https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=CatharineJorgensBharatpedia - User contributions [en]2026-08-16T20:48:29ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.43.6https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rakshak_(album)&diff=528899Rakshak (album)2026-05-06T14:32:02Z<p>CatharineJorgens: started a info v1!</p>
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<div>{{Infobox album<br />
| name = Rakshak<br />
| type = studio<br />
| artist = [[Bloodywood]]<br />
| cover = Bloodywood rakshak.jpg<br />
| alt = Illustration of a crawling boy with an elephant behind.<br />
| released = 18 February 2022<br />
| recorded = <br />
| studio = <br />
| genre = {{flatlist|<br />
* [[Nu metal]]<br />
* [[rap metal]]<br />
* [[folk metal]]<br />
* [[Indian folk music]]<ref name="UNIrev"/><ref name="Kinter"/><ref name="MHrev"/><br />
}}<br />
| length = 47:13<br />
| language = {{flatlist|<br />
* [[English language|English]]<br />
* [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]<br />
* [[Hindi]]<br />
}}<br />
| label = Independent<br />
| producer = Karan Katiyar<br />
| prev_title = Anti-Pop Vol. 1<br />
| prev_year = 2017<br />
| next_title = [[Nu Delhi]]<br />
| next_year = 2025<br />
| misc = {{Singles<br />
| name = Rakshak<br />
| type = studio<br />
| single1 = Gaddaar<br />
| single1date = 9 November 2021<ref name="MHgaddaar"/><ref name="BWBKg"/><br />
| single2 = Aaj<br />
| single2date = 24 January 2022<ref name="MSaaj"/><ref name="MHaaj"/><ref name="BWBKaaj"/><br />
| single3 = Dana Dan<br />
| single3date = 18 February 2022<br />
}}<br />
}}<br />
'''''Rakshak''''' ({{langx|hi|रक्षक|translit=rakṣak}} "protector"<ref name="Kinter">{{cite web |last1=Travers |first1=Paul |title=Bloodywood: "The theme of this band is that it has to be something that adds value to this world" |url=https://www.kerrang.com/bloodywood-indian-metal-rakshak-theme-of-this-band-something-that-adds-value-to-this-world |website=[[Kerrang!]] |publisher=Wasted Talent Ltd |access-date=23 February 2022 |date=17 February 2022}}</ref><ref name="MUinter">{{cite web |last1=Rick |title=Bloodywood Interview |url=https://www.metalutopia.com/bloodywood-interview/ |website=Metal Utopia |access-date=22 February 2022 |date=13 January 2022}}</ref>) is the debut studio album by the Indian [[Heavy metal music|heavy metal]] band [[Bloodywood]], independently released on 18 February 2022.<ref name="MSaaj">{{cite web |last1=Neilstein |first1=Vince |title=Bloodywood Drop New Indian Folk + Nu-Metal Banger "Aaj" |url=https://www.metalsucks.net/2022/01/24/bloodywood-drop-new-indian-folk-nu-metal-banger-aaj/ |website=MetalSucks |access-date=22 February 2022 |date=24 January 2022}}</ref><ref name="UNIrev"/> The album's music is a blend of [[Indian folk music]] and [[heavy metal music|heavy metal]], while the lyrics are sung in the English, Hindi and Punjabi languages.<ref name="MSaaj"/><br />
<br />
The album entered the ''Billboard'' charts, making Bloodywood the first Indian metal band to achieve such an accomplishment.<ref name="RSIndia">{{cite magazine |last1=Tagat |first1=Anurag |title=Bloodywood Make Indian Metal History with Debut Album 'Rakshak' |url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/bloodywood-rakshak-album-billboard-charts/ |magazine=[[Rolling Stone]] India |access-date=1 April 2022 |date=4 March 2022}}</ref> The album has been successful on [[Bandcamp]] as well, where it topped the album sales of the platform upon release, ranked (as of early March 2022) as the 22nd all-time best-selling new release and as 3rd best-selling metal release.<ref name="RSIndia"/><br />
<br />
== Background ==<br />
Since its inception in 2016, the band has gained attention on the internet with their Indian folk metal covers of pop and Indian songs.<ref name="MUinter"/><ref name="Kinter"/> They would go on to release a cover album titled ''Anti-Pop Vol. 1'' with songs by [[Backstreet Boys]], [[50 Cent]], [[Ariana Grande]], [[Nirvana (band)|Nirvana]] and [[Linkin Park]].<ref name="Kinter"/> Rapper Raoul, who was initially a guest, eventually became part of the band.<ref name="TMTrev"/><br />
<br />
For their debut album, however, they opted to use only original material, re-recording some earlier songs that had been released in the past.<ref name="MUinter"/> The band claims to have been approached by multiple labels, but decided to stay independent for this album.<ref name="BWBKlabel">{{cite web |title=BLOODYWOOD On Upcoming Debut Release - "While We Did Have Interest From Multiple Labels, We Decided To Stay Independent" |url=https://bravewords.com/news/bloodywood-on-upcoming-debut-release-while-we-did-have-interest-from-multiple-labels-we-decided-to-stay-independent |website=[[Brave Words & Bloody Knuckles]] |access-date=23 February 2022 |date=25 November 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Themes ==<br />
When asked about the album's meaning, vocalist/rapper Raoul said that it "is about a joint effort to protect people and the planet as a whole from all the challenges we’re facing. We hope to do this by eliminating the challenges altogether, because the best defence is a great offence. You'll hear messages about divisive politics, corruption, toxic news, sexual assault and bullying, as well as personal ones about battling depression and pushing your limits".<ref name="MUinter"/><br />
<br />
The title, which translates as "protector", conveys the sense that "you are your own saviour, you have the strength within you to meet challenges".<ref name="Kinter"/> The artwork features a boy and an elephant behind him; the animal represents "the strength within this fragile creature".<ref name="Kinter"/><br />
<br />
== Songs ==<br />
''Rakshak'' features both songs which were written for the album, as well as earlier original compositions by the band which were formerly released as independent singles for various causes. Kerr has stated that previous songs such as the popular [[Ari Ari (Indian Street Metal)]] were left off of the album due to not being entirely original compositions by the band.<ref name="MUinter"/><br />
<br />
=== Re-recordings of original songs (2018-2020) ===<br />
"Jee Veerey" was initially released in July 2018, in response to a widely criticised infographic distributed by the [[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare]] in June regarding depression.<ref name="dumbgovernment">{{cite web | url=https://fee.org/articles/indian-band-fights-depression-with-metal-after-government-proves-incompetent/ | title=Indian Band Fights Depression with Metal after Government Proves Incompetent &#124; Tyler Brandt | date=24 August 2018 }}</ref> The band distributed 60 free private therapy sessions through a partnership with a non-governmental organisation.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.revolvermag.com/music/watch-indian-metal-viral-stars-bloodywoods-uplifting-new-video-jee-veerey | title=Watch Indian Metal Viral Stars Bloodywood's Uplifting New Video "Jee Veerey" | date=18 July 2018 }}</ref> Several fans of the band paid for further sessions for others as a result.<ref name="dumbgovernment"/><br />
<br />
"Endurant" is an anti-[[bullying]] song which encourages listeners to "endure and come out stronger rather than retaliate or fight back with force".<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.revolvermag.com/music/hear-indian-metal-viral-stars-bloodywood-take-bullies-new-song-endurant | title=Hear Indian Metal Viral Stars Bloodywood Take on Bullies with New Song "Endurant" | date=16 January 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.therockpit.net/2019/indian-folk-metal-band-bloodywood-releases-video-for-endurant/ | title=Indian folk metal band Bloodywood releases video for "Endurant" | date=17 January 2019 }}</ref> Released in January 2019, the music video for the song focuses on the differing adult life experiences of a bully and his victim.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/watch-bloodywood-rally-bullying-endurant/ | title=Watch Bloodywood Rally Against Bullying on 'Endurant' | date=17 January 2019 }}</ref><br />
<br />
"Machi Bhasad", released in April 2019, was originally composed for the [[Development hell|currently unreleased]] game [[Beyond Good and Evil 2]],<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.revolvermag.com/music/see-indian-folk-metal-act-bloodywoods-new-machi-bhasad-expect-riot-video | title=See Indian Folk-Metal Act Bloodywood's New "Machi Bhasad (Expect a Riot)" Video | date=25 April 2019 }}</ref> but was ultimately rejected. Intended as a call to action to fight injustice, the song was released just as the band revealed 2019 European tour dates.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://unsungmelody.com/metal/bloodywood-releases-official-music-video-for-machi-bhasad-expect-a-riot-raj-against-the-machine-tour-dates-announced/ | title=Bloodywood Releases Official Music Video for "Machi Bhasad (Expect a Riot)"; "Raj Against the Machine Tour" Dates Announced | date=24 April 2019 }}</ref><br />
<br />
"Yaad", released in early 2020, focuses on moving on from the death of a loved one.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.revolvermag.com/music/see-indian-metal-act-bloodywood-celebrate-love-and-loss-dog-themed-yaad-video | title=See Indian Metal Act Bloodywood Celebrate Love and Loss in Dog-Themed "Yaad" Video | date=27 March 2020 }}</ref> The band purchased an ambulance for use by a local animal shelter with the release of the song.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://metalinjection.net/new-music/bloodywood-donates-ambulance-to-animal-rescue-unleash-new-song-yaad-that-gives-us-all-the-feels | title=BLOODYWOOD Donates Ambulance to Animal Rescue, Unleash New Song "Yaad" That Gives Us All the Feels | date=27 March 2020 }}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Songs written for ''Rakshak'' (2021-2022) ===<br />
The first single written for the album, "Gaddaar", was released on 9 November 2021 and features political commentary, exploring "how politicians rely on dishing out hate in order to gain votes and raise their political standing, and how one can rebel to break the cycle" while advocating for the [[separation of church and state]].<ref name="MHgaddaar">{{cite web |last1=Scarlett |first1=Elizabeth |title=Bloodywood's new single Gaddaar is the heavy AF political rager the world needs to hear |url=https://www.loudersound.com/news/bloodywoods-new-single-gaddaar-is-the-heavy-af-political-rager-the-world-needs-to-hear |website=[[Metal Hammer]] |publisher=[[Future plc]] |access-date=22 February 2022 |date=9 November 2021}}</ref><ref name="BWBKg">{{cite web |title=India's BLOODYWOOD Release New Single / Video "Gadaar"; Full Length Debut Due In February 2022 |url=https://bravewords.com/news/india-s-bloodywood-release-new-single-video-gadaar-full-length-debut-due-in-february-2022 |website=[[Brave Words & Bloody Knuckles]] |access-date=22 February 2022 |date=10 November 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
The second single and video, "Aaj", came out on 24 January 2022. The video was shot in [[Munnar]], [[Kerala]], and the band faced a handful of difficulties while doing it, including bad weather, denial of permission for shooting, [[leech]]es and accidents with drones.<ref name="MSaaj"/><ref name="MHaaj">{{cite web |last1=Robinson |first1=Rich |title=Bloodywood's new single Gaddaar is the heavy AF political rager the world needs to hear |url=https://www.loudersound.com/features/indian-metallers-bloodywoods-epic-aaj-video-will-give-you-travel-envy |website=[[Metal Hammer]] |publisher=[[Future plc]] |access-date=23 February 2022 |date=21 January 2022 }}</ref><ref name="BWBKaaj">{{cite web |title=India's BLOODYWOOD Release New Single / Video "Aaj" |url=https://bravewords.com/news/india-s-bloodywood-release-new-single-video-aaj |website=[[Brave Words & Bloody Knuckles]] |access-date=23 February 2022 |date=22 January 2022}}</ref><br />
<br />
The final single released from the album, "Dana-Dan", harshly views [[rape culture]] and [[patriarchy]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ticketfairy.com/word/2022/02/22/tf-daily-drop-dana-dan-by-bloodywood/ | title=TF Daily Drop: Dana Dan by Bloodywood | date=22 February 2022 }}</ref> The band states:<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.insaneblog.net/2022/02/bloodywood-release-dana-dan-their.html | title=BLOODYWOOD - Release "Dana Dan" Their Heaviest Song Yet; Debut Album "Rakshak" Out Today | date=18 February 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.grimmgent.com/bloodywood-release-with-the-single-dana-dan-their-heaviest-song-yet/ | title=BLOODYWOOD release with the single "Dana Dan" their heaviest song yet • GRIMM Gent | date=19 February 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://bravewords.com/news/india-s-bloodywood-release-new-single-video-dana-dan | title=India's BLOODYWOOD Release New Single / Video "Dana Dan" }}</ref>{{blockquote|"Dana Dan" is a graphic commentary on sexual assault and the need to eliminate it. It begins with the reflexive, almost homicidal rage we feel when we hear about these crimes, before moving on to a more level headed call to arms. It culminates in a gentle appeal for all of us to reflect on the role we play in creating a world where atrocities of this nature are committed and to work towards eliminating it altogether.}}<br />
<br />
“Dana-Dan” was also featured in [[Dev Patel]]’s film [[Monkey Man]].<br />
<br />
== Reception ==<br />
{{Music ratings<br />
| rev1 = Angry Metal Guy<br />
| rev1score = 3.5/5<ref name="AMGrev"/><br />
| rev2 = [[Blabbermouth.net]]<br />
| rev2score = 7.5/10<ref name="Blabberrev"/><br />
| rev3 = ''[[Kerrang!]]''<br />
| rev3score = 4/5<ref name="Krev"/><br />
| rev4 = ''[[Metal Hammer]]''<br />
| rev4score = {{rating|4|5}}<ref name="MHrev"/><br />
| rev5 = [[United News of India]]<br />
| rev5score = 8.5/10<ref name="UNIrev"/><br />
}}<br />
Since its release, ''Rakshak'' received critical acclaim, being praised for its lyrics, performances and musicianship. The Moshville Times's editor-in-chief Iain "Mosh" Purdie called the album "a superb release especially for those new to the band". He said the band could have made more new music, but that the new and old songs are enough for a live show setlist.<ref name="TMTrev">{{cite web |last1=Purdie |first1=Iain |title=Review: Bloodywood – Rakshak |url=https://www.moshville.co.uk/reviews/album-review/2022/02/review-bloodywood-rakshak/ |website=The Moshville Times |access-date=22 February 2022 |date=4 February 2022}}</ref><br />
<br />
On [[United News of India]], Anand Venkitachalam praised the band's "very unique combination of metal which is a mix of heavy almost [[Korn]] like riffs combined with hip hop, electronic music and of course Indian folk music such as bhangra, alternating between rap verses of Raoul Kerr and the growled and clean vocals of Jayanth Bhadula". He was also happy with Raoul Kerr's rapping, which he thought blended well with the band's metal sound. He ultimately said the album "has it all from heaviness to infectious grooves to powerful melodies giving the Indian folk metal group a debut they are can[sic] be very proud of."<ref name="UNIrev">{{cite web |last1=Venkitachalam |first1=Anand |title=Bloodywood's 'Rakshak' debut is killer (UNI Review 8.5/10) |url=https://www.uniindia.com/story/Bloodywoods-Rakshak-debut-is-killer-UNI-Review-8.510 |website=[[United News of India]] |access-date=22 February 2022 |location=[[New Delhi]] |date=22 February 2022}}</ref><br />
<br />
''[[Kerrang!]]''{{'}}s Paul Travers praised the band's more "serious" tone (compared with their covers) and said they "have a sound like no one else in the world right now. Rakshak is equal parts joyous, furious and incendiary and its creators look set to be the first Indian metal band to truly explode on a global scale."<ref name="Krev">{{cite web |last1=Travers |first1=Paul |title=Album review: Bloodywood – Rakshak |url=https://www.kerrang.com/album-review-bloodywood-rakshak-india-metal |website=[[Kerrang!]] |publisher=Wasted Talent Ltd |access-date=23 February 2022 |date=18 February 2022}}</ref><br />
<br />
Writing on [[Blabbermouth.net]], Dom Lawson commented that "even with the novelty value of their early works erased, Bloodywood still make a wholly unique racket, with the gently otherworldly allure of those samples providing a consistent red line through a surprisingly diverse set of songs." On the other hand, he thought the group sounded "less convincing" when performing nu metal music, describing "Zanjeero Se" as "fairly thin gruel" compared to the "rambunctious clangor of "Machi Bhasad" and "Endurant"." He ultimately said that "the essence of Bloodywood's cheerfully revolutionary approach to modern metal is on full display and at full pelt with those infectious Bollywood embellishments proudly to the fore. In those moments, if not all of "Rakshak", Bloodywood sound like one of the greatest ideas ever."<ref name="Blabberrev">{{cite web |last1=Lawson |first1=Dom |title=BLOODYWOOD - "Rakshak" |url=https://www.blabbermouth.net/cdreviews/rakshak/ |website=[[Blabbermouth.net]] |date=17 February 2022 |access-date=23 February 2022}}</ref><br />
<br />
TheKenWord, on Angry Metal Guy, said that the band "succeeds in no small part because it expresses complex human experiences through effortlessly accessible writing." He criticized the mixing and mastering of some tracks - namely "Jee Veerey" and "Endurant" - for not properly blending the folk instruments with the metal sound. He also said the rapping vocals sometimes sound "detached" on softer songs.<ref name="AMGrev">{{cite web |last1=TheKenWord |title=Bloodywood – Rakshak Review |url=https://www.angrymetalguy.com/bloodywood-rakshak-review/ |website=Angry Metal Guy |access-date=23 February 2022 |date=16 February 2022}}</ref><br />
<br />
''[[Metal Hammer]]''{{'}}s Elliot Leaver praised the band's "impressive musical range whilst inherently staying true to their native roots" and ultimately reflected that "if this is what Bloodywood can achieve on their own, imagine where they could go with a label behind them. Surely that's only a matter of time."<ref name="MHrev">{{cite web |last1=Leaver |first1=Elliot |title=Bloodywood's Rakshak proves they are more than just an internet sensation |url=https://www.loudersound.com/reviews/bloodywoods-rakshak-proves-they-are-more-than-just-an-internet-sensation |website=[[Metal Hammer]] |publisher=[[Future plc]] |access-date=23 February 2022 |date=18 February 2022}}</ref> The magazine also ranked the album as the 14th most anticipated metal album of 2022.<ref name="MH5022">{{cite web |last1= Hobson |first1=Rich |title=New metal albums 2022: The 50 most anticipated releases this year |url=https://www.loudersound.com/features/the-50-most-anticipated-metal-albums-of-2022/2 |website=[[Metal Hammer]] |publisher=[[Future plc]] |access-date=9 September 2023 |date=21 September 2022}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Accolades===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"<br />
! Publication<br />
! List<br />
! Rank<br />
|-<br />
!scope="row"| ''[[Metal Hammer]]''<br />
| The Best Metal Albums Of 2022 So Far<br />
| {{center|–<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.loudersound.com/features/best-metal-albums-of-2022-so-far|title=The Best Metal Albums Of 2022 So Far|website=[[Metal Hammer]]|date=7 May 2022|access-date=9 May 2022}}</ref>}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Track listing ==<br />
{{Track listing<br />
| headline = ''Rakshak'' track listing<br />
| all_writing = Karan Katiyar<br />
| title1 = Gaddaar<br />
| note1 = <small>Traitor</small><br />
| length1 = 4:44<br />
| title2 = Aaj<br />
| note2 = <small>Today</small><br />
| length2 = 5:00<br />
| title3 = Zanjeero Se<br />
| note3 = <small>These Chains</small><br />
| length3 = 4:11<br />
| title4 = Machi Bhasad (Album Version)<br />
| note4 = <small>Expect a Riot</small><br />
| length4 = 4:00<br />
| title5 = Dana-Dan<br />
| note5 = <small>Give a Beatdown</small><br />
| length5 = 4:54<br />
| title6 = Jee Veerey (Album Version)<br />
| note6 = <small>Live, Brave One<ref name="Krev"/></small><br />
| length6 = 4:38<br />
| title7 = Endurant (Album Version)<br />
| length7 = 4:46<br />
| title8 = Yaad (Album Version)<br />
| note8 = <small>In Memory</small><br />
| length8 = 5:40<br />
| title9 = BSDK.exe <br />
| length9 = 4:55<br />
| title10 = Chakh Le<br />
| note10 = <small>Rise Up</small><br />
| length10 = 4:25<br />
<br />
| total_length = {{Duration|m=47|s=13}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Personnel ==<br />
'''Bloodywood'''<br />
* Jayant Bhadula – vocals<br />
* Raoul Kerr – rap vocals<br />
* Karan Katiyar – guitars, flutes, arrangements, production<br />
<br />
==Charts==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center"<br />
|+ Chart performance for ''Rakshak''<br />
! scope="col"| Chart (2022)<br />
! scope="col"| Peak<br />position<br />
|-<br />
{{album chart|UKIndependent|26|date=20220225|rowheader=true|access-date=25 February 2022}}<br />
|-<br />
{{album chart|UKRock|8|date=20220225|rowheader=true|access-date=25 February 2022}}<br />
|-<br />
{{album chart|BillboardDigital|5|artist=Bloodywood|rowheader=true|access-date=1 April 2022|note={{failed verification|date=May 2022}}}}<br />
|-<br />
{{album chart|BillboardAlbumSales|93|artist=Bloodywood|rowheader=true|access-date=1 April 2022|note={{failed verification|date=May 2022}}}}<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row"| US World Albums (''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'')<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/charts/world-albums/2022-05-28/|title=World Albums: Week of May 28, 2022|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|access-date=24 May 2022}}</ref><br />
| 10<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2022 debut albums]]<br />
[[Category:Bloodywood albums]]</div>CatharineJorgenshttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=South_African_cricket_team_in_India_in_2022%E2%80%9323&diff=536808South African cricket team in India in 2022–232026-05-01T06:49:18Z<p>CatharineJorgens: starting initial details from scratch</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|International cricket tour}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}<br />
{{for|the June 2022 tour|South African cricket team in India in 2022}}<br />
{{Infobox cricket tour<br />
| series_name = South African cricket team in India in 2022–23<br />
| team1_image = Flag of India.svg<br />
| team1_name = India<br />
| team2_image = Flag of South Africa.svg<br />
| team2_name = South Africa<br />
| from_date = 28 September <br />
| to_date = 11 October 2022<br />
| team1_captain = [[Shikhar Dhawan]] <small>(ODIs)</small><br>[[Rohit Sharma]] <small>(T20Is)</small><br />
| team2_captain = [[Temba Bavuma]]<ref group="n">[[Keshav Maharaj]] and [[David Miller (South African cricketer)|David Miller]] captained South Africa in the second and the third ODIs respectively.</ref><br />
| no_of_ODIs = 3<br />
| team1_ODIs_won = 2<br />
| team2_ODIs_won = 1<br />
| team1_ODIs_most_runs = [[Shreyas Iyer]] (191)<br />
| team2_ODIs_most_runs = [[Heinrich Klaasen]] (138)<br />
| team1_ODIs_most_wickets = [[Kuldeep Yadav]] (6)<br />
| team2_ODIs_most_wickets = [[Lungi Ngidi]] (4)<br />
| player_of_ODI_series = [[Mohammed Siraj]] (Ind)<br />
| no_of_twenty20s = 3<br />
| team1_twenty20s_won = 2<br />
| team2_twenty20s_won = 1<br />
| team1_twenty20s_most_runs = [[Suryakumar Yadav]] (119)<br />
| team2_twenty20s_most_runs = [[Quinton de Kock]] (138)<br />
| team1_twenty20s_most_wickets = [[Arshdeep Singh (cricketer)|Arshdeep Singh]] (5)<br />
| team2_twenty20s_most_wickets = [[Keshav Maharaj]] (4)<br />
| player_of_twenty20_series = [[Suryakumar Yadav]] (Ind)<br />
}}<br />
The [[South African cricket team]] toured India in September and October 2022 to play three [[One Day International]] (ODI) and three [[Twenty20 International]] (T20I) matches as a preparatory series before the [[2022 ICC Men's T20 World Cup]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/australia-and-south-africa-to-tour-india-for-final-t20-world-cup-prep-in-september-october-1325744 |title=Australia and South Africa to tour India for final men's T20 World Cup prep in September-October |work=ESPNCricinfo |access-date=3 August 2022}}</ref> In August 2022, the [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] (BCCI) confirmed the schedule for the tour.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bcci.tv/articles/2022/news/55555905/bcci-announces-schedule-for-paytm-home-series-against-australia-and-south-africa?type=Latest |title=BCCI announces schedule for Paytm home series against Australia and South Africa |work=Board of Control for Cricket in India |access-date=3 August 2022}}</ref> The ODI series formed part of the inaugural [[2020–2023 ICC Cricket World Cup Super League]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/2714210 |title=India's home series schedule against Australia, South Africa announced |work=International Cricket Council |access-date=3 August 2022}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Squads==<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; margin:auto"<br />
|-<br />
!colspan=2|ODIs<br />
!colspan=2|T20Is<br />
|-<br />
! {{cr|IND}}<ref>{{cite web |access-date=2 October 2022 |title=India’s squad for ODI series against SA announced |url=https://www.bcci.tv/articles/2022/news/55555935/india-s-squad-for-odi-series-against-sa-announced |website= Board of Control for Cricket in India}}</ref><br />
! {{cr|SA}}<ref name="SASQUAD">{{cite web |access-date=6 September 2022 |title=Bavuma returns to lead South Africa Men's T20 World Cup squad |url=https://cricket.co.za/2022/09/06/bavuma-returns-to-lead-south-africa-mens-t20-world-cup-squad/ |website=Cricket South Africa}}</ref><br />
! {{cr|IND}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bcci.tv/articles/2022/news/55555922/india-s-squads-for-icc-men-s-t20-world-cup-2022-australia-south-africa-t20is-announced | title= India’s squads for ICC Men’s T20 World Cup 2022, Australia & South Africa T20Is announced |work= Board of Control for Cricket in India |access-date= 12 September 2022}}</ref><br />
! {{cr|SA}}<ref name="SASQUAD"/><br />
|- style="vertical-align:top"<br />
|<br />
* [[Shikhar Dhawan]] ([[captain (cricket)|c]])<br />
* [[Shreyas Iyer]] ([[captain (cricket)#Vice_captain|vc]])<br />
* [[Shahbaz Ahmed (cricketer)|Shahbaz Ahmed]]<br />
* [[Ravi Bishnoi]]<br />
* <s>[[Deepak Chahar]]</s><br />
* [[Ruturaj Gaikwad]]<br />
* [[Shubman Gill]]<br />
* [[Ishan Kishan]] ([[wicket-keeper|wk]])<br />
* [[Avesh Khan]]<br />
* [[Mukesh Kumar (cricketer)|Mukesh Kumar]]<br />
* [[Rajat Patidar]]<br />
* [[Sanju Samson]] ([[wicket-keeper|wk]])<br />
* [[Mohammed Siraj]]<br />
* [[Washington Sundar]]<br />
* [[Rahul Tripathi]]<br />
* [[Shardul Thakur]]<br />
* [[Kuldeep Yadav]]<br />
|<br />
* [[Temba Bavuma]] ([[captain (cricket)|c]])<br />
* [[Quinton de Kock]] ([[wicket-keeper|wk]])<br />
* [[Bjorn Fortuin]]<br />
* [[Reeza Hendricks]]<br />
* [[Marco Jansen]]<br />
* [[Heinrich Klaasen]]<br />
* [[Keshav Maharaj]]<br />
* [[Janneman Malan]]<br />
* [[Aiden Markram]]<br />
* [[David Miller (South African cricketer)|David Miller]]<br />
* [[Lungi Ngidi]]<br />
* [[Anrich Nortje]]<br />
* [[Wayne Parnell]]<br />
* [[Andile Phehlukwayo]]<br />
* <s>[[Dwaine Pretorius]]</s><br />
* [[Kagiso Rabada]]<br />
* [[Tabraiz Shamsi]]<br />
|<br />
* [[Rohit Sharma]] ([[captain (cricket)|c]])<br />
* [[KL Rahul]] ([[captain (cricket)#Vice_captain|vc]])<br />
* [[Shahbaz Ahmed (cricketer)|Shahbaz Ahmed]]<br />
* [[Ravichandran Ashwin]]<br />
* <s>[[Jasprit Bumrah]]</s><br />
* [[Yuzvendra Chahal]]<br />
* [[Deepak Chahar]]<br />
* <s>[[Deepak Hooda]]</s><br />
* [[Shreyas Iyer]]<br />
* [[Dinesh Karthik]] ([[wicket-keeper|wk]])<br />
* [[Virat Kohli]]<br />
* [[Rishabh Pant]] ([[wicket-keeper|wk]])<br />
* [[Axar Patel]]<br />
* [[Harshal Patel]]<br />
* <s>[[Mohammed Shami]]</s><br />
* [[Mohammed Siraj]]<br />
* [[Arshdeep Singh (cricketer)|Arshdeep Singh]]<br />
* [[Suryakumar Yadav]]<br />
* [[Umesh Yadav]]<br />
|<br />
* [[Temba Bavuma]] ([[captain (cricket)|c]])<br />
* [[Quinton de Kock]] ([[wicket-keeper|wk]])<br />
* [[Reeza Hendricks]]<br />
* [[Heinrich Klaasen]]<br />
* [[Keshav Maharaj]]<br />
* [[Aiden Markram]]<br />
* [[David Miller (South African cricketer)|David Miller]]<br />
* [[Lungi Ngidi]]<br />
* [[Anrich Nortje]]<br />
* [[Wayne Parnell]]<br />
* [[Dwaine Pretorius]]<br />
* [[Kagiso Rabada]]<br />
* [[Rilee Rossouw]]<br />
* [[Tabraiz Shamsi]]<br />
* [[Tristan Stubbs]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
South Africa also named [[Bjorn Fortuin]], [[Marco Jansen]] and [[Andile Phehlukwayo]] as standby players for the T20I squad.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=6 September 2022 |title=Top batter misses out as South Africa name T20 World Cup squad |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/2782778 |website=International Cricket Council}}</ref> [[Deepak Hooda]] and [[Mohammed Shami]] were ruled out of India's T20I squad and were replaced by [[Shreyas Iyer]] and [[Umesh Yadav]], respectively.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=27 September 2022 |title=Umesh Yadav, Shreyas Iyer and Shahbaz Ahmed added to India’s squad |url=https://www.bcci.tv/articles/2022/news/55555932/umesh-yadav-shreyas-iyer-and-shahbaz-ahmed-added-to-india-s-squad |work=Board of Control for Cricket in India}}</ref> [[Shahbaz Ahmed (cricketer)|Shahbaz Ahmed]] also was added to India's T20I squad.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=27 September 2022 |title=Shreyas, Umesh, Shahbaz brought into India squad for South Africa T20Is |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ind-vs-sa-2022-shreyas-iyer-umesh-yadav-shahbaz-ahmed-brought-into-india-squad-for-south-africa-t20is-1336991 |work=ESPN Cricinfo }}</ref> On 30 September, [[Mohammed Siraj]] was added as a replacement for [[Jasprit Bumrah]], who was ruled of the T20I series due to a back injury.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=30 September 2022 |title=Mohd. Siraj replaces injured Jasprit Bumrah in T20I squad |url=https://www.bcci.tv/articles/2022/news/55555934/mohd-siraj-replaces-injured-jasprit-bumrah-in-t20i-squad?type=press-releases |work=Board of Control for Cricket in India}}</ref> South Africa's [[Dwaine Pretorius]] was ruled out of the ODI squad after sustaining a fractured thumb during the third T20I, with Marco Jansen being named as his replacement.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=6 October 2022 |title=Fractured thumb puts Pretorius out of India ODIs as well as T20 World Cup |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/south-africa-news-fractured-thumb-puts-dwaine-pretorius-out-of-india-odis-as-well-as-t20-world-cup-1338440 |work=ESPN Cricinfo }}</ref> Before the second ODI, [[Deepak Chahar]] was ruled out of the ODI series due to stiffness in his back and was replaced by [[Washington Sundar]].<ref>{{cite web |access-date=8 October 2022 |title=Washington Sundar replaces Deepak Chahar in ODI squad|url=https://www.bcci.tv/articles/2022/news/55555937/washington-sundar-replaces-deepak-chahar-in-odi-squad |work=Board of Control for Cricket in India}}</ref><br />
<br />
==T20I series==<br />
===1st T20I===<br />
{{Single-innings cricket match<br />
| date = 28 September 2022<br />
| time = 19:00<br />
| night = Yes<br />
| team1 = {{cr-rt|SA}}<br />
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}<br />
| score1 = 106/8 (20 overs)<br />
| runs1 = [[Keshav Maharaj]] 41 (35)<br />
| wickets1 = [[Arshdeep Singh (cricketer)|Arshdeep Singh]] 3/32 (4 overs)<br />
| score2 = 110/2 (16.4 overs)<br />
| runs2 = [[KL Rahul]] 51[[not out|*]] (56)<br />
| wickets2 = [[Kagiso Rabada]] 1/16 (4 overs)<br />
| result = India won by 8 wickets<br />
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1327506.html Scorecard]<br />
| venue = [[Greenfield International Stadium]], [[Thiruvananthapuram]]<br />
| umpires = [[Anil Chaudhary (umpire)|Anil Chaudhary]] (Ind) and [[Nitin Menon]] (Ind)<br />
| motm = [[Arshdeep Singh (cricketer)|Arshdeep Singh]] (Ind)<br />
| toss = India won the toss and elected to field.<br />
| rain = <br />
| notes = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
===2nd T20I===<br />
{{Single-innings cricket match<br />
| date = 2 October 2022<br />
| time = 19:00<br />
| night = Yes<br />
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND}}<br />
| team2 = {{cr|SA}}<br />
| score1 = 237/3 (20 overs)<br />
| runs1 = [[Suryakumar Yadav]] 61 (22)<br />
| wickets1 = [[Keshav Maharaj]] 2/23 (4 overs)<br />
| score2 = 221/3 (20 overs)<br />
| runs2 = [[David Miller (South African cricketer)|David Miller]] 106[[not out|*]] (47)<br />
| wickets2 = [[Arshdeep Singh (cricketer)|Arshdeep Singh]] 2/62 (4 overs)<br />
| result = India won by 16 runs<br />
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1327507.html Scorecard]<br />
| venue = [[Assam Cricket Association Stadium]], [[Guwahati]]<br />
| umpires = [[Anil Chaudhary (umpire)|Anil Chaudhary]] (Ind) and [[Virender Sharma]] (Ind)<br />
| motm = [[KL Rahul]] (Ind)<br />
| toss = South Africa won the toss and elected to field.<br />
| rain = <br />
| notes = [[Suryakumar Yadav]] (Ind) scored his 1,000th run in T20Is.<ref name="2T20">{{Cite news|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/2836980|title=Records tumble in India's win|work=International Cricket Council|access-date=3 October 2022}}</ref><br />
* [[Virat Kohli]] (Ind) became the first Indian and fastest overall to score 11,000 runs in terms of matches in T20s (354).<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/south-africa-in-india/virat-kohli-becomes-first-indian-to-complete-11000-runs-in-t20-history/articleshow/94604488.cms|title=Virat Kohli becomes first Indian to complete 11,000 runs in T20 history|work=Times of India|access-date=3 October 2022}}</ref><br />
* [[David Miller (South African cricketer)|David Miller]] (SA) became the first South African cricketer to score [[List of players who have scored 2,000 or more runs in Twenty20 International cricket|2,000 runs in T20Is]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.firstpost.com/firstcricket/sports-news/david-miller-becomes-first-south-african-to-complete-2000-t20i-runs-with-scintillating-ton-in-guwahati-11375641.html|title=David Miller becomes first South African to complete 2,000 T20I runs with scintillating ton in Guwahati|work=First Post|access-date=3 October 2022}}</ref><br />
* [[David Miller (South African cricketer)|David Miller]] and [[Quinton de Kock]] set a new record for the [[List of Twenty20 International records#Highest partnerships (by wicket)|highest partnership for the fourth wicket]] in T20Is and the [[List of South Africa Twenty20 International cricket records#Highest partnerships by wicket|highest partnership for any wicket for South Africa]] in T20Is with an unbeaten 174 runs.<ref name="2T20"/> <br />
}}<br />
<br />
===3rd T20I===<br />
{{Single-innings cricket match<br />
| date = 4 October 2022<br />
| time = 19:00<br />
| night = Yes<br />
| team1 = {{cr-rt|SA}}<br />
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}<br />
| score1 = 227/3 (20 overs)<br />
| runs1 = [[Rilee Rossouw]] 100[[not out|*]] (48)<br />
| wickets1 = [[Umesh Yadav]] 1/34 (3 overs)<br />
| score2 = 178 (18.3 overs)<br />
| runs2 = [[Dinesh Karthik]] 46 (21)<br />
| wickets2 = [[Dwaine Pretorius]] 3/26 (3.3 overs)<br />
| result = South Africa won by 49 runs<br />
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1327508.html Scorecard]<br />
| venue = [[Holkar Stadium]], [[Indore]]<br />
| umpires = [[Jayaraman Madanagopal]] (Ind) and [[Virender Sharma]] (Ind)<br />
| motm = [[Rilee Rossouw]] (SA)<br />
| toss = India won the toss and elected to field.<br />
| rain = <br />
| notes = [[Quinton de Kock]] (SA) became the second South African cricketer to score [[List of players who have scored 2,000 or more runs in Twenty20 International cricket|2000 runs in T20Is]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/firstcricket/sports-news/quinton-de-kock-slams-2nd-consecutive-fifty-becomes-2nd-south-african-to-complete-2000-t20i-runs-11388001.html |title=Quinton de Kock slams 2nd consecutive fifty, becomes 2nd South African to complete 2,000 T20I runs |work=First Post |access-date=4 October 2022}}</ref><br />
* [[Rilee Rossouw]] (SA) scored his first century in T20Is.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/firstcricket/sports-news/rilee-rossouw-steals-the-show-with-maiden-ton-off-48-balls-in-3rd-india-south-africa-t20i-11388121.html |title=Rilee Rossouw steals the show with maiden ton off 48 balls in 3rd India-South Africa T20I |work=First Post |access-date=4 October 2022}}</ref><br />
*[[Umesh Yadav]] (Ind) played his last T20I.<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==ODI series==<br />
===1st ODI===<br />
{{Single-innings cricket match<br />
| date = 6 October 2022<br />
| time = 13:30<br />
| daynight = Yes<br />
| team1 = {{cr-rt|SA}}<br />
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}<br />
| score1 = 249/4 (40 overs)<br />
| runs1 = [[David Miller (South African cricketer)|David Miller]] 75[[not out|*]] (63)<br />
| wickets1 = [[Shardul Thakur]] 2/35 (8 overs)<br />
| score2 = 240/8 (40 overs)<br />
| runs2 = [[Sanju Samson]] 86[[not out|*]] (63)<br />
| wickets2 = [[Lungi Ngidi]] 3/52 (8 overs)<br />
| result = South Africa won by 9 runs<br />
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1327509.html Scorecard]<br />
| venue = [[Ekana Cricket Stadium]], [[Lucknow]]<br />
| umpires = [[Anil Chaudhary (umpire)|Anil Chaudhary]] (Ind) and [[Jayaraman Madanagopal]] (Ind)<br />
| motm = [[Heinrich Klaasen]] (SA)<br />
| toss = India won the toss and elected to field.<br />
| rain = The match was reduced to 40 overs per side due to rain.<br />
| notes = [[Ravi Bishnoi]] and [[Ruturaj Gaikwad]] (Ind) both made their ODI debuts.<br />
* World Cup Super League points: South Africa 10, India 0.<br />
}}<br />
<br />
===2nd ODI===<br />
{{Single-innings cricket match<br />
| date = 9 October 2022<br />
| time = 13:30<br />
| daynight = Yes<br />
| team1 = {{cr-rt|SA}}<br />
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}<br />
| score1 = 278/7 (50 overs)<br />
| runs1 = [[Aiden Markram]] 79 (89)<br />
| wickets1 = [[Mohammed Siraj]] 3/38 (10 overs)<br />
| score2 = 282/3 (45.5 overs)<br />
| runs2 = [[Shreyas Iyer]] 113[[not out|*]] (111)<br />
| wickets2 = [[Wayne Parnell]] 1/44 (8 overs)<br />
| result = India won by 7 wickets <br />
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1327510.html Scorecard]<br />
| venue = [[JSCA International Stadium Complex]], [[Ranchi]]<br />
| umpires = [[K. N. Ananthapadmanabhan]] (Ind) and [[Virender Sharma]] (Ind)<br />
| motm = [[Shreyas Iyer]] (Ind)<br />
| toss = South Africa won the toss and elected to bat.<br />
| rain = <br />
| notes = [[Shahbaz Ahmed (cricketer)|Shahbaz Ahmed]] (Ind) made his ODI debut.<br />
* [[Shreyas Iyer]] (Ind) scored his 2nd ODI Century.<br />
* World Cup Super League points: India 10, South Africa 0.<br />
}}<br />
<br />
===3rd ODI===<br />
{{Single-innings cricket match<br />
| date = 11 October 2022<br />
| time = 13:30<br />
| daynight = Yes<br />
| team1 = {{cr-rt|SA}}<br />
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}<br />
| score1 = 99 (27.1 overs)<br />
| runs1 = [[Heinrich Klaasen]] 34 (42)<br />
| wickets1 = [[Kuldeep Yadav]] 4/18 (4.1 overs)<br />
| score2 = 105/3 (19.1 overs)<br />
| runs2 = [[Shubman Gill]] 49 (57)<br />
| wickets2 = [[Bjorn Fortuin]] 1/20 (4 overs)<br />
| result = India won by 7 wickets<br />
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1327511.html Scorecard]<br />
| venue = [[Arun Jaitley Cricket Stadium]], [[New Delhi]]<br />
| umpires = [[Anil Chaudhary (umpire)|Anil Chaudhary]] (Ind) and [[Jayaraman Madanagopal]] (Ind)<br />
| motm = [[Kuldeep Yadav]] (Ind)<br />
| toss = India won the toss and elected to field.<br />
| rain = <br />
| notes = [[David Miller (South African cricketer)|David Miller]] (SA) [[List of South Africa national cricket captains#One Day International captains|captained South Africa]] for the first time in ODIs.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/south-africa-in-india-2022-23-1327499/india-vs-south-africa-3rd-odi-1327511/match-report |title=Kuldeep Yadav leads spinners' show, as India storm to series win over South Africa |work=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=11 October 2022}}</ref><br />
* World Cup Super League points: India 10, South Africa 0.<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
{{reflist|group="n"}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/south-africa-in-india-2022-23-1327499 Series home at ESPNcricinfo]<br />
<br />
{{International cricket tours of India}}<br />
{{International cricket in 2022-23}}<br />
{{2020–2023 ICC Cricket World Cup Super League}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:South African cricket team in India in 2022-23}}<br />
[[Category:2022 in Indian cricket]]<br />
[[Category:2022 in South African cricket]]<br />
[[Category:International cricket competitions in 2022–23]]<br />
[[Category:South African cricket tours of India]]</div>CatharineJorgenshttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Feroz_Ahmed_Khan&diff=499058Feroz Ahmed Khan2026-04-24T20:11:53Z<p>CatharineJorgens: adding entry</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| name = Feroz Ahmed Khan<br />
| office = CEC of Kargil Council<br />
| office1 = Minister of State for Information Technology<br />
| term_start1 = 2008<br />
| term_end1 = 2014<br />
| office2 = Member of the [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]]<br />
| term_start2 = 2008<br />
| term_end2 = 2014<br />
| term_start = 2018<br />
| constituency2 = [[Zanskar Assembly constituency|Zanskar]]<br />
| successor2 = [[Syed Mohammad Baqir Rizvi]]<br />
| predecessor2 = [[Ghulam Raza]]<br />
| predecessor1 =<br />
| successor1 = [[Syed Mohammad Baqir Rizvi]]<br />
| party = [[Jammu and Kashmir National Conference]]<br />
| parents = Hassan Khan (father) <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Feroz Ahmed Khan''' is an Indian politician who has served as a Member of the [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]] from the [[Zanskar Assembly constituency]] being associated with the [[Jammu and Kashmir National Conference]] since 2008 to 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Maqbool |first=Umer |title=NC heads Kargil hill council after pact with Congress |url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/todays-paper/nc-heads-kargil-hill-council-after-pact-with-congress |access-date=2023-05-12 |website=Greater Kashmir |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=BJP to Contest All Four Seats in Ladakh |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2014/nov/14/bjp-to-contest-all-four-seats-in-ladakh-682209.html |access-date=2023-05-12 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=FEROZ AHMED KHAN(JKN):Constituency- Zanskar(KARGIL) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://myneta.info/jk2008/candidate.php?candidate_id=769 |access-date=2023-05-12 |website=myneta.info}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Feroz Ahmed Khan winner in Zanskar, Jammu and Kashmir Assembly Elections 2008 |url=https://www.latestly.com/elections/assembly-elections/jammu-and-kashmir/2008/zanskar/ |access-date=2023-05-12 |website=LatestLY |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Jammu and Kashmir Assembly Election Results 2014: Complete list of winning candidates {{!}} India.com |url=https://www.india.com/news/india/jammu-and-kashmir-assembly-election-results-2014-complete-list-of-winning-candidates-230461/ |access-date=2023-05-12 |website=www.india.com |language=en}}</ref> He was the Minister of State for Information Technology Department.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Public Representatives of Kargil demand District status for Zanskar - Scoop News Jammu Kashmir |url=http://www.scoopnews.in/det.aspx?q=34962 |access-date=2023-05-12 |website=www.scoopnews.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | date=2014-01-16 |title=Leh, Kargil delegations meet CSC |url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/leh-kargil-delegations-meet-csc/ |access-date=2023-05-12 |newspaper=Daily Excelsior |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-08-02 |title=Feroz demands early release of funds for construction of Kargil-Zanskar NH |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/feroz-demands-early-release-of-funds-for-construction-of-kargil-zanskar-nh/story-iigJnU6OAR1U6WRTtoJHAP.html |access-date=2023-05-12 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> He became CEC of Kargil Council in 2018.<ref>{{Cite web | date=2022-09-29 |title=CEC Feroz Khan inaugurates community hall, mini lake at Zanskar |url=https://indusdispatch.in/cec-feroz-khan-inaugurates-community-hall-mini-lake-at-zanskar/ |access-date=2023-05-12 |website=Indus Dispatch |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | date=2023-01-26 |title=Republic Day 2023: CEC Feroz Khan unfurls tricolour at Khree Sultan Chow Sports Stadium Kargil |url=https://boldnewsonline.com/republic-day-2023-cec-feroz-khan-unfurls-tricolour-at-khree-sultan-chow-sports-stadium-kargil/ |access-date=2023-05-12 |website=Bold News |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Jammu and Kashmir MLAs 2008–2014]]<br />
[[Category:Jammu & Kashmir National Conference politicians]]<br />
[[Category:People from Kargil district]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br />
[[Category:Politicians from Ladakh]]<br />
<br />
{{JammuKashmir-politician-stub}}</div>CatharineJorgenshttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paiyaa&diff=523744Paiyaa2026-04-21T21:11:31Z<p>CatharineJorgens: started a page and citations!</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|2010 film by N. Lingusamy}}<br />
{{EngvarB|date=April 2016}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2016}}<br />
{{good article}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Paiyaa<br />
| image = Paiyaa poster.jpg<br />
| alt = A poster of the film, ''Paiyaa''. A woman, wearing a violet dress, is resting her head on a man's right shoulder and touching his coat with her right arm. The man is wearing a white shirt with an eagle symbol on it and a striped jacket.<br />
| caption = Theatrical release poster<br />
| director = [[N. Lingusamy]]<br />
| producer = {{Plainlist|<br />
* N. Subash Chandra Bose<br />
* N. Lingusamy}}<br />
| writer = N. Lingusamy<br>[[Brinda Sarathy]] (dialogues)<br />
| screenplay = <br />
| starring = {{Plainlist|<br />
* [[Karthi]]<br />
* [[Tamannaah Bhatia]]}}<br />
| music = [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]<br />
| cinematography = [[R. Madhi]]<br />
| editing = [[Anthony (film editor)|Anthony]]<br />
| studio = [[Thirrupathi Brothers]]<br />
| distributor = [[Cloud Nine Movies]]<br />
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2010|4|2}}<br />
| runtime = 151 minutes<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Tamil<br />
| budget = <!--Must cite a reliable published source with a reputation for fact-checking. No blogs, no IMDb. no fan-sites.--><br />
| gross = <!--Must cite a reliable published source with a reputation for fact-checking. No blogs, no IMDb. no fan-sites.--><br />
}}<br />
'''''Paiyaa''''' ({{Translation|Boy}}) is a 2010 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[action-adventure film]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/paiyaa-preview-tamil-movie-10754|title=Paiyaa Preview|website=Indiaglitz|quote=On the movie, Lingusamy says, "It is a travelogue kind of action adventure. Karthi starts a journey from Bangalore to Mumbai along with Tamannah. The hurdles they face during their trip and how they overcome everything is `Paiya'."}}</ref> directed by [[N. Lingusamy]] and produced by N. Subash Chandra Bose under the banner [[Thirrupathi Brothers]]. The film stars [[Karthi]] and [[Tamannaah Bhatia]] in the lead roles, while [[Milind Soman]], [[Jagan (actor)|Jagan]] and [[Sonia Deepti]] appear in supporting roles. The music was composed by [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]], and the cinematography and editing were handled by [[R. Madhi]] and [[Anthony (film editor)|Anthony]], respectively.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/paiyaa-preview-tamil-movie-10754|title=Paiyaa Preview|website=Indiaglitz|access-date=22 March 2021|archive-date=23 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220123040532/https://www.indiaglitz.com/paiyaa-preview-tamil-movie-10754|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Paiya |url=http://poochandi.com/movie/paiya |publisher=Poochandi.com |access-date=27 April 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100419023528/http://poochandi.com/movie/paiya |archive-date=19 April 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Trisha replaces Nayan |url=http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/article12579.ece |publisher=The New Indian Express |date=6 December 2008 |access-date=6 December 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304095813/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/article12579.ece |archive-date= 4 March 2016 }}</ref><br />
<br />
Following a lengthy pre-production phase, during which the film underwent major changes in its main cast and technical crew, shooting began in December 2008 at various locations throughout [[South India]], most notably in [[Karnataka]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], and [[Maharashtra]].<ref name="Karthi has ‘Paiya’ and more">{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/49123.html |title=Karthi has 'Paiya' and more |website=IndiaGlitz.com |access-date=29 January 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100109070100/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/49123.html |archive-date= 9 January 2010 }}</ref><br />
<br />
''Paiyaa'' was released on 2 April 2010 to positive reviews from critics and became a huge box office success.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Pillai|first=Sreedhar|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-04-07/news-interviews/28136029_1_film-aayirathil-oruvan-tamannaah|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104201427/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-04-07/news-interviews/28136029_1_film-aayirathil-oruvan-tamannaah|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 November 2012|title=Karthi: On road to superstardom|access-date=7 April 2010|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=7 April 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-04-08/news-interviews/28146864_1_costumes-films-villain|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104201433/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-04-08/news-interviews/28146864_1_costumes-films-villain|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 November 2012|title=Karthi will play villain now!|access-date=7 April 2010|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=8 April 2010}}</ref> The [[Telugu language|Telugu]] version titled ''Awara'' was released on 21 May 2010.<ref name="Karthi’s Awara to release in April" /> The film was remade in [[Bengali language|Bengali]] as ''[[Jaaneman (2012 film)|Jaaneman]]'' and in [[Kannada]] as ''[[Ajith (film)|Ajith]]''.<br />
<br />
==Plot==<br />
Shiva is a carefree young man who stays in [[Bangalore]] in search of a job and has a loyal group of friends. <br />
One day, Shiva sees a beautiful woman named Charulatha "Charu," who is also looking for a job. Shiva is immediately attracted to Charu and subsequently spots her on various occasions and follows her. Shiva waits at the railway station to pick up a friend and the owner of a [[Mitsubishi Lancer]]. Shiva is confronted by a tense Charu, along with a [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-speaking man. They assume that Shiva is a cab driver and ask him to take them to [[Chennai]]. An excited Shiva accepts the offer and takes them.<br />
<br />
While stopping to refuel the car, Charu suddenly requests Shiva to drive, leaving the man behind; Shiva does as she wishes and takes off. After unsuccessful efforts to reach the airport and railway station, Charu asks Shiva to take her to [[Mumbai]]. Shiva instantly agrees. He tries to get into a conversation with Charu, who initially refuses to talk, but eventually gives in and tells him about her background. It comes to light that Charu's mother, who had always supported her daughter, died after a violent altercation with her father. Since then, her father has tried to force Charu to marry an unknown man of his choice. Not willing to bow to her father's wishes, Charu had escaped from home, but was later found by her father's business partner named Jayaraman. He was about to take her to register the marriage arranged by her father when Charu tried to escape, leaving him behind at the filling station.<br />
<br />
Charu wants to leave for Mumbai to stay at her grandmother's home. However, Charu is being followed by a gang, led by a furious Telugu-speaking lady. Shiva manages to lose the pursuers and decides to change the route, but encounters a second gang. Shiva realises that this gang is not following Charu, but himself as they are the henchmen of a Mumbai-based gangster, Baali. Shiva recalls an incident that happened some years ago in Mumbai, when he stayed there at his friend Poochi's house. Shiva had beaten one of Baali's men, who had attacked him, and later Baali himself, not knowing about him and his reputation in the city, and returned to Bangalore. Both gangs are following the couple to achieve their own ends.<br />
<br />
After reaching Mumbai and experiencing a series of events, they end up at Poochi's house. Poochi finds out where the grandmother lives, and Shiva brings Charu there. Unable to bear the thought that the journey is complete, Shiva leaves silently, only to find Charu on the road. After hesitation, Charu reveals that her relatives had spoken ill about her parents, which prompted her to leave. While in a state of doubt, they are attacked by Baali's gang, who have teamed up with Jayaraman. Shiva saves Charu from the goons. While on their way back to Bangalore, Shiva's friends arrive to meet him. Priya, whom Shiva has called often, tells Charu of his feelings for her. Charu reciprocates Shiva's love, as she too has fallen for him during the journey.<br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
{{Cast listing|<br />
* [[Karthi]] as Shiva<br />
* [[Tamannaah Bhatia]] as Charulatha "Charu"<br />
* [[Milind Soman]] as Baali, a gangster based in Mumbai<br />
* [[Jagan (actor)|Jagan]] as Poochi, a young simpleton and friend of Shiva, who lives in Mumbai<br />
* [[Sonia Deepti]] as Priya, Shiva's best friend<br />
* [[Jasper (actor)|Jasper]] as the head goon of the Telugu gang<br />
* Omar Lateef as Siddharth, Shiva's friend<br />
* [[Darshan Jariwala]] as Charulatha's uncle in Mumbai<br />
* Sujata Kumar as Sharadha, Charulatha's grandmother<br />
* Puneet Tejwani as Mahesh Vinayak, a man who asks for a lift<br />
* [[Arpit Ranka]] as Baali's henchman<br />
* [[Rajkumar Kanojia]] as Baali's henchman<br />
* [[Daniel Annie Pope]] as a Telugu gang member <br />
* [[Yogi Babu|Babu]] as a Telugu gang member<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Production==<br />
<br />
===Development===<br />
In September 2007, while working on ''[[Bheemaa]]'', a film starring [[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]], Lingusamy announced that [[Karthi]] would star in his next venture to be launched in January 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/33488.html |title=Karthi in Lingusamy's film – Tamil Movie News |website=IndiaGlitz.com |access-date=9 January 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120709140048/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/33488.html |archive-date= 9 July 2012 }}</ref> He said that he had written a story "suitable for Karthi", further adding that it would be "an action oriented film".<ref>{{cite web|title=Karthi in Lingusamy Film|url=http://www.kollywoodtoday.com/news/karthi-in-lingusamy-film/|publisher=kollywoodtoday.com|access-date=18 May 2009|archive-date=14 June 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090614064835/http://www.kollywoodtoday.com/news/karthi-in-lingusamy-film/|url-status=live}}</ref> The following month, sources suggested that he was planning a bilingual project, filming simultaneously in Tamil and Telugu with Karthi and [[Ram Charan]], respectively.<ref>{{cite web|title=Lingusamy brings Starlets Together |url=http://www.kollywoodtoday.com/news/lingusamy-brings-starlets-together/ |publisher=kollywoodtoday.com |access-date=18 May 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090210004526/http://www.kollywoodtoday.com/news/lingusamy-brings-starlets-together/ |archive-date=10 February 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Lingusamy's Tamil-Telugu film |url=http://www.cinesouth.com/masala/hotnews/new/24102007-6.shtml |website=Cinesouth |access-date=18 May 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100201000448/http://cinesouth.com/masala/hotnews/new/24102007-6.shtml |archive-date= 1 February 2010 }}</ref> However, in early November, reports claimed that [[Vishal (actor)|Vishal]] would portray the protagonist after Lingusamy had considered [[Jayam Ravi]] for the lead character.<ref>{{cite web|title=Lingusamy Joins Vishal for the 2nd Time |url=http://www.kollywoodtoday.com/news/lingusamy-joins-vishal-for-the-2nd-time/ |publisher=kollywoodtoday.com |access-date=18 May 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071107080028/http://www.kollywoodtoday.com/news/lingusamy-joins-vishal-for-the-2nd-time/ |archive-date= 7 November 2007 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Vishal to be directed by Lingusamy |url=http://www.cinesouth.com/masala/hotnews/new/03112007-5.shtml |website=Cinesouth |access-date=18 May 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100131144214/http://cinesouth.com/masala/hotnews/new/03112007-5.shtml |archive-date=31 January 2010 }}</ref> The reports proved to be false and Karthi was confirmed as the lead actor of the film.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/34618.html |title=Karthi in Lingusamy's film |website=IndiaGlitz.com |access-date=9 January 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080616032011/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/34618.html |archive-date=16 June 2008 }}</ref><br />
<br />
The film failed to begin production in January 2008, with sources reporting in March that Lingusamy was still working on the script. The film was yet to be titled. It was to feature the main crew members of ''Bheemaa'', including music director [[Harris Jayaraj]], cinematographer [[R. D. Rajasekhar]] and editor [[Anthony (film editor)|Anthony]].<ref name="Lingusamy’s next">{{cite web|title=Lingusamy's next |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/37321.html |website=IndiaGlitz.com |access-date=17 May 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080608021527/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/37321.html |archive-date= 8 June 2008 }}</ref> Lingusamy later announced the film with an entirely new crew; [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]] replaced Jayaraj as the film's music composer,<ref>{{cite web|title=Lingusamy ready for fresh innings |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/38295.html |website=IndiaGlitz.com |access-date=11 January 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080616155222/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/38295.html |archive-date=16 June 2008 }}</ref> and [[R. Madhi]] was selected as the cinematographer, after Rajasekhar had opted out of the project as he was busy working on ''[[Jaggubhai]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/aug-08-01/lingusamy-07-08-08.html |title=Changes in Karthi, Lingusamy project |website=Behindwoods.com |access-date=11 January 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100815060648/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/aug-08-01/lingusamy-07-08-08.html |archive-date=15 August 2010 }}</ref> Lingusamy chose Priya Manikandan, wife of cinematographer [[V. Manikandan]], as the chief costume designer, for whom ''Paiyaa'' would be her first film project.<ref>{{cite web|last=Krishnan |first=Shilpa |url=http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/fashion/article272410.ece |title=Celluloid Fashion |publisher=[[The New Indian Express]] |access-date=11 January 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140822122737/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/fashion/article272410.ece |archive-date=22 August 2014 }}</ref> Lingusamy further revealed that the film would be produced by his home production studio [[Thirrupathi Brothers]] and denied that it was a remake of a Telugu film.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/39340.html |title=We are not keen on a remake: Lingusamy – Tamil Movie News |website=IndiaGlitz.com |access-date=9 January 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227075215/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/39340.html |archive-date=27 December 2013 }}</ref> Lingusamy disclosed later that he had written two scripts, out of which Karthi eventually chose ''Paiyaa'',<ref name="BH1">{{cite web|url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/dec-08-04/payya-27-12-08.html |title=Lingusamy on Payya, Nayan and more |website=Behindwoods.com |access-date=29 January 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090319081213/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/dec-08-04/payya-27-12-08.html |archive-date=19 March 2009 }}</ref> because he wanted to do an "urban love story" after two successive roles as a ruffian.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/nayanthara-is-my-favourite-actress-lingusamy-news-tamil-kkfs5Tfafij.html?ref=false |title=Nayanthara is my favourite actress: Lingusamy |website=[[Sify]] |date=28 December 2008 |access-date=9 January 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903133259/http://www.sify.com/movies/nayanthara-is-my-favourite-actress-lingusamy-news-tamil-kkfs5Tfafij.html?ref=false |archive-date= 3 September 2014 }}</ref> Initially titled as ''Kuthirai'', it was later renamed as ''Paiyaa'',<ref>{{cite web|title=Suggest title, get paid for Karthi – Nayan project |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/oct-08-04/lingusamy-22-10-08.html |website=Behindwoods |access-date=4 December 2008 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081206011039/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/oct-08-04/lingusamy-22-10-08.html |archive-date= 6 December 2008 }}</ref> which was considered a tentative, [[working title]] only.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/43303.html |title=Karthi and Nayantara in 'Paiya' |website=IndiaGlitz.com |access-date=29 January 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100107025228/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/43303.html |archive-date= 7 January 2010 }}</ref> Karthi said he was " ... dying to start shooting for Paiyaa " and to " ... wear good clothes ... and he accepted the film because he " ... desperately wanted to play a cool dude on screen.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://movies.rediff.com/slide-show/2010/mar/31/slide-show-1-south-interview-with-karthi-sivakumar.htm |title='I never got any female attention when I was a student' |website=Rediff.com |date=31 March 2010 |access-date=8 November 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121114045451/http://movies.rediff.com/slide-show/2010/mar/31/slide-show-1-south-interview-with-karthi-sivakumar.htm |archive-date=14 November 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-04-07/news-interviews/28136029_1_film-aayirathil-oruvan-tamannaah | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104201427/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-04-07/news-interviews/28136029_1_film-aayirathil-oruvan-tamannaah | url-status=dead | archive-date=4 November 2012 | work=[[The Times of India]] | title=Karthi: On road to superstardom | date=7 April 2010}}</ref><br />
<br />
The filming was supposed to begin in August 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/39806.html |title=Karthi – Man to watch out for – Tamil Movie News |website=IndiaGlitz.com |access-date=9 January 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081024230629/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/39806.html |archive-date=24 October 2008 }}</ref> However, due to the slow progress of Karthi's ongoing project, ''[[Aayirathil Oruvan (2010 film)|Aayirathil Oruvan]]'', ''Paiyaa'' was postponed several times,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/karthi-goes-to-bangkok-news-tamil-kkfsIfcahgj.html?ref=false |title=Karthi goes to Bangkok! |work=[[Sify]] |date=28 October 2008 |access-date=9 January 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160419034144/http://www.sify.com/movies/karthi-goes-to-bangkok-news-tamil-kkfsIfcahgj.html?ref=false |archive-date=19 April 2016 }}</ref> since Karthi needed to maintain the continuity of his looks for his role in ''Aayirathil Oruvan''. Its producer Ravindran complained at the Tamil Film Producers Council that Karthi was trying to change his look and move on to ''Paiyaa'' before finishing his commitments, which forced Lingusamy to readjust the schedules.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/karthi-to-shave-or-not-to-shave-news-tamil-kkfsBrjeech.html?ref=false |title=Karthi- To shave or not to shave! |website=[[Sify]] |date=27 November 2008 |access-date=9 January 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160419040426/http://www.sify.com/movies/karthi-to-shave-or-not-to-shave-news-tamil-kkfsBrjeech.html?ref=false |archive-date=19 April 2016 }}</ref> The shooting finally began in December 2008. The film's music was released in November 2009 along with the trailer.<ref name="Shankar launches ‘Paiya’ audio"/> In late 2009, after finishing the filming of ''Paiyaa'', Lingusamy disclosed his plans of remaking the film in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and [[Hindi]] as well.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/53401.html |title=Will 'Paiyaa' become 'Bhaiya'? |website=IndiaGlitz.com |access-date=29 January 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100114103511/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/53401.html |archive-date=14 January 2010 }}</ref> Later, as ''Yuganikki Okkadu'', the Telugu dubbed version of Karthi's ''Aayirathil Oruvan'', emerged as successful in [[Andhra Pradesh]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sify.com/movies/tamil/fullstory.php?id=14930771 |title=AO is a super hit in Telugu! |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=20 March 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100212190258/http://sify.com/movies/tamil/fullstory.php?id=14930771 |archive-date=12 February 2010 }}</ref> the team instead decided to [[Dubbing|dub]] and release the film as ''Awara'' in Telugu to cash in on Karthi's new-found popularity in the state.<ref name="Karthi’s Awara to release in April"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/pressmeet-awara.html |title=Awara press meet |publisher=idlebrain.com |access-date=20 March 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100315135057/http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/pressmeet-awara.html |archive-date=15 March 2010 }}</ref> In March 2010, the film's distribution rights were acquired by [[Dayanidhi Azhagiri]]'s [[Cloud Nine Movies]].<ref name="Paiyya - Big summer release!">{{cite web|author=Moviebuzz|url=http://sify.com/movies/fullstory.php?id=14934288|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130104221015/http://sify.com/movies/fullstory.php?id=14934288|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 January 2013|title=Paiyya – Big summer release!|website=[[Sify]]|year=2010|access-date=7 March 2010}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Casting===<br />
In July 2008, actress [[Nayanthara]] was signed for the female lead role in ''Paiyaa'' for a record salary of ₹1 crore. Speaking about the issue, the director admitted that she was one of his favourite actress and he liked her performance in ''[[Yaaradi Nee Mohini]]''. He also quoted: "The way her career graph shot up is intriguing. Unlike others her career progressed in reverse gear. She paired up with the superstar during the early years of her career and started accepting roles with heroes of next generation." She also expressed her interest to work in the project.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/tamil/news/2007/nayantara-karthi-linguswamy-161107.html |title=Karthi, Nayantara in Lingusamy film |publisher=Oneindia |work=[[Oneindia]] |access-date=7 January 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140307094835/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/tamil/news/2007/nayantara-karthi-linguswamy-161107.html |archive-date= 7 March 2014 }}</ref> However, plans were made to trim the film's budget due to the [[recession]],<ref name="BH1"/> and discussions were held with Nayanthara to reduce her salary. The talks resulted in failure and Nayanthara left the project in December 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/43919.html |title=Lingusamy opens up on Nayantara episode |website=IndiaGlitz.com |access-date=29 January 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090212230224/http://indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/43919.html |archive-date=12 February 2009 }}</ref> Later, she was accused of cheating the director by refusing to return an advance of ₹15 lakh she had taken before commencement, after walking out of the film. The director filed a complaint with the Tamil Film Producers Council, which decided to ban the actress.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/tamil/news/2008/red-card-nayantara-231208.html |title=Red Card for Nayantara? |publisher=[[Oneindia.in]] |access-date=7 January 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140307094418/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/tamil/news/2008/red-card-nayantara-231208.html |archive-date= 7 March 2014 }}</ref> Subsequently, [[Trisha Krishnan]] was reported to have won the role,<ref>{{cite web|author=Moviebuzz |year=2008 |title=Nayanthara will not be a part of Paiyya |url=http://sify.com/movies/tamil/fullstory.php?id=14812052 |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=4 December 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081207064317/http://sify.com/movies/tamil/fullstory.php?id=14812052 |archive-date= 7 December 2008 }}</ref> before [[Tamannaah Bhatia]] was finalised as the female lead, who was signed for ₹80 lakh.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/43522.html |title='Paiya' is ready to take off with Tamanna |website=IndiaGlitz.com |access-date=29 January 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100119052532/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/43522.html |archive-date=19 January 2010 }}</ref> Later in December 2008, [[Milind Soman]], who had last appeared in ''[[Pachaikili Muthucharam]]'', was signed up for the main antagonist's role, a Mumbai-based don,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/43887.html |title=Milind Soman in 'Paiya' |website=IndiaGlitz.com |access-date=20 March 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090206033041/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/43887.html |archive-date= 6 February 2009 }}</ref> with other minor antagonists numbering up to 18.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://entertainment.oneindia.in/tamil/exclusive/2009/karthi-baddies-paiya-061009.html|title=Karthi tackles 18 baddies hand-to-hand|publisher=Oneindia|work=[[Oneindia]]|access-date=29 January 2010|archive-date=8 July 2012|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120708033016/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/tamil/exclusive/2009/karthi-baddies-paiya-061009.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Filming===<br />
After Karthi had completed his film ''[[Aayirathil Oruvan (2010 film)|Aayirathil Oruvan]]'', the [[principal photography]] for ''Paiyaa'' began on 24 December 2008 at a highway near [[Bangalore]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Payya on the road |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/dec-08-04/payya-24-12-08.html |website=Behindwoods |access-date=24 December 2008 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081226223822/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/dec-08-04/payya-24-12-08.html |archive-date=26 December 2008 }}</ref> Shooting carried on in and around Bangalore in the following weeks. The film's main portions were extensively shot across some major highways, where the story plays, whilst the climax was filmed in [[Mumbai]], where the journey would also end.<ref name="Karthi has ‘Paiya’ and more"/> The filming also took place in [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]], [[Kerala]] and [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref name="Karthi has ‘Paiya’ and more"/><br />
<br />
In May 2009, a street fight was filmed near the [[Chembarambakkam Lake]] in [[Chennai]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/may-09-01/paiyya-02-05-09.html |title=Paiyya's fight with a difference |website=Behindwoods.com |access-date=29 January 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100205021513/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/may-09-01/paiyya-02-05-09.html |archive-date= 5 February 2010 }}</ref> Later that month, a song ("Suthudhe Suthudhe Boomi"), choreographed by Sabeena Khan, was shot at [[Prasad Studios]] in [[Chennai]], where a set had been erected by art director Rajeevan. The song was said to have featured [[computer graphics]] and [[visual effects]] with which forests and mountain ranges were created.<ref name="Lingusamy’s plans for Payya">{{cite web|url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/may-09-05/payya-27-05-09.html |title=Lingusamy's plans for Payya |website=Behindwoods.com |access-date=28 May 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110112235715/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/may-09-05/payya-27-05-09.html |archive-date=12 January 2011 }}</ref> In June 2009, after nearly six months of shooting, more than sixty-five percent of the project was completed, with a song and the climax sequences being the remaining parts to be filmed.<ref name="Karthi has ‘Paiya’ and more"/> A twenty-five-day schedule was to be held in [[Mumbai]] and [[Pune]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/47480.html |title=Paiya team heading to Mumbai |website=IndiaGlitz.com |access-date=29 January 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090826082533/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/47480.html |archive-date=26 August 2009 }}</ref> but the shooting got halted in July due to heavy rains.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/july-09-03/payya-17-07-09.html |title=Payya shooting halted |website=Behindwoods |access-date=29 January 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707222358/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/july-09-03/payya-17-07-09.html |archive-date= 7 July 2011 }}</ref> In October 2009, the final action scenes of the climax involving Karthi and Milind Soman were filmed in Mumbai and its suburbs in a ten-day schedule,<ref>{{cite web|author=Moviebuzz |year=2009 |url=http://sify.com/movies/tamil/fullstory.php?id=14915824 |title=Karthi and Tammu in Mumbai |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=29 January 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100406014716/http://sify.com/movies/tamil/fullstory.php?id=14915824 |archive-date= 6 April 2010 }}</ref> following which a rain song ("Adada Mazhaida"), featuring Karthi and Tamannaah, was shot at the [[Athirappilly Falls|Athirappilly waterfalls]] in [[Kerala]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Moviebuzz |year=2009 |url=http://sify.com/movies/tamil/fullstory.php?id=14917483 |title=Udayanidhi to buy Paiyya? |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=30 October 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091102011934/http://sify.com/movies/tamil/fullstory.php?id=14917483 |archive-date= 2 November 2009 }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Music==<br />
{{Main article|Paiyaa (soundtrack)}}<br />
<br />
The soundtrack for ''Paiyaa'' was scored by [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]], collaborating with Lingusamy again after ''[[Sandakozhi]]'' (2005).<ref name="‘Paiya’ music making its way…">{{cite web|title='Paiya' music making its way…|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/51837.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091121081626/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/51837.html|archive-date=21 November 2009|access-date=8 February 2010|website=IndiaGlitz.com}}</ref> The audio launch function was held on 12 February 2010 at the [[PVR INOX|Sathyam Cinemas]], [[Chennai]] which was attended by many prominent film personalities; director [[S. Shankar]] released the soundtrack.<ref name="Shankar launches ‘Paiya’ audio">{{cite web|date=12 February 2010|title=Shankar launches 'Paiya' audio|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/51939.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100106183127/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/51939.html|archive-date=6 January 2010|access-date=17 February 2010|website=IndiaGlitz.com}}</ref><ref name="10 years for Suriya, 2 for Karthi">{{cite web|title=10 years for Suriya, 2 for Karthi|url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/nov-09-04/payya-karthi-suriya-tamannah-23-11-09.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100123143023/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/nov-09-04/payya-karthi-suriya-tamannah-23-11-09.html|archive-date=23 January 2010|access-date=13 February 2010|website=Behindwoods.com}}</ref> The album originally features five songs with vocals by singers [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]], [[Benny Dayal]], [[Haricharan]], [[Rahul Nambiar]] with one female vocal [[Saindhavi]] and composer Yuvan Shankar Raja himself. Three songs were reportedly composed and recorded in [[Singapore]].<ref name="‘Paiya’ music making its way…"/> The lyrics were provided by [[Na. Muthukumar]]. The album received highly positive reviews and responses from critics and audiences alike and the songs were considered to have played an important role for the film's success.<ref>{{cite web|last=Srinivasan |first=Pavithra |date=23 June 2010 |title=Half-yearly BO report: Suriya rules Tamil |publisher=rediff.com |work=[[Rediff]] |access-date=22 August 2010 |url=http://movies.rediff.com/slide-show/2010/jun/23/slide-show-1-south-half-year-report-of-tamil-cinema.htm#contentTop |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831000627/http://movies.rediff.com/slide-show/2010/jun/23/slide-show-1-south-half-year-report-of-tamil-cinema.htm |archive-date=31 August 2010 }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Release==<br />
