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<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}<br />
'''Nedumpallil''' or '''Nedumballil''' is a [[Saint Thomas Christians|Syrian Christian]] family from [[Kerala]]. It has now Hindu and Christian branches. There are Nedumpallil/Nedumbally<br />
namboodiri families located in Trichur, Irinjalakkuda and Srikrishnapuram.The Christian families are mainly located in Mallappally in Pathanamthitta,Kadambanad & Oyoor in Kollam, Iritti in Kannur. It is believed that they first migrated to Nilakkal in Pathanamthitta, then shifted to Kadambanad in Kollam, then to Mallappally and to different parts of Kerala.The Christian families of Nedumpally belong to [[Syro-Malabar|Syrian Catholic]], [[Malankara Orthodox]] and [[Syriac Orthodox Church|Jacobite]] denominations.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Baum |first1=Wilhelm |last2=Winkler |first2=Dietmar W. |title=Church of the East a Concise History. |date=2003 |publisher=RoutledgeCurzon |location=London |isbn=0203423097}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Frykenberg |first1=Robert Eric |title=Christianity in India from beginnings to the present |url=https://archive.org/details/christianityinin0000fryk |url-access=registration |date=2008 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |isbn=9780191544194}}</ref><br />
The Nedumpally Christians claim to be one of the original Christians who received baptism from [[Thomas the Apostle]].<ref>{{cite book | title = The Pastoral Care of the Syro-Malabar Catholic Migrants | author = James Arampulickal | publisher = Oriental Institute of Religious Studies, India Publications | year = 1994 | page = 40 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | title = Orientalia christiana periodica: Commentaril de re orientali ...: Volumes 17-18 | publisher = Pontificium Institutum Orientalium Studiorum | year = 1951 | page = 233 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book| author = Adrian Hastings| title = A World History of Christianity| date = 2000-08-15| publisher = Wm. B. Eerdmans| isbn = 978-0-8028-4875-8| page = 149 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book| author = Benedict Vadakkekara| title = Origin of Christianity in India: a Historiographical Critique| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=pAncGlpGW8wC| year = 2007| publisher = Media House Delhi| isbn = 978-81-7495-258-5| page = 61 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Thomaskutty |first1=Johnson |title=Saint Thomas the Apostle: New Testament, Apocrypha, and Historical Traditions |date=2018 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=9780567672858 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=159IDwAAQBAJ |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==History==<br />
[[File:Palayoor boat jetty.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Palayur St.Thomas Monument]]<br />
It is believed that Nedumpally family was evangelized by [[Thomas the Apostle]], said to have come to India sometime in the 1st century.<ref name=Frykenberg93>Frykenberg, Eric (2008). [https://books.google.com/books?id=sOrglHSX6rsC&dq=%22Malankara+Church%22&as_brr=3&client=firefox-a&source=gbs_navlinks_s ''Christianity in India: from Beginnings to the Present''], p. 93. Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|0-19-826377-5}}.</ref> There is no direct contemporary evidence for Thomas being in the subcontinent, though it definitely would have been possible for a [[Roman Empire|Roman]] [[Jew]] of the time to make such a trip. The earliest known source connecting the apostle to India is the ''[[Acts of Thomas]]'', written in [[Edessa, Mesopotamia|Edessa]] likely in the 2nd century.<ref name=Frykenberg93/><ref name="Bornkamm">Bornkamm, G. "The Acts of Thomas" in E. Hennecke, New Testament Apocrypha, Vol. 2. London: Lutterworth, 1965.</ref> The text describes Thomas' adventures in bringing Christianity to India, a tradition later expanded upon in early Indian sources such as the "Thomma Parvam" ("Song of Thomas").<ref name=Frykenberg92>Frykenberg, Eric (2008). [https://books.google.com/books?id=sOrglHSX6rsC&dq=%22Malankara+Church%22&as_brr=3&client=firefox-a&source=gbs_navlinks_s ''Christianity in India: from Beginnings to the Present''], p. 92. Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|0-19-826377-5}}.</ref><ref name= "Ramban">"The Song of Thomas Ramban" in Menachery G (ed); (1998) "The Indian Church History Classics", Vol. I, The Nazranies, Ollur, 1998. {{ISBN|81-87133-05-8}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Tradition===<br />
