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />
{{India-royal-stub}}

[[Category:Kings of Videha]]
[[Category:Year of death missing]]

Maati (film)

2026-03-04T00:32:27Z

Cdpnkr: stub...

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Maati
| image = Maati poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Saibal Banerjee [[Leena Gangopadhyay]]
| producer = [[Magic Moments Motion Pictures]]
| starring = [[Adil Hussain]] [[Paoli Dam]] [[Shankar Chakraborty]] [[Laboni Sarkar ]] [[Chandan Sen]] [[Aparajita Auddy]] [[Monami Ghosh]] [[Anusuya Majumdar]]
| music = [[Debajyoti Mishra]]
| cinematography = [[Sirsha Ray]]
| editing = Subhajit Singha
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2018|07|13|ref1=<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/maati/ET00075067|title = Maati (2018) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release Date - BookMyShow}}</ref>}}
| country = India
| language = Bengali
}}

'''''Maati''''' is a 2018 Indian [[Bengali language|Bengali-language]] [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] directed by Saibal Banerjee and Leena Gangopadhyay and starring [[Paoli Dam]] & [[Adil Hussain]] in the lead roles.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/maati-is-about-a-womans-quest-for-her-roots/articleshow/64932972.cms|title=Maati is about a woman's quest for her roots – Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=18 July 2018}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/maati-directors-leena-gangopadhyay-and-saibal-banerjee-reveal-their-dream-%20%20project/articleshow/64989028.cms|title='Maati' directors Leena Gangopadhyay and Saibal Banerjee reveal their dream project! - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=18 July 2018}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/the-script-of-maati-moved-me-adil-hussain/articleshow/64961313.cms|title=The script of Maati moved me: Adil Hussain – Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=18 July 2018}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://sholoanabangaliana.in/2017/03/04/paoli-dam-to-act-opposite-bollywood-actor-adil-hussain-in-upcoming-bengali-film-mati/|title=Paoli Dam to Act Opposite Adil Hussain in Bengali Film Mati {{!}} Sholoanabangaliana Portal|last=Bangaliana|first=Sholoana|website=sholoanabangaliana.in|language=en-US|access-date=18 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://enewsroom.in/adil-hussain-bollywood-actor-bengali-maati/|title=Bollywood actor Adil Hussain's Maati is about TWO: nation, religion and people|date=18 June 2018|work=enewsroom|access-date=18 July 2018|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sangbadnazar.com/epaper/edition/333/kolkata-edition|title=KOLKATA Edition – sangbadnazar Patrika epaper – sangbadnazar online epaper, kolkata edition|website=sangbadnazar.com|access-date=18 July 2018}}</ref>

== Synopsis ==
Meghla finds out her grandmother had been killed in her ancestral home in East Pakistan by a trusted retainer of the family. Many years after the tragedy, Meghla goes back to [[Kutubdia]] to trace her roots and faces the murderer's family who now occupies her house.
'Maati' traces Meghla's trials with truth and humanity, while tackling issues of migration, human displacement and relationships.

== Cast ==
*[[Paoli Dam]] as Meghla Chowdhury
*[[Adil Hussain]] as Jamil Bhai
*[[Sabitri Chatterjee]] as Amina, Jamil's mother
*[[Shankar Chakraborty|Shankar Chakroborty]] as Meghla's father
*[[Laboni Sarkar]] as Meghla's mother
*[[Chandan Sen]] as Satyabrata Chowdhury, Meghla's grandfather
*[[Aparajita Auddy|Aparajita Adhya]] as Kumudini Devi, Meghla's grandmother
*[[Koushik Roy]] as Jigir Ali
*[[Monami Ghosh]] as Jiniya
*[[Anusuya Majumdar]] as Dadi, Jiniya's grandmother
*[[Rishi Kaushik|Rishi Koushik]] as Angshu, Meghla's boyfriend
* [[Bharat Kaul]] as Celina's father
* Sagarika Roy as Bina
* Goutam De as Jiniya's father
* Maya Ghosh as Jiniya's mother
* Suman Banerjee as Asif, Jiniya's husband
* Diganta Bagchi as Ranjit's father
* Rupsha Bhaduri as Celina
* Aniruddha Ghosh as Ranjit
* Manjushree Ganguly as Jamil's sister
* Debolina Mukherjee as Jiniya's friend
* Prapti Chatterjee as Jiniya"s friend
* Debjani Chakraborty as Jiniya's friend
* Sonal Mishra as Jiniya's friend

== Music ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Maati
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Debajyoti Mishra]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released =
| recorded = 2018–2019
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 21:24
| language = Bengali
| label = Zee Music Bangla
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
| misc = {{External media
| audio1 = {{YouTube|tqwIdBIcJu0|Audio Jukebox}}
}}
}}
The music and the background score is by [[Debojyoti Mishra]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/maati-debojyoti-mishras-composition-explores-folk-tradition-in-new-song-lokhai/articleshow/64945075.cms|title=Debojyoti Mishra's composition explores folk tradition in new song 'Lokhai'- Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=11 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/music/maati-new-song-piriti-baindheche-holdi-is-a-perfect-haldi-song-for-this-wedding-season/articleshow/64840656.cms|title='Maati' new song: 'Piriti Baindheche Holdi' is a perfect haldi song for this wedding season- Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=3 July 2018}}</ref>
The film comprises 7 tracks and the lyrics are written by [[Debojyoti Mishra]], Anirban Mukhpadhyay, [[Rabindranath Tagore]] and [[Hason Raja]]. The album rights of the film were acquired by Zee Music Bangla.

{{Track listing
| all_writing =
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title14 =
| length14 =
| title15 =
| length15 =
| title16 =
| length16 =
| title17 =
| length17 =
| title18 =
| length18 =
| title19 =
| length19 =
| title20 =
| length20 =
| total_length = {{Duration|m=21|s=24}}
| title1 = Piriti Baindheche Holdi
| extra1 = Rageshri Das
| lyrics1 = [[Debojyoti Mishra]]
| music1 = Debojyoti Mishra
| length1 = 3:00
| title2 = Mehendi Song (Haat Duhani)
| extra2 = Trisha Parui, Titas Bhattacharyya, Debarati Sarkar, Sneha Bandyopadhyay, Ayantika Koley, Mouli Bhattacharya and Hrittika Sarkar
| lyrics2 = Debojyoti Mishra
| music2 = Debojyoti Mishra
| length2 = 3:01
| title3 = Monasha Bhasan Song (Lokhai)
| extra3 = Titas Bhattacharyya, Debarati Sarkar, Sneha Bandyopadhyay, Ayantika Koley, Mouli Bhattacharya and Hrittika Sarkar
| lyrics3 = Debojyoti Mishra
| music3 = Debojyoti Mishra
| length3 = 2:42
| title4 = Nojor Nojor
| extra4 = Rageshri Das, Titas Bhattacharyya, Debarati Sarkar, Sneha Bandyopadhyay, Ayantika Koley, Hrittika Sarkar and Mouli Bhattacharya
| lyrics4 = Debojyoti Mishra, Anirban Mukhpadhyay
| music4 = Debojyoti Mishra
| length4 = 3:22
| title5 = Probhat Feri Song
| extra5 = Subhankar Panda, Rudraneel Chowdhury, Arnab Basu, Arindam Sahana, Titas Bhattacharyya, Debarati Sarkar, Sneha Bandyopadhyay, Ayantika Koley, Mouli Bhattacharya, Hrittika Sarkar, Sudipta Pradhan and Sayan Bhattacharya
| lyrics5 = Debojyoti Mishra, Anirban Mukhpadhyay
| music5 = Debojyoti Mishra
| length5 = 2:58
| title6 = O Aamar Desher Maati
| extra6 = Choir Of Sraboni Sen Academy
| lyrics6 = [[Rabindranath Tagore]]
| music6 = Rabindranath Tagore
| length6 = 4:02
| title7 = Nisha Lagilo Re
| extra7 = Shantanu Ghosh and Choir
| lyrics7 = [[Hason Raja]]
| music7 = Hason Raja
| length7 = 3:18
}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=8211980}}

{{Magic Moments Motion Pictures}}

[[Category:2018 films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]
[[Category:2018 Bengali-language films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]

Anjaan (1940 film)

2026-03-03T23:16:42Z

Cdpnkr: created initial article and citations

{{EngvarB|date=July 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{upscaled images|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Anjaan
| image = Anjaan (1941 film).jpg
| caption = Film poster
| director = [[Amiya Chakrabarty]]
| producer = [[Bombay Talkies]]
| writer = Amiya Chakrabarty
| starring = [[Devika Rani]] [[Ashok Kumar]] [[David (actor)|David]] [[Om Prakash]]
| music = [[Pannalal Ghosh]]
| cinematography = R. D. Mathur
| editing =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1940|9|27|df=y}}
| runtime = 144 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Anjaan''''' (The Unknown) is a [[Bollywood films of 1940|1940]] Indian [[Hindi]]-language film directed by [[Amiya Chakrabarty]] and produced by [[Bombay Talkies]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gomolo.com/|publisher=Gomolo.com|accessdate=23 July 2012|title=Bollywood Hindi Movie, Latest Movies Release, Review & News, Actor Actress Photo Pics & Videos Gallery|archive-date=14 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120814141558/http://www.gomolo.com/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="RajadhyakshaWillemen1999">{{cite book|last1=Rajadhyaksha|first1=Ashish|last2=Willemen|first2=Paul|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian cinema|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediaofi0000raja|url-access=registration|accessdate=23 July 2012|year=1999|publisher=British Film Institute|isbn=9780851706696}}</ref> It was Chakrabarty's first film direction.<ref name="Valicha1996">{{cite book|author=Kishore Valicha|title=Dadamoni: the authorized biography of Ashok Kumar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xx5lAAAAMAAJ|year=1996|publisher=Viking|isbn=9780670872718}}</ref> The film's story and screenplay were by Amiya Chakrabarty, with dialogues by J. S. Casshyap. The cinematography was by the debutant R. D. Mathur. Its music direction was by [[Pannalal Ghosh]], with lyrics by [[Kavi Pradeep]] and P. L. Santoshi.<ref name=Review>{{cite journal|last1=Patel|first1=Baburao|title=Devika Returns With Charming Vengeance |journal=Filmindia|date=September 1941|volume=7|issue=9|pages=72|url=https://archive.org/stream/filmindia194107film_1#page/n761/mode/2up/search/anjan+|accessdate=24 July 2015|ref=Our Review-Anjan}}</ref> The film starred [[Devika Rani]], who had recently returned to films after a two-year absence, following the death of her husband [[Himanshu Rai]] in 1940.<ref name=Films>{{cite journal|last1=Patel|first1=Baburao|title=Films in the Making|journal=Filmindia|date=September 1941|volume=7|issue=9|pages=66|url=https://archive.org/stream/filmindia194107film_1#page/n607/mode/2up/search/anjan+|accessdate=24 July 2015|ref=Bombay Talkies}}</ref> The cast included [[Ashok Kumar]], [[David (actor)|David]], [[V. H. Desai]], Gulab, Suresh and [[Om Prakash]].<ref name=citwf>{{cite web|title=Anjaan (1941)|url=http://www.citwf.com/film16348.htm|website=citwf.com|publisher=Alan Goble|accessdate=24 July 2015}}</ref>

Devika Rani and Ashok Kumar formed a popular pair and acted together in eight films from 1936 to 1941. Devika enjoyed a higher status, was termed as a "bigger star" and was accorded top billing. Their films included ''Jeevan Naiya'' (1936), ''Achhut Kanya'' (1936), ''Janmabhoomi'' (1936), ''Izzat'' (1937), ''Savitri'' (1937), ''Nirmala'' (1938), ''Vachan'' (1938) and ''Anjaan'' (1941).<ref name="Patel2012">{{cite book|author=Bhaichand Patel|title=Bollywood's Top 20: Superstars of Indian Cinema|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RQL4dkVAnPIC&pg=PA32|year=2012|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=978-0-670-08572-9|page=32}}</ref>

''Anjaan'' revolved around Devika Rani playing a governess to Ranima's children. She gets entangled in a love triangle involving a doctor played by Ashok Kumar, and the estate manager.

==Plot==
Indira (Devika Rani) is a poor governess employed by the widow, Ranima (Gulab), of a Zamindar for her two children. The estate manager Ramnath (Girish) falls in love with her and turns to villainous acts in order to win her over. Devika falls in love with the doctor, Ajit, played by Ashok Kumar, who looks after Ranima and is guardian to the two children. Following a scheming plot when Ranima dies, Ramnath implicates Ajit, for which he is apprehended. A court scene follows where Ajit is successful in acquitting himself. Indira and Ajit get together in the end, while the villain is convicted.

==Cast==
* [[Devika Rani]] as Indira
* [[Ashok Kumar]] as Ajit
* [[V. H. Desai]]
* [[David (actor)|David]]
* [[Om Prakash]]
* Girish as Ramnath
* Suresh (Master Suresh)
* P. F. Pithawala
* Gulab
* Fatty Prasad
* Yusuf Sulehman
* Syed Mukhtar

==Review==
The film came in for praise from the editor of the cine-magazine, ''[[Filmindia]]'', [[Baburao Patel]]. Titling the review as "Devika Returns With Charming Vengeance" he called it "a personal triumph for Devika Rani without whom even a foot of the picture becomes boring". The cinematographer R. D. Mathur was said to have in his "very first chance" "proved himself to be the best camera artist in the studio".

==Soundtrack==
With music directed by the "famous classical flautist" [[Pannalal Ghosh]],<ref name="Valicha1996"/> the film had lyrics by [[Kavi Pradeep]] and P. L. Santosh. The singers were Devika Rani,<ref name=Muvyz>{{cite web|title=Anjaan 1941|url=http://muvyz.com/moviepage/lh414268/songs/#tabs/songs/#tabs|website=muvyz.com|publisher=Muvyz, Ltd.|accessdate=24 July 2015|ref=Songs}}</ref>

===Songlist===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! # !! Title !!Singer !!Lyricist
|-
| 1
| "Aayi Paschim Se Ghata"
| [[Devika Rani]]
| [[Kavi Pradeep]]
|-
| 2
| "Chhalko Na Ras Ki Gagariya"
| Rajkimari
| Kavi Pradeep
|-
| 3
| "Khincho Kamaan Khincho"
| Ashok Kumar, Suresh Babu Mane, Rewashankar
| Pradeep
|-
| 4
| "Main Toh Tumse Bandhi Rahoon"
| Devika Rani
| Pradeep
|-
| 5
| "Mere Jeevan Ke Path Par"
| Devika Rani, Ashok Kumar
| Pradeep
|-
| 6
| "Pyare Pyare Sapne Humare"
| Ashok Kumar
| Pradeep
|-
| 7
| "Pyare Pyare Sapne Humare"
| Devika Rani
| Pradeep
|-
| 8
| "Pyare Pyare Sapne Humare"
| Ashok Kumar, Suresh Babu Mane, Rewashankar
| Pradeep
|-
| 9
| "Sanwariya Re Sanwariya Chal Chal Re"
| Arun Kumar Mukherji, Sushila Rani
| P. L. Santoshi
|-
| 10
| "Sanwariya Re Sanwariya Chal Chal Re"
| Arun Kumar Mukherji
| P. L. Santoshi
|}

==See also==
* [[Bollywood films of 1940]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id =0157315 |title =Anjaan}}

[[Category:1940 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1940 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Pannalal Ghosh]]
[[Category:Films directed by Amiya Chakravarty]]
[[Category:Bombay Talkies films]]

Nagarahavu (2016 film)

2026-03-03T21:30:03Z

Cdpnkr: new

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{infobox film
|italic_title=no
|name = Nagarahavu
|image =VishnuDada.jpg
|caption = Theatrical release poster
|native_name = {{Infobox name module|kan|ನಾಗರಹಾವು}}
|director = [[Kodi Ramakrishna]]
|producer ={{plainlist|
*Sajid Qureshi
*Sohail Ansari
*Dhaval Gada
}}
|writer = Kodi Ramakrishna
|starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Ramya (actress)|Ramya]]
*[[Vishnuvardhan (actor)|Vishnuvardhan]]
*[[Diganth]]
*[[Saikumar Pudipeddi|Saikumar]]
*[[Rajesh Vivek]]
}}
|music = [[Gurukiran]]
|cinematography = [[H. C. Venugopal]]
|editing = Jhony Harsha
|studio = {{plainlist|
*Inbox Pictures pvt ltd
*Blockbuster Studios
*Pen Movies
}}
|distributor ={{plainlist|
*Inbox Pictures pvt ltd (Kannada)
*[[Sri Thenandal Films]] (Tamil)
}}
|released ={{Film date|df=yes|2016|10|14}}
|country =[[India]]
|language=[[Kannada]]
|budget = {{INR}}40 crore<ref>{{cite news|title=Hundreds of artists bringing Vishnuvardhan back to life|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/Hundreds-of-artists-bringing-Vishnuvardhan-back-to-life/2016/06/11/article3475974.ece|accessdate=16 October 2016|work=The New Indian Express|publisher=A Sharadhaa|date=11 June 2016|archive-date=22 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160922072906/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/Hundreds-of-artists-bringing-Vishnuvardhan-back-to-life/2016/06/11/article3475974.ece|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| gross =
}}
'''''Nagarahavu''''' ({{translation|Cobra}}) is a 2016 Indian [[Kannada language]] [[epic film|epic]] [[fantasy film]] directed by [[Kodi Ramakrishna]], the final film directed by him before his death in 2019,<ref name="Ramya in Nagarahavu">{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/ramya-dons-the-lead-role-in-kodi-ramakrishnas-nagarahavu/article8672256.ece|title=Ramya in Nagarahavu|last=K|first=Bhumika|date=2016-05-31|newspaper=The Hindu|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|access-date=2016-10-15|archive-date=31 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160531112030/http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/ramya-dons-the-lead-role-in-kodi-ramakrishnas-nagarahavu/article8672256.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> and produced by Sajid Qureshi, Inbox Pictures Pvt Ltd.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chitraloka.com/component/tags/tag/2165-nagarahavu.html|title=Diganth-Ramya's New Film Titled Nagarahavu - Exclusive|website=www.chitraloka.com|access-date=2016-10-15|archive-date=30 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160630163651/http://www.chitraloka.com/component/tags/tag/2165-nagarahavu.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

With [[Ramya (actress)|Ramya]] in the lead role, a digitally recreated [[Computer-generated imagery|CGI]] version of deceased actor [[Vishnuvardhan (actor)|Vishnuvardhan]] has played the main role, with the film being marketed as his "comeback".<ref name="vishnu">{{Cite news|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/Hundreds-of-artists-bringing-Vishnuvardhan-back-to-life/2016/06/11/article3475974.ece|title=Hundreds of artists bringing Vishnuvardhan back to life|newspaper=The New Indian Express|access-date=2016-10-15|archive-date=16 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160616114801/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/Hundreds-of-artists-bringing-Vishnuvardhan-back-to-life/2016/06/11/article3475974.ece|url-status=dead}}</ref> Actors [[Diganth]], [[Saikumar Pudipeddi|Saikumar]], [[Rajesh Vivek]], and [[Sadhu Kokila]] play supporting roles.

The music was composed by [[Gurukiran]] with cinematography by [[H. C. Venugopal]] and editing by Jhony Harsha. The film has been dubbed and released in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] as ''Shivanagam'', [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''Nagabharanam'', and [[Hindi language|Hindi]] as ''Nagavanshi''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://moviegalleri.net/2016/06/divya-spandanas-nagabharanam-movie-teaser-releasing-today.html|title=Divya Spandana's Nagabharanam|date=4 June 2016|publisher=moviegalleri.net|access-date=4 June 2016|archive-date=5 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160605103944/http://moviegalleri.net/2016/06/divya-spandanas-nagabharanam-movie-teaser-releasing-today.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> The film released on 14 October 2016.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/good-news-for-vishnuvardhan-fans-the-kannada-actor-is-back-on-screen-with-nagarahavu-3050998.html|title=Good news for Vishnuvardhan fans: The Kannada actor is back on screen with Nagarahavu — Firstpost|date=2016-10-14|newspaper=Firstpost|language=en-US|access-date=2016-10-15|archive-date=17 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161017172905/http://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/good-news-for-vishnuvardhan-fans-the-kannada-actor-is-back-on-screen-with-nagarahavu-3050998.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

The film was a festive season to fans for having come back of legendary actor Vishnuvardhan through CGI effect.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.ibtimes.co.in/nagarahavu-naagarahaavu-aka-shivanagam-movie-review-live-audience-response-699468|title = Nagarahavu aka Shivanagam movie review: Live audience response|website = [[International Business Times]]|date = 14 October 2016|access-date = 9 March 2017|archive-date = 18 July 2017|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170718104551/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/nagarahavu-naagarahaavu-aka-shivanagam-movie-review-live-audience-response-699468|url-status = live}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Nagarahavu is about a woman transforming into a [[snake]] to seek revenge.

The story revolves around an ancient [[kalasha]] (divine vessel), a Lord Shiva Monument. On the Soorya Grahan ([[solar eclipse]]) day, it collects the strength of the gods and goddesses. A series of attempts have been made by the demons to capture it, but fail in possessing it.

The story then shifts to the present, Nagacharan ([[Diganth]]), a talented singer and musician along with his friends wants to win a National Music Competition. It is shown that the kalasha is excavated by the [[archeologists]] and becomes the trophy in the music competition. The kalasha is the most wanted thing for baddies led by [[Mukul Dev]], [[Amit Tiwari]], and [[Ravi Kale]]. They sent a music troop to win the competition. A girl named Manasa ([[Ramya (actress)|Ramya]]) gets close to Nagacharan with the pretext of learning music. Her motives and calculations are different.

Mukul Dev threatens Nagacharan to quit the competition because Nagacharan is the only opposition they have to win the music competition and he refuses to quit. Mukul Dev kills his friends in an accident. In retaliation, Manasa kills Amit Tiwari and Ravi Kale revealing her as an icchadhaari serpent. Nagacharan witnesses it and questions her identity.

Then, Manasa explains her past that in her previous birth she is Naganika ([[Ramya (actress)|Ramya]]), daughter of Shivaiyya ([[Saikumar Pudipeddi|Saikumar]]) who and his forefathers have been saving an ancient [[Shiva]] monument for hundreds of years ago. The evil Tantrik, Kapali ([[Rajesh Vivek]]), and his forefathers have been fighting with Naganika's family for many years to occupy the Lord Shiva monument. Kapali kills Naganika in a battle to occupy the Shiva monument. A dying Naganika then takes an oath that she will come back to take revenge on Kapali. In the next birth, Naganika takes birth as Manasa, a snake woman to get back the kalasha and protect it.

Nagacharan promises her that he will win the kalasha at any cost. Mukul Dev and Kapali team up and capture Manasa. In the end, she gets help from Lord Shiva himself, who sends his serpent necklace, King Nagaraja ([[Vishnuvardhan (actor)|Vishnuvardhan]]) is a mythical king who comes to her rescue. He releases Manasa from her captivity and they both kill Mukul Dev and Kapali. Nagacharan wins the competition and the pair places the kalasha before the Shiva idol.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
* [[Ramya (actress)|Ramya]] as Manasa and Naganika
* [[Vishnuvardhan (actor)|Vishnuvardhan]] as King Nagaraja (created with CGI, special appearance)
* [[Diganth]] as Nagacharan
* [[Saikumar Pudipeddi|Saikumar]] as Shivaiyya
* [[Rajesh Vivek]] as Kapali
* [[Sadhu Kokila]] as Sadha
* [[Mukul Dev]] as Baddie
* [[Amit Tiwari]] as Baddie
* [[Ravi Kale]] as Baddie
* [[Rangayana Raghu]]
* [[Darshan Thoogudeep|Darshan]] in a cameo appearance in ''Nagarahavu Title Song''
}}

==Production==
The film has no relation to the 1972 film of the [[Naagarahaavu|same name]] which also starred Vishnuvardhan.<ref>{{cite news |last1=K |first1=Bhumika |title=Ramya in Nagarahavu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/Ramya-in-Nagarahavu/article14378305.ece |accessdate=24 January 2019 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=31 May 2016 |archive-date=7 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230907093731/https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/Ramya-in-Nagarahavu/article14378305.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> It began production in 2013 and was shot in 149 days at Kantirava studio, Lalita Mahal, Mysuru and Ramoji Studios. The visual effects are given by [[Makuta VFX]] with over a hundred artists working on the visual effects. Dr. Vishnuvardhan was created through CGI. It nearly took two years to create, and the work was distributed in six countries.<ref name="Ramya in Nagarahavu"/><ref name="vishnu"/> Super star Darshan appeared in a cameo for a song which was a tribute to Vishnuvardhan.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/Darshans-special-tribute-to-Vishnuvardhan/2016/09/01/article3606271.ece|title=Darshan's special tribute to Vishnuvardhan|newspaper=The New Indian Express|access-date=2016-10-15|archive-date=16 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916150340/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/Darshans-special-tribute-to-Vishnuvardhan/2016/09/01/article3606271.ece|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Nagarahavu
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Gurukiran]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = {{Start date|df=yes|2016|8|14}}
| recorded = 2016
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack]]
| length = {{duration|m=32|s=10}}
| language = {{hlist|[[Kannada]]|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]}}
| label = [[Sony Music India]]
| producer =
| prev_title = [[Uppi 2]]
| prev_year = 2015
| next_title = [[Chowka]]
| next_year = 2016
}}

[[Gurukiran]] was signed to compose the soundtrack album and background score for the film. The audio was released on 14 August 2016 at a government hospital in [[Bangalore]]. A charity event was also planned coinciding the audio launch to the downtrodden hospitalized patients.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chitraloka.com/news/13438-nagarahavu-audio-release-on-august-14th.html|title=Nagarahavu Audio Release On August 14th|publisher=Chitraloka|date=14 July 2016|access-date=23 September 2016|archive-date=24 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160924025818/http://www.chitraloka.com/news/13438-nagarahavu-audio-release-on-august-14th.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Initially, it was announced that actress [[Anushka Shetty]] would launch the album officially.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/Anushka-to-Launch-the-Audio-of-Nagarahavu/2015/12/28/article3198936.ece|title=Anushka to Launch the Audio of Nagarahavu?|publisher=The New Indian Express|date=28 December 2015|access-date=23 September 2016|archive-date=24 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160924022822/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/Anushka-to-Launch-the-Audio-of-Nagarahavu/2015/12/28/article3198936.ece|url-status=dead}}</ref> However, it turned out to be a rumor.

{{Track listing
| headline = Kannada track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Aledaado Megha
| length1 = 4:58
| lyrics1 =Kaviraj
| extra1 = [[Shankar Mahadevan]], [[Indu Nagaraj]]
| title2 = Lucky Lakkamma
| length2 = 3:38
| lyrics2 =Kaviraj
| extra2 = [[Gurukiran]], [[Sravana Bhargavi]]
| title3 = Munni Baby
| length3 = 5:31
| lyrics3 =Kaviraj
| extra3 = [[Vedala Hemachandra|Hemachandra]], [[Chaitra H. G.]]
| title4 = Nagini
| length4 = 4:18
| lyrics4 = Santhosh Nayak
| extra4 = [[Sunitha Upadrashta]], Divya Raghavan
| title5 = Nodi Nodi
| length5 = 5:01
| lyrics5 =Kaviraj
| extra5 = [[Nakash Aziz]], [[Chaitra H. G.]]
| title6 = Suttha Muttha
| length6 = 4:55
| lyrics6 = Kaviraj
| extra6 = [[Kailash Kher]]
| title7 = Nagarahavu (Title Track)
| length7 = 3:49
| lyrics7 = Kaviraj
| extra7 = [[Vijay Prakash]]
| total_length = 32:10
}}

{{Track listing
| headline = Tamil track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 32:23
| title1 = Alaindhodum Megham
| extra1 = Dhananjay, Nayana Nair
| lyrics1 = Snehan
| length1 = 4:58
| title2 = Lucky Penne
| extra2 = K. Saketh, B. Ramya
| lyrics2 = Snehan
| length2 = 3:43
| title3 = Munni Baby
| extra3 = Revanth, Chaitra
| lyrics3 = Snehan
| length3 = 5:01
| title4 = Nagini
| extra4 = M. M. Srilekha, Nayana Nair
| lyrics4 = Snehan
| length4 = 4:19
| title5 = Ettithukkum
| extra5 = Kailash Kher
| lyrics5 = Snehan
| length5 = 5:08
| title6 = Mummy Daddy
| extra6 = B. Simha
| lyrics6 = Snehan
| length6 = 5:01
| title7 = Sivanaagam (Title Track)
| extra7 = Saisharan
| lyrics7 = Snehan
| length7 = 3:49
}}

{{Track listing
| headline = Telugu track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 32:23
| title1 = Mummy Daddy
| extra1 = Hanuman
| lyrics1 = Srirama Tapaswi
| length1 = 5:01
| title2 = Munni Baby
| extra2 = Krishna Chaitanya, Damini CH
| lyrics2 = Srirama Tapaswi
| length2 = 5:25
| title3 = Siva Sanka Raavvam
| extra3 = Dhanunjay, Sahiti Chaganti
| lyrics3 = Srirama Tapaswi
| length3 = 4:58
| title4 = Raave Bangaram
| extra4 = Revanth, B. Ramya
| lyrics4 = Srirama Tapaswi
| length4 = 3:43
| title5 = Nagini
| extra5 = [[Mohana Bhogaraju]], Nayana Nair
| lyrics5 = Srirama Tapaswi
| length5 = 4:19
| title6 = Vedhamanti Roopanive
| extra6 = [[Kailash Kher]]
| lyrics6 = Srirama Tapaswi
| length6 = 5:08
| title7 = Nagabharanam (Title Track)
| extra7 = Saisharan
| lyrics7 = Srirama Tapaswi
| length7 = 3:49
}}

==Release==
An official teaser for the film was released on 30 May 2016. It became the fastest teaser for a Kannada film to reach 1,000,000 views on [[YouTube]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.filmibeat.com/kannada/news/2016/nagarahavu-teaser-clocks-1-million-views-229371.html|title=Nagarahavu Teaser Clocks 1 Million Views|date=2016-06-09|newspaper=www.filmibeat.com|access-date=2016-10-15|archive-date=9 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161009115536/http://www.filmibeat.com/kannada/news/2016/nagarahavu-teaser-clocks-1-million-views-229371.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Film released on 14th Oct 2016 in Kannada, Telugu and Tamil at nearly

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|6114952}}

{{Indian animation industry}}
{{Kodi Ramakrishna}}

[[Category:2016 films]]
[[Category:2010s historical fantasy films]]
[[Category:2016 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:Films about reincarnation]]
[[Category:Films about shapeshifting]]
[[Category:Films directed by Kodi Ramakrishna]]
[[Category:Films scored by Gurukiran]]
[[Category:Indian epic films]]
[[Category:Indian historical fantasy films]]
[[Category:Films using motion capture]]
[[Category:Films about snakes]]
[[Category:Pen Studios films]]

Endrendrum Kadhal

2026-03-03T04:43:35Z

Cdpnkr: Improved wording and formatting

{{More plot|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Endrendrum Kadhal.jpg
| caption = Poster
| based_on =
| starring = [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]] [[Rambha (actress)|Rambha]]
| director = [[Manoj–Gyan|Manoj Bhatnagar]]
| producer = [[K. T. Kunjumon]] Manoj Bhatnagar
| story = Manoj Bhatnagar
| screenplay = Manoj Bhatnagar
| cinematography = K. S. Shiva
| editing = B. S.Vasu – Saleem
| studio = Sameera Films
| distributor = Gentleman Film International
| writer = [[Crazy Mohan]] (dialogues)
| released = {{Film date|1999|03|05|df=yes|ref1=}}
| runtime = 150 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget = 
| gross = 
| narrator =
| music = Manoj Bhatnagar
}}

'''''Endrendrum Kadhal''''' ({{translation|Forever Love}}) is a 1999 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[romantic drama film]] written, directed, co-produced, and music composed by [[Manoj–Gyan|Manoj Bhatnagar]]. The film stars [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]] and [[Rambha (actress)|Rambha]] in the lead roles, with [[Raghuvaran]], [[Nizhalgal Ravi]], [[Bhanupriya]], [[Radha Ravi]], [[Charle]], and [[Dhamu]] in other pivotal roles. Veteran actor [[M. N. Nambiar]] also played a supporting role. The film was released on 5 March 1999.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tamil Films |url=http://gentlemanfilmktk.in/tamil-films/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220502095820/http://gentlemanfilmktk.in/tamil-films/ |archive-date=2 May 2022 |access-date=2 May 2022 |website=Gentleman Film KTK}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Gurusamy |first=Pandeeswari |date=2024-03-05 |title=25 years of Endrendrum Kadhal: 'உலகெல்லாம் ஒரு சொல் காதல்' விஜய்யின் சூப்பர் ஹிட் மூவி என்றென்றும் காதல் |url=https://tamil.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/its-been-25-years-since-vijays-super-hit-movie-endrendrum-kadhal-131709558069252.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240811165315/https://tamil.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/its-been-25-years-since-vijays-super-hit-movie-endrendrum-kadhal-131709558069252.html |archive-date=2024-08-11 |access-date=2024-08-11 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=ta}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Vijay is the managing director of a large shipping corporation. He lives in a joint family with his father Sethupathi, two brothers Krishna and Vasu, their wives and children, and a spinster sister Pooja. Vijay goes to Switzerland in Europe to stipulate a contract with Nagaraj and Shekar. There, he meets Meenakshi, Nagaraj's sister. The two of them fall in love. Nagaraj approves of Vijay, but when he expresses the condition that Vijay should stay with them after the marriage because India is not good, he refuses his offer and returns home. However, Shekar and Meenu later travel to India to mend fences. Shekar learns that Pooja had been dumped by Nagaraj for a better life, and Vijay is just waiting for an opportunity to kill the man who destroyed his sister's life. He devises ways of preventing Nagaraj from attending the marriage, but he later tells Pooja the truth. Vijay overhears this and is angered, but Shekar solves all the problems by deciding to marry Pooja. Pooja agrees for this too, making everyone happy. Finally, Vijay, seeing his sister happy leaves Nagaraj alone. Eventually, Meenu and Vijay get married.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]] as Vijay
*[[Rambha (actress)|Rambha]] as Meenakshi alias Meenu
*[[M. N. Nambiar]] as Sethupathi
*[[Bhanupriya]] as Pooja
*[[Nizhalgal Ravi]] as Nagaraj, Meenu's brother
*[[Raghuvaran]] as Shekar
*[[Radha Ravi]] as Krishna
*[[Dhamu]] as Vasu
*[[Charle]] as Sabapathi
*[[Anju (actress)|Anju]] as Uma, Krishna's wife
*[[Sindhu (actress)|Sindhu]] as Girija, Vasu's wife
*Vishali Kannadasan as a television interviewer
*[[S. A. Rajkumar]] as a singer
*Mukhtar Khan
}}

== Production ==
The film marked the directorial debut of Manoj Bhatnagar who earlier worked as music composer alongside Gyan as [[Manoj–Gyan]]. He financed the film from the profits he made after building a dubbing studio Sameera.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=29 March 1998 |title=பரபரப்பை உருவாக்கும் சிம்ரன்! |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1998-03-29/page/n89/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230528141927/https://archive.org/details/kalki1998-03-29/page/n89/mode/2up |archive-date=28 May 2023 |access-date=28 May 2023 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |pages=88–89 |language=Ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> The film marked a comeback for actress [[Bhanupriya]], who was signed on for the film in November 1998, after she had relocated base to the United States.<ref>{{Cite web |title=From a girl next door to a Star!!! {{!}} An Interview with Bhanu Priya Kaushal |url=http://www.indolink.com/tamil/cinema/People/98/Nov/Bhanu2.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120116003955/http://www.indolink.com/tamil/cinema/People/98/Nov/Bhanu2.htm |archive-date=16 January 2012 |access-date=30 December 2011 |website=Indolink}}</ref> [[Meena (actress)|Meena]] was initially approached for the film, but had to turn the offer down due to her busy schedule and [[Rambha (actress)|Rambha]] was selected as heroine.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gobichetipal |first=Chandra |date=July 1998 |title=Meena's losing spree |url=http://chandrag.tripod.com/july98/index.html |website=Minnoviyam |access-date=2 January 2012 |archive-date=26 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426090051/http://chandrag.tripod.com/july98/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[Manoj–Gyan|Manoj Bhatnagar]] and released by [[Pyramid Saimira|Pyramid]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 December 2016 |title=Endrendrum Kadhal |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/endrendrum-kadhal/Lktiwt4OLHM_ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190406104251/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/endrendrum-kadhal/Lktiwt4OLHM_ |archive-date=6 April 2019 |access-date=6 April 2019 |website=[[JioSaavn]]}}</ref>

{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 31:37
| title1 = O Thendrale
| lyrics1 = [[Palani Bharathi]]
| extra1 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[Anuradha Sriram]]
| length1 = 4:57
| title2 = Kangala Minnala
| lyrics2 = [[Palani Bharathi]]
| extra2 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, K. S. Chithra
| length2 = 5:05
| title3 = Ulagellam
| lyrics3 = [[Vairamuthu]]
| extra3 = [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]]
| length3 = 5:07
| title4 = Nadodi Nanba
| lyrics4 = [[Arivumathi]]
| extra4 = [[Nagore E. M. Hanifa]], [[P. Unnikrishnan]], [[K. S. Chithra]]
| length4 = 5:22
| title5 = Jalakku
| lyrics5 = Ponnyin Selvan
| extra5 = [[Sujatha Mohan]], Devie Neithiyar, [[S. N. Surendar]], K. Prabhakar
| length5 = 5:20
| title6 = Take It Easy
| lyrics6 = [[Piraisoodan]]
| extra6 = [[Anuradha Sriram]]
| length6 = 5:46
}}

== Reception ==
D. S. Ramanujam of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote, "An ordinary love story has been made fairly entertaining in Sameera Films' "Endrendrum Kaathal". The lead pair Vijay and Ramba have a major say in it — the former makes good use of the openings given in the dialogues of "Crazy" Mohan, while the latter is her glamorous self". Ramanujam also appreciated the cinematography by Shiva.<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 March 1999 |title=Film Reviews: Enendrum Kaathal / Devi |url=http://www.webpage.com/hindu/daily/990319/09/09190223.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010606034639/http://www.webpage.com/hindu/daily/990319/09/09190223.htm |archive-date=6 June 2001 |access-date=1 March 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]] |pages=26}}</ref> ''[[Ananda Vikatan]]'' rated the film 34 out of 100.<ref>{{Cite web |last=சார்லஸ் |first=தேவன் |date=22 June 2021 |title=பீஸ்ட் : 'நாளைய தீர்ப்பு' டு 'மாஸ்டர்'... விஜய்க்கு விகடனின் மார்க்கும், விமர்சனமும் என்ன? #Beast |url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/tamil-cinema/how-vijay-movies-scored-in-vikatan-reviews |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008100344/https://cinema.vikatan.com/amp/story/tamil-cinema/how-vijay-movies-scored-in-vikatan-reviews |archive-date=8 October 2021 |access-date=7 December 2021 |website=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=ta}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

[[Category:1999 Indian films]]
[[Category:1999 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1999 films]]
[[Category:1999 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Films produced by K. T. Kunjumon]]
[[Category:Films scored by S. A. Rajkumar]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Crazy Mohan]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language romantic drama films]]

B. F. Cabral

2026-02-28T07:15:40Z

Cdpnkr: created a data v1

{{Short description|Pakistani writer and playwright (1885–1953)}}
{{Infobox person
| name = B. F. Cabral
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name = Bernardo Francisco Cabral
| birth_place = [[Chimbel]], [[Goa]], [[Portuguese India]]
| birth_date = {{birth date|1885|3|7|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Karachi]], [[Dominion of Pakistan]] (possibly)
| death_date = {{circa}}{{death year and age|1953|1885}}
| occupation = {{hlist|Writer|playwright|politician}}
| years_active = 1907–1938
| office = [[Mayor of Karachi]] (former)
| known_for = {{ubl|
* Editor of first [[Konkani language|Konkani]] newspaper
* Founder of ''Catholic Sovostcai''
* Promotion of [[Konkani literature]] and Konkani ''[[tiatr]]s'' in [[British India]]}}
}}

'''Bernardo Francisco Cabral''' (7 March 1885 – {{circa|1953}}), known professionally as '''B. F. Cabral''', was a Pakistani writer, playwright, and politician who served as the [[mayor of Karachi]] during [[British India]]. In the [[Konkani literature|Konkani literary]] scene in [[Bombay, British India]], as an [[emigrant]], he served as the [[editor-in-chief]] of ''Sanjechem Noketr'' (1907), the first [[Konkani language|Konkani]] newspaper. He then went on to found his own publication, ''Catholic Sovostcai'' (1908), which had its short-term success before eventually turning to writing ''[[tiatr]]s'' staged during British India.

==Early life==
Bernardo Francisco Cabral was born on 7 March 1885, in the island of [[Chimbel]], [[Goa]] which was located in the [[Ilhas]] (now Tiswadi) region of the then [[Portuguese India]] during [[Portuguese Empire]] (now part of India).<ref name=":1" /> After completing his initial education at a [[parish school]] in his hometown, Cabral was sent at the age of nine to [[Bombay]] (now Mumbai), [[British India]], where he finished his secondary education. As a young teenager and student, at the age of 14, Cabral commenced his literary endeavors by submitting written pieces to [[Konkani-language]] [[periodical]]s that [[Freedom of the press in British India|encountered distribution challenges]] in Bombay during that era.<ref name=":0" />

There is some scholarly debate around Cabral's exact place of origin, with a few sources identifying his hometown as the nearby town of [[Ribandar]] rather than Chimbel. However, the consensus among historians and literary researchers such as [[Wilson Mazarello]] and Michael Jude Gracias is that Cabral was born and raised in Chimbel, which maintained close ties to Ribandar.<ref name=":3" /> Cabral's early writings and journalism represented some of the first significant Konkani-language literary and media contributions from the [[Goan]] region during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Beyond these details about his origins and early career, little is conclusively known about his later life.<ref name=":2" />

==Career==
Cabral was a leading [[Konkani language|Konkani]] writer and playwright who was most active<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Gomes |first=Olivinho |title=Scripting the Goan Tiatr {{!}} Directorate of Art and Culture, Government of Goa, India |url=https://www.artandculture.goa.gov.in/en/art-culture/scripting-the-goan-tiatr |access-date=2024-05-17 |website=www.artandculture.goa.gov.in |archive-date=2023-09-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230921102726/https://www.artandculture.goa.gov.in/en/art-culture/scripting-the-goan-tiatr |url-status=live }}</ref> during the period from 1910 to 1938. He was known for his versatility as an author, producing works that displayed a distinct, humorous style characterized by vivid, [[Native advertising|native imagery]]. It led to a significant increase in his standing and instilled an admiration for Konkani within the community. Cabral's writings were praised and appreciated by the reading public, helping to elevate the status of the [[Konkani language]], which had previously been looked down upon by many. It was perceived that the language ought to be employed by those belonging to the [[Caste system in India|lower socioeconomic strata]]. In 1907, Cabral was appointed as the editor of ''Sanjechem Noketr'', the pioneering newspaper that was exclusively dedicated to publishing content in the Konkani language. According to accounts from his contemporaries, Cabral's [[literary]] output had a broad appeal, attracting the interest of [[Goan]] emigrants living in cities and regions beyond [[Portuguese India|Portuguese]] [[Goa]] itself, including [[Bombay]], [[Poona]] (both part of [[British India]]), Africa (then ruled by [[Western Europe]]), and the [[Persian Gulf countries]] (then part of [[Ottoman Empire]]).<ref name=":1" />

Seeking to further expand the reach of [[Konkani literature]], Cabral founded his own magazine, ''Catholic Sovostcai'', in January 1908. A publication that was originally released on a monthly basis eventually transitioned to being published every two weeks. The magazine, published by Roldão Noronha, was especially popular among the wives of [[Goans#Geographical distribution|Goan emigrants]], who eagerly anticipated each new issue. The same magazines were in high demand and quickly sold out as soon as they were made available for purchase. However, Cabral was forced to discontinue the magazine when he relocated to [[Delhi]], British India, at which point he devoted more of his attention to writing ''[[tiatr]]s'', a form of Konkani drama. Cabral later relocated to [[Karachi]], British India, where he served in a professional capacity for the [[municipal council]] of the city. Throughout his career, he remained an influential figure in the Konkani literary landscape, contributing to the [[Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India|growing mainstream acceptance]] and appreciation of the [[Culture of Goa|Konkani language and culture]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Da Costa |first=Fausto V. |title=TIATR 125th Anniversary Commemorative Volume |publisher=[[Tiatr Academy of Goa]] |year=2019 |location=[[Panaji, Goa]] |pages=148–149}}</ref>

Cabral was also a [[Konkani language|Konkani]] playwright and ''[[tiatrist]]'' who was active in the early 20th century. According to scholars [[Wilson Mazarello]] and Michael Jude Gracias, Cabral served as the [[Mayor of Karachi]] during [[British India]], around the 1920s.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Mazarello |first=Wilson |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K-1PAQAAIAAJ |title=100 Years of Konkani Tiatro |date=2000 |publisher=Government of Goa, Directorate of Art & Culture |pages=107–109 |language=en |access-date=2024-05-17 |archive-date=2024-01-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240107200151/https://books.google.com/books?id=K-1PAQAAIAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Gracias |first=Michael Jude |date=8 July 2022 |title=How a Goan 'Rose' bloomed in Karachi |url=https://www.thegoan.net/global-goenkar/how-a-goan-rose-bloomed-in-karachi/86236.html |access-date=2024-05-17 |website=The Goan EveryDay |language=en}}</ref> He was a writer, producing several plays and dramas in the [[Konkani language]] during this period in Karachi, British India. Some of his most well-known works include: ''Gabruchi Sasumaim'' (1921): A 156-page comedy with 24 songs, ''Sat Pordheanim'' (1923): A [[Comedy (drama)|comedic play]] consisting of 135 pages featuring 23 [[Number (music)|musical numbers]] throughout its duration, ''Senhor Gabriel'' (1923), ''Luvena'' (1925), and ''Inosent Hermione''. In addition to these [[Dramatization|dramatic works]], Cabral also composed two [[opera]]s in [[Verse drama and dramatic verse|verse]]: ''Jesus, Maria Anim Juze vo Jezu Christachem Gupit Jivit'' (Jesus, Mary and Joseph, a Secret Life of Jesus Christ), the theatrical performance took place in both Karachi and [[Goa]], showcasing its artistry to audiences in different regions, ''Adanv Anim Eva vo Sorg'' (Adam and Eve, a Heaven), ''Sounsar Anim Deuchar'' (World and Devil), also performed in Karachi. Cabral's [[musical theatre|musical drama]] ''A Conquista de Goa vo Amchea Purvozancho Bavarth'' (The Conquest of Goa, Our Ancestors Faith) featured 43 songs and explored the [[Portuguese conquest of Goa]] and the [[Christianization of Goa|spread of Christianity]], though the date of publication for this work is unknown.<ref name=":0" /> Another of Cabral's plays, ''Minglu Balcheanv Ani Tachi Bail Picasany'' (Minguel Balchão and His Wife Picasany), this comedic publication, consisting of 106 pages, was authored by Bascora Suria Raut Dessai and was released in [[Pangim]], Goa in 1938. Overall, Cabral made significant contributions to Konkani theater and literature during the early 20th century through his diverse body of dramatic and musical works.<ref name=":1" />

The Konkani ''[[tiatr]]'' theatrical tradition flourished in British India, featuring popular performers and playwrights. Among the figures in this scene was Ambrose Carlisto Piedade Fernandes, known by his stage name [[A. M. B. Rose]], a [[Goan]] actor and singer. Fernandes first encountered Cabral during the early stages of his own theater career in Karachi. At this time, Fernandes had made his debut as a [[theatre practitioner]], writing, directing, and starring in his original production ''Comedy of Errors vo Gondoll Zoulleam Bhavancho'', the theatrical production was showcased at the venue known as the [[Karachi Goan Association|Goa Portuguese Association Hall]] situated in the city of Karachi, British India. Cabral, recognizing Fernandes' skills, later asked him to supervise the direction of three ''tiatr'' plays authored by Cabral himself: ''Gabriel Balchao Ani Tachi Sasumaim'', ''A Conquista de Goa'', and ''Inosent Hermione''.<ref name=":3" /> Fernandes acclaimed performances in these productions earned him recognition throughout Karachi. Cabral's theatrical productions were performed at The Palace Theater in Karachi, a venue known for hosting mainly [[Theatre#Early modern and modern theatre in the West|European theater groups]] during that period.<ref name=":2" /> In addition to his [[Dramatization|dramatic work]], Cabral had also published a Konkani-language [[periodical]] called ''Sanjechem Noketr'' (1907) from the city of Mumbai, then known as [[Bombay]], which covered news and events from the region.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Noronha |first=Frederick |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=11rRjnzhJQIC |title=Behind the News: Voices from Goa's Press |date=2008 |publisher=Goa1556 |isbn=978-81-905682-0-3 |pages=184 |language=en}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Cabral's details about his life and career are limited. Historical records indicate that an individual with a similar name to Cabral was married in 1928 in [[Goa]]. Specifically, marriage archives show that a person named Cabral wed Piedade Feliciana Alphonso, who was from [[Goa Velha]]. The [[civil marriage]] took place in [[Pangim]], while the religious service was held in a church in Goa Velha. At the time of the marriage, this Cabral was employed, though it remains unclear if this individual was the same playwright.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pereira |first=Camilo Francisco |date=16 October 1974 |title=Registo De Casamento Canónico |url=https://services.goaonline.gov.in/t-bhBeG0CQ4fUsYdqv8IWwf5w3eZzN2KGTpvN2hifLJPLWeFdNsAhiO1IVBeFWJo--sxuDiSkj4cBouH8BYx9uSNz3jbx95PL995kcSxtnrrU1qqZUeFHBL0zH_B_o_qI0Yn9nWEpm_kl2vuh1xW8sAol-2ZD-iDWhXpXWE_eMk/t-bc8/9nW91 |access-date=14 December 2023 |website=Goa Online }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The sole substantial biographical information about Cabral appears in a 1953 book titled ''Tiatr 125th Comemeroative Volume'', written by Fausto V. Da Costa.<ref name=":1" /> According to available sources, Cabral died either in [[Karachi]] or [[Bombay]] that same year. However, this represents the only known account of Cabral's death, and there is a lack of corroborating evidence from secondary sources to verify these details. Additionally, birth records mention a person with a similar name who died on 1 January 1937 in Goa Velha, but it is uncertain whether this refers to the same Cabral. Overall, concrete biographical information about Cabral remains limited due to the scarcity of available historical documentation.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 June 2006 |title=Death Certificate |url=https://goaonline.gov.in/Appln/UIL/BirthDeathCertificate_af?__Key=&_Mode=D&__cscKey= |access-date=29 September 2023 |website=Goa Online |archive-date=30 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230930082842/https://goaonline.gov.in/HomePage |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Views on the Konkani language===
Historical accounts indicate that Cabral openly shared his views on the [[Konkani language]] and its publishing environment during his active professional period.<ref name=":1" /> According to the 2016 book ''The History of the Book in South Asia'' by Italian scholar [[Francesca Orsini]], Cabral discussed the financial difficulties encountered by authors and publishers of [[Konkani literature]], stating that producing such works often led to financial deficits. He pointed out that the low demand for Konkani books was a key factor, as many readers preferred to borrow rather than buy these publications, contributing to the financial challenges faced by creators.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Orsini |first=Francesca |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nBOoDQAAQBAJ |title=The History of the Book in South Asia |date=2016-12-05 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-351-88831-8 |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Cabral, B. F.}}
[[Category:1885 births]]
[[Category:1953 deaths]]
[[Category:Tiatrists]]
[[Category:Writers from Karachi]]
[[Category:Writers from North Goa district]]