''Paiyaa'' was initially scheduled for a late 2009 release, but was pushed to 14 January 2010 coinciding with the [[Pongal (festival)|Pongal]]. Karthi's second film ''[[Aayirathil Oruvan (2010 film)|Aayirathil Oruvan]]'', which was in production for nearly three years, was also planned to release on the same day. According to the Tamil Film Producers Council, two films starring the same actor could not be released on the same day, so ''Aayirathil Oruvan'' was given priority, whilst ''Paiyaa'' was postponed for 30 days. The release was postponed again for some reasons, before finally hitting the screens on 2 April 2010.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/aayirathil-oruvan-v-s-paiyaa-deadlock-news-tamil-kkfrl7ijiib.html?ref=false |title=Aayirathil Oruvan v/s Paiyaa deadlock |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=7 January 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140123082026/http://www.sify.com/movies/aayirathil-oruvan-v-s-paiyaa-deadlock-news-tamil-kkfrl7ijiib.html?ref=false |archive-date=23 January 2014 }}</ref> The film had its premiere at the [[PVR INOX|Sathyam Cinemas]], [[Chennai]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/events/21632.html |title=Paiyaa Premiere Show |website=IndiaGlitz.com |access-date=7 January 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113153953/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/events/21632.html |archive-date=13 November 2013 }}</ref> A Telugu dubbed version of the film titled ''Awara'' was released on 21 May 2010 in [[Andhra Pradesh]] and also received positive response.<ref name="Karthi’s Awara to release in April">{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/karthis-awara-to-release-in-april-news-telugu-kkfqMibifdfsi.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151006190549/http://www.sify.com/movies/karthis-awara-to-release-in-april-news-telugu-kkfqMibifdfsi.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 October 2015|title=Karthi's Awara to release in April|date=13 March 2010|work=[[Sify]]|access-date=23 April 2018}}</ref> The film was also dubbed into [[Hindi]] as ''Aakhri Baazi'' in 2013 for direct telecast on [[Zee TV|Zee Cinema]].<br />
<br />
== Reception ==<br />
<br />
===Box office===<br />
''Paiyaa'' got a solo release on 2 April 2010, coinciding with [[Good Friday]]. It earned ₹71 lakh in the opening weekend across Chennai with an average occupancy of 90%.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-slide-shows/movie-4/top-ten-movies-apr-5/tamil-cinema-topten-movie-paiyaa.html |title=April 02nd 2010 to April 04th 2010 |website=Behindwoods |access-date=7 January 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110610232910/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-slide-shows/movie-4/top-ten-movies-apr-5/tamil-cinema-topten-movie-paiyaa.html |archive-date=10 June 2011 }}</ref> The film grossed ₹3 crore in the first three days and was declared a commercial success within a few days.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/article/55930.html |title=Awara's record collections – Telugu Movie News |website=IndiaGlitz.com |access-date=9 August 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110808095115/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/article/55930.html |archive-date= 8 August 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/55918.html |title='Paiyaa' at peak – Tamil Movie News |website=IndiaGlitz.com |access-date=9 August 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110808095127/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/55918.html |archive-date= 8 August 2011 }}</ref> In the [[United Kingdom]] the film was distributed by [[B4U (network)|B4U]] and was released across six screens, grossing £21,021 in the opening weekend, opening at the 23rd place.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ukfilmcouncil.org.uk/article/16703/UK-Box-Office-2---4-April-2010 |title=UK Box Office: 2–4 April 2010 |publisher=UK Film Council |access-date=9 August 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110609214048/http://www.ukfilmcouncil.org.uk/article/16703/UK-Box-Office-2---4-April-2010 |archive-date=9 June 2011 }}</ref> Furthermore, in [[Malaysia]], the film opened across 34 screens and collected $349,368 after the second week.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://boxofficemojo.com/intl/malaysia/?yr=2010&wk=15&p=.htm |title=Malaysia Box Office, April 8–11, 2010 |publisher=boxofficemojo.com |access-date=9 August 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629212126/http://boxofficemojo.com/intl/malaysia/?yr=2010&wk=15&p=.htm |archive-date=29 June 2011 }}</ref> In Tamil Nadu, it netted ₹13 crore from 300 screens in two weeks.<ref name="Sify1">{{cite news|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/lingusamy-s-paiyaa-is-a-super-hit-news-tamil-kkfqDHfgied.html |title=Lingusamy's Paiyaa is a super hit! |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=7 January 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101121125713/http://sify.com/movies/lingusamy-s-paiyaa-is-a-super-hit-news-tamil-kkfqDHfgied.html |archive-date=21 November 2010 }}</ref><br />
<br />
===Critical response===<br />
Upon release, the film generally received positive reviews, with most critics calling the film "summer entertainer" and lauding its technical aspects. ''[[Sify]]'' described the film as a "road movie laced with mass elements and extraordinary songs", adding that it is a "jolly good ride".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sify.com/movies/tamil/review.php?id=14937207&ctid=5&cid=2429 |title=Movie Review:Paiyaa |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=9 August 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811164459/http://www.sify.com/movies/tamil/review.php?id=14937207&ctid=5&cid=2429 |archive-date=11 August 2011 }}</ref> The reviewer praised the "loveable lead pair" for their "credible performance, which makes up for the plot holes". He said that technically the film was [[N. Lingusamy]]'s best, with [[R. Madhi]]'s "eye-catching camera work", [[Anthony (film editor)|Antony]]'s "crisp editing", [[Rajeevan]]'s "exotic set designs", and praised composer [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]], whose "foot-tapping" songs "scorch just like the desert sun" and were all "rocking", while his background score was a "perfect co-ordination with the narration". A reviewer from ''[[The Times of India]]'', Bhama Devi Ravi, gave the film 3 out of 5 stars, writing that "the story is not earth-shatteringly new, but what pulls you into the movie is the different spin that Lingusamy gives to the familiar story".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/movie-reviews/Paiyaa/movie-review/5763073.cms |publisher=timesofindia.indiatimes.com |work=[[The Times of India]] |title=Paiyaa |date=5 April 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130706122121/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/movie-reviews/Paiyaa/movie-review/5763073.cms |archive-date= 6 July 2013 }}</ref> She praised the lead pair's performance, particularly Karthi, who "comes up with an enjoyable performance", as well as the film's technical values, describing the camera work as "mind-blowing", [[Brinda Sarathy]]'s dialogues as "thoroughly enjoyable" and Yuvan Shankar Raja's songs as "a real treat". ''Indiaglitz'' described the film as a "racy action-adventure" and "undeniably an entertainer this summer", writing that Lingusamy has brought out "a classy entertainer" and Karthi and Tamannaah's performances are "absolutely great".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/review/10754.html |title=Paiyaa Tamil Movie Review – cinema preview stills gallery trailer video clips showtimes |website=IndiaGlitz.com |date=2 April 2010 |access-date=9 August 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110809032533/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/review/10754.html |archive-date= 9 August 2011 }}</ref> Regarding the technical crew, the reviewer cited that the camera work was "immaculate", while editor Anthony and stunt coordinator Kanal Kannan had done "an incredible and marvellous job". The music, in particular, was described as "the greatest strength of the movie" and his background score as "excellent".<br />
<br />
''Behindwoods'' gave the film 2.5 out of 5 stars, describing the film as "a stylish, light-hearted family entertainer for the summer" and a "Pacy road show with a few humps on a straight run".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-reviews/reviews-2/paiyaa-karthi-tamannah.html |title=Paiyaa – Tamil Movie Reviews – Paiyaa &#124; Karthi &#124; Tamannah &#124; Lingusamy &#124; Yuvan Shankar Raja &#124; Thirupathi Brothers |website=Behindwoods.com |access-date=9 August 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110814065921/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-reviews/reviews-2/paiyaa-karthi-tamannah.html |archive-date=14 August 2011 }}</ref> It too, like the other reviewers, cited that Karthi had brought out an "enjoyable performance", whilst describing Yuvan Shankar Raja as "the major backbone of ''Paiya''". Moreover, he cited that Brinda Sarathy's dialogues "evoke laughter", the car chasing sequence is "absolutely brilliant", the cinematographer "needs plaudits" and the "crisp editing" by Anthony as a "major plus point." In contrast, [[Rediff.com|''Rediff'']]'s Pavithra Srinivasan cited that there was "[n]othing entertaining about ''Paiyya''" and that film was worth a watch only for Karthi's screen presence, "pretty" Tamannaah and Yuvan's songs, despite giving 2.5 out of 5 stars.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://movies.rediff.com/report/2010/apr/02/review-south-give-paiyaa-a-miss.htm |title=Nothing entertaining about this Paiyya – Rediff.com Movies |publisher=movies.rediff.com |work=[[Rediff]] |date=2 April 2010 |access-date=9 August 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110805221108/http://movies.rediff.com/report/2010/apr/02/review-south-give-paiyaa-a-miss.htm |archive-date= 5 August 2011 }}</ref> She criticised Lingusamy's script as the film's "biggest minus", adding that the film "starts out so very promisingly", describing the first half was "racy, peppy and enthusiastic, only to fizzle out with no appreciable sequences in the second half."<br />
<br />
==Accolades==<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
!Award<br />
!Category<br />
!Name<br />
!Outcome<br />
!class="unsortable" |{{Refh}}<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="2"|{{center|2011 [[Big FM Tamil Entertainment Awards|Big Tamil Entertainment Awards]]}}<br />
|Best Music Director<br />
|[[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]<br />
|{{won}}<br />
|rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite news|title=Recognising icons of entertainment |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Chennai/article1574375.ece |publisher=thehindu.com |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=28 May 2011 |location=Chennai, India |date=27 March 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024075346/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Chennai/article1574375.ece |archive-date=24 October 2012 }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|Best Lyricist<br />
|[[Na. Muthukumar]]<br />
|{{won}}<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="12"|{{center|2011 [[Vijay Music Awards]]}}<br />
|Best Music Director (Jury)<br />
|Yuvan Shankar Raja<br />
|{{nom}}<br />
|rowspan="12" style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite news|title=Rhythmic ripples of 'Mellisai' mark function |url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article2009923.ece?homepage=true |publisher=thehindu.com |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=28 May 2011 |location=Chennai, India |date=12 May 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110517090521/http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article2009923.ece?homepage=true |archive-date=17 May 2011 }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|Best Male Singer (Jury)<br />
|[[Haricharan]] for "[[Thuli Thuli]]"<br />
|{{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
|Popular Album of the Year 2010<br />
|[[Paiyaa (soundtrack)|Paiyaa]]<br />
|{{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="2"|Popular Song of the Year 2010<br />
|"Thuli Thuli"<br />
|{{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
|"[[En Kadhal Solla]]"<br />
|{{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
|Popular Melody of the Year 2010<br />
|"Thuli Thuli"<br />
|{{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
|Popular Duet of the Year 2010<br />
|[[Rahul Nambiar]], [[Saindhavi]] for "Adada Mazhaida"<br />
|{{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
|Popular Song Sung by a Music Director<br />
|Yuvan Shankar Raja for "En Kadhal Solla"<br />
|{{won}}<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="2"|Popular Male Singer of the Year 2010<br />
|Rahul Nambiar for "Adada Mazhaida"<br />
|{{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
|Haricharan for "Thuli Thuli"<br />
|{{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
|Popular Female Singer of the Year 2010<br />
|[[Saindhavi]] for "Adada Mazhaida"<br />
|{{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
|Mirchi Listener's Choice of the Year 2010<br />
|Yuvan Shankar Raja, Haricharan for "Thuli Thuli"<br />
|{{won}}<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="5"|{{center|[[58th Filmfare Awards South]]}}<br />
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Tamil]]<br />
|[[Karthi]]<br />
|{{nom}}<br />
|rowspan="5" style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|title=Nominees of Idea Filmfare Awards South |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/67252.html |website=IndiaGlitz.com |access-date=1 June 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113002419/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/67252.html |archive-date=13 November 2013 }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Tamil|Best Actress]]<br />
|[[Tamannaah Bhatia]]<br />
|{{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director – Tamil|Best Music Director]]<br />
|Yuvan Shankar Raja<br />
|{{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer – Tamil|Best Male Playback]]<br />
|Rahul Nambiar for "Adada Mazhaida"<br />
|{{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer – Tamil|Best Female Playback]]<br />
|Saindhavi for "Adada Mazhaida"<br />
|{{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="6"|{{center|[[5th Vijay Awards]]}}<br />
|[[Vijay Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]]<br />
|Yuvan Shankar Raja<br />
|{{nom}}<br />
|rowspan="6" style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|title=5th Vijay Awards winners list |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/tamil/news/2011/vijay-awards-winners-list-2011-270611-aid0017.html |publisher=[[Oneindia.in]] |access-date=11 January 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023011717/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/tamil/news/2011/vijay-awards-winners-list-2011-270611-aid0017.html |archive-date=23 October 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://movies.sulekha.com/news/entertainment/vijay-awards-nominees-list-announced-1318089.htm |title=Vijay awards Nominees list announced |publisher=[[Sulekha]] |access-date=11 January 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150515133510/http://movies.sulekha.com/news/entertainment/vijay-awards-nominees-list-announced-1318089.htm |archive-date=15 May 2015 }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[Vijay Award for Best Male Playback Singer|Best Male Playback Singer]]<br />
|Haricharan<br />
|{{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[Vijay Award for Best Stunt Director|Best Stunt Director]]<br />
|[[Kanal Kannan]]<br />
|{{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[Vijay Award for Favourite Director|Favourite Director]]<br />
|[[N. Lingusamy]]<br />
|{{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[Vijay Award for Favourite Heroine|Favourite Heroine]]<br />
|Tamannaah Bhatia<br />
|{{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[Vijay Award for Favourite Song|Favourite Song]]<br />
|"En Kadhal Solla" – Yuvan Shankar Raja<br />
|{{won}}<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="3"|{{center|[[Mirchi Music Awards]]}}<br />
|Best Album of the Year<br />
|Paiyaa<br />
|{{won}}<br />
|rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|title=Radio Mirchi Music Awards 2010 – Winners List |url=http://www.kuraltv.com/news/radio-mirchi-music-awards-2010/?pid=8856 |publisher=kuraltv.com |access-date=13 September 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120323074147/http://www.kuraltv.com/news/radio-mirchi-music-awards-2010/?pid=8856 |archive-date=23 March 2012 }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|Mirchi Listeners’ Choice – Best Song of the Year<br />
|"En Kadhal Solla"<br />
|{{won}}<br />
|-<br />
|Mirchi Listeners’ Choice – Best Album of the Year<br />
|Paiyaa<br />
|{{won}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Remakes ==<br />
''Paiyaa'' was remade in [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali]] in 2012 as ''[[Jaaneman (2012 film)|Jaaneman]]'', starring [[Soham Chakraborty]] and [[Koel Mallick]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/bengali/movie-reviews/Jaaneman/movie-review/13844275.cms|title=Jaaneman – The Times of India|work=The Times Of India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120623030907/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/bengali/movie-reviews/Jaaneman/movie-review/13844275.cms|archive-date=23 June 2012|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.washingtonbanglaradio.com/content/54383712-jaaneman-2012-wbri-bangla-film-review-road-movie-soham-and-koyel-mullick|title=JAANEMAN (2012) WBRi Bangla Film Review - A Road Movie with Soham and Koyel Mullick|date=30 May 2012|publisher=Washingtonbanglaradio.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121207130541/http://www.washingtonbanglaradio.com/content/54383712-jaaneman-2012-wbri-bangla-film-review-road-movie-soham-and-koyel-mullick|archive-date=7 December 2012|url-status=usurped|access-date=8 November 2012}}</ref> and in [[Kannada]] in 2014 as ''[[Ajith (film)|Ajith]]'', with [[Chiranjeevi Sarja]] playing the male lead.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-01-16/news-interviews/36373106_1_mahesh-babu-prem-adda-ajith|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140110091059/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-01-16/news-interviews/36373106_1_mahesh-babu-prem-adda-ajith|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 January 2014|title=Mahesh Babu to direct the film Ajith|date=16 January 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=17 September 2013}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist|3}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{Official website|http://www.paiyaathemovie.com/}}<br />
* {{IMDb title|1496832}}<br />
* {{rotten-tomatoes|id=paiyaa|title=Paiyaa}}<br />
<br />
{{N. Lingusamy|state=collapsed}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2010 films]]<br />
[[Category:2010 action adventure films]]<br />
[[Category:2010s chase films]]<br />
[[Category:2010s road movies]]<br />
[[Category:2010s romantic action films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian action adventure films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian chase films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian road movies]]<br />
[[Category:Indian drama road movies]]<br />
[[Category:Indian romantic action films]]<br />
[[Category:Films set in Bengaluru]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot in Puducherry]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot in Andhra Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot in Bengaluru]]<br />
[[Category:Films set in Mumbai]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil films remade in other languages]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot in Mumbai]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by Yuvan Shankar Raja]]<br />
[[Category:2010 Tamil-language films]]<br />
[[Category:2010 Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:2010s masala films]]<br />
[[Category:Films directed by N. Lingusamy]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot in Vagamon]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot in Chalakudy]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot in Thrissur]]</div>CatharineJorgenshttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rania_Assembly_constituency&diff=529599Rania Assembly constituency2026-04-19T19:38:39Z<p>CatharineJorgens: started initial post basic info!</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Haryana State, India}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}<br />
{{Infobox Indian constituency<br />
| name = Rania Assembly constituency<!-- The name of the constituency --><br />
| type = SLA<br />
| map_image = Rania Assembly constituency map.svg<br />
| alliance = <!--Name of the current MLA's party alliance. Leave blank for former constituencies--><br />
| region = <br />
| division = <br />
| constituency_no = 44<br />
| established = 2008<br />
| abolished = <!-- year abolished --><br />
| state = [[Haryana]]<br />
| district = [[Sirsa district|Sirsa]]<br />
| loksabha_cons = [[Sirsa (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sirsa]]<br />
| reservation = None<br />
| mla = [[Arjun Chautala]]<br />
| party = [[Indian National Lok Dal]]<br />
| preceded_by = [[Ranjit Singh Chautala]]<br />
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<br />
| electors = 1,89,033<br />
}}<br />
'''Rania''' is one of the 90 [[Haryana Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Haryana]] state in India.<ref name=eci1>{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |publisher=The Election Commission of India |pages=6, 148–157}}</ref><br />
<br />
It is part of [[Sirsa district]].<br />
<br />
== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
!Election<br />
!Name<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rania Assembly constituency Election Result 2024 - Candidates, MLAs, Live Updates & News |url=https://www.elections.in/haryana/assembly-constituencies/rania.html |access-date= |website=www.elections.in}}</ref><br />
!colspan="2"|Party<br />
|-<br />
|colspan=4|{{center|''Till 2009: Constituency did not exist''}}<br />
|- <br />
| [[2009 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2009]] <br />
| Krishan Lal <br />
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Lok Dal|rowspan=2}}<br />
|- <br />
| [[2014 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2014]] <br />
| [[Ramchand Kamboj]]<br />
|- <br />
| [[2019 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2019]] <br />
| [[Ranjit Singh Chautala]] || {{party name with color|Independent politician}}<br />
|- <br />
| [[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2024]] <br />
| [[Arjun Chautala]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Lok Dal}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Election results ==<br />
===Assembly election 2024===<br />
{{Election box begin|<br />
|title=[[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Rania<ref name="Haryana Assembly Election Results 2024 - Rania">{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of India |title=Haryana Assembly Election Results 2024 - Rania |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/candidateswise-S0744.htm |accessdate=2 November 2024 |date=8 October 2024}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Arjun Chautala]] |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=43,914 |percentage=30.41% |change={{increase}}23.62 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Sarvmitra Kamboj|party=Indian National Congress|votes=39,723|percentage=27.51%|change={{increase}}21.26}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Ranjit Singh Chautala]]|party=Independent politician|votes=36,401|percentage=25.21%|change={{decrease}}12.27}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Shishpal Kamboj|party=Bharatiya Janta Party|votes=15,707|percentage=10.88%|change={{decrease}}3.54}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=None of the Above|party=None of the above|votes=486|percentage=0.35%|change=''New''}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,673 |percentage=3.33% |change= {{increase}}1.10 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout|votes=1,40,219|percentage=70.16%|change={{increase}}1.85}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,89,033 |ref = |change= {{increase}}14.28 }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}8.09 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===Assembly election 2019 ===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[2019 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Rania<ref name=results2019>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11697-haryana-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Haryana Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 - Haryana - Election Commission of India |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate= 2 February 2021}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ranjit Singh Chautala]] |party=Independent politician |votes=53,825 |percentage=37.48% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Gobind Kanda|party=Haryana Lokhit Party|votes=34,394|percentage=23.95%|change={{decrease}}3.66}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Ram Chand Kamboj|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=20,709|percentage=14.42%|change={{increase}}0.64}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Ashok Kumar Verma|party=Indian National Lok Dal|votes=9,753|percentage=6.79%|change={{decrease}}23.82}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Vineet Kamboj|party=Indian National Congress|votes=8,979|percentage=6.25%|change={{decrease}}19.3}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Kuldeep Singh|party=Jannayak Janta Party|votes=7,622|percentage=5.31%|change=''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Susheel Kumar|party=Independent politician|votes=1,903|percentage=1.33%|change=''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Amarjeet Singh Chani|party=Aam Aadmi Party|votes=1,685|percentage=1.17%|change=''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Daya Ram Fatehpur Niyamat Khan|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|votes=889|percentage=0.62%|change={{increase}}0.08}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Rai Singh Gindran|party=Independent politician|votes=807|percentage=0.56%|change=''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Norang|party=Loktanter Suraksha Party|votes=719|percentage=0.50%|change=''New''}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=19,431 |percentage=13.53% |change= {{increase}}10.53 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout|votes=1,43,601|percentage=79.74%|change={{decrease}}8.42}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,80,084 |ref = |change= {{increase}}10.54 }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Indian National Lok Dal |swing= {{increase}}6.87 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===Assembly Election 2014 ===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Rania<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eciresults.nic.in/PartyWiseResultS07.htm?st=S07|title=Haryana Results|access-date=19 October 2014|archive-date=16 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141216120445/http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS074.htm?ac=4|url-status=dead|website=Election Commission of India, Constituencywise-All Candidates }}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Chand Kamboj |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=43,971 |percentage=30.62% |change={{decrease}}9.12 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gobind Kanda |party=Haryana Lokhit Party |votes=39,656 |percentage=27.61% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ranjit Singh Chautala]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=36,703 |percentage=25.55% |change={{decrease}}11.17 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jagdish Nehra |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=19,790 |percentage=13.78% |change={{increase}}12.96 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jagtar Singh |party=Communist Party of India |votes=1,067 |percentage=0.74% |change={{decrease}}1.92 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jagdish Mandholi Wala |party=Haryana Janhit Congress (BL) |votes=778 |percentage=0.54% |change={{decrease}}2.5 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gurdeep Singh |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=769 |percentage=0.54% |change={{decrease}}5.6 }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,315 |percentage=3.00% |change= {{decrease}}0.00 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,43,625 |percentage=88.16% |change= {{increase}}1.10 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,62,915 |ref = |change= {{increase}}16.81 }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Lok Dal |loser=Indian National Lok Dal |swing= {{decrease}}9.12 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===Assembly Election 2009 ===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[2009 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Rania}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Krishan Lal S/O Ram Chand |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=48,241 |percentage=39.73% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ranjit Singh Chautala]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=44,590 |percentage=36.73% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Satdev |party=Independent politician |votes=11,338 |percentage=9.34% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Veer Singh |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=7,449 |percentage=6.14% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gurmit Singh |party=Haryana Janhit Congress (BL) |votes=3,695 |percentage=3.04% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Swaran Singh Virk |party=Communist Party of India |votes=3,231 |percentage=2.66% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shishpal Kamboj |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=998 |percentage=0.82% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sagar Mal |party=Independent politician |votes=902 |percentage=0.74% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,651 |percentage=3.01% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,21,415 |percentage=87.06% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,39,469 |ref = |change= }}<br />
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Lok Dal |loser= |swing= }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[List of constituencies of the Haryana Legislative Assembly]]<br />
* [[Sirsa district]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Haryana constituencies}}<br />
<br />
{{coord|29.53|74.84|display=title}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Sirsa district]]<br />
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Haryana]]<br />
[[Category:Politics of Haryana]]<br />
[[Category:2009 establishments in Haryana]]<br />
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2009]]</div>CatharineJorgenshttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kala_azar_in_India&diff=507535Kala azar in India2026-04-19T16:16:25Z<p>CatharineJorgens: starting a data</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|none}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}<br />
<br />
'''Kala azar''' ('''Visceral leishmaniasis''') in India refers to the special circumstances of the disease [[leishmaniasis|kala azar]] as it exists in India. Kala azar is a major health problem in India with an estimated 146,700 new cases per year as of 2012.<ref name="Alvar 2012">{{cite journal |last1=Alvar |first1=Jorge |last2=Vélez |first2=Iván D. |last3=Bern |first3=Caryn |last4=Herrero |first4=Mercé |last5=Desjeux |first5=Philippe |last6=Cano |first6=Jorge |last7=Jannin |first7=Jean |last8=Boer |first8=Margriet den |last9=Kirk |first9=Martyn |title=Leishmaniasis Worldwide and Global Estimates of Its Incidence |journal=PLOS ONE |date=31 May 2012 |volume=7 |issue=5 |article-number=e35671 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0035671|pmid=22693548 |pmc=3365071 |bibcode=2012PLoSO...735671A |doi-access=free }}</ref> In the disease a parasite causes sickness after migrating to internal organs such as the [[liver]], [[spleen]] and [[bone marrow]]. If left untreated the disease almost always results in the death. Signs and symptoms include [[fever]], [[Cachexia|weight loss]], [[fatigue (medical)|fatigue]], [[anemia]], and substantial [[Hepatosplenomegaly|swelling of the liver and spleen]].<br />
<br />
People get the disease from the bites of sandflies which themselves got a parasite from drinking blood of another person infected with the parasite. Globally there are more than 20 different ''[[Leishmania]]'' parasites which cause the disease and 90 species of sandfly which spread those parasites.<ref name="WHO fact sheet 2019">{{cite web |author1=World Health Organization |title=Leishmaniasis Fact Sheet |url=https://www.who.int/en/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/leishmaniasis |website=www.who.int |publisher=World Health Organization |language=en |date=14 March 2019}}</ref> In the [[Indian subcontinent]], however, there is only one common species of parasite, ''[[Leishmania donovani]]'' and only one species of sandfly, ''[[Phlebotomus argentipes]]'', which spreads the disease.<ref name="Joshi 2009">{{cite journal |last1=Joshi |first1=AB |last2=Das |first2=ML |last3=Akhter |first3=S |last4=Chowdhury |first4=R |last5=Mondal |first5=D |last6=Kumar |first6=V |last7=Das |first7=P |last8=Kroeger |first8=A |last9=Boelaert |first9=M |last10=Petzold |first10=M |title=Chemical and environmental vector control as a contribution to the elimination of visceral leishmaniasis on the Indian subcontinent: cluster randomized controlled trials in Bangladesh, India and Nepal. |journal=BMC Medicine |date=5 October 2009 |volume=7 |page=54 |doi=10.1186/1741-7015-7-54 |pmid=19804620|pmc=2763005 |doi-access=free }}</ref> The form of the disease, the medicine for eliminating the parasite, and insecticide for preventing the insect bite varies by region, and there are recommendations in place for India.<ref name="regional office 2012">{{Citation |author=Regional Office for South-East Asia |year=2012 |title=Regional strategic framework for elimination of kala-azar from the South-East Asia Region (2011-2015) |publisher=[[World Health Organization]] |location=New Delhi |hdl=10665/205826 }}</ref><br />
<br />
Besides the personal cost, the disease has a great economic cost to the affected communities and India in general.<ref name="regional office 2012"/><br />
<br />
==Etymology==<br />
''Kala-azar'' ([[Hindustani language|Hindustani]]: काला आज़ार <small>([[Devanagari]])</small> کالا آزار <small>([[Nastaleeq]])</small> ''kālā āzār''), is derived from ''kala'' which means black in [[Sanskrit]], as well as in the [[Indo-Aryan languages|languages descended]] from it, including [[Hindi]] and [[Urdu]];<ref name="MWKA">{{cite web | author = Merriam-Webster's online dictionary | url = http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/kala-azar | title = kala-azar | access-date = 2010-01-21 }}</ref> the word ''azar'' is a [[Persian language|Persian]] loanword in [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]] that means "fever";<ref name="Collins English Dictionary">{{cite web | author = HarperCollins Publishers, 1991, 1994, 1998, 2000, 2003. | url = http://www.thefreedictionary.com/kala-azar | title = kala-azar | access-date = 2010-01-21 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Framework for Industrialization in Africa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I7JNoIcUycQC&q=hindustani+azar+fever&pg=PA77|first=Thomas A.|last=Taku|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|page=77|quote=Locally, the disease was called kala-azar or black fever, which is the meaning in the Hindustani language.|isbn=978-0-275-96498-6|year=1999}}</ref> as such the disease is named for the darkening of the skin on the extremities and abdomen that occurs in the disease. It is also pronounced ''kālāzar'' (कालाज़ार کالا زار).<ref>{{cite web |title=kaalaa-zaar |url=https://www.rekhtadictionary.com/meaning-of-kaalaa-zaar?lang=hi |website=Rekhta Dictionary |access-date=30 September 2024 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Types==<br />
[[File:Parasites of the tropical diseases Kala-Azar and Oriental So Wellcome V0022616.jpg|thumb|right|Kala azar causes various changes in the body]]<br />
A 2012 report based on 2004-8 data estimated that the number of new annual cases of kala azar was at least 146,000 in India, 12,000 in Bangladesh, and 3,000 in Nepal.<ref name="Alvar 2012"/> Among all the people the subcontinent carrying infection, 10% have kala azar, 10% have PKDL, and 80% are asymptomatic.<ref name="Le RutteCoffeng2016">{{cite journal|last1=Le Rutte|first1=Epke A.|last2=Coffeng|first2=Luc E.|last3=Bontje|first3=Daniel M.|last4=Hasker|first4=Epco C.|last5=Ruiz Postigo|first5=José A.|last6=Argaw|first6=Daniel|last7=Boelaert|first7=Marleen C.|last8=De Vlas|first8=Sake J.|title=Feasibility of eliminating visceral leishmaniasis from the Indian subcontinent: explorations with a set of deterministic age-structured transmission models|journal=Parasites & Vectors|volume=9|issue=1|page=24|year=2016|issn=1756-3305|doi=10.1186/s13071-016-1292-0|pmid=26787302|pmc=4717541 |doi-access=free }}</ref><br />
<br />
===Kala azar===<br />
{{main|Visceral leishmaniasis}}<br />
Kala azar, also called visceral leishmaniasis, is a disease in which a parasite migrates to the internal organs such as the [[liver]], [[spleen]] (hence "[[Viscus|visceral]]"), and [[bone marrow]]. If left untreated, will almost always result in the death of the host. Signs and symptoms include [[fever]], [[Cachexia|weight loss]], [[fatigue (medical)|fatigue]], [[anemia]], and substantial [[Hepatosplenomegaly|swelling of the liver and spleen]].{{citation needed|date=May 2021}}<br />
<br />
Among people with kala azar, there is variation in the symptoms, and some people can have unusual symptoms.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Thakur |first1=L |last2=Singh |first2=KK |last3=Shanker |first3=V |last4=Negi |first4=A |last5=Jain |first5=A |last6=Matlashewski |first6=G |last7=Jain |first7=M |title=Atypical leishmaniasis: A global perspective with emphasis on the Indian subcontinent. |journal=PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases |date=September 2018 |volume=12 |issue=9 |article-number=e0006659 |doi=10.1371/journal.pntd.0006659 |pmid=30260957|pmc=6159859 |doi-access=free }}</ref><br />
<br />
===Asymptomatic kala azar===<br />
[[Asymptomatic]] kala azar (also called asymptomatic ''Leishmania'' infection) occurs when someone has the infection but does not show symptoms.<ref name="Hirve 2016">{{cite journal |last1=Hirve |first1=S |last2=Boelaert |first2=M |last3=Matlashewski |first3=G |last4=Mondal |first4=D |last5=Arana |first5=B |last6=Kroeger |first6=A |last7=Olliaro |first7=P |title=Transmission Dynamics of Visceral Leishmaniasis in the Indian Subcontinent – A Systematic Literature Review. |journal=PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases |date=August 2016 |volume=10 |issue=8 |article-number=e0004896 |doi=10.1371/journal.pntd.0004896 |pmid=27490264|pmc=4973965 |doi-access=free }}</ref><br />
<br />
For every 1 person with kala azar symptoms, 4–17 people may have asymptomatic kala azar.<ref name="Hirve 2016"/> Risk of asymptomatic kala azar is high for anyone in close contact with a person with kala azar.<ref name="Hirve 2016"/> Most people who would test positive for asymptomatic kala azar will clear the infection naturally.<ref name="Hirve 2016"/> Between 1–23% of asymptomatic people will develop kala azar within 1 year.<ref name="Hirve 2016"/><br />
<br />
===Post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis===<br />
{{main|Post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis}}<br />
Post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL) is a complication of visceral leishmaniasis (VL); it is characterised by a macular, maculopapular, and nodular rash in a patient who has recovered from VL and who is otherwise well. Despite being called "post kala azar", 29% of cases appear from people who never had kala azar, and who had an asymptomatic infection previously.<ref name="Hirve 2016"/><br />
<br />
==Vector==<br />
[[File:Transmission dynamics of visceral leishmaniasis in the Indian subcontinent.png|thumb|400px|diagram of how kala azar spreads in India]]<br />
In various places in the world different [[sandflies]] transmit different ''[[Leishmania]]'' parasites which cause different variations of kala azar. In the [[Indian subcontinent]] the particular sandfly is ''[[Phlebotomus argentipes]]'' and it transmits ''[[Leishmania donovani]]''. One part of preventing the disease in India is preventing the insect bite.<ref name="Joshi 2009"/><br />
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A challenge with preventing the insect bite is lack of ecological data and lack of information about the life of the insect. Ecological information which would predict when and where sandflies live include [[temperature]], [[rain]], [[wind speed]], [[Relative humidity]], [[soil moisture]], [[pH]], and [[total organic carbon]].<ref name="Chowdhury 2016">{{cite journal |last1=Chowdhury |first1=R |last2=Kumar |first2=V |last3=Mondal |first3=D |last4=Das |first4=ML |last5=Das |first5=P |last6=Dash |first6=AP |last7=Kroeger |first7=A |title=Implication of vector characteristics of Phlebotomus argentipes in the kala-azar elimination programme in the Indian sub-continent. |journal=Pathogens and Global Health |date=May 2016 |volume=110 |issue=3 |pages=87–96 |doi=10.1080/20477724.2016.1180775 |pmid=27376500|pmc=4940889 }}</ref> If that information were available, then it would be easier to study when insects bite, how they choose to bite either animals or humans, and where they breed.<ref name="Chowdhury 2016"/> Knowing about insect life and behavior would increase efficiency and lower cost of public health programmes to prevent kala azar.<ref name="Chowdhury 2016"/><br />
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Using [[insecticide treated nets]] in 90% of the households in districts with kala azar could be an effective part of controlling the spread of disease.<ref name="Joshi 2009"/><br />
<br />
There is no evidence that animals are a major concern for spread of kala azar.<ref name="Singh 2013">{{cite journal |last1=Singh |first1=Niti |last2=Mishra |first2=Jyotsna |last3=Singh |first3=Ram |last4=Singh |first4=Sarman |title=Animal Reservoirs of Visceral Leishmaniasis in India |journal=The Journal of Parasitology |date=2013 |volume=99 |issue=1 |pages=64–67 |issn=0022-3395|jstor=23355018 |doi=10.1645/GE-3085.1 |pmid=22765517 |s2cid=41464582 }}</ref> Tests of cattle, buffalo, chickens, wild rats, and dogs found little or no infection.<ref name="Singh 2013"/> There is some evidence that goats could be reservoirs of infection.<ref name="Singh 2013"/><br />
<br />
==Treatment==<br />
Kala azar is a community problem and requires individual and community participation in treatment.<ref name="regional office 2012"/> Treatment starts with healthcare workers seeking people with the disease.<ref name="regional office 2012"/> There is testing in clinics but also in the field.<ref name="regional office 2012"/> Preferred treatment is a single injection of [[liposomal]] [[amphotericin B]] at a clinic on the same day as testing and diagnosis. By doing everything in one visit, people will be able to easily complete treatment.<ref name="regional office 2012"/> Even after treatment, people may require a follow up including some combination therapy. Some people may require an alternative therapy and other drugs are effective.{{citation needed|date=May 2021}}<br />
<br />
[[Miltefosine]] is the only available [[Oral administration|oral]] medication available for VL and PKDL.<ref name="Pijpers 2019">{{cite journal |last1=Pijpers |first1=J |last2=den Boer |first2=ML |last3=Essink |first3=DR |last4=Ritmeijer |first4=K |title=The safety and efficacy of miltefosine in the long-term treatment of post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis in South Asia - A review and meta-analysis. |journal=PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases |date=February 2019 |volume=13 |issue=2 |article-number=e0007173 |doi=10.1371/journal.pntd.0007173 |pmid=30742620|pmc=6386412 |doi-access=free }}</ref> While the drug works for short term treatment of VL, PKDL would require a longer treatment of more than 28 days with this drug.<ref name="Pijpers 2019"/> Miltefosine is not recommended for use as a monotherapy to treat PKDL.<ref name="Pijpers 2019"/><br />
<br />
==Elimination of disease==<br />
The eradication of kala azar in India is achievable and there are favorable circumstances for doing so.<ref name="Joshi 2009"/> Humans are the only reservoir host in this region for the parasite causing the disease.<ref name="Joshi 2009"/> The only way the disease spreads from human to human is by one insect in the region, ''[[Phlebotomus argentipes]]''.<ref name="Joshi 2009"/> {{As of|2009|post=,}} the disease only existed in 109 districts in India, Bangladesh, and Nepal.<ref name="Joshi 2009"/> The disease is easy to diagnose, even in the field and outside of a clinic.<ref name="Joshi 2009"/> When testing identifies a patient with the condition, then available drugs are completely effective in removing the parasite.<ref name="Joshi 2009"/><br />
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The current goal for eliminating the disease is to have its rate below 1 in 10,000 people by 2020.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sundar |first1=S |last2=Singh |first2=OP |last3=Chakravarty |first3=J |title=Visceral leishmaniasis elimination targets in India, strategies for preventing resurgence. |journal=Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy |date=November 2018 |volume=16 |issue=11 |pages=805–812 |doi=10.1080/14787210.2018.1532790 |pmid=30289007|pmc=6345646 }}</ref><br />
<br />
One part of the elimination strategy was to reduce [[Phlebotomus argentipes|sandflies]] as a [[Vector (epidemiology)|vector]] by giving [[mosquito nets]] treated with [[DDT]] along with programs for early case detection and treatment.<ref name="Ostyn 2008">{{cite journal |last1=Ostyn |first1=B |last2=Vanlerberghe |first2=V |last3=Picado |first3=A |last4=Dinesh |first4=DS |last5=Sundar |first5=S |last6=Chappuis |first6=F |last7=Rijal |first7=S |last8=Dujardin |first8=JC |last9=Coosemans |first9=M |last10=Boelaert |first10=M |last11=Davies |first11=C |title=Vector control by insecticide-treated nets in the fight against visceral leishmaniasis in the Indian subcontinent, what is the evidence? |journal=Tropical Medicine & International Health |date=August 2008 |volume=13 |issue=8 |pages=1073–85 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-3156.2008.02110.x |pmid=18564350|s2cid=2471946 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rijal |first1=Suman |last2=Sundar |first2=Shyam |last3=Mondal |first3=Dinesh |last4=Das |first4=Pradeep |last5=Alvar |first5=Jorge |last6=Boelaert |first6=Marleen |title=Eliminating visceral leishmaniasis in South Asia: the road ahead |journal=BMJ |volume=364 |date=22 January 2019 |article-number=k5224 |doi=10.1136/bmj.k5224|pmid=30670453 |pmc=6340338 }}</ref><br />
<br />
===Challenges===<br />
Major challenges in eliminating kala azar is lack of access to health care, planning for drug resistance, the absence of a [[kala azar vaccine]], and the difficulty in controlling the insect spreading the infection.<ref name="Singh 2016">{{cite journal |last1=Singh |first1=OP |last2=Hasker |first2=E |last3=Boelaert |first3=M |last4=Sundar |first4=S |title=Elimination of visceral leishmaniasis on the Indian subcontinent. |journal=The Lancet. Infectious Diseases |date=December 2016 |volume=16 |issue=12 |pages=e304–e309 |doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(16)30140-2 |pmid=27692643|pmc=5177523 }}</ref> Progress in diagnosis, treatment, and the development of a vaccine is significant and is guiding the elimination planning.<ref name="Singh 2016"/> A program to eliminate kala azar would only work with strong support from local communities.<ref name="Singh 2016"/> [[Public health surveillance]] is necessary for years to identify cases as soon as possible for treatment and to prevent spread.<ref name="Singh 2016"/><br />
<br />
Humans with the parasite are reservoirs of infection which could revive the disease even if it seems eliminated.<ref name="Hirve 2016"/> People with asymptomatic kala azar can still spread the disease and so can people who seem cured of kala azar, but who later development PKDL.<ref name="Hirve 2016"/><br />
<br />
Potential great dangers to elimination are [[drug resistance]] and [[pesticide resistance]] and a need for [[pharmacovigilance]] to ensure drug safety for using the medications.<ref name="Elimination of Kala-Azar from the S">{{cite journal |last1=Bhattacharya |first1=SK |last2=Dash |first2=AP |title=Elimination of Kala-Azar from the Southeast Asia Region. |journal=The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene |date=April 2017 |volume=96 |issue=4 |pages=802–804 |doi=10.4269/ajtmh.16-0279 |pmid=28115678|pmc=5392624 }}</ref><br />
<br />
===Public health programs===<br />
The India National Health Policy, 2002 set a goal to eliminate kala azar by 2010.<ref name="Thakur 2016">{{cite journal |last1=Thakur |first1=C. P. |title=Is elimination of kala-azar feasible by 2017? |journal=Indian Journal of Medical Research |date=1 December 2016 |volume=144 |issue=6 |pages=799–802 |doi=10.4103/ijmr.IJMR_335_16 |pmid=28474615 |pmc=5433271 |language=en |issn=0971-5916 |doi-access=free }}</ref> The Central Government of India started supporting states with case registration in 2003.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Dhillon |first1=GP |last2=Sharma |first2=SN |last3=Nair |first3=B |title=Kala-azar elimination programme in India. |journal=Journal of the Indian Medical Association |date=October 2008 |volume=106 |issue=10 |pages=664, 666–8 |pmid=19552101}}</ref> In 2005 the governments of India, Nepal, and Bangladesh started an initiative with the [[World Health Organization]] to collaborate in eliminating kala azar in the region.<ref>{{Citation |author=Regional Office for South-East Asia |year=2005 |title=Regional strategic framework for elimination of kala azar from the South-East Asia Region (2005–2015) |publisher=[[World Health Organization]] |location=New Delhi |hdl=10665/205825 }}</ref><br />
<br />
India changed the target year to 2015.<ref name="Thakur 2016"/> When the year came there was uncertainty that the goal would be met.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Cousins |first1=Sophie |title=India unlikely to meet goal of eliminating kala-azar by 2015, say experts |journal=BMJ |volume=351 |date=28 July 2015 |article-number=h4117 |doi=10.1136/bmj.h4117|pmid=26220177 |s2cid=39380201 }}</ref> In February 2015 the health ministers of India, Bangladesh, and Nepal joined with the health ministers of Thailand and Bhutan to set a new target date to eliminate kala azar by 2017.<ref>{{Citation |author=World Health Organization |date=14 July 2015 |title=Kala-Azar elimination programme – Report of a WHO consultation of partners, Geneva, Switzerland, 10–11 February 2015 |editor-last=Postigo |editor-first=J. Ruiz |isbn=978-92-4-150949-7 |publisher=World Health Organization |location=Geneva |url=https://www.who.int/leishmaniasis/resources/9789241509497/en/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170329010216/http://www.who.int/leishmaniasis/resources/9789241509497/en/ |archive-date=March 29, 2017 }}</ref><br />
<br />
==History==<br />
[[File:Scientist Sir Upendra Nath Brahmachari.png|thumb|left|150px|[[Upendranath Brahmachari]] researched kala-azar in Kolkata]]<br />
[[File:Number of Deaths from Kala-Azar in Assam.svg|thumb|right|The miracle of urea stibamine, drawn by [[Upendranath Brahmachari]] himself. The death rate is drastically declined from nearly 6300 to 750 within ten years in Assam.]]<br />
India has long been involved in drug development for kala azar.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Alves |first1=F |last2=Bilbe |first2=G |last3=Blesson |first3=S |last4=Goyal |first4=V |last5=Monnerat |first5=S |last6=Mowbray |first6=C |last7=Muthoni Ouattara |first7=G |last8=Pécoul |first8=B |last9=Rijal |first9=S |last10=Rode |first10=J |last11=Solomos |first11=A |last12=Strub-Wourgaft |first12=N |last13=Wasunna |first13=M |last14=Wells |first14=S |last15=Zijlstra |first15=EE |last16=Arana |first16=B |last17=Alvar |first17=J |title=Recent Development of Visceral Leishmaniasis Treatments: Successes, Pitfalls, and Perspectives. |journal=Clinical Microbiology Reviews |date=October 2018 |volume=31 |issue=4 |doi=10.1128/CMR.00048-18 |pmid=30158301|pmc=6148188 }}</ref><br />
<br />
[[William Twining (military physician)|William Twining]], an [[East India Company]] military physician, wrote a modern medical description of kala azar in 1835.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gupta |first1=PCS |title=History of Kala-Azar in India. |journal=The Indian Medical Gazette |date=May 1947 |volume=82 |issue=5 |pages=281–286 |pmid=29015274|pmc=5196405 }}</ref><br />
<br />
In 1903 [[William Boog Leishman]], a British Army medical officer, reported from [[Dum Dum]] near [[Calcutta]] identifying parasites which cause kala azar.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Leishman |first1=WB |author-link1=William Boog Leishman |title=On the possibility of the occurrence of trypanosomiasis in India. 1903. |journal=The Indian Journal of Medical Research |date=1903 |volume=123 |issue=3 |pages=1252–4; discussion 79 |pmid=16789342}}</ref><ref name="Steverding 2017">{{cite journal |last1=Steverding |first1=D |title=The history of leishmaniasis. |journal=Parasites & Vectors |date=15 February 2017 |volume=10 |issue=1 |page=82 |doi=10.1186/s13071-017-2028-5 |pmid=28202044|pmc=5312593 |doi-access=free }}</ref> His report was correct, and scientists gave his name to the parasite ''[[Leishmania]]'' and to the Western name of the disease, [[leishmaniasis]].<ref name="Steverding 2017"/><br />
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Bengali physician and scientist [[Upendranath Brahmachari]] treated, researched, and published about kala-azar until his death in 1946.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Singh |first1=Rajinder |last2=Roy |first2=Syamal |title=U N Brahmachari: Scientific Achievements and Nomination for the Nobel Prize and the Fellowship of the Royal Society of London |journal=Indian Journal of History of Science |date=1 March 2019 |volume=54 |issue=1 |doi=10.16943/ijhs/2019/v54i1/49596|doi-access= }}</ref><br />
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India's National Malaria Eradication Programme was using [[DDT]] between 1953 and 1964 as the insecticide to prevent malaria.<ref name="Rao 2016">{{cite web |last1=Rao |first1=Menaka |title=India has been talking about defeating kala azar since 1947 – and now has a good chance of doing so |url=https://scroll.in/pulse/819854/india-has-been-talking-about-defeating-kala-azar-since-1947-and-now-has-a-good-chance-of-doing-so |website=[[Scroll.in]] |date=27 October 2016}}</ref> DDT is highly effective was banned for also being toxic to humans and the environment.<ref name="Rao 2016"/> When India was using DDT, that effort to reduce malaria also killed sandflies and prevented kala azar.<ref name="Rao 2016"/><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bublitz |first1=DC |last2=Poché |first2=RM |last3=Garlapati |first3=R |title=Measures to Control Phlebotomus argentipes and Visceral Leishmaniasis in India. |journal=Journal of Arthropod-borne Diseases |date=June 2016 |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=113–26 |pmid=27308270|pmc=4906751 }}</ref> After 1964 and the halt of DDT use, kala azar returned, but physicians no longer recognized the disease after its absence.<ref name="Rao 2016"/><br />
<br />
From about 1960–1975, there were no records of kala azar in the subcontinent.<ref name="Joshi 2006">{{cite journal |last1=Joshi |first1=AB |last2=Banjara |first2=MR |last3=Pokhrel |first3=S |last4=Jimba |first4=M |last5=Singhasivanon |first5=P |last6=Ashford |first6=RW |title=Elimination of visceral leishmaniasis in Nepal: pipe-dreams and possibilities. |journal=Kathmandu University Medical Journal |date=2006 |volume=4 |issue=4 |pages=488–96 |pmid=18603960}}</ref> In 1978 in Nepal, people reported the disease.<ref name="Joshi 2006"/> From 1980 the disease spread among many people.<ref name="Joshi 2006"/><br />
<br />
==Special populations==<br />
[[Quackery]] is common enough to be a significant problem in treating the disease. The government seeks to make official clinics accessible, but many people take services from unlicensed medical practitioners.<ref name="Elimination of Kala-Azar from the S"/><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Boettcher |first1=Jan P |last2=Siwakoti |first2=Yubaraj |last3=Milojkovic |first3=Ana |last4=Siddiqui |first4=Niyamat A |last5=Gurung |first5=Chitra K |last6=Rijal |first6=Suman |last7=Das |first7=Pradeep |last8=Kroeger |first8=Axel |last9=Banjara |first9=Megha R |title=Visceral leishmaniasis diagnosis and reporting delays as an obstacle to timely response actions in Nepal and India |journal=BMC Infectious Diseases |date=6 February 2015 |volume=15 |issue=1 |page=43 |doi=10.1186/s12879-015-0767-5|pmid=25656298 |pmc=4335691 |doi-access=free }}</ref><br />
<br />
Men are more likely than women to get kala azar.<ref name="Cloots Jan 2020">{{cite journal |last1=Cloots |first1=K |last2=Burza |first2=S |last3=Malaviya |first3=P |last4=Hasker |first4=E |last5=Kansal |first5=S |last6=Mollett |first6=G |last7=Chakravarty |first7=J |last8=Roy |first8=N |last9=Lal |first9=BK |last10=Rijal |first10=S |last11=Sundar |first11=S |last12=Boelaert |first12=M |title=Male predominance in reported Visceral Leishmaniasis cases: Nature or nurture? A comparison of population-based with health facility-reported data. |journal=PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases |date=29 January 2020 |volume=14 |issue=1 |article-number=e0007995 |doi=10.1371/journal.pntd.0007995 |pmid=31995564|pmc=7010295 |doi-access=free }}</ref><br />
<br />
Children with kala azar have the same symptoms as adults.<ref name="Bhattacharya 2006">{{cite journal |last1=Bhattacharya |first1=S.K. |last2=Sur |first2=Dipika |last3=Karbwang |first3=Juntra |title=Childhood visceral leishmaniasis |journal=Indian Journal of Medical Research |date=March 2006 |volume=123 |issue=123 |pages=353–356 |pmid=16778316 |url=http://medind.nic.in/iby/t06/i3/ibyt06i3p353.pdf |archive-date=2018-11-23 |access-date=2020-02-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181123130845/http://medind.nic.in/iby/t06/i3/ibyt06i3p353.pdf }}</ref> Miltefosine is as effective and well tolerated as a treatment in children as adults and can be a first line treatment.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bhattacharya |first1=SK |last2=Jha |first2=TK |last3=Sundar |first3=S |last4=Thakur |first4=CP |last5=Engel |first5=J |last6=Sindermann |first6=H |last7=Junge |first7=K |last8=Karbwang |first8=J |last9=Bryceson |first9=AD |last10=Berman |first10=JD |title=Efficacy and tolerability of miltefosine for childhood visceral leishmaniasis in India. |journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases |date=15 January 2004 |volume=38 |issue=2 |pages=217–21 |doi=10.1086/380638 |pmid=14699453|doi-access=free }}</ref> 90% of the cases of kala azar are in Bihar, and children there have the burden of 50% of the loss of [[disability adjusted life years]].<ref name="Bhattacharya 2006"/><br />
<br />
[[HIV-positive people]] have a greater risk of reinfection of kala azar.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Cota |first1=Gláucia F. |last2=de Sousa |first2=Marcos R. |last3=Rabello |first3=Ana |last4=Jaffe |first4=Charles L. |title=Predictors of Visceral Leishmaniasis Relapse in HIV-Infected Patients: A Systematic Review |journal=PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases |date=7 June 2011 |volume=5 |issue=6 |article-number=e1153 |doi=10.1371/journal.pntd.0001153|pmid=21666786 |pmc=3110161 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Singh |first1=Sarman |title=Changing trends in the epidemiology, clinical presentation, and diagnosis of Leishmania–HIV co-infection in India |journal=International Journal of Infectious Diseases |date=December 2014 |volume=29 |pages=103–112 |doi=10.1016/j.ijid.2014.07.011|pmid=25449244 |doi-access=free }}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==Further consideration==<br />
* {{cite web |author1=National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme |title=National Kala-azar Elimination Programme |url=https://nvbdcp.gov.in/index4.php?lang=1&level=0&linkid=469&lid=3752 |website=nvbdcp.gov.in |publisher=[[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare]]}}<br />
* {{Citation |author=Regional Office for South-East Asia |year=2012 |title=Regional strategic framework for elimination of kala-azar from the South-East Asia Region (2011–2015) |publisher=[[World Health Organization]] |location=New Delhi |hdl=10665/205826 }}<br />
* {{Citation |author=National Vector Bourne Disease Control Programme |date=February 2017 |title=Accelerated Plan for Kala-azar Elimination 2017 |publisher=[[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare]] |url=https://www.who.int/leishmaniasis/resources/Accelerated-Plan-Kala-azar1-Feb2017_light.pdf}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20180422134840/http://www.who.int/leishmaniasis/burden/Leishmaniasis_India/en/ Leishmaniasis in India] – a World Health Organization profile (archived 22 April 2018)<br />
<br />
[[Category:Leishmaniasis]]<br />
[[Category:Diseases and disorders in India]]</div>CatharineJorgenshttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dr._A._P._J._Abdul_Kalam_Science_City&diff=497646Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam Science City2026-04-19T06:50:49Z<p>CatharineJorgens: adding place.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Science-centered city}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}<br />
{{Infobox organization<br />
| name = '''Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam Science City'''<br />
| image = <br />
| image_border = <br />
| image_size = 220 px<br />
| image_alt = <br />
| caption = Science City Patna<br />
| map = <br />
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| map_caption = <br />
| abbreviation = <br />
| formation = <br />
| extinction = <br />
| type = Science Centre<br />
| status = Government<br />
| purpose = Educational<br />
| headquarters = [[Rajendra Nagar, Patna|Rajendra Nagar]], [[Patna]]<br />
| location = {{flagicon|IND}} [[India]]<br />
| coordinates = <br />
| region_served = [[Patna]]<br />
| membership = <br />
| language = <br />
| leader_title = Director<br />
| leader_name = <br />
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}}<br />
<br />
'''Dr. A.&nbsp;P.&nbsp;J. Abdul Kalam Science City''' is a science city.It is built by Department of Science and Technology Government of [[Bihar]] to promote and popularize Science among people. It is located at [[Rajendra Nagar, Patna|Rajendra Nagar]], [[Patna]] in the [[Indian state]] of [[Bihar]]. It aims to promote and popularize science as well as demonstrating and preserving the history of scientific development in [[Bihar]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/work-on-science-city-to-begin-this-month/articleshow/68141661.cms|title=Work on APJ Abdul Kalam Science City to begin this month|date=24 February 2019|first=Faryal|last=Rumi|newspaper=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-07-17}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.abindesignstudio.com/projects/details/103-dr-a-p-j-abdul-kalam-science-city-patna|title=Dr A P J Abdul Kalam Science City, Patna|website=Abin Design Studio|language=en|access-date=2019-07-17}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Design ==<br />
The building adopts state of the art technology. It is designed as a G+1 (2 storey) building, covering {{convert|30000|m2}} on a {{convert|22|acre|adj=on|order=flip}} site near the [[Moin-ul-Haq Stadium]] in [[Rajendra Nagar, Patna|Rajendra Nagar]], [[Patna]] with an estimated cost {{INRConvert|6400000000|bl|lk=r}}. The construction works of Dr A P J Abdul Kalam Science City is likely to be completed by November 2025,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/science-city-project-delayedlikely-to-be-ready-next-year/articleshow/90967757.cms|title=Science city project delayed, likely to be ready next year}}</ref> whereas other technical works like installation of science exhibits are expected to be completed by June, 2025.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/construction-works-in-dr-apj-abdul-kalam-science-city-likely-to-be-completed-by-november/articleshow/91268279.cms|title=Construction works in Dr APJ Abdul Kalam Science City likely to be completed by November}}</ref><br />
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==Exhibition==<br />
[[File:Nitish Kumar and Samrat Chaudhary inaugurating Patna Science City.jpg|thumb|Nitish Kumar and Deputy Chief Minister Samrat Chaudhary inaugurating APJ Abdul Kalam science city in Patna in 2025.]]<br />
It is to have four galleries: Body and Mind, Space and Astronomy, Basic science, Sustainable planet consisting of 243 interactive and realistic exhibits.<br />
Along with the same there will be a Grand Atrium lobby for entrance, Orientation Theatre, Multipurpose Halls, Temporary Exhibition Halls, 500 seater Auditorium, 300 seater Cafeteria, 4D Theatre, Retails spaces, Bio Diversity Park and many more to enchant the commuters to its beauty.<br />
<br />
==Facilities==<br />
[[File:Nitish Kumar inaugurating Patna Science City.jpg|thumb|Bihar Chief Minister Nitish Kumar visiting a section of science city after its inauguration on 21 September 2025.]]<br />
It is to have four learning suites: Marker Space, Big Data Centre, Demo Kitchen and a gym on first floor for children who visit during a study tour or excursion. The dormitory is to accommodate 250 students connected to the learning suites.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/science-city-to-be-ready-by-2022-end/articleshow/84508873.cms|title=Patna: ‘Science city to be ready by 2022-end'}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Stakeholders Involved==<br />
Prime Stake holder is [[Department of Science & Technology, Govt. of Bihar]] Partnered with [[Building Construction Department, Govt. of Bihar]] for Excitation of Building works. Prime Consultant for the project is Flying Elephant Studio, Bangalore formed consortium along with Gleeds Consulting India Pvt Ltd (Project and Cost management consultant) and [[Studio Nabila birjis]] (Interior Consultant) (now known as Atelier birjis<ref>https://www.atelierbirjis.com/</ref>) and [[Gallagher & Associates]] (Exhibit Consultant) . Execution Agency is [[Shapoorji Pallonji]].<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Shrikrishna Science Centre]]<br />
* [[Indira Gandhi Planetarium]]<br />
* [[Gujarat Science City]], [[Ahmedabad]], Gujarat, India <br />
* [[Science City Kolkata]]<br />
* [[List of science centers#Asia]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Patna}}<br />
<br />
{{coord missing|Bihar}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Patna]]<br />
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Patna]]<br />
[[Category:Bihar articles missing geocoordinate data]]<br />
[[Category:Memorials to A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]]<br />
[[Category:Science parks in India]]<br />
[[Category:Science museums in India]]</div>CatharineJorgenshttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phulkian_States&diff=525431Phulkian States2026-04-18T00:39:28Z<p>CatharineJorgens: started initial details with sources!</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Group of Princely States}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}<br />
'''Phulkian States''' was the collective name given to the three small [[Princely state|princely states]] of [[Patiala State|Patiala]], [[Jind State|Jind]], and [[Nabha State|Nabha]] in [[Punjab]] during the [[British Raj]] in India.<br />
<br />
== Area ==<br />
[[Patiala State|Patiala]] was the largest of the three Phulkian princely states.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Harnam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d-MxAAAAIAAJ |title=Punjab, the Homeland of the Sikhs: Together with the Sikh Memorandum to the Sapru Conciliation Committee |date=1945 |publisher=Civil and Military Gazette |pages=4 |language=en}}</ref> [[Patiala State|Patiala]] had an area of 5,942 sq mi (15389.709 sq km).<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Steinberg |first=S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pqTPDQAAQBAJ |title=The Statesman's Year-Book: Statistical and Historical Annual of the States of the World for the Year 1950 |date=2016-12-29 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-0-230-27079-4 |pages=187 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Epstein |first=M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v9XMDQAAQBAJ |title=The Statesman's Year-Book: Statistical and Historical Annual of the States of the World for the Year 1940 |date=2016-12-27 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-0-230-27069-5 |pages=174–175 |language=en}}</ref> [[Jind State|Jind]] had an area of 1,299 sq mi (3364.395 sq km).<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> Nabha had an area of 947 sq mi (2452.72 sq km).<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><br />
<br />
Collectively, these states covered a total area of 8,188 sq mi (21206.82 sq km).<br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
{{Main|Phulkian dynasty|Patiala State|Jind State|Nabha State|Kingdom of Jaisalmer}}<br />
Bhati was a direct descendant of [[Krishna]] and belonged to the [[lunar dynasty]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last1=Solomon |first1=R. V. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=47sfj8DUwNgC |title=Indian States: A Biographical, Historical, and Administrative Survey |last2=Bond |first2=J. W. |date=2006 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=978-81-206-1965-4 |pages=230,325 |language=en}}</ref> He defeated fourteen princes and annexed their territories.<ref name=":3" /> His descendants later came to be known as the Bhatis.<ref name=":3" /> One of them, [[Rawal Jaisal|Jaisal]], founded [[Kingdom of Jaisalmer|Jaisalmer]].<ref name=":3" /> [[Rawal Jaisal|Jaisal]] had four sons: Shalivahan, Kailan, Hemhel, and Pem.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Griffin |first=Lepel H. |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.05535/ |title=The rajas of the Punjab; : being the history of the principal states in the Punjab and their political relations with the British government |date=1873 |publisher=Trubner, London |pages=2–13}}</ref> Hemhel, his third son, sacked the town of [[Hisar (city)|Hisar]].<ref name=":4" /> He captured a number of villages in its vicinity and overran the surrounding countryside up to the walls of [[Delhi]].<ref name=":4" /> [[Iltutmish|Shams ud-Din Iltutmish]] drove Hemhel back but later received him into his favour and appointed him [[Governor]] of [[Sirsa]] and [[Bathinda]] in 1212 A.D.<ref name=":4" /> He founded the town of Hanesar and died there in 1214.<ref name=":4" /> He was succeeded by his son Jandra.<ref name=":4" /> Jandra had twenty-one sons.<ref name=":4" /> Each of his sons became the progenitor of a distinct clan.<ref name=":4" /> His son, Batera, is the ancestor of the [[Sidhu]] clan.<ref name=":4" /> Batera was succeeded by his son Manjalrab, who was beheaded at Jaisalmer.<ref name=":4" /> Manjalrab was followed by his son Undra (Anand Rai), and Undra was succeeded by his son Khewa.<ref name=":4" /><br />
<br />
Khewa first married a woman from a [[Rajput]] family but had no children with her.<ref name=":4" /> He then married the daughter of a [[Jats|Jat]] zamindar.<ref name=":4" /> From this second marriage, he had a son named Sidhu.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /> However, the [[Rajput|Rajputs]] did not accept this union.<ref name=":4" /> According to their customs, Sidhu could not inherit his father's caste and was therefore identified by his mother's caste.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /> The [[Sidhu]] clan has derived its name from him.<ref name=":4" /> Sidhu had four sons: Dhar (also known as Debi), Bar, Sur, and Rupach.<ref name=":4" /> The rulers of the Phulkian States are descended from his second son, Bar.<ref name=":4" /> Bar had a son, Bir, who had two sons, Sidtilkara and Sitrah.<ref name=":4" /> Sitrah had two sons, Jertha and Lakumba.<ref name=":4" /> Jertha had a son, Mahi, who was followed in successive generations by Gala, Mehra, Hambir, and Barar.<ref name=":4" /> Barar had two sons, Paur and Dhul.<ref name=":4" /> Dhul was the progenitor of the [[Rajas]] of [[Faridkot State|Faridkot]].<ref name=":4" /> The two brothers quarrelled, and Paur fell into poverty.<ref name=":4" /> Several generations of his family remained in this state until Sangrur restored their fortunes.<ref name=":4" /> Sangrur assisted [[Babur]] in his invasion of [[India]] and was killed during the [[First Battle of Panipat|first battle of Panipat]].<ref name=":4" /> After [[Babur]]'s victory over [[Ibrahim Khan Lodi|Ibrahim Lodhi]], and in recognition of Sangrur's services, [[Babur]] appointed his deceased son Wariyam (also known as Bairam or Beeram) as [[Chowdhury]] of the territory to the south-west of [[Delhi]].<ref name=":4" /> Wariyam was later confirmed in this office by [[Humayun]].<ref name=":4" /> He was killed in 1560 during a conflict with the [[Bhati|Bhattis]].<ref name=":4" /> His grandson Satu also fell alongside him.<ref name=":4" /> Wariyam left two sons: Mehraj, who succeeded him, and Garaj.<ref name=":4" /> Mehraj was succeeded by his grandson Pakhu.<ref name=":4" /> Pakhu was killed in a battle against the [[Bhati|Bhattis]] at [[Baddowal]].<ref name=":4" /> Pakhu had two sons, Habbal and Mohan.<ref name=":4" /> Mohan succeeded him.<ref name=":4" /><br />
<br />
Mohan was unable to pay the arrears owed to the government and was continually harassed by the Bhattis.<ref name=":4" /> He fled to Hansi and Hisar, where he assembled a force.<ref name=":4" /> He then returned home and defeated the Bhattis at Baddowal.<ref name=":4" /> Following the advice of [[Guru Hargobind]], he founded a village, which he named Mehraj after his great-grandfather.<ref name=":4" /> Mohan and his eldest son, Rup Chand, were killed in a fight with the Bhattis.<ref name=":4" /><br />
<br />
Mohan son, Kul Chand, succeeded him and became the guardian of Rup’s sons, Sandhali and Phul.<ref name=":4" /> Soon after [[Guru Hargobind]] visited [[Baddowal]], Kul instructed his nephews that when they saw the [[Guru Hargobind]], they should place their hands on their stomachs as if they were hungry.<ref name=":4" /> Upon seeing the [[Guru Hargobind]], they followed his instructions.<ref name=":4" /> [[Guru Hargobind]] inquired about the reason for their gesture.<ref name=":4" /> Kul explained that the boys were starving.<ref name=":4" /> Upon hearing this, the Guru responded, "What matters the hunger of one belly, when these boys shall satisfy the hunger of thousands?" <ref name=":4" /> He then asked for the names of the children.<ref name=":4" /> When he heard the name Phul, he remarked, "The name shall be a true omen, and he shall bear many blossoms."<ref name=":4" /><gallery mode="packed"><br />
File:Patiala flag.svg|[[Flag]] of [[Patiala State|Patiala]]<br />
File:Nabha flag.svg|[[Flag]] of [[Nabha State|Nabha]]<br />
</gallery>Phul was later confirmed in the office that his family had held for many years by [[Shah Jahan]].<ref name=":5">{{Cite book |last=Superintendent |first=Government Press |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.211180/ |title=Chiefs And Families Of Note In The Punjab |date=1940 |pages=467–468,483–484,489–490}}</ref> Phul had seven children: six sons (Tiloka, Rama, Raghu, Channu, Jhandhu and Takht Mal) and a daughter, Rami Ram Kaur.<ref name=":4" /><br />
<br />
Hamir Singh, a descendant of Tiloka, is the progenitor of the [[royal house]] of [[Nabha State|Nabha]].<ref name=":5" /> Hamir Singh was the son of Suratiya, who was the son of Gurditta, who in turn was the son of Tiloka.<ref name=":5" /> Upon the death of Bhagwan Singh, the direct line of Gurditta, who was ruling at [[Nabha State|Nabha]], came to an end.<ref name=":5" /> [[Hira Singh of Nabha|Hira Singh]], a son of Sukha Singh and a grandson of Basawa Singh, himself a lineal descendant of Gajpat Singh of [[Jind State|Jind]], who was a cousin of Hamir, was placed on the throne of [[Nabha State|Nabha]].<ref name=":5" /><br />
<br />
Gajpat Singh, the son of Sakhchain and grandson of Tiloka, was the progenitor of the [[royal house]] of [[Jind State|Jind]].<ref name=":5" /> Gajpat's daughter, [[Raj Kaur]], married [[Maha Singh]] and was the mother of [[Ranjit Singh]].<ref name=":5" /> When Sangat Singh of [[Jind State|Jind]] died without an heir, [[Swarup Singh of Jind|Swarup Singh]] succeeded him as the ruler of [[Jind State|Jind]].<ref name=":5" /> He belonged to the Bazidpur branch of the [[Jind State|Jind]] family.<ref name=":5" /> His father, Karam Singh, was the son of Bhup Singh and the grandson of Gajpat Singh.<ref name=":5" /><br />
<br />
[[Ala Singh]], son of Rama is the progenitor of the [[royal house]] of [[Patiala State|Patiala]].<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /><gallery mode="packed"><br />