[[Palayoor]] was one of the places near the port of [[Muziris]], where St. Thomas established a church. The place is referred as Palur in some old documents. At that time, according to tradition, Palayoor had a Brahmin village of 64 families. It is believed that in one of the [[Temple tank|temple ponds]] in Palayoor, St. Thomas performed a miracle. Some priestly [[Brahmin]]s were performing a [[Vedic ritual]] called Tharpanam in which they devote Lord Sun by the symbolic submission of water in their palms along with [[Vedic recitation]]. St. Thomas was attracted to the ritual and queried the logic of their submission since the water thrown above was not accepted and returned to earth. Thus St. Thomas got an opening to present his subject before that Brahmin community. St. Thomas pulled out his hand and said in the name of Jesus, raised the water and it stood still in the air and glittered. By this "experience" many Brahmins were astounded and accepted Christianity while the other Brahmins cursed the place and left the place with their families saying that they would bathe their next bath at [[Vembanattu]].<ref>George Menachery and Edward René Hambye - The St. Thomas Christian encyclopaedia of India, Volume 2</ref> Nedumpally, Mampally, Payyappilly, Pakalomattam, Panakkamattam, Sankaramangalam, Kalli, Kallikavu, Palackal etc. were among the families who were baptised in Palayoor and Kottakkavu.<ref>{{cite book| author = Anthony Korah Thomas| title = The Christians of Kerala: a brief profile of all major churches| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=39LYAAAAMAAJ| year = 1993| publisher = A.K. Thomas}}</ref><ref>Orientalia christiana periodica: Commentaril de re orientali aetatis christianae sacra et profana, Volumes 17-18</ref><ref>{{cite book| author = Pontificium Institutum Orientalium Studiorum| title = Orientalia christiana periodica: Commentaril de re orientali aetatis christianae sacra et profana| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=w9bjAAAAMAAJ| year = 1951| publisher = Pont. institutum orientalium studiorum.}}</ref><ref>Balakrishna N. Nair: The dynamic Brahmin: a study of the Brahmin's personality in Indian culture with special reference to South India ; Popular Book Depot, 1959 - Page 228</ref><br />
<br />
===Supportive evidences===<br />
Even today the place is known as [[Chavakadu]] which means "cursed forest" in the local language. The unhappy Brahmins ran away to [[Vembanattu]] and settled down there. This place is still called [[Pudumanassery]] or the Place of the New Mana ([[Illam]]). It is stated that a Hindu temple that was abandoned by the Brahmins was converted into the present church. Temple remnants in the form of broken idols, sculptures and relics of the old temple can also be seen near the precincts of the church, in addition to two large tanks near the west and east gates of the church.<ref name="Bezbaruah-Gopal-Girota pp. 60-62">[[#refBezbaruahGopalGirota2003|Bezbaruah-Gopal-Girota 2003]], pp. 60-62.</ref><ref name="Church p. 93">{{Harvnb|Church|1969|p=93}}</ref><br />
<br />
It is also stated that the conversion of Brahmins has resulted in such an aversion among the Nambudri Brahmins that they do not even accept cold water or tender coconut water anywhere in the vicinity of the church. In Vembanattu there is a Brahmin illam of Kalatt, which according to tradition is one of the families that ran away from Palayoor.<ref>{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/?id=pAncGlpGW8wC&pg=PA48&dq=hindu+traditions+of+St.Thomas+Christians+nasrani#v=onepage&q=Kalatt&f=false |title = Origin of Christianity in India: A Historiographical Critique|isbn = 9788174952585|last1 = Vadakkekara|first1 = Benedict|year = 2007}}</ref> Furthermore, a document called "Grandavariola" kept by a local Brahmin family (who had moved out from Palayur during the preaching) testifies to the date of the gospel work of St. Thomas. The document states: <blockquote>Kali year 3153 [52&nbsp;AD] the foreigner Thomas Sanyasi came to our village (gramam) preached there and thereby causing&nbsp;...</blockquote> <ref name="Kurikilamkatt p. 173, 183">{{Harvnb|Kurikilamkatt|2005| pp=173, 183}}</ref><ref>[http://www.thrissurkerala.com/tourist/palayur-church.html Palayur Church, Chavakkad]</ref><br />
