Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Kanak Bhawan

2026-05-08T06:20:52Z

CarmineJansen: Made data.

{{Short description|Temple in Ayodhya, India}}
{{refimprove|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
|image = Kanak Bhawan.jpg
|alt = Kanak Bhawan, Ayodhya
|caption = Kanak Bhawan Mandir, Ayodhya
|coordinates = {{coord
|26.798451658752814
|82.19929949532217
|type:landmark_region:IN-UP
|display = inline,title}}
|map_type = Uttar Pradesh #India
|location = [[Ram Janmabhoomi]], [[Ayodhya]]
|state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
|country = [[India]]
|deity = [[Rama]] and [[Sita]]
|religious_affiliation = [[Hinduism]]
|governing_body = [[Shri Ram Janmabhoomi Teerth Kshetra]]
|website = https://srjbtkshetra.org/
|festivals = [[Ram Navami]], [[Janaki Navami]]
}}
[[File:Kanak Bihari in Ayodhya, Kalighat Style Painting.jpg|thumb|Kanak Bihari of Ayodhya, Painting ]]
'''Kanak Bhawan''' ({{literal translation|Golden Palace}}) is a temple in [[Ram Janmabhoomi|Ram Janmabhoomi, Ayodhya]], which is in the north-east of Ramkot.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shri Ram Janmabhoomi Teerth Kshetra (places to see) |url=https://srjbtkshetra.org/places-to-see/ |access-date=7 February 2024 |website=[[Shri Ram Janmabhoomi Teerth Kshetra]]}}</ref> It is one of the most famous temples of [[Ayodhya]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kanak Bhawan |publisher=District Ayodhya - Government of Uttar Pradesh, India |url=https://ayodhya.nic.in/tourist-place/kanak-bhawan/ |access-date=2024-02-06 |language=en-US}}</ref> It is believed that this palace (temple) was gifted by [[Kaikeyi]], immediately after the marriage of [[Rama]] with [[Sita]] and hence, it is their personal palace. According to the mythology, after the original Kanak Bhawan was damaged, it was rebuilt by [[Krishna]] himself in the [[Dvapara Yuga|Dvapar Yuga]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=अद्भुत है अयोध्या के कनक भवन की कहानी, भगवान श्रीकृष्ण व माता कैकेयी से जुड़ी है ये कथा |url=https://www.amarujala.com/lucknow/story-of-kanak-bhawan-of-ayodhya |access-date=2024-02-06 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref> It is believed that it was renovated by [[Vikramaditya]] in the [[Middle Ages|medieval period]]. Later, it was renovated by Queen [[Vrishbhanu Kuvari|Vrishabhanu Kunwari]] which is still present today. The main idols installed in the ''sanctum sanctorum'' are of Rama and Sita.<ref>{{Cite book |last=GANGASHETTY |first=RAMESH |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ajK6DwAAQBAJ&dq=kanak+bhavan+ayodhya&pg=PT38 |title=THIRTHA YATRA: A GUIDE TO HOLY TEMPLES AND THIRTHA KSHETRAS IN INDIA |date=2019-10-30 |publisher=Notion Press |isbn=978-1-68466-134-3 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=रामराजा मंदिर की हूबहू प्रतिकृति है अयोध्या का कनक भवन मंदिर |url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/jhansi/kanak-bhavan-orchha-jhansi-news-jhs173051447 |access-date=2024-02-06 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=रामभक्ति के फलक पर भी रही हैं कई 'मीरा' - |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/faizabad-13845980.html |access-date=2024-02-06 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:Kanak bhawan Ayodhya.jpg|thumb|Entrance and corridor of Kanak Bhawan.]]
[[File:Idols of Prabhu Shri Rama and Sita Mata, Kanak Bhavan, Ayodhya, Faizabad, U.P., India.JPG|thumb|300x300px|Idols of [[Rama]] and [[Sita]] in Kanak Bhawan, [[Ayodhya]].]]
The temple was designed as a huge palace. The architecture of this temple resembles the palaces of [[Rajasthan]] and [[Bundelkhand]]. The history basically goes back to [[Treta Yuga]] when it was given by Rama's step-mother [[Kaikeyi]] to his wife Sita as a gift over [[Marriage in Hinduism|marriage]]. Over the time, it became dilapidated and was even completely destroyed. It is rebuilt and renovated several times throughout its history. The first re-construction was done by [[Rama]]'s son [[Kusha|Kush]] in the early period of [[Dvapara Yuga]]. After this, it was rebuilt by King [[Rishabh Dev]] ([[Tirthankara]]) in the middle of [[Dvapara Yuga]] and [[Krishna|Shri Krishna]] is also believed to have visited this ancient place in the [[Kali Yuga|pre-Kali Yuga]] period (about 614 BC).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kanak Bhawan |url=https://nri.up.gov.in/en/article/kanak-bhawan-temple?brd=1 |access-date=7 February 2024 |website=[[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]}}</ref>

In the present era, it was first built by [[Chandragupta II|Chandragupta-II]] of the [[Gupta Empire|Gupta empire]] in the [[Yudhishthira|Yudhishthira period]] in 2431 BC. After that, it was done by [[Samudragupta]] in 387 AD. The temple was destroyed by Nawab Salarjung-II Ghazi in 1027 AD and was renovated by [[Bundela|Bundela Rajput]] Maharaj of [[Orchha]] and [[Tikamgarh]] of [[Bundelkhand]], Maharaj Mahendra Pratap Singh and his wife Maharani Vrishabhan Kunwari in 1891. This construction was completed on the [[Shashthi (day)|Shaishthi]] of [[Paksha|Vaishakh Shukla]] of [[Pausha|Guru Paush]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=लाइव |first=एबीपी |date=2023-12-11 |title=सीता जी को मुंह दिखाई में मिला था ये महल, पुरुषों का जाना था वर्जित, जानें रोचक बातें |url=https://www.abplive.com/photo-gallery/astro/ayodhya-kanak-bhawan-gifted-to-sita-ji-by-kaikeyi-kanak-bhavan-mandir-history-mystery-2558462 |access-date=2024-02-07 |website=abplive.com |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kanak Bhawan |publisher=Incredible India |url=https://www.incredibleindia.org/content/incredible-india-v2/fr/destinations/ayodhya/kanak-bhawan.html |access-date=2024-02-07 |website=incredibleindia.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kanak Bhavan Temple AyodhyaKanak Bhavan Temple Ayodhya: Temple {{!}} History {{!}} Information {{!}} Rituals {{!}} Puja |url=https://rammandirdarshan.com/in/uttar-pradesh/ayodhya/en/kanak-bhavan-ayodhya-temple-history-information-rituals-puja |access-date=2024-02-07 |website=Kanak Bhavan Temple AyodhyaKanak Bhavan Temple Ayodhya: Temple {{!}} History {{!}} Information {{!}} Rituals {{!}} Puja}}</ref>

There are three pairs of idols here and all three are of [[Rama]] and [[Sita]]. The largest statue was installed by Maharani Vrishabhan Kunwari. It is believed that she was the main person behind the re-construction and establishment of the temple. A statue of somewhat lower height is installed on the right side of this pair by King [[Vikramaditya]]. This idol was kept safe by him when this ancient temple was attacked. The third and the smallest pair is said to have been gifted by [[Krishna|Shri Krishna]] to a female devotee who was worshiping [[Rama]] at this place.<ref>{{Cite web |script-title=hi:जिस माता कैकेयी के कारण सीता जी वन-वन भटकीं, मुंहदिखाई में दिया था सोने का महल |url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/religion/kanak-bhawan-ayodhya-story-which-rani-kaikeyi-gifted-to-mata-sita-after-marriage/2048760 |access-date=2024-02-07 |website=Zee News |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |script-title=hi:अयोध्या में 'कनक भवन' एवं 'हनुमानगढ़ी' के बीच में एक आश्रम की कहानी, आ जाएगा आँख में पानी... |url=https://www.thenewsagency.in/devotion/a-store-from-kanak-bhawan-in-ayodhya-that-would-move-you-to-tears |access-date=2024-02-07 |website=The News Agency |language=en}}</ref>

[[Krishna|Shri Krishna]] instructed the woman to bury these idols with her after her demised because this place would be later marked as [[holy place]] and a great king will build a huge temple at this place in [[Kali Yuga]]. Later, when [[Vikramaditya|Maharaj Vikramaditya]] led the foundation of this temple and excavated the base, he found these ancient idols.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-22 |title=अयोध्या की वो जगह, जो माता सीता को मिली थी मुंह दिखाई में, जानिए इससे जुड़ी खास बातें |url=https://www.tv9hindi.com/lifestyle/shri-ram-and-mata-sita-kanak-bhawan-in-ayodhya-2375160.html |access-date=2024-02-07 |website=TV9 Bharatvarsh |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=अद्भुत है अयोध्या के कनक भवन की कहानी, भगवान श्रीकृष्ण व माता कैकेयी से जुड़ी है ये कथा |url=https://www.amarujala.com/lucknow/story-of-kanak-bhawan-of-ayodhya |access-date=2024-02-07 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref>

At the time of construction of present temple, all three pairs were enshrined in the ''sanctum sanctorum''. Now, all three pairs can be seen.<ref>{{Cite web |last=लाइव |first=एबीपी |date=2023-12-11 |title=सीता जी को मुंह दिखाई में मिला था ये महल, पुरुषों का जाना था वर्जित, जानें रोचक बातें |url=https://www.abplive.com/photo-gallery/astro/ayodhya-kanak-bhawan-gifted-to-sita-ji-by-kaikeyi-kanak-bhavan-mandir-history-mystery-2558462 |access-date=2024-02-06 |website=abplive.com |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=अयोध्याः आज भी राम सीता करते हैं यहां भ्रमण, पुरुषों का जाना था मना |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/astro/others/ramayan-story-kanak-bhawan-of-ayodhya-history-and-mystery/articleshow/91062058.cms |access-date=2024-02-07 |website=Navbharat Times |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=कनक भवन / Kanak Bhawan – श्री अयोध्या धाम |url=https://ayodhyadhaam.com/%e0%a4%95%e0%a4%a8%e0%a4%95-%e0%a4%ad%e0%a4%b5%e0%a4%a8/ |access-date=2024-02-07 |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Transport==

===Airways===
The nearest airport is 11 kilometers away from the newly build [[Ram Mandir|Ram Mandir, Ayodhya]]. [[Ayodhya Airport|Faizabad-Gorakhpur airport]] is 158 km approx. [[Prayagraj Airport|Prayagraj airport]] is 172 km approx. and [[Varanasi]]'s [[Lal Bahadur Shastri Airport|Lal Bahadur Shastri airport]] is 224 km away approx.

===Railway===
Railway stations are well-connected. By [[Faizabad Railway Station|Faizabad railway]], it is 128 km from [[Lucknow]], 171 km from [[Gorakhpur]], 157 km from [[Prayagraj]], 196 km from [[Varanasi]] whereas by [[Ayodhya Junction railway station|Ayodhya Railway]], it is 135 km from Lucknow, 164 km from both Gorakhpur and Prayagraj and 189 km from Varanasi.

===Road===
[[Uttar Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation]]'s bus services are available for several hours and it is easy to get here from remote area also. It is 152 km from Lucknow, 158 km from Gorakhpur, 172 km from Allahabad and 224 km from Varanasi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kanak Bhawan |publisher=District Ayodhya - Government of Uttar Pradesh, India |url=https://ayodhya.nic.in/tourist-place/kanak-bhawan/ |access-date=2024-02-06 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|...}}



[[Category:Rama temples]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Uttar Pradesh]]

Coonoor Assembly constituency

2026-05-05T13:47:26Z

CarmineJansen: put up new post

{{Short description|State Legislative Assembly Constituency in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 110
| map_image = Constitution-Coonoor.svg
| Existence =
| district = [[Nilgiris district|Nilgiris]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Nilgiris Lok Sabha constituency|Nilgiris]]
| established = 1957
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| party = {{Party index link|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| mla = [[K. Ramachandran]]
| latest_election_year = 2021
| name = Coonoor
| electors = 177,782
| reservation = None
}}
'''Coonoor''' is a state assembly constituency in [[Nilgiris district]] in [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/Const_map/map.htm |title= Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly Constituency Map |website= Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly |access-date= 25 January 2017 |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120614070155/http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/const_map/map.htm |archive-date= 14 June 2012 }}</ref> Its State Assembly Constituency number is 110. It comes under [[Nilgiris Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S22/TN_ACPC.pdf
|title = List of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies
|access-date = 2008-10-10
|work = Tamil Nadu
|publisher = Election Commission of India
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090206012938/http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S22/TN_ACPC.pdf
|archive-date = 2009-02-06
}}</ref> It is a Scheduled Caste reserved constituency. It is one of the 234 State Legislative Assembly Constituencies in Tamil Nadu, in India.

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
=== Madras State ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Election
! Name
! colspan="2" | Party
|-
| [[1957 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| rowspan=2|J. Matha Gowder
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|-
| [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| [[B. Gowder]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
|}

=== Tamil Nadu ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Election
! Name
! colspan="2" | Party
|-
| [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
| J. Karunainathan
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| K. Rangasamy
|-
| [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| M. Ranganathan
|-
| [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1984]]
| [[M. Sivakumar (Coonoor)|M. Sivakumar]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
| [[N. Thangavel]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
| M. Karuppasamy
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
| N. Thangavel
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}
|-
| 1997
| M. Ranganathan
|-
| [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
| K. Kandaswamy
| {{Full party name with color|Tamil Maanila Congress}}
|-
| [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
| [[A. Soundarapandian]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
| [[K. Ramachandran]]
|-
| [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
| A. Ramu
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| K. Ramachandran<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/Result2021/ConstituencywiseS22110.htm?ac=110|title = Election Commission of India}}</ref>
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
| M. Raju
|-
|}

==Election results==
=== 2026 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Coonoor}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate= K. M. Raju|party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes= 50,470|percentage= 35.69|change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Ramu|party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|votes= 42,371|percentage= 29.97|change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. Thangaraj |party=Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam |votes= 42,225|percentage= 29.86|change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Dheenu |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes= 4,695|percentage= 3.32|change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes= 720|percentage= 0.51|change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes= 8099|percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box turnout |votes= 141394|percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box rejected|votes=|percentage= }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 175820|change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===2021===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Coonoor}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. Ramachandran]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=61,820 |percentage=45.89% |change=2.93% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Vinoth. D. |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=57,715 |percentage=42.84% |change=-2.87% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Lavanya. M. |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=7,252 |percentage=5.38% |change=4.77% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Rajakumar. H. B. |party=Makkal Needhi Maiam |votes=3,621 |percentage=2.69% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Kalaiselvan. S. |party=Amma Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,527 |percentage=1.88% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Nota |party=None of the above |votes=1,188 |percentage=0.88% |change=-0.81% }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,105 |percentage=3.05% |change=0.30% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,34,720 |percentage=70.20% |change= -1.51% }}
{{Election box rejected|votes=123 |percentage=0.09% }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,91,913 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 0.18% }}
{{Election box end}}

===2016===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Coonoor}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=Ramu. A. |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=61,650 |percentage=45.71% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Mubarak. B. M.|party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|votes=57,940|percentage=42.96%|change=-7.70%}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Chidambaram. V.|party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam|votes=3,989|percentage=2.96%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Kumaran. B.|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=3,547|percentage=2.63%|change=0.12%}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Dharmaraj. S.|party=Independent politician|votes=2,319|percentage=1.72%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=None Of The Above|party=None of the above|votes=2,283|percentage=1.69%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Ramasamy. P.|party=Naam Tamilar Katchi|votes=822|percentage=0.61%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Sivakumar. R.|party=Tamil Nadu Muslim Munnetra Kazagham|votes=559|percentage=0.41%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Senthil Kumar. P.|party=Pattali Makkal Katchi|votes=469|percentage=0.35%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Sekar. M.|party=Independent politician|votes=390|percentage=0.29%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Naresh Desingh. D.|party=Independent politician|votes=343|percentage=0.25%|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,710 |percentage=2.75% |change=-4.93% }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=1,34,870|percentage=71.71%|change=-1.36%}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,88,075 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -4.95% }}
{{Election box end}}

===2011===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Coonoor<ref>{{Cite report|url=http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf|title=Detailes Result|work=Election Commission of Tamil Nadu|access-date=9 May 2021 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20170215085458/http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf | archive-date =15 February 2017}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. Ramachandran]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=61,302 |percentage=50.66% |change=3.30% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Bellie. A |party=Communist Party of India |votes=52,010 |percentage=42.98% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Alwas. M |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=3,040 |percentage=2.51% |change=0.70% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Abdul Wahab |party=Independent politician |votes=1,231 |percentage=1.02% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Jothilingam. R |party=Independent politician |votes=871 |percentage=0.72% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Mathivanan. V |party=Independent politician |votes=803 |percentage=0.66% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Leon Gerald Thilak. M. G. |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=798 |percentage=0.66% |change=0.06% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Esakkimuthu. V |party=Independent politician |votes=612 |percentage=0.51% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Lenin. N |party=Indhiya Jananayaga Katchi |votes=348 |percentage=0.29% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=9,292 |percentage=7.68% |change=1.71% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,65,620 |percentage=73.07% |change= 8.22% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,21,015 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 3.30% }}
{{Election box end}}

===2006===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Coonoor<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = 2006 Election Statistical Report | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf | access-date = 12 May 2006 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007200819/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf | archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=Soundarapandian. A |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=45,303 |percentage=47.36% |change=8.98% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Selvaraj. M |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=39,589 |percentage=41.38% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Chidambaram. V |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=7,227 |percentage=7.55% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Anbarasan (Alias) Anbu. D |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,729 |percentage=1.81% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Ramachandran. P |party=Independent politician |votes=594 |percentage=0.62% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Theinmathi. P |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=569 |percentage=0.59% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Annakili. A |party=Independent politician |votes=405 |percentage=0.42% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Arumugam. P |party=All India Forward Bloc |votes=250 |percentage=0.26% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,714 |percentage=5.97% |change=-11.52% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=95,666 |percentage=64.85% |change= 11.84% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,47,524 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Tamil Maanila Congress |swing= -8.51% }}
{{Election box end}}

===2001===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Coonoor<ref>{{cite web |title = 2001 Tamil Nadu Election Results |url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf |date = 12 May 2001 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006173934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=Kandasamy K |party=Tamil Maanila Congress |votes=53,156 |percentage=55.86% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Mahaliappan E. M. |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=36,512 |percentage=38.37% |change=-25.90% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Vijayakumar R |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=3,230 |percentage=3.39% |change=0.40% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Vetrivel Sivakumar K |party=Independent politician |votes=1,546 |percentage=1.62% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Nallasamy M |party=Independent politician |votes=711 |percentage=0.75% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=16,644 |percentage=17.49% |change=-18.22% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=95,155 |percentage=53.00% |change= -11.60% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,79,568 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Tamil Maanila Congress |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -8.40% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1996===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Coonoor<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = 1996 Election Statistical Report | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007221700/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf | archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[N. Thangavel]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=63,919 |percentage=64.27% |change=29.41% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Karuppusamy. S. |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=28,404 |percentage=28.56% |change=-30.84% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Eswaran. T. |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=3,371 |percentage=3.39% |change=-1.43% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Selvaraj. S. |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,983 |percentage=3.00% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Anbalagan. A. |party=Anaithinthiya Thamizhaga Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=164 |percentage=0.16% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Navaneetham. K. |party=Independent politician |votes=151 |percentage=0.15% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Dhinakaran. K. |party=Independent politician |votes=151 |percentage=0.15% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Mani. K. P. |party=Independent politician |votes=72 |percentage=0.07% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Velusamy. M. |party=Independent politician |votes=71 |percentage=0.07% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Annadurai. R. |party=Independent politician |votes=67 |percentage=0.07% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Karuppiah. R. |party=Independent politician |votes=64 |percentage=0.06% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=35,515 |percentage=35.71% |change=11.16% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=99,459 |percentage=64.61% |change= 4.54% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,61,044 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 4.87% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1991===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Coonoor<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = 1991 Election Statistical Report | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007161404/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf | archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=Karuppusamy M. |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=53,608 |percentage=59.40% |change=44.25% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Mahaliappan E. M. |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=31,457 |percentage=34.86% |change=-7.53% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Shanmugam A. |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=4,352 |percentage=4.82% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Saradha B. |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=218 |percentage=0.24% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Komali L. |party=Independent politician |votes=140 |percentage=0.16% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Mohan K. |party=Independent politician |votes=139 |percentage=0.15% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Rajeswari S. |party=Tharasu Makkal Mandram |votes=119 |percentage=0.13% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Ponnazhagan A. |party=Independent politician |votes=83 |percentage=0.09% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Kandasamy M. |party=Independent politician |votes=78 |percentage=0.09% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Veluswamy M. |party=Independent politician |votes=55 |percentage=0.06% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=22,151 |percentage=24.54% |change=13.00% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=90,249 |percentage=60.07% |change= -10.84% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,55,447 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 17.02% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1989===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Coonoor<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = 1989 Election Statistical Report | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006153620/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf | archive-date = 6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[N. Thangavel]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=40,974 |percentage=42.38% |change=0.27% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Arumugham. P. |party=Indian National Congress |votes=29,814 |percentage=30.84% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Manimaran. S. |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=14,648 |percentage=15.15% |change=-41.55% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Ponnuraj. T. |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=10,672 |percentage=11.04% |change=-45.66% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Ponnazhagan. A. |party=Independent politician |votes=278 |percentage=0.29% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Raju. K. |party=Independent politician |votes=123 |percentage=0.13% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Ammasan. A. |party=Independent politician |votes=106 |percentage=0.11% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Veluswami. M. |party=Independent politician |votes=63 |percentage=0.07% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=11,160 |percentage=11.54% |change=-3.05% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=96,678 |percentage=70.91% |change= 0.33% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,38,919 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -14.32% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1984===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Coonoor<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = 1984 Election Statistical Report | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007141448/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf | archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=M. Sivakumar |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=47,113 |percentage=56.70% |change=19.12% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Ranganathan |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=34,990 |percentage=42.11% |change=-14.74% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Komali |party=Independent politician |votes=993 |percentage=1.20% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=12,123 |percentage=14.59% |change=-4.68% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=83,096 |percentage=70.58% |change= 16.07% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,23,350 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -0.15% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1980===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Coonoor<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = 1980 Election Statistical Report | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006231656/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf | archive-date = 6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=Ranganathan. M. |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=34,424 |percentage=56.85% |change=14.52% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Periasamy. C. |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=22,756 |percentage=37.58% |change=13.00% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Mahaliappan. E. M. |party=Janata Party |votes=3,217 |percentage=5.31% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Balasubramaniam. A. |party=Independent politician |votes=158 |percentage=0.26% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=11,668 |percentage=19.27% |change=1.51% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=60,555 |percentage=54.51% |change= 2.84% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,12,613 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 14.52% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1977===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Coonoor<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = 1977 Election Statistical Report | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007141448/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf | archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=K. Rangasamy |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=22,649 |percentage=42.33% |change=-18.51% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. Periasamy |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=13,150 |percentage=24.58% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Chandran |party=Indian National Congress |votes=8,829 |percentage=16.50% |change=-11.37% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C.P. Krishiah |party=Janata Party |votes=7,888 |percentage=14.74% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=L. Komali |party=Independent politician |votes=341 |percentage=0.64% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Chelliah |party=Independent politician |votes=257 |percentage=0.48% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M.R. Ramasamy |party=Independent politician |votes=210 |percentage=0.39% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Shanmugam |party=Independent politician |votes=144 |percentage=0.27% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Muthuswamy |party=Independent politician |votes=37 |percentage=0.07% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=9,499 |percentage=17.75% |change=-15.21% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=53,505 |percentage=51.67% |change= -17.01% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,05,169 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -18.51% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1971===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Coonoor<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = 1971 Tamil Nadu Election Results | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006131227/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | archive-date = 6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate= J. Karunainathan |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=33,451 |percentage=60.84% |change=2.10% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Andy |party=Indian National Congress |votes=15,325 |percentage=27.87% |change=-13.39% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. M. Raman |party=Independent politician |votes=4,354 |percentage=7.92% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=I. Doraiswamy |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes=1,603 |percentage=2.92% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=D. R. Bojaraj |party=Independent politician |votes=129 |percentage=0.23% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. K. Bheeman |party=Independent politician |votes=120 |percentage=0.22% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=18,126 |percentage=32.97% |change=15.50% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=54,982 |percentage=68.68% |change= -5.01% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 83,756 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 2.10% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1967===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Coonoor<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf |title= 1967 Tamil Nadu Election Results, Election Commission of India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320175222/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf |archive-date=20 March 2012 |date=19 April 2009 }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=B. Gowder |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=31,855 |percentage=58.74% |change=37.46% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. K. N. Gowder |party=Indian National Congress |votes=22,380 |percentage=41.26% |change=-10.38% }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=9,475 |percentage=17.47% |change=-12.90% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=54,235 |percentage=73.69% |change= 1.61% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 75,716 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 7.09% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1962===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Coonoor<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf |title=1962 Madras State Election Results, Election Commission of India |access-date= 19 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201143/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf |archive-date=27 January 2013}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[J. Matha Gowder]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=36,668 |percentage=51.65% |change=7.09% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=J. Belli |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=15,103 |percentage=21.27% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=H. B. Devaraj |party=Communist Party of India |votes=11,679 |percentage=16.45% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. N. Bella Gowder |party=Swatantra Party |votes=6,849 |percentage=9.65% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Kanthian |party=Independent politician |votes=699 |percentage=0.98% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=21,565 |percentage=30.37% |change=19.76% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=70,998 |percentage=72.08% |change= 1.00% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,02,319 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 7.09% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1957===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1957 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Coonoor<ref>{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Madras_1957.pdf | title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 : To the Legislative Assembly of Madras | publisher=Election Commission of India | access-date=2015-07-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127200447/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Madras_1957.pdf |archive-date=27 January 2013}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[J. Matha Gowder]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=22,113 |percentage=44.56% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=H. B. Ari Gowder |party=Independent politician |votes=16,845 |percentage=33.94% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Bhojan |party=Independent politician |votes=14,796 |percentage=29.81% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. K. Subramanian |party=Independent politician |votes=5,174 |percentage=10.43% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=D. Singaram |party=Independent politician |votes=4,440 |percentage=8.95% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=J. Hiria Gowder |party=Independent politician |votes=1,055 |percentage=2.13% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,268 |percentage=10.62% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=49,627 |percentage=71.08% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 69,821 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}
* {{cite web|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp|title= Statistical reports of assembly elections|access-date= 8 July 2010|publisher= Election Commission of India|url-status= dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp|archive-date= 5 October 2010}}

{{Tamil Nadu assembly elections|state=expanded}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}

{{coord|11.35|N|76.82|E|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Nilgiris district]]
[[Category:Coonoor]]
[[Category:Politics of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1957]]
[[Category:1957 establishments in Madras State]]

Demow Assembly constituency

2026-05-05T03:57:05Z

CarmineJansen:

{{short description|Assembly constituency of Assam}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Demow
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 95
| map_image = Demow Assembly constituency map 2023.svg
| map_caption =
| state = [[Assam]]
| district = [[Sivasagar district|Sivasagar]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Jorhat Lok Sabha constituency|Jorhat]]
| established = 2023
| mla = Susanta Borgohain
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| alliance =
| latest_election_year =
| electors = 178,953
| reservation = None
}}

'''Demow Assembly constituency''' is one of the 126 assembly constituencies of [[Assam]] a north east state of India. It was newly formed in 2023.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eci.gov.in/Documents/Delimitation/DELIMITATIONASSAM_UPDATED.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies of State of Assam|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date = 2025-11-28}}</ref>

==Election Results==

=== 2026 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2026 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Demow}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate= [[Sushanta Borgohain]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes= |percentage= |change= }}

{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Ajoy Kumar Gogoi |party=Indian National Congress |votes= |percentage= |change= }}

{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Ajoy Bora|party=Communist Party of India|votes= |percentage= |change= }}

{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA|party=None of the above (India)|None of the above|votes= |percentage= |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes= |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box turnout |votes= |percentage= |change=}}

{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 178,953|change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party|loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of Assam Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Assam}}

{{coord missing|Assam}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Assam]]
[[Category:Sivasagar district]]
[[Category:Politics of Assam]]
[[Category:2023 establishments in Assam]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2023]]

{{India-constituency-stub}}
{{Assam-geo-stub}}

Anjan Gogoi

2026-05-01T19:45:34Z

CarmineJansen: starting stub

{{Short description|Indian Air Force officer}}
{{For|his younger brother|Ranjan Gogoi}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox military person
| honorific_prefix = [[Air Marshal (India)|Air Marshal]]
| name = Anjan Kumar Gogoi
| honorific_suffix = [[Param Vishisht Seva Medal|PVSM]], [[Vishisht Seva Medal|VSM]], [[Ati Vishist Seva Medal|AVSM]]
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1953|02}}
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| burial_place =
| burial_label =
| burial_coordinates = 
| nickname =
| birth_place = [[Dibrugarh]], [[Assam]], India
| allegiance = {{flag|India}}
| branch = {{air force|India}}
| service_years = 2 June 1973 – 28 February 2013
| rank = [[File:India-AirForce-OF-8-collected.svg|30px]] [[Air Marshal (India)|Air Marshal]]
| service_number = 13382
| unit =
| commands = [[South Western Air Command, Indian Air Force|South Western Air Command]]
| battles_label =
| awards = [[Param Vishisht Seva Medal]] [[Vishisht Seva Medal]] [[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]]
| alma_mater = [[Devi Ahilya Vishwavidyalaya]]
| spouse =
| other_work =
| signature =
| website =
| other_name =
| memorials =
| signature_size =
| signature_alt =
| module = {{Infobox officeholder
| embed = yes
| office1 = Member [[North Eastern Council]]
| nominator1 = [[Ram Nath Kovind]]
| term_start1 = 2020
| term_end1 = 2023
| parents = {{ubl|[[Kesab Chandra Gogoi]]|[[Shanti Gogoi|Shanti Priya Gogoi]]}}
| relatives = [[Ranjan Gogoi]] (brother) [[Padma Kumari Gohain]] (grandmother) [[Jogesh Chandra Borgohain]] (grandfather)
| spouse = Leena Gogoi
}}
| parents =
| relatives =
}}

[[Air Marshal (India)|Air Marshal]] '''Anjan Kumar Gogoi''', [[Param Vishisht Seva Medal|PVSM]], [[Vishisht Seva Medal|VSM]], [[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal|AVSM]] (born February 1953) is an Indian retired [[Indian Air Force|Air Force]] officer who served as [[Air officer commanding|Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief]] (AOC-in-C) of the [[South Western Air Command, Indian Air Force|South Western Air Command]] from 2011 to 2013 and as a Member of the [[North Eastern Council]] from 2020 to 2023.