File:Coat of Arms of Patiala.png|[[Coat of arms|Coat of Arms]] of [[Patiala State|Patiala]]<br />
File:Nabha State Coat of Arms.png|[[Coat of arms|Coat of Arms]] of [[Nabha State|Nabha]]<br />
File:Jind State CoA.png|[[Coat of arms|Coat of Arms]] of [[Jind State|Jind]]<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
=== Accession ===<br />
Following [[Independence Day (India)|India's independence]], the rulers of the Phulkian States acceded to the [[Dominion of India]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mohan |first=Arun |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aGe7AAAAIAAJ |title=Princely States and the Reform in Hindu Law |date=1990 |publisher=Arun Mohan |pages=348–349 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Pant |first1=Govind Ballabh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MiduAAAAMAAJ |title=Selected Works of Govind Ballabh Pant |last2=Nanda |first2=Bal Ram |date=2002 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-565637-4 |pages=90 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Lauterpacht |first1=Hersch |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IJsBCJ9ZwNEC |title=International Law Reports |last2=Lauterpacht |first2=Elihu |date=1957 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-46366-9 |pages=51 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== PEPSU ===<br />
{{Main|Patiala and East Punjab States Union}}<br />
<br />
[[File:EMBLEM_OF_PEPSU.png|alt=Emblem of PEPSU|thumb|84x84px|Emblem of [[Patiala and East Punjab States Union|PEPSU]]]]<br />
The rulers of [[Patiala State|Patiala]], [[Jind State|Jind]], and [[Nabha State|Nabha]] united in 1948 to form the [[Patiala and East Punjab States Union]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qPYvAQAAIAAJ |title=Encyclopaedia Indica: Princely States in colonial India |date=1996 |publisher=Anmol Publications |isbn=978-81-7041-859-7 |pages=124–128, 181,184,187 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Harbans |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XhXYAAAAMAAJ |title=The Encyclopaedia of Sikhism: S-Z |date=1992 |publisher=Punjabi University |isbn=978-81-7380-530-1 |pages=173–176 |language=en}}</ref> [[PEPSU]] was inaugurated on 15 July 1948 by [[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Grewal |first=J. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2_nryFANsoYC |title=The Sikhs of the Punjab |date=1998-10-08 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-63764-0 |pages=184 |language=en}}</ref> [[Yadavindra Singh]], the [[Maharaja of Patiala]], was appointed the [[Rajpramukh]] of it on the occasion.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jain |first=Harish |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CLCBJiEHs4cC |title=The Making of Punjab |date=2003 |publisher=Unistar Books |pages=39–40 |language=en}}</ref> The capital and principal city of [[PEPSU]] was [[Patiala]].<ref name=":0" /> On 1 November 1956, [[PEPSU]] was merged into [[Punjab, India|Punjab]].<ref name=":0" /> A portion of [[PEPSU]] presently lies within the state of [[Haryana]].<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
== Population ==<br />
In 1931, the population of [[Patiala State|Patiala]] was 1,625,520.<ref name=":2" /> The population of [[Jind State|Jind]] was 324,676, while that of [[Nabha State|Nabha]] was 287,574.<ref name=":2" /> Collectively, these three states had a population of 2,237,770.<br />
<br />
== Salutes ==<br />
{{Main|Salute state}}<br />
<br />
The ruler of [[Patiala State|Patiala]] was entitled to a salute of 17 guns and a permanent local salute of 19 guns.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Not Available |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.35598/ |title=Memoranda On The Indian States 1939 |date=1939 |pages=242–245}}</ref> The ruler of [[Jind State|Jind]] was entitled to a salute of 13 guns and a permanent local salute of 15 guns.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> The ruler of [[Nabha State|Nabha]] was entitled to a salute of 13 guns.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><br />
<br />
== Succession ==<br />
[[File:Painting of the Ambala Darbar of the Punjab chiefs of Patiala, Jind, and Nabha states and the British, held at Shaikabad, Ambala district, by William Simpson, 1860.png|thumb|Painting of the Ambala Darbar held during 18–20 January 1860 of the Punjab chiefs of Patiala, Jind, and Nabha states and the British, held at Shaikabad, Ambala district, by William Simpson, 1860. At this darbar, it was decided that the [[Doctrine of lapse|doctrine-of-lapse]] would cease for the three states.<ref name=":10">{{Cite book |last=Chatterji |first=Prashanto K. |title=The Making of India Policy, 1853-65: A Study on the Relations of the Court of Directors, the India Board, the India Office, and the Government of India |publisher=University of Burdwan |year=1975 |isbn=9780883868188 |pages=152–153 |quote=Eventually, at the Ambala Durbar (18-20 January 1860), Canning himself promised the three chiefs Sanads, guaranteeing their possessions to themselves and their heirs and the right to adopt from the Phoolkan family whenever ...}}</ref>|left]]<br />
All three of the Phulkian States adhered to [[Primogeniture#Male-preference (cognatic) primogeniture|male primogeniture]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Hunter |first=William Wilson |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=25MbAQAAIAAJ |title=The Imperial Gazetteer of India |date=1886 |publisher=Trübner & Company |isbn=978-81-7019-117-9 |pages=125–126 |language=en}}</ref> This is a form of succession in which the eldest male child inherits the throne.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rivlin |first=Geoffrey |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k8LfLyVULkwC |title=Understanding the Law |date=2012-04-26 |publisher=OUP Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-960880-5 |pages=44 |language=en}}</ref> Upon the death of the ruler of any of the Phulkian States, their heir immediately and automatically succeeded them to the throne of their respective state. The [[French language|French]] phrase "Le roi est mort, vive le roi!" ({{Translation|[[The king is dead, long live the king!]]}}) aptly describes this system.<br />
<br />
In 1858, the rulers of these states jointly submitted a request to [[Charles Canning, 1st Earl Canning|Earl Canning]], the then [[Governor-General of India|Viceroy of India]].<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |last=Roberts |first=Frederick Sleigh Roberts |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mP_cRkOc_7QC |title=Forty-one years in India |date=1902 |publisher=Macmillan and Company |pages=464–465 |language=en}}</ref> In their petition, they requested the right to adopt an heir in the event of failure of male issue as a reward for the service they rendered to the [[East India Company]] during the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]].<ref name=":6" /> [[Charles Canning, 1st Earl Canning|Earl Canning]], however, refused their request; two years later, in 1860, upon his visit to [[Punjab]], he granted them the right of adoption.<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7">{{Cite book |last=Dept |first=India Foreign and Political |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EdANAAAAIAAJ |title=A Collection of Treaties, Engagements, and Sanads Relating to India and Neighbouring Countries |date=1892 |publisher=Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing, India |pages=51–61 |language=en}}</ref> This decision was made at the Ambala Darbar that was held in Ambala between 18–20 January 1860.<ref name=":10" /><br />
<br />
Another request they made in 1858 was that if any ruler of these states died leaving behind an infant heir, a [[council of regency]] should be appointed.<ref name=":7" /> This council was to comprise three elderly and trusted ministers of the state, none of whom were related to the heir.<ref name=":7" /> The [[British government of India|British Government]], acting on the advice of the rulers of the other two states, was to select the council.<ref name=":7" /> This request was granted.<ref name=":7" /><br />
<br />
== Rulers ==<br />
<br />
=== List of rulers of the Patiala ===<br />
{{Main|Maharaja of Patiala}}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
! rowspan="2" |Name<br />
<small>(Birth–Death)</small><br />
! rowspan="2" |Portrait<br />
! colspan="2" |Term of office<br />
! rowspan="2" |Note(s)<br />
! rowspan="2" |Reference<br />
|-<br />
!Start date<br />
!End date<br />
|-<br />
|[[Ala Singh]]<br />
<small>(1695 – 1765)</small><br />
|[[File:Detail_of_a_mural_of_Ala_Singh_of_Patiala_State_from_the_Sheesh_Mahal_of_the_Qila_Mubarak.jpg|235x235px]]<br />
|1709<br />
|1765<br />
|<br />
| rowspan="9" |<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |date=2017-08-17 |title=PATIALA |url=http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/p/patiala.html |access-date=2025-05-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170817130914/http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/p/patiala.html |archive-date=17 August 2017 }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[Amar Singh of Patiala|Amar Singh]] <br />
<small>(1748 – 1781)</small><br />
|[[File:Miniature_painting_of_Raja_Amar_Singh_of_Patiala,_ca.1830.jpg|221x221px]]<br />
|1765<br />
|1781<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Sahib Singh of Patiala|Sahib Singh]]<br />
<small>(1773 –</small> <small>1813)</small><br />
|[[File:Detail_of_Sahib_Singh_of_Patiala_State_from_a_painting_depicting_a_meeting_between_Sahib_Singh_of_Patiala_State,_Jodh_Singh_of_Kalsia_State,_Lal_Singh_of_Kaithal_State,_Mehak_Singh,_and_Raja_Jaswant_Rao_Holkar,_ca.1805_(cropped).jpg|172x172px]]<br />
|1781 <br />
|1813<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Karam Singh of Patiala|Karam Singh]]<br />
<small>(</small><small>1824 – 1862)</small><br />
|[[File:Painting_of_Maharaja_Karam_Singh_in_the_Audience_Hall_of_Qila_Mubarak,_Patiala.png|228x228px]]<br />
|1813<br />
|1845<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Narinder Singh of Patiala|Narinder Singh]]<br />
<small>(</small><small>1824 – 1862)</small><br />
|[[File:Photograph_of_Maharaja_Narinder_Singh_(alt._spelt_as_'Narendra_Singh')_of_Patiala_State_with_attendants,_by_Jean_Baptiste_Oscar_Malitte,_ca.1860.jpg|151x151px]]<br />
|1845<br />
|1862<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Mahendra Singh of Patiala|Mahendra Singh]]<br />
<small>(</small><small>1852 – 1876)</small><br />
|[[File:Mahendra_Singh,_Maharaja_of_Patiala_in_the_1870s.jpg|219x219px]]<br />
|1862<br />
|1876<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Rajinder Singh of Patiala|Rajinder Singh]]<br />
<small>(</small><small>1872 – 1900)</small><br />
|[[File:Portrait_of_Sir_Rajinder_Singh_Maharaja_of_Patiala.jpg|199x199px]]<br />
|1876<br />
|1900<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Bhupinder Singh of Patiala|Bhupinder Singh]]<br />
<small>(</small><small>1891 – 1938)</small><br />
|[[File:BHUPINDER-SINGH,_MAHARAJA_OF_PATIALA_(18432128650).jpg|257x257px]]<br />
|1900<br />
|1938<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Yadavindra Singh]]<br />
<small>(</small><small>1913 – 1974)</small><br />
|[[File:MAHARAJA_OF_PATIALA_(18615125252).jpg|215x215px]]<br />
|1913<br />
|1974<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="6" |'''Pretender'''<br />
|-<br />
|[[Amarinder Singh]]<br />
<small>(</small><small>1942 – )</small><br />
|[[File:Captain Amarinder Singh.jpg|150x150px]]<br />
|1974<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<ref name=":9" /><br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== List of rulers of the Jind ===<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
! rowspan="2" |Name<br />
<small>(Birth–Death)</small><br />
! rowspan="2" |Portrait<br />
! colspan="2" |Term of office<br />
! rowspan="2" |Note(s)<br />
! rowspan="2" |Reference<br />
|-<br />
!Start date<br />
!End date<br />
|-<br />
|Gajpat Singh<br />
<small>(</small><small>1738</small> <small>–</small> <small>1789</small><small>)</small><br />
|[[File:Miniature_painting_of_Raja_Gajpat_Singh,_founder_of_Jind_State.jpg|181x181px]]<br />
|1758<br />
|1789<br />
|<br />
| rowspan="7" |<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |date=2017-08-04 |title=JIND |url=http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/j/jind.html |access-date=2025-05-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170804214749/http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/j/jind.html |archive-date=4 August 2017 }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|Bhag Singh<br />
<small>(</small><small>1760 – 1819)</small><br />
|[[File:Miniature_portrait_painting_of_Raja_Bagh_Singh_of_Jind_State.jpg|199x199px]]<br />
|1789<br />
|1819<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Fateh Singh<br />
<small>(</small><small>1789 –</small> <small>1</small><small>822)</small><br />
|[[File:Miniature_portrait_painting_of_Raja_Fateh_Singh_of_Jind_State.jpg|199x199px]]<br />
|1819<br />
|1822<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Sangat Singh<br />
<small>(</small><small>1810 – 1834)</small><br />
|[[File:Raja_Sangat_Singh.jpg|214x214px]]<br />
|1822<br />
|1834<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Swarup Singh of Jind|Swarup Singh]]<br />
<small>(</small><small>1812 – 1864)</small><br />
|[[File:Miniature_painting_of_Raja_Swarup_Singh_of_Jind_State,_seated_on_a_terrace_in_a_European-style_chair,_ca.1850–60.jpg|186x186px]]<br />
|1834<br />
|1864<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Raghubir Singh of Jind|Raghubir Singh]]<br />
<small>(</small><small>1832 – 1887)</small><br />
|[[File:Maharaja_Raghbir_Singh_of_Jind_photographed_1875.jpg|215x215px]]<br />
|1864<br />
|1887<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Ranbir Singh of Jind|Ranbir Singh]]<br />
<small>(</small><small>1879 –</small> <small>1948)</small><br />
|[[File:Portrait_photograph_of_Raja_Ranbir_Singh_of_Jind_State,_ca.1903.jpg|199x199px]]<br />
|1887<br />
|1948<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="5" |'''Titular'''<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Rajbir Singh<br />
<small>(</small><small>1948 – 1959)</small><br />
|[[File:Photograph captioned 'Tikka Rajbir Singh (Heir to the State gadi). (Born 1918).', Jind State.jpg|264x264px]]<br />
|1948<br />
|1959<br />
|<br />
|<ref name=":8" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Counsel clears air on erstwhile royal family |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/haryana/counsel-clears-air-on-erstwhile-royal-family-719373/ |access-date=2025-05-25 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Gandhi |first=Surjit Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZxxuAAAAMAAJ |title=Struggle of the Sikhs for Sovereignty |date=1980 |publisher=Gur Das Kapur |pages=350 |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|Satbir Singh<br />
<small>(</small><small>1940</small> <small>–</small> <small>2023)</small><br />
|<br />
|1959<br />
|2023<br />
|Upon the death of his father, Rajbir Singh, in 1959, [[Yadavindra Singh]], the [[Maharaja of Patiala]], installed him as the [[Maharaja]] of [[Jind State|Jind]].<br />
|<ref name=":8" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-09-17 |title=Guest column: Life and legacy of the last Maharaja of Punjab |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/guest-column-life-and-legacy-of-the-last-maharaja-of-punjab-101694938007769.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230929211506/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/guest-column-life-and-legacy-of-the-last-maharaja-of-punjab-101694938007769.html |archive-date=2023-09-29 |access-date=2025-05-25 |work=Hindustan Times |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-23 |title=Dalit activists protest on Punjab's Sangrur jail premises, demand 927 acres of erstwhile Jind Riyasat to set up 'Begampura' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/dalit-activists-protest-punjab-sangrur-jail-premises-927-acres-jind-riyasat-begampura-10023331/ |access-date=2025-05-25 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== List of rulers of the Nabha ===<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
! rowspan="2" |Name<br />
<small>(Birth–Death)</small><br />
! rowspan="2" |Portrait<br />
! colspan="2" |Term of office<br />
! rowspan="2" |Note(s)<br />
! rowspan="2" |Reference<br />
|-<br />
!Start date<br />
!End date<br />
|-<br />
|Hamir Singh<br />
{{Small|(died 1783)}}<br />
|[[File:Painting_of_a_nimbate_Sardar_Hamir_Singh_of_Nabha_holding_a_flower_and_leaning_on_a_bolster.jpg|150x150px]]<br />
|1765<br />
|1783<br />
|<br />
| rowspan="10" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Soszynski |first=Henry |title=NABHA |url=http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/n/nabha.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170719114517/http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/n/nabha.html |archive-date=2017-07-19 |access-date=2026-04-18 |website=members.iinet.net.au}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Archives |first=Royal |date=2025-04-22 |title=Nabha (Princely State) |url=https://oroyalarchives.com/nabha/ |access-date=2026-04-18 |website=Royal Archives |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|Jaswant Singh<br />
{{Small|(1775 – 22 May 1840)}}<br />
|[[File:Miniature_painting_of_Raja_Jaswant_Singh_of_Nabha_seated_and_leaning_against_a_bolster,_inscribed_in_Perso-Arabic_script.jpg|218x218px]]<br />
|1783<br />
|22 May 1840<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Devinder Singh<br />
{{Small|(5 September 1822 – November 1865)}}<br />
|[[File:Miniature_painting_of_Raja_Devinder_Singh_of_Nabha_seated_on_a_chair.jpg|210x210px]]<br />
|1840<br />
|1846<br />
|''Deposed''<br />
|-<br />
|Bharpur Singh<br />
{{Small|(4 October 1840 – 9 November 1863)}}<br />
|[[File:Equestrian_painting_of_a_nimbate_Raja_Bharpur_Singh_of_Nabha,_containing_Persian_inscriptions_on_border.jpg|150x150px]]<br />
|1846<br />
| 9 November 1863<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Bhagwan Singh<br />
{{Small|(30 November 1842 – 31 May 1871)}}<br />
|[[File:Photograph_of_Raja_Bhagwan_Singh_of_Nabha_State.jpg|187x187px]]<br />
|17 February 1864<br />
|31 May 1871<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Hira Singh Nabha|Hira Singh]]<br />
{{Small|(19 December 1843 – 24 December 1911)}}<br />
|[[File:Photograph_of_Raja_Hira_Singh_(alt._spelt_as_'Heera_Singh')_of_Nabha_State_seated_with_sword_and_shield,_by_Bourne_and_Shepherd_Studio,_Shimla,_July_1877.jpg|155x155px]]<br />
|10 August 1871<br />
|25 December 1911<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Ripudaman Singh]]<br />
{{Small|(4 March 1883 – 13 December 1942)}}<br />
|[[File:Photograph_of_Maharaja_Ripudaman_Singh_of_Nabha_State,_Bourne_&_Shepherd,_1903.jpg|195x195px]]<br />
|25 December 1911<br />
|7 July 1923<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Pratap Singh Nabha|Pratap Singh]]<br />
{{Small|(21 September 1919 – 22 July 1995)}}<br />
|[[File:Photograph_captioned_'His_Highness_The_Maharaja_of_Nabha'_(Pratap_Singh),_Nabha_State,_ca.1939.jpg|242x242px]]<br />
|7 July 1923<br />
|24 July 1995<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Hanuwant Singh<br />
{{Small|(5 December 1948 – 30 June 2017)}}<br />
|<br />
|24 July 1995<br />
|30 June 2017<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Yudhister Singh<br />
{{Small|(5 December 1972 – present)}}<br />
|<br />
|30 June 2017<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
<br />
* [[Phulkian dynasty]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references /><br />
[[Category:Princely states]]<br />
[[Category:Former British protectorates]]<br />
[[Category:Phulkian dynasty]]<br />
[[Category:Patiala State]]<br />
[[Category:Jind State]]<br />
[[Category:Nabha State]]</div>CatharineJorgenshttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=RJ_Malishka&diff=527786RJ Malishka2026-04-16T05:14:14Z<p>CatharineJorgens: started first biography w/ infobox</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian radio personality}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = RJ Malishka<br />
| image = RJ Malishka at Special screening of Thor Ragnarok.jpg<br />
| birth_name = Malishka Mendonsa<br />
| other names = RJ Malishka<br />
| birth_date = <br />
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], India<br />
| alma_mater = [[Sophia College for Women]]<br />
| occupation = [[radio jockey]]<br />
}}<br />
'''Malishka Mendonsa''', popularly known as '''RJ Malishka''', is an Indian radio personality. She participated in the [[YouTube Originals]] series ''Pretty Fit'' hosted by [[Prajakta Koli]]. Malishka hosts ''Morning No. 1 with Malishka'' on the [[Red FM 93.5]] radio station.<br />
<br />
== Biography ==<br />
=== Early life ===<br />
Malishka was born and brought up in [[Mumbai]], India. She completed her schooling at St. Charles High School. Having lost her father at an early age, she was raised by her mother Lily Mendonsa. She claims to have gone from "galli" to global"<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.vervemagazine.in/people/all-by-myself-malishka-mendonsa|title=All By Myself: Malishka Mendonsa|date=2018-10-21|website=Verve Magazine|language=en-US|access-date=2019-09-21}}</ref> She graduated with a [[Bachelor of Arts]] degree in political science from [[St. Xavier College]], [[University of Mumbai]]. After a year break, she did her [[Master of Arts]] in Mass Communication at [[Sophia College for Women]] in Mumbai.{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}}<br />
<br />
=== Career ===<br />
Malishka started her career as a radio jockey. Her [[Red FM 93.5]] show "Morning No 1 with Malishka", in particular, won the "Best Breakfast Programme/Show (Hindi) at the Indian Excellence in Radio Awards" in 2010.<ref name=rediff>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/getahead/report/interview-with-rj-malishka/20100520.htm|title='Amitabh called me 'howleracious'!'|work=rediff.com|accessdate=2016-04-03}}</ref> In 2010 she also hosted a travel show on [[Fox Traveller]] titled ''It Happens only in India''.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt10703706/ | title=It Happens only in India | website=[[IMDb]] }}</ref> She has also done shows like ''Best Breakfast Programme'' and ''M Bole Toh''.{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}} On 13 July 2014, Malishka entered the dance reality show ''[[Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 7]]'' as a wild card contestant but was eliminated in the 9th week of the program.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/top-stories/story/rj-malishka-jhalak-dikkhla-jaa-eliminated-host-203500-2014-08-10 |title = RJ Malishka gets eliminated from Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa, wants to host next season| date=10 August 2014 }}</ref> Bollywood actress [[Vidya Balan]] was trained by Malishka for playing the role of an RJ in the 2006 [[Bollywood]] film ''[[Lage Raho Munnabhai]]''.<ref name="radioandmusic.com">{{Cite web|url=http://www.radioandmusic.com/content/editorial/just-talk/red-fm-rj-malishka-i-was-destined-be-radio#|title = RED FM RJ Malishka - I was destined to be in radio}}</ref> She later played the role of a radio jockey in the 2017 Bollywood film ''[[Tumhari Sulu]]'' starring [[Vidya Balan]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-news-rj-malishka-makes-her-filmi-debut-in-vidya-balan-s-tumhari-sulu-2438239|title=NEWS! RJ Malishka makes her filmi debut in Vidya Balan's 'Tumhari Sulu'|date=2017-05-15|work=dna|access-date=2018-10-30|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.radioandmusic.com/entertainment/editorial/news/170130-big-boss-participants-are-brave-rj-malishka|title=Big Boss participants are brave: RJ Malishka|access-date=2018-10-30|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
Malishka published a song on YouTube about Mumbai's monsoon problems people face every year, including potholes, traffic jams, and railway disruptions. The song was themed around the question "Mumbai, do you trust the BMC?" and referred to the [[Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation]] (BMC). With the success of the song, in 2018, she published a new song targeting the BMC.{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}} Subsequently, in 2019, the BMC invited Malishka for road inspection where she was explained about the functioning of the civic body and how it takes up efforts to maintain the city roads during the monsoons.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://zeenews.india.com/people/bmc-invites-rj-malishka-to-inspect-pre-monsoon-work-pics-2213109.html|title=BMC invites RJ Malishka to inspect pre-monsoon work - Pics|date=2019-06-20|website=Zee News|language=en|access-date=2019-09-21}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2020, she participated in ''[[Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi 10]]''; she was eliminated in the 4th week of the program.<br />
<br />
==Dubbing roles==<br />
===Live action films===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! Film title !! Actress !! Character !! Dub Language !! Original Language !! Original Year Release !! Dub Year Release <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Thor: Ragnarok]]'' || [[Tessa Thompson]] || Valkyrie / Scrapper 142 || Hindi || English || 2017 || 2017 <br />
|-<br />
|[[Avengers: Endgame]]<br />
|[[Tessa Thompson]]<br />
|Valkyrie<br />
|Hindi<br />
|English<br />
|2019<br />
|2019<br />
|-<br />
|[[Thor: Love and Thunder]]<br />
|[[Tessa Thompson]]<br />
|Valkyrie<br />
|Hindi<br />
|English<br />
|2022<br />
|2022<br />
|-<br />
|[[The Marvels]]<br />
|[[Tessa Thompson]]<br />
|Valkyrie<br />
|Hindi<br />
|English<br />
|2023<br />
|2023<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Animated films===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! Film title !! Original Voice(s) !! Character(s) !! Dub Language !! Original Language !! Original Year release !! Dub Year release <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[The Incredibles]]'' || [[Elizabeth Peña]] || Mirage (Mona) || Hindi || English || 2004 || 2004 <br />
|-<br />
|[[Inside Out 2]]<br />
|[[Maya Hawke]]<br />
|[[Anxiety (Inside Out)]]<br />
|Hindi<br />
|English<br />
|2024<br />
|2024<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===As actress===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
!Year<br />
!Name<br />
!Role<br />
|-<br />
|2017<br />
|''[[Tumhari Sulu]]''<br />
|RJ Albeli Anjali<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Filmography ==<br />
=== Television ===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! Year !! Name !! Role !! Channel !! Notes <br />
|-<br />
| 2010 || ''It Happens only in India'' || Host || [[Fox Traveller]] ||<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
| 2014 || ''[[Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 7]]'' || Contestant || [[Colors TV]] ||9th place<br />
|-<br />
| 2020 || ''[[Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi 10]]'' || Contestant || [[Colors TV]] || 9th place<br />
|-<br />
| 2020 || ''[[Dancing Queen (Marathi TV series)|Dancing Queen {{small|Size Large, Full Charge}}]]'' || Judge ||[[Zee Marathi]] || <br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Web series ===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
!Year<br />
!Name <br />
!Role <br />
!Platform<br />
|-<br />
|2018<br />
|''[[XXX (web series)|XXX]]'' <br />
|Kinky <br />
|[[ALTBalaji]]<br />
|-<br />
|2024<br />
|''[[Freedom at Midnight (web series)|Freedom at Midnight]]''<br />
|[[Sarojini Naidu]]<br />
|[[SonyLIV]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{IMDb name|7838160}}<br />
* [http://rjmalishka.com Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190124234613/http://rjmalishka.com/ |date=24 January 2019 }} http://rjmalishka.com {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190124234613/http://rjmalishka.com/ |date=24 January 2019 }}<br />
<br />
{{authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Malishka, RJ}}<br />
[[Category:Indian women radio presenters]]<br />
[[Category:Indian radio presenters]]<br />
[[Category:Artists from Mumbai]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br />
[[Category:Contestants on Indian game shows]]<br />
[[Category:Participants in Indian reality television series]]</div>CatharineJorgenshttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sudhakar_Adbale&diff=537875Sudhakar Adbale2026-04-12T13:40:16Z<p>CatharineJorgens: starting some data nd citations</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| image =<br />
| office = Member of the [[Maharashtra Legislative Council]]<br />
| term_start = 3 February 2023<br />
| term_end = <br />
| predecessor = <br />
| successor = <br />
| office2 = <br />
| prime_minister1 = <br />
| term_start2 = <br />
| term_end2 = <br />
| predecessor2 = <br />
| successor2 = <br />
| office3 = <br />
| prime_minister3 = <br />
| term_start3 = <br />
| term_end3 = <br />
| predecessor3 = <br />
| successor3 = <br />
| constituency = <br />
| birth_date = <br />
| birth_place = <br />
| occupation = Politician<br />
| spouse = <br />
| children = <br />
| father = <br />
| party = <br />
| other_party = <br />
| sibling = <br />
}}<br />
'''Sudhakar Govindrao Adbale''' is a politician from the state of [[Maharashtra]] and is a member of the [[Maharashtra Legislative Council]] representing the constituency of [[Nagpur]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-03 |title=With Sudhakar Adbale win, MVA scores big over BJP in MLC polls second time |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/with-adbale-win-mva-scores-big-over-bjp-in-mlc-polls-2nd-time/articleshow/97561000.cms |access-date=2024-07-07 |website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-20 |title=MLC polls: Congress finally declares support to Sudhakar Adbale in Nagpur |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/mlc-polls-cong-finally-declares-support-to-adbale/articleshow/97147193.cms |access-date=2024-07-07 |website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-23 |title=Will look into problems of staff at Ashram school: MLC Sudhakar Adbale |url=https://www.nagpurtoday.in/will-look-into-problems-of-staff-at-ashram-school-mlc-sudhakar-adbale/05231200 |access-date=2024-07-07 |website=Nagpur Today : Nagpur News |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Adbale, Sudhakar}}<br />
[[Category:Politicians from Maharashtra]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]</div>CatharineJorgenshttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sangram_Singh_(politician)&diff=532654Sangram Singh (politician)2026-04-12T00:37:25Z<p>CatharineJorgens: starting new bio from scratch</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Member of Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| name = Sangram Singh Yadav<br />
| office1 = Member of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]<br />
| constituency1 = [[Phephana Assembly constituency|Phephana]]<br />
| term_start1 = March 2022<br />
| term_end1 =<br />
| predecessor1 = [[Upendra Tiwari]]<br />
| successor1 = <br />
| office = [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Member of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]<br />
| constituency = [[Chilkahar Assembly constituency|Chilkahar]]<br />
| term_start = 1993<br />
| term_end = 1995<br />
| predecessor = [[Ram Akbal Singh]]<br />
| successor = <br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1961|6|1}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Ballia]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
| party = [[Samajwadi Party]]<br />
| occupation = [[Politician]], [[Farmer]]<br />
| education = [[Bachelor of Science]]<br />
| alma_mater = [[Deen Dayal Upadhyay Gorakhpur University|DDU Gorakhpur University]]<br />
| father = Hardev Singh Yadav<br />
| spouse = Pinki Devi<br />
| children = 3 <br />
}}<br />
'''Sangram Singh Yadav''' is an Indian [[politician]], [[farmer]], and a member of the [[18th Uttar Pradesh Assembly]] from the [[Phephana Assembly constituency]].<ref name="upla">{{Cite web |url=https://uplegisassembly.gov.in/Members/main_members_en.aspx#/Data/18360/18 |title=Members of Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly |publisher=[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] |website=uplegisassembly.gov.in |access-date=3 June 2024}}</ref><ref name="prs">{{Cite web |url=https://prsindia.org/mlatrack/sangram-singh |title=Sangram Singh |access-date=3 June 2024 |website=prsindia.org |publisher=[[PRS Legislative Research]]}}</ref><ref name="ourneta">{{Cite web |url=https://ourneta.com/neta/sangram-singh/ |title=Sangram Singh, SP MLA from Phephana |website=ourneta.com |access-date=3 June 2024}}</ref> He is a member of the [[Samajwadi Party]].<ref name="upla"/><ref name="prs"/><ref name="ourneta"/><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/uttar-pradesh/ballia/news/sp-mla-sangram-yadav-becomes-sp-district-president-of-ballia-132451115.html |title=SP MLA Sangram Yadav becomes SP District President of Ballia |language=hi |publisher=[[Dainik Bhaskar]] |access-date=3 June 2024}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Early life==<br />
<br />
Sangram Singh was born on 1 June 1961 in [[Ballia]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], to a [[Hindu]] family of Hardev Singh Yadav.<ref name="upla"/> He married Phool Kumari on 11 May 1983, and they have three children.<ref name="upla"/><br />
<br />
==Education==<br />
<br />
Sangram Singh completed his education with a [[Bachelor of Science]] at [[Deen Dayal Upadhyay Gorakhpur University]], [[Gorakhpur]], in 1982.<ref name="myneta">{{Cite web |url=https://myneta.info/Uttarpradesh2022/candidate.php?candidate_id=3603 |title=Sangram Singh(Samajwadi Party(SP)):Constituency- PHEPHANA(BALIA) |website=myneta.info |access-date=3 June 2024}}</ref> Later, he joined [[Veer Bahadur Singh Purvanchal University]], Jaunpur, where he completed a [[Bachelor of Education]] in 1989.<ref name="myneta"/><br />
<br />
==Posts held==<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! # !! From !! To !! Position !! Comments<br />
|-<br />
| 01 || 2022 || Incumbent || Member, [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] ||<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Portal bar|India|Politics}}<br />
{{authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Sangram}}<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:1961 births]]<br />
[[Category:People from Ballia]]<br />
[[Category:People from Ballia district]]<br />
[[Category:Samajwadi Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
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{{UttarPradesh-SP-politician-stub}}</div>CatharineJorgenshttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nasreen_Shaikh&diff=520743Nasreen Shaikh2026-04-11T10:51:44Z<p>CatharineJorgens: created new page!</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Indian kho-kho player}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}<br />
[[File:Nasreen Shaikh in January 2024.jpg|thumb|Shaikh in 2024]]<br />
'''Nasreen Shaikh''' (born 7 November 1998) is an [[Indian people|Indian]] [[kho-kho]] player from Delhi. She was a former captain of the [[India women's national kho kho team]].<ref name=":1" /> She became the second kho-kho player to receive the [[Arjuna Award]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Habib |first=Khurram |date=2024-01-09 |title=Nasreen Shaikh: The rise of a new star |url=https://thepatriot.in/sport/nasreen-shaikh-the-rise-of-a-new-star-44367 |access-date=2024-01-09 |website=The Patriot |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports |url=http://pib.gov.in/PressNoteDetails.aspx?NoteId=151772 |access-date=2024-01-09 |website=pib.gov.in |language=en}}</ref> [[Kho Kho Federation of India|Kho-Kho Federation of India]] screened her bio-pic during the opening ceremony of the [[Ultimate Kho Kho|Ultimate Kho-kho]], a National league.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-23 |title=Kho-Kho Federation to Screen Nasreen Shaikh's Biopic in Her Honour |url=https://www.news18.com/sports/kho-kho-federation-to-screen-nasreen-shaikhs-biopic-in-her-honour-8715094.html |access-date=2024-01-09 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kho-Kho Federation of India to honour Nasreen Shaikh with a biopic on her |url=https://www.punjabnewsexpress.com/sports/news/kho-kho-federation-of-india-to-honour-nasreen-shaikh-with-a-biopic-on-her-233789 |access-date=2024-01-09 |website=www.punjabnewsexpress.com}}</ref><br />
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== Early life and education ==<br />
Nasreen was born in Shakurpur, [[Delhi]]. Her father, Mohammed Ghafoor, is a contractor who polishes and sells utensils. She studied at the Government Senior Secondary School in Kohat Enclave and started playing [[Kho kho|kho-kho]] in Class 3.<ref name=":1" /> After schooling, she graduated from [[Delhi University]]'s [[Daulat Ram College]] with a [[Bachelor of Arts|Bachelor of Arts degree]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2020-04-30 |title=India women's kho kho captain gets help after SOS call |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/other-sports/india-women-s-kho-kho-captain-gets-help-after-sos-call-others-still-face-hardship/story-IVLPkJx6N8KLw04WhQCryJ.html |access-date=2024-01-09 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> Later, she did Bachelors in Physical Education from the same college.<ref name=":1" /> She has six sisters and four brothers.<ref name=":1" /> She has a contract job with the [[Airports Authority of India]].<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-04-25 |title='Was nearing a no-ration phase': Meet India's kho-kho captain |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/other-sports/india-khokho-captain-indias-nasreen-sheikh-coronavirus-covid-19/article31433991.ece |access-date=2024-01-09 |website=Sportstar |language=en}}</ref><br />
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== Career ==<br />
She captained the Indian women's kho-kho team at the [[South Asian Games]], where India won the gold medal.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |date=2023-12-22 |title='Big achievement for our game': Indian women's kho-kho team captain Nasreen Shaikh on being nominated for Arjuna Award - www.lokmattimes.com |url=https://www.lokmattimes.com/other-sports/big-achievement-for-our-game-indian-womens-kho-kho-team-captain-nasreen-shaikh-on-being-nominated/ |access-date=2024-01-09 |website=Lokmat English |language=en}}</ref> She retired after her successful campaign in the inaugural Kho Kho World Cup.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-20 |title=Kho Kho World Cup: India's road to the men's and women's title wins |url=https://thebridge.in/kho-kho/world-cup-india-road-men-women-title-wins-51659 |access-date=2025-03-10 |website=thebridge.in |language=en}}</ref><br />
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She was part of the Indian women's team that won the first [[Kho Kho World Cup]] at [[New Delhi]] in January 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-15 |title=Kho Kho World Cup: Indian women make history with 157-point rout of South Korea |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/sports/kho-kho-world-cup-indian-women-make-history-with-157-point-rout-of-south-korea-1503386655.html |access-date=2025-03-08 |website=The Statesman |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Krishnan |first=Vivek |date=2025-01-09 |title=Waikar to lead Indian men's team in Kho Kho WC |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/waikar-to-lead-indian-mens-team-in-kho-kho-wc/article69081262.ece |access-date=2025-03-11 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The Indian team defeated [[South Korea]], [[IR Iran]] and [[Malaysia]] in the group stages, [[Bangladesh]] in quarterfinals and [[South Africa]] in semifinals. They defeated [[Nepal men's national kho kho team|Nepal]] 78–40 in the final.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |title=Indian Women create history at Kho Kho World Cup 2025 with commanding victory over rivals Nepal to secure coveted trophy |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/sports/indian-women-create-history-at-kho-kho-world-cup-2025-with-commanding-victory-over-rivals-nepal-to-secure-coveted-trophy/ |access-date=2025-03-09 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-01-19 |title=Indian women win first-ever Kho Kho World Cup 2025; PM Modi hails 'historic' victory {{!}} Mint |url=https://www.livemint.com/sports/indian-women-win-first-ever-kho-kho-world-cup-2025-pm-modi-hails-historic-victory-11737302241435.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250201155957/https://www.livemint.com/sports/indian-women-win-first-ever-kho-kho-world-cup-2025-pm-modi-hails-historic-victory-11737302241435.html |archive-date=1 February 2025 |access-date=2025-03-09 |work=mint |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
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== Awards ==<br />
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* [[Arjuna Award]] 2023.<ref name=":0" /><br />
* BBC ‘Sportswoman of the Year 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2025-02-18 |title=Nasreen Shaikh wins BBC Sportswoman Award as kho kho's star rises |url=https://indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/sports/nasreen-shaikh-wins-bbc-sportswoman-award-as-kho-kho%E2%80%99s-star-rises-250218 |access-date=2025-02-20 |website=indiantelevision.com |language=en}}</ref><br />
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== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Shaikh, Nasreen}}<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:1998 births]]<br />
[[Category:Kho kho players]]<br />
[[Category:South Asian Games gold medalists for India]]<br />
[[Category:Recipients of the Arjuna Award]]<br />
[[Category:Delhi University alumni]]</div>CatharineJorgenshttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dinkarrao_Shinde&diff=497208Dinkarrao Shinde2026-04-03T16:59:57Z<p>CatharineJorgens: adding new bio.</p>
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<div>{{short description|Indian wrestler}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}<br />
{{Infobox amateur wrestler<br />
|name = Dinkarrao Shinde<br />
|image = Indian-Olympic-Team-1920.jpg<br />
|image_size = <br />
|caption = Dinkarrao Shinde (top row, far left), 1920<br />
|weight = <br />
|birth_date = 2 June 1900<br />
|birth_place = [[Kolhapur]], British India<br />
|death_date = 18 August 1962 <br />
|death_place = [[Kolhapur]], India<br />
|high school = <br />
|state championships = <br />
|college = <br />
|ncaa championships = <br />
|olympic team = <br />
}}<br />
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'''Dinkarrao Shinde''' (also '''Dinkkarao''', 2 June 1900 – 18 August 1962) was an Indian [[amateur wrestling|wrestler]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/58722 |title=Dinkkarao Shinde |work=Olympedia |access-date=11 September 2021}}</ref> He competed in the [[Wrestling at the 1920 Summer Olympics – Men's freestyle featherweight|freestyle featherweight event]] at the [[1920 Summer Olympics]] where he finished fourth.<ref name="sports-reference">{{cite web |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/sh/randhir-shindes-1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418110304/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/sh/randhir-shindes-1.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 April 2020 |title=Dinkkarao Shinde Olympic Results |accessdate=7 September 2013 |work=sports-reference.com}}</ref> He was the first Indian wrestler to win an Olympic bout.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thebridge.in/olympics/from-deccan-gymkhana-to-antwerp-indians-debut-at-the-1920-olympics-47721 |title=From Deccan Gymkhana to Antwerp; how Indians made debut at Olympics |website=The Bridge |date=19 June 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolhapur/merit-in-marathon-wrestling-medal-a-close-miss-for-indias-first-olympics-contingent-in-1920/articleshow/112258002.cms |title=Merit in marathon, wrestling medal a close miss for India's first Olympic contingent in 1920 |website=The Times of India |date=4 August 2024 }}</ref><br />
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== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*{{olympics.com}}<br />
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{{Authority control}}<br />
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Shinde, Dinkarrao}}<br />
[[Category:1900 births]]<br />
[[Category:Olympic wrestlers for India]]<br />
[[Category:Wrestlers at the 1920 Summer Olympics]]<br />
[[Category:Indian male sport wrestlers]]<br />
[[Category:Sport wrestlers from Maharashtra]]<br />
[[Category:Sportspeople from Kolhapur]]<br />
[[Category:1962 deaths]]<br />
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{{India-wrestling-bio-stub}}</div>CatharineJorgenshttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ring_road&diff=453347Ring road2026-03-27T20:58:14Z<p>CatharineJorgens: </p>
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<div>{{Short description|Type of road encircling a settlement}}<br />
{{Other uses|Ring Road (disambiguation)}}<br />
{{Redirect|Beltway|the term used in American politics|Inside the Beltway}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}<br />
[[File:M25 London.jpg|thumb|[[M25 motorway|M25]], the primary ring road of London]]<br />
A '''ring road''' (also known as '''circular road,''' '''beltline''', '''beltway''', '''circumferential''' ('''high''')'''way''', '''loop''' or '''orbital''') is a [[road]] or a series of connected roads encircling a town, city or country. The most common purpose of a ring road is to assist in reducing traffic volumes in the urban centre, such as by offering an alternate route around the city for drivers who do not need to stop in the city core. Ring roads can also serve to connect suburbs to each other, allowing efficient travel between them.<br />
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==Nomenclature==<br />
[[File:Москва-Сити и ТТК (вид от Кутузовского проспекта).jpg|thumb|right|The [[Third Ring Road (Moscow)|Third Ring Road]] in the area of the [[Moscow International Business Center]]]]<br />
The name "ring road" is used for the majority of metropolitan circumferential routes in Europe, such as the [[Bundesautobahn 10|Berliner Ring]], the [[Brussels Ring]], the [[A10 motorway (Netherlands)|Amsterdam Ring]] and the [[Leeds]] [[Leeds Inner Ring Road|Inner]] and [[Leeds Outer Ring Road|Outer]] ring roads. [[Australia]], [[Pakistan]], and [[India]] also use the term ring road, as in [[Melbourne]]'s [[M80 Ring Road, Melbourne|Western Ring Road]], [[Lahore]]'s [[Lahore Ring Road]] and [[Hyderabad]]'s [[Outer Ring Road (Hyderabad)|Outer Ring Road]]. In Canada the term is the most commonly used, with "orbital" also used, but to a much lesser extent.<br />
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In Europe and Australia, some ring roads, particularly longer ones of [[motorway]] standard, are known as "orbital motorways". Examples are the [[London Orbital]] (generally known as the M25; 188&nbsp;km), [[Sydney Orbital Network]] (110&nbsp;km), and [[Grande Raccordo Anulare|Rome Orbital]] (68&nbsp;km).<br />
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In the United States many ring roads are called '''beltlines''', '''beltways''' or '''loops''', such as the [[Capital Beltway]] around [[Washington, D.C.]] Some ring roads, such as Washington's Capital Beltway, use "Inner Loop" and "Outer Loop" [[inner/outer directions|terminology]] for directions of travel, since [[cardinal directions|cardinal (compass) directions]] cannot be signed uniformly around the entire loop. The term 'ring road' is occasionally – and inaccurately – used interchangeably with the term '[[Bypass (road)|bypass]]'.<br />
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==Background==<br />
[[File:Sydney-orbital-black-line.png|thumb|alt=Map of the Sydney orbital network|The [[Sydney Orbital Network]], New South Wales, Australia]]<br />
[[File:Tribiano - tangenziale est esterna.jpg|thumb|The [[Autostrada A58]], the [[Milan]] external east ring road, Italy. Together with the [[Autostrada A50]] (Milan west ring road), the [[Autostrada A51]] (Milan east ring road) and the [[Autostrada A52]] (Milan north ring road), it is the largest system of ring roads around a city in Italy, for a total length greater than {{convert|100|km}}.<ref name="auto">{{cite web|last1=Marcomin |first1=Fabio |url=https://www.milanocittastato.it/evergreen/forse-non-sapevi-che/7-curiosita-sulla-tangenziali-di-milano/|title=7 cose che forse non sapevi delle TANGENZIALI di Milano|work=Milano Città Stato |date=26 October 2020 |access-date=13 June 2024|language=it}}</ref>]]<br />
[[Bypass (road)|Bypasses]] around many large and small towns were built in many areas when many old roads were converted to four-lane status in the 1930s to 1950s, such as those along the [[National Road|Old National Road]] (now generally [[U.S. Route 40|U.S. 40]] or [[Interstate 70]]) in the United States, leaving the old road in place to serve the town or city, but allowing through travelers to continue on a wider, faster and safer route.<br />
<br />
Construction of fully circumferential ring roads has generally occurred more recently, beginning in the 1960s in many areas, when the U.S. [[Interstate Highway System]] and similar-quality roads elsewhere were designed. Ring roads have now been built around numerous cities and [[Metropolitan area|metropolitan areas]], including cities with multiple ring roads, irregularly shaped ring roads and ring roads made up of various other long-distance roads.<br />
<br />
[[London]] has three ring roads (the [[M25 motorway]], the [[A406 road|North]] and [[A205|South Circular]] roads and the [[London Inner Ring Road|Inner Ring Road]]). [[Birmingham]] also has three ring roads which consist of the [[Birmingham Box]]; the [[A4540]], commonly known as the Middleway; and the [[A4040]], the Outer Ring Road. Birmingham once had a fourth ring road, the [[A4400]]. This has been partially demolished and downgraded to improve traffic flow into the city. Other British cities have two: [[Leeds]], [[Sheffield]], [[Norwich]] and [[Glasgow]]. [[Cleveland, OH]] and [[San Antonio, TX]], in the [[United States]], also each have two, while [[Houston, Texas]] will have three official ring roads (not including the downtown freeway loop). Some cities have far more{{snd}} [[Beijing]], for example, has [[Ring roads of Beijing|six ring roads]], simply numbered in increasing order from the city center (though skipping #1), while Moscow has five, three innermost ([[Central Squares of Moscow]], [[Boulevard Ring]] and [[Garden Ring]]) corresponding to the concentric lines of fortifications around the ancient city, and the two outermost ([[MKAD]] and [[Third Ring Road (Moscow)|Third Ring]]) built in the twentieth century, though, confusingly, the Third Ring was built last.<br />
<br />
Geographical constraints can complicate the construction of a complete ring road. For example, the [[Interstate 695 (Maryland)|Baltimore Beltway]] in [[Maryland]] formerly crossed [[Baltimore Harbor]] on a high arch [[Francis Scott Key Bridge (Baltimore)|bridge]] prior to its collapse in 2024, and much of the partially completed [[Stockholm Ring Road]] in [[Sweden]] runs through tunnels or over long bridges. Some towns or cities on sea coasts or near rugged mountains cannot have a full ring road. Examples of such partial ring roads are Dublin's [[M50 motorway (Ireland)|ring road]]; and, in the US, [[Interstate 287]], mostly in [[New Jersey]] (bypassing New York City), and [[Interstate 495 (Massachusetts)|Interstate 495]] around [[Boston]], none of which completely circles these seaport cities.<br />
<br />
In other cases, adjacent international boundaries may prevent ring road completion. Construction of a true ring road around [[Detroit]] is effectively blocked by its location on the border with Canada and the [[Detroit River]]; although constructing a route mostly or entirely outside city limits is technically feasible, a true ring around Detroit would necessarily pass through Canada, and so [[Interstate 275 (Michigan)|Interstate 275]] and [[Interstate 696]] together bypass but do not encircle the city. Sometimes, the presence of significant natural or historical areas limits route options, as for the long-proposed [[Washington Outer Beltway|Outer Beltway]] around Washington, D.C., where options for a new western [[Potomac River]] crossing are limited by a nearly continuous corridor of heavily visited scenic, natural, and historical landscapes in the [[Mather Gorge|Potomac River Gorge]] and adjacent areas.<br />
<br />
When referring to a road encircling a capital city, the term "beltway" can also have a political connotation, as in the [[United States|American]] term "[[Inside the Beltway (terminology)|Inside the Beltway]]", derived [[metonymy|metonymically]] from the [[Interstate 495 (Capital Beltway)|Capital Beltway]] encircling Washington, D.C.<br />
<br />
== Impact ==<br />
Ring roads decentralize traffic by providing alternative routes around the city, allowing through-traffic and freight flows to bypass the urban core. This relieves pressure on heavily congested [[inner-city]] roads and reduces the volume of unwanted transit movements that would otherwise enter central districts. At the same time, orbitals reshape metropolitan structure: accessibility often becomes highest along the ring, drawing economic activity and population towards suburban areas. This decentralization can increase car dependence and generate new inter-suburban traffic, which over time may erode some of the initial congestion benefits.<ref name="sustainability" /><br />
<br />
A comparative analysis of ring-road schemes in multiple cities concluded that orbital roads tend to relieve congestion only temporarily, as traffic volumes rise again through induced demand. The study found that long-term congestion reduction requires combining ring roads with comprehensive travel-demand management measures, such as improved [[public transport]], [[congestion charging]], and compact [[land-use planning]], rather than relying on road construction alone.<ref name="sustainability">{{cite journal<br />
|last1=Nugmanova<br />
|first1=Assel<br />
|last2=Arndt<br />
|first2=Wulf-Holger<br />
|last3=Hossain<br />
|first3=Md Aslam<br />
|last4=Kim<br />
|first4=Jong Ryeol<br />
|title=Effectiveness of ring roads in reducing traffic congestion in cities for long run: Big Almaty ring road case study<br />
|journal=Sustainability<br />
|volume=11<br />
|issue=18<br />
|year=2019<br />
|pages=4973<br />
|doi=10.3390/su11184973<br />
|bibcode=2019Sust...11.4973N<br />
|doi-access=free<br />
}}</ref><br />
<br />
Ring roads have been criticised for [[Induced demand|inducing demand]], leading to more car journeys being taken and thus higher levels of pollution being created. By creating easy access by car to large areas of land, they can also act as a catalyst for development, leading to [[urban sprawl]] and car-centric planning.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Snell|first=Steven|date=7 November 2013|title=The Irony of Ring Roads|url=https://www.planetizen.com/node/65949|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111190541/https://www.planetizen.com/node/65949|archive-date=11 November 2020|access-date=2021-02-07|website=Planetizen|language=en}}</ref> Ring roads have also been criticised for splitting communities and being difficult to navigate for pedestrians and cyclists.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2014-04-05|title=Are these the worst ring roads in England?|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-26036572|access-date=2021-02-07|archive-date=11 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111180517/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-26036572|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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==Examples==<br />
{{Further|List of ring roads}}<br />
[[File:Leeds Inner Ring Road East Aug 2017.jpg|thumb|The [[Leeds Inner Ring Road]] in England was built in a series of tunnels to save space and avoid physically separating the city's centre from its suburbs.]]<br />
[[File:Sardar Patel Ring Road Ahmedabad.png|thumb|[[Sardar Patel Ring Road]], Ahmedabad]]<br />
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Most orbital motorways (or beltways) are purpose-built major highways around a town or city, typically without either signals or road or railroad crossings. In the United States, beltways are commonly parts of the Interstate Highway System. Similar roads in the United Kingdom are often called "orbital motorways". Although the terms "ring road" and "orbital motorway" are sometimes used interchangeably, "ring road" often indicates a circumferential route formed from one or more existing roads within a city or town, with the standard of road being anything from an ordinary city street up to motorway level. An excellent example of this is London's North Circular/South Circular ring roads, which are largely made up of (mainly congested) ordinary city streets.<br />
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In some cases, a circumferential route is formed by the combination of a major through highway and a similar-quality loop route that extends out from the parent road, later reconnecting with the same highway. Such loops not only function as a [[bypass route|bypass]] for through traffic, but also to serve outlying [[suburb]]s. In the United States, an Interstate highway loop is usually designated by a three-digit number beginning with an even digit before the two-digit number of its parent interstate. Interstate spurs, on the other hand, generally have three-digit numbers beginning with an odd digit.<br />
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===United States===<br />
[[File:2019-07-05 11 31 51 View north along Interstate 95 and Interstate 495 (Capital Beltway) from the overpass for Maryland State Route 704 (Martin Luther King, Junior Highway) in Carsondale, Prince George's County, Maryland.jpg|thumb|The [[Capital Beltway]] around [[Washington, DC]]]]<br />
[[File:I275 in Sharonville.jpg|thumb|I-275 passing through Sharonville (suburb of Cincinnati, OH)]]<br />
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Within the United States, even numbered three digit interstate highways act a circumferential route of the two digit parent interstate. Some instances (such as [[Interstate 495 (Beltway District of Columbia)|Interstate 495, DC]]) completely circle, while some (such as [[Interstate 495 (Massachusetts)|Interstate 495, MA]]) partially loop, either due to geographical or cancelled/non-completed highways. Within cities, ring roads sometimes have local nicknames; these include [[Washington, D.C.|Washington DC's]] Interstate 495 (The "Capital Beltway"), [[Interstate 270 (Ohio)|Interstate 270]] in [[Columbus, Ohio]] (The "Outerbelt"), and [[Interstate 285 (Georgia)|Interstate 285]] in [[Atlanta]] (The "Perimeter").<br />
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The longest complete beltway in the United States is the [[Texas State Highway Loop 1604|Charles W. Anderson Loop]], a {{convert|94|mi|km|adj=on}} loop in [[Texas]] that forms a complete loop around the [[Greater San Antonio]] area.<ref>{{Cite web |title=State Highway, Loop, and Spur Facts |url=https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/shfacts.htm |access-date=2023-05-31 |website=www.dot.state.tx.us}}</ref><br />
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The longest complete belt road, or a beltway that is only two lanes, in the United States is [[Hawaii Belt Road]], a {{convert|260|mi|km|adj=on}} belt in [[Hawaii]] that forms a complete belt road around [[Hawaii Island]].<br />
<ref>{{cite web |url=https://hidot.hawaii.gov/highways/home/hawaii/state-roads-and-highways/ |title=Big Island State Roads and Highways |website=hidot.hawaii.gov |access-date=2022-08-10 |archive-date=26 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211226022604/https://hidot.hawaii.gov/highways/home/hawaii/state-roads-and-highways/ |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
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Other major U.S. cities with such a beltway superhighway:<br />
* [[Atlanta, Georgia]]—[[Interstate 285 (Georgia)|Interstate 285]] (the Perimeter)<br />
* [[Athens, Georgia]]—[[Georgia State Route 10 Loop (Athens)|Georgia State Route 10 Loop/Athens Perimeter]]<br />
* [[Augusta, Georgia]]/[[North Augusta, South Carolina]]—[[Interstate 520]], and [[Interstate 20]]<br />
* [[Baltimore]]—[[Interstate 695 (Maryland)|Interstate 695]] formerly including the [[Francis Scott Key Bridge (Baltimore)|Francis Scott Key Bridge]]<br />
* [[Boston]]—[[Massachusetts Route 128|Route 128]]/[[Interstate 95 in Massachusetts|Interstate 95]] and [[Interstate 93]]/[[U.S. Route 1 in Massachusetts|U.S. Route 1]] form an inner beltway, and Interstate 495 (Massachusetts) forms an outer beltway. Inside the inner Route 128/I-95 and I-95/US 1 beltway, there were proposals (sinced canceled) for another beltway (at the time called the "Inner Belt" that would have carried [[Interstate 695 (Massachusetts)|Interstate 695]]; I-95 would have entered Boston via the [[Southwest Corridor (Massachusetts)|Southwest Corridor]] (Since redeveloped as part of the [[Northeast Corridor]] Mile Posts 217.3-228.7), while the rest of the belt would have carried Interstate 695.<br />
* [[Birmingham, Alabama]]—[[Interstate 459]] and proposed/under construction [[Interstate 422]]<br />
* [[Charlotte, North Carolina]]—[[Interstate 485]], and [[Interstate 277 (North Carolina)|Interstate 277]]<br />
* [[Cincinnati]]—[[Interstate 275 (Ohio–Indiana–Kentucky)|Interstate 275]]<br />
* [[Cleveland]]—[[Interstate 271 (Ohio)|Interstate 271]] and [[Interstate 480 (Ohio)|Interstate 480]]<br />
* [[Columbia, South Carolina]]—[[Interstate 26]], [[Interstate 77]], and [[Interstate 20]]<br />
* [[Columbus, Ohio]]—[[Interstate 270 (Ohio)|Interstate 270]]<br />
* [[Dallas]]—[[Dallas#Transportation|Downtown Circulator]], [[Interstate 20]]/[[Interstate 635 (Texas)|Interstate 635]]/[[Loop 12]]/[[Texas State Highway Spur 408|Spur 408]], and [[President George Bush Turnpike]]<br />
* [[Denver]]—(Partial) [[Colorado State Highway 470]] and [[E-470]]<br />
* [[Des Moines, Iowa]]-[[Interstate 35]]/[[Interstate 80]], [[U.S. Route 69]], [[Iowa Highway 5]]<br />
* [[Detroit]]—[[Interstate 275 (Michigan)|Interstate 275]] and [[Interstate 696]]<br />
* [[Dothan, Alabama]]—[[Ross Clark Circle]]; [[U.S. Route 231]], [[U.S. Route 431]], [[U.S. Route 84]], and [[Alabama State Route 210]]<br />
* [[El Paso, Texas]]—[[Loop 375]]<br />
* [[Fort Wayne, Indiana]]—[[Interstate 69]] and [[Interstate 469]]<br />
* [[Fort Worth, Texas]]—[[Interstate 20]]/[[Interstate 820]]<br />
* [[Greensboro, North Carolina]]—[[Interstate 85 in North Carolina|Interstate 85]], [[Interstate 840 (North Carolina)|Interstate 840]], [[Interstate 73 in North Carolina|Interstate 73]]<br />
* [[Hawaii Island]]—[[Hawaii Belt Road]]<br />
* [[Houston]]—[[Interstate 610 (Texas)|Interstate 610]], [[Texas State Highway Beltway 8|Beltway 8]], and the [[Texas State Highway 99|Grand Parkway]].<br />
* [[Indianapolis]]—[[Interstate 465]]<br />
* [[Jacksonville, Florida]]—[[Interstate 295 (Florida)|Interstate 295]]<br />
* [[Kansas City, Kansas]]/[[Kansas City, Missouri]]—[[Interstate 435]]<br />
* [[Lansing, Michigan]]—[[Interstate 96]], [[Interstate 69 in Michigan|Interstate 69]], [[U.S. Route 127 in Michigan|U.S Route 127]] and [[Interstate 496]]<br />
* [[Las Vegas]]—[[Interstate 215 (Nevada)|Interstate 215]]<br />
* [[Lexington, Kentucky|Lexington]]—[[New Circle Road|KY-4]]<br />
* [[Louisville, Kentucky|Louisville]]—[[Interstate 264 (Kentucky)|Interstate 264]], [[Interstate 265]]<br />
* [[Lubbock, Texas]]—[[Texas State Highway Loop 289|Loop 289]]<br />
* [[Memphis, Tennessee]]—[[Interstate 240 (Tennessee)|Interstate 240]] and [[Interstate 40 (Tennessee)|Interstate 40]] (Inner Beltway); [[Interstate 269]] (Outer Beltway)<br />
* [[Minneapolis]]/[[Saint Paul, Minnesota]]—[[Interstate 94]], [[Interstate 494]], and [[Interstate 694]]<br />
* [[Nashville, Tennessee]]—Downtown Loop ([[Interstate 24]], [[Interstate 40]], and [[Interstate 65]]), [[Interstate 440 (Tennessee)|Interstate 440]], and [[Briley Parkway]]<br />
* [[Oklahoma City]]—[[Interstate 44]], [[Kickapoo Turnpike]], [[Interstate 40 (Oklahoma)|Interstate 40]], [[Interstate 240 (Oklahoma)|Interstate 240]], [[Oklahoma State Highway 152|OK-152]] and [[John Kilpatrick Turnpike]]<br />
* [[New York City]]—[[Interstate 287]]<br />
* [[Norfolk, Virginia]]/[[Hampton Roads]]—[[Hampton Roads Beltway]]; [[Interstate 64]] and [[Interstate 664]]<br />
* [[Philadelphia]]—[[Interstate 476]], [[Interstate 276]] and [[Interstate 95 in Pennsylvania|Interstate 95]] around Philadelphia<br />
* [[Philadelphia]]/[[Camden, New Jersey|Camden]]—[[Interstate 676]] and [[Interstate 76 (Ohio–New Jersey)|Interstate 76]] around Center City and Camden<br />
* [[Philadelphia]]/[[Camden, New Jersey|Camden]]/[[Wilmington, Delaware|Wilmington]]—[[Interstate 95 in Pennsylvania|Interstate 95 in PA]]/[[Interstate 95 in Delaware|DE]] and [[Interstate 295 (Delaware–Pennsylvania)|Interstate 295]]<br />
* [[Phoenix, Arizona]]—[[Arizona State Route 101]] and [[Arizona State Route 202]]<br />
* [[Pittsburgh]]—[[Interstate 79]], the mainline [[Pennsylvania Turnpike]] and the [[Allegheny County belt system]]. (all [[de facto]] or, in the case of the latter, largely on surface streets) The [[Pennsylvania Route 576|Southern Beltway]], which is currently under construction, will serve as a true beltway.<br />
* [[Portland, Oregon]]—[[Interstate 405 (Oregon)|Interstate 405]] and [[Interstate 205 (Oregon)|Interstate 205]]<br />
* [[Providence, Rhode Island]]—[[Rhode Island Route 10]] serves as a partial inner beltway, while [[Interstate 295 (Rhode Island)|Interstate 295]] serves as a partial beltway to the west of Providence. Two different proposals (both since canceled) would have completed the outer I-295 beltway; the unbuilt sections were going to be designated [[Interstate 895 (Rhode Island-Massachusetts)|Interstate 895]].<br />
* [[Raleigh, North Carolina]]—[[Interstate 540 (North Carolina)|Interstate 540/North Carolina State Route 540]] (Raleigh Outer Loop) and [[Interstate 440 (North Carolina)|Interstate 440]] (Raleigh Beltline)<br />
* [[Richmond, Virginia|Richmond]]/[[Petersburg, Virginia]]—[[Interstate 295 (Virginia)|Interstate 295]]<br />
* [[Sacramento]]—[[Interstate 80 in California|Interstate 80]], [[U.S. Route 50 in California|U.S. Route 50]], [[Interstate 80 Business (Sacramento, California)|Capital City Freeway]]<br />
* [[Saint Louis, Missouri]]—[[Interstate 255]] and [[Interstate 270 (Illinois–Missouri)|Interstate 270]]<br />
* [[Salt Lake City]]—[[Interstate 215 (Utah)|Interstate 215]]<br />
* [[San Antonio]]—[[Downtown San Antonio#Transportation|Downtown Circulator]], [[Interstate 410]], and [[Loop 1604]]<br />
* [[San Diego]]—[[California State Route 54]], [[California State Route 125]], [[California State Route 52]]<br />
* [[San Francisco Bay Area]]—[[Interstate 280 (California)|Interstate 280]] and [[Interstate 680 (California)|Interstate 680]]<br />
* [[Scranton, Pennsylvania]]—[[Interstate 81]] and [[Interstate 476]]<br />
* [[Toledo, Ohio]]—[[Interstate 475 (Ohio)]], [[Interstate 75 (Ohio)|Interstate 75]], The [[Ohio Turnpike]] and [[Interstate 280 (Ohio)|Interstate 280]]<br />
<br />
There are other U.S. superhighway beltway systems that consist of multiple routes that require multiple interchanges and thus do not provide true ring routes. Two designated examples are the [[Capital Beltway (Harrisburg)|Capital Beltway]] around [[Harrisburg, Pennsylvania]] using [[Interstate 81]], [[Interstate 83]], and [[Pennsylvania Route 581]] and "The Bypass" around [[South Bend, Indiana]] using [[Interstate 80]], [[Interstate 90]], [[U.S. Route 31]], and [[Indiana State Road 331]].<br />
<br />
===Canada===<br />
[[File:AnthonyHendayDrive.JPG|thumb|The Anthony Henday Drive ring road in Edmonton]]<br />
[[Edmonton]], Alberta, has two ring roads. The first is a loose conglomeration of four major [[arterial roads]] with an average distance of {{convert|6|km|mi}} from the downtown core. [[Yellowhead Trail]] forms the northern section, [[Wayne Gretzky Drive]]/75&nbsp;Street forms the eastern section, [[Whitemud Drive]] forms the southern and longest section, and [[170 Street, Edmonton|170&nbsp;Street]] forms the western and shortest section. Whitemud Drive is the only section that is a true [[controlled-access highway]], while Yellowhead Trail and Wayne Gretzky Drive have interchanges and intersections and are therefore both [[limited-access road]]s. Yellowhead Trail is currently being upgraded to full freeway standards. 170&nbsp;Street and 75&nbsp;Street are merely large arterial roads with intersections only.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.connect2edmonton.ca/forum/showthread.php?t%3D7701 |title=Inner Ring Road|website=Connect2Edmonton |access-date=12 July 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714221019/http://www.connect2edmonton.ca/forum/showthread.php?t=7701 |archive-date=14 July 2014 }}</ref> The second and more prominent ring road is named [[Anthony Henday Drive]]; it circles the city at an average distance of {{convert|12|km}} from the downtown core. It is a freeway for its entire {{convert|78|km|mi|adj=on}} length, and was built to reduce inner-city traffic congestion, created a bypass of Yellowhead Trail, and has improved the movement of goods and services across Edmonton and the surrounding areas. It was completed in October 2016 as the first free-flowing orbital road in Canada.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.northeastanthonyhenday.com/|title=Northeast Anthony Henday Drive|website=www.northeastanthonyhenday.com|access-date=15 September 2016|archive-date=31 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180731232507/http://www.northeastanthonyhenday.com/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=NEdone>{{cite web|url=http://www.transportation.alberta.ca/3787.htm|title=Northeast Anthony Henday Drive|publisher=Alberta Transportation|date=2016|access-date=2 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161012233926/http://www.transportation.alberta.ca/3787.htm |quote=The northeast leg of Anthony Henday Drive opened on October 1, 2016, after five years of construction...|archive-date=12 October 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[Stoney Trail]] is a ring road that circles the city of [[Calgary]], Alberta, for an entire length of {{convert|101|km|mi|adj=on}}.<ref>{{Google maps|url=https://www.google.com/maps/dir/50.8925504,-114.0541641/51.0883919,-114.232038/@51.0076755,-114.3541968,9.83z/data=!4m9!4m8!1m5!3m4!1m2!1d-113.914815!2d51.1754976!3s0x5371618c25df390f:0xac8b1918bd6bf97c!1m0!3e0|title=Length of Stoney Trail|access-date=1 December 2016}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[Winnipeg]], Manitoba, has a ring road which is called the [[Perimeter Highway]]. It is designated as [[Manitoba Highway 101]] on the north, northwest and east sides and as [[Manitoba Highway 100]] on the south and southwest sides. The majority of it is a four-lane divided [[Limited-access road|expressway]]. It has a second ring road, planned since the 1950s and not yet completed, called the Suburban Beltway. It consists of several roads—[[Lagimodière Boulevard]], [[Winnipeg Route 165|Abinojii Mikanah]], the Fort Garry Bridge, the Moray Bridge, [[Winnipeg Route 96|William R Clement Parkway]], [[Winnipeg Route 17|Chief Peguis Trail]] and the [[Kildonan Bridge]].<br />
<br />
[[Saskatoon]], Saskatchewan, has a ring road named Circle Drive. It is cosigned as [[Saskatchewan Highway 16]] and [[Saskatchewan Highway 11]] along the whole route since the 2013 opening of Circle Drive South.<br />
<br />
[[Regina, Saskatchewan|Regina]], Saskatchewan has a partial ring road that is named [[Ring Road (Regina, Saskatchewan)|Ring Road]]; however, due to the city's urban growth since the road was originally constructed, it no longer functions as a true ring road and has instead come to be used partially for local arterial traffic. The [[Regina Bypass]], a new partial ring road, has replaced it, although Ring Road must still be used in the northeast quadrant of the city.<br />
<br />
[[Hamilton, Ontario|Hamilton]], Ontario, has the [[Lincoln M. Alexander Parkway]], [[Ontario Highway 403|Highway 403]] and the [[Red Hill Valley Parkway]] which form a ring on three sides.<br />
<br />
[[Greater Sudbury|Sudbury]], Ontario, has a partial ring road consisting of the [[Southwest and Southeast Bypasses]] segment of [[Ontario Highway 17|Highway 17]], and the Northwest Bypass segment of [[Ontario Highway 144|Highway 144]]. An unofficial northeast "bypass" route can also be completed on city arterial roads that largely bypass the urban core of the city, but are not fully controlled-access and must be shared with local traffic in the [[Nickel Centre]] and [[Rayside-Balfour]] districts of the city.<br />
<br />
===Europe===<br />
[[File:Autostrada A90 Italia 2011-by-RaBoe-122.jpg|thumb|[[Grande Raccordo Anulare]], the ring road of [[Rome]], Italy]]<br />
Most major cities in Europe are served by a ring road that circles either the inner core of their metropolitan areas or the outer borders of the city proper or both. In major transit hubs, such as the [[Île-de-France]] region surrounding Paris and the [[Frankfurt]] area, major national highways converge just outside city limits before forming one of several routes of an urban network of roads circling the city. Unlike in United States, route numbering is not a challenge on European ring roads as routes merge to form the single designated road. However, exit and road junction access can be challenging due to the complexity of other routes branching from or into the ring road.<br />
<br />
One of the most renowned ring roads is the [[Vienna Ring Road]] (''Ringstraße''), a grand boulevard constructed in the mid-19th century and filled with representative buildings. Due to its unique architectural beauty and history, it has also been called the "Lord of the ring roads", and is declared by UNESCO as part of Vienna's [[World Heritage Site]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2015/04/23/travel/experts-guide-austria-ringstrasse/index.html|title=Vienna's Ringstrasse celebrates 150 years|last=Malathronas|first=John|date=24 April 2015|website=edition.cnn.com|publisher=CNN|access-date=15 September 2016|archive-date=31 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161231145406/http://www.cnn.com/2015/04/23/travel/experts-guide-austria-ringstrasse/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1033|title=Historic Centre of Vienna|website=whc.unesco.org|publisher=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|language=en|access-date=15 September 2016|archive-date=2 November 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111102143945/http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1033|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
Major European cities that are served by a ring road or ring road system:<br />
* [[Amsterdam]], Netherlands – [[A10 motorway (Netherlands)|A10 motorway]]<br />
* [[Antwerp]], Belgium – [[R1 ring road (Belgium)|R1]]<br />
* [[Athens]], Greece – [[Attiki Odos]] (Motorway A6)<br />
* [[Barcelona]], Spain – [[Ronda de Dalt]] and [[Ronda Litoral]] (inner city), B30 and B40 (metropolitan region)<br />
* [[Belgrade]], Serbia – [[Belgrade bypass]]<br />
* [[Berlin]], Germany – [[Bundesautobahn 100]] (inner city), [[Bundesautobahn 111]] (city proper), [[Bundesautobahn 10]] (inner metropolitan region)<br />
* [[Birmingham]], England – [[A4400]] (Birmingham Queensway); [[A4540]] (Birmingham Middleway); [[A4040]] (Birmingham Outer Circle), Birmingham orbital motorway (parts of [[M42 motorway|M42]], [[M6 motorway|M6]] and [[M5 motorway]]s, inner metropolitan region)<br />
* [[Bochum]], Germany - Nordring, Ostring, Südring, Westring (inner city), Bochumer Außenring (former L705, now west- and southpart are part of [[Bundesautobahn 448]], city proper), Bochumer Autobahnring ([[Bundesautobahn 40]], [[Bundesautobahn 43]] and [[Bundesautobahn 448]], inner metropolitan region)<br />
* [[Bologna]], Italy – [[Tangenziale di Bologna]] (periphery half-ring road) and Viali di Circonvallazione (full and inner ring road: around the city center)<br />
* [[Bordeaux]], France – [[Rocade de Bordeaux]]<br />
* [[Bratislava]], Slovakia – [[D4 motorway (Slovakia)|D4 motorway]] (Bratislavsky okruch)<br />
* [[Brussels]], Belgium – [[Small ring (Brussels)|Petite ceinture/Kleine ring]] (inner city), [[Greater ring (Brussels)|R22]] (outer districts), [[Brussels Ring]] (city proper)<br />
* [[Bucharest]], Romania – [[A0 motorway (Romania)|A0 Motorway]]<br />
* [[Budapest]], Hungary – [[M0 motorway (Hungary)|M0]]<br />
* [[Caen]], France – [[Périphérique (Caen)|Périphérique de Caen]]<br />
* [[Catania]], Italy – [[Tangenziale di Catania]]<br />
* [[Charleroi]], Belgium – {{ill|R9 (Belgium)|lt=R9|fr|Ring belge R9|vertical-align=sup}} (inner city), [[R3 (ring road)|R3]] (inner metropolitan region)<br />
* [[Cologne]], Germany – [[Cologne Ring]] (inner city), [[Cologne Beltway]] (metropolitan region)<br />
* [[Copenhagen]], Denmark – [[Ring 2 (Copenhagen)|Ring 2]], {{ill|Ring 3 (Copenhagen)|lt=Ring 3|da|Ring 3 (København)|vertical-align=sup}}, {{ill|Ring 4 (Copenhagen)|lt=Ring 4|da|Ring 4 (København)|vertical-align=sup}}, {{ill|Motorring 3|da|vertical-align=sup}} and [[Motorring 4]]<br />
* [[Coventry]], England – [[Coventry ring road|A4053 Coventry ring road]]<br />
* [[Dortmund]], Germany - Wallring (inner city), Dortmund Beltway ([[Bundesautobahn 2]], [[Bundesautobahn 1]] and [[Bundesautobahn 45]]; metropolitan region)<br />
* [[Dublin]], Ireland – [[M50 motorway (Ireland)|M50 motorway]]<br />
* [[Frankfurt]], Germany – [[Bundesautobahn 66]] and [[Bundesautobahn 661]] (city proper), [[Frankfurter Kreuz]] system (inner metropolitan region)<br />
* [[Ghent]], Belgium – R4<br />
* [[Glasgow]], Scotland – [[Glasgow Inner Ring Road]] (inner city)<br />
* [[Hamburg]], Germany – [[Hamburg Wallring|Inner Ring]] (inner city)<br />
* [[Helsinki]], Finland – [[Ring I]], [[Ring II]], [[Ring III]]<br />
* [[Herning]], Denmark – {{ill|Messemotorvejen|da|vertical-align=sup}}, {{ill|Messemotorvejens forlængelse|da|vertical-align=sup}}, {{ill|Sindingvej|da|vertical-align=sup}}, {{ill|Midtjyske Motorvej|da|vertical-align=sup}}<br />