<br />
The song "[[Margam Kali]]" - one of the ancient round group dances of Kerala practised by Saint Thomas Christians, a brief description of this tradition is portrayed. A relevant part of the song is translated below:<br />
<blockquote>He then heard about Kerala and went there, arriving at Malankara, preaching to the Brahmans of Cranganore and ordaining two of them priests. Then he went south, erecting crosses at Quilon, Niranam, Kokkamangalam, Kottukkayal, Cayal and Palayoor. The King sent for Thomas and inquired him of the completion of Castle's work. The King put him in prison when told he must wait till after his death to see the new palace, and was so mortified by the deception that he wanted to abdicate. However, his brother died at that time and saw the palace in heaven. He was resuscitated and told the King of its glory. The king, his brother, Habban and others were baptized, and the faith spread apace arousing the Brahmans’ jealousy&nbsp;...</blockquote> <ref>[http://nasrani.net/2009/05/04/margam-kali-history-theme-early-reference-and-modern-developments/#more-703 NSC NETWORK – Margam Kali – History, Theme, Early References and Modern Developments]</ref><br />
<br />
===Historicity of the Brahmanic origin===<br />
Some historians argue that the [[Brahmin]]'s arrival in Kerala happened much later. [[Cyriac Pullapilly]], briefing the opinion of these historians, states that although Brahmin influences had existed in the area since at least the 1st-century AD, a considerably large influx of these people started from around the 8th-century only.<ref name=Pullapilly1976pp26-30>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xNAI9F8IBOgC |title=Religion and Social Conflict in South Asia |volume=22 |series=International studies in sociology and social anthropology |editor-first=Bardwell L.|editor-last=Smith |publisher=E. J. Brill |first=Cyriac K. |last=Pullapilly |author-link=Cyriac Pullapilly |chapter=The Izhavas of Kerala and their Historic Struggle for Acceptance in the Hindu Society|location=Netherlands |year=1976 |access-date=9 June 2011 | isbn=978-90-04-04510-1|pages=26–30}}</ref> Kerala historian, A. Sreedhara Menon, is against this argument. According to him, [[Aryan]] religions like [[Jainism]] and [[Buddhism]] had already made inroads to Kerala in the 4th and 3rd centuries BC and the consensus among scholars is that the Aryan Brahmin immigration to South India had started as early as 1000 BC.<ref name="Menon">A. Sreedhara Menon - Political history of modern Kerala, D C Books, 1987, pp. 36 -39, {{ISBN|81-264-2156-8}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=wnAjqjhc1VcC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Political+history+of+modern+Kerala++By+A.+Sreedhara+Menon&hl=en&sa=X&ei=7bFYT6q1EpDIrQfDm4jqCw&ved=0CDkQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Political%20history%20of%20modern%20Kerala%20%20By%20A.%20Sreedhara%20Menon&f=false]</ref> <br />
<br />
Some of the poets of [[Sangam period]] were Brahmins, and there are references to the [[Puja (Hinduism)|poojas]] and [[yajna]]s conducted by Brahmin priests in the court of [[Chera dynasty|Chera]] kings.<ref name="Menon"/> According to [[P. T. Srinivasa Iyengar]], the sages [[Apastamba]] and [[Baudhayana]], whose ''[[sūtra]]s'' or legislations are followed even today by Tamil Brahmins, lived in the Telugu-speaking territories to the immediate north of the Tamil country even before the Sangam period.<ref name="srinivasaiyengarp116">[[#ptsrinivasaiyengar|P. T. Srinivasa Iyengar]], pp 116</ref> The 2nd-century AD literary work ''[[Paṭṭiṉappālai]]'' written by the Brahmin poet, Uruttirangannanar, records the presence of Brahmins and Vedic rites in [[Karikala Chola]]'s kingdom. The ''[[Akanaṉūṟu]]'' refers to a ''vela-parppan'' or a Brahmin who does not perform Vedic sacrifices. Similarly, other literary works of the Sangam period like the ''[[Silappatikaram]]'', ''[[Manimekalai]]'' and ''[[Kuṟuntokai]]'' also allude to the presence of Brahmins in the Tamil country. The influence of Brahmins and Indo-Aryan culture, however, began to grow rapidly only during the last centuries of the Sangam period.<br />