Operation Khukri

2026-02-25T05:47:41Z

Cdpnkr: quick refine intro based on references as per guidelines

{{Short description|Part of the United Nations Mission in Sierra Leone}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2014}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Operation Khukri
| partof = [[Sierra Leone Civil War]]
| image =
| caption =
| date = 13–16 July 2000
| place = [[Sierra Leone]]
| result = UN victory
* Besieged UN Forces extracted.
* [[Freetown]] successfully defended against RUF attack.
| combatant1 = {{flagicon|United Nations}} '''[[UNAMSIL]]'''
*{{flag|India}}
*{{flag|United Kingdom}}
*{{flag|Ghana}}
*{{flag|Nigeria}}
| combatant2 = [[File:Flag of the Revolutionary United Front.png|20px]] [[Revolutionary United Front]]
| commander1 = [[File:Flag of Indian Army.svg|20px]] Maj. Gen. V.K. Jetley<ref name=BRakshak>{{cite web|title=Peacekeeping in Sierra Leone|url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/History/2000s/Sierra.html|publisher=Bharat Rakshak|accessdate=12 July 2012|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120829043828/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/History/2000s/Sierra.html|archivedate=29 August 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref> [[File:Flag of Indian Army.svg|20px]] Col. Satish Kumar (Commander 5/8 Gurkha Rifles)<ref name=Sierra>{{cite web|title=Sierra Leone – Barefoot Soldiers for Social Justice, Food Security and Peace|url=http://blogs.lse.ac.uk/africaatlse/2012/01/11/sierra-leone-barefoot-soldiers-for-social-justice-food-security-and-peace/|publisher=London School of Economics Blogs|accessdate=16 July 2012}}</ref> [[File:Air Force Ensign of India.svg|20px]] Grp. Capt. Bijender Singh Siwach<ref name="BRakshak"/>
| commander2 = [[File:Flag of the Revolutionary United Front.png|20px]] Unknown
| strength1 = 2,000
* Ground & Airborne units
**223 troops (5/8th Gorkha Rifles, besieged at Kailahun)
**6 riflemen companies (5/8th Gorkha Rifles & 14th Mechanised Infantry Battalion)
**1 rapid reaction company (Mechanised infantry & [[Para SF]])
**18th Grenadiers
**QRC of mechanised infantry
**1 company of engineers
**2 Para (SF)<ref name="personal interviews">{{cite web|title=Operation Khukri (2000)|url=http://www.shadowspear.com/special-operations/96538-operation-khukri.html|work=Special Operations|publisher=Shadow Spear|accessdate=6 August 2012|archive-date=1 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120701060632/http://www.shadowspear.com/special-operations/96538-operation-khukri.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
**several mortars
**1 light gun
* Aircraft
**3 [[Mil Mi-24|Mil Mi-35s]]
**8 [[Mil Mi-8]]
**2 [[Aérospatiale Alouette III|HAL Chetaks]]
**2 [[Boeing CH-47 Chinook|Chinooks]]
**1 [[C-130 Hercules]]
* Reserves
**2 Ghanaian companies
**2 Nigerian companies
| strength2 = 5,000 (5 battalions)
| casualties1 = 1 killed 7 wounded<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://usiofindia.org/Article/Print/?pub=Journal&pubno=568&ano=388 |title=USI of India |access-date=21 May 2016 |archive-date=18 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918034805/http://usiofindia.org/Article/Print/?pub=Journal&pubno=568&ano=388 |url-status=dead }}</ref> 1 vehicle destroyed
| casualties2 = 34 killed 150 injured<ref>{{Cite news|title=What Was Operation Khukri, India's UN Mission In West Africa? Who's Making A Movie On It Now?|url=https://www.news18.com/india/what-was-operation-khukri-indias-un-mission-in-west-africa-whos-making-a-movie-on-it-now-ws-dkl-9349740.html|access-date=2025-05-24|website=[[News18]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Campaignbox Sierra Leone Civil War}}
{{Sierra Leone Civil War}}

'''Operation Khukri''' was a multinational operation launched in the [[United Nations Mission in Sierra Leone]] (UNAMSIL), involving [[India]], [[Ghana]], [[United Kingdom|Britain]] and [[Nigeria]]. The aim of the operation was to break the two-month-long siege laid by armed cadres of the [[Revolutionary United Front]] (RUF) around two companies of [[8 Gorkha Rifles#Battalions|5/8th Gorkha Rifles]] [[Infantry]] Battalion Group of the [[Indian Army]] at [[Kailahun]] by effecting a fighting breakout and redeploying them with the main battalion at [[Daru, Sierra Leone|Daru]].<ref name="BRakshak"/><ref name=VSena>{{cite web|title=Operation Khukri|url=http://vayu-sena.tripod.com/other-unamsil-opkhukri.html|work=UN Ops involving the Indian Air Force|publisher=Vayu Sena Tripod|accessdate=13 July 2012}}</ref><ref name=IAF.nic>{{cite web|title=IAF 2000 Contingent to UNAMSIL|url=http://indianairforce.nic.in/|work=UN Mission|publisher=Official Website of the Indian Air Force|accessdate=19 July 2012}}</ref>

==Background==
The Indian 5/8th Gorkha Rifles, 14th Mechanised Infantry and elements of the 23rd Mechanised Infantry, together designated as INDBATT-1, had been sent to Sierra Leone to aid the government in the disarmament of the RUF rebels. Two rifle companies had been kept as a quick reaction force. Elements of the 9th Para (SF), were also included.<ref name="VSena"/>

By mid-April 2000, two of the companies of INDBATT-1 were deployed in Kailahun, while the rest were deployed in Daru. On May 1, elements of the RUF attacked and overran the KENBATT forces at Makeni. Due to a communication gap, the INDBATT-1 were not informed, and some of their commanders at Kailahun were captured the next day at a meeting with the RUF. Within ten days of this, some of the hostages were released due to intense pressure by INDBATT-1 and civilians; however, some, including the 2IC who had gone to negotiate, remained in 'honourable custody', being allowed to return to the base every day.<ref name="VSena"/>

The situation worsened when the RUF disarmed 500 Kenyan peacekeepers and began advancing towards Freetown. As panic broke out, British troops evacuated the civilian staff at Freetown. The INDBATT-1 QRF was launched to Magburaka, where more Kenyans had been besieged. They made a 180-kilometer advance, pushing back several ambushes, and rescued the Kenyans. However, the situation at Kailahun kept deteriorating, and the two companies of 5/8th Gorkha Rifles remained in their base surrounded by hundreds of RUF rebels of the 1st Brigade.<ref name="VSena"/>

Negotiations with the RUF rebels to release the 2IC and his party lasted seventy-five days, but were ultimately successful due to the involvement of [[Charles Taylor (Liberian politician)|Charles Taylor]] and [[Liberia]].{{cn|date=September 2022}} Meanwhile additional forces ex India were built up to launch operations to seize control over nearly 100 km of jungle track to break the siege at Kailahun.<ref name=BRakshak />

==Order of battle==
===RUF Forces===
The RUF rebels had six brigades, one of which were deployed in the sector. This brigade consisted of four main battalions, and one Strike Battalion. They were armed with [[AK-47]]s, [[Rocket Propelled Grenade|RPG]]s, [[Armoured Personnel Carrier|APC]]s, and [[Surface to Air Missile|SAM]]s. Each battalion was deployed in a particular area:

*1st Battalion – Mobai
*2nd Battalion – Kuiva
*3rd Battalion – Neama
*4th Battalion – Koindu
*5th Battalion – Segbwema<ref name="VSena"/>

===UNAMSIL Forces===
Indian:
*INDBATT-1 – 5/8th Gorkha Rifles Battalion and elements of 14th Mechanised Infantry
*QRC – A quick reaction force formed by elements of INDBATT-1, alongside 23 Mechanised Infantry and 9 Para (SF)
*INDMECH QRC – A Mechanised Infantry QRF
*INDENG Coy-2 – A Company of 116 Engineer Regiment
*INDSF Coy – A Team of 2nd Para (SF)
*Indian Aviation Unit – 8 [[Mil Mi-8]]s, 3 [[Mil Mi-24|Mil Mi-35s]], 2 [[Aérospatiale Alouette III|HAL Chetaks]]
*INDBATT-2 – 18th Grenadiers Battalion
*Independent Composite Battery – Mortars 120 mm from 301 Light Regiment, Light Field Gun (105 mm) from 255th Field Regiment<ref name="BRakshak"/><ref name="VSena"/>

Alongside these the Indians had set up a Sector HQ, Surgical HQ, and a Forward Surgical Team.<ref name="VSena"/>

Other:
*GHANBATT – 2 Infantry Companies of the Ghana Army
*NIBATT – 2 Companies of the Nigerian Army
*[[RAF]] Aviation Unit: 2 Chinook Helicopters, 1 C-130
*Elements of B Squadron of the [[Special Air Service|British SAS]];<ref name="VSena"/> These units guided the Aviation units during their tasks<ref name="SAS History">{{cite web|title=SAS History: 2000-Present|url=http://www.eliteukforces.info/special-air-service/history/sas-history-2000s.php|work=History of the SAS|publisher=Elite UK Forces |accessdate=15 July 2012}}</ref>

==Plan of Operations==

The battle was planned to involve five phases:
*Phase I: Mobilisation of UNAMSIL forces.
*Phase II: Pre-emptive strikes by the helicopters, and breakout by the besieged forces at Kailahun. The UNAMSIL forces were to secure the area for a clear extraction.
*Phase III: Link up of the besieged Kailahun column and Special Forces units at Giehun. 5/8 Gorkha Rifles (Daru column) to secure Pendembu.
*Phase IV: Link up of Daru column and Kailahun column at Pendembu. Extraction to begin by air.
*Phase V: All forces to fall back to Daru.<ref name="VSena"/>

==Battle==
===Buildup===
Phase I of the operation was the buildup of forces. Between 13th and 15th, the UNAMSIL forces were assembled at Daru and Kenewa. The IAF and RAF Aviation units were critical in the buildup, especially at Daru, since the area was cut off from the rest of the UN-controlled areas. By midnight, 14 July, the buildup was complete.<ref name="personal interviews" /><ref name="VSena"/>

===The role of Indian and UK Forces===
The mission was conducted in a classical [[Volatility, uncertainty, complexity and ambiguity|VUCA]] environment, in the absence of geographical information, using tourist maps and borrowing equipment from friendly nations. B squadron (22 SAS) collected valuable intelligence by conducting reconnaissance and inserting personnel in the area. Prior to the launch of the operation areas were mapped and UKSF and Indian forces liaised collecting intelligence which enabled the planning and execution of what would become one of the most daring operations conducted by the Indian Army on foreign soil.

The units at Kailahun were informed of the plan, and constantly kept in touch with the HQ through satellite phones. The operational plans were conveyed in [[Malayalam]] to overcome RUF monitoring of communications. Since the operation required insertion by helicopters, the two companies at Kailahun were required to fall back 500 metres from the town itself, and secure two helicopter landing zones.<ref name="VSena"/>

===Rescue Phase 1===
On 15 Jul 06:00, before first light, 20 special forces personnel from B squadron (22 SAS) were inserted by two British Chinook helicopters. The air assault was carried out under adverse conditions, with heavy rain and poor visibility, attack helicopter support was provided via the only remaining serviceable Sierra Leone MI-24 HIND piloted by Neall Ellis <ref name="Mercenaries Attacking rebels in Sierra Leone - Executive Outcomes - Sandline">{{cite news |url=https://www.bing.com/videos/riverview/relatedvideo?q=HIND+D+SIERRA+LEONE&mid=D0F1FC0EA50AA747BACBD0F1FC0EA50AA747BACB&churl=https%3a%2f%2fwww.youtube.com%2fchannel%2fUC0QY3OsnDb2bnSnKo-zTP2A&FORM=VIRE |title=MI 24 Hind - Mercenaries Attacking rebels in Sierra Leone - Executive Outcomes - Sandline |work=Journeyman TV |location=Thames Ditton |publisher=Journeyman Pictures |date=2020-03-01 |access-date=2026-02-19 }}</ref>. This was hastily fitted with improvised NATO communications equipment. The RAF chinooks briefly landed at the helipad within the company location and extricated all MILOBs including an "inconvenienced" British Major, attached to the UN mission, Andrew Harrison (2 PARA) <ref name="Freed major describes ordeal">{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/836549.stm |title=Freed major describes ordeal |work=BBC News |location=London |publisher=BBC |date=2002-06-16 |access-date=2026-02-19 }}</ref>. The INBATT Kailahun column thereafter delivered a comprehensive fire assault using fire assault using RLs, MMGs and AGLs and linked up in with the remaining armoured elements.

===Rescue Phase 2===
The weather cleared at 09:30, and the UN helicopters were now available for providing much-needed air support to the advancing column. The RUF Forces reorganised, taking advantage of dense jungle and knowledge of jungle tracks to constantly snipe at the rearguard, making the Indian advance difficult and slow. The Indian MI-35 attack helicopter on the scene provided fire support to the advancing columns, making their advance much swifter. At 09:45 hours, the attack helicopters were tasked to provide covering fire to the Mi-8 helicopters as one company of 18th Grenadiers, part the INDBATT-2, was airlifted and dropped off north-east of Giehun, where they awaited the arrival of the Kailahun column.

At approximately 10:20 the KAilahun column linked up with the 18th Grenadiers at Giehun (1807), which had landed there at around 10:00. The force commander landed at Geihun to congratulate all ranks.

After the airlift, the column reorganised and advanced towards Pendembu. They were faced with two major roadblocks along the road, the first was an 8-foot-deep ditch, and the second, a 4-foot-deep one, each covered by troops with small arms and RPGs. Continuous sniping and slushy roads hampered the progress, but the column secured the area, and using bridging stores carried in the column and dropped by the MI-8s, the units crossed the bridges, and continued on their way.<ref name="BRakshak" /><ref name="VSena" />

===Daru Column===
At 06:20, after the extraction of personnel at Kailahun, the INDBATT-2, INDMECH QRC (Mech-2 company), and the rest of the 5/8th Gorkha Rifles (Mot-2 company) at Daru, commenced their operations. The 18th Grenadiers, alongside Infantry Fighting Vehicles from the Mech-2, and aided by artillery bombardment, secured a firm base along the road.<ref name="VSena"/>

Immediately after securing the base, the Daru Column advanced along the road, with Mech-2 company's IFVs leading the advance. At 08:30, the column came under heavy fire from the north of the road, 500 metres short of Tikono. The IFVs neutralised the enemy and continued. The unit faced heavy resistance at both Bewobu, and Kuiva, but broke through with ease. Though the plan originally called for a physical capture and search of Kuiva, the speed of the advance of the Kailahun column, indicated a possibility of a link-up and evacuation on the same day. So the Daru column continued to advance quickly to Pendembu. Though the rebels had dug in positions in the town, they fled in the face of small arms fire by the column, and supporting fire from nearby mortars.<ref name="VSena"/>

The column continued to move towards Area 3 bridges, suppressing enemy fire with their IFVs, while 9th Para, part of the battalion's QRC, was airlifted from Daru in 3 Mi-8s, and secured the bridges in Area 3. Maintaining momentum, the column met up with the QRC forces near the bridges at 1230 hours, and continued onwards to Pendembu.<ref name="personal interviews" /><ref name="VSena"/>

===Securing Pendembu===
The Daru column and the QRC reached Pendembu, and prepared to assault the town. It was the HQ of the RUF 1st Brigade, and heavily defended. At 13:00 hours, an attack helicopter made five passes over the town strafing the defenders, and performed pinpoint engaging of the defenders in their entrenched positions. Meanwhile, the mortars relocated to a location north of the Area 3 bridges. Mot-2 Company was to attack and secure the nearly 300 houses of the town, as well as an air head to the south-west. Mech-2 moved in from the north, and neutralised all the targets, and occupied the northern side of the town. Mot-2 moved up and silenced the enemy positions in the south-west corner, using the IFVs, and then cleared the houses systematically with its riflemen. 4th Platoon of Mot-2, killed several rebels in the south-west pocket, and several more were killed in the armoury, cleared by 6th Platoon. A suitable airhead was established along the Daru-Pendembu road. All units linked up in the south-west corner, and reorganised into defensive positions for the evening.<ref name="personal interviews" /><ref name="VSena"/>

At about 16:30 hours, the Daru Column personally led by the Commanding Officer of 5/8 Gurkha Rifles advanced through the jungle to link up with Kailahun column. A link up was established at 17:30 hours, and the entire force was gathered back at Pendembu by 19:00 hours. The units took up defensive positions around and inside Pendembu. Any attempts by the RUF to counter-attack were thwarted with accurate fire from the troops. The routes used by the RUF for reinforcements were constantly kept under surveillance by the scout helicopter. On two occasions regrouping militia were observed approaching Pendembu by the scout helicopter which directed the Mi-35 to carry out dissuading attacks on them using rockets and guns. Approach paths to the town were shelled by mortars and a 105 mm Light Field Gun throughout the night.<ref name="VSena"/>

===Helilift operations===
The next day, 16 July, at 07:00 hours, Mot-2 secured an airhead and also prepared a helipad as well as readjusted the defences to prepare for the forthcoming helilift extraction. At 08:15 hours, [[Mil Mi-8]] helicopters began arriving to extract the units. In 12 sorties, Mech-1 Company, Mot-1 Company, SF Company, D Company of the 18th Grenadiers, and 2 Platoons of QRC Company were extracted. At 09:30 hours, 50–60 enemies were spotted to the north of the town and effectively neutralised by the attack helicopters directed by Adjutant-GLO of 5/8GR and MFC grouped with Mech 2 ICVs which also brought down heavy fire. The last Mi-8s took off at 10:30 hours. The Gurkha battalion pioneers demolished the selected RUF bunkers, and the RUF ammunition store.<ref name="personal interviews" /><ref name="VSena"/>

===Move to Daru===
After the last helicopter took off the remaining troops, consisting of Daru Column of 5/8th Gorkha Rifles, D-Company of the 18th Grenadiers, remaining QRC Companies, and the vehicles of the Kailahun Companies, began to make their way back to Daru, with Mot-2 in the lead. Mech-2 was to hold on to the northern edge of town, and then bring up the rear of the column, after a tactical disengagement. The column was constantly supported by one Mi-35 helicopter at all times. After neutralising enemies at the bridges, the column reached Kuiva without incident. At Kuiva, the Mi-35 helicopter and the IFVs blind fired on any suspected enemy positions repeatedly to ensure the safety of the column.<ref name="personal interviews" /><ref name="VSena"/>

Despite the firm base being secured by 18th Grenadiers, the columns were ambushed near Kuiva. At 14:00 hours, scout helicopters reported that the road between Kuiva and Bewabu had been dug up. The 18th Grenadiers secured the roadblock position, but the column had to be halted as they had stretched over too long a distance. At this time, one of the vehicles was attacked by an RPG. The Mi-35 operating overhead was immediately called upon to engage the ambushing militia. The riflemen and IFVs cleared any remainder ambushing forces. Under the cover of helicopters the column continued to advance towards Daru.<ref name="VSena"/>

At 14:30 hours, near Bewabu, the leading IFVs came across a ditch, covered by heavy small arms fire from higher ground on both sides. The Commanding Officer realised that his troops were in the kill zone. He immediately sent 4 Rifle Platoon to engage the enemy targets. The firefight continued for fifteen minutes, and the Mi-35 strafed enemies on both sides of the road. 6 Platoon and INDENG units bridged the gap, and the column immediately set off.<ref name="VSena"/>

While the 5/8th Gorkha Rifles engaged the enemy at Bewabu, the 18th Grenadiers about six kilometers behind, supported by 2 BMPs from Mech-2, and 2 BRDMs of Mech-1, were engaged by enemy units just short of Kuiva. The units fought the enemy for about ten minutes, and continued to advance. About 500 metres from here, a vehicle carrying ammunition was hit by an RPG. Once again the Mi-35 was called upon and it carried out a strafing run in the direction of attack. No further opposition was encountered after this. The casualty was evacuated by a Chetak.<ref name="VSena"/>

The convoy continued the rest of the way uneventfully. By 17:30 hours, all the units had safely reached Daru.<ref name="personal interviews" /><ref name="VSena"/>

==Aftermath==
The Indian operation was a complete success. All the besieged forces were evacuated successfully, with one casualty, and the rescue was a tremendous boost to UNAMSIL morale.<ref name="VSena"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://usiofindia.org/Article/Print/?pub=Journal&pubno=568&ano=388|title=USI of India|website=usiofindia.org|access-date=2016-05-21|archive-date=18 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918034805/http://usiofindia.org/Article/Print/?pub=Journal&pubno=568&ano=388|url-status=dead}}</ref> The Indian Forces were met with a rapturous welcome as they marched triumphantly into Daru. It was the worst defeat the RUF has suffered.

The people of Sierra Leone helped build the Khukri War Memorial on the bank of the River Moa. The memorial honors Hav Krishan Kumar, who died during the operation.<ref name="VSena"/>

== Popular culture ==
[[Red Chillies Entertainment]], [[Dharma Productions]], Azure Entertainment, and Flying Unicorn Entertainment are making a film based on Operation Khukri. The film will have [[Shah Rukh Khan|Randip Hooda]], [[Ayushmann Khurrana]], and [[Rajkummar Rao]] in lead roles.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/wow-shah-rukh-khans-next-will-recreate-one-courageous-operations-africa-grand-scale/|title=WOW! Shah Rukh Khan's next will recreate one of the most courageous operations in Africa on a grand scale|last=Hungama|first=Bollywood|date=2017-05-08|work=Bollywood Hungama|access-date=2018-03-04|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Ramachandran |first1=Naman |title=Randeep Hooda Bags Rights to ‘Operation Khukri,’ Set to Star in Epic War Drama (EXCLUSIVE) |url=https://variety.com/2025/film/news/randeep-hooda-operation-khukri-war-drama-1236403056/ |website=Variety |date=20 May 2025}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Operation Barras]], similar operation to rescue British soldiers

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
12 Operation Khukri - Joint Excellence by Major Anil Raman USI Journal OCT-DEC 2002 https://usiofindia.org/pdf/October_December_2002.pdf

==External links==
* [http://indianairforce.nic.in/show_page.php?pg_id=137#special Operation Khukri] on [http://indianairforce.nic.in/ The Official Website of the Indian Air Force]

* [https://x.com/FreetownHci/status/1484068133937811456/photo/3 Indian High Commissioner visits war memorial]

==Further reading==
*{{cite book |last1=Punia |first1=Major Gen. Rajpal |last2=Punia |first2=Damia |title=Operation Khukri: The True Story behind the Indian Army's Most Successful Mission as part of the United Nations |year= 2021 |publisher=Penguin Random House India |isbn=9789354920981}}

[[Category:Operations involving special forces of India]]
[[Category:Aerial operations and battles involving India]]
[[Category:2000 in Sierra Leone]]

Sree Bhushan Raju

2026-02-12T02:51:19Z

Cdpnkr: creating a post

{{Short description |Indian nephrologist}}
{{copy edit|date=July 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Dr Sree Bhushan Raju
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Bhongir]], [[Nalgonda]] [[Telangana]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| citizenship = India
| fields = [[Nephrologist]]
| workplaces = [[Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences]]
| alma_mater = [[Gandhi Medical College]] [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences]] [[Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences]]
| doctoral_advisor =
| academic_advisors =
| doctoral_students =
| notable_students =
| known_for =
| author_abbrev_bot =
| author_abbrev_zoo =
| influences =
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| awards = Meritorious University teacher award by Govt of Telangana
| signature = 
| signature_alt =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Sree Bhushan Raju''' [[M.D.]], [[Doctor of Medicine|D.M.]], [[Diplomate of National Board]], ([[Telugu language|Telugu]]: శ్రీ భూషణ్ రాజు) is a [[nephrologist]] from [[Telangana]], [[India]]. He is currently Senior professor and Unit head, Dept of Nephrology, [[Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences]], [[Panjagutta]], Hyderabad, which is one of the largest nephrology teaching department in India having ten DM students.<ref name="pharmabiz">{{cite web |url=http://www.pharmabiz.com/NewsDetails.aspx?aid=105578&sid=1 |title=Hospitals & Clinics |publisher=Pharmabiz.com |date=20 November 2017 |access-date=8 September 2019}}</ref><ref name="NIMS Hospital website">{{cite web |url=https://nims.edu.in/n_d_academic_council1 |title=Academic council |publisher=NIMS |date=20 March 2018 |access-date=3 September 2019}}</ref> He is one of the principal investigators of CKD task force by Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) to evaluate the prevalence of CKD in adult urban population in India.<ref name="International society of Nephrology">{{cite web |url=https://www.theisn.org/all-articles/618-sree-bhushan-raju |title=the ISN articles |publisher=TheISN.org |date=20 June 2017 |access-date=3 September 2019}}</ref> He is currently an associate editor of [[Indian Journal of Nephrology]], Indian Journal of Organ Transplantation and [[Frontiers in Medicine]]. He is a popular advocator of Public Health and early detection of [[non-communicable disease]]. He frequency writes editorials in various Regional (Eenadu, Andrajyoti) and National News papers about [[Health care quality|quality of care]], [[public health]], [[health|health care systems]]

==Early life and education==
Sree Bhushan Raju was born in a Bhongir a small town from [[Telangana]]. He had his primary schooling in DVM high school, Nalgonda. He joined in AP Residential College (APRJC), Nagarjuna sagar. He joined [[Gandhi Medical College]], [[Hyderabad]] to study MBBS in 1988. He secured a top rank in All India competitive examination and joined the [[Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences]], [[Hyderabad]] to pursue his MD (Gen. Medicine) for his post-graduation in 1998. Later he joined the prestigious [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences]], [[New Delhi, India]] and completed the D.M. in [[nephrology]]. Soon after he joined as faculty in NIMS in July, 2002. He also got DNB in nephrology in which he received the gold medal. Later, he finished MBA in health care management from ICFAI. His main areas of interest are Kidney Transplantation, clinical nephrology, [[Peritoneal dialysis|CAPD]], and [[Hemofiltration|CRRT]].<ref name="International society of Nephrology"/> He is also elected twice and serving as (2015,2023) NIMS faculty association president.

==Career==
Sree Bhushan Raju has been working as head of the department of nephrology at NIMS since 2013. During his tenure peritoneal Dialysis and Kidney transplantation program has geared up in NIMS Hospital. The live related renal transplantation escalated from few to more than 100 per year, Nephrology Dept has adequately utilized Jeevandhan program of Telangana and increased its cadaver transplantation significantly.<ref name="Telangana today">{{cite web|date=3 September 2017|title=Hyderabad: NIMS simplifies dialysis with at-home procedure|url=https://telanganatoday.com/nims-simplifies-dialysis-home-procedure|access-date=3 August 2019|publisher=Telangana Today}}</ref>

He, along with several of his students, presented several scientific papers in various national and international conferences. He received the best  paper award from Japanese Society of Dialysis Therapy in 2007. His scientific papers were published in ''Lancet'' (Global Burden of Disease), ''Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation'' (NDT), ''Nephrology'' (Carlton), ''American Journal of Nephrology'', ''Hemodialysis International'', ''Indian Journal of Nephrology'', ''JAPI'', etc. He is one of the principal investigators of CREDENCE, TESTING and ACHIEVE trials and several other clinical trials. He was one of the principal investigators of CKD task force to study the prevalence of CKD in India done by ICMR. International Society of Nephrology recognized him as Educational Ambassador and Mentor in Mentor - Mentee Programme.

He was in the Governing Council member of Indian Society of Nephrology (ISN), Indian Society of Organ Transplantation (ISOT), Peritoneal Dialysis Society of India (PDSI), ISN Southern chapter, Indian Academy of Nephrology (IAN). He was elected as the hon Secretary of Indian Society of Peritoneal Dialysis (PDSI) in 2019. He is reviewer for several peer-reviewed journals and in the editorial board of several journals. He is presently the associate editor of ''Indian Journal of Nephrology''. He is one of the collaborators for " Global Burden of Disease" (GBD)  from India. He is the examiner for DM (Nephrology) students of several universities in India as well as the National Board of Examinations.  He was the organizing secretary of national conferences like IANCON  in 2011 and ISOTCON in 2018 besides organising several CMES and workshops. He was selected as the academic senate member of Mahatma Gandhi University, Nalgonda and  PhD Committee member of Rajiv Gandhi university, Bangalore, Karnataka.

He is a prolific speaker and delivered lectures in many conferences of nephrology and medicine. He also regularly participate in panel discussion on various TV channels like Doordarshan, Tv9, ETV, NTV et and All India Radio. He writes columns to the newspapers like Eenadu and Mana Telangana. He is a regular writer in popular print media and quoted extensively on various kidney diseases through electronic media.<ref name="Thehindu.com">{{cite news|date=10 April 2018|title=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/chronic-kidney-problems-among-the-youth-show-upward-trend/article23485133.ece|access-date=8 September 2019}}</ref>

He delivered several talks on many YouTube channels on topics related to heath and diseases. He has delivered many talks on various channels during COVID-19 pandemic much to the appreciation of Telugu-speaking people all over the world. IMA headquarters from Delhi awarded him the Corona warrior award on the occasion of Doctors Day in 2020.

{{quote box|align = right|width=21em|''Patients need a bit of hand-holding in the initial two to three months. After that, they really benefit. The peritoneal dialysis is ideal for kidney patients who find it difficult to travel to hospitals for Certain categories of patients such as children, elderly and visually impaired, who cannot travel long distances, need peritoneal dialysis support at home. Almost all the major private hospitals provide hemodialysis, wherein dialysis machines are used to purify the blood for kidney patients and are located in hospitals. In peritoneal dialysis, patients usually can take care of themselves at home and do not need a dedicated bedside healthcare provider.'' says Sree Bhushan Raju<ref name="Telangana today" />}}Prof.(Dr.) Sree Bhushan Raju. Nodal Officer (I/C) Jeevandan Scheme on November 4. The demand-supply gap fuels a thriving black market. "Telangana

Read more at:
http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/117561234.cms?utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=cppst

==Awards and recognition==
* Prof H.L Trivedi Gold Medal In Nephrology - 2002
* FICP : Indian College of Physicians Association of Physicians of India, January 2012
* FIACM : Fellowship of Indian Association of Clinical Medicine (IACM), October 2012
* MNAMS : Member National Academy of Medical Sciences
* FISN : Fellowship of Indian Society of Nephrology (ISN), December 2012.<ref name="Indian Society of Nephrology">{{cite web|date=22 March 2012|title=fellows_of_isn|url=https://www.isn-india.com/fellows_of_isn|access-date=7 October 2018|publisher=ISN India}}</ref>
* FISOT : Fellowship of Indian Society of Organ Transplantation 2017<ref name="FISOT">{{cite web|date=2017|title=Awards & Honour|url=https://isot.co.in/awards_and_honour|access-date=9 August 2019|publisher=ISOT.co.in}}</ref>
* FASN : Fellowship of American Society of Nephrology 2019
* FACP : Fellowship of American College of Physicians
* Meritorius University Teacher Award form Govt of Telangana in 2017
* Corona Warrior by Indian Medical Association (IMA) 2020

==publications==
* {{cite journal | title=Monoclonal Gammopathy of Renal Significance Presenting as Cryoglobulinemic Glomerulonephritis: A Case Report and Review of Literature. |author1=Goli R |author2=Raju SB |author3=Uppin MS | journal= Indian Journal of Nephrology |date=May 2018 |volume=28 |issue=3 | pages=229–231 | pmid=29962675 |pmc=5998724 |doi= 10.4103/ijn.IJN_166_16 |doi-access=free }}
*Post renal transplant diabetes mellitus and hepatitis C: Is there any association. Raju DSB, Agarwal SK, Gupta S, Dash SC, Bhowmick D, Tiwari SC, Guleria S, Mehta SN. Presented as poster in Congress Asian Society of Transplantation (CAST), 2002 held at New Delhi.
* Post-transplant hypertension at one year: Impact on long-term graft survival. Raju DSB, Agarwal SK, Gupta S, Dash SC, Bhowmick D, Tiwari SC, Guleria S, Mehta SN. Presented as poster in Congress Asian society of Transplantation (CAST), 2002 held at New Delhi.
*Prevalence of CRF in India. Agarwal SK, Dash SC, Raju DSB, Irshad M. Presented in racial and ethnic minority groups, official satellite conference in the world congress of Nephrology, 18–20 October 2001, Santaffi, USA.
*Prevalence of chronic renal failure in adults in Delhi, India. Agarwal SK, Dash SC, Irshad M, Raju S, Singh R, Pandey RM, Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2005 Aug; 20 (8): 1638–42.
*Rituximab in the treatment of refractory late acute antibody-mediated rejection: Our initial experience. Surendra M, Raju SB, Raju N, Chandragiri S, Mukku KK, Uppin MS. Indian J Nephrol. 2016 Sep;26(5):317-321
*Revisiting renal amyloidosis with clinicopathological characteristics, grading, and scoring: A single-institutional experience. Kalle A, Gudipati A, Raju SB, Kalidindi K, Guditi S, Taduri G, Uppin MS.J Lab Physicians. 2018 Apr-Jun;10(2):226-231.
*Management of statin intolerance. Raju SB, Varghese K, Madhu K. Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 2013 Nov;17(6):977-82. doi: 10.4103/2230-8210.122602

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{official website|http://www.drsreebhushan.com}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Raju, Sree Bhushan}}
[[Category:Telugu people]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Medical doctors from Telangana]]
[[Category:Indian cardiologists]]
[[Category:People from Nalgonda district]]
[[Category:All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi alumni]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Valarmathi Jebaraj

2026-02-07T21:04:08Z

Cdpnkr:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}
{{Distinguish|B. Valarmathi}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Valarmathi Jebaraj
| image =
| caption =
| office1 = [[Tamil Nadu Council of Ministers|Cabinet Minister]] [[Government of Tamil Nadu]]
| minister1 = *[[Government of Tamil Nadu|Minister of Backward Class and Minority Welfare]]
| term_start1 = 26 June 2001
| term_end1 = 24 November 2001
| 1blankname1 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata1 = [[J. Jayalalithaa]] [[O. Panneerselvam]]
| predecessor1 = [[A. Venkatachalam]]
| successor1 = [[C. Shanmugavelu]]
|}}
'''Valarmathi Jebaraj''' was an Indian politician and [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]] of [[Tamil Nadu]]. She was elected to the [[Tamil Nadu legislative assembly]] as a [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] candidate from [[Madurai West (State Assembly Constituency)|Madurai West constituency]] in [[2001 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|2001 election]].<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf 2001 Tamil Nadu Election Results, Election Commission of India]</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2001–2006]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]

{{Improve categories|date=October 2025}}

{{TamilNadu-politician-stub}}

Mysore literature in Kannada

2026-01-30T16:35:53Z

Cdpnkr: made

{{Short description|Body of literature in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
[[File:Mysore Palace at dusk.jpg|thumb|right|300px|upright|[[Mysore Palace]], completed in 1912, currently holds the royal archives which has a huge collection of records regarding composers under royal patronage, covering a period of over 100 years.<ref name="records">Pranesh (2003), p. xii, authors note; Kamath (2001), p. 282</ref>]]
[[File:Mysore1617to1799b.jpg|thumb|Mysore, during various periods]]
'''Mysore literature in Kannada''' is a body of literature composed in the [[Kannada language]] in the historical [[Kingdom of Mysore]] in [[Southern India]] and written in the [[Kannada script]]. The writings date from the Kingdom of Mysore, which existed from around 1600 CE until the establishment of modern India in 1947. Many of the works of this literature written on religious themes are labeled [[Veerashaiva]] or [[Vaishnava]] in acknowledgment of the two faiths that gave form to the literature and fostered it until the advent of the [[Modern Kannada literature|modern era]].<ref name="oldest10"/> Despite a gradual decline in the popularity of [[Jainism]], authors devoted to the faith produced some works of merit.<ref name="oldest10">Narasimhacharya (1988), p. 17, Shastri (1955), p. 359</ref> Secular themes dealing with a wide range of subjects were also written on.<ref name="sec">Narasimhacharya (1988), pp. 23–26; Kamath (2001), p. 228, 280; Pranesh (2003), pp. 11, 60; Rice E.P. (1921), p. 89</ref> Kannada literature flourished for a short while in the court of the neighbouring kingdom of the [[Keladi Nayaka|Nayakas]] of [[Keladi]] whose territory was annexed by Mysore in 1763.<ref name="keladinayaka">Nagaraj (2003), pp. 370, 377</ref>

During an age of revival and innovation, some Mysore court poets brought back the classical ''[[champu]]'' (a composition in prose-verse), a form of writing that had prevailed in Kannada prior to the 13th century, and initiated writings on contemporary history.<ref name="ship">Shipley (2007), pp. 526, 528</ref> [[Yakshagana]], a native form of dramatic literature meant for a rustic audience, consolidated in the coastal and [[malnad]] (hill) regions in the 16th century and gained popularity thereafter, and spread to Mysore and [[Yelandur]].<ref name="sabha10">Ashton (2003), p. 22; Brandon and Banham (1993), p. 115; Kamath (2001), p. 281</ref> The literature of the itinerant [[Haridasa]]s, popular in the 15th and 16th century, was revived in the 18th and 19th century, and had a strong influence on devotionalism in the Kannada speaking regions.<ref name="flourish">Shiva Prakash (1997), pp. 200–201; Sahitya Akademi (1987), p. 884; Thielemann (2002), pp. 21–22</ref> The ''[[vachana]]'' poetic tradition was repopularised by some poets while others wrote anthologies and doctrines based on the 12th century Veerashaiva canon.<ref name="repopularise">Shipley (2007), p. 528; Shiva Prakash (1997), pp. 188–192; Nagaraj (2003) p. 379</ref> Social developments in the 19th century brought the influence of [[English literature]] and classical [[Sanskrit literature]], resulting in the birth of modern prose, prose narrative and theatrical literature.<ref name="murthy">Murthy (1992), pp. 167–170</ref>

The men of letters in the Mysore royal court included not only the court poets, who were often quite prolific, but also on occasion the rulers themselves.<ref name="kan6">Mukherjee (1999), p. 78; Shipley (2007), p. 528; Kamath (2001), pp. 227, 229–230; Narasimhacharya (1988), pp. 23, 26; Rice E.P. (1921), p. 90; Pranesh (2003), p. 7</ref> In the post [[Vijayanagara Empire]] period, a new kind of lyrical poetry, one unaffiliated with the royal court, and written by maverick-poets was gaining popularity.<ref name="folk">Nagaraj (2003), pp. 378–379</ref> A wide range of [[Meter (poetry)|metres]], indigenous and Sanskritic, were popular including ''tripadi'' (3-line verse), ''shatpadi'' (6-line verse) and ''saptapadi'' (7-line verse) metres, and ''gadya'' (prose).<ref name="meteres">Rice E.P. (1921), p. 90; Shiva Prakash (1997), pp. 192, 210; Pranesh (2003), pp. 21, 32, 42–43, 49–50, 87–88; Sahitya Akademi (1988), p. 1764</ref>

==Pre-16th century literature==
{{Main article|Kannada literature}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; float:right;clear:right; margin:0 0 0.5em 1em;"
|+ Trends in Kannada literature (mid-16th–20th century)
|-
! style="width:150px;"| Developments
! style="width:150px;"| Date
|-
| Birth of the [[Yakshagana]] play
| 1565–1620 CE
|-
| Dominance of Vaishnava and Veerashaiva literature
| 17th–20th century CE
|-
| Historicals and Biographies. Revival of classical ''[[Champu]]''. Revival of ''[[Vachana]]'' poetry. Veerashaiva anthologies and commentaries. Age of [[Sarvajna]] and [[Lakshmisa]]. Vaishnava epics and poems
| 1600–1700 CE
|-
| Writings by Mysore Royalty
| 1630 onward
|-
| Revival of [[Haridasa]] literature Popularity of Yakshagana play
| 1700 CE onward
|-
| Birth of [[Modern Kannada literature|Modern literature]]
| 1820–1900 CE
|-
|}

By the mid-16th century, Kannada literature had been influenced by three important socio-religious developments: [[Jainism]] (9th–12th centuries), [[Veerashaivism]] (devotion to the god Shiva, from the 12th century), and [[Vaishnavism]] (devotion to the god Vishnu, from the 15th century).<ref name="models">Narasimhacharya (1988), pp. 17, 65–66</ref><ref name="bhakti">Shiva Prakash (1997), pp. 167–170, 192–195</ref> In addition, writings on secular subjects remained popular throughout this period.<ref name="topics">Narasimhacharya (1988), pp. 61–64</ref>

Jain works were written in the classical ''champu'' metre and were centred on the lives of [[Tirthankar]]s (saints), princes and personages associated with the [[Jainism]].<ref name="champu">Narasimhacharya (1988), pp. 17, 61</ref> The early Veerashaiva literature (1150–1200 CE), comprising pithy poems called ''Vachanas'' (''lit.'' "utterance" or "saying")<ref name="favour1">Sastri (1955), pp. 360–361; Rice E.P. (1921), p. 56</ref><ref name="favour10">Kamath (2001), p. 115; Nagaraj in Pollock (2003), p. 21</ref> which propagated devotion to the god Shiva were written mostly as prose-poems, and to a lesser extent in the ''tripadi'' metre.<ref name="3line">Rice E.P. (1921), p. 59; Sahitya Akademi (1988), p. 1324</ref><ref name="3line1">Shiva Prakash (1997), pp. 163–164, 166–169, 191</ref> From the 13th century, Veerashaiva writers made the saints of the 12th century the protagonists of their writings and established native metres such as the ''ragale'' (lyrical compositions in blank verse) and the ''shatpadi''.<ref name="doc">Sastri (1955), p. 362; Shiva Prakash (1997), p. 188</ref><ref name="ragale">Sahitya Akademi (1987), pp. 551–552, pp. 403–404; Shiva Prakash (1997), pp. 179–205</ref><ref name="harishchandra">Sahitya Akademi (1987), p. 1181</ref>

The Vaishnava writers of the 15th and early 16th century [[Vijayanagara Empire]] consisted of the [[Brahmin]] commentators who wrote under royal patronage, and the itinerant [[Haridasa]]s, saint-poets who spread the philosophy of [[Madhvacharya]] using simple Kannada in the form of melodious songs.<ref name="thimmanna">Nagaraj (2003), p. 368</ref><ref name="bhaktimusic">Sharma (1961), pp. 514–555</ref><ref name="music1">Shiva Prakash (1997), pp. 194–200</ref> The Haridasa poets used genres such as the ''kirthane'' (compositions based on rhythm and melody), the ''suladi'' (rhythm-based) and the ''ugabhoga'' (melody-based).<ref name="ugabhoha">Shiva Prakash (1997), pp. 166–167, 193–194</ref> Overall, Kannada writings had changed from ''marga'' (formal) to ''desi'' (vernacular) and become more accessible to the commoner.<ref name="gamut">Shiva Prakash (1997), pp. 163–164, 166–167</ref>

== Developments from 16th century ==
{{Main article|Yakshagana|List of Yakshagana plays in the Kannada language|Haridasa}}

=== Court and monastic literature ===
After the decline of the [[Vijayanagara Empire]], the centres of Kannada literary production shifted to the courts of the emerging independent states, at Mysore and [[Keladi]].<ref name="keladi">Nagaraj (2003), p. 370, p. 377</ref> The Kingdom of Keladi was centred at Keladi and nearby [[Ikkeri]] in the modern [[Shivamogga district]]. At their peak, their domains included the coastal, hill and some interior regions of modern [[Karnataka]]. Writers in the Keladi court authored important works on Veerashaiva doctrine. The Keladi territories and that of smaller chiefs (''Palegars'') were eventually absorbed into the Kingdom of Mysore by 1763.<ref name="absorb">Kamath (2001), p. 220, pp. 225–226; Nagaraj (2003), p. 370; Rice E.P. (1921), p. 83</ref> The unique aspect of the Mysore court was the presence of numerous multi-lingual writers, some of whom were Veerashaivas. They were often adept in Telugu and Sanskrit, in addition to Kannada. The Veerashaiva monasteries that had sprung up in various regions including [[Mysore]], [[Tumkur]], [[Chitradurga]] and [[Bangalore]] sought to spread their influence beyond the Kannada speaking borders.<ref name="border">Nagaraj (2003), pp. 377–378</ref> Sadakshara Deva, a Veerashaiva writer, tried to rejuvenate the classical ''champu'' style of writing.<ref name="lakshmi"/> The [[Srivaishnavism|Srivaishnava]] (a sect of Vaishnavism) writers, who were dominant in the Mysore court, maintained a literary style that was conventional and conservative while proliferating lore and legend. A spurt in Vaishnava writings resulted in new renderings of the epics, the [[Mahabharata]], the [[Bhagavata Purana|Bhagavata]] and no fewer than three versions of the [[Ramayana]].<ref name="rendering">Rice E.P. (1921), p. 91–92</ref> Prior to the 17th century, information about royal genealogy and achievements had been recorded mostly on versified inscriptions. Beginning with the 17th century, with the consolidation of the feudatory of Mysore into an independent kingdom, historical and biographical writings became popular. A number of such works were penned by the court poets in the 17th and early 18th century, most notably, Tirumalarya II and Chikkupdhyaya. Some of these writings would later serve as valuable research and source material for modern day historians.<ref name="kantiravavijaya">Rice E.P. (1921), p. 89</ref>

===Folk and didactic literature===
[[File:Yakshagana artists makeup.jpg|right|thumb|Yakshagana artists applying makeup to prepare for a play]]
Yakshagana (''lit.'' "Songs of the demi-gods") is a composite folk-dance-drama or folk theatre of [[South India|southern India]] which combines literature, music, dance and painting into. The best-known forms of this art are from the [[Dakshina Kannada]], [[Udupi district]], [[Uttara Kannada]] and to some extent from the [[Shimoga district]] of modern Karnataka.<ref name="gana10">Sahitya Akademi (1992), p. 4621</ref><ref name="gana">Ashton (2003), p. 17–18, p. 27</ref><ref name="region">Brandon and Banham (1993), p. 115</ref> There are a variety of dance-dramas collectively termed as Yakshagana. The ''Yakshagana Tenkutittu'' (''lit.'' "Yakshagana of the southern style") is popular primarily in the [[Mangalore]] region and the ''Yakshagana Badagatittu Bayalaata'' (''lit.'' "Yakshagana of northern style performed outdoors") is popular in [[Udupi]] and surrounding regions.<ref name="kau">Ashton (2003), p. 17</ref> Other art forms also grouped under Yakshagana are the ''Nagamandalam'', a dance meant to appease the deity [[Nāga|Naga]], and a variety of ''bhuta'' (spirit) dances.<ref name="gana"/> The "Yakshagana Tenkutittu" is more akin to the classical [[Kathakali]] of [[Kerala]].<ref name="gana"/>

According to modern Kannada writer [[Shivarama Karanth]], the region between Udupi and [[Ikkeri]] could be where the Yakshagana of the northern style originated.<ref name="vij">Karanth in Ashton (2003), pp. 21–22</ref> However, he noted that the earliest forms of dance-drama, called the ''Gandharagrama'', are mentioned in the writing ''Narada Siska'' dated to 600–200 BCE. This primitive form developed into "Ekkalagana", a term which appears in the 12th century Kannada writings ''Mallinathapurana'' (c. 1105, by Nagachandra) and the ''Chandraprabha Purana'' (c. 1189, by Aggala<ref name="agga">Rice E. P. (1921), p. 43</ref>).<ref name="ekkala">Karanth in Ashton (2003), pp. 20–21</ref> According to the scholar M.M. Bhat, ''Chattana'', a native composition adaptable to singing and mentioned in ''[[Kavirajamarga]]'' (c. 850) could be considered the earliest known forerunner of the Kannada Yakshaganas.<ref name="bhat">Bhat (''Yakshagana-Stage in Karnataka'', 1963) in Ashton (2003), p. 19</ref> An [[Epigraph (literature)|epigraph]] of c. 1565 from [[Bellary]] describes a grant to a troupe of [[Tala-Maddale]] performers. The earliest available manuscript containing Yakshagana plays is ''Virata Parva'' (c. 1565) by Vishnu of Brahmavara in South Kanara, and ''Sugriva Vijaya'' (mid-16th century) by Kandukuru Rudrakavi. The earliest available edition of Yakshagana plays, ''Sabhaparva'', is dated to c. 1621.<ref name="sabha">Ashton (2003), pp. 21–22</ref><ref name="sugriva">Brandon and Banham (1993), p.115</ref>