== Early life, family, and education ==
Anjan Kumar Gogoi was born in February 1953 in [[Dibrugarh]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Team |first=DNA Web |title=Air Marshal Gogoi awarded Param Vishist Seva Medal |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-air-marshal-gogoi-awarded-param-vishist-seva-medal-1642129 |access-date=2026-03-02 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref> the eldest child and first son of [[Kesab Chandra Gogoi]] and [[Shanti Gogoi|Shanti Priya Gogoi]]. His father, Kesab Chandra, was a politician and lawyer who served as [[Chief Minister of Assam]] in 1982.<ref name=":2" /> Gogoi has two younger brothers and two younger sisters: Ranjan, Nirjan, Indira, and Nandita. His younger brother, [[Ranjan Gogoi|Ranjan]], went on to serve as the 46th [[Chief Justice of India]] and as a [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha|member of the Rajya Sabha]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-04-09 |title=Noted social activist and writer Shanti Gogoi passes away |url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/north-east-india-news/assam-news/noted-social-activist-and-writer-shanti-gogoi-passes-away-533209 |access-date=2026-03-02 |website=The Sentinel - of this Land, for its People |language=en}}</ref>

During Gogoi's childhood, when both he and his younger brother Ranjan were old enough to go to school, their father [[Kesab Chandra Gogoi]] said only one of them could go to the [[Sainik School, Goalpara|Sainik School in Goalpara]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2018-09-14 |title=Ranjan Gogoi always chose the right path, says his brother |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/ranjan-gogoi-always-chose-the-right-path-says-his-brother/articleshow/65803351.cms |access-date=2026-03-02 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> As both brothers wished to go, Kesab Chandra Gogoi told them to decide via a coin toss. Anjan won the coin toss, and went to the Sainik School in 1964.<ref name=":0" /> Gogoi attended the 41st [[National Defence Academy (India)|National Defence Academy]] as a cadet in December 1971.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Air Force Training Course Database |url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/indianairforce/database/courses/courselist.php?qunit=41%20NDA |access-date=2026-03-03 |website=Bharat Rakshak |language=en-gb}}</ref>

Gogoi underwent the Air Combat Simulator Instructors Course in the [[United Kingdom]], the Higher Command Course at [[Army War College, Mhow|Army War College]] in [[Mhow]], and the Executive National Security Programme in [[South Africa]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Air Marshal AK Gogoi assumes charge as new Chief of SWAC |url=https://deshgujarat.com/2011/01/01/air-marshal-ak-gogoi-is-new-chief-of-swac/ |access-date=2026-03-03 |website=DeshGujarat |language=en-US}}</ref> He earned a [[Master of Philosophy]] in Defence and Management Studies from [[Devi Ahilya Vishwavidyalaya]].<ref name=":3" />

== Air force career (1973–2013) ==
Gogoi was commissioned into the Indian Air Force on 2 June 1973 as a fighter-stream pilot.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2012-06-21 |title=South Western Air Command's Commanding-in-Chief inspects Phalodi station |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/south-western-air-commands-commanding-in-chief-inspects-phalodi-station/articleshow/14308488.cms |access-date=2026-03-03 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> He later completed the [[Defence Services Staff College]] as a [[squadron leader]] on 25 November 1985 in [[Wellington, Tamil Nadu|Wellington]]. He was promoted to [[Wing commander]] on 1 June 1991. He then served as the Commander of the [[No. 108 Squadron IAF]] from 20 January 1992 to 3 January 1994 in [[Adampur]]. He was promoted to [[Group captain (India)|Group Captain]] on 9 August 1996, and was appointed the Command Air Defence Officer of the [[Eastern Air Command (India)|Eastern Air Command]] on 1 May 1998.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Service Record for Air Marshal Anjan Kumar Gogoi 13382 F(P) at Bharat Rakshak.com |url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/indianairforce/database/13382 |access-date=2026-03-03 |website=Bharat Rakshak |language=en-gb}}</ref>

Gogoi served as the Station Commander of the 35 wing at [[Suratgarh]] from 21 June 1999 to 2 May 2001, during [[Operation Safed Sagar]] in the [[Kargil War]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-07-26 |title=Memories of Kargil war: 20 years on, retired Air Force officer recalls key operations - CNBC TV18 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/politics/memories-of-kargil-war-20-years-on-retired-air-force-officer-recalls-key-operations-4062991.htm |access-date=2026-03-03 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}</ref> He served as Air Officer Commanding of the 18 wing at [[Pathankot]] from 11 March 2002 to 2 November 2003. He was promoted to [[Air commodore (India)|Air Commodore]] on 27 March 2002, and from 3 November 2003 to 31 October 2006, he served as the Principal Director of offensive operations at [[RAF India|Air Headquarters]] in Delhi. He was promoted the [[Air vice marshal (India)|Air Vice Marshal]] on 1 November 2006, and then was the Air Officer commanding of the 2 Air Defence Control Centre in [[Gandhinagar]]. He was then the Assistant Chief of Air Staff (operations) from 1 March 2008 to 31 May 2009.<ref name=":1" />

Gogoi was promoted to [[Air marshal (India)|Air Marshal]] on 1 June 2009, and was Director General Air (operations) from 1 June 2009 to 31 December 2010. He lastly served as the [[Air officer commanding|Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief]] (AOC-in-C) of the [[South Western Air Command]] from 1 January 2011 until his retirement on 28 February 2013.<ref name=":1" /> During his tenure as AOC-in-C,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-01-05 |title=Group Capt. Tendulkar to fly Sukhoi jet soon |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/364698 |access-date=2026-03-03 |website=Arab News |language=en}}</ref> honorary Group Captain and cricketeer [[Sachin Tendulkar]] was given permission to fly from [[Pune]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-01-05 |title=Group Capt Tendulkar to fly Su-30MKI from Lohegaon |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/group-capt-tendulkar-to-fly-su30mki-from-lohegaon/ |access-date=2026-03-03 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

Gogoi is also a [[Qualified Flying Instructor|qualified flying instructor]] and fighter combat leader.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2012-01-26 |title=PVSM for Anjan Kr Gogoi |url=https://www.assamtimes.org/node/5707 |access-date=2026-03-03 |website=Assam Times |language=en}}</ref>

== Post-retirement ==
In retirement, Gogoi became President of the Socio Educational Welfare Association (SEWA), an NGO founded by his mother, after her retirement in 2016. He continued in the position until February 2021, when he was succeeded by his sister Nandita.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Founder & Chairman {{!}} Sewa NGO |url=https://sewango.org/founder-chairman/ |access-date=2026-03-03 |language=en-US}}</ref> He has since participated in events with the organisation, including its [[silver jubilee]] anniversary in 2025 with Arunachal Pradesh Governor [[Kaiwalya Trivikram Parnaik]] in Dibrugarh.<ref>{{Cite web |last=admin |date=2025-10-23 |title=Arunachal: Governor Joins SEWA's Silver Jubilee Celebration |url=https://arunachal24.in/arunachal-governor-joins-sewas-silver-jubilee-celebration/ |access-date=2026-03-03 |language=en-US}}</ref>

In a 2015 interview with [[Firstpost]], Gogoi called for more than the two new [[Dassault Rafale|Rafale]] squadrons, and argued that the dwindling number of IAF fighters was worrying.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 April 2015 |title=Two new Rafale squadrons are fine, but IAF's dwindling fighters a worry: Former Air Marshal Gogoi |url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/two-new-rafale-squadrons-are-fine-but-iafs-dwindling-fighters-a-worry-former-air-marshal-gogoi-2207294.html}}</ref>

In January 2020, Gogoi was nominated a Member of the [[North Eastern Council]] (NEC) for a period of three years by the [[President of India]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-02-06 |title=Retired Air Marshall Anjan Kumar Gogoi appointed as NEC member |url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/cities/guwahati-city/retired-air-marshall-anjan-kumar-gogoi-appointed-as-nec-member |access-date=2026-03-03 |website=The Sentinel - of this Land, for its People |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=19 March 2020 |title=Ex-CJI's IAF officer brother Anjan Gogoi too has post-retirement job — Secretary-level post |url=https://theprint.in/theprint-essential/ex-cjis-iaf-officer-brother-anjan-gogoi-too-has-post-retirement-job-secretary-level-post/383482/}}</ref> As NEC member, he participated in meetings with different stakeholders on Northeastern Tourism policy in February 2020,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Singh |first=Bikash |date=2020-02-13 |title=NEC meeting with different stakeholders discussed NE Tourism Policy |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/nec-meeting-with-different-stakeholders-discussed-ne-tourism-policy/articleshow/74122511.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2026-03-03 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> visited the North East Cane and Bamboo Development Council (NECBDC) office in December 2021,<ref>{{Cite web |last=NEWS |first=NE NOW |date=2021-12-28 |title=NEC member Air Marshal AK Gogoi discusses development of bamboo sector with NECBDC officials |url=https://nenow.in/north-east-news/assam/nec-air-marshal-ak-gogoi-necbdc.html |access-date=2026-03-03 |website=NorthEast Now |language=en-US}}</ref> and visited the [[North-Eastern Space Applications Centre|North Eastern Space Applications Centre]] in March 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-03 |title=Air Marshal Shri Anjan Kumar Gogoi, Hon'ble Member, NEC visits NESAC |url=https://nesac.gov.in/events/2022/03/air-marshal-shri-anjan-kumar-gogoi-honble-member-nec-visits-nesac/ |access-date=2026-03-03 |website=NESAC |language=en-US}}</ref> He also briefed Union minister [[Jitendra Singh Rana|Jitendra Singh]] of the projects undertaken by the council in December 2020,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-12-26 |title=Union Minister Dr. Jitendra Singh being briefed about the status of various projects undertaken by the North Eastern Council by the Advisor Northeast, Air Marshal (Retd) Anjan Kumar Gogoi, on Saturday. |url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/union-minister-dr-jitendra-singh-being-briefed-about-the-status-of-various-projects-undertaken-by-the-north-eastern-council-by-the-advisor-northeast-air-marshal-retd-anjan-kumar-gogoi-on-saturday/ |access-date=2026-03-03 |website=Daily Excelsior |language=en-US}}</ref> and also accompanied Singh for the inauguration of the integrated bamboo treatment plant at the premises of the NECBDC.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 February 2021 |title=Union Minister Dr. Jitendra Singh inaugurates the latest technology Integrated Bamboo Treatment Plant near Guwahati |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1700837&reg=3&lang=2}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Gogoi is married to Leena Gogoi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-08-04 |title=Investiture Ceremony at Sainik School Goalpara |url=https://www.assamtimes.org/node/5118 |access-date=2026-03-03 |website=Assam Times |language=en}}</ref>

== Honours and awards ==
Gogoi was awarded the [[Vishisht Seva Medal]] on 26 January 2002, and the [[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]] on 26 January 2005.<ref name=":1" />

Gogoi was awarded the [[Param Vishisht Seva Medal]] on 25 January 2012<ref name=":2" /> on [[Republic Day (India)|Republic Day]] for his "rendering service of the most exceptional order".<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2010-09-15 |title=PVSM for Air Marshal Anjan Gogoi |url=https://assamtribune.com/pvsm-for-air-marshal-anjan-gogoi |access-date=2026-03-03 |website=assamtribune.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2012-01-27 |title=Air Marshal Anjan Kumar Gogoi, Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief, South Western Air Command, IAF, has been Param Vishisht Seva Medal for his distinguished and devoted service. He is an alumnus of National Defence Academy. |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/airmarshal-anjan-kumar-gogoi-air-officer-commanding-in-chiefsouth-western-air-command-iaf-has-beenparam-vishisht-seva-medal-for-his-distinguished-and-devoted-service-heis-an-alumnus-of-national-defenceacademy-/articleshow/11648689.cms |access-date=2026-03-03 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> He was presented the medal by President [[Pratibha Patil]] at [[Rashtrapati Bhavan]] on 17 April 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 April 2012 |title=President Confers Gallantry and Distinguished Service Awards |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=82329&reg=3&lang=2}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Gogoi, Anjan}}
[[Category:1953 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian Air Force air marshals]]
[[Category:Defence Services Staff College alumni]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Vishisht Seva Medal]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Param Vishisht Seva Medal]]

Suhaag Raat (1948 film)

2026-04-30T03:03:54Z

CarmineJansen:

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Suhaag Raat
| image = Suhaag_Raat_1948.jpg

| caption =
| director = [[Kidar Sharma]]
| producer = {{ubl|[[Munshiram Varma]]|Kidar Sharma}}
| writer = {{ubl|F. A. Mirza|V. Sharma}}
| screenplay = Kidar Sharma
| story = Kidar Sharma
| narrator =
| starring = {{ubl|[[Bharat Bhushan]]|[[Begum Para ]]|[[Geeta Bali]]}}
| music = [[Snehal Bhatkar]]
| cinematography = {{ubl|D. K. Ambre|D. C. Mehta|Mr. Machave}}
| editing = S. S. Chawande
| studio = Oriental Pictures
| distributor = [[Varma Films]]
| released = {{Film date|1948}}
| runtime =
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Suhaag Raat '''''([[Hindi]] for "Wedding Night) also called '''Sohag Raat''', is a [[Bollywood films of 1948|1948]] [[Hindi]] film of [[Cinema of India|Indian cinema]] directed by [[Kidar Sharma]].<ref name="AFD">{{cite book|title=Asian Film Directory and Who's who|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0wY6AQAAIAAJ|accessdate=28 November 2016|year=1952|page=197}}</ref> A [[Romance films#Subgenres|romantic drama]], it was the third film produced by Oriental Pictures<ref>{{cite web| url=http://myswar.co/album/production_house/oriental-pictures
|title=Albums by Oriental Pictures|website=myswar.com|accessdate=2 April 2024}}</ref> and the first film to be distributed by the newly-founded company [[Varma Films]].<ref>{{cite journal|title=Sohag Raat|journal=[[Filmindia]]|date=July 1948|pages=61|url=https://archive.org/details/filmindia194612unse/page/n531/mode/2up?view=theater&q=Varma|accessdate=2 April 2024}}</ref> The story was a joint effort by F. A. Mirza and V. Sharma, while the screenplay, dialogue and lyrics were written by Kidar Sharma. The music was composed by [[Snehal Bhatkar]], with cinematography by D. K. Ambre and D. C. Mehta. [[Geeta Bali]] made her debut in a lead feature film role with this movie,<ref name="Rajadhyaksha"/> which co-starred [[Bharat Bhushan]] and [[Begum Para]].<ref name="Varma">{{cite journal|title=Pictures In Making-Varma Films|journal=Filmindia|date=May 1948|volume=14|issue=5|pages=71|url=https://archive.org/stream/filmindia194612unse#page/n387/mode/2up/search/Sohag+Raat|accessdate=28 November 2016}}</ref> The rest of the cast included Pesi Patel, [[Nazir Kashmiri]], S. Nazir, Nazira and Shanta Kumar.

The story was set in a village in [[Kullu]], [[Himachal Pradesh]]. Though Kullu was used as a backdrop, most of the shooting actually took place in [[Bombay]]. The costumes worn by the film's characters were representative of the hilly people of Himachal Pradesh and justified the setting. The outdoor photography by D. K. Ambre and D. C. Mehta was praised for its "picturesque" composition. The story was a romantic triangle, with two girls, one rich and the other poor, falling in love with the same man. Geeta Bali as Kammo, the poor village girl, and Begum Para as Paro, the rich landlord's daughter, portray the two girls. Bharat Bhushan as Beli, who has been saved by Kammo's father, Jaggu (Pesi Patel), plays the love interest. The arrival of the villain Rahu, Beli's step-brother, and its consequences form the rest of the story.<ref name="FIR">{{cite journal|title=Our Review-"Geeta Bali's Sohag Raat"|journal=Filmindia|date=August 1948|volume=14|issue=8|pages=51|url=https://archive.org/stream/filmindia194612unse#page/n595/mode/2up/search/Sohag+Raat|accessdate=28 November 2016}}</ref>

Sohag Raat was released at Excelsior and Lamington Cinemas, in Bombay on 25 June 1948,<ref name="FIR" /> and was the seventh highest-grossing Indian film of 1948.<ref>{{cite web|title=Top Earners 1948|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=153&catName=MTk0OA==|publisher=Box Office India|access-date=26 September 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121012171051/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=153&catName=MTk0OA%3D%3D|archive-date=12 October 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The film's success was attributed to the "refreshing" debutante Geeta Bali, with [[Baburao Patel]] titling his review of the film in the August 1948 issue of [[Filmindia]], as "Geeta Bali's Sohag Raat".<ref name="FIR" />

==Plot==
A dying mother asks her step-son, Rahu, to look after his younger stepbrother, Beli ([[Bharat Bhushan]]). The stepson decides to have Beli murdered in order to lay claim to the entire property. Rahu appoints Jaggu (Pesi Patel) to carry out the killing. However, Jaggu changes his mind when Beli asks him if he has any children. Jaggu then takes Beli to his village in Kullu, where he lives with his cheerful and spirited daughter Kammo ([[Geeta Bali]]). Beli soon finds a job at the Zamindar's (Landlord) house. The landlord's daughter, Paro ([[Begum Para]]), is a good friend of Kammo. Both Kammo and Paro fall in love with Beli, but Beli likes Paro.

Rahu finds out that Beli is not dead and comes to the village, ingratiating himself with the Zamindar. He asks for Paro's hand in marriage and the Zamindar agrees. On the wedding night, Kammo persuades Beli and Paro to elope but they are stopped by Rahu who tries to shoot Beli. Kammo comes in the way and is shot. She dies uniting the two lovers.

==Cast==
* [[Bharat Bhushan]] as Beli
* [[Begum Para]] as Paro
* [[Geeta Bali]] as Kammo
* Pesi Patel as Jaggu
* Maruti
* [[Nazir Kashmiri]]

==Geeta Bali==
[[Geeta Bali]] started her cinematic career with R. K. Shorey's short film called ''The Cobbler'' (1942) at the age of twelve, following which she made her maiden feature film appearance in actor-director Majnu's ''Badnami'' (1946).<ref name="Rajadhyaksha">{{cite book |last1=Rajadhyaksha |first1=Ashish |author-link1=Ashish Rajadhyaksha |last2=Willemen |first2=Paul |author-link2=Paul Willemen |pages=52|title=Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema |date=1999 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-1-135-94325-7}}</ref><ref name="Badnami">{{cite web|title=Badnami (1946)|url=http://www.citwf.com/film27130.htm|website=citwf.com|publisher=Alan Goble|accessdate=28 November 2016}}</ref> Author Tilak Rishi writes that Sharma cast Bali after being attracted by her lively dance performances and "offscreen vivacity".<ref name="Rishi2012">{{cite book|author=Tilak Rishi|title=Bless You Bollywood!: A tribute to Hindi Cinema on completing 100 years|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NWlYAAAAQBAJ&pg=PT123|accessdate=20 November 2016|date=5 June 2012|publisher=Trafford Publishing|isbn=978-1-4669-3962-2|pages=123–|chapter=Geeta Bali}}</ref> According to Sharma, in his autobiography "The One and Lonely Kidar Sharma", he was impressed by Geeta Bali's "nymph like naughtiness", and was convinced to cast her as the main heroine.<ref name="Sharma2002">{{cite book|author=Kidar Sharma|title=The One and Lonely Kidar Sharma, (an Anecdotal Autobiography)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jP9kAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=28 November 2016|year=2002|publisher=Bluejay Books|isbn=978-81-87075-96-7|page=226|chapter=13}}</ref>

Patel's quote on Bali's debut,<ref name="FIR" /> and about her being introduced as "a New Talent" in the film's booklet were:

{{Blockquote|text="she definitely HAS talent which even overcomes plain features and a pug nose. More than even talent in this picture she reveals a personality in which naivette (sic), charm and a boyish vivacity are all mixed. That all these qualities were latent in her is true; Kidar Sharma could not have invented them. But it is equally true that by giving her a role that fitted her personality and then providing her appropriate situations, the director-writer has brought out that personality. Those who saw her in extra roles in some obscure Lahore-made pictures are truly and agreeably surprised. It may truly be said that Kidar Sharma has not only discovered but made a star".}}

==Review and reception==
The film was to mark a turning point for its heroine, Geeta Bali. The audience related to Geeta Bali's lively performance and as stated by Rishi, she was "inundated with film offers".<ref name="Rishi2012" /> Filmindia in its review Title, referred to the film as "Geeta Bali's Sohag Raat", giving the debutant, Geeta Bali, full credit for its box-office success.<ref name="FIR" /> According to author Ashok Raj, "Kidar Sharma reached the zenith of his intense creative work with Suhaag Raat".<ref name="Raj2009">{{cite book|author=Ashok Raj|title=Hero Vol.1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tgo9BAAAQBAJ&pg=PT101|accessdate=20 November 2016|date=1 November 2009|publisher=Hay House, Inc|isbn=978-93-81398-02-9|pages=101–}}</ref>

==Music==
The music director was [[Snehal Bhatkar]], who composed songs like "Rhoom Jhoom Matware Badal Chha Gaye", "Chhod Chale Munh Mod Chale", "Javo Javo Na Satao" and "Mere Dil Ki Dhadkanon Mein" all written by Kidar Sharma.<ref name="Sharma2002" /> "Lakhi Babul Mere Kaahe Ko Dinhi Bides" (Father, Why Do You Send Me To a Foreign Land), the ''[[bidai]]'' (bride send-off, bidding farewell to the bride) song "attributed to [[Amir Khusrow|Amir Khusro]]" was sung by [[Mukesh (singer)|Mukesh]].<ref name="George2013">{{cite book|author=Rosemary Marangoly George|title=Indian English and the Fiction of National Literature|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RtdGAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA251|accessdate=28 November 2016|date=21 November 2013|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-72955-1|pages=251–|chapter=Notes}}</ref> The song, which is lip-synced by Jaggu (Pesi Patel) appeared twice in the film, the second version being the sad one when Kammo dies.<ref name="FIR" />

Songlist:<ref name=Songs>{{cite web|title=Suhag Raat 1948|url=http://myswar.com/album/suhag-raat-1948|website=myswar.com|publisher=MySwar|accessdate=8 Sep 2014}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! # !! Title !! Singer
|-
| 1
| "Rhoom Jhoom Matwaale Badal Chha Gaye"
| [[Geeta Roy]], [[Rajkumari Dubey|Rajkumari]]
|-
| 2
| "Baaje Mori Paayal Thunak Thunak"
| Geeta Roy, Rajkumari
|-
| 3
| "Kis Paapi Sang Uljhi Ankhiyaan"
| Geeta Roy, Rajkumari
|-
| 4
| "Lakhi Babul More Kaahe Ko Deenhi Bides"
| [[Mukesh (singer)|Mukesh]]
|-
| 5
| "Mere Dil Ki Dhadkanon Mein Sakhi"
| Geeta Roy, [[Shamshad Begum]]
|-
| 6
| "Tere Bin Meri Zindagani Kis Kaam Ki"
| Shamshad Begum
|-
| 7
| "Javo Javo Na Satao"
| Rajkumari
|-
| 8
| "Ye Bura Kiya Jo Saaf Saaf Kah Diya"
| Rajkumari, Mukesh
|-
| 9
| "Chhod Chale Munh Mod Chale"
| Rajkumari
|}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id=0332419 |title=Suhaag Raat }}

[[Category:1948 films]]
[[Category:1948 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1948 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:1948 romantic drama films]]

Bacha Nagma

2026-04-22T13:21:40Z

CarmineJansen: starting new details

[[File:Bachanagma.jpg|thumb|A 'Bacha' performing Bacha Nagma with his fellow dancers]]
'''Bacha Nagma''' is one of the major [[folk dance]] forms found in the [[Kashmir Valley|Kashmir valley]]. It is also referred to as Bacha Gyavaun in certain parts of Kashmir.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://indiavivid.com/bacha-nagma-dance-a-popular-folk-dance-of-kashmir/|title=Bacha Nagma Dance - A Popular Folk Dance of Kashmir|last=kuntala|date=2019-10-30|website=IndiaVivid|language=en-US|access-date=2019-11-13}}</ref> Afghans of [[Kabul]] are credited with the parentage of this dance. It is a derivative of the Hafiza Nagma.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Shamus-ul-Nisa|first=Dr|date=2017-11-01|title=Bacha Nagma and Band Pather: A study on Kashmiri Singing|url=http://www.academicjournal.in/archives/2017/vol2/issue6/2-6-102|journal=International Journal of Academic Research and Development|language=en|volume=2|issue=6|pages=265–268}}</ref> During the Bacha Nagma, a teenaged boy dressed as a girl dancer, who is trained in the Hafiza style of dancing sings Kashmiri [[Ballad]] and dances. This dance is popular in the villages{{Clarify|date=April 2026}}, mainly at the harvest time. It is also popular for being performed in social gatherings and parties by young boys who disguise themselves as women in long skirts. Bacha Nagma is common in Kashmir during wedding celebrations and when the wedding processions are taken out on boats on the [[Jhelum River|Jhelum]] river. This dance form is much appreciated and has the ability to engage large audiences. It is accompanied by instruments like [[Rubab (instrument)|rabab]], [[sarangi]], and drums.<ref name=":1" /> It involves quick spinning movements just like in the Hafiza dance form and some may even resemble those of [[kathak]]. The song-dance proceeding is known as Bach Nagma Jashan - Kid Dancer's Celebration.<ref name="Bacha Nagma Dance">{{Cite web|url=http://www.dance.anantagroup.com/bacha-nagma-dance/|title=Bacha Nagma Dance|date=2012-03-19|website=Indian Classical Folk & Tribal Dance|language=en-US|access-date=2019-11-13}}</ref> The dancer is known as The Bacha - the Kid - usually a thin and graceful boy/man who dances, sometimes comically, is always attired like a woman in a multi-colored frock-like dress.{{Citation needed|date=May 2022}}