<br />
===Medieval history===<br />
Thus Christianity gained a foothold in Kerala well over 300 years before it succeeded in obtaining official recognition in Europe, or in becoming the established religion of Rome. This community, though a minor one, was aligned in the social crystalline structure with a respectable orientation. The respect and toleration shown to this faith, found expression in the fraternal treatment extended to its adherents, who were accorded and retained for themselves an honoured place, in the social and economic life of Kerala. They succeeded in doing this because they were Christian following a foreign faith and proud of the foreign origin of their church. But their primary concern was to live in harmony and requite the hospitality and toleration shown to them by the Hindu kings and princes.<ref>[http://nasrani.net/2011/05/19/the-heathen-and-the-syrian-syrian-christian-ritual-and-tradition-pre-1599-a-d/#more-699 NSC NETWORK – The Heathen and the Syrian – Syrian Christian Ritual and Tradition pre 1599 A.D]</ref><br />
<br />
Some of the Palayoor Christian families relocated as early as the 2nd century AD. [[Pakalomattom]] , Palayoor Nedumpally and Sankarapury include in this list. Nedumpally stayed in Palayoor until [[Tippu Sultan]] (1749–99) attacked Kerala. One branch of Nedumpally reached [[ThekkumKoor]] and got shelter there. Thekkumkoor is now a part of [[Kottayam]] District.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
==Bibliography==<br />
*Menachery G (1973) ''The St. Thomas Christian Encyclopedia of India'', Ed. George Menachery, B.N.K. Press, vol. 2, {{ISBN|978-81-87132-06-6}}, Lib. Cong. Cat. Card. No. 73-905568; B.N.K. Press<br />
*Mundalan, A. Mathias. (1984) ''History of Christianity in India'', vol. 1, Bangalore, India: Church History Association of India.<br />
*Leslie Brown, (1956) ''The Indian Christians of St. Thomas. An Account of the Ancient Syrian Church of Malabar'', Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1956, 1982 (repr.)<br />
*Podipara, Placid J. (1970) ''The Thomas Christians''. London: Darton, Longman and Tidd, 1970.<br />
*{{cite book| author = South Asia Research Assistance Services (Ollur, India)| title = The Nazranies| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=GC38NwAACAAJ| year = 1998| isbn = 978-81-87133-05-6 }}<br />
*Menachery G (ed) (1982) ''The St. Thomas Christian Encyclopedia of India'', B.N.K. Press, vol. 1;<br />
*Joseph Thekkedath (1982) ''History of Christianity in India'', ''Volume 1, Theological Publications in India'', pp.&nbsp;33<br />
*''Castes and Tribes of Southern India'', Volume 1: Edgar Thurston, K. Rangachari<br />
*James Hough (1893) ''The History of Christianity in India''.<br />
*K.V. Krishna Iyer (1971) "Kerala’s Relations with the Outside World", pp.&nbsp;70, 71 in ''The Cochin Synagogue Quatercentenary Celebrations Commemoration Volume'', Kerala History Association, Cochin.<br />
*''Kerala Charithram'': A.Sridhara Menon<br />
*''The Syrian Church in Malabar'': J. C. Panjikkaran,1914, alias SARAS Edition, ICHC I, The Nazranies, pp.&nbsp;277, 278<br />
*''The St. Thomas Christian Encyclopaedia of India'', {{ISBN|978-81-87132-01-1}}, Vol. I<br />
*K.L. Bernard, ''A Brief Sketch of the History of the St. Thomas Christians''<br />
*K.L. Bernard, ''Kerala History'', pp.&nbsp;78–79<br />
*''Indian antiquary'', Volume 60 - Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland<br />
*''Kerala State Gazetteer'', Volume 2, 1986<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120313082946/http://ananthapuri.com/kerala-history.asp?page=christian Kerala History - Christians of Kerala]<br />
* [http://www.angelfire.com/indie/peoples/palayoor.html Palayoor church of ST. Thomas, India]<br />
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[[Category:Kerala society]]<br />
[[Category:Indian surnames]]<br />
[[Category:Indian castes]]<br />
[[Category:Social groups of Kerala]]</div>Cbihttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nedumpally&diff=429532Nedumpally2023-09-23T04:02:41Z<p>Cbi: Christian branches</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}<br />