Haridasa ''Sahitya'', the devotional literature of the Vaishnava saints of Karnataka, flourished in the 15th and 16th centuries under the guidance of such saint-poets as [[Vyasatirtha]], [[Purandara Dasa]] ("father of carnatic music")<ref name="similar"/> and [[Kanaka Dasa]]. This period, according to the scholars M.V. Kamath and V.B. Kher, may be called its "classical period". This literature was revived in the 18th and 19th centuries.<ref name="hari">Kamath and Kher (2000), pp. 60–61</ref> According to musicologist Selina Tielemann, the Vaishnava ''bhakti'' (devotion) movement, which started with the 6th century [[Alvars]] of modern Tamil Nadu and spread northwards, reached its peak influence on [[South India]]n devotionalism with the advent of the Haridasas of Karnataka.<ref name="peakinfluence">Thielemann (2002), pp. 21–22</ref> The Haridasa poetry, which bears some structural similarities to devotional songs of northern and eastern India, is preserved in written textual form but the musical compositions in which they are rendered have been passed down orally. These songs have remained popular with the members of the Madhva religious order even in the modern age.<ref name="similar">Thielemann (2002), p. 22</ref> [[Vijaya Dasa]], [[Gopala Dasa]] and [[Jagannatha Dasa (Kannada poet)|Jagannatha Dasa]] are the most prominent among the saint-poets belonging of the "didactic period".<ref name="hari"/><ref name="enrich"/> The scholar Mutalik classifies Haridasa devotional songs into the following categories: "biographical, socio-religious, ethical and ritualistic, didactic and philosophical, meditative, narrative and eulogistic and miscellaneous".<ref name="hari"/> Their contribution to Hindu mysticism and the ''bhakti'' literature is similar to the contributions of the Alvars and [[Nayanmar]]s of modern [[Tamil Nadu]] and that of the devotional saint-poets of [[Maharashtra]] and [[Gujarat]].<ref name="vedanta">Sharma (2000), p. xxxii</ref> According to the scholar H.S. Shiva Prakash, about 300 saint-poets from this cadre enriched Kannada literature during the 18th–19th century<ref name="enrich">Shiva Prakash (1997), p. 201</ref>

[[File:Basava statue crop.png|left|upright|thumb|Basavanna, protagonist of many a Veerashaiva writing]]
After a break of more than three centuries, writing of ''vachana'' poems was revived. Though some poets such as Tontada Siddhalingayati (1540), Swatantra Siddhalingeswara (1565), Ganalingideva (1560), Shanmukha Swamy (1700), Kadasiddheswara (1725) and Kadakolu Madivallappa (1780) attempted to re-popularise the tradition with noteworthy pieces, they lacked the mastery of the 12th century social reformers.<ref name="mastery">Shiva Prakash (1997), p. 189</ref> The most notable of the later day ''vachanakaras'' (''lit.'' "Vachana poets") were undoubtedly [[Sarvajna]] and [[Shishunala Sharif|Sisunala Sherif]] (late 18th century).<ref name="sar-sisu">Nagaraj (2003), p. 377, p. 379; Shipley (2007), p. 528</ref><ref name="sarlived"/> Sarvajna is known to have lived sometime between the mid-16th century and the late 17th century.<ref name="sarlived">Shiva Prakash (1997), p. 191</ref><ref name="sisunala">Narasimhacharya (1988), p. 24; Prasad (1987), p. 16</ref> Though the ''vachana'' poetic tradition had come to a temporary halt, the creation of anthologies and commentaries based on the earlier ''vachana'' canon, depicting the 12th century Veerashaiva saints as its protagonists, became popular from around c. 1400. Among well-known 16th century anthologists were Channaveeracharya (16th century) and Singalada Siddhabasava (c. 1600) who interpreted the ''vachanas'' from a purely philosophical and meta-physical context.<ref name="meta">Shiva Prakash (1997), pp. 188–189</ref> In the Keladi court, notable works on doctrine, such as ''Virasaivadharma siromani'' ("Crest jewel of the moral order of the Veerashaivas") and ''Virasaivananda chandrike'' ("Moonlight to delight the Veerashaivas") were written.<ref name="chandra">Nagaraj (2003), p. 378</ref> A new genre of mystic ''Kaivalya'' literature, a synthesis of the Veerashaiva and the [[Advaitha]] (monistic) philosophy, consolidated from the 16th century onwards. While the most famous writings are ascribed to [[Nijaguna Shivayogi]] (c. 1500), later day writers such as Mahalingaranga (''Anubhavamrita'' in ''shatpadi'' metre, c. 1675) and Chidanandavadhuta (''Jnana Sindhu'') are also notable.<ref name="pieces">Shiva Prakash (1997), pp. 190–191</ref>

===Modern literature===
{{Main article|Modern Kannada literature}}
The birth of modern expression in the Kannada language can be traced to the early 19th century, a transition that in later decades included the influence of [[English literature]] on local traditions.<ref name="assert">Murthy (1992), p. 167</ref> The earliest examples of modern literature came in the form of prose, either inspired by or renderings of Sanskrit classics, in the court of King Krishnaraja Wodeyar III. The king himself was an accomplished Kannada writer to whom is ascribed the prose romance ''Saugandhika Parinaya''.<ref name="assert"/> Under the patronage of the king, Kempu Narayana wrote ''Mudramanjusha'' ("The Seal Casket", 1823), a historical novel and an innovative version of the Sanskrit original, ''Mudrarakshasa'' by Vishaka Datta. This work is considered the trailblazer in modern Kannada prose.<ref name="assert"/>

English-language education, the role of missionaries, their translation of the [[Bible]] into Kannada in 1820, the arrival of the printing press, publication of newspapers and periodicals and the earliest Kannada-English and English-Kannada dictionaries helped to modernise Kannada prose.<ref name="prose">Murthy (1992), p. 168; Kamath (2001), pp. 278–280</ref> Development of prose narrative came by way of translations of Christian classics, such as ''Yatrikana Sanchara'' (''[[The Pilgrim's Progress]]'', 1847). Dramatic literature got its impetus from translations of Sanskrit and English classics (''[[Shakuntala]]'' in 1869; ''[[Macbeth]]'', ''[[King Lear]]'' and ''[[Romeo and Juliet]]'').<ref name="shakuntala">Murthy (1992), pp. 168–169</ref> The modern novel, with a reformist outlook, was born in 1892. This milestone was followed by the earliest social plays with similar themes, a trend that had already set roots in the modern literature of Marathi and Bengali languages.<ref name="farce">Murthy (1992), p. 169</ref> Muddanna (or Nandalike Lakshminarayana) stands out as a unique writer, whose language is Old-Kannada but whose sensibilities are modern. His two important works were ''Adbhuta Ramayana'' (1895) and ''Ramaswamedham'' (1898). The latter work is historically important to prose development – ancient epic is handled from a modern viewpoint. The narrator is the author and the listener his wife. Muddanna's declaration ''Padyam Vadhyam, Gadyam Hridyam'' (''lit.'' "Poetry deserves killing whereas prose reaches the heart") summarises the trends in Kannada literature in the late 19th century.<ref name="padyam">Murthy (1992), p. 170</ref>

==17th century writings==
{|width="200" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="1" style="float: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; font-family: arial; font-size: 90%; background-color: ##F0F8FF; border: 1px solid #cccccc;"
|-
|colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background-color:#99CCCC"|<big>'''Noted Kannada poets and writers'''</big> (1600-1700 CE)
|-
|Tirumalarya I
|1600
|-
|Chamaraja Wodeyar VI
|1630
|-
|Narasaraja Wodeyar
|1650
|-
|Govinda Vaidya
|1648
|-
|Nanjakavi
|17th c.
|-
|Shantaveera Deshika
|1650
|-
|Bhaskara
|17th c.
|-
|Timmarasa
|1650
|-
|Mallikarjuna
|17th c.
|-
|Channarya
|17th c.
|-
|Chamaiah
|1700
|-
|Chikka Devaraja Wodeyar
|1690
|-
|Tirumalarya II
|1698
|-
|Chikkupadhyaya
|1679
|-
|Lakshmanacharya
|17th c.
|-
|Chidananda
|1675
|-
|Singaraya
|1680
|-
|Timmakavi
|1677
|-
|Mallarasa
|17th c.
|-
|Srirangamma
|1685
|-
|Sanchi Honnamma
|17th c.
|-
|[[Lakshmisa]]
|17th c.
|-
|Ramachandra
|17th c.
|-
|Tirumalevaidya
|1650
|-
|Nagarasa
|17th c.
|-
|[[Bhattakalanka Deva]]
|1604
|-
|Padmana Pandita
|17th c.
|-
|Chandrashekara
|17th c.
|-
|[[Sarvajna]]
|17th c.
|-
|Shadaksharadeva
|1655
|-
|Harisvara
|17th c.
|-
|Siddhananjesa,
|17th c.
|-
|Prasabhushana
|17th c.
|-
|Mummadi Tamma
|17th c.
|-
|Parvatesvara
|17th c.
|-
|Sejjeya Siddhalingaraya
|17th c.
|-
|}

===Transition from Vijayanagara===
With the waning of the Vijayanagara Empire, Raja Wodeyar I (r. 1578–1617) became the first ruler of political importance at Mysore, having ousted the Vijayanagara governor at [[Srirangapatna]]. However, the fledgling kingdom still owed nominal allegiance to the diminished empire.<ref name="sovereign">Kamath (2001), p. 227</ref> The foundation of an independent state that would influence regional polity and culture was laid in this period. In the following decades, the Mysore court became the inheritor of the Vijayanagara literary legacy and a centre for textual production not only in Kannada, the native language, but to some extent, even in Telugu and Sanskrit.<ref name="keladi"/> The earliest available Kannada language writings from the Mysore court are by [[Tirumalarya|Tirumalarya I]] (or Tirumala Iyengar), Raja Wodeyar I's court poet. He composed the ''Karna Vrittanta Kathe'' (c. 1600) in ''sangatya'' metre, a composition rendered to the accompaniment of an instrument.<ref name="kan10">Pranesh (2003), p. 6</ref> Raja Wodeyar I's grandson, Chamaraja VI (r. 1617–1637), is the earliest among the Mysore kings known for their personal contribution to the fine arts. The king wrote ''Chamarajokti Vilasa'', a translation of the Sanskrit [[Ramayana]], in the [[Valmiki]] tradition.<ref name="sovereign"/> 

During the rule of King [[Kanthirava Narasaraja I|Kanthirava Narasaraja Wodeyar I]] (r. 1637–1659), the kingdom attained complete freedom, as evidenced from the issue of gold coins called ''phanams'', similar to ones issued by the Vijayanagara empire. This event was followed by a period of political expansion within modern southern Karnataka and a successful military encounter against the invading [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] commander Ranadullah Khan.<ref name="phanam">Kamath (2001), pp. 227–228</ref> Govinda Vaidya, the most well-known poet in the royal court, wrote ''Kanthirava Narasaraja Vijaya'' (1648) in ''sangatya'' metre.<ref name="kantiravavijaya">Rice E.P. (1921), p. 89</ref> In this eulogy, written in 26 chapters, Vaidya compares his patron king to "God [[Narasimha]]" (an avatar of the Hindu god Vishnu). The writing also gives useful details about the kingdom, its social events, urban life, the king's court, the types of music composed by the court musicians and the instruments they used to render them.<ref name="desika">Kamath (2001), p. 227; Pranesh (2003), pp. 11–12</ref> During this time, [[Bhattakalanka Deva]], a Jain writer from Haduvalli in [[South Kanara]] excelled as a grammarian of extraordinary talent. He was the last of the three notables who wrote comprehensively on Old-Kannada grammar ([[Nagavarma II]] and [[Keshiraja]] being the other two).<ref name="bhatta"/> He was an expert in Sanskrit grammar as well. His extant Kannada grammar, ''Karnataka Sabdanusasanam'', containing 592 Sanskrit ''sutras'' (a literary form written for concision) with ''vritti'' (glossary) and ''vyakhya'' (commentary), is written in four ''padas'' (chapters) and makes useful references to contemporary and earlier writers. His work is modelled after that of earlier Sanskrit grammarians, [[Pāṇini|Panini]], [[Pujyapada]] and others, and is considered an exhaustive work. The author's emphasis on the importance of Kannada language and its rich literary and poetic history is evident and was meant to be a rebuttal to the attitude shown by contemporary Sanskrit scholars towards Kannada language.<ref name="bhatta">Sahitya Akademi (1987), p 476</ref>

Shadaksharadeva, who attempted to revive the classical (Sanskritised) ''champu'' metre, belonged to the [[Adikavi Pampa|Pampa]] tradition.<ref name="lakshmi"/> A Veerashaiva by faith and the head of the [[Yelandur]] monastery, he was under the patronage of the Mysore court. A bilingual writer in Sanskrit and Kannada, his writings propagate his faith in the god Shiva. He wrote three well-known works in Kannada:<ref name="yelandur"/> ''Rakashekara Vilasa'' (1655), his best-known poetic work, written during his early days, has love as the main theme and rivals the poems in [[Lakshmisa]]'s ''Jaimini Bharata'' (17th century).<ref name="geo"/> It is derived from a well-known devotional Tamil story of Satyendra Chola and is known to be based on an earlier work, ''Bhavachintaratna'' (c. 1513), by Kannada writer Gubbi Mallanarya of Vijayanagara.<ref name="yelandur">Sahitya Akademi (1992), p. 3934</ref><ref name="geo"/> In a noteworthy piece of [[elegy|elegiac]] poetry, the poet describes the lamentation of a mother in his own inimitable style. Upon hearing the news of her son's death by trampling under the hooves of Prince Rajashekara's horse, the mother rushes to the scene, and mourns, holding the body of her son in her lap.<ref name="death">Sahitya Akademi (1988), p.1149–1150</ref> ''Vrishabhendra Vijaya'' (1671), a poem of epic proportions, written in forty-two [[canto]]s and 4,000 stanzas, is an account of the 12th century reformer [[Basavanna]]. ''Sabarasankara Vilasa'' is a poem in five cantos narrating a popular tale of the battle between the god Shiva and the [[Pandava]] prince [[Arjuna]]. To test Arjuna's devotion to him, Shiva disguises himself as a hunter and fights a fierce battle with Arjuna. Toward the end, impressed with Arjuna's devotion, Shiva bestows on him a weapon called ''Pashuptastra''.<ref name="yelandur"/><ref name="pashupa">Rice E.P. (1921), p. 84</ref>

Other notable Kannada writers in the court of Kanthirava Narasaraja I (r. 1637–1659) were Shantaveera Deshika (''Shivaganga Charitra'' in ''sangatya'' metre, 1650),<ref name="shivaganga">Pranesh (2003), p. 16</ref> Bhaskara (''Beharaganita'', on mathematics, early 17th century), Nanjakavi (''Kanthirava Narasaraja Charitra'', a historical, early 17th century) and Timmarasa (''Markandeya Ramayana'', the story of the god Rama which forms an episode in the forest section of the epic Mahabharata, c. 1650).<ref name="markandeya">Kamath (2001), p. 228</ref><ref name="narasa">Rice (1921), p. 89</ref> Chamaiah, a court poet, wrote an account of his patron, King [[Dodda Kempadevaraja|Dodda Devaraja Wodeyar]] (r. 1659–1673) in ''Devarajendra Sangatya'' (late 17th century), and Channarya wrote a metrical history of the same king in ''Devaraja Vijaya'' (late 17th century).<ref name="kan14">Rice E.P. (1921), p. 89; Pranesh (2003), p. 17</ref> Tirumalabhatta, a court poet of the Keladi ruler Hiriya Venkatappa Nayaka (r. 1586–1629) wrote the poem ''Shivagita''.<ref name="gita">Kamath (2001), p. 220, p. 222</ref>

=== Golden age ===
The reign of King [[Chikka Devaraja|Chikka Devaraja Wodeyar]] (r. 1673–1704) is a high point in the early history of the Kingdom of Mysore. The king, an able warrior known to have defeated even the [[Maratha]]s on occasion, held the upper hand against the [[Nizam]] of [[Golconda]] and brought the [[Keladi]] territories under his domain by 1682. An able administrator, the king was inclined towards the Srivaishnava faith.<ref name="vai">Kamath (2001), pp. 228–229</ref> His reign produced numerous prolific writers, not the least the king himself – he was an accomplished scholar in Kannada and a composer of music.<ref name="chikka">Mukherjee (1999), p. 78; Shipley (2007), p. 528</ref><ref name="chikka10">Kamath (2001), pp. 229–230; Pranesh (2003), pp. 20–21; Narasimhacharya (2001), p. 23</ref> A well-known treatise on music called ''Geeta Gopala'', written in opera style and in the ''saptapadi'' metre, is credited to him. Though inspired by [[Jayadeva]]'s ''Geeta Govinda'' (c. 1200), it had an originality of its own. The work differs from the original in that the god Krishna and his Gopikas are the protagonists of the play instead of Krishna and his consort [[Radha]].<ref name="sapta">Mukherjee (1999), p. 78; Pranesh (2003), p. 21</ref> The writing consists of fourteen sections, with seven songs in each section. It is considered an asset to students of music and literature. The king's other works are commentaries on the [[Bhagavata]] and the later chapters of the epic [[Mahabharata]], a collection of devotional poems written in thirty verses (''Chikkadevaraya binappa'', "Kings Petition") and composed in praise of the god Cheluva Narayanaswamy of [[Melkote]].<ref name="upa">Mukherjee (1999), p. 78</ref><ref name="creation">Rice E.P. (1921), p. 90</ref>

Tirumalarya II, a native of [[Srirangapatna]] and a descendant of Tirumalarya I, was held in high esteem in the Mysore court. A childhood friend of the King Chikka Devaraja, he served as his minister.<ref name="childhood">Rice E.P. (1921), p. 90; Pranesh (2003), p. 28</ref> Tirumalarya II authored five notable writings: ''Chikka Devaraja Saptapadi'' (''saptapadi'' metre, 1698), an important musical treatise rendered in seven sections comprising fifty-two songs which exalts the patron king to the level of "God on Earth";<ref name="tiru">Pranesh (2003), pp. 28–30</ref> ''Apratimavira Charite'' ("History of the Peerless Hero"), a rhetorical eulogy of the king and a treatise on poetics; ''Chikkadevaraja Vijaya'', an account of the king's conquests, his life and his ancestors, in the ''champu'' metre comprising six chapters; ''Chikkadevaraya Yaso-bhushana''; and the prose piece ''Chikkadevaraja Vamshavali'', one of the earliest available contemporary historicals in Kannada language describing the king's ancestry.<ref name="tiru1">Narasimhacharya (1988), pp. 23–24, 62, 64</ref><ref name="historical">Mukherjee (1999), p. 77–78; Rice (1921), pp. 89–90</ref> In addition, Tirumalarya II composed seventy songs, most of which are in Kannada and a few in Telugu.<ref name="tirumala">Pranesh (2003), p. 31</ref>

Minister [[Chikkupadhyaya]] (or Lakshmipathi), a native of Terakanambi town in [[Mysore district]] was a zealous Srivaishnava and one of the most prolific Kannada writers of his time. To his credit are over thirty works, mostly in the ''sangatya'' and ''champu'' metres, and ''gadya'' (prose).<ref name="thirty">Narasimhacharya (1988), p. 23; Shiva Prakash (1997), p. 213; Pranesh (2003), pp. 31–32</ref> His best-known works are ''Vishnupurana'' (prose and ''champu'' versions, 1691); ''Divya Suri Charitre'', a history of the twelve [[Alvar]] saints; ''Artha Panchaka'' ("Five truths"), on saint Pillai Lokacharya; a commentary on ''Tiruvayimole'' of saint [[Nammalvar]]; ''Kamalachala Mahatmya'' (1680); ''Hastigiri Mahatmya'' (1679); ''Rukmangada Charite'' (1681); ''Satvikabrahma-Vidya-Vilasa'', treating on the [[Visishtadvaita]] philosophy;<ref name="geo"/><ref name="mahat">Rice E.P. (1921), p. 91</ref> ''Yadugiri Mahatmya'', a eulogy of saint Kadambi Srirangacharya; ''Yadavagiri Mahatmya'', a eulogy of saint Kadambi Lakshmanacharya; and a collection of seventy songs called ''Shringarada Hadugalu'' in praise of his patron Chikka Devaraja (pen-name "Chikkadevaraja").<ref name="Upadhyaya">Pranesh (2003), pp. 31–32</ref>

[[Lakshmisa]], a superb story-teller, a dramatist and a Vaishnava by faith, is one of the most well-known writers of ''kavyas'' (narrative poems). Kannada scholar H.S. Shiva Prakash opines he lived in the mid-16th century, but R. Narasimhacharya and historian Nilakanta Sastri claim he was active in the late 17th century, probably during the rule of King Chikka Devaraja.<ref name="dated">Narasimhacharya (1988), p. 59; Sastri (1955), p. 365</ref><ref name="dated10">Shiva Prakash (1997), p. 210; Kamath (2001), p. 230</ref> His ''Jaimini Bharata'', written in ''shatpadi'' metre, is the poet's Kannada version of the Hindu epic [[Mahabharata]] and is one of the most popular poems of the late medieval age.<ref name="jai">Narasimhacharya (1988), p. 24; Sastri (1955), p. 365</ref> A collection of stories, the epic poem contains the famous tale of the ''Sita Parityaga'' ("Repudiation of Sita"). The author has succeeded in converting a religious story into a very human tale, making it popular even in modern times. For his deft usage of the language, the poet earned the honorific ''Upamalola'' (''lit.'' "One of revels in similes and metaphors").<ref name="lakshmi">Sahitya Akademi (1988), p. 1182</ref>

Singaraya, a brother of Tirumalarya II, wrote ''Mitravinda Govinda'' (1680), the earliest available classical drama in Kannada. It is a play inspired by the Sanskrit drama ''Ratnavali'' ("Pearl necklace") by King [[Harsha]] of [[Kannauj]].<ref name="sing">Narasimhacharya (1988), p. 62; Sahitya Akademi (1988), p. 1077</ref> Among notable women poets, Srirangamma (1685) wrote ''Padmini Kalyana'' ("Marriage of Padmini"), and Sanchi Honnamma, a [[Vokkaliga]] from Yelandur, wrote ''Hadibadeya Dharma'', on the duties of a faithful wife. This work, which won her many accolades, is in nine sections, containing 479 stanzas, and is written in ''sangatya'' metre. Despite being employed as a betel bag bearer and as a maid to Queen Devajammani, she claimed Alasingaraya, a court poet, her Guru. Her work narrates the struggles of women in society, and stresses their need to fulfill their daily roles in family life.<ref name="hon">Narasimhacharya (1988), p. 24; Pranesh (2003), p. 34</ref><ref name="hon1">Kamath (2001), p. 230; Mukherjee (1999), p. 135</ref>

Other writers under the patronage of King Chikka Devaraja were: Chidananda, a [[Jain]] poet wrote philosophical compositions called ''Tatwada Kirtanegalu'' (1675), ''Neeti Nrimaya'' and ''Munivamsha Bhyudaya'' in ''sangatya'' metre; Vaikunta Dasa (1680), a native of [[Belur, Karnataka|Belur]] composed ''[[kirtan]]es'' on the god Vishnu (pen-name "Vaikunta") and songs such as ''Kapatamata'';<ref name="vaikunta">Narasimhacharya (1988), p. 24; Pranesh (2003), pp. 32–33</ref> Timmakavi (''Hari Vilasa'' in ''sangatya'' metre and ''Yadavagiri Mahatmya'', 1677); Mallikarjuna (''Sriranga Mahatmya'', 1678) and Mallarasa (''Dasavatara Charite'')<ref name="dasavatara">Narasimhacharya (1988), p. 24; Pranesh (2003), p. 33</ref>

Some Brahmin writers worthy of mention from the 17th century are Ramachandra (''Asrasastra''), Tirumalevaidya (''Uttara Ramayana'', 1650), Nagarasa of [[Pandharpur]] (''Bhagavadgite''), Timmarasa (''Kshetraganita'' on geometry),<ref name="geo">Narasimhacharya (1988), p. 24</ref> and Venkayarya, a Haridasa of [[Penukonda]] (''Krishnalilabhyudaya'').<ref name="penu">Rice E.P. (1921), p. 92</ref> Among Jains, Padmana Pandita (''Hayasara Samuchchaya'') and Chandrashekara (''Ramachandra charitra'', story of the Hindu god [[Rama]]) are notable.<ref name="geo"/> Among Veerashaiva writers, Harisvara (''Prabhudeva Purana''), Siddhananjesa, (''Raghavanka Charitra'' and ''Gururaja Charitra''), Prasabhushana (or Pemmisetti, ''Gurubhaktandara Charitre''), Mummadi Tamma (''Sankara Samhita''), Parvatesvara (''Chatuacharya Purana'') and Sejjeya Siddhalingaraya (''Malayaraja Charite'') are well known.<ref name="geo"/>

===Age of Sarvajna===
{|width="200" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="1" style="float: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; font-family: arial; font-size: 90%; background-color: ##F0F8FF; border: 1px solid #cccccc;"
|-
|colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background-color:#99CCCC"|<big>'''Noted Kannada poets and writers'''</big> (1700-1800 CE)
|-
|Narasaraja Wodeyar II
|1700
|-
|Queen Cheluvambe
|1720
|-
|Timmarya
|1708
|-
|Puttaiya
|1713
|-
|Chenniah
|18th c.
|-
|Kalale Nanjaraja
|1720
|-
|Nurondiah
|1740
|-
|Sankara Kavi
|18th c.
|-
|Payanna
|18th c.
|-
|Padmaraja
|1792
|-
|Padmanabha
|18th c.
|-
|Surala
|18th c.
|-
|Jayendra
|18th c.
|-
|Shalyada Krishnaraja
|18th c.
|-
| Lakshmakavi
|1728
|-
|Venkatesha
|18th c.
|-
|Konayya
|18th c.
|-
|Timmamatya
|18th c.
|-
|Balavaidya Cheluva
|18th c.
|-
|}
A mendicant Veerashaiva poet, a moralist and a drifter whose early days are unclear, Sarvajna (''lit.'' "The all knowing"), has left his indelible mark on Kannada literature and the Kannada-speaking people. He is known to have been a native of either Abbalur or Madagamasuru in the [[Dharwad district]]. Based on literary evidence scholars place him variously between the 16th and 18th centuries. Prabhu Prasad of the [[Sahitya Akademi]] feels he belonged to the 16th century while Kannada scholars R. Narasimhacharya and H.S. Shiva Prakash claim he lived in the 17th century.<ref name="assign">Narasimhacharya (1988), p. 24; Shiva Prakash (1997), p. 191</ref><ref name="life">Prasad (1987), p. 6</ref> To Sarvajna goes the credit of re-vitalising the ''vachana'' poetic tradition. His witty and didactic poems, numbering over 2,000, were written using the simple ''tripadi'' metre.<ref name="sarlived"/> Some clues in his first fourteen of a series of poems ("Reminiscences of Birth") give an indication about his birth, parentage and his reasons for leaving home at an early age.<ref name="dhar">Prasad (1987), p. 7</ref> His poems after the 14th focus on his spiritual quest.<ref name="quest">Prasad (1987), pp. 9–10</ref>

Sarvajna, who is not known to have acquired a formal education, gained knowledge from the world, writing poems impromptu about the nature of people and places. According to the scholar Naikar, Sarvajna was born to "sing the truth and truth alone".<ref name="world">Naikar (2008), p. 4</ref> His poems cover a vast range of topics, from caste and religion to economics and administration, from arts and crafts to family life and health. People from a broad spectrum of life were commented upon: "Professionals such as priests, astrologers, sorcerers, tax collectors and accountants; artisans such as smiths, carpenters, tailors and potters; and businessmen such as oil men, money-lenders, fishermen and farmers", all have caught the poet's discerning eye. Sarvajna reserved his compliments only for the farmers, weavers, real spiritual seekers and chaste housewives.<ref name="sarlived"/><ref name="life10">Prasad (1987), pp. 17–20</ref> A tomb in [[Hirekerur]] town in the Haveri district is said to be his final resting place.<ref name="guru">Prasad (1987), p. 15</ref> His poems, all of which end with his name "Sarvajna", constitute some of Kannada's most popular works. Sarvajna is to Kannada language what [[Bhartrhari]] is to Sanskrit language, [[Vemana]] is to [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and [[Thiruvalluvar]] is to [[Tamil language|Tamil]]. Neither was he patronized by royalty nor did he write for fame or money.<ref name="morals">Prasad (1987), pp. 5–6</ref> His main aim was to instruct people about morality with poems such as these:<ref name="vacpoems">Shiva Prakash (1997), pp. 191–192; Prasad (1987), p. 3</ref>
{{Quote|A begging bowl in hand, 
A vast land to wander in 
The great god Shiva to guard me 
What cause have I to fear, O Sarvajna?|Sarvajna|Shiva Prakash (1997), pp. 191–192}}
{{Quote|Even as the tongue manages, surrounded 
By the teeth; so should the good 
Live among the wicked, Sarvajna.|Sarvajna| Prasad (1987), p. 3}}

{{clear}}

==18th century writings==

===Proliferation of Yakshagana===
[[File:Part of the epic Kausika Ramayana in Kannada (18th century).JPG|thumb|left|Part of the ''Kaushika Ramayana'' of the 18th century]]
[[File:The Kannada epic Gokarna Mahatme dated to the 18th century.JPG|thumb|left|Part of the Kannada epic ''Gokarna Mahatme'' of the 18th century]]
{| class="wikitable floatright"
|+ Noted Haridasa poets (Kannada) (1650-1900 CE)
|-
! Poet
! Dates
|-
|Mahapati Dasa
|1611–1681
|-
|Krishna Dasa
(Varaha Timmappa)
|18th c.
|-
|Vaikunta Dasa
|1680
|-
|[[Vijaya Dasa]]
|1687–1755
|-
|Gopala Dasa
|18th c.
|-
|Subbanna Dasa
|18th c.
|-
|Mohana Dasa
|18th c.
|-
|Sheshagiri Dasa
|18th c.
|-
|Prasanna Venkata Dasa
|18th c.
|-
|Igi Venkatacharya
|18th c.
|-
|Helavanakatte Giriyamma
|18th c.
|-
|Venugopaladasa
|18th c.
|-
|[[Jagannatha Dasa (Kannada poet)|Jagannatha Dasa]]
|1728–1809
|-
|Vitthala Dasa
|18th c.
|-
|Madhva Dasa
|18th c.
|-
|Pranesha Dasa
|19th c.
|-
|Prema Dasa
|19th c.
|-
|Kargagi Dasappa
|19th c.
|-
|}
During the first half of the 18th century Mysore's independence was delicately balanced, with the incumbent kings accepting either a nominal subordination or a strategic alliance with the larger power, the Mughals of [[India|northern India]], by paying tribute while keeping the [[Maratha Empire|Marathas]] (Baji Rao I) of the [[Deccan Plateau]] at bay. From the 1830s, the kings also came under the sway of the powerful ''Dalavoy'' (or ''Dalwai'', Prime minister) Nanjaraja (or Nanjarajaiah) and ''Sarvadhikari'' (Chief minister) Devaraja (or Devarajaiah), the influential Kalale brothers of [[Nanjangud]].<ref name="dalavoy">Kamath (2001), pp. 229–230; Pranesh (2003), pp. 44–45</ref> During this period, literary contributions were made by some members of the royal family including King Narasaraja Wodeyar II, Nanjaraja and Queen Cheluvambe.<ref name="kan5"/><ref name="nanja"/><ref name="maha"/><ref name="shalya"/>

Yakshagana, a rustic form of theatre which draws upon themes from the Hindu epics, the [[Ramayana]], the [[Mahabharata]] and the [[Bhagavata]], has an established history in the Kannada speaking region of over 400 years.<ref name="region"/> In its rudimentary form, the script of the play contains ''prasanga'' (poetic songs) sung by the ''bhagavata'' (musician), to which improvised ''matu'' (dialogue) is added. Witty comments are interjected by ''hasyagaras'' (clowns). Musical instruments include ''maddale'' and ''chende'' (types of drums), and a ''sruti'' ([[Pump organ|harmonium]]-like instrument). The ''rangasthala'' (acting arena) could be a temple compound, an open space near the patron's house or a clearing in a paddy field.<ref name="harmonium">Brandan and Banham (1993), pp. 115–116</ref> The ''Sugriva Vijaya'' (mid-16th century) by Kandukuru Rudrakavi is one of the earliest available manuscripts of a Yakshagana play. It is based on the story of the ape-like humanoid king [[Sugriva]] who overthrew his powerful brother [[Vali (Ramayana)|Vali]] to regain his kingdom in the Hindu epic Ramayana.<ref name="region"/> While scholars such as M.M Bhat, Shivarama Karanth and R.R. Diwakar have proposed various theories about the origin and forerunners of the Yakshagana art,<ref name="rajarama">Ashton (2003), pp. 17–23</ref> N. Venkata Rao, editor of ''The Southern school in Telugu literature'' (1960), gives the credit of writing the earliest available Yakshagana plays that include ''sangita'' (music), ''nataka'' (drama) and ''natya'' (dance) to the polyglot king of Mysore, [[Narasaraja Wodeyar II|Narasaraja II]] (r. 1704–1714).<ref name="kan5">Pranesh (2003), p. 37</ref> The king was proficient in Kannada, Sanskrit, Telugu, Tamil and Prakrit. His fourteen Yakshagana compositions, written in various languages but in the Kannada script, were discovered at the government manuscripts library in [[Chennai]].<ref name="wod">Pranesh (2003), pp. 37–38</ref> By the early 19th century, Yakshagana had become popular in Mysore and nearby Yelandur, where stage troupes were active.<ref name="song"/>

===Revival of Haridasa literature===
The Haridasa literature propagates the ''dvaita'' (dualistic) philosophy of Madhvacharya. Their compositions have also been of immense value to the development of music and literature in general. While ''Hari'' (a form of god Vishnu) is central to their beliefs, their compositions show tolerance to other Vaishnava deities as well. By bringing the values cherished in the [[Upanishad]]s (scripture) and [[Vedas]] (Hindu sacred texts) to the commoner in simple Kannada, these itinerant Haridasas made valuable contributions as "minstrels of God".<ref name="bhimava"/> With the passing of the [[Vijayanagara]] era, the creation of the Haridasa literature slowed down for about a century, despite attempts by two ''dasa'' (devotee) poets, Mahapati Dasa (1611–1681), who wrote 600 compositions, and his son Krishna Dasa.<ref name="rao">Sahitya Akademi (1987), p. 883</ref> The tradition however recovered in the early 18th century under the able guidance of [[Vijaya Dasa]] (1687–1755),<ref name="inspire">Shiva Prakash (1997), pp. 200–201</ref> a native of Ceekalaparavi in the [[Raichur district]]. Vijaya Dasa was inspired by the establishment of the monastery of saint [[Raghavendra Swami]] (of the Madhvacharya order) at [[Mantralayam]] town. His lyrical compositions, said to be 25,000 in all, are written in the [[Purandara Dasa]] tradition with the pen-name (''ankita'') "Vijaya Vittala".<ref name="rao"/> Most well known among his many disciples is [[Gopala Dasa]] who wrote with the pen-name "Gopala Vittala" (1721–1769).<ref name="inspire"/> Later, Gopala Dasa inspired another famous saint-poet, Jagannatha Dasa, to take to the Haridasa fold.<ref name="rao"/>

Jagannatha Dasa (1728–1809) is considered the most notable of the late-18th century Haridasas. Apart from a number of devotional songs, he is credited with two important writings. The ''Harikathamritasara'' treats on the philosophy of Madhvacharya. Written in the ''shatpadi'' metre with a poetic touch, it contains 32 chapters of 988 stanzas.<ref name="tattva">Sahitya Akademi (1988), p. 1764</ref> The ''Tattva Suvvali'', containing 1,200 pithy and proverbial poems written in the ''tripadi'' metre, is known to have been a consolation to his widowed daughter.<ref name="tattva"/><ref name="tatva">Mukherjee (1999), p. 142</ref> Among women, Helavanakatte Giriyamma (pen-name "Helavanakatte Ranga", early 18th century) and Harapanhally Bhimava (pen-name "Bhimesa Krishna", 1890) are notable despite their humble education and background. Giriyamma authored more than forty songs, and five narrative poems, the best known among which is the devotional piece ''Chandrahasana Kathe''.<ref name="bhimava">Sahitya Akademi (1987), p. 884</ref><ref name="mahi">Shiva Prakash (1997), p. 201; Narasimhacharya (1988), p. 25</ref><ref name="dasas">Rice E.P. (1921) p. 81</ref> In a prayer poem about famine, Giriyamma wrote:<ref name="enrich"/>
{{Quote|Women are taking out in vessels 
Water from the well gone dry 
While bringing it, they think all day: 
O Hari, send the rain to us soon.|Helavanakatte Giriyamma|Shiva Prakash (1997), p. 201}}

===Other writings===
Cheluvambe, a queen of King Krishnaraja Wodeyar I (r. 1714–1732), was an accomplished Kannada writer. Her notable works include ''Varanandi Kalyana'', written in the ''sangatya'' metre.<ref name="maha"/> The story narrates the wedding of Varanandi, the daughter of the Badshah (Emperor) of Delhi, and the god Cheluvaraya Swamy of [[Melkote]]. In the writing, the author envisioned Varanandi to be a reincarnation of [[Satyabhama]], the consort of the Hindu god Krishna. Her other compositions include ''Venkatachala Mahatmyam'' – a lullaby song written in ''choupadi'' (4-line verse) metre in devotion to the Hindu god [[Venkateshwara]] residing on the Vrishabha hill, songs centred on Alamelu Mangamma, the consort of the Hindu god Venkateshwara of [[Tirumala Venkateswara Temple|Tirupati]], and songs in praise of the god Cheluvanarayana.<ref name="manga">Pranesh (2003), pp. 42–43</ref> Shalyada Krishnaraja, a poet and a member from the royal family was proficient writer in Kannada, Telugu and Sanskrit. His contributions to Kannada literature include devotional songs, ''vachana'' poems, compositions in ''sangatya'' metre (''Nija Dipika Ratna''), ''gadya'' (''Anubhava Rasayana''), and ''kirthane'' compositions (''Bhakti Marga Sarovara'', ''Gnana Sarovara'' and ''Shalyada Arasinavara Tikina Kirtane'').<ref name="shalya">Pranesh (2003), pp. 49–50</ref>

Nanjaraja was the most noted of the Shaiva writers in the court of King Krishnaraja Wodeyar II (r. 1734–1766). For his literary taste, he earned the honorific "Nutana Bhojaraja", a comparison to the medieval [[Bhoja|King Bhoja]]. A native of Kalale town near [[Nanjangud]], Nanjaraja came from an influential family of warriors, statesman and scholars. He was politically active and is known to have created a power centre, holding court in parallel to Krishnaraja II.<ref name="nanja">Pranesh (2003), p. 45</ref> He was proficient in multiple languages and authored more than twenty writings in Kannada, Sanskrit and Telugu. Among his Kannada writings, ''Kukudgiri Mahatmya'',<ref name="maha">Narasimhacharya (1988), p. 25</ref> and a musical composition called ''Aravattu muvara trivadhi'', an account of the life of 63 ancient devotees of the god Shiva, is well known.<ref name="trivadi">Pranesh (2003), p. 49</ref>

Other well-known Shaiva writers were Chenniah, who wrote in the ''sangatya'' metre (''Padmini Parinaya'', 1720),<ref name="padmini">Pranesh (2003), p. 43</ref> Nuronda, who eulogised his patron Krishnaraja II in ''Soundarya Kavya'' (c. 1740) in ''sangatya'' metre, and Sankara Kavi (''Chorabasava Charitre'', 18th century).<ref name="sankara">Narasimhacharya (1988), p. 25; Pranesh (2003), p. 49</ref> Linganna Kavi wrote a ''champu'' historical piece called ''Keladinripavijayam'' in the 1763–1804 period accounting for the chronology and history of the Keladi dynasty. The work also gives useful information about contemporary kingdoms and states including the Nawabs of Savanur, the Marathas and the Mughals.<ref name="nawab">Ciṭaṇīsa and Chitnis (2000), p. 11</ref> Notable Jain writers of the period were Payanna (''Ahimsacharitre''), Padmaraja (''Pujyapada Charitre'', 1792), Padmanabha (''Ramachandra Charitre''), Surala (''Padmavati Charitre''), and Jayendra (''Karnataka Kuvalayananda'').<ref name="maha"/> Vaishnava writers who distinguished themselves were Lakshmakavi (''Bharata'' in 1728 and ''Rukmangada Charite''), Venkatesha (''Halasya Mahatmya'', in ''champu'' metre), Konayya (''Krishnarjuna Sangara''), Timmamatya (''Ramabhyudaya Kathakusumamanjari'', a version of the epic Ramayana), Timmarya of [[Anekal]] (''Ananda Ramayana'', 1708), Balavaidya Cheluva (''Lilavati'', and an encyclopedia of precious stones called ''Ratnasastra''),<ref name="maha"/> and Puttayia (''Maisuru Arasugala Purvabhyudaya'', c. 1713, an account of the history of the Kingdom of Mysore).<ref name="putta">Rice E.P. (1921), pp. 89, 92</ref>

==19th century writings==

===Age of prose and drama===
After the death of [[Tipu Sultan]] in the fourth Anglo-Mysore war (1799), the British took control of the kingdom. They however restored the Wodeyars in the smaller [[princely state]] of Mysore under the [[paramountcy]] of the [[British Raj]]. The British took direct control of the administration of the kingdom in 1831, after which Maharaja [[Mummadi Krishnaraja Wodeyar|Krishnaraja Wodeyar III]] devoted all his time to developing the fine arts, earning him the honorific "Abhinava Bhoja" (''lit.'' "Modern [[Bhoja]]").<ref name="bhoj">Kamath (2001), pp. 249, 278; Pranesh (2003), p. 53</ref> Krishnaraja III (1799–1868) is called the "Morning Star of the Renaissance in Karnataka".<ref name="star">Kamath (2001), p. 278</ref> A patron of the fine arts, he was an accomplished writer, musician, musicologist and composer.<ref name="mantra">Pranesh (2003), pp. 54–55</ref> He gave munificent grants to scholars and was a prolific writer himself. Of the over forty writings attributed to him, a prose romance called ''Saugandhika Parinaya'', in two versions (a ''sangatya'' composition and a play) is best known.<ref name="sou">Narasimhacharya (1988), p. 26; Murthy (1992), p. 167</ref> In this writing, the author imaginatively narrates the story of the sage [[Durvasa]] who curses Devendra (the Hindu god [[Indra]]) to be born as Sucharitra, the son of King Sugandharaya of Ratnapuri. Devendra's wife Shachidevi takes birth as Sougandhika and marries Sucharitra.<ref name="indra">Pranesh (2003), p. 55</ref> Apart from composing many devotional songs to his deity, the Hindu goddess Chamundeshwari (pen-name "Chamundi"), he authored three noteworthy treatises: ''[[Sritattvanidhi|Sri Tatwanidhi]]'' and ''Swara Chudamani'' (on music) in Sanskrit language and Kannada script, and ''Sara Sangraha Bharata'' (on dance and music), dealing with [[Tala (music)|tala]] (rhythm) in the Kannada language.<ref name="swara">Pranesh (2003), pp. 55, 58, 60</ref>

Aliya Lingaraja Urs, a native of [[Heggadadevanakote]] and a son-in-law (''Aliya'') of Maharaja Krishnaraja III was a prolific writer with over fifty works spanning various genres: devotional songs, musical compositions, ''kavya'' (classical poems), over thirty Yakshagana plays, and other dramas. The author used multiple pen-names including, "lingaraja" and "linganripa". For his contributions to the fine arts, he earned the title ''Ubhaya Kavita Visharada'' (''lit.'' "Master of poetry in two languages" – Kannada and Sanskrit).<ref name="linga">Pranesh (2003), pp. 78–80</ref> Among his best-known Kannada works are the poem ''Prabhavati Parinaya'' and the two versions of the classical epic ''Girija Kalyana'' ("Marriage of the mountain born goddess"), in Yakshagana style and in ''sangatya'' metre. The writing gives an account of the Girija, the daughter of Himavanta, her youthful days and her successful penance which resulted in her marriage to the Hindu god Shiva.<ref name="hima">Pranesh (2003), p. 80; Murthy (1992), p. 168</ref><ref name="prabha">Narasimhacharya (2003), p. 26</ref> Yadava, also a court-poet, penned two prose pieces, ''Kalavati Parinaya'' (1815) in the ''dandaka vritta'' (blank verse) metre and ''Vachana Kadambari'', a prose rendering of the classical Sanskrit original by poet Bana.<ref name="assert"/>

The Jain poet Devachandra (1770–1841), a native of Kankagiri, was in the court of Krishnaraja III and authored three noted works: ''Pujyapada Charite'', a poem on the life of the Jain saint [[Pujyapada]] in ''sangatya'' metre; ''Ramakathavatara'', the poet's Jain version of the Hindu epic Ramayana in ''champu'' metre; and ''Rajavalikathe'' (1838), a biographical account of the Mysore royal family, some earlier poets, and stories of religious importance.<ref name="royalaccount">Mukherjee (1999), pp. 89, 311</ref> Another Jain writer of merit was Chandrasagaravarni, author of ''Kadambapurana'' and other works.<ref name="prabha"/> Devalapurada Nanjunda of [[Nanjangud]], a mere court attendant, rose to the level of a court poet for his scholarship in Kannada and Sanskrit. Among his many compositions, ''Sougandhika Parinaya'' in ''sangatya'' metre, ''Samudra Mathana Kathe'' (a Yakshagana play), ''Sri Krishna Sarvabhoumara Charitre'' in ''sangatya'' metre, and ''Krishnendra Gite'' in ''choupadi'' metre are well known. He earned the honorific ''Ubhaya Bhasha Kavi'' ("Poet of two languages").<ref name="kris">Pranesh (2003), pp. 87–88</ref> Modern Kannada prose saw its nascent beginning in 1823 with ''Mudra Manjusha'' ("Seal Casket"). It is an elaboration of a play summarised in the Sanskrit original, ''Mudra Rakshasa'' by Vishakadatta, and was written by Kempu Narayana, a court poet of Maharaja Krishnaraja III.<ref name="mission">Kamath (2001), p. 280; Mukherjee (1999), p. 238</ref>

===External influences===
[[File:Kittel, Ferdinand (1832-1903).jpg|thumb|upright|Ferdinand Kittel (1854)]]
Eager to spread their gospel in Kannada, Christian missionaries took to the Kannada language. The establishment of the printing press and English language education had a positive effect on Kannada prose. Periodicals and newspapers were published for the first time.<ref name="publish">Murthy (1992), p. 168</ref> The first Kannada language book was printed in 1817 and the first Bible in 1820. Grammar books and dictionaries, meant to help the missionaries in their effort in spreading Christianity, became available. Rev. W. Reeve compiled the earliest English-Kannada dictionary in 1824 followed by a Kannada-English dictionary in 1832, though the best-known work is an 1894 publication by Rev. [[Ferdinand Kittel]]. Rev. William Carrey published the earliest Kannada grammar in 1817.<ref name="rev">Kamath (2001), pp. 279–280; Murthy (1992), p. 168</ref> The influence of English literature and poetry on Kannada was evident from the numerous songs of prayer composed by the missionaries.<ref name="song">Kamath (2001), p. 281</ref> British officers [[Lewis Rice]] and [[John Faithfull Fleet]] deciphered numerous Kannada inscriptions. Rice published several ancient classics and a brief history of Kannada literature while Fleet published folk [[ballad]]s such as ''Sangoli Rayana Dange'' ("Sangoli Raya's Revolt").<ref name="publish"/> The first Kannada newspaper, ''Mangalura Samachara'' ("Mangalore News"), was published in Mangalore in 1843. In a few years, printing presses opened in many locations, including at the Mysore palace in 1840.<ref name="rev"/>

A surge in the generation of prose narratives and dramatic literature, inspired by writings in English, Sanskrit, modern Marathi and modern Bengali languages culminated in original works in the succeeding decades.<ref name="publish"/> In the field of prose, translation of English classics such as ''Yatrikana Sanchara'' (''[[The Pilgrim's Progress]]'' by [[John Bunyan|Bunyan]], 1847) and ''[[Robinson Crusoe]]'' (1857) set the trend. Translations from vernacular languages were popular too and included the Marathi classic ''Yamuna Prayatana'' (1869) and the Bengali work ''Durgesanandini'' (1885).<ref name="marathi">Murthy (1992), p. 168–169; Kamath (2001), p. 281</ref> In the genre of drama, inspiration came from translations of Sanskrit and English plays. ''Shakuntala'' and ''Raghavendrarao Nataka'' (''[[Othello]]'') by Churamuri Sehagiri Rao (1869), ''Pramilarjuniya'' by Srikantesa Gowda and ''Vasanthayamini Swapnachamatkara Nataka'' by K. Vasudevachar (''[[Midsummer Night's Dream]]''), ''[[Macbeth]]'' by Srikantesa Gowda, ''[[King Lear]]'' by M.S. Puttanna, ''Ramavarma-Lilavati'' (''[[Romeo and Juliet]]'') by C. Ananda Rao paved the way.<ref name="churamuri">Murthy (1992), p. 169; Kamath (2001), p. 282</ref>