This dance occupies a very special place in the [[Kashmiri mythology|folklore of Kashmir]] and is performed during parties where people socialize with each other. The dance is also conducted during festivals and religious occasions. The audience is entertained by the rejoicing movements of the performers accompanied by loud music. This folk dance form was one of the most prevalent ways of entertainment in the old days.{{Citation needed|date=April 2025}} With the passage of time, there come up in many ways by which people entertain themselves.<ref name="Bacha Nagma Dance"/> The Bacha Nagma dance has still existed as a folk dance form and is considered one of the prime components of the Kashmiri culture. Before the Bacha Nagma, another type of celebration was much more popular - Hafiz Nagma, ‘Female dancer’s song’.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Dances of Kashmir |url=https://www.jktdc.co.in/dances-of-kashmir.aspx |access-date=2019-11-13 |website=www.jktdc.co.in}}</ref>

== Etymology ==
The term "Bacha Nagma" is derived from two different words, Bacha: From [[Persian language|Persian]] بچه (''bačče''). Ultimately from [[Sanskrit]] वत्स (''vatsa'', "boy, child, son"), from which Hindi बछड़ा (''bachṛā'', "calf, child, boy") is derived and Nagma: From [[Urdu]] ناجما, [[Hindi]]: नघमा meaning a melody or a tune. Combined altogether means the child's dance.{{Citation needed|date=March 2020}}

== History ==
The valley of Kashmir is appreciated for its rich culture and the various folk dance forms which can still be seen.<ref name=":0" /> Kashmir was predominantly populated by Muslims and has remained aloof from the main cultural currents of [[India]], but the ancient caves and temples of Kashmir reveal a strong link with Indian culture at the beginning of the [[Common Era]]. At one time the classical dances of the south are believed to have been practiced. When Islam was introduced in the 14th century,<ref name=":0" /> dancing and theatrical arts were suppressed, being contrary to a strict interpretation of the [[Quran|Qurʾān.]] These arts survived only in folk forms and were performed principally at marriage ceremonies. The history of the Bacha Nagma folk dance form says that the dance evolved many years ago as a dance form that was being performed during the harvest season to celebrate the joy of harvesting. However, it gradually gained popularity among the people and is now being performed at social gatherings, parties, and get-togethers, as well as during religious occasions and festivals.{{Citation needed|date=March 2020}}

Another dance form is known as the Hafiz Nagma- ‘Female dancer’s Song’{{Citation needed|date=May 2022}} was prevalent before the Bacha Nagma. Its performance was similar to Bacha Nagma, and the songs were usually set to Sufi lyrics or [[Sufi music|Sufia Kalam]], but the dancer who performed on these songs was always female and known as Hafiza. These dancers were much celebrated at weddings and festivals. This dance form was eventually replaced by the Bacha Nagma, with different reasons given for this happening. A belief among the locals<ref name=":0" /> is that the concept of boys dancing in female attire had a historical significance which dates back during the rule of the [[Akbar|Mughal emperor Akbar]]. After Kashmir was captured by Akbar, he wanted to diminish the gallantry of the men residing in the place. To accomplish it, he enforced the men to dress up like the women, to prevent them from disclosing their heroism and bravery. Kashmiris believe that Mughal emperor Akbar, in an attempt to counter manly valor of its people and remove any possible future trouble, decree-forced Kashmiri men to were feminine gown like dresses - [[Phiran|''pheran''.]] In the 1920s, Hafiz Nagma was banned officially in Kashmir by the ruling [[Dogra dynasty|Dogra Maharaja]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/art/South-Asian-arts|title=South Asian arts - Masked drama|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|access-date=2019-11-13}}</ref> The ruler felt this dance was losing its Sufi touch and was becoming too sensual and hence amoral for the society. With songs being the same, the female Muslim dancers were replaced by young Muslim boys who dressed as women, giving the origin of Bacha Nagma. Few studies by the respected academic personnel{{Citation needed|date=April 2025}} reveal that this dance form was mainly promoted by the Afghans in Kabul. The dancers did not only wear the dress of a woman but they also beautified themselves with various ornaments and jewelry. The dance movements are performed with such dignity and expertise that it is almost impossible to distinguish the boys with that of the dance performances of girls. It is a distinct credit of the young boys, dancing and singing simultaneously with the music. These young boys are trained as soon as they reach their adolescent age to maintain the sweetness and the shrillness in their voice. During the modern era, there have been several alterations in the song and the dance.{{Citation needed|date=March 2020}}

==Form==
Bacha Nagma is an offshoot<ref name=":1" /> to the Hafiza dance form. It is considered very popular and draws attention of large amount of crowd and applause. It also involves quick spinning movements like those in Kathak. The dancers do much of an expressional dancing to interpret the lyrics of the song being sung. Nowadays marriages in Kashmir are considered incomplete without Bacha Nagma performance. The groups are booked a couple of months before the events. During the ceremony, the ‘Bacha’ gets more people on the dance floor and is then customarily showered with money. The singing takes place all night and the [[Ghungroo]]s<ref name=":1" /> add to the aesthetic nature of the song. There are songs of different patterns, like Erotic, Humorous, Pathetic, Heroic, Spiritual, Peaceful and Wondrous. Many different type of rasas (emotions) are present in these songs sung by the bacha and which are then expressed beautifully through the dancing.{{Citation needed|date=March 2020}}

==Performance==
The dance is usually performed by highly skilled and brilliant young performers. Each one of them is skilled and accomplished in their genre of dance. These young boys are made to look like women with local traditional women's attire and make-up. The dancers follow the Hafiza style of dance. They receive adequate and expert training to adopt the Hafiza dance form of Kashmir. A common feature noticed in these young teenagers is that they have the supple body<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.schoolchalao.com/basic-education/show-results/indian-folk-dance/bacha-nagma-dance-jammu-and-kashmir|title=Bacha Nagma Dance - Jammu and Kashmir|last=Post|first=Like This|website=School Chalao|language=English|access-date=2019-11-13}}</ref> so that they can easily adapt the flexible moves like that of female dancers in Hafiza. Since these boys are of tender age they have sweeter voice and thus, they can as well sing while dancing. They are trained to retain that voice too. The sweetness in their voice makes the music much soothing and creates a nice ambiance. It consists of six to seven members (maximum) and there is no particular singer, one of the dancers himself is the lead singer among the dancers that sings in a melodious voice and the other members join him in the chorus, this creates a very soothing effect as most of the singers are young in age. The dresses worn by dancers somewhat resemble those worn by Kathak dancers.<ref name=":4" /> Their face is beautifully adorned to represent that of a girl. The dancers move around the dance stage with wonderful dignified movements. The poised nature of the dance, simple yet lively, enthralls the audience.{{Citation needed|date=March 2020}}

== Music and Instruments ==
The songs are similar to the ones that are sung with the Hafiza dance i.e. songs written in Sufi Kalam or lyrics. Sufi Kalam is a song form, dedicated to the divine power and spirit. Other songs used contain lyrics that resemble the Persian style of literature. Nowadays the lyrics are composed to represent a fun theme or a comedy,<ref name=":0" /> to allure the observers. The music is loud and is an inherent part of the dance form. Without the music, the performance does not attain its exquisite charm and sophistication.{{Citation needed|date=March 2020}}

A Sufi Kalam performance consists of an ''[[ustad]]'',<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last1=Moroi|first1=K.|last2=Sato|first2=T.|date=1975-08-15|title=Comparison between procaine and isocarboxazid metabolism in vitro by a liver microsomal amidase-esterase|journal=Biochemical Pharmacology|volume=24|issue=16|pages=1517–1521|doi=10.1016/0006-2952(75)90029-5|issn=1873-2968|pmid=8}}</ref> and three musicians (all of the vocalists and instrumentalists) introducing the shakal (alaap) before presenting the baeth (mystic and/or romantic verses) of a maqaam (raga). Sufi Kalam was the music form favored by the elite, while the masses enjoyed traditional forms of folk music like Chhakri, Rof, and Wanwun. Chhakri is folk music sung to the accompaniment of ''[[Sarangi|sarang]], [[Rebab|rabab]], tumbaknari'' and ''nott''.<ref name=":2" /> Bacha Nagma is accompanied by the Chhakri singers and instruments and the Sufi kalam slowly faded away. A ballad<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ikashmir.net/richheritage/16.html|title=The Rich Heritage of Jammu & Kashmir by Somnath Wakhlu|website=ikashmir.net|access-date=2019-11-13}}</ref> in Kashmiri was sung for the story is told and not merely as dance-accompaniments. Sometimes for the sake of entertainment, dance was also performed along with the singing of a narrative song which became a local practice for the Bacha Nagma singers.{{Citation needed|date=March 2020}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Indian folk dances]]
[[Category:Kashmiri culture]]
[[Category:Cross-dressing]]

Aizawl North 3 Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:22:32Z

CarmineJansen: starting new info

{{Short description|Constituency of the Mizoram legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Aizawl North 3
| type = SLA
| map_image = Legislative Assembly constituencies of Mizoram (Aizawl North 3 highlighted).png
| state = [[Mizoram]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| constituency_no = 13
| district = [[Aizawl district|Aizawl]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Mizoram Lok Sabha constituency|Mizoram]]
| established = 2008
| reservation = ST
| mla = [[K. Sapdanga]]
| party = [[Zoram People's Movement]]
| electors = {{formatnum:17181}}
}}
'''Aizawl North 3''' is one of the 40 assembly constituencies of [[Mizoram Legislative Assembly]], in the northeastern [[Mizoram]] state of [[India]].<ref>[http://www.elections.in/mizoram/assembly-constituencies/aizawl-north-3.html Elections in]</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Assembly Elections December 2013 Results |work=ECI |publisher=Election Commission of India |url=http://eciresults.ap.nic.in |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131215221429/http://eciresults.ap.nic.in/ |archivedate=2013-12-15 |url-status=dead }}</ref> It is a reserved seat for the [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled tribes]] (ST).<ref>[http://legislativebodiesinindia.nic.in/mizoram.htm Mizoram Legislative Assembly]</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[2008 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
| rowspan=2|[[Lal Thanzara]]
| {{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2013 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
|-
|[[2018 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
| C. Lalmuanpuia
| {{Full party name with colour|Mizo National Front}}
|-
|[[2023 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| [[K. Sapdanga]]
| {{Full party name with colour|Zoram People's Movement}}
|}

==Election results==
===2023===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2023 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election]]: Aizawl North 3}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. Lalmuanpuia|party=Mizo National Front|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Lal Thanzara]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. Sapdanga]]|party=Zoram People's Movement|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Chawnghmingthanga|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Andrew Lalremkima|party=Aam Aadmi Party|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[None of the Above]]|party=None of the above|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box majority|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner =
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2018===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2018 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election]]: Aizawl North 3<ref>{{cite web|title=Mizoram Legislative Election 2018- Statistical Report|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9687-mizoram-legislative-election-2018-statistical-report/|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date=8 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[C. Lalmuanpuia]]
|party = Mizo National Front
|votes = 5166
|percentage = 35.21
|change = {{decrease}}4.82
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Lal Thanzara]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 4732
|percentage = 32.25
|change = {{decrease}}13.23
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Lalhmingthanga
|party = Zoram People's Movement
|votes = 4510
|percentage = 30.74
|change = {{increase}}17.10
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Lalremsiama Ralte
|party = Independent politician
|votes = 139
|percentage = 0.95
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = VL Awia
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 77
|percentage = 0.52
|change = {{increase}}0.26
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = 49
|percentage = 0.33
|change = {{decrease}}0.27
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 434
|percentage = 2.97
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 14673
|percentage = 77.38
|change = {{decrease}}2.38
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Mizo National Front
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2013===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2013 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election]]: Aizawl North 3<ref name=Miz2013>{{cite web |url= http://eciresults.nic.in/PartyWiseResult.htm |title= Assembly Elections December 2013 Results |publisher= Election Commission of India |access-date= 8 October 2021 |archive-date= 15 December 2013 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131215065208/http://eciresults.nic.in/PartyWiseResult.htm |url-status= dead }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Lal Thanzara]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 6262
|percentage = 45.48
|change = {{increase}}9.28
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Lalchhandama Ralte
|party = Mizo National Front
|votes = 5512
|percentage = 40.03
|change = {{increase}}9.44
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = R. K. Daniela
|party = Zoram Nationalist Party
|votes = 1878
|percentage = 13.64
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Biakmawia
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 36
|percentage = 0.26
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = 82
|percentage = 0.60
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 750
|percentage = 5.48
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 13770
|percentage = 79.76
|change = {{increase}}2.76
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2008===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2008 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election]]: Aizawl North 3<ref name="eci">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3666-mizoram-2008/ |title=Mizoram 2008 - Mizoram - Election Commission of India |date= |author= |accessdate= 8 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Lal Thanzara]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 4109
|percentage = 36.20
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = K. Sangthuama
|party = Mizo National Front
|votes = 3603
|percentage = 31.74
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Rosiamngheta
|party = Mizoram People's Conference
|votes = 3472
|percentage = 30.59
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = C. Laltanpuia
|party = Independent politician
|votes = 120
|percentage = 1.06
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = P. C. Lalsangliana
|party = Lok Janshakti Party
|votes = 47
|percentage = 0.41
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 506
|percentage = 4.46
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 11351
|percentage = 77.0
|change =
}}
{{Election box new seat win|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

== See also ==
* [[Aizawl]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord|23.754|92.718|display=title}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Mizoram}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Mizoram]]
[[Category:Aizawl]]
[[Category:Aizawl district]]
[[Category:Politics of Mizoram]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Mizoram]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Lok Singh

2026-04-08T01:33:20Z

CarmineJansen: Made new biography initial version

{{more citations needed|date=March 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}

'''Lok Singh''' was an Indian cinematographer who primarily worked in Telugu movies mostly in the 80s and 90s. He worked for over 31 movies with [[Chiranjeevi]]. He was mostly known for his collaborations with [[K. Vishwanath]], [[A. Kodandarami Reddy]], and [[Vijaya Bapineedu]].

He died in an accident, caused by a fire, on the sets of Telugu movie ''Warning'', produced by Anuradha Films division chadalavada tirupathi rao in 1996.<ref>{{Cite web |title=సాంగ్ షూటింగ్.. నా కళ్లముందే మంటల్లో కాలిపోయాడు: ఆమని {{!}} Aamani About Cinematographer Lok Singh Death {{!}} Sakshi |url=https://www.sakshi.com/telugu-news/movies/aamani-about-cinematographer-lok-singh-death-1527518 |access-date=2025-02-12 |website=www.sakshi.com |language=te}}</ref><ref>{{cite AV media| url-status = live| archive-url = https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/ltsSV7gnn_0| archive-date = 2021-12-11| url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ltsSV7gnn_0| title = Cameraman Lok Singh Naidu's Death Secret - Chota K Naidu {{!}}{{!}} Frankly With TNR {{!}}{{!}} Talking Movies | website=[[YouTube]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

==Filmography==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Name !! Year !! Director
|-
| ''[[Nyayam Kavali]]'' || 1981 || [[A. Kodandarami Reddy]]
|-
| ''[[Kirayi Rowdylu]]'' || 1981 || [[A. Kodandarami Reddy]]
|-
| ''[[Subhalekha]]'' || 1982 || [[K. Viswanath]]
|-
| ''[[Abhilasha (1983 film)|Abhilasha]]'' || 1983 || [[A. Kodandarami Reddy]]
|-
| ''[[Mantri Gari Viyyankudu]]'' || 1983 || [[Bapu (director)|Bapu]]
|-
| ''[[Goonda (film)|Goonda]]'' || 1984 || [[A. Kodandarami Reddy]]
|-
| ''[[Hero (1984 film)|Hero]]'' || 1984 || [[Vijaya Bapineedu]]
|-
| ''[[Challenge (1984 film)|Challenge]]'' || 1984 || [[A. Kodandarami Reddy]]
|-
| ''[[Rustum (1984 film)|Rustum]]'' || 1984 || [[A. Kodandarami Reddy]]
|-
| ''[[Rakta Sindhuram]]'' || 1985 || [[A. Kodandarami Reddy]]
|-
| ''[[Vijetha (1985 film)|Vijetha]]'' || 1985 || [[A. Kodandarami Reddy]]
|-
| ''[[Kirathakudu]]'' || 1986 || [[A. Kodandarami Reddy]]
|-
| ''[[Chantabbai]]'' || 1986 || [[Jandhyala]]
|-
| ''[[Rakshasudu (1986 film)|Rakshasudu]]'' || 1986 || [[A. Kodandarami Reddy]]
|-
| ''[[Oka Radha Iddaru Krishnulu]]'' || 1986 || [[A. Kodandarami Reddy]]
|-
| ''[[Donga Mogudu]]'' || 1987 || [[A. Kodandarami Reddy]]
|-
| ''[[Pasivadi Pranam]]'' || 1987 || [[A. Kodandarami Reddy]]
|-
| ''[[Swayamkrushi]]'' || 1987 || [[K. Viswanath]]
|-
| ''[[Chakravarthy (1987 film)|Chakravarthy]]'' || 1987 || [[Ravi Raja Pinisetty]]
|-
| ''[[Jebu Donga (1987 film)|Jebu Donga]]'' || 1987 || [[A. Kodandarami Reddy]]
|-
| ''[[Khaidi No. 786]]'' || 1988 || [[Vijaya Bapineedu]]
|-
| ''[[Swarnakamalam]]'' || 1988 || [[K. Viswanath]]
|-
| ''[[Marana Mrudangam]]'' || 1988 || [[A. Kodandarami Reddy]]
|-
| ''[[Trinetrudu]]'' || 1988 || [[A. Kodandarami Reddy]]
|-
| ''[[Attaku Yamudu Ammayiki Mogudu]]'' || 1989 || [[A. Kodandarami Reddy]]
|-
| ''[[Lankeswarudu]]'' || 1989 || [[Dasari Narayana Rao]]
|-
| ''[[Muthyamantha Muddu]]'' || 1989 || [[Ravi Raja Pinisetty]]
|-
| ''[[Abhimanyu (1990 film)|Abhimanyu]]'' || 1990 || [[Ravi Raja Pinisetty]]
|-
| ''[[Raja Vikramarka (1990 film)|Raja Vikramarka]]'' || 1990 || [[Ravi Raja Pinisetty]]
|-
| ''[[Stuartpuram Police Station]]'' || 1991 || [[Yandamuri Veerendranath]]
|-
| ''[[Gang Leader]]'' || 1991 || [[Vijaya Bapineedu]]
|-
| ''Vaasthavam'' || 1993 || Valmiki
|-
| ''[[Mechanic Alludu]]'' || 1993 || [[B. Gopal]]
|-
| ''[[Vaddu Bava Thappu]]'' || 1994 || K. Ajay Kumar
|-
| ''[[Parugo Parugu]]'' || 1994 || [[Relangi Narasimha Rao]]
|-
| ''[[Allarodu]]'' || 1994 || K. Ajay Kumar
|-
| ''[[Big Boss (film)|Big Boss]]'' || 1995 || [[Vijaya Bapineedu]]
|}

==References==
<references />

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Cinematographers from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Telugu film cinematographers]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]

Akash S. Madhavan

2026-04-03T01:43:07Z

CarmineJansen: starting a stub

{{Short description|Indian athlete}}
{{Given name hatnote|Akash|Madhavan|lang=Malayali}}
{{Infobox person
|name = Akash S. Madhavan
|image = Akash S Madhavan.jpg
|fullname =
|birth_date = {{birth based on age as of date|32|2022|07|8}}<ref name="Mathrubhumi"/>
|birth_place = [[Melattur, Kerala|Melattur]], [[Malappuram district]], [[Kerala]], India
|death_date =
|death_place =
| module = {{Infobox sportsperson
| embed = yes
|country = [[India]]
|sport = Multiple
|event = [[World Dwarf Games]]
|coach =
|medaltemplates =
{{MedalCompetition|[[World Dwarf Games]]}}
{{MedalSilver|2013 [[East Lansing]], {{US}}|Shot put}}
{{MedalBronze|2013 [[East Lansing]], {{US}}|Dicus throw}}
{{MedalBronze|2017 [[Guelph]], {{CAN}}|Javelin throw}}
{{MedalCompetition| National Para-Badminton Championship}}
{{MedalGold|2013|Badminton doubles}}
|height = 130 cm
|hometown = [[Melattur, Kerala|Melattur]] in [[Malappuram district]]
|training =
}}
}}
'''Akash S. Madhavan''' is an Indian athlete from [[Kerala]]. Representing India, he has won a silver medal in shot put, a bronze in discus throw, and a bronze in javelin throw at the [[World Dwarf Games]].

==Biography==
Akash was born to Sethumadhavan and Geetha at [[Melattur, Kerala|Melattur]] in [[Malappuram district]] of Kerala.<ref name="Mathrubhumi2">{{cite news |title=Olympian Akash S Madhavan weds Indonesian Dewi Siti Sendari |url=https://englisharchives.mathrubhumi.com/news/offbeat/lsg-polls-2020-shortest-candidates-of-lsg-polls-b34dfea7 |work=[[Mathrubhumi]] |date=23 November 2020 |language=en}}</ref> He is suffering from achondroplasia, a genitic disorder that causes dwarfism.<ref name="Times">{{cite news |title=Akash S Madhavan: Touching the sky with laurels |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/akash-s-madhavan-touching-the-sky-with-laurels/articleshow/60159169.cms |work=The Times of India |date=22 August 2017}}</ref> His height is only 130 cm.<ref name="Mathrubhumi2"/> His primary education was at Valluvanad Vidya Bhavan HSS in Perinthalmanna. It was U. K. Haridas, the physical education teacher there who encouraged him to take up athletics.<ref name="Mathrubhumi2"/> He passed Class 10 and 12 with a first class.<ref name="Times"/> After completing degree in automobile engineering from Tamil Nadu College of Engineering, Coimbatore, he got a job as a service center advisor in an automobile company, but was rejected due to his short height.<ref>{{Cite web |title=സബാഷ് ആകാശ് |url=https://www.manoramanews.com/news/spotlight/2017/08/28/malappuram-akash-s-madhavan.html |access-date=2025-09-03 |website=ManoramaOnline |publisher=[[Malayala Manorama]] |language=ml}}</ref>

Along with his father, Akash runs a business of Ayurvedic and beauty products in Perinthalmanna.<ref>{{cite news |title=ഒളിമ്പ്യൻ ആകാശ് എസ്. മാധവന് ഇന്ന് മാംഗല്യം; വധു ഇന്തോനേഷ്യക്കാരി {{!}} Olympian Akash S. Madhavan wedding; The bride is Indonesian {{!}} Madhyamam |url=https://www.madhyamam.com/sports/other-games/olympian-akash-s-madhavan-wedding-the-bride-is-indonesian-1040239 |work=www.madhyamam.com |date=8 July 2022 |language=ml}}</ref>

Akash contested from ward 15 of Melattur grama panchayat as a [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] candidate in the [[2020 Kerala local elections]].<ref name="Deccan">{{cite news |title=Kerala's shortest candidate in LSG polls, Akash Madhavan is an Olympic medallist |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/keralas-shortest-candidate-in-lsg-polls-akash-madhavan-is-an-olympic-medallist-919338.html |work=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> Currently, he is also the BJP's Malappuram district sports cell convener.<ref name="Mathrubhumi">{{cite news |title=ഒളിമ്പ്യന് ഇന്ന് മാംഗല്യം, വധു ഇൻഡൊനീഷ്യക്കാരി |url=https://newspaper.mathrubhumi.com/news/sports/sports-1.7671980 |newspaper=[[Mathrubhumi]] |date=7 July 2022 |language=ml}}</ref>

===Personal life===
Akash is married to Devi Siti Sendari, a native of [[Surabaya]], Indonesia.<ref name="Samayam">{{cite news |title=ഏറെ നാളത്തെ പ്രണയം, ആകാശിൻ്റെ വധുവായി ഇന്തോനേഷ്യക്കാരി; വിവാഹത്തിലേക്കെത്തിയത് സുഹൃത്തിലൂടെ |url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/local-news/malappuram/olympian-akash-s-madhavan-weds-indonesian-native-dewi-siti-sendari/articleshow/92806303.cms |work=Samayam Malayalam |agency=[[The Times of India]] |language=ml}}</ref> Their wedding took place at the [[Thirumandhamkunnu Temple|Thirumandhamkunnu Bhagavathy Temple]] in [[Angadipuram]].<ref name="Samayam"/>

==Career==
In the World Dwarf Games in 2013, Akash won silver in shotput and bronze in discus throw and in the 2017 games, he won bronze in the javelin throw.<ref name="Times"/> He also won gold in badminton doubles in the National Para-Badminton Championship.<ref name="Deccan"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Madhavan, Akash}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:Athletes from Kerala]]
[[Category:Indian men javelin throwers]]
[[Category:Indian men shot putters]]
[[Category:Indian men discus throwers]]
[[Category:Competitors in the sport of athletics with dwarfism]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Miriam Maa

2026-04-02T06:12:47Z

CarmineJansen: Made first details needs work!