'''Nedumpallil''' or '''Nedumballil''' is a [[Saint Thomas Christians|Syrian Christian]] family from [[Kerala]]. It has now Hindu and Christian branches. There are Nedumpallil/Nedumbally<br />
namboodiri families located in Trichur, Irinjalakkuda and Srikrishnapuram.The Christian families are mainly located in Mallappally in Pathanamthitta,Kadambanad & Oyoor on Kollam, Iritti in Kannur. It is believed that they first migrated to Nilakkal in Pathanamthitta, then shifted to Kadambanad in Kollam, then to Mallappally and to different parts of Kerala.The Christian families of Nedumpally belong to [[Syro-Malabar|Syrian Catholic]], [[Malankara Orthodox]] and [[Syriac Orthodox Church|Jacobite]] denominations.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Baum |first1=Wilhelm |last2=Winkler |first2=Dietmar W. |title=Church of the East a Concise History. |date=2003 |publisher=RoutledgeCurzon |location=London |isbn=0203423097}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Frykenberg |first1=Robert Eric |title=Christianity in India from beginnings to the present |url=https://archive.org/details/christianityinin0000fryk |url-access=registration |date=2008 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |isbn=9780191544194}}</ref><br />
The Nedumpally Christians claim to be one of the original Christians who received baptism from [[Thomas the Apostle]].<ref>{{cite book | title = The Pastoral Care of the Syro-Malabar Catholic Migrants | author = James Arampulickal | publisher = Oriental Institute of Religious Studies, India Publications | year = 1994 | page = 40 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | title = Orientalia christiana periodica: Commentaril de re orientali ...: Volumes 17-18 | publisher = Pontificium Institutum Orientalium Studiorum | year = 1951 | page = 233 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book| author = Adrian Hastings| title = A World History of Christianity| date = 2000-08-15| publisher = Wm. B. Eerdmans| isbn = 978-0-8028-4875-8| page = 149 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book| author = Benedict Vadakkekara| title = Origin of Christianity in India: a Historiographical Critique| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=pAncGlpGW8wC| year = 2007| publisher = Media House Delhi| isbn = 978-81-7495-258-5| page = 61 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Thomaskutty |first1=Johnson |title=Saint Thomas the Apostle: New Testament, Apocrypha, and Historical Traditions |date=2018 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=9780567672858 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=159IDwAAQBAJ |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==History==<br />
[[File:Palayoor boat jetty.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Palayur St.Thomas Monument]]<br />
It is believed that Nedumpally family was evangelized by [[Thomas the Apostle]], said to have come to India sometime in the 1st century.<ref name=Frykenberg93>Frykenberg, Eric (2008). [https://books.google.com/books?id=sOrglHSX6rsC&dq=%22Malankara+Church%22&as_brr=3&client=firefox-a&source=gbs_navlinks_s ''Christianity in India: from Beginnings to the Present''], p. 93. Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|0-19-826377-5}}.</ref> There is no direct contemporary evidence for Thomas being in the subcontinent, though it definitely would have been possible for a [[Roman Empire|Roman]] [[Jew]] of the time to make such a trip. The earliest known source connecting the apostle to India is the ''[[Acts of Thomas]]'', written in [[Edessa, Mesopotamia|Edessa]] likely in the 2nd century.<ref name=Frykenberg93/><ref name="Bornkamm">Bornkamm, G. "The Acts of Thomas" in E. Hennecke, New Testament Apocrypha, Vol. 2. London: Lutterworth, 1965.</ref> The text describes Thomas' adventures in bringing Christianity to India, a tradition later expanded upon in early Indian sources such as the "Thomma Parvam" ("Song of Thomas").<ref name=Frykenberg92>Frykenberg, Eric (2008). [https://books.google.com/books?id=sOrglHSX6rsC&dq=%22Malankara+Church%22&as_brr=3&client=firefox-a&source=gbs_navlinks_s ''Christianity in India: from Beginnings to the Present''], p. 92. Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|0-19-826377-5}}.</ref><ref name= "Ramban">"The Song of Thomas Ramban" in Menachery G (ed); (1998) "The Indian Church History Classics", Vol. I, The Nazranies, Ollur, 1998. {{ISBN|81-87133-05-8}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Tradition===<br />