Basavappa Shastry (1882), a native of Mysore and court poet of Maharaja Krishnaraja III and Maharaja Chamaraja Wodeyar IX, earned the honorific ''Kannada Nataka Pitamaha'' (''lit.'' "Father of Kannada stage") for his contributions to drama. His contribution to dramatic literature in the form of anthologies, translations and adaptations from English and Sanskrit, learned editions, and successful integration of musical compositions into drama is well accepted.<ref name="gowri">Das (1991), p. 238</ref> His translations from English to Kannada include ''Shurasena Charite'' ("Othello"). His Sanskrit to Kannada translations include, ''[[Kalidasa]]'', ''Abhignyana Shakuntala'', ''Vikramorvasheeya'', ''Malavikagnimitra'', ''Uttara Rama Charite'', ''Chanda Koushika Nataka'', ''Malathi Madhava'' and ''Ratnavali''.<ref name="basava">Sahitya Akademi (1988), p. 1077; Pranesh (2003), pp. 82–83</ref> Other well-known Kannada writers in Chamaraja IX's court were S.G. Narasimhacharya, Dhondo Narasimha Mulabaglu, Santa Kavi and B. Ventakacharya.<ref name="prabha"/>

The earliest modern novels in the Kannada language are the ''Suryakantha'' by Lakshman Gadagkar (1892) and the ''Indrabayi'' (1899) by Gulvadi Venkata Rao. The later work is reformist and decried corruption and encouraged widow remarriages.<ref name="surya">Murthy (1992), p. 169; Kamath (2001), p. 281</ref> Suri Venkataramana Shastri's modern social play ''Iggappa Heggadeya Vivaha Prahasana'' ("Iggappa Heggade's farce of marriage", 1887) and Dhareswar's ''Kanya Vikraya'' (1887) carried a similar reformist outlook while Santa Kavi's ''Vatsalaharana'' (1885) drew upon mythological and folk themes.<ref name="farce"/>

==Developments up to the mid-20th century==
[[File:BugleRock DVG6.JPG|right |thumb |Statue of noted Kannada writer [[D. V. Gundappa]] at Bugle rock garden, Bangalore]]
In 1881, the British handed back administrative powers to the Wodeyar family. Up to 1947, when the kingdom acceded to the [[India|Union of India]], the incumbent Maharaja was assisted by a [[List of Diwans of Mysore|Diwan]] (Prime minister), the administrative chief of Mysore. These were times of positive social and economic change, the independence movement and modern nationalism, all of which influenced literature.<ref name="admin">Kamath (2001), pp. 254, 257–261, 284–286, 291–294</ref>

Kannada literature saw the blossoming of the Navodaya (''lit''. "New beginning") style of writings in genres such as lyrical poems, drama, novels and short stories, with the strong influence of English literature.<ref name="englit">Murthy (1992), pp. 170–173</ref> [[B. M. Srikantaiah]]'s ''English Geetagalu'' ("English songs", 1921) was the path-breaker in the genre of modern lyrical poetry.<ref name="lyricalpoem">Murthy (1992), pp. 170–171</ref> The earliest stalwarts in the field of modern historical drama and comedy were [[T. P. Kailasam]] and A.N. Swami Venkatadri Iyer (also called "Samsa"). Kailasam sought to critique social developments by producing plays that questioned the utility of the modern education system in ''Tollu Gatti'' (1918, "The Hollow and the Solid") and the dowry system in ''Tali Kattoke Cooline'' ("Wages for tying the [[Mangalsutra]]"). Samsa's ideal king, Narasaraja Wodeyar, is the protagonist of the play ''Vigada Vikramarya'' ("The Wicked Vikramarya", 1925).<ref name="wicked">Murthy (1992), p. 171</ref>

Initial development in the genre of historical novels, in the form of translations and original works, sought to re-kindle the nationalistic feelings of [[Kannadigas]]. Venkatachar (''Anandamatha'') and Galaganath were among the first to write such novels. Galaganath's ''Madhava Karuna Vilasa'' (1923) described the founding of the Vijayanagara empire, while his ''Kannadigara Karmakatha'' ("Kannadigas Fateful Tale") described the empire's decline.<ref name="karma">Murthy (1992), pp. 171–172</ref> In 1917, Alur Venkata Rao wrote the famous ''Karnataka Ghata Vaibhava'', a summary of earlier works by Fleet, Rice, Bhandarkar and Robert Sewell, appealing to the Kannadigas to remember their glorious past, their ancient traditions and culture, their great rulers, saints and poets.<ref name="alur">Kamath (2001), p. 281; Murthy (1992), p. 172</ref> Other well-known works were Kerur Vasudevachar's ''Yadu Maharaja'' describing the rise of the Wodeyar dynasty, and Vasudevaiah's ''Arya Kirti'' (1896).<ref name="kathe"/> The tradition of novels started by Gulvadi Venkata Rao (1899) reached maturity in 1915 with M.S. Puttanna's ''Madidunno Maharaya'' ("Sir, as you sow, so you reap"), a historical novel written in flowing prose and whose theme is set in the times of Maharaja Krishnaraja III. To Puttanna also goes the credit for writing the earliest modern biography, ''Kunigal Ramashastriya Charitre'' ("The story of Kunigal Ramashastri").<ref name="kathe"/> The genre of short story made its initial beginnings with [[Panje Mangesh Rao]], M.N. Kamath and Kerur Vasudevachar, but it was [[Masti Venkatesh Iyengar]] who stole the limelight with and set a trend for others to follow in his ''Kelavu Sanne Kathegalu'' ("A few short stories", 1920) and ''Sanna Kathegalu'' ("Short stories", 1924).<ref name="kathe">Murthy (1992), p. 172</ref>

The efforts of these early pioneers were to become a forerunner for the golden age in the decades to follow. A long list of noted poets and writers followed: [[D. R. Bendre]] (''Gari'', "The Wing", 1932) and [[Govinda Pai]] (''Gilivindu'', "Parrots", 1930), perhaps the most acclaimed writers of lyrical poems that synthesised the work of the English romantics with native traditions; [[K. Shivaram Karanth]], the noted novelist and author of ''Chomana Dudi'' ("Choma's Toil", 1933); [[Kuvempu]], one of Kannada's [[doyen]] poets who showed his brilliance in using the [[blank verse]] in his masterpiece epic and [[Masterpiece|magnum opus]], ''Sri Ramayana Darshanam'' (1949); [[V. K. Gokak]], a writer of drama, criticism, songs and epic (''Bharata Sindhu Rashmi'', 1940); [[D. V. Gundappa]], the philosopher-writer to whom is ascribed writings in just about every genre, though his most notable work is the ''[[Mankuthimmana Kagga]]'' ("Dull Thimma's Rigmarole", 1943), which closely compares with the wisdom poems of the late medieval poet Sarvajna.<ref name="manku">Sahitya Akademi (1988), p 1057</ref><ref name="others">Murthy (1992), pp. 173, 174, 178, 190</ref><ref name="style">Sahitya Akademi (1988), p. 1437</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

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{{Karnataka topics}}

[[Category:Kannada literature]]
[[Category:Literature of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Early modern literature|Kannada]]
[[Category:History of literature in India]]
[[Category:Cultural history of Karnataka]]

Bigg Boss (Malayalam TV series) season 1

2026-01-29T14:28:31Z

Cdpnkr: created some stub initial version

{{Short description|First season of the Malayalam reality TV series Bigg Boss}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox television season
| season_number = 1
| image = Bigg Boss Malayalam 1 Logo.jpg
| image_alt =
| bgcolour = #4B0082
| caption =
| module1 = {{Infobox reality competition season
| presenter = [[Mohanlal]]
| num_days = 98
| num_housemates = 18
| winner = [[Sabumon Abdusamad]]
| runner_up = [[Pearle Maaney]]
}}
| num_episodes = 99
| network = [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2018|06|24|df=yes}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2018|09|30|df=yes}}
| next_series = [[Bigg Boss (Malayalam TV series) season 2|Season 2]]
| episode_list = List of Bigg Boss (Malayalam TV series) episodes
}}
The first season of the [[Malayalam]]-language version of the Indian [[reality television]] series ''[[Bigg Boss (Malayalam TV series)|Bigg Boss]]'' was telecast on [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]] from 24 June 2018 to 30 September 2018, lasting 99 episodes. It was produced by [[Endemol Shine Group|Endemol Shine India]] and actor [[Mohanlal]] was the host of the show.<ref>{{cite news|title=Bigg Boss Malayalam: Mohanlal's show to begin from June 24.|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/bigg-boss-malayalam-mohanlal-show-to-begin-from-june-24-5201679/|date=2018-06-02|work=The Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Bigg Boss Malayalam: Mohanlal releases the motion poster.|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/bigg-boss-malayalam-mohanlal-releases-the-motion-poster/articleshow/64429593.cms|date=2018-06-02|work=ETimes}}</ref> The show follows a total of 18 contestants, who are isolated from the outside world for 98 days (or 14 weeks) in a custom built house. Each week, one or more of the housemates are evicted by a public vote.

For the first season, a splendid home was set up in [[Film City, Mumbai]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Bigg Boss Malayalam launch: Mohanlal was in his element|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/bigg-boss-malayalam-launch-mohanlal-5232638/|work=indianexpress}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Bigg Boss Malayalam: From placement of cameras to the key areas, here's a look at the house in detail|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/bigg-boss-malayalam-from-placement-of-cameras-to-the-key-areas-heres-a-look-at-the-house-in-detail/photostory/64746129.cms|access-date=2022-01-12|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> The winner was awarded a prize worth {{INRConvert|1|c}}. The show was aired on [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]] channel and is also available on [[Video on demand|VOD]] and [[Over-the-top media services|OTT]] platform [[Hotstar]].<ref>{{cite news|title='Bigg Boss' on Malayalam television|url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/bigg-boss-on-malayalam-television/article24229380.ece|work=thehindu}}</ref> Some new elements called 'Unseen', 'Spicy specials' and 'Bigg Boss Plus' was introduced by way of unseen and extra footage uploaded on [[Hotstar]]. Bigg Boss Plus was aired on Asianet Plus and shows part of the day that wasn't included in the episode, from 'wake-up call' to 'lights out'.

The show aired its grand finale on 30 September 2018, declaring [[Sabumon Abdusamad]] as the winner of the first season, while [[Pearle Maaney]] was the runner-up. The other finalists were Shiyas Kareem, [[Srinish Aravind]], and [[V. Suresh Thampanoor]] (in finishing order).<ref>{{cite news|title=Sabumon is the winner|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/bigg-boss-malayalam-grand-finale-live-updates-mohanlal-reveal-name-winner-today-781910|work=ibtimes.co.in}}</ref>

==Housemates status==

{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style=" text-align:center; line-height:30px; width:auto;"
! scope="col" |Housemate
! scope="col" |Day entered
! scope="col" |Day exited
! scope="col" |Status
|-
! scope="row" |Sabu
|Day 1
|Day 98
| {{Won|Winner}}
|-
! scope="row" |Pearle
|Day 1
|Day 98
| {{runner-up|1st runner-up}}
|-
! scope="row" |Shiyas
|Day 15
|Day 98
| style="background:#7FFFD4;"|{{nowrap|2nd runner-up}}
|-
! scope="row" |Srinish
|Day 1
|Day 98
| style="background:#DDA0DD;" |3rd runner-up
|-
! scope="row" |Suresh
|Day 1
|Day 98
| style="background:#FF69B4;" |4th runner-up
|-
! scope="row" |Aditi
|Day 1
|Day 95
|{{Eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
! scope="row" |Archana
|Day 1
|Day 91
| {{Eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
! scope="row" |Basheer
|Day 1
|Day 84
| {{Eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2" |Hima
|Day 1
|Day 21
|{{Eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
|Day 49
|Day 77
|{{Eliminated|Re-evicted}}
|-
! scope="row" |Anoop
|Day 1
|Day 70
|{{Eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
! scope="row" |Ranjini
|Day 1
| Day 63
| {{Eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
! scope="row" |Anjali
|Day 35
|Day 43
| {{Quit|Walked}}
|-
! scope="row" |Diya
|Day 1
|Day 42
|{{Eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
! scope="row" |Shweta
|Day 1
|Day 35
|{{Eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
! scope="row" |Deepan
|Day 1
|Day 28
|{{Eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
! scope="row" |Sreelakshmi
|Day 1
|Day 27
| {{Eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
! scope="row" |David
|Day 1
|Day 7
|{{Eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
! scope="row" |Manoj
|Day 1
|Day 4
|{{Quit|Walked}}
|-
|}

==Housemates==
The participants in the order of appearance and entrance in the house are:

===Original entrants===
* [[Shweta Menon]], Film Actress
* Deepan Murali, TV Actor
*Sreelakshmi Sreekumar, Film Actress
*[[Srinish Aravind]], TV Actor
*[[Hima Shankar]], Film Actress
*[[Aristo Suresh]], Singer, Film Actor
*Diya Sana, Social Activist
*[[Anoop Chandran]], Film Actor
*Aditi Rai, Film Actress
*Basheer Bashi, Internet Celebrity
*Manoj K. Verma, Businessman
*[[Pearle Maaney]], TV Host
*David John, Model
*[[Sabumon Abdusamad]], Film Actor
*[[Archana Suseelan]], TV Actress
*[[Ranjini Haridas]], TV Host

===Wildcard entrants===
*Shiyas Kareem, Model
*Anjali Ameer, Film Actress

== Guests ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! scope="col" style="background:#4B0082; color:white; width:3%;" | Week(s)
! scope="col" style="background:#4B0082; color:white; width:3%;" | Day(s)
! scope="col" style="background:#4B0082; color:white; width:25%;" | Guest(s)
! scope="col" style="background:#4B0082; color:white; width:15%;" class="unsortable" | Purpose of visit
|-
! scope="row" | 7
| Day 48
| [[Kamal Haasan]]
| align="left" | To promote their film ''[[Vishwaroopam II]]''.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/bigg-boss-malayalam-mohanlal-welcomes-kamal-haasan-to-the-house/articleshow/65354367.cms|title=Mohanlal welcomes Kamal Haasan to the house}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/kamal-haasan-bigg-boss-malayalam-mohanlal-5302032/|title=Kamal Haasan promotes Vishwaroopam 2 on Mohanlal's Bigg Boss Malayalam}}</ref>
|-
|-
! scope="row" | 8
| Day 52
| [[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]]
| align="left" | To be a part of the luxury budget task.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/bigg-boss-malayalam-actor-mukesh-to-be-the-guest-on-independence-day/articleshow/65400768.cms|title=Actor Mukesh to be the guest on Independence day}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 9
| Day 62
| [[Mohanlal]]
| align="left" | To celebrate [[Onam]] with the housemates.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/bigg-boss-malayalam-elimination-live-updates-who-among-5-housemates-will-be-evicted-this-weekend-778757|title=Bigg Boss asks Mohanlal to come to the confession room}}</ref>
|-
! scope="rowgroup" rowspan=3 | 14
| Day 97
| All evicted/walked housemates except Sreelakshmi Sreekumar and Swetha Menon 
| align="left" | To spend time with the finalists and wish them luck.
|-
| rowspan=2 | Day 98
| [[Stephen Devassy]]
| align="left" | To perform for the contestants.
|-
| [[Mohanlal]]
| align="left" | To invite the finalists to the stage and switch off the Bigg Boss House.
|}

==Weekly summary==
The main events in the house are summarized in the table below. A typical week begins with nominations, followed by the luxury budget task, punishment then a task for immunity or anything else, and then the eviction of a housemate on Sunday or Saturday. Evictions, tasks, and other notable events for a particular week are noted in order of sequence.
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 96%; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"
|-
! scope="rowgroup" rowspan="7" style="width: 6%;" | Week 1
! scope="row" |Entrances
|
* On Day 0, Aditi Rai, Anoop Chandran, Archana Suseelan, Aristo Suresh, Basheer Bashi, David John, Deepan Murali, Diya Sana, Hima Shankar, Manoj K Verma, Pearle Maaney, Ranjini Haridas, Sabumon Abdusamad, Shweta Menon, Sreelakshmi Sreekumar and Srinish Aravind entered the house.
|-
! scope"row" |Daily Tasks
| '''Manakkannu'''
* On Day 1, Each housemate were asked to give their first impression on their co-contestants about the one who doesn't deserve to be an alone participant of the show.
* Aditi was the one with most votes.

'''Aadya Pranayam'''
* On Day 2, Each housemate were asked to talk about their first love.

'''Ente Jeevitham'''
* On Day 3, The housemates were asked to talk about a situation whether it's good or bad which made a huge impact/difference in their life.

'''Musical Chair'''
* On Day 5, The housemates were given a musical chair task. A song is played and a balloon is passed to every contestant and when the song stops, whoever holding the balloon will need to take a note (a sub-task wrote) and make any other housemates to do it. The one who remains until the end will win the task.
* Hima won the task.
|-
! scope="row" |Captaincy Task
|
* On Day 1, The housemates were asked to elect the first house captain by voting a contestant based on their personal opinions. As Aditi was voted the highest on the previous task (Manakkannu), she cannot be a part of this task and hence can't be the house captain for the first week.
|-
! scope="row" |Result
|style="text-align:center; background:#9F6;"| '''Won - Shwetha'''
|-
! scope="row" |Nomination
|
* Bigg Boss announced the rules and each housemate were called in the confession room for the nomination. Each housemate had to nominate 2 people. Aditi, David, Diya, Hima and Srinish were nominated for the elimination.
* As the house caption, Shweta was given a special power to nominate a housemate except those who nominated by the normal nomination procedure. She chose Suresh to be nominated.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/news/2018/bigg-boss-malayalam-week-1-here-are-the-contestants-the-eviction-list/articlecontent-pf255611-274832.html|title=Bigg Boss Malayalam Week 1: Here Are The Contestants In The Eviction List!|work=filmibeat.com}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |Luxury Budget Task
|
* On Day 2, The contestants were given their first Luxury budget task in which the housemates were required to dance on a moving flapped wheel by the time when the given song is played for each contestant.
:'''Twenty-Twenty'''
* On day 3, The housemates were divided into two, as Mammootty fans and Mohanlal fans. They dressed up as the actors. They also had to dance to the songs of these actors.
|-
! scope="row" |Exits
|
'''Walked'''
* On Day 4, Manoj left the Bigg Boss house due to his poor health conditions.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/bigg-boss-malayalam-june-28-episode-unexpected-exit-by-manoj-varma-ranjinis-grudge-towards-sabu-773478|title=Bigg Boss Malayalam June 28 episode: An unexpected exit by Manoj Varma|work=ibtimes.co.in}}</ref>

'''Evicted'''
* On Day 7, David became the first housemate to evict from the house after facing the public vote.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/bigg-boss-malayalam-written-update-july-1-2018-david-john-gets-evicted/articleshow/64824199.cms|title=David John gets evicted|work=indiatimes.com}}</ref>
|-
! scope="rowgroup" rowspan=9 style="width: 6%;" | Week 2
! scope="row" |Captaincy Task
|
* On Day 5, Swetha was asked to choose two deserving candidates among the non-nominated housemates to be the part of next (Week 2) captaincy task. She chose Archana and Ranjini.

'''Dwandha Yudham'''
* The two candidates were given 13 number cards to distribute to the housemates according to the order of their popularity. Also, the contestants should remember about the order chosen by their opponents.
|-
! scope="row" |Result
|style="text-align:center; background:#9F6;"| '''Won - Ranjini'''
|-
! scope="row" |Nomination
|
* The house captain was asked to nominate 7 out of all the contestants to be in the nomination list in which the co-housemates could select two for this week's nomination. Captain chose Anoop, Hima, Deepan, Diya, Pearle, Srinish, Suresh.
* Anoop, Deepan, Hima, Pearle and Suresh were nominated for elimination.
|-
! scope="row" |Luxury Budget Task
|
* On Day 9, The housemates were required to make chains/bangles. Sabumon and Ranjini were essayed to be the owners and has money of total 1 lakh each which is needed to distribute to the other housemates on their demand to work with them. In the end, the one who has more money will be the winner and will be a candidate for the next (week 3) captaincy task.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/bigg-boss-malayalam-written-update-june-03-2018-ranjini-haridas-and-sabu-become-muthalalis/articleshow/64853399.cms|title=Ranjini Haridas and Sabu become muthalalis|work=indiatimes.com}}</ref>
* On Day 9, Bigg Boss ordered for 75 chains. The housemates failed to reach the target. On Day 10, the second day of the task, an order of 85 chains was given and the housemates again failed to reach the target number again.
* The housemates failed the task.
* Anoop had more money and hence became a candidate for the house captain.
* On Day 11, The owners (Ranjini and Sabu) were asked to choose one candidate from each of their team to stand as candidates for house captain. They chose Srinish and Shweta

'''Secret Task'''
* On Day 10, a secret task was given to Diya. She was required to make the housemates fail to complete the second order unless she will be directly nominated for the eviction. If successful, she will be a candidate for the house captain for the third week.
* Diya failed the secret task.

'''Luxury Goal'''
* On Day 11, a final chance to gain the luxury budget was given. Only those housemates who won the daily task (Rasakkoottu) could take part in this task. Different footballs will be set up with a luxury food name on it. The contestants need to shoot a perfect goal with eyes closed in order to obtain that particular luxury food.
* The housemates obtained three luxury food.
|-
! scope="row" |Task
|
'''Mookhabhinayam'''
* The housemates were asked to show off their acting skills through mime and were divided to two groups. Ranjini and Shweta were assigned as judges.
: '''Team A''': Anoop, Archana, Basheer, Deepan, Sreelakhsmi, Srinish
: '''Team B''': Aditi, Diya, Hima, Pearle, Sabumon, Suresh
|-
! scope="row" |Result
|style="text-align:center; background:#9F6;"| '''Won - Team B'''
|-
! scope="row" |Daily Task
|
'''Rasakkoottu'''
* On Day 11, The housemates divided into two groups and were asked to make a dessert with the items given within 15 minutes. The house captain will declare the winning team based on the taste of the foods made.
: '''Team Shweta''': Aditi, Anoop, Sabumon, Deepan, Sreelakhsmi, Suresh
: '''Team Archana''': Basheer, Diya, Hima, Pearle, Ranjini
|-
! scope="row" |Result
|style="text-align:center; background:#9F6;"| '''Won - Team Archana'''
|-
! scope="row" |Secret Task
|
* A secret task to fool Diya was given to Sabumon.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/bigg-boss-malayalam-written-update-july-06-2018-diya-sana-breaks-down-during-the-secret-task/articleshow/64893931.cms|title=Diya Sana breaks down during the secret task|work=indiatimes.com}}</ref>
* With the help of other housemates, he became successful in the task.
|-
! scope="rowgroup" rowspan=7 style="width: 6%;" | Week 3
! scope="row" |Captaincy Task
|
* The candidates (Anoop, Shweta and Srinish) will be connected in a rope with three hooks attached to each candidate. The one who stays with the rope without detaching the hook will be the house captain.
* Anoop unhooked himself and walked off from the task.
|-
! scope="row" |Result
|style="text-align:center; background:#9F6;"| '''Won - Srinish'''
|-
! scope="row" |Nomination
|
* Each housemate had to nominate 2 person. Anoop, Hima, Ranjini, and Sabumon were nominated. Later, the house captain saved Ranjini and replaced Sreelakshmi to be nominated with his special power.
|-
! scope="row" |Entrances
|
* On Day 15, Shiyas Kareem entered the house as a wild card contestant.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/lifestyle/fashion-and-beauty/080718/runway-on-fire.html|title=Runway on fire|work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |Daily Tasks
|
'''Sanga Nritham'''
* On Day 15, All the housemates were asked to dance on Bigg Boss's theme song.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/bigg-boss-malayalam-written-update-july-09-2018-shiyas-kareem-makes-a-wildcard-entry-into-the-house/articleshow/64928616.cms|title=Shiyas Kareem makes a wildcard entry into the house|work=indiatimes.com}}</ref>

'''Nyaaya Vidhi'''
* On Day 18, Housemates were given a card in which they were required to mention a complaint about a particular co-housemate. A court was made from where the housemates can speak their opinions. Anoop was assigned as the judge of the court. Punishments are given if one found to be wrong proving him/herself.
|-
! scope="row" |Weekly Task
|
* On Day 16, Ranjini was assigned as a serial killer whom needed to kill particular housemates secretively by the way and time Bigg Boss orders through a secret mobile phone. Shiyas was told to help Ranjini secretively in her missions.
* On Day 17, second day of the task, Sabu and Shweta were assigned the duty of police whom are needed to investigate the murders happening around the house. Later, Shweta was killed. Sabu identified that the murders were done by Shiyas and Ranjini by his tricky questions. He was given promotion by Bigg Boss as CID Sabu. Later, the housemates won the luxury budget task.
|-
! scope="row" |Exit
|
* On Day 21, Hima evicted from the show after facing the public vote.
|-
! scope="rowgroup" rowspan=7 style="width: 6%;" | Week 4
! scope="row" |Captaincy Task
|
* Housemates chose Basheer, Ranjini and Sabumon for captaincy. Each candidates has to sit inside a small box in which only their head can be seen out with knees bend. The one who stands appropriated for the longest time will be the House captain.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/bigg-boss-malayalam-written-update-july-13-2018-ranjini-is-the-new-captain-of-the-house/articleshow/64985651.cms|title=Ranjini is the new captain of the house|work=indiatimes.com}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |Result
|style="text-align:center; background:#9F6;"| '''Won - Ranjini'''
|-
! scope="row" |Nomination
|
* Housemates mutually decided Aditi, Deepan, Pearle, Sreelakshmi, Shiyas and Srinish to be in the nomination list. Later, each housemates chose two among these six housemates to be nominated. Finally, Aditi, Deepan, Sreelakshmi and Srinish got nominated for eviction.
|-
! scope="row" |Luxury Budget Task
|
* On Day 23, Housemates were required to bypass 7 tasks to win the luxury budget. The 7 tasks were, Chithram Vichithram (failed), Minnunnathellaam Ponnalla (won), Haylessah (failed), Bharghavi Nilayam (failed), Task 4 (won). On Day 24, second day of the task, two task were given, KKPP (won), Teeta Rappayi (won). On Day 25, third day of the task, the seventh and the final task to achieve luxury budget was given, Aadambhara Yathra (won).
* Housemates credited the luxury of 1625 rupees.
|-
! scope="row" |Daily Task
|
'''Sundari Neeyum Sundaran Njanum'''
* On Day 24, Housemates had to perform a comedy skit with a 'Pennu Kaanal' theme. Each housemates were given certain characters to play off their roles.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/bigg-boss-malayalam-written-update-july-18-2018-pennu-kaanal-task-serves-as-an-icebreaker/articleshow/65050824.cms|title='Pennu Kaanal' task serves as an icebreaker|work=indiatimes.com}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |Other Task
|
'''Vijaarana'''
* On Day 25, A court was made and Sabumon was assigned as its judge. Housemates had to mention their complaints.

'''Mounam Udaaryam'''
* On Day 26, A bowl with several food names written in paper slots was given to the housemates. They divided into two groups and required to read the slot and make it known to other housemates with actions or symbols only. If become successful, that particular food will be given to the housemates.
|-
! scope="row" |Exit
|
* On Day 27, Sreelakshmi evicted from the show after facing the public vote.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/bigg-boss-malayalam-elimination-surprise-sreelakshmi-evicted-house-saturday-775675|title=Bigg Boss Malayalam elimination surprise: Sreelakshmi evicted from the house|work=ibtimes.co.in}}</ref>
* On Day 28, Deepan evicted from the show after facing the public vote. This was the first time that two housemates were evicted from the show on the same week.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/bigg-boss-malayalam-written-update-july-22-2018-following-an-unexpected-twist-deepan-murali-gets-evicted/articleshow/65099444.cms|title=Following an unexpected twist Deepan Murali gets evicted|work=indiatimes.com}}</ref>
|-
! scope="rowgroup" rowspan=6 style="width: 6%;" | Week 5
! scope="row" |Captaincy Task
|
* On Day 26, Housemates chose Aditi, Archana and Pearle for captaincy. Candidates were required to fill their baskets with red-star punched balls within a minute among thousand balls. The one who fills the most balls will be the winner.
* At first, Aditi took 6, Archana and Pearle took 7 balls each. Hence, a second round conducted among Archana and Pearle from which Archana took 8 and Pearle took 9 balls.
|-
! scope="row" |Result
|style="text-align:center; background:#9F6;"| '''Won - Pearle'''
|-
! scope="row" |Luxury Budget Task
|
'''Amma Malayalam'''
* On Day 30, A school was made to teach the housemates the importance of Malayalam language. Anoop, Diya and Suresh were assigned as Malayalam teacher, Head of the Department and Music teacher respectively and else all housemates students.
* On Day 31, second day of the task, Housemates were asked to choose the best performer of the luxury budget task. They chose Anoop and became a candidate for captaincy.
|-
! scope="row" |Nomination
|
* Housemates were assembled in the activity area. They individually asked to paint the face and shared opinion about their nominations. Ranjini and Shweta were nominated for eviction with seven and ten votes respectively.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/news/2018/bigg-boss-malayalam-week-5-ranjini-haridas-shwetha-menoenter-the-eviction-list-275618.html|title=Ranjini Haridas & Shwetha Menon Enter The Eviction List!|work=filmibeat.com}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |Other Task
|
'''Thattukada'''
* Housemates had to cover a cookery show. Ranjini is the host of the show. Sabumon, Suresh and Basheer were assigned as the cook, the owner and the helper respectively and else all the viewers.
|-
! scope="row" |Exit
|
* On Day 35, Shweta evicted from the show after facing the public vote.
|-
! scope="rowgroup" rowspan=10 style="width: 6%;" | Week 6
! scope="row" |Captaincy Task
|
* On Day 32, Anoop and Sabumon were asked to choose two among all the housemates to be with them for the captaincy task. They chose Diya and Suresh. Only one among these two will be eligible for the captaincy task.

'''Panja Gusthi'''
* Diya and Suresh had to win an arm wrestling competition in order to be a candidate for captaincy. They were allowed to choose two among all the housemates to compete on behalf of them. Diya chose Shiyas and Suresh chose Srinish. Shiyas won the competition and hence Diya became the third candidate for the captaincy task.

'''Bicycle Race'''
* On Day 33, The three candidate that been elected had an activity to participate. The activity was to ride a bicycle, the winner will be the one who manages to ride for a longer duration. And for a twist, each bicycle had a picture of the candidates in front of them covered. Diya won the activity but the picture in front of the bicycle was of Sabumon, hence Sabumon won the competition.

'''Pakal vs Iruttu'''
* On Day 34, housemates voted against each contestant as who feel Raavu and Pakal, according to the vote Suresh selected as Pakal and Diya selected as Raavu. Suresh and Diya selected as captain of Pakal and Raavu accordingly and ask them to prepare their team to play the game ''Piramid''
|-
! scope="row" |Result
|style="text-align:center; background:#9F6;"| '''Won - Sabumon'''
|-
! scope="row" |Entrances
|
* On Day 35, Anjali Ameer entered the house as a wild card contestant.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/malayalam-bigg-boss-elimination-live-updates-ranjini-haridas-swetha-menon-who-will-be-evicted-776417|title=Anjali Ameer makes wildcard entry|work=ibtimes.co.in}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |Nomination
|
* Housemates divided into two groups and each had to nominate two among the opposite group. Archana, Diya and Pearle were nominated with normal voting procedures. As a house captain, Sabumon was given special power to nominate two other housemates. He chose Basheer and Srinish and were nominated for eviction.
|-
! scope="row" |Luxury Budget Task
|
'''Shaktiman'''
* On Day 37, Housemates had to wear a bag with some weights (dumbbells with 10 kg, total 86 kg) and had to stand wearing it till the last buzzer. Each weights contains several points for luxury. If one continues to stay with put-ons's for two buzzer simultaneously, he/she will be able to be a candidate for captaincy and will be credited a bonus of 200 points.
* Basheer continued for first the two rounds and became a candidate for captaincy. Later, Archana and Srinish completed third and fourth rounds.
|-
! scope="row" |Other Tasks
|
'''Bigg Boss Awards'''
* On Day 37, All the housemates were asked to dress up for the award night and Pearle was chosen as the host of the show. Sabumon won most awards.

'''Adimakkannu'''
* On Day 40, The nominees for eviction this week (Srinish, Pearle, Basheer, Archana and Diya) were asked to pick a slave each and were given full powers to make their slaves do anything for them.
|-
! scope="row" |Daily Task
|
'''Bogg Boss Brother's Kadha Prasangam'''
* On Day 38, Anoop and Suresh were ordered to plan a lyrical narration of a particular incident in the house.
|-
! scope="row" |Promotional Task
|
'''Fogg Sugandhangal'''
* On Day 38, The game was to identify the name of the deodorant by its fragrance. Housemates were divided into two groups and one from each group could smell the deodorant and narrate its fragrance through a poetic explanation.
: '''Team Pearle''': Aditi, Anjali, Diya, Ranjini, Suresh
: '''Team Sabumon''': Anoop, Archana, Basheer, Shiyas, Srinish
|-
! scope="row" |Result
|style="text-align:center; background:#9F6;"| '''Won - Team Pearle'''
|-
! scope="row" |Exit
|
* On Day 42, Diya Sana evicted from the house after facing the public vote.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/news/2018/bigg-boss-malayalam-episode-43-diya-sana-bids-adieu-the-house-276016.html|title=Diya Sana Bids Adieu To The House!|work=filmibeat.com}}</ref>
|-
! scope="rowgroup" rowspan=5 style="width: 6%;" | Week 7
! scope="row" |Captaincy Task
|
'''Bigg Boss Karannavar'''
* On Day 40, The housemates were ordered to vote for the one whom they think is deserving enough to be the 'Karanavar'.
* Everyone delivered good speeches and Archana was voted as the new 'Karanavar' of the house.
|-
! scope="row" |Nomination
|
* Bigg Boss announced the nomination process and invited two people to the confession room and. The housemates had to mutually decide the one between them to be nominated for eviction.
* Anoop, Pearle, Sabumon and Suresh were nominated for eviction.
* Since Aditi and Anjali could not end up in a decision, Archana as a house captain was given a special power to nominate one among them. She chose Aditi to be nominated.
|-
! scope="row" |Luxury Budget Task
|
'''Chakravyuham'''
* On Day 44, In the puzzle round, housemates were asked to find the hidden luxury point in the paint buckets placed in the game zone. Each player had to keep in mind the direction to the treasure given by Bigg Boss and play accordingly. Basheer was chosen as the secret messenger by Bigg Boss and he was given the task to spoil the housemates’ luxury task.
* Anjali Ameer was taken to the hospital after becoming ill.
|-
! scope="row" |Daily Task
|
'''Kadhayile Thaaram'''
* On Day 44, Each housemate was asked to tell a story with the given plot. Everyone displayed their creativity and Ranjini was chosen as the winner of the task.

'''Ennile Njan'''
* On Day 46, the housemates were asked to choose a color with a hidden topic and talk on it.
|-
! scope="row" |Exit
|
'''Walked'''
* On Day 45, Anjali Ameer left the show due to her poor health conditions.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/bigg-boss-malayalam-august-8-episode-update-anjali-says-adios-house-777320|title=Anjali says adios to the house|work=ibtimes.co.in}}</ref>
|-
! scope="rowgroup" rowspan=7 style="width: 6%;" | Week 8
! scope="row" |Captaincy Task
|
* On Day 46, Bigg Boss announced to select the captain nominees for the week eight and housemates selected Anoop, Shiyas, and Aditi for the captaincy task.
* On Day 47, The candidates were asked to take part in this task. The primary task is to eat 12 pieces of Puttu (A Kerala dish made up of rice flour) and 12 bananas in a fixed time.
|-
! scope="row" |Result
|style="text-align:center; background:#9F6;"| '''Won - Shiyas'''
|-
! scope="row" |Entrances
|
* On Day 49, ex-contestant Hima Shankar enters the house as wildcard.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/bigg-boss-malayalam-written-update-august-12-2018-hima-shankar-makes-a-re-entry/articleshow/65383653.cms|title=Hima Shankar makes a re-entry|work=indiatimes.com}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |Nomination
|
* On Day 50, housemates were asked to nominate two contestants for eviction. Pearle, Ranjini, Srinish and Suresh were nominated and later captain was given special power to nominate one among the non-nominated housemates. Shiyas nominated Archana for the eviction.
|-
! scope="row" |Luxury Budget Task
|
'''Bigg Boss Bahirakasha Kendram'''
* On Day 52, Bigg Boss house was turned into a space research center and all the housemates were researchers who should protect the dead body of 'Uthaman' from aliens. Everyone dressed up as scientists and started enacting their respective roles. Bigg Boss gave Ranjini and Sabu the secret task of dismantling the body parts of the dead body and presenting it to him.
|-
! scope="row" |Other Task
|
* On Day 53, housemates were given saplings which had names of each of them. The task is to take care of the plant until they move out of the house.

'''Manichithrathazhu'''
* On Day 55, all the housemates were supposed to take the key of the lock in their hand after cheating Shiyas who stands in front of the pole where the keys are kept.
|-
! scope="row" |Daily Task
|
'''Navarasangal'''
* On Day 54, Bigg Boss ordered Aditi to arrange for an acting training for the housemates. Anoop and Aditi taught Navarasas to the housemates in the garden area after some acting exercises.
* Later, the task was a mock actor hunt for an upcoming movie. Ranjini and Sabu were chosen as the producer and director respectively. They gave roles to each housemates.
|-
! scope="rowgroup" rowspan=5 style="width: 6%;" | Week 9
! scope="row" |Captaincy Task
|
* Bigg Boss asked the housemates to select three people for the captaincy task. While Shiyas, the current captain, nominated Archana, others nominated Anoop and Aditi.

'''Adithettiyal'''
* On Day 53, the task was to balance oneself in a speed board. Three housemates were ordered to walk together in the same speed board and the one who survives without falling from the board would be declared the winner.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/bigg-boss-malayalam-written-update-august-16-2018-anoop-chandran-becomes-the-new-karanavar/articleshow/65435990.cms|title=Anoop Chandran becomes the new 'Karanavar'|work=indiatimes.com}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |Result
|style="text-align:center; background:#9F6;"| '''Won - Anoop'''
|-
! scope="row" |Nomination
|
* On Day 56, host Mohanlal said that there is no eviction (week 8) as most of the viewers couldn't vote because of the floods in Kerala. He also said that all the 5 contestants (Archana, Pearle, Ranjini, Srinish and Suresh) continue to be in the eviction phase and the decision will be made next week (week 9). And hence, weekly nomination procedures were not conducted this time.
|-
! scope="row" |Luxury Budget Task
|
'''Padayottam'''
* On Day 58, the housemates were asked to form two groups and win the rounds to get access to different areas in the house.
: '''Team Blue''': Basheer, Hima, Sabumon, Shiyas, Srinish
: '''Team Yellow''': Aditi, Archana, Pearle, Ranjini, Suresh

:'''Task 1'''
:* The first task to win the bathroom area was to bath with the given soap and the one who finishes it first becomes the winner. Sabu won the task for blue team defeating Ranjini.

:'''Task 2'''
:* The second task to win the dining area and kitchen area was to clean the given plates. Out of the 30 give plates, Basheer cleaned the most and won the task for the blue team.

:'''Task 3'''
:* The third task was a lock and key combination competition to win the bedroom area. The bedroom was locked with 5 locks and the keys were hidden in the pool. The task was to find the correct key and open the maximum number of locks. Suresh and the team yellow group won the competition.
|-
! scope="row" |Exit
|
* On Day 63, Ranjini Haridas evicted from the house after facing the public vote.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/news/2018/bigg-boss-malayalam-week-9-eviction-ranjini-haridas-bids-goodbye-to-the-house-276711.html|title=Ranjini Haridas Bids A Goodbye To The House!|work=filmibeat.com}}</ref>
|-
! scope="rowgroup" rowspan=7 style="width: 6%;" | Week 10
! scope="row" |Captaincy Task
|
* On Day 60, housemates were asked to select the nominees for the captaincy task and they chose Basheer - Aditi - Hima for the task.

'''Malsara Changala'''
* The three contenders were supposed to escape from the human chain created by the other housemates.
|-
! scope="row" |Result
|style="text-align:center; background:#9F6;"| '''Won - Basheer'''
|-
! scope="row" |Nomination
|
* On Day 64, Bigg Boss announced the nomination process and all the contestants were asked to burn the photographs of two housemates they wish to nominate. Anoop, Hima, and Shiyas received the most votes for the nomination. Sabu used his special power and saved Hima. The captain nominated Pearle and hence Anoop, Pearle and Shiyas were nominated for the eviction.
|-
! scope="row" |Luxury Budget Task
|
'''Azhukkine Aliyichu Kalayuka'''
* On Day 65, The task was to wash and iron the clothes given to them. The clothes would reach them through the slide kept in the garden area. Housemates were divided into two groups. Pearle and Aditi were the assigned as inspectors, who would oversee the task. The team, which cleans the more clothes, will win the task.
|-
! scope="row" |Secret Task
|
* Sabu was called to the confession room and was given a secret task. The secret task was to isolate Shiyas in the house. All the housemates were supposed to act as if Shiyas doesn't exist.
|-
! scope="row" |Daily Tasks
|
:'''Puthiya Mugham'''
* On Day 66, Housemates were asked to select one man and one woman for a makeover. Housemates chose Hima and Shiyas for the makeover. Hima chose to transform to a traditional look and Shiyas was dressed up as a woman.

'''Mokshanam Veekshanam'''
* On Day 67, In the task, the housemates were given 10 balls each and asked to protect it. The housemates could snatch the balls from other boxes and the one, who has the maximum number of balls in their box will be the winner.
* Basheer collected the maximum number of balls and became the winner.

'''Kanamarayathu'''
* On Day 68, two housemates were asked to form a team and prepare a dish with the given ingredients and instructions. The judges of the contest were Pearle, Anoop, and Shiyas, the contestants nominated for eviction.
|-
! scope="row" |Exit
|
* On Day 70, Anoop Chandran evicted from the house after facing the public vote.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/bigg-boss-malayalam-anoop-chandran-evicted-mohanlal-5337032/|title=Anoop Chandran gets evicted, Pearle Maaney and Shiyas safe|work=indianexpress.com}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan=7 style="width: 6%;" | Week 11
! scope="row" |Captaincy Task
|
'''Kabaddi Kabaddi'''
* On Day 67, Archana, Hima and Srinish were the chosen housemates for the captaincy task. the contenders were supposed to defeat the other team and with the Kabadi game.
|-
! scope="row" |Result
|style="text-align:center; background:#9F6;"| '''Won - Srinish'''
|-
! scope="row" |Nomination
|
* On Day 71, Bigg Boss announced the nomination task for the week. In the task, housemates had a balloon tied up to their feet and each should safeguard it from others. Housemates, who fail to save the balloon, will be nominated for eviction. Aditi, Archana, Hima and Shiyas were nominated for the eviction.
|-
! scope="row" |Luxury Budget Task
|
* On Day 72, Bigg Boss announced the luxury budget task of the week. The task was to complete each game and earn the points.

'''Task 1: Moonnaamura'''
* The task was to sit in a bathtub full of ice cubes for a given time.

'''Task 2: Cheliyile Maanikyam'''
* The task was to collect 50 coins in the pool of sludge within a given time.

'''Task 3: Karakkum Kanakku'''
* The task was to calculate the whole of given numbers showing on a LED television while circulating on merry-go round.

'''Task 4: Thengakola'''
* The task was to peel the given coconut within a given time.

'''Task 5: Thattilkutti Dosa'''
* On Day 73, second day of the task, the fifth task was to make dosa with the given batter and eat the same within a certain time.
|-
! scope="row" |Daily Task
|
'''Kadha Thudarum'''
* On Day 72, In the task, housemates were asked to complete a story with the chosen words by each one.
|-
! scope="row" |Sponsored Task
|
'''Maxo Bowling'''
* On Day 74, Bigg Boss announced a special task for the team. Through the bowling task, housemates gave awareness about the various diseases spread by mosquitoes. After a tiebreaker, Team B led by Archana won the game.
: '''Team A''': Aditi, Hima, Pearle, Sabumon
: '''Team B''': Archana, Basheer, Shiyas, Suresh

'''Nerolac Vallam Kali'''
* On Day 75, In the task, two teams were asked to paint the boat with the given paints. The red team won the game.
: '''Team Blue''': Aditi, Basheer, Shiyas, Suresh
: '''Team Red''': Archana, Hima, Pearle, Sabumon
|-
! scope="row" |Exit
|
* On Day 77, Hima Shankar re-evicted from the house after facing the public vote.<ref>[https://www.ibtimes.co.in/bigg-boss-malayalam-elimination-live-update-mohanlal-announce-name-evicted-housemate-today-780045 Bigg Boss Malayalam elimination live update: Hima Shankar evicted from Mohanlal-host TV show]</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/bigg-boss-malayalam-written-update-september-09-2018-hima-shankar-gets-evicted-following-an-unexpected-twist/articleshow/65751224.cms|title=Hima Shankar gets evicted following an unexpected twist}}</ref>
|-
! scope="rowgroup" rowspan=6 style="width: 6%;" | Week 12
! scope="row" |Captaincy Task
|
* On Day 75, Bigg Boss announced to select the nominees for captaincy task. Housemates selected Shiyas, Suresh, Aditi, and Hima for the task.

'''Koottu Kettal'''
* The four contenders were tied to a common point in the middle of a pool of mud. The pool was full of yellow balls which the players should take and put in their respective buckets.
|-
! scope="row" |Result
|style="text-align:center; background:#9F6;"| '''Won - Aditi'''
|-
! scope="row" |Nomination
|
* On Day 78, Bigg Boss announced the nomination process. The housemates were asked to pierce knife into the heart shape over the photos of two contestants, whom they think doesn't deserve to be in the finale. Archana, Pearle, Sabumon and Srinsh were voted the most. Later, as the captain Aditi was given her special power to nominate any housemates directly. She nominated Basheer and Suresh. Hence Archana, Basheer, Pearle, Sabumon, Srinsh and Suresh are nominated for the eviction.
|-
! scope="row" |Luxury Budget Task
|
'''Naatturajavu'''
* On Day 79, In the task, one housemate will be selected as the Yuvaraja of the house and others are supposed to obey what the King says. Shiyas, who was in safe zone during the nomination, was selected as the Yuvaraja. later, Bigg Boss announced that Aditi is the new Yuvarani.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/bigg-boss-malayalam-written-update-september-11-2018-shiyas-kareem-becomes-the-yuvaraja-of-the-house/articleshow/65779889.cms|title=Shiyas Kareem becomes the Yuvaraja of the house|work=indiatimes.com}}</ref>
* On Day 80, second day of the task, Luxury budget task continued and Suresh was sworn in as the new king. In the evening, Bigg Boss announced that hence Suresh was not successful as a King, he was advised to give the power to someone else. Suresh gave the golden key to Basheer and he ruled the house till the night.
|-
! scope="row" |Daily Task
|
'''Olichukali'''
* On Day 81, In the task, a team had to hide in the given cardboard boxes and the opponent team had to guess who is in which box.
|-
! scope="row" |Exit
|
* On Day 84, Basheer Bashi evicted from the house after facing the public vote.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/bigg-boss-malayalam-elimination-live-updates-basheer-bashi-evicted-mohanlal-hosted-show-780658|title=Basheer evicted from Mohanlal-hosted show|work=ibtimes.co.in}}</ref>
|-
! scope="rowgroup" rowspan=5 style="width: 6%;" | Week 13
! scope="row" |Nomination
|
* On Day 85, Bigg Boss announced the housemates to nominate two contestants for the elimination. Each housemate went to the confession room and the nominated two substantiating their decision for nominating others. Sabu and Archana were nominated for the eviction. With the special power of the captain, Suresh nominated Shiyas and Pearle.
|-
! scope="row" |Daily Task
|
'''Elluriraja'''
* On Day 86, Bigg Boss announced the daily task. In the task, the housemates were divided into two groups and they had to snatch the bone kept in the middle of the activity area.

'''Paadaam Namukku Paadaam'''
* On Day 87, In the dumb charades task, housemates tried guessing the popular Malayalam songs through the acts done by the other participants.

'''Ningalaanu Thaaram'''
* On Day 88, The task was to stage an interview session and Shiyas- Srinish duo was the interviewers for 'Srinish and Shiyas show'. The duo approached each contestant and questioned about their life in the Bigg Boss House.

'''Aaranayal'''
* On Day 88, In the task, housemates were asked to take one prop and act with it.

'''Veshappakarcha'''
* On Day 89, In the task, each housemate was given one character and a prop with which they had to enact the given role.

'''Unnathangalil'''
* On Day 90, Bigg Boss announced the task. In the task, both the teams were asked to arrange the given nuts with chopsticks.
* The girls' team won this Boys vs. Girls task.
|-
! scope="row" |Luxury Budget Task
|
'''Thapobalam'''
* On Day 87, Bigg Boss announced the luxury budget task of the week, In the task, a team should bear all the tortures done by the opponent team. The moment they get up from the bench, they will be out of the game.