{{Short description|2023 Indian Tamil-language drama film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Miriam Maa
| image = Miriam Maa.jpg
| caption = Promotional poster
| director = Malathy Narayan
| writer =
| producer =
| starring = {{Plainlist|
*[[Rekha Harris|Rekha]]
*Ezhil Durai
*Ashiq Hussain
}}
| cinematography = Jason Williams
| editing = Kamalakannan K
| music = Moonroxx
| studio = Sri Sai Film Factory
| runtime =
| distributor = Action Reaction Jenish
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2023|12|22|ref1=}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Miriam Maa''''' is a 2023 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language drama film written and directed by Malathy Narayan. The film stars [[Rekha Harris|Rekha]], Ezhil Durai and Ashiq Hussain in the lead roles. The film was released theatrically on 22 December 2023.<ref name="cinemaexpress">{{Cite web |title=Trailer of Miriam Maa out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/oct/19/trailer-of-miriam-maa-out-48749.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027150930/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/oct/19/trailer-of-miriam-maa-out-48749.html |archive-date=2023-10-27 |access-date=2023-12-28 |website=Cinema express}}</ref>

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Rekha Harris|Rekha]]
*Ezhil Durai
*Ashiq Hussain
*Malathy Narayan
*Sneha Kumar
*Anitha Sampath
}}

== Production ==
The first look poster of the film was released in June 2023, with the makers announcing that the film would narrate the story of a 50-year-old who undergoes IVF treatment to get pregnant.<ref name="cinemaexpress2">{{Cite web |title=First look poster of Miriammaa out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/jun/30/first-look-poster-of-miriammaa-out-45111.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228112422/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/jun/30/first-look-poster-of-miriammaa-out-45111.html |archive-date=2023-12-28 |access-date=2023-12-28 |website=Cinema express}}</ref> [[Rekha Harris]] was cast in the lead role, with debutant director Malathy Narayan also appearing in the film as an actress. The shoot of the film took place throughout late 2023, and was majorly shot in [[Korukkupet]].<ref name="cinemaexpress3">{{Cite web |title=Location Diaries: Rekha Harris — Miriam Maa |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/features/2023/nov/06/location-diaries-rekha-harris-miriam-maa-49304.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228112421/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/features/2023/nov/06/location-diaries-rekha-harris-miriam-maa-49304.html |archive-date=2023-12-28 |access-date=2023-12-28 |website=Cinema express}}</ref><ref name="cinemaexpress4">{{Cite web |title=Rekha to play the lead in Miriammaa |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/jun/01/rekha-to-play-the-lead-in-miriammaa-44144.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228112420/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/jun/01/rekha-to-play-the-lead-in-miriammaa-44144.html |archive-date=2023-12-28 |access-date=2023-12-28 |website=Cinema express}}</ref><ref name="indiatimes">{{Cite web |title=Rekha plays the lead in a film based on IVF treatment {{pipe}} Tamil Movie News |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/rekha-plays-the-lead-in-a-film-based-on-ivf-treatment/articleshow/100667571.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228112418/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/rekha-plays-the-lead-in-a-film-based-on-ivf-treatment/articleshow/100667571.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=2023-12-28 |access-date=2023-12-28 |website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=மலர் |first=மாலை |date=2023-10-19 |title=லெஸ்பியன்னு சொல்லு கெத்தா இருக்கும்.. வைரலாகும் மிரியம்மா டிரைலர் |url=https://www.maalaimalar.com/cinema/cinemanews/tamil-cinema-miriam-maa-movie-trailer-released-675830 |access-date=2024-01-05 |website=maalaimalar.com |language=ta}}</ref>

== Release and reception ==
The film had a theatrical release on 22 December 2023 across Tamil Nadu. A critic from ''[[Times of India]]'' wrote that "the well-written characters from the world of ''Miriam Maa'' totally deserved to be presented in a better light".<ref name="indiatimes2">{{Cite web |title=Miriam Maa Movie Review: A well-intentioned if not well-made movie with its heart in the right place |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/miriam-maa/movie-review/106294999.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228112419/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/miriam-maa/movie-review/106294999.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=2023-12-28 |access-date=2023-12-28 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> A reviewer from ''[[Dina Thanthi]]'' also gave the film a positive review, praising Rekha's performance.<ref name="instagram">{{Cite web |title=Rekha Harris on Instagram: "Thankyou everyone... Review in Dinathanthi😊🙏" |url=https://www.instagram.com/rekhaharris/p/C1UKWgTSkmp/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228112418/https://www.instagram.com/rekhaharris/p/C1UKWgTSkmp/ |archive-date=2023-12-28 |access-date=2023-12-28 |website=instagram.com}}[[Wikipedia:SPS|{{sup|[''self-published'']}}]]</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|27917153}}

[[Category:2023 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2023 films]]
[[Category:2023 Indian films]]
[[Category:2023 comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
{{improve categories|date=December 2023}}

Inter-Services Intelligence

2026-03-27T19:20:49Z

CarmineJansen: small updated content for clarity and corrected details per standard format

{{About|Inter-Services Intelligence in the [[Pakistan Army]]|the terrorist organization|Islamic State of Iraq and Syria}}{{Short description|Foreign intelligence agency of Pakistan}}
{{Use Pakistani English|date=October 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2021}}
{{Infobox government agency
| agency_name = Inter-Services Intelligence
| motto = {{nowrap|{{lang|ar|خُذُواحِذرُکُم}} {{Cite quran|4|71}}}} "O you who have believed, be cautious and advance in groups or all together"
| native_name = {{nq|بین الخدماتی استخبارات}}
| seal = ISI Emblem.png
| seal_width = 150px
| seal_caption = Seal of the Inter-Services Intelligence
| logo = Official flag of Inter Services Intelligence (ISI).png
| logo_size = 100px
| logo_caption = Official flag of the ISI
| image = Inter Services Intelligence Headquarter.jpg
| image_size = 200
| image_caption = Satellite imagery of Inter Services Intelligence Headquarter in [[Islamabad]], [[Pakistan]]
| formed = {{Start date and age|1948|1|1|df=y}}
| jurisdiction = [[Government of Pakistan]]
| headquarters = [[Islamabad]], [[Pakistan]]
| employees = Classified
| budget = Classified
| chief1_name = [[Lt. Gen.]] [[Asim Malik]]
| chief1_position = [[Director-General of Inter-Services Intelligence|Director-General]]
| parent_department = [[Ministry of Defence of Pakistan|Ministry of Defence]]
| child1_agency = [[Covert Action Division]]
}}

The '''Inter-Services Intelligence''' ([[Urdu]]: بین الخدماتی استخبارات, [[Romanization of Urdu|romanized]]: ''bain-al-xidmātī istixbārāt'') is the [[foreign intelligence agency]] of [[Pakistan]]. It is responsible for [[counterintelligence]], [[espionage]] and conducting [[covert operation]]s around the world. The main objective of the ISI is to covertly collect & analyze intelligence from overseas that is deemed relevant to Pakistan's national security and interests. The ISI reports to its agency executive which is the [[Director-General of Inter-Services Intelligence]]. It is primarily focused on providing foreign intelligence to the [[Government of Pakistan]] and the [[Pakistan Armed Forces]]. It is part of the [[Pakistani Intelligence community|Pakistan Intelligence Community]].

The ISI primarily consists of both serving military and civilian [[intelligence officer]]s drawn on [[secondment]] from the three intelligence services of the [[Pakistan Armed Forces]]: the [[Military Intelligence (Pakistan)|MI]], [[Naval Intelligence (Pakistan)|NI]], and [[Air Intelligence (Pakistan)|AI]] and the [[Intelligence Bureau (Pakistan)|Intelligence Bureau]] (IB), [[Federal Investigation Agency]] (FIA), and the [[Counter Terrorism Department (Pakistan)|Counter Terrorism Department]] (CTD).

Since 1971, it has been formally headed by a serving [[Three-star rank|three-star general]] of the Pakistan Army, who is appointed by the [[Prime Minister of Pakistan]] in consultation with the [[Chief of Army Staff (Pakistan)|Chief of Army Staff]], who recommends three officers for the position. As of 30 September 2024, the ISI is headed by [[Lieutenant general (Pakistan)|Lt. Gen]]. [[Asim Malik]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1653379|title=PM Imran appoints Lt Gen Nadeem Anjum as new DG ISI|first=Naveed|last=Siddiqui|date=26 October 2021|website=DAWN.COM}}</ref> The Director-General reports directly to both the Prime Minister and the Chief of Army Staff.

Relatively unknown outside of Pakistan since its inception, the agency gained global recognition and fame in the 1980s when it backed the [[Afghan mujahideen]] against the [[Soviet Union]] during the [[Soviet–Afghan War]] in the former [[Democratic Republic of Afghanistan]]. Over the course of the conflict, the ISI worked in close coordination with the [[Central Intelligence Agency]] of the [[United States]] and the [[Secret Intelligence Service]] of the [[United Kingdom]] to run [[Operation Cyclone]], a program to train and fund the mujahideen in Afghanistan with support from [[China]], [[Saudi Arabia]], and other [[Muslim world|Muslim nations]].<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Pear|first1=Robert|date=18 April 1988|title=Arming Afghan Guerrillas: A Huge Effort Led by U.S. (Published 1988)|language=en-US|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/04/18/world/arming-afghan-guerrillas-a-huge-effort-led-by-us.html|access-date=7 February 2021|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709124837/https://www.nytimes.com/1988/04/18/world/arming-afghan-guerrillas-a-huge-effort-led-by-us.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=18 November 2015|title=We created Islamic extremism: Those blaming Islam for ISIS would have supported Osama bin Laden in the '80s|url=https://www.salon.com/2015/11/17/we_created_islamic_extremism_those_blaming_islam_for_isis_would_have_supported_osama_bin_laden_in_the_80s/|access-date=7 February 2021|website=[[Salon.com|Salon]]|language=en|archive-date=20 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210120191804/https://www.salon.com/2015/11/17/we_created_islamic_extremism_those_blaming_islam_for_isis_would_have_supported_osama_bin_laden_in_the_80s/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=22 May 2020|title=9/11 convict: Osama Bin Laden a 'useful idiot' of the CIA|url=https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20200522-9-11-convict-osama-bin-laden-a-useful-idiot-of-the-cia/|access-date=7 February 2021|website=[[Middle East Monitor]]|language=en-GB|archive-date=9 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201209150136/https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20200522-9-11-convict-osama-bin-laden-a-useful-idiot-of-the-cia/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Following the dissolution of the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan in 1992 along withthe Soviet Union, the [[Inter-Services Intelligence activities in Afghanistan|ISI provided strategic support]] and intelligence to the [[Taliban]] against the [[Northern Alliance]] during the [[Afghan Civil War (1992–1996)|Afghan Civil War]] in the 1990s.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.rediff.com/us/2002/jan/24ny2.htm |title=Rediff.com US edition: India protests airlift of Pakistanis from Kunduz |access-date=24 December 2018 |archive-date=25 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200525191655/https://www.rediff.com/us/2002/jan/24ny2.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Sky">{{cite journal |author=Matt Waldman |date=June 2010 |title=The Sun in the Sky: The Relationship between Pakistan's ISI and Afghan Insurgents |journal=Crisis States Working Papers |publisher=Crisis States Research Centre, [[London School of Economics]] and Political Science |issue=series no.2, no. 18 |page=3 |url=http://english.aljazeera.net/mritems/Documents/2010/6/13/20106138531279734lse-isi-taliban.pdf |quote=In the 1980s the ISI was instrumental in supporting seven Sunni Muslim mujahideen groups in their jihad against the Soviets and was the principal conduit of covert US and Saudi funding. It subsequently played a pivotal role in the emergence of the Taliban (Coll 2005:292) and Pakistan provided significant political, financial, military and logistical support to the former [[Taliban]] regime in [[Afghanistan]] (1996–2001)(Rashid 2001). |access-date=16 October 2011 |archive-date=26 December 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101226000552/http://english.aljazeera.net/mritems/Documents/2010/6/13/20106138531279734lse-isi-taliban.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author-link=Steve Coll|last=Coll|first=Steve|title=[[Ghost Wars|Ghost Wars: The Secret History of the CIA, Afghanistan, and Bin Laden, from the Soviet Invasion to 10 September 2001]]|publisher=[[Penguin Group]]|year=2004|isbn=9781594200076|pages=289–297|quote=Yet ISI's ambition was greater than its purse. Pakistan's army suffered from acute money problems during 1995. The army commanded the lion's share of Pakistan's budget, but with American aid cut over the nuclear issue, there was not much to go around. ... As it had during the 1980s, ISI needed Saudi intelligence, and it needed wealthy Islamist patrons from the Persian Gulf. ... The Pakistanis were advertising the Taliban to the Saudis as an important new force on the Afghan scene. ... The scale of Saudi payments and subsidies to Pakistan's army and intelligence service during the mid-1990s has never been disclosed. Judging by the practices of the previous decade, direct transfers and oil price subsidies to Pakistan's military probably amounted in some years to at least several hundred million dollars. This bilateral support helped ISI build up its proxy jihad forces in both Kashmir and Afghanistan.}}</ref> The ISI has strong links with [[jihadist]] groups, particularly in [[Afghanistan]] and [[Kashmir]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Fear of democracy in Pakistan as ISI gets power over civil service|newspaper=The Guardian newspaper|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/inter-services-intelligence-isi |access-date=2025-06-21|author=Shah Meer Baloch|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220613080238/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/jun/12/fear-for-democracy-in-pakistan-as-isi-gets-power-over-civil-service|language=en|url-status=dead|archive-date=13 June 2022}}</ref><ref name="BBC">{{Cite news|date=9 October 2006|title=Pakistan's shadowy secret service, the ISI |language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-south-asia-13272009 |access-date=2025-06-21|archive-date=23 January 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080123085151/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6033383.stm|url-status=dead|author=Mahmud Ali}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Burke |first=Jason |date=2011-04-25 |title=Guantánamo Bay files: Pakistan's ISI spy service listed as terrorist group |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/apr/25/guantanamo-files-isi-inter-services-intelligence |access-date=2023-02-15 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Walsh |first=Declan |date=2011-05-12 |title=Whose side is Pakistan's ISI really on? |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/may/12/isi-bin-laden-death-pakistan-alqaida |access-date=2023-02-15 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref name="firstpost.com">{{Cite web|date=2011-07-21|title=ISI sponsors terror activities in Kashmir, FBI tells US court|url=https://www.firstpost.com/politics/isi-sponsors-terror-activities-in-kashmir-fbi-tells-us-court-46038.html|access-date=2021-09-22|website=Firstpost}}</ref><ref name="rediff.com">{{Cite web|title=ISI gives arms to Kashmir terrorists: Rana to FBI|url=https://www.rediff.com/news/slide-show/slide-show-1-isi-gives-arms-to-kashmiri-terrorists-rana-to-fbi/20110607.htm|access-date=2021-09-22|website=Rediff}}</ref> The [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] (FBI), in their first ever open acknowledgement in 2011 in US Court, said that the Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) sponsors and oversees the [[Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir|insurgency in Kashmir]] by arming separatist militant groups.<ref name="firstpost.com" /><ref name="rediff.com" />

==History==
The Inter-Services Intelligence was established in 1948 by officers of the Pakistan Army after the [[First Kashmir War]], the first of several [[Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts]]. It was the brainchild of [[Brigadier]] [[Syed Shahid Hamid]] who became its first [[Director-General of Inter-Services Intelligence|Director-General]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Richards |first=Julian |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Pakistan_s_ISI/WAP_EAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=brigadier+syed+shahid+hamid+first+dg+isi&pg=PA7&printsec=frontcover |title=Pakistan's ISI: A Concise History of the Inter-Services Intelligence Directorate |date=2024-09-02 |publisher=Georgetown University Press |isbn=978-1-64712-468-7 |language=en}}</ref>

The Kashmir War had exposed weaknesses in intelligence gathering, sharing, and coordination between military branches and Pakistani [[Intelligence Bureau (Pakistan)|Intelligence Bureau]] (IB) and [[Military Intelligence of Pakistan|Military Intelligence]] (MI). The ISI was thus established to be operated by officers from the newly independent Pakistan's three main military services, and to specialize in the collection, analysis, and assessment of external military and non-military intelligence.<ref>{{Cite web |title=SA Feb00: The ISI Role in Pakistan's Politics |url=https://ciaotest.cc.columbia.edu/olj/sa/sa-feb00-2.html#:~:text=Prior%20to%20the%20creation%20of,is%20a%20national%20security%20angle. |access-date=2025-12-21 |website=ciaotest.cc.columbia.edu}}</ref>

Naval [[Commander]] [[Syed Mohammad Ahsan]], who served as Deputy Director [[Naval Intelligence of Pakistan]] and helped formulate ISI procedure, undertook and managed the recruitment and expansion of the ISI. After the [[1958 Pakistani coup d'état|1958 coup d'état]], all national intelligence agencies were directly controlled by the president and [[Chief Martial Law Administrator]]. The maintenance of national security, which was the principal function of these agencies, resulted in the consolidation of the Ayub regime. Any criticism of the regime was seen as a threat to national security.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Frederic |first=Grare |date=6 March 2009 |title=Reforming the Intelligence Agencies in Pakistan's Transitional Democracy |url=https://carnegieendowment.org/research/2009/03/reforming-the-intelligence-agencies-in-pakistans-transitional-democracy?lang=en |url-status=live |access-date=7 July 2021 |website=[[Carnegie Endowment for International Peace]] |archive-date=17 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201217123321/https://carnegieendowment.org/2009/03/06/reforming-intelligence-agencies-in-pakistan-s-transitional-democracy-pub-22817 }}</ref>

The ISI is headquartered in Pakistan's capital, [[Islamabad]]. The complex consists of various low-rise buildings separated by lawns and fountains. The entrance to the complex is next to a private hospital. [[Declan Walsh (journalist)|Declan Walsh]] from [[The Guardian]] stated that the entrance is "suitably discreet: no sign, just a plainclothes officer packing a pistol who directs visitors through a chicane of barriers, soldiers, and sniffer dogs".<ref name="TNI" /> Walsh noted that the complex "resembles a well-funded private university" and that the buildings are "neatly tended," the lawns are "smooth," and the fountains are "tinkling." He described the central building, which houses the director general's office on the top floor, as "a modern structure with a round, echoing lobby".<ref name="Walshreally">{{Cite web |last=Walsh |first=Declan |date=12 May 2011 |title=Whose side is Pakistan's ISI really on? |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/may/12/isi-bin-laden-death-pakistan-alqaida |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410210128/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/may/12/isi-bin-laden-death-pakistan-alqaida |archive-date=10 April 2021 |access-date=8 July 2021 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref>

On 5 July 1977 through [[Operation Fair Play]], the ISI began collecting intelligence on the [[Communist Party of Pakistan|Pakistan Communist Party]] and the [[Pakistan Peoples Party]].<ref name="ISI History 2">{{cite web|url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/LANCER/idr00006.htm|title=ISI|access-date=12 May 2008|work=Bharat Rakshak|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080704195306/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/LANCER/idr00006.htm|archive-date=4 July 2008|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The [[Soviet–Afghan War]] in the 1980s saw the enhancement of the ISI's [[covert operations]]. A special Afghanistan section known as the SS Directorate was created under the command of Brigadier Mohammed Yousaf to oversee day-to-day operations in Afghanistan. The ISI's [[black ops]] unit is the [[Covert Action Division]]. Officers from the [[Covert Action Division]] received training in the United States, and "many covert action experts of the CIA were attached to the ISI to guide it in its operations against Soviet troops by using the Afghan Mujahideen".<ref>{{Cite book |title=Pakistan Intelligence & Security Activities & Operations Handbook |publisher=USA International Business Publications |year=2009 |isbn= 978-1438737218 |pages=41}}</ref>

Many analysts (mainly Indian and American) believe that the ISI provides support to militant groups, though others think these allegations remain unsubstantiated.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/2011/05/ |title=Steve Coll: "Zawahiri's record suggests he will struggle" |work=[[Frontline (American TV program)|Frontline]] |publisher=[[PBS]] |date=2 May 2011 |access-date=17 December 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111113140533/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/2011/05/coll-likely-bin-laden-successor-will-struggle.html |archive-date=13 November 2011 |df=dmy}}</ref><ref name="CSIS">{{Citation |last1=Cordesman |first1=Anthony H. |last2=Vira |first2=Varun |date=7 June 2011 |title=Pakistan: Violence vs. Stability — A National Net Assessment |publisher=[[Center for Strategic and International Studies]] |pages=183–184 |url=https://www.csis.org/analysis/pakistan-violence-vs-stability |place=Washington, DC |access-date=18 October 2016 |archive-date=22 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170122153406/https://www.csis.org/analysis/pakistan-violence-vs-stability |url-status=live }}</ref>

The ISI has often been accused of playing a role in major [[terrorist attacks]] across India including [[Violence in Jammu and Kashmir|militancy in Kashmir]], the [[11 July 2006 Mumbai train bombings|July 2006 Mumbai Train Bombings]],<ref>{{Cite news|date=2006-09-30|title=Pakistan 'role in Mumbai attacks'|language=en-GB|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/5394686.stm|access-date=2021-09-22}}</ref> the [[2001 Indian Parliament attack]],<ref>{{Cite web|date=2001-12-17|title=Terrorist Attack on the Parliament of India - December 13, 2001|url=http://www.indianembassy.org/new/parliament_dec_13_01.htm#STATEMENT%20MADE%20BY%20HOME%20MINISTER,%20L.%20K.%20ADVANI%20ON%20THE%20TERRORIST%20ATTACK%20ON%20PARLIAMENT%20HOUSE%20ON%20DECEMBER%2013,%202001|access-date=2021-09-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20011217035306/http://www.indianembassy.org/new/parliament_dec_13_01.htm#STATEMENT%20MADE%20BY%20HOME%20MINISTER,%20L.%20K.%20ADVANI%20ON%20THE%20TERRORIST%20ATTACK%20ON%20PARLIAMENT%20HOUSE%20ON%20DECEMBER%2013,%202001|archive-date=17 December 2001}}</ref> the [[2006 Varanasi bombings]], the [[25 August 2007 Hyderabad bombings|August 2007 Hyderabad bombings]],<ref>{{Cite web|last=John|first=Wilson|title=Hyderabad blasts: The ISI hand|url=https://www.rediff.com/news/2007/may/25guest.htm|access-date=2021-09-22|website=Rediff|language=en}}</ref> and the [[2008 Mumbai attacks]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=U.S. official: Indian attack has Pakistani ties|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna28015877|access-date=2021-09-22|website=NBC News|date=2 December 2008 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Syed|first=Baqir Sajjad|date=2008-12-06|title=Rice tells Pakistan to act 'or US will'|url=http://beta.dawn.com/news/333307/rice-tells-pakistan-to-act-or-us-will|access-date=2021-09-22|website=DAWN.COM|language=en}}</ref>

The ISI has been accused of supporting [[Taliban]] forces<ref name="Pakistan's shadowy secret service">{{Cite news|date=2006-10-09|title=Pakistan's shadowy secret service|language=en-GB|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6033383.stm|access-date=2021-09-22}}</ref> and recruiting and training [[mujahideen]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=2006-10-11|title=Nato's top brass accuse Pakistan over Taliban aid|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2006/10/06/wafghan06.xml|access-date=2021-09-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061011085504/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2006/10/06/wafghan06.xml|archive-date=11 October 2006 |work=The Daily Telegraph}}</ref> to fight in Afghanistan<ref>{{Cite news|last=Gall|first=Carlotta|date=2007-01-21|title=At Border, Signs of Pakistani Role in Taliban Surge|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/21/world/asia/21quetta.html|access-date=2021-09-22|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> and Kashmir. Based on communication interceptions, US intelligence agencies concluded Pakistan's ISI was behind the attack on the Indian embassy in Kabul on 7 July 2008, a charge that the governments of India and Afghanistan had laid previously.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Mazzetti|first1=Mark|last2=Schmitt|first2=Eric|date=2008-08-01|title=Pakistanis Aided Attack in Kabul, U.S. Officials Say|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/01/world/asia/01pstan.html|access-date=2021-09-22|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> It is believed to be aiding these organizations in eradicating perceived enemies or those opposed to their cause.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2010-06-05|title=Profile: Lashkar-e-Taiba (Army of the Pure) (a.k.a. Lashkar e-Tayyiba, Lashkar e-Toiba; Lashkar-i-Taiba) - Council on Foreign Relations|url=http://www.cfr.org/publication/17882/|access-date=2021-09-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100605151918/http://www.cfr.org/publication/17882/|archive-date=5 June 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2010-05-03|title=Profile: Lashkar-e-Taiba|language=en-GB|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3181925.stm|access-date=2021-09-22}}</ref> Satellite imagery from the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=2007-03-10|title=DNA - World - FBI identifies terror camp in Pakistan through satellite pictures - Daily News & Analysis|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/report.asp?NewsID=1044850|access-date=2021-09-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070310220755/http://www.dnaindia.com/report.asp?NewsID=1044850|archive-date=10 March 2007}}</ref> suggested the existence of several training camps in Pakistan, with at least one militant admitting to being trained in the country. As part of the ongoing [[Kashmir conflict]], Pakistan is alleged to be backing separatist militias.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2007-09-30|title=Daily Times - Leading News Resource of Pakistan|url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_14-6-2005_pg1_4|access-date=2021-09-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930190536/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_14-6-2005_pg1_4|archive-date=30 September 2007}}</ref> Many [[Nonpartisanism|nonpartisan]] sources believe that officials within Pakistan's military and the ISI sympathies with and aid Islamist militant and insurgent groups, saying that the ISI has provided covert, but well-documented support to separatist groups active in Kashmir, including [[Jaish-e-Mohammed]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2006-07-18|title=Terrorism Havens: Pakistan - Council on Foreign Relations|url=http://www.cfr.org/publication/9514/|access-date=2021-09-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060718135741/http://www.cfr.org/publication/9514/|archive-date=18 July 2006}}</ref>

General [[Javed Nasir]] confessed to assisting the [[Bosnian War|besieged]] Bosnian Muslims.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Abbas |first=Hassan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FHKsBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA148 |title=Pakistan's Drift Into Extremism: Allah, the Army, and America's War on Terror |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=2015 |isbn=978-1-317-46328-3 |pages=148}}</ref> The [[National Intelligence Coordination Committee (Pakistan)|National Intelligence Coordination Committee (NICC)]] of Pakistan is headed by the [[Director-General of Inter-Services Intelligence]]. The overarching intelligence coordination body was given assent by the [[Prime Minister of Pakistan]] in November 2020. It held its inaugural session on 24 June 2021, marking the date the committee became functional.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Syed |first=Baqir Sajjad |date=2020-11-24 |title=PM okays creation of liaison body for spy agencies |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1592030 |access-date=2024-03-21 |website=DAWN |language=en}}</ref>

== Structure ==
A director-general, who is traditionally a serving lieutenant general in the Pakistan Army, heads the ISI.<ref name="govt notify">{{Cite web|last=Raza|first=Syed Irfan|date=2021-10-14|title=Crisis lingers as govt yet to notify new ISI chief|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1651915|access-date=2021-10-14|website=DAWN|language=en}}</ref> Three deputy director generals, who are serving two-star military officers, report directly to the director general with each deputy heading three wings respectively:<ref>Shuja Nawaz. [http://www.huffingtonpost.com/shuja-nawaz/focusing-the-spy-glass-on_b_131153.html "Focusing the Spy Glass on Pakistan's ISI"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081210150827/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/shuja-nawaz/focusing-the-spy-glass-on_b_131153.html |date=10 December 2008}} ''The Huffington Post'', 2 October 2008</ref>
* Internal Wing – responsible for domestic intelligence, domestic [[counter-intelligence]], counter-espionage, and counter-terrorism.
* External Wing – responsible for external intelligence, external counter-intelligence, and espionage.
* Foreign Relations Wing – responsible for diplomatic intelligence and foreign relations intelligence.