[[Palayoor]] was one of the places near the port of [[Muziris]], where St. Thomas established a church. The place is referred as Palur in some old documents. At that time, according to tradition, Palayoor had a Brahmin village of 64 families. It is believed that in one of the [[Temple tank|temple ponds]] in Palayoor, St. Thomas performed a miracle. Some priestly [[Brahmin]]s were performing a [[Vedic ritual]] called Tharpanam in which they devote Lord Sun by the symbolic submission of water in their palms along with [[Vedic recitation]]. St. Thomas was attracted to the ritual and queried the logic of their submission since the water thrown above was not accepted and returned to earth. Thus St. Thomas got an opening to present his subject before that Brahmin community. St. Thomas pulled out his hand and said in the name of Jesus, raised the water and it stood still in the air and glittered. By this "experience" many Brahmins were astounded and accepted Christianity while the other Brahmins cursed the place and left the place with their families saying that they would bathe their next bath at [[Vembanattu]].<ref>George Menachery and Edward René Hambye - The St. Thomas Christian encyclopaedia of India, Volume 2</ref> Nedumpally, Mampally, Payyappilly, Pakalomattam, Panakkamattam, Sankaramangalam, Kalli, Kallikavu, Palackal etc. were among the families who were baptised in Palayoor and Kottakkavu.<ref>{{cite book| author = Anthony Korah Thomas| title = The Christians of Kerala: a brief profile of all major churches| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=39LYAAAAMAAJ| year = 1993| publisher = A.K. Thomas}}</ref><ref>Orientalia christiana periodica: Commentaril de re orientali aetatis christianae sacra et profana, Volumes 17-18</ref><ref>{{cite book| author = Pontificium Institutum Orientalium Studiorum| title = Orientalia christiana periodica: Commentaril de re orientali aetatis christianae sacra et profana| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=w9bjAAAAMAAJ| year = 1951| publisher = Pont. institutum orientalium studiorum.}}</ref><ref>Balakrishna N. Nair: The dynamic Brahmin: a study of the Brahmin's personality in Indian culture with special reference to South India ; Popular Book Depot, 1959 - Page 228</ref><br />
<br />
===Supportive evidences===<br />
Even today the place is known as [[Chavakadu]] which means "cursed forest" in the local language. The unhappy Brahmins ran away to [[Vembanattu]] and settled down there. This place is still called [[Pudumanassery]] or the Place of the New Mana ([[Illam]]). It is stated that a Hindu temple that was abandoned by the Brahmins was converted into the present church. Temple remnants in the form of broken idols, sculptures and relics of the old temple can also be seen near the precincts of the church, in addition to two large tanks near the west and east gates of the church.<ref name="Bezbaruah-Gopal-Girota pp. 60-62">[[#refBezbaruahGopalGirota2003|Bezbaruah-Gopal-Girota 2003]], pp. 60-62.</ref><ref name="Church p. 93">{{Harvnb|Church|1969|p=93}}</ref><br />
<br />
It is also stated that the conversion of Brahmins has resulted in such an aversion among the Nambudri Brahmins that they do not even accept cold water or tender coconut water anywhere in the vicinity of the church. In Vembanattu there is a Brahmin illam of Kalatt, which according to tradition is one of the families that ran away from Palayoor.<ref>{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/?id=pAncGlpGW8wC&pg=PA48&dq=hindu+traditions+of+St.Thomas+Christians+nasrani#v=onepage&q=Kalatt&f=false |title = Origin of Christianity in India: A Historiographical Critique|isbn = 9788174952585|last1 = Vadakkekara|first1 = Benedict|year = 2007}}</ref> Furthermore, a document called "Grandavariola" kept by a local Brahmin family (who had moved out from Palayur during the preaching) testifies to the date of the gospel work of St. Thomas. The document states: <blockquote>Kali year 3153 [52&nbsp;AD] the foreigner Thomas Sanyasi came to our village (gramam) preached there and thereby causing&nbsp;...</blockquote> <ref name="Kurikilamkatt p. 173, 183">{{Harvnb|Kurikilamkatt|2005| pp=173, 183}}</ref><ref>[http://www.thrissurkerala.com/tourist/palayur-church.html Palayur Church, Chavakkad]</ref><br />