'''Kudathile Maanikyam'''
* On Day 89, Bigg Boss announced the luxury task. One housemate was asked to hit the pots arranged in the garden area and win the luxury items in it.
|-
! scope="row" |Sponsored Task
|
'''T-Shine Brahmanda Chithram'''
* On Day 88, The task was to enact a play with the given plot, ''T-Shine Sperhero''.
|-
! scope="row" |Exit
|
* On Day 91, Archana Suseelan evicted from the house after facing the public vote.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/archana-suseelan-is-out-as-bigg-boss-enters-the-final-week-news-malayalam-sjyldhfbeihed.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180924130150/http://www.sify.com/movies/archana-suseelan-is-out-as-bigg-boss-enters-the-final-week-news-malayalam-sjyldhfbeihed.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 September 2018|title=Archana Suseelan is out, as Bigg Boss enters the final week|work=sify.com}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan=12 style="width: 6%;" | Week 14
! scope="row" |Finalists
|
During the final week, the public vote for who should win Bigg Boss. The finalists for the title were as follows:

:<s>Aditi Rai</s>
: [[Pearle Maaney]]
: [[Sabumon Abdusamad]]
: Shiyas Kareem
: [[Srinish Aravind]]
: [[Aristo Suresh]]
|-
! scope="row" |Luxury Budget Task
|
'''Aadaam Paadaam'''
* On Day 93, In the task, the housemates were given a character and they should dance whenever the given song is played. Housemates were given special costumes for their respective characters.
|-
! scope="row" |Daily Task
|
'''Madhurikkum Ormakal'''
* On Day 93, In the task, housemates were asked to imagine meeting one of the contestants after the show and narrate the scene.

'''Kalippaavakal'''
* On Day 94, In the Freeze - Reverse task, housemates were asked to follow the orders of Bigg Boss and act accordingly. The task went quite funny as the housemates started playing pranks with the contestant, who was in the 'Freeze' mode. Bigg Boss also implemented many twists in the 'Freeze and Reverse' game in most unexpected ways. Later, Bigg Boss announced that the remote of the task is hidden in the garden area and anyone, who finds it, can order other housemates.

'''Bigg Boss Naatturajyam'''
* On Day 95, Pearle was chosen as the first queen of the house. She was given a crown and anyone, who could snatch it from her can take over the kingdom. The queen also had the power to punish the housemates, who don't obey her.
|-
! scope="row" |Other Tasks
|
'''Veeranmare Munnott'''
* On Day 94, In the task, the Adholokam heads (Sabu and Suresh) were asked to recruit capable members as the teammates.

'''Aparan'''
* On Day 95, In the task, housemates were asked to enact a given situation The situation was, the housemates have returned home and learn that an imposter pretending to be them is already there. Housemates were asked to enact how they will convince their family members.
|-
! scope="row" |Exit(s)
|
* On Day 95, Bigg Boss ordered everyone to assemble in the garden area announced that there will be a mid-week elimination. Aditi Rai evicted from the house for receiving the fewest votes to win Bigg Boss.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/bigg-boss-malayalam-unexpected-eviction-shocks-housemates-781708|title=Unexpected eviction shocks housemates|work=ibtimes.co.in}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" style="background:#73FB76;"| Winner
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Sabumon Abdusamad]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/bigg-boss-malayalam-finale-live-updates-who-will-win-the-title/liveblog/66017186.cms|title=Sabumon Abdusamad wins the title|work=indiatimes.com}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" style="background:#D1E8EF;"| Runner-up
| style="text-align:center;" | [[Pearle Maaney]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/bigg-boss-malayalam-i-am-very-happy-for-sabuchettan-pearle-maaney/articleshow/66025666.cms|title=I am very happy for Sabuchettan: Pearle Maaney|work=indiatimes.com}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" style="background:#FBF373;"| Third Place
| style="text-align:center;" |Shiyas Kareem
|-
! scope="row" style="background:#FBF373;"| {{nowrap| '''Fourth Place''' }}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[Srinish Aravind]]
|-
! scope="row" style="background:#FBF373; text-align:center;"| {{nowrap| '''Fifth Place''' }}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[V. Suresh Thampanoor|Aristo Suresh]]
|}

==Nominations table==

<blockquote style="padding: 0em; overflow:auto;">
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; font-size:85%; line-height:15px;"
|-
! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width: 6%;" |
! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width: 6%;" | Week 1
! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width: 6%;" | {{nowrap|Week 2}}
! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width: 6%;" | Week 3
! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width: 6%;" | Week 4
! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width: 6%;" | Week 5
! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width: 6%;" | Week 6
! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width: 6%;" | Week 7
! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width: 6%;" | Week 8
! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width: 6%;" | Week 9
! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width: 6%;" | Week 10
! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width: 6%;" | Week 11
! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width: 6%;" | Week 12
! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width: 6%;" | Week 13
! scope="colgroup" colspan="3" style="width: 10%;" | Week 14
|-
! scope="col" | {{nowrap|Day 95}}
! scope="colgroup" colspan="2" |Final
|- style="background:#C2DFFF;"
! scope="row" style="background:#C2DFFF;"| Nominees for House Captaincy
| All Housemates
| Archana Rajini
| Anoop Shwetha Srinish
| Basheer Rajini Sabumon
| Aditi Archana Pearle
| Anoop Diya Sabumon Suresh
| All Housemates
| Aditi Anoop Shiyas
| Aditi Anoop Archana
| Aditi Basheer Hima
| Archana Hima Srinish
| Aditi Hima Shiyas Suresh
| All Housemates
| colspan="3" style="background:#ccc;"|''No Nominees''
|- style="background:#cfc;"
! scope="row" style="background:#cfc;"|House Captain
| Shweta
| Ranjini
| Srinish
| Ranjini
| Pearle
| Sabumon
| Archana
| Shiyas
| Anoop
| Basheer
| Srinish
| Aditi
| Suresh
| style="background:#ccc;" colspan="3" rowspan=2 | ''No Captain''
|-
! scope="row" | Captain's Nomination
| Suresh
| style="background:#ccc;"| ''None''
| Ranjini (to save) Sreelakshmi (to evict)
| Aditi Srinish
| Ranjini Shweta
| Basheer Srinish
| Aditi
| Archana
| style="background:#ccc;"| ''None''
| Pearle
| style="background:#ccc;"| ''None''
| Basheer Suresh
| Pearle Shiyas
|- style="border-top:5px solid"
! scope="row" | Vote to:
! colspan="6" | Evict
! colspan="1" | Save/Evict
! colspan="1" | Evict
! colspan="1" | None
! colspan="1" | Evict
! colspan="1" | None
! colspan="2" | Evict
! colspan="3" | W I N
|- style="border-top:5px solid"

! scope="row" | Sabumon
| Archana Basheer
| Hima Pearle
| Hima Ranjini
| Deepan Srinish
| Ranjini Shweta
| style="background:#cfc;"| ''House Captain''
| Himself (to evict)
| Pearle Suresh
| style="background:#ccc" | ''No Nominations''
| Hima (to save)
| style="background:#ccc" | ''No Nominations''
| Pearle Srinish
| Aditi Shiyas
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''No Nominations''
| colspan="2" style="background:#73FB76;"| '''Winner''' (Day 98)
|-
! scope="row" | Pearle
| Hima Manoj
| Srinish Suresh
| Deepan Hima
| Aditi Deepan
| style="background:#cfc;"| ''House Captain''
| Archana Ranjini
| Herself (to evict)
| Ranjini Sabumon
| style="background:#ccc" | ''No Nominations''
| Anoop Sabumon
| style="background:#ccc" | ''No Nominations''
| Archana Sabumon
| Archana Sabumon
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''No Nominations''
| colspan="2" style="background:#D1E8EF; text-align:center;" | '''1st Runner-up''' {{nowrap|(Day 98)}}
|-
! scope="row" | Shiyas
| style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''{{nowrap|Not In House}}''
| style="background:#E5E5E5;" |{{nowrap|Entered (Day 15)}}
| style="background:#FBF373;"|''Exempt''
| Deepan Pearle
| Ranjini Shweta
| Archana Diya
| Himself (to save)
| style="background:#cfc;"| ''House Captain''
| style="background:#ccc" | ''No Nominations''
| Anoop Sabumon
| style="background:#ccc" | ''No Nominations''
| Archana Sabumon
| Archana Sabumon
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''No Nominations''
| colspan="2" style="background:#7FFFD4; text-align:center;" |'''2nd Runner-up''' {{nowrap|(Day 98)}}
|-
! scope="row" | Srinish
| Aditi Anoop
| Pearle Suresh
| style="background:#cfc;"| ''House Captain''
| Aditi Sreelakshmi
| Ranjini Sweetha
| Archana Diya
| Himself (to save)
| Anoop Ranjini
| style="background:#ccc" | ''No Nominations''
| Anoop Hima
| style="background:#cfc;"| ''House Captain''
| Archana Sabumon
| Archana Sabumon
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''No Nominations''
| colspan="2" style="background:#DDA0DD; text-align:center;" |'''3rd Runner-up''' {{nowrap|(Day 98)}}
|-
! scope="row" | Suresh
| Aditi Hima
| Deepan Hima
| Basheer Ranjini
| Deepan Sreelakshmi
| Ranjini Shweta
| Archana Diya
| Himself (to evict)
| Basheer Ranjini
| style="background:#ccc" | ''No Nominations''
| Hima Shiyas
| style="background:#ccc" | ''No Nominations''
| Archana Sabumon
| style="background:#cfc;"| ''House Captain''
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''No Nominations''
| colspan="2" style="background:#FF69B4;" |'''4th Runner-up''' {{nowrap|(Day 98)}}
|-
! scope="row" | Aditi
| Diya David
| Deepan Pearle
| Anoop Pearle
| Pearle Srinish
| Sabumon Shweta
| Archana Diya
| style="background:#ccc" | ''No Nominations''
| Pearle Srinish
| style="background:#ccc" | ''No Nominations''
| Anoop Pearle
| style="background:#ccc" | ''No Nominations''
| style="background:#cfc;"| ''House Captain''
| Pearle Srinish
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''No Nominations''
| colspan="2" style=background:salmon |''Evicted'' (Day 95)
|-
! scope="row" | Archana
| Aditi David
| Anoop Pearle
| Aditi Sreelakshmi
| Shiyas Sreelakshmi
| Shiyas Shweta
| Anoop Shiyas
| style="background:#cfc;"| ''House Captain''
| Srinish Suresh
| style="background:#ccc" | ''No Nominations''
| style="background:#FBF373;"| Hima Shiyas
| style="background:#ccc" | ''No Nominations''
| Pearle Srinish
| Srinish Suresh
| colspan="3" style=background:salmon | ''Evicted'' (Day 91)
|-
! scope="row" | Basheer
| Aditi Srinish
| Deepan Diya
| Ranjini Shweta
| Aditi Sreelakshmi
| Ranjini Shweta
| Archana Diya
| Himself (to save)
| Archana Ranjini
| style="background:#ccc" | ''No Nominations''
| style="background:#cfc;"| ''House Captain''
| style="background:#ccc" | ''No Nominations''
| Pearle Srinish
| style=background:salmon colspan="4"|''Evicted'' (Day 84)
|-
! scope="row" | Hima
| Aditi Srinish
| Anoop Pearle
| Ranjini Sabumon
| style="background:salmon;" colspan="4"|''Evicted'' (Day 21)
| style="background:#FBF373;"| Srinish Suresh
| style="background:#ccc" | ''No Nominations''
| Anoop Suresh
| style="background:#ccc" | ''No Nominations''
| style=background:salmon colspan="5"|''Re-evicted'' (Day 77)
|-
! scope="row" | Anoop
| Aditi Srinish
| Deepan Hima
| Hima Ranjini
| Sreelakshmi Srinish
| Ranjini Shweta
| Archana Diya
| Himself (to evict)
| Pearle Srinish
| style="background:#cfc;"| ''House Captain''
| Hima Shiyas
| style=background:salmon colspan="6"|''Evicted'' (Day 70)
|-
! scope="row" | Ranjini
| David Srinish
| style="background:#cfc;"| ''House Captain''
| Anoop Sabumon
| style="background:#cfc;"| ''House Captain''
| Basheer Suresh
| Basheer Pearle
| Herself (to save)
| Pearle Suresh
| style="background:#ccc" | ''No Nominations''
| style=background:salmon colspan="7"|''Evicted'' (Day 63)
|-
! scope="row" | Anjali
| colspan="4" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''Not In House''
| style="background:#E5E5E5;" |{{nowrap|Entered (Day 35)}}
| style="background:#FBF373;"|Pearle Suresh
| style="background:#fcf" colspan="10"|''Walked'' (Day 43)
|-
! scope="row" | Diya
| Aditi David
| Pearle Suresh
| Ranjini Sreelakshmi
| Aditi Shiyas
| Ranjini Shweta
| Basheer Pearle
| style=background:salmon colspan="13"|''Evicted'' (Day 42)
|-
! scope="row" | Shweta
| style="background:#cfc;"| ''House Captain''
| Hima Suresh
| Anoop Basheer
| Deepan Srinish
| Anoop Suresh
| style=background:salmon colspan="14"|''Evicted'' (Day 35)
|-
! scope="row" | Sreelakshmi
| David Diya
| Anoop Hima
| Archana Sabumon
| Deepan Srinish
| style=background:salmon colspan="15"|''Evicted'' (Day 28)
|-
! scope="row" | Deepan
| Aditi Basheer
| Anoop Suresh
| Ranjini Shweta
| Pearle Shiyas
| style=background:salmon colspan="15"|''Evicted'' (Day 28)
|-
! scope="row" | David
| Aditi Archana
| style=background:salmon colspan="17"|''Evicted'' (Day 7)
|-
! scope="row" | Manoj
| Diya Hima
| style="background:#fcf" colspan="17"|''Walked'' (Day 4)
|- style="border-top:5px solid" 
! Notes
| ''[[#endnote 1|1]]''
| ''[[#endnote 2|2]]'', ''[[#endnote 3|3]]''
| ''[[#endnote 4|4]]''
| ''[[#endnote 5|5]]'', ''[[#endnote 6|6]]''
| ''[[#endnote 7|7]]''
| ''[[#endnote 8|8]]'', ''[[#endnote 9|9]]''
| ''[[#endnote 10|10]]'', ''[[#endnote 11|11]]'', ''[[#endnote 12|12]]'', ''[[#endnote 13|13]]'', ''[[#endnote 14|14]]''
| ''[[#endnote 15|15]], [[#endnote 16|16]]''
| ''[[#endnote 16|16]]''
| ''[[#endnote 17|17]], [[#endnote 18|18]]''
| ''[[#endnote 19|19]]''
| ''[[#endnote 20|20]]''
| ''[[#endnote 21|21]]''
| ''[[#endnote 22|22]]''
| colspan="2" style="background:#ccc;"| ''None''
|-
|-style="background:#B2FFFF"
! scope="row" | Against Public Vote
| Aditi David Diya Hima Srinish Suresh
| Anoop Deepan Hima Pearle Suresh
| Anoop Hima Sabumon Sreelakshmi
| Aditi Deepan Sreelakshmi Srinish
| Ranjini Shweta
| <s>Archana</s> Basheer Diya Pearle Srinish
| Aditi Anoop Pearle Sabu Suresh
| colspan="2" | Archana Pearle Ranjini Srinish Suresh
| Anoop Pearle Shiyas
| Aditi Archana Hima Shiyas
| Archana Basheer Pearle Sabumon Srinish Suresh
| Archana Pearle Sabumon Shiyas
| Aditi Pearle Sabumon Shiyas Srinish Suresh
| colspan="2" | Pearle Sabumon Shiyas Srinish Suresh
|-
! scope="row" | Walked
| style="background:#fcf"|'''Manoj'''
| colspan="5" style="background:#ccc;" | ''none''
| style="background:#fcf"|'''Anjali'''
| colspan="9" style="background:#ccc;" | ''none''
|-
! scope="row" | Re-entry
| colspan="7" style="background:#ccc;" | ''none''
| style="background:violet;" |'''Hima'''
| colspan="8" style="background:#ccc;" | ''none''
|-
! scope="rowgroup" rowspan="3" | Evicted
| rowspan="3" style="background:salmon;" |'''David'''
| rowspan="3" style="background:#ccc;" |''No Eviction''
| rowspan="3" style="background:salmon;" |'''Hima'''
| style="background:salmon;" |'''Sreelakshmi'''
| rowspan="3" style="background:salmon;" |'''Shweta'''
| rowspan="3" style="background:salmon;" |'''Diya'''
| colspan="2" rowspan="3" style="background:#ccc;" |''No Eviction''
| rowspan="3" bgcolor=salmon|'''Ranjini'''
| rowspan="3" style="background:salmon;" |'''Anoop'''
| rowspan="3" style="background:salmon;" |'''Hima'''
| rowspan="3" style="background:salmon;" |'''Basheer'''
| rowspan="3" style="background:salmon;" |'''Archana'''
| rowspan="3" style="background:salmon;" |'''Aditi'''
| style="background:#FF69B4;" |'''Suresh'''
| style="background:#DDA0DD; text-align:center;" |'''Srinish'''
|-
| rowspan="2" style="background:salmon;" |'''Deepan'''
| style="background:#7FFFD4; text-align:center;" |'''Shiyas'''
| style="background:#D1E8EF; text-align:center;"|'''Pearle'''
|-
| colspan="2" style="background:#73FB76;" |'''Sabumon'''
|}
</blockquote>

===Notes===
{{Legend|#cfc|outline=silver|indicates the House Captain.}}
{{Legend|#959FFD|outline=silver|indicates the housemate was directly nominated for eviction prior to the regular nominations process.}}
{{Legend|#FBF373|outline=silver|indicates the housemate was granted immunity from nominations.}}
{{Legend|#73FB76|outline=silver|indicates the winner.}}
{{Legend|#D1E8EF|outline=silver|indicates the first runner up.}}
{{Legend|#7FFFD4|outline=silver|indicates the second runner up.}}
{{Legend|#DDA0DD|outline=silver|indicates the third runner up.}}
{{Legend|#FF69B4|outline=silver|indicates the fourth runner up.}}
{{refbegin}}
* {{note|1|Note 1}}: Manoj left the show due to his poor health conditions.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/bigg-boss-malayalam-written-update-june-28-2018-manoj-varma-makes-his-exit-from-the-bigg-boss-house/articleshow/64791218.cms|title=Bigg Boss Malayalam written update, June 28, 2018: Manoj Varma makes his exit from the Bigg Boss house|work=indiatimes}}</ref>
* {{note|2|Note 2}}: The house captain was asked to nominate 7 out of all the contestants to be in the nomination list in which the co-housemates could select two for this week's nomination. Captain chose Anoop, Hima, Deepan, Diya, Pearle, Srinish and Suresh.
* {{note|3|Note 3}}: Pearle and Suresh were safe and Anoop was about to evict but Shweta's decision to forgive him for confronting her in the captaincy task made him safe from eviction. Hence, No housemate evicted on Week 2.
* {{note|4|Note 4}}: As a new housemate, Shiyas was exempted from the eviction and nomination procedures.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/news/2018/bigg-boss-malayalam-week-2-no-eviction-but-new-contestant-enters-the-house/articlecontent-pf256991-275151.html|title=A New Contestant Enters The House!|work=filmibeat}}</ref>
* {{note|5|Note 5}}: Housemates mutually decided Aditi, Deepan, Pearle, Sreelakshmi, Shiyas and Srinish to be in the nomination list. Later, each housemate chose two among these to be nominated. Finally, Aditi, Deepan, Sreelakshmi, and Srinish got nominated for eviction.
* {{note|6|Note 6}}: After Sreelakshmi's eviction on day 27, Deepan was evicted on day 28. For the first time, two housemates were evicted from the house in the same week.
* {{note|7|Note 7}}: Housemates were assembled in the activity area. They individually asked to paint the face and shared the opinion about their nominations. Ranjini and Shweta were nominated for eviction with seven and ten votes respectively and on day 35, Shweta evicted from the show after facing the public votes.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/malayalam-bigg-boss-eviction-live-updates-ranjini-haridas-swetha-menon-who-will-be-evicted-776417|title=Swetha Menon evicted from Mohanlal show|work=ibtimes}}</ref>
* {{note|8|Note 8}}: As a new housemate, Anjali was exempted from being nominated but she was allowed to nominate two housemates.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/bigg-boss-malayalam-shwetha-menon-anjali-ameer-5283471/|title=Anjali Ameer enters the show|work=indianexpress}}</ref>
* {{note|9|Note 9}}: Archana saved herself from eviction by winning the captaincy task.
* {{note|10|Note 10}}: Aditi and Anjali could not end up in a decision about their nomination. Both the housemates were not ready to be nominated for eviction.
* {{note|11|Note 11}}: Bigg Boss ordered Archana to choose one between Anjali and Aditi for the eviction. Archana chose Aditi saying that Anjali has recently come to the house.
* {{note|12|Note 12}}: On Day 44, Anjali was taken to the hospital after becoming ill and on Day 45, she left the show due to her poor health conditions.
* {{note|13|Note 13}}: Aditi received fewer votes and was technically evicted from the show but Anjali Ameer called and asked Mohanlal that nobody should be evicted from the house. She said that she loves Aditi a lot. She requested Mohanlal to avoid the eviction at any cost. Upon Anjali's request, the eviction was canceled.
* {{note|14|Note 14}}: On Day 49, ex-contestant Hima Shankar re-entered the house as a wildcard.
* {{note|15|Note 15}}: Hima was exempted from being nominated but she was allowed to nominate two housemates.
* {{note|16|Note 16}}: Keralites were not able to vote in the poll due to heavy rain and flood. Mohanlal revealed that the same nominees will be there in the eviction list on next week too.
* {{note|17|Note 17}}: On day 63, by winning a task, Ranjini achieved immune to be safe in the next nominations but later, she was evicted on the same day after facing the public votes and passed on her immune power to Archana.
* {{note|18|Note 18}}: On day 63, by winning a task, Sabumon achieved a special power to save a nominated housemate. He saved Hima from the nominations.
* {{note|19|Note 19}}: The nomination procedure was based on a task. Housemates had a balloon tied up to their feet and each should safeguard it from others. Housemates, who fail to save the balloon were nominated for eviction.
* {{note|20|Note 20}}: The housemates were asked to pierce knife into the heart shape over the photos of two contestants, whom they think doesn't deserve to be in the finale. Archana, Pearle, Sabumon and Srinsh were voted the most. Later, the captain Aditi was given her special power to nominate any housemates directly. She nominated Basheer and Suresh. Hence Archana, Basheer, Pearle, Sabumon, Srinsh and Suresh are nominated for the eviction.
* {{note|21|Note 21}}: Since Suresh never became a house captain till week 12, he was appointed as the house captain for one day (Monday, the day of nomination). But the housemates were allowed to nominate the captain for eviction.
* {{note|22|Note 22}}: On Day 95, Bigg Boss ordered everyone to assemble in the garden area announced that there will be a mid-week elimination. Aditi Rai evicted from the house for receiving the fewest votes to win Bigg Boss.
{{refend}}

==Ratings and viewership==
Official ratings are taken from [[Broadcast Audience Research Council#About BARC India|BARC India]]. (TRP of the episodes telecasting in [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]] only)

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%; text-align:center; width: 90%; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;style=width:50em "
|-
! scope=col colspan=2| Grand Premiere
|-
! TVR Rating
! Viewers (in millions)
|-
| 10.33<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tvnews4u.com/bigg-boss-malayalam-on-asianet-opens-with-10-33-tvr/|title=Bigg Boss Malayalam on Asianet opens with 10.33 TVR|date=6 July 2018|publisher=tvnews4u}}</ref>
| 20.5<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.exchange4media.com/media-tv/25-crore-viewers-tuned-into-bigg-boss-malayalam-in-the-opening-week_90900.html|title=2.5 Crore Viewers Tuned Into Bigg Boss Malayalam In The Opening Week|publisher=exchange4media}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.hotstar.com/tv/bigg-boss/17932 Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180620101955/http://www.hotstar.com/tv/bigg-boss/17932 |date=20 June 2018 }} on [[Hotstar]]

{{Bigg Boss (Malayalam TV series)}}
{{Mohanlal}}

[[Category:Asianet (TV channel) original programming]]
[[Category:Bigg Boss (Malayalam TV series) seasons]]

Forestry in India

2026-01-12T10:48:14Z

Cdpnkr: adjusted lead for clarity and updated info

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Wildlife of India}}
[[File:Cheetal (spotted deer) at Van Vihar National Park.jpg|thumb|[[Madhya Pradesh]] has the largest forest cover in India. Above is the protected forest in Van Vihar National Park.]]
[[File:Bong bong falls.jpg|thumb|[[Arunachal Pradesh]] has the 2nd largest forest cover in India, and its largest primary forest cover. Above is Nuranang Falls on the way to Tawang.]]
[[File:Flora of Chaiturgarh forest hills Korba , Chhattisgarh.jpg|thumb|Chhattisgarh and Odisha are other major [[forest cover]]ed states of India.]]
[[File:Shola Grasslands and forests in the Kudremukh National Park, Western Ghats, Karnataka.jpg|thumb|Western Ghats are another bio-active [[forest cover]] of India. Above Kudremukh National Park, [[Karnataka]].]]
[[File:North Sentinel Island.jpg|thumb|A satellite image of India's [[North Sentinel Island]] covered with forest]]
'''Forestry in India''' is a significant rural industry and a major environmental resource. [[India]] is one of the ten most forest-rich countries of the world. Together, India and 9 other countries account for 67 percent of the total forest area of the world.<ref>[http://www.fao.org/docrep/013/i1757e/i1757e.pdf Global Forest Resources Assessment 2010], FAO Forestry Paper 163, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2011), {{ISBN|978-92-5-106654-6}}, page 12-13</ref> India's forest cover grew at 0.20% annually over 1990–2000,<ref name="fao.org">[http://www.fao.org/3/a-i4808e.pdf Global Forest Resources Assessment 2010], FAO Forestry Paper 163, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2011), {{ISBN|978-92-5-106654-6}}, page 21</ref> and has grown at the rate of 0.7% per year over 2000–2010,<ref name="fao.org"/> after decades where [[forest degradation]] was a matter of serious concern.<ref name="UNForestry">{{cite web|title=Forests and the forestry sector: India|year=2002|publisher=Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations|url=http://www.fao.org/forestry/country/57478/en/ind/|access-date=23 December 2011|archive-date=12 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140412233549/http://www.fao.org/forestry/country/57478/en/ind/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

As of 2010, the [[Food and Agriculture Organization]] of the [[United Nations]] estimates [[Forest cover in India|India's forest cover]] to be about 68 million [[hectares]], or 22% of the country's area<ref>[http://www.fao.org/docrep/013/i1757e/i1757e.pdf Global Forest Resources Assessment 2010], FAO Forestry Paper 163, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2011), {{ISBN|978-92-5-106654-6}}, Annex 3, Table 2</ref><ref name="fsi11">[http://www.fsi.org.in/final_2011.pdf India State of Forest Report 2011], Forest Survey of India (2011), pages 4-5, Ministry of Environment & Forests, Government of India.</ref> The 2013 Forest Survey of India states its forest cover increased to 69.8 million hectares by 2012, per satellite measurements; this represents an increase of 5,871 square kilometers of forest cover in 2 years.<ref name=fsi13>[http://www.fsi.org.in/sfr_2013.htm State of Forest Report 2013] Ministry of Forests and Environment, Govt of India (2014)</ref> However, the gains were primarily in northern, central and southern Indian states, while northeastern states witnessed a net loss in forest cover over 2010 to 2012. In 2018, the total forest and tree cover in India increased to 24.39% or 8,02,088 km2.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/indias-forest-tree-cover-up-by-1-in-2-years-centre/article22732640.ece|title=India's forest, tree cover up by 1% in 2 years: Centre|newspaper=The Hindu|date=12 February 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://india.mongabay.com/2018/02/state-of-forest-report-says-that-indias-forest-and-tree-cover-has-increased-by-1-percent/|title=State of Forest Report says that India's forest and tree cover has increased by 1 percent|date=16 February 2018|website=Mongabay-India}}</ref> It increased further to 24.56 percent or 807,276 square kilometres in 2019.<ref name="ISFR2019">{{Cite news|url=https://india.mongabay.com/2020/01/indias-forest-cover-is-rising-but-northeast-and-tribals-lose/|title=India's forest cover is rising but northeast and tribal areas lose|author=Mayank Aggarwal|date=3 January 2020|access-date=3 June 2020}}</ref>

Without a major effort to expand electricity generation and power plants, it is feared that the poor in India will continue to meet their energy needs through destruction of forests and wood consumption. India's dependence on fuel-wood and forestry products as a primary energy source is environmentally unsustainable and a primary cause of haze and air pollution.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Asian Brown Cloud: Climate and Other Environmental Impacts |publisher=United Nations Environmental Programme |year=2002 |url=http://www.rrcap.unep.org/issues/air/impactstudy/Executive%20Summary.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120526093020/http://www.rrcap.unep.org/issues/air/impactstudy/Executive%20Summary.pdf |archive-date=26 May 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Indoor air pollution and household energy|publisher=WHO and UNEP|year=2011|url=https://www.who.int/heli/risks/indoorair/indoorair/en/index.html}}</ref>

In addition, India has a thriving non-wood forest products industry, which produces latex, gums, resins, essential oils, flavours, fragrances and aroma chemicals, [[incense]] sticks, [[handicraft]]s, thatching materials and medicinal plants. About 60% of non-wood forest products production is consumed locally. About 50% of the total revenue from the forestry industry in India is in non-wood forest products category.<ref name="UNForestry"/>

==History of forestry in India==
{{See also|Sacred groves of India}}

=== Forestry in ancient and medieval India ===
[[File:Kavu copy.jpg|thumb|A small [[Sacred groves of India|sacred grove]] inside the [[Technopark, Trivandrum]], India ]]
The forest (''vana/araṇya'') played a major role in early Indian literature, usually presented in opposition to settled society. It was represented as the setting for royal hunts, and as the home of hermits, whose hermitages are depicted as idyllic societies in harmony with the natural environment.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sinha |first=Kanad |date=2017 |title=Envisioning a No-Man's Land: Hermitage as a Site of Exemption in Ancient and Early Medieval Indian Literature |journal=Medieval Worlds |language=en |volume=6 |pages=20–39 |doi=10.1553/medievalworlds_no6_2017s20 |issn=2412-3196 |doi-access=free |s2cid=55432086}}</ref>

[[Yājñavalkya Smṛti|Yajnavalkya Smriti]] written before the 5th century AD prohibited the cutting of trees and if a tree is cut punishments were prescribed for such acts. The Kautalya's Arthashastra written in the Mauryan Period, says about the need of forest administration. It also says how a forest is important for a successful kingdom.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/buzz/mouthful/world-environment-day-154.html|title=5 historic reasons why India should be pioneer of environmental movement|work=Indiatvnews|date=5 June 2015|access-date=21 July 2020}}</ref>

=== Forestry in Colonial system ===
In 1840, the [[Company rule in India|British colonial]] administration promulgated an ordinance called Crown Land (Encroachment) Ordinance. This ordinance targeted forests in Britain's Asian colonies, and vested all forests, wastes, unoccupied and uncultivated lands to the crown. The Imperial Forest Department was established in India in 1864.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://www.adb.org/publications/land-and-cultural-survival-communal-rights-indigenous-peoples-asia|title=Indigenous Peoples' Forest Tenure in India|year=2009|publisher=Asian Development|isbn=9789715618014}}</ref> The British state monopoly over Indian forests was first asserted through the Indian Forest Act of 1865. This law simply established the government's claims over forests. The British colonial government then passed the more comprehensive Forest Act of 1878, giving them control over all wastelands, which were defined to encompass all forests. Additionally, this Act gave the government the power to designate woods as reserved and protected.. In the former, all local rights were abolished while in the latter some existing rights were accepted as a privilege offered by the British government to the local people which can be taken away if necessary. These colonial laws brought the forests under the centralised sovereignty of the state. [[Dietrich Brandis|Sir Dietrich Brandis]], the Inspector General of Forests in India from 1864 to 1883, is regarded as the father not only of scientific forestry in India, but as the "father of [[tropics|tropical]] forestry."<ref>Sharad Singh Negi, ''Sir Dietrich Brandis: father of tropical forestry'', Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh, 1991</ref>

An [[FAO]] report claims it was believed in colonial times that the forest is a national resource which should be utilised for the interests of the government. Like coal and gold mines, it was believed that forests belonged to the state for exploitation. Forest areas became a source of revenue. For example, teak was extensively exploited by the British colonial government for ship construction, sal and pine in India for railway sleepers and so on. Forest contracts, such as that of ''biri pata'' (leaves of [[Diospyros melanoxylon]]), earned so much revenue that it was often used by the people involved in this business as a leverage for political power. These contracts also created forest ''[[zamindar]]s'' (government recognised forest landowners).The government gave out these contracts without any restrictions in regard to conservation and these contractors began cutting trees indiscriminately as a result forest around train tracks disappeared. The British agenda regarding forest in India displaced the locals and natives of India who had ideas in cognizance with coexisting with the forest with industrial exploitation of forest and used it to create revenue for the British Crown.<ref>NCERT India and Contemperory world I</ref> The Forest Act of 1865 amended twice in 1878 and 1927 aimed at declaring the forests of India the property of the government ergo a resource of the British Crown. These actions of the British government took away the livelihood of the local people. The British government cleared vast lands of forests for cultivation of plantations similar to those in Africa and America, wherein abundant exploitation of people was prominent. This indiscriminate exploitation of Indian Forest was done under the banner of "scientific forestry". Additionally, as in Africa, some forests in India were earmarked by the government officials and the rulers with the sole purpose of using them for hunting and sport for the royalty and the colonial officials.<ref>{{Cite FTP |title=Decentralisation and devolution of forest management in Asia and Pacific|year=1997|server=FAO – United Nations|url-status=dead|url=ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/W7712E/W7712E00.pdf}}</ref>

===Forestry in India from 1947 to 1990===
In 1952, the government nationalised the forests which were earlier with the ''zamindars''. India also nationalised most of the forest wood industry and non-wood forest products industry. Over the years, many rules and regulations were introduced by India. In 1980, the Conservation Act was passed, which stipulated that the central permission is required to practice sustainable agro-forestry in a forest area. Violations or lack of permits was made a criminal offense. These nationalisation wave and laws intended to limit deforestation, conserve biodiversity, and save wildlife. However, the intent of these regulations was not matched by reality that followed. Neither investment aimed at [[sustainable forestry]] nor knowledge transfer followed once India had nationalised and heavily regulated forestry. Deforestation increased, biodiversity diminished and wildlife dwindled. India's rural population and impoverished families continued to ignore the laws passed in Delhi, and use the forests near them for sustenance.<ref>{{cite web|title=Forest conservation and utilisation|year=2001|publisher=Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations|url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/w2149e/w2149e06.htm}}</ref>

India launched its National Forest Policy in 1988. This led to a programme named Joint Forest Management, which proposed that specific villages in association with the forest department will manage specific forest blocks. In particular, the protection of the forests would be the responsibility of the people. By 1992, seventeen states of India participated in Joint Forest Management, bringing about 2 million hectares of forests under protection. The effect of this initiative has been claimed to be positive.
The growth rates have been slow through these years.

===Post 1990 Forestry in India===
[[File:Khajjiar.jpg|thumb|Forests in [[Himachal Pradesh]]]]
Since 1991, India has reversed the deforestation trend. Specialists of the United Nations report India's forest as well as woodland cover has increased. A 2010 study by the Food and Agriculture Organisation ranks India amongst the 10 countries with the largest forest area coverage in the world (the other nine being Russian Federation, Brazil, Canada, United States of America, China, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Australia, Indonesia and Sudan).<ref name=faof2010>{{cite web|title=Global Forest Resources Assessment 2010|year=2011|publisher=FAO|url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/013/i1757e/i1757e.pdf}}</ref> India is also one of the top 10 countries with the largest primary forest coverage in the world, according to this study.

From 1990 to 2000, FAO finds India was the fifth largest gainer in forest coverage in the world; while from 2000 to 2010, FAO considers India as the third largest gainer in forest coverage.<ref name=faof2010/>

Some 500,000 square kilometres, about 17% of [[India]]'s land area, were regarded as [[Forest Area]] in the early 1990s. In FY 1987, however, actual forest cover was 640,000 square kilometres. Some claim, that because more than 50% of this land was barren or bushland, the area under productive forest was actually less than 350,000 square kilometres, or approximately 10% of the country's land area.

India's 0.6% average annual rate of [[deforestation]] for agricultural and non-lumbering land uses in the decade beginning in 1981 was one of the lowest in the world and on a par with [[Brazil]].

==Forest types and assessment==
India is a large and diverse country. Its land area includes regions with some of the world's highest rainfall to very dry deserts, coast line to alpine regions, river deltas to tropical islands. The variety and distribution of forest vegetation is large: there are 600 species of [[hardwoods]], including [[Sal tree|sal]] (''Shorea robusta''). India is one of the 17 mega biodiverse regions of the world.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.biodiversidad.gob.mx/v_ingles/country/whatismegcountry1.html|title = What is a megadiversity country?|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191011193409/http://www.biodiversidad.gob.mx/v_ingles/country/whatismegcountry1.html|archive-date=2019-10-11}}</ref>

Indian forests types include tropical evergreens, tropical deciduous, swamps, mangroves, sub-tropical, montane, scrub, sub-alpine and alpine forests. These forests support a variety of ecosystems with diverse flora and fauna.

{| class=wikitable
! Type of forest<ref name="2019 Report">{{cite web |title=India's Forests |year=2019 |publisher=Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India |url=http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/file/isfr-fsi-vol1.pdf |page=24 |access-date=21 July 2020 |archive-date=22 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422140922/http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/file/isfr-fsi-vol1.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
! Area (in square kilometres)
! Percentage of total forest
|-
|Tropical Wet Evergreen Forests ||51,249 ||8.0
|-
|Tropical Semi Evergreen Forests ||26,424 ||4.1
|-
|Tropical Moist Deciduous Forests|| 2,36,794 ||37.0
|-
|Littoral & Swamp Forests ||4,046 ||0.6
|-
|Tropical Dry Deciduous Forests ||1,86,620 ||28.6
|-
|Tropical Thorn Forests ||16,491 ||2.6
|-
|Tropical Dry Evergreen Forests ||1,404 ||0.2
|-
|Subtropical Broadleaved Hill Forests ||2,781|| 0.4
|-
|Subtropical Pine Forests ||42,377|| 6.6
|-
|Subtropical Dry evergreen Forests|| 12,538|| 2.5
|-
| Montane Wet Temperate Forests|| 23,365|| 3.6
|-
|Himalayan Moist Temperate Forests|| 12,012 ||3.4
|-
|Himalayan Dry Temperate Forests ||312||0.0
|-
|Sub Alpine Forests ||18,628|| 2.9
|-
|Total (Forest Cover + Scrub)||7,54,252||98.26
|-
|Grass land in different forest type groups (without forest cover) || 13,329|| 1.74
|-
|'''Grand Total'''|| '''7,67,581'''|| '''100.00'''
|}

===Forest cover measurement methods===
[[File:(A) Valley of flowers, Garhwal Uttarakhand India.jpg|thumb|Forests in the valley of flowers, [[Uttarakhand]]]]
Prior to the 1980s, India deployed a bureaucratic method to estimate forest coverage. A land was notified as covered under Indian Forest Act, and then officials deemed this land area as ''recorded forest'' even if it was devoid of vegetation. By this forest-in-name-only method, the total amount of recorded forest, per official Indian records, was 71.8 million hectares.<ref name=f2009a/> Any comparison of forest coverage number of a year before 1987 for India, to current forest coverage in India, is thus meaningless; it is just bureaucratic record keeping, with no relation to reality or meaningful comparison.

In the 1980s, space satellites were deployed for remote sensing of real forest cover. Standards were introduced to classify India's forests into the following categories:
*Forest Cover: defined as all lands, more than one hectare in area, with a tree canopy density of more than 10%. Such lands may or may not be statutorily notified as forest area which is the area recorded as a forest in the Government records.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/file/EnviStats%20India%202022%20Vol%20II.pdf|title = EnviStats India 2022|year=2022 |publisher=Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of India |page=97|access-date=3 October 2022}}</ref> It is also referred to as "Recorded Forest Area". Forest Cover includes all cultivated tree plantations or orchards with an area of more than one hectare.
**Very Dense Forest: All lands, with a forest cover with a canopy density of 70% and above. It covers nearly 3.04% of the country's area in 2021.
**Moderately Dense Forest: All lands, with a forest cover with a canopy density of 40-70 %. It covers nearly 9.33% of the country's area in 2021.
**Open Forest: All lands, with forest cover with a canopy density of 10 to 40%. It covers nearly 9.34% of the country's area in 2021.
**Scrub Cover: All lands, generally in and around forest areas, having bushes and or poor tree growth, chiefly small or stunted trees with canopy density less than 10%.It covers nearly 1.42% of the country's area in 2021.
**Non-Forest Land: defined as lands without any forest cover. It covers nearly 76.87% of the country's area in 2021.
*Tree Cover: Land with tree patches (blocks and linear) outside the recorded forest area exclusive of forest cover and less than the minimum mappable area of 1 hectare. It covers nearly 2.91% of the country's area in 2021 which is part of the Non-forest land.
*Mangrove Cover: Mangrove forest is a salt tolerant forest ecosystem found mainly in tropical and sub-tropical coastal and/or inter-tidal regions. Mangrove cover is the area covered under mangrove vegetation as interpreted digitally from [[remote sensing]] data. It is a part of forest cover and is also classified into three classes viz. very dense, moderately dense, and open.
*Trees Outside Forests: Trees growing outside Recorded Forest Areas

The first satellite recorded forest coverage data for India became available in 1987. India and the United States cooperated in 2001, using Landsat MSS with a spatial resolution of 80 meters, to get accurate forest distribution data. India thereafter switched to digital images and advanced satellites with 23 meters resolution and software processing of images to get more refined data on forest quantity and forest quality. India now assesses its forest distribution data biennially.

==Distribution of forest by States/Union Territories==
[[File:Indian Forest Cover.png|thumb|Indian forest cover map as of 2015]]{{See also|Forest cover by state in India}}
According to the 2019 Forest Survey, the State of [[Madhya Pradesh]] has the largest forest cover in the country. In terms of percentage of forest cover [[Mizoram]] (85.41 percent) is the most forest rich state. In [[Lakshadweep]], around 90.33% of forest can be found.<ref name="ISFR2019" /> The States/Union Territories that showed larger increase in forest cover is Karnataka followed by Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, and Jammu & Kashmir while the States/Union Territories that showed loss of forest cover are Manipur, Arunachal Pradesh and Mizoram.<ref name="2019 Report" />

;2015 forest survey data
The 2015 forest census data thus obtained and published by the Government of India suggests the five states with largest area under forest cover as the following:<ref name=f2009a>{{cite web|title=India's Forests |year=2009 |publisher=Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India |url=http://ifs.nic.in/rt/book/page2.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130504201011/http://ifs.nic.in/rt/book/page2.pdf |archive-date=4 May 2013 }}</ref>

{| class=wikitable
! State
! Area (in square kilometres)
|-
| Madhya Pradesh || 77,462
|-
| Arunachal Pradesh || 67,248
|-
| Chhattisgarh || 55,586
|-
| Maharashtra || 50,628
|-
| Odisha || 50,354
|}

;2019 forest survey data
The 2019 forest census data thus obtained and published by the Government of India suggests the five states with largest area under forest cover as the following:<ref>{{cite web |title=India's Forests |year=2019 |publisher=Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India |url=http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/file/isfr-fsi-vol1.pdf |page=24 |access-date=21 July 2020 |archive-date=22 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422140922/http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/file/isfr-fsi-vol1.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

[[File:State - UT wise Percentage of Forest Cover in India.svg|thumb|Percentage of forest cover map as of 2021]]

{| class=wikitable
! State
! Area (in square kilometres)
|-
| Madhya Pradesh || 77,482
|-
| Arunachal Pradesh || 66,688
|-
| Chhattisgarh || 55,611
|-
| Odisha || 51,619
|-
| Maharashtra || 50,778
|}

==Strategy to increase cover==
[[File:Emerald Lake Nilgiris.jpg|thumb|left|Forest around a lake in the [[Western Ghats]] of India]]
[[File:Trisul, Nanda Devi and Himalayan range from Kausani, Uttarakhand.jpg|thumb|Forest covered hills in [[Uttarakhand]]]]
[[File:India vegetation, natural and cultivated, favorable weather boosts Indian agriculture, April 2008.jpg|thumb|A NASA satellite image of India in April 2008, showing forest cover and about to be harvested crop in its peninsula region]]
In the 1970s, India declared its long-term strategy for forestry development to compose of three major objectives: to reduce [[soil erosion]] and [[flooding]]; to supply the growing needs of the domestic wood products industries; and to supply the needs of the rural population for [[fuelwood]], [[fodder]], small timber, and miscellaneous [[forest produce]]. To achieve these objectives, the [[National Commission on Agriculture]] in 1976 recommended the reorganisation of state forestry departments and advocated the concept of social forestry. The commission itself worked on the first two objectives, emphasising traditional forestry and wildlife activities; in pursuit of the third objective, the commission recommended the establishment of a new kind of unit to develop community forests. Following the leads of Gujarat and Uttar Pradesh, a number of other states also established community-based forestry agencies that emphasized programmes on farm forestry, timber management, extension forestry, [[reforestation]] of degraded forests, and use of forests for recreational purposes.

In the 1980s, such socially responsible forestry was encouraged by state [[Communal forests of India|community forestry]] agencies. They emphasized such projects as planting wood lots on denuded communal cattle-grazing grounds to make villages self-sufficient in fuelwood, to supply timber needed for the construction of village houses, and to provide the wood needed for the repair of farm implements. Both individual farmers and tribal communities were also encouraged to grow trees for profit. For example, in Gujarat, one of the more aggressive states in developing programmes of socioeconomic importance, the forestry department distributed 200 million tree seedlings in 1983. The fast-growing [[eucalyptus]] is the main species being planted nationwide, followed by [[pine]] and [[Populus|poplar]].

In 2002, India set up a [[National Forest Commission]] to review and assess India's policy and law, its effect on India's forests, its impact of local forest communities, and to make recommendations to achieve sustainable forest and ecological security in India.<ref name=moef1>{{cite web|title=National Forest Commission Report, Chapters 1-8|year=2006|publisher=Ministry of Environment & Forests, Government of India|url=http://envfor.nic.in/divisions/1-8.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111119082833/http://envfor.nic.in/divisions/1-8.pdf|archive-date=19 November 2011}}</ref> The report made over 300 recommendations including the following:
*India must pursue rural development and animal husbandry policies to address local communities need to find affordable cattle fodder and grazing. To avoid destruction of local forest cover, fodder must reach these communities on reliable roads and other infrastructure, in all seasons year round.
*The Forest Rights Bill is likely to be harmful to forest conservation and ecological security. The Forest Rights Bill became a law since 2007.
*The government should work closely with mining companies. Revenue generated from lease of mines must be pooled into a dedicated fund to conserve and improve the quality of forests in the region where the mines are located.
*Power to declare ecologically sensitive areas must be with each Indian state.
*The mandate of State Forest Corporations and government owned monopolies must be changed.
*Government should reform regulations and laws that ban felling of trees and transit of wood within India. Sustainable agro-forestry and farm forestry must be encouraged through financial and regulatory reforms, particularly on privately owned lands.

India's national forest policy expects to invest INR 2,000,644,350,000 (US$26.7 billion) by 2020, to pursue nationwide afforestation coupled with forest conservation, with the goal of increasing India's forest cover from 20% to 33%.<ref name=moef35>{{cite web|title=India's Forests: Forest Policy and Legislative Framework, Chapter 3-5|year=2009|publisher=Ministry of Environment and Forests|url=http://ifs.nic.in/rt/book/page3.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120126223253/http://ifs.nic.in/rt/book/page3.pdf|archive-date=26 January 2012}}</ref>

=== Effects of tribal population growth on forest flora and fauna ===
[[File:Nicobar Pigeon 820.jpg|thumb|Indian forests are home to many near threatened and threatened species of birds and other wildlife. This is [[Nicobar pigeon]] found in the Andaman & Nicobar islands of India.]]
Due to faster tribal population growth in forest / tribal areas, naturally available forest resources ([[NTFP]]) in a sustainable manner are becoming inadequate for their basic livelihood. Many tribal are giving up their traditional livelihood and taking up farming and cattle rearing in the forest areas causing irreparable damage to forests. The erstwhile protectors of forests are slowly turning into the bane of forests and its wildlife.{{Opinion|date=September 2023}} The government should devise schemes to avert this process and save the dwindling forest area and its flora and fauna.{{Opinion|date=September 2023}} Tribal people have extraordinary understanding of forest flora and fauna which can be productively utilized. All the tribal peoples shall be employed by the government in the expansion and protection of forests and its wildlife till their descendants get educated and diversify into industrial and service sectors{{Opinion|date=September 2023}}.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.scribd.com/doc/58789333/Geographical-Area-and-Its-Effective-Utilization|title= Geographical area and its effective utilization|access-date=27 March 2013}}</ref>

==Economics==
Significant forest products of India include paper, plywood, sandalwood, timber, poles, pulp and matchwood, fuelwood, sal seeds, tendu leaves, gums and resins, cane and rattan, bamboo, grass and fodder, drugs, spices and condiments, herbs, cosmetics, tannins.

India is a significant importer of forest products. Logs account for 67% of all wood and wood products imported into India due to local preference for unprocessed wood. This preference is explained
by the availability of inexpensive labour and the large number of productive sawmills. In trade year 2008–2009, India imported logs worth $1.14 billion, an increase of about 70% in just 4 years.

Indian market for unprocessed wood is mostly fulfilled with imports from Malaysia, Myanmar, Côte d'Ivoire, China and New Zealand.

India is growing market for partially finished and ready-to-assemble furniture. China and Malaysia account for 60% of this imported furniture market in India followed by Italy, Germany, Singapore, Sri Lanka, the United States, Hong Kong, and Taiwan.

The Indian market is accustomed to teak and other hardwoods that are perceived to be more resistant to termites, decay and are able to withstand the tropical climate. Teak wood is typically seen as a benchmark with respect to grade and prices of other wood species. Major imported wood species are tropical woods such as mahogany, garjan, marianti, and sapeli. [[Plantation timber]] includes teak, eucalyptus, and poplar, as well as spruce, pine, and fir. India imports small quantities of temperate hardwoods such as ash, maple, cherry, oak, walnut, beech, etc. as squared logs or as lumber. India is the world's third largest hardwood log importer.