* [[Kyiv]], Ukraine – [[Small Ring Road, Kyiv]]<br />
* [[Košice]], Slovakia – {{ill|Ring road 1 (MO 1)|sk|Mestský okruh číslo 1 (Košice)|vertical-align=sup}} {{ill|Ring road 2 (MO 2)|sk|Mestský okruh číslo 2 (Košice)|vertical-align=sup}}{{ill|I/16|sk|Cesta I. triedy 16 (Slovensko)|vertical-align=sup}} and {{ill|I/20|sk|Cesta I. triedy 20 (Slovensko)|vertical-align=sup}}<br />
* [[Leeds]], England – [[Leeds Inner Ring Road]] (inner city), [[Leeds Outer Ring Road]] (suburbs)<br />
* [[Leipzig]], Germany – [[Inner City Ring Road (Leipzig)]] (inner city), {{ill|Mitteldeutsche Schleife|de|vertical-align=sup}} (double ring road of the [[Halle (Saale)|Halle]]-[[Leipzig]] metropolitan region)<br />
* [[London]], England – [[London Inner Ring Road]] (inner city), [[North Circular Road, London|North Circular Road]] and [[South Circular Road, London|South Circular Road]] (inner suburbs), [[M25 motorway]] (metropolitan region)<br />
* [[Lisbon]], Portugal – 2ª Circular (Inner City), [[Roads in Portugal#Itiner.C3.A1rios complementares|IC17-CRIL]] (City Proper), [[Roads in Portugal#Autoestradas|IC18/A9-CREL]] (Metropolitan Region)<br />
* [[Lyon]], France – [[A7 autoroute]] and [[A46 autoroute]] (city proper)<br />
* [[Ljubljana]], Slovenia – [[Ljubljana Ring Road]]<br />
* [[Madrid]], Spain – [[Autopista de Circunvalación M-30|M-30]] (inner city), [[Autopista de Circunvalación M-40|M-40]] (inner metropolitan region), [[M-50 (Spain)|M-50]] (outer metropolitan region, incomplete)<br />
* [[Malmö]], Sweden – Inre ringvägen (inner city), [[European route E6|E6]] & [[European route E20|E20]] (outer city city)<br />
* [[Manchester]], England – [[Manchester Inner Ring Road]] (inner city), [[M60 motorway (Great Britain)|M60 motorway]] (metropolitan region)<br />
* [[Milan]], Italy – [[Autostrada A4 (Italy)|Autostrada A4]], [[Autostrada A50 (Italy)|Autostrada A50]] (West), [[Autostrada A51 (Italy)|Autostrada A51]] (East), [[Autostrada A52 (Italy)|Autostrada A52]] (North) and [[Autostrada A58 (Italy)|Autostrada A58]] (Outer Eastern) bypass roads (it is the largest system of ring roads around a city in Italy, for a total length greater than {{convert|100|km}}<ref name="auto"/>), Circolare Esterna (periphery ring road), Circonvallazione (ring road around the centre), Cerchia Interna (ring road in the city centre)<br />
* [[Minsk]], Belarus – [[MKAD (Minsk)|M9]]<br />
* [[Moscow]], Russia – [[Boulevard Ring]], [[Garden Ring]], [[Third Ring Road (Moscow)|Third Ring Road]], [[Moscow Ring Road]] (opened in 1961)<br />
* [[Munich]], Germany – [[Altstadtring]] (inner city), [[Bundesstraße 2 R]] (middle ring), [[Bundesautobahn 99]] (inner metropolitan region)<br />
* [[Naples]], Italy – [[Autostrada A56 (Italy)|Tangenziale di Napoli]]<br />
* [[Oslo]], Norway – {{ill|Ring 1 (Oslo)|lt=Ring 1|nb|Riksvei 162|vertical-align=sup}} (city centre), [[Ring 2 (Oslo)|Ring 2]] (middle ring) and [[Ring 3 (Oslo)|Ring 3]] (city proper)<br />
* [[Oxford]], England – [[Oxford Ring Road]]<br />
* [[Paris]], France – [[Boulevard Périphérique]] (city proper), [[A86 autoroute]] (inner metropolitan region), [[Francilienne]] (tertiary ring road), [[Grand contournement de Paris]] (metropolitan region)<br />
* [[Padua]], Italy – [[Tangenziale di Padova|GRAP]]<br />
* [[Palma de Mallorca]], Spain – [[Autopista Ma-20|Ma-20]] (Vía de Cintura)<br />
* [[Prague]], Czech Republic – outer – [[D0 motorway (Czech Republic)|D0]] and inner Městský okruh<br />
* [[Poznań]], Poland – outer ring: [[Expressway S11 (Poland)|expressway S11]], [[A2 autostrada (Poland)|motorway A2]] ([[Concurrency (road)|concurrent]] with S5 and S11), [[Expressway S5 (Poland)|expressway S5]]; inner rings: 1st – partially completed, 2nd – completed, partially concurrent with [[National road 92 (Poland)|national road 92]] and [[voivodeship road]]s 196 and 433, 3rd – planned<br />
* [[Reggio Calabria]], Italy – [[Raccordo autostradale RA4|Tangenziale di Reggio Calabria]]<br />
* [[Rennes]], France – [[Rennes#Roads|Rocade de Rennes]]<br />
* [[Rome]], Italy – [[Grande Raccordo Anulare]]<br />
* [[Sofia]], Bulgaria – [[Sofia Ring Road]]<br />
* [[Saint Petersburg]], Russia – [[Saint Petersburg Ring Road]]<br />
* [[Stockholm]], Sweden – [[Norra länken|Nörra Länken]], [[Essingeleden]], [[Södra länken|Södra Länken]] (city proper) and [[European route E20|E20]] (outer city, under completion).<br />
* [[Skopje]], North Macedonia – [[A2 motorway (North Macedonia)]] (part of [[European route E65|E65]])<br />
* [[Tallinn]], Estonia – [[Estonian national road 11]]<br />
* [[Tampere]], Finland – [[Tampere Ring Road]]<br />
* [[Toulouse]], France – [[Périphérique de Toulouse]]<br />
* [[Thessaloniki]], Greece – [[Thessaloniki Inner Ring Road]]<br />
* [[Turin]], Italy – [[Autostrada A55|Tangenziale di Torino]]<br />
* [[Venice]], Italy – [[Tangenziale di Venezia]]<br />
* [[Vienna]], Austria – [[Vienna Ring Road]] (inner city), [[Vienna Beltway]] (outer districts)<br />
* [[Vigo]], Spain – [[VG-20|VG-20 (Vigo Ring Road)]]<br />
* [[Warsaw]], Poland – [[Expressway S2 (Poland)|Expressway S2]], [[Expressway S7 (Poland)|Expressway S7]], [[Expressway S8 (Poland)|Expressway S8]], [[Expressway S17 (Poland)|Expressway S17]] (planned stretch)<br />
* [[Wrocław]], Poland – Outer ring: [[Autostrada A4 (Poland)|Autostrada A4]], [[Autostrada A8 (Poland)|Autostrada A8]], [[Expressway S8 (Poland)|Expressway S8]], {{ill|Wroclaw Eastern Bypass|pl|Obwodnica wschodnia Wrocławia}} (in construction). Inner ring: [[National road 5 (Poland)|National road 5]], {{ill|National road 94|pl|Droga krajowa nr 94}}<br />
* [[Zagreb]], Croatia – [[Zagreb bypass]]<br />
* [[Žilina|Zillina]], Slovakia – {{ill|I/60|sk|Cesta I. triedy 60 (Slovensko)|vertical-align=sup}} Mestky okruch<br />
<br />
In [[Iceland]], there is a 1,332&nbsp;km ring road, called [[Route 1 (Iceland)|the ring road]] (or Route 1), around most of the island (excluding only the remote [[Westfjords]]). Most of the country's settlements are on or near this road.<br />
<br />
====Some maps of ring roads in Europe====<br />
<gallery><br />
File:Autoroute R1 (BE).svg|[[Antwerp]], Belgium<br />
File:Berlin BAB 10.svg|[[Berlin]], Germany<br />
File:Sistema Autostradale Bologna.svg|[[Bologna]], Italy<br />
File:Bordeaux motorway since 2017.svg|[[Bordeaux]], France<br />
File:Bxl rocades.png|[[Brussels]], Belgium<br />
File:Traffic Bukarest.svg|[[Bucharest]], Romania<br />
File:M0 térkép.png|[[Budapest]], Hungary<br />
File:Boulevard périphérique de Caen.svg|[[Caen]], France<br />
File:Mappa RA15.svg|[[Catania]], Italy<br />
File:Autoroute R3 (BE).svg|[[Charleroi]], Belgium<br />
File:Koelner Ring.png|[[Cologne]], Germany<br />
File:M50 motorway (Ireland).png|[[Dublin]], Ireland<br />
File:Мала окружна дорога.gif|[[Kyiv]], Ukraine<br />
File:Ljubljana-OpenStreetMap-Mapnik-100k.svg|[[Ljubljana]], Slovenia<br />
File:Lyon Autoroutes.svg|[[Lyon]], France<br />
File:M30 mapa.svg|[[Madrid]], Spain (Inner city)<br />
File:Autopistam40.svg|[[Madrid]], Spain (Inner metropolitan region)<br />
File:M50 madrid.svg|[[Madrid]], Spain<br />
File:Milano - mappa tangenziali.svg|[[Milan]], Italy<br />
File:Moscow MKAD.svg|[[Moscow]], Russia<br />
File:Karte Fernstraßen München.png|[[Munich]], Germany<br />
File:Rocades de Paris (2024).png|[[Paris]], France<br />
File:Svincoli GRA Roma.svg|[[Rome]], Italy<br />
File:Sofia Ring Road map.svg|[[Sofia]], Bulgaria<br />
File:Toulouse Autoroutes.svg|[[Toulouse]], France<br />
File:Mappa A55.svg|[[Turin]], Italy<br />
File:Sistema autostradale venezia.svg|[[Venice]], Italy<br />
File:Zaobilaznica Zagreba.svg|[[Zagreb]], Croatia<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
===Asia-Pacific===<br />
[[File:名二環タイトル画像.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Chūkyō metropolitan area]]([[Nagoya]])]]<br />
Major cities that are served by a ring road or ring road system:<br />
* [[Australia]]: Sydney ([[Sydney Orbital Network]]), Canberra, Adelaide, Brisbane, Perth and Melbourne have ring roads.<br />
* [[Afghanistan]], [[Highway 1 (Afghanistan)|Ring Road]], a 2200&nbsp;km long road circulating inside the country, and connects most of Afghanistan's major cities, such as [[Kabul]], [[Ghazni]], [[Kandahar]], [[Herat]] and [[Mazar-i-Sharif]].<br />
* [[Ahmedabad]], India – [[Sardar Patel Ring Road]]<br />
* [[Ankara]], Turkey – [[Otoyol 20]]<br />
* [[Bandung]], Indonesia – [[Padalarang–Cileunyi Toll Road|Padaleunyi Toll Road]], Soekarno-Hatta Road<br />
* [[Bangkok]], Thailand – [[Ratchadaphisek Road]] (Inner Ring Road) and [[Kanchanaphisek Road]] (Outer Ring Road)<br />
* [[Beijing]], China – [[Ring roads of Beijing|ring roads]] encircling the city.<ref name=":025">{{Cite book |last=Hu |first=Richard |title=Reinventing the Chinese City |date=2023 |publisher=[[Columbia University Press]] |isbn=978-0-231-21101-7 |location=New York}}</ref>{{Rp|page=135}}<br />
* [[Bengaluru]], India - [[Outer Ring Road, Bangalore|Outer Ring Road]]. The [[Peripheral Ring Road]] and [[Satellite Town Ring Road]] are upcoming ring roads around Bengaluru.<br />
* [[Chiang Mai]], Thailand – Chiang Mai Outer Ring Road (National Highway 121)<br />
* [[Christchurch]], New Zealand – [[Christchurch Ring Road]] includes parts of State Highways [[State Highway 1 (New Zealand)|1]], [[State Highway 74 (New Zealand)|74]], and [[State Highway 76 (New Zealand)|76]]. The "[[Four Avenues]]" (Bealey Avenue, Fitzgerald Avenue, Moorhouse Avenue, and Deans Avenue) serve as an inner ring around the central city.<br />
* [[Delhi]], India – [[Inner Ring Road, Delhi]], [[Outer Ring Road, Delhi]], and the Peripheral Expressway consisting of two halves, the [[Western Peripheral Expressway]] and the [[Eastern Peripheral Expressway]].<br />
* [[Erbil]], Iraq – Four ring roads circulating through/around the city.<br />
* [[Fukuoka]], Japan – [[Fukuoka Expressway Circular Route]]<br />
* [[George Town, Penang|George Town]], Malaysia – [[George Town Inner Ring Road]], Penang Middle Ring Road<br />
* [[Hanoi]], Vietnam – [[Ringway 3 (Hanoi)|Ringway 3]]<br />
* [[Ho Chi Minh City]], Vietnam – Ringway 3<br />
* [[Hawaii Island]], [[Hawaii]] – [[Hawaii Belt Road]]<br />
* [[Hong Kong|Hong Kong, Hong Kong]] – [[Route 9 (Hong Kong)|Route 9]] (New Territories Circular Road)<br />
* [[Hyderabad]], India – [[Outer Ring Road, Hyderabad]]<br />
* [[Jakarta]], Indonesia – [[Jakarta Inner Ring Road]], [[Jakarta Outer Ring Road]], [[Jakarta Outer Ring Road 2]]<br />
* [[Kalaburagi]], India – [[Kalaburagi Ring Road]]<br />
* [[Kathmandu]], Nepal – [[Ring Road (Kathmandu)|Kathmandu Ringroad]]<br />
* [[Kuala Lumpur]], Malaysia – [[Kuala Lumpur Inner Ring Road]], [[Kuala Lumpur Middle Ring Road 1]], [[Kuala Lumpur Middle Ring Road 2]], [[East Klang Valley Expressway|Kuala Lumpur Outer Ring Road]]<br />
* [[Lahore]], Pakistan – [[Lahore Ring Road]]<br />
* [[Metro Manila|Manila]], [[Philippines]] – [[Circumferential Road 1]], [[Circumferential Road 2]], [[Circumferential Road 3]], [[EDSA]], [[Circumferential Road 5]], [[Circumferential Road 6]]<br />
* [[Medina]], Saudi Arabia – King Faisal Road (1st Ring Road) and King Abdullah Road (2nd Ring Road)<br />
* [[Mysuru]], India – [[Outer Ring Road, Mysore|Outer Ring Road]]<br />
* [[Chūkyō metropolitan area|Nagoya]], Japan – [[Ring Route (Nagoya Expressway)|C1 Inner Ring Route Expressway]], [[Mei-Nikan Expressway|C2 Second Ring Route Expressway]], [[Tōkai-Kanjō Expressway|C3 Third Ring Route Expressway]], [[Japan National Route 302]], [[Nagoya Municipal Road Nagoya Inner Ring]]<br />
* [[Nakhon Ratchasima]], Thailand – Nakhon Ratchasima Ring Route (National Highway 290)<br />
* [[Nagpur]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]] - Inner Ring Road, [[Outer Ring Road, Nagpur | Outer Ring Road]]<br />
* [[Osaka]], Japan – [[Loop Route]]<br />
* [[Peshawar]], Pakistan – [[Peshawar Ring Road]]<br />
* [[Ranchi]], India – [[Ranchi Ring Road]]<br />
* [[Islamabad–Rawalpindi metropolitan area|Rawalpindi/Islamabad]], Pakistan = [[Rawalpindi Ring Road]] (under construction)<br />
* [[Riyadh]], Saudi Arabia – Riyadh Ring Road<br />
* [[Sendai]], Japan – Gurutto Sendai<br />
* [[Seoul]], South Korea – [[Capital Region First Ring Expressway]]<br />
* [[Shanghai]], China – [[Inner Ring Road (Shanghai)|Inner Ring Road]], [[Middle Ring Road (Shanghai)|Middle Ring Road]], [[Shanghai Outer Ring Expressway|S20 Outer Ring Expressway]], [[G1501 Shanghai Ring Expressway]]<br />
* [[Singapore]], Singapore – [[Outer Ring Road System]]<br />
* [[Suphan Buri]], Thailand – Suphan Buri Ring Route (National Hightway 357)<br />
* [[Tianjin]], China – [[Inner Ring Road (Tianjin)|Inner]], [[Middle Ring Road (Tianjin)|Middle]] and [[Outer Ring Road (Tianjin)|Outer]] Ring Roads<br />
* [[Greater Tokyo Area|Tokyo]], Japan – [[Inner Circular Route (Shuto Expressway)|C1 Inner Circular Expressway]], [[Central Circular Route (Shuto Expressway)|C2 Central Circular Expressway]], [[Tokyo Gaikan Expressway|C3 Gaikan Expressway]], [[Ken-Ō Expressway|C4 Ken-Ō Expressway]], [[Tokyo Bay Aqua-Line|CA Tokyo Bay Aqua-Line]]/[[Bayshore Route|B Bayshore Route]], [[Yokohama Ring Expressway]], [[Japan National Route 16]], [[Japan National Route 298]], [[Japan National Route 357]], [[Japan National Route 468]]<br />
<br />
===Africa===<br />
* [[Addis Ababa]], Ethiopia – Addis Ababa Ring Road<br />
* [[Bloemfontein]], South Africa – [[Bloemfontein Ring Road]]<br />
* [[Cairo]], Egypt – [[Ring Road (Cairo)]]<br />
* [[Durban]], South Africa – [[Durban Outer Ring Road]]<br />
* [[Johannesburg]], South Africa – [[Johannesburg Ring Road]]<br />
* [[Polokwane]], South Africa – [[Polokwane Ring Road]]<br />
* [[Pretoria]], South Africa – [[Pretoria Ring Road]]<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Circumferential Highway]]<br />
* [[Downtown circulator]]<br />
* [[Link road]]<br />
* [[List of ring roads]]<br />
* [[Circle route]], a public transport route forming a circle<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist|30em}}<br />
{{Road types}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Types of roads]]<br />
[[Category:Ring roads| ]]</div>CatharineJorgenshttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sikkim_Lokayukta&diff=535844Sikkim Lokayukta2026-03-25T21:03:17Z<p>CatharineJorgens: starting a details added tags</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Parliamentary Ombudsman for the state of Sikkim}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}<br />
{{Infobox law enforcement agency<br />
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<br />
'''Sikkim Lokayukta''' is the [[Parliamentary Ombudsman]] for the state of [[Sikkim]] ([[India]]). It is a high level statutory functionary, created to address grievances of the public against ministers, legislators, administration and public servants in issues related to misuse of power, mal-administration and corruption. It was first formed under the Sikkim Lokayukta and Deputy Lokayukta Act, 2012 and approved by the [[president of India]]. [[The Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013]] adopted by [[Parliament of India|Parliament]] had become law from 16 January 2014 and required each state in India to appoint its [[Lokayukta]] within a year.<ref name="Bihar Lok Ref3">{{cite news |last1=Seetharaman |first1=G. |title=Delay in appointment of Lokpal & Lokayukta: Who will bell the graft? |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/why-there-is-no-lokpal-at-centre-and-lokayukta-in-many-states/articleshow/66570168.cms |access-date=5 September 2021 |newspaper=The Economic Times |date=10 November 2018}}</ref><ref name="Bihar Lok Ref4">{{cite news |title=Lok Sabha passes landmark Lokpal Bill |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/lok-sabha-passes-landmark-lokpal-bill/article20701403.ece1 |access-date=5 September 2021 |publisher=businessline |date=12 March 2018 |language=en}}</ref> Under the 2013 law, a bench of Lokayukta should consist of judicial and non-judicial members.<ref name="Bihar Lok Ref5">{{cite news |title=Only four states have appointed judicial, non-judicial members of Lokayukta, says report |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/only-four-states-have-appointed-judicial-non-judicial-members-of-lokayukta-says-report/articleshow/79627314.cms?from=mdr |access-date=5 September 2021 |newspaper=The Economic Times |date=8 December 2020}}</ref> An Upa-Lokayukta is a deputy to the Lokayukta<ref name="Hary Lok Ref1">{{cite news |title=No provision of advertising vacancies of Lokayukta: MP Govt |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/no-provision-of-advertising-vacancies-of-lokayukta-mp-govt/articleshow/50742053.cms |access-date=12 September 2021 |newspaper=The Economic Times |date=27 January 2016}}</ref> and assists with her or his work and acts as the in-charge Lokayukta in case the position falls vacant prematurely.<br />
<br />
A [[Lokayukta]] of the state is appointed to office by the state [[Governor]] after consulting the committee consisting of the State [[Chief Minister]], [[Speaker (politics)|Speaker]] of the Legislative Assembly, [[Leader of Opposition]],<ref name="Hary Lok Ref1" /> or leader of the largest opposition party in the State Legislature, Chairman of the Legislative Council and Leader of Opposition of Legislative Council and cannot be removed from office except for reasons specified in the Act and will serve the period of five years.<br />
<br />
== History and administration ==<br />
<br />
The Sikkim Lokayukta Bill, 2017 was passed in the Sikkim Assembly on 29 December 2020 and got approved by the President of India on 16 July 2012<ref name="Sikkim Lok Ref11">{{cite news |title=Sikkim Lokayukta Bill Gets Presidential Nod |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/wire-news/-1964157.html |access-date=22 September 2021 |publisher=Moneycontrol |date=28 August 2012 |language=en}}</ref> and was effective from 2012.<ref name="Sikkim Lok Ref4">{{cite news |title=Sikkim Lokayukta Bill gets presidential nod |url=https://www.firstpost.com/politics/sikkim-lokayukta-bill-gets-presidential-nod-433577.html |access-date=22 September 2021 |publisher=Firstpost |date=28 August 2012}}</ref><ref name="Sikkim Lok Ref6">{{cite news |title=Sikkim Lokayukta Bill gets presidential nod |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/policy/Sikkim-Lokayukta-Bill-gets-presidential-nod/article20490711.ece |access-date=22 September 2021 |publisher=businessline |date=28 August 2012 |language=en}}</ref> The bill is a tool to create Lokayukta as an autonomous body for checking corruption related complaints in the state. The Bill has similar provisions as Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act,2013 passed by parliament and will cover employees of state government whether working in or out of state but under the control of state government.<ref name="Sikkim Lok Ref5">{{cite news |title=Sikkim Assembly okays Lokayukta bill |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/bengal/sikkim-assembly-okays-lokayukta-bill-41583.html |access-date=22 September 2021 |newspaper=The Statesman |date=26 February 2014}}</ref> Sikkim is the third state to create the Law after passing the Act by Central Government and has an annual budget of Rs 2 crore for Lokayukta.<ref name="Sikkim Lok Ref5" /><br />
<br />
== Oath or affirmation ==<br />
<br />
{{Blockquote|"I, <name>, having been appointed Lokayukta (or Upa-Lokayukta) do swear in the name of God (or solemnly affirm) that I will bear faith and allegiance to the Constitution of India as by law established and I will duly and faithfully and to the best of my ability, knowledge and judgment perform the duties of my office without fear or favour, affection or ill-will."|First Schedule, Sikkim Lokayukta and Deputy Lokayukta Act-2014}}<br />
<br />
== Powers ==<br />
<br />
Sikkim Lokayukta has complete and exclusive authority for enquiring into allegations or complaints against the State Chief Minister, State Deputy Chief Minister, Ministers of the state Government, Leader of Opposition and Government officials of all grades.<ref name="Sikkim Lok Ref2" /> Lokayukta Act of the state which serves as its tool against corruption covers Chief Ministers, ex-Chief Ministers, Government officials, Ministers, IAS officers and all public servants including from local administration, police, customs and heads of companies, and societies, trusts which are partly funded by state or centre and state government employees working outside the state but under control of state government.<ref name="Sikkim Lok Ref5" /><br />
<br />
== Appointment and tenure ==<br />
<br />
Sikkim Lokayukta is Justice A P Subba,<ref name="Sikkim Lok Ref1">{{cite news |title=Justice A. P. Subba sworn in as Lokayukta Chairperson of Sikkim |url=https://www.northeasttoday.in/2020/07/10/justice-a-p-subba-sworn-in-as-lokayukta-chairperson-of-sikkim/ |access-date=22 September 2021 |publisher=Northeast Today |date=10 July 2020}}</ref><ref name="Sikkim Lok Ref10">{{cite news |title=Sikkim Lokayukta sworn in |url=https://assamtribune.com/sikkim-lokayukta-sworn-in |access-date=22 September 2021 |publisher=assamtribune.com |date=15 September 2010 |language=en}}</ref> a former Judge of the High Court of Sikkim<ref name="Sikkim Lok Ref8">{{cite news |title=Justice Subba appointed Chairperson Sikkim Lokayukta |url=https://www.summittimes.com/single-post/2020/07/06/justice-subba-appointed-chairperson-sikkim-lokayukta |access-date=22 September 2021 |publisher=summittimes |date=6 July 2020 |language=en}}</ref> from 10 July 2020 and will hold office for a term of five years or attaining the age of 70 years whichever is earlier. He is the first judge from his home state to be appointed as Lokayukta.<ref name="Sikkim Lok Ref3">{{cite news |title=Sikkim: Justice AP Subba appointed as Lokayukta Chairperson |url=https://www.insidene.com/sikkim-justice-ap-subba-appointed-as-lokayukta-chairperson/ |access-date=22 September 2021 |publisher=insidene.com |date=10 July 2020}}</ref><ref name="Sikkim Lok Ref12">{{cite news |title=Shri. Justice A. P. Subba was sworn in as the Chairperson, Lokayukta of Sikkim |url=https://www.voiceofsikkim.com/shri-justice-a-p-subba-was-sworn-in-as-the-chairperson-lokayukta-of-sikkim/ |access-date=22 September 2021 |publisher=The Voice Of Sikkim |date=10 July 2020}}</ref> Justice [[Kalyan Jyoti Sengupta]] served as Sikkim Lokayukta before Mr. Subba for a period of five years.<ref name="Sikkim Lok Ref7">{{cite news |title=Justice Sengupta sworn-in as Sikkim Lokayukta Chairperson |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/justice-sengupta-sworn-in-as-sikkim-lokayukta-chairperson |access-date=22 September 2021 |newspaper=Free Press Journal |date=19 May 2015 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Notable cases ==<br />
<br />
1. In 2014, Sikkim Lokayukta on a complaint received against 18 previous ministers of the state Government on allegations of corruption had decided to inquire those.<ref name="Sikkim Lok Ref2">{{cite news |title=Sikkim Lokayukta to inquire into corruption allegations afresh |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/sikkim-lokayukta-to-inquire-into-corruption-allegations-afresh-114090200752_1.html |access-date=22 September 2021 |newspaper=Business Standard India |date=2 September 2014}}</ref><br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
<br />
[[Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013|Lokpal and Lokayukta Act, 2013]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<!--- See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Footnotes on how to create references using <ref></ref> tags, these references will then appear here automatically --><br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* [http://www.example.com www.example.com]<br />
<br />
<!--- Categories ---><br />
[[Category:Politics of Sikkim]]<br />
[[Category:Lokayuktas]]</div>CatharineJorgenshttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=1989_in_Kerala&diff=4819751989 in Kerala2026-03-23T21:20:43Z<p>CatharineJorgens: created basic page added tags - done</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Year in Kerala}}Events in the year '''1989''' in '''Kerala'''.<br />
<br />
== Incumbents ==<br />
[[List of governors of Kerala|'''Governor of Kerala''']] -<br />
<br />
* [[Ram Dulari Sinha]]<br />
<br />
[[List of chief ministers of Kerala|'''Chief ministers of Kerala''']] – <br />
<br />
* [[E. K. Nayanar]]<br />
<br />
== Events ==<br />
<br />
* 12 June - [[Kottayam]] becomes the first town in India to achieve 100% literacy.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-09 |title=How Kerala's Kottayam achieved 100% literacy |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/education/keralas-kottayam-achieved-100-literacy-in-1989-8925304/ |access-date=2025-06-12 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Hiran |first=U. |date=2019-06-24 |title=When the City of Letters lived up to its name |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/when-the-city-of-letters-lived-up-to-its-name/article28128944.ece |access-date=2025-06-12 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><br />
* 20 June - A tunnel under construction of 109 crore worth Lower Periyar Hydel Project crashes. [[Indian National Congress]] raises corruption allegation against [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] minister [[T. Sivadasa Menon]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=1989-08-15 |title=Kerala: Tunnel crash puts LDF in the dock, UDF alleges kickbacks |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19890815-kerala-tunnel-crash-puts-ldf-in-the-dock-udf-alleges-kickbacks-816390-1989-08-14 |access-date=2025-06-12 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><br />
* 1 November - [[All India Radio]] launches the first [[FM broadcasting]] station in state at [[Kochi]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2014-10-21 |title=AIR’s Kochi FM: Jubilee Celebration’s on |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2014/Oct/21/air%E2%80%99s-kochi-fm-jubilee-celebration%E2%80%99s-on-673997.html |access-date=2026-01-21 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><br />
* November - [[United Democratic Front (Kerala)]] sweeps the [[1989 Indian general election in Kerala|1989 Parliament elections in Kerala]].<br />
* 31 December - [[Muhammad Ali]] visits [[Kozhikode]] following personal invitation by K.P. Hassan Haji secretary of JDT Islam institutions and attends silver jubilee of [[Muslim Educational Society]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-06-04 |title=When Ali charmed Kozhikode |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kozhikode/When-Ali-charmed-Kozhikode/article14385772.ece |access-date=2025-10-28 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-06-05 |title=Muhammad Ali's visit was Kozhikode's knockout moment |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kozhikode/muhammad-alis-visit-was-kozhikodes-knockout-moment/articleshow/52597630.cms |access-date=2025-10-28 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-06-04 |title=When Kozhikode was bowled over by Ali |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kozhikode/When-Kozhikode-was-bowled-over-by-Ali/article62116329.ece |access-date=2025-10-28 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Date unknown ===<br />
<br />
* February/March - The apex scholarly body of [[Islam in Kerala|Muslims in Kerala]], [[Samastha Kerala Jem-iyyathul Ulama|Samastha]] splits into [[Samastha Kerala Jem-iyyathul Ulama (AP Sunnis)|AP faction]] and [[Samastha Kerala Jem-iyyathul Ulama (EK faction)|EK faction]] following [[Kanthapuram A. P. Aboobacker Musliyar]] staging SYS meeting in [[Ernakulam]] and openly voicing dissent on allegiance with [[Indian Union Muslim League]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Naha |first=Abdul Latheef |date=2023-08-31 |title=Samastha split likely as discord over IUML dominance simmers |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/discord-boiling-over-in-samastha-over-iuml-dominance/article67256542.ece |access-date=2025-06-12 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Prashanth |first=M. P. |date=2025-04-30 |title=Sunni unity sans Panakkad Sadiq Ali Thangal? |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2025/Apr/30/sunni-unity-sans-panakkad-sadiq-ali-thangal-3 |access-date=2025-06-12 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ameerudheen |first=T. A. |date=2018-01-23 |title=Big deal: Merger of two factions of a Muslim group could realign political forces in Kerala |url=https://scroll.in/article/865455/big-deal-merger-of-two-factions-of-a-muslim-group-could-realign-political-forces-in-kerala |access-date=2025-06-12 |website=Scroll.in |language=en}}</ref><br />
* [[Kerala]] faced acute [[Electricity]] shortage due to reduction from central allocations.<br />
<br />
== Birth ==<br />
<br />
* 23 February - [[Shamna Kasim]], actress.<br />
<br />
== Deaths ==<br />
* 16 January - [[Prem Nazir]], actor (b.1926)<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
<br />
* [[History of Kerala]]<br />
* [[1989 in India]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}{{Commons category-inline}}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:1980 in India]]<br />
[[Category:Years in Kerala]]<br />
[[Category:1980s in Kerala]]</div>CatharineJorgenshttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Halayudha&diff=445192Halayudha2026-03-17T09:51:18Z<p>CatharineJorgens: minor edit</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|10th-century Indian mathematician}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2017}}<br />
{{Infobox scholar<br />
| name = Halāyudha <br />
| fullname =<br />
| birth_date = c. 10th century AD<br />
| birth_place =<br />
| death_date =<br />
| death_place =<br />
| main_interests = [[Sanskrit]] [[mathematician]]<br />
| notable_ideas =<br />
| major_works = ''Mṛtasañjīvanī'' and "Halāyudha trikoņa"<br />
| influences =<br />
| influenced =<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Halāyudha''' ([[Sanskrit]]: हलायुध) wrote the '''''{{IAST|Mṛtasañjīvanī}}''''', a [[close reading|commentary]] on [[Pingala]]'s ''Chandaḥśāstra'', was an Indian Mathematician and poet who lived and worked in the 10th century.<ref>Maurice Winternitz, ''History of Indian Literature'', Vol. III</ref> The ''[[Chandaḥśāstra]]'' by the Indian lyricist [[Piṅgala]] (3rd or 2nd century BC) somewhat cryptically describes a method of arranging two types of syllables to form [[metre (poetry)|metre]]s of various lengths and counting them; as interpreted and elaborated by Halāyudha his "method of pyramidal expansion" (''meru-prastāra'') for counting metres is equivalent to [[Pascal's triangle]].<ref>{{Cite book |title=Gaṇitānanda: Selected Works of Radha Charan Gupta on History of Mathematics |last=Ramasubramanian |first=K |date=2019-11-08 |publisher=Springer |isbn=9789811312298}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=A Primer for Mathematics Competitions |last=Gavin Hitchcock |first=Alexander Zawaira |date=2008-10-31 |publisher=Oxford University |isbn=9780191561702}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Biography ==<br />
<br />
Halayudha originally resided at the [[Rashtrakuta]] capital [[Manyakheta]], now located in [[Karnataka]], where he wrote under the patronage of emperor [[Krishna III]]. His ''Kavi-Rahasya'' eulogizes Krishna III. Later, he migrated to [[Ujjain]] in the [[Paramara dynasty|Paramara]] kingdom. There, he composed ''Mṛta-Sañjīvanī'' in honour of the Paramara king [[Vakpati Munja|Munja]].{{sfn|Ganga Prasad Yadava|1982|p=228}}<br />
<br />
== Works ==<br />
<br />
Halayudha composed the following works:{{sfn|Ganga Prasad Yadava|1982|p=228}}<br />
<br />
* ''Kavi-Rahasya'', a book on poetics<br />
* ''Mṛta-Sañjīvanī'', a commentary on Pingala's ''Chandaḥ-śāstra''<br />
* ''Abhidhana-ratna-mala'', a lexicon<br />
* ''Halāyudha Kośa'', a dictionary<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[Indian mathematicians]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
=== Bibliography ===<br />
History of Rashtrakutas<br />
<br />
* {{cite book |author=Ganga Prasad Yadava |title=Dhanapāla and His Times: A Socio-cultural Study Based Upon His Works |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aY_I3zgxfpsC&pg=PA32 |publisher=Concept |year=1982 |oclc=9760817 }}<br />
<br />
{{Indian mathematics}}<br />
<br />
{{authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:10th-century Indian mathematicians]]<br />
[[Category:Indian Sanskrit scholars]]<br />
<br />
{{asia-mathematician-stub}}</div>CatharineJorgenshttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cucurbita&diff=451118Cucurbita2026-03-11T19:25:47Z<p>CatharineJorgens: Revised and enhanced article content</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Genus of flowering plants}}<br />
{{Use mdy dates|date=October 2025}}<br />
{{Italic title}}<br />
{{Featured article}}<br />
{{Automatic taxobox<br />
| name=Squash<br />
| image=Squashes at Kew Gardens IncrEdibles 2013.jpg<br />
| image2=Cultivated Cucurbita of Canada.jpg<br />
| image2_caption=Lengthwise section of a ''[[Cucurbita pepo|C. pepo]]'' pumpkin with the fine-textured flesh favored for making [[pumpkin pie]]<br />
| image_caption=''Cucurbita'' fruits come in an assortment of colors and sizes.<br />
| image_alt=Various sizes, shapes, and colors of ''Cucurbita''<br />
| taxon=Cucurbita<br />
| authority=[[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]<br />
| synonyms =<br />
* ''Melopepo'' <small>[[Philip Miller|Mill.]]</small><br />
* ''Ozodycus'' <small>[[Constantine Samuel Rafinesque|Raf.]]</small><br />
* ''Pepo'' <small>Mill.</small><br />
* ''Pileocalyx'' <small>Gasp.</small><br />
* ''Sphenantha'' <small>[[Heinrich Schrader (botanist)|Schrad.]]</small><br />
* ''Tristemon'' <small>[[George Heinrich Adolf Scheele|Scheele]]</small><br />
| synonyms_ref=<ref>{{cite POWO |id=13252-1 |title=''Cucurbita'' L. |access-date=16 November 2024}}</ref><br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{langnf|la|'''Cucurbita'''|[[gourd]]}}<ref name="burrows" /><ref name="gledhill">{{cite book |last=Gledhill |first=David |year=2008 |title=The Names of Plants |url=https://archive.org/details/namesplants00gled_746 |url-access=limited |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |location=[[Cambridge]] |isbn=978-0521866453 |page=[https://archive.org/details/namesplants00gled_746/page/n136 127]}}</ref> is a [[genus]] of [[Herbaceous plant|herbaceous]] [[fruit]]s in the gourd [[family (biology)|family]], [[Cucurbitaceae]] (also known as ''cucurbits'' or ''cucurbi''), native to the [[Andes]] and [[Mesoamerica]]. Five edible species are grown and consumed for their flesh and seeds. They are variously known as '''squash''',<!--REDIRECT TARGET from "Squash fruit"--> [[pumpkin]], or [[gourd]], depending on species, [[Variety (botany)|variety]], and local parlance.{{efn|Due to wide variation in how the terms squash, pumpkin, and gourd are used, even among academics, in this article, the term squash can refer to any member of the genus ''Cucurbita''. Pumpkin and gourd are used to refer to species, varieties, and cultivars commonly referred to by those terms.<ref name="Ferriol">{{cite book |last1=Ferriol |first1=María |last2=Picó |first2=Belén |year=2007 |title=Handbook of Plant Breeding: Vegetables I |publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]] |location=New York |chapter=3 |isbn=978-0-387-72291-7 |page=317 |quote=The common terms "pumpkin", "squash", "gourd", "cushaw", "ayote", "zapallo", "calabaza", etc. are often applied indiscriminately to different cultivated species of the New World genus ''Cucurbita'' L. (Cucurbitaceae): ''C.&nbsp;pepo'' L., ''C.&nbsp; maxima'' Duchesne, ''C.&nbsp;moschata'' Duchesne, ''C.&nbsp;argyrosperma'' C.&nbsp;Huber and ''C.&nbsp;ficifolia'' Bouché.}}</ref>}} Other kinds of gourd, also called [[Calabash|bottle-gourds]], are native to Africa and belong to the genus ''[[Lagenaria]]'', which is in the same family and subfamily as ''Cucurbita'', but in a different [[Tribe (biology)|tribe]]; their young fruits are eaten much like those of the ''Cucurbita'' species.<br />
<br />
There is debate about the [[Taxonomy (biology)|taxonomy]] of the genus and the number of accepted species varies from 13 to 30. The five [[Domestication#Plants|domesticated]] species are ''[[Cucurbita argyrosperma]]'', ''[[Cucurbita ficifolia|C.&nbsp;ficifolia]]'', ''[[Cucurbita maxima|C.&nbsp;maxima]]'', ''[[Cucurbita moschata|C.&nbsp;moschata]]'', and ''[[Cucurbita pepo|C.&nbsp;pepo]],'' all of which can be treated as [[winter squash]] because the full-grown fruits can be stored for months. However, ''C.&nbsp;pepo'' includes some [[cultivar]]s that are better used only as [[summer squash]].<br />
<br />
Most ''Cucurbita'' species are herbaceous vines that grow several meters in length and have [[tendril]]s, but non-vining "bush" cultivars of ''C.&nbsp;pepo'' and ''C.&nbsp;maxima'' have also been developed. The yellow or orange flowers on a ''Cucurbita'' plant are of two types: [[Sexual_reproduction#Flowering_plants|female and male]]. The female flowers produce the fruit and the male flowers produce [[pollen]]. Many North and Central American species are visited by specialist [[Apidae|bee]] [[pollinator]]s, but other insects with more general feeding habits, such as [[honey bee]]s, also visit.<br />
<br />
The fruits of the genus ''Cucurbita'' are good sources of [[nutrient]]s, such as [[vitamin A]] and [[vitamin C]], among other nutrients according to species. The fruits have many culinary uses including [[pumpkin pie]], [[biscuit]]s, [[bread]], [[dessert]]s, [[pudding]]s, [[Drink|beverages]], and [[soup]]s; they are now [[Columbian exchange|cultivated worldwide]]. Although botanical fruits, ''Cucurbita'' gourds such as squash are typically cooked and eaten as [[vegetable]]s. Pumpkins see more varied use, and are eaten both as vegetables and as desserts such as pumpkin pie.<br />
<br />
== Description ==<br />
<br />
''Cucurbita'' species fall into two main groups. The first group consists of [[annual plant|annual]] or short-lived [[perennial plant|perennial]] vines which are [[mesophyte|mesophytic]], meaning they require a more or less continuous water supply. The second group are [[perennial plant|perennials]] growing in arid zones which are [[xerophyte|xerophytic]], meaning they tolerate dry conditions. Cultivated ''Cucurbita'' species were derived from the first group. Growing {{convert|5|to|15|m|ft|round=5|abbr=off|sp=us}} in height or length, the plant stem produces [[tendril]]s to help it climb adjacent plants and structures or extend along the ground. Most species do not readily root from the nodes; a notable exception is ''C.&nbsp;ficifolia'', and the four other cultivated mesophytes do this to a lesser extent. The vine of the perennial ''Cucurbita'' can become semiwoody if left to grow. There is wide variation in size, shape, and color among ''Cucurbita'' fruits, and even within a single species. ''C.&nbsp;ficifolia'' is an exception, being highly uniform in appearance.<ref name="nee">{{cite journal | last1=Nee | first1=Michael | year=1990 | title=The Domestication of ''Cucurbita'' (Cucurbitaceae) | journal=[[Economic Botany]] | volume=44 | issue=3, Supplement: New Perspectives on the Origin and Evolution of New World Domesticated Plants | pages=56–68 | publisher=[[New York Botanical Garden|New York Botanical Gardens Press]] | location=New York | jstor=4255271| doi=10.1007/BF02860475 | bibcode=1990EcBot..44S..56N | s2cid=40493539 }}</ref> The [[Morphology (biology)|morphological]] variation in the species ''C.&nbsp;pepo''<ref name="deckerwalters">{{cite journal | last1=Decker-Walters | first1=Deena S. | last2=Staub | first2=Jack E. | last3=Chung | first3=Sang-Min | last4=Nakata | first4=Eijiro | last5=Quemada | first5=Hector D. | year=2002 | title=Diversity in Free-Living Populations of ''Cucurbita pepo'' (Cucurbitaceae) as Assessed by Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA | journal=[[Systematic Botany]] | volume=27 | issue=1 | pages=19–28 | publisher=[[American Society of Plant Taxonomists]] | jstor=3093892 }}</ref> and ''C.&nbsp;maxima''<ref name="maximadiffspecies">{{cite journal|last=Millán|first=R.|title= Variaciones del Zapallito Amargo ''Cucurbita andreana'' y el Origen de ''Cucurbita maxima''|journal=[[:es:Revista Argentina de Agronomía|Revista Argentina de Agronomía]] |year=1945|volume= 12|pages=86–93|language=es}}</ref> is so vast that its various [[subspecies]] and cultivars have been misidentified as totally separate species.<ref name="deckerwalters" /><br />
<br />
The typical cultivated ''Cucurbita'' species has five-lobed or [[Leaf shape|palmately divided]] leaves with long [[Petiole (botany)|petioles]], with the leaves alternately arranged on the stem. The stems in some species are angular. All of the above-ground parts may be hairy with various types of [[trichome]]s, which are often hardened and sharp. Spring-like tendrils grow from each [[Plant stem|node]] and are branching in some species. ''C.&nbsp;argyrosperma'' has ovate-cordate (egg-shaped to heart-shaped) leaves. The shape of ''C.&nbsp;pepo'' leaves varies widely. ''C.&nbsp;moschata'' plants can have light or dense [[Leaf#Surface|pubescence]]. ''C.&nbsp;ficifolia'' leaves are slightly angular and have light pubescence. The leaves of all four of these species may or may not have white spots.<ref name="saade" /><br />
<br />
The species are [[monoecious]], with unisexual male ([[stamen|staminate]]) and female ([[pistil]]late) flowers on a single plant and these grow singly, appearing from the [[Axillary bud|leaf axils]]. Flowers have five fused yellow to orange petals (the [[petal#Corolla|corolla]]) and a green bell-shaped [[Sepal|calyx]]. Male flowers in Cucurbitaceae generally have five stamens, but in ''Cucurbita'' there are only three, and their [[anther]]s are joined so that there appears to be one.<ref name="Mabberley">{{cite book |last=Mabberley |first=D. J. |year=2008 |title=The Plant Book: A Portable Dictionary of the Vascular Plants |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |location=Cambridge |isbn=978-0-521-82071-4 |page=235}}</ref><ref name="eflora">{{cite web |last1=Lu |first1=Anmin |last2=Jeffrey |first2=Charles |work=Flora of China |title=''Cucurbita'' Linnaeus |url=http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=108644 |access-date=February 21, 2015 |archive-date=September 6, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906013041/http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=108644 |url-status=live }}</ref> Female flowers have thick [[Pedicel (botany)|pedicels]], and an [[inferior ovary]] with 3–5 [[Stigma (botany)|stigmas]] that each have two lobes.<ref name="saade" /><ref name="ucla" /> The female flowers of ''C.&nbsp;argyrosperma'' and ''C.&nbsp;ficifolia'' have larger corollas than the male flowers.<ref name="saade" /> Female flowers of ''C.&nbsp;pepo'' have a small calyx, but the calyx of ''C.&nbsp;moschata'' male flowers is comparatively short.<ref name="saade" /><br />
<br />
''Cucurbita'' fruits are large and fleshy.<ref name=Mabberley/> Botanists classify the ''Cucurbita'' fruit as a [[Berry (botany)#Modified berries|pepo]], which is a special type of [[Berry (botany)|berry]] derived from an inferior ovary, with a thick outer wall or rind with [[hypanthium]] tissue forming an [[exocarp]] around the ovary, and a fleshy interior composed of [[mesocarp]] and [[endocarp]]. The term "pepo" is used primarily for Cucurbitaceae fruits, where this fruit type is common, but the fruits of ''[[Passiflora]]'' and ''[[Carica]]'' are sometimes also pepos.<ref name="hypanthium">{{cite web |url=http://www.worldbotanical.com/fruit_types.htm |title=A Systematic Treatment of Fruit Types |publisher=Worldbotanical |access-date=October 10, 2013 |archive-date=July 13, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170713022453/http://www.worldbotanical.com/fruit_types.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="schrager">{{cite book |last=Schrager|first=Victor |title=The Compleat Squash: A Passionate Grower's Guide to Pumpkins, Squash, and Gourds |publisher=Artisan |location=New York |year=2004 |page=25 |isbn=978-1-57965-251-7}}</ref> The seeds, which are attached to the ovary wall (parietal placentation) and not to the center, are large and fairly flat with a large embryo that consists almost entirely of two [[cotyledon]]s.<ref name="ucla" /> Fruit size varies considerably: wild fruit specimens can be as small as {{convert|4|cm|in|frac=2|abbr=off|sp=us}} and some domesticated specimens can weigh well over {{convert|300|kg|lb|abbr=off|sp=us}}.<ref name="saade" /> The current world record was set in 2014 by Beni Meier of [[Switzerland]] with a {{convert|2323.7|lb|kg|0|abbr=on|adj=on|order=flip}} pumpkin.<ref name="appumpkin">{{cite news |title=2014 – Beni Meier and his 2323.7 pound World Record Giant Pumpkin! |url=http://www.bigpumpkins.com/ViewArticle.asp?id=186&gid=62 |publisher=BigPumpkins.com |access-date=February 12, 2016 |date=2014 |archive-date=March 4, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304025635/http://www.bigpumpkins.com/ViewArticle.asp?id=186&gid=62 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
<gallery widths="200" heights="160"><br />
File:Cucurbita moschata leaves.jpg|The leaves of ''[[Cucurbita moschata]]'' often have white spots near the veins.<br />
File:Cucurbita 2011 G1 Large.jpg|Two bright orange ''C. pepo'' pumpkins, center right; the rest are squashes, ''C. maxima''<br />
File:Red kuri squash plant trichomes.jpg|Stem, pedicel and fruit hairs of ''[[red kuri squash]]'' plant<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
=== Reproductive biology ===<br />
<br />
[[File:Peponapis pruinosaCane-12.JPG|thumb|alt=Bee pollinating female ''Cucurbita'' flower|''Cucurbita'' female flower with pollinating [[squash bee]]s]]<br />
<br />
All species of ''Cucurbita'' have 20 pairs of [[chromosome]]s.<ref name="rhodes">{{cite journal |last1=Rhodes |first1=A. M. |last2=Bemis |first2=W. P. |last3=Whitaker |first3=Thomas W. |last4=Carmer |first4=S. G. |year=1968 |title=A Numerical Taxonomic Study of ''Cucurbita'' |journal=[[Brittonia]] |publisher=[[New York Botanical Garden Press]] |volume=20 |issue=3 |pages=251–266 |doi=10.2307/2805450 |jstor=2805450 |bibcode=1968Britt..20..251R |s2cid=6973668}}</ref><br />
<br />
Many North and Central American species are visited by specialist [[pollinator]]s in the [[Apidae|apid]] tribe [[Eucerini]], especially the genera ''[[Peponapis]]'' and ''[[Xenoglossa]]'', and these [[squash bee]]s can be crucial to the flowers producing fruit after pollination.<ref name="nee" /><ref name="hurd">{{cite journal |last1=Hurd |first1=Paul D. |last2=Linsley |first2=E. Gorton |year=1971 |title=Squash and Gourd Bees (''Peponapis'', ''Xenoglossa'') and the Origin of the Cultivated ''Cucurbita'' |journal=[[Evolution (journal)|Evolution]] |location=St. Louis, MO |publisher=Society for the Study of Evolution |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=218–234 |doi=10.2307/2406514 |jstor=2406514 |pmid=28562933}}</ref><ref name="whitbem">{{cite journal |last1=Whitaker |first1=Thomas W. |last2=Bemis |first2=W. P. |year=1964 |title=Evolution in the Genus ''Cucurbita'' |journal=Evolution |volume=18 |issue=4 |pages=553–559 |doi=10.2307/2406209 |jstor=2406209}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[File:Cucurbita maxima Zapallo Plomo semillería Costanzi - flowers detail (masculine) - male flower, some petals and 1 filament removed.jpg|thumb|120px|alt=Male ''Cucurbita'' flower|Male flower, part of the perianth removed, arrows indicating nectar pores]]<br />
<br />
When there is more pollen applied to the stigma, more seeds are produced in the fruits and the fruits are larger with greater likelihood of maturation,<ref name="winsor">{{Cite journal |last1=Winsor |first1=J. A. |last2=Davis |first2=L. E. |last3=Stephenson |first3=A. G. |year=1987 |title=The Relationship Between Pollen Load and Fruit Maturation and the Effect of Pollen Load on Offspring Vigor in ''Cucurbita pepo'' |journal=The American Naturalist |volume=129 |issue=5 |pages=643–656 |doi=10.1086/284664 |jstor=2461727 |s2cid=84901190}}</ref> an effect called [[xenia (plants)|xenia]]. Competitively grown specimens are therefore often hand-pollinated to maximize the number of seeds in the fruit.<ref name="rwrobinsoncross">{{cite journal |last=Robinson |first=Richard W. |year=2000 |title=Rationale and Methods for Producing Hybrid Cucurbit Seed |journal=Journal of New Seeds |volume=1 |issue=3–4 |pages=1–47 |doi=10.1300/J153v01n03_01 |s2cid=85158524}}</ref><ref name="stephenson">{{cite journal |last1=Stephenson |first1=Andrew G. |last2=Devlin |first2=B. |last3=Horton |first3=J. Brian |year=1988 |title=The Effects of Seed Number and Prior Fruit Dominance on the Pattern of Fruit Production in ''Cucurbita pepo'' (Zucchini Squash) |journal=Annals of Botany |volume=62 |issue=6 |pages=653–661 |doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.aob.a087705}}</ref> [[Parthenocarpy|Seedlessness]] is known to occur in certain cultivars of ''C.&nbsp;pepo''.<ref name="robinsonreiners">{{cite journal |last1=Robinson |first1=R. W. |last2=Reiners |first2=Stephen |date=July 1999 |title=Parthenocarpy in Summer Squash |url=http://hortsci.ashspublications.org/content/34/4/715.full.pdf |url-status=live |journal=HortScience |volume=34 |issue=4 |pages=715–717 |doi=10.21273/HORTSCI.34.4.715 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151106115239/http://hortsci.ashspublications.org/content/34/4/715.full.pdf |archive-date=2015-11-06 |access-date=2013-11-07 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="menezes">{{cite journal |last1=Menezes |first1=C. B. |last2=Maluf |first2=W. R. |last3=Azevedo |first3=S. M. |last4=Faria |first4=M. V. |last5=Nascimento |first5=I. R. |last6=Gomez |first6=L. A. |last7=Bearzoti |first7=E. |date=March 2005 |title=Inheritance of Parthenocarpy in Summer Squash (''Cucurbita pepo'' L.). |journal=Genetics and Molecular Research |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=39–46 |pmid=15841434}}</ref><br />
<br />
Critical factors in flowering and fruit set are physiological, having to do with the age of the plant and whether it already has developing fruit.<ref name="stapleton">{{cite journal |last1=Stapleton |first1=Suzanne Cady |last2=Wien |first2=H. Chris |last3=Morse |first3=Roger A. |year=2000 |title=Flowering and Fruit Set of Pumpkin Cultivars under Field Conditions |journal=HortScience |volume=35 |issue=6 |pages=1074–1077 |doi=10.21273/HORTSCI.35.6.1074 |issn=0018-5345 |doi-access=free}}</ref> The [[plant hormone]]s [[ethylene]] and [[auxin]] are key in fruit set and development.<ref name="martínez">{{cite journal |last1=Martínez |first1=Cecelia |last2=Manzano |first2=Susana |last3=Megías |first3=Zoraida |last4=Garrido |first4=Dolores |last5=Picó |first5=Belén |last6=Jamilena |first6=Manuel |year=2013 |title=Involvement of Ethylene Biosynthesis and Signalling in Fruit Set and Early Fruit Development in Zucchini Squash (''Cucurbita pepo'' L.) |journal=BMC Plant Biology |volume=13 |issue=139 |pages=139 |doi=10.1186/1471-2229-13-139 |issn=1471-2229 |pmc=3856489 |pmid=24053311 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ethylene promotes the production of female flowers. When a plant already has a fruit developing, subsequent female flowers on the plant are less likely to mature, a phenomenon called "first-fruit dominance",<ref name="stapleton" /> and male flowers are more frequent, an effect that appears due to reduced natural ethylene production within the plant stem.<ref name="krupmick">{{Cite journal |last1=Krupnick |first1=Gary A. |last2=Brown |first2=Kathleen M. |last3=Stephenson |first3=Andrew G. |year=1999 |title=The Influence of Fruit on the Regulation of Internal Ethylene Concentrations and Sex Expression in ''Cucurbita texana'' |journal=International Journal of Plant Sciences |volume=160 |issue=2 |pages=321–330 |doi=10.1086/314120 |s2cid=85794143}}</ref> [[Ethephon]], a plant growth regulator product that is converted to ethylene after metabolism by the plant, can be used to increase fruit and seed production.<ref name="rwrobinsoncross" /><ref name="murray">{{cite journal |last=Murray |first=M. |year=1987 |title=Field Applications Of Ethephon For Hybrid And Open-Pollinated Squash (''Cucurbita'' Spp) Seed Production |journal=Acta Horticulturae |volume=201 |issue=201 |pages=149–156 |doi=10.17660/ActaHortic.1987.201.15}}</ref> Although ''Cucurbita'' species can generally produce healthy fruit after pollination from the same plant, [[inbreeding depression]] can significantly reduce seed number and fruit size.<ref>{{citation |author=Inácio, Cardoso |year=2004 |title=Depression by inbreeding after four successive self-pollination squash generations |journal=Scientia Agricola |volume=61 |issue=2 |pages=224–227 |doi=10.1590/S0103-90162004000200016 |hdl=11449/5322 |hdl-access=free }}</ref><br />
<br />
The plant hormone [[gibberellin]], produced in the stamens, is essential for the development of all parts of the male flowers. The development of female flowers is not yet understood.<ref name="lange">{{cite journal |last1=Pimenta Lange |first1=Maria João |last2=Knop |first2=Nicole |last3=Lange |first3=Theo |year=2012 |title=Stamen-derived Bioactive Gibberellin is Essential for Male Flower Development of ''Cucurbita maxima'' L. |journal=Journal of Experimental Botany |volume=63 |issue=7 |pages=2681–2691 |doi=10.1093/jxb/err448 |pmc=3346225 |pmid=22268154}}</ref> Gibberellin is also involved in other developmental processes of plants, such as seed and stem growth.<ref name="sturt">{{cite web |title=Plant Hormones |url=http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/agriculture/production/3359/plant_hormones_answers.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116140049/http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/agriculture/production/3359/plant_hormones_answers.htm |archive-date=January 16, 2014 |access-date=January 15, 2014 |publisher=Charles Sturt University}}</ref><br />
<br />
==== Germination and seedling growth ====<br />
<br />
[[File:Kabocha (GH) 21June2005 sown 14June.JPG|thumb|alt=Kabocha seedling at seven days age|[[Kabocha]] seedling seven days after being sown]]<br />
<br />
Seeds with maximum [[germination]] potential develop (in ''C.&nbsp;moschata'') by 45 days after [[anthesis]], and seed weight reaches its maximum 70 days after anthesis.<ref name="wilsonma">{{Cite journal |last1=Wilson |first1=Mack A. |last2=Splittstoesser |first2=Walter E. |year=1980 |title=The Relationship Between Embryo Axis Weight and Reserve Protein During Development and Pumpkin Seed Germination |journal=Journal of Seed Technology |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=35–41 |jstor=23432821}}</ref> Some varieties of ''C.&nbsp;pepo'' germinate best with eight hours of sunlight daily and a planting depth of {{convert|12|mm|in|frac=8|sp=us}}. Seeds planted deeper than {{convert|125|mm|in|frac=4|sp=us}} are not likely to germinate.<ref name="oliver">{{Cite journal |last1=Oliver |first1=Lawrence R. |last2=Harrison |first2=Steve A. |last3=McClelland |first3=Marilyn |year=1983 |title=Germination of Texas Gourd (''Cucurbita texana'') and Its Control in Soybeans (''Glycine max'') |journal=Weed Science |volume=31 |issue=5 |pages=700–706 |doi=10.1017/S0043174500070211 |jstor=4043694 |s2cid=182243467}}</ref> In ''C.&nbsp;foetidissima'', a weedy species, plants younger than 19 days old are not able to sprout from the roots after removing the shoots. In a seed batch with 90 percent germination rate, over 90 percent of the plants had sprouted after 29 days from planting.<ref name="horak">{{Cite journal |last1=Horak |first1=Michael J. |last2=Sweat |first2=Jonathan K. |year=1994 |title=Germination, Emergence, and Seedling Establishment of Buffalo Gourd (''Cucurbita foetidissima'') |journal=Weed Science |volume=42 |issue=3 |pages=358–363 |doi=10.1017/S0043174500076621 |jstor=4045510 |s2cid=132074382}}</ref><br />
<br />
Experiments have shown that when more pollen is applied to the stigma, as well as the fruit containing more seeds and being larger (the xenia effect mentioned above), the germination of the seeds is also faster and more likely, and the seedlings are larger.<ref name="winsor" /> Various combinations of mineral nutrients and light have a significant effect during the various stages of plant growth. These effects vary significantly between the different species of ''Cucurbita''. A type of stored phosphorus called [[Phytic acid|phytate]] forms in seed tissues as spherical crystalline intrusions in protein bodies called [[Globoid (botany)|globoids]]. Along with other nutrients, phytate is used completely during seedling growth.<ref name="beecroft">{{cite journal |last1=Beecroft |first1=Penny |last2=Lott |first2=John N. A. |year=1996 |title=Changes in the Element Composition of Globoids From ''Cucurbita maxima'' and ''Cucurbita andreana'' Cotyledons During Early Seedling Growth |journal=Canadian Journal of Botany |volume=74 |issue=6 |pages=838–847 |doi=10.1139/b96-104|bibcode=1996CaJB...74..838B }}</ref> [[Heavy metal (chemistry)|Heavy metal]] contamination, including [[cadmium]], has a significant negative impact on plant growth.<ref name="subin">{{cite journal |last1=Subin |first1=M. P. |last2=Francis |first2=Steffy |year=2013 |title=Phytotoxic Effects of Cadmium on Seed Germination, Early Seedling Growth and Antioxidant Enzyme Activities in ''Cucurbita maxima'' Duchesne |journal=International Research Journal of Biological Sciences |volume=2 |issue=9 |pages=40–47 |doi=10.1139/b96-104|bibcode=1996CaJB...74..838B }}</ref> ''Cucurbita'' plants grown in the spring tend to grow larger than those grown in the autumn.<ref name="fenner2">{{cite journal |last1=Fenner |first1=G. P. |last2=Patteron |first2=G. W. |last3=Lusby |first3=W. R. |year=1989 |title=Developmental Regulation of Sterol Biosynthesis in ''Cucurbita maxima'' L. |journal=Lipids |volume=24 |issue=4 |pages=271–277 |doi=10.1007/BF02535162 |s2cid=37220982}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Taxonomy==<br />
''Cucurbita'' was formally described in a way that meets the requirements of modern [[botanical nomenclature]] by [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]] in his ''[[Genera Plantarum]]'',<ref name="generaname">{{cite book |chapter=Cucurbita |title=Genera Plantarum |author-link=Carl Linnaeus |first=Carl |last=Linnaeus |year=1754 |page=441 |volume=1 |publisher=Impensis Laurentii Salvii via [[Biodiversity Heritage Library]] |location=Stockholm |chapter-url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/14678#page/476/mode/1up |access-date=2018-02-20 |archive-date=2017-10-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171001122929/http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/14678#page/476/mode/1up |url-status=live }}</ref> the fifth edition of 1754 in conjunction with the 1753 first edition of ''[[Species Plantarum]]''.<ref name="typename">{{cite book |chapter=Cucurbita |title=Species Plantarum |last=Linnaeus |first=Carl |year=1753 |publisher=Impensis Laurentii Salvii via Biodiversity Heritage Library |location=Stockholm |volume=2 |page=1010 |chapter-url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/359031#page/452/mode/1up |access-date=2018-02-20 |archive-date=2017-07-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170702060402/http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/359031#page/452/mode/1up |url-status=live }}</ref> ''Cucurbita pepo'' is the [[type species]] of the genus.<ref name="typename" /><ref name="typespeciesnhm">{{cite journal |title=Cucurbita |journal=The Linnaean Plant Name Typification Project |year=2022 |url=http://www.nhm.ac.uk/research-curation/research/projects/linnaean-typification/database/list.dsml?Genusqtype=starts+with&Genus=Cucurbita&Speciesqtype=starts+with&Species=pepo&Varqtype=starts+with&Var=&Ref=&CGenusqtype=starts+with&CGenus=&CSpeciesqtype=starts+with&CSpecies=&CSspqtype=starts+with&CSsp=&CVarqtype=starts+with&CVar=&Family=&sort=Genus%2CSpecies |publisher=Natural History Museum |doi=10.5519/qwv6u7j5 |access-date=November 4, 2013 |author1=Natural History Museum |archive-date=November 29, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129044110/http://www.nhm.ac.uk/research-curation/research/projects/linnaean-typification/database/list.dsml?Genusqtype=starts+with&Genus=Cucurbita&Speciesqtype=starts+with&Species=pepo&Varqtype=starts+with&Var=&Ref=&CGenusqtype=starts+with&CGenus=&CSpeciesqtype=starts+with&CSpecies=&CSspqtype=starts+with&CSsp=&CVarqtype=starts+with&CVar=&Family=&sort=Genus%2CSpecies |url-status=live }}</ref> Linnaeus initially included the species ''C.&nbsp;pepo'', ''C.&nbsp;verrucosa'' and ''C.&nbsp;melopepo'' (both now included in ''C.&nbsp;pepo''), as well as ''C.&nbsp;citrullus'' (watermelon, now ''[[Citrullus lanatus]]'') and ''C.&nbsp;lagenaria'' (now ''[[Lagenaria siceraria]]'') (both are not ''Cucurbita'' but are in the family Cucurbitaceae.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/search?q=cucurbita |work=The Plant List |title=Cucurbita |access-date=1 January 2015 |archive-date=17 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317222125/http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/search?q=Cucurbita |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
The ''Cucurbita digitata'', ''C.&nbsp;foetidissima'', ''C.&nbsp;galeotti'', and ''C.&nbsp;pedatifolia'' [[species group]]s are [[xerophytes]], arid zone perennials with storage roots; the remainder, including the five domesticated species, are all mesophytic annuals or short-life perennials with no storage roots.<ref name="nee" /><ref name="whitaker">{{cite journal |author1=Whitaker, T.W. |author2=Bemis, W.P. |year=1975 |title=Origin and Evolution of the Cultivated Cucurbita |journal=Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club |volume=102 |issue=6 |pages=362–368 |jstor=2484762 |doi=10.2307/2484762}}</ref> The five domesticated species are mostly isolated from each other by [[Reproductive isolation|sterility barriers]] and have different physiological characteristics.<ref name="whitaker" /> Some [[Allogamy|cross pollinations]] can occur: ''C.&nbsp;pepo'' with ''C.&nbsp;argyrosperma'' and ''C.&nbsp;moschata''; and ''C.&nbsp;maxima'' with ''C.&nbsp;moschata''. Cross pollination does occur readily within the family Cucurbitaceae.<ref name="janssen">{{cite web |url=http://lancaster.unl.edu/hort/articles/2006/curbits.shtml |title=Curbit Family & Cross-Pollination |publisher=University of Nebraska – Lincoln |last=Janssen |first=Don |date=August 14, 2006 |access-date=January 14, 2015 |archive-date=February 13, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150213065650/http://lancaster.unl.edu/hort/articles/2006/curbits.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref> The buffalo gourd (''C.&nbsp;foetidissima'') has been used as an intermediary, as it can be crossed with all the common ''Cucurbita''.<ref name="ucla" /><br />
<br />
[[File:2006-10-18Cucurbita pepo06.jpg|thumb|alt=Several types and colors of ''Cucurbita''|An assortment of fruits of ''C.&nbsp;maxima'' and ''C.&nbsp;pepo'']]<br />
<br />
Various [[taxonomy (biology)|taxonomic]] treatments have been proposed for ''Cucurbita'', ranging from 13 to 30 species.<ref name="burrows">{{cite book|last1=Burrows|first1=George E.|last2=Tyrl|first2=Ronald J.|title=Toxic Plants of North America|publisher=[[Wiley-Blackwell]]|year=2013|location=Oxford|pages=389–391|isbn=978-0-8138-2034-7}}</ref> In 1990, ''Cucurbita'' expert Michael Nee classified them into the following oft-cited 13 species groups (27 species total), listed by group and alphabetically, with geographic origin:<ref name="nee" /><ref name="grin">{{cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/splist.pl?3164 |title=GRIN Species Records of Genus ''Cucurbita'' |author=GRIN |work=Taxonomy for Plants |publisher=[[United States Department of Agriculture|USDA]], [[Agricultural Research Service|ARS]], National Genetic Resources Program |location=National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, [[Beltsville, Maryland]] |access-date=September 1, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924115025/http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/splist.pl?3164 |archive-date=September 24, 2015 |author-link=Germplasm Resources Information Network }}</ref><ref name="itis">{{ITIS |id=22365 |taxon=Cucurbita |access-date=September 1, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Goldman|first=Amy|title=The Compleat Squash: A Passionate Grower's Guide to Pumpkins, Squash, and Gourds|year=2004|publisher=Artisan|location=New York|page=77|isbn=978-1-57965-251-7}}</ref><br />
* ''[[Cucurbita argyrosperma|C.&nbsp;argyrosperma]]'' ([[synonym (biology)|synonym]] ''C.&nbsp;mixta'') – cushaw pumpkin; origin: Mexico<br />
** ''C.&nbsp;kellyana'', origin: Pacific coast of western Mexico<br />
** ''C.&nbsp;palmeri'', origin: Pacific coast of northwestern Mexico<br />
** ''C.&nbsp;sororia'', origin: Pacific coast Mexico to Nicaragua, northeastern Mexico<br />
* ''[[Cucurbita digitata|C.&nbsp;digitata]]'' – fingerleaf gourd; origin: southwestern United States (USA), northwestern Mexico<br />
** ''[[Cucurbita californica|C.&nbsp;californica]]''<br />
** ''[[Cucurbita cordata|C.&nbsp;cordata]]''<br />
** ''[[Cucurbita cylindrata|C.&nbsp;cylindrata]]''<br />
** ''[[Cucurbita palmata|C.&nbsp;palmata]]''<br />
* ''[[Cucurbita ecuadorensis|C.&nbsp;ecuadorensis]]'', origin: Ecuador's Pacific coast<br />
* ''[[Cucurbita ficifolia|C.&nbsp;ficifolia]]'' – figleaf gourd, chilacayote, alcayota; origin: Mexico, Panama, northern Chile and Argentina<br />
* ''[[Cucurbita foetidissima|C.&nbsp;foetidissima]]'' – stinking gourd, buffalo gourd; origin: Mexico<br />
** ''[[Cucurbita scabridifolia|C.&nbsp;scabridifolia]]'', likely a [[natural hybrid]] of ''C.&nbsp;foetidissima'' and ''C.&nbsp;pedatifolia''<ref name="andres">{{cite journal |last=Andres |first=Thomas C. |year=1987 |title=Relationship of ''Cucurbita scabridifolia'' to ''C.&nbsp;foetidissima'' and ''C.&nbsp;pedatifolia'': A Case of Natural Interspecific Hybridization |url=http://cuke.hort.ncsu.edu/cgc/cgc10/cgc10-38.html |journal=Cucurbit Genetics Cooperative Report |volume=10 |pages=74–75 |access-date=2013-09-02 |archive-date=2013-09-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921053838/http://cuke.hort.ncsu.edu/cgc/cgc10/cgc10-38.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="bailey">{{cite journal |last=Bailey |first=Liberty Hyde |author-link=Liberty Hyde Bailey |journal=Gentes Herbarum |volume=6 |pages=267–322 |year= 1943 |title=Species of ''Cucurbita''}}</ref><br />
* ''[[Cucurbita galeottii|C.&nbsp;galeottii]]'', little known; origin: [[Oaxaca]], Mexico<br />
* ''[[Cucurbita lundelliana|C.&nbsp;lundelliana]]'', origin: Mexico, Guatemala, Belize<br />
* ''[[Cucurbita maxima|C.&nbsp;maxima]]'' – winter squash, pumpkin; origin: Argentina, Bolivia, Ecuador<br />
** ''[[Cucurbita andreana|C.&nbsp;andreana]]'', origin – Argentina<br />
* ''[[Cucurbita moschata|C.&nbsp;moschata]]'' – butternut squash, 'Dickinson' pumpkin, golden cushaw; origin: Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Mexico, Panama, Puerto Rico, Venezuela<br />
* ''[[Cucurbita okeechobeensis|C.&nbsp;okeechobeensis]]'', origin: Florida<br />
** ''[[Cucurbita martinezii|C.&nbsp;martinezii]]'', origin: Mexican Gulf Coast and foothills<br />
* ''[[Cucurbita pedatifolia|C.&nbsp;pedatifolia]]'', origin: [[Querétaro]], Mexico<br />
** ''[[Cucurbita moorei|C.&nbsp;moorei]]''<br />
* ''[[Cucurbita pepo|C.&nbsp;pepo]]'' – field pumpkin, summer squash, zucchini, vegetable marrow, courgette, acorn squash; origin: Mexico, US<br />
** ''[[Cucurbita fraterna|C.&nbsp;fraterna]]'', origin: [[Tamaulipas]] and [[Nuevo León]], Mexico<br />
** ''[[Cucurbita texana|C.&nbsp;texana]]'', origin: [[Texas]], US<br />
* ''[[Cucurbita radicans|C.&nbsp;radicans]]'' – calabacilla, calabaza de coyote; origin: Central Mexico<br />
** ''[[Cucurbita gracilior|C.&nbsp;gracilior]]''<br />
<br />
The taxonomy by Nee closely matches the species groupings reported in a pair of studies by a botanical team led by Rhodes and Bemis in 1968 and 1970 based on statistical groupings of several [[phenotype|phenotypic]] traits of 21 species. Seeds for studying additional species members were not available. Sixteen of the 21 species were grouped into five clusters with the remaining five being classified separately:<ref name="rhodes" /><ref name="bemis1970">{{cite journal | last1=Bemis | first1=W. P. | last2=Rhodes | first2=A. M. | last3=Whitaker | first3=Thomas W. | last4=Carmer | first4=S. G. | year=1970 | title=Numerical Taxonomy Applied to ''Cucurbita'' Relationships | journal=[[American Journal of Botany]] | volume=57 | issue=4 | pages=404–412 | jstor=2440868 | doi=10.2307/2440868}}</ref><br />
* ''C.&nbsp;digitata'', ''C.&nbsp;palmata'', ''C.&nbsp;californica'', ''C.&nbsp;cylindrata'', ''C.&nbsp;cordata''<br />
* ''C.&nbsp;martinezii'', ''C.&nbsp;okeechobeensis'', ''C.&nbsp;lundelliana''<br />
* ''C.&nbsp;sororia'', ''C.&nbsp;gracilior'', ''C.&nbsp;palmeri''; ''C.&nbsp;argyrosperma'' (reported as ''C.&nbsp;mixta'') was considered close to the three previous species<br />
* ''C.&nbsp;maxima'', ''C.&nbsp;andreana''<br />
* ''C.&nbsp;pepo'', ''C.&nbsp;texana''<br />
* ''C.&nbsp;moschata'', ''C.&nbsp;ficifolia'', ''C.&nbsp;pedatifolia'', ''C.&nbsp;foetidissima'', and ''C.&nbsp;ecuadorensis'' were placed in their own separate species groups as they were not considered significantly close to any of the other species studied.<br />
<br />
===Phylogeny===<br />
The full [[Phylogenetics|phylogeny]] of this genus is unknown, and research was ongoing in 2014.<ref name="gongpkl2">{{cite journal |last1=Gon g|first1=L. |last2=Pachner |first2=M. |last3=Kalai |first3=K. |last4=Lelley |first4=T. |journal=Genome |title=SSR-based Genetic Linkage Map of ''Cucurbita moschata'' and its Synteny With ''Cucurbita pepo'' |date=November 2008 |volume=51 |issue=11 |pages=878–887 |pmid=18956020 |doi=10.1139/G08-072}}</ref><ref name="gongskpl1">{{cite journal |last1=Gong |first1=L. |last2=Stift |first2= G. |last3=Koffler |first3=R. |last4=Pachner |first4=M. |last5=Lelley |first5=T. |journal=Theoretical and Applied Genetics |title=Microsatellites for the Genus ''Cucurbita'' and an SSR-based Genetic Linkage Map of ''Cucurbita pepo'' L. |date=June 2008 |volume=117 |issue=1 |pages=37–48 |pmid=18379753 |doi=10.1007/s00122-008-0750-2 |pmc=2413107}}</ref> The following [[cladogram]] of ''Cucurbita'' phylogeny is based upon a 2002 study of [[mitochondrial DNA]] by Sanjur and colleagues.<ref name="sanjur" /><br />
<br />
{{clade| style=font-size:85%;line-height:85%;<br />
|1={{clade<br />
|1= ''[[Chayote|Sechium edule]]''<br />
|2={{clade<br />
|1=''[[Cucurbita ficifolia|C.&nbsp;ficifolia]]''<br />
|2={{clade<br />
|1=''[[Cucurbita foetidissima|C.&nbsp;foetidissima]]''<br />
|2={{clade<br />
|1={{clade<br />
|1= ''[[Cucurbita maxima|C.&nbsp;maxima]]'' and ''[[Cucurbita andreana|C.&nbsp;andreana]]''<br />
|2= ''[[Cucurbita ecuadorensis|C.&nbsp;ecuadorensis]]''<br />
}}<br />
|2={{clade<br />
|1=''[[Cucurbita martinezii|C.&nbsp;martinezii]]''<br />
|2= {{clade<br />
|1=''[[Cucurbita pepo|C.&nbsp;pepo]]'' subspp. ''fraterna'' and ''ovifera''<br />
|2= {{clade<br />
|1=''[[Cucurbita pepo|C.&nbsp;pepo]]'' subsp. ''pepo''<br />
|2= {{clade<br />
|1=''[[Cucurbita sororia|C.&nbsp;sororia]]'', in part<br />
|2= {{clade<br />
|1=''[[Cucurbita moschata|C.&nbsp;moschata]]''<br />
|2=''[[Cucurbita sororia|C.&nbsp;sororia]]'', in part and ''[[Cucurbita argyrosperma|C.&nbsp;argyrosperma]]''<br />
}} <br />
}}<br />
}}<br />
}}<br />
}}<br />
}}<br />
}}<br />
}}<br />
}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Distribution and habitat==<br />
[[File:2009 Circleville Pumpkin Show champions.jpg|thumb|alt=Very large orange pumpkins| A festival-winning pumpkin in 2009 weighing {{convert|742|kg|lb|sp=us}}]]<br />
<br />
The ancestral species of the genus ''Cucurbita'' were present in the Americas before the [[Prehistoric migration and settlement of the Americas from Asia|arrival of humans]],<ref name="bemiwhitaker">{{cite journal |last1=Bemis |first1=W. P. |last2=Whitaker |first2=Thomas W. |author-link2=Thomas W. Whitaker |date=April 1969 |title=The Xerophytic ''Cucurbita'' of Northwestern Mexico and Southwestern United States |journal=[[Madroño (journal)|Madroño]] |publisher=California Botanical Society |volume=20 |issue=2 |pages=33–41 |jstor=41423342}}</ref><ref name="smith2006">{{cite journal |last=Smith |first=Bruce D. |date=15 August 2006 |title=Eastern North America as an Independent Center of Plant Domestication |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=103 |issue=33 |pages=12223–12228 |bibcode=2006PNAS..10312223S |doi=10.1073/pnas.0604335103 |pmc=1567861 |pmid=16894156 |doi-access=free}}</ref> and are native to the [[Americas]]. The likely center of origin is southern Mexico, spreading south through what is now known as Mesoamerica, into South America, and north to what is now the southwestern United States.<ref name="bemiwhitaker" /> Evolutionarily speaking, the genus is relatively recent in origin, dating back to the [[Holocene]], whereas the family Cucurbitaceae, represented in ''[[Bryonia]]''-like seeds, dates to the [[Paleocene]].<ref name="Kubitzki2010">{{cite book |last=Kubitzki |first=Klaus |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_hHvYeQYTTEC&pg=PA120 |title=Flowering Plants. Eudicots: Sapindales, Cucurbitales, Myrtaceae |date=2011 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=978-3-642-14397-7 |location=Heidelberg |pages=120–122 |quote=The fossil record of Cucurbitaceae and indeed of the order Cucurbitales is sparse.. The oldest fossils are seeds from the Uppermost Paleocene and Lower Eocene London Clay (65MA).. ''Bryonia''-like seeds from fossil beda at Tambov, Western Siberia date to the Lower Sarmat, 15–13 MA ago. Subfossil records of ''Cucurbita pepo'' have been dated to 8,000–7,000 B.C. at Guila Naquitz&nbsp;..., those of ''C. moschata'' in the northern Peruvian Andes to up to 9,200 B.P.}}</ref> Recent genomic studies support the idea that the ''Cucurbita'' genus underwent a whole-genome duplication event, increasing the number of chromosomes and accelerating the rate at which their genomes evolve relative to other cucurbits.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sun |first1=Honghe |last2=Wu |first2=Shan |last3=Zhang |first3=Guoyu |last4=Jiao |first4=Chen |last5=Guo |first5=Shaogui |last6=Ren |first6=Yi |last7=Zhang |first7=Jie |last8=Zhang |first8=Haiying |last9=Gong |first9=Guoyi |last10=Jia |first10=Zhangcai |last11=Zhang |first11=Fan |last12=Tian |first12=Jiaxing |last13=Lucas |first13=William J. |last14=Doyle |first14=Jeff J. |last15=Li |first15=Haizhen |last16=Fei |first16=Zhangjun |last17=Xu |first17=Yong |display-authors=5 |date=October 2017 |title=Karyotype Stability and Unbiased Fractionation in the Paleo-Allotetraploid Cucurbita Genomes |journal=Molecular Plant |volume=10 |issue=10 |pages=1293–1306 |doi=10.1016/j.molp.2017.09.003 |pmid=28917590 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Montero-Pau |first1=Javier |last2=Blanca |first2=José |last3=Bombarely |first3=Aureliano |last4=Ziarsolo |first4=Peio |last5=Esteras |first5=Cristina |last6=Martí-Gómez |first6=Carlos |last7=Ferriol |first7=María |last8=Gómez |first8=Pedro |last9=Jamilena |first9=Manuel |last10=Mueller |first10=Lukas |last11=Picó |first11=Belén |last12=Cañizares |first12=Joaquín |date=June 2018 |title=De novo assembly of the zucchini genome reveals a whole-genome duplication associated with the origin of the Cucurbita genus |journal=Plant Biotechnology Journal |volume=16 |issue=6 |pages=1161–1171 |doi=10.1111/pbi.12860 |pmc=5978595 |pmid=29112324}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Barrera-Redondo |first1=Josué |last2=Ibarra-Laclette |first2=Enrique |last3=Vázquez-Lobo |first3=Alejandra |last4=Gutiérrez-Guerrero |first4=Yocelyn T. |last5=Sánchez de la Vega |first5=Guillermo |last6=Piñero |first6=Daniel |last7=Montes-Hernández |first7=Salvador |last8=Lira-Saade |first8=Rafael |last9=Eguiarte |first9=Luis E. |date=April 2019 |title=The Genome of Cucurbita argyrosperma (Silver-Seed Gourd) Reveals Faster Rates of Protein-Coding Gene and Long Noncoding RNA Turnover and Neofunctionalization within Cucurbita |journal=Molecular Plant |volume=12 |issue=4 |pages=506–520 |doi=10.1016/j.molp.2018.12.023 |pmid=30630074 |s2cid=58638439 |doi-access=free}}</ref> No species within the genus is entirely genetically isolated. ''C.&nbsp;moschata'' can intercross with all ''Cucurbita'' species, though the hybrid offspring may not be fertile unless they become [[polyploid]].<ref name="whitaker" /><br />
<br />
Evidence of domestication of Cucurbita goes back over 8,000 years from the southernmost parts of Canada down to Argentina and Chile. Centers of domestication stretch from the Mississippi River watershed and Texas down through Mexico and Central America to northern and western South America.<ref name="nee" /> Of the 27 species that Nee delineates, five are domesticated. Four of these, ''C.&nbsp;argyrosperma'', ''C.&nbsp;ficifolia'', ''C.&nbsp;moschata'', and ''C.&nbsp;pepo'', originated and were domesticated in [[Mesoamerica]]; the fifth, ''C.&nbsp;maxima'', originated and was domesticated in South America.<ref name="saade">{{cite web |last1=Saade |first1=R. Lira |last2=Hernández |first2=S. Montes |title=Cucurbits |url=http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/1492/cucurbits.html |publisher=Purdue Horticulture |access-date=September 2, 2013 |archive-date=October 9, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211009220541/https://hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/1492/cucurbits.html |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
Within ''C.&nbsp;pepo'', the pumpkins, the [[Pattypan squash|scallops]], and possibly the crooknecks are ancient and were domesticated at different times and places. The domesticated forms of ''C.&nbsp;pepo'' have larger fruits than non-domesticated forms and seeds that are larger but fewer in number.<ref name="paris1989" /> In a 1989 study on the origins and development of ''C.&nbsp;pepo'', botanist Harry Paris suggested that the original wild specimen had a small round fruit and that the modern pumpkin is its direct descendant. He suggested that the crookneck, ornamental gourd, and scallop are early variants and that the acorn squash is a cross between the scallop and the pumpkin.<ref name="paris1989" /><br />
<br />
[[File:Cucurbita moschata Butternut 2012 G2.jpg|thumb|alt=Sliced butternut squash|''C.&nbsp;moschata'' 'Butternut']]<br />
<br />
''C.&nbsp;argyrosperma'' is not as widespread as the other species. The wild form ''C. a.'' subsp. ''sororia'' is found from [[Mexico]] to [[Nicaragua]], and cultivated forms are used in a somewhat wider area stretching from Panama to the southeastern United States.<ref name="saade" /> It was probably bred for its seeds, which are large and high in [[Oil#Organic oils|oil]] and [[Protein (nutrient)|protein]], but its flesh is of poorer quality than that of ''C.&nbsp;moschata'' and ''C.&nbsp;pepo''. It is grown in a wide altitudinal range: from sea level to as high as {{convert|1800|m|ft|sp=us}} in dry areas, usually with the use of irrigation, or in areas with a defined rainy season, where seeds are sown in May and June.<ref name="saade" /><br />