<br />
The song "[[Margam Kali]]" - one of the ancient round group dances of Kerala practised by Saint Thomas Christians, a brief description of this tradition is portrayed. A relevant part of the song is translated below:<br />
<blockquote>He then heard about Kerala and went there, arriving at Malankara, preaching to the Brahmans of Cranganore and ordaining two of them priests. Then he went south, erecting crosses at Quilon, Niranam, Kokkamangalam, Kottukkayal, Cayal and Palayoor. The King sent for Thomas and inquired him of the completion of Castle's work. The King put him in prison when told he must wait till after his death to see the new palace, and was so mortified by the deception that he wanted to abdicate. However, his brother died at that time and saw the palace in heaven. He was resuscitated and told the King of its glory. The king, his brother, Habban and others were baptized, and the faith spread apace arousing the Brahmans’ jealousy&nbsp;...</blockquote> <ref>[http://nasrani.net/2009/05/04/margam-kali-history-theme-early-reference-and-modern-developments/#more-703 NSC NETWORK – Margam Kali – History, Theme, Early References and Modern Developments]</ref><br />
<br />
===Historicity of the Brahmanic origin===<br />
Some historians argue that the [[Brahmin]]'s arrival in Kerala happened much later. [[Cyriac Pullapilly]], briefing the opinion of these historians, states that although Brahmin influences had existed in the area since at least the 1st-century AD, a considerably large influx of these people started from around the 8th-century only.<ref name=Pullapilly1976pp26-30>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xNAI9F8IBOgC |title=Religion and Social Conflict in South Asia |volume=22 |series=International studies in sociology and social anthropology |editor-first=Bardwell L.|editor-last=Smith |publisher=E. J. Brill |first=Cyriac K. |last=Pullapilly |author-link=Cyriac Pullapilly |chapter=The Izhavas of Kerala and their Historic Struggle for Acceptance in the Hindu Society|location=Netherlands |year=1976 |access-date=9 June 2011 | isbn=978-90-04-04510-1|pages=26–30}}</ref> Kerala historian, A. Sreedhara Menon, is against this argument. According to him, [[Aryan]] religions like [[Jainism]] and [[Buddhism]] had already made inroads to Kerala in the 4th and 3rd centuries BC and the consensus among scholars is that the Aryan Brahmin immigration to South India had started as early as 1000 BC.<ref name="Menon">A. Sreedhara Menon - Political history of modern Kerala, D C Books, 1987, pp. 36 -39, {{ISBN|81-264-2156-8}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=wnAjqjhc1VcC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Political+history+of+modern+Kerala++By+A.+Sreedhara+Menon&hl=en&sa=X&ei=7bFYT6q1EpDIrQfDm4jqCw&ved=0CDkQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Political%20history%20of%20modern%20Kerala%20%20By%20A.%20Sreedhara%20Menon&f=false]</ref> <br />
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Some of the poets of [[Sangam period]] were Brahmins, and there are references to the [[Puja (Hinduism)|poojas]] and [[yajna]]s conducted by Brahmin priests in the court of [[Chera dynasty|Chera]] kings.<ref name="Menon"/> According to [[P. T. Srinivasa Iyengar]], the sages [[Apastamba]] and [[Baudhayana]], whose ''[[sūtra]]s'' or legislations are followed even today by Tamil Brahmins, lived in the Telugu-speaking territories to the immediate north of the Tamil country even before the Sangam period.<ref name="srinivasaiyengarp116">[[#ptsrinivasaiyengar|P. T. Srinivasa Iyengar]], pp 116</ref> The 2nd-century AD literary work ''[[Paṭṭiṉappālai]]'' written by the Brahmin poet, Uruttirangannanar, records the presence of Brahmins and Vedic rites in [[Karikala Chola]]'s kingdom. The ''[[Akanaṉūṟu]]'' refers to a ''vela-parppan'' or a Brahmin who does not perform Vedic sacrifices. Similarly, other literary works of the Sangam period like the ''[[Silappatikaram]]'', ''[[Manimekalai]]'' and ''[[Kuṟuntokai]]'' also allude to the presence of Brahmins in the Tamil country. The influence of Brahmins and Indo-Aryan culture, however, began to grow rapidly only during the last centuries of the Sangam period.<br />