In 2009, India imported 332 million cubic metres of roundwood mostly for fuel wood application, 17.3 million cubic metres of sawnwood and wood-based panels, 7.6 million metric tonnes of paper and paperboard and about 4.5 million metric tonnes of wood and fiber pulp.

==Biodiversity in Indian forests==
[[File:India Tiger cubs.jpg|thumb|India has the majority of the world's wild [[tigers]], approximately 3,000 in 2019.]]
[[File:Spotted Owlet- different moods I.jpg|thumb|left|Spotted Owlet – one of over 1000 bird species in Indian forests]]
[[File:Asian Golden cat.jpg|thumb|Asian Golden cat, one of the 15 feline species found in India]]
[[File:Asian Paradise Flycatcher male - Sattal, Uttarakhand, India.jpg|thumb|Asian paradise flycatcher – a bird found in the forests of Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand]]
Indian forests are more than trees and an economic resource. They are home to some of earth's unique flora and fauna.

Indian forests represent one of the 12 mega biodiverse regions of the world. India's Western Ghats and Eastern Himalayas are amongst the 32 biodiversity hotspots on earth.

India is home to 12% of world's recorded flora, some 47000 species of flowering and non-flowering plants.<ref>{{cite web|title=India's Forests: Conservation|year=2009|publisher=MoEF, Government of India|url=http://ifs.nic.in/rt/book/page5.pdf}}</ref> Over 59000 species of insects, 2500 species of fishes, 17000 species of angiosperms live in Indian forests. About 90000 animal species, representing over 7% of earth's recorded faunal species have been found in Indian forests. Over 4000 mammal species are found here. India has one of the richest variety of bird species on earth, hosting about 12.5% of known species of birds. Many of these flora and fauna species are endemic to India.

Indian forests and wetlands serve as temporary home to many migrant birds.

===Trading of exotic birds===
India was, until 1991, one of the largest exporters of wild birds to international bird markets. Most of the birds traded were parakeets and munias. Most of these birds were exported to countries in Europe and the Middle east.<ref>{{cite web|title=India's Black Market in Birds Threatening Rare Species|date=2 October 2002|publisher=National Geographic|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2002/10/1002_021002_indiabirds.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021013224722/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2002/10/1002_021002_indiabirds.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=13 October 2002}}</ref>

In 1991, India passed a law that banned all trade and trapping of indigenous birds in the country. The passage of the law stopped the legal exports, but illegal trafficking has continued. In 2001, for example, an attempt to smuggle some 10,000 wild birds was discovered, and these birds were confiscated at the Mumbai international airport.

According to a WWF-India published report, trapping and trading of some 300 species of birds continues in India, representing 25% of known species in the country. Tens of thousands of birds are trapped from the forests of India, and traded every month to serve the demand for bird pets. Another market driver for bird trapping and trade is the segment of Indians who on certain religious occasions, buy birds in captivity and free them as an act of kindness to all living beings of the world. Trappers and traders know of the need for piety in these people, and ensure a reliable supply of wild birds so that they can satisfy their urge to do good.

The trappers, a detailed survey and investigation reveals are primarily tribal communities. The trappers lead a life of poverty and migrate over time. Their primary motivation was economics and the need to financially support their families.<ref name=wwf1>{{cite web|title=Live bird trade in Northern India|author=Abrar Ahmed|year=1997|publisher=WWF India|url=http://www.traffic.org/birds/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Imperilled custodians of the night: A study of illegal trade, trapping and use of owls in India|author=Abrar Ahmed|year=2010|publisher=TRAFFIC India and WWF-India|url=http://assets.wwfindia.org/downloads/imperilled_custodians_of_the_night.pdf|access-date=24 December 2011|archive-date=26 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426071507/http://assets.wwfindia.org/downloads/imperilled_custodians_of_the_night.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Trapping and transport of trapped birds from India's forests has high injury and losses, as in other parts of the world. For every bird that reaches the market for a sale, many more die.

Abrar Ahmed, the WWF-India and TRAFFIC-India ornithologist, suggests the following as potentially effective means of stopping the harm caused by illegal trading of wild birds in India:<ref name=wwf1/>
*Engage the tribal communities in a constructive way. Instead of criminalising their skills at finding, recognising, attracting and capturing birds, India should offer them employment to re-apply their skills through scientific management, protection and wildlife preservation.
*Allow captive and humane breeding of certain species of birds, to satisfy the market demand for pet birds.
*Better and continuous enforcement to prevent trapping practices, stop trading and end smuggling of wild birds of India through neighboring countries that have not banned trading of wild birds.
*Education and continued media exposure of the ecological and environmental harm done by wild bird trade, in order to reduce the demand for trapped wild birds as pets.

==Conservation==
[[File:Nohkalikai fall.JPG|thumb|Forest around Nohkalikai fall in [[Meghalaya]], an eastern state of India]]
[[File:Greater Flamingoes (Phoenicopterus roseus) scape W IMG 9981.jpg|thumb|Greater Flamingoes amid forests of [[Andhra Pradesh]]]]
The role of forests in the national economy and in ecology was further emphasized in the 1988 National Forest Policy, which focused on ensuring environmental stability, restoring the ecological balance, and preserving the remaining forests. Other objectives of the policy were meeting the need for fuelwood, fodder, and small timber for rural and tribal people while recognizing the need to actively involve local people in the management of forest resources. Also in 1988, the [[Forest Conservation Act, 1980]]<ref>{{cite web|title=FOREST (CONSERVATION) ACT, 1980|url=http://envfor.nic.in/legis/forest/forest2.html|website=Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change OF}}</ref> was amended to facilitate stricter conservation measures. A new target was to increase the forest cover to 33% of India's land area from the then-official estimate of 23%. In June 1990, the central government adopted resolutions that combined forest science with social forestry, that is, taking the sociocultural traditions of the local people into. As a part of which nearly 179,000 square kilometres area was afforested during the 1951-91 period. However, despite large-scale tree planting programmes, forestry in India has actually regressed since independence. Annual fellings at about four times the growth rate are a major cause. Widespread pilfering by villagers for firewood and fodder also represents a major decrement. In addition, the 1988 National Forest Policy noted, the forested area has been shrinking as a result of land cleared for farming and development programmes.

Between 1990 and 2010, India has reversed the deforestation trend. In 2010, FAO reported that India is the third fastest in the world in increasing forest cover.<ref name="FAO"/> According to a [[NASA]] study in 2019, India along with China was leading in increasing the Earth's greenery over the past two decades.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Tabor|first=Abigail|date=2019-02-08|title=Human Activity in China and India Dominates the Greening of Earth|url=http://www.nasa.gov/feature/ames/human-activity-in-china-and-india-dominates-the-greening-of-earth-nasa-study-shows|access-date=2020-11-06|website=NASA}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Chen|first1=Chi|last2=Park|first2=Taejin|last3=Wang|first3=Xuhui|last4=Piao|first4=Shilong|last5=Xu|first5=Baodong|last6=Chaturvedi|first6=Rajiv K.|last7=Fuchs|first7=Richard|last8=Brovkin|first8=Victor|last9=Ciais|first9=Philippe|last10=Fensholt|first10=Rasmus|last11=Tømmervik|first11=Hans|date=February 2019|title=China and India lead in greening of the world through land-use management|journal=Nature Sustainability|language=en|volume=2|issue=2|pages=122–129|doi=10.1038/s41893-019-0220-7|issn=2398-9629|pmc=6376198|pmid=30778399|bibcode=2019NatSu...2..122C }}</ref>

In 2019, 220 million trees were planted in a single day in [[Uttar Pradesh]] as a part of afforestation drive of Chief Minister [[Yogi Adityanath]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://m.huffpost.com/us/entry/us_5d501f43e4b0fc06ace91e2a?guccounter=1|title=Indians Plant 220 Million Trees in a Single Day|date=11 August 2019|newspaper=Huffpost|access-date=21 July 2020}}</ref> In 2019, Prime minister [[Narendra Modi]] released Rs 47,436 Crore for Afforestation to State government.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/modi-government-gives-major-push-to-environment-releases-rs-47-436-crore-for-afforestation-in-various-states-374670.html|title=Modi Government Gives Major Push To Environment, Releases Rs 47,436 Crore For Afforestation in Various States|newspaper=The Times of India|author=Bobins Abraham|date=30 August 2019|access-date=21 July 2020}}</ref>

The 2009 Indian national forest policy document emphasizes the need to combine India's effort at forest conservation with sustainable forest management.<ref name="FAO">[http://www.fao.org/docrep/014/am251e/am251e00.pdf INDIA FORESTRY OUTLOOK STUDY] MoEF India and FAO (2009)</ref> India defines forest management as one where the economic needs of local communities are not ignored, rather forests are sustained while meeting nation's economic needs and local issues through scientific forestry.<ref
name=moef35/>

4.95% of the area of India (156,700 km2) called [[Protected areas of India]] is reserved for the [[in situ conservation]] of species and their natural habitat.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PjfVFGM4p6wC|title=Biodiversity and Its Conservation in India|last=Negi|first=Sharad Singh|date=1993-01-01|publisher=Indus Publishing|isbn=9788185182889|page=40|language=en}}</ref>

==Issues and threats==

===Chipko movement===
{{Main|Chipko movement}}

The [[Chipko movement]] in India started in the 1970s around a dispute on how and who should have a right to harvest forest resources. Although the Chipko movement is now practically non-existent in [[Uttarakhand]], the Indian state of its origin, it remains one of the most frequently deployed examples of an environmental and people's movement in a developing country. The motivation of the movement is a subject of some debate; some neopopulists view Chipko primarily as an [[environmental movement]] and an attempt to save forests, while others suggest that the movement had nothing to do with eco-conservation, but was driven primarily by local communities' demand for equal rights to harvest forests.

According to one set of writers: Since the early 1970s, as they realised that deforestation threatened not only the ecology but their livelihood in a variety of ways, people have become more interested and involved in conservation. The best known popular activist movement is the Chipko Movement, in which local women under the leadership of [[Chandi Prasad Bhatt]] and [[Sunderlal Bahuguna]], decided to fight the government and the vested interests to save trees. The residents declared that they would embrace—literally "to stick to" (chipkna in [[Hindi]])--trees to prevent cutting of ash trees in their district.{{citation needed|date=December 2011}}

According to those<ref name="Mawdsley, Emma 1998 36–54">{{cite journal|author=Mawdsley, Emma|title=After Chipko: From environment to region in Uttaranchal|journal=Journal of Peasant Studies|year=1998|volume=25|issue=4|pages=36–54|url=http://eprints.bbk.ac.uk/218/1/mawdsley.pdf|doi=10.1080/03066159808438683|s2cid=38571691 }}</ref> who critique the ecological awareness and similar theories, Chipko had nothing to do with protecting forests, rather it was an ''economic'' struggle using the traditional Indian way of non-violence. These scientists point out that very little is left of the Chipko movements today in its region of origin save for its memory, even though the quality of forests and its use remains a critical issue for India. To explain the cause of Chipko movement, they find that government officials had ignored the subsistence issues of the local communities, who depended on forests for fuel, fodder, fertiliser and sustenance resources. These researchers claim that local interviews and fact finding confirms that local communities had filed complaints requesting the right to commercially exploit the forests around them. Their requests were denied, while permits to fell trees and exploit those same forests were granted to government-favoured non-resident contractors including a sporting company named Symonds. A protest that became Chipko movement followed. The movement grew and Indian government responded by imposing a 15-year ban on felling all trees above 1000 metres in the region directly as a result of the Chipko agitations. This legislation was deeply resented by many communities supporting Chipko because, the regulation further excluded the local people from the forest around them. Opposition to the legislation resulted in so-called 'Ped Katao Andolan' in the same region, a movement to cut the trees down in order to defy the new legislation. The people behind Chipko movement felt that the government did not understand or care about their economic situation.<ref name="Mawdsley, Emma 1998 36–54"/>

Chipko movement, at the very least, suggests that forests in India are an important and integral resource for communities that live within these forests, or survive near the fringes of these forests.

===Shifting cultivation===
[[File:Jhum.jpg|thumb|An example of ''Jhum'' cultivation, or slash and burn type farming, from India's northeast]]
A major threat to forests of India are in its northeastern states. From ancient times, the locals have practiced [[slash-and-burn]] shifting cultivation to grow food. Locally called ''Jhum'', it supports about 450,000 families in Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Manipur, Mizoram, Tripura, Assam and Meghalaya.<ref name=fsi13/> Approximately 15,000 square kilometers of forest land is under ''jhum'' cultivation, and just a sixth of this land is actually producing any crop at any given year. The tribal people consider it a tradition, and economic ecosystem. However, the slash and burn causes damage to a dense forest, to soil, to flora and fauna, as well as pollution. The crop yields are very poor with ''jhum'' cultivation. Between 2010 and 2012, satellite studies confirmed a net loss of forest cover over these northeastern states.<ref name=fsi13/> The lost forest includes primary dense forests. There is a concerted effort by the state government officials to educate, incentivize and train ''jhum'' dependent families to horticulture and other high value crops, along with an offer of food supply security. Bamboo-based textiles and value added forest products industries are also being encouraged by the local officials.<ref>[http://planningcommission.gov.in/aboutus/committee/wrkgrp11/wg11_forests.pdf Forest Conservation and Development of the North East Region] Planning Commission of India, page 7-10</ref> States such as Arunachal Pradesh reported reduction in Jhum cultivation practice in 2013.<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/environment/flora-fauna/Area-under-jhum-cultivation-significantly-reduced-in-Arunachal-Pradesh/articleshow/21728980.cms Area under jhum cultivation significantly reduced in Arunachal Pradesh], ''The Times of India'', 9 August 2013</ref>

===Timber mafia and forest cover===
{{Main|Mafia raj}}
A 1999 publication claimed that protected forest areas in several parts of India, such as [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], Karnataka and Jharkhand, were vulnerable to illegal logging by timber mafias that have coopted or intimidated forestry officials, local politicians, businesses and citizenry.<ref name="colchester1999">Marcus Colchester and Christian Erni, "Indigenous Peoples and Protected Areas in South and Southeast Asia: From Principles to Practice", IWGIA, 1999, {{ISBN|87-90730-18-6}}. Snippet: ''... The Forest Department is perceived as corrupt, colluding with timber contractors (the timber mafia), and taking bribes from the communities in return for ...''</ref><ref name="rawat1999">Ajay Singh Rawat, "Forest Management in Kumaon Himalaya: Struggle of the Marginalised People", Indus Publishing, 1999, {{ISBN|81-7387-101-9}}. Snippet: ''... within 5 years in the Western Circle, 13 forest officials have been murdered and 39 fatally wounded in their bid to prevent illicit timber trade ... Politicians are chary of getting on the wrong side of the timber mafia, which has proved to be extremely generous during election time ...''</ref>

Despite these local criminal and corruption issues, satellite data analysis and a 2010 FAO report finds India has added over 4 million hectares of forest cover, a 7% increase, between 1990 and 2010.<ref name=faof2010/>

==Forest rights==
{{expand section|date=July 2014}}
In 1969, forestry in India underwent a major change with the passage of the [[Forest Rights Act]], a new legislation that sought to address the needs of forest dwelling communities that resulted from the failure to record their rights over forest land and resources. It also sought to bring in new forms of community conservation.{{citation needed|date=July 2014}}

Forest laws in India
*[[Indian Forest Act, 1927]]
*[[Forest Conservation Act, 1980]]
*[[Environment Protection Act, 1986]]
*[[Biological Diversity Act, 2002]]
*[[The Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006]]
*[[Compensatory Afforestation Fund Act, 2016]]

==Gallery==
<gallery mode="packed">
File: Sundarban Tiger.jpg |A tiger in the Sundarban Tiger Reserve, [[Sundarbans National Park]]
File:Indian peafowl Kambalakonda Visakhapatnam.JPG|Indian peafowl spotted at Kambalakonda Wildlife Sanctuary in [[Visakhapatnam]]
File:Little Green Bee-eaters (Merops orientalis) at Jim Corbett National Park, Uttarakhand.jpg|Green Bee-eaters, found in Himalayan forests of India
File:Hinglajgarh Forest.jpg|[[Hinglajgarh]] Forest in Madhya Pradesh
File:1 Aravalli Range in Rajasthan India.jpg|Forest cover of Aravalli range in Rajasthan
File:Mahua.jpg|Dried Mahua flowers, an edible forest product, are a rich source of energy.
File:Diospyros melanoxylon Tendu.jpg|Tendu leaf, used to make rural cigarettes
File:Athirappalli Waterfalls, Thrissur, Kerala.jpg|Forests of Kerala near Athirappalli Waterfalls
File:Forest Kambalakonda Wildlife Sanctuary Visakhapatnam.jpg|Dry Forests in Andhra Pradesh
File:Henry's Island Tower View.jpg|Mangrove forests of West Bengal
File:LakshadweepIsland.jpg|Forest cover in Lakshadweep
</gallery>

==See also==

* Forests in India related
** [[Bodhi Tree]]
** [[Communal forests of India]]
** [[List of banyan trees in India]]
** [[Protected areas of India]]
** [[Reserved forests and protected forests of India]]
** [[Sacred groves of India]]
** [[Social forestry in India]]
** [[Wildlife of India]]
** [[Mangroves in India]]
* Forestry entities in India
** [[Arid Forest Research Institute]]
** [[Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education]]
** [[Indian Forest Service]]
** [[List of forest research institutes#India|List of forest research institutes in India]]
** [[List of forestry technical schools#India|List of forestry technical schools in India]]
** [[List of forestry universities and colleges#India|List of forestry universities and colleges in India]]
** [[Van Vigyan Kendra]], Forest Science Centres

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Saravanan, Velayutham. ''Environmental History of Modern India: Land, Population, Technology and Development'' (Bloomsbury Publishing India, 2022) [http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=58163 online review][
*{{cite web|url=http://countrystudies.us/india/106.htm|work=U.S. Library of Congress (released in [[public domain]])|title=Library of Congress Country Studies|access-date=2007-10-06}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*[http://www.icfre.org Forestry Research Institute, India]

{{Economy of India related topics}}
{{Forestry by country}}
{{Forestry}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Forestry in India| ]]

Lokmanya Tilak Terminus–Bidar Express

2026-01-12T07:17:32Z

Cdpnkr:

{{Orphan|date=November 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Lokmanya Tilak Terminus - Bidar Express
| image =
| image_width =
| caption =
| type = [[Express trains in India|Express]]
| locale =
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|2015|02|10}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Railway Minister Flags off Three New Trains|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=115322|work=[[Government of India]]|publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]]|accessdate=10 February 2015}}</ref>
| last =
| operator = [[Central Railway zone]]
| ridership =
| start = [[Lokmanya Tilak Terminus]] ('''LTT''')
| stops = 13
| end = {{rws|Bidar}} ('''BIDR''')
| distance = {{convert|655|km|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 13 hours 25 minutes
| frequency = Two days{{efn|Runs two days in a week for every direction.}}
| class = AC 2 Tier, AC 3 Tier, Sleeper 3 Tier, Unreserved
| seating = No
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = No
| observation =
| entertainment = No
| baggage =
| otherfacilities=
| stock = 2
| gauge = {{RailGauge|1676mm}}
| el =
| trainnumber = 11075/11076
| speed = {{cvt|58|km/h}}
| map =
| map_state =
}}

'''Lokmanya Tilak Terminus - Bidar Express''' is an express train of the Indian Railways connecting [[Lokmanya Tilak Terminus]] in [[Maharashtra]] and [[Bidar railway station|Bidar]] of [[Karnataka]]. It is currently being operated with 11075/11076 train numbers on a weekly basis.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.cr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&id=0,4,268&dcd=3186&did=1448963990255C207298F5ED7B94E8D13297572969010.web91 | title=Permanent Augmentation of 5 CR Trains with 17 General Second class coaches | date=3 December 2015 | publisher=Central Railway | first=Sunil | last=Udasi | accessdate=13 January 2019 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.orissadiary.com/CurrentNews.asp?id=57148 Railway Minister Flags off Three New Trains]</ref><ref>[http://www.scr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&dcd=5318&id=0,5,268 Shri Suresh Prabhakar Prabhu Flags Off LTT Mumbai-Bidar Weekly Express]</ref>

== Service ==

The 11075/Mumbai LTT - Bidar Express has an average speed of 49 km/h and covers 655 km in 13 hrs 25 mins. 11076/Bidar - Mumbai LTT Express has an average speed of 42 km/h and 655 km in 15 hrs 35 mins.

== Route and halts ==

The important halts of the train are:

* [[Lokmanya Tilak Terminus]]
* {{rws|Thane}}
* {{rws|Kalyan Junction}}
* {{rws|Karjat}}
* {{rws|Lonavala}}
* {{rws|Pune Junction}}
* {{rws|Kurduvadi Junction}}
* {{rws|Barshi Town}}
* {{rws|Dharashiv}}
* {{rws|Latur}}
* {{rws|Latur Road Junction}}
* {{rws|Udgir}}
* {{rws|Kamalnagar}}
* {{rws|Bhalki}}
* {{rws|Bidar}}

==Coach composite==

The train consists of 18 coaches :

* 1 AC II Tier
* 2 AC III Tier
* 7 Sleeper Coaches
* 6 General
* 2 Second-class Luggage/parcel van

== Traction ==

Both trains are hauled by a [[Loco Shed, Kalyan|Kalyan Loco Shed]] based [[WDM-3D]] diesel locomotive from [[Kurla]] to [[Bidar]].

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== External links ==

* [http://indiarailinfo.com/train/mumbai-ltt-bidar-express-11075/23594/466/2282 11075/Mumbai LTT - Bidar Express]
* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/chennai-central-mumbai-ltt-weekly-express-11074/23208/35/466 11076/Bidar - Mumbai LTT Express]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lokmanya Tilak Terminus-Bidar Express}}
[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Transport in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 2015]]
[[Category:Transport in Bidar]]

{{India-express-train-stub}}

Abhishek Gupta (television personality)

2026-01-07T14:57:52Z

Cdpnkr:

{{short description|Indian actor}}
{{BLP sources|date=February 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Abhishek Gupta
| image =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1978|6|16}}
| birth_place = [[New Delhi]], [[India]]
| education =
| occupation = [[Television personality]]
| years_active =
| spouse = {{marriage|Unknown|2025}}
| children = 1
| website = {{Instagram|luckyinkorea}}
}}
'''Abhishek Gupta''' ({{langx|ko|아비쉐크 굽타}}; born 16 June 1978), also known as '''Lucky''' ({{langx|ko|럭키|label=none}}), is an Indian who lives and performs in [[South Korea]] as a television personality and actor. He was a cast member in the talk-variety show ''[[Non-Summit]]''.<ref>{{cite web|last=Singh|first=L|title=Meet Lucky, Korea's Most Famous Indian|url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/meet-lucky-koreas-famous-indian/|website=[[Rolling Stone|Rolling Stone India]]|date=9 May 2019|access-date=24 February 2020|archive-date=29 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200929035947/https://rollingstoneindia.com/meet-lucky-koreas-famous-indian/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Born in New Delhi, India, he graduated from the Department of Economics at the National University of India.

He entered the Republic of Korea on March 24, 1996 and has already worked as a broadcaster and actor in the early 2000s. He is also a businessman who runs Lucky India, a small business and Indian restaurant which also imports Indian sesame seeds.

He appeared 103 to 144 times as a representative of [[JTBC]]'s "Non-summit" India, and dropped out to prepare to open an Indian restaurant. He appeared on [[TVN (South Korean TV channel)|tvN's]] "Wednesday Food Talk" episode 28 and in the 10th episode of "Thank you for the meal." In the SBS Monday-Tuesday drama "The Age of Wild Men", he played the role of "Major Watekar" of the U.S. Army, which often makes him appear as a supporting character in the composite video of the "Wild Men".

In 2022, he was awarded [[List of honorary citizens of Seoul|honorary citizenship of Seoul]] for his promotion of the city and charity outreach work.<ref>{{cite web|title=From YouTuber to newspaper columnist, 18 foreign residents become honorary Seoul citizens|url=https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/nation/2022/12/120_341503.html|website=Korea Times|date=11 December 2022|access-date=2022-12-12|archive-date=12 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221212222257/https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/nation/2022/12/120_341503.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Abnormal Summit ==
Instead of his real name, he appears under the nickname Lucky. He appeared as India's representative from 103 times in the abnormal talks that were reorganized into season 2.

Since he has relatively more experience in domestic broadcasting than other panels, he is responsible for the gag of season 2 while showing flexible talk without being nervous from the beginning of his appearance. Among the cast of abnormal talks, Sung Si-kyung and Jeon Hyun-moo are the oldest after the oldest of all abnormal representatives.

He is also the oldest brother who is warm hearted because of his age and long life in Korea. Above all, due to the long life in Korea, the pronunciation and intonation are quite natural. Although there may be a lack of vocabulary, the flow of words itself is so close to the level of native speakers that it is hard to tell if they are foreigners if they hear it with their eyes closed.

He may seem like arguing with Zahid Hussein, a Pakistani panel who has an unfriendly relation with India. It may seem like they are in a bad relationship, but both of them are not cranky but sarcastic, and they are at the level of acknowledging reasonable points from the other person and ending them with humor. Rather, the two's discussion tendencies are so gentlemanly that it is difficult to create a tense scene.

On April 10, 2017, he stopped appearing for personal reasons. He later appeared as a guest on the show's announcement on August 7, 2017.

==Personal life==
On August 15, 2025, Gupta announced his engagement to a Korean woman. It was also announced that the bride-to-be was pregnant.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kim|first=Na-ra|date=August 15, 2025|title='비정상회담' 럭키, '임신' 韓 예비신부 공개..영탁도 '박수' 보냈다|url=https://m.entertain.naver.com/ranking/article/108/0003356952|trans-title=Lucky on "Abnormal Summit" reveals his pregnant Korean bride-to-be, earning applause from Young Tak|access-date=August 15, 2025|publisher=StarNews|language=ko|via=[[Naver]]}}</ref> The couple married on September 28, 2025.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kim|first=Seung-hye|date=September 28, 2025|title=럭키 결혼식, 전현무 “임신 맞냐” 질문에…“5개월이다” 감사의 눈물|url=https://m.entertain.naver.com/ranking/article/410/0001091776|trans-title=Lucky Wedding: Jeon Hyun-moo asks, "Are you really pregnant?"... "I'm five months pregnant," she says, tears of gratitude.|access-date=September 29, 2025|publisher=MKsports|language=ko|via=[[Naver]]}}</ref> On January 6, 2026, Gupta's wife gave birth to a daughter.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kim|first=Jin-seok|date=January 7, 2026|title=[단독]럭키, '딸 아빠' 됐다… 6일 신부 출산의 기쁨|url=https://m.entertain.naver.com/ranking/article/117/0004024319|trans-title=[Exclusive] Lucky Becomes a Father of a Daughter… Celebrating the Birth of a Newlywed on the 6th|access-date=January 7, 2026|publisher=MyDaily|language=ko|via=[[Naver]]}}</ref>

==Filmography==
===Television series===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
|-
| 2003
| ''[[Rustic Period]]''
| Major Watekar
|
|-
|-
| 2019
| ''[[Pegasus Market]]''
| Al-sahad Saladin
|
|-
|}

===Television shows===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Network
! Role
! Notes/Ref.
|-
| 2016–2017
| ''[[Non-Summit]]''
| [[JTBC]]
| rowspan=5|Cast member
|
|-
| 2017–2018
| ''[[Welcome, First Time in Korea?]]''
| [[MBC Every 1]]
|
|-
| 2017–2018
| ''Travelmate''
| [[O'live]]
|
|-
| 2018–present
| ''[[South Korean Foreigners]]''
| [[MBC Every 1]]
|
|-
| 2019
| ''Eurachacha Mansuro''
| [[KBS 2TV]]
|
|-
| 2020 || ''[[King of Mask Singer]]'' || [[MBC TV (South Korean TV channel)|MBC]] || Contestant || as "Kimchi" (ep. 253)<ref>{{Cite news|author=Ji Min-kyung|title='복면가왕' 코드쿤스트·차청화·김강훈·럭키 1R 탈락..주윤발 6연승 도전 [종합]|url=http://www.osen.co.kr/article/G1111346997|work=OSEN|date=3 May 2020|access-date=3 May 2020|language=ko|archive-date=22 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922015720/http://osen.mt.co.kr/article/G1111346997|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2024 || ''[[Welcome, First Time in Korea?]]'' || [[MBC Every 1]] || Special Host || ep. 328, 329
|}

==Awards and nominations==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Award
! Category
! Nominated work
! Result
! Ref.
|-
| 2019
| [[KBS Entertainment Awards]]
| Best Challenge Award
| ''[[Eurachacha Mansuro]]''
| {{won}}
|
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Instagram|luckyinkorea}}

{{Non-Summit}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gupta, Abhishek}}
[[Category:1978 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian television personalities]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:Indian expatriates in South Korea]]
[[Category:Male actors from New Delhi]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]

Bharathan

2025-12-21T09:33:30Z

Cdpnkr:

{{short description|Indian filmmaker (1946–1998)}}
{{otheruses}}
{{multiple issues|
{{original research|date=July 2014}}
{{more citations needed|date=March 2014}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Bharathan
| image = Bharathan (cropped).jpg
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1946|11|14}}
| birth_place = [[Wadakkancherry]], [[Kingdom of Cochin]], [[British India]] (present day [[Thrissur district|Thrissur]], [[Kerala]], India)
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1998|07|30|1946|11|14|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| occupation = {{hlist|Art director|Sculptor|Poster designer|Film director|Lyricist|Music composer|Editor}}
| years_active = 1973{{ndash}}1998
| spouse = [[K. P. A. C. Lalitha]]
| children = 2 (incl. [[Sidharth Bharathan|Sidharth]])
| relatives = [[P. N. Menon (director)|P. N. Menon]] (uncle)
| awards =
}}

'''Bharathan Parameshwara Menon Palissery ''' (14 November 1946 – 30 July 1998), known mononymously as '''Bharathan''', was an [[Indian people|Indian]] [[film maker]], [[artist]], and [[art director]]. Bharathan is noted for being the founder of a new school of film making in [[Malayalam cinema]], along with [[Padmarajan]] and [[K. G. George]], in the 1980s, which created films that were widely received while also being critically acclaimed. A train of directors, and screenwriters followed this school onto the 1990s including [[Sibi Malayil]], [[Kamaluddin Mohammed|Kamal]], [[Lohithadas]] and [[Jayaraj]].

==Early life==
He was born at [[Enkakkad]] near [[Wadakkancherry]], in present-day [[Thrissur district]] of [[Kerala]], India to Parameshwara Menon Palissery and Karthiyayini Amma

==Career==
===Art direction===
After completing his diploma from the [[College of Fine Arts, Thrissur]], Bharathan entered films as an art director through the Malayalam film ''Gandharavakshetram'' (1972), directed by [[A. Vincent]], which also happened to be one of the first films where actor [[Thilakan]] played a noticeable role. He was inspired by his uncle [[P. N. Menon (director)|P. N. Menon]], an established director. After working as an art director and assistant director in a few films, he made his directorial debut in 1975 with ''[[Prayanam (1975 film)|Prayanam]]'', which was based on [[Padmarajan]]'s script. It also marked the rise of two early proponents of middle-stream Malayalam cinema.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cinemaofmalayalam.net/bharathan.html |title=Bharathan |work=Cinema of Malayalam |access-date=2011-03-07 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110525204859/http://www.cinemaofmalayalam.net/bharathan.html |archive-date=25 May 2011}}</ref>

===Film direction===
Bharathan directed over 40 films in Malayalam, Tamil, and Telugu. Starting his career in 1975 with [[Prayanam (1975 film)|Prayanam]], Bharathan rode to fame with his off-beat [[Thakara]], a film about a dumb-witted central character who falls in love with the village beauty. Some of his other memorable films include ''[[Rathinirvedam (1978 film)|Rathinirvedam]]'', ''Chamaram'', ''Paalangal'', ''[[Amaram]]'', and ''[[Vaishali (film)|Vaishali]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/ie/daily/19980731/21250254.html |title=Noted Malayalam film director Bharathan dead |work=The Indian Express|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090626022836/http://www.indianexpress.com/ie/daily/19980731/21250254.html |archive-date=26 June 2009|date=31 July 1998}}</ref>

His association with [[Padmarajan]] led to films including ''Rathi Nirvedam'' and ''Thakara''. ''[[Rathinirvedam (1978 film)|Rathi Nirvedam]]'' was a treatment of teenage sexual angst. In ''Thakara'', he deals with the life and longings of an intellectually disabled youth and his association with society.

In the early 1980s, he made several notable movies like ''[[Chamaram]]'', ''[[Marmaram]]'', ''Paalangal'', ''[[Ormakkayi]]'', ''[[Kattathe Kilikkoodu]]'', ''[[Kathodu Kathoram]]'', and many more. They did well in theatres and set the trend for meaningful mainstream cinema. Other noted directors followed suit. It was the romantic era of Malayalam cinema.

Not all of Bharathan's films skirted with bold themes and controversy. In ''Oru Minnaaminunginte Nurunguvettam'' (1987), he tells the poignant story of a childless couple in their post-retirement life. It deals with the isolation and loneliness that come with old age. The film was a departure from Bharathan's usual style and proved to be a major commercial hit while garnering critical acclaim, too.
[[File:Lohitadas and Bharathan.jpg|thumb|right|350px|Screenwriter [[Lohithadas]], director Bharathan and cinematographer [[Ramachandra Babu]] at the location of ''Venkalam''.]]
His ''Vaisali'' (1988) is widely regarded as a modern-day masterpiece in Malayalam cinema. Scripted by the iconic Malayalam novelist [[M. T. Vasudevan Nair]], it was an adaptation of a sub-story told in the epic [[Mahabharata]]. Another movie born from their association was ''[[Thazhvaram]]''. The subject was revenge, a theme quite uncharacteristic of Bharathan movies. The style was inspired by classic Westerns with a brooding, reticent central character and expansive shots of barren landscape. Another movie was [[Amaram]], which was written by [[A. K. Lohithadas]] and starred Mammootty, which was a milestone movie of the Malayalam movie of the 1990s.

Even though he was not known to cater to the star-centric system, Bharathan was instrumental in bringing together the two screen icons of Tamil cinema [[Sivaji Ganesan]] and [[Kamal Haasan]] in the Tamil film [[Thevar Magan]], written by Kamal Haasan, which won critical acclaim and became an Industry Hit in Tamil cinema. Sivaji gave an uncharacteristically restrained yet brilliant performance. The movie won several National Awards and was remade into many regional languages (most notably ''[[Virasat (1997 film)|Virasat]]'' in Hindi).

His more experimental films include ''Aaravam'', more an arthouse than a commercial venture, and ''Nidra'', about the plight of a woman who is in love with a mentally deranged man. His film ''Nidra'' was remade by his son, film director Sidharth Bharathan. ''Rathinirvedam'', originally directed by Bharathan, which was a noted film, was also remade by another famous director, T. K. Rajeev Kumar, with Swetha Menon in the lead.

Apart from film direction, he also wrote lyrics and tuned songs for his films. (e.g., lyrics for "Thaaram Valkannadi Nokki" in ''Keli'' and "Tharum Thalirum Mizhipootti" in ''Chilambu'' or title song for ''Kathodu Kathoram''). He collaborated with writer [[P. R. Nathan]] in ''Keli''.

==Filmmaking style==
{{original research section|date=November 2021}}
Bharathan's films were known for their realistic portrayal of rural life in Kerala. Melodrama and escapism, often integral parts of mainstream cinema in India, were usually absent in his films. He also managed to steer clear of the "star-centric" culture prevalent in Indian cinema throughout his career. His later films did involve major movie stars, but usually without compromising on plot or narrative. Bharathan, along with [[Padmarajan]] and [[K. G. George]], were largely responsible for introducing a counterculture of meaningful mainstream cinema, which often tread the middle path between arthouse and commercial cinema. This movement was often called the "middle of the road cinema<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-26 |title=John Paul was an important voice of middle-of-the-road Malayalam cinema in the 1980s |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/editorials/the-storyteller-5-john-paul-film-industry-malyalam-director-7887291/ |access-date=2025-01-28 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>." Bharathan's films were known for their visually appealing shot compositions. His background as a painter enabled him to create frames that were often credited for their visual beauty. Natural props and nature itself often became important characters in his films (like the railway track in ''Palangal'' or the sea in ''[[Amaram]]''). Bharathan is one of the few Indian directors known to use an elaborate storyboard system for filming. He also often designed the posters for his films.

Several of his early films were known for their bold portrayal of sexual themes. His films often defied social conventions and norms about man-woman relationships. ''[[Rathinirvedam (1978 film)|Rathinirvedam]]'' was the sexual-coming-of-age story of the relationship between a teenager and an older woman, while ''[[Chamaram]]'' dealt with the tumultuous affair between a student and his college lecturer. In ''[[Kattathe Kilikkoodu]]'', an elderly, married professor falls for his student. ''[[Kathodu Kathoram|Kaathodu Kaathoram]]'' was about the social ostracism of a woman who has an adulterous relationship.

The latter half of Bharathan's career saw a distinct change in filmmaking style characterised by a wider canvas, more attention to detail, and a more distinct focus on narrative style (e.g., ''[[Vaishali (film)|Vaishali]]'', ''[[Amaram]]'', ''[[Thaazhvaaram]]'', and ''[[Thevar Magan]]''). Some critics argue that this quest for technical excellence was at the expense of the quality of thematic content. Films like ''[[Vaishali (film)|Vaishali]]'' and ''Amaram'' (where he collaborated with acclaimed cinematographer Madhu Ambat) set a new benchmark for cinematographic excellence in [[Malayalam Cinema|Malayalam]] and Indian Cinema. ''[[Thaazhvaaram]]'' was stylistically inspired by classic Hollywood Westerns, though the theme and backdrop were distinctly original.

His last few films (''[[Devaraagam]]'', ''Churam'' and ''Priyuralu'') were received moderately by critics.

==Death==
Bharatan died at a private hospital in [[Chennai]] on 30 July 1998 at the age of 52 following prolonged illness. His last film was ''Churam'', which released a year before his death. His mortal remains were brought back to his ancestral home at [[Wadakkancherry]] and cremated with full state honours.

==Personal life==

Bharathan was married to theatre and film actress [[K. P. A. C. Lalitha]] with whom he associated in a lot of films before and after marriage.<ref name="TH">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2010/11/26/stories/2010112651100400.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121108143954/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2010/11/26/stories/2010112651100400.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 November 2012|title=Emotional reunion|access-date=26 November 2010|work=[[The Hindu]]|location=Chennai, India|date=17 June 2011}}</ref> They had two children - Sreekutty, a former child actress, and [[Sidharth Bharathan]], a film actor and director.

==Filmography==

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="margin-right: 0;"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 2em;" | Film
! scope="col" style="width: 10em;" | Year
! scope="col" style="width: 2em;" | Director
! scope="col" style="width: 2em;" | Writer
! scope="col" style="width: 2em;" | Art-director
! scope="col" style="width: 2em;" | Composer
! scope="col" style="width: 2em;" | Editor
! scope="col" style="width: 10em;" | Notes
! scope="col" style="width: 1em;" class="unsortable"| {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| 1972
! scope="row" | ''[[Chembarathi]]''
| || || {{yes}} || || || ||
|-
| 1972
! scope="row" | ''Gandharvakshethram''
| || || {{yes}} || || || ||
|-
| 1973
! scope="row" | ''[[Chenda (film)|Chenda]]''
| || || {{yes}} || || || ||
|-
| 1973
! scope="row" | ''[[Dharmayudham]]''
| || || {{yes}} || || || ||
|-
| 1973
! scope="row" | ''[[Ponnaapuram Kotta]]''
| || || {{yes}} || || || ||
|-
| 1973
! scope="row" | ''[[Enippadikal (film)|Enippadikal]]''
| || || {{yes}} || || || ||
|-
| 1973
! scope="row" | ''[[Maadhavikkutty]]''
| || || {{yes}} || || || ||
|-
| 1974
! scope="row" | ''[[Rajahamsam]]''
| || || {{yes}} || || || ||
|-
| 1974
! scope="row" | ''[[Chakravaakam]]''
| || || {{yes}} || || || ||
|-
| 1974
! scope="row" | ''[[Neelakkannukal]]''
| || || {{yes}} || || || ||
|-
| 1974
! scope="row" | ''[[Mucheettukalikkaarante Makal]]''
| || || {{yes}} || || || ||
|-
| 1975
! scope="row" | ''[[Prayanam (1975 film)|Prayanam]]''
| {{yes}} || || {{yes}} || || || ||
|-
| 1976
! scope="row" | ''[[Surveykkallu]]''
| || || {{yes}} || || || ||
|-
| 1976
! scope="row" | ''[[Ponni (1976 film)|Ponni]]''
| || || {{yes}} || || || ||
|-
| 1976
! scope="row" | ''Yudhakaandam''
| || || {{yes}} || || || ||
|-
| 1977
! scope="row" | ''[[Guruvayur Kesavan (film)|Guruvayur Kesavan]]''
| {{yes}} || || {{yes}} || || || ||
|-
| 1978
! scope="row" | ''[[Rathinirvedam (1978 film)|Rathinirvedam]]''
| {{yes}} || || || || || ||
|-
| 1978
! scope="row" | ''[[Aniyara]]''
| {{yes}} || || || || || ||
|-
| 1978
! scope="row" | ''[[Njaan Njaan Maathram]]''
| || || {{yes}} || || || ||
|-
| 1978
! scope="row" | ''[[Aaravam]]''
| {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || || || ||
|-
| 1979
! scope="row" | ''[[Thakara]]''
| {{yes}} || || {{yes}} || || || ||
|-
| 1980
! scope="row" | ''[[Lorry (film)|Lorry]]''
| {{yes}} || || || || || ||
|-
| 1980
! scope="row" | ''[[Savithiri (1980 film)|Savithiri]]''
| {{yes}} || || {{yes}} || || || Tamil film ||
|-
| 1980
! scope="row" | ''[[Chamaram]]''
| {{yes}} || || {{yes}} || || || ||
|-
| 1981
! scope="row" | ''[[Nidra (1981 film)|Nidra]]''
| {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || || || ||
|-
| 1981
! scope="row" | ''Palangal''
| {{yes}} || || {{yes}} || || || ||
|-
| 1981
! scope="row" | ''[[Parankimala (1981 film)|Parankimala]]''
| {{yes}} || || {{yes}} || || || ||
|-
| 1981
! scope="row" | ''[[Chaatta (film)|Chatta]]''
| {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || || || ||
|-
| 1981
! scope="row" | ''Parvathy''
| {{yes}} || || {{yes}} || || || ||
|-
| 1982
! scope="row" | ''[[Marmaram]]''
| {{yes}} || || {{yes}} || || || ||
|-
| 1982
! scope="row" | ''[[Ormakkayi]]''
| {{yes}} || || {{yes}} || || || ||
|-
| 1983
! scope="row" | ''[[Eenam]]''
| {{yes}} || || || {{yes}} || || ||
|-
| 1983
! scope="row" | ''[[Sandhya Mayangum Neram]]''
| {{yes}} || || || || || ||
|-
| 1983
! scope="row" | ''[[Kattathe Kilikkoodu]]''
| {{yes}} || || {{yes}} || || || ||
|-
| 1984
! scope="row" | ''[[Ente Upasana]]''
| {{yes}} || || || || || ||
|-
|-
| 1985
! scope="row" | ''[[Kathodu Kathoram]]''
| {{yes}} || || || {{yes}} || || ||
|-
| 1984
! scope="row" | ''[[Ithiripoove Chuvannapoove]]''
| {{yes}} || || {{yes}} || || || ||
|-
| 1985
! scope="row" | ''[[Ozhivukaalam]]''
| {{yes}} || || || || || ||
|-
| 1985
! scope="row" | ''Oonjalaadum Uravugal''
| {{yes}} || || || || || Tamil film ||
|-
| 1986
! scope="row" | ''[[Chilambu]]''
| {{yes}} || || || || || ||
|-
| 1986
! scope="row" | ''[[Pranamam]]''
| {{yes}} || || || || || Also lyricist ||
|-
| 1987
! scope="row" | ''[[Oru Minnaminunginte Nurunguvettam]]''
| {{yes}} || || {{yes}} || || {{yes}} || ||
|-
| 1987
! scope="row" | ''[[Neela Kurinji Poothappol]]''
| {{yes}} || || || || || ||
|-
| 1988
! scope="row" | ''[[Vaisali (film)|Vaisali]]''
| {{yes}} || || || || {{yes}} || ||
|-
| 1989
! scope="row" | ''[[Oru Sayahnathinte Swapnam]]''
| {{yes}} || || {{yes}} || || {{yes}} || ||
|-
| 1990
! scope="row" | ''[[Thazhvaram]]''
| {{yes}} || || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || || ||
|-
| 1990
! scope="row" | ''[[Malootty]]''
| {{yes}} || || {{yes}} || || || ||
|-
| 1991
! scope="row" | ''[[Amaram]]''
| {{yes}} || || || || || ||
|-
| 1991
! scope="row" | ''[[Keli (film)|Keli]]''
| {{yes}} ||{{yes}}|| || {{yes}} || || ||
|-
| 1992
! scope="row" | ''[[Aavarampoo]]''
| {{yes}} || || {{yes}} || || || Tamil film ||
|-
| 1992
! scope="row" | ''[[Thevar Magan]]''
| {{yes}} || || || || || Tamil film ||
|-
| 1993
! scope="row" | ''[[Venkalam]]''
| {{yes}} || || || || || ||
|-
| 1993
! scope="row" | ''[[Chamayam (1993 film)|Chamayam]]''
| {{yes}} || || || || || ||
|-
| 1993
! scope="row" | ''[[Padheyam]]''
| {{yes}} || || || || || ||
|-
| 1996
! scope="row" | ''[[Devaraagam]]''
| {{yes}} || {{yes}} || || || || ||
|-
| 1997
! scope="row" | ''Churam''
| {{yes}} || {{yes}} || || || || ||
|-
| 1998
! scope="row" | ''Priyuralu''
| {{yes}} || {{yes}} || || || || Telugu film; dubbed in Malayalam as ''Manjeeradhwani'' ||
|-
|}

==Awards==
===National Film Awards===
* 1992: [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Tamil]] {{endash}} ''[[Thevar Magan]]''

===Filmfare Awards South===
* 1979: [[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Malayalam]] ''[[Thakara]]''
* 1980: [[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Malayalam]] ''[[Chamaram]]''
* 1984: [[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Malayalam]] ''[[Ithiri Poove Chuvannapoove]]''

===Kerala State Film Awards===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Category !! Film(s)
|-
|1975||[[Kerala State Film Award for Best Art Director|Best Art Director]]||''[[Prayanam (1975 film)|Prayanam]]''
|-
|1979||[[Kerala State Film Award for Best Art Director|Best Art Director]]||''[[Thakara]]''
|-
|1980||[[Kerala State Film Award for Best Art Director|Best Art Director]]||''[[Chamaram]]''
|-
|1980||[[Kerala State Film Award for Second Best Film|Second Best Film]]||''[[Chamaram]]''
|-
|1981||[[Kerala State Film Award for Best Art Director|Best Art Director]]||''Chatta''
|-
|1982||[[Kerala State Film Award for Best Film|Best Film]]||''[[Marmaram]]''
|-
|1982||[[Kerala State Film Award for Second Best Film|Second Best Film]]||''[[Ormakkayi]]''
|-
|1982||[[Kerala State Film Award for Best Director|Best Director]]||''[[Marmaram]]'', ''[[Ormakkayi]]''
|-
|1982||[[Kerala State Film Award for Best Art Director|Best Art Director]]||''[[Ormakkayi]]''
|-
|1984||[[Kerala State Film Award for Best Art Director|Best Art Director]]||''[[Ithiri Poove Chuvannapoove]]''
|-
|1987||[[Kerala State Film Award for Best Popular Film|Best Popular Film]]||''[[Oru Minnaminunginte Nurunguvettam]]''
|-
|1992||[[Kerala State Film Award for Best Popular Film|Best Popular Film]]||''[[Venkalam]]''
|}

==In popular culture==
[[K. B. Venu|KB Venu]] portrayed Bharathan in 2025 Malayalam movie [[Rekhachithram]] directed by Jofin T Chacko

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Bharathan}}
* {{IMDb name|id=0080245}}
*[[:ml:ഭരതന്‍ (ചലച്ചിത്ര സംവിധായകന്‍)]]
* [http://sv1.mathrubhumi.com/specials/bharathan/ Festschrift by ''Mathrubhumi'']
*{{cite web|url=http://cs.nyu.edu/kandathi/bharathan.html |title=Bharathan |access-date=2010-06-13 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120214115454/http://cs.nyu.edu/kandathi/bharathan.html |archive-date=14 February 2012}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110525204859/http://www.cinemaofmalayalam.net/bharathan.html cinemaofmalayalam.net: Profile]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140412153224/http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/malayalamcinemamore.htm prd.kerala.gov.in: Malayalam Cinema Introduction]

{{Filmfare Award Best Malayalam Director}}
{{Kerala State Film Award for Best Director}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bharathan}}
[[Category:Tamil film directors]]
[[Category:1946 births]]
[[Category:1998 deaths]]
[[Category:Film directors from Thrissur]]
[[Category:Malayalam film directors]]
[[Category:Kerala State Film Award winners]]
[[Category:People from Thrissur district]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards South winners]]
[[Category:Film people from Kerala]]
[[Category:Indian art directors]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian designers]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Kerala]]
[[Category:Film musicians from Kerala]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian screenwriters]]
[[Category:Male actors from Thrissur]]
[[Category:Telugu film directors]]
[[Category:Artists from Kerala]]

Anjana Chaudhari

2025-11-29T11:34:00Z

Cdpnkr: Updated formatting and improved readability

{{Short description|Social class in Gujarat, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
The '''Anjana Chaudhari'''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gopal |first=Dr Krishna |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pQfgAAAAMAAJ |title=Fairs and Festivals of India |date=2003 |publisher=Gyan Publishing House |isbn=978-81-212-0811-6 |location=New Delhi, India, Asia |pages=192 |language=en}}</ref> ([[Hindi]]: आंजणा चौधरी)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gujarat News: फैशनेबल दाढ़ी रखी तो 51 हजार जुर्माना, शादी में नो धूम-धड़ाका... गुजरात के इस समाज ने क्यों लिया फैसला? |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/gujarat/ahmedabad/gujarat-banaskantha-dhanera-anjana-chaudhary-samaj-new-order-youths-will-be-fined-51-thousand-for-having-fancy-beards/articleshow/99203194.cms |access-date=2023-11-13 |website=Navbharat Times |language=hi}}</ref> is a [[Caste system in India|caste]] in the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Gujarat]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lee |first=Alexander |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pJGCDwAAQBAJ&dq=Anjana+Chaudhari&pg=PA113 |title=Development in Multiple Dimensions: Social Power and Regional Policy in India |date=2019-01-31 |publisher=University of Michigan Press |isbn=978-0-472-13125-9 |language=en}}</ref> The Anjana Chaudharis are farmers by profession, most of them being small cultivators.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_zwuAAAAMAAJ |title=Economic and Social Survey of Mehsana District |last=Acharya |first=I. G. |date=1954 |publisher=Indian Society of Agricultural Economics |location=New Delhi, India, Asia |pages=48 |language=en}}</ref> Anjana Chaudharis of Gujarat are also known as '''Anjana Patel''' in their area.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gujarat election: Chaudharys threaten to boycott BJP in polls if ex-minister Vipul Chaudhari not released |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/gujarat-election-chaudharys-threaten-to-boycott-bjp-in-polls-if-ex-minister-vipul-chaudhari-not-released |access-date=2023-11-13 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref>

{{Infobox tribe|local name=આંજણા ચૌધરી|name=Anjana Chaudhari|type=[[Other Backward Class|OBC]] caste in [[Gujarat]]|ethnicity=Anjana Chaudhari|location=*[[Gujarat]]
*[[Daman and Diu]]|parent_tribe=[[Gujarati people]]|branches=*Anjana Chaudhari
*Anjana [[Patel]]
*Anjana [[Patidar]]
*Anjana [[Desai]]
*Anjana [[Kunbi]]
*Chaudhari Patel
*Chaudhari Patidar|language=*[[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]
*[[Hindi]]
*[[English Language|English]]|religion=[[Hinduism|Hindu]]|surnames=*Chaudhari
*Patel
*Desai|image=File:Jay arbuda.jpg|caption=Arbuda Matat, Caste deity of Anjana Chaudharis of Gujarat}}

The Anjana Chaudhari caste in Gujarat is also known by several names, such as Chaudhari, Hindu Anjana, Anjana Patel, Anjana Patidar, Anjana Desai, Anjana Kanbi, Chaudhari Patel, and Chaudhari Patidar.<ref name=":0" />

== Classification ==
The Anjana Chaudhari caste in Gujarat is classified as an [[Other Backward Class]] (OBC) group by state government and in some areas of Gujarat, Anjana Chaudharis are listed as [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribe]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=List of Socially and Educationally Backward Classes of Gujarat State {{!}} List of Castes {{!}} Director, Developing Castes Welfare |url=https://sje.gujarat.gov.in/List-of-Socially-and-Educationally-Backward-Classes-of-Gujarat-State |access-date=2023-11-13 |website=sje.gujarat.gov.in |language=en-IN}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chaudhari, Anjana}}

[[Category:Castes]]

Anjuman-e-Mahdavia

2025-11-21T00:38:30Z

Cdpnkr: created basic page with sources

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{more footnotes needed|date=May 2011}}

'''Markazi Anjuman-e-Mahdavia''', also known as '''Anjuman''', is the most important community center for the [[Mahdavia]] community of [[Hyderabad, India]].