Military officers of the three branches of the [[Pakistan Armed Forces]] and paramilitary forces such as [[Anti-Narcotics Force|ANF]], [[Airports Security Force|ASF]], [[Pakistan Rangers]], [[Frontier Corps]], [[Gilgit-Baltistan Scouts]] and [[Pakistan Maritime Security Agency|Maritime Security Agency]] as well as civilian officers from the [[Federal Investigation Agency]] (FIA), [[Federal Board of Revenue (Pakistan)|Federal Board of Revenue]] (FBR), [[Pakistan Customs]], [[Law enforcement in Pakistan|Police]], [[Pakistani judiciary|Judiciary]] and [[Ministry of Defence (Pakistan)|Ministry of Defence]] make up ISI's general staff. They are recruited on deputations for three to four years and enhance the ISI's professional competence. According to some experts, the ISI is the largest intelligence agency in the world in terms of total staff. While the total number has never been made public, experts estimate around 10,000 officers and staff, which does not include informants or assets.<ref name="FAS">{{cite web|url=https://fas.org/irp/world/pakistan/isi/ |title=Directorate for Inter-Services Intelligence |publisher=[[Federation of American Scientists]] |author=Pike, John |date=25 July 2002 |access-date=13 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080515131913/http://www.fas.org/irp/world/pakistan/isi/ |archive-date=15 May 2008 |url-status=dead |df=dmy }}</ref>

===Directorates===
The wings are further divided into various directorates, which are sub-divided into departments, each directorate is usually headed by a [[major general]], [[air marshal]], or [[rear admiral]].
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Directorates
|-
|Director-General, Security and Administration (DG S&A)
|-
|Director-General Analysis (DG A)
|-
|Director-General H (DG H)
|-
|Director-General Counter-Terrorism (DG CT)
|-
|Director-General Personnel (DG P)
|-
|Director-General, K (DG K)
|-
|Director-General X (DG X)
|-
|Director-General, F (DG F)
|-
|Director-General, Technical (DG T)
|-
|Director-General, Counter Intelligence (DG CI)
|-
|Director-General, Media (DG M)
|}

===Departments===
* [[Covert Action Division]]: Its roles are similar to the [[Special Activities Division]] of the CIA and a handful of officers are trained by that division. The division has been active since the 1960s.<ref name="Lancer Publishers & Distributors">{{cite book|last=Raman|first=B.|title=Intelligence : past, present & future|year=2002|publisher=Lancer Publishers & Distributors|location=New Delhi|isbn=8170622220|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mTf1vRYx_U4C&pg=PA46|access-date=15 November 2015|archive-date=10 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170410043516/https://books.google.com/books?id=mTf1vRYx_U4C&pg=PA46|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Joint Intelligence X: Coordinates the other departments in the ISI.<ref name="FAS" /> Intelligence and information gathered from the other departments are sent to JIX which prepares and processes the information and from there prepares reports which are presented.
* Joint Intelligence Bureau: Responsible for gathering anti-state intelligence and fake drugs, fake currency, and TTP.<ref name="FAS" />
* Joint Counterintelligence Bureau: Focused on foreign intelligence agencies.
* Joint Intelligence North: Exclusively responsible for the [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] region and [[Gilgit-Baltistan]].<ref name="FAS" />
* Joint Intelligence Miscellaneous: Responsible for espionage, including offensive intelligence operations, in other countries.<ref name="FAS" />
* Joint Signal Intelligence Bureau: Operates intelligence collections along the India-Pakistan border.<ref name="FAS" /> The JSIB is the [[ELINT]], [[COMINT]], and [[SIGINT]] directorate that is charged with diverting attacks from foreign non-communications [[electromagnetic radiation]]s emanating from sources other than nuclear detonations or radioactive sources.<ref name="FAS" />
* Joint Intelligence Technical: Deals with development of science and technology to advance Pakistani intelligence gathering. The directorate is charged with taking steps against [[electronic warfare]] attacks in Pakistan.<ref name="FAS" /> Without any exception, officers from this division are reported to be engineer officers and military scientists who deal with the military [[Military funding of science|promotion of science]] and technology.<ref name="FAS" /> There are also separate explosives and [[Chemical warfare|chemical]] and [[biological warfare]] sections.<ref name="FAS" />
* SS Directorate: Comprises officers from the Special Services Group. It monitors the activities of terrorist groups that operate against Pakistan. It is comparable to the [[National Clandestine Service]] (NCS) of the [[CIA]], and is responsible for special operations against terrorists.
* Political Internal Division: Monitors the financial funding of the [[Islam in Pakistan|right-wing]] political science sphere against [[Socialism in Pakistan|left-wing]] political science circles. This department was involved in providing funds to anti-left wing forces during the general elections of [[1965 Pakistani presidential election|1965]], [[1977 Pakistani general election|1977]], [[Movement for Restoration of Democracy|1985]], [[1988 Pakistani general election|1988]], and [[1990 Pakistani general election|1990]].<ref>[http://tribune.com.pk/story/351366/the-political-role-of-the-isi/ ISI funded political parties] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320170353/http://tribune.com.pk/story/351366/the-political-role-of-the-isi/ |date=20 March 2012 }}. Tribune.com.pk. Retrieved on 24 August 2012.</ref> The department has been inactive since March 2012 with the new director general taking operational charge of the ISI.<ref>[http://www.awamipolitics.com/isi-political-cell-temporary-suspended-4236.html Political wing in ISI] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120403171108/http://www.awamipolitics.com/isi-political-cell-temporary-suspended-4236.html |date=3 April 2012 }}. Awamipolitics.com (1 April 2012). Retrieved on 2012-08-24.</ref>

==Director Generals==
{{Main|Director-General of Inter-Services Intelligence}}

The Director General of the ISI is among the most powerful posts in Pakistan.<ref name="govt notify" /> For example, according to Mohammad Sohail, shares at the [[Pakistan Stock Exchange]] went down in October 2021 over concerns regarding the appointment of the ISI chief. The benchmark KSE-100 index fell 1.51%.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pakistan stocks end in red on Wednesday amid ISI chief appointment controversy|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/business/pakistan-stocks-end-in-red-on-wednesday-amid-isi-chief-appointment-controversy|access-date=2021-10-14|website=Free Press Journal|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-10-14|title=Stocks tumble 661 points on political noise|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1651902|access-date=2021-10-14|website=DAWN|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=15 October 2021|title=Confusion galore|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/900372-confusion-galore|access-date=2021-10-15|website=The News International|language=en|quote=Editorial quote:"With the markets constantly in flux over the past few days, the people of the country wonder whether their fates are in fact linked to the signing of a summary or notification"}}</ref> According to retired air marshal Shahzad Chaudhry, three to four names are provided by the [[Chief of Army Staff (Pakistan)|Chief of Army Staff]], and the prime minister selects the director general from that list,<ref name="spymaster">{{Cite web|author1=Sana Chaudhry|author2=Urooj Imran |date=2021-10-13|title=What is the process of appointing Pakistan's spymaster?|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1651789|access-date=2021-10-14|website=DAWN|language=en}}</ref> and the appointed serves for two to three years.<ref name="spymaster" /> Before 2021, the appointment process of the Director-General followed no formal protocol other than verbal discussion between the Prime Minister and the head of the army.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Abbasi|first=Ansar|date=15 October 2021|title=An undiscussed angle of mess surrounding DG ISI's appointment|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/900481-an-undiscussed-angle-of-mess-surrounding-dg-isi-s-appointment|access-date=2021-10-15|website=The News International|language=en}}</ref>

[[Walter Cawthorn]] was the first head of the ISI. His successor, [[Syed Shahid Hamid]] is said to have supported [[Ayub Khan]]'s rise to power.<ref name="Pakistan ISI">{{Cite journal|last=Shaffer|first=Ryan|date=2017-02-02|title=Faith, unity, discipline: the Inter-Service-Intelligence (ISI) of Pakistan, by Hein G. Kiessling, Noida, India, Harper Collins, 2016, ISBN 9351777960|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/16161262.2017.1286447|journal=Journal of Intelligence History|volume=16|issue=2|pages=|doi=10.1080/16161262.2017.1286447|s2cid=164905274|issn=1616-1262|url-access=subscription}}</ref> After his retirement, he helped President [[Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq|Muhammed Zia-ul-Haq]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2011-10-23|title=Obituary: Maj-Gen Syed Shahid Hamid|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-majgen-syed-shahid-hamid-1497723.html|access-date=2021-10-17|website=The Independent|language=en}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!colspan=2|Director General
!Start of term
!End of term
|-
|1
|[[Major General]]
'''[[Walter Cawthorn]]'''
|January 1948
|June 1948
|-
|2
|[[Brigadier]]
'''[[Syed Shahid Hamid]]'''<ref name="HK">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y_cgDgAAQBAJ&pg=PT22|title=Faith, Unity, Discipline|year=2016|publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-1-84904-863-7 }}</ref> [[Hilal-e-Jurat|HJ]]
|14 July 1948
|22 August 1950
|-
|3
|[[Brigadier]]
'''[[Mirza Hamid Hussain]]'''<ref name="HK" />
|23 August 1950
|May 1951
|-
|4
|[[Colonel]]
'''Muhammad Afzal Malik'''<ref name="HK" />
|May 1951
|April 1953
|-
|5
|[[Brigadier]]
'''[[Syed Ghawas]]'''<ref name="HK" />
|April 1953
|August 1955
|-
|6
|[[Brigadier]]<ref name="HK" />
'''[[Malik Sher Bahadur]]'''
|August 1955
|September 1957
|-
|7
|[[Brigadier]]<ref name="HK" />
'''Muhammad Hayat'''
|September 1957
|October 1959
|-
|8
|[[Brigadier]]{{ref|a}}
'''[[Riaz Hussain (general)|Riaz Hussain]]'''<ref name="HK" />
|October 1959
|May 1966
|-
|9
|[[Major General]]
'''Muhammed Akbar Khan'''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.brownpundits.com/2016/10/25/general-mohammed-akbar-khan/|title=General Mohammed Akbar Khan (and some others)|date=25 October 2016 }}</ref>
|May 1966
|September 1971
|-
|10
|[[Major General]]{{ref|b}}
'''[[Ghulam Jilani Khan]]'''
|September 1971<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_S-TDAAAQBAJ&dq=dg+isi+akbar&pg=PA85|title=Pakistan's Inter-Services Intelligence Directorate|page=85|year=2016|publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-19609-9 }}</ref>
|16 September 1978<ref name="Zaheer18">{{Cite web|title=Lt. Gen Zaheer is 18th DG ISI since 1959|url=https://www.geo.tv/latest/41129-lt.-gen-zaheer-is-18th-dg-isi-since-1959|access-date=2021-04-04|website=GEO TV|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|11
|[[Lieutenant General (Pakistan)|Lieutenant General]]
'''[[Muhammad Riaz Khan]]'''
|17 September 1978
|20 June 1979
|-
|12
|[[Lieutenant General (Pakistan)|Lieutenant General]]
'''[[Akhtar Abdur Rahman]]''' {{Post-nominals|country=PAK|NI(M)|HI(M)}}
|21 June 1979
|29 March 1987
|-
|13
|[[Lieutenant General (Pakistan)|Lieutenant General]]
'''[[Hamid Gul]]''' {{Post-nominals|country=PAK|HI(M)|SBt}}
|29 March 1987
|29 May 1989
|-
|14
|[[Lieutenant General (Pakistan)|Lieutenant General]]
'''[[Shamsur Rahman Kallu]]''' {{Post-nominals|country=PAK|HI(M)|TBt}}
|30 May 1989
|August 1990
|-
|15
|[[Lieutenant General (Pakistan)|Lieutenant General]]
'''[[Asad Durrani]]''' {{Post-nominals|country=PAK|HI(M)}}
|August 1990
|13 March 1992
|-
|16
|[[Lieutenant General (Pakistan)|Lieutenant General]]
'''[[Javed Nasir]]''' {{Post-nominals|country=PAK|HI(M)|SBt}}
|14 March 1992
|13 May 1993
|-
|17
|[[Lieutenant General (Pakistan)|Lieutenant General]]
'''[[Javed Ashraf Qazi]]''' {{Post-nominals|country=PAK|HI(M)|SBt}}
|14 May 1993
|October 1995
|-
|18
|[[Lieutenant General (Pakistan)|Lieutenant General]]
'''Naseem Rana'''
|October 1995
|October 1998<ref name="Zaheer18" />
|-
|19
|[[Lieutenant General (Pakistan)|Lieutenant General]]
'''[[Ziauddin Butt]]''' {{Post-nominals|country=PAK|HI(M)}}
|October 1998
|12 October 1999
|-
|20
|[[Lieutenant General (Pakistan)|Lieutenant General]]
'''[[Mahmud Ahmed]]''' {{Post-nominals|country=PAK|HI(M)}}
|20 October 1999
|7 October 2001
|-
|21
|[[Lieutenant General (Pakistan)|Lieutenant General]]
'''[[Ehsan ul Haq]]''' {{Post-nominals|country=PAK|HI(M)}}
|7 October 2001
|5 October 2004
|-
|22
|[[Lieutenant General (Pakistan)|Lieutenant General]]
'''[[Ashfaq Parvez Kayani]]''' {{Post-nominals|country=PAK|HI(M)|SI(M)|TI(M)}}
|5 October 2004
|8 October 2007
|-
|23
|[[Lieutenant General (Pakistan)|Lieutenant General]]
'''[[Nadeem Taj]]''' {{Post-nominals|country=PAK|HI(M)|TBt}}
|9 October 2007
|29 September 2008
|-
|24
|[[Lieutenant General (Pakistan)|Lieutenant General]]
'''[[Ahmad Shuja Pasha]]''' {{Post-nominals|country=PAK|HI(M)|Tbt}}
|1 October 2008
|18 March 2012
|-
|25
|[[Lieutenant General (Pakistan)|Lieutenant General]]
'''[[Zaheerul Islam]]''' {{Post-nominals|country=PAK|HI(M)|Tbt}}
|19 March 2012
|7 November 2014
|-
|26
|[[Lieutenant General (Pakistan)|Lieutenant General]]
'''[[Rizwan Akhtar]]'''
|7 November 2014
|11 December 2016
|-
|27
|[[Lieutenant General (Pakistan)|Lieutenant General]]
'''[[Naveed Mukhtar]]'''
|11 December 2016
|25 October 2018
|-
|28
|[[Lieutenant General (Pakistan)|Lieutenant General]]
'''[[Asim Munir (general)|Asim Munir]]''' {{Post-nominals|country=PAK|HI(M)|Tbt}}
|25 October 2018
|16 June 2019
|-
|29
|[[Lieutenant General (Pakistan)|Lieutenant General]]
'''[[Faiz Hameed]]''' {{Post-nominals|country=PAK|HI(M)|Tbt}}
|17 June 2019
|19 November 2021
|-
|30
| [[Lieutenant General (Pakistan)|Lieutenant General]]
'''[[Nadeem Anjum]]'''<ref name="TNI">{{cite news|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/898272-isi-gets-its-25th-chief-the-saga-of-premier-intelligence-agency|title=ISI gets its 25th chief: The saga of premier intelligence agency|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 November 2021|author=Sabir Shah|date=7 October 2021|newspaper=The News International newspaper|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211130205052/https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/898272-isi-gets-its-25th-chief-the-saga-of-premier-intelligence-agency|access-date=21 June 2025}}</ref>
| 20 November 2021
| 29 September 2024
|-
|31
| style="background:#e6e6aa;" |[[Lieutenant General (Pakistan)|Lieutenant General]]
'''[[Asim Malik]]'''
| style="background:#e6e6aa;" |30 September 2024
| style="background:#e6e6aa;" | Incumbent
|}

==Recruitment and training==
Both civilians and members of the armed forces can join the ISI. For civilians, recruitment is advertised and handled by both the [[Federal Public Services Commission]] (FPSC); they are considered employees of the Ministry of Defence. The FPSC conducts examinations that test the candidate's knowledge of current affairs, English, and various analytical abilities. Based on the results, the FPSC shortlists the candidates and sends the list to the ISI who conduct the initial background checks. Selected candidates are then invited for an interview which is conducted by a joint committee comprising both ISI and FPSC officials, and are then sent to the Defence Services Intelligence Academy (DSIA) for six months of training. The candidates are transferred to different sections for open source information where they serve for five years. After five years of basic service, officers are entrusted with sensitive jobs and considered part of the core team.<ref>{{Cite web |title=How to Join isi Pakistan |url=https://soldiers.pk/join-inter-services-intelligence-isi-pakistan/ |url-status=live |access-date=8 July 2021 |website=soldiers.pk |date=11 June 2017 |archive-date=5 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305224014/https://soldiers.pk/join-inter-services-intelligence-isi-pakistan/ }}</ref>

==Operations==
===By country===
====Afghanistan====
{{Main|Inter-Services Intelligence activities in Afghanistan}}

* 1982–1997: ISI is believed to have had access to [[Osama bin Laden]] in the past.<ref name="Telegraph1">{{cite news |last=West |first=Julian |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/pakistan/1341405/Pakistans-godfathers-of-the-Taliban-hold-the-key-to-hunt-for-bin-Laden.html |title=Pakistan's 'godfathers of the Taliban' hold the key to hunt for bin Laden |work=[[The Daily Telegraph|Telegraph]] |date=23 September 2001 |access-date=9 April 2011 |location=London |archive-date=5 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100605054508/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/pakistan/1341405/Pakistans-godfathers-of-the-Taliban-hold-the-key-to-hunt-for-bin-Laden.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>Coll, S. (2004). ''Ghost Wars: The Secret History of the CIA, Afghanistan, and bin Laden, from the Soviet Invasion to September 10, 2001''. Penguin.</ref> B. Raman, former [[Research and Analysis Wing]] (R&AW) officer, claims that the Central Intelligence Agency through the ISI promoted the smuggling of heroin into Afghanistan to turn Soviet troops into heroin addicts and thus greatly reduce their fighting potential.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.acsa.net/isi/index.html|title=Pakistan's Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI)|access-date=5 May 2006|first=B|last=Raman|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120913194009/http://www.acsa.net/isi/index.html|archive-date=13 September 2012}}</ref>
* 1986: Worrying that among the large influx of [[Afghan refugees]] who had come into Pakistan because of the Soviet–Afghan War were members of [[KHAD]] (Afghan Intelligence), the ISI convinced Mansoor Ahmed, who was the [[chargé d'affaires]] of the Afghan embassy in Islamabad, to turn his back on the Soviet-backed Afghan government. He and his family were secretly escorted out of their residence and given safe passage on a London-bound British Airways flight in exchange for classified information in regard to Afghan agents in Pakistan. The Soviet and Afghan diplomats did not find his family.<ref name="Profiles of Intelligence">{{cite book |author=Brigadier Syed A. I. Tirmazi |title=Profiles of Intelligence |publisher=Combined Printers |year=1985 |id=Library of Congress Catalogue No. 95-930455}}</ref>
* 1990: According to [[Peter Tomsen]], the United States [[Special Envoy]] to Afghanistan, neighboring Pakistan had tried to bring [[Gulbuddin Hekmatyar]] to power in Afghanistan against the opposition of all other mujahideen commanders and factions as early as 1990.<ref name="Tomsen">{{cite book|last=Tomsen|first=Peter|title=The Wars of Afghanistan: Messianic Terrorism, Tribal Conflicts, and the Failures of Great Powers|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_Dz9AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA405|year=2011|publisher=[[Public Affairs Press]]|isbn=978-1-58648-763-8|pages=405–408|access-date=25 December 2017|archive-date=27 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200427103700/https://books.google.com/books?id=_Dz9AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA405|url-status=live}}</ref> In October 1990, the ISI had devised a plan for Hekmatyar to conduct a mass bombardment of the Afghan capital [[Kabul]], then still under communist rule, with possible Pakistani troop reinforcements.<ref name="Tomsen" /> This unilateral ISI-Hekmatyar plan was carried out, though the thirty most-important mujahideen commanders had agreed to hold a conference inclusive of all Afghan groups to decide on a common future strategy.<ref name="Tomsen" /> The United States finally put pressure on Pakistan to stop the 1990 plan, which was subsequently called off until 1992.<ref name="Tomsen" />
* 1994: Former Pakistani president Pervez Musharraf admitted to supporting the Taliban until 9/11.<ref name="Human Rights Watch">{{cite web |url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/2001/afghan2/Afghan0701-02.htm |title=Pakistan's support of the taliban |publisher=[[Human Rights Watch]] |year=2000 |access-date=4 December 2016 |archive-date=21 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190621035209/https://www.hrw.org/reports/2001/afghan2/Afghan0701-02.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> According to Pakistani Afghanistan expert [[Ahmed Rashid]], "between 1994 and 1999, an estimated 80,000 to 100,000 Pakistanis trained and fought in Afghanistan" on the side of the Taliban.<ref name="Maley">{{cite book|last=Maley|first=William|title=The Afghanistan wars|year=2009|publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]]|isbn=978-0-230-21313-5|page=288}}</ref>
* 2008: Militants attacked the Indian Consulate General in Jalalabad in 2007. According to Afghanistan's National Directorate of Security, individuals arrested by the Afghan government stated that the ISI was behind the attack and had given them ₹120,000 for the operation.<ref>{{Cite web |agency=PTI |date=12 May 2011 |title=ISI behind plot to target Indian Consulate |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/report/plot-to-attack-jalalabad-consulate-worrisome-says-pm/20110512.htm |url-status=live |access-date=8 July 2021 |website=Reddif |archive-date=13 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210313090203/https://www.rediff.com/news/report/plot-to-attack-jalalabad-consulate-worrisome-says-pm/20110512.htm }}</ref>
* 2001 onwards: American officials believe members of the Pakistani intelligence service are alerting militants to imminent American missile strikes in Pakistan's tribal areas.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Taintor |first=David |date=7 October 2014 |title=Panetta explains why US didn't alert Pakistan of bin Laden raid |url=https://www.msnbc.com/msnbc/panetta-explains-why-us-didnt-alert-pakistan-bin-laden-raid-msna430086 |url-status=live |access-date=8 July 2021 |website=[[MSNBC]] |archive-date=17 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210317004657/https://www.msnbc.com/msnbc/panetta-explains-why-us-didnt-alert-pakistan-bin-laden-raid-msna430086 }}</ref> In October 2009, Davood Moradian, a senior policy adviser to foreign minister [[Rangeen Dadfar Spanta]], said the British and American governments were fully aware of the ISI's role but lacked the courage to confront Islamabad. He claimed that the Afghan government had given British and American intelligence agents evidence that proved ISI involvement in bombings.<ref>{{cite news |last=Nelson |first=Dean |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/pakistan/6338349/Pakistans-ISI-still-supporting-the-Taliban-say-Afghans.html |title=Pakistan's ISI still supporting the Taliban, say Afghans – Pakistan's intelligence agency is directing Taliban attacks on Western targets in Afghanistan, Davood Moradian, a senior government official has claimed |work=Telegraph |date=15 October 2009 |access-date=9 April 2011 |location=London |archive-date=20 February 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110220190048/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/pakistan/6338349/Pakistans-ISI-still-supporting-the-Taliban-say-Afghans.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
* 2010: A new report by the [[London School of Economics]] (LSE) claimed to provide the most concrete evidence that the ISI is providing funding, training, and sanctuary to the [[Taliban insurgency]] on a scale much larger than previously thought. The report's author, Matt Waldman, spoke to nine Taliban field commanders in Afghanistan and concluded that Pakistan's relationship with the insurgents ran far deeper than previously realised. Some of those interviewed suggested that the organisation even attended meetings of the Taliban's supreme council, the [[Quetta Shura]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/world/south_asia/10302946.stm |title=Pakistan's ISI intelligence agency 'supports' Taliban |publisher=[[BBC News]] |date=13 June 2010 |access-date=9 April 2011 |archive-date=17 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100617073244/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/world/south_asia/10302946.stm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>[http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/afghanistan/article7149089.ece "Pakistan puppet masters guide the Taliban killers"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110512184639/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/afghanistan/article7149089.ece |date=12 May 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Burch |first=Jonathon |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE65C06620100613 |title=Report slams Pakistan for meddling in Afghanistan |publisher=[[Reuters.com]] |date=13 June 2010 |access-date=9 April 2011 |archive-date=18 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100618042319/http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE65C06620100613 |url-status=live }}</ref> A spokesman for the Pakistani military dismissed the report, describing it as "malicious".<ref>{{cite news |author=the CNN Wire Staff |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/asiapcf/06/13/afghanistan.taliban.isi/ |title=New report on Pakistan connections with Taliban dismissed by military |publisher=[[CNN]] |date=14 June 2010 |access-date=9 April 2011 |archive-date=21 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120121084842/http://edition.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/asiapcf/06/13/afghanistan.taliban.isi/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rferl.org/content/Pakistan_Denies_Supporting_Taliban/2070224.html |title=Pakistan Denies Supporting Taliban |publisher=Rferl.org |date=14 June 2010 |access-date=9 April 2011 |archive-date=22 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110122125943/http://www.rferl.org/content/Pakistan_Denies_Supporting_Taliban/2070224.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>[[n:Pakistan's intelligence agency said to support Taliban|"Pakistan's intelligence agency said to support Taliban"]]</ref> General [[David Petraeus]], commander of the US Central Command, refused to endorse this report in a US congressional hearing and suggested that any contacts between ISI and extremists are for legitimate intelligence purposes; in his words, "you have to have contact with bad guys to get intelligence on bad guys".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Iqbal |first=Anwar |date=19 June 2010 |title=Ties with bad guys help get bad guys: Gen Petraeus |url=http://www.dawn.com/wps/wcm/connect/dawn-content-library/dawn/the-newspaper/front-page/ties-with-bad-guys-help-get-bad-guys-us-960 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100620234943/http://www.dawn.com/wps/wcm/connect/dawn-content-library/dawn/the-newspaper/front-page/ties-with-bad-guys-help-get-bad-guys-us-960 |archive-date=20 June 2010 |access-date=8 July 2021}}</ref>
* 2021: The [[Fall of Kabul (2021)|Fall of Kabul]] was seen as a major strategic victory for ISI that has long been seeking a pro-Pakistan government in [[Kabul]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-08-25 |title=A Win for Pakistan? |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/us-afghanistan-troop-withdrawal_win-pakistan/6209957.html |access-date=2024-03-25 |website=Voice of America |language=en}}</ref> The ISI has always aspired to see Islamists as the rulers of Afghanistan. The rise of [[Taliban]] in Kabul was considered as an achievement for ISI's [[strategic depth]] in Afghanistan.
* 2021: It was reported that ISI mediated talks between different factions of [[Taliban]] on the power sharing. ISI ensured [[Haqqani network|Haqqani Network]] holds lion's share in the Taliban's [[Cabinet of Afghanistan]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-09-05 |title=Who is ISI chief Faiz Hameed whose visit to Kabul has sparked controversy? |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/who-is-isi-chief-faiz-hameed-whose-visit-to-kabul-has-sparked-controversy-101630843177941.html |access-date=2023-12-11 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

====Bosnia====
{{Main|Inter-Services Intelligence activities in Bosnia}}

* 1993: The ISI was involved in supplying arms to the Bosnian mujahideen in Bosnia-Herzegovina to prevent a total genocide of Muslims at the hands of the Serbs.<ref name="Hussain2008">{{citation |last=Hussain |first=Zahid |title=Frontline Pakistan: The Struggle with Militant Islam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cD36RbtSKNkC&pg=PA27 |date=2008 |publisher=[[Columbia University Press]] |isbn=978-0-231-14225-0 |page=27 |access-date=19 October 2016 |archive-date=10 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170410034836/https://books.google.com/books?id=cD36RbtSKNkC&pg=PA27 |url-status=live }}</ref>