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===Medieval history===<br />
Thus Christianity gained a foothold in Kerala well over 300 years before it succeeded in obtaining official recognition in Europe, or in becoming the established religion of Rome. This community, though a minor one, was aligned in the social crystalline structure with a respectable orientation. The respect and toleration shown to this faith, found expression in the fraternal treatment extended to its adherents, who were accorded and retained for themselves an honoured place, in the social and economic life of Kerala. They succeeded in doing this because they were Christian following a foreign faith and proud of the foreign origin of their church. But their primary concern was to live in harmony and requite the hospitality and toleration shown to them by the Hindu kings and princes.<ref>[http://nasrani.net/2011/05/19/the-heathen-and-the-syrian-syrian-christian-ritual-and-tradition-pre-1599-a-d/#more-699 NSC NETWORK – The Heathen and the Syrian – Syrian Christian Ritual and Tradition pre 1599 A.D]</ref><br />
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Some of the Palayoor Christian families relocated as early as the 2nd century AD. [[Pakalomattom]] , Palayoor Nedumpally and Sankarapury include in this list. Nedumpally stayed in Palayoor until [[Tippu Sultan]] (1749–99) attacked Kerala. One branch of Nedumpally reached [[ThekkumKoor]] and got shelter there. Thekkumkoor is now a part of [[Kottayam]] District.<br />
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==References==<br />
<references/><br />
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==Bibliography==<br />
*Menachery G (1973) ''The St. Thomas Christian Encyclopedia of India'', Ed. George Menachery, B.N.K. Press, vol. 2, {{ISBN|978-81-87132-06-6}}, Lib. Cong. Cat. Card. No. 73-905568; B.N.K. Press<br />
*Mundalan, A. Mathias. (1984) ''History of Christianity in India'', vol. 1, Bangalore, India: Church History Association of India.<br />
*Leslie Brown, (1956) ''The Indian Christians of St. Thomas. An Account of the Ancient Syrian Church of Malabar'', Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1956, 1982 (repr.)<br />
*Podipara, Placid J. (1970) ''The Thomas Christians''. London: Darton, Longman and Tidd, 1970.<br />
*{{cite book| author = South Asia Research Assistance Services (Ollur, India)| title = The Nazranies| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=GC38NwAACAAJ| year = 1998| isbn = 978-81-87133-05-6 }}<br />
*Menachery G (ed) (1982) ''The St. Thomas Christian Encyclopedia of India'', B.N.K. Press, vol. 1;<br />
*Joseph Thekkedath (1982) ''History of Christianity in India'', ''Volume 1, Theological Publications in India'', pp.&nbsp;33<br />
*''Castes and Tribes of Southern India'', Volume 1: Edgar Thurston, K. Rangachari<br />
*James Hough (1893) ''The History of Christianity in India''.<br />
*K.V. Krishna Iyer (1971) "Kerala’s Relations with the Outside World", pp.&nbsp;70, 71 in ''The Cochin Synagogue Quatercentenary Celebrations Commemoration Volume'', Kerala History Association, Cochin.<br />
*''Kerala Charithram'': A.Sridhara Menon<br />
*''The Syrian Church in Malabar'': J. C. Panjikkaran,1914, alias SARAS Edition, ICHC I, The Nazranies, pp.&nbsp;277, 278<br />
*''The St. Thomas Christian Encyclopaedia of India'', {{ISBN|978-81-87132-01-1}}, Vol. I<br />
*K.L. Bernard, ''A Brief Sketch of the History of the St. Thomas Christians''<br />
*K.L. Bernard, ''Kerala History'', pp.&nbsp;78–79<br />
*''Indian antiquary'', Volume 60 - Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland<br />
*''Kerala State Gazetteer'', Volume 2, 1986<br />
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==External links==<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120313082946/http://ananthapuri.com/kerala-history.asp?page=christian Kerala History - Christians of Kerala]<br />
* [http://www.angelfire.com/indie/peoples/palayoor.html Palayoor church of ST. Thomas, India]<br />
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[[Category:Kerala society]]<br />
[[Category:Indian surnames]]<br />
[[Category:Indian castes]]<br />
[[Category:Social groups of Kerala]]</div>Cbi