<br />
''C.&nbsp;ficifolia'' and ''C.&nbsp;moschata'' were originally thought to be Asiatic in origin, but this has been disproven. The origin of ''C.&nbsp;ficifolia'' is Latin America, most likely southern Mexico, Central America, or the Andes. It grows at elevations ranging from {{convert|1000|to|3000|m|ft|sp=us}} in areas with heavy rainfall. It does not hybridize well with other cultivated species as it has significantly different enzymes and chromosomes.<ref name="saade" /><br />
<br />
''C.&nbsp;maxima'' originated in South America over 4,000 years ago,<ref name="sanjur" /> probably in Argentina and Uruguay. The plants are sensitive to [[Frost#Effect on plants|frost]], and they prefer both bright sunlight and soil with a pH of 6.0 to 7.0.<ref name="uwis">{{cite web |title=''Cucurbita maxima'' Origin/ Habitat |url=http://bioweb.uwlax.edu/bio203/s2009/herman_jaci/habitat_geography.htm |publisher=University of Wisconsin |year=2007 |access-date=September 2, 2013 |archive-date=September 21, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921060145/http://bioweb.uwlax.edu/bio203/s2009/herman_jaci/habitat_geography.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> ''C.&nbsp;maxima'' did not start to spread into North America until after the arrival of Columbus. Varieties were in use by native peoples of the United States by the 16th century.<ref name="nee" /> Types of ''C.&nbsp;maxima'' include ''triloba'',<ref name="triloba">{{cite web|title=Holotype of ''Cucurbita maxima'' Duchesne var. ''triloba'' Millán [family CUCURBITACEAE]|url=http://plants.jstor.org/specimen/si001320|access-date=October 3, 2013}}{{subscription required}}</ref> ''zapallito'',<ref name="anido">{{cite journal |last1=López-Anido |first1=F. |last2=Cravero |first2=V. |last3=Asprelli |first3=P. |last4=Cointry |first4=E. |last5=Firpo |first5=I. |last6=García |first6=S. M. |title=Inheritance of Immature Fruit Color in ''Cucurbita maxima'' var. ''zapallito'' (Carrière) Millán |url=http://cuke.hort.ncsu.edu/cgc/cgc26/cgc26-15.pdf |journal=Cucurbit Genetics Cooperative Report |volume=26 |pages=48–50 |year=2003 |access-date=2013-10-03 |archive-date=2013-10-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004220332/http://cuke.hort.ncsu.edu/cgc/cgc26/cgc26-15.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> ''zipinka'',<ref name="zipinka">{{cite web |title=Holotype of ''Cucurbita maxima'' Duchesne var. ''zipinka'' Millán [family CUCURBITACEAE]|url=http://plants.jstor.org/specimen/si001321 |access-date=October 3, 2013}}{{subscription required}}</ref> Banana, Delicious, Hubbard, Marrow (''C.&nbsp;maxima'' Marrow), Show, and Turban.<ref name="robinson">{{cite book |last1=Robinson |first1=Richard Warren |last2=Decker-Walters |first2=D. S. |title=Cucurbits |year=1997 |publisher=[[CAB International]] |location=Oxfordshire, UK |pages=71–83 |isbn=978-0-85199-133-7}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[File:Cucurbita moschata 'Tromboncino'.jpg|thumb|alt=Curved green squashes|Fruit of the 'Tromboncino' cultivar of the Crookneck (''C.&nbsp;moschata'') [[cultivar group|Group]] are eaten either when very young, or as mature winter squash.]]<br />
<br />
''C.&nbsp;moschata'' is native to Latin America, but the precise location of origin is uncertain.<ref name="wessel">{{cite journal |last=Wessel-Beaver |first=Linda |year=2000 |title=Evidence for the Center of Diversity of ''Cucurbita moschata'' in Colombia |url=http://cuke.hort.ncsu.edu/cgc/cgc23/cgc23-16.html |journal=Cucurbit Genetics Cooperative Report |volume=23 |pages=54–55 |access-date=2013-09-04 |archive-date=2013-10-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004220329/http://cuke.hort.ncsu.edu/cgc/cgc23/cgc23-16.html |url-status=live }}</ref> It has been present in Mexico, Belize, Guatemala, and Peru for 4,000–6,000 years and has spread to Bolivia, Ecuador, Panama, Puerto Rico, and Venezuela. This species is closely related to ''C.&nbsp;argyrosperma''. A variety known as the Seminole Pumpkin has been cultivated in Florida since before the arrival of Columbus. Its leaves are {{convert|20|to|30|cm|in|sp=us|0}} wide. It generally grows at low elevations in hot climates with heavy rainfall, but some varieties have been found above {{convert|2200|m|ft|sp=us}}.<ref name="saade" /> Groups of ''C.&nbsp;moschata'' include Cheese, Crookneck (''C.&nbsp;moschata''), and Bell.<ref name="robinson" /><br />
<br />
''C.&nbsp;pepo'' is one of the oldest, if not the oldest, domesticated species with the oldest known locations being [[Oaxaca]], Mexico, 8,000–10,000 years ago, and [[Ocampo, Tamaulipas]], Mexico, about 7,000 years ago. It is known to have appeared in [[Missouri]], United States, at least 4,000 years ago.<ref name="nee" /><ref name="saade" /><ref name="tamu">{{cite web |last=Wilson |first=Hugh D. |publisher=Texas A&M Bioinformatics Working Group |url=http://botany.csdl.tamu.edu/FLORA/flcp/flcp3.htm |work=Free-living Cucurbita pepo in the United States Viral Resistance, Gene Flow, and Risk Assessment |title=What is ''Cucurbita texana''? |access-date=September 8, 2013 |archive-date=September 27, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927212331/http://botany.csdl.tamu.edu/FLORA/flcp/flcp3.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="gibbonames238" /> Debates about the origin of ''C.&nbsp;pepo'' have been on-going since at least 1857.<ref name="kirkpatrick">{{cite journal | last1=Kirkpatrick | first1=Kurt J. | last2=Wilson | first2=Hugh D. | year=1988 | title=Interspecific Gene Flow in ''Cucurbita'': ''C. texana'' vs. ''C. pepo'' | journal=[[American Journal of Botany]] | volume=75 | issue=4 | pages=519–527 | publisher=Botanical Society of America | doi=10.2307/2444217| jstor=2444217 }}</ref> There have traditionally been two opposing theories about its origin: 1) that it is a direct descendant of ''C.&nbsp;texana'' and 2) that ''C.&nbsp;texana'' is merely [[Feral organism|feral]] ''C.&nbsp;pepo''.<ref name="nee" /> A more recent theory by botanist Thomas Andres in 1987 is that descendants of ''C.&nbsp;fraterna'' hybridized with ''C.&nbsp;texana'',<ref name="andres2">{{cite journal |last=Andres |first=Thomas C. |year=1987 |title=''Cucurbita fraterna'', the Closest Wild Relative and Progenitor of ''C.&nbsp;pepo'' |url=http://cuke.hort.ncsu.edu/cgc/cgc10/cgc10-36.html |url-status=live |journal=Cucurbit Genetics Cooperative Report |volume=10 |pages=69–71 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921053841/http://cuke.hort.ncsu.edu/cgc/cgc10/cgc10-36.html |archive-date=2013-09-21 |access-date=2013-09-06}}</ref> resulting in two distinct domestication events in two different areas: one in Mexico and one in the eastern United States, with ''C.&nbsp;fraterna'' and ''C.&nbsp;texana'', respectively, as the ancestral species.<ref name="saade" /><ref name="sanjur" /><ref name="andres2" /><ref name="soltis">{{cite book|last1=Soltis|first1=Douglas E. |last2=Soltis |first2=Pamela S.|author-link2=Pamela S. Soltis|title=Isozymes in Plant Biology |page=176|location=London |publisher=Dioscorodes Press|year=1990|isbn=978-0-412-36500-3}}</ref> ''C.&nbsp;pepo'' may have appeared in the Old World before moving from Mexico into South America.<ref name="saade" /> It is found from sea level to slightly above {{convert|2000|m|ft|sp=us}}. Leaves have 3–5 lobes and are {{convert|20–35|cm|in|sp=us|0}} wide. All the subspecies, varieties, and [[cultivar]]s are [[Hybrid (biology)|interfertile]].<ref name="deckerwalters" /> In 1986 Paris proposed a revised taxonomy of the edible cultivated ''C.&nbsp;pepo'' based primarily on the shape of the fruit, with eight groups.<ref name="paris1989" /><ref name="paris1986" /> All but a few ''C.&nbsp;pepo'' cultivars can be included in these groups.<ref name="saade" /><ref name="paris1986">{{cite journal |last=Paris |first=Harry S. |journal=Phytologia |title=A Proposed Subspecific Classification for ''Cucurbita pepo'' |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/47050#page/145/mode/1up |year=1986 |volume=61 |issue=3 |pages=133–138 |access-date=2018-01-13 |archive-date=2017-07-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170728150825/http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/47050#page/145/mode/1up |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="mbccp">{{cite web |url=http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/gardens-gardening/your-garden/plant-finder/plant-details/kc/a686/cucurbita-pepo.aspx |publisher=Missouri Botanical Garden |title=Cucurbita pepo |access-date=September 2, 2013 |archive-date=September 11, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130911064453/http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/gardens-gardening/your-garden/plant-finder/plant-details/kc/a686/cucurbita-pepo.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="heistinger">{{cite book |last=Heistinger |first=Andrea |title=The Manual of Seed Saving: Harvesting, Storing, and Sowing Techniques for Vegetables, Herbs, and Fruits |publisher=Timber Press |location=Portland, OR|year=2013 |page=278 |isbn=978-1-60469-382-9}}</ref> There is one non-edible cultivated variety: ''C. pepo'' var. ''ovifera''.<ref name="decker">{{cite journal | last1=Decker | first1=Deena S. | last2=Wilson | first2=Hugh D. | year=1987 | title=Allozyme Variation in the ''Cucurbita pepo'' Complex: ''C. pepo'' var. ''ovifera'' vs. ''C. texana'' | journal=[[Systematic Botany]] | volume=12 | issue=2 | pages=263–273 | publisher=American Society of Plant Taxonomists | jstor=2419320 | doi=10.2307/2419320}}</ref><br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|+A classification of cultivated ''C. pepo'' varieties based on Paris' eight groups and the one non-edible variety<br />
|-<br />
! [[Cultivar group]] !! Botanical name !! Image !! Description<br />
|-<br />
| Acorn || ''C.&nbsp;pepo'' var. ''turbinata'' || [[File:Starr 070730-7820 Cucurbita pepo.jpg|100px|alt=Green acorn squashes]] || Winter squash, both a shrubby and creeping plant, obovoid or conical shape, pointed at the apex and with longitudinal grooves, thus resembling a spinning top,<ref name="paris1986" /> ex: [[Acorn squash]]<ref name="saade" /><ref name="mbccp" /><ref name="heistinger" /><br />
|-<br />
| Cocozzelle || ''C.&nbsp;pepo'' var. ''Ionga'' || [[File:Cucurbita pepo Cocozelle fruits.jpg|100px|alt=Slender green Cocozzelle squash]] || Summer squash, long round slender fruit that is slightly bulbous at the apex,<ref name="paris1986" /> similar to ''fastigata'', ex: Cocozelle von tripolis<ref name="saade" /><ref name="mbccp" /><ref name="heistinger" /><br />
|-<br />
| Crookneck || ''C.&nbsp;pepo'' var. ''torticollia'' (also ''torticollis'') || [[File:Crooked Neck Squash.jpg|100px|alt=Yellow curved squash]] || Summer squash, shrubby plant, with yellow, golden, or white fruit which is long and curved at the end and generally has a verrucose (wart-covered) rind,<ref name="paris1986" /> ex: [[Crookneck squash]]<ref name="saade" /><ref name="mbccp" /><ref name="heistinger" /><br />
|-<br />
| Pumpkin || ''C.&nbsp;pepo'' var. ''pepo'' || [[File:Pumpkin 2 - Evan Swigart.jpg|75px|center|alt=Round orange pumpkin]] || Winter squash, creeping plant, round, oblate, or oval shape and round or flat on the ends,<ref name="paris1986" /> ex: [[Pumpkin]];<ref name="saade" /><ref name="mbccp" /><ref name="heistinger" /> includes ''C.&nbsp;pepo'' subsp. ''pepo'' var. ''styriaca'', used for Styrian [[pumpkin seed oil]]<ref name="fürnkranz">{{cite journal | last1=Fürnkranz | first1=Michael | last2=Lukesch | first2=Birgit | last3=Müller | first3=Henry | last4=Huss | first4=Herbert | last5=Grube | first5=Martin | last6=Berg | first6=Gabriele | year=2012 | title=Microbial Diversity Inside Pumpkins: Microhabitat-Specific Communities Display a High Antagonistic Potential Against Phytopathogens | journal=[[Microbial Ecology (journal)|Microbial Ecology]] | volume=63 | issue=2 | pages=418–428 | publisher=Springer | jstor=41412429 | doi=10.1007/s00248-011-9942-4 | pmid=21947430 | bibcode=2012MicEc..63..418F | s2cid=16454305 }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| Scallop || ''C.&nbsp;pepo'' var. ''clypeata''; called ''C.&nbsp;melopepo'' by [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]]<ref name="deckerwalters" /> || [[File:Pattypan squash J1.jpg|100px|alt=Whitish round squash]] || Summer squash, prefers half-shrubby habitat, flattened or slightly discoidal shape, with undulations or equatorial edges,<ref name="paris1986" /> ex: [[Pattypan squash]]<ref name="saade" /><ref name="mbccp" /><ref name="heistinger" /><br />
|-<br />
| Straightneck || ''C.&nbsp;pepo'' var. ''recticollis'' || [[File:Cucurbita pepo Yellow Squash 3.jpg|100px|alt=Yellow straight squashes]] || Summer squash, shrubby plant, with yellow or golden fruit and verrucose rind, similar to var. ''torticollia'' but a stem end that narrows,<ref name="paris1986" /> ex: [[Straightneck squash]]<ref name="saade" /><ref name="mbccp" /><ref name="heistinger" /><br />
|-<br />
| Vegetable marrow || ''C.&nbsp;pepo'' var. ''fastigata'' || [[File:Spaghetti Squash 700.jpg|100px|alt=White oval squash]] || Summer and winter squashes, creeper traits and a semi-shrub, cream to dark green color, short round fruit with a slightly broad apex,<ref name="paris1986" /> ex: [[Spaghetti squash]] (a winter variety)<ref name="saade" /><ref name="mbccp" /><ref name="heistinger" /><br />
|-<br />
| Zucchini/Courgette || ''C.&nbsp;pepo'' var. ''cylindrica'' || [[File:Zucchini-Whole.jpg|100px|alt=Slender green squash]] || Summer squash, presently the most common group of cultivars, origin is recent (19th century), semi-shrubby, cylindrical fruit with a mostly consistent diameter,<ref name="paris1986" /> similar to ''fastigata'', ex: [[Zucchini]]<ref name="saade" /><ref name="mbccp" /><ref name="heistinger" /><br />
|-<br />
| Ornamental gourds || ''C.&nbsp;pepo'' var. ''ovifera'' || [[File:Cucurbita pepo var ovifera (crop).jpg|100px|alt=Squash that is that half yellow and half green]] || Non-edible,<ref name="decker" /> field squash closely related to ''C.&nbsp;texana'', vine habitat, thin stems, small leaves, three sub-groups: ''C.&nbsp;pepo'' var. ''ovifera'' (egg-shaped, pear-shaped), ''C.&nbsp;pepo'' var. ''aurantia'' (orange color), and ''C.&nbsp;pepo'' var. ''verrucosa'' (round warty gourds), ornamental gourds found in Texas and called var. ''texana'' and ornamental gourds found outside of Texas (Illinois, Missouri, Arkansas, Oklahoma, and Louisiana) are called var. ''ozarkana''<ref name="tamu" /><br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Ecology ==<br />
''Cucurbita'' species are used as food plants by the [[larva]]e of some [[Lepidoptera]] species, including the [[cabbage moth]] (''Mamestra brassicae''), ''[[Hypercompe indecisa]]'', and the [[turnip moth]] (''Agrotis segetum'').<ref name="drugscom">{{cite web |year=2009 |title=Pumpkin |url=https://www.drugs.com/npp/pumpkin.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130915155740/http://www.drugs.com/npp/pumpkin.html |archive-date=September 15, 2013 |access-date=September 1, 2013 |publisher=Drugs.com}}</ref> ''Cucurbita'' can be susceptible to the pest ''Bemisia argentifolii'' ([[silverleaf whitefly]])<ref name="mcauslane">{{cite journal |last1=McAuslane |first1=Heather J. |last2=Webb |first2=Susan E. |last3=Elmstrom |first3=Gary W. |date=June 1996 |title=Resistance in Germplasm of ''Cucurbita pepo'' to Silverleaf, a Disorder Associated with ''Bemisia argentifolii'' (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) |url=http://journals.fcla.edu/flaent/article/download/59206/56885 |url-status=live |journal=The Florida Entomologist |location=Lutz, FL |publisher=Florida Entomological Society |volume=79 |issue=2 |pages=206–221 |doi=10.2307/3495818 |jstor=3495818 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170921220047/http://journals.fcla.edu/flaent/article/download/59206/56885 |archive-date=2017-09-21 |access-date=2018-04-20 |doi-access=free|url-access=subscription }}</ref> as well as aphids (''[[Aphididae]]''), [[cucumber beetle]]s (''Acalymma vittatum'' and ''[[Diabrotica undecimpunctata]] howardi''), squash bug (''[[Anasa tristis]]''), the [[squash vine borer]] (''Melittia cucurbitae''), and the two-spotted spidermite (''[[Tetranychus urticae]]'').<ref name="pestdisease">{{cite web |title=Vegetable Pumpkin |url=http://urbanext.illinois.edu/hortanswers/plantdetail.cfm?PlantID=629&PlantTypeID=9 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130820013036/http://urbanext.illinois.edu/hortanswers/plantdetail.cfm?PlantID=629&PlantTypeID=9 |archive-date=August 20, 2013 |access-date=October 20, 2013 |publisher=University of Illinois Extension}}</ref> The squash bug causes major damage to plants because of its very toxic saliva.<ref name="uflbug">{{cite web |title=Common Name: Squash Bug |url=http://entnemdept.ufl.edu/creatures/veg/leaf/squash_bug.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029193419/http://entnemdept.ufl.edu/creatures/veg/leaf/squash_bug.htm |archive-date=October 29, 2013 |access-date=October 26, 2013 |publisher=University of Florida}}</ref><br />
The [[red pumpkin beetle]] (''Aulacophora foveicollis'') is a serious pest of cucurbits, especially the pumpkin, which it can defoliate.<ref>{{cite web |title=Pumpkin beetle |url=https://www.indiaagronet.com/indiaagronet/pest_management/CONTENTS/pest%20cucurbits.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160616184556/https://www.indiaagronet.com/indiaagronet/pest_management/CONTENTS/pest%20cucurbits.htm |archive-date=16 June 2016 |access-date=20 May 2016 |work=Pests of Cucurbits |publisher=IndiaAgroNet.com}}</ref><br />
[[Cucurbitaceae|Cucurbits]] are susceptible to diseases such as [[bacterial wilt]] (''Erwinia tracheiphila''), anthracnose (''[[Colletotrichum]]'' spp.), fusarium wilt (''[[Fusarium]]'' spp.), phytophthora blight (''[[Phytophthora]]'' spp. [[Oomycete|water molds]]), and powdery mildew (''[[Erysiphe]]'' spp.).<ref name="pestdisease" /> [[Plant defense against herbivory|Defensive responses]] to viral, fungal, and bacterial leaf [[pathogen]]s do not involve cucurbitacin.<ref name="tallamy">{{cite journal |last1=Tallamy |first1=Douglas W. |last2=Krischik |first2=Vera A. |year=1989 |title=Variation and Function of Cucurbitacins in Cucurbita: An Examination of Current Hypotheses |journal=[[The American Naturalist]] |publisher=The University of Chicago Press |volume=133 |issue=6 |pages=766–786 |doi=10.1086/284952 |jstor=2462036 |s2cid=84696664}}</ref><br />
<br />
Species in the genus ''Cucurbita'' are susceptible to some types of [[mosaic virus]] including: [[cucumber mosaic virus]] (CMV), [[papaya ringspot virus]]-cucurbit strain (PRSV), [[squash mosaic virus]] (SqMV), [[tobacco ringspot virus]] (TRSV),<ref name="illaces">{{cite web |title=Mosaic Diseases of Cucurbits |url=http://web.aces.uiuc.edu/vista/pdf_pubs/926.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029185018/http://web.aces.uiuc.edu/vista/pdf_pubs/926.pdf |archive-date=October 29, 2013 |access-date=October 26, 2013 |publisher=University of Illinois}}</ref> [[watermelon mosaic virus]] (WMV), and [[zucchini yellow mosaic virus]] (ZYMV).<ref name="farmnote">{{cite web |title=Virus Diseases of Cucurbit Crops |url=http://archive.agric.wa.gov.au/objtwr/imported_assets/content/hort/veg/pw/fn2006_viruscucurbits_bcoutts.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141112044744/http://archive.agric.wa.gov.au/objtwr/imported_assets/content/hort/veg/pw/fn2006_viruscucurbits_bcoutts.pdf |archive-date=2014-11-12 |access-date=December 31, 2014 |publisher=Department of Agriculture, Government of Western Australia}}</ref><ref name="roossinck">{{cite journal |last1=Roossinck |first1=Marilyn J. |last2=Palukaitis |first2=Peter |year=1990 |title=Rapid Induction and Severity of Symptoms in Zucchini Squash (''Cucurbita pepo'') Map to RNA 1 of Cucumber Mosaic Virus |url=http://www.apsnet.org/publications/mpmi/backissues/Documents/1990Articles/Microbe03_188.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=188–192 |doi=10.1094/mpmi-3-188 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029191813/http://www.apsnet.org/publications/mpmi/backissues/Documents/1990Articles/Microbe03_188.pdf |archive-date=2013-10-29 |access-date=2013-10-26}}</ref><ref name="havelda">{{cite journal |last1=Havelda |first1=Zoltan |last2=Maule |first2=Andrew J. |date=October 2000 |title=Complex Spatial Responses to Cucumber Mosaic Virus Infection in Susceptible ''Cucurbita pepo'' Cotyledons |journal=Plant Cell |volume=12 |issue=10 |pages=1975–1986 |doi=10.1105/tpc.12.10.1975 |pmc=149134 |pmid=11041891|bibcode=2000PlanC..12.1975H }}</ref><ref name="cornell">{{cite web |date=October 1984 |title=Virus Diseases of Cucurbits |url=https://vegetablemdonline.ppath.cornell.edu/factsheets/Viruses_Cucurbits.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131117083315/http://vegetablemdonline.ppath.cornell.edu/factsheets/Viruses_Cucurbits.htm |archive-date=November 17, 2013 |access-date=October 26, 2013 |publisher=Cornell University}}</ref> PRSV is the only one of these viruses that does not affect all cucurbits.<ref name="farmnote" /><ref name="provvidenti">{{cite journal |last1=Provvidenti |first1=R. |last2=Gonsalves |first2=D. |date=May 1984 |title=Occurrence of Zucchini Yellow Mosaic Virus in Cucurbits from Connecticut, New York, Florida, and California |url=http://www.apsnet.org/publications/PlantDisease/BackIssues/Documents/1984Articles/PlantDisease68n05_443.PDF |url-status=live |journal=Plant Disease |volume=68 |issue=5 |pages=443–446 |doi=10.1094/pd-69-443 |issn=0191-2917 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029185841/http://www.apsnet.org/publications/PlantDisease/BackIssues/Documents/1984Articles/PlantDisease68n05_443.PDF |archive-date=2013-10-29 |access-date=2013-10-26}}</ref> SqMV and CMV are the most common viruses among cucurbits.<ref name="aggie">{{cite web |title=Squash |url=http://aggie-horticulture.tamu.edu/archives/parsons/vegetables/squash.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029200818/http://aggie-horticulture.tamu.edu/archives/parsons/vegetables/squash.html |archive-date=October 29, 2013 |access-date=October 26, 2013 |publisher=Texas A&M University}}</ref><ref name="salma">{{cite journal |last1=Salama |first1=El-Sayed A. |last2=Sill |first2=W. H. Jr. |year=1968 |title=Resistance to Kansas Squash Mosaic Virus Strains Among Cucurbita Species |journal=Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science |volume=71 |issue=1 |pages=62–68 |doi=10.2307/3627399 |jstor=3627399}}</ref> Symptoms of these viruses show a high degree of similarity, which often results in laboratory investigation being needed to differentiate which one is affecting plants.<ref name="illaces" /><br />
<br />
== Cultivation ==<br />
<br />
=== History ===<br />
<br />
[[File:Bnf Anne f161.jpg|thumb|upright|alt=Early 1500s painting of squash plants and fruits|''[[Cucurbita pepo]]'' subsp. ''texana'', from the [[Grandes Heures of Anne of Brittany]], 1503–1508, f. 161, earliest depiction of cucurbits in Europe]]<br />
The genus was part of the culture of almost every native peoples group from southern South America to southern Canada.<ref name="smith2006"/> Modern-day cultivated ''Cucurbita'' are not found in the wild.<ref name="nee"/> Genetic studies of the [[mitochondrial gene]] ''[[nad1]]'' show there were at least six independent domestication events of ''Cucurbita'' separating domestic species from their wild ancestors.<ref name="sanjur">{{cite journal |last1=Sanjur |first1=Oris I. |last2=Piperno |first2=Dolores R. |last3=Andres |first3=Thomas C. |last4=Wessel-Beaver |first4=Linda |year=2002 |title=Phylogenetic Relationships among Domesticated and Wild Species of ''Cucurbita'' (Cucurbitaceae) Inferred from a Mitochondrial Gene: Implications for Crop Plant Evolution and Areas of Origin |journal=[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America]] |volume=99 |issue=1 |pages=535–540 |publisher=National Academy of Sciences |location=Washington, DC |jstor=3057572 |doi=10.1073/pnas.012577299 |bibcode=2002PNAS...99..535S |pmid=11782554 |pmc=117595|doi-access=free }}</ref> Species native to North America include ''[[Cucurbita digitata|C.&nbsp;digitata]]'' (calabazilla),<ref name="doafingergourd">{{cite web |title=Cucurbita digitata A. Gray |url=http://plants.usda.gov/plant-profile?symbol=CUDI |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture |access-date=September 1, 2013 |archive-date=September 21, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921061119/http://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=CUDI |url-status=live }}</ref> and ''C.&nbsp;foetidissima'' (buffalo gourd),<ref name="doafiggourd">{{cite web |title=''Cucurbita ficifolia'' Bouché |url=http://plants.usda.gov/plant-profile?symbol=CUFI2 |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture |access-date=September 1, 2013 |archive-date=September 21, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921054527/http://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=CUFI2 |url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[Cucurbita palmata|C.&nbsp;palmata]]'' (coyote melon), and ''C.&nbsp;pepo''.<ref name="nee" /> Some species, such as ''C.&nbsp;digitata'' and ''C.&nbsp;ficifolia,'' are referred to as ''gourds''. Gourds, also called bottle-gourds, which are used as utensils or vessels, belong to the genus ''[[Lagenaria]]'' and are native to Africa. ''Lagenaria'' are in the same family and subfamily as ''Cucurbita'' but in a different [[Tribe (biology)|tribe]].<ref name="roberts">{{cite web |last=Roberts |first=Katherine M. |title=''Cucurbita'' spp. and ''Lagenaria siceraria'' (Molina) – Standley Squash, Gourd, and Pumpkin; Bottle Gourd: Cucurbitaceae |url=http://pages.wustl.edu/peblabguide/articles/1120 |publisher=Washington University in St. Louis |date=March 27, 2012 |access-date=December 31, 2014 |archive-date=February 15, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150215151044/http://pages.wustl.edu/peblabguide/articles/1120 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
The earliest known evidence of the domestication of ''Cucurbita'' dates back at least 8,000 years ago, predating the domestication of other crops such as [[maize]] and [[bean]]s in the region by about 4,000 years.<ref name="nee" /><ref name="tamu" /><ref name="gibbonames238">{{cite book |last1=Gibbon |first1=Guy E. |last2=Ames|first2=Kenneth M. |title=Archaeology of Prehistoric Native America: An Encyclopedia|publisher=Routledge |location=New York |year=1998 |page=[https://archive.org/details/archaeologyofpre0000unse/page/238 238] |isbn=978-0-8153-0725-9 |url=https://archive.org/details/archaeologyofpre0000unse/page/238}}</ref><ref name="roush">{{cite journal |last=Roush |first=Wade |url=https://www.science.org/doi/abs/10.1126/science.276.5314.894 |title=Archaeobiology: Squash Seeds Yield New View of Early American Farming |journal=Science |date=9 May 1997 |volume=276 |issue=5314 |pages=894–895 |publisher=American Association For the Advancement of Science |doi=10.1126/science.276.5314.894|s2cid=158673509 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> This evidence was found in the [[Guilá Naquitz cave]] in Oaxaca, Mexico, during a series of excavations in the 1960s and 1970s, possibly beginning in 1959.<ref name="schoenwetter">{{cite journal |last1=Schoenwetter |first1=James |date=April 1974 |title=Pollen Records of Guila Naquitz Cave |journal=[[American Antiquity]] |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=292–303 |publisher=Society for American Archaeology |jstor=279589 |doi=10.2307/279589|s2cid=163744556 }}</ref><ref name="benz">{{cite journal |last=Benz |first=Bruce F. |title=Archaeological Evidence of Teosinte Domestication From Guilá Naquitz, Oaxaca |year=2005 |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=98 |issue=4 |pages=2104–2106 |doi=10.1073/pnas.98.4.2104 |pmid=11172083 |pmc=29389 |bibcode=2001PNAS...98.2104B |doi-access=free }}</ref> Solid evidence of domesticated ''C.&nbsp;pepo'' was found in the Guilá Naquitz cave in the form of increasing [[Peel (fruit)|rind]] thickness and larger [[Peduncle (botany)|peduncles]] in the newer [[Stratigraphy (archaeology)|stratification layers]] of the cave. By c.&nbsp;8,000 years [[Before Present|BP]] the ''C.&nbsp;pepo'' peduncles found are consistently more than {{convert|10|mm|in|frac=16|sp=us}} thick. Wild ''Cucurbita'' peduncles are always below this 10&nbsp;mm barrier. Changes in fruit shape and color indicate that intentional breeding of ''C.&nbsp;pepo'' had occurred by no later than 8,000 years BP.<ref name="ucla">{{cite web|url=http://www.botgard.ucla.edu/html/botanytextbooks/economicbotany/Cucurbita/ |title=Cucurbitaceae – Fruits for Peons, Pilgrims, and Pharaohs |publisher=University of California at Los Angeles |access-date=September 2, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016003715/http://www.botgard.ucla.edu/html/botanytextbooks/economicbotany/Cucurbita/ |archive-date=October 16, 2013 }}</ref><ref name="smith1989">{{cite journal |last=Smith |first=Bruce D. |date=22 December 1989 |title=Origins of Agriculture in Eastern North America |url=https://www.science.org/doi/abs/10.1126/science.246.4937.1566 |journal=Science |location=Washington, DC |pages=1566–1571 |doi=10.1126/science.246.4937.1566 |pmid=17834420 |volume=246 |issue=4937 |bibcode=1989Sci...246.1566S |s2cid=42832687 |access-date=30 June 2022 |archive-date=14 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211114192812/https://www.science.org/doi/abs/10.1126/science.246.4937.1566 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name="smith">{{cite journal |last=Smith |first=Bruce D. |date=May 1997 |title=The Initial Domestication of ''Cucurbita pepo'' in the Americas 10,000 Years Ago |url=https://www.science.org/doi/full/10.1126/science.276.5314.932 |journal=Science |location=Washington, DC |doi=10.1126/science.276.5314.932 |volume=276 |issue=5314 |pages=932–934 |access-date=2022-06-30 |archive-date=2023-04-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230413083242/https://www.science.org/doi/full/10.1126/science.276.5314.932 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> During the same time frame, average rind thickness increased from {{convert|0.84|-|1.15|mm|in|frac=128|sp=us}}.<ref name="feinman">{{cite book |last1=Feinman |first1=Gary M. |last2=Manzanilla |first2=Linda |title=Cultural Evolution: Contemporary Viewpoints |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d4DEPVVoqE8C&pg=PA31 |year=2000 |publisher=Kluwer Academic |location=New York |page=31 |isbn=978-0-306-46240-5}}</ref> Recent genomic studies suggest that ''[[Cucurbita argyrosperma]]'' was domesticated in Mexico, in the region that is currently known as the state of [[Jalisco]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Barrera-Redondo |first1=Josué |last2=Sánchez-de la Vega |first2=Guillermo |last3=Aguirre-Liguori |first3=Jonás A. |last4=Castellanos-Morales |first4=Gabriela |last5=Gutiérrez-Guerrero |first5=Yocelyn T. |last6=Aguirre-Dugua |first6=Xitlali |last7=Aguirre-Planter |first7=Erika |last8=Tenaillon |first8=Maud I. |last9=Lira-Saade |first9=Rafael |last10=Eguiarte |first10=Luis E. |title=The domestication of Cucurbita argyrosperma as revealed by the genome of its wild relative |journal=Horticulture Research |date=December 2021 |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=109 |pmid=33931618|doi=10.1038/s41438-021-00544-9 |pmc=8087764 |bibcode=2021HorR....8..109B}}</ref><br />
<br />
Squash was domesticated first, followed by maize and then beans, becoming part of the [[Three Sisters (agriculture)|Three Sisters agricultural system]] of [[companion planting]].<ref name="landon">{{cite journal |last=Landon |first=Amanda J. |title=The "How" of the Three Sisters: The Origins of Agriculture in Mesoamerica and the Human Niche |journal=Nebraska Anthropologist |url=http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1039&context=nebanthro |year=2008 |publisher=University of Nebraska – Lincoln |location=Lincoln, NE |pages=110–124 |access-date=2013-09-18 |archive-date=2013-09-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921054240/http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1039&context=nebanthro |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="bushnell">{{cite journal |last=Bushnell |first=G. H. S. |title=The Beginning and Growth of Agriculture in Mexico |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London |year=1976 |location=London |volume=275 |issue=936 |pages=117–120 |doi=10.1098/rstb.1976.0074|bibcode=1976RSPTB.275..117B |doi-access=free }}</ref> The [[English language|English]] word "squash" derives from ''askutasquash'' (a green thing eaten raw), a word from the [[Narragansett language]], which was documented by [[Roger Williams]], the founder of [[Rhode Island]], in his 1643 publication ''[[A Key Into the Language of America]]''.<ref name="loc">{{cite web |url=https://www.loc.gov/rr/scitech/mysteries/squash.html |title=How Did the Squash Get its Name? |publisher=Library of Congress |access-date=October 10, 2013 |archive-date=October 16, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016123203/http://www.loc.gov/rr/scitech/mysteries/squash.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Similar words for squash exist in related languages of the [[Algonquian languages|Algonquian]] [[Language family|family]].<ref name="paris1989">{{cite journal |last1=Paris |first1=Harry S. |year=1989 |title=Historical Records, Origins, and Development of the Edible Cultivar Groups of ''Cucurbita pepo'' (Cucurbitaceae) |journal=[[Economic Botany]] |volume=43 |issue=4 |pages=423–443 |publisher= New York Botanical Garden Press |jstor=4255187 |doi=10.1007/bf02935916|bibcode=1989EcBot..43..423P |s2cid=29052282 }}</ref><ref name="CC">{{cite book |first=Charles L. |last=Cutler |title=O Brave New Words: Native American Loanwords in Current English |publisher=University of Oklahoma Press |location=Norman |year=2000 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/obravenewwords00char/page/39 39–42] |isbn=978-0-8061-3246-4 |url=https://archive.org/details/obravenewwords00char/page/39 }}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Production ===<br />
<br />
{|class="wikitable" style="float:right; clear:left; width:16em; text-align:center;"<br />
|-<br />
! colspan=2|Squash and gourd* production (2021)<br />
|-<br />
! Country<br />
! Production<br /><small>(millions of [[tonne]]s)</small><br />
|-<br />
|{{CHN}} ||7.4<br />
|-<br />
|{{UKR}} ||1.3<br />
|-<br />
|{{RUS}} ||1.2<br />
|-<br />
|{{USA}} ||1.1<br />
|-<br />
|{{TUR}} ||0.8<br />
|-<br />
|{{MEX}} ||0.7<br />
|-<br />
|{{ITA}} ||0.6<br />
|-<br />
|{{IDN}} ||0.5<br />
|-<br />
|{{EGY}} ||0.4<br />
|-<br />
|- bgcolor=#eeeeee class="sortbottom"<br />
|'''World'''||'''23.4'''<br />
|-<br />
|colspan=2|<small>*includes pumpkins</small><br /><small>Source: [[FAOSTAT]] of the United Nations</small><ref name="faostat">{{cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC|title= Production of squash, gourds and pumpkins in 2021, Crops/Regions/World list/Production Quantity (pick lists)|year=2023|publisher=UN Food and Agriculture Organization, Corporate Statistical Database (FAOSTAT)|access-date=6 August 2023}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
In 2021, world production of squashes (including gourds and pumpkins) was 23.4 million tonnes, led by China with 32% of the total (table). Ukraine, Russia, and the United States were secondary producers.<br />
<br />
== Toxicity ==<br />
[[Cucurbitin]] is an [[amino acid]] and a [[carboxy]][[pyrrolidine]] that is found in raw ''Cucurbita'' seeds.<ref name="pierce">{{cite book |last=Peirce |first=Andrea |url=https://archive.org/details/americanpharmace00peir/page/212 |title=The American Pharmaceutical Association Practical Guide to Natural Medicines |publisher=Stonesong Press, William Morrow & Co. |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-688-16151-4 |location=New York |pages=[https://archive.org/details/americanpharmace00peir/page/212 212–214]}}</ref><ref name="mihranian">{{cite journal |last1=Mihranian |first1=Valentine H. |last2=Abou-Chaar |first2=Charles I. |year=1968 |title=Extraction, Detection, and Estimation of Cucurbitin in ''Cucurbita'' Seeds |journal=Lloydia |publisher=American Society of Pharmacognosy |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=23–29}}</ref> It retards the development of parasitic [[Trematoda|flukes]] when administered to infected host mice, although the effect is seen only if administration begins immediately after infection.<ref>{{cite report |url=http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/Herbal_-_HMPC_assessment_report/2011/10/WC500116579.pdf |title=Assessment report on ''Cucurbita pepo'' L. |date=13 September 2011 |publisher=Committee on Herbal Medicinal Products (HMPC), European Medicines Agency |pages=25–26 |access-date=21 November 2015 |archive-date=22 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151122030434/http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/Herbal_-_HMPC_assessment_report/2011/10/WC500116579.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
[[Cucurmosin]] is a [[ribosome inactivating protein]] found in the flesh and seed of ''Cucurbita'',<ref name="preedy">{{cite book |last1=Preedy |first1=Victor R. |title=Nuts and Seeds in Health and Disease Prevention |last2=Watson |first2=Ronald Ross |last3=Patel |first3=Vinwood B. |publisher=Academic Press |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-12-375688-6 |location=London |page=936}}</ref><ref name="barbieri">{{cite journal |last1=Barbieri |first1=L. |last2=Polito |first2=L. |last3=Bolognesi |first3=A. |last4=Ciani |first4=M. |last5=Pelosi |first5=E. |last6=Farini |first6=V. |last7=Jha |first7=A. K. |last8=Sharma |first8=N. |last9=Vivanco |first9=J. M. |last10=Chambery |first10=A. |last11=Parente |first11=A. |last12=Stirpe |first12=F. |date=May 2006 |title=Ribosome-inactivating Proteins in Edible Plants and Purification and Characterization of a New Ribosome-inactivating Protein From ''Cucurbita moschata'' |journal=Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - General Subjects |volume=1760 |issue=5 |pages=783–792 |doi=10.1016/j.bbagen.2006.01.002 |pmid=16564632}}</ref> notably ''[[Cucurbita moschata]]''.<br />
<br />
[[Cucurbitacin]] is a [[steroid|plant steroid]] present in wild ''Cucurbita'' and in each member of the family ''Cucurbitaceae''. Poisonous to mammals,<ref name="tallamy" /> it is found in quantities sufficient to discourage herbivores. It makes wild ''Cucurbita'' and most ornamental gourds, with the exception of an occasional ''C.&nbsp;fraterna'' and ''C.&nbsp;sororia'', bitter to taste.<ref name="burrows" /><ref name="andres2" /><ref name="vidal">{{cite book |title=Western Corn Rootworm: Ecology and Management |publisher=CAB International |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-85199-817-6 |editor-last=Vidal |editor-first=S. |location=Wallingford, UK |pages=67–71 |chapter=4 |doi=10.1079/9780851998176.0000 |chapter-url=http://web.missouri.edu/~hibbardb/CV_files/Tallamy%20et%20al%20chap04%20proof.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129042743/http://web.missouri.edu/~hibbardb/CV_files/Tallamy%20et%20al%20chap04%20proof.pdf |archive-date=2014-11-29 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Ingesting too much cucurbitacin can cause stomach cramps, diarrhea and even collapse.<ref name="Chen">{{cite journal |last1=Chen |first1=Jian Chao |last2=Chiu |first2=Ming Hua |last3=Nie |first3=Rui Lin |last4=Cordell |first4=Geoffrey A. |last5=Qui |first5=Samuel X. |year=2005 |title=Cucurbitacins and Cucurbitane Glycosides: Structures and Biological Activities |journal=Natural Product Reports |volume=22 |issue=5 |pages=386–399 |doi=10.1039/B418841C |pmid=16010347}}</ref> This bitterness is especially prevalent in wild ''Cucurbita''; in parts of Mexico, the flesh of the fruits is rubbed on a woman's breast to wean children.<ref name="wean">{{cite web |last=Merrick |first=Laura C. |title=Natural Hybridization of Wild ''Cucurbita sororia'' Group and Domesticated ''C. mixta'' in Southern Sonora, Mexico |url=http://cuke.hort.ncsu.edu/cgc/cgc07/cgc7-32.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060906112801/http://cuke.hort.ncsu.edu/cgc/cgc07/cgc7-32.html |archive-date=September 6, 2006 |access-date=November 24, 2014 |publisher=North Carolina State University}}</ref> While the process of domestication has largely removed the bitterness from cultivated varieties,<ref name="burrows" /> there are occasional reports of cucurbitacin causing illness in humans.<ref name="burrows" /> Cucurbitacin is also used as a lure in insect traps.<ref name="vidal" /><br />
<br />
== Uses ==<br />
<br />
=== Nutrition ===<br />
{{nutritional value<br />
| name=Summer squash, all varieties, raw<br />
| water=95 g<br />
| kJ=69<br />
| protein=1.2 g<br />
| fat=0.2 g<br />
| carbs=3.4 g<br />
| fiber=1.1 g<br />
| sugars=2.2 g<br />
| iron_mg=0.35<br />
| magnesium_mg=17<br />
| phosphorus_mg=38<br />
| potassium_mg=262<br />
| zinc_mg=0.29<br />
| manganese_mg=0.175<br />
| vitC_mg=17<br />
| thiamin_mg=0.048<br />
| riboflavin_mg=0.142<br />
| niacin_mg=0.487<br />
| pantothenic_mg=0.155<br />
| vitB6_mg=0.218<br />
| folate_ug=29<br />
| vitA_ug=10<br />
| betacarotene_ug=120<br />
| lutein_ug=2125<br />
| vitK_ug=3<br />
| source_usda=1<br />
| note=[https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/food-details/170487/nutrients Link to USDA Database entry], for comparison, see [https://web.archive.org/web/20140403095847/http://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/foods/show/3188?fg=&man=&lfacet=&format=&count=&max=25&offset=&sort=&qlookup=pumpkin values for raw pumpkin]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
As an example of ''Cucurbita'', raw summer squash is 94% water, 3% [[carbohydrates]], and 1% [[protein (nutrient)|protein]], with negligible [[fat]] content (table). In a 100-gram reference serving, raw squash supplies {{convert|69|kJ|kcal}} of [[food energy]] and is rich in [[vitamin C]] (20% of the [[Daily Value]], DV), moderate in [[vitamin B6]] and [[riboflavin]] (12–17% DV), but otherwise devoid of appreciable nutrient content (table), although the nutrient content of different ''Curcubita'' species may vary somewhat.<ref name="udc">{{cite web |title=What's So Great About Winter Squash? |url=http://www.udc.edu/docs/causes/online/Winter%20Squash%2018.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029184136/http://www.udc.edu/docs/causes/online/Winter%20Squash%2018.pdf |archive-date=October 29, 2013 |access-date=January 14, 2015 |publisher=University of the District of Columbia}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[Pumpkin seed]]s contain [[vitamin E]], [[Protein (nutrient)#Testing in foods|crude protein]], [[B vitamins]] and several [[dietary minerals]] (see nutrition table at [[pepita]]).<ref name="mansour">{{cite journal |last1=Mansour |first1=Esam H. |last2=Dworschák |first2=Erno |last3=Lugasi |first3=Andrea |last4=Barna |first4=Barna |last5=Gergely |first5=Anna |year=1993 |title=Nutritive Value of Pumpkin (Cucurbita Pepo Kakai 35) Seed Products |journal=Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture |volume=61 |issue=1 |pages=73–78 |bibcode=1993JSFA...61...73M |doi=10.1002/jsfa.2740610112}}</ref> Also present in pumpkin seeds are [[unsaturated fatty acid|unsaturated]] and [[saturated fatty acid|saturated]] oils, [[palmitic acid|palmitic]], [[oleic acid|oleic]] and [[linoleic acid|linoleic]] [[fatty acids]],<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Stevenson DG, Eller FJ, Wang L, Jane JL, Wang T, Inglett GE |year=2007 |title=Oil and tocopherol content and composition of pumpkin seed oil in 12 cultivars |url=http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1001&context=fshn_ag_pubs |url-status=live |journal=J Agric Food Chem |volume=55 |issue=10 |pages=4005–4016 |doi=10.1021/jf0706979 |pmid=17439238 |bibcode=2007JAFC...55.4005S |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160810055609/http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1001&context=fshn_ag_pubs |archive-date=2016-08-10 |access-date=2016-06-04}}</ref> as well as [[carotenoids]].<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Durante M, Lenucci MS, Mita G |year=2014 |title=Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of carotenoids from pumpkin (Cucurbita spp.): a review. |journal=Int J Mol Sci |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=6725–6740 |doi=10.3390/ijms15046725 |pmc=4013658 |pmid=24756094 |doi-access=free}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Culinary ===<br />
<br />
The family Cucurbitaceae has many species used as human food.<ref name="saade" /> ''Cucurbita'' species are some of the most important of those, with various species being prepared and eaten in many ways. Although the stems and skins tend to be more bitter than the flesh,<ref name="Chen" /><ref name="aces">{{cite web |last=Glover |first=Tony |url=http://www.aces.edu/counties/StClair/documents/NRBitterCucumbersSquashGover10.pdf |title=Bitter Cucumbers and Squash |publisher=Alabama Cooperative Extension System |access-date=November 23, 2014}}</ref> the fruits and [[pepita|seeds]] of cultivated varieties are usually quite edible and need little or no preparation. Cross-pollination with toxic types can cause bitterness in plants of the next generation, and these should not be eaten. The flowers and young leaves and shoot tips can also be consumed.<ref name="lim">{{cite book |last=Lim |first=Tong Kwee |year=2012 |page=283 |title=Edible Medicinal And Non-Medicinal Plants: Volume 2, Fruits |publisher=Springer |location=New York |isbn=978-94-007-1763-3}}</ref> The seeds and fruits of most varieties can be stored for long periods of time,<ref name="nee"/> particularly the sweet-tasting winter varieties with their thick, inedible skins.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-01-20|title=Can You Freeze Butternut Squash? [4 Essential Tips]|author-first1=Ross|author-last1=Young|url=https://www.freezeit.co.uk/can-you-freeze-butternut-squash/|access-date=2021-10-18|website=Freeze It|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-10-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211018140139/https://www.freezeit.co.uk/can-you-freeze-butternut-squash/|url-status=live}}</ref> Summer squash have a thin, edible skin. The seeds of both types can be roasted, eaten raw, made into [[pumpkin seed oil]],<ref name="fürnkranz" /> ground into a flour or meal,<ref name="lazos">{{cite journal |last=Lazos |first=E. S. |title=Certain Functional Properties of Defatted Pumpkin Seed Flour |journal=Plant Foods for Human Nutrition |volume=42 |issue=3 |date=July 1992 |pages=257–273 |pmid=1502127 |doi=10.1007/bf02193934|s2cid=1809751 }}</ref> or otherwise prepared. Squashes are primarily grown for the fresh food market.<ref name="isuagmrc">{{cite web |last=Geisler |first=Malinda |date=May 2012 |title=Squash |url=http://www.agmrc.org/commodities__products/vegetables/squash/ |publisher=Agricultural Marketing Resource Center, Iowa State University |access-date=October 13, 2013 |archive-date=September 29, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130929143757/http://www.agmrc.org/commodities__products/vegetables/squash/ |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
[[File:Sangkhaya fak thong.JPG|thumb|right|upright|alt=Slice of yellowish pumpkin custard with brown shell|Pumpkin custard made from kabocha, a cultivated variant of ''C.&nbsp;maxima'']]<br />
<br />
Long before European contact, ''Cucurbita'' had been a major food source for the native peoples of the Americas. The species became an important food for European settlers, including the [[Pilgrims (Plymouth Colony)|Pilgrims]], who even featured it at the first [[Thanksgiving (United States)|Thanksgiving]].<ref name="ucla" /> Commercially produced pumpkin commonly used in [[pumpkin pie]] is most often varieties of ''C.&nbsp;moschata''; [[Libby's]], by far the largest producer of processed pumpkin, uses a proprietary strain of the Dickinson pumpkin variety of ''C.&nbsp;moschata'' for its canned pumpkin.<ref name="richardson">{{cite web |last=Richardson |first=R. W. |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/npgs/cgc_reports/squash95.pdf |title=Squash and Pumpkin |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, National Plant Germplasm System |access-date=September 2, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924160527/http://www.ars-grin.gov/npgs/cgc_reports/squash95.pdf |archive-date=September 24, 2015 }}</ref> Other foods that can be made using members of this genus include biscuits, [[Pumpkin bread|bread]], cheesecake, desserts, donuts, [[granola]], ice cream, lasagna dishes, pancakes, pudding, pumpkin butter,<ref name="bhg">{{cite web |url=http://www.bhg.com/recipe/vegetables/spiced-pumpkin-butter/ |title=Spiced Pumpkin Butter |publisher=Better Homes and Gardens |access-date=January 12, 2014 |archive-date=January 13, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140113000431/http://www.bhg.com/recipe/vegetables/spiced-pumpkin-butter/ |url-status=live }}</ref> salads, soups, and stuffing.<ref name="lynch">{{cite news |last=Lynch |first=Rene |url=http://www.latimes.com/food/dailydish/la-dd-pumpkin-bread-pumpkin-recipes-20131001,0,3888485.story |title=Pumpkin Bread and 18 Other Pumpkin Recipes You Must Make Now |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |date=October 1, 2013 |access-date=October 8, 2013 |archive-date=October 7, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131007053733/http://www.latimes.com/food/dailydish/la-dd-pumpkin-bread-pumpkin-recipes-20131001,0,3888485.story |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Squash soup]] is a dish in African cuisine.<ref>{{cite book |last=Garratt |first=Nicky |title=Mango and Mint: Arabian, Indian, and North African Inspired Vegan Cuisine |publisher=PM Press |series=Tofu Hound Press |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-60486-323-9 |url=https://archive.org/details/Mango_Mint_9781604868890 |page=46 }}</ref> The [[Xerophyte|xerophytic]] species are proving useful in the search for nutritious foods that grow well in arid regions.<ref name="bemisnc">{{cite journal |last=Bemis |first=W. P. |year=1978 |title=The Versatility of the Feral Buffalo Gourd, ''Cucurbita foetidissima'' HBK |url=http://cuke.hort.ncsu.edu/cgc/cgc01/cgc1-24.html |journal=Cucurbit Genetics Cooperative Report |volume=1 |page=25 |access-date=2013-09-02 |archive-date=2013-09-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921053702/http://cuke.hort.ncsu.edu/cgc/cgc01/cgc1-24.html |url-status=live }}</ref> ''C.&nbsp;ficifolia'' is used to make soft and mildly alcoholic drinks.<ref name="saade" /><br />
<br />
In India, squashes (''ghiya'') are cooked with seafood such as prawns.<ref>{{cite book |last=Jaffrey |first=Madhur |author-link=Madhur Jaffrey |title=Madhur Jaffrey's Indian Cookery |date=1982 |publisher=BBC Books |location=London |isbn=978-0-563-16491-3 |page=90}}</ref> In France, marrows (''courges'') are traditionally served as a [[gratin]], sieved and cooked with butter, milk, and egg, and flavored with salt, pepper, and nutmeg,<ref>{{cite book |last=David |first=Elizabeth |author-link=Elizabeth David |title=French Country Cooking |date=1987 |orig-year=1951 |publisher=Dorling Kindersley |location=London |isbn=978-0-86318-251-8 |page=179}}</ref> and as soups. In Italy, zucchini and larger squashes are served in a variety of regional dishes, such as ''cocuzze alla puviredda'' cooked with olive oil, salt and herbs from [[Apulia]]; as ''torta di zucca'' from [[Liguria]], or ''torta di zucca e riso'' from [[Emilia-Romagna]], the squashes being made into a pie filling with butter, [[ricotta]], [[Parmesan]], egg, and milk; and as a sauce for pasta in dishes like ''spaghetti alle zucchine'' from Sicily.<ref>{{cite book |last1=della Salda |first1=Anna Gosetti |title=Le Ricette Regionali Italiane|language=it |date=1993 |orig-year=1967 |publisher=Solares |isbn=<!--not stated--> |pages=107, 439, 878, 987}}</ref> In Japan, squashes such as small ''C. moschata'' pumpkins (''kabocha'') are eaten boiled with sesame sauce, fried as a [[tempura]] dish, or made into balls with [[sweet potato]] and [[Japanese mountain yam]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Yoneda |first=Soei |title=The Heart of Zen Cuisine |date=1987 |orig-year=1982 |publisher=Kodansha America |location=New York |isbn=978-0-87011-848-7 |pages=131, 133, 154}}</ref><br />
<br />
==In culture==<br />
===Art, music, and literature===<br />
[[File:Zapallomuseolarco.jpg|thumb|left|upright|alt=Squash carved into a teapot shape|[[Moche (culture)|Moche]] squash ceramic. 300 C.E. [[Larco Museum]].]]<br />
Along with maize and beans, squash has been depicted in the art work of the native peoples of the Americas for at least 2,000 years.<ref name="metmuseum">{{cite web |title=Moche Decorated Ceramics |date=August 2009 |publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art |url=http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/moch/hd_moch.htm |access-date=October 10, 2013 |archive-date=October 30, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131030011138/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/moch/hd_moch.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="benson">{{cite journal | last1=Benson | first1=Elizabeth P. | year=1983 | title=A Moche "Spatula" | journal=Metropolitan Museum Journal | volume=18 | pages=39–52 | publisher= The University of Chicago Press | jstor=1512797 | doi=10.2307/1512797| s2cid=191487511 }}</ref> For example, cucurbits are often represented in [[Moche (culture)|Moche]] ceramics.<ref name="metmuseum" /><ref name="berrin">{{cite book | title=The Spirit of Ancient Peru: Treasures from the Museo Arqueológico Rafael Larco Herrera | publisher=Thames and Hudson | last=Berrin [[Larco Museum]]|first=Katherine | year=1997 | location=New York|isbn=978-0-500-01802-6}}</ref><br />
<br />
Though native to the western hemisphere, ''Cucurbita'' began to spread to other parts of the world after [[Christopher Columbus]]'s arrival in the New World in 1492.<ref name="whitaker1947">{{cite journal | last=Whitaker | first=Thomas W. | title=American Origin of Cultivated Cucurbits | journal=[[Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden]] | volume=34 | issue=2 | pages=101–111 | publisher=Missouri Botanical Garden Press | location=St. Louis | year=1947 | doi=10.2307/2394459 | jstor=2394459 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/29784 | access-date=2021-08-26 | archive-date=2020-12-03 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201203204403/https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/29784 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="whitaker1956">{{cite journal | last=Whitaker | first=Thomas W. | title=The Origin of the Cultivated ''Cucurbita'' | journal=[[The American Naturalist]] | volume= 90 | issue=852 | publisher=University of Chicago Press | location=Chicago | pages= 171–176 | year=1956 | doi=10.1086/281923 | jstor=2458406| s2cid=85189852 }}</ref> Until recently, the earliest known depictions of this genus in Europe was of ''Cucurbita pepo'' in ''[[De Historia Stirpium Commentarii Insignes]]'' in 1542 by the German botanist [[Leonhart Fuchs]], but in 1992, two paintings, one of ''C.&nbsp;pepo'' and one of ''C.&nbsp;maxima'', painted between 1515 and 1518, were identified in [[festoon]]s at [[Villa Farnesina]] in Rome.<ref name="janick">{{cite journal |last1=Janick |first1=Jules |last2=Paris |first2=Harry S.|title=The Cucurbit Images (1515–1518) of the Villa Farnesina, Rome |journal=Annals of Botany |date=February 2006 |volume=97 |issue=2 |pages=165–176 |doi=10.1093/aob/mcj025 |pmc=2803371 |pmid=16314340}}</ref> Also, in 2001 depictions of this genus were identified in ''[[Grandes Heures of Anne of Brittany]]'' (''Les Grandes Heures d'Anne de Bretagne''), a French devotional book, an [[illuminated manuscript]] created between 1503 and 1508. This book contains an illustration known as ''Quegourdes de turquie'', which was identified by cucurbit specialists as ''C.&nbsp;pepo'' subsp. ''texana'' in 2006.<ref name="paris">{{cite journal |last1=Paris |first1=Harry S. |last2=Daunay |first2= Marie-Christine |last3=Pitrat |first3=Michel |last4=Janick |first4=Jules |title=First Known Image of ''Cucurbita'' in Europe, 1503–1508|journal=Annals of Botany |date=July 2006 |volume=98|issue=1 |pages=41–47 |doi=10.1093/aob/mcl082 |pmc=2803533 |pmid=16687431}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 1952, Stanley Smith Master, using the pen name Edrich Siebert, wrote "The Marrow Song (Oh what a beauty!)" to a tune in [[6/8 time|{{music|time|6|8}} time]]. It became a popular hit in Australia in 1973,<ref>{{cite web |title=The Marrow Song (Oh What A Beauty!) by Edrich Siebert |url=http://www.songfacts.com/detail.php?id=17140 |publisher=Songfacts |access-date=November 20, 2014 |archive-date=November 29, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129032340/http://www.songfacts.com/detail.php?id=17140 |url-status=live }}</ref> and was revived by [[the Wurzels]] in Britain on their 2003 album ''Cutler of the West''.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Marrow Song |url=http://www.thewurzels.com/lyricsmarrow.htm |publisher=The Wurzels |access-date=November 20, 2014 |archive-date=November 29, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129035112/http://www.thewurzels.com/lyricsmarrow.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Wurzels: Cutler of the West |url=http://www.last.fm/music/The+Wurzels/Cutler+Of+The+West |publisher=Last.fm |access-date=November 20, 2014 |archive-date=December 2, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141202010658/http://www.last.fm/music/The+Wurzels/Cutler+Of+The+West |url-status=live }}</ref> [[John Greenleaf Whittier]] wrote a poem entitled ''The Pumpkin'' in 1850.<ref name="whittier">{{cite web|url=http://www.poets.org/poetsorg/poem/pumpkin|title=The Pumpkin|publisher=Poets.org|access-date=November 20, 2014|archive-date=November 21, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141121224054/http://www.poets.org/poetsorg/poem/pumpkin|url-status=live}}</ref> "The Great Pumpkin" is a fictional holiday figure in the [[comic strip]] ''[[Peanuts]]'' by [[Charles M. Schulz]].<ref name="peanuts">{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/comic-riffs/post/its-the-great-pumpkin-charlie-brown-7-things-you-dont-know-about-tonights-peanuts-special/2011/10/26/gIQAQPZhKM_blog.html|title='It's the Great Pumpkin, Charlie Brown': 7 Things You Don't Know About Tonight's 'Peanuts' Special|newspaper=Washington Post|last=Cavna|first=Michael|date=October 27, 2011|access-date=November 20, 2014|archive-date=November 29, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129143612/http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/comic-riffs/post/its-the-great-pumpkin-charlie-brown-7-things-you-dont-know-about-tonights-peanuts-special/2011/10/26/gIQAQPZhKM_blog.html|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Cleansing and personal care uses===<br />
''C.&nbsp;foetidissima'' contains a [[saponin]] that can be obtained from the fruit and root. This can be used as a soap, shampoo, and bleach. Prolonged contact can cause skin irritation.<ref name="cutler">{{cite journal |last1=Cutler|first1= H.C. |last2=Whitaker|first2=T.W. |year=1961 |title=History and Distribution of the Cultivated Cucurbits in the Americas |journal=American Antiquity |volume=26 |issue=4 |pages=469–485 |jstor=278735 |doi=10.2307/278735|s2cid= 161495351 }}{{subscription required}}</ref><ref name="Heiser">{{cite book |last1=Heiser|first1= Charles B.|year=2016|title=The Gourd Book |publisher=University of Oklahoma Press |location=Norman |pages=9, 33–34|isbn=978-0806155678}}</ref> Pumpkin is also used in cosmetics.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newsbug.info/lafayette_leader/news/local/a-new-way-to-create-pumpkin-spice-products-drugs-cosmetics/article_b669ed92-094e-50e2-b12d-ecdf8f4be1f4.html|publisher=Lafayette Leader|title=A new way to create pumpkin spice products, drugs, cosmetics|last=Adam|first=Chris|date=November 18, 2019|access-date=March 9, 2020|archive-date=December 19, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191219051904/http://www.newsbug.info/lafayette_leader/news/local/a-new-way-to-create-pumpkin-spice-products-drugs-cosmetics/article_b669ed92-094e-50e2-b12d-ecdf8f4be1f4.html|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Folk remedies===<br />
<!--if the new sources mandate it then we should add a fresh, cited claim in line with the folk medicine evidence--><br />
''Cucurbita'' have been used in various cultures as folk remedies. Pumpkins have been used by [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Native Americans]] to treat intestinal worms and urinary ailments. This Native American remedy was adopted by American doctors in the early nineteenth century as an [[anthelmintic]] for the expulsion of worms.<ref name="Henshaw">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tMCd1yED2EUC&pg=PA105 |title=Environmental History of the Hudson River |editor= Robert E. Henshaw|location=Albany |publisher=State University of New York Press |year= 2011 |isbn=978-1-4384-4026-2}}</ref> In southeastern Europe, seeds of ''C. pepo'' were used to treat irritable bladder and [[benign prostatic hyperplasia]].<ref name="Schulz">{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/springer_10.1007-978-3-662-09666-6 |title=Rational Phytotherapy: A Reference Guide for Physicians and Pharmacists|editor= Volker Schulz |publisher=Springer|location=Munich |edition= 5th |year= 2004 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/springer_10.1007-978-3-662-09666-6/page/n319 304]–305 |isbn=978-3-540-40832-1}}</ref> In Germany, pumpkin seed is approved for use by the [[Commission E]], which assesses folk and herbal medicine, for irritated bladder conditions and [[micturition]] problems of prostatic hyperplasia stages 1 and 2, although the monograph published in 1985 noted a lack of pharmacological studies that could substantiate empirically found clinical activity.<ref name="BGA">{{cite web |url=http://buecher.heilpflanzen-welt.de/BGA-Commission-E-Monographs/0309.htm |title=Pumpkin seed (Cucurbitae peponis semen) |work= Heilpflanzen-Welt Bibliothek|access-date=March 25, 2015}}</ref> The [[FDA]] in the United States, on the other hand, banned the sale of all such non-prescription drugs for the treatment of prostate enlargement in 1990.<ref name="Foster">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WQBbOjN0T64C&pg=PA132 |title=Tyler's Honest Herbal: A Sensible Guide to the Use of Herbs and Related Remedies |first1= Steven|last1=Foster|first2= Varro E.|last2=Tyler |pages=131–132|publisher=Routledge|location=Binghamton, NY |edition= 4th |year= 1999|isbn=9781136745010 }}</ref><br />
<br />
In China, [[Cucurbita moschata|''C. moschata'']] seeds were also used in [[traditional Chinese medicine]] for the treatment of the parasitic disease [[schistosomiasis]]<ref name="xiao">{{cite journal |last1=Xiao |first1=S. H. |last2=Keiser |first2=J. |last3=Chen |first3=M. G. |last4=Tanner |first4=M. |last5=Utzinger |first5=J. |title=Research and Development of Antischistosomal Drugs in the People's Republic of China a 60-year review|journal=Advances in Parasitology |year=2010 |volume=73 |pages=231–295 |doi=10.1016/S0065-308X(10)73009-8 |pmid=20627145|isbn=9780123815149 }}</ref> and for the expulsion of [[tape worm]]s.<ref name="Fischer">{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=KLd9v4hwtGgC&pg=PA283 |title= Practical Therapeutics of Traditional Chinese Medicine|first1= Yan|last1= Wu|first2= Warren|last2=Fischer |publisher=Paradigm Publications|location=Taos, NM|year=1997 |pages=282–283 |isbn= 978-0-912111-39-1}}</ref> In Mexico, herbalists use ''C.&nbsp;ficifolia'' in the belief that it reduces [[blood sugar]] levels.<ref name="Andrade">{{cite journal |last1=Andrade-Cetto|first1= A. |last2=Heinrich|first2=M. |title=Mexican Plants With Hypoglycaemic Effect Used in the Treatment of Diabetes |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=99 |issue=3 |pages=325–348 | date=July 2005 |pmid=15964161 |doi=10.1016/j.jep.2005.04.019}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Festivals===<br />
[[File:Squash Pyramid Display.JPG|thumb|upright|alt=White, green, and orange squashes built into a Christmas tree shape|A pyramid of squashes in the Waterlily House, [[Kew Gardens]], 2013]]<br />
<br />
''Cucurbita'' fruits including pumpkins and marrows are celebrated in festivals in countries such as Austria,<ref name="Kuerbisfest">{{cite web|title=Kürbisfest Am Himmel|url=https://www.himmel.at/veranstaltungen-2/kuerbisfest/|language=de|access-date=September 15, 2020|archive-date=September 22, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922133324/https://www.himmel.at/veranstaltungen-2/kuerbisfest/|url-status=live}}</ref> Bolivia,<ref name="BoliviaQaramarka">{{cite web|title=Sabores de Bolivia|url=http://calendariosaboresbolivia.com/tag/ferias/|publisher=Cristina Olmos|language=es|access-date=November 22, 2014|archive-date=August 21, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140821033054/http://calendariosaboresbolivia.com/tag/ferias/|url-status=live}}</ref> Britain,<ref name="IncrEdibles"/> Canada,<ref name="canadafest">{{cite web |title=Smashing Success! Crowd Watches as Pumpkin Dropped on Old Car&nbsp;... All for a Gourd Cause |url=http://www.calgarysun.com/2014/10/12/smashing-success-crowd-watches-as-pumpkin-dropped-on-old-car--all-for-a-gourd-cause |agency=Calgary Sun |date=October 11, 2014 |last=McMurray |first=Jenna |access-date=November 20, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141018144126/http://www.calgarysun.com/2014/10/12/smashing-success-crowd-watches-as-pumpkin-dropped-on-old-car--all-for-a-gourd-cause |archive-date=October 18, 2014 }}</ref> Croatia,<ref name="Bučijada">{{cite web|title=Pumpkin Festival|url=http://www.tzig.hr/en/bucijada|website=Tourist Board of Ivanić-Grad|access-date=3 February 2016|archive-date=26 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160926101810/http://www.tzig.hr/en/bucijada|url-status=live}}</ref> France,<ref name="FranceArgentenay">{{cite web |title=Caligny: le Village de l'Orne où le Potiron est Roi |date=4 October 2014 |url=http://france3-regions.francetvinfo.fr/basse-normandie/2014/10/04/caligny-le-village-de-l-orne-ou-le-potiron-est-roi-564684.htmll |publisher=info.fr|language=fr |access-date=December 31, 2014}}</ref><ref name="FranceSaint Bleu">{{cite web |title=Fête de la Citrouille et des Cucurbitacées de Saint Laurent |date=2 October 2014 |url=http://www.francebleu.fr/evenements/evenement/fete-de-la-citrouille-et-des-cucurbitacees-de-saint-laurent-1822484 |publisher=France Bleu |language=fr |access-date=November 22, 2014}}</ref> Italy,<ref name="ItalyVenzone">{{cite web |title=Festa della Zucca |url=http://www.prolocovenzone.it/Areas/GeneralInformation/FestaDellaZucca.aspx |publisher=Associazione Pro Loco di Venzone |language=it |access-date=November 22, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130413065928/http://www.prolocovenzone.it/Areas/GeneralInformation/FestaDellaZucca.aspx |archive-date=April 13, 2013 }}</ref><ref name="ItalySalzano">{{cite web |title=21º Festa della Zucca Salzano |url=http://www.prolocosalzano.it/zucca/ |publisher=Pro Loco Salzano |language=it |access-date=November 22, 2014 |archive-date=November 29, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129081032/http://www.prolocosalzano.it/zucca/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="ItalyPiozzo">{{cite web |title=Tra Meno un Mese Torna la Fiera Regionale della Zucca di Piozzo, ecco il Programma Ufficiale della 21esima Edizione |url=http://www.prolocopiozzo.it/new/index.php |publisher=Pro Loco di Piozzo |language=it |access-date=November 22, 2014 |archive-date=November 29, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129112156/http://www.prolocopiozzo.it/new/index.php |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://prolocomelara.it/ |access-date=2025-09-30 |website=Pro Loco Melara |language=it-IT}}</ref> Japan,<ref name="japanfest">{{cite web |title=Autumn Events Calendar |url=http://www.asahikawa-tourism.com/asahikawa/asahikawa_autumn/autumn.html |publisher=Asahikawa Tourism |access-date=November 20, 2014 |archive-date=November 3, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141103143818/http://www.asahikawa-tourism.com/asahikawa/asahikawa_autumn/autumn.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Peru,<ref name="PeruCuribaya">{{cite web |title=Festival del Zapallo y de la Trucha de Curibaya se Realizará en la Plaza Quiñonez |date=10 April 2014 |url=http://radiouno.pe/noticias/40045/festival-zapallo-trucha-curibaya-se-realizara-plaza-quinonez |publisher=Radio Uno |language=es |access-date=November 22, 2014 |archive-date=29 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129061541/http://radiouno.pe/noticias/40045/festival-zapallo-trucha-curibaya-se-realizara-plaza-quinonez |url-status=live}}</ref> Portugal, Spain,<ref name="SpainNavarra">{{cite web |title=V feria de las Calabazas Gigantes de Navarra (Valtierra)|url=http://www.lasbardenas.com/v-feria-de-las-calabazas-gigantes-de-navarra-valtierra/ |publisher=Bardeneras |language=es |access-date=November 22, 2014 |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129143423/http://www.lasbardenas.com/v-feria-de-las-calabazas-gigantes-de-navarra-valtierra/ |archive-date=November 29, 2014}}</ref> Switzerland,<ref>{{cite web |title=Festivals and Events in Switzerland |date=15 February 2009 |url=http://www.travelsignposts.com/Switzerland/useful-facts/festivals-and-events-in-switzerland/ |publisher=Travelsignposts |access-date=November 22, 2014 |archive-date=2 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141202033307/http://www.travelsignposts.com/Switzerland/useful-facts/festivals-and-events-in-switzerland |url-status=live }}</ref> and the United States. Argentina holds an annual nationwide pumpkin festival ''Fiesta Nacional del Zapallo'' ({{lit|Squashes and Pumpkins National Festival}}), in [[Ceres, Santa Fe]],<ref name="ceres">{{cite web |title=Fiesta Nacional del Zapallo |url=http://lafiestanacional.com.ar/fiesta-nacional-del-zapallo/ |publisher=La Fiesta Nacional |language=es |access-date=November 22, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130804165532/http://lafiestanacional.com.ar/fiesta-nacional-del-zapallo/ |archive-date=August 4, 2013 }}</ref> on the last day of which a ''Reina Nacional del Zapallo'' ({{lit|National Queen of the Pumpkin}}) is chosen.<ref name="reinazapallo">{{cite web |title=Esperanza: Rocío Damiano fue elegida Reina Nacional del Zapallo en Ceres |url=http://entecultura.com.ar/usina2/2013/06/esperanza-rocio-damiano-fue-elegida-reina-nacional-del-zapallo-en-ceres/ |publisher=Ente Cultura |language=es |access-date=November 22, 2014 |archive-date=November 29, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129083945/http://entecultura.com.ar/usina2/2013/06/esperanza-rocio-damiano-fue-elegida-reina-nacional-del-zapallo-en-ceres/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="elliotal">{{cite web |title=Ceres: Presentaron la Fiesta Nacional del Zapallo |url=http://www.ellitoral.com/index.php/diarios/2014/06/11/regionales/REGI-02.html |publisher=El Litoral |language=es |access-date=November 22, 2014 |archive-date=November 29, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129025729/http://www.ellitoral.com/index.php/diarios/2014/06/11/regionales/REGI-02.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="ceresonline">{{cite web |title=Presentacion Oficial – 43º Fiesta Nacional del Zapallo |date=23 May 2014 |url=http://ceresonline.com.ar/2014/05/presentacion-oficial-43o-fiesta-nacional-del-zapallo/#sthash.Wo7kqTt8.VxmpezuP.dpbs |publisher=Ceres Online |language=es |access-date=November 22, 2014 |archive-date=29 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129211350/http://ceresonline.com.ar/2014/05/presentacion-oficial-43o-fiesta-nacional-del-zapallo/#sthash.Wo7kqTt8.VxmpezuP.dpbs |url-status=live }}</ref> In Portugal the ''Festival da Abóbora de Lourinhã e Atalaia'' ("Squashes and Pumpkins Festival in [[Lourinhã]] and [[Gavião e Atalaia|Atalaia]]") is held in Lourinhã city, called the ''Capital Nacional da Abóbora'' (the "National Capital of Squashes and Pumpkins").<ref name="PortugalLourinhã">{{cite web |title=Festival da Abóbora de Lourinhã e Atalaia |url=http://festivaldaabobora.pt/bem-vindo/ |publisher=Festival da Abobora |language=pt |access-date=November 22, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141111011222/http://festivaldaabobora.pt/bem-vindo/ |archive-date=November 11, 2014 }}</ref> [[Ludwigsburg|Ludwigsburg, Germany]] annually hosts the world's largest pumpkin festival.<ref name="germanyfest">{{cite news |title=The World's Largest Pumpkin Festival in Germany |url=http://traveltips.usatoday.com/worlds-largest-pumpkin-festival-germany-108208.html |newspaper=USA Today |access-date=November 20, 2014 |archive-date=November 29, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129042320/http://traveltips.usatoday.com/worlds-largest-pumpkin-festival-germany-108208.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In Britain a giant marrow (zucchini) weighing {{convert|54.3177|kg|lboz|frac=32|sp=us}} was displayed in the [[Harrogate]] Autumn Flower Show in 2012.<ref name="giantuk">{{cite web |title=Giant Vegetables from UK Festival |website=[[CBS News]] |date=14 September 2012 |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/pictures/giant-vegetables-from-uk-festival/ |access-date=November 20, 2014 |agency=CBS News |archive-date=November 29, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129060808/http://www.cbsnews.com/pictures/giant-vegetables-from-uk-festival/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In the US, [[pumpkin chucking]] is practiced competitively, with machines such as [[trebuchet]]s and [[Seismic source#Air gun|air cannons]] designed to throw intact pumpkins as far as possible.<ref>{{cite web |title=Punkin Chunkin |url=http://www.sciencechannel.com/tv-shows/punkin-chunkin |publisher=Science Channel |access-date=November 20, 2014 |archive-date=November 13, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141113164745/http://www.sciencechannel.com/tv-shows/punkin-chunkin |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Campbell |first1=Andy |title=Punkin Chunkin 2013: Will Someone Finally Launch A Pumpkin One Mile? |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/11/26/punkin-chunkin-2013_n_4340138.html |work=Huffington Post |access-date=November 20, 2014 |date=November 26, 2013 |archive-date=November 29, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129071900/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/11/26/punkin-chunkin-2013_n_4340138.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Keene Pumpkin Fest]] is held annually in [[New Hampshire]]; in 2013 it held the world record for the most [[jack-o-lantern]]s lit in one place, 30,581 on October 19, 2013.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.sentinelsource.com/news/local/smiles-pumpkins-abound-as-keene-breaks-jack-o--lantern/article_aa596f94-5018-5fb5-add9-5328fc1e466a.html | author=Dandrea, Alyssa | date=October 20, 2013 | title=Smiles, Pumpkins Abound as Keene Breaks Jack-o'-lantern Record | newspaper=The Keene Sentinel | access-date=November 20, 2013 | archive-date=November 23, 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131123222840/http://www.sentinelsource.com/news/local/smiles-pumpkins-abound-as-keene-breaks-jack-o--lantern/article_aa596f94-5018-5fb5-add9-5328fc1e466a.html | url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
[[Halloween]] is widely celebrated with jack-o-lanterns made of large orange pumpkins carved with ghoulish faces and illuminated from inside with candles.<ref name="jacko">{{cite web |title=History of the Jack O' Lantern |url=http://www.history.com/topics/halloween/jack-olantern-history |website=History.com |publisher=A&E Networks |access-date=November 20, 2014 |archive-date=November 18, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141118024059/http://www.history.com/topics/halloween/jack-olantern-history |url-status=live }}</ref> The pumpkins used for jack-o-lanterns are ''C.&nbsp;pepo'',<ref name="ufl">{{cite web |last=Stephens |first=James M. |url=http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/mv116 |title=Pumpkin — Cucurbita spp. |publisher=University of Florida |access-date=November 23, 2014 |archive-date=October 31, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141031125048/http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/mv116 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="baggett">{{cite web |last=Baggett |first=J. R. |url=http://cuke.hort.ncsu.edu/cgc/cgc02/cgc2-19.html |title=Attempts to Cross ''Cucurbita moschata'' (Duch.) Poir. 'Butternut' and ''C. pepo'' L. 'Delicata' |publisher=North Carolina State University |access-date=November 23, 2014 |archive-date=February 6, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140206122219/http://cuke.hort.ncsu.edu/cgc/cgc02/cgc2-19.html |url-status=live }}</ref> not to be confused with the ones typically used for pumpkin pie in the United States, which are ''C.&nbsp;moschata''.<ref name="richardson"/> [[Kew Gardens]] marked Halloween in 2013 with a display of pumpkins, including a towering pyramid made of many varieties of squash, in the Waterlily House during its "IncrEdibles" festival.<ref name="IncrEdibles">{{cite web |title=IncrEdible! Kew Gardens to Unveil Towering Pyramid of Pumpkins in London |url=http://www.countrylife.co.uk/news/country-news/incredible-kew-gardens-to-unveil-towering-pyramid-of-pumpkins-in-london |publisher=Country Life |access-date=November 20, 2014 |date=September 12, 2013 |archive-date=November 29, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129070254/http://www.countrylife.co.uk/news/country-news/incredible-kew-gardens-to-unveil-towering-pyramid-of-pumpkins-in-london |url-status=live }}<!--Source says 75 varieties; but not all were in the pyramid itself--></ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[List of gourds and squashes]] in the genus ''Cucurbita''<br />
* [[List of squash and pumpkin dishes]]<br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
{{notelist}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{Wiktionary-inline|Cucurbita}}<br />
* {{Commons-inline}}<br />
* {{Wikispecies-inline}}<br />
* {{Cookbook-inline|Squash}}<br />
<br />
{{Squashes and pumpkins}}<br />
<br />
{{Taxonbar|from=Q5339301}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
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__FORCETOC__<br />
<br />
[[Category:Cucurbita| ]]<br />
[[Category:Cucurbitaceae genera]]<br />
[[Category:Squashes and pumpkins]]<br />
[[Category:Early agriculture in Mesoamerica]]<br />
[[Category:Crops originating from indigenous Americans]]<br />