====India====
{{Main|Inter-Services Intelligence activities in India}}

Indian intelligence agencies have claimed they have proof of ISI involvement with the [[Naxalites]]. ISI is also reportedly engaged in supporting Khalistani Separatism in India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-20 |title=Amritpal Singh trained by ISI in Georgia, linked to SFJ: Intel |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/amritpal-singh-trained-by-isi-in-georgia-linked-to-sfjintel-101679318471953.html |access-date=2023-03-21 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> A classified report accessed by the Indian newspaper ''[[Asian Age]]'' said "the ISI in particular wants Naxals to cause large-scale damage to infrastructure projects and industrial units operating in the interior parts of the country where ISI's own terror network is non-existent".<ref name="Sharma">{{cite news|last=Sharma|first=Rajnish|title=Intel reveals ISI-Naxal link|url=http://www.asianage.com/india/intel-reveals-isi-naxal-link-583 |newspaper=[[Asian Age]]|date=1 March 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120406125840/http://www.asianage.com/india/intel-reveals-isi-naxal-link-583|archive-date=6 April 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
* 1965: The [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]] in Kashmir provoked a major crisis in intelligence. When the war began, there was a complete collapse of operations across all intelligence agencies. They were unable to locate an Indian armored division because of their preoccupation with political affairs. [[Ayub Khan (general)|Ayub Khan]] set up a committee headed by General [[Yahya Khan]] to examine the agencies' workings.<ref name="acsa2000.net">{{cite web|url=http://www.acsa2000.net/isi/index.html |title=Pakistan's Inter-Services Intelligence(ISI) |work=acsa2000.net |access-date=26 July 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160415112807/http://www.acsa2000.net/isi/index.html |archive-date=15 April 2016 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
* 1969–1974: According to Indian spymaster [[B. Raman]], the Central Intelligence Agency and ISI worked with the [[Richard Nixon|Nixon]] administration to assist the [[Khalistan]] movement in [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]].<ref name="South Asia Analysis Group">{{cite web|url=http://www.saag.org/papers3/paper287.html|title=Pakistan's Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) |first=B. |last=Raman |publisher=South Asia Analysis Group |date=1 August 2001 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060412012106/http://www.saag.org/papers3/paper287.html  |archive-date = 12 April 2006}}</ref>
* 1980: An Indian agent captured by the PAF Field Intelligence Unit in Karachi said the leader of the spy ring was being headed by the food and beverages manager at the Intercontinental Hotel in Karachi and a number of serving Air Force officers and ratings were on his payroll. The ISI decided to question the manager to see who he was in contact with, but the former president of Pakistan, Zia-ul-Haq, intervened and wanted the manager and anyone else involved in the case arrested immediately. The manager was proven completely innocent afterwards.<ref name="Profiles of Intelligence" />
* 1983: Ilam Din, also known as Ilmo, was an Indian spy working in Pakistan who had eluded capture multiple times. On 23 March at 3:00 a.m., Ilmo and two other Indian spies were apprehended by Pakistani Rangers as they illegally crossed into Pakistan from India. Their mission was to spy and report back on the new military equipment that Pakistan would be showing in their annual 23 March [[Pakistan Day Parade]]. After being thoroughly interrogated, ISI forced Ilmo to send false information to his [[Research and Analysis Wing]] handlers in India. This process continued and many more Indian spies in Pakistan, such as Roop Lal, were discovered.<ref name="Profiles of Intelligence" />
* 1984: ISI uncovered a secret deal in which Indian prime minister [[Indira Gandhi]] granted naval base facilities to the USSR in Vizag and the [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]], and the alleged attachment of [[KGB]] advisers to then-Lieutenant General Sunderji who was the commander of [[Operation Blue Star]] in the Golden Temple in [[Amritsar]] in June 1984.<ref name="South Asia Analysis Group" />
* 1984: ISI failed to perform a proper background check on the British company which supplied the Pakistan Army with its Arctic-weather gear. When Pakistan attempted to secure the top of the [[Siachen Glacier]] in 1984, it placed a large order for Arctic-weather gear with the same company that also supplied the [[Indian Army]] with its gear. The Indians were alerted to the large Pakistani purchase and deduced that this large purchase could be used to equip troops to capture the [[glacier]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1079528,00.html |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |title=War at the Top of the World |page=2 |date=4 May 2005 |author=McGirk, Tim |author2=Adiga, Aravind |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141220233035/http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0%2C9171%2C1079528%2C00.html |archive-date=20 December 2014 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> India mounted[[Operation Meghdoot]] and captured the entire glacier.
* 1988: The ISI implemented [[Operation Tupac]], a three-part action plan for covertly supporting Kashmiri militants in their fight against Indian authorities in [[Kashmir]], initiated by President Zia-ul-Haq in 1988<ref>Juan Cole, [http://www.salon.com/2008/12/12/pakistan_7/ Does Obama understand his biggest foreign-policy challenge?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170323103257/http://www.salon.com/2008/12/12/pakistan_7/ |date=23 March 2017 }}, Salon, 12 December 2008, Retrieved 16 October 2016</ref> After the success of Operation Tupac, support of Kashmiri militants became Pakistan's state policy.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4416771.stm |publisher=BBC News |title=Why Pakistan is 'boosting Kashmir militants' |date=3 March 2010 |access-date=9 May 2010 |archive-date=28 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170228011213/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4416771.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> ISI is widely believed to train and support militancy in the Kashmir region.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://fas.org/irp/world/pakistan/isi/ |title=Directorate for Inter-Services Intelligence [ISI] – Pakistan Intelligence Agencies |publisher=Fas.org |access-date=9 April 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140611053322/https://fas.org/irp/world/pakistan/isi/ |archive-date=11 June 2014 |df=dmy}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/newsnight/5388426.stm |publisher=BBC News |title=Key quotes from the document |date=28 September 2006 |access-date=9 May 2010 |archive-date=1 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100801004530/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/newsnight/5388426.stm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="BBC1">[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4416771.stm Why Pakistan is 'boosting Kashmir militants'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170228011213/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4416771.stm |date=28 February 2017 }}, [[BBC]], 3 March 2010</ref>
* 2014: In February (disclosed in March 2015), the then-Indian chief of army staff General Bikram Singh issued orders to deploy troops along the borders with Pakistan in the Rajasthan and Jammu-Kashmir regions, but the ISI got the information in a few hours and in reaction the Pakistan Army deployed its troops near the Indian borders, which alarmed Indian authorities.<ref>{{Cite web |title='Indian troop deployment plan leaked to Pakistan last year' |url=https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2015/03/05/indian-troop-deployment-plan-leaked-to-pakistan-last-year/amp/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200716000523/https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2015/03/05/indian-troop-deployment-plan-leaked-to-pakistan-last-year/amp/ |archive-date=16 July 2020 |access-date=8 July 2021 |website=pakistantoday.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Exclusive: Indian Army movement plans leaked to ISI last year |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/isi-mole-indian-army-movement-pakistan-bikram-singh-antony-242731-2015-03-02 |url-status=live |access-date=8 July 2021 |website=[[India Today]] |date=2 March 2015 |archive-date=14 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210614125124/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/isi-mole-indian-army-movement-pakistan-bikram-singh-antony-242731-2015-03-02 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=4 March 2015 |title=Indian troop deployment plan leaked to ISI within hours |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/11201-indian-troop-deployment-plan-leaked-to-isi-within-hours |url-status=live |access-date=8 July 2021 |website=thenews.com |archive-date=1 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801204635/https://www.thenews.com.pk/amp/11201-indian-troop-deployment-plan-leaked-to-isi-within-hours }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Revealed: Indian Army plans were leaked to Pakistan's ISI in 2014 |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/revealed-indian-army-plans-were-leaked-to-pakistan-isi-in-2014-48131.html |url-status=live |access-date=8 July 2021 |website=indiatvnews.com |date=3 March 2015 |archive-date=1 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801214928/https://www.indiatvnews.com/amp/news/india/revealed-indian-army-plans-were-leaked-to-pakistan-isi-in-2014-48131.html }}</ref>
: 2016: Home Minister Balochistan, Pakistan, [[Sarfraz Bugti]] stated on 26 March that a serving Indian Naval officer, [[Kulbhushan Jadhav|Kulbhushan Yadav]], was arrested in Balochistan by the ISI.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1072455/terror-purge-forces-nab-indian-spy-in-balochistan/|title='RAW officer' arrested in Balochistan|work=[[The Express Tribune]]|date=24 March 2016|access-date=14 April 2016|archive-date=28 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328025130/http://tribune.com.pk/story/1072455/terror-purge-forces-nab-indian-spy-in-balochistan/|url-status=live}}</ref>

====Pakistan====
The ISI was accused of being involved in the [[Mehrangate|Mehran bank scandal]], in which high-ranking ISI and Army officers were allegedly given large sums of money by Yunus Habib, owner of the Mehran Bank, to deposit the ISI's foreign exchange reserves in his bank.<ref name="Ghazali">{{cite web |url=http://www.ghazali.net/book1/Chapter11a/body_page_4.html |title=ISLAMIC PAKISTAN: ILLUSIONS & REALITY |website=ghazali.net |access-date=5 May 2006 |first=Abdus Sattar |last=Ghazali |archive-date=15 July 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060715170345/http://www.ghazali.net/book1/Chapter11a/body_page_4.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
* 1980: The ISI became aware of a plot to assassinate Zia-ul-Haq and launch a coup to depose replace the government with an Islamic one. The attempted assassination and coup were planned for 23 March 1980, during the annual 23 March Pakistan Day Parade. The masterminds behind the coup were high-ranking military and intelligence officers, and were led by Major General Tajammal Hussain Malik; his son Captain Naveed; and his nephew Major Riaz, a former military intelligence officer. The ISI decided against arresting the men outright because they did not know how deep the conspiracy went, and kept them under strict surveillance. As the date of the annual parade approached, the ISI was satisfied that it had identified the major players in the conspiracy and arrested the men along with some high-ranking military officers.<ref name="Profiles of Intelligence" />
* 1985: The ISI's Internal Political Division was accused by various members of the Pakistan People's Party of assassinating [[Shahnawaz Bhutto]], one of [[Benazir Bhutto]]'s two brothers, by poisoning in the [[French Riviera]] in the middle of 1985 as an attempt to intimidate her into not returning to Pakistan to direct the movement against Zia-ul-Haq's military government, but no proof has been found implicating the ISI.<ref name="South Asia Analysis Group" />
* 1987: The ISI failed to prevent the [[KHAD]]/[[KGB]] terror campaign in Pakistan in 1987, which led to the deaths of about 324 Pakistanis in separate incidents.<ref>Kaplan, ''Soldiers of God'', p.12</ref>
* 1990: The 1990 elections were widely believed to have been rigged by the ISI in favor of the [[Islami Jamhoori Ittehad]] (IJI) party, a [[wikt:conglomerate|conglomerate]] of nine mainly [[Right-wing politics|rightist]] parties by the ISI under [[Hamid Gul|Lieutenant General Hameed Gul]], to ensure the defeat of Bhutto's [[Pakistan Peoples Party]] (PPP) in the polls.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|url=https://fas.org/irp/world/pakistan/isi/ |title=Directorate for Inter-Services Intelligence [ISI] |website=fas.org |access-date=5 May 2006 |first=John |last=Pike |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140611053322/https://fas.org/irp/world/pakistan/isi/ |archive-date=11 June 2014 |df=dmy}}</ref>
* 2000s: The ISI engaged with Pakistan armed forces in the [[War in North-West Pakistan]] against [[Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan]], and is reported to have lost 78 ISI personnel.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Khan |first=Iftikhar A |date=11 May 2011 |title=ISI sought formal accord on ties with CIA |url=http://www.dawn.com/2011/05/15/isi-sought-formal-accord-on-ties-with-cia-pasha.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120625223508/http://dawn.com/2011/05/15/isi-sought-formal-accord-on-ties-with-cia-pasha/ |archive-date=25 June 2012 |access-date=8 July 2021 |website=dawncom}}</ref>
* 2006: [[Rangzieb Ahmed]] brought a civil claim against MI5 for suggesting the ISI arrested him in 2006 and colluded in torturing him by submitting questions which were put to him under torture in Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2020/oct/27/mi5-colluded-in-pakistans-torture-of-british-terrorist-court-hears|author=Sabbagh, Dan|title=MI5 Colluded in Pakistan's torture of British terrorist, court hears|date=27 October 2020|work=[[The Guardian]]|access-date=28 October 2020|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709124719/https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2020/oct/27/mi5-colluded-in-pakistans-torture-of-british-terrorist-court-hears?CMP=Share_iOSApp_Other|url-status=live}}</ref>
* 2011: The ISI arrested five Pakistanis who worked as CIA informants who passed information that led to the [[death of Osama bin Laden]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Schmitt |first=Eric |date=14 June 2011 |title=Pakistan Arrests C.I.A. Informants in Bin Laden Raid |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/15/world/asia/15policy.html |url-status=live |access-date=8 July 2021 |website=New York Times |archive-date=23 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210623172548/https://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/15/world/asia/15policy.html }}</ref> However, among them in particular, the US was trying to seek the release of [[Shakil Afridi]],<ref>{{cite web|title=US congress pushes for Dr Shakil Afridi's release|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/844538/us-congress-pushes-for-dr-shakil-afridis-release/|website=Express Tribune|date=26 February 2015 |access-date=13 April 2017|archive-date=14 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170414162051/https://tribune.com.pk/story/844538/us-congress-pushes-for-dr-shakil-afridis-release/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Iqbal|first1=Anwar|title=US to use further cuts to get Dr Afridi out|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1255716|website=Dawn.com|date=2 May 2016|access-date=13 April 2017|archive-date=14 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170414082425/https://www.dawn.com/news/1255716|url-status=live}}</ref> who ran a fake vaccination campaign that provided critical intelligence for the raid on the bin Laden compound.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 October 2011 |title=Pakistan accuses 'CIA-doctor' of treason |url=http://english.aljazeera.net/news/asia/2011/10/201110723854479984.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007145145/http://english.aljazeera.net/news/asia/2011/10/201110723854479984.html |archive-date=7 October 2011 |website=[[Al Jazeera English]]}}</ref> However, the Pakistani government and military establishment refused to release Afridi, who has since been serving a 33-year prison sentence.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Marszal|first1=Andrew|title=Doctor who helped CIA track bin Laden still languishes in Pakistan jail|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/05/02/doctor-who-helped-cia-track-bin-laden-still-languishes-in-pakist/|website=The Telegraph|date=2 May 2016|access-date=13 April 2017|archive-date=14 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170414081115/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/05/02/doctor-who-helped-cia-track-bin-laden-still-languishes-in-pakist/|url-status=live}}</ref>

====Libya====
* 1978: The ISI spied on the residence of Colonel Hussain Imam Mabruk, who was a [[military attaché]] to the [[Libya]]n embassy in Islamabad, after he made some inflammatory statements about the military regime of Zia-ul-Haq. Mabruk was seen talking with two Pakistani men who entered and left the compound suspiciously. The ISI monitored the two men, who were later identified as Pakistani exiles who hated the current military regime and were Bhutto loyalists. They had received terrorist training in Libya and were ready to embark on a terrorist campaign in Pakistan to force the Army to step down from power. All members of the conspiracy were apprehended before any damage could be done.<ref name="Profiles of Intelligence" />
* 1981: A Libyan security company called Al Murtaza Associates sent recruiters to Pakistan to entice former soldiers and servicemen to take high-paying security jobs in Libya. In reality, Libya was recruiting mercenaries to fight against [[Chad]] and Egypt, as it had border disputes with both nations. ISI became aware of the plot and the scheme was stopped.<ref name="Profiles of Intelligence" /> (See also [[CIA transnational anti-crime and anti-drug activities#Southwest Asia]], [[Operation Cyclone]], [[Badaber Uprising]].)

====Iran====
* 2000s: ISI has been accused by [[Iran]] for supporting [[Sistan and Baluchestan insurgency|insurgency]] in [[Sistan and Baluchestan province|Sistan-Baluchistan]] province by aiding groups like [[Jundallah (Iran)|Jundallah]] which carried out score of terror attacks against Iranian forces.2010s.
* 2000s: ISI has been under repeated accusation of aiding [[Jaish ul-Adl|Jaish-ul-Adl]] which is fighting for the separation of Sistan-Baluchistan from Iran.
* 2010s. ISI was locked into [[proxy war]] with [[Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps|IRGC]] of Iran to gain the maximum influence in the Southern Afghanistan.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-07-02 |title=Iran's Revolutionary Guard and Pakistan's ISI behind Helmand clashes |language=en-US |work=Khaama Press |url=https://www.khaama.com/irans-revolutionary-guard-and-pakistans-isi-behind-helmand-clashes-6332/ |access-date=2023-12-13}}</ref>
* 2016: [[Uzair Baloch]], a gangster of the Lyari Gang War who holds Iranian nationality,<ref>{{cite web|last1=Arfeen|first1=Syed|title=Deeper and darker: A Pakistani gangster's Iran connection|url=https://www.geo.tv/latest/137935-Deeper-and-darker-A-Pakistani-gangsters-Iran-connection|website=[[Geo News]]|access-date=13 April 2017|archive-date=13 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170413235735/https://www.geo.tv/latest/137935-Deeper-and-darker-A-Pakistani-gangsters-Iran-connection|url-status=live}}</ref> was arrested in an intelligence-based operation by [[Sindh Rangers]]. In his handwritten confession, Baloch stated that officials of Iran's [[Ministry of Intelligence (Iran)|Ministry of Intelligence]] offered him an all-expenses-paid residence in [[Tehran]] in exchange for providing sensitive information about the Pakistan Army's operations in Karachi. He says that the offer came through a third-party while he was staying in Iran's port city of [[Chabahar]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Ayub|first1=Imran|title=Uzair admitted to espionage a year ago, reveal documents|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1326668/uzair-admitted-to-espionage-a-year-ago-reveal-documents|website=Dawn.com|date=13 April 2017|access-date=13 April 2017|archive-date=13 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170413051351/https://www.dawn.com/news/1326668/uzair-admitted-to-espionage-a-year-ago-reveal-documents|url-status=live}}</ref>
* 2021: Iranian [[Ministry of Intelligence (Iran)|Ministry of Intelligence]] also known as VAJA adopting ISI model to curb the internal dissent which Iranian regime is facing. It was believed that VAJA wants to promote same discipline as ISI to better fight with threats that Iran is facing from the internal chaos.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pakistan's ISI Has Become the Model for Iranian Intelligence |url=https://www.aei.org/op-eds/pakistans-isi-has-become-the-model-for-iranian-intelligence/ |access-date=2023-12-10 |website=American Enterprise Institute - AEI |language=en-US}}</ref>
'''Qatar'''

* 2023: [[Qatar State Security|Qatar' State Security]] arrested eight former [[Indian Navy]] officials working for [[Research and Analysis Wing|RAW]] who were spying on Qatar's stealth submarine programme at the behest of [[Israel]]. It was alleged by Indian media that Qatar was able to unearth spy network with the information provided by the ISI.

'''Iraq'''
* 2017: After [[ISIS]]'s [[Battle of Mosul (2016–17)|defeat in Mosul]], Iraqi envoy to Pakistan, Ali Yasin Muhammad Karim, held a press conference where he expressed his government's appreciation for Pakistan's help during the fight against the terrorist organization. He praised the intelligence-sharing of the ISI and expressed interest in continuing the intelligence cooperation between the two countries.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Sajjad|first1=Baqir|title=Pakistan helped Iraq in defeating IS, says Iraqi envoy|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1345432/pakistan-helped-iraq-in-defeating-is-says-iraqi-envoy|website=Dawn|date=15 July 2017|access-date=15 July 2017|archive-date=12 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190212070604/https://www.dawn.com/news/1345432/pakistan-helped-iraq-in-defeating-is-says-iraqi-envoy|url-status=live}}</ref>

====France====
* 1979: The ISI discovered a surveillance mission at the [[Kahuta Research Laboratories]] nuclear complex on 26 June 1979 by the French Ambassador to Pakistan Le Gourrierec and First Secretary Jean Forlot. Both were arrested and their cameras and other sensitive equipment were confiscated. Documents intercepted later showed that the two were recruited by the CIA.<ref name="Profiles of Intelligence" />

====Soviet Union and post-Soviet states====
* 1980: The ISI had placed a mole in the Soviet Union's embassy in Islamabad. They reported that the Third Secretary in the Soviet Embassy was after information regarding the [[Karakoram Highway]] and was getting it from a middle-level employee, Ejaz, in the [[Northern Areas Transport Corporation]] (NATCO). The ISI contacted Ejaz, who confessed that a few months earlier a Soviet diplomat approached him and threatened his family unless he divulged sensitive information about the highway such as the road's alignment, bridge locations, and the number of Chinese personnel working on the highway. Instead of confronting the Soviet diplomat, the ISI gave him false information until the Soviet diplomat was satisfied that Ejaz had no further information and dropped him as a source.<ref name="Profiles of Intelligence" />
* 1991–1993: Major General Sultan Habib, who was an operative of the ISI's Joint Intelligence Miscellaneous department, successfully procured nuclear material while being posted as the [[Defence Attaché|defence attaché]] in the Pakistani Embassy in Moscow from 1991 to 1993 and concurrently obtained other materials from Central Asian Republics, Poland and the former Czechoslovakia. After Moscow, Habib coordinated shipping missiles from North Korea and the training of Pakistani experts in missile production, both of which strengthened Pakistan's nuclear weapons program and their missile delivery systems.<ref name="autogenerated2">{{cite web|url=http://www.saag.org/papers3/paper287.html|title=Pakistan's Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI)|access-date=5 May 2006|first=B.|last=Raman |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060412012106/http://www.saag.org/papers3/paper287.html  |archive-date = 12 April 2006}}</ref>

====United Kingdom====
{{Main|Inter-Services Intelligence activities in the United Kingdom}}

====United States====
{{Main|Inter-Services Intelligence activities in the United States}}

* 1980s: The ISI intercepted two American private-sector weapons dealers during the Soviet-Afghan war of the 1980s. One American diplomat lived in the F-7/4 sector of Islamabad and was spotted by an ISI agent in a seedy part of [[Rawalpindi]], drawing attention because of his automobile's diplomatic plates. He was bugged and subsequently trailed and found to be in contact with tribal groups and supplying them with weapons for their fight against the Soviet Army in Afghanistan. The second American weapons dealer was Eugene Clegg, a teacher in the American International School. One American International School employee and undercover agent, Naeem, was arrested while waiting to clear a shipment from Islamabad customs. All of them were put out of business.<ref name="Profiles of Intelligence" />
* 2000s: The ISI was suspicious about the CIA's attempted penetration of Pakistan nuclear assets and intelligence gathering in the Pakistani lawless tribal areas. Based on these suspicions, it was speculated that the ISI pursued a counter-intelligence program against CIA operations in Pakistan and Afghanistan.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dawn.com/wps/wcm/connect/dawn-content-library/dawn/news/pakistan/04-cia-isi-spywar-qs-01 |title=Pakistan | CIA and ISI locked in aggressive spy battles |work=Dawn |access-date=9 April 2011 |archive-date=21 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101021054541/http://www.dawn.com/wps/wcm/connect/dawn-content-library/dawn/news/pakistan/04-cia-isi-spywar-qs-01 |url-status=live }}</ref> Former director general [[Ashfaq Parvez Kayani]] is also reported to have said, the "real aim of U.S. [war] strategy is to denuclearize Pakistan".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2011/01/30/AR2011013004136.html |title=New estimates put Pakistan's nuclear arsenal at more than 100 |author=Karen DeYoung |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=31 January 2011 |access-date=9 April 2011 |archive-date=4 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110504022248/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2011/01/30/AR2011013004136.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
* 2011: In the aftermath of a shooting involving American CIA agent [[Raymond Allen Davis incident|Raymond Davis]], the ISI became more alert and suspicious about the CIA's spy network in Pakistan, which had disrupted ISI-CIA cooperation.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dawn.com/2011/03/06/isi-redefining-terms-of-engagement-with-cia.html |title=ISI redefining terms of engagement with CIA |author=Baqir Sajjad Syed |publisher=Dawn.com |date=6 March 2011 |access-date=9 April 2011 |archive-date=10 March 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110310164710/http://www.dawn.com/2011/03/06/isi-redefining-terms-of-engagement-with-cia.html |url-status=live }}</ref> At least 30 suspected covert American operatives have suspended their activities in Pakistan and 12 have reportedly left the country.<ref>{{cite web |last=Kharal |first=Asad |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/124965/intelligence-assets-after-davis-arrest-us-operatives-leaving-pakistan/ |title=After Davis' arrest, US operatives leaving Pakistan |work=The Express Tribune |date=25 February 2011 |access-date=17 March 2011 |archive-date=23 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110423104314/http://tribune.com.pk/story/124965/intelligence-assets-after-davis-arrest-us-operatives-leaving-pakistan/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
: A Chinese woman believed to be an ISI agent, who headed the Chinese unit of a US manufacturer, was charged with illegally exporting high-performance coatings for Pakistan's nuclear power plants. Xun Wang, a former managing director of PPG Paints Trading in Shanghai, a Chinese subsidiary of United States-based PPG Industries, Inc., was indicted on a charge of conspiring to violate the International Emergency Economic Powers Act and related offences. Wang was accused of conspiring to export and re-export specially designed, high-performance epoxy coatings to the [[Chashma Nuclear Power Plant|Chashma 2 Nuclear Power Plant]] in Pakistan via a third-party distributor in the People's Republic of China.<ref>[http://tribune.com.pk/story/205930/us-charges-chinese-woman-on-pakistan-exports/ US district court: Chinese woman indicted on Pakistan exports – ''The Express Tribune''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713015916/http://tribune.com.pk/story/205930/us-charges-chinese-woman-on-pakistan-exports/ |date=13 July 2011 }}. (10 July 2011). Retrieved on 2012-08-24.</ref> Alleged ISI operative Mohammed Tasleem, an attaché in the New York consulate, was discovered to be issuing threats against Pakistanis living in the United States to prevent them from speaking openly about Pakistan's government in 2010 by the FBI. US officials and scholars say the ISI has a systematic campaign to threaten those who speak critically of the Pakistani military.<ref name="NYT">{{cite news|title=Pakistan Spies on Its Diaspora, Spreading Fear |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/24/world/asia/24isi.html|work=[[The New York Times]]|author1=Mark Mazzetti, Eric Schmitt|author2=Charlie Savage|name-list-style=amp|date=23 July 2011|access-date=21 June 2025|archive-date=1 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111201213649/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/24/world/asia/24isi.html |url-status=dead}}</ref>

====Sri Lanka====
* 2000s: ISI played pivotal role in crushing [[LTTE Insurgency|Tamil Insurgency]] in Sri Lanka which was being supported by India's [[Research and Analysis Wing|RAW]] to carve out separate Tamil country for the Tamils of Sri Lanka. ISI, in response to the RAW's machinations, started to equip, train and provide logistical support to the [[Sri Lanka Armed Forces|Sri Lankan Armed Forces]] in their war against Tamil rebels. ISI supplied multi-barrel rocket launcher systems and other weaponry, which halted the offensive. ISI, by supplying high-tech military equipment such as 22 Al-Khalid main battle tanks, 250,000 rounds of mortar ammunition and 150,000 hand grenades, and sending army officers to Sri Lanka, played a key role in the ultimate defeat of Tamil Tigers in May 2009. The victory of Sri Lankan Armed Forces on Tamil Tigers ultimately strengthened [[Pakistan–Sri Lanka relations|Pakistan-Sri Lanka ties]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-04-22 |title=Sri Lanka's Faustian bargain with Pakistan: Exit LTTE, enter ISI |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/opinion/columns/story/sri-lanka-faustian-bargain-with-pakistan-exit-ltte-enter-isi-191398-2019-04-22 |access-date=2023-12-11 |website=Business Today |language=en}}</ref>
* 2011: ISI started to train [[Sri Lanka Police|State Police of Sri Lanka]] and Sri Lankan [[State Intelligence Service (Sri Lanka)|State Intelligence Service]] on intelligence gathering.