In the early 20th century, Mahdavia community leaders held meetings at the home of Haji Muhammad Ali Khan. On 15 Muharram 1320 AH (24 April 1902), as a result of these assemblies, the center was founded.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 18, 2011 |title=Govt declares April 19 as optional holiday |url=http://www.hyderabadcircle.com/hyderabad-news/govt-declares-april-19-as-optional-holiday-22079 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331084406/http://www.hyderabadcircle.com/hyderabad-news/govt-declares-april-19-as-optional-holiday-22079 |archive-date=Mar 31, 2016 |website=hyderabadcircle.com}}</ref>{{FV|date=May 2023}}

==Presidents==

* Janab Syed Yaqoob Sahib s/o Sayed Nusrat (1913 to 1917)
* Peer-wo-Murshid Syed Shahabuddin Sahib (December 1917 to June 1919)
* Khan Sahib Babu Khan Sahib (1919 to 1926)
* Lisan al-Ummat Qaaed-e-Millat [[Bahadur Yar Jung|Nawab Bahadur Khan Sahib Yar Jung]] (1926 to 1944)
* Janab Abul Hassan Syed Ali Sahib Advocate (1944 to 1950)
* Nawab Mandoor Khan Sahib (Jan 1951 to Dec 1953)
* Nawab Aziz Ahmed Khan Sahib (February 1954 to May 1958)
* Dr. Mohammed Bahadur Khan Salje (May 1955 to March 1958) (President ADHOC Committee)
* Janab Mohammed Saleem Khan Sahib Bozai (April 1958 to October 1962)
* Al-Hajj Mohammed Khader Khan Sahib (1963 to 1968)
* Janab Moinuddin Shaik Imam Sahib (1968 to 1970)
* Al-Hajj Mohammed Khader Khan Sahib (1970 to 1972)
* Dr. Mohammed Mahboob Khan Sahib (1972 to 1973)
* Janab Syed Ali Akber Sahib (1973 to 1974)
* Janab Mohammed Nasseruddin Sahib (1974 to 1976)
* Dr. Mohammed Mahboob Khan Sahib (1977 to 1980)
* Janab Syed Ali Akber Sahib (1981 to 1984)
* Dr. Mohammed Mahboob Ali Khan Sahib (1985 to 1992)
* Mirza Samiullah Baig Sahib (1993 to 1996)
* Janab Sardar Shah Mohammed Khan Sahib (Advocate) (1996 to 2000)
* Siraj-e-Millat Peer-wo-Murshid Syed Attan Shahab Mehdavi (2001 to 2003)
* Janab Sarwar Ali Khan Sahib (2004 to 2006)
* Al-Hajj Janab Adil Mohammed Khan Bozai Mahdavee (2007 to 2019)
* Peer-wo-Murshid Syed Mahmood Shahabuddin Kashif Miyan Sahab (2020 to present)

==References==
{{reflist}}

==See also==
* [[Mahdavi movement]]

[[Category:Mahdavi]]
[[Category:Hyderabad State]]

Ghulam Haider Wyne

2025-11-16T10:05:46Z

Cdpnkr: minor refine lead after review and updated info to improve readability

{{short description|Pakistani politician (1940–1993)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Ghulam Haider Wyne {{nobold|{{nq|غلام حیدر وائیں}}}}
| honorific-suffix = [[Provincial Assembly of the Punjab|MPA]]
| image = Ghulam Haider Wyne By Tariq Imran.jpg
| imagesize = 200px
| smallimage = 
| alt =
| caption =
| order = 10th [[List of Chief Ministers of Punjab (Pakistan)|Chief Minister of Punjab]]
| office1 =
| term_start = 8 November 1990
| term_end = 25 April 1993
| president = [[Ghulam Ishaq Khan]]
| primeminister = [[Nawaz Sharif|Mian Nawaz Sharif]]
| governor = [[Mian Muhammad Azhar]]
| succeeding = 
| predecessor = [[Nawaz Sharif|Mian Nawaz Sharif]]
| successor = [[Manzoor Wattoo]]
| constituency = [[Mian Channu]], [[Punjab, Pakistan]]
| majority = [[Islami Jamhoori Ittehad]]
| office5 = [[Leader of the Opposition]]
| term_start5 = 3 December 1988
| term_end5 = 6 June 1989
| office6 = Member of the [[National Assembly of Pakistan]]
| term_start6 = 1988
| term_end6 = 1990
| term_start8 = 1990
| term_end8 = 1993
| office9 = Member of the [[Provincial Assembly of the Punjab]]
| term_start9 = 1985
| term_end9 = 1988
| birth_date = {{Birth date text|1940}}
| birth_place = [[Amritsar]], [[Punjab (British India)|Punjab]], [[British India]]
| death_date = 29 September 1993 (aged 52–53)
| death_place = [[Mian Channu]], [[Punjab, Pakistan]]
| restingplace = [[Mian Channu]]
| restingplacecoordinates =
| birthname = Ghulam Haider Wyne
| nationality = [[Pakistani people|Pakistani]]
| party = [[Pakistan Muslim League (Nawaz)]]
| otherparty = [[Islami Jamhoori Ittehad]]
| spouse = [[Begum Majeeda Wyne]]
| relations =
| children =
| residence = [[Mian Channu]]
| alma_mater =
| occupation = Politician
| profession = Political Worker
| cabinet =
| committees =
| portfolio =
}}

'''Ghulam Haider Wyne'''{{efn|[[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]/{{langx|ur|{{Nastaliq|غلام حیدر وائیں}}}}}} (1940 – 29 September 1993) was a Pakistani politician who served as the tenth [[Chief Minister of Punjab, Pakistan|chief minister of Punjab]] from 1990 to 1993. He was a senior leader of [[Islami Jamhoori Ittehad]], and later the [[Pakistan Muslim League (N)]].

==Early life==
Wyne's family migrated from India to Pakistan in 1947 after the [[independence of Pakistan]]. He began his career as a typist at Ghazi Industries, Mian Channu.

==Political career==
He was the [[Leader of the Opposition (Pakistan)]] and former chief minister of Pakistan's most populous province [[Punjab (Pakistan)]]. He held chief minister's position from 1990 to 1993, when President [[Ghulam Ishaq Khan]] dissolved the [[Provincial Assembly of the Punjab]] and removed his government in 1993 from [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]] along with [[Nawaz Sharif]]'s government in [[National Assembly of Pakistan|Pakistan]].<ref>[https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2021/07/28/npt-pays-tribute-to-arif-nizami/ NPT (Nazaria-i-Pakistan Trust) pays tribute to Arif Nizami] Pakistan Today (newspaper), Published 28 July 2021, Retrieved 12 April 2022</ref><ref name=TheNation>[https://nation.com.pk/12-Oct-2008/npt-pays-tribute-to-ghulam-haider-wyne Nazaria-i-Pakistan Trust (NPT) pays tribute to Ghulam Haider Wyne] The Nation (newspaper), Published 12 October 2008, Retrieved 3 September 2021</ref><ref>[https://nation.com.pk/2018/10/31/successive-governments-made-bureaucracy-spineless/ Successive Governments Made Bureaucracy Spineless] The Nation (newspaper), Published 31 October 2018, Retrieved 12 April 2022</ref>

Ghulam Haider had risen from an ordinary political worker to the opposition leader in the [[National Assembly of Pakistan]] and later the [[Chief Minister of Punjab, Pakistan]].<ref name=Dawn>[https://www.dawn.com/news/397712/lahore-tributes-paid-to-ghulam-haider-wyne LAHORE: Tributes paid to Ghulam Haider Wyne] Dawn (newspaper), Published 21 October 2004, Retrieved 3 September 2021</ref><ref name=TheNation/> He regretted that the [[Pakistan|nation]] had not followed the principles of [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah|Quaid-i-Azam]] and the objectives for which he had established [[Pakistan]] could not be achieved. He was a down to earth politician who had devoted his life for the welfare of the nation. He led a simple and honourable life in an ordinary house in the ghettos of [[Mian Channu]]. He never plundered national wealth like some other politicians. Once he presented few copies of daily [[Nawa-i-Waqt]] which were kept in an old iron box and said he had carried these copies from [[Amritsar]] while migrating to Pakistan. He visited [[England]] to collect donations for his school projects.<ref name=TheNation/><ref name=Dawn/>

==Nazaria-i-Pakistan Trust==
Ghulam Haider Wyne was the founder and very first chairman of [[Nazaria-i-Pakistan Trust]] (NPT) which he established in July 1992. He provided over 40 [[Kanal (unit)|kanal]] land to the Nazaria-i-Pakistan Trust near [[Johar Town]] [[Lahore]]. He set up over 18 educational institutions in the small city of [[Mian Channu]]. For his contributions in promoting education, he is still remembered as [[Sir Syed Ahmad Khan]] of Mian Channu after his death.<ref name=TheNation/><ref name=Dawn/>

==Assassination==
Ghulam Haider Wyne was murdered in retaliation for the killing of a bandit leader during his premiership.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gunmen kill former high-ranking official in Pakistan - UPI Archives |url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1993/09/29/Gunmen-kill-former-high-ranking-official-in-Pakistan/5962749275200/ |access-date=2025-10-19 |website=UPI |language=en}}</ref> He was ambushed by members of the slain bandit leader's clan near [[Mian Channu]] while doing the rounds of his election campaign on 29 September 1993.<ref name=Dawn2/> Zaman, his convicted killer was executed in jail, in October 2015.<ref name=Dawn2>[https://www.dawn.com/news/1213227 Killer of ex-Punjab Chief Minister, five others executed in various jails] Dawn (newspaper), Published 15 October 2015, Retrieved 3 September 2021</ref>

In October 2004, an event was organized by the Nazaria-i-Pakistan Foundation and Pakistan Movement Workers Trust in [[Lahore]] where Justice [[Javed Iqbal (judge, born 1924)|Javed Iqbal]] and veteran journalist [[Majid Nizami]] paid tributes to Ghulam Haider Wyne.<ref name=Dawn/>

A road near Mian Channu city was named after Ghulam Haider Wyne by Punjab Chief Minister [[Shahbaz Sharif]] in October 2009.<ref>[https://www.dawn.com/news/892682/road-named-after-wyne Road named after Wyne] Dawn (newspaper), Published 3 October 2009, Retrieved 3 September 2021</ref>

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://nazariapak.info/index.php# Nazaria-i-Pakistan Trust's Official Site]
* [http://www.cm.punjab.gov.pk/index.php?q=thechiefministers Chief Minister Of Punjab Official Site]
* [http://www.sehgalfamily.com/?p=513 Official site of Sehgal Family]

{{s-start}}
{{s-off}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[Nawaz Sharif]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Chief Minister of Punjab, Pakistan|Chief Minister of Punjab]]|years=8 November 1990 – 25 April 1993}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Manzoor Wattoo]]}}
|-
{{s-end}}

{{Chief Minister of Punjab, Pakistan}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Wyne, Ghulam Haider}}
[[Category:1940 births]]
[[Category:Chief ministers of Punjab, Pakistan]]
[[Category:1993 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Khanewal District]]
[[Category:Pakistan Muslim League (N) politicians]]

Alapakkam, Chengalpattu

2025-11-15T02:28:04Z

Cdpnkr: created basic data needs work

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Alapakkam
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Census town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Tamil Nadu
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Tamil Nadu, India
| coordinates = {{coord|12|32|9|N|79|45|33|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Chengalpattu district|Chengalpattu]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 5421
| population_as_of = 2001
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Alapakkam''' is a [[census town]] in [[Chengalpattu district]] in the state of [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]. The Alapakkam Census Town has population of 9,404 of which 4,702 are males while 4,702 are females as per report released by Census India 2011.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=District Census of India 2011 Handbook, Kancheepuram District|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/3303_PART_B_DCHB_KANCHEEPURAM.pdf|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=}}</ref>

==Demographics==
The population of children aged 0-6 is 1105 which is 11.75 % of total population of Alapakkam (CT). In Alapakkam Census Town, the female sex ratio is 1000 against state average of 996. Moreover the child sex ratio in Alapakkam is around 1020 compared to Tamil Nadu state average of 943. The literacy rate of Alapakkam city is 85.19 % higher than the state average of 80.09 %. In Alapakkam, male literacy is around 90.40 % while the female literacy rate is 79.97 %.

Alapakkam Census Town has total administration over 2,330 houses to which it supplies basic amenities like water and sewerage. It is also authorize to build roads within Census Town limits and impose taxes on properties coming under its jurisdiction.

Earlier according to 2001 India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archivedate=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|accessdate=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Alapakkam had a population of 5421. Males constitute 53% of the population and females 47%. Alapakkam has an average literacy rate of 72%, higher than the national average of 59.5%; with 58% of the males and 42% of females literate. 10% of the population is under 6 years of age.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Chengalpattu district]]

{{Chengalpattu-geo-stub}}

Deccan wars

2025-11-08T12:23:59Z

Cdpnkr:

{{Short description|1681–1707 wars between the Mughals and the Marathas}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{More citations needed|date=February 2024}}
{{protection padlock|small=yes}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Deccan wars
| date = {{start and end dates|1681|9|8|1707|3|3|df=yes}} {{nwr|({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|month1=09|day1=08|year1=1681|month2=3|day2=03|year2=1707}})}}
| place = Present-day states of [[Maharashtra]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Karnataka]], [[Gujarat]], and [[Tamil Nadu]]
| result =
| combatant1 = [[Maratha Kingdom]]
| combatant2 = [[Mughal Empire]]
| commander1 = {{plainlist|
* [[Sambhaji|Sambhaji I]] {{Executed|[[Execution of Sambhaji]]}}
* [[Shahu I]]{{POW}}{{sfn|Mehta|2005|p=52}}
* [[Rajaram I]]{{Natural Causes}}
*[[Muhammad Akbar (Mughal prince)|Muhammad Akbar]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kulkarni |first=G. T. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qA1BAAAAMAAJ |title=The Mughal-Maratha Relations: Twenty Five Fateful Years, 1682-1707 |date=1983 |publisher=Department of History, Deccan College Post-Graduate Research Institute |pages=265 |language=en |quote=Aurangzeb's most beloved son prince Akbar rose in rebellion against his father and he was given shelter by the Maratha king Sambhaji. On this immediate pretext and provocation the Mughal armies were marched into the Deccan.}}</ref>
* [[Tarabai|Tara Bai]]
* [[Moropant Trimbak Pingle]]{{KIA}}
* [[Shankaraji Narayan Gandekar]]{{KIA}}
* [[Parshuram Pant Pratinidhi]]
* [[Hambirrao Mohite]]{{KIA}}
* [[Ramchandra Pant Amatya]]
* [[Yesubai]]{{POW}}{{sfn|Mehta|2005|p=52}}
* [[Santaji Ghorpade|Santaji Rao]]{{Assassinated}}
* [[Dhanaji Jadhav]]{{DOW}}
}}
| commander2 = {{plainlist|
* [[Aurangzeb]]{{Natural Causes}}
* [[Bahadur Shah I|Shah Alam I]]{{WIA}}
* [[Muhammad Azam Shah|Azam Shah]]
* [[Muhammad Kam Bakhsh|Prince Kam Bakhsh]]
* [[Bidar Bakht|Prince Bidar Bakht]]
* [[Asad Khan (Mughal noble)|Asad Khan]]
* [[Zulfiqar Khan Nusrat Jung|Zulfiqar Khan]]
* [[Muqarrab Khan]]
* [[Ghazi ud-Din Khan Feroze Jung I|Ghazi-ud-Din Khan]]
* [[Nizam-ul-Mulk, Asaf Jah I|Asaf Jah I]]
* [[Bahadur Khan (Moghul General)|Bahadur Khan]]
}}
| strength1 = 150,000<ref name="Malešević 2017 119">{{cite book |last=Malešević |first=Siniša |year=2017 |title=The Rise of Organised Brutality |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bFlEDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA119 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=119 |isbn=978-1-107-09562-5}}</ref>
| strength2 = 500,000<ref name="Malešević 2017 119"/>
| image = Early Maratha History-Joppen.jpg
| caption = Early Maratha history c. 1680 showing the former jagirs of [[Shahji]] and the territories of [[Shivaji]]
| image_size = 320
| campaignbox = {{Campaignbox Later Mughal-Maratha Wars}}
| partof = [[Mughal–Maratha conflicts]]
}}

The '''Deccan wars''', also known as '''Mughal–Maratha wars''', were a series of military conflicts between the [[Mughal Empire|Mughals]] and the [[Maratha Empire|Marathas]] after the death of Maratha Chhatrapati [[Shivaji]] in 1680 until the death of Mughal Emperor [[Aurangzeb]] in 1707.<ref name=laine-2003-ch3>{{citation|last=Laine|first=James W.|chapter=The Hindu Hero: Shivaji and the Saints, 1780–1810|title=Shivaji: Hindu King in Islamic India|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-019-514126-9|pages=45–47|year=2003}}</ref> Shivaji was a central figure in what has been called "the Maratha insurgency" against the Mughal state.<ref name=metcalf-metcalf-p59-60>{{citation|last1=Metcalf|first1=Barbara D.|authorlink1=Barbara D. Metcalf|last2=Metcalf|first2=Thomas R.|authorlink2=Thomas R. Metcalf|year=2012|title=A Concise History of Modern India|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |pages=59–60|isbn=978-1-107-02649-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mjIfqyY7jlsC|quote= Shivaji Bhonsle (1630–80), the pivotal figure in the Maratha insurgency that so plagued Aurangzeb in the Deccan}}</ref> Both he and his son, [[Sambhaji]] (or ''Shambuji'', typically), alternated between rebellion against the Mughal state and service to the Mughal sovereign in an official capacity.<ref name=bang-oxford-ewh-2021-intro>{{citation|last=Bang|first=Peter Fibiger|chapter=Empire—A World History: Anatomy and Concept, Theory and Synthesis|editor1-last=Bang|editor1-first=Peter Fiber|editor2-last=Bayley|editor2-first=C. A.|editor3-last=Scheidel|editor3-first=Walter|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2021|title=The Oxford World History of Empire|volume = 1|isbn=978-0-19-977236-0|page=8}}</ref> It was common practice in late 17th-century India for members of a ruling family of a small principality to both collaborate with and rebel against the Mughals.<ref name=bang-oxford-ewh-2021-intro/>

Upon Shivaji's death in 1680, he was immediately succeeded by [[Rajaram I|Rajaram]], his second-born son by his second wife.<ref name=laine-2003-ch3/> The succession was contested by Sambhaji, Shivaji's first-born son by his first wife, and quickly settled to his benefit by the murders of Rajaram's mother and the loyal courtiers favouring Rajaram's succession, and by Rajaram's imprisonment for the following eight years.<ref name=laine-2003-ch3/> Although Sambhaji's rule was riven by factions, he conducted several military campaigns in southern India and Goa.<ref name=laine-2003-ch3/>

In 1681, Sambhaji was contacted by [[Muhammad Akbar (Mughal prince)|Muhammad Akbar]], son of Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb, who was keen to partner with the Marathas in order to assert his political power against his ageing father's continuing dominance.<ref name=laine-2003-ch3/> The prospects of an alliance incited Aurangzeb to move his household, court and army to the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]]. Akbar spent several years under the protection of Sambhaji but eventually went into exile to Persia in 1686. In 1689 Sambhaji was captured by the Mughals, and [[Execution of Sambhaji|executed]]<ref name=laine-2003-ch3/> at the age of 31. His death was a significant event in Indian history, marking the end of the golden era of the Maratha kingdom. Sambhaji's wife and minor son, later named [[Shahu I|Shahuji]], were taken into the Mughal camp, and Rajaram, who was now an adult, was re-established as ruler; he quickly moved his base to [[Gingee]], far into the [[Tamil Nadu|Tamil country]].<ref name=laine-2003-ch3/> From here, he was able to frustrate Mughal advances into the Deccan until 1700.

In 1707, Emperor Aurangzeb died. Although by this time the Mughal armies had regained total control over lands in the Deccan, their forts had been stripped bare of valuables by the exiting Marathas, who thereafter took to raiding Mughal territory in independently operating "roving bands".<ref name=asher-talbot-1707>{{citation|last1=Asher|first1=C. B.|last2=Talbot|first2=C.|year=2008|page=290|title=India Before Europe t|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=978-0-521-51750-8|quote= By the time Aurangzeb died in 1707, many forts had been captured, but the Marathas had already fled them, taking as much treasure as possible. They formed roving bands, often acting independently, and raided Mughal territory even across the Narmada river, the traditional boundary between the Deccan and north India.}}</ref> In 1719, Sambhaji's son, [[Shahuji|Shahu]], who had been raised in the Mughal court, received the rights to the [[chauth]] (annual tax at 25% of the revenue) and [[sardeshmukhi]] (additional 10% levy) over the six Deccan provinces in exchange for maintaining a contingent of 15,000 troops for the Mughal emperor.{{sfn|Mehta|2005|pp=492–494}}

==Marathas under Sambhaji (1681–1689)==
{{See also|Mughal invasions of Konkan (1684)}}[[File:Sambhaji Maharaj.JPG|200px|right|thumb|[[Sambhaji]] led the Marathas for the first nine years of the Deccan Wars.]] Sambhaji was born in 1657 to Shivaji and his first wife, Saibai. He was trained in the art of warfare from a young age and was known for his bravery and military skills. After Shivaji's death in 1680, Sambhaji ascended to the throne of the Maratha Empire, which was resisting Mughal dominance.{{citation needed|date=October 2023}} In the first half of 1681, several Mughal contingents were dispatched to besiege Maratha forts in present-day [[Gujarat]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Karnataka]], and [[Madhya Pradesh]].

At the time, the Mughal empire was experiencing tension between Emperor [[Aurangzeb]] and his son [[Sultan Muhammad Akbar]]. The Maratha [[Chhatrapati]] Sambhaji provided shelter to Akbar, which angered his father.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y7fUHMEDAyEC&pg=PA208|title=A Comprehensive History of India: Comprehensive history of medieval India|first1=B. N.|last1=Puri|first2=M. N.|last2=Das|year=2003|publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd|isbn=978-81-207-2508-9 |page=208}}</ref> On 8 September 1681, after settling a dispute with the royal house of [[Mewar dynasty|Mewar]], Aurangzeb began his journey to the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]] to conquer the Maratha lands, as well as the sultanates of Bijapur and Golconda.<ref name="r221">{{cite web | title= Anecdotes of Aurangzeb| url=https://ia904708.us.archive.org/25/items/in.ernet.dli.2015.102994/2015.102994.Anecdotes-Of-Aurangazeb.pdf | access-date=30 January 2025|page=14}}</ref> He arrived at [[Aurangabad, Maharashtra|Aurangabad]], the Mughal headquarters in the Deccan, and made it his capital. Mughal contingents in the region numbered about 500,000.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Rise of Organised Brutality|publisher=Cambridge University Press|page=119|first=Siniša |last=Malešević}}</ref> It was a disproportionate war in all senses. By the end of 1681, the Mughal forces had laid siege to [[Fort Ramsej]]. Despite the onslaught, the Marathas prepared and defended against the attack, and it took the Mughals seven years to take the fort. Also in December 1681, Sambhaji attacked [[Murud-Janjira|Janjira]] fort, but his first attempt failed. At the same time one of the Aurangzeb's generals, [[Husain Ali Khan]], attacked Northern Konkan. Sambhaji left Janjira and attacked Husain Ali Khan and pushed him back to [[Ahmednagar]]. Meanwhile, Aurangzeb tried to sign a deal with the [[Portuguese India|Portuguese]] to allow trade ships to harbour in [[Goa]]. This would have allowed him to open another supply route to Deccan via the sea. Upon learning this, Sambhaji attacked the Portuguese territories and forced them back to the Goan coast, but the viceroy of Alvor was able to defend the Portuguese headquarters. By this time the huge Mughal army had started gathering on the borders of Deccan.{{citation needed|date=October 2023}} These actions heralded a large, sustained conflict in southern India.

In late 1683, Aurangzeb moved to Ahmednagar. He divided his forces in two and put his two princes, [[Shah Alam]] and [[Azam Shah]], in charge of each division. Aurangzeb ordered Shah Alam to attack South Konkan via the Karnataka border while Azam Shah would attack Khandesh and northern Maratha territory. Using a pincer strategy, these two divisions planned to encircle the Marathas from the south and north to isolate them. Initially, this plan went quite well. Shah Alam crossed the [[Krishna River|Krishna river]] and entered [[Belgaum]]. From there he entered Goa and started marching north via [[Konkan]]. As he pushed further, Marathas forces continuously harassed him, ransacked his supply chains, and reduced his forces to starvation. Finally Aurangzeb sent Ruhulla Khan to his rescue and brought him back to Ahmednagar. The first pincer attempt therefore failed.{{citation needed|date=October 2023}}

After the 1684 monsoon, Aurangzeb's other general Shahbuddin Khan directly attacked the Maratha capital, [[Raigad fort|Raigad]]. The Maratha commanders successfully defended Raigad. Aurangzeb sent Khan Jehan to help, but [[Hambirao Mohite]], commander-in-chief of the Maratha army, defeated him in a fierce battle at Patadi. The second division of the Maratha army attacked Shahbuddin Khan at Pachad, inflicting heavy losses on the Mughal army.{{citation needed|date=October 2023}}

In early 1685, Shah Alam again attacked south via the Gokak–Dharwar route but, succumbing again to continuous harassment by Sambhaji's forces, failed to close the loop for a second time. In April 1685, Aurangzeb changed his strategy. He planned to consolidate his power in the south by undertaking expeditions to the Muslim kingdoms of [[Golkonda Sultanate|Golkonda]] and [[Bijapur (state)|Bijapur]], both allies of the Marathas and disliked by Aurangzeb. He broke his treaties with both kingdoms, attacked them, and captured them by September 1686.{{citation needed|date=October 2023}} During this fighting, the Marathas saw an opportunity to counterattack, and launched an offensive on the North coast and attacked Bharuch. They were able to evade the Mughal army sent their way and returned with minimum damage. The Marathas also tried to win [[Mysore]] through diplomacy. [[Sardar]] Kesopant Pingle ran the negotiations, but the fall of Bijapur to the Mughals had turned the tide of the war and Mysore was reluctant to join the Marathas. Still, Sambhaji successfully courted several Bijapur ''sardars'' to join the Maratha army.{{citation needed|date=October 2023}}

===Execution of Sambhaji===
{{further|Sambhaji#Capture and execution}}
After the fall of Bijapur and Golkonda, Aurangzeb turned his attention again to the Marathas, but his first few attempts had little impact. In January 1688, Sambhaji called together his commanders for a strategic meeting at [[Sangameshwar]] in [[Konkan]] to decide on the final blow to oust Aurangzeb from the Deccan. To execute the decision of the meeting quickly, Sambhaji sent ahead most of his comrades and stayed back with a few of his trustworthy men, including Kavi Kalash.

Ganoji Shirke, one of Sambhaji's brothers-in-law, turned traitor and helped Aurangzeb's commander [[Muqarrab Khan]] to locate, reach, and attack Sangameshwar while Sambhaji was still there. The relatively small Maratha force fought back but was surrounded. Sambhaji was captured on 1 February 1689 and a subsequent rescue attempt by the Marathas was repelled on 11 March.{{Citation needed|date=October 2023}} He was tortured and executed in Aurangzeb's camp<ref name="Gordon 1993 p.">{{cite book |last=Gordon |first=Stewart |title=The Marathas, 1600–1818 |date=1993 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-511-46874-2 |publication-place=Cambridge [England] |page=94 |oclc=268773964}}</ref> on 11 March 1689.{{citation needed|date=October 2023}} Subsequently, Sambhaji's wife and son (Shivaji's grandson) were held captive by Aurangzeb for twenty years.{{citation needed|date=October 2023}}

Sambhaji's death gave the Marathas a newfound zeal and united them against their common foe, Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb.<ref name="Bhave 2000 p.">{{cite book |last=Bhave |first=Y. G. |title=From the death of Shivaji to the death of Aurangzeb : the critical years |date=2000 |publisher=Northern Book Centre |isbn=81-7211-100-2 |publication-place=New Delhi |page=60 |oclc=46353204}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Osborne |first=Eric W. |date=2020-06-24 |title=The Ulcer of the Mughal Empire: Mughals and Marathas, 1680-1707 |journal=Small Wars & Insurgencies |publisher=Informa UK Limited |volume=31 |issue=5 |page=1002 |doi=10.1080/09592318.2020.1764711 |s2cid=221060782 |issn=0959-2318}}</ref> His death was a significant event in Indian history, and despite the Maratha resurgence it inspired, it is regarded to mark the end of the golden era of the Maratha Empire.{{citation needed|date=March 2024}}

== Marathas under King Rajaram (1689–1700) ==
By end of 1689, Aurangzeb viewed the Marathas as all but dead, but this proved to be a near fatal blunder. The death of Sambhaji had rekindled the spirit of the Maratha forces, which made Aurangzeb's war aims impossible. Sambhaji's younger brother [[Rajaram Chhatrapati|Rajaram]] was now given the title of ''[[chhatrapati]]'' (emperor).<ref name="Tarabai">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Eh1BAAAAMAAJ&q=rajaram+became+chhatrapati|title=Maharani Tarabai of Kolhapur, C. 1675–1761 A.D.|first=Śālinī|last=Pāṭīla|year=1987|publisher=S. Chand & Company|isbn=978-81-219-0269-4 }}</ref> In March 1690, the Maratha commanders under the leadership of [[Santaji Ghorpade]] launched the single most daring attack on the Mughal army, sacking the tent where Aurangzeb himself slept. Aurangzeb was elsewhere, but his private force and many of his bodyguards were killed. This was followed by a betrayal in the Maratha camp. Raigad fell to the treachery of Suryaji [[Pisal]], and the Mughals captured Sambhaji's widow, Yesubai, and their son, [[Shahu I]].{{citation needed|date=October 2023}}

Mughal forces, led by Zulfikar Khan, continued this offensive further south. They attacked [[Panhala Fort]], where the Maratha ''killedar'' (fort commander) led a defence that inflicted heavy losses on Mughal army. Finally, Aurangzeb himself was obliged to attend the battle personally and Panhala was surrendered.{{citation needed|date=October 2023}}

===Maratha capital moved to Jinji===
Maratha ministers realised that the Mughals would move on [[Vishalgad]]. They insisted that Rajaram leave Vishalgad for Senji ([[Gingee]]) (in present [[Tamil Nadu]]), which had been captured by [[Shivaji]] during his southern conquests and was now to be the new Maratha capital. Rajaram travelled south under escort of [[Khando Ballal]] and his men.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jNA5AQAAIAAJ&q=jinji+capital+of+marathas|title=Relations Between the French and the Marathas, 1668–1815|first=V. G.|last=Hatalkar|year=1958|publisher=T.V. Chidambaran}}</ref>

Aurangzeb was frustrated with Rajaram's successful escape. Keeping most of his force in Maharashtra, he sent a small number to keep Rajaram in check. This small force was destroyed by an attack from two Maratha generals, [[Santaji Ghorpade]] and [[Dhanaji Jadhav]], who then they joined Ramchandra Bavadekar in Deccan. Bavdekar, Vithoji Chavan, and Raghuji Bhosale had reorganised most of the Maratha army after the defeats at Panhala and Vishalgad.{{citation needed|date=October 2023}}

In late 1691, Bavdekar, [[Pralhad Niraji]], Santaji, Dhanaji, and several Maratha ''sardars'' met in the Maval region and reformed the strategy. Aurangzeb had taken four major forts in Sahyadrais and was sending Zulfikar Khan to subdue the Ginjee fort. According to the new Maratha plan, Santaji and Dhanaji would launch offensives in the east to keep scattered the rest of the Mughal forces. Others would focus on Maharashtra and would attack a series of forts around southern Maharashtra and northern Karnataka in order to divide the Mughal-won territories in two, thereby posing a significant challenge to enemy supply chains. Having a strong navy established by Shivaji, the Marathas could also extend this divide into the sea, checking any supply routes from Surat to the South.{{citation needed|date=October 2023}}

Now war was fought from the [[Malwa Plateau]] to the east coast, in a strategy devised by the Maratha commanders to counter the strength of the Mughals. Maratha generals [[Ramchandra Pant Amatya|Ramchandrapant Amatya]] and Shankaraji Niraji maintained their Maratha stronghold in the rugged terrains of [[Western Ghats|Sahyadri]].{{citation needed|date=October 2023}}

Through cavalry movements, the Marathan generals Santaji and Dhanaji defeated the Mughals. In the [[Battle of Athani]], Santaji defeated Kasim Khan, a noted Mughal general.{{citation needed|date=October 2023}}

===Fall of Jinji (January 1698)===
{{Main|Siege of Jinji}}
Aurangzeb by now had realised that the war he had started was much more serious than he had originally thought. After regrouping and restrategising, he sent an ultimatum to Zulfikar Khan to capture Jinji or be stripped of his titles. Zulfikar Khan tightened the siege, but Rajaram escaped and was safely escorted to Deccan by Dhanaji Jadhav and the Shirke brothers. Haraji Mahadik's son took command of Jinji and bravely defended the city against Julfikar Khan and Daud Khan until its fall in January 1698. This gave Rajaram ample amount of time to reach Vishalgad.{{citation needed|date=October 2023}}

After significant Mughal losses, Jinji was captured in a [[Pyrrhic victory]]. The fort had done its work: for seven years the three hills of Jinji had kept a large contingent of Mughal forces occupied while inflicting heavy losses. It had significantly depleted Mughal resources in the region, from the treasury to material.{{citation needed|date=October 2023}}

However, the Marathas soon experienced an unpleasant development of their own making. Dhanaji Jadhav and Santaji Ghorpade had a simmering rivalry, which was kept in check by the councilman [[Pralhad Niraji]]. But after Niraji's death, Dhanaji grew bold and attacked Santaji. Nagoji Mane, one of Dhanaji's men, killed Santaji. The news of Santaji's death greatly encouraged Aurangzeb and the Mughal army.{{citation needed|date=October 2023}}

Yet by this time the Mughal army was no longer as formidable as earlier feared to be. Aurangzeb, against the advice of several of his experienced generals, continued the war.{{citation needed|date=October 2023}}

===Revival of Maratha fortunes===
The Marathas again consolidated and began a counteroffensive. Rajaram appointed Dhanaji Jadhav as commander-in-chief and the army was split into three divisions, which were headed by Dhanaji, Parshuram Timbak, and Shankar Narayan. Dhanaji defeated a large Mughal force near Pandharpur and Narayan defeated Sarja Khan in Pune. Khanderao Dabhade, who led a division under Dhanaji, took [[Baglan taluka|Baglan]] and [[Nashik]], while Nemaji Shinde, a commander with Narayan, scored a major victory at Nandurbar.{{citation needed|date=October 2023}}

Enraged at these defeats, Aurangzeb took charge and launched another counteroffensive. He besieged [[Panhala]] and attacked the fort of [[Satara (city)|Satara]]. A seasoned Maratha commander, Prayagji Prabhu, defended Satara for a good six months but surrendered in April 1700, just before the onset of the monsoon. This foiled Aurangzeb's strategy to clear as many forts as possible before the monsoon.{{citation needed|date=October 2023}}

==Marathas under Tarabai==
In March 1700, Rajaram died. His queen, [[Tarabai]], who was daughter of the Maratha commander-in-chief [[Hambirrao Mohite]], took charge of the Maratha army and continued fighting for the next seven years.<ref name="Tarabai"/>

[[File:Aurangzeb au siège de Satara.jpg|200px|right|thumb|Aurangzeb leads the [[Mughal Army]] during the [[Battle of Satara]]]]
After the [[Battle of Satara]], Aurangzeb contested for every inch of Deccan region at great cost of life and money. Aurangzeb drove west, deep into Maratha territory, notably conquering [[Satara (city)|Satara]] (the Maratha capital), while the Marathas expanded eastwards into Mughal lands ([[Hyderabad State]]). Aurangzeb waged continuous war in the Deccan for more than two decades with no resolution and thus lost about a fifth of his army.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Great Moghuls |first1=Bamber |last1=Gascoigne |first2=Christina |last2=Gascoigne |author-link1=Bamber Gascoigne |publisher=Cape |year=1971 |pages=239–246 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-ryFAAAAIAAJ |isbn=978-0-224-00580-7}}</ref>

Signs of strain were showing in the Mughal camp in late 1701. [[Asad Khan (Mughal noble)|Asad Khan]], Julfikar Khan's father, counselled Aurangzeb to end the war and turn around. The expedition had already taken a giant toll, much larger than originally planned, on the empire and it seemed possible that 175 years of Mughal rule might crumble due to the drain of an unwinnable war.{{citation needed|date=October 2023}}

By 1704, Aurangzeb conquered [[Torana]], [[Rajgad]], and a handful of other forts mostly by bribing Maratha commanders;<ref name="Abraham Eraly">{{cite book|author=Abraham Eraly|author-link=Abraham Eraly|year=2000|title=Emperors of the Peacock Throne: The Saga of the Great Mughals|publisher=[[Penguin Books|Penguin Books India]]|page=502|isbn=9780141001432|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=04ellRQx4nMC&pg=PA502}}</ref><ref name="Ashvini Agrawal">{{cite book|author=Ashvini Agrawal|year=1983|title=Studies in Mughal History|publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]]|page=168|isbn=9788120823266|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AZdCrUxFAHEC&pg=PA168}}</ref> however, he had spent four precious years doing so. He began to realise that even after 24 years of constant war, he was not successfully annexing the Maratha State.<ref name=":0">{{cite book|last1=Gordon|first1=Stewart|title=The Marathas 1600–1818|date=1993|publisher=Cambridge University|location=New York|isbn=978-0521268837|pages=101–105|edition=1. publ.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iHK-BhVXOU4C&pg=PR9}}</ref>

The final Maratha counteroffensive gathered momentum in the North, where Mughal provinces fell one by one, unable to defend themselves due to depleted royal treasuries and a lack of armies. In 1705, two Maratha army factions crossed Narmada. One, under the leadership of Nemaji Shinde, hit as far north as [[Bhopal]]; the second, headed by [[Khanderao Dabhade]], struck [[Bharuch|Bharoch]] and the west. With his 8,000 men, Dabhade attacked and defeated Mahomed Khan's forces numbering almost fourteen thousand. This left entire Gujarat coast wide open for the Marathas. They immediately tightened their grip on Mughal supply chains. By the end of 1705, Marathas had penetrated the Mughal possessions of Central India and Gujarat. Nemaji Shinde defeated Mughals on the [[Malwa Plateau]]. In 1706, Mughals started retreating from Maratha dominions.{{citation needed|date=October 2023}}

In Maharashtra, Aurangzeb became despondent. He started negotiations with the Marathas, then cut them abruptly and marched on the small kingdom of Wakinara whose [[Naik (military rank)|Naik]] rulers traced their lineage to the royal family of the [[Vijayanagara Empire|Vijayanagar Empire]]. His new opponents had never been fond of the Mughals and had sided with the Marathas. Dhanaji marched into Sahyadris and quickly won back almost all the major forts, while those of Satara and Parali were taken by Parshuram Timbak, and Sinhgad by Narayan. Dhanaji then turned to help the Naiks at Wakinara; Wakinara fell but the Naik royal family escaped.{{citation needed|date=October 2023}}

===Aurangzeb's death===
Aurangzeb had now given up all hope and planned a retreat to [[Burhanpur]]. Dhanaji attacked and defeated his rearguard, but Aurangzeb was able to reach his destination with the help of [[Zulfikar Khan]]. He died of a fever on {{OldStyleDateNY|3 March|21 February}} 1707.<ref name="Mehta2005">{{citation|last=Mehta|first=Jaswant Lal|title=Advanced Study in the History of Modern India 1707–1813|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d1wUgKKzawoC&pg=PA54|year=2005|publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd|isbn=978-1-932705-54-6}}</ref>

==Aftermath of the war==
[[File:India1760 1905.jpg|thumb|The [[Maratha Empire]] became a major power in the [[Indian sub-continent]] after the 1720s. The above map is of 1760.]]
The Marathas expanded their territory to include [[Malwa]] after the Battle of Delhi and [[Battle of Bhopal]] in 1737. By 1757, the Maratha Empire had reached [[Battle of Delhi (1757)|Delhi]].

The Mughal empire was split into regional kingdoms, with the [[Nizam of Hyderabad]], [[Nawab of Oudh]], and [[Nawab of Bengal]] quick to assert the nominal independence of their lands.{{citation needed|date=October 2023}} Anxious to divert the Marathas away from his Deccan strongholds, and to save himself from the Mughal emperor of North India's hostile attempts to suppress his independence,<ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=p5VYH7FhoTsC&q=It+is+necessary+to+take+our+hands+off+Malwa.+God+willing,+I+will+enter+into+an+understanding+with+them |title= Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, Poona: Volumes 51–53 |page= 94 |publisher= Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute |date= 1970 |quote= The Mughal court was hostile to Nizam-ul-Mulk. If it had the power, it would have crushed him. To save himself from the hostile intentions of the Emperor, the Nizam did not interfere with the Maratha activities in Malwa and Gujarat. As revealed in the anecdotes narrated b Lala Mansaram, the Nizam-ul-Mulk considered the Maratha army operating in Malwa and Gujarat as his own}}</ref> the Nizam encouraged the Marathas to invade Malwa and the North Indian territories of the Mughal Empire.<ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=1BY9AAAAIAAJ&dq=Finally+,+in+the+following+year+,+the+nizam+entered+into+a+secret+agreement+with+the+peshwa+by+which+he+offered+to&pg=PA549 |title= The New Cambridge Modern History |page= 549 |date= 1957 |publisher= University Press }}</ref> In the ''Maasir-i Nizami'', the Nizam writes that he could use the Marathas to his own advantage:<ref>{{cite book |title= Expanding Frontiers in South Asian and World History Essays in Honour of John F. Richards |author= Richard M. Eaton |date= 2013 |publisher= Cambridge University Press |page= 21 }}</ref>
<blockquote>
I consider all this army (Marathas) as my own and I will get my work done through them. It is necessary to take our hands off Malwa. God willing, I will enter into an understanding with them and entrust the Mulukgiri (raiding) on that side of the Narmada to them.
</blockquote>

The Mughal–Maratha wars had a significant impact on the political and social landscape of India. The wars weakened both the Mughal and Maratha Empires, paving the way for European colonial powers to establish themselves in India.{{Citation needed|date=July 2023|reason=The wars described in this article weakened the Mughals, not the Marathas}} The wars also contributed to the decline of the Mughal Empire, which was already facing internal political and economic challenges. The Marathas, on the other hand, emerged as a major power in India, and their influence continued to grow in the 1700s.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Truschke |first=Audrey |title=Aurangzeb: The Life and Legacy of India's Most Controversial King |publisher=Stanford University Press |year=2017 |isbn=978-1-5036-0259-5 |location=Stanford, California }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Military history of India]]
* [[List of wars involving India]]
* [[Rajput War (1679–1707)]]
* [[Maratha Army]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{MarathaEmpire}}
{{Mughal Empire}}

[[Category:Wars involving the Maratha Empire]]
[[Category:Wars involving the Mughal Empire]]
[[Category:1680s conflicts]]
[[Category:1690s conflicts]]
[[Category:1700s conflicts]]
[[Category:1680s in India]]
[[Category:1690s in India]]
[[Category:1700s in India]]
[[Category:Battles fought by Marathas under Sambhaji]]

Surajpura Raj

2025-10-26T15:02:34Z

Cdpnkr:

{{Short description|Zamindari estate}}
{{Infobox Former Country
|native_name =
|conventional_long_name = Surajpura Raj
|common_name = Surajpura
|continent =
|religion = [[Hinduism]] (official)
|region =
|era = [[Medieval India]]
|status = [[Zamindari]] estate
|government_type = [[Indian feudalism]]
|life_span =
|year_start =
|year_end =
| image_map =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| image_coat =
| title_leader = [[Raja]]
| year_leader1 = 1782
| leader1 = Santokh Rai
(''first'')
| year_leader2 = 1952
| leader2 = Raja Radhika Raman Sinha (''last'')
|capital = [[Suryapura, Bihar|Surajpura]]
| p1 = Dumraon Raj
|s1 = Republic of India
}}

The '''Surajpura Raj''', also known as the '''Surajpura Estate''', was a large [[zamindari]] estate located in [[Bihar]] (with the exception of two villages in the [[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh|United Provinces]]) ruled by the [[Chitraguptavanshi Kayastha|Kayastha]] Rajas of [[Suryapura, Bihar|Surajpura]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Shukla |first=P.K. |date=1996 |title=The Zamindars of North Bihar During the Early British Rule (1765–1793) |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44133355 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=57 |pages=508–509 |jstor=44133355 |issn=2249-1937}}</ref><ref>{{Google books|ryhuAAAAMAAJ|Kayasthas in Making of Modern Bihar}}</ref> The estate yielded a revenue of ₹200,000 or more in the early 1900s, making it wealthier than the vast majority of [[princely states]], such as the [[Pataudi State]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.238212/page/163/mode/2up? | title=Bihar and Orissa In 1912-22 | date=1923}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://archive.org/details/per_indian_newspaper_reports_1912-04-27_17/page/466/mode/2up? | title=Report on Native Papers | date=1912}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date= 26 November 2020|title= How Ambedkar's legal stance helped unify India|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/comment/how-ambedkars-legal-stance-helped-unify-india-175895/|work=The Tribune}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.275348/ | title=Memoranda on the Indian States | date=1939}}</ref> [[Raja Radhika Raman Sinha|Raja Radhika Raman Prasad Sinha]] was the last ruling Raja of Surajpura.<ref>{{Google books|HsYzEQAAQBAJ|Kayasth: An Encyclopedia of Untold Stories}}</ref>

==History==

The family migrated to Surajpura in the 18th century and served as hereditary [[dewan]]s for the [[Dumraon Raj]]. In 1812, [[Francis Buchanan]] visited the family's palace and described them as "very rich". He also gave the following description,
<blockquote>There are two brothers belonging to this family, and one of them is the steward (Dewan) of the Bhojpur Rajah. His house, as well as that of his brother, is larger than that of his master, and entirely built of brick.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.43516/page/n385/mode/2up? | title=An Account Of The District Of Shahabad in 1812-13 | date=1813}}</ref></blockquote>

==Public works==

During the [[Bihar famine of 1873–1874]], the erstwhile ruler distributed alms to thousands of people and opened free kitchens. He also turned down ₹185,000 for the sale of the [[Indrapuri Barrage|Sone Canal]], as the canal was of immense help to his tenants.<ref name="ref1">{{cite web | url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.367600/page/n87/mode/2up? | title=Great Men of Shahabad | date=1946}}</ref>

In 1892, Raja Raj Rajeshwari Prasad Sinha donated ₹150,000 for construction of waterworks in [[Arrah]]. He also endowed a charitable hospital in Surajpura, the foundation for which was laid by [[Steuart Bayley|Sir Steuart Bayley]], then the [[List of governors of Bengal Presidency|Lieutenant Governor of Bengal]].<ref name = "ref1" /><ref>{{Google books|0nw1AAAAIAAJ|Bihar District Gazetteers: Shahabad}}</ref>

==See also==

*[[Zamindars of Bihar]]
*[[Raja Radhika Raman Sinha]]
*[[Sahay family]]

==References==

{{reflist}}

[[Category:Zamindari estates]]
[[Category:Indian landlords]]

Sahaj Grover

2025-10-25T20:42:19Z

Cdpnkr: update formatting also and fixed typos

{{short description|Indian chess grandmaster (born 1995)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox chess biography
| name = Sahaj Grover
| image = SGrover12.jpg
| caption = Grover at the Tata Steel Chess Tournament, {{circa|2012}}
| full_name = 
| country = [[India]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1995|09|07|df=y}} 
| birth_place = [[Delhi]], India
| title = [[Grandmaster (chess)|Grandmaster]] (2012)
| rating = 
| peakrating = 2528 (January 2015)
| FideID = 5021103
}}

'''Sahaj Grover''' (born 7 September 1995) is a [[chess]] player from [[Delhi]], India, who received the [[FIDE title]] of [[Grandmaster (chess)|Grandmaster]] (GM) in September 2012.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.fide.com/component/content/article/1-fide-news/6455-list-of-titles-approved-by-the-83rd-fide-congress.html |title=List of titles approved by the 83rd FIDE Congress (1-9 September 2012) |website=[[FIDE.com]] |date=17 September 2012 |access-date=12 January 2022}}</ref>

He won the Under-10 [[World Youth Chess Championship]] in 2005<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ia.rediff.com/sports/2005/jul/28chess.htm |title=Sahaj Grover wins world U-10 title |website=ia.rediff.com |access-date=2019-12-27}}</ref> and came third in the Under-20 [[World Junior Chess Championship]] in 2011.