[[Category:Native American cuisine]]<br />
[[Category:Cucurbiteae]]</div>CatharineJorgenshttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles_Metcalfe,_1st_Baron_Metcalfe&diff=475042Charles Metcalfe, 1st Baron Metcalfe2026-03-05T13:42:35Z<p>CatharineJorgens: reworked formatting additionally and fixed typos to improve readability</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|British colonial governor (1785–1846)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}}<br />
{{Use British English|date=March 2012}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| honorific-prefix = [[The Right Honourable]]<br />
| name = The Lord Metcalfe<br />
| honorific-suffix = [[Order of the Bath|GCB]] [[His Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council|PC]]<br />
| image = Charles Theophilus Metcalfe, 1st Baron Metcalfe by George Chinnery.jpg<br />
| imagesize = 220<br />
| caption = Portrait by [[George Chinnery]], early 1820s<br />
| order1 = [[Governor General of Canada|Governor General of the Province of Canada]]<br />
| term_start1 = 1843 <br />
| term_end1 = 1845<br />
| monarch1 = [[Queen Victoria|Victoria]]<br />
| predecessor1 = [[Charles Bagot|Sir Charles Bagot]]<br />
| successor1 = [[Charles Cathcart, 2nd Earl Cathcart|The Earl Cathcart]]<br />
| order2 = [[List of Governors of Jamaica|Governor of Jamaica]]<br />
| term_start2 = 1839 <br />
| term_end2 = 1842<br />
| monarch2 = Victoria<br />
| predecessor2 = [[Sir Lionel Smith, 1st Baronet|Sir Lionel Smith, Bt]]<br />
| successor2 = [[James Bruce, 8th Earl of Elgin|The Earl of Elgin]]<br />
| order3 = [[List of Lieutenant-Governors of the North-Western Provinces|Lieutenant-Governor of the North-Western Provinces]]<br />
| term_start3 = 1 June 1836<br />
| term_end3 = 1 June 1838<br />
| governor_general3 = [[George Eden, 1st Earl of Auckland|The Lord Auckland]]<br />
| predecessor3 = Office created<br />
| successor3 = [[Thomas Campbell Robertson]]<br />
| order4 = [[Governor-General of India]] <br />Acting<br />
| term_start4 = 20 March 1835 <br />
| term_end4 = 4 March 1836<br />
| monarch4 = [[William IV of the United Kingdom|William IV]]<br />
| predecessor4 = [[Lord William Bentinck]]<br />
| successor4 = The Lord Auckland<br />
| order5 = [[List of Governors of Agra Presidency|Governor of Agra]]<br />
| term_start5 = 14 November 1834<br />
| term_end5 = 20 March 1835<br />
| governor_general5 = Lord William Bentinck<br />
| predecessor5 = Office created<br />
| successor5 = [[William Blunt]]<br />
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1785|1|30}} <br />
| birth_place = [[Kolkata|Calcutta]], [[Bengal Presidency]]<br />
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|1846|09|5|1785|01|30}}<br />
| death_place = Malshanger, [[Oakley, Hampshire|Oakley]], [[Hampshire]]<br />
| nationality = <br />
| party = <br />
| alma_mater = <br />
| spouse = <br />
}}<br />
'''Charles Theophilus Metcalfe, 1st Baron Metcalfe''', {{post-nominals|country=GBR|GCB|PC}} (30 January 1785 &ndash; 5 September 1846), known as '''Sir Charles Metcalfe, Bt''' between 1822 and 1845, was a British colonial administrator. He held appointments including acting [[Governor-General of India]], [[Governor of Jamaica]] and [[Governor General of the Province of Canada]].<ref>{{cite ODNB|first=C. A.|last=Bayly|title = Metcalfe, Charles Theophilus, Baron Metcalfe (1785–1846)|id = 18617}}</ref><ref name="EB1911">{{EB1911|inline=y|wstitle = Metcalfe, Charles Theophilus Metcalfe, Baron|volume=18 |pages=257–258}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Early life and background==<br />
Metcalfe was born on 30 January 1785 in Lecture House, [[Kolkata|Calcutta]] then part of the [[Bengal Presidency]].<br />
<br />
He was the second son of [[Sir Thomas Metcalfe, 1st Baronet|Thomas Metcalfe]] and Susannah Selina Sophia Debonnaire. His father first went to India in 1767 as a cadet in the [[British Army]], and at the time of Metcalfe's birth was serving as a major in the [[Bengal Army]]. He later became a [[Member of Parliament]], director of the [[British East India Company]] and was created a [[baronet]] on 21 December 1802.<ref>[http://www.bl.uk/catalogues/indiaofficeselectpd/FullDisplay.aspx?RecordId=015-000008945 Sir Thomas Theophilus Metcalfe, 1st Baronet (1745–1813).] [[British Library]].</ref><ref>[http://www.bl.uk/catalogues/indiaofficeselectpd/FullDisplay.aspx?RecordId=015-000014831 Prints & Drawings full record display for shelfmark P2204] [[British Library]].</ref> Thomas Metcalfe married Susannah in Calcutta in 1782. She was the daughter of merchant John Debonnaire, a trader at [[Fort St. George, India|Fort St. George]], [[Madras]], who subsequently settled at the [[Cape of Good Hope]]. It was her second marriage, her first being with Major John Smith in [[Madras]] from 1776 until his death. His parents returned to England shortly after the birth of their son.<ref>[http://www.bl.uk/catalogues/indiaofficeselectpd/FullDisplay.aspx?RecordId=015-000008942 Lady Susannah Selina Sophia Metcalfe (nee Debonnaire) (1756–1815)] [[British Library]].</ref><ref>[http://www.bl.uk/catalogues/indiaofficeselectpd/FullDisplay.aspx?RecordId=015-000008941 Lady Susannah Selina Sophia Metcalfe (1756–1815). Married.] [[British Library]].</ref><br />
<br />
Metcalfe's elder sister was Emily Theophila, later becoming the [[Viscountess Ashbrook]].<ref>[http://www.bl.uk/catalogues/indiaofficeselectpd/FullDisplay.aspx?RecordId=015-000011851 Emily Theophila, Viscountess Ashbrook (1791–1885)] [[British Library]].</ref> A younger brother, [[Sir Thomas Metcalfe, 4th Baronet|Thomas]], also went on to achieve distinction as a civil servant with the East India Company.<br />
<br />
==Education==<br />
Metcalfe spent four years at [[Eton College]] in [[Berkshire]], before arriving in Bengal on 1 January 1801, a month before his sixteenth birthday.<ref name="Caribbean Quarterly">Hall, D. G. "Sir Charles Metcalfe: Governor of Jamaica, Sept., 1839 to May, 1842". Caribbean Quarterly, vol. 3, no. 2, 1953, pp. 90–100. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/40652570. Accessed 14 February 2021.</ref> He then studied Oriental languages as the first student at Lord Wellesley's [[Fort William College]].<br />
<br />
==India==<br />
===Early career===<br />
[[File:Portrait of Akbar II with Sir Charles Theophilus Metcalf and court dignitaries.jpg|thumb|upright|150px|Portrait of [[Akbar II]] with Sir Charles Theophilus Metcalf [sic] and court dignitaries]]<br />
At the age of nineteen, Metcalfe was appointed political assistant to [[Gerard Lake, 1st Viscount Lake|General Lake]], who was then conducting the final campaign of the [[Second Anglo-Maratha War]] against [[Yashwantrao Holkar]].<ref name="EB1911"/><br />
<br />
In 1808 he was selected by [[Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, 1st Earl of Minto|Lord Minto]] for the responsible post of envoy to the court of [[Ranjit Singh]] at [[Lahore]]; here, on 25 April 1809, he concluded the important [[Treaty of Amritsar (1809)|Treaty of Amritsar]] securing the independence of the [[Sikh]] states between the [[Sutlej]] and the [[Yamuna River|Jumna]].<ref name="EB1911"/><br />
<br />
His first tenure as Resident at [[Delhi]] began on 25 February 1811 for the East India Company (from 1813 for the British Government), and in 1819 he received from [[Francis Rawdon-Hastings, 1st Marquess of Hastings|Lord Hastings]] the appointment of secretary in the secret and political department. From 1820 to 1825 Sir Charles (who succeeded his brother in the baronetcy in 1822) was resident at the court of the [[Nizam]], and afterwards was summoned in an emergency to his former post at Delhi.<ref name="EB1911"/><br />
<br />
===Agra===<br />
[[File:Charles T. Metcalfe.jpg|thumb|150px|upright|Baron Metcalfe, Charles Theophilus, 1846.]]<br />
On 14 November 1834 Metcalfe was posted as [[List of Governors of Agra|Governor]] of the [[Presidency of Agra]] where he served for over four months till 20 March 1835.<ref name="books.google.com">[https://books.google.com/books?id=b2NPAAAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA118 The India list and India Office list for 1905 By Great Britain, India Office #130]</ref><br />
<br />
===Acting Governor-General===<br />
In 1827 he obtained a seat in the supreme council, and in March 1835, after he had acted as the first governor of the proposed new presidency of [[Agra]], he provisionally succeeded [[Lord William Bentinck]] as the [[List of Governors of Bengal#List of Governors-General Governors (1758–1947)|Governor-General of Bengal]] (1835–36). During his brief tenure of office (it lasted for only one year) he carried out several important measures, including that for the liberation of the press, which, while almost universally popular, complicated his relations with the directors at home to such an extent that he resigned the service of the Company in 1838.<ref name="EB1911"/> In 1835 he was also appointed a [[Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath]] (GCB).<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=19310 |date=25 September 1835 |page=1791}}</ref><br />
<br />
===North-Western Provinces===<br />
Metcalfe was [[List of Lieutenant Governors of the North-Western Provinces|Lieutenant-Governor of the North-Western Provinces]] from 1 June 1836 to 1 June 1838.<ref name="books.google.com"/><br />
In 1838 he retired from service with the East India Company and settled in England.<ref name="Caribbean Quarterly"/><br />
<br />
==Jamaica==<br />
[[File:Metcalfe kingston.jpg|thumb|150px|upright| Monument of Charles Metcalfe in [[St. William Grant|St. William Grant Park]] in [[Kingston, Jamaica]]]]<br />
In 1839, Metcalfe accepted an appointment by the [[Second Melbourne ministry]] to the governorship of [[Jamaica]], where labour difficulties created by the recent passing of the [[Slavery Abolition Act 1833|Slavery Abolition Act]] called for a high degree of tact and ability.<ref name="EB1911"/> Metcalfe's administration was successful in addressing the complaints of both labourers and their employers and bringing a greater sense of unity amongst the different factions. Ill health hastened his resignation and on 24 May 1842 he left Jamaica for England.<ref name="Caribbean Quarterly"/><br />
<br />
==Canada==<br />
Six months afterwards he was appointed by the [[Robert Peel|Peel]] ministry to the post of [[Governor General of the Province of Canada]] with instructions to resist further development of [[responsible government]]. A clash soon emerged between Metcalfe and the leaders of the [[Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada|legislative assembly]], [[Robert Baldwin]] and [[Louis-Hippolyte Lafontaine]]. Despite suffering from worsening cancer, he fought to preserve the prerogatives of [[the Crown]] and the governor's control over the administration and [[patronage]]. He nonetheless had to make some concessions to win support, and the most notable of these was persuading the [[Colonial Office]] to grant amnesty to the [[Rebellions of 1837|rebels of 1837-38]], and to abandon forced anglicization of the French-speaking population.<br />
<br />
==Final years==<br />
Metcalfe's success in Canada carrying out the policy of the home government was rewarded with a [[peerage]] shortly after his return to England, with the title Baron Metcalfe, of [[Fernhill Park, Berkshire|Fern Hill]] in the [[County of Berkshire]] in 1845.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=20433 |date=17 January 1845 |page=137}}</ref> But his success did not endure and [[responsible government]] would be conceded by his successor [[James Bruce, 8th Earl of Elgin]]. Metcalfe died of skin cancer at Malshanger in [[Oakley, Hampshire|Oakley]], near [[Basingstoke]], on 5 September 1846.<ref name="Caribbean Quarterly"/> His residence was however at Fernhill Park in [[Winkfield]], near [[Windsor, Berkshire|Windsor]] and it was in the [[Church of England parish church|parish church]] there that he was buried.<br />
<br />
==Personal life==<br />
When in Lahore, Metcalfe began a relationship with a [[Punjabi people|Punjabi]] [[Sikh]] woman who bore him three sons.<ref>Sita Anantha Raman 2009 ''Women in India: a social and cultural history, volume 2.'' Praeger, p. 87.</ref> Metcalfe was open about this relationship, and sent all three sons to England to be educated.<ref name="Caribbean Quarterly"/> One of his sons, [[James Metcalfe (Bengal Army officer)|James Metcalfe]], became a [[Lieutenant-Colonel]] in the [[Bengal Army]].<br />
<br />
==Honorific eponyms==<br />
* {{flagicon|Ontario}} [[Ontario]]: [[Metcalfe, Ontario|Metcalfe]]<br />
* {{flagicon|Victoria}} [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]]: [[Metcalfe, Victoria|Metcalfe]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist|30em}}<br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090826004135/http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~adgedge/Research/Metcalfe,%20John/english%20metcalfe/pafg06.htm Genealogy of Metcalfes]<br />
*[[J. W. Kaye]], ''Life and Correspondence of Charles Lord Metcalfe'' (London, 1854)<br />
* [[Edward John Thompson|E. Thompson]], ''[https://india.vardill.org/thompson/metcalfe The life of Charles, Lord Metcalfe]'' (London, 1937).<br />
*{{cite DNB|wstitle=Metcalfe, Charles Theophilus |volume=37}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
{{Commons category|Charles Theophilus Metcalfe}}<br />
*[http://www.biographi.ca/009004-119.01-e.php?&id_nbr=3561 Biography at the ''Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online'']<br />
<br />
{{s-start}}<br />
{{s-gov}}<br />
{{s-new|creation}}<br />
{{s-ttl| title=[[Governor of Agra]] | years=1834–1835}}<br />
{{s-aft| after=[[William Blunt|W. Blunt]]}}<br />
{{succession box | title=[[Governor-General of India]], ''acting'' | before=[[Lord William Bentinck]] | after=[[George Eden, 1st Earl of Auckland|The Lord Auckland]] | years=1835–1836}}<br />
{{s-bef | before=A. Ross | as=[[Governor of Agra]]}}<br />
{{s-ttl | title=[[Lieutenant Governor of the North-Western Provinces]] | years=1836–1838}}<br />
{{s-vac | next=Sir [[George Frederick Edmonstone]]}}<br />
{{succession box | title=[[Governor of Jamaica]] | before=Sir [[Lionel Smith, 1st Baronet|Lionel Smith]] | after=[[James Bruce, 8th Earl of Elgin|The Earl of Elgin and Kincardine]] | years=1839&ndash;1842}}<br />
{{succession box| <br />
before=[[Charles Bagot|Sir Charles Bagot]]|<br />
title=[[Governor General of Canada|Governor General of the Province of Canada]]|<br />
years=1843&ndash;1845|<br />
after=[[Charles Cathcart, 2nd Earl Cathcart|The Earl Cathcart]]<br />
}}<br />
{{s-aca}}<br />
{{succession box | <br />
before=[[Charles Bagot|Sir Charles Bagot]]|<br />
title=[[Chancellor (education)|Chancellor]] of [[University of Toronto|King's College]]|<br />
years=1843–1845|<br />
after=[[Charles Cathcart, 2nd Earl Cathcart|The Earl Cathcart]]|<br />
}}<br />
{{s-reg|uk-bt}}<br />
{{succession box | title=[[Metcalfe Baronets|Baronet]]<br>'''(of Chilton) | years='''1822&ndash;1846 | before= Theophilus John Metcalfe | after=[[Sir Thomas Metcalfe, 4th Baronet|Thomas Theophilus Metcalfe]]}}<br />
{{s-reg|uk}}<br />
{{s-new|creation}}<br />
{{s-ttl| title=[[Metcalfe Baronets|Baron Metcalfe]] | years= 1845&ndash;1846 }}<br />
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{{s-end}}<br />
{{GovsGenProvCanada}}<br />
{{Chancellors of the University of Toronto}}<br />
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{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Metcalfe, Charles Metcalfe, 1st Baron}}<br />
[[Category:1785 births]]<br />
[[Category:1846 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:Governors-general of the Province of Canada]]<br />
[[Category:Governors-general of India]]<br />
[[Category:Governors of Agra]]<br />
[[Category:Lieutenant-governors of the North-Western Provinces]]<br />
[[Category:Governors of Jamaica]]<br />
[[Category:Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath]]<br />
[[Category:People from Winkfield]]<br />
[[Category:British people in British India]]<br />
[[Category:British East India Company people]]<br />
[[Category:Barons in the Peerage of the United Kingdom]]<br />
[[Category:Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom]]<br />
[[Category:Peers of the United Kingdom created by Queen Victoria]]<br />
[[Category:Younger sons of baronets]]</div>CatharineJorgenshttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anaganaga_O_Premakatha&diff=486219Anaganaga O Premakatha2026-03-03T17:40:38Z<p>CatharineJorgens: created the article needs work</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian romantic drama film}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name =<br />
| image = Anaganaga O Premakatha.jpg<br />
| alt =<br />
| caption = Theatrical release poster<br />
| native_name = <!-- {{Infobox name module|language|title}} or {{Infobox name module|title}} --><br />
| director = Pratap Tatamsetti<br />
| writer =<br />
| screenplay =<br />
| story =<br />
| based_on = <!-- {{Based on|title of the original work|creator of the original work|additional creator(s), if necessary}} --><br />
| producer = K L N Raju<br />
| starring = [[Viraj Ashwin]]<br/>[[Riddhi Kumar]]<br />
| narrator = <br />
| cinematography = Edurolu Raju <br />
| editing = [[Marthand K. Venkatesh]] <br />
| music = KC Anjan <br />
| studio = Lights Media Pvt Ltd<br />
| distributor = <br />
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2018|12|14}} <br />
| runtime = <br />
| country = India <br />
| language = Telugu <br />
| budget = <br />
| gross = }}<br />
'''''Anaganaga O Premakatha''''' ({{Translation|Once upon a love story}}) is a 2018 Indian Telugu-language [[romantic drama film]] directed by Pratap Tatamsetti and starring [[Viraj Ashwin]] and [[Riddhi Kumar]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/021018/anaganaga-o-prema-katha-is-a-modern-love-story.html|title=Anaganaga O Prema Katha is a modern love story|first=Sashidhar|last=Adivi|date=2 Oct 2018|website=www.deccanchronicle.com|accessdate=28 Jul 2024|archive-date=20 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210620175353/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/021018/anaganaga-o-prema-katha-is-a-modern-love-story.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/anaganaga-o-premakatha-gopichand-releases-the-trailer-of-the-ashwin-j-viraj-and-riddhi-kumar-starrer/articleshow/66389838.cms|title='Anaganaga O Premakatha': Gopichand releases the trailer of the Ashwin J Viraj and Riddhi Kumar starrer|newspaper=The Times of India |date=27 Oct 2018|accessdate=28 Jul 2024|archive-date=2 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220202162205/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/anaganaga-o-premakatha-gopichand-releases-the-trailer-of-the-ashwin-j-viraj-and-riddhi-kumar-starrer/articleshow/66389838.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/anaganaga-o-premakatha-the-film-receives-u-certificate-from-the-censor-board/articleshow/66618113.cms|title='Anaganaga O Premakatha': The film receives 'U' certificate from the Censor Board|newspaper=The Times of India |date=14 Nov 2018|accessdate=28 Jul 2024|archive-date=20 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240720163315/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/anaganaga-o-premakatha-the-film-receives-u-certificate-from-the-censor-board/articleshow/66618113.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> It was released to negative reviews.<ref name="TOI">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/anaganaga-o-premakatha/movie-review/67093216.cms|title=Anaganaga O Premakatha Movie Review|newspaper=The Times of India |accessdate=28 Jul 2024|archive-date=14 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231214012125/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/anaganaga-o-premakatha/movie-review/67093216.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
*[[Viraj Ashwin]] as Surya<br />
*[[Riddhi Kumar]] as Ananya<br />
*Radha Bangaru as Pooja<br />
*[[Y. Kasi Viswanath]]<br />
*[[Anish Kuruvilla]] as Ananya's father<br />
*[[Venu Yeldandi]]<br />
*[[Ananth Babu|Ananth]]<br />
<br />
== Production ==<br />
This film marks the debut production of [[D. V. S. Raju]]'s son-in-law, K. L. N. Raju.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/271117/dvs-raju-legacy-continues.html|title=D.V.S. Raju legacy continues|first=|last=|date=27 November 2017|website=www.deccanchronicle.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Soundtrack==<br />
The music was composed by KC Anjan. The music of ''[[Charlie (2015 Malayalam film)|Charlie]]'' (2015) was used in the trailer.<ref name="TOI"/> [[Puri Jagannadh]] and [[Sekhar Kammula]] each released one song respectively.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/280918/debut-team-for-anaganaga-o-prema-katha.html|title=Debut team for Anaganaga O Prema Katha!|first=|last=|date=28 September 2018|website=www.deccanchronicle.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Cinema/2018-10-05/Sekhar-Kammula-pats-Anaganaga-O-Premakatha-team/419383|title=Sekhar Kammula pats 'Anaganaga O Premakatha' team|first=|last=|date=5 October 2018|website=www.thehansindia.com}}</ref><br />
{{empty section|date=July 2024}}<br />
<br />
==Reception==<br />
A critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film one-and-a-half out of five stars and wrote that "Director Pratap makes you believe ''Anaganaga O Premakatha'' is going in one direction, that it has the semblance of a story and is coherent before dropping the pretense soon".<ref name="TOI"/><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*{{IMDb title|9461496}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2018 films]]<br />
[[Category:2018 Telugu-language films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian romantic action films]]</div>CatharineJorgenshttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sikkim_Mahananda_Express&diff=535845Sikkim Mahananda Express2026-03-03T08:32:13Z<p>CatharineJorgens: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Train in India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}<br />
{{italic title}}<br />
{{Infobox rail service<br />
| name = Sikkim Mahananda Express<br />
| image = Ministry of Railways India.svg<br />
| type = [[Express trains in India|Express]]<br />
| status = <br />
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|1989|05|05}}<br />
| last =<br />
| locale = [[West Bengal]], [[Bihar]], [[Uttar Pradesh]] & [[Delhi]]<br />
| operator = [[Northeast Frontier Railway zone|Northeast Frontier Railway]]<br />
| start = {{stnlnk|Alipurduar}} (APDJ)<br />
| stops = 52<br />
| end = [[Delhi Junction railway station|Old Delhi]] (DLI)<br />
| distance= {{convert|1666|km|0|abbr=on}}<br />
| journeytime = 35 hrs 15 mins<br />
| frequency = Daily<br />
| trainnumber = 15483 / 15484<br />
| class = AC First Class, AC 2 Tier, AC 3 Tier, Sleeper Class, General Unreserved <br />
| seating = Yes<br />
| sleeping = Yes<br />
| autorack = <br />
| baggage = Available<br />
| catering = Available<br />
| observation = Large windows<br />
| otherfacilities = Below the seats <br />
| stock = [[LHB coach]]<br />
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm}}<br>[[broad gauge]]<br />
| speed = {{convert|47|km/h|0|abbr=on}} average including halts.<br />
| map = [[File:Mahananda Express (Alipurdaur - Delhi) route map.png|250px]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The 15483 / 15484 '''Sikkim Mahananda Express''' is an [[Express trains in India|express]] train connecting the cities of [[Delhi]] and [[Alipurduar]].<br />
This is a direct train origination from [[Delhi Junction railway station|Old Delhi]] to {{stnlnk|Alipurduar Junction}}. <br />
The train connects the [[East India|Eastern]] and [[North India|Northern]] regions, as well as parts of India in the [[Bihar]] & [[Uttar Pradesh]] areas.<br />
<br />
The name of the train is derived from the [[Mahananda River]], which runs through [[North Bengal]], Eastern [[Bihar]] and Bangladesh.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia| url = http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/357914/Mahananda-River |title = Mahananda River| encyclopedia= Encyclopædia Britannica|accessdate = 2013-05-22 }}</ref><br />
<br />
As the entire route is not electrified, the train runs with both an electric and diesel [[locomotive]]. Usually the train gets a [[WDP-4]]/[[WDP-4B]] from the Siliguri Diesel Loco Shed for the non-electrified territory and a [[Indian locomotive class WAP-4|WAP-4]] electric locomotive in the electrified section.<br />
<br />
On 16 February 2026, the Sikkim Mahananda Express was flagged off from {{rws|Sivok}} railway station in [[Sevoke]] town<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-02-16 |title=Sikkim Mahananda Express: যোগাযোগে বিপ্লব রেলের! সেবক থেকে প্রথম চালু হল দূরপাল্লার ট্রেন সিকিম মহানন্দা এক্সপ্রেস |url=https://indiahood.in/news/west-bengal/sikkim-mahananda-express-service-started-from-sevoke-bkm-16-02/354557/ |access-date=2026-02-17 |language=en-US}}</ref>for the first time, marking the station’s first long-distance express service.<br />
<br />
The extension is expected to improve direct rail connectivity between the Darjeeling–Dooars region of North Bengal and Delhi via Alipurduar.<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
The train when introduced used to run from {{stnlnk|Katihar Junction}} to Delhi as train number(s) 983/984. This train was later extended to [[New Jalpaiguri]] with train number(s) 4083/4084. Finally the train was extended to Alipurduar Junction.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.irfca.org/docs/old-numbers.html |title = Old Train Number| publisher= IRFCA|accessdate = 2013-05-22 }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Route and halts==<br />
<br />
The important stops of this train are;<br />
<br />
#'''{{stnlnk|Delhi Junction}}'''<br />
#{{stnlnk|Ghaziabad Junction}}<br />
#{{stnlnk|Aligarh Junction}}<br />
#{{rws|Tundla Junction}}<br />
#{{stnlnk|Kanpur Central}}<br />
#{{stnlnk|Prayagraj Junction}}<br />
#[[Mughalsarai Junction|Pt. Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Junction]]<br />
#{{stnlnk|Buxar}}<br />
#{{rws|Ara Junction}}<br />
#{{stnlnk|Patna Junction}}<br />
#{{rws|Bakhtiyarpur Junction}}<br />
#{{rws|Mokama}}<br />
#[[New Barauni Junction]]<br />
#{{rws|Begusarai}}<br />
#{{rws|Khagaria Junction}}<br />
#{{rws|Mansi Junction}}<br />
#{{rws|Naugachia}}<br />
#{{stnlnk|Katihar Junction}}<br />
#{{rws|Azamnagar Road}}<br />
#{{rws|Barsoi Junction}}<br />
#{{rws|Dalkhola}}<br />
#{{stnlnk|Kishanganj}}<br />
#{{stnlnk|Aluabari Road Junction}}<br />
#{{rws|Thakurganj}}<br />
#[[Galgalia]]<br />
#{{rws|Naxalbari}}<br />
#{{rws|Bagdogra}}<br />
#{{stnlnk|Siliguri Junction}} (Loco reversal)<br />
#{{rws|Sivok}}<br />
#{{stnlnk|New Mal Junction}}<br />
#{{rws|Nagrakata}}<br />
#{{rws|Binnaguri}}<br />
#{{rws|Dalgaon}}<br />
#{{rws|Hasimara}}<br />
# '''{{stnlnk|Alipurduar Junction}}'''<br />
<br />
==Traction==<br />
Both trains are hauled by a [[Electric Loco Shed, Ghaziabad|Ghaziabad Loco Shed]]-based [[WAP-7]] electric locomotive from Old Delhi to Alipurduar Junction and vice versa.<br />
<br />
==Trivia==<br />
In a rare occurrence Sikkim Mahananda Express crosses the [[Mahananda River]] five times. The train is named after this river.<br />
<br />
==Train schedule==<br />
Train No.15484 leaves Delhi (DLI) at 07:35 AM and reach to the destined stop Alipurduar Junction (APDJ) at 08:20 PM on day after another.<br />
Train No.15483 leaves Alipurduar Junction (APDJ) at 10:30 AM and reach to the destined stop Delhi (DLI) at 09:45 PM on day after another.<br />
During the journey of approximately 38 hours the train goes via 56 stations before reaching its destination.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://runningstatus.in/status/15483-today | title=Mahananda Express/15483 Live Train Running Status}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Accommodations==<br />
This train comprises 1 first AC [2-Tiers+3-Tiers], 10 AC 3-Tiers, 4 Sleeper class, 2Unreserved General Compartment, 1 Pantry car & 1 Luggage/Parcel and engine generator car is provided with the Guards' cabin.<br />
Total coach composition is 24.<br />
<br />
==Incidents==<br />
* {{cite web| url = http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/UttarPradesh/Goons-test-guns-on-train-kill-ticket-inspector/Article1-966718.aspx | archive-url = https://archive.today/20130629104604/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/UttarPradesh/Goons-test-guns-on-train-kill-ticket-inspector/Article1-966718.aspx | url-status = dead | archive-date = 29 June 2013 |title = Goons test guns on train kill Chief Ticket Inspector in Ghaziabad| work= Hindustan Times|accessdate = 2012-12-01 }}<br />
* {{cite web| url = http://www.indianexpress.com/news/crowd-torches-mahananda-express-in-hathras/523602/ |title = Crowd torches Mahananda Express in Hathras| work= The Indian Express| date=October 2009 |accessdate = 2009-10-01 }}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[New Jalpaiguri–New Delhi Superfast Express]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [http://www.indianrail.gov.in Indian Railway Website]<br />
* [http://indiarailinfo.com/train/blog/sikkim-mahananda-express-15483-apdj-to-dli/1568/449/349 Mahananda Express Forum at Indian Rail Info]<br />
* [http://www.irfca.org/ Indian Railway Fan Club]<br />
*[http://indianrailpnr.in/train-list.php List of All Indian Trains]<br />
{{Railways in Northern India}}<br />
{{Railways in Eastern India}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Transport in Alipurduar]]<br />
[[Category:Transport in Delhi]]<br />
[[Category:Named passenger trains of India]]<br />
[[Category:Rail transport in Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Rail transport in Bihar]]<br />
[[Category:Rail transport in Delhi]]<br />
[[Category:Rail transport in West Bengal]]<br />
[[Category:Express trains in India]]<br />
[[Category:Alipurduar railway division]]<br />
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 1989]]</div>CatharineJorgenshttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yuga&diff=462009Yuga2026-02-19T00:00:04Z<p>CatharineJorgens: improve content and cleaned formatting</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Age or era in Hinduism}}<br />
{{Distinguish|Yoga}}<br />
{{About||other uses|Yuga (disambiguation)}}<br />
{{Italic title}}<br />
<br />
A '''''yuga''''', in [[Hinduism]], is generally used to indicate an age of time.<ref name="Dictionary.com yuga">{{Dictionary.com|Yuga|access-date=2021-02-27}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author-last=Sundarraj|author-first=M.|year=1997|orig-year=1st ed. 1994|editor-last=Mahalingam|editor-first=N.|editor-link=N. Mahalingam|chapter=Ch. 4 Asvins—Time-Keepers|title=RG Vedic Studies|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/rigvedicstudiessundarrajm.ed.mahalingamn._202003/page/n252/mode/1up|location=[[Coimbatore]]|publisher=[[Sakthi Group|Rukmani Offset Press]]|page=219|quote=It is quite clear that the smallest unit was the 'nimisah' ['winking of eyes'], and that time in the general sense of past, present and future was indicated by the word 'yuga'.}}</ref><br />
<br />
In the ''[[Rigveda]]'', a ''yuga'' refers to generations, a period of time (whether long or short), or a [[yoke]] (joining of two things).<ref>{{cite journal |author-last=Kane |author-first=P. V.|author-link=Pandurang Vaman Kane|date=September 1936|editor-last1=Sukthankar|editor-first1=V. S.|editor-link1=Vishnu Sitaram Sukthankar|editor-last2=Fyzee|editor-first2=A. A. A.|editor-link2=Asaf Ali Asghar Fyzee|editor-last3=Bhagwat|editor-first3=N. K.|title=Kalivarjya (actions forbidden in the Kali Age)|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.281640/page/n199/mode/1up|journal=Journal of the Bombay Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society|volume=12|publisher=[[The Asiatic Society of Mumbai|The Asiatic Society of Bombay]]|pages=1–2|quote=The word yuga occurs at least thirty-eight times in the Rigveda, but the meaning is rather doubtful. In a few places yuga means yoke ... In many places it appears to refer to a very brief period ... Generally yuga appears to mean in the Rigveda 'generation' (lessening the life of human generations) ... In other places 'yuga' must be given the sense of a 'long period of time' ...}}</ref> In the ''[[Mahabharata]]'', the words ''yuga'' and ''[[Kalpa (time)|kalpa]]'' (a day of [[Brahma]]) are used interchangeably to describe the cycle of creation and destruction.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |author-last=González-Reimann |author-first=Luis |year=2018 |title=Cosmic Cycles, Cosmology, and Cosmography |editor1-last=Basu |editor1-first=Helene |editor2-last=Jacobsen |editor2-first=Knut A. |editor3-last=Malinar |editor3-first=Angelika |editor4-last=Narayanan |editor4-first=Vasudha |encyclopedia=Brill's Encyclopedia of Hinduism |location=[[Leiden]] |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |volume=2 |doi=10.1163/2212-5019_BEH_COM_1020020 |isbn=978-90-04-17641-6 |issn=2212-5019 |page=415 |quote=The cycle [of creation and destruction] is either called a yuga (MBh. 1.1.28; 12.327.89; 13.135.11), a kalpa, meaning a formation or a creation (MBh. 6.31.7 [= BhG. 9.7]; 12.326.70; 12.327.23), or a day of the brahman, or of Brahmā, the creator god (MBh. 12.224.28–31). Sometimes, it is simply referred to as the process of creation and destruction (saṃhāravikṣepa; MBh. 12.271.30, 40, 43, 47–49).}}</ref><br />
<br />
In post-Vedic texts, the words "''yuga''" and "age" commonly denote a [[Yuga Cycle|{{IAST|catur-yuga}}]] (pronounced ''chatur yuga''), a cycle of four world ages—for example, in the ''[[Surya Siddhanta]]'' and ''[[Bhagavad Gita]]'' (part of the ''Mahabharata'')—unless expressly limited by the name of one of its minor ages: ''[[Satya Yuga|Krita (Satya) Yuga]]'', ''[[Treta Yuga]]'', ''[[Dvapara Yuga]]'', or ''[[Kali Yuga]]''.<ref name="Dictionary.com yuga"/><ref>{{cite book |author-last=Burgess |author-first=Rev. Ebenezer |year=1935 |orig-year=1st ed. 1860 |editor-last=Gangooly |editor-first=Phanindralal |title=Translation of the Surya-Siddhanta, A Text-Book of Hindu Astronomy; With notes and an appendix |url=https://archive.org/details/SuryaSiddhantaTranslation/page/n61/mode/1up| publisher=[[University of Calcutta]] |page=9 |quote=The period of 4,320,000 years is ordinarily styled Great Age (mahayuga), or, as above in two instances [1.15-16], Quadruple Age (caturyuga). In the Surya-Siddhanta, however, the former term is not once found, and the latter occurs only in these verses; elsewhere, Age (yuga) alone is employed to denote it, and always denotes it, unless expressly limited by the name of the Golden (krta) Age.}}</ref>{{efn|The general word "{{IAST|yuga}}" is sometimes used instead of the more specific word "{{IAST|catur-yuga}}". A ''[[Kalpa (time)|kalpa]]'' is described as lasting 1,000 {{IAST|catur-yuga}} in [[Bhagavata Purana]] 12.4.2 ("{{IAST|catur-yuga}}")<ref>{{cite web |title=Śrīmad-Bhāgavatam (Bhāgavata Purāṇa) 12.4.2 |url=https://vedabase.io/en/library/sb/12/4/2/ |website=Bhaktivedanta Vedabase |access-date=2020-05-10 |quote=<br>{{Transliteration|sa|catur-yuga-sahasraṁ tu brahmaṇo dinam ucyate ।<br>sa kalpo yatra manavaś caturdaśa viśām-pate ॥ 2 ॥|italic=no}}<br>(2) One thousand cycles of four ages [{{IAST|catur-yuga}}] constitute a single day of Brahmā, known as a kalpa. In that period, O King, fourteen Manus come and go.}}</ref> and [[Bhagavad Gita]] 8.17 ("{{IAST|yuga}}").<ref>{{cite Q|Q854700 |title=Bhagavad-gītā As It Is 8.17 |url=https://vedabase.io/en/library/bg/8/17/ |website=Bhaktivedanta Vedabase |access-date=2020-05-10 |quote=<br>{{Transliteration|sa|sahasra-yuga-paryantam ahar yad brahmaṇo viduḥ ।<br>rātriṁ yuga-sahasrāntāṁ te ’ho-rātra-vido janāḥ ॥ 17 ॥|italic=no}}<br>(17) By human calculation, a thousand ages [{{IAST|yuga}}] taken together form the duration of Brahmā’s one day. And such also is the duration of his night.}}</ref>}}<br />
<br />
The term "''yuga''" can represent the number four. In early Indian astronomy, it referred to a five-year cycle starting with the conjunction of the sun and moon in the autumnal equinox.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/YorkMichaelCushDeniseRobinsonCatherineAEncyclopediaOfHinduism/page/n1085/mode/1up |title=Encyclopedia of Hinduism |date=2008 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-7007-1267-0 |editor-last=Cush |editor-first=Denise |location=London; New York |pages=1043–1044 |oclc=ocm62133001 |editor-last2=Robinson |editor-first2=Catherine A. |editor-last3=York |editor-first3=Michael}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Etymology==<br />
''Yuga'' ({{langx|sa|युग}}) means "a [[yoke]]" (joining of two things), "generations", or "a period of time" such as an age, where its archaic spelling is ''yug'', with other forms of ''yugam'', {{IAST|yugānāṃ}}, and ''yuge'', derived from ''yuj'' ({{langx|sa|युज्||to join or yoke}}), believed derived from {{lang|ine-x-proto|yeug-}} ([[Proto-Indo-European language|Proto-Indo-European]]: {{lit.}} 'to join or unite').<ref>{{cite web |title=युग (yuga) |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/युग#Sanskrit |website=[[Wiktionary]] |access-date=2021-02-27}}<br>{{cite web |title=yuga |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/yuga |website=[[Wiktionary]] |access-date=2021-02-27}}<br>{{cite web |title=Yuga |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/yuga |website=Wisdom Library |date=29 June 2012 |access-date=2021-02-27}}<br>{{cite web |title=युज् (yuj) |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/युज्#Sanskrit |website=[[Wiktionary]] |access-date=2021-02-27}}<br>{{cite web |title=*yeug- |url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/*yeug- |website=[[Online Etymology Dictionary]] |access-date=2021-02-27}}<br>{{cite web |title=yug |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/yug |website=[[Wiktionary]] |date=6 June 2022 |access-date=2023-09-01}}</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Hindu units of time]]<br />
** [[Kalpa (time)|Kalpa]] (day of [[Brahma]])<br />
** [[Manvantara]] (age of [[Manu (Hinduism)|Manu]])<br />
** [[Pralaya]] (period of dissolution)<br />
** [[Yuga Cycle]] (four yuga ages): [[Satya Yuga|Satya (Krita)]], [[Treta Yuga|Treta]], [[Dvapara Yuga|Dvapara]], and [[Kali Yuga|Kali]]<br />
* [[List of numbers in Hindu scriptures]]<br />
<br />
== Explanatory notes ==<br />
{{Notelist}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [http://veda.wikidot.com/vedic-time-system#toc8 Vedic Time System: Yuga]<br />
<br />
{{Calendars}}<br />
{{Time in religion and mythology}}<br />
{{Brahmanda}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Four Yugas]]<br />
[[Category:Hindu astronomy]]<br />
[[Category:Hindu philosophical concepts]]<br />
[[Category:Time in Hinduism]]<br />
[[Category:Units of time]]</div>CatharineJorgenshttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gopalpur_Port&diff=500903Gopalpur Port2026-02-08T07:51:42Z<p>CatharineJorgens: adding post.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}<br />
{{Infobox Port<br />
| name = Gopalpur Port<br />
| image = Gopalpur Port.jpg<br />
| image_caption = <br />
| country = {{flag|India}}<br />
| location = [[Gopalpur, Odisha|Gopalpur]], [[Ganjam district|Ganjam]], [[Odisha]]<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|19.29|N|84.95|E}}<br />
| opened = 23 May 2013<br />
| operated = Gopalpur Ports Ltd <br />
| owner = [[Adani Ports & SEZ]]<br />
| type = Natural harbor (sea port)<br />
| berths = 3<br />
| website = http://www.gopalpurports.in/<br />
| draft_depth = {{convert|14.5|m}} <small>(Maximum)</small><br />
| blankdetailstitle2 = CEO<br />
| blankdetails2 = Capt. Sandeep Agarwal<br />
}}<br />
'''Gopalpur Port''' is a deep sea port of Gopalpur near Brahmapur city in [[Ganjam District]], [[Odisha]], [[India]]. The port has been developed on the [[Bay of Bengal]]. The seaport will increase the sea trade of [[Odisha]], as well as industry and employment.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/shipping-/-transport/shapoorji-pallonji-set-to-acquire-51-in-gopalpur-port/articleshow/55556634.cms|title=Shapoorji Pallonji set to acquire 51% in Gopalpur port|access-date = 3 August 2018| date= 22 November 2016| publisher = The Economic Times }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/odisha-govt-is-set-to-sign-fresh-concession-pact-for-gopalpur-ports-ltd-118030700429_1.html|title=Odisha govt is set to sign fresh concession pact for Gopalpur Ports Ltd |access-date = 3 August 2018| date= 7 March 2018| publisher = www.business-standard.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
Gopalpur port started commercial operations in 2013 as an all-weather port, on a trial basis. Around 7,500 metric tonne of ilmenite, a sand mineral product of Orissa Sand Complex (OSCOM) division of [[Indian Rare Earths|Indian Rare Earths Limited(IREL)]], was shipped in a small vessel to South Korea.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/gopalpur-port-begins-operations/articleshow/20288883.cms|title=Gopalpur Port begins operations|newspaper=The Times of India |date=27 May 2013}}</ref><br />
Later on it started operation as a all-weather sea port on the East coast of India.<br />
<br />
In December 2022, [[Petronet LNG]] Ltd, India's largest liquefied natural gas importer, will set up a floating LNG receipt facility at Gopalpur port in Odisha at a cost of Rs 2,306 crore. The company has signed an agreement with Gopalpur Ports Ltd for the facility that will have a capacity of about 4 million tonnes per annum, it said in a tweet. Gopalpur will be the third LNG terminal on the east coast.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/business/petronet-lng-to-set-up-floating-lng-terminal-at-gopalpur-news-245262|title=Petronet LNG To Set Up Floating LNG Terminal At Gopalpur}}</ref><br />
<br />
In March 2024, Adani Ports and Special Economic Zone has acquired a 95 per cent stake in Odisha's Gopalpur Port for an equity value of Rs 1,349 crore ($161.74 million). Adani Ports will purchase a 56 per cent stake in Gopalpur Port from real-estate conglomerate [[Shapoorji Pallonji Group]] (SP Group) and a 39 per cent stake from Orissa Stevedores.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/industry/infra/story/adani-ports-buys-95-stake-in-gopalpur-ports-for-an-enterprise-value-of-rs3080-crore-422799-2024-03-26|title=Adani Ports to acquire 95% stake in Gopalpur Port}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Harbor==<br />
The port harbor is natural and its depth is 18.5 meters. Mini cape vessels of over 100,000 DWT can be handled by the port. There are 3 jetties or berths in this port.{{fact|date=May 2023}}<br />
<br />
== Transport==<br />
The port is connected to the Kolkata-Chennai railway line and National Highways. The port is connected by the 6&nbsp;km long [[National Highway 59 (India)|National Highway 59]]. The port is close to [[National Highway 16 (India)|National Highway 16]] (Kolkata-Chennai), providing good links with Gopalpur. The port is 270&nbsp;km from [[Paradip Port]] and 260&nbsp;km from [[Visakhapatnam]].<br />
<br />
K&R Rail Engineering, a [[hyderabad]] based firm has completed the railway track connection for the port.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://krrailengg.com/gopalpur-ports-limitedgpl/|title=TOP Railway Construction Companies in india &#124; K&R Rail}}</ref> GPL currently uses the siding of Indian Rare Earths Limited for its railway traffic; the siding is served by the station at [[Chhatrapur]], the nearest large town is about 6&nbsp;km away.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://jmbaxi.com/newsletter/issue-xxv/|title=Port Of GOPALPUR|website=J.M. Baxi Newsletter}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Ports in Odisha}}<br />
{{Hydrography of Odisha}}<br />
{{Major ports in India}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Ports and harbours of Odisha]]<br />
[[Category:Transport in Paradeep]]<br />
[[Category:Shapoorji Pallonji Group]]<br />
[[Category:Adani Ports]]</div>CatharineJorgenshttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Masala_film&diff=463290Masala film2026-01-28T08:12:33Z<p>CatharineJorgens: cleanup information for clarity and corrected details</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian film genre}}<br />
{{more citations needed|date=April 2013}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}<br />
{{Use British English|date=September 2020}}<br />
<br />
[[File:Indiafilm.svg|185px|thumb]]<br />
<br />
'''Masala films''' of [[Cinema of India|Indian cinema]] are those that blend multiple genres into one work. Masala films emerged in the 1970s and are still being created as of the 2020s.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Nair|first=Sreehari|title=Are masala movies dead?|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/column/are-masala-movies-dead/20190528.htm|access-date=2021-11-14|website=Rediff|language=en}}</ref> Typically these films freely blend [[Action film|action]], [[Comedy film|comedy]], [[Romance film|romance]], and [[Drama (film and television)|drama]], or [[melodrama]]. They also tend to be [[Musical film|musicals]], often including songs filmed in picturesque locations.<ref name="Ganti2004">{{Cite book |last=Tejaswini Gantiv |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GTEa93azj9EC |title=Bollywood: a guidebook to popular Hindi cinema |publisher=Psychology Press |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-415-28854-5 |page=139 |access-date=26 April 2011}}</ref><ref name="Masala vs. genre">{{Cite news |last=Sebastian |first=Pradeep |date=16 August 2002 |title=Masala vs. genre |language=en-IN |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/masala-vs-genre/article28571381.ece |access-date=29 September 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
The genre is named after the [[Spice mix|masala]], a mixture of [[spice]]s in [[Indian cuisine]].<ref>Nelmes, Jill. [https://books.google.com/books?id=jcCADouuE_UC ''An introduction to film studies'']. p. 367.</ref> According to ''[[The Hindu]]'', masala is the most popular genre of Indian cinema.<ref name="Masala vs. genre" /> Masala films have origins in the 1970s and are common in every major film industry in India.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Interesting Facts About Bollywood from the age of Classic Cinema|url=https://auditionpost.com/interesting-facts-about-bollywood/|access-date=2021-09-13|website=audition post|language=en-US}}</ref> Production of these films is still active in the mid-2020s.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The era of masala films has ended: Boman Irani|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2020/feb/06/the-era-of-masala-films-has-ended-boman-irani-2099531.html|access-date=2021-11-14|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine|last=Sterling|first=Bruce|title=Hrithik Roshan says the masala film is over|language=en-US|magazine=Wired|url=https://www.wired.com/beyond-the-beyond/2019/10/hrithik-roshan-says-masala-film/|access-date=2021-11-14|issn=1059-1028}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Characteristics==<br />
<br />
Although a masala film has no single genre or plot trope defining it, there are recurring characteristics of film production, choreography, set design, and visuals. This can be attributed to India's [[Hinduism in India|majority-Hindu]] population's cultural affinity with the ''[[Nāṭya Shāstra]]'', an ancient Hindu religious text on the performing arts.<br />
<br />
In Tejaswini Ganti's book ''Bollywood: A Guidebook to Popular Hindi Cinema'', Indian films are described as having roots in [[Indian aesthetics]] (eg, ''Nāṭya Shāstra''), which employ the philosophical concepts of [[Rasa (aesthetics)|''rasa'']] ('flavor') and ''[[bhava]]'' ('to become') to explain the mechanisms of emotion.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ganti |first1=Tejaswini |title=Bollywood: A Guidebook to Popular Hindi Cinema |date=March 5, 2013 |publisher=Routledge |location=Abingdon, Oxfordshire |isbn=978-0415583886 |page=141 |edition=2nd}}</ref> ''Rasa'' has nine flavors: love, humor, wonder, courage, calmness, anger, sadness, fear, and disgust. In writing, a lack of ''rasa'' combined with a lack of ''bhava'' would yield a 'tasteless' result. Two primary ''[[bhava]]''s are ''[[sthayi]]'' ('permanent') and ''vyabichari'' ('transitory'). Writes Ganti: "A central premise of the masala genre is that viewers derive pleasure by being taken through a series of moods or emotional states: being angry or disgusted with the villains; being moved (often to tears) by some sort of loss, usually death; laughing at a clownish character; being amazed or seduced by elaborate song sequences; and being happy for the couple and their eventual union".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ganti |first1=Tejaswini |title=Bollywood: A Guidebook to Popular Hindi Cinema |date=March 5, 2013 |publisher=Routledge |location=Abingdon, Oxfordshire |isbn=978-0415583886 |page=142 |edition=2nd}}</ref> In contrast, emotional tension in Western film is generated with plots, in line with [[Aristotle]]'s characterization stories as akin to the soul of a [[tragedy]] in his ''[[Poetics (Aristotle)|Poetics]]''.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Aristotle |title=Poetics |date=February 2013 |publisher=Focus Publishing/R.Pullins Company |location=Indianapolis, IN |isbn=978-1-58510-187-0 |page=4 |edition=1st }}</ref><br />
<br />
To make a compelling story, there is this idea in Aristotle's ''Poetics'': [[catharsis]] or emotional release. Emotional release from the audience watching a play or act, and expressing their most profound feeling.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Aristotle |title=Poetics |date=February 2013 |publisher=Focus Publishing/R.Pullins Company |location=Indianapolis, IN |isbn=978-1-58510-187-0 |page=11 |edition=1st }}</ref> Emotional release tends to happen at the climax of the story. When watching Masala film, it is like riding a rollercoaster. Every feeling on the spectrum of emotion, like anger or happiness, is portrayed in a Masala film. The second characteristic is the theme. Even though Masala does not have an exact plot or genre, specific themes pop up in the film, like myth, legends, or family. These themes exist because "Masala films are firmly rooted in [[Indian epic poetry|Hindu epics]] such as the [[Mahabharata]] and the [[Ramayana]]. Their narratives easily play out over several centuries or even millennia, featuring the family lives of dynasties both divine and mortal".<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mooij |first1=Thessa |title=The New Bollywood: No Heroines, No Villains. |journal=Cinéaste |date=2006 |volume=31 |issue=3 |pages=30–35 |jstor=41690003 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41690003 |access-date=26 November 2023}}</ref> That is why, in Masala, family plays an integral part in the plot. Also, because of the use of epics, there is this marvelous feeling of fiction in the film that the audience does not experience in real life. The third characteristic of Masala films is that they "are typically longer than [[Western film]]s, with runtimes of two to three hours or more".<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mooij |first1=Thessa |title=The New Bollywood: No Heroines, No Villains. |journal=Cinéaste |date=2006 |volume=31 |issue=3 |page=31 |jstor=41690003 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41690003 |access-date=26 November 2023}}</ref> The reason is also the same as the theme of family. Due to its being inspired by epics and the Indian Aesthetics theory, the scale of the story must be significant. It represents the lavish sets and the time they occupied in the audience's eye.<br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
According to several critics and scholars, the masala film was pioneered in the early 1970s by filmmakers [[Manmohan Desai]], [[Prakash Mehra]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://theprint.in/theprint-profile/the-champion-of-masala-films-manmohan-desai-made-bollywood-what-it-is-today/370726/ | title=The champion of masala films, Manmohan Desai made Bollywood what it is today | website=[[ThePrint]] | date=26 February 2020 }}</ref> and [[Nasir Hussain]].<ref>{{Cite news |first=Poorva |last=Joshi |date=30 March 2017 |title=How film-maker Nasir Husain started the trend for Bollywood masala films |language=en |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/how-film-maker-nasir-husain-created-the-prototype-for-bollywood-masala-films/story-ckL6zPLHJFDYoupjFBtbfN.html}}</ref><ref name="Chaudhuri" /><ref name="bhaumik"/> ''[[Yaadon Ki Baaraat]]'' (1973), directed by Hussain and written by [[Salim–Javed]], has been identified by many as the first masala film.<ref name="bhaumik">Kaushik Bhaumik, [https://thewire.in/24564/an-insightful-reading-of-our-many-indian-identities/ An Insightful Reading of Our Many Indian Identities], [[The Wire (Indian web publication)|The Wire]], 12 March 2016</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Chaudhuri |first=Diptakirti |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cri9CgAAQBAJ&pg=PT58 |title=Written by Salim-Javed: The Story of Hindi Cinema's Greatest Screenwriters |date=1 October 2015 |publisher=[[Penguin Books|Penguin UK]] |isbn=9789352140084 |page=58 |language=en}}</ref> However, critic [[S. Shankar]] has claimed [[Tamil cinema]] had earlier ''masala dosa'' films, citing ''[[Parasakthi (1952 film)|Parasakthi]]'' (1952) as the earliest example, but distinguishes them from modern masala films.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shankar |first=S. |date=27 May 2014 |title=Tamil Cinema: Ten Essential Titles for New Fans of Indian Movies Who Want to Venture beyond Bombay |url=https://sshankar.net/2014/05/27/tamil-cinema-ten-essential-titles-for-new-fans-of-indian-movies-who-want-to-venture-beyond-bombay/ |access-date=22 September 2020 |website=Sshankar.net}}</ref> After ''Yaadon Ki Baaraat'', Salim–Javed went on to write more successful masala films in the 1970s and 1980s.<ref name="Chaudhuri">{{Cite book |last=Chaudhuri |first=Diptakirti |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cri9CgAAQBAJ |title=Written by Salim-Javed: The Story of Hindi Cinema's Greatest Screenwriters |date=1 October 2015 |publisher=[[Penguin Books|Penguin UK]] |isbn=9789352140084 |language=en}}</ref> A landmark for the masala film genre was ''[[Amar Akbar Anthony]]'' (1977),<ref name="Dwyer2005">{{Cite book |last=Rachel Dwyer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4EBNAQAAIAAJ |title=100 Bollywood films |publisher=Lotus Collection, Roli Books |year=2005 |isbn=978-81-7436-433-3 |page=14 |access-date=6 August 2013}}</ref><ref name="bhaumik" /> directed by [[Manmohan Desai]] and written by [[Kader Khan]]. Manmohan Desai successfully became the most prolific filmmaker of the genre in the 1970s and 1980s.<br />
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''[[Sholay]]'' (1975), directed by [[Ramesh Sippy]] and written by Salim-Javed, also falls under the masala genre. It is sometimes called a "[[Curry Western]]", a play on the term "[[Spaghetti Western]]". A more accurate genre label is the "[[Dacoit Western]]", as it combined the conventions of Indian [[dacoit film]]s such as ''[[Mother India]]'' (1957) and ''[[Gunga Jumna]]'' (1961) with that of Spaghetti Westerns. ''Sholay'' spawned a subgenre of "Dacoit Western" films in the 1970s.<ref name="Teo">{{Cite book |last=Teo |first=Stephen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pi8lDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA122 |title=Eastern Westerns: Film and Genre Outside and Inside Hollywood |date=2017 |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |isbn=978-1-317-59226-6 |page=122 |language=en}}</ref><br />
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Masala films helped establish many leading actors as superstars in the 1970s and 1980s, such as [[Dharmendra]], [[Jeetendra]], [[Amitabh Bachchan]], [[Rishi Kapoor]], [[Shatrughan Sinha]] and [[Sridevi]] achieved stardom in their early [[Bollywood]] careers with masala movies. Since the 1990s, actors such as [[Sunny Deol]], [[Aamir Khan]] (Nasir Hussain's nephew), [[Sanjay Dutt]], [[Anil Kapoor]], [[Jackie Shroff]], [[Govinda (actor)|Govinda]], [[Shah Rukh Khan]], [[Salman Khan]] (Salim Khan's son), [[Akshay Kumar]] and [[Ajay Devgn]] in [[Bollywood]]; [[Uttam Kumar]], [[Ranjit Mallick]], [[Mithun Chakraborty]], [[Prosenjit Chatterjee]], [[Jeet (actor)|Jeet]], [[Dev (Bengali actor)|Dev]], [[Jisshu Sengupta]] and [[Ankush Hazra]] in [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali cinema]]; [[M. G. Ramachandran]], [[Rajinikanth]], [[Kamal Haasan]], [[Vijayakanth]], [[Ajith Kumar]], [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]], [[Suriya Sivakumar|Suriya]], [[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]], [[Dhanush]], [[Raghava Lawrence|Raghava Lawrance]], [[Sivakarthikeyan]], in [[Tamil cinema|Kollywood]]; [[N. T. Rama Rao]], [[Ghattamaneni Krishna|Krishna]], [[Chiranjeevi]], [[Mahesh Babu]], [[Allu Arjun]], [[Jr. NTR]], [[Nandamuri Balakrishna]], [[Prabhas]], [[Nagarjuna (actor)|Nagarjuna]], [[Ram Charan]] and [[Pawan Kalyan]] in [[Telugu cinema|Tollywood]]; [[Madhu (actor)|Madhu]], [[Prem Nazir]], [[Mammootty]], [[Mohanlal]], [[Jayan]] and [[Prithviraj Sukumaran]] in [[Malayalam cinema|Mollywood]]; [[Dr. Rajkumar]], [[Vishnuvardhan (actor)|Vishnuvardhan]], [[Ambareesh]], [[Darshan (Kannada actor)|Darshan]], [[Puneeth Rajkumar]], [[Sudeep]] and [[Yash (actor)|Yash]] in [[Kannada cinema]] have all experienced success in this format.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Noor|first=Arifa|date=2021-08-03|title=Films and reality|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1638513|access-date=2021-08-05|website=DAWN.COM|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Adlakha|first=Siddhant|date=2021-07-09|title=Stream Three Great Performances by the Bollywood Star Dilip Kumar|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/07/09/movies/stream-three-great-performances-by-the-bollywood-star-dilip-kumar.html|access-date=2021-08-05|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><br />
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This style is used often in [[Hindi]] ([[Bollywood]]), [[Bengali language|Bengali]] ([[Cinema of West Bengal|Tollywood]]) and [[Cinema of South India|South Indian films]], as it helps make them appeal to a broad variety of viewers. Famous masala filmmakers include [[David Dhawan]], [[Rohit Shetty]], [[Anees Bazmee]] and [[Farah Khan]] in [[Bollywood]]; [[Shaji Kailas]] and [[Joshiy]] in [[Malayalam Cinema|Mollywood]]; [[Shakti Samanta]], [[Sanyasi Raja|Pijush Basu]], [[Prabhat Roy]], [[Raj Chakraborty]], [[Srijit Mukherji]], [[Ravi Kinagi|Ravi Kinnagi]], [[Anjan Choudhury|Anjan Chowdhury]], [[Swapan Saha]], [[Haranath Chakraborty]], [[Raja Chanda]], [[Sujit Mondal]] and [[Rajiv Kumar Biswas]] in [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali cinema]]; [[K. Raghavendra Rao]], [[S. S. Rajamouli]], [[Puri Jagannadh]], [[Trivikram Srinivas]], [[Boyapati Srinu]] and [[Srinu Vaitla]] in [[Telugu cinema]]; [[S. Shankar]], [[Hari (director)|Hari]], [[Siruthai Siva]], [[Pandiraj]], [[AR Murugadoss]], [[K. V. Anand]], [[N. Lingusamy]] and [[K. S. Ravikumar]] in [[Cinema of Tamil Nadu|Tamil cinema]]; and in [[Cinema of Karnataka|Kannada cinema]] it was [[V. Somashekhar]] and [[K. S. R. Das]] in the 1970s; [[A. T. Raghu]] and [[Joe Simon (film director)|Joe Simon]] in the 1980s; [[K. V. Raju]], [[Om Prakash Rao]] and Shivamani in the 1990s; and K. Madesh and [[Harsha (director)|A. Harsha]] in the 2000s.<br />
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Beyond Indian cinema, [[Danny Boyle]]'s [[Academy Award]]–winning film ''[[Slumdog Millionaire]]'' (2008), based on [[Vikas Swarup]]'s [[Exclusive Books Boeke Prize|Boeke Prize]] winning novel ''[[Q & A (novel)|Q & A]]'' (2005), has been described by several reviewers as a "masala" movie,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sudhish Kamath |date=17 January 2009 |title=The great Indian dream: Why 'Slumdog Millionaire', a film made in India, draws crowds in New York |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2009/01/17/stories/2009011751051300.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090126180319/http://hindu.com/mp/2009/01/17/stories/2009011751051300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=26 January 2009 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=22 January 2009}}</ref> due to the way the film combines "familiar raw ingredients into a feverish masala"<ref>{{Cite web |last=Scott Foundas |date=12 November 2008 |title=Fall Film: Slumdog Millionaire: Game Show Masala |url=http://www.laweekly.com/2008-11-13/film-tv/game-show-masala-in-slumdog-millionaire |access-date=22 January 2009 |website=[[LA Weekly]]}}</ref> and culminates in "the romantic leads finding each other."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Greg Quill |date=21 January 2009 |title=Slumdog wins hearts here |url=https://www.thestar.com/Entertainment/article/574394 |access-date=22 January 2009 |website=[[Toronto Star]]}}</ref> This is due to the influence of the Bollywood masala genre on the film.<ref name="Hindu">{{Cite web |date=11 January 2009 |title='Slumdog Millionaire' has an Indian co-director |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/009200901110925.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325234357/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/009200901110925.htm |archive-date=25 March 2009 |access-date=23 January 2009 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=21 January 2009 |title=All you need to know about Slumdog Millionaire |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/features/all-you-need-to-know-about-slumdog-millionaire-1452119.html |access-date=21 January 2009 |website=[[The Independent]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Lisa Tsering |date=29 January 2009 |title=''Slumdog'' Director Boyle Has 'Fingers Crossed' for Oscars |url=http://www.indiawest.com/readmore.aspx?id=860&sid=5 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090302235319/http://www.indiawest.com/readmore.aspx?id=860&sid=5 |archive-date=2 March 2009 |access-date=30 January 2009 |publisher=IndiaWest}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Anthony Kaufman |date=29 January 2009 |title=DGA nominees borrow from the masters: Directors cite specific influences for their films |work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |url=https://www.variety.com/index.asp?layout=awardcentral&jump=contenders&id=director&articleid=VR1117999259&cs=1 |access-date=30 January 2009}}</ref> According to [[Loveleen Tandan]], ''Slumdog Millionaire'' screenwriter [[Simon Beaufoy]] "studied Salim-Javed's kind of cinema minutely."<ref name=Hindu /> The influence of Bollywood masala films can also be seen in Western [[musical film]]s. [[Baz Luhrmann]] stated that his successful musical film ''[[Moulin Rouge!]]'' (2001) was directly inspired by Bollywood musicals.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Baz Luhrmann Talks Awards and 'Moulin Rouge' |url=http://movies.about.com/library/weekly/aa030902a.htm |access-date=15 May 2009 |archive-date=2 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120502074825/http://movies.about.com/library/weekly/aa030902a.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
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[[Aamir Khan]], who debuted as a child actor in the first masala film ''Yaadon Ki Baraat'',<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cain |first=Rob |date=3 October 2017 |title=Aamir Khan's 'Secret Superstar' Could Be India's Next ₹1,000 Crore/$152M Box Office Hit |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/robcain/2017/10/03/aamir-khans-secret-superstar-could-be-indias-next-₹1000-crore160m-box-office-hit/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171003075022/https://www.forbes.com/sites/robcain/2017/10/03/aamir-khans-secret-superstar-could-be-indias-next-%E2%82%B91000-crore160m-box-office-hit/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 October 2017 |website=[[Forbes]] |language=en}}</ref> has been credited for redefining and modernising the masala film with his own distinct brand of socially conscious cinema in the early 21st century.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |date=8 January 2017 |title=Masala redux |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-sundaymagazine/Masala-redux/article17007881.ece |access-date=8 January 2017 |website=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN}}</ref> His films blur the distinction between commercial masala films and realistic [[parallel cinema]], combining the entertainment and production values of the former with the believable narratives and strong messages of the latter, earning both commercial success and critical acclaim, in India and overseas.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 November 2017 |title=Secret Superstar: A moving slice of life |work=[[The Asian Age]] |url=http://www.asianage.com/entertainment/bollywood/021117/secret-superstar-a-moving-slice-of-life.html}}</ref><br />
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== Influences ==<br />
While the masala film genre originated from Bollywood films in the 1970s, there have been several earlier influences that have shaped its conventions. The first was the ancient [[Indian epic poetry|Indian epics]] of ''[[Mahabharata]]'' and ''[[Ramayana]]'' which have exerted a profound influence on the thought and imagination of Indian popular cinema, particularly in its narratives. Examples of this influence include the techniques of a [[side story]], [[back-story]] and [[story within a story]]. Indian popular films often have plots that branch off into sub-plots; such narrative dispersals can clearly be seen in the 1993 films ''[[Khalnayak]]'' and ''[[Gardish]]''. The second influence was the impact of ancient [[Sanskrit drama]], with its highly stylized nature and emphasis on spectacle, where [[Classical Indian music|music]], [[Classical Indian dance|dance]] and gesture combined "to create a vibrant artistic unit with dance and mime being central to the dramatic experience." Sanskrit dramas were known as ''[[Natya Shastra|natya]]'', derived from the root word ''nrit'' (dance), characterizing them as spectacular dance-dramas which has continued in Indian cinema. The third influence was the traditional folk [[theatre of India]], which became popular from around the 10th century with the decline of Sanskrit theatre. These regional traditions include the [[Jatra (theatre)|Jatra]] of [[Bengal]], the [[Ramlila]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]], and the [[Terukkuttu]] of [[Tamil Nadu]]. The fourth influence was [[Parsi theatre]], which "blended [[Realism (arts)|realism]] and [[fantasy]], music and dance, narrative and spectacle, earthy dialogue and ingenuity of stage presentation, integrating them into a dramatic discourse of [[melodrama]]. The Parsi plays contained crude humour, melodious songs and music, [[sensationalism]] and dazzling stagecraft."<ref>{{Cite book|title=Indian Popular Cinema: A Narrative of Cultural Change|last=K. Moti Gokulsing|first=K. Gokulsing, Wimal Dissanayake|publisher=Trentham Books|year=2004|isbn=1-85856-329-1|page=98}}</ref><br />
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A major foreign influence was [[Cinema of the United States|Hollywood]], where [[musical film|musical]]s were popular from the 1920s to the 1950s, though Indian filmmakers departed from their Hollywood counterparts in several ways. "For example, the Hollywood musicals had as their plot the world of entertainment itself. Indian filmmakers, while enhancing the elements of fantasy so pervasive in Indian popular films, used song and music as a natural mode of articulation in a given situation in their films. There is a strong Indian tradition of narrating mythology, history, fairy stories and so on through song and dance." In addition, "whereas Hollywood filmmakers strove to conceal the constructed nature of their work so that the realistic narrative was wholly dominant, Indian filmmakers did not attempt to conceal the fact that what was shown on the screen was a creation, an [[illusion]], a [[fiction]]. However, they demonstrated how this creation intersected with people's day-to-day lives in complex and interesting ways."<ref>{{Cite book|title=Indian Popular Cinema: A Narrative of Cultural Change|last=K. Moti Gokulsing|first=K. Gokulsing, [[Wimal Dissanayake]]|publisher=Trentham Books|year=2004|isbn=1-85856-329-1|pages=98–99}}</ref> During the 1970s, commercial Bollywood films drew from several foreign influences, including [[New Hollywood]], [[Hong Kong martial arts cinema]], and Italian [[exploitation film]]s.<ref name="funky">{{Cite book |last=Stadtman |first=Todd |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T0DXoQEACAAJ |title=Funky Bollywood: The Wild World of 1970s Indian Action Cinema |date=2015 |publisher=FAB Press |isbn=978-1-903254-77-6 |language=en}}</ref><br />
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==Dacoit Western==<br />
{{Main|Dacoit Western|Curry Western}}<br />
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The [[Bollywood]] film ''[[Sholay]]'' (1975) was often referred to as a "curry Western".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/689776/weekly-classics-bollywoods-ultimate-curry-western|title=Weekly Classics: Bollywood's Curry Western|date=January 21, 2012|publisher=dawn.com|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140605053244/http://www.dawn.com/news/689776/weekly-classics-bollywoods-ultimate-curry-western|archive-date=2014-06-05}}</ref> A more accurate genre label for the film is the "[[Dacoit Western|''dacoit'' Western]]", as it combines the conventions of Indian [[dacoit film|''dacoit'' films]] such as ''[[Mother India]]'' (1957) and ''[[Gunga Jumna]]'' (1961) with those of spaghetti Westerns. ''Sholay'' spawned its own genre of "''dacoit'' Western" films in Bollywood during the 1970s.<ref name="Teo" /><br />
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One of the significant influences of Indian cinema is [[Western film]]. Since the release of [[The Great Train Robbery (1903 film)|''The Great Train Robbery'' (1903)]], the first Western movie ever created, [[Western (genre)|Western]] has become the genre that defines [[Cinema of the United States|American cinema]]. Due to its nature and characteristics, it appeals to the US and the international audience. Westerns are spreading in Bollywood films, specifically in the Masala film genre. The first masala movie, ''[[Yaadon Ki Baaraat]]'' (1973), is an inspired Western movie. The film associated the most with the masala genre, ''[[Sholay]]'', also has roots in [[Western world|Western]] ideology. These films are known as curry Western or masala Western - "a cycle of Indian films that began in the early 1970s which borrowed and recombined tropes from American Westerns, [[Spaghetti Western|Italian Westerns]], Japanese Sword films, and the South Asian 'dacoit' (bandit) films, among other influences".<ref>{{cite book |last=Smith |first=Iain Robert |date=2016 |editor-last=Fisher |editor-first=Austin |title=Spaghetti Westerns at the Crossroads |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |pages=185–210 |chapter=Chapter 9: Cowboys and Indians: Transnational Borrowings in the Indian Masala Western |isbn=}}</ref> However, these films have been criticized as cheap copies of Westerns. One of the two writers who wrote ''Sholay'' (1975), [[Javed Akhtar]], addresses these allegations in his book, ''Talking Life: Javed Akhtar in Conversation with Nasreen Munni Kabir'', by stating, "Some people said the influence of Sergio Leone was very strong. Yes, that was true. We loved his films, and he did influence us, but other films impacted us too".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Akhtar |first1=Javed |last2=Kabir |first2=Nasreen Munni |title=Talking Life: Javed Akhtar in Conversation with Nasreen Munni Kabir |date=9 June 2023 |publisher=Westland Non-Fiction |location=Chennai, Tamil Nadu |isbn=978-9395767668 |page=159}}</ref><br />
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After the rise of the curry western, the masala genre moved away from Western tropes. However, it does not stop masala films from borrowing ideas from Hollywood. This idea can be seen during the 80s and 90s in Bollywood movies like ''[[Akele Hum Akele Tum]]'' (1995), ''[[Kuch Kuch Hota Hai]]'' (1998), ''[[Koi... Mil Gaya]]'' (2003), ''[[Darr]]'' (1993), and ''[[Chalte Chalte (2003 film)|Chalte Chalte]]'' (2003). All these movies have in common that it is a remake of [[Cinema of the United States|Hollywood]] classics. The thing about these films that Hollywood inspires is that they are not parodying or blatantly copied; they borrow those details to craft their own story. This idea is known as [[glocalization]]. Rashna Wadia Richards, an associate professor and Chair of Film and Media Studies at [[Rhodes College]], coins this term in her paper "(Not) Kramer vs. Kumar: The Contemporary Bollywood Remake as Glocal Masala Film," where she discusses the idea that masala films "borrow from, and transform a range of texts, neither fully rejecting 'local' Hindi cinematic traditions nor wholly imitating dominant 'global' Hollywood conventions."<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Richards |first1=Rashna Wadia |title=Quarterly Review of Film and Video |journal=(Not) Kramer Vs. Kumar: The Contemporary Bollywood Remake as Glocal Masala Film. |date=2011 |issue=28 |pages=342–352 |doi=10.1080/10509208.2010.500944}}</ref> The reason for masala film being glocalized is that the world is becoming more globalized and that everyone has the opportunity to watch movies that do not originate from their own area. Watching with similar themes or devices will help people to watch those movies, hence the borrowing element of Hollywood movies because [[Cinema of the United States|Hollywood]] movies are the standard of [[world cinema]].<br />
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== See also ==<br />
*[[Parallel cinema]]<br />
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== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
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{{Film genres}}<br />
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[[Category:Film genres]]<br />
[[Category:Masala films| ]]</div>CatharineJorgenshttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kashi_Vishweshwar_Temple,_Kadugodi,_Bengaluru&diff=508797Kashi Vishweshwar Temple, Kadugodi, Bengaluru2026-01-23T06:51:53Z<p>CatharineJorgens: starting a place</p>
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<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox temple<br />
| name = Kashi Vishweshwar Temple, Kadugodi, Bangalore<br />
| image = Temple-kadugudi.png<br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = <br />
| map_type = <br />
| map_caption =<br />
| coordinates = <br />
| country = [[India]]<br />
| state = [[Karnataka]]<br />
| district = [[Bangalore Urban]]<br />
| location = [[Kadugodi]]<br />
| elevation_m = <br />
| deity = Lord [[Shiva]]<br />
| year_completed = <br />
| architecture = <br />
| creator = <br />
| website = <br />
}}<br />
'''Kashi Vishweshwar temple''' is a Hindu temple in [[Kadugodi]], [[Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]], [[India]], is dedicated to the Lord [[Shiva]]. The temple dates back to the Chola King [[Rajendra Chola|Rajendra Chola's]] Period.<ref>{{cite news|title=Forest to concrete jungle|url=http://www.bangaloremirror.com/index.aspx?page=article&sectid=10&contentid=2012080120120801065943170a8e8ce5d|newspaper=Bangalore Mirror|access-date=20 June 2013|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130624204141/http://www.bangaloremirror.com/index.aspx?page=article&sectid=10&contentid=2012080120120801065943170a8e8ce5d|archive-date=24 June 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
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The name of the locality "Kadugodi" came as this temple was built in center of the forest so the name ''Kadu'' (meaning forest in Kannada) and ''Gudi'' (meaning temple in Kannada).<br />
The [[Vaastu]] & Architecture have a strong resemblance to the [[Western Ganga Dynasty|Ganga dynasty]], which preceded the [[Cholas]]. Inscriptions on the basement of the temple also refer to the deity as ''Rajadhi Raja Bhangisvaramhow''. The original Shiva Linga mentioned in these inscriptions was stolen and replaced by a new one brought from Varanasi.<ref>{{cite news|title=Kadugodi got its name from the temple the Cholas helped build|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/roots-up-south-kadugodi-got-its-name-from-temple-cholas-helped-build/articleshow/51822043.cms|newspaper=Economic Times}}</ref><br />
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== Reference List ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
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[[Category:Chola architecture]]<br />
[[Category:Hindu temples in Bengaluru]]<br />
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{{India-Hindu-temple-stub}}</div>CatharineJorgenshttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rewa_Lok_Sabha_constituency&diff=453061Rewa Lok Sabha constituency2026-01-12T17:12:07Z<p>CatharineJorgens: expanded content</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Lok Sabha Constituency in Madhya Pradesh}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}<br />
{{Infobox Indian constituency<br />
| type = LS<br />
| name = Rewa<br />
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=right|type=shape|from=Lok Sabha constituencies/2019/Madhya Pradesh/Rewa.map}}<br />
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Rewa Lok Sabha constituency<br />
| established = 1951<br />
| electors = 18,52,126<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://elections24.eci.gov.in/docs/WYKXFehhEH.pdf |title=Press Note |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=25 May 2024 |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=11 December 2024|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240526095942/https://elections24.eci.gov.in/docs/WYKXFehhEH.pdf |archive-date=26 May 2024}}</ref><br />
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
| mp = [[Janardan Mishra]]<br />
| latest_election_year = 2019<br />
| state = [[Madhya Pradesh]]<br />
| reservation = None<br />