===Al Qaeda and Taliban militants captured===
* [[Ramzi Yousef]]: One of the planners of the [[1993 World Trade Center bombing]] and the [[Bojinka plot]]. Pakistani intelligence, and the Department of State – [[Diplomatic Security Service|U.S. Diplomatic Security Service]] (DSS) Special Agents, captured Yousef in Islamabad, Pakistan. On 7 February 1995, they raided room number 16 in the Su-Casa Guest House in Islamabad and captured Yousef before he could move to [[Peshawar]].<ref name="sacredcows">Benjamin, Daniel & Steven Simon. ''The Age of Sacred Terror'', 2002</ref>
* [[Ibn al-Shaykh al-Libi]]: A Libyan paramilitary trainer for [[Al-Qaeda]], attempted to flee Afghanistan in November 2001 following the collapse of the Taliban, precipitating the [[War in Afghanistan (2001–present)|2001 U.S. invasion of Afghanistan]]. He was captured by Pakistani forces.<ref name="risen">Risen, James. ''State of War: The Secret History of the CIA and the Bush Administration'', 2006</ref>
* [[Ahmed Omar Saeed Sheikh]]: A British-born terrorist of Pakistani descent who was arrested by Pakistani police on 12 February 2002 in [[Lahore]] for his involvement with the Pearl kidnapping. Pearl had been kidnapped, had his throat slit, and then beheaded. He was named the chief suspect,<ref name="transcripts.cnn.com">''CNN Transcript'' {{cite news|url=http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0202/12/bn.02.html|title=Suspected Mastermind of Pearl Killing Arrested|access-date=29 June 2006|publisher=[[CNN]]|date=7 February 2001|archive-date=22 May 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110522051836/http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0202/12/bn.02.html|url-status=live}} 12 February 2002.</ref> but claimed he had surrendered to the ISI a week earlier.<ref name="cpj">Wright, Abi. Committee to Protect Journalists, May 2006. {{cite web|title=Heading into Danger|url=http://www.cpj.org/Briefings/2006/DA_spring_06/pearl/pearl_DA.html|access-date=29 June 2006|archive-date=29 June 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060629103102/http://www.cpj.org/Briefings/2006/DA_spring_06/pearl/pearl_DA.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Abu Zubaydah]]: An Al-Qaeda terrorist responsible for conceiving multiple terrorist plots, including sending [[Ahmed Ressam]] to blow up the Los Angeles airport in 2000.<ref name="BinLadenReport">{{cite news |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2004/ALLPOLITICS/04/10/august6.memo/index.html |title=''Transcript: Bin Laden determined to Strike in US'' CNN.com, Saturday April 10, 2004 |publisher=CNN |date=10 April 2004 |access-date=9 April 2011 |archive-date=26 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110126134923/http://edition.cnn.com/2004/ALLPOLITICS/04/10/august6.memo/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> He was captured on 28 March 2002, by ISI, CIA, and FBI agents after they raided several safe houses in [[Faisalabad]], Pakistan.<ref name="GuantanamoFiles">Andy Worthington ''The Guantanamo Files'', Pluto Press, 2007</ref><ref name="TimMcGirk">{{cite news |author=Tim McGirk |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,227584,00.html |title=Anatomy of a Raid |magazine=Time |date=8 April 2002 |access-date=9 April 2011 |archive-date=21 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110521015220/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,227584,00.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="JohnBurns">{{cite news |last=Burns |first=John F. |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9A00EFDA123CF937A25757C0A9649C8B63 |title=John Burns, ''A NATION CHALLENGED: THE FUGITIVES, In Pakistan's Interior, A Troubling Victory in Hunt for Al Qaeda'' New York Times, April 14, 2002 |location=New York City; Pakistan; Faisalabad (Pakistan); Washington (Dc) |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=14 April 2002 |access-date=9 April 2011 |archive-date=9 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709124735/https://www.nytimes.com/2002/04/14/world/nation-challenged-fugitives-pakistan-s-interior-troubling-victory-hunt-for-al.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="AntiTerrorRaid">{{cite news |agency=Associated Press |url=https://archive.seattletimes.com/archive/20020403/zub03/anti-terror-raids-yield-bonanza-for-us-intelligence |title=Anti-terror raids yield bonanza for U.S. intelligence |work=[[The Seattle Times]] |date=2 April 2002 |access-date=9 April 2011 |archive-date=12 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120112164741/http://community.seattletimes.nwsource.com/archive/?date=20020403&slug=zub03 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Ramzi bin al-Shibh]]: An Al-Qaeda terrorist responsible for planning the 9/11 terrorist attacks, the [[USS Cole bombing|USS ''Cole'' bombing]], and the 2002 [[Ghriba synagogue bombing]] in [[Tunisia]].<ref name="bbc">{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/2257456.stm |title=Ramzi bin al-Shibh: al-Qaeda suspect |publisher=BBC |date=14 September 2002 |access-date=18 February 2010 |archive-date=16 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090416103532/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/2257456.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> On 11 September 2002, the ISI captured Ramzi bin al-Shibh during a raid in [[Karachi]].<ref>{{cite news |first=Syed Saleem |last=Shahzad |title=A chilling inheritance of terror |newspaper=Asia Times |date=30 October 2002 |url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/DJ30Df01.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021030191230/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/DJ30Df01.html|url-status=unfit|archive-date=30 October 2002}}</ref>
* [[Khalid Sheikh Mohammed]]: The principal architect of the 9/11 attacks and other significant terrorist plots over the last twenty years, including the [[World Trade Center 1993 bombings]], the Bojinka plot, an aborted 2002 attack on the [[U.S. Bank Tower (Los Angeles)|U.S. Bank Tower]] in Los Angeles, the [[Bali nightclub bombings]], the failed bombing of [[2001 American Airlines Flight 63 bombing attempt|American Airlines Flight 63]], the [[2000 millennium attack plots|Millennium Plot]], and the murder of [[Daniel Pearl]]. On 1 March 2003, the ISI captured him in a joint raid with the CIA's [[Special Activities Division]] paramilitary operatives and [[Diplomatic Security Service]] Special Agents in [[Rawalpindi]], Pakistan.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/22/washington/22ksm.html |title=Inside a 9/11 Mastermind's Interrogation |date=22 June 2008 |last=Shane |first=Scott |newspaper=New York Times |access-date=9 February 2017 |archive-date=2 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402075657/https://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/22/washington/22ksm.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Abu Faraj Farj al-Liby: Mastermind of two failed attempts on President Pervez Musharraf's life in May 2005.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE58E27T20090915 |publisher=Reuters |title=Factbox: Major al Qaeda militants killed or captured |date=15 September 2009 |access-date=1 July 2017 |archive-date=8 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308131757/https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE58E27T20090915 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Maulvi Omar]]: Senior aid to [[Baitullah Mehsud]], who was captured by the ISI in August 2009.
* [[Abdul Ghani Baradar]]: The Taliban's deputy commander who was captured by Pakistani intelligence forces in or near Karachi, Pakistan, in early 2010.<ref name="BBC20100216">{{cite news |title=Taliban commander Mullah Baradar 'seized in Pakistan' |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/8517375.stm |publisher=BBC News |date=16 February 2010 |access-date=16 February 2010 |archive-date=18 February 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100218044645/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/8517375.stm |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Reception==
Critics of the ISI say that it has become a [[state within a state]] and not accountable enough. Some analysts say that it is because intelligence agencies around the world remain secretive. Critics argue the institution should be more accountable to the president or the prime minister.<ref name="BBC News">{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1750265.stm |title=Profile: Pakistan's military intelligence agency |access-date=5 May 2006 |first=David |last=Chazan |publisher=BBC News |date=9 January 2002 |archive-date=17 November 2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051117003518/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1750265.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> The Pakistani government disbanded the ISI's political wing in 2008 after its discovery.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dawn.com/2008/11/23/top3.htm |title=ISI closes its political wing |newspaper=Dawn |date=23 November 2008 |access-date=16 October 2016 |archive-date=1 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101101032354/http://www.dawn.com/2008/11/23/top3.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

===U.S. government===
During the [[Cold War]], the ISI and the CIA worked together to send [[Reconnaissance aircraft|spy planes]] over the [[Soviet Union]].<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20100613083146/http://southasiaanalysis.org/papers15/paper1425.html Crash of US U-2 Spy Plane]}}. Southasiaanalysis.org. Retrieved on 24 August 2012.</ref> The two organisations also worked closely during the Soviet–Afghan War supporting groups such as [[Gulbuddin Hekmatyar]]'s [[Hezb-i Islami]] and [[Jalaluddin Haqqani]], leader of the [[Haqqani network]].<ref name="Neamatollah Nojumi">{{cite book |author=Neamatollah Nojumi |year=2002 |title=The Rise of the Taliban in Afghanistan: Mass Mobilization, Civil War, and the Future of the Region |edition=1st |location=New York |publisher=Palgrave }}</ref>

Some{{Who|date=March 2023}} report the ISI and CIA stepped up cooperation in the aftermath of the [[9/11 attacks]] to kill and capture senior [[Al Qaeda]] leaders such as Sheikh Younis Al Mauritan and [[Khalid Shaikh Mohammed]], the planner of the 9/11 attacks who was residing in Pakistan. Pakistan claims that around 100 top level al-Qaeda leaders/operators were killed or arrested by the ISI.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The News International: Latest News Breaking, Pakistan News |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/ |access-date=2023-03-28 |website=The News International}}</ref> Secretary of State [[Hillary Clinton]] said Pakistan is paying a "big price for supporting the U.S. war against terror groups. [...] I think it is important to note that as they have made these adjustments in their own assessment of their national interests, they're paying a big price for it."<ref>http://www.dailymailpost.com/?p=640 {{Dead link|date=May 2022|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref>

Other senior international officials maintain that senior Al Qaeda leaders such as bin Laden have been hidden by the ISI in major settled areas of Pakistan with the full knowledge of the Pakistani military leadership.<ref name="Guardian">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/may/05/osama-bin-laden-afghan-intelligence-abbottabad-lead|title=Osama Bin Laden death: Afghanistan 'had Abbottabad lead four years ago'|work=The Guardian|first=Jon|last=Boone|date=5 May 2011|location=London|access-date=17 December 2016|archive-date=4 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204121959/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/may/05/osama-bin-laden-afghan-intelligence-abbottabad-lead|url-status=live}}</ref> A December 2011 analysis report by the [[Jamestown Foundation]] came to the conclusion that

{{blockquote
| In spite of denials by the Pakistani military, evidence is emerging that elements within the Pakistani military harbored Osama bin Laden with the knowledge of former army chief General [[Pervez Musharraf]] and possibly former Chief of Army Staff (COAS) General [[Ashfaq Pervez Kayani]]. Former Pakistani General [[Ziauddin Butt]] (a.k.a. General Ziauddin Khawaja) revealed at a conference on Pakistani-U.S. relations in October 2011 that according to his knowledge the then former Director-General of Intelligence Bureau of Pakistan (2004–2008), Brigadier Ijaz Shah (retd.), had kept Osama bin Laden in an Intelligence Bureau safe house in Abbottabad.<ref name="Jamestown Foundation">{{cite news |last=Jamal |first=Arrif |title=Former Pakistan Army Chief Reveals Intelligence Bureau Harbored Bin Laden in Abbottabad |url=https://jamestown.org/program/former-pakistan-army-chief-reveals-intelligence-bureau-harbored-bin-laden-in-abbottabad/ |journal=Terrorism Monitor |volume=9 |issue=47 |publisher=[[Jamestown Foundation]] |date=22 December 2011 |access-date=21 July 2021 |archive-date=1 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201032659/https://jamestown.org/program/former-pakistan-army-chief-reveals-intelligence-bureau-harbored-bin-laden-in-abbottabad/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
}}

Pakistani general [[Ziauddin Butt]] said bin Laden had been hidden in [[Abbottabad]] by the ISI "with the full knowledge" of General [[Pervez Musharraf]]<ref name="Jamestown Foundation" /> but later denied making any such statement, saying his words were altered by the media, he said: "It is the hobby of the Western media to distort the facts for their own purposes."<ref name="Ashraf Javed">{{cite news|title=Ijaz Shah to sue Ziauddin Butt|url=https://www.nation.com.pk/16-Feb-2012/ijaz-shah-to-sue-ziauddin-butt|access-date=14 November 2012|newspaper=The Nation|date=16 February 2012|author=Ashraf Javed|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402072120/http://www.nation.com.pk/pakistan-news-newspaper-daily-english-online/national/16-Feb-2012/ijaz-shah-to-sue-ziauddin-butt|archive-date=2 April 2012|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> U.S. military officials have increasingly said they do not notify Pakistani officials before conducting operations against the Afghan Taliban or Al Qaeda, because they fear Pakistani officials may tip them off.<ref name="Kissinger on foxnews">{{cite news|url =http://www.foxnews.com/on-air/on-the-record/transcript/kissinger-039almost-impossible039-pakistan-didn039t-know-bin-laden-was-hiding-region|title =Kissinger: 'Almost Impossible' That Pakistan Didn't Know Bin Laden Was Hiding in the Region|publisher =[[Fox News]]|date =5 March 2011|access-date =15 February 2012|archive-date =5 May 2011|archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20110505234040/http://www.foxnews.com/on-air/on-the-record/transcript/kissinger-039almost-impossible039-pakistan-didn039t-know-bin-laden-was-hiding-region|url-status =live}}</ref>
International officials have accused the ISI of continuing to support and even lead the Taliban during the [[War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)|2001-2021 War in Afghanistan]]. As [[Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff]], [[Mike Mullen]] stated:

{{blockquote
| The fact remains that the Quetta Shura [Taliban] and the Haqqani Network operate from Pakistan with impunity ... Extremist organizations serving as proxies of the government of Pakistan are attacking Afghan troops and civilians as well as US soldiers. ... For example, we believe the Haqqani Network—which has long enjoyed the support and protection of the Pakistani government ... is, in many ways, a strategic arm of Pakistan's Inter-Services Intelligence Agency.<ref name="longwarjournal1">{{cite web |first=Thomas |last=Joscelyn |url=http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2011/09/admiral_mullen_pakis.php |title=Admiral Mullen: Pakistani ISI sponsoring Haqqani attacks |publisher=The Long War Journal |quote=During a Senate Armed Services Committee hearing today, Admiral Michael Mullen, the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, highlighted the Pakistani Inter-Services Intelligence Agency's role in sponsoring the Haqqani Network—including attacks on American forces in Afghanistan. 'The fact remains that the Quetta Shura [Taliban] and the Haqqani Network operate from Pakistan with impunity,' Mullen said in his written testimony. 'Extremist organizations serving as proxies of the government of Pakistan are attacking Afghan troops and civilians as well as US soldiers.' Mullen continued: 'For example, we believe the Haqqani Network—which has long enjoyed the support and protection of the Pakistani government and is, in many ways, a strategic arm of Pakistan's Inter-Services Intelligence Agency—is responsible for the September 13th attacks against the U.S. Embassy in Kabul.{{'-}} |date=22 September 2011 |access-date=1 December 2011 |archive-date=26 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190426235939/https://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2011/09/admiral_mullen_pakis.php |url-status=live }}</ref>
}}

The [[Associated Press]] reported that "the president said Mullen's statement 'expressed frustration' over the insurgent safe havens in Pakistan. But Obama said 'the intelligence is not as clear as we might like in terms of what exactly that relationship is.' Obama added that whether Pakistan's ties with the Haqqani network are active or passive, Pakistan has to deal with it."<ref>[http://www.ndtv.com/article/world/obama-wont-back-mullens-claim-on-pakistan-137813 Obama won't back Mullen's claim on Pakistan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111010014904/http://www.ndtv.com/article/world/obama-wont-back-mullens-claim-on-pakistan-137813 |date=10 October 2011 }}. NDTV.com (1 October 2011). Retrieved on 2012-08-24.</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/washington/story/2011-09-22/US-panetta/50514576/1 |work=[[USA Today]] |title=Most Popular E-mail Newsletter |date=22 September 2011 |access-date=1 September 2017 |archive-date=5 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305093836/http://www.usatoday.com/news/washington/story/2011-09-22/US-panetta/50514576/1 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The [[Guantanamo Bay files leak]] showed that the US authorities unofficially consider the ISI a terrorist organization that was equally as dangerous as Al Qaeda and the Taliban, and many allegations of it supporting terrorist activities have been made.<ref>{{cite news|url= http://www.rediff.com/news/slide-show/slide-show-1-for-us-pakistans-ISI-a-terrorist-organisation/20110426.htm|title= Rediff News: For the US, ISI is a terrorist organisation|date= 26 April 2011|access-date= 2 February 2012|archive-date= 4 September 2011|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110904000130/http://www.rediff.com/news/slide-show/slide-show-1-for-us-pakistans-ISI-a-terrorist-organisation/20110426.htm|url-status= live}}</ref><ref name="Burke">{{cite news|last=Burke|first=Jason|title=Guantánamo Bay files: Pakistan's ISI spy service listed as terrorist group|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/apr/25/guantanamo-files-isi-inter-services-intelligence|newspaper=The Guardian|date=25 April 2011|location=London|access-date=17 December 2016|archive-date=24 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170224223248/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/apr/25/guantanamo-files-isi-inter-services-intelligence|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2017, General [[Joseph Dunford]], [[chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff]], accused the ISI of having ties to terror groups.<ref>"[https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/10/general-dunford-pakistan-intelligence-links-terrorists-171004105341470.html General Dunford: Pakistan intelligence has links to 'terrorists'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180423232404/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/10/general-dunford-pakistan-intelligence-links-terrorists-171004105341470.html |date=23 April 2018 }}". Al-Jazeera. 4 October 2017.</ref> In a Senate hearing, Dunford told members of the U.S. Senate: "It is clear to me that the ISI has connections with terrorist groups."<ref>"[https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-usa-pakistan-military/mattis-says-will-try-to-work-with-pakistan-one-more-time-idUKKCN1C8264 Mattis says will try to work with Pakistan 'one more time'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180423165951/https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-usa-pakistan-military/mattis-says-will-try-to-work-with-pakistan-one-more-time-idUKKCN1C8264 |date=23 April 2018 }}". Reuters. 3 October 2017.</ref>

===Indian government===
India has accused the ISI of plotting the [[1993 Bombay bombings]].<ref name="ISI">''Black Friday: the true story of the Bombay bomb blasts'', S. Hussain Zaidi, Penguin Books, 2002, p. 30</ref> According to the [[United States diplomatic cables leak]], the ISI had previously shared intelligence information with [[Israel]] regarding possible terrorist attacks against Jewish and Israeli sites in India in late 2008.<ref>[http://daily.bhaskar.com/article/wikileaks-pakistan-spy-chief-shared-intelligence-with-israel-post-2611-1609020.html WikiLeaks: Pakistan shared intelligence with Israel post 26/11] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101206092257/http://daily.bhaskar.com/article/wikileaks-pakistan-spy-chief-shared-intelligence-with-israel-post-2611-1609020.html |date=6 December 2010 }}. daily.bhaskar.com (2 December 2010). Retrieved on 2012-08-24.</ref> The ISI is also accused of supporting pro independence militias in [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/oct/18/pakistan-isi-mumbai-terror-attacks |location=London |work=The Guardian |first=Jason |last=Burke |title=Pakistan intelligence services 'aided Mumbai terror attacks' |date=18 October 2010 |access-date=17 December 2016 |archive-date=8 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200408023059/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/oct/18/pakistan-isi-mumbai-terror-attacks |url-status=live }}</ref> while Pakistan denies all such claims,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/diplomat-denies-pakistan-role-in-mumbai-attacks-1521700.html |location=London |work=The Independent |date=31 January 2009 |title=Diplomat denies Pakistan role in Mumbai attacks |access-date=1 September 2017 |archive-date=30 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170630024154/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/diplomat-denies-pakistan-role-in-mumbai-attacks-1521700.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2008/12/01/pakistan-denies-governmen_n_147395.html |work=Huffington Post |first=Zarar |last=Khan |title=Pakistan Denies Government Involvement In Mumbai Attacks |date=1 December 2008 |access-date=16 October 2011 |archive-date=18 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140518011455/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2008/12/01/pakistan-denies-governmen_n_147395.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2009-jan-07-fg-pakistan-india7-story.html |work=Los Angeles Times |first=Laura |last=King |title=Pakistan denies official involvement in Mumbai attacks |date=7 January 2009 |access-date=16 October 2011 |archive-date=18 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140518060232/http://articles.latimes.com/2009/jan/07/world/fg-pakistan-india7 |url-status=live }}</ref> or says it gives them moral support only.<ref name="Martin" />

==Controversies==
The ISI has been accused of using [[List of designated terrorist organizations|designated terrorist groups]] and [[Militant (word)|militants]] to conduct [[proxy wars]] against its neighbors.<ref name="Bajoria">{{cite news|last=Bajoria|first=Jayshree|title=The ISI and Terrorism: Behind the Accusations|newspaper=[[Council on Foreign Relations]]|date=4 May 2011|author2=Eben Kaplan}}</ref><ref name="Laruelle">{{cite book|last=Laruelle|first=Marlène|title=Mapping Central Asia: Indian Perceptions and Strategies|year=2011 |publisher=[[Ashgate Publishing]]|isbn=978-1-4094-0985-4|author2=Sébastien Peyrouse|page=203}}</ref><ref name="Hussain">{{cite book|last=Hussain|first=Zahid|title=Frontline Pakistan: The Struggle With Militant Islam|year=2008|publisher=[[Columbia University Press]]|isbn=978-0-231-14225-0|page=VII}}</ref> According to Grant Holt and David H. Gray, "The agency specializes in utilizing terrorist organizations as proxies for Pakistani foreign policy, covert action abroad, and controlling domestic politics."<ref name="Holt">{{cite journal|last=Holt |first=Grant |author2=David H. Gray|title=A Pakistani Fifth Column? The Pakistani Inter-Service Intelligence Directorate's Sponsorship of Terrorism|journal=Global Security Studies|date=Winter 2011|volume=2|issue=1|page=56}}</ref> [[James J.F. Forest|James Forest]] says, "There has been increasing proof from counter-terrorism organizations that militants and the Taliban continue to receive assistance from the ISI, as well as the establishment of camps to train terrorists on Pakistani territory."<ref name="Forest">{{cite book |last=Forest|first=James J. F.|author-link=James J.F. Forest|title=Countering Terrorism and Insurgency in the 21st Century: International Perspectives|year=2007|publisher=[[Praeger Publishing]]|isbn=978-0-275-99034-3|page=83}}</ref> All external operations are carried out under the supervision of the ISI's S Wing.<ref name="McGrath">{{cite book|last=McGrath|first=Kevin|title=Confronting Al Qaeda: New Strategies to Combat Terrorism|year=2011|publisher=[[Naval Institute Press]]|isbn=978-1-59114-503-5|page=138}}</ref> [[Joint Intelligence/North]] is responsible for conducting operations in Jammu and Kashmir and Afghanistan.<ref name="Camp">{{cite book|last=Camp|first=Dick|title=Boots on the Ground: The Fight to Liberate Afghanistan from Al-Qaeda and the Taliban, 2001–2002|year=2011|publisher=Zenith|isbn=978-0-7603-4111-7|page=38}}</ref> The Joint Signal Intelligence Bureau (JSIB) provides support with communications to groups in Jammu and Kashmir.<ref name="Camp" /> According to [[Daniel Benjamin]] and [[Steven Simon]], both former members of the [[United States National Security Council]], the ISI acted as a "kind of terrorist conveyor belt" radicalizing young men in the Madrassas in Pakistan and delivering them to training camps affiliated with or run by Al-Qaeda and from there moving them into Jammu and Kashmir to launch attacks.<ref name="Caldwell">{{cite book|last=Caldwell |first=Dan|title=Seeking Security in an Insecure World|year=2011|publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]]|isbn=978-1-4422-0803-2|pages=103–104|edition=2nd|author2=Robert Williams}}</ref>

===Support for militants===
Since the 1990s, the ISI began communicating with the jihadists who emerged from the conflict against the Soviet Union in Afghanistan, and by 2000 most militant groups operating in Kashmir were based in Pakistan or were pro-Pakistan. These groups are used to conduct a [[low-intensity conflict]] against India.<ref name="Zahab">{{cite book|last=Zahab|first=Mariam Abou|author-link1=Mariam Abou Zahab|title=The Practice of War: Production, Reproduction and Communication of Armed Violence|year=2011|publisher=[[Berghahn Books]]|isbn=978-0-85745-141-5|edition=Reprint|editor=Aparna Rao |editor2=Michael Bollig |editor3=Monika Bock|page=134}}</ref> According to [[Stephen P. Cohen]] and John Wilson, the ISI's aid to and creation of designated terrorist groups and religious extremist groups is well-documented.<ref name="Cohen">{{cite book|last=Cohen|first=Stephen P.|title=The Future of Pakistan |year=2011 |publisher=Brookings Institution|isbn=978-0-8157-2180-2|page=130}}</ref><ref name="Wilson1">{{cite book|last=Wilson|first=John|title=Terrorism in Southeast Asia: Implications for South Asia Countering the Financing of Terrorism|year=2005|publisher=[[Pearson plc]]|isbn=978-8129709981|page=80}}</ref> The ISI has been accused of having close ties to [[Lashkar-e-Taiba]], who carried out the attacks in Mumbai in 2008.<ref name="Green">{{cite book|last=Green|first=M. Christian|title=Religion and Human Rights|year=2011 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|chapter=Chapter 21|isbn=978-0-19-973345-3}}</ref> The organisation has also given aid to [[Hizbul Mujahideen]].<ref name="Sisk">{{cite book|last=Sisk |first=Timothy D.|title=International Mediation in Civil Wars: Bargaining with Bullets|year=2008|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-0-415-47705-5|page=172}}</ref> Terrorism expert Gus Martin said, "The ISI has a long history of supporting designated terrorist groups and pro-Independence groups operating in Punjab and Jammu and Kashmir which fight against Indian interests."<ref name="Martin">{{cite book |last=Martin |first=Gus |title=Understanding Terrorism: Challenges, Perspectives, and Issues |year=2009 |publisher=[[SAGE Publishing]] |edition=Third |isbn=978-1-4129-7059-4 |page=189 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uJ6MeYq_FbkC |access-date=19 October 2016 |archive-date=10 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170410035412/https://books.google.com/books?id=uJ6MeYq_FbkC |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Palmer">{{cite book|last=Palmer|first=Monte|title=At the Heart of Terror: Islam, Jihadists, and America's War on Terrorism|year=2007|publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]]|isbn=978-0-7425-3603-6|page=196}}</ref> The ISI also helped with the founding of the group [[Jaish-e-Mohammed]].<ref name="Wilson2">{{cite book|last=Wilson|first=John|title=Terrorism in Southeast Asia: Implications for South Asia Countering the Financing of Terrorism |year=2005|publisher=Pearson|isbn=978-8129709981|page=84}}</ref>

====Hizbul Mujahideen====
The group Hizbul Mujahideen was created as the Kashmiri branch of [[Jamaat-i-Islami]].<ref name="Juergensmeyer">{{cite book|last=Juergensmeyer|first=Mark|title=Global Rebellion Religious Challenges to the Secular State, from Christian Militias to al Qaeda|year=2008|publisher=[[University of California Press]]|isbn=978-0-520-25554-8|edition=1st|page=91}}</ref> It was reported that JI founded Hizbul Mujahideen at the request of the ISI to counter the [[Jammu and Kashmir Liberation Front]] who are advocates for the independence of [[Kashmir]].<ref name="Hizb-ul-Mujahideen">{{cite web|title=Hizb-ul-Mujahideen|url=http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/states/jandk/terrorist_outfits/hizbul_mujahideen.htm|publisher=Institute For Conflict Management|access-date=28 December 2012|archive-date=17 August 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100817113725/http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/states/jandk/terrorist_outfits/hizbul_mujahideen.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> The failure of 1987 elections in Kashmir, and afterwards the arrest of Muhammad Yusuf, a.k.a. [[Syed Salahuddin]], led to the events that created armed struggle in the valley.