In 2018, he moved to South Africa.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-07-21 |title=Delhi GM Sahaj Grover fuels South Africa's Chess Olympiad dreams |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/chess/delhi-gm-sahaj-grover-fuels-south-africas-chess-olympiad-dreams/articleshow/93037092.cms |access-date=2024-12-04 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> He won the [[South African Open (chess)|South African Open]] in 2017 and 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.chess-results.com/tnr290406.aspx?lan=1 |title=2017 South African Open Championship |website=Chess-Results.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://chess-results.com/tnr363381.aspx?lan=1&art=4&turdet=YES&flag=30 |title=South African Open Chess Championship 2018 A Section |last=Herzog |first=Heinz |website=Chess-Results.com |access-date=2018-07-31}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{FIDE}}
* {{Chessgames player|114421}}

{{Indian grandmasters}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Grover, Sahaj}}
[[Category:1995 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Chess Grandmasters]]
[[Category:World Youth Chess Champions]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Delhi]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian chess players]]

Thodi Der

2025-10-17T15:38:18Z

Cdpnkr: creating new stub

{{short description|2017 song by Shreya Ghoshal and Farhan Saeed}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox song
| name = Thodi Der
| cover =
| alt =
| caption =
| type = song
| artist = [[Farhan Saeed]] and [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| album =
| language = [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]]
| released = {{start date|df=yes|2017|4|25}}
| format =
| recorded = Phatbox Recording Studio, [[Mumbai]]<ref name="ytube"/>
| studio =
| venue =
| genre = [[Filmi]]
| length =
| label = [[Zee Music Company]]
| composer = [[Farhan Saeed]]
| lyricist = [[Kumaar]]<ref name="interview"/>
| producer =
| misc = {{External music video|{{YouTube|wD47LXbSoAU|"Thodi Der"}}|type=single}}
}}

"'''Thodi Der'''" ({{translation|Stay a Little Longer}}) is a popular song from the soundtrack of the Bollywood film ''[[Half Girlfriend (film)|Half Girlfriend]]''. The song was composed by Pakistani singer [[Farhan Saeed]], who originally performed the song "Tu Thodi Dair"<ref name="Zee Music Company">{{Citation|last=Zee Music Company|title=Thodi Der {{!}} Half Girlfriend {{!}} Arjun Kapoor & Shraddha Kapoor {{!}} Farhan Saeed & Shreya Ghoshal {{!}}Kumaar|date=25 April 2017|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wD47LXbSoAU|accessdate=7 August 2017}}</ref>) with Indian singer [[Shreya Ghoshal]].<ref name="Geo">{{cite web|url=https://www.geo.tv/latest/139688-Farhan-Saeed-Shreya-Ghoshals-song-Thodi-Der-becomes-instant-hit|title=Farhaan Saeed Shreya Ghoshals song Thodi Der becomes instant hit|accessdate=25 June 2017}}</ref><ref name="times1">{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/thodi-der-song-from-half-girlfriend-is-for-all-the-hardcore-romantic-in-you/articleshow/58376926.cms|title=Thodi der song from half girlfriend is for all the hardcore romantic in you|author=Praying.D|website=[[The Times of India]] |accessdate=12 July 2017}}{{dead link|date=April 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

==Background==
The version heard in ''[[Half Girlfriend (film)|Half Girlfriend]]'' is revamped from an earlier tune by Pakistani singer Farhan Saeed, while he was with the band [[Jal (band)|Jal]]. It was originally composed in [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]].<ref name="Geo"/> In the movie, an English-dubbed version, "Stay a Little Longer", is performed by Anushka Shahaneya.

==Release and lyrics==
The song was released on 25 April 2017<ref name="ytube"/> and ''[[Half Girlfriend (film)|Half Girlfriend]]'' came out on 19 May 2017.

The original version, sung by Farhan Saeed, received an overwhelming response from the public, with the music video on [[YouTube]] garnering four million views in a single day.<ref name="Geo" />
As of June 2017, the song's music video has garnered 23 million views.<ref name="ytube" />

The version sung in ''[[Half Girlfriend (film)|Half Girlfriend]]'' reached 50 million views as of September 2017.<ref name="Zee Music Company"/>

The song has been viewed more than 222 million times on [[YouTube]] as of February 2023.<ref name= "Zee Music Company"/>

==Personnel==
[[File:Farhan Saeed.jpeg|thumb|right|140px|Farhan Saeed]]
[[File:Shreya Ghoshal at Filmfare Awards South.jpg|thumb|right|160px|Shreya Ghoshal]]

* [[Farhan Saeed]] and [[Shreya Ghoshal]] – vocals
* Ali Mustafa – keyboards
* Ankur Mukherjee – guitar
* Aditya Oke – [[harmonium]]
* Murad Ali Khan – [[sarangi]]
* Farhan Saeed – music
* Kumaar – lyrics
* Dj Phukan – arrangements and programming
* Assista Madhab Deka – co-arrangements
* Pankaj Borah and Bhaskar Sarma – engineering
* Eric Pillai (Future Sound of Bombay) – mixing and mastering
* Michael Edwin Pillai and Lucky.<ref name="ytube">{{cite web|url=https://youtube.com/watch?v=wD47LXbSoAU|title=Thodi Der Official Music Video|website=[[YouTube]] |date=25 April 2017 |accessdate=25 June 2017}}</ref> – assistant mixing

==Critical reception==
Critics generally gave "Thodi Der" positive reviews, describing the song as "soulful", with one reviewer stating that "Shraddha Kapoor and Arjun Kapoor’s chemistry does full justice to the latest track"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mangobollywood.com/2017/04/26/half-girlfriend-thodi-der-song-review/|title=Half Girlfriend: Thodi Der Song & Review {{!}} Thodi Der Half Girlfriend|date=26 April 2017|website=Mango Bollywood|access-date=7 August 2017}}</ref>

''[[India.com]]'' described the song as "extremely soothing", and "the sarangi played by Murad Ali Khan adds to the charm of the song"<ref name="interview">{{cite web|url=https://www.india.com/showbiz/half-girlfriend-music-review-baarish-and-thodi-der-are-the-only-soulful-numbers-from-arjun-kapoor-and-shraddha-kapoors-next-2091183/|title=India.com: Half Girlfriend music review|author=Praachi Kulkarni|date=10 May 2017|accessdate=25 June 2017}}</ref> The English version, "Stay a Little Longer", was described as "a combination of western and Indian music."

In a critique of the song, ''[[News18]]'' did not comment on the song itself, but described it as an insensitive production of Bollywood, questioning why the two instruments of the tabla and dafli were included in the video without seeming to be played, and pointing out the music video as being shot in front of [[Humayun's tomb]] in Delhi.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/half-girlfriends-new-song-thodi-der-is-out-but-theres-a-major-problem-in-it-1384131.html|title=Half Girlfriend's New Song Thodi Der is Out But There's a Major Problem in It|work=News18|access-date=7 August 2017}}</ref>

==Accolades==
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|-
! width=5%|Year
! width=24%|Award
! width=20%|Nominee
! width=33%|Category
! width=15%|Result
! width=2%|Ref.
|-
| rowspan="2"|2018
! scope="row"| [[Screen Awards]]
| rowspan="5"|[[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| [[Screen Award for Best Female Playback|Best Female Playback Singer]]
| rowspan="3" {{nom}}
|
|-
! scope="row"| [[Zee Cine Awards]]
| [[Zee Cine Award for Best Playback Singer – Female|Best Female Playback Singer]]
| <ref>{{cite news|title=Zee Cine Awards 2018: Winners & Nominations|url=http://www.zeecineawards.com/timeline/2018/winners/|accessdate=5 January 2018|publisher=[[Zee Cine Awards]]|date=30 December 2017}}</ref>
|-
| [[63rd Filmfare Awards|2018]]
! scope="row"| [[Filmfare Awards]]
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Best Female Playback Singer]]
| <ref>{{cite news|url=https://m.filmfare.com/features/nominations-for-the-63rd-jio-filmfare-awards-2018_-26161.html|title=Nominations for the 63rd Jio Filmfare Awards 2018|publisher=[[Filmfare]]|date=18 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-2018/winners|title=Winners of the 63rd Jio Filmfare Awards 2018|publisher=[[Filmfare]]|date=21 January 2018}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2018
! scope="row"| [[Mirchi Music Awards]]
| [[Mirchi Music Award for Female Vocalist of The Year|Female Vocalist of the Year]]
| rowspan="2" {{won}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mirchimusicawards.com/hindi-2017/nominations/|title=Nominations for the 10th Royal Stag Mirchi Music Awards 2017|work=[[Mirchi Music Awards]]|accessdate=24 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mirchimusicawards.com/hindi-2017/winners/|title=Winners of 10th Royal Stag Mirchi Music Awards 2017|work=[[Mirchi Music Awards]]|date=29 January 2018}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"| [[Sony Mix| Sony Mix Audience Music Awards]]
| Best Female Playback Singer
| <ref>{{cite news|title= Shreya Ghoshal wins Sony Mix Audience Music Awards for Best Female Playback Singer 2017|url=https://twitter.com/sonymixtv/status/990231806338154496|date=28 April 2018|accessdate=25 May 2018|publisher=[[Sony Mix]]}}</ref>
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Shreya Ghoshal}}
{{Farhan Saeed}}

[[Category:2017 songs]]
[[Category:Songs written for Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Shreya Ghoshal songs]]
[[Category:Songs with music by Farhan Saeed]]
[[Category:Songs with lyrics by Kumaar]]
[[Category:Songs from Half Girlfriend]]

Shanta Rasa

2025-09-18T00:40:11Z

Cdpnkr: creating new info - done

{{short description|One of the nine aesthetic flavors in Sanskrit literature}}

'''Śāntarasa''' ([[Sanskrit]]: {{lang|sa|शान्तरस}}, occasionally spelled ''shantarasa'', ''santarasa''; {{translation| the imaginative experience of tranquility, emotion of emotionlessness}}){{sfn|Masson|Patwardhan|1969|loc=Introduction-III}}{{sfn|Pollock|2016|p=15}} is considered a ninth [[Rasa (aesthetics)|rasa]], a concept of aesthetic flavour in [[Sanskrit literature]]. According to one{{whose|date=December 2024}} translation of ''[[Abhinavabharati|Abhinavabhārati]]'', [[Abhinavagupta]]'s commentary on ''[[Natya Shastra|Nāṭyaśāstra]]'', {{Transliteration|sa|śāntarasa}} may be defined as: "that which brings happiness and welfare to all beings and which is accompanied by the stabilisation ({{Transliteration|sa|saṃsthitā}}) in the Self."{{sfn|Masson|Patwardhan|1969|p=90-93}} It has as its stable emotion ([[Sthayibhava|sthāyibhāva]]) impassivity ({{Transliteration|sa|sama}}) which culminates in detachment ([[Vairagya|Vairāgya]]) arising from knowledge of truth and purity of mind.{{sfn|Masson|Patwardhan|1969|p=92}} J. L. Masson and M. V. Patwardhan, who have collected the original manuscripts and translated Abhinavagupta's work, observe: the audience undergoes transcendental experience, which is basic to all aesthetic experience in a play based on {{Transliteration|sa|śāntarasa}}.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gerow |first1=Edwin |last2=Aklujkar |first2=Ashok |title=On Shanta rasa in Sanskrit Poetics |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |date=March 1972 |volume=92 |issue=1 |page=81 |doi=10.2307/599651 |jstor=599651 }}</ref> It was not included in the list of rasas mentioned by [[Bharata Muni|Bharata]] in his epic Nāṭyaśāstra. The inclusion of this rasa as a prominent one in Sanskrit poetry and dramaturgy is attributed to Udbhata, a president in the court of king Jayapida of [[Kashmir]] during 779-813 AD and a contemporary of [[Vamana]].<ref>{{cite journal|last= Simha|first= Lala Ramayadupala|title=Udbhata and the Rasavada|journal= Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute|date=1958|volume=39 |issue=1/2 |page=118| url=http://www.jstor.com/stable/44082852 |accessdate=27 June 2020}}</ref>{{sfn|Raghavan|1975|p=13}} Much of the literary criticism on this flavor was further carried out by [[Anandavardhana|Ānandavardhana]] in his commentary on [[Mahabharata|Mahābhārata]] and [[Ramayana|Rāmāyaṇa]] and later by Abhinavagupta in Nāṭyaśāstra.

==Etymology==
The term rasa, first appears in the epic text of Bharata, the antiquity of [[Natya Shastra|''Nāṭyaśāstra'']] which varies from 500 BC to 500 AD.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Dace |first1=Wallace |title=The Concept of "Rasa" in Sanskrit Dramatic Theory |journal=Educational Theatre Journal |date=October 1963 |volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=249–254 |doi=10.2307/3204783 |jstor=3204783 |url=http://www.jstor.com/stable/3204783|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Bharata's ''Nāṭyaśāstra'' discusses only about eight rasas. Post Bharata, many poets spoke only of the same eight rasas. Though some experts hint at many earlier poets before Bharata who accepted {{Transliteration|sa|śāntarasa}} as a ninth rasa.{{sfn|Raghavan|1975|p=11-12}} [[V Raghavan]] a Sanskrit scholar, attributes the recognition of {{Transliteration|sa|śāntarasa}} as a ninth rasa to Udbhata, a poet from Kashmir during late eighth-century AD, who elaborately discussed nine rasas in his commentary on the ''Nāṭyaśāstra''.{{sfn|Raghavan|1975|p=13}} He also speculates the authorship of the ninth rasa as the main theme in dramatics and poetry to some [[Buddhist]] or [[Jain]] poets and dramatists for making this a leading rasa.{{sfn|Raghavan|1975|p=23}}

==Overview==
{{Rquote|right|No sorrow is there in it, no happiness, no disquiet, no anger or passion, and never any longing— thus is the peaceful Rasa described by the greatest of sages, which has the same warrant as all the other emotions.|[[Anonymity|Anonymous]]|{{sfn|Pollock|2016|p=179}}}}
Ānandavardhana defines {{Transliteration|sa|śāntarasa}} as a flavor by portraying the attainment of happiness through disconnection with all the worldly desires. Whereas, a later Sanskrit connoisseur Abhinavagupta links it to the means of achieving [[Moksha|mokṣa]] achieved resulting from the knowledge of the truth ({{Transliteration|sa|tattvajñāna}}).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rustomji |first1=Roshni |title=RASA" AND "DHVANI" IN INDIAN AND WESTERN POETICS AND POETRY |journal=Journal of South Asian Literature |date=1981 |volume=16 |issue=1 |page=87 |url=http://www.jstor.com/stable/40873623}}</ref> Abhinavagupta, in accordance with the poets earlier to him, considers aesthetic pleasure to be a primary aspect in drama and poetry. He considers {{Transliteration|sa|śāntarasa}} as inherent flavor to attain spiritual liberation through tranquility. According to him, all the aesthetic flavors in drama are aimed at the ultimate goal of achieving tranquility and thus, the aim of all the rasas is {{Transliteration|sa|śāntarasa}}. Hence, he places the ninth rasa as a supreme among others as it is a means to attain {{Transliteration|sa|mokṣa}}.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Higgins |first1=Kathleen Marie |title=An Alchemy of Emotion: Rasa and Aesthetic Breakthroughs |journal=Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism |date=2007 |volume=65 |issue=1 |page=49 |doi=10.1111/j.1540-594X.2007.00236.x |url=http://www.jstor.com/stable/4622209|doi-access=free }}</ref> Similarly, some commentators argue that the emotion of detachment from all the associated sentiments and passions from the worldly desires as a stable emotion ({{Transliteration|sa|nirveda}}) of this rasa, which ultimately leads to peace and tranquility.<ref name="Sharma2003">{{cite book|author=Rama Kant Sharma|title=Hardy and the Rasa Theory|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=890_kR9B27IC|year=2003|publisher=Sarup & Sons|isbn=978-81-7625-377-2|pages=33–34}}</ref>

==Commentaries==
In Ānandavardhana's Light on implicature ({{Transliteration|sa|Dhvanyāloka}}), where rasa is a central phenomenon, he argues that the dominant rasa in ''Mahābhārata'' and ''Rāmāyaṇa'' is {{Transliteration|sa|śāntarasa}} and not {{Transliteration|sa|vīrarasa}} and {{Transliteration|sa|karuṇārasa}} respectively. He classifies the ''Mahābhārata'' in three categories namely: a prescriptive work [[Shastra|Śāstra]], a story [[akhyana]], and poetry [[Kavya|kāvya]] and As his interpretation of stable emotion of this rasa is pleasure derived from the cessation of all desires ({{Transliteration|sa|tṛṣṇākṣayasukha}}){{sfn|Pollock|2016|p=87}} He draws attention to one among many of the climaxes of the epic ''Mahābhārata'', where all the Vṛṣṇis and Pānḍavas meet their respective miserable ends. He similarly constructs the story of Rāmāyaṇa where [[Rama|Rāma]] is separated from [[Sita|Sītā]], which, according to Ānandavardhana, climaxes in both the {{Transliteration|sa|kāvyas}} portrays {{Transliteration|sa|śāntarasa}} as the dominant flavor of disenchantment with the world, ultimately leading to liberation from worldly pleasures ({{Transliteration|sa|mokṣa}}), whereas other rasas are placed in a subordinate position. Gary Tubb, in his scholarly work, argues the stable emotion of "the pleasure derived from the cessation of desire" should not be viewed as an emotion experienced by the characters, but as the emotional state intended to be evoked in the readers themselves.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sullivan |first1=Bruce M |s2cid=170763219 |title=The "Mahābhārata": Perspectives on Its Ends and Endings |journal=International Journal of Hindu Studies |date=April 2011 |volume=15 |issue=1 |page=2 |doi=10.1007/s11407-011-9097-4 |url=http://www.jstor.com/stable/41476631 |accessdate=27 June 2020|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Tubb |first1=Gary A |title=Shanta rasa in the "Mahābhārata" |journal=Journal of South Asian Literature |date=1985 |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=141–168 |jstor=40872716 }}</ref>

[[Rajatarangini|Kalhaṇa's Rājataraṃgiṇī]] authored in the mid-twelfth-century AD is another literary work on {{Transliteration|sa|śāntarasa}}, though there is debate among scholars on whether ''Rājataraṃgiṇī'' should be considered as a historical work or literature. Based on the length and contents of the work, the author himself considers it to be art-literature ({{Transliteration|sa|kāvya}}). In an opening verse in his {{Transliteration|sa|kāvya}}, he declares {{Transliteration|sa|śāntarasa}} as a dominant aesthetic objective of his work. [[Kalhana|Kalhaṇa]] borrows the stable emotion for his {{Transliteration|sa|kāvya}} from Anandavarma's commentary on Mahabharata: pleasure derived from the cessation of desires. Though most of the central characters in his work show no sign of such an emotion, but here Kalhaṇa implies that the emotion needs to be evoked in the readers rather than experienced by the characters as suggested by Gary Tubb. As Kalhaṇa is intending to write an authentic historical account of the Kashmiri kings, he cannot recast the emotional mood of his work. Hence, despite a strong tendency to avoid unpleasant emotional flavors, as supported by then prevailing literary theory and poetic practice. Kalhaṇa being consistent in providing a factual account of the Kashmiri kings, he invokes the distasteful flavor ({{Transliteration|sa|vīrarasa}}) as a subordinate to {{Transliteration|sa|śāntarasa}} as the aesthetic goal of his work.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=McCrea |first1=Lawrence |title=ŚāntaRasa in the Rājataraṅgiṇī: History, epic, and moral decay |journal=The Indian Economic and Social History Review |date=2013 |volume=50 |issue=2 |pages=179–199 |doi=10.1177/0019464613487099 |s2cid=146497587 }}</ref>

==Reception==
The critics of {{Transliteration|sa|śāntarasa}} have objected to considering it a ninth rasa. Some give the reason that Bharata, who is attributed to defining only eight rasas, did not speak of {{Transliteration|sa|śāntarasa}}. But, one of the main objections comes as the way of defining its {{Transliteration|sa|sthāyibhāva}} as detachment ({{Transliteration|sa|sama}}). Many commentators argue that portraying such a state of cessation or detachment from all the worldly desires is not possible on the stage, hence it could not be an aesthetic flavor in poetics and dramaturgy. Proponents of {{Transliteration|sa|śāntarasa}} counterargue that [[Sringara|śṛṅgāra rasa]] is not denied the stature of a rasa merely because it does not portray actual sexual intercourse ({{Transliteration|sa|samproyoga}}) on the stage, just as is the case for {{Transliteration|sa|raudra}} ({{lang|sa|रौद्र}}, {{translation|the rasa of fury or anger, derived via the morphological process of {{lang|sa|वृद्धि}} ({{Transliteration|sa|vṛddhi}}) from {{lang|sa|रुद्र}} ({{Transliteration|sa|rudra}}), the name of a Vedic deity, later identified with Shiva ({{IAST|śiva}}, {{langx|sa|शिव}})}}, and murder. Thus, the supporters of {{Transliteration|sa|śāntarasa}} as a rasa assert, the aim in a drama is not to present an impossible flavor on this stage, but to portray "ardent spirit in search of truth and tranquility".{{sfn|Raghavan|1975|p=25}} According to Sheldon Pollock, a new category in aesthetic flavors was created even though most of the religious poetry was based on the passion and desire of God and not about dispassion. Further, he quotes [[Mammata Bhatta|Mammaṭa]], where he observes: "When the desire is directed toward a deity, we have 'emotion' rather than rasa."{{sfn|Pollock|2016|p=22}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{citation|last= Raghavan|first=V|title=The Number of Rasa-s|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7A9kvwEACAAJ|year=1975|publisher=Adyar Library}}
* {{citation|last1= Masson|first1=J L|last2=Patwardhan|first2=M V|title=SantaRasa and Abhinavagupta's Philosophy of Aesthetics|year=1969|publisher=Bhandarkar Oriental research Institute|oclc=844547798}}
* {{citation|last=Pollock|first=Sheldon|title=A Rasa Reader: Classical Indian Aesthetics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ub51CwAAQBAJ|date=26 April 2016|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-54069-8}}

{{Rasa theory|state=collapsed}}{{aesthetics}}
{{Hindudharma}}{{Sanskrit language topics|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Literary theory]]
[[Category:Sanskrit literature]]
[[Category:Concepts in Indian aesthetics]]

Vrindavanam Venugopalan

2025-09-11T11:50:45Z

Cdpnkr: creating new info - done

{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{no footnotes|date=October 2011}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Vrindavanam Venugopalan
| image = Vrindavanam venugopalan.jpg
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1935|10|24}}
| birth_place = [[Kollam]], [[Travancore]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2009|12|25|1935|10|24}}
| death_place = [[Kollam]]
| education = M.A.(Mal), M.A.(Eng), M.A.(Soc), MEd.
| occupation =
| spouse = M.K. Suguna Bai
| parents =
| children = 1 daughters and 4 sons.
}}
'''Vrindavanam Venugopalan''' (24 October 1935 – 25 December 2009) was an Indian journalist, educationist and writer who wrote in both Malayalam and English. Venugopalan was the editor of ''Viswakeralam Daily'', and an acclaimed biographer. He was also known as a pioneer in the [[family planning]] movement from its beginnings in Kerala in 1957. He published articles in leading newspapers on various subjects.

==Educational Background==

Venugopalan completed his [[:wikt:intermediate|Intermediate]] from Sree Narayana College, Kollam joined the [[University College, Trivandrum]] and passed his B.A. (Hons) Degree with Distinction in 1960. Subsequently, he took his [[Master's degree|Masters]] Degree in English and Sociology from [[University of Kerala]], He passed his [[BEd]] Degree with Gold Medal from Government Training College, [[Thiruvananthapuram]] and [[MEd]] Degree from [[University of Kerala]]. He underwent training in Extension Education, Audio-Visual Education, [[Mass Communication]], [[Adult Education]], [[Family Planning]].

==As a Journalist==

He was a frequent contributor to many dailies from 1950's. He started a [[Manuscript]] Monthly 'Vrindavanam' in 1952 from which he got his pen name Vrindavanam Venugopalan. He started another weekly 'Vidhyarthilokam' the same year. Great people like Mayyanad K. Damodaran B.A. appreciated his writings in this periodicals at that time. Later he worked with the [[Kerala Kaumudi|Kaumudi]] Daily of [[K. Balakrishnan]] and the Pothujanam Eve Daily. He was Chief Editor of Prathichaya and was Mg. Editor of Viswakeralam Daily from 1980 to 1990. He was also Kerala Convenor of All India Small Newspapers Association.

==Government Service==
Venugopalan started his career as a Clerk in the Health Services, Assistant in the Home Department of [[Govt Secretariat]]. Translator in National Employment Service, High School Teacher, Extension Educator in ESI Corporation, Trichur; F.P. Education Officer (FPAI); State Organizer of Association for Social Health and Moral Hygiene; He was also teacher in [[Government Victoria College, Palakkad]] He contested to the [[General Elections]] of 1965 to State Assembly as a Candidate from Trivandrum I Constituency having resigned the high post of State Health Educator (Senior Gazetted) of Family Planning Communication Research in the [[University of Kerala]].

==Writer==
Venugopalan had published books in [[Malayalam]] and English on different subjects. His books on [[Family Planning]] were highly commended by experts in the field. His biographies had a new style of narration which was new to the literary field. Some of his books were brought out with the forewords of Literary Magnete Dr. [[Sooranad Kunjan Pillai]], Dr. P.K. Narayana Pillai ( Vice-Chancellor, [[Sree Sankara University]], [[Kalady]]) Dr. C.O. Karunakaran, R. Ramachandran Nair I.A.S. and one of his book Communication Materials on [[Family Planning]] was brought out with a preface of the then Prime Minister Madam [[Indira Gandhi]]. His biography on [[K. Karunakaran]] was well received among masses.

==Books==
* Kalayum Kavyavum – Literary Criticism, (1963)
* Swapnamgal – Short Stories (1963)
* Indulekhayum Saradayum – A Study (1964)
* Kutumbasamvidhanatinu Mumbu – Essays on F.P. (1964)
* Alankara Samskhepam – Gist of Poetics (1966)
* Vritha Samgraham – Prosody (1966)
* Laghu Vyakaranam – Grammar (1967)
* Pracharanopadhikal – Essays on F.P. (1969)
* Communication Materials on F.P. – (1969)
* Vishadangale Vida – Essays on F.P. (1979)
* [[K. P. Vallon|K.P. Vallon]] Smaranika – Biography (1981)
* Thrimanan – Study on Bureaucracy (1986)
* Abudabi – Novel (1986)
* Gandeevam – Biography (1986)
* K. Karunakaran – Biography (1992)
* Y.S. Raja Reddy – Biography (1992)
* Gateway to English Grammar (1994)

==References==
* 2. [http://congressfans.com/topics/a-malayali-teacher-who-predicted-ysrs-rise Congressfans article] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713030928/http://congressfans.com/topics/a-malayali-teacher-who-predicted-ysrs-rise |date=13 July 2011 }}
* 4. [https://books.google.com/books?id=0MjUAAAAMAAJ&q=Vrindavanam+Venugopalan Kerala: Webster's Timeline History, 52 – 2007], {{ISBN|978-0-546-74328-9}}
* 6. [https://books.google.com/books?id=rPxpuw-tTBIC&dq=Vrindavan+G+Venugopalan&pg=PA253 Politics of Congress Factionalism in Kerala since 1982], {{ISBN|978-81-7835-284-8}} (Mentioned in Bibliography)
* 7. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Xcw5AAAAIAAJ&q=vrindavanam+venugopalan].
* 8 [https://www.thewinkstore.com/ebook/index/detail/view_ebook/ebook/389943/Kalayum-Kavyavum]
* 9. [http://www.mathrubhumi.com/english/story.php?id=108458]{{Dead link|date=September 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}
* 10.[https://web.archive.org/web/20160224025952/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/article148181.ece]

{{authority control}}
{{Malayalam Literature |state=collapsed}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Venugopalan, Vrindavanam}}
[[Category:1935 births]]
[[Category:2009 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian essayists]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language writers]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language journalists]]
[[Category:Journalists from Kerala]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Government Victoria College, Palakkad]]
[[Category:Writers from Kollam]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian biographers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian short story writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian linguists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian journalists]]
[[Category:Novelists from Kerala]]

Raizada

2025-07-27T22:03:58Z

Cdpnkr: fix article for accuracy as per guidelines

'''Raizada''' is an Indian Yaduvanshi Rajput clan which is also used as a surname or a courtesy title by the [[Punjabi Hindu|Punjabi Hindu Rajputs]], the [[Gujarati people|Gujarati]] [[Rajput|Rajputs]]<ref name=a>{{cite book |title=People of India: A - G. |date=1998 |publisher=Oxford Univ. Press |isbn=978-0-19-563354-2 |pages=2943 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jHQMAQAAMAAJ&q=RAIJADA+RAJPUTS&dq=RAIJADA+RAJPUTS |access-date=30 January 2020 |language=en}}</ref> or the [[Rajput]] [[Kayastha|community]] in a broader sense.
==Notable people==
* [[Prem Behari Narain Raizada]], calligrapher of The Constitution of India
* [[Niharica Raizada]] (born 18 April 1990), Luxembourgish actress and former Miss India UK
* [[Shilpa Raizada]], actress
* [[Satpal Raizada]], politician and member of the Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{surname}}

[[Category:Surnames of Indian origin]]
[[Category:Punjabi-language surnames]]
[[Category:Punjabi tribes]]
[[Category:Gujarati-language surnames]]
[[Category:Mohyal]]
[[Category:Rajput clans of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Kayastha]]

Kadambery

2025-06-16T09:07:11Z

Cdpnkr: Added new info v1

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
'''Kadambery''' is a locality as well as a Municipal Ward of [[Anthoor|Anthoor Municipality]] in [[Kannur]] district of [[Kerala]] in [[India]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=local self government department|url=https://lsgkerala.gov.in/index.php/en/lbelection/electdmemberdet/2015/1287|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref>

{{Infobox settlement
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Taliparamba]]
| postal_code = 670562
| unit_pref = Metric
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline = File:Kadambery Kavala, കടമ്പേരി കവല.jpg
| image_caption = Kadambery junction
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#KL.E2.80.94Kerala|KL]]-13, [[List of RTO districts in India#KL.E2.80.94Kerala|KL]]-59
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kerala, India
| blank1_info_sec2 = [[Climatic regions of India|Tropical monsoon]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]])
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map = India Kerala#India
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| native_name =
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], [[English language|English]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Kannur]]
| official_name =
| name = Kadambery
| blank1_name_sec2 = [[Climate of India|Climate]]
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
}}

[[File:Kadambery Kavala, കടമ്പേരി കവല - 2.jpg|thumb|right|Kadambery junction]]

== Location and local governance ==
Kadambery is a village in [[North Malabar]]. It is situated in [[Anthoor]] [[Municipality]] of [[Kannur]] district. Kadambery comes under the [[Morazha]] village.{{fact|date=June 2023}}

kadambery is surrounded by Bakkalam, Dharmashala and Peelery

== Politics ==
Kadambery is the 9th Ward of [[Anthoor]] Municipality.

* Councillor - M KANNAN<ref>{{Cite web|title=local self government department|url=https://lsgkerala.gov.in/index.php/en/lbelection/electdmemberpersondet/2015/1287/2015128700901|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref>
* M.L.A. - M V Govindan Master

* M.P. - [[K. Sudhakaran]]

== Education ==
Kadambery A.L.P. School is in muthirakkal area of the village, and Kadambery Govt.U.P. School is situated in Ayyankol.<ref>{{Cite web|first=|date=|title=കണ്ണൂർ/എഇഒ തളിപ്പറമ്പ സൗത്ത്|url=https://schoolwiki.in/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%82%E0%B5%BC/%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%87%E0%B4%92_%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%97%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=schoolwiki.in/}}</ref>

[[Government College of Engineering, Kannur]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Kannur, GOVT. COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING|url=http://www.kannuruniversity.ac.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=123&Itemid=111|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170704105401/http://kannuruniversity.ac.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=123&Itemid=111|archive-date=4 July 2017|access-date=|website=Kannur University|url-status=dead}}</ref> and [[National Institute of Fashion Technology Kannur|National Institute of Fashion Technology, Kannur]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=National Institute of Fashion Technology, Kannur|url=https://www.nift.ac.in/kannur/|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=nift.ac.in}}</ref> are in Dharmashala, a neighbouring place of Kadambery

== C.R.C Public Library And Reading Room ==
founded in the 1950s the C.R.C is an active participant in the social activities of Kadambery village. which organises many Groups and activities like Balavedi, Yuvajana Kalasamithi etc. and arts and sports activities and training.

== History ==

=== Morazha Incident ===
Kadambery is a part of Morazha village where the Morazha incident of 1940 occurred. C.K Panikkar, P. Govindan Nair, P. Balakrishnan Nair where the main participants of morazha incident from Kadambery<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=|first=|title=സി.ആർ.സി പൊതുജനവായനശാലഗ്രന്ഥാലയം കടമ്പേരി - ഇ.എം.എസ്.സ്മാരകമന്ദിരം ഉൽഘാടന സ്മരണിക|publisher=സി.ആർ.സി പൊതുജനവായനശാലഗ്രന്ഥാലയം|year=2001|isbn=|location=കടമ്പേരി|pages=58|language=Malayalam}}</ref>

[[File:Kadamberi Chuzhali Bhagavati Temple back entrance- കടമ്പേരി ചുഴലി ഭഗവതി ക്ഷേത്രം 1.jpg|thumb|right|Kadambery Chuzhali Bhagavathi Temple]]

== etymology ==
The name Kadambery is related to the myths of Kadambery Chuzhali Bhagavathi Temple.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Chuzhali Bhagavathi Temple|url=https://indiapl.com/kerala/chuzhali-bhagavathi-temple-407852|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=}}</ref> a maiden from beyond the sea reached the sea shores of [[Cherukunnu]]. one day she reached the forest area of this village before nightfall, to spend the night she climbed a kadambu tree (ironwood), the place where the maiden climbed the kadambu tree became known as Kadamberi - which is a combination of 2 words. "kadambu" a [[Malayalam]] name of a [[Memecylon umbellatum|tree]] and "eari" means to climb. later Kadamberi became Kadambery<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord missing|Kerala}}

[[Category:Villages in Kannur district]]

Sheela (film)

2025-05-13T19:53:56Z

Cdpnkr: refined page and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|1935 film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
|name = Sheela aka Pind Di Kurhi
|image =
|alt =
|caption =
|director = K. D. Mehra
|producer = Indira Movie Tone
|writer =
|screenplay =
|story =
|based_on =
|narrator =
|starring = [[Noor Jehan]] Mubarak Pushpa Rani Haidar Bandi Eidan Bai
|music = Mubarak Ali Khan K. D. Mehra
|cinematography =
|editing =
|studio =
|distributor =
|released = {{Film date|1935|||British India}}
|runtime =
|country = India
|language = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
}}

'''''Sheela''''' ({{langx|pa|ਸ਼ੀਲਾ}}), also known as '''''Pind Di Kurhi''''' ({{langx|pa|ਪਿੰਡ ਦੀ ਕੁੜੀ}}), sometimes spelled as '''''Pind Di Kurri''''' or Sheila, is a 1935 Indian [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] film directed by K.D. Mehra.<ref name=bfi/><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SLkABAAAQBAJ&q=sheila+first+sound&pg=PA20|title=Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema via Google Books website|last1=Rajadhyaksha|first1=Ashish|last2=Willemen|first2=Paul|date=2014-07-10|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781135943189|pages=20}}</ref><ref name=citwf>{{cite web|url=https://www.citwf.com/person61787.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 April 2021|access-date=3 February 2025|title=Noor Jehan or Nurjehan filmography|website=Complete Index To World Film (CITWF) website|author=Alan Goble|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210426072817/https://www.citwf.com/person61787.htm}}</ref>

It is the first [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] language film with sound<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=djUFmlFbzFkC&q=sheela+first+punjabi+sound+film&pg=PA164|title=Routledge Handbook of Indian Cinemas via Google Books website|last1=Gokulsing|first1=K. Moti|last2=Dissanayake|first2=Wimal|date=2013-04-17|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781136772849|pages=164}}</ref> and was made in Calcutta and released in Lahore, [[British India]].<ref name=bfi/>

According to [[British Film Institute]] website, "In 1935, Noor Jehan traveled to Calcutta with her sister Eidan, cousin Haider Bandi and brother Shafi. Calcutta was an important centre for films...." back in 1935.<ref name=bfi/>

Mubarak Ali Khan and K.D. Mehra composed the music. Baby [[Noor Jehan]] (1926–2000), at age 8 or 9, was for the first time introduced as an actress and singer.<ref name=bfi>{{cite web|url= http://www.bfi.org.uk/features/imagineasia/guide/noorjehan/melody.html|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20061217120110/http://www.bfi.org.uk/features/imagineasia/guide/noorjehan/melody.html|url-status=dead|date=2002|archive-date=17 December 2006|title=The Melody Queen (Noor Jehan profile)|publisher=British Film Institute (bfi.org.uk) website|access-date=3 February 2025|author=Nasreen Rehman}}</ref>

==Cast==
* Nawab Begum as Sheila/Pind Di Kurri<ref name=Cinemaazi>{{cite web|url=https://www.cinemaazi.com/film/sheila---pind-di-kuri|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 October 2021|access-date=3 February 2025|title=Sheila/ Pind Di Kuri (1935 film)|website=India Cinema Heritage Foundation (Cinemaazi.com) website|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211022091931/https://www.cinemaazi.com/film/sheila---pind-di-kuri}}</ref>
* Baby [[Noor Jehan]] as Paro<ref name=bfi/><ref name=citwf/>
* Mubarak
* Pushpa Rani
* Haider Bandi<ref name=bfi/><ref name=Cinemaazi/>
* Eidan Bai<ref name=bfi/>
* K. L. Rajpal as Kidar<ref name=Cinemaazi/>
* Nawazish Ali as Kidar's father<ref name=Cinemaazi/>
* A. R. Kashmiri as Dollah<ref name=Cinemaazi/>
* Bawa Rahim Bux as Taya<ref name=Cinemaazi/>

==Popular film songs==
{| class = "wikitable"
|-
! Song title || Sung by || Lyrics by || Music by || Film notes
|-
| ''Lang Aaja Pattan Chena Daa, O' Yaar''<ref name=bfi/> ||Noor Jehan<ref name=bfi/> ||Traditional Punjabi folk song ||Mubarak Ali Khan|| Noor Jehan's (1926–2000) first recorded film song as a child actress and singer in Calcutta in 1935. This film was made in Calcutta and then released in Lahore, [[British India]].<ref name=bfi/>
|-
|}

==See also==
*[[Heer Ranjha (1932 film)|Heer Ranjha]] first Punjabi feature film in 1932 directed by [[Abdur Rashid Kardar]].

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|0239975}}

[[Category:1935 films]]
[[Category:Punjabi-language Indian films]]
[[Category:1930s Punjabi-language films]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]

{{Punjabi-film-stub}}

Panamattom

2025-05-09T20:22:24Z

Cdpnkr: Starting - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Panamattom
| native_name = 
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Village]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Rubber plantation in Panamattom
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kerala, India
| coordinates = {{coord|9.60|N|76.74|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kottayam district|Kottayam]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Taluk]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Kanjirappally]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Democracy]]
| governing_body = [[Panchayati raj in India|Panchayat]]
| unit_pref =
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 16
| population_total = 10,032
| population_as_of = 2012
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 686522
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 04828
| registration_plate = KL 34, KL 05
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Panamattom''' or '''Panamattam''' is a large village in [[Kerala]], India, a part of [[Kottayam district]].<ref>{{cite web |date=2011 |title=Primary Census Abstract Data Tables – India: Final Population Totals |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711042331/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |archive-date=11 July 2022 |access-date=27 April 2025 |website=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India}}</ref> It is located in [[Kanjirappally]] Taluk. [[Ponkunnam]], [[Kanjirappally]] and [[Palai|Pala]] are nearby places of Panamattom. This place is famous for its fertile land and also rubber plantations. The main village Panchayat is Elikkulam Panchayat.

==Geography==
Panamattom is located at {{Coord|9|35|N|76|44|E|}}.

==Climate==
Panamattom has a good climate. In [[winter (season)|winter season]], it is little bit cold (25°Celsius high 21°Celsius low) and in [[summer season]], it is little hot (30°Celsius high 26°Celsius low). Panamattom has mostly the [[monsoon climate]].

==Temples==
{{bar box
|title=Religion in Panamattom
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hindu]]|#FF6600|94.3}}
{{bar percent|[[Christians|Christian]]|#009000|3.5}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam]]|#808080|2.2}}
}}
* [[Panamattom Devi Temple]] is a famous temple located in Panamattom . Shiva, Parvati and Bhadrakali are being worshiped in Panamattom Devi Temple. Every Year, festivals are being celebrated here.
* In Panamattom, there are many [[tharavad]] (traditional houses)in earlier days. One such tharavad in here is called Kuzhikkattu tharavadu. In behind of this tharavad, there is a temple called [[Kuzhikattu Temple, Panamattom|Kuzhikattu temple]].
* [[Vadakara Temple, Panamattom|Vadakara Temple]] is also located in Panamattom. It is one of the oldest temples in Kottayam district.
* [[Veliyannur Ayyappa Temple, Panamattom|Veliyannur Temple]] is also situated in Panamattom. This is also one of the famous temples in Kottayam district. [[Lord Ayyappa]] is being worshipped here.
* [[Kaniyanparambil Temple, Panamattom|Kaniyanparambil Temple]] was also located in Panamattom in earlier days. But today, we can find only its trace.

==Accessibility==
2nd mile Bus Stop is just 1 km away from Panamattom. Daily, there are many buses passing [[Pallickathode]], [[Ponkunnam]], [[Kanjirappally]], [[Changanassery]], [[Kottayam]] etc.
[[Kottayam Railway Station]] (37 km), [[Changanassery]] Railway Station (40 km), [[Kuruppumthara]] Railway Station (42 km), [[Kaduthuruthy]] Railway Station (45 km) and [[Thiruvalla]] Railway Station (47 km) are the nearest [[railway station]]s of Panamattom. Most preferable one is Kottayam.
The nearest airport is [[Cochin International Airport]] (88 km).

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{commons category}}

{{Geographic location
|Centre = Panamattom
|North = [[Paika]]
|Northeast = [[Poonjar]]
|East = [[Thampalakad]]
|Southeast = [[Kanjirappally]]
|South = [[Ponkunnam]]
|Southwest = [[Vazhoor]]
|West = [[Anickadu]], [[Pallickathode]]
|Northwest = [[Chengalam]]
}}

{{Kottayam district}}

[[Category:Villages in Kottayam district]]

Dichpally Ramalayam

2025-04-25T14:32:42Z

Cdpnkr: made a stub!

{{onesource|date=February 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
|name = Dichpally Ramalayam
|image = Dichpally ramalayam nizamabad TS.jpg
| image_upright =
|alt =
|caption =
|map_type = India
|coordinates = {{coord|18.58688|N|78.20629|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
|coordinates_footnotes=
|map_caption = Location in India

|country = [[India]]
|state = [[Telangana]]
|district = [[Nizamabad district|Nizamabad]]
|locale = [[Dichpally]]
|elevation_m =

|deity = Bhagwan [[Rama]]
|architecture = [[Kakatiya]]
|architect =
|temple_quantity =
|monument_quantity =
|inscriptions =

|established = 
|year_completed = 14th Century CE 
|creator = [[Kakatiya]] Kings
|temple_board =
|governing_body =
|website =
}}

'''Dichpally Ramalayam''' is a Lord [[Rama]] temple located in [[Dichpally]] Village of [[Nizamabad, Telangana]] built in 14th century by [[Kakatiya]] kings. As the temple has a lot of resemblance in its style and structure, it is also called the Indhoor Khajuraho or the Khajuraho of Nizamabad. This is also called ''Khilla Ramalayam''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telanganatourism.gov.in/partials/destinations/divine-destinations/nizamabad/dichpalli-ramalayam.html|title=Dichpally Ramalayam|website=Telangana Tourism}}</ref>

==Architecture==
Temple was built of black and white basalt stone, with the finest architecture and excellent craftsmanship of goddesses, animals, devils and Khajuraho style erotic structures on it. This ancient temple has awesome sculpture with extremely beautiful carvings on temple walls, ceilings, pillars, and door frames.

The temple is enclosed by a masonry wall, with bastions at four corners, and a gateway facing the north.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Yazdani |first=Ghulam |title=Annual Report of the Archaeological Department of His Exalted Highness The Nizam's Dominions |url=https://ignca.gov.in/Asi_data/15312.pdf}}</ref>
[[File:James Maurice Primrose - Dichoopully.jpg|thumb|''Dichoopully'' in 1858, by James Maurice Primrose]]
This temple has 105 steps which the visitors have to walk in order to offer prayers to the deity. For the convenience of old and challenged people, the temple also has a pedestrian subway. The subway is also the common connecting link with the Raghunanda Temple. Each carving on the walls inside and outside of the temple stand as strong reminders of the Kakatiya glory.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telanganatourism.gov.in/partials/destinations/divine-destinations/nizamabad/dichpalli-ramalayam.html|title=Dichpally Ramalayam|website=Telangana Tourism}}</ref> The temple is visited by thousands of devotees on the festival Sri [[Rama Navami]].

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Hindu Temples in Telangana |state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Nizamabad district]]

Turab Ali (cricketer)

2025-04-06T17:12:45Z

Cdpnkr: fixes

{{Short description|Indian cricketer (1920–2009)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2016}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name = Turab Ali
| image =
| fullname = Agha Turab Ali
| birth_date = {{birth date|1920|2|8|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Delhi]], India
| death_date = 28 June 2009
| death_place = [[Lahore]], Pakistan
| club1 =
| year1 =
| clubnumber1 =
| club2 =
| year2 =
| clubnumber2 =
| date = 12 April 2016
| source = http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/43373.html Cricinfo
}}

'''Agha Turab Ali''' (1920–2009) was an Indian cricketer. He played [[first-class cricket]] for [[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]] and [[Punjab cricket team (Pakistan)|Punjab]] between 1945 and 1958. He also played the [[Ranji trophy]] and is in the list of top scorers. Later, he joined Delhi Gymkhana Club and served as a head coach and selector there.<ref name="Bio">{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/43373.html |title=Agha Turab Ali |accessdate=12 April 2016 |work=ESPN Cricinfo}}</ref><ref name="CA">{{Cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/41/41582/41582.html |title=Agha Turab Ali |accessdate=12 April 2016 |work=Cricket Archive}}</ref> He died in 2009.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/sport/cricket/123879889/new-zealands-oldest-firstclass-cricketer-alan-burgess-dies-in-rangiora |title=New Zealand's oldest first-class cricketer Alan Burgess dies in Rangiora |work=Stuff |access-date=6 January 2021}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of Delhi cricketers]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cricinfo|ref=ci/content/player/43373.html}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ali, Turab}}
[[Category:1920 births]]
[[Category:Year of death missing]]
[[Category:Indian cricketers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:Delhi cricketers]]
[[Category:Punjab (Pakistan) cricketers]]
[[Category:Cricketers from Delhi]]
{{India-cricket-bio-1920s-stub}}