| assembly_cons = [[Sirmour (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sirmour]] <br /> [[Semariya (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Semariya]] <br /> [[Teonthar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Teonthar]] <br /> [[Mauganj (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Mauganj]] <br /> [[Deotalab (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Deotalab]] <br /> [[Mangawan (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Mangawan]] <br /> [[Rewa (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Rewa]] <br /> [[Gurh (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Gurh]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Rewa Lok Sabha constituency''' is one of the 29 [[Lok Sabha]] constituencies in [[Madhya Pradesh]] state in central [[India]]. This constituency came into existence in 1951 as one of the 4 constituencies in [[Vindhya Pradesh]] state. This constituency presently covers the entire [[Rewa district]].<br />
<br />
==Assembly segments==<br />
Before [[Electoral boundary delimitation|delimitation]] of parliamentary constituencies in 2008, Rewa Lok Sabha constituency comprised the following eight [[Vidhan Sabha]] (legislative assembly) segments:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_2004/Vol_III_LS_2004.pdf|title=Statistical Report on General Elections, 2004 to the 14th Lok Sabha, Vol.III|publisher=Election Commission of India website|accessdate=2011-04-02}}</ref><br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
!#<br />
!Name<br />
!District<br />
!Member<br />
! colspan="2" |Party<br />
! colspan="2" |2024 Lead<br />
|-<br />
|68<br />
|[[Sirmour Assembly constituency|Sirmour]]<br />
| rowspan="8" |[[Rewa district|Rewa]]<br />
|Divyaraj Singh<br />
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=8}}<br />
|-<br />
|69<br />
|[[Semariya Assembly constituency|Semariya]]<br />
|Abhay Mishra<br />
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
|70<br />
|[[Teonthar Assembly constituency|Teonthar]]<br />
|Sidhhrath Tiwari<br />
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=6}}<br />
|-<br />
|71<br />
|[[Mauganj Assembly constituency|Mauganj]]<br />
|Pradip Patel<br />
|-<br />
|72<br />
|[[Deotalab Assembly constituency|Deotalab]]<br />
|Girish Gautam<br />
|-<br />
|73<br />
|[[Mangawan Assembly constituency|Mangawan]] (SC)<br />
|Narendra Prajapati<br />
|-<br />
|74<br />
|[[Rewa Assembly constituency|Rewa]]<br />
|Rajendra Shukla<br />
|-<br />
|75<br />
|[[Gurh Assembly constituency|Gurh]]<br />
|Nagendra Singh<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Members of Parliament==<br />
{{Pie chart<br />
| caption = [[Indian National Congress]] is the most successful political party in [[Rewa (Lok Sabha constituency)|Rewa]] Lok Sabha elections.<br />
| value1 = 33.33<br />
| label1 = [[Indian National Congress|'''INC''']] (6 terms)<br />
| color1 = {{party color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
| value2 = 27.78<br />
| label2 = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|'''BJP''']] (5 terms)<br />
| color2 = {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
| value3 = 16.67<br />
| label3 = [[Bahujan Samaj Party|'''BSP''']] (3 terms)<br />
| color3 = {{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}<br />
| value4 = 11.11<br />
| label4 = [[Independent (politician)|'''Independent''']] (2 terms)<br />
| color4 = #D3D3D3<br />
| value5 = 5.56<br />
| label5 = [[Janata Party|'''JP''']] (1 term)<br />
| color5 = blue<br />
| value6 = 5.56<br />
| label6 = [[Janata Dal|'''JD''']] (1 term)<br />
| color6 = #00FF00<br />
}}<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
!Year<br />
!Member<br />
! colspan="2" |Party<br />
|-<br />
|[[1951–52 Indian general election|1952]]<br />
|Rajbhan Singh Tiwari<br />
| rowspan="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |<br />
| rowspan="4" |[[Indian National Congress]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[1957 Indian general election|1957]]<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[Shiv Dutt Upadhyaya]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[1962 Indian general election|1962]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[1967 Indian general election|1967]]<br />
|[[S.N.Shukla]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[1971 Indian general election|1971]]<br />
|[[Martand Singh]]<br />
|style="background-color: {{party color|Independent}}" |<br />
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[1977 Indian general election|1977]]<br />
|[[Yamuna Prasad Shastri]]<br />
|style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Party}}" |<br />
|[[Janata Party]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[1980 Indian general election|1980]]<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[Martand Singh]]<br />
|style="background-color: {{party color|Independent}}" |<br />
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]<br />
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |<br />
|[[Indian National Congress]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]<br />
|[[Yamuna Prasad Shastri]]<br />
|style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal}}" |<br />
|[[Janata Dal]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]<br />
|Bheem Singh Patel<br />
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}" |<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[Bahujan Samaj Party]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]<br />
|Buddhasen Patel<br />
|-<br />
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]<br />
|[[Chandramani Tripathi]]<br />
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |<br />
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]<br />
|[[Sundar Lal Tiwari]]<br />
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |<br />
|[[Indian National Congress]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]<br />
|[[Chandramani Tripathi]]<br />
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |<br />
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]<br />
|[[Deoraj Singh Patel]]<br />
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}" |<br />
|[[Bahujan Samaj Party]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]<br />
| rowspan="3" |[[Janardan Mishra]]<br />
| rowspan="3" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |<br />
| rowspan="3" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]] <br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Election results==<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Lok Sabha<br />
! rowspan="2" | Poll Date<br />
! rowspan="2" |Turnout<br />
! colspan="5" |Winner<br />
! colspan="5" |Runner-up<br />
! colspan="2" |Margin<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" |Party<br />
!Candidate<br />
!Votes<br />
!%<br />
! colspan="2" |Party<br />
!Candidate<br />
!Votes<br />
!%<br />
!Votes<br />
!%<br />
|-<br />
|[[1st Lok Sabha]]<br />
| 27/3/1952<br />
| 34.36<br />
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}<br />
| [[Rajbhan Singh Tiwari]]<br />
| 26,549<br />
|27.19<br />
| {{Party name with color|Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party}}<br />
|[[Kamlakar Singh]]<br />
|23,248<br />
|23.81<br />
|style="text-align:center;background:{{party color| Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|3301<br />
!3.38<br />
|-<br />
|[[2nd Lok Sabha]]<br />
| 25/2/1957<br />
| 35.46<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[Shiv Dutt Upadhyaya]]<br />
| 41,745<br />
|29.74<br />
| {{Party name with color|Akhil Bharatiya Ram Rajya Parishad}}<br />
|[[Ram Kumar Shastri]]<br />
|25,658<br />
|18.28<br />
|style="text-align:center;background:{{party color| Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|16,087<br />
!11.46<br />
|-<br />
|[[3rd Lok Sabha]]<br />
| 19/2/1962<br />
| 47.4<br />
|56,616<br />
|28.28<br />
| {{Party name with color|Socialist Party}}<br />
|[[Acheelal Singh]]<br />
|42,441<br />
|21.2<br />
|style="text-align:center;background:{{party color| Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|14175<br />
!7.08<br />
|-<br />
|[[4th Lok Sabha]]<br />
| 15/2/1967<br />
| 60.68<br />
|[[S.N.Shukla]]<br />
| 1,40,468<br />
|41.4<br />
| {{Party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}<br />
|[[M Singh]]<br />
|82,629<br />
|24.3<br />
|style="text-align:center;background:{{party color| Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|57,839<br />
!17.1<br />
|-<br />
|[[5th Lok Sabha]]<br />
| 3/1/1971<br />
| 61.57<br />
| {{Party name with color|Independent}}<br />
|[[Martand Singh]]<br />
| 2,59,136<br />
|74.2<br />
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|[[S.N.Shukla]]<br />
|59,442<br />
|17.02<br />
|style="text-align:center;background:{{party color|Independent}} ; color:white;"|1,99,694<br />
!57.18<br />
|-<br />
|[[6th Lok Sabha]]<br />
| 16/3/1977<br />
| 58.25<br />
| {{Party name with color|Janata Party}}<br />
|[[Yamuna Prasad Shastri]]<br />
| 1,76,634<br />
|48.14<br />
| {{Party name with color|Independent}}<br />
|[[Martand Singh]]<br />
|1,69,941<br />
|46.31<br />
|style="text-align:center;background:{{party color| Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|6693<br />
!1.82<br />
|-<br />
|[[7th Lok Sabha]]<br />
| 3/1/1980<br />
| 57.26<br />
| {{Party name with color|Independent}}<br />
|rowspan=2|[[Martand Singh]]<br />
| 2,94,234<br />
|73.43<br />
| {{Party name with color|Janata Party|rowspan=2}}<br />
|rowspan=2|[[Yamuna Prasad Shastri]]<br />
|55,883<br />
|13.95<br />
|style="text-align:center;background:{{party color| Independent}} ; color:white;"|2,38,351<br />
!59.49<br />
|-<br />
|[[8th Lok Sabha]]<br />
| 24/12/1984<br />
| 56.44<br />
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
| 2,23,619<br />
|50.94<br />
|1,06,790<br />
|24.32<br />
|style="text-align:center;background:{{party color| Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|1,16,829<br />
!26.61<br />
|-<br />
|[[9th Lok Sabha]]<br />
| 22/11/1989<br />
| 50.73<br />
| {{Party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|[[Yamuna Prasad Shastri]]<br />
| 2,15,420<br />
|41.15<br />
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}<br />
|[[Praveen Kumari]]<br />
|1,40,664<br />
|26.87<br />
|style="text-align:center;background:{{party color| Janata Dal}} ; color:white;"|74,756<br />
!14.28<br />
|-<br />
|[[10th Lok Sabha]]<br />
| 26/5/1991<br />
| 42.11<br />
| {{Party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party|rowspan=2}}<br />
|Bheem Singh Patel<br />
| 1,45,373<br />
|32.79<br />
|[[Sriniwas Tiwari]]<br />
|1,31,057<br />
|29.56<br />
|style="text-align:center;background:{{party color| Bahujan Samaj Party}} ; color:white;"|14,316<br />
!3.23<br />
|-<br />
|[[11th Lok Sabha]]<br />
| 7/5/1996<br />
| 46.84<br />
|Buddhasen Patel<br />
|1,58,379<br />
|26.91<br />
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|[[Praveen Kumari]]<br />
| 1,45,997<br />
|24.81<br />
|style="text-align:center;background:{{party color| Bahujan Samaj Party}} ; color:white;"|12,382<br />
!2.1<br />
|-<br />
|[[12th Lok Sabha]]<br />
| 28/2/1998<br />
| 58.84<br />
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|[[Chandramani Tripathi]]<br />
| 2,76,367<br />
|36.68<br />
| {{Party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party|rowspan=3}}<br />
|[[Bheem Singh Patel]]<br />
|2,07,394<br />
|27.53<br />
|style="text-align:center;background:{{party color| Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|68,973<br />
!9.15<br />
|-<br />
|[[13th Lok Sabha]]<br />
| 18/9/1999<br />
| 54.64<br />
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|[[Sundar Lal Tiwari]]<br />
| 2,75,115<br />
|37.19<br />
|[[Ramlakhan Singh Patel]]<br />
|2,10,964<br />
|28.52<br />
|style="text-align:center;background:{{party color| Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|64,151<br />
!8.67<br />
|-<br />
|[[14th Lok Sabha]]<br />
| 5/5/2004<br />
| 43.17<br />
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|[[Chandramani Tripathi]]<br />
| 2,32,021<br />
|36.78<br />
|[[Pradeep Kumar Patel]]<br />
|1,87,269<br />
|29.69<br />
|style="text-align:center;background:{{party color| Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|44,752<br />
!7.1<br />
|-<br />
|[[15th Lok Sabha]]<br />
| 23/4/2009<br />
| 48.34<br />
| {{Party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}<br />
|[[Deoraj Singh Patel]]<br />
| 1,72,002<br />
|28.49<br />
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}<br />
|rowspan=2|[[Sundar Lal Tiwari]]<br />
|1,67,726<br />
|27.83<br />
|style="text-align:center;background:{{party color| Bahujan Samaj Party}} ; color:white;"|4021<br />
!0.67<br />
|-<br />
|[[16th Lok Sabha]]<br />
| 10/4/2014<br />
| 53.73<br />
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}<br />
|rowspan=2| [[Janardan Mishra]]<br />
| 3,83,320<br />
|46.17<br />
|2,14,594<br />
|25.85<br />
|style="text-align:center;background:{{party color| Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|1,68,726<br />
!20.32<br />
|-<br />
|[[17th Lok Sabha]]<br />
| 6/5/2019<br />
| 60.41<br />
|5,83,745<br />
|57.61<br />
<br />
|[[Siddharth Tiwari "Raj"]]<br />
|2,70,938<br />
|26.74<br />
|style="text-align:center;background:{{party color| Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|3,12,807<br />
!20.87<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===General Elections 2024===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general election]]: [[Rewa, Madhya Pradesh|Rewa]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Parliamentary Constituency 10 - REWA (Madhya Pradesh) |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S1210.htm |website=ECI}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Rewa Constituency Lok Sabha Election Results 2024 |url=https://www.brutimes.com/news/politics/rewa-constituency-lok-sabha-election-results-2024 |website=Bru Times News |language=en}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br />
|candidate = [[Janardan Mishra]]<br />
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|votes = 4,77,459<br />
|percentage = 52.00<br />
|change = -5.61<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|candidate = Neelam Abhay Mishra<br />
|party = Indian National Congress <br />
|votes = 2,85,085<br />
|percentage = 30.94<br />
|change = +4.2<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|candidate = Adv. Abhishek Master Buddhsen Patel<br />
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br />
|votes = 1,17,221<br />
|percentage = 12.77<br />
|change = +3.78<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = None of the above<br />
|candidate = [[None of the above]]<br />
|votes = 6,936<br />
|percentage = 0.76<br />
|change = +0.47<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority|<br />
|votes = 1,93,374<br />
|percentage = 11.06<br />
|change = -9.81<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout|<br />
|votes = 9,18,129<br />
|percentage = 49.43<br />
|change = {{decrease}}10.98<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link<br />
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|loser = <br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
{{notelist}}<br />
<br />
===General Elections 2019===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: [[Rewa, Madhya Pradesh|Rewa]]}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|candidate = [[Janardan Mishra]]<br />
|votes = 5,83,745<br />
|percentage = 57.61<br />
|change = +11.44<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Indian National Congress<br />
|candidate = Siddharth Tiwari "Raj"<br />
|votes = 2,70,938<br />
|percentage = 26.74<br />
|change = +0.89<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br />
|candidate = Vikas Singh Patel<br />
|votes = 91,126<br />
|percentage = 8.99<br />
|change = -12.16<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)<br />
|candidate = Girijesh Singh Sengar<br />
|votes = 10,453<br />
|percentage = 1.03<br />
|change = new<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = None of the above<br />
|candidate = [[None of the above]]<br />
|votes = 2,891<br />
|percentage = 0.29<br />
|change = -0.99<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory|<br />
|votes = 3,12,807<br />
|percentage = 20.87<br />
|change = +0.55<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout|<br />
|votes = 10,14,632<br />
|percentage = 60.41<br />
|change = +6.68<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link|<br />
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|loser = Indian National Congress<br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===General Elections 2014===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: [[Rewa, Madhya Pradesh|Rewa]]}}<br />
<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|candidate = [[Janardan Mishra]]<br />
|votes = 3,83,320<br />
|percentage = 46.17<br />
|change = +26.9<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Indian National Congress<br />
|candidate = [[Sundar Lal Tiwari]]<br />
|votes = 2,14,594<br />
|percentage = 25.85<br />
|change = -1.98<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br />
|candidate = [[Deoraj Singh Patel]]<br />
|votes = 1,75,567<br />
|percentage = 21.15<br />
|change = -7.34<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Samata Party<br />
|candidate = Abdul Wafati Ansari<br />
|votes = 7,527<br />
|percentage = 0.91<br />
|change = new<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Aam Aadmi Party<br />
|candidate = Purnanand Tiwari<br />
|votes = 5,835<br />
|percentage = 0.70<br />
|change = new<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = None of the above<br />
|candidate = [[None of the above]]<br />
|votes = 10,658<br />
|percentage = 1.28<br />
|change = N/A<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory|<br />
|votes = 1,68,726<br />
|percentage = 20.32<br />
|change = +19.65<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout|<br />
|votes = 8,30,002<br />
|percentage = 53.73<br />
|change = +5.39<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link|<br />
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|loser = Bahujan Samaj Party<br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===General Elections 2009===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general elections]]: [[Rewa, Madhya Pradesh|Rewa]]}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br />
|candidate = [[Deoraj Singh Patel]]<br />
|votes = 1,72,002<br />
|percentage = 28.49<br />
|change = N/A<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Indian National Congress<br />
|candidate = Sunder Lal Tiwari<br />
|votes = 1,67,981<br />
|percentage = 27.83 <br />
|change = N/A<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|candidate = Chandra Mani Tripathi<br />
|votes = 1,16,300<br />
|percentage = 19.27<br />
|change = N/A<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party =Samajwadi Party<br />
|candidate = Pushpraj Singh<br />
|votes = 1,09,684<br />
|percentage = 18.17<br />
|change = N/A<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Election box margin of victory|<br />
|votes = 4,021<br />
|percentage = 0.67<br />
|change = N/A<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout|<br />
|votes = 6,03,641<br />
|percentage = 48.34<br />
|change = N/A<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link|<br />
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|winner = Bahujan Samaj Party<br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
==Towns and villages in Rewa Lok Sabha constituency==<br />
*[[Rewa, Madhya Pradesh|Rewa]]<br />
*[[Mangawan]]<br />
*[[Teonthar]]<br />
*[[Mauganj]]<br />
*[[Gurh]]<br />
*[[Malpar]]<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Rewa district]]<br />
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081218010942/http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp Election Commission of India statistics]<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[https://www.indiaelections2014.info/parliament/2019/states/madhya_pradesh/rewa/lok_sabha_parliamentary_election_2019_results.html Rewa lok sabha constituency election 2019 result details]<br />
<br />
{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Madhya Pradesh}}<br />
<br />
{{coord|24.55|81.29|display=title}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Rewa (Lok Sabha Constituency)}}<br />
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Madhya Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Rewa district]]</div>CatharineJorgenshttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kandathil_Varghese_Mappillai&diff=508132Kandathil Varghese Mappillai2026-01-07T21:18:23Z<p>CatharineJorgens: starting a entry</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian journalist}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2015}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2015}}<br />
[[File:Varghese Mappillai.jpg|thumb|right|300px]]<br />
'''Kandathil Varghese Mappillai''' (1857 {{endash}} 6 July 1904<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.keraladirectory.net/news/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141208193451/http://www.keraladirectory.net/news/|url-status=dead|archive-date=2014-12-08|title=Kerala News Directory - Kerala Web Directory|date=2014-12-08|access-date=2020-02-15}}</ref>) was an Indian journalist, translator and publisher who was the founder of the newspaper ''[[Malayala Manorama]]'' and the magazine ''[[Bhashaposhini]]''.<br />
<br />
==Early life==<br />
Varghese Mappillai was born in 1857 as the fourth son of Kandathil Eapen Mappillai to a Malankara orthodox church family. He studied up to F.A. with the financial support of his father.<ref>{{cite news |title=K.M. Mathew Laid to Rest |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/K.M.-Mathew-laid-to-rest/article16117857.ece |website=The Hindu |date=2 August 2010 |access-date=25 October 2023}}</ref><br />
<br />
After completing his studies, Mappillai began working as a treasury officer (Muthalpadikkaran). Later on he took up the job of a ‘[[munshi]]’ ([[Malayalam]] teacher) in a CMS School for a short period.<br />
<br />
He was the editor of ''[[Kerala Mithram]]'' which was published in 1881 from [[Kochi]]. His journalistic mind and love for literature paved way for establishing the [[Malayala Manorama|Malayala Manorama Company]] in 1888.<ref name="family">{{cite web|url=http://kandathil.org/|title=Kandathil Family History|accessdate=22 April 2018}}</ref> On 22 March 1890, (M.E 1065, [[Meenam]] 10th) the first issue of ''Malayala Manorama'' was published.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://india.mom-rsf.org/en/owners/individual-owners/detail/owner/owner/show/the-mappillai-family/|title=The Mappillai Family|website=india.mom-rsf.org|language=en|access-date=2020-02-05}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Literary contributions==<br />
The [[Malayalam|Malayalam language]] and journalism were the soul and spirit of Varghese Mappillai. Under his leadership and vision ''Malayala Manorama'' progressed. He utilized the media to nourish and flourish Malayalam language and literature. [[Kattakayam Cherian Mappillai]], [[Kottarathil Sankunni]], [[K. C. Kesava Pillai]] and C. S. Subramaniam Potti were his close associates. Varghese Mappillai became an established writer at a very young age. ''The Malayalam Primer for Children'' written by Varghese Mappillai was, however, not known to many.<br />
<br />
The drama ''Abrayakutty'', an independent Malayalam translation of [[William Shakespeare]]’s ''[[The Taming of the Shrew]]'', and ''Keerthanamala'' were some of the contributions by him to [[Malayalam literature]]. Varghese Mappillai formed an association for Malayalam writers called Kavisamajam. He also formed an association called Bhashaposhini which later on became a magazine encouraging literature and language.<br />
<br />
Varghese Mappillai also made noteworthy contributions in reforming the [[Malayalam alphabet]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bookshare.org/browse/book/139946?returnPath=L2Jyb3dzZS9hdXRob3IvQy4lMjBKLiUyMFJveT8%253D|title=Kandathil Varghese Mappillai {{!}} Bookshare|website=www.bookshare.org|access-date=2020-02-05}}</ref> He died on 6 July 1904 (M.E. 1079, Mithunam 23), at the young age of 47.<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Varghese Mappillai, Kandathil}}<br />
[[Category:1857 births]]<br />
[[Category:1904 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:19th-century publishers (people)]]<br />
[[Category:Indian publishers (people)]]<br />
[[Category:Malayalam-language writers]]<br />
[[Category:Journalists from British India]]<br />
[[Category:Translators from British India]]<br />
[[Category:19th-century Indian translators]]</div>CatharineJorgenshttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vitex_negundo&diff=545016Vitex negundo2026-01-03T19:27:20Z<p>CatharineJorgens: starting the pg w/ refs</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Species of flowering plant}}<br />
{{Italic title}}<br />
{{Speciesbox<br />
|name = Five-leaved chaste tree<br />
|image = Vitex negundo 415167855.jpg<br />
|genus = Vitex<br />
|species = negundo<br />
|authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]<ref name="GRIN"/><br />
|synonyms=<br />
*''Vitex cannabifolia'' <small>Siebold & Zucc.</small><br />
*''Vitex incisa'' <small>Lam.</small><br />
*''Vitex incisa'' var. ''heterophylla'' <small>Franch.</small><br />
*''Vitex negundo'' var. ''heterophylla'' <small>(Franch.) Rehder</small><br />
}}<br />
[[File:Vitex negundo heterophylla 306091219.jpg|thumb|Close-up on flowers]]<br />
[[File:Vitex negundo flowering inside the test tube.jpg|thumb|''In vitro'' flowering in ''Vitex negundo'']]<br />
[[File:Vitex negundo NP.JPG|thumb|Inflorescence of ''Vitex negundo'' in [[Panchkhal]] valley in Nepal]]<br />
<br />
'''''Vitex negundo''''', commonly known as the '''Chinese chaste tree''',<ref>{{PLANTS|id=VINE2|taxon=Vitex negundo|access-date=6 August 2015}}</ref> '''five-leaved chaste tree''', or '''horseshoe vitex''', or '''nisinda ''' is a large [[Essential oil|aromatic]] [[shrub]] with [[wikt:quadrangular|quadrangular]], densely whitish, [[tomentose]] branchlets. It is widely used in [[folk medicine]], particularly in [[South Asia|South]] and [[Southeast Asia]].<br />
<br />
''Vitex negundo'' is an erect [[shrub]] or small tree growing from {{convert|2|to|8|m|ft|abbr=on}} in height. The bark is reddish brown. Its leaves are digitate, with five [[lanceolate]] [[leaflet (botany)|leaflets]], sometimes three. Each leaflet is around {{convert|4|to|10|cm|in|abbr=on}} in length, with the central leaflet being the largest and possessing a stalk. The leaf edges are toothed or serrated and the bottom surface is covered in hair.<ref name="bpi">{{cite book|title =''Vitex negundo'' Linn. Fact Sheet|publisher =Bureau of Plant Industry, Department of Agriculture, Republic of the Philippines|url =http://www.bpi.da.gov.ph/Publications/mp/pdf/l/lagundi.pdf}}</ref><br />
The numerous flowers are borne in [[panicle]]s {{convert|10|to|20|cm|in|abbr=on}} in length. Each is around {{convert|6|to|7|cm|in|abbr=on}} long and are white to blue in color. The [[petal]]s are of different lengths, with the middle lower lobe being the longest. Both the [[Corolla (flower)|corolla]] and [[Calyx (botany)|calyx]] are covered in dense hairs.<ref name="bpi"/><br />
<br />
The fruit is a succulent [[drupe]], {{convert|4|mm|in|abbr=on}} in diameter, rounded to egg-shaped. It is black or purple when ripe.<ref name="bpi"/><br />
<br />
==Distribution and habitat==<br />
''Vitex negundo'' is native to tropical [[Eastern Africa|Eastern]] and [[Southern Africa]] and [[Asia]]. It is widely cultivated and naturalized elsewhere.<ref name="GRIN">{{GRIN | name =''Vitex negundo'' L.| id =41831 | access-date = September 7, 2011}}</ref><br />
<br />
Countries it is indigenous to include [[Afghanistan]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Bhutan]], [[Cambodia]], [[China]], [[India]], [[Indonesia]], [[Japan]], [[Korea]], [[Kenya]], [[Madagascar]], [[Malaysia]], [[Mozambique]], [[Myanmar]], [[Nepal]], [[Pakistan]], the [[Philippines]], [[Sri Lanka]], [[Taiwan]], [[Tanzania]], [[Thailand]], and [[Vietnam]].<ref name="GRIN"/><br />
<br />
''Vitex negundo'' are commonly found near bodies of water, recently disturbed land, grasslands, and mixed open forests.<ref name="prosea"/><br />
<br />
==Nomenclature==<br />
[[Common name]]s of ''Vitex negunda'' in different languages include:<ref>Vitex negunda in Dr. K. M. Madkarni's Indian Materia Medica; Edited by A. K. Nadkarni, Popular Prakashan, Bombay, 1976, pp: 1278-80.</ref><br />
{{div col}}<br />
*[[Assamese language|Assamese]]: ''Posotiya'' (পচতীয়া)<br />
*[[Bengali language|Bengali]]: ''Nirgundi''; ''Nishinda''; ''Samalu''<br />
*[[Bontok language|Bontok]]: ''Liñgei''<br />
*[[Chinese language|Chinese]]: {{lang|zh-Latn|Huáng jīng}} ({{lang|zh-Hans|黄荆}})<br />
*[[English language|English]]: ''Five-leaved chaste tree''; ''Horseshoe vitex''; ''Chinese chaste tree''<br />
*[[Filipino language|Filipino]]: ''Lagundî''<ref name="prosea">{{cite web|url=http://hrdc.pcarrd.dost.gov.ph/prosea/proseaherbal/lagundi_doc.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20121221063833/http://hrdc.pcarrd.dost.gov.ph/prosea/proseaherbal/lagundi_doc.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=December 21, 2012|title=''Vitex negundo'' L. - Lagundi|publisher=Prosea Herbal Techno-Catalog|access-date=September 7, 2011}}</ref><br />
*[[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]: ''Nagoda''; ''Shamalic''<br />
*[[Hindi language|Hindi]]: ''Mewri''; ''Nirgundi''; ''Nisinda''; ''Sambhalu''; ''Sawbhalu'' (निर्गुंडी)<br />
*[[Ifugao language|Ifugao]]: ''Dabtan''<br />
*[[Ilokano language|Ilokano]]: ''Dangla''<ref name="prosea"/><br />
*[[Kannada language|Kannada]]: {{lang|kn-Latn|Biḷi nekki}} ({{lang|kn|ಬಿಳಿ ನೆಕ್ಕಿ}})<br />
*[[Korea language|Korean]]: {{lang|ko-Latn|jommokhyeong}} ({{lang|ko|좀목형}})<br />
*[[Malayalam language|Malayalam]]: ''Karinochi'' (കരിനൊച്ചി)<br />
*[[Marathi language|Marathi]]: ''Nirgudi'' (निरगुडी)<br />
*[[Nepali language|Nepali]]: 'सिमली' 'Simali' 'Nirgundi'<br />
*[[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]: ''Banna''; ''Marwan''; ''Maura''; ''Mawa''; ''Swanjan Torbanna''<br />
*[[Sanskrit language|Sanskrit]]: ''Nirgundi''; ''Sephalika''; ''Sindhuvara''; ''Svetasurasa''; ''Vrikshaha'' (सिन्धुवार)<br />
*[[Sinhala language|Sinhala]]: ''Nika'' (නික)<br />
*[[Konkani language|Konkani]]: ''Lingad''<br />
*[[Tamil language|Tamil]]: ''Chinduvaram''; ''Nirnochchi''; ''Nochchi''; ''Notchi''; ''Vellai-nochchi'' (நொச்சி / கரு நொச்சி)<br />
*[[Telugu language|Telugu]]: ''Sindhuvara''; ''Vavili''; ''Nalla-vavili''; ''Tella-vavili'' (వావిలి / సింధువార) lekkali<br />
{{div col end}}<br />
*[[Urdu language|Urdu]]: ''Sumbaloo''<br />
*[[Odia language|Odia]]: ''Begunia''<br />
<br />
==Chemistry==<br />
The principal constituents of the leaf juice are [[casticin]], [[isoorientin]], [[chrysophenol D]], [[luteolin]], [[p–hydroxybenzoic acid]] and D-[[fructose]].{{Citation needed|date=October 2008}} The main constituents of the oil are [[sabinene]], [[linalool]], [[terpinen-4-ol]], [[β-caryophyllene]], α-[[guaiene]] and [[globulol]] constituting 61.8% of the oil.{{Citation needed|date=October 2008}}<br />
<br />
==Uses==<br />
Purified extracts are believed to have medicinal properties.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Zheng|first1=Cheng-Jian|last2=Li|first2=Hua-Qiang|last3=Ren|first3=Shan-Cheng|last4=Xu|first4=Chuan-Liang|last5=Rahman|first5=Khalid|last6=Qin|first6=Lu-Ping|last7=Sun|first7=Ying-Hao|date=2015-01-30|title=Phytochemical and Pharmacological Profile of Vitex negundo|url=|journal=Phytotherapy Research|volume=29|issue=5|pages=633–647|doi=10.1002/ptr.5303|pmid=25641408 |s2cid=10868342 |issn=0951-418X}}</ref><br />
<br />
''Vitex negundo'' is used for treating stored [[garlic]] against [[pest (organism)|pest]]s. It is also listed as one of the ten herbal medicine approved by the [[Department of Health (Philippines)|Department of Health]] as a cough remedy in the [[Philippines]], and sold under the trade names Ascof, Plemex, and Lagundex.<ref>{{cite web |title=Directory of Herbs {{!}} PITAHC |url=https://pitahc.gov.ph/directory-of-herbs/ |website=Philippine Institute of Traditional and Alternative Health Care |access-date=12 September 2024}}</ref><ref name="pest">{{cite web|url=http://pcarrd.dost.gov.ph/phil-organic/Technologies/lagundi%20against%20garlic%20pests.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070715001825/http://www.pcarrd.dost.gov.ph/phil-organic/Technologies/lagundi%20against%20garlic%20pests.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=July 15, 2007|title=Lagundi leaves as effective control against storage pests of garlic|publisher=Philippine Council for Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Resources Research and Development (PCARRD), Department of Science and Technology, Republic of the Philippines|access-date=September 7, 2011}}</ref> In Malaysia, it is used in traditional herbal medicine for women's health, including treatments for regulating the menstrual cycle, fibrocystic breast disease and post-partum remedies.<ref>{{cite book | first=W.E. | last=Wan Hassan | date=2010 | title=Ulam: Salad Herbs of Malaysia | pages=106–107 | publisher=Masbe Sdn. Bhd. | isbn=9789834466404 }}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist|2}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*{{cite book |last=Caldecott |first=Todd |year=2006 |title=Ayurveda: The Divine Science of Life |publisher=Elsevier/Mosby |isbn=0-7234-3410-7 }} Contains a detailed monograph on ''Vitex negundo'' (Nirgundi) as well as a discussion of health benefits and usage in clinical practice. Available online at https://web.archive.org/web/20110403032108/http://www.toddcaldecott.com/index.php/herbs/learning-herbs/315-nirgundi<br />
<br />
{{Taxonbar|from=Q14807863}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Vitex|negundo]]<br />
[[Category:Flora of the Philippines]]<br />
[[Category:Plants described in 1753]]<br />
[[Category:Botanical taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]]<br />
[[kn:ಲಕ್ಕಿ ಗಿಡ]]<br />
[[ml:കരിനൊച്ചി]]<br />
[[ne:सिमाली]]<br />
[[sa:निर्गुण्डिसस्यम्]]</div>CatharineJorgenshttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Job_(2018_film)&diff=540560The Job (2018 film)2025-12-29T03:26:38Z<p>CatharineJorgens: starting the stub v1</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = The Job<br />
| image = The Job (2018 film).jpg<br />
| caption = Promotional poster<br />
| director = [[Siddharth Sinha]]<br />
| producer = [[Kushal Srivastava]]<br />
| writer = Siddharth Sinha<br />
| starring = [[Kalki Koechlin]]<br />
| cinematography = Savita Singh<br />
| editing = Abhijeet Desjpande<br />
| studio = Flying Dream entertainment Pvt Ltd<br />
| released = {{Film date|2018|06|15|df=y}}<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = English<br />French<br />
}}<br />
'''''The Job''''' is a 2018 Indian thriller short film produced by [[Kushal Srivastava]] and directed by [[Siddharth Sinha]]. The film was released on YouTube on 15 June 2018 and stars [[Kalki Koechlin|Kalki Koechlin]]. The short is based on ''[[Macbeth]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/dh-talkies/job-siddharth-sinhas-takes-craft-spin-675960.html|title=In The Job, Siddharth Sinha takes his craft for a spin|date=20 June 2018|website=Deccanherald.com|accessdate=22 June 2018}}</ref> <br />
<br />
Koechlin plays an employee struggling against the system and being defeated by loneliness and discrimination. ''The Job'' was nominated at the [[64th Filmfare Awards]] in the Thriller category.<br />
<br />
== Cast ==<br />
* [[Kalki Koechlin]] as the French expat<br />
<br />
The film also features an uncredited English and French voice.<br />
<br />
== Reception ==<br />
Rahul Desai of ''[[Film Companion]]'' wrote "''The Job'' is difficult to understand. It is even harder to hear. But then, so is the human mind".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/the-job-short-film-review-a-mind-apart|title=The Job Short Film Review: A Mind Apart - Film Companion|date=18 June 2018|website=Filmcompanion.in|accessdate=22 June 2018}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]]'' wrote, "''The Job'' has more questions than answers. It relies entirely on its lead actress's ability to convey angst in times of excruciating crisis. And I am not entirely sure that is a good thing or bad".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/kalki-koechlin-gives-an-edge-to-edginess-in-the-job-118061700285_1.html|title=Kalki Koechlin gives an edge to edginess in 'The Job'|date=17 June 2018|publisher=|accessdate=22 June 2018|work=[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]]|location=Mumbai|via=[[Business Standard]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{IMDb title|8503154}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Job, The (2018 film)}}<br />
[[Category:2018 films]]<br />
[[Category:English-language Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:Films based on works by William Shakespeare]]<br />
[[Category:Indian thriller films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian short films]]<br />
[[Category:2018 thriller films]]<br />
[[Category:2018 short films]]<br />
[[Category:2018 Indian films]]</div>CatharineJorgenshttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Atul_Kapoor&diff=488299Atul Kapoor2025-12-14T00:55:56Z<p>CatharineJorgens: created first article initial version</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian actor}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2016}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2016}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Atul Kapoor<br />
| image = <br />
| caption = <br />
| birth_date =<br />
| birth_place = <br />
| occupation = Actor, [[Voice actor]]<br />
| alias = Atul Kapur<br />
| years_active = 2002&ndash;present<br />
}}<br />
'''Atul Kapoor''' (born 28 December 1966 in Mumbai) is an Indian actor and [[voice actor]] who can speak English, Punjabi and Hindi.<br />
<br />
He mostly has worked with [[Dubbing (filmmaking)|dubbing]] foreign content into the Hindi language as part of his voice-acting career. He started off in 2002 before he made a big breakthrough in his career by voicing ''[[Bigg Boss]]'' on [[Sony Entertainment Television]] in 2006 and on [[Colors (TV channel)|Colors]] from 2008.<ref>{{cite web |title=Did you know the man behind Bigg Boss' voice has dubbed for 'The Avengers'? |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/tv-bigg-boss-11-voice-atul-kapoor-dubbed-for-avengers-iron-man-marvel-characters-420358 |website=www.indiatvnews.com |publisher=India TV |access-date=3 January 2020 |language=en |date=4 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumari |first=Simran |date=2022-08-03 |title=From Piyush Mishra To Raghubir Yadav; These Are The Top Voice Artists In India |url=https://www.cine-tales.com/top-voice-artists-india/ |access-date=2023-09-25 |website=Cinetales {{!}} Entertainment News {{!}} |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=India TV Entertainment Desk |date=December 28, 2017 |title=Happy birthday Bigg Boss: Meet the mysterious man behind Bigg Boss voice |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/tv-happy-birthday-bigg-boss-atul-kapoor-bigg-boss-voice-bb-11-419263 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230708174017/https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/tv-happy-birthday-bigg-boss-atul-kapoor-bigg-boss-voice-bb-11-419263 |archive-date=8 Jul 2023 |website=India TV}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Filmography==<br />
<br />
=== Live action television series ===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
!Airdate !! Program series !! Character role(s) !! Number of episodes !! Language !! Channel !! Notes<br />
|-<br />
| 2006<br />
| rowspan="2" |''[[Bigg Boss]]'' <br />
| rowspan="2" |Bigg Boss (voice)<br />
| rowspan="2" | 1864+<br />
| rowspan="2" |Hindi <br />
| [[Sony Entertainment Television]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 2008–present<br />
|[[Colors TV|Colors Tv]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2021- present<br />
|''[[Bigg Boss OTT]]''<br />
|Bigg Boss (voice)<br />
| 144<br />
|Hindi<br />
|[[Voot]] (Season 1)<br> [[JioCinema]] (Season 2 - Present )<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Dubbing roles==<br />
===Live action television series===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! Title !! Actor !! Character !! Dub language !! Original language !! Number of episodes !! Original airdate !! Dubbed airdate !! Notes<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Cosmos: A Spacetime Odyssey]]'' || [[Neil deGrasse Tyson]] || Himself / Host || Hindi || English || 13 || 2014 || 2014 ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Vincenzo (TV series)|Vincenzo]]'' || Yoo Tae-woong || Kim Seok-woo || Hindi || Korean || 4 (Episodes 17-20) || 2021 || 2021 || Aired on [[Netflix]] <br />
|-<br />
|''[[Loki (TV series)|Loki]]''<br />
|[[Paul Bettany]]<br />
|[[Vision (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Vision]]<br />
|Hindi<br />
|English<br />
|1 (Episode 6)<br />
|2021<br />
|2021<br />
|The original featured an archival voice from ''[[WandaVision]]'' but since ''WandaVision'' was not dubbed in Hindi, a dialogue was separately recorded for this episode.<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Live action films===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! Title !! Actor !! Character !! Dub language !! Original language !! Original year release !! Dub year release !! Notes <br />
|-<br />
|''[[Spider-Man 3]]''<br />
|[[Hal Fishman]]<br />
|Anchorman<br />
|Hindi<br />
|English<br />
|2007<br />
|2007<br />
|The Hindi dub was titled: ''Spider-Man 3: Kashmakash''.<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Iron Man (2008 film)|Iron Man]]'' || [[Paul Bettany]] || [[J.A.R.V.I.S.]] <small>(voice)</small> || Hindi || English || 2008 || 2008 ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Iron Man 2]]'' || [[Paul Bettany]] || J.A.R.V.I.S. <small>(voice)</small> || Hindi || English || 2010 || 2010 ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Iron Man 3]]'' || [[Paul Bettany]] || J.A.R.V.I.S. <small>(voice)</small> || Hindi || English || 2013 || 2013 ||The Hindi dub was titled: ''Iron Man 3: Faulaadi Rakshak''.<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[The Avengers (2012 film)|The Avengers]]'' || [[Paul Bettany]] || J.A.R.V.I.S. <small>(voice)</small> || Hindi || English || 2012 || 2012 ||The Hindi dub was titled: ''Avengers: Angaarey Bane Sholey''.<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Avengers: Age of Ultron]]'' || [[Paul Bettany]] || J.A.R.V.I.S. <small>(voice)</small> <hr> [[Vision (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Vision]] || Hindi || English || 2015 || 2015 ||The Hindi dub was titled: ''Avengers: Kalyug Ka Mahayudh''.<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Captain America: Civil War]]'' || [[Paul Bettany]] || Vision || Hindi || English || 2016 || 2016 ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Avengers: Infinity War]]'' || [[Paul Bettany]] || Vision || Hindi || English || 2018 || 2018 ||<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Avengers: Endgame]]''<br />
|[[James D'Arcy]]<br />
|[[Edwin Jarvis (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Edwin Jarvis]]<br />
|Hindi<br />
|English<br />
|2019<br />
|2019<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[The Fantastic Four: First Steps]]''<br />
|[[Ralph Ineson]]<br />
|[[Galactus (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Galactus]]<br />
|Hindi<br />
|English<br />
|2025<br />
|2025<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Vivegam]]'' || colspan="2" | Narrator || Hindi || Tamil || 2017 || 2018 || Atul gave his voice for the narration in the Hindi version despite the absence of a narrator in the original Tamil version<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Animated films===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! Title !! Original voice !! Character !! Dub language !! Original language !! Original year release !! Dub year release !! Notes<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Toy Story 3]]'' || [[Teddy Newton]] || [[Chatter Telephone]] || Hindi || English || 2010 || 2010 ||<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[List of Indian dubbing artists]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Kapoor, Atul}}<br />
[[Category:1966 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]<br />
[[Category:Indian male voice actors]]<br />
[[Category:Male actors from Mumbai]]<br />
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]</div>CatharineJorgenshttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Padel_in_India&diff=477972Padel in India2025-12-03T20:30:48Z<p>CatharineJorgens: done</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|none}}<br />
{{Infobox sport overview<br />
| title = Padel in India<br />
| image = Vigo Open 2019 de World Padel Tour - 7.jpg<br />
| caption = <br />
| union = Indian Padel Federation<br />
| country = India<br />
| sport = Padel<br />
| noncountry = <br />
| nickname = <br />
| first = <br />
| registered = <br />
| clubs = <br />
<br />
<!-- COMPETITIONS --><br />
| national_list = <br />
| club_list = <br />
| intl_list = <br />
<!-- Best Fighter --><br />
| Name =<br />
<!-- AUDIENCE RECORDS --><br />
| match = <br />
| league = <br />
<!-- FAN GROUPS --><br />
| fan_org =<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Padel''' is a rapidly growing sport in India, with increasing popularity and infrastructure development across the country.<br />
<br />
From the first court in [[Bangalore]] in 2017, India had 100 [[padel]] courts in 2024 and several padel clubs have sprung up across major metropolitan cities such as [[Mumbai]], [[Delhi]], [[Hyderabad]], and [[Kolkata]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Shah |first1=Sukanya A. |title=Padel is a smash hit in India |url=https://www.vogue.in/content/padel-is-indias-newest-it-sport-and-its-only-set-to-grow-bigger |access-date=7 September 2024 |work=Vogue India |date=19 June 2024 |language=en-IN}}</ref><br />
The popularity is causing waiting lists for booking courts.<ref>{{cite news |title=Padel craze sparks waitlists for courts, Pickleball booms with ₹1 crore prize |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/padel-craze-sparks-long-waitlists-for-courts-pickleball-booms-with-1-cr-prize-tournament-101717098388538.html |access-date=1 September 2024 |publisher=Hindustan Times}}</ref><br />
<br />
The sport is administered by the Indian Padel Federation (IPF). Established in 2016, the IPF has organised 9 annual national ranking events as of 2025.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Nichols |first1=Ben |title=State of the Game: Padel in India |url=https://thepadelpaper.com/state-of-the-game-padel-in-india/ |website=The Padel Paper |access-date=7 September 2024 |date=6 April 2023}}</ref> The federation has received official endorsement from the Indian Olympic Association .<ref>{{cite web |title=The Rise of Padel: A New Wave in India's Sports Scene |url=https://alfit.in/blogs/news/the-rise-of-padel-a-new-wave-in-indias-sports-scene |website=Alfit |access-date=7 September 2024 |language=en |date=12 June 2024}}</ref><br />
<br />
Since padel is an expensive sport and India is a price-sensitive territory, stakeholders are working to bring down the costs of the sport.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ananth |first1=Venkat |title=Inside Padel's India push |url=https://theplaybook.thesignal.co/p/inside-padels-india-push |website=theplaybook.thesignal.co |language=en |access-date=2024-09-07 |archive-date=2024-09-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907184711/https://theplaybook.thesignal.co/p/inside-padels-india-push |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
The sport is also being played in [[Chandigarh]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Chandigarh gets a new game called Padel |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/chandigarh-game-padel-9334270/ |access-date=7 September 2024 |work=The Indian Express |date=17 May 2024 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [https://padelsportsfoundation.com/]<br />
<br />
{{Sport in India}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Sport in India by sport]]<br />
[[Category:Padel]]<br />
<br />
{{India-sport-stub}}</div>CatharineJorgenshttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Villupuram_Junction_railway_station&diff=544622Villupuram Junction railway station2025-11-26T10:32:47Z<p>CatharineJorgens: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Railway station in Tamil Nadu}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2015}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2015}}<br />
{{Infobox station<br />
| name = Villuppuram Junction<br />
| type = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|30px]] [[Indian Railways]] station<br />
| style = Indian Railways<br />
| image = Viluppuram Railway Junction Main Building.jpg<br />
| image_caption = Viluppuram Railway<br />
| address = East Pondy Road, Keelperumpakkam, [[Viluppuram]], [[Viluppuram District|Viluppuram district]], [[Tamil Nadu]]<br />
| country = India<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|11.9426|79.4997|type:railwaystation_region:IN|display=inline,title}}<br />
| elevation = {{convert|44|m}}<br />
| line = [[Main Line, Tamil Nadu|Chennai Beach–Kumbakonam–Thanjavur main line]] <br> [[Chord Line, Tamil Nadu|Viluppuram–Trichy Chord Line]] <br> [[Viluppuram]]–[[Puducherry railway station|Pondicherry branch line]] <br> [[Viluppuram]]–[[Katpadi Junction railway station|Katpadi branch line]]<br />
| other = [[Auto rickshaw]], [[Taxi]], [[Tamil Nadu State Transport Corporation|Bus]]<br />
| structure = Standard (on ground station)<br />
| Grade = A<br />
| platform = 7<br />
| tracks = 14<br />
| pit line = 1<br />
| entrances = 2<br />
| parking = Yes<br />
| opened = {{Start date and age|1879}}<br />
| closed = <br />
| rebuilt = {{Start date and age|2011}}<br />
| electrified = [[25 kV AC]] [[Utility frequency|50 Hz]]<br />
| accessible = {{Access icon|20px}}<br />
| code = {{Indian railway code<br />
| code = VM<ref name="stn_code" /><br />
| zone = [[Southern Railway zone|Southern Railway]]<br />
| division = [[Tiruchirappalli railway division|Tiruchirapalli]]<br />
}}<br />
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]<br />
| operator = [[Southern Railway zone]]<br />
| status = Functioning<br />
| former = <br />
| passengers = <br />
| pass_year = <br />
| pass_percent = <br />
| pass_system = <br />
| map_type = Tamil Nadu#India<br />
| map_caption = Location in Tamil Nadu##Location in India<br />
}}<br />
'''Villupuram Junction''' (station code: VM<ref name="stn_code">{{cite web |date=2023–24 |title=Station Code Index |url=https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/coaching/TAG_2023-24/Station_Code_Index.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240216225807/https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/coaching/TAG_2023-24/Station_Code_Index.pdf |archive-date=16 February 2024 |access-date=27 March 2024 |website=Portal of Indian Railways |publisher=Centre For Railway Information Systems |page=8 |format=PDF}}</ref>) is an NSG–3 category [[List of railway stations in India|Indian railway station]] in [[Tiruchirappalli railway division]] of [[Southern Railway zone]].<ref name="sr_stn">{{cite web |date=1 April 2023 |title=SOUTHERN RAILWAY LIST OF STATIONS AS ON 01.04.2023 (CATEGORY- WISE) |url=https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris//uploads/files/1686913242750-SR%20-LIST%20OF%20STATIONS-2023.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240323095403/https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris//uploads/files/1686913242750-SR%20-LIST%20OF%20STATIONS-2023.pdf |archive-date=23 March 2024 |access-date=27 March 2024 |website=Portal of Indian Railways |publisher=Centre For Railway Information Systems |page=3 |format=PDF}}</ref> It is a railway station in [[Viluppuram]], [[Tamil Nadu]]. Being a prominent railway station, it serves as the distribution point of rail traffic from [[Chennai Egmore|Chennai]], the state capital of Tamil Nadu, towards the southern and central parts of the state. It is the third largest junction by number of branch lines in the state of Tamil Nadu after Salem junction,Tiruchchirapalli Junction.<ref name="Viluppuram Junction Status">{{cite web | url=https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris//uploads/files/1659695525713-SR.pdf|title=SOUTHERN RAILWAY LIST OF STATIONS|publisher= Southern Railways as on 01.04.2022 (CATEGORY- WISE)}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Location and layout==<br />
Villupuram railway station covers about 20 acres of a vast area, six platforms – Platforms 1 to 3 occupy a length of {{convert|600|metres}} and platforms 4 to 6 occupy a length of 550 metres each and few goods/freight train lines which occupies {{convert|650|metres}} each and there are few shunting lines. The Railway lines can be crossed with the help of a mass structured over bridge.<br />
The railway station is located off the East Pondy Road in the Keelperumpakkam neighborhood. The station is located in close proximity of {{cvt|3|km}} from the arterial [[GST Road]]. Several landmark places such as Railway mixed high school, Aringar Anna Science & Arts College, Municipal Ground, Government Hospital Building, and TNEB Block are located at close proximity from the station.<br />
<br />
The Villupuram Old Bus Stand (Town bus stand) is situated at {{cvt|2|km}} and New bus stand (Central bus stand) is situated at {{cvt|4|km}} from the Villupuram Junction railway station. The nearest airport is the Puducherry Airport located at a distance of over {{cvt|40|km}} and Chennai Airport is {{cvt|143|km}} away from Villupuram.<br />
<br />
===Lines===<br />
[[File:Viluppuram Junction railway station in Tamilnadu 18.jpg|left|thumb|Viluppuram railway station platform]]<br />
Five railway lines branch out of the Villupuram Junction railway station.<br />
<br />
* Double electrified BG ([[broad-gauge]]) line towards {{stnlnk|Chennai Beach}} via [[Chengalpattu Junction railway station|Chengalpattu Junction]].<ref>{{cite web| url =http://www.hindu.com/2011/04/20/stories/2011042059320100.htm | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20110426035521/http://www.hindu.com/2011/04/20/stories/2011042059320100.htm | url-status =dead | archive-date =26 April 2011 |title =More BG sections to be electrified | last= R. Rajaram|date=20 April 2011| work =[[The Hindu]] | access-date = 7 January 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.viluppuram.nic.in/ataglancepage.htm | title = Villupuram District at a Glance | publisher = Villupuram district administration | access-date = 7 January 2014 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131226121529/http://www.viluppuram.nic.in/ataglancepage.htm | archive-date = 26 December 2013 | url-status = dead | df = dmy-all }}</ref><br />
* Double electrified BG (broad-gauge) line towards [[Tiruchirappalli Junction railway station|Tiruchchirapalli Junction]] via [[Virudhachalam Junction railway station|Virudhachalam Junction]] and [[Ariyalur]]. Electrification work was completed in 2009. Also called "[[Chord Line, Tamil Nadu|Chord Line]]" to [[Tiruchirapalli]].<ref name=chdele>{{cite news|title=Electrification work from Villupuram to Tiruchi completed: E. Ahamed|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/article79540.ece|access-date=1 January 2014|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=12 January 2010}}</ref><ref name="30psgr">{{cite news|last=R.Rajaram|title=Tiruchi-Chennai line to get decongested|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/tiruchichennai-line-to-get-decongested/article4901303.ece|access-date=1 January 2014|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=10 July 2010}}</ref><ref name="tpjdoub">{{cite news|title=Doubling work on 25-km stretch completed in Trichy division|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/madurai/Doubling-work-on-25-km-stretch-completed-in-Trichy-division/articleshow/20078712.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227200258/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-05-16/madurai/39309354_1_trichy-division-doubling-work-railway-line|url-status=live|archive-date=27 December 2013|access-date=1 January 2014|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=16 May 2013}}</ref><ref name="tpjdnpa">{{cite news|title=Kallakudi Palanganatham-Ariyalur railway line nearing completion|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/kallakudi-palanganathamariyalur-railway-line-nearing-completion/article5027784.ece|access-date=1 January 2014|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=16 August 2013}}</ref><br />
* Single electrified BG (broad-gauge) line towards [[Tiruchirappalli Junction railway station|Tiruchirapalli Junction]] via {{stnlnk|Cuddalore Port Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Mayiladuthurai Junction}}, [[Kumbakonam]] and {{stnlnk|Thanjavur Junction}}. Also called as main line<br />
* Single electrified BG (broad-gauge) line towards {{stnlnk|Katpadi Junction}} via [[Tiruvannamalai]] and {{stnlnk|Vellore Cantonment}}.<ref>{{cite news|title=Passengers seek shuttle train in Villupuram–Katpadi section|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/passengers-seek-shuttle-train-in-villupuramkatpadi-section/article5063860.ece|newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=27 August 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Special trains between Katpadi and Villupuram|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/special-trains-between-katpadi-and-villupuram/article2871444.ece|newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=8 February 2012}}</ref><br />
* Single electrified BG (broad-gauge) line to [[Puducherry (city)|Puducherry]].<ref>{{cite news|title= Residents demand railway station |url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/01/06/stories/2009010653370300.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130616013920/http://www.hindu.com/2009/01/06/stories/2009010653370300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=June 16, 2013|date=Jan 6, 2009|location=Puducherry |work= [[The Hindu]] |access-date=2013-04-14}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=A dream-come-true Railway budget: Union Minister|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/a-dreamcometrue-railway-budget-union-minister/article4457587.ece|first=Jaisankar|last=C. |date=February 27, 2013 |work=[[The Hindu]]|location=Puducherry|access-date=2013-04-14}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Bomb scare at railway station|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/bomb-scare-at-railway-station/article4289418.ece|date=February 3, 2013|work=[[The Hindu]]|location=Puducherry|access-date=2013-04-14}}</ref><br />
<br />
Gauge conversion was underway in 2010, making rail traffic even heavier. Villupuram Junction has been undergone a massive infrastructure upgrade to handle this traffic.<br />
<br />
==Railway lines ==<br />
{|class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
!Line no.<br />
!Towards<br />
|-<br />
|1<br />
|Virudhachalam Junction (South West)<br />
|-<br />
|2<br />
|{{stnlnk|Cuddalore Port Junction}} (South )<br />
|-<br />
|3<br />
|{{stnlnk|Puducherry}} (East)<br />
|-<br />
|4<br />
|{{stnlnk|Chengalpattu Junction}} (North)<br />
|-<br />
|5<br />
|{{stnlnk|Katpadi Junction}} (West)<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Projects and development ==<br />
It is one of the 73 stations in Tamil Nadu to be named for upgradation under ''Amrit Bharat Station Scheme'' of Indian Railways.<ref>{{cite news |title=AMRIT BHARAT STATIONS |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1897980 |access-date=6 April 2024 |work=Press Information Bureau |date=10 Feb 2023 |location=New Delhi}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
{{Commons category}}<br />
* [http://www.sr.indianrailways.gov.in Southern Railways - Official Website]<br />
* {{IndiaRailInfo|785}}<br />
<br />
{{Chennai - Suburban Railway, South|Villupuram|Mundiyampakkam|n/a|46|162.76}}<br />
{{Railway stations in Tamil Nadu}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 1879]]<br />
[[Category:Trichy railway division]]<br />
[[Category:Railway stations in Viluppuram district]]<br />
[[Category:Railway junction stations in Tamil Nadu]]</div>CatharineJorgenshttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=DAV_Institute_of_Engineering_and_Technology&diff=495192DAV Institute of Engineering and Technology2025-11-07T12:27:23Z<p>CatharineJorgens: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Private engineering institute in Jalandhar, Punjab, India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}<br />
{{More citations needed|date=September 2010}}<br />
{{Infobox university<br />
| name = DAV Institute of Engineering and Technology<br />
| native_name = <br />
| native_name_lang = <br />
| image = DAVIET logo.jpg<br />
| image_size = <br />
| image_alt = <br />
| caption = <br />
| latin_name = <br />
| other_name = DAVIET<br />
| former_name = <!-- or: | former_names = --><br />
| motto = <br />
| motto_lang = <br />
| mottoeng = <br />
| established = {{start date|df=yes|2001}}<br />
| closed = <!-- {{end date|df=yes|YYYY}} --><br />
| type = <br />
| parent = <br />
| affiliation = <br />
| religious_affiliation = [[Dayanand Anglo-Vedic College Trust and Management Society]]<br />
| endowment = <br />
| budget = <br />
| officer_in_charge = <br />
| chairman = <br />
| chairperson = <br />
| chancellor = <br />
| president = <br />
| vice-president = <br />
| superintendent = <br />
| provost = <br />
| vice_chancellor = <br />
| rector = <br />
| principal = Sudhir Sharma (officiating principal)<br />
| head_label = <br />
| head = <br />
| academic_staff = <br />
| administrative_staff = <br />
| students = <br />
| undergrad = <br />
| postgrad = <br />
| doctoral = <br />
| other = <br />
| city = [[Jalandhar]]<br />
| state = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]<br />
| province = <br />
| country = India<br />
| coor = {{coord|31|20|43.64|N|75|33|15.39|E|display=title,inline}}<br />
| campus = [[Urban area|Urban]] {{convert|18|acre|km2|1|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.davietjal.org/about.html |title=ABOUT INSTITUTE |publisher=DAV Institute of Engineering and Technology |accessdate=13 February 2015 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150205154656/http://davietjal.org/about.html |archivedate=5 February 2015 }}</ref><br />
| language = English, Punjabi, Hindi<br />
| free_label = <br />
| free = <br />
| colors = <!-- or: | colours = --><br />
| athletics = <br />
| sports = <br />
| athletics_nickname = <!-- or: | athletics_nicknames = --><!-- or: | sports_nickname = --><!-- or: | sports_nicknames = --><br />
| mascot = <!-- or: | mascots = --><br />
| sporting_affiliations = <br />
| website = {{URL|davietjal.org}}<br />
| logo = <br />
| footnotes = <br />
| Gallery = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''DAV Institute of Engineering and Technology''' ('''DAVIET''') is a private engineering institute in [[Jalandhar]] city of Punjab, India. It is established by the [[Dayanand Anglo-Vedic College Trust and Management Society]] offering undergraduate and post-graduate programmes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.davietjal.org/departments/|title = Departments}}</ref> The DAV College Trust and Management Society is the largest non-government educational organization in India, managing a chain of about 700 institutions in India and abroad. The institute is located in the heart of city adjacent to DAV College, Jalandhar, on the left side of the Jalandhar-Amritsar National Highway.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.davietjal.org/about/|title = About}}</ref><br />
<br />
The institute is approved by AICTE [[All India Council for Technical Education]] and affiliated to [[I. K. Gujral Punjab Technical University|IK Gujral Punjab Technical University, Jalandhar]]. It received [[ISO 9001:2000]] certification in 2005 under joint accreditation of SGS Group and UKAS ([[United Kingdom Accreditation Service]]) Quality Management. It has received 'A+' [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council|NAAC]] Accreditation in the year 2024.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.davietjal.org/about/|title = About}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Academics==<br />
<br />
The institute offers following graduate and post graduate programs.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.davietjal.org/departments/|title = Departments}}</ref><br />
<br />
'''Undergraduate Departments and Programmes'''<br />
*Computer Science and Engineering (AI & ML) - B.Tech. CSE (AI & ML) ( 180 Regular Seats + 6 LEET )<br />
*Computer Science and Engineering - B.Tech. CSE ( 180 Regular Seats + 12 LEET )<br />
*Electronics and Communication Engineering - B.Tech. ECE ( 60 Regular Seats + 6 LEET )<br />
*Mechanical Engineering - B.Tech. ME ( 60 Regular Seats + 6 LEET )<br />
*Electrical Engineering - B.Tech. EE ( 60 Regular Seats + 6 LEET )<br />
*Civil Engineering B.Tech. CE ( 60 Regular Seats + 6 LEET )<br />
*Applied Sciences<br />
*Computer Applications - BCA ( 120 Regular Seats )<br />
*Business Management & Commerce - BBA ( 60 Regular Seats ) & B.Com. ( 60 Regular Seats )<br />
*Hospitality and Tourism Management - BHMCT ( 120 Regular Seats ) & BTTM ( 30 Regular Seats )<br />
<br />
'''Postgraduate Departments and Programmes'''<br />
*Computer Science and Engineering ( AI & ML ) - M.Tech. CSE (AI & ML) ( 18 Regular Seats )<br />
*Civil Engineering - M.Tech. CE (Structural Engineering) ( 18 Regular Seats )<br />
*Business Management - MBA ( 90 Regular Seats )<br />
*Computer Applications - MCA (30 Regular Seats)<br />
<br />
The institute has a research foundation to promote research capabilities under various areas of Engineering and Technology.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.davietjal.org/research-and-development/|title = Research and Development}}</ref> The Centre of Incubation and Entrepreneurship was established to promote a culture of entrepreneurship among students.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.davietjal.org/cie-cell/about-cie-cell/|title = About CIE Cell}}</ref><br />
<br />
==National rankings==<br />
<br />
* Ranked 10th in the category of outstanding engineering colleges of excellence in India in [[Competition Success Review]]-GHRDC Engineering Colleges Survey 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.davietjal.org/daviet-shines-csr-ranking-top-engineering-institutes/|title=DAVIET ranked 10th in the category of OUTSTANDING ENGINEERING COLLEGES OF EXCELLENCE IN INDIA in CSR-GHRDC Engineering Colleges Survey 2016|date=15 June 2016}}</ref><br />
* Best Engineering College of Punjab Technical University 2013 <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.davietjal.org/daviet-ranked-10th-category-outstanding-engineering-colleges/|title = HTcampus calling - DAVIET awarded Best Engineering College by Punjab Technical University out of its 108 Engineering Colleges|date = 21 June 2016}}</ref><br />
* Ranked 2nd in Most Promising Engineering Institute as per [[Competition Success Review]]–GHRDC Rankings 2009<br />
* A survey by Dataquest on top technical schools in India placed DAVIET at 60th All India Rank. The survey containing the national rankings was released on 22 December 2009.<ref>{{cite web |author=Cyber India Online Ltd. |url=http://dqindia.ciol.com/content/top_stories/2009/109122229.asp |title=Dataquest : Top Stories : India's Top T-Schools 2009 |publisher=Dqindia.ciol.com |accessdate=2010-08-10 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100726143006/http://dqindia.ciol.com/content/top_stories/2009/109122229.asp |archivedate=2010-07-26 }}</ref><br />
* Best DAV Institute Award by [[D.A.V. College Managing Committee]], New Delhi in 2005* <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.davietjal.org/awards-and-accolades/|title = Awards and Accolades}}</ref><br />
* DAVIET is the coveted winner of the IMC Ramkrishna Bajaj National Quality Commendation Certificate 2006<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://imcrbnqa.com/Past%20Winners/M__77 |title=Past Winners |access-date=26 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160803164607/http://imcrbnqa.com/Past%20Winners/M__77 |archive-date=3 August 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Conferences==<br />
* National Congress on Science-Technology and Management (DAV-NCSTM) 2014 <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.davietjal.org/ncstm2014/ |title=NCSTM 2014 : National Congress on Science-Technology & Management |website=www.davietjal.org |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140525233720/http://www.davietjal.org/ncstm2014/ |archive-date=2014-05-25}}</ref><br />
* National Seminar on Communication and Soft Skills - The Emerging Paradigms - 2010<br />
* National Conference on Modern Management Practices and Information Technology Trends (MMPITT) - 2009<br />
* National Conference on Optical and Wireless Communication (NCOW) - 2008 <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.davietjal.org/ncow2008/ |title=::1st National Conference on Optical & Wireless Communication (NCOW) - 2008:: |access-date=17 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111006214948/http://www.davietjal.org/ncow2008/ |archive-date=6 October 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
* 10th Punjab Science Congress - 2007<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
<br />
* [[Arya Samaj]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{Official website|davietjal.org}}<br />
<br />
{{Arya Samaj by country}}<br />
{{Hindu reform movements}}<br />
{{Hindudharma}}<br />
{{Universities and colleges in Punjab, India}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:DAV Institute of Engineering and Technology}}<br />
[[Category:Engineering colleges in Punjab, India]]<br />
[[Category:Education in Jalandhar]]<br />
[[Category:Universities and colleges affiliated with the Arya Samaj]]<br />
[[Category:2001 establishments in Punjab, India]]<br />
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 2001]]</div>CatharineJorgenshttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Steel_Consumers_Council&diff=537610Steel Consumers Council2025-11-05T03:37:49Z<p>CatharineJorgens: starting new data added tags</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian government agency}}<br />
{{Multiple issues|<br />
{{More citations needed|date=February 2024}}<br />
{{Update|reason=it says the Council expired in 2012|date=February 2024}}<br />
}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}<br />
{{Infobox government agency<br />
|agency_name = Steel Consumers Council<br />
|seal = Emblem_of_India.svg<br />
|seal_width = 70px<br />
|seal_caption = [[Emblem of India]]<br />
|formed = <br />
|preceding2 =<br />
|dissolved =<br />
|superseding =<br />
|jurisdiction = {{flagicon|India}}[[Republic of India]]<br />
|headquarters = Udyog Bhawan <br/> [[New Delhi]]<br />
|employees = <br />
|budget = <br />
|minister1_name =[[Ch. Birender Singh]]<br />
|chief1_position = [[Minister of Steel (India)|Minister of Steel]]<br />
|website = [http://steel.nic.in steel.nic.in]<br />
}}<br />
[[File:Ram Vilas Paswan 3.jpeg|thumb|The Minister for Chemicals & Fertilizers and Steel, Shri Ram Vilas Paswan at the 22nd National Steel Consumers Council Meeting in New Delhi on 4 October 2008. The Minister of State for Steel, Shri Jitin Prasada is also seen in the picture|right|365x365px]]The '''Steel Consumers Council''' is a group under the [[Ministry of Steel]], chaired by the Cabinet in charge of the department. India is the world's third-largest producer of [[crude steel]], and the council works with steel producers to ensure both the supply and demand of the steel industry.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.ibef.org/industry/steel.aspx| title=India is the world's third-largest producer of crude steel | work=steel.ibef.org | access-date=14 January 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-07-07/news/64178310_1_indian-steel-iisco-steel-srtmi| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151012033820/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-07-07/news/64178310_1_indian-steel-iisco-steel-srtmi| url-status=dead| archive-date=12 October 2015| title=India overtakes US as 3rd largest steel producer | work=Economic Times| access-date=14 January 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/beni-promises-10-steel-units-in-uttar-pradesh-114020300706_1.html| title=Beni Prasad Verma promises 10 steel units in Uttar Pradesh | work=business-standard.com | access-date=16 January 2016}}</ref> It also advises the [[Ministry of Steel]] and assists the [[Government of India]] on matters and policies concerning the Indian steel industry. In 2004, alarmed by the recent rise in steel prices, the Union Steel Ministry had proposed setting up of an independent regulator to monitor and fix the prices of steel. It had also supported a demand to abolish the present 5 per cent import duty on scrap this was announced by [[Ram Vilas Paswan]] Minister in charge of [[Ministry of Steel]] at the 18th national '''Steel consumers council''' in 2004.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/steel-ministry-moots-price-regulator-open-to-duty-cut-104061401047_1.html| title=18th national steel consumers council chaired by Cabinet Minister | work=business-standard.com | access-date=17 January 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=24th Meeting of Steel Consumer's Council Chaired by Steel {{sic|nolink=y|Ministy}} Of India|url=http://www.industrialnews.in/events/3197-24th-meeting-of-steel-consumer%E2%80%99s-council-chaired-by-steel-ministy-of-india.html|publisher=industrialnews.in|date=3 February 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=24th Meeting of Steel Consumer's Council Circular|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=102937|date=3 February 2014}}</ref><br />
<br />
The council was founded in 1986.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://steel.gov.in/steel%20consumer%20council%2030.09.2014.pdf | work=steel.gov.in | title=Formation of Steel Consumers Council | access-date=14 January 2016 | url-status=dead | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304064221/http://steel.gov.in/steel%20consumer%20council%2030.09.2014.pdf | archivedate=4 March 2016 }}</ref> Its members are nominated by the Minister of Steel & Mines. The tenure of the council was initially fixed for two years, and it was re-constituted on 25 February 2010. The term of the present Council is up to 29 February 2012.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://steel.nic.in/act/boards.htm|title= Boards Councils Committees|work= steel.gov.in|access-date= 14 January 2016|url-status= dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160106074502/http://steel.nic.in/act/boards.htm|archive-date= 6 January 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://steel.gov.in/act/arrangement.htm | title=Steel Consumers Council | work=steel.gov.in | access-date=14 January 2016 | url-status=dead | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304064023/http://steel.gov.in/act/arrangement.htm | archivedate=4 March 2016 }}</ref><br />
<br />
The largest steel producer in India is [[Steel Authority of India]], a [[public sector]] company run by Government of India with an annual turnover of ₹50627 [[crore]] (US$7.6 billion) (FY 2014–15).<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.sail.co.in/| title=Steel Authority of India Limited | work=sail.co.in| access-date=14 January 2016}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Public Sector companies ==<br />
*[[Steel Authority of India Limited]] (SAIL)<br />
*[[Rashtriya Ispat Nigam Ltd.]] (RINL)<br />
*[[National Mineral Development Corporation]] Ltd (NMDC)<br />
*[[Kudremukh Iron Ore Company Ltd]] (KIOCL)<br />
*[[MECON Limited]]<br />
*Manganese Ore (India) Ltd (MOIL)<br />
*MSTC Limited<br />
*Hindustan Steel Works Construction Limited ''(HSCL)''<br />
*Sponge Iron India Limited (SIIL)<br />
*Bharat Refractories Limited (BRL)<br />
*Ferro Scrap Nigam Limited (FSNL)<br />
*Bird Group of Companies<br />
<br />
==Top steel companies of India in the Private sector==<br />
*[[Tata Steel]]<br />
*[[JSW Steel]]<br />
*VISA Steel<br />
*[[Bhushan Steel]]<br />
*[[Essar Steel]]<br />
<br />
== Cabinet Ministers chairing the Steel Consumers Council ==<br />
* [[Ashoke Kumar Sen]] - 1991<br />
* [[Ram Vilas Paswan]] - 2004–2009<br />
* [[Virbhadra Singh]] - 28 May 2009–18 Jan 2011<br />
* [[Beni Prasad Verma]] - July 2011 – May 2014<br />
* [[Narendra Singh Tomar]] -26 May 2014 – June 2016<br />
* [[Birender Singh (politician, born 1946)|Chaudhary Birender Singh]] - 6 July 2016 – Present<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
{{Government of India}}<br />
{{Steel industry of India}}<br />
{{Ministry of Steel}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Ministry of Steel]]<br />
[[Category:1986 establishments in Delhi]]<br />
[[Category:Consumer organisations in India]]</div>CatharineJorgenshttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chitharal_Jain_Monuments_and_Bhagavati_Temple&diff=463835Chitharal Jain Monuments and Bhagavati Temple2025-09-02T12:04:32Z<p>CatharineJorgens: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Group of Hindu and Jain temples in India}}<br />
{{distinguish|text=[[Chitral]], a city, district or former princely state in Pakistan}}<br />
{{use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}<br />
{{use Indian English|date=February 2016}}<br />
{{Infobox religious building<br />
| name = Chitharal Jain Temple and Bhagavati Temple<br />
| native_name = Chitharal Malai Kovil<br />
| religious_affiliation = [[Jainism]]<br />
| image = File:Chitharal jain temple1 (cropped).jpg<br />
| image_upright = 1.25<br />
| alt = Chitharal Jain Monuments and Bhagvati Temple<br />
| caption = <br />
| coordinates = {{coord|8|19|57.1|N|77|14|18.2|E|region:IN|display=inline,title}}<br />
| location = [[Chitharal]], [[Kanyakumari district]], [[Tamil Nadu]]<br />
| festivals = <br />
| temple_quantity = 2 (Jain, Hindu)<br />
| deity = [[Tirthankara]]s and [[Bhagavati]]<br />
| established = 9th–century CE<ref name=chandran>{{cite journal|first=Anu|last=Chandran|year= 2015|title=Scanning the Dynamics of Participatory Research (PRIT) in Heritage Tourism Management: The Case of Chitharal in Tamil Nadu, India|journal=Atna|volume=10|issue=1|publisher=Pondicherry University|pages=78–79|doi=10.12727/ajts.13.6 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=tampy>{{cite journal|first=KPD|last=Tampy|year=1946|title=The Chitaral Rock Temple|journal=The Modern Review|volume=80|pages=434}}</ref><br />
}}<br />
<br />
The '''Chitharal Jain Temple and Bhagavati Temple''' are located near Chitharal village in [[Kanyakumari district]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India. They consist of stone beds with inscriptions, and two monuments – one rock cut Jain temple with outer wall reliefs and one Hindu goddess temple next to it that is a combination of rock-cut and stone that was added during the reign of [[Vikramaditya Varaguna|Vikramaditya Varaguna Pandya]]. The monuments are from the 9th century CE.<ref name=chandran/><ref name=tampy/><br />
<br />
==Location==<br />
[[File:Chitral rock cut Jain temple, Kanyakumari, Tamil Nadu.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.8|Chitaral monuments are on the top of a stone hillock.]]{{Jainism}}<br />
The Chitharal Jain Monuments and Bhagavati Temple are situated near the southern tip of peninsular India, about 55 kilometers northwest of [[Kanyakumari]] (Highway 66) and about 4 kilometers northeast of [[Kuzhithurai, Kanyakumari|Kuzhithurai]] town (Highway 90). They are on the Thiruchanattu Malai (Thiruchanattu hillocks) locally known as Chokkanthoongi Hills. The monuments are on the north side of [[Chitharal]] village. The monuments' entrance is marked and is under the management of ASI Thrissur circle. From the entrance board, they can be reached by roughly hewn steps in rocks uphill, midst cashew, coconut and rubber-plantation trees.<ref name=chandran/><ref name="ASI"/><br />
<br />
==History==<br />
[[File:9th century Chitaral Jain Monuments and Bhagavati Temple over time.jpg|thumb|left|9th century Chitaral Jain Monuments and Bhagavati Temple over time. The ruins in 19th-century barely had a Vimana left. The monument has been restored.]]<br />
<br />
=== Tiruchchāraṇattumalai ===<br />
Inscriptions found at the site and elsewhere such as the [[Kalugumalai Jain Beds]] suggest that the history of these monuments extend over the 1st-millennium CE, with some inscriptions in the Hindu temple dateable in the 13th-century. In these historical inscriptions and literature, this site is referred to as Thiruchāraṇathupalli,<ref name="chandran" /> or just Tiruccāraṇam.<ref name="cort1998">{{cite book|title=Open Boundaries: Jain Communities and Cultures in Indian History|author=John E Cort|publisher=State University of New York Press|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=E88RC8Eox2YC|pages= 197–198|isbn=9780791437858|year=1998}}</ref> The hillock is also referred to as [[Thirucharanathumalai|Tiruchchāraṇattu malai]], which means "the hill holy to the [[Charan|Chāraṇas]]" (Jain ascetics).<ref name="Rao193" /><br />
<br />
The site consists of beds and two monuments. The older rock-cut Jain beds with inscriptions and drip-ledges among the boulders at the site are the earliest Jain monument in the southernmost part of India. The Archaeological Survey of India states that the beds are from first century BCE to sixth century CE.<ref name="ASI">{{cite web | title=Bagawati Temple (Chitral) | website=Thrissur Circle, [[Archaeological Survey of India]] | url=http://www.asithrissurcircle.in/Monuments_Tamil.html | accessdate=23 March 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160319001139/http://www.asithrissurcircle.in/Monuments_Tamil.html | archive-date=19 March 2016 | url-status=dead }}</ref> The cave temple and main Jain monument is from the 9th-century, with three sanctums that has always had Jain iconography – Parsvanatha (left), Mahavira and Padmavati since they were carved in-situ from the stone and have not been damaged. Next to it is a Hindu temple dedicated to goddess Bhagavati (Parvati) which was likely added after the 9th-century, and expanded with mandapa and other Hindu temple architectural elements through the 13th-century based on epigraphic evidence of donors.<ref name=Rao193>{{cite book|first=T.A. Gopinatha|last=Rao|year=1910|title=Travancore Archaeological Series|volume=1|pages=193–195}}</ref><br />
<br />
The Jain beds and temple are [[Digambara]] Jain monuments.<ref name=cort1998/> They are one of many found in Tamil Nadu from a period prior to the 14th-century. Jainism was active in this region, as evidence by inscriptions and literature in the Madurai region by about 1st-century BCE, and more broadly by the Pallava era, including those from the era of King [[Mahendravarman I]] (early 7th-century) famous for sponsoring Jain monuments as well as Hindu sites such as the Mahabalipuram monuments.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hirsh|first=Marilyn|date=1987|title=Mahendravarman I Pallava: Artist and Patron of Māmallapuram|journal=Artibus Asiae|volume=48|issue=1/2|pages=109–130|doi=10.2307/3249854|issn=0004-3648|jstor=3249854}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Cort|first=John E.|date=2002|title=Bhakti in the Early Jain Tradition: Understanding Devotional Religion in South Asia|journal=History of Religions|volume=42|issue=1|pages=59–86 with footnotes, context|doi=10.1086/463696 |issn=0018-2710|jstor=3176384|s2cid=162247686 }}</ref><br />
<br />
According to [[T. A. Gopinatha Rao]], the inscription on the southern side says Gunandagi-kurattigal, the disciple of Arattanemi - Bhatariyar of Peravakkudi, presented Bhatariyar of Tiruchchanam malai with some golden ornament during the 28th year of reign of Vikramaditya Varaguna. There is much evidence and an established chronology about the Hindu monarch Vikramaditya of Ay dynasty, states Gopinath Rao, and this helps date this temple to the 9th-century.<ref name=Rao193/><ref name=Rao125>T.A. Gopinatha Rao (1910), Travancore Archaeological Series Volume 2, pp. 125–127 with plates</ref> The inscription is [[Tamil language]] in [[Vatteluttu]] script.<ref name="ASI"/><ref name=Rao193/> <br />
<br />
The Bhagavati temple was an active place for worship for the locals Hindus, when the entire site's significance and antiquity was discovered by archaeologists. However, their general condition was in ruins as attested by the archived 19th-century photographs of the site taken by Gopinath Rao. He remarked that the outside was ruined, but the cave temple was mostly intact. The exception being the murals and plastered images which had been damaged along with the Padmavati Devi image. Gopinath Rao states that these were "destroyed by [art] thieves" in late 19th-century or early 20th-century. The original statues of Mahavira and Parswanatha remain in good condition.<ref name=Rao193/><ref>{{cite book | title=Jaina Iconography | publisher=Abhinav Publications | author=Shah, Umakant P | year=1987 | page=251}}</ref><br />
<br />
The monument has been cleaned up, many parts of it rebuilt and restored, particularly the partial Vimana on top of the cave temple.<ref name=Rao193/> The site has a natural "heart shaped" pond below the temple and provides a picturesque view of the farmlands and valley villages.<ref name=tampy/><ref name="Nagarajan 2011"/><ref>{{cite book | title=Jainism: Art, Architecture, Literature & Philosophy | publisher=Sharada |author1=Rangarajan, H |author2=Kamalakar, G |author3=Reddy, AKVS |author4=Venkatachalam, K | year=2001 | page=43}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Description ==<br />
[[File:Bas-relief at Chitharal Jain Monuments.jpg|thumb|upright=2.4|Jain bas-relief on the north side outer wall of the cave temple.]]<br />
The monuments are reached by roughly hewn steps in rocks and the narrow entrance between them. A natural cavern formed by overhanging rock has many [[bas-relief]] sculptures of Jain [[Tirthankara]]s. This is the north side and the outer wall of the Jain cave temple. It is visible to the visitors as they approach the temple. The reliefs of [[Parsvanatha]] and [[Padmavati (Jainism)|Padmavati]] are standing figures canopied by multi-hooded cobra and with attendant smaller figures of [[Yaksha]].<ref name=chandran/><ref name="ASI"/><ref name="KramrischCousins1948"/><br />
<br />
Most figures in the bas-relief are seated in ardha-[[Lotus position|padmasana]] pose in each niches with three tiered parasol. These are many of the other 24 Tirthankaras. To the left, three standing figures are also of Tirthankaras. The central niche has a figure of [[Mahavira]] with three tiered parasol, ''chhatratrayi chaitya'' with a tree above it and attendant figures.<ref name="KramrischCousins1948"/> There is another female figure of [[Ambika (Jainism)|Ambika]] in a niche next to it. It has two attendant figures below and a lion. All major niches has flying figures of [[Vidyadhara]]s (upholders of knowledge). There is a short inscription below the seat of each relief. This mentions the name of an ascetic or a donor who sponsored the carving with their place of residence in Tamil language and ''Vatteluthu'' script. Based on the script styles in the inscription, these were added over several centuries. The site must have been an active Jain site at least till middle of thirteenth century.<ref name="ASI"/><ref name=Rao193/><ref name=Rao125/><br />
<br />
[[File:Chitaral Jain Monument Bhagawati temple inscription below Padmavati Devi bas relief.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.8|The inscription below Padmavati bas relief]]<br />
The Jain temple was carved out of a natural cave. The inside of the temple has a pillared mandapa, and three sanctums.<ref name="ASI"/><ref name=Rao193/> The pillared hall and sanctums retain Jain motifs. To the south side of the Jain temple is the Hindu temple. It coopts parts of the Jain structure and treats the artwork associated with the Padmavati Devi as part of Hindu tradition. The Hindu temple includes a mandapam, a ''varandah'' corridor and a ''balipeetham'' with a kitchen (''madappalli'') which is carved into a natural overhanging rock. In the Hindu temple, several inscriptions were discovered over time, on steps, pillars and walls as the temple was cleaned up and restored. These discoveries have led scholars such as Gopinath Rao to better date the temple, its history and revise their conjectures on the relationship between Jain and Hindu community in Tamil Nadu.<ref name=Rao193/><ref name=Rao125/><ref name=Rao297>{{cite book|first=T.A. Gopinatha|last=Rao|year=1910|title=Travancore Archaeological Series|volume=1|pages=297–299}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[File:Chitharal inscription of Ay ruler Vikramaditya Varaguna (year 28), Kanyakumari district (Tamil Nadu).jpg|thumb|The inscription of Vikramaditya Varaguna at the site in Tamil language and ''Vatteluthu'' script.<ref name=Rao125/>]]<br />
According to Gopinatha Rao, the Hindus of 13th-century or earlier were already treating the southern side of this site as sacred to them, and making gifts and offerings to the temple. Their prayers have included Padmavati as a goddess in their pantheon, making the site an active place for pilgrimage thereafter for some seven centuries. More substantial inscriptions at this site have been discovered on the Hindu temple side.<ref name=Rao193/> For example, there is one Tamil inscription in Vatteluthu script on the rock adjacent to the Hindu temple, which states that a "Narayan of Rajavallapuram donated money to the Bhagavati temple" in "Ko 425". The latter is equivalent to about 1250 CE of the Georgian calendar.<ref name=Rao193/> Further, given the Hindu sculptures carved and other architectural features on the Hindu temple side, the structure could be dated to pre-13th century. This and the Hindu name of "Narayan" led Gopinatha Rao and other scholars to initially propose that the Jain temple was "converted" into Hindu temple by mid 13th-century.<ref name=Rao193/><br />
<br />
[[File:9th century Padmavati Devi bas-relief Jain Monuments Chitaral Tamil Nadu India.jpg|thumb|left|A Jaina Devi is depicted at Chitaral with lion behind her back and other iconographic elements found with Durga-Bhagavati in the Hindu pantheon.<ref name="KramrischCousins1948">{{cite book|author1=Stella Kramrisch|authorlink1=Stella Kramrisch|author2=James Henry Cousins|author3=R. Vasudeva Poduval|title=The Arts and Crafts of Travancore |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y422QgAACAAJ |year=1948|publisher=Royal India Society |pages=49–50}}</ref>]]<br />
Another inscription was discovered a bit later on the kitchen steps of the Hindu temple. It stated that "Narayanan Kalikan alias Dharmachetti-nayinar of the city of Tirukkudakkarai made certain arrangements" to ensure certain services in the "Bhagavati temple" on the "17th of the month of Medam in the year Ko 584". This approximately corresponds to 1373 CE. So, the Hindu temple was active in the 14th-century.<ref name=Rao297/> Similar inscriptions found in the Hindu temple, led Gopinatha Rao to reconsider the early hypothesis and write that he was a bit misled by the Hindu name Narayan and "I now think that it [conjecture of conversion] is a mistake".<ref name=Rao125/> Hindus did not "convert" the Jain temple by erasing or destroying it, or refashioning the entire site into a Hindu architecture. Rather it is more likely, states Gopinatha Rao, that the Hindus of the early 2nd-millennium centuries revered the site because they always considered Padmavati as part of their pantheon, left the rest of the cave temple alone, and preserved the bas-relief and Tirthankaras of the Jains. The site was built during the reign of the Hindu monarch Vikramaditya Varaguna, states Gopinatha Rao.<ref name=Rao125/> <br />
<br />
The longer inscriptions about gifts and donations at this site were directed to Padmavati with Hindu religious icons, even during the centuries when Jains were also visiting and adding to the bas-relief. The added artwork to the Jain side here is in striking accordance with Hindu text on architecture – ''[[Manasara]]'', a Sanskrit text that dedicates a chapter on proper way to design and carve Jaina iconography. The site, therefore, does not reflect a conflict and conversion, rather a cooperation and overlap between the two ancient Indian religious faiths.<ref name=Rao125/><br />
<br />
According to [[Stella Kramrisch]] and other scholars, Jain iconography is found to co-exist with Hindu iconography in Chitharal and other temples built in the [[Travancore]] region of South India. The nearby [[Nagaraja Temple, Nagercoil|Nagaraja Temple]] in Nagercoil – which gives the city its name – for example, has been a Hindu temple. The temple included during its construction the reliefs of many Hindu deities and those belonging to Jainism tradition as well. Reliefs of Mahavira, Parsvanatha and Padmavati Devi are seen on the pillars of the Nagaraja temple mandapa along with Krishna, Vishnu, and others.<ref name="KramrischCousins1948"/><ref>{{cite book|first=T.A. Gopinatha|last=Rao|year=1910 |title=Travancore Archaeological Series|volume=2| pages=127–129}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Management and preservation==<br />
This is a centrally protected monument (N-TN-T2) maintained by Thrissur Circle of [[Archaeological Survey of India]] since 1964. It is inscribed as Bhagawati temple and Jaina bas-relief.<ref name="ASI" /><ref name="Nagarajan 2011">{{cite web | last=Nagarajan | first=Saraswathy | title=On the southern tip of India, a village steeped in the past | website=The Hindu | date=17 November 2011 | url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/travel/on-the-southern-tip-of-india-a-village-steeped-in-the-past/article2636325.ece | accessdate=23 March 2017}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Gallery==<br />
<gallery><br />
File:Chitharal jain temple1 (cropped).jpg|The pillars set on the left mark the Jain temple entrance, on the right is the Hindu temple entrance<br />
File:ChitharalVimanam.jpg|Restored Vimana<br />
File:Chitharal jain temple3.jpg|Jain bas relief<br />
File:Jain Art & Carvings at Chitharal Hill Temple.JPG| Jain bas-relief<br />
File:Jaina-bas Relief 3.jpg|Jain bas-relief<br />
File:Chitharal malaikovil4.jpg|Jain bas-relief<br />
File:Chitharal malaikovil.jpg|Jain bas-relief<br />
File:Chitharal - front view.jpg|Entrance of the Jain temple<br />
File:Chitharal Jain Monuments (22494).jpg|Inside the temple<br />
File:Chitharal Jain Monuments (17169).jpg|Inscriptions<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
{{Portal|Religion}}<br />
*[[Jainism in Kerala]]<br />
*[[Jainism in Tamil Nadu]]<br />
*[[Thirucharanathumalai]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
{{commons category}}<br />
<br />
{{Jain temples}}<br />
{{Jainism Topics}}<br />
{{Regions of Kanyakumari}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Kanyakumari district]]<br />
[[Category:Caves of Tamil Nadu]]<br />
[[Category:Jain temples in Tamil Nadu]]<br />
[[Category:Jain rock-cut architecture]]<br />
[[Category:9th-century Jain temples]]<br />
[[Category:Hindu temples in Kanyakumari district]]</div>CatharineJorgenshttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=DataMeet&diff=495700DataMeet2025-08-17T20:28:17Z<p>CatharineJorgens: adding stub.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian user-generated community}}<br />
<br />
{{more citations needed|date=May 2016}}<br />
'''DataMeet''' is a user-generated community primarily focused around [[open data]] and [[data science]] in India.<ref>{{cite web|title=Data{Meet}|url=http://datameet.org/|accessdate=9 May 2016}}</ref> DataMeet was registered as a trust in February 2014. Typical discussions are around collecting, arranging and using open data.<ref>{{cite news|title=They use data to drive activism|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/They-use-data-to-drive-activism/articleshow/51090527.cms|accessdate=9 May 2016|agency=Times of India}}</ref> DataMeet events are held in [[Ahmedabad]], [[Bangalore]], [[Delhi]], [[Mumbai]] and [[Pune]].<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
DataMeet started as a small google group with meetups in Bangalore and later spread to other Indian cities. DataMeet now involves Meetups, Workshops, [[Hackathons]] and a yearly event called Open Data Camp.<br />
<br />
==Current activity==<br />
<br />
===Meetups===<br />
DataMeet frequently organizes open meetups related to open data and other social issues.<ref>{{cite web|title=DataMeet Meetup|url=http://www.meetup.com/DataMeet/|accessdate=10 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Their main goal is to get people to use date and base their decisions on data.|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/They-use-data-to-drive-activism/articleshow/51090527.cms|accessdate=10 May 2016|agency=TNN|publisher=Times of India}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Open Data Camp===<br />
Every summer since 2012, DataMeet has organized a two-day open data event called Open Data Camp in Bangalore. Open Data Camp has also been held in Delhi since November 2014.<ref>{{cite web|title=Previous DataCamps|url=http://odc.datameet.org/#previous_datacamps|website=DateMeet|accessdate=10 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Gender gap among voters narrows, changes outcomes|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/gender-gap-among-voters-narrows-changes-outcomes/article6044619.ece|accessdate=10 May 2016|agency=The Hindu}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Hackathons===<br />
For [[2014 Indian general election]], the largest ever elections in the world, DataMeet organized a hackathon focusing on election-related open data.<ref>{{cite web|title=Election Hackathon|url=http://odc.datameet.org/odcblr2014:hackathon|accessdate=10 May 2016|archive-date=13 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160513000007/http://odc.datameet.org/odcblr2014:hackathon|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Other Activity===<br />
Open City Initiative: DataMeet is developing a repository of urban data under the Open City Initiative<ref>{{cite news|title=Datameet, Oorvani Foundation launch urban data repository OpenCity for Bengaluru|url=http://tech.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/internet/datameet-oorvani-foundation-launch-urban-data-repository-opencity-for-bengaluru/52198255|accessdate=10 May 2016|agency=ET Bureau|publisher=Economic Times}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Meetings]]<br />
[[Category:Business conferences in India]]</div>CatharineJorgenshttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=1982_Nehru_Cup&diff=4548091982 Nehru Cup2025-08-05T23:25:09Z<p>CatharineJorgens: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{moresources|date=February 2019}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox International Football Competition<br />
| tourney_name = 1982 Nehru Cup<br />
| other_titles =<br />
| image = <br />
| size = 200px<br />
| caption = <br />
| country = {{flagicon|IND}} [[India]]<br />
| dates = 16 February – 3 March <br />
| confederations = 3<br />
| num_teams = 6<br />
| venues = [[Kolkata|Calcutta]]<br />
| cities = <br />
| champion = URU<br />
| count = 1<br />
| second = CHN<br />
| matches = 16<br />
| goals = 47<br />
| top_scorer = <br />
| prevseason = <br />
| nextseason = [[1983 Nehru Cup|1983]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The '''1982 Nehru Cup''' was the first edition of the [[Nehru Cup]]. It was held between 16 February to 3 March in [[Kolkata|Calcutta]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://wbsportsandyouth.gov.in/chronology|title=Chronology of Important Sports Events — West Bengal|website=wbsportsandyouth.gov.in|publisher=Government of West Bengal – Department of youth services and sports|date=2017|access-date=25 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013092944/https://wbsportsandyouth.gov.in/chronology|archive-date=13 October 2022|location=Kolkata}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Format==<br />
A total of 6 teams participated in the tournament through being invited by the [[All India Football Federation]]. The tournament would be played in a round-robin style with the top two in the final standings then meeting in a final match to crown the champions.<br />
<br />
Amateur teams and 'B' sides from Europe were invited.<br />
<br />
==Matches==<br />
{{#invoke:sports table|main|style=WDL<br />
|res_col_header=Q<br />
|winpoints=2<br />
|show_positions=<br />
<br />
|team1=URU|name_URU={{fb|Uruguay}}<br />
|team2=CHN|name_CHN={{fb|CHN}}<br />
|team3=KOR|name_KOR={{fb|KOR}}<br />
|team4=ITA|name_ITA={{fbu|21|ITA|name=Italy Olympic}} <br />
|team5=IND|name_IND={{fb|IND}}<br />
|team6=YUG|name_YUG={{fb|Yugoslavia|name=Yugoslavia B}} <br />
|win_URU=3|draw_URU=2|loss_URU=0|gf_URU=9|ga_URU=5<br />
|win_CHN=2|draw_CHN=3|loss_CHN=0|gf_CHN=6|ga_CHN=2<br />
|win_KOR=1|draw_KOR=4|loss_KOR=0|gf_KOR=10|ga_KOR=8<br />
|win_ITA=2|draw_ITA=0|loss_ITA=3|gf_ITA=7|ga_ITA=9<br />
|win_IND=1|draw_IND=2|loss_IND=2|gf_IND=6|ga_IND=8<br />
|win_YUG=0|draw_YUG=1|loss_YUG=4|gf_YUG=3|ga_YUG=9<br />
<br />
|col_A=green1|text_A=<br />
|result1=A|result2=A<br />
|update=complete<br />
|source=[https://www.rsssf.org/tablesn/nehru82.html RSSSF] <br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{footballbox<br />
|date= 16 February 1982<br />
|time= <br />
|id = INDvCHN<br />
|team1= {{fb-rt|IND}}<br />
|score= 1–1<br />
|aet =<br />
|report=<br />
|team2= {{fb|CHN}}<br />
|goals1= [[Mihir Bose (footballer)|Bose]] {{goal|59}}<br />
|goals2= [[Zuo Shusheng]] {{goal|24}}<br />
|stadium= [[Eden Gardens]], [[Kolkata|Calcutta]]<br />
|attendance=<br />
|referee=}}<br />
----<br />
{{footballbox<br />
|date= 17 February 1982<br />
|time= <br />
|team1= {{fb-rt|Uruguay}}<br />
|score= 1–0<br />
|aet =<br />
|report= https://www.auf.org.uy/amistosouruguay-vs-yugoslavia1982-02-17/<br />
|team2= {{fb|Yugoslavia|name=Yugoslavia B}}<br />
|goals1= [[Enzo Francescoli|Francescoli]] {{goal|45}}<br />
|goals2=<br />
|stadium= [[Eden Gardens]], [[Kolkata|Calcutta]]<br />
|attendance=<br />
|referee=}}<br />
----<br />
{{footballbox<br />
|date= 18 February 1982<br />
|time= <br />
|team1= {{fb-rt|IND}}<br />
|score= 2–2<br />
|aet =<br />
|report=<br />
|team2= {{fb|KOR}}<br />
|goals1= [[Prasanta Banerjee|Banerjee]] {{goal}}<br>[[Manas Bhattacharya|Bhattacharya]] {{goal}}<br />
|goals2= [[Hwang Seok-keun]] {{goal}}<br> [[Chung Jong-soo]] {{goal}}<br />
|stadium= [[Eden Gardens]], [[Kolkata|Calcutta]]<br />
|attendance=<br />
|referee=}}<br />
----<br />
{{footballbox<br />
|date= 19 February 1982<br />
|time= <br />
|team1= {{fb-rt|CHN}}<br />
|score= 3–0<br />
|aet =<br />
|report=<br />
|team2= {{fb|Yugoslavia|name=Yugoslavia B}}<br />
|goals1=[[Lin Lefeng]] {{goal|63}} <br> [[Zuo Shusheng]] {{goal|74||87}}<br />
|goals2=<br />
|stadium= [[Eden Gardens]], [[Kolkata|Calcutta]]<br />
|attendance=<br />
|referee=}}<br />
----<br />
{{footballbox<br />
|date= 20 February 1982<br />
|time= <br />
|team1= {{fb-rt|Uruguay}}<br />
|score= 2–2<br />
|aet =<br />
|report= https://www.auf.org.uy/amistosocorea-del-sur-vs-uruguay1982-02-20/<br />
|team2= {{fb|KOR}}<br />
|goals1= [[Venancio Ramos|Ramos]] {{goal|48|pen.}}<br> [[Amaro Nadal|Nadal]] {{goal|65}}<br />
|goals2= [[Chung Hae-won]] {{goal|3}}<br> [[Chang Woe-ryong]] {{goal|15}}<br />
|stadium= [[Eden Gardens]], [[Kolkata|Calcutta]]<br />
|attendance=<br />
|referee=}}<br />
----<br />
{{footballbox<br />
|date= 21 February 1982<br />
|time= <br />
|team1= {{fb-rt|IND}}<br />
|score= 0–1<br />
|aet =<br />
|report=<br />
|team2= {{fbu|21|ITA|name=Italy Olympic}}<br />
|goals1=<br />
|goals2=<br />
|stadium= [[Eden Gardens]], [[Kolkata|Calcutta]]<br />
|attendance=<br />
|referee=}}<br />
----<br />
{{footballbox<br />
|date= 22 February 1982<br />
|time= <br />
|team1= {{fb-rt|CHN}}<br />
|score= 0–0<br />
|aet =<br />
|report= https://www.auf.org.uy/amistosouruguay-vs-china1982-02-22/<br />
|team2= {{fb|Uruguay}}<br />
|goals1=<br />
|goals2=<br />
|stadium= [[Eden Gardens]], [[Kolkata|Calcutta]]<br />
|attendance=<br />
|referee=}}<br />
----<br />
{{footballbox<br />
|date= 23 February 1982<br />
|time= <br />
|team1= {{fb-rt|KOR}}<br />
|score= 1–1<br />
|aet =<br />
|report=<br />
|team2= {{fb|Yugoslavia|name=Yugoslavia B}}<br />
|goals1=<br />
|goals2=<br />
|stadium= [[Eden Gardens]], [[Kolkata|Calcutta]]<br />
|attendance=<br />
|referee=}}<br />
----<br />
{{footballbox<br />
|date= 24 February 1982<br />
|time= <br />
|team1= {{fb-rt|CHN}}<br />
|score= 1–0<br />
|aet =<br />
|report=<br />
|team2= {{fbu|21|ITA|name=Italy Olympic}}<br />
|goals1= [[Chi Shangbin]] {{goal|68}}<br />
|goals2=<br />
|stadium= [[Eden Gardens]], [[Kolkata|Calcutta]]<br />
|attendance=<br />
|referee=}}<br />
----<br />
{{footballbox<br />
|date= 25 February 1982<br />
|time= <br />
|team1= {{fb-rt|IND}}<br />
|score= 1–3<br />
|aet =<br />
|report= https://www.auf.org.uy/amistosoindia-vs-uruguay1982-02-25/<br />
|team2= {{fb|Uruguay}}<br />
|goals1= [[Manas Bhattacharya|Bhattacharya]] {{goal|35}}<br />
|goals2= [[Jorge da Silva|da Silva]] {{goal|8||23}}<br> [[Mario Saralegui|Saralegui]] {{goal|70}}<br />
|stadium= [[Eden Gardens]], [[Kolkata|Calcutta]]<br />
|attendance=<br />
|referee=}}<br />
----<br />
{{footballbox<br />
|date= 26 February 1982<br />
|time= <br />
|team1= {{fb-rt|KOR}}<br />
|score= 4–2<br />
|aet =<br />
|report=<br />
|team2= {{fbu|21|ITA|name=Italy Olympic}}<br />
|goals1=<br />
|goals2=<br />
|stadium= [[Eden Gardens]], [[Kolkata|Calcutta]]<br />
|attendance=<br />
|referee=}}<br />
----<br />
{{footballbox<br />
|date= 27 February 1982<br />
|time= <br />
|team1= {{fb-rt|IND}}<br />
|score= 2–1<br />
|report=<br />
|team2= {{fb|Yugoslavia|name=Yugoslavia B}}<br />
|goals1=[[Monoranjan Bhattacharya]] {{goal}}<br>[[Manas Bhattacharya]] {{goal}}<br />
|goals2=<br />
|stadium= [[Eden Gardens]], [[Kolkata|Calcutta]]<br />
|attendance=<br />
|referee=}}<br />
----<br />
{{footballbox<br />
|date= 28 February 1982<br />
|time= <br />
|team1= {{fb-rt|Uruguay}}<br />
|score= 3–2<br />
|aet =<br />
|report= https://www.auf.org.uy/amistosoitalia-vs-uruguay1982-02-28/<br />
|team2= {{fbu|21|ITA|name=Italy Olympic}}<br />
|goals1= [[Venancio Ramos|Ramos]] {{goal|7}}<br> [[Enzo Francescoli|Francescoli]] {{goal|48}}<br> González {{goal|65}}<br />
|goals2= Lamberto Piovanelli {{goal|53}}<br> Romiti {{goal|75}}<br />
|stadium= [[Eden Gardens]], [[Kolkata|Calcutta]]<br />
|attendance=<br />
|referee=}}<br />
----<br />
{{footballbox<br />
|date= 1 March 1982<br />
|time= <br />
|team1= {{fb-rt|CHN}}<br />
|score= 1–1<br />
|aet =<br />
|report=<br />
|team2= {{fb|KOR}}<br />
|goals1= [[Shen Xiangfu]] {{goal|80}}<br />
|goals2= [[Lee Tae-ho]] {{goal}}<br />
|stadium= [[Eden Gardens]], [[Kolkata|Calcutta]]<br />
|attendance=<br />
|referee=}}<br />
----<br />
{{footballbox<br />
|date= 2 March 1982<br />
|time= <br />
|team1= {{fbu-rt|21|ITA|name=Italy Olympic}} <br />
|score= 2–1<br />
|aet =<br />
|report=<br />
|team2= {{fb|Yugoslavia|name=Yugoslavia B}}<br />
|goals1=<br />
|goals2=<br />
|stadium= [[Eden Gardens]], [[Kolkata|Calcutta]]<br />
|attendance=<br />
|referee=}}<br />
----<br />
<br />
===Final===<br />
{{footballbox<br />
|date= 3 March 1982<br />
|time= <br />
|team1= {{fb-rt|Uruguay}}<br />
|score= 2–0<br />
|aet =<br />
|report= https://www.auf.org.uy/amistosouruguay-vs-china1982-03-04/<br />
|team2= {{fb|CHN}}<br />
|goals1= [[Jorge da Silva|Da Silva]] {{goal|23}}<br> [[Amaro Nadal|Nadal]] {{goal|84}}<br />
|goals2=<br />
|stadium= [[Eden Gardens]], [[Kolkata|Calcutta]]<br />
|attendance=<br />
|referee=}}<br />
<br />
==Winners==<br />
{{winners|fb|1982 Nehru Cup champion|Uruguay|First}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [https://www.rsssf.org/tablesn/nehru82.html Details at rsssf.com]<br />
* [http://wiki.cfadata.com/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E7%94%B7%E5%AD%90%E8%B6%B3%E7%90%83%E9%98%9F%E6%AF%94%E8%B5%9B%EF%BC%881982%EF%BC%89 中国国家男子足球队比赛（1982）]<br />
<br />
{{Nehru Cup}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Nehru Cup}}<br />
[[Category:Nehru Cup|1982]]<br />
[[Category:1982 in Indian sport]]<br />
[[Category:1982 in Uruguayan football]]<br />
[[Category:1982 in Chinese football]]<br />
[[Category:1982 in South Korean football]]<br />
[[Category:1981–82 in Italian football]]<br />
[[Category:1981–82 in Yugoslav football]]<br />
[[Category:1981–82 in Indian football]]<br />
[[Category:1982 in Asian football]]</div>CatharineJorgenshttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telangana_Rashtra_Samithi&diff=455036Telangana Rashtra Samithi2025-06-12T05:29:18Z<p>CatharineJorgens: minor improve article as per guidelines</p>
<hr />
<div>#REDIRECT [[Bharat Rashtra Samithi]]<br />
<br />
{{Redirect category shell|<br />
{{R from move}}<br />
{{R from former name}}<br />
}}</div>CatharineJorgenshttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ghous_Ali_Shah&diff=471161Ghous Ali Shah2025-05-26T04:08:12Z<p>CatharineJorgens: minor update structure per standard format and added references to improve readability</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Pakistani politician}}<br />
<br />
{{Use Pakistani English|date=August 2019}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| office3 = [[Chief Minister of Sindh]]<ref>as Federal Minister for Sindh Affairs in 1999</ref><br />
| term_start4 = 6 April 1985<br />
| term_end4 = 6 April 1988<br />
| successor4 = [[Akhtar Ali Ghulam Kazi]]<br />
| preceded4 = [[Ghulam Mustafa Jatoi]]<br />
| name = Syed Ghous Ali Shah<br />
| image = <!-- Deleted image removed: [[File:GhousAliShah22.gif|thumb|right| Ghous Ali Shah]] --><br />
| caption = <br />
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1934|01|01|df=yes}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Khairpur, Pakistan|Khairpur]], [[Khairpur State]], [[British India]]<br />
| office2 = 18th [[Ministry of Defence (Pakistan)|Minister of Defence]]<br />
| term_start2 = 10 September 1991<br />
| term_end2 = 17 July 1993<br />
| predecessor = <br />
| death_date = <br />
| death_place = <br />
| other_names = <br />
| known_for = <br />
| occupation = <br />
| relatives = <br />
| spouse = <br />
| office1 = [[Ministry of Federal Education and Professional Training (Pakistan)|Minister of Education]]<br />
| term_start1 = 25 February 1997<br />
| term_end1 = 18 June 1999<br />
| office6 = Provincial Minister of Sindh for Education, Culture, Sports and Law <br />
| term_start6 = 1981<br />
| term_end6 = 1984<br />
| office5 = Provincial Minister of Sindh for Law, Local Bodies & Rural Development <br />
| term_start5 = 7 April 1984<br />
| term_end5 = 5 April 1985<br />
| office7 = [[Justice (title)|Justice]] of [[Sindh High Court]]<br />
| term_start7 = 18 July 1979<br />
| term_end7 = 5 April 1985<br />
| primeminister1 = [[Nawaz Sharif]]<br />
| primeminister2 = [[Nawaz Sharif]]<br />
| predecessor2 = [[Benazir Bhutto]]<br />
| successor2 = [[Aftab Shaban Mirani]]<br />
| predecessor1 = [[Abida Hussain]] (caretaker)<br />
}}<br />
[[Sayyid|Syed]] '''Ghous Ali Shah''' ([[Urdu]]: '''سید غوث علی شاہ'''; born 1 January 1934) is a [[Pakistani people|Pakistani]] [[politician]] and [[jurist]]. He was [[Chief Minister of Sindh]], [[Pakistan]] from 1985 to 1988.<ref name=pulse/><ref name=Dawn/><br />
<br />
He has also remained the [[Defence Minister of Pakistan]] from 1991 to 1993 and the Education Minister of Pakistan from 1997 to 1999. He has been elected the Member of [[National Assembly of Pakistan]] from his native [[Constituency NA-215]] [[Khairpur]] as a result of the [[2013 Pakistani general election]].<ref name=pulse/><ref name=Dawn1/><br />
<br />
==Education==<br />
Ghous Ali Shah was born in 1934.<ref name=Dawn1/> He received his secondary education in Naz High School, [[Khairpur, Pakistan|Khairpur]]. In the 1950s the School had qualified teachers from all over the country and was one of the most reputed institutions of [[Sindh]]. His name is engraved on a plaque and hung up on the "Distinguished Students" board. He graduated from the [[Sindh Muslim College]] of the [[University of Karachi]], Pakistan. He did his [[LLB]] from the [[Sindh Muslim Law College]] of the University of Karachi in 1957.<br />
<br />
==Career==<br />
Shah practiced [[law]] until 1979, becoming one of the best [[criminal law]] lawyers in the country. He was elected President of the District Bar Association [[Khairpur, Pakistan|Khairpur]] for record tenures of six years continuously. He was elected to the highest elected office of the Advocates of Pakistan as the Vice Chairman of the [[Pakistan Bar Council]] for two terms in 1975 and 1979, when he was elevated to the bench as [[Judge]] of the [[Sindh High Court]] at [[Karachi]].<ref name=pulse/><ref name=Dawn1/><br />
<br />
From 1981 to 1984 he was the provincial [[Minister (government)|Minister]] for [[Education]], [[Culture]], [[Sports]] and [[Law]], [[Government of Sindh]]. Then he was Minister for [[Law]], Local Bodies and [[Rural Development]] from 1984 to 1985. He retired from the [[Sindh High Court]] & re-entered politics. He was elected as member of the [[Provincial Assembly of Sindh]] and became leader of the house and [[Chief Minister of Sindh]], Pakistan, from 1985 to 1988.<ref name=Dawn1/><br />
<br />
During this period, he helped raise the status of the university for [[Shah Abdul Latif Bhitai University]] in [[Khairpur, Pakistan|Khairpur]] [[Sindh]] which was previously a sub-campus of the [[University of Sindh]]. This provided a lot of employment opportunities and he succeeded in providing a network of roads in the Province as well in his electoral area [[Khairpur, Pakistan|Khairpur]].<br />
<br />
He was elected to the Parliament [[National Assembly of Pakistan]] in 1991 and became [[Defence Minister of Pakistan]] until 1993. He was again elected to the [[Provincial Assembly of Sindh]] as well as [[National Assembly of Pakistan]] in 1997 winning both the seats of the two houses. He resigned his Provincial Assembly seat and became the [[Minister for Education (Pakistan)]] until 1999. He was appointed Advisor to the Prime Minister of Pakistan for affairs of the province of Sindh with powers of the [[Chief Minister]] and Status of a Federal Minister in June 1999. He continued in this position until October 1999 when General [[Pervez Musharraf]] took over in the [[1999 Pakistani coup d'état]] on 12 October 1999, overthrowing the constitutionally elected government.<ref name=Dawn1/><br />
<br />
Syed Ghous Ali Shah is the Provincial head of the [[PML-N]] Sindh and has been elected for another 3-year term from 2006 to 2009 as Party President of the Sindh Province. He has been elected in this position on numerous occasions since 1986.<ref name=pulse/><ref name=Dawn1/><br />
<br />
It has been reported that Syed Ghous Ali Shah was one of the candidates considered by [[Pakistan Muslim League (N)]] for the position of [[President of Pakistan]] after the resignation of [[Pervez Musharraf]] in 2008.<ref name=Dawn1>{{cite web|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1024452 |title=Syed Ghous Ali Shah (profile)|author=Imran Kazmi|newspaper=Dawn (newspaper)|date=28 April 2013|accessdate=19 August 2019}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2011, Ghous Ali Shah was living in Karachi and working with the PML (N) members to improve the party's condition in [[Sindh]], while also touring the province heavily to see where he can build up the same power he had back in 1997 when the [[Pakistan Muslim League (N)|PMLN]] had formed the provincial government.<br />
<br />
==Scouting==<br />
In 1993, he was awarded the ''[[Bronze Wolf]]'', the highest distinction of the [[World Organization of the Scout Movement]], by the World Scout Committee for exceptional services to world [[Scouting]].<br />
<br />
From 1988 to 1994 and 1998 to 2000, he was Chief Commissioner of the [[Pakistan Boy Scouts Association]].<br />
<br />
In 1992 he was elected as a member of the [[Asia-Pacific Scout Region]] committee until 1998.<br />
<br />
He was also awarded the highest Scouting award, the Silver Tiger Award of Bangladesh Scouts, given to any world personality from [[Bangladesh]] in 1994. He was also awarded the highest Scouting award, the Silver Elephant of [[The Bharat Scouts and Guides]] of [[India]], in 1998.<br />
<br />
==Awards and recognition==<br />
In 1987, he wrote the 'Iqbal: Meeting Point of the East & West' lecture on [[Allama Iqbal]] which he delivered at the [[University of Heidelberg]], Germany. He had received the '''Allama Iqbal Centenary Gold Medal''' for his works and articles about Allama Iqbal in 1979.<br />
<br />
==Personal life==<br />
Syed Ghous Ali Shah went to [[London]] in October 2001 for medical treatment. He returned to Pakistan on 17 August 2008.<ref name=pulse>{{Cite web |url=http://www.onlinenews.com.pk/details.php?id=131972 |title=Ghous Ali Shah returns to homeland (Pakistan)|access-date=19 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928011111/http://www.onlinenews.com.pk/details.php?id=131972 |date=28 September 2011|archive-date=28 September 2011|url-status=dead }}</ref> His wife had died in 2007.<ref name=Dawn>[https://www.dawn.com/news/226833 SUKKUR: Wife of Ghous Ali Shah dies] Dawn (newspaper), Published 8 January 2007, Retrieved 19 August 2019</ref><br />
<br />
Syed Ghous Ali Shah has six children: Shabbir Hyder Shah, Ali Hyder Shah, Amir Hyder Shah (Late) & Syed Mohammad Safdar Hyder Shah alias Farhan Shah. He also has 2 married daughters.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Portal|Scouting}}<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{S-start}}<br />
{{S-off}}<br />
{{Succession box|title=[[Chief Minister of Sindh]]|<br />
years=1985–1988|<br />
before=[[Ghulam Mustafa Jatoi]]|<br />
after=Akhtar Ali Kazi}}<br />
|-<br />
{{Succession box|title=[[Defence Minister of Pakistan]]|<br />
years=1991–1993|<br />
before=[[Benazir Bhutto]]|<br />
after=[[Aftab Shaban Mirani]]}}<br />
{{S-end}}<br />
<br />
{{Chief Minister of Sindh}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Shah, Ghous Ali}}<br />
[[Category:1934 births]]<br />
[[Category:Sindhi politicians]]<br />
[[Category:Pakistan Muslim League (N) politicians]]<br />
[[Category:Scouting and Guiding in Pakistan]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Sindh Muslim Law College alumni]]<br />
[[Category:Recipients of the Bronze Wolf Award]]<br />
[[Category:Sindh MPAs 1985–1988]]<br />
[[Category:Ministers of defence of Pakistan]]</div>CatharineJorgenshttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lakshmipuram,_Chennai&diff=447608Lakshmipuram, Chennai2025-04-10T05:28:46Z<p>CatharineJorgens: updated</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Lakshmipuram<br />
| native_name = <br />
| native_name_lang = ta<br />
| other_name =<br />
| settlement_type = Neighbourhood<br />
| image_skyline = <br />
| image_alt = <br />
| image_caption = <br />
| nickname = <br />
| image_map = <br />
| map_alt = <br />
| map_caption = <br />
| pushpin_map = India Chennai#Tamil Nadu#India<br />
| pushpin_label_position = right<br />
| pushpin_map_alt = <br />
| pushpin_map_caption = Lakshmipuram (Chennai) <br />
| coordinates = {{coord|13|08|10.0|N|80|12|01.8|E|display=inline,title}}<br />
| subdivision_type = [[Country]]<br />
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[File:TamilNadu Logo.svg|23x16px|border|link=|alt=|Tamil Nadu]][[Tamil Nadu]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[Chennai district|Chennai]]<br />
| subdivision_type3 = Metro<br />
| subdivision_name3 = Chennai<br />
| established_title = <!-- Established --><br />
| established_date = <br />
| founder = <br />
| named_for = <br />
| government_type = <br />
| governing_body = <br />
| unit_pref = Metric<br />
| area_footnotes = <br />
| area_rank = <br />
| area_total_km2 = <br />
| elevation_footnotes = <br />
| elevation_m = 34<br />
| population_total = <br />
| population_as_of = <br />
| population_rank = <br />
| population_density_km2 = auto<br />
| population_demonym = <br />
| population_footnotes = <br />
| demographics_type1 = [[Language]]s<br />
| demographics1_title1 = Official<br />
| demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]<br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset1 = +5:30<br />
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br />
| postal_code = 600099<br />
| area_code_type = Telephone code<br />
| area_code = 044<br />
| registration_plate = <br />
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Urban planning|Planning]] agency<br />
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority|CMDA]]<br />
| blank2_name_sec1 = City<br />
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Chennai]]<br />
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency<br />
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Tiruvallur Lok Sabha constituency|Tiruvallur]]<br />
| blank4_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency<br />
| blank4_info_sec1 = [[Madhavaram (state assembly constituency)|Madhavaram]]<br />
| blank5_name_sec1 = Civic agency<br />
| blank5_info_sec1 = [[Greater Chennai Corporation]]<br />
| website = <br />
| footnotes = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Lakshmipuram''' is mainly a residential locality in the northern part of the metropolitan city of [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]] state, [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lakshmipuram Village Population - Tiruchendur - Thoothukkudi, Tamil Nadu |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/642583-lakshmipuram-tamil-nadu.html |access-date=2025-04-08 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Location==<br />
Lakshmipuram is located near [[Retteri]] junction, [[Kolathur, Chennai]].<br />
*There is a vegetable market and also a fish market is available near [[Retteri]] junction.<br />
<br />
==Neighborhoods==<br />
*[[Vinayagapuram]]<br />
*[[Surapet]]<br />
*[[Puthagaram]]<br />
*[[Senthil Nagar]]<br />
*[[Kolathur, Chennai|Kolathur]]<br />
*[[Puzhal]]<br />
*[[Kathirvedu]]<br />
==Sub-neighborhoods==<br />
*[[Kalpalayam]]<br />
*[[Thirumaal Nagar]]<br />
*[[Padmaavathi Nagar]]<br />
*[[Saarathy Nagar]]<br />
*[[Singaaravelavan Nagar]]<br />
*[[Saptagiri Nagar]]<br />
*[[Sakthi Nagar]]<br />
*[[Venkateshwaraa Nagar]]<br />
<br />
==Hospitals==<br />
*Sri Kumaran Hospital<br />
*Maya Nursing Home<br />
<br />
==Surroundings==<br />
<br />
{{Geographic Location<br />
|title = '''''Directions From Lakshmipuram'''''<br />
|Northwest = [[Surapet]]<br />
|North = [[Vinayagapuram]]<br />
|Northeast = [[Madhavaram, Chennai|Madhavaram]]<br />
|West = [[Puthagaram, Chennai|Puthagaram]]<br />
|Centre = Lakshmipuram<br />
|East = [[Kolathur, Chennai|Kolathur]]<br />
|Southwest = [[Korattur]]<br />
|South = [[Kolathur, Chennai|Kolathur]]<br />
|Southeast = [[Kolathur, Chennai|Kolathur]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Chennai Topics}}<br />
{{Neighbourhoods of Chennai}}<br />
<br />
{{Chennai district}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Chennai]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{Chennai-geo-stub}}</div>CatharineJorgenshttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dhundhara&diff=496957Dhundhara2025-04-06T13:13:44Z<p>CatharineJorgens: adding new info</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Multiple issues|{{original research|date=June 2021}}<br />
{{Orphan|date=June 2021}}}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Dhundara<br />
| other_name = Dhundhada<br />
| settlement_type = [[Village]]<br />
| image_skyline = <br />
| image_alt = <br />
| image_caption = <br />
| pushpin_map = India Rajasthan#India<br />
| pushpin_label_position = right<br />
| pushpin_map_alt = <br />
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Rajasthan, India<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|26.71|N|72.92|E|display=inline,title}}<br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_name = India<br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[Rajasthan]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts in India|District]]<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[Jodhpur district]]<br />
| established_title = <!-- Established --><br />
| established_date = <br />
| government_type = Democratic<br />
| governing_body = <br />
| unit_pref = Metric<br />
| area_footnotes = <br />
| area_rank = <br />
| area_total_km2 = <br />
| elevation_footnotes = <br />
| elevation_m = 182<br />
| population_total = 6019<br />
| population_as_of = 2011<br />
| population_rank = #5<br />
| population_density_km2 = auto<br />
| population_demonym = <br />
| population_footnotes = <br />
| demographics_type1 = Languages<br />
| demographics1_title1 = Official<br />
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]], [[Marwari language|Marwadi]]<br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset1 = +5:30<br />
| postal_code_type = <!-- [[342303]] --><br />
| postal_code = <br />
| registration_plate = <br />
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city<br />
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Samdari]], [[Jodhpur]]<br />
| website = <br />
| footnotes = <br />
| official_name = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Dhundhara''' is a village located in the [[Jodhpur district]] of [[Rajasthan]] in northern India.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dhundhara Village {{!}} Map of Dhundhara Village in Luni Tehsil, Jodhpur of Rajasthan|url=https://www.mapsofindia.com/villages/rajasthan/jodhpur/luni/dhundhara.html|access-date=2021-06-27|website=www.mapsofindia.com}}</ref> It is {{cvt|25|km}} from sub-district headquarters [[Luni, Rajasthan]], and {{cvt|65|km}} from district headquarters [[Jodhpur]]. According to the 2011 [[Census of India]], Dhundhara is a [[Gram Panchayat]]. It is at the lowest level of [[Panchayati raj|Panchayat Raj institutions]] (PRIs).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Map of Dhundhara Village in Luni Tehsil, Jodhpur, Rajasthan|url=https://www.mapsofindia.com/villages/rajasthan/jodhpur/luni/dhundhara.html|access-date=2021-06-06|website=www.mapsofindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Dhundhara · Rajasthan, India|url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/Dhundhara,+Rajasthan,+India/data=!4m2!3m1!1s0x394233d3aa0bbaf7:0x2978e005320d04dd?sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjg1v2ezYLxAhXYILcAHY5ZBeAQ8gEwdHoECG0QAQ|access-date=2021-06-06|website=Dhundhara · Rajasthan, India|language=en-AU}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=इस गांव के बच्चों पर पढ़ाई से भारी है पानी की चिंता, भीषण पेयजल संकट में प्यासे मर रहे हैं पशु|url=https://www.patrika.com/jodhpur-news/water-scarcity-in-dhundhara-area-of-jodhpur-3645301/|access-date=2021-06-06|website=Patrika News|date=30 October 2018 |language=hindi}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Demographics==<br />
<br />
According to the 2011 census, the population is 6019, with 1026 households. Women account for 47.9% of the population. The overall literacy rate is 56.4%, with literacy among women at 20.6%.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Rajasthan Census 2011 Village wise-Population Above 3000|url=http://rdprd.gov.in/PDF/All%20District%20Smart%20Village%20List.pdf|journal=Rural Development Department, Gov. Of Rajasthan|pages=54|access-date=23 June 2021|archive-date=20 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180920175811/http://rdprd.gov.in/PDF/All%20District%20Smart%20Village%20List.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Transport ==<br />
<br />
The nearest access to rail transport from the region is from the Dundara and Miyan Ka Bara Halt railway stations. Until 2007, these were connected via a [[break of gauge]] junction station to the [[broad gauge]] lines going to [[Barmer district|Barmer]] and [[Jodhpur]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dundara Railway Station Map|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/dundara-dor/4555|url-status=live|website=India Rail Info.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130603165724/http://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/dundara-dor/4555 |archive-date=3 June 2013 }}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
*<br />
{{Jodhpur district}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Villages in Jodhpur district]]<br />
<br />
{{Jodhpurdivision-geo-stub}}</div>CatharineJorgenshttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=South_Eastern_Railway_Colony&diff=456904South Eastern Railway Colony2024-12-31T07:20:29Z<p>CatharineJorgens: fixed issues</p>
<hr />
<div>{{use Indian English|date=January 2018}}<br />
{{use dmy dates|date=January 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
<!--See Template:Infobox Settlement for additional fields that may be available--><br />
<!--See the Table at Infobox Settlement for all fields and descriptions of usage--> <br />
<!-- Basic info ----------------><br />
|name = South Eastern Railway Colony <!-- at least one of the first two fields must be filled in --><br />
|official_name = <br />
|other_name = BNR Colony<br />
|native_name = BNR <!-- if different from the English name --><br />
|nickname = <br />
|settlement_type = Neighbourhood in Kolkata (Calcutta) <!-- e.g. Town, Village, City, etc.--><br />
|total_type = <!-- to set a non-standard label for total area and population rows --><br />
|motto =<br />
<!-- images and maps -----------><br />
|image_skyline = BNR Office, Garden Reach.jpg<br />
|imagesize = <br />
|image_caption = Headquarter of the South Eastern Railway<br />
|image_flag = <br />
|flag_size =<br />
|image_seal = <br />
|seal_size =<br />
|image_shield = <br />
|shield_size =<br />
|image_blank_emblem =<br />
|blank_emblem_type =<br />
|blank_emblem_size =<br />
|image_map =<br />
|mapsize =<br />
|map_caption = <br />
|image_map1 = <br />
|mapsize1 = <br />
|map_caption1 = <br />
|image_dot_map =<br />
|dot_mapsize =<br />
|dot_map_caption =<br />
|dot_x = |dot_y =<br />
|pushpin_map = India Kolkata<br />
|pushpin_label_position = <!-- the position of the pushpin label: left, right, top, bottom, none --><br />
|pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kolkata <br />
|pushpin_mapsize =<br />
<!-- Location ------------------><br />
|subdivision_type = Country<br />
|subdivision_name = {{IND}}<br />
|subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]] <br />
|subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]<br />
|subdivision_type2 = City<br />
|subdivision_name2 = [[Kolkata]]<br />
|subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of West Bengal|District]]<br />
|subdivision_name3 = [[Kolkata district|Kolkata]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/westbengal/kolkata-city-map.htm|title=Map of Kolkata (Calcutta)}}</ref><br />
|subdivision_type4 = Parliamentary constituency <br />
|subdivision_name4 = [[Kolkata Dakshin (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kolkata Dakshin]] <br />
|subdivision_type5 = Assembly constituency <br />
|subdivision_name5 = [[Kolkata Port (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kolkata Port]]<br />
<!-- Smaller parts (e.g. boroughs of a city) and seat of government --><br />
|seat_type = [[Municipal Corporation]]<br />
|seat = [[Kolkata Municipal Corporation]]<br />
|parts_type = [[Kolkata Municipal Corporation|KMC]] ward<br />
|parts_style = <!-- =list (for list), coll (for collapsed list), para (for paragraph format)<br />
Default is list if up to 5 items, coll if more than 5--><br />
|parts = [[Ward No. 80, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|80]]<!-- parts text, or header for parts list --><br />
|p1 =<br />
|p2 = <!-- etc. up to p50: for separate parts to be listed--> <br />
<!-- Politics -----------------><br />
|government_footnotes =<br />
|government_type =<br />
|leader_title = <br />
|leader_name = <br />
|leader_title1 = <!-- for places with, say, both a mayor and a city manager --><br />
|leader_name1 =<br />
|established_title = <!-- Settled --><br />
|established_date = <br />
<!-- Area ---------------------><br />
|area_magnitude = <br />
|unit_pref =Imperial<!--Enter: Imperial, to display imperial before metric--><br />
|area_footnotes =<br />
|area_total_km2 = <!-- ALL fields with measurements are subject to automatic unit conversion--><br />
|area_land_km2 = <!--See table @ Template:Infobox Settlement for details on unit conversion--><br />
|area_water_km2 =<br />
|area_total_sq_mi =<br />
|area_land_sq_mi =<br />
|area_water_sq_mi =<br />
|area_water_percent =<br />
<!-- Elevation --------------------------><br />
|elevation_footnotes = <!--for references: use<ref> </ref> tags--><br />
|elevation_m = <br />
|elevation_ft =<!--From Google Earth--><br />
|elevation_max_m = <br />
|elevation_max_ft =<br />
|elevation_min_m = <br />
|elevation_min_ft =<br />
<!-- Population -----------------------><br />
|population_as_of =<br />
|population_footnotes =<br />
|population_note =<br />
|population_total =<br />
|population_density_km2 = <!--For automatic calculation, any density field may contain: auto --><br />
|population_density_sq_mi =<br />
<!-- General information ---------------><br />
|timezone = IST<br />
|utc_offset = +5:30<br />
|timezone_DST = <br />
|utc_offset_DST = <br />
|coordinates = {{coord|22|32|36|N|88|18|34|E}}<br />
|postal_code_type = PIN<!-- enter ZIP code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... --><br />
|postal_code = 700043<br />
|area_code = +91 33<br />
|website = <br />
|footnotes = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''South Eastern Railway Colony''' (also known as '''BNR Colony''') popularly known as '''BNR''', is a locality in the [[Garden Reach]] neighbourhood<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gardenreach.kvs.ac.in/|title=Kendriya Vidyalaya Garden Reach|access-date=15 November 2024}}</ref> of [[Kolkata]], the capital of the Indian state of [[West Bengal]].<br />
<br />
==Geography==<br />
===Location===<br />
{{OSM Location map <!--There are only two essential parameters: --><br />
| coord = {{coord|22.5379|88.3109}} <!--lat and long coordinates for middle of the map --><br />
| zoom = 14 <!--zoom 0=whole world, 18=a street.--><br />
| label = BNR <br />
| mark-coord = {{coord|22.5379|88.3109}}<br />
| label-pos = right<br />
| float = right<br />
}}<br />
==Transport==<br />
Garden Reach Road passes through BNR Colony. The road is connected to Karl Marx Sarani via Dumayne Avenue and Ram Surat Singh Road.<ref>Google maps</ref><br />
===Private Bus===<br />
* 1 [[Garden Reach|Ramnagar]] - [[Mukundapur, Kolkata|Mukundapur]]<br />
* 12 [[Rajabagan]] - [[Esplanade, Kolkata|Esplanade]]/[[Rajabazar, Kolkata|Rajabazar]]<br />
* 12A [[Rajabagan]] - [[Howrah Station]]<br />
* 12C Pailan - [[Howrah Station]]<br />
* 227 BNR Colony - [[Bangur Avenue]]<br />
<br />
===Train===<br />
[[Khiddirpur railway station]] on the [[Kolkata Circular Railway]] line is the nearest railway station.<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
{{Kolkata neighbourhoods}}<br />
<br />
* [[Garden Reach]]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Kolkata]]<br />
[[Category:Railway Colonies in India]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* [http://grse.nic.in Garden Reach Shipbuilders and Engineers]</div>CatharineJorgenshttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tariqilabeo_wattanah&diff=539732Tariqilabeo wattanah2024-12-30T17:20:54Z<p>CatharineJorgens: starting new post w/ refs</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Species of fish}}<br />
{{Speciesbox<br />
| taxon = Tariqilabeo wattanah<br />
| authority = ([[William Henry Sykes|Sykes]], 1839<ref name = "Cof genus">{{Cof genus|genus=Tariqilabeo|access-date=30 December 2024}}</ref><br />
| synonyms = {{Specieslist<br />
| Chondrostoma wattanah | Sykes, 1839<br />
| Gonorhynchus wattanah | (Sykes 1839)<br />
}}<br />
| synonyms_ref = <ref name = "Cof genus"/><br />
}}<br />
'''''Tariqilabeo wattanah''''', the '''Deccan latia''',<ref name = Fishbase>{{FishBase|tariqilabeo|wattanah|month=October|year=2024}}</ref> is a species of freshwater [[Actinopterygii|ray-finned fish]] belonging to the [[Family (biology)|family]] [[Cyprinidae]], the family which also includes the carps, barbs, minnows and related fishes. This fish is [[Endemism|endemic]] to India, where it occurs in the [[Bhima River|Bhima]] and [[Godavari River]]s.<ref name = "Cof genus"/><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Taxonbar|from=Q106388575}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Tariqilabeo|wattanah]]<br />
[[Category:Taxa named by William Henry Sykes]]<br />
[[Category:Fish described in 1839]]<br />
[[Category:Endemic fauna of India]]</div>CatharineJorgenshttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bodyguard_Muniswaran_Temple&diff=492089Bodyguard Muniswaran Temple2024-10-31T22:12:55Z<p>CatharineJorgens: adding new place</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox temple<br />
| name = Bodyguard Muniswaran Temple<br />
| image = <br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = <br />
| map_type = <br />
| map_caption =<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|13.0769|80.2758|type:landmark_region:IN-TN|display=inline,title}}<br />
| country = [[India]]<br />
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]<br />
| district = [[Chennai]]<br />
| location = [[Chennai]]<br />
| elevation_m = <br />
| deity = [[Muneeswarar|Lord Muneeswarar]] <br />
| architecture = <br />
| creator = <br />
| website = <br />
}}<br />
'''Bodyguard Muniswaran Temple''' is a temple dedicated to [[Muneeswarar|Lord Muneeswarar]]. This is a small temple situated in the main area of [[Chennai Metropolitan Area]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.google.co.in/maps/place/Bodyguard+Muniswaran+Temple/@13.0768726,80.2758202,133m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m5!3m4!1s0x3a526601f75ad67f:0xa46a87539fb3552c!8m2!3d13.0769523!4d80.2759939|title=Google Maps|website=Google Maps|accessdate=1 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/society/The-gods-of-small-things/article14513232.ece|title=The gods of small things|last=Ramanujan|first=Srinivasa|date=2016-07-28|work=The Hindu|access-date=2017-12-31|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> This temple is located just about one and half kilometres away from the [[Chennai Central railway station|Central Railway Station]].<br />
[[File:Muneeswaran.jpg|thumb|Muneeswarar, Munīshwaran, Munīshwaran முனீஸ்வரன்]]<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
In 1919 CE, labourers from [[North Arcot|North Arcot district]] brought the idol of [[Muneeswarar|Lord Muneeswarar]] to Madras city (present Chennai).<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://chennaionline.com/Religion/Temples/20141319061322/Body-guard-Muneeswaran-temple.col |title=Body guard Muneeswaran temple |access-date=12 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170413071231/http://chennaionline.com/Religion/Temples/20141319061322/Body-guard-Muneeswaran-temple.col |archive-date=13 April 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref> They placed it under a neem tree adjoining the military barracks of the Britishers. One of the British Commanders showed his objection. The same day he met with an accident. He started believing that the idol has some powers so he let it be there. From the day many devotees around Chennai worship this Lord and constructed a temple around the idol. They believe that the main deity of the temple Lord Muneeswarar will save them from accidents. So the deity got the name of Bodyguard Muneeswarar. This temple is now visited by thousands of devotees each day.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiancolumbus.blogspot.com//2010/01/body-guard-is-god-here-body-guard.html|title=Indian Columbus|website=Indiancolumbus.blogspot.com|accessdate=1 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://theculturetrip.com/asia/india/articles/the-most-unusual-places-to-visit-in-chennai-india/|title=The Most Unusual Places to Visit in Chennai, India|last=Venkatraman|first=Arun|work=Culture Trip|access-date=2017-12-31}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Hindu temples in Chennai]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{TamilNadu-hindu-temple-stub}}</div>CatharineJorgenshttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Murung_Festival&diff=519231Murung Festival2024-08-12T04:53:36Z<p>CatharineJorgens: created data!</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Festival celebrated by the Apantis of Lower Subansiri, Arunachal Pradesh, India}}<br />
{{Refimprove|date=March 2007}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}<br />
<br />
'''Murung'''<ref>[http://arunachalipr.gov.in/StateFestival_Murung.htm Arunachalipr]</ref> is the Festival of Prosperity, celebrated by the [[Apatani people|Apatani]]s of [[Lower Subansiri]] district in [[Arunachal Pradesh]], [[India]]. Though an individual festival, whole villages and indeed the whole of the Apatani people get involved in the festival.<ref>[http://www.arunachaldiary.com/2009/01/slideshow-of-penii-procession-of.html Arunachal Diary]</ref> It is celebrated in the Month of January or ''Murung piilo''. Besides it the Apatanis also celebrate Myoko in the month of march and the [[Dree Festival]] from 4 to 7 July every year.<br />
<br />
==Preparation==<br />
Pahin Konin (egg-examination) by a priest is the first step to performing of Muruing. It is followed by preparation of a special dish, known as Kaji, which is offered to the patient and relatives. If the patient recovers after it, Murung is performed; otherwise it is ignored.<br />
By the onset of winter relatives and neighbours collect firewood. materials including leaves and canes and bamboo are Collected a few days before beginning of main event. Mithuns and cows are tethered at house yard.<br />
The next step is selection of sacrificial animals after examination of chicken liver by the priest one day before the festival. It is followed by preparation of Subu-sa (cane rope) on the eve of the festival. Firewood stocked and dried in fields is shifted to the house. Soon after, rice beer prepared by clan-members is brought to Lapang is served to guests. During the day relatives and neighbours visit the family on the day. The priest chants narratives and prays for success of the festival. He also performs omen to decide persons to sacrifice animals in the festival.<br />
<br />
==Preparatory events==<br />
# Pahin Khonii<br />
# Kaji Diiho Nii<br />
# Yassang Panii<br />
# Yanii-Yasso Lanii<br />
#Subu-Sii Bokhung Nii<br />
#Anii Khonii<br />
#Sha Khiinii<br />
#Yasang Banii<br />
#Lapang O’ Miinii<br />
#Yatang Hunii<br />
#Lapang O’ Tanii<br />
#Atting-Allang Khonii.<br />
<br />
==Main events of Murung==<br />
1) Talinii/Subu Hinii, 2) Embin Siiding Harnii, 3) Siikha Ranii/Yugyang Tanii, 4)Mida Inii, 5) Supung Nii, 6) Pachu Kohnii, 7) Subu-Sii Paniing, 8) Pukung Nii, 9) Embin Yakhang Binii, 10) Yorda Ayu Nii, 11) IIro O’<br />
Khiinii, 12) Lemba Ronii (Rugu Nii), 13) Pukun Apin Honii, 14) Alyi Pachu Konii, 15) Dokho Ranii, 16) Dulu Panii, 17) Pingko Yo Khenii, 18) Penii Inii (Pelin Nii or Liling Nii), 19) Koter Chinii, 20) Dulu IIsan Lyoka siinii, 21) Dulu Koda Giinii, 22) Penii Inii Aping og Dulu Aping, 23) Nembu Anii (Hiirii Khanii), 24) Siibo Pahinii, 25) Tamu Lanii, 26) Ereh Pukung Nii, 27) Ude Tinii, 28) Nyibu Punii, 29) Konchi Aji Eya Nii, 30) More Bije Eya, 31) Allo Aji Eya Nii, 32) Empi Konii<br />
Early in the morning all animals are brought to Lapang where the priest chants prayer before sacrifice. Relatives attend the sacrificial ritual conducted at Lapang. Men decorate the animals with bamboo shaving materials and rice paste and rice beer. Assisted by a few helpers, chickens numbering same of mithuns are also sacrificed with chanting of narratives.<br />
<br />
On the second day relatives and neighbours contribute rice, cash, meat, millet among other items while the hosts entertain them with meat and drinks.<ref>[http://www.india9.com/i9show/Murung-42326.htm India 9]</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[http://arunachalipr.gov.in/StateFestival_Murung.htm Arunachalipr]<br />
*[http://www.arunachaldiary.com/2009/01/slideshow-of-penii-procession-of.html Arunachal Diary]<br />
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110604022143/http://www.mapsofindia.com/arunachal-pradesh/society/murung.html Maps of India]<br />
*[http://www.arunachaldiary.com/2007/01/murung-festival-penii-through-my-camera.html Arunachal Diary]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Festivals in Arunachal Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Lower Subansiri district]]</div>CatharineJorgenshttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kathlapur_mandal&diff=508933Kathlapur mandal2024-06-25T13:51:21Z<p>CatharineJorgens: starting new article.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Kathlapur<br />
| native_name = <br />
| native_name_lang = <br />
| other_name = <br />
| nickname = <br />
| settlement_type = [[Mandal]]<br />
| image_skyline = <br />
| image_alt = <br />
| image_caption = <br />
| pushpin_map = India Telangana#India<br />
| pushpin_label_position = right<br />
| pushpin_map_alt = <br />
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Telangana, India<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|18|44|50|N|78|41|5|E|display=inline,title}}<br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[Telangana]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[Jagtial district|Jagtial]]<br />
| established_title = <!-- Established --><br />
| established_date = <br />
| founder = <br />
| named_for = <br />
| parts_type = [[Taluka]]s<br />
| parts = Kathlapur<br />
| government_type = <br />
| governing_body = <br />
| unit_pref = Metric<br />
| area_footnotes = <br />
| area_rank = <br />
| area_total_km2 = <br />
| elevation_footnotes = <br />
| elevation_m = <br />
| population_total = <br />
| population_as_of = <br />
| population_rank = <br />
| population_density_km2 = auto<br />
| population_demonym = <br />
| population_footnotes = <br />
| demographics_type1 = Languages<br />
| demographics1_title1 = Official<br />
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]<br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset1 = +5:30<br />
| postal_code_type = <!-- [[Postal Index Number|PIN]] --><br />
| postal_code = 505462<br />
| registration_plate =TS 21<br />
| website = {{URL|telangana.gov.in}} <br />
| footnotes = <br />
}}<br />
'''Kathlapur''' is a [[mandal]] in [[Jagtial district]] in the state of [[Telangana]] in [[India]].<ref name="Formation/Reorganization of District, Revenue Divisions and Mandals in Jagitial District">{{cite web |url= http://jagtial.telangana.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/226.Jagityal-.226.pdf |title= District Administration – Formation/Reorganization of District, Revenue Divisions and Mandals in Jagitial District – Final Notification - Orders – Issued |website= Jagtial District |accessdate= 25 July 2017}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Panchayats==<br />
The following is the list of [[Panchayati raj in India|village panchayat]]s in Kathlapur mandal"<ref name="Formation/Reorganization of District, Revenue Divisions and Mandals in Jagitial District" /><br />
# Bommena<br />
# Bhushanraopet<br />
# Ambaripet<br />
# Chinta Kunta<br />
# Duluru<br />
# Dumpet<br />
# Gambeerpur<br />
# Ippapally<br />
# Kalikota<br />
# Kathlapoor<br />
# Ottapally<br />
# Peggarla<br />
# Posanipet<br />
# Potharam<br />
# Sirkonda<br />
# Thakkalapally<br />
# Thandrial<br />
# Thurthy<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Jagtial district}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Villages in Jagtial district]]<br />
[[Category:Mandals in Jagtial district]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{Telangana-geo-stub}}</div>CatharineJorgenshttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Schizomus_kharagpurensis&diff=533773Schizomus kharagpurensis2024-03-24T23:38:05Z<p>CatharineJorgens: starting first data initial version</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Species of whipscorpion}}<br />
{{Speciesbox<br />
| genus = Schizomus<br />
| species = kharagpurensis<br />
| authority = [[F. H. Gravely|Gravely]], 1912<br />
}}<br />
'''''Schizomus kharagpurensis''''' is a species of short-tailed whipscorpions of the genus ''[[Schizomus]]'' that belong to the family [[Hubbardiidae]] of [[Arachnid|Arachnids]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=WAC - Schizomida |url=https://wac.nmbe.ch/order/schizomida/species/684 |access-date=2022-06-08 |website=wac.nmbe.ch}}</ref> It is found in India and is named after the city of [[Kharagpur]], [[West Bengal]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://wac.nmbe.ch/order/schizomida/speciesdata/5651 |title=Schizomus kharagpurensis Gravely, 1912 |access-date= 9 June 2022}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
<br />
{{Taxonbar|from=Q10663442}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Schizomus|kharagpurensis]]<br />
[[Category:Animals described in 1912]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{Arachnid-stub}}</div>CatharineJorgenshttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ninabali&diff=522077Ninabali2024-02-23T08:39:34Z<p>CatharineJorgens: started a biography v1</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian folk dance}}<br />
{{Infobox dance<br />
|name=Ninabali<br />
|image=<br />
|alt=<br />
|caption=<br />
|native_name= നിണബലി (Malayalam)<br />
|etymology=<br />
|genre= Ritual<br />
|signature=<br />
|instruments=[[Chenda]], [[Elathalam]]<br />
|inventor=<br />
|year=<br />
|origin=[[Kerala]], India<br />
}}<br />
'''Ninabali''' is a ritualistic performing art form popular in [[Kannur district|Kannur]], [[Kozhikode district|Kozhikode]] districts of northern [[Kerala]], India. It is a folk art performed by the [[Malayan tribe|Malaya community]]. This art form, which is performed in homes as part of Hinuist [[exorcism]] ceremonies, depicts the battle between [[Bhadrakali]] and the [[asura]] [[Darika]].<br />
<br />
== Overview ==<br />
This folk art form is mainly popular in Kannur district and Kozhikode districts in [[North Kerala]].<ref name="Deshabhimani">{{Cite web|url=https://www.deshabhimani.com/special/news-weekendspecial-20-05-2018/725897|title=നിണബലി|access-date=2023-03-04|date=20 May 2018|publisher=[[Deshabhimani]]|language=ml|archive-date=2023-03-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230305141111/https://www.deshabhimani.com/special/news-weekendspecial-20-05-2018/725897|url-status=live}}</ref> This art form, which is performed in homes as part of Hinuist [[exorcism]] ceremonies, depicts the battle between Hindu goddess [[Bhadrakali]] and the [[asura]] [[Darika]].<ref name="Deshabhimani"/> It is a folk art performed by the Malaya community in Kerala.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/obscurity-to-applause/article5534580.ece|title=Obscurity to applause|last=Anima|first=P|website=www.thehindu.com|publisher=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=2023-03-05|archive-date=2023-03-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230305141110/https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/obscurity-to-applause/article5534580.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> People used to sponsor this ritual dance for exorcism and promote fertility.<ref name=":0" /> It is also performed by Panar community in Kerala.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title='മരണം വരെ സംഭവിക്കാവുന്ന ക്ഷുദ്രകർമവിധികൾ ഉണ്ട് മാരണത്തിൽ' |url=https://archives.mathrubhumi.com/books/excerpts/manthrika-vinjanam-book-by-dr-m-vishnu-nampoothiri-1.1863176 |access-date=2023-03-05 |website=[[Mathrubhumi]] Archives |language=ml |archive-date=2023-03-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230305162548/https://archives.mathrubhumi.com/books/excerpts/manthrika-vinjanam-book-by-dr-m-vishnu-nampoothiri-1.1863176 |url-status=live }}</ref> The ceremony of slaughtering a chicken and sprinkling its blood is also performed as part of this.<ref name=":1" /><br />
<br />
== Ceremony ==<br />
A decorated [[Pandal]] is made in the cleared yard. Branches of Indian Devil tree ([[Alstonia scholaris]]) and [[Strychnine tree]] and a bunch of banana are tied to the pilIer of the pandal.<ref name="Deshabhimani"/> [[Poha (rice)]], [[Puffed rice]], jaggery, tender coconut, honey, liquor, coconut etc. are placed on the banana leaf.<ref name="Deshabhimani"/> In front of the house, the ceremony called ''thukaluzhichil'' begins. Its specialty is the song sung by the Malaya women in the background of traditional instruments like [[chenda]], aripara and [[elathalam]].<ref name="Deshabhimani"/> After the day-long ''thukaluzhichil'', Ninabali starts in the evening.<br />
<br />
Actors, dancers and singers bow down facing the stage. This ceremony is known as Guru Puja (literally means worshipping the master). It is announced that there is a Ninabali ceremony, accompanied by musical instruments.<ref name="Deshabhimani"/> Chenda, Aripara and Elathalam are used for this. At this time popcorn starts to be applied on Darikan's body smeared with Ninam (Red liquid made by mixing turmeric and lime, which represents blood).<ref name="Deshabhimani"/><br />
<br />
In the background music of Chenda, holding the curtain in front of him and with people on both sides, Darikan enters the scene with a shout. Darikan's monstrous appearance in the dim light of the [[nilavilakku]] will strike fear into the onlookers.<ref name="Deshabhimani"/> As soon as the sound of the chenda and elathalam stops, Darikan enters the ninabali area with special movements after changing the curtain. Darikan begins the [[Puja (Hinduism)|puja]] after gazing in all directions with the fire in his hand.<ref name="Deshabhimani"/> Again the instrument music starts and when it reaches its peak, Darikan rushes through the front door to the house where the ceremony is being held, and returns angrily to the scene and after making some steps and [[mudra]]s, begins the puja again.<ref name="Deshabhimani"/> Darikan calls Kali to battle through the mudras by making his steps in each direction and showing the mudras in a manner reminiscent of the steps of [[Kalarippayattu]]. Darikan's entry ends in an hour.<br />
<br />
Then [[Kali]] comes on the scene. The instrument used at this time is only Veekkan Chenda (a modification of Chenda).<ref name="Deshabhimani"/> Kali rushes to house and returns to the Ninabali scene after saluting the clan deity inside the house, showing steps and mudras. Darikan reappears as Kali goes.<br />
<br />
As Darikan shouts, Kali jumps from the audience with a sword. Seeing Kali, the Asura steps bravely. Then Kali and Darikan start fighting and after some time Darikan hides in a small space made of banana stem. Searching for the Asura in all directions, Kali finally finds Darika and starts the battle again. A frightened Darikan runs out of the field, followed by Kali. After this ceremony which is known as 'Panjupidutam',<ref name="Deshabhimani"/> Kali symbolically kills Darika and drinks his blood.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Ninabali is a ritual art form to ward off evils |url=https://www.natyasutraonline.com/picture-gallery/kerala-folk-art-forms/ninabali/ |access-date=2023-03-05 |website=Natyasutraonline |language=en |archive-date=2023-03-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230305141429/https://www.natyasutraonline.com/picture-gallery/kerala-folk-art-forms/ninabali |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
Usually, the Ninabali ceremony ends here. In the past, there was a ritual of putting silk on the body of the Darika lying in the ground and then the rebirth of the Darika. These ceremonies were known as 'Kuzhibali'.<ref name="Deshabhimani"/><br />
<br />
== Costume ==<br />
Darikan's whole body is smeared with Ninam (mixture of turmeric and lime) and sprinkled with popcorn. A three-meter-long cotton cloth is tied behind the head like a bow in the front.<ref name="Deshabhimani"/> Popcorn indicates smallpox.<ref name="Deshabhimani"/> Darikan also has metallic fang like tooth in his mouth.<ref name="Deshabhimani"/><br />
<br />
Kali's appearance is similar to the female role in [[Kathakali]].<ref name="Deshabhimani"/> She wears a red dress with medals and wears a breast ornament called 'molamar'.<ref name="Deshabhimani"/> It is tied around the waist and a red silk is worn over it. Kali also holds a sword in her hand.<ref name="Deshabhimani"/><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Culture of Kerala}}<br />
[[Category:Hindu rituals]]<br />
[[Category:Ritual dances]]<br />
[[Category:Dances of Kerala]]<br />
[[Category:Kerala folklore]]</div>CatharineJorgenshttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sagar_(West_Bengal_Vidhan_Sabha_constituency)&diff=453161Sagar (West Bengal Vidhan Sabha constituency)2022-05-22T09:57:27Z<p>CatharineJorgens: formatting fix</p>
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<div>#REDIRECT [[Sagar, West Bengal Assembly constituency]]<br />
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<div>#REDIRECT [[Chhatapur Assembly constituency]]<br />
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