====Al-Badr====
There have been three incarnations of Al-Badr. According to Tomsen, the ISI, in conjunction with [[Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan]], formed the first Al-Badr, who resisted the Indian-trained influx of [[Mukti Bahini]] in Bangladesh in the 1970s.<ref name="Tomsen,240">{{cite book|last=Tomsen|first=Peter |title=Wars of Afghanistan|year=2011|publisher=Public Affairs|isbn=978-1-58648-763-8|page=240}}</ref><ref name="Schmid (Editor)">{{cite book|last=Schmid|first=Alex|title=The Routledge Handbook of Terrorism Research|year=2011|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-41157-8|page=540}}</ref> 

====Al-Qaeda and bin Laden====
{{Main|Civil war in Afghanistan (1989–1992)|Soviet–Afghan War}}

The ISI supported Al-Qaeda during the war along with the CIA against the Soviet government, through the Taliban, and it is believed by some that there is still contact between Al-Qaeda and the ISI.<ref name="Aubrey">{{cite book|last=Aubrey|first=Stefan M.|title=The New Dimension of International Terrorism|year=2004|publisher=vdf Hochschulverlag AG|isbn=978-3-7281-2949-9|page=253}}</ref> An assessment by British Intelligence in 2000 into Al-Qaeda training camps in Afghanistan showed the ISI were playing an active role in some of them.<ref name="Atkins">{{cite book|last=Atkins|first=Stephen E|author-link=Stephen E. Atkins|title=The 9/11 Encyclopedia|year=2011|publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]]|isbn=978-1-59884-921-9|edition=2nd|page=540}}</ref> In 2002, it was alleged that when the Egyptian investigators tracked down Al-Qaeda member Ahmed Said Khadr in Pakistan, the Egyptian authorities informed Pakistani authorities of his location. However, the Afghan Taliban at night came in a car and took Khadir along with them to Afghanistan. The next day, Pakistani authorities claimed they were unable to capture Khadir.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=McGirk |first=Tim |date=29 April 2002 |title=Rogues No More? |url=http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,501020506-233999,00.html |url-status=live |access-date=9 July 2021 |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |archive-date=27 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227112532/http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,501020506-233999,00.html }}</ref> The leak in 2012 of [[2012 Stratfor email leak|e-mails]] from [[Stratfor]] claimed papers captured during all the compounds during [[Death of Osama bin Laden|the raid]] in Abbottabad on Osama bin Laden's compound showed up to 12 ISI officials knew where he was and that Bin Laden had been in regular contact with the ISI.<ref name="McElroy">{{cite news|last=McElroy|first=Damien|title=Stratfor: Osama bin Laden 'was in routine contact with Pakistan's spy agency'|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/al-qaeda/9109457/Stratfor-Osama-bin-Laden-was-in-routine-contact-with-Pakistans-spy-agency.html|newspaper=The Telegraph|date=27 February 2012|location=London|access-date=4 April 2018|archive-date=3 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190303165254/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/al-qaeda/9109457/Stratfor-Osama-bin-Laden-was-in-routine-contact-with-Pakistans-spy-agency.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Despite the [[Allegations of support system in Pakistan for Osama bin Laden|allegations]], [[Steve Coll]] stated that as of 2019 there is no direct evidence showing Pakistani knowledge of bin Laden's presence in Abbottabad, even by a rogue or compartmented faction within the government, other than the circumstantial fact of bin Laden's compound being located near (albeit not directly visible from) the [[Pakistan Military Academy]]. Documents captured from the Abbottabad compound generally show that bin Laden was wary of contact with ISI and Pakistani police, especially in light of Pakistan's role in the arrest of [[Khalid Sheikh Mohammed]]; it has also been suggested that the $25 million U.S. reward for information leading to bin Laden would have been enticing to Pakistani officers given their reputation for corruption. The compound itself, although unusually tall, was less conspicuous than sometimes envisaged by Americans, given the common local habit of walling off homes for protection against violence or to ensure the privacy of female family members.<ref>{{cite book|author-link=Steve Coll|last=Coll|first=Steve|title=Directorate S: The C.I.A. and America's Secret Wars in Afghanistan and Pakistan|publisher=[[Penguin Group]]|year=2019|isbn=9780143132509|pages=547–554}}</ref>

Al-Qaeda has repeatedly labelled ISI their enemy, and claimed the Pakistani military and intelligence are their main targets in Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theweek.in/content/archival/news/world/al-qaeda-indian-subcontinent-pakistan.html|title=Al Qaeda in the Indian Subcontinent threatens to wage war against Pak|date=27 June 2017|work=[[The Week (India)]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190102053557/https://www.theweek.in/content/archival/news/world/al-qaeda-indian-subcontinent-pakistan.html|archive-date=2 January 2019|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> In 2019, [[Ayman al-Zawahari]] labelled ISI and the Pakistani military a "puppet" of the United States in a video message.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/al-qaeda-releases-maiden-video-on-kashmir-issues-threats-to-army-govt/articleshow/70158497.cms|title=Al Qaeda releases maiden video on Kashmir; issues threats to army, govt|date=10 July 2019|work=[[The Economic Times]]|access-date=10 September 2019|archive-date=17 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117170321/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/al-qaeda-releases-maiden-video-on-kashmir-issues-threats-to-army-govt/articleshow/70158497.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/al-qaeda-releases-its-first-video-on-kashmir/article28363676.ece|title=Al-Qaeda releases its first video on Kashmir|date=10 July 2019|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=10 September 2019|archive-date=11 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190711114725/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/al-qaeda-releases-its-first-video-on-kashmir/article28363676.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

====Harkat-ul-Mujahideen====
The [[Harkat-ul-Mujahideen]] was founded in the 1980s by the ISI to fight against Indian interests.<ref name="O. Riedel">{{cite book|last=O. Riedel|first=Bruce|title=Deadly Embrace: Pakistan, America, and the Future of the Global Jihad|year=2011|publisher=Brookings Institution|isbn=978-0-8157-0557-4|page=Preface}}</ref>

====Jammu and Kashmir====
in 1984, under the orders of Zia-ul-Haq, the ISI prepared for a rebellion, which was to be set in motion in 1991.<ref name="Haqqani">{{cite book|last=Haqqani|first=Husain|title=Pakistan: Between Mosque and Military|year=2005|publisher=Carnegie|isbn=978-0-87003-214-1|page=[https://archive.org/details/pakistanbetweenm00haqq/page/273 273]|url=https://archive.org/details/pakistanbetweenm00haqq/page/273}}</ref>

====Haqqani network====
The ISI allegedly have links to the Haqqani network<ref name="Cordesman">{{cite book|last=Cordesman|first=Anthony H.|title=Winning in Afghanistan: Creating Effective Afghan Security Forces|year=2009|publisher=[[Center for Strategic and International Studies]]|isbn=978-0-89206-566-0|author2=Adam Mausner |author3=David Kasten}}</ref> and contributed to their funding.<ref name="Shanty">{{cite book|last=Shanty|first=Frank|title=The Nexus: International Terrorism and Drug Trafficking from Afghanistan|year=2011|publisher=Praeger|isbn=978-0-313-38521-6|edition=1st|page=191}}</ref> It is widely believed the [[2008 Indian embassy bombing in Kabul|suicide attack]] on the Indian embassy in Kabul in 2008 was planned with the help of the ISI.<ref name="Williams">{{cite book|last=Williams|first=Brian Glyn|title=Afghanistan Declassified: A Guide to America's Longest War|year=2011|publisher=[[University of Pennsylvania Press]]|isbn=978-0-8122-4403-8|page=144}}</ref> A report in 2008 from the US [[director of National Intelligence]] stated that the ISI provides intelligence and funding to help with attacks against the [[International Security Assistance Force]], the Afghan government, and Indian targets.<ref name="Aid">{{citation |last=Aid |first=Matthew M. |title=Intel Wars: The Secret History of the Fight Against Terror |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dOKL4kbhgIIC |date=3 January 2012 |publisher=[[Bloomsbury USA]] |isbn=978-1-60819-481-0 |page=113 |access-date=19 October 2016 |archive-date=10 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170410041618/https://books.google.com/books?id=dOKL4kbhgIIC |url-status=live }}</ref> On 5 November 2014, Lieutenant-General Joseph Anderson, a senior commander for US and NATO forces in Afghanistan, said that the Haqqani network is now "fractured" like the Taliban in a Pentagon-hosted video briefing from Afghanistan. "They are fractured. They are fractured like the Taliban is. That's based pretty much on Pakistan's operations in North Waziristan this entire summer-fall," he said, acknowledging the effectiveness of Pakistan's [[Operation Zarb-e-Azb|military offensive]] in North Waziristan. "That has very much disrupted their efforts in Afghanistan and has caused them to be less effective in terms of their ability to pull off an attack in Kabul," Anderson added.<ref>{{cite news|title=Operation Zarb-i-Azb disrupted Haqqani network: US general |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1142664/ |date=6 November 2014 |work=Dawn |access-date=7 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141107130307/http://www.dawn.com/news/1142664/ |archive-date=7 November 2014 |url-status=dead |df=dmy}}</ref>

===Insubordination controversies===
On 6 October 2016, the daily newspaper ''[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]'' published a report about a government meeting allegedly arranged by Sharif. The article detailed a presentation by Foreign Secretary [[Aizaz Ahmad Chaudhry|Aizaz Chaudhry]] about international pressure to crack down on Pakistan's extremist segments such as Masood Azhar, the Jaish-i-Mohmmad, Hafiz Saeed, the Lashkar-e-Taiba, and the Haqqani network. According to Ghazi Salahuddin of ''[[The News International]],'' controversy ensued after the October meeting and the ''Dawn'' report, which lingered until May 2016.<ref name="isolation">{{Cite web |last=Almeida |first=Cyril |date=2016-10-06 |title=Exclusive: Act against militants or face international isolation, civilians tell military |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1288350 |access-date=2021-10-17 |website=DAWN.COM |language=en}}</ref><ref name="dangerous">{{Cite web |last=Salahuddin |first=Ghazi |date=17 October 2021 |title=Living dangerously – again |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/900977-living-dangerously-again |access-date=2021-10-17 |website=The News International |language=en}}</ref> During the October 2016 meeting, Punjab chief minister [[Shehbaz Sharif]] allegedly revealed that, whenever action had been taken against certain extremist groups by civilian authorities, the security agency had worked secretly to free the arrested parties.<ref name="isolation" /><ref name="dangerous" /> According to Salahuddin Ghazi, information minister [[Pervaiz Rashid]] lost his portfolio over the ''Dawn'' news leak, and a government notification was released about the civilian government's decision after the meeting. On 29 April 2017, the director general released a tweet that said: "Notification on Dawn Leak is incomplete and not in line with recommendations by the Inquiry Board. Notification is rejected." Ghazi stated that a meeting was eventually held between the prime minister and the chief of army staff, and a press conference was held to announce the decision to withdraw the tweet.<ref name="dangerous" />

====2021 disagreement over appointment of ISI Chief====
Pakistan's mainstream media reported on the October 2021 constitutional rift between civil and armed wings over the appointment of the director general post only after ministers spoke on the matter.<ref name="Govt stalemate">{{Cite web |last=Shehzad |first=Rizwan |date=2021-10-13 |title=Govt confirms 'stalemate' in DG ISI's appointment |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/2324595/govt-confirms-stalemate-in-dg-isis-appointment |access-date=2021-10-13 |website=The Express Tribune |language=en}}</ref><ref name="ISI Chief">{{Cite web |date=2021-10-12 |title=Aye-Yes-Aye: Imran Khan, Gen Bajwa Bicker Over New ISI Chief as Charges of 'Favouritism, Meddling' Fly |url=https://www.news18.com/news/world/aye-yes-aye-imran-khan-gen-bajwa-bicker-over-new-isi-chief-as-charges-of-favouritism-meddling-fly-4315784.html |access-date=2021-10-13 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> On 6 October 2021, the Pakistan military's media affairs wing announced the replacement of [[Faiz Hameed]] with [[Nadeem Anjum]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chaudhry |first=Fahad |date=2021-10-06 |title=In military shuffle, Lt Gen Nadeem Anjum replaces Lt Gen Faiz Hameed as top spymaster |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1650461 |access-date=2021-10-13 |website=DAWN.COM |language=en}}</ref> After two days, it became apparent on social media that the federal government of Pakistan had yet to issue any formal notification for the appointment of the new director general.<ref name="Govt stalemate" /> Rumors became more substantiated when Hameed attended the National Security Committee meeting instead of the expected new director general.<ref name="Govt stalemate" /><ref name="ISI Chief" />

On 13 October 2021, Information Minister [[Fawad Chaudhry]] informed media that the process of appointing a new director general was in progress, and that the selection is Prime Minister [[Imran Khan]]'s prerogative. He also noted that the army chief and the prime minister agreed on following correct procedures of appointment according to the Constitution.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Raza |first=Syed Irfan |date=2021-10-13 |title=Consultation between PM, COAS over DG ISI completed, new appointment process underway: Fawad |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1651775 |access-date=2021-10-13 |website=DAWN|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Raza |first=Syed Irfan |date=2021-10-13 |title=PM wants current ISI chief to continue for some time: PTI |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1651629 |access-date=2021-10-13 |website=DAWN|language=en}}</ref><ref name="govt notify" />

===Attacks on journalists===
[[Amnesty International]] published a document concerning the investigation of ISI over the murder of [[Saleem Shahzad]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.refworld.org/country,,AMNESTY,,PAK,,53c661084,0.html|title=Pakistan must investigate Inter-Services Intelligence over attacks against journalists|publisher=Refworld|access-date=2017-01-01|archive-date=26 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170226234945/http://www.refworld.org/country,,AMNESTY,,PAK,,53c661084,0.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Pakistani intelligence community]]
* [[Military Intelligence of Pakistan]]
* [[Air Intelligence (Pakistan)|Air Intelligence of Pakistan]]
* [[Naval Intelligence (Pakistan)|Naval Intelligence of Pakistan]]
* [[Intelligence Bureau (Pakistan)|Intelligence Bureau of Pakistan]]
* [[Inter Services Public Relations]]

== Further reading ==
* {{citation |last=Gregory |first=Shaun |year=2007 |title=The ISI and the War on Terrorism |journal=Studies in Conflict & Terrorism |volume=30 |issue=12 |pages=1013–1031 |issn=1057-610X |doi=10.1080/10576100701670862 |s2cid=71331428 |ref={{sfnref|Gregory, The ISI and the War on Terrorism|2007}}}}
* {{citation |last=Ayub |first=Muhammad |year=2005 |title=An Army, Its Role and Rule: A History of the Pakistan Army from Independence to Kargil from 1947–1999 |location=Pittsburgh |publisher=RoseDog Books |isbn=0-8059-9594-3}}
* {{citation |last=Bamford |first=James |year=2004 |title=A Pretext for War: 9/11, Iraq, and the Abuse of America's Intelligence Agencies |url=https://archive.org/details/pretextforwar91100bamf |location=New York |publisher=Doubleday |isbn=0-385-50672-4 }}
* {{citation |last=Coll |first=Steve |year=2004 |title=Ghost Wars: The Secret History of the CIA, Afghanistan, and Bin Laden, from the Soviet Invasion to 10 September 2001 |url=https://archive.org/details/ghostwarssecreth00coll |url-access=registration |location=New York |publisher=Penguin Press |isbn=1-59420-007-6}}
* {{citation |last=Coll |first=Steve |year=2018 |title=Directorate S: The C.I.A. and America's Secret Wars in Afghanistan and Pakistan, 2001–2016 |location=UK |publisher=Penguin Press |isbn=978-1-84614-660-2 |oclc=996422824}}
* {{citation |last=Crile |first=George |year=2003 |title=Charlie Wilson's War: The Extraordinary Story of the Largest Covert Operation in History |url=https://archive.org/details/charliewilsonswa00geor |url-access=registration |location=New York |publisher=Grove Press |isbn=0-8021-4124-2 }}
* {{citation |last=Henderson |first=Robert D'A |year=2003 |title=Brassey's International Intelligence Yearbook |location=Dulles, VA |publisher=Brassey's |isbn=1-57488-550-2}}
* {{citation |last=Jan |first=Abid Ullah |year=2006 |title=From BCCI to ISI: The Saga of Entrapment Continues|title-link=Bank of Credit and Commerce International |location=Ottawa |publisher=Pragmatic Publishing |isbn=0-9733687-6-4 }}
* {{citation |last=Kiessling |first=Hein G. |year=2016 |title=Faith, Unity, Discipline: The ISI of Pakistan |location=India |publisher=HarperCollins |isbn=978-93-5177-796-0}}
* {{citation |last1=Schneider |first1=Jerrold E. |first2=P. R. |last2=Chari |first3=Pervaiz Iqbal |last3=Cheema |first4=Stephen Phillip |last4=Cohen |year=2003 |title=Perception, Politics and Security in South Asia: The Compound Crisis in 1990 |location=London |publisher=Routledge |isbn=0-415-30797-X}}
* {{citation |last1=Todd |first1=Paul |first2=Jonathan |last2=Bloch |year=2003 |title=Global Intelligence: The World's Secret Services Today |location=Dhaka |publisher=University Press |isbn=1-84277-113-2}}
* {{citation |last1=Yousaf |first1=Mohammad |first2=Mark |last2=Adkin |year=2001 |title=Afghanistan the Bear Trap: The Defeat of a Superpower |location=Barnsley |publisher=Leo Cooper |isbn=0-85052-860-7}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* [https://ispr.gov.pk/ Inter-Services Public Relations]
* [https://www.intelligenceonline.com/tags/inter-services-intelligence Intelligence Online]
{{Inter-Services Intelligence|state=expanded}}
{{External national intelligence agencies}}
{{Pakistani intelligence agencies}}
{{Pakistani Armed Forces}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Inter-Services Intelligence| ]]
[[Category:1948 establishments in Pakistan]]
[[Category:1949 establishments in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Government agencies established in 1948]]
[[Category:Information sensitivity]]
[[Category:Military of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Pakistan federal departments and agencies]]
[[Category:Pakistani intelligence agencies]]

Bhubaneswar–Junagarh Express

2026-03-25T22:44:51Z

CarmineJansen:

{{short description|Train in India, Running through Odisha and Andhra Pradesh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Bhubaneswar-Junagarh Road Express
| image =
| caption =
| type = [[Express trains in India|Superfast Express]]
| locale = [[Odisha]] & [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|2012|08|11}}
| last =
| operator = [[East Coast Railway zone|East Coast Railway]]
| start = {{stnlnk|Bhubaneswar}} (BBS)
| stops = 17
| end = {{stnlnk|Junagarh Road}} (JNRD)
| distance = {{convert|655|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 11 hours 35 minutes
| frequency = Daily
| class = AC 2 Tier, AC 3 Tier, Sleeper Class, General Unreserved
| access = {{Access icon|20px}}
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = E-catering
| observation = Large windows
| entertainment =
| baggage = No
| otherfacilities = Below the seats
| stock = [[LHB coach]]
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm|allk=on}}
| el =
| trainnumber = 20837 / 20838
| speed = {{convert|57|km/h|0|abbr=on}} average including halts.
| map = [[File:(Bhubaneswar - Junagarh) Express Route map.png|250px]]
| map_state =
}}
The 20837 / 20838 '''Bhubaneswar–Junagarh Road Express''' is a [[Express trains in India|superfast express]] train belonging to [[Indian Railways]] that runs between {{stnlnk|Bhubaneswar}} and {{stnlnk|Junagarh Road}} as a daily service. Although both termini are in the state of [[Odisha]], it has an intermediate stop at [[Vizianagaram]] in [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It is maintained by [[East Coast Railway zone]]. It operates as train number 18437 from Bhubaneswar to Junagarh and as train number 18438 in the reverse direction, but is announced as 20837 and 20838 respectively.

==History==
Bhawanipatna–Bhubaneshwar link express started from Bhawanipatna on 11 August 2012.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.eastcoastrail.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&dcd=709&id=0,4,268| title= Bhawanipatna–bhubaneshwar link exp inaugural| access-date = 1 March 2014}}</ref> Later it was extended to Junagarh on 2 March 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.eastcoastrail.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&id=0,4,268&dcd=1491&did=1393595232412371B44CE325A7E38FF52EC0F0B38223B.web103| title= Bhawanipatna–bhubaneshwar link exp extension| access-date = 1 March 2014}}</ref> It was the first train connecting to Bhawanipatna railway station.

==Coaches==

It consists of one combined 2AC and 3AC (AB), three 3AC, five sleeper, one sleeper extra (SE), four general second, two guard cum luggage vans, and one SLRD. The total composition is 17 coaches.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhubaneswar - Junagarh Express}}
[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 2012]]
[[Category:Transport in Bhubaneswar]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Odisha]]

{{India-express-train-stub}}

Ruins of Kachari Rajbari

2026-03-21T16:30:18Z

CarmineJansen: created basic details w/ infobox!

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox building
| name = Kachari Rajbari
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| logo =
| logo_size =
| logo_alt =
| logo_caption =
| image = Kachari Ruins (a piece of history waiting to be explored).jpg
| image_size =
| image_alt = 300px
| image_caption = Kachari Rajbari Ruins
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_mark =
| pushpin_label =
| mapframe-zoom = 11
| pushpin_relief =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_mapsize =
| coordinates = {{coord|25|54|13|N|93|44|25|E|region:IN|display=it}}
| former_names =
| alternate_names =
| etymology =
| status =
| cancelled =
| topped_out =
| building_type = Monument
| architectural_style =
| classification =
| location =
| address =
| location_city = [[Dimapur]]
| location_country = {{IND}}
| grid_name =
| grid_position =
| altitude =
| current_tenants =
| namesake =
| groundbreaking_date =
| construction_start_date = 13th century
| construction_stop_date =
| topped_out_date =
| completion_date = 
| opened_date =
| inauguration_date =
| relocated_date =
| renovation_date =
| closing_date =
| demolished_date =
| cost =
| ren_cost =
| client = [[Dimasa Kingdom|Kachari Kingdom]]
| owner =
| operator = [[Archaeological Survey of India]]
| affiliation =
| height =
| architectural =
| tip =
| antenna_spire =
| roof =
| top_floor =
| observatory =
| diameter =
| circumference =
| weight =
| other_dimensions =
| structural_system =
| material =
| size =
| floor_count =
| floor_area =
| elevator_count =
| grounds_area =
| architect =
| architecture_firm =
| developer =
| engineer =
| structural_engineer =
| services_engineer =
| civil_engineer =
| other_designers =
| quantity_surveyor =
| main_contractor =
| awards =
| designations =
| known_for =
| ren_architect =
| ren_firm =
| ren_engineer =
| ren_str_engineer =
| ren_serv_engineer =
| ren_civ_engineer =
| ren_oth_designers =
| ren_qty_surveyor =
| ren_contractor =
| ren_awards =
| parking =
| public_transit =
| website = 
| embed =
| embedded =
| references =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Ruins of Kachari Rajbari''' are a set of [[Middle Ages|medieval]] [[monument]]s located in [[Dimapur]], [[Nagaland]], in [[Northeast India]]. Their history dates back to the 10th century when they appeared during the [[Kachari Kingdom|Kachari civilization]]. The Kachari Rajbari Ruins are a series of mushroom domed [[Column|pillar]]s. They were created by the Kachari Kingdom, which ruled Dimapur before the Ahom invasion into the territory during the 13th century. Their origin and purpose are largely mysterious. The pillars are not well maintained. Some pillars still stand in all their glory but others have crumbled down.
It is believed that a game similar to chess was played there with the mushroom domes.

== Colonial descriptions of the Ruins ==
[[File:Dimapur Ruins 12.jpg|thumb|200px|ASI Plaque with information on the ruins]]

[[File:Dimapur Ruins 2.jpg|thumb|200px|Entrance to the main gate]]

[[File:Ruins of Dimasa Kingdom, Rajbari, Dimapur.jpeg|thumb|200px|Kachari ruins in Dimapur]]

Lieutenant Grange, then Assistant Political Agent to the colonial government in Assam, undertook his first expedition to the [[Naga Hills]] in 1840. An extract from his journal was published in the ''[[Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society|Journal of Asiatic Society]]''. In his description of the Dhemapore Nugger (Dimapur), he described that they consisted of "some pillars of various pattern, a gateway, the ruined tower, or palace walls, and a small fort to the north, besides tanks both within and without the walls."<ref name=":0">{{harvcol|Grange|1840|pp=947–966}}</ref>

In 1840, the fort was surrounded on three sides by a dry ditch. The gateway, Grange described, to be in a "tolerable state of preservation" but the inner passage or guard room had turned into "a heap of ruins."<ref name=":0" /> In 1874, Major [[Henry Haversham Godwin-Austen|H. H. Godwin-Austen]], from the Topographical Survey of India, describes the entrance gateway as "fine solid mass of masonry... the stone which are pierced to receive the hinges of double heavy door, are still in perfect preservation." He further sketches it to be flanked on both sides by octagonal turrets of bricks with "false windows of ornamental moulded brick work."<ref>{{harvcol|Godwin-Austen|1874|p=3}}</ref>

The pillars were in three parallel rows. The form of the town, or palace enclosure, was an oblong square running parallel to the [[Dhansiri River|Dhansiri river]]. Through oral tradition, Grange notes that it was built by Chokradoz, the fourth king of [[Cachar]].<ref name=":0" /> These pillars, according to Godwin-Austen, were the most distinguishing feature of the ruins. However, he counted them as two rows rather than three as Grange noted. The tallest pillar was about 15 feet, and the smallest one at the southern end was 8 feet and 5 inches. Most of these pillars were around 12 to 13 feet. The lotus was evident in all of the carved work.<ref>{{harvcol|Godwin-Austen|1874|p=4}}</ref>

Jae-Eun Shin (2020) points out that early colonial descriptions by successive British administrators fail to mention any clear trace of temples and images at the ruins. This raises doubt about the scale and intensity of [[Sankritisation|Brahmanisation]] in the early history of the Dimasas.<ref name=":2">{{harvcol|Shin|2020|p=63}}</ref> She also points out that this city is probably the one mentioned in the ''Ahom [[Buranji]]'', which records that Ahom king [[Suhungmung]] (''alias'' Dihingia Rāja) and his son reached the city by ascending the river Timā (Dima or Dhansiri) in 1526 when the Ahoms attacked Dimapur. However, no Brahmanical temples or images are mentioned in this [[Buranji|Ahom Buranji]] record either.<ref name=":2" />

==Notes==
{{reflist}}
== References ==
{{refbegin}}
*{{Cite journal|last=Grange|date=1840|title=Extracts from the Journal of an Expedition into the Naga Hills on the Assam Frontier|journal=Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal|volume=9|issue=2|pages=947–966}}
*{{Cite journal|last=Godwin-Austen|first=H. H.|date=1874|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/255679#page/11/mode/1up|title=On the Ruins at Dímápúr on the Dunsirí River, Ásám|journal=Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal|volume=43|issue=1|pages=1–6}}
*{{Cite journal|last=Shin|first=Jae-Eun|date=2020-01-01|title=Descending from demons, ascending to kshatriyas: Genealogical claims and political process in pre-modern Northeast India, The Chutiyas and the Dimasas|url=https://doi.org/10.1177/0019464619894134|journal=The Indian Economic & Social History Review|language=en|volume=57|issue=1|pages=49–75|doi=10.1177/0019464619894134|s2cid=213213265|issn=0019-4646|url-access=subscription}}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
{{Commons and category}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dimasa Kachari Ruins}}
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Nagaland]]
[[Category:History of Nagaland]]
[[Category:Dimapur]]

Ludhiana district

2026-03-19T19:57:18Z

CarmineJansen: enhanced information additionally

{{More citations needed|date=October 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Ludhiana district
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[List of districts of Punjab, India|District]] of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| image_map = Ludhiana in Punjab (India).svg
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Location in Punjab
| coordinates = {{coord|30|53|N|75|51|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|Emblem of Punjab (India) on a white background (1).png}} [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder = Chief Yusaf Khan and Nihand Khan, under Sikandar Lodhi's reign
| named_for = Lodhi Dynasty
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Ludhiana]]
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank = 1 (out of 23)
| area_total_km2 = 3767
| population_total = 3,498,739
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank = 1 (out of 23)
| population_density_km2 = 975
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Cesnsus2011Gov"/>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| area_code_type =
| area_code =
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank1_info_sec1 = 1000/873 [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = Literacy
| blank2_info_sec1 = 73.5%
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = 1
| blank4_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank4_info_sec1 = 14
| blank5_name_sec1 = [[Human Development Index|HDI]] {{nobold|(2006)}}
| blank5_info_sec1 = {{nowrap|{{increase}} 0.761<ref name="un-gdl">{{cite web |title=United Nations HDI report - Punjab |url=https://www.in.undp.org/content/india/en/home/library/hdr/human-development-reports/State_Human_Development_Reports/Punjab.html }}</ref> ({{color|green|High}})}}
| website = {{URL|www.ludhiana.nic.in}}
| footnotes = {{cnote|‡|Population increase (2001–2011): 15%}}
| image_skyline =
| image_caption =
| official_name =
}}

'''Ludhiana district''' is one of the 23 districts in the [[India]]n state of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]. It is Punjab's largest district by both area and population. [[Ludhiana]], the largest city in Punjab, is the district headquarters. The district falls in the Malwa region of Punjab, specifically the Tihara sub-region of Malwa.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bhatti |first=Harvinder Singh |title=Folk Religion: Change and Continuity |publisher=Rawat Publications |year=2000 |isbn=9788170336082 |pages=29}}</ref>

The main industries are [[bicycle]] parts and hosiery. Ludhiana is a hub of ladies footwear manufacturing, with around 10,000 small-scale units. The district is made up of seven [[tehsil]]s, seven sub-[[tehsil]]s and twelve development blocks.<ref name="official">{{cite web | url=http://ludhiana.nic.in | title=Administrative Set-Up | publisher=District official website | access-date=19 July 2012}}</ref>

Ludhiana district has the highest [[Human Development Index|HDI]] in Punjab at 0.761 (2004 UNDP).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.in.undp.org/content/india/en/home/library/hdr/human-development-reports/State_Human_Development_Reports/Punjab.html|title=Punjab|website=UNDP in India|language=en|access-date=10 October 2019}}</ref>

== Etymology ==
The district is named after the [[Lodi dynasty|Lodhi Dynasty]] of [[Delhi]], originally spelled as ''Lodhi''-''ana'', later clubbed and changed to ''[[Ludhiana]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About District {{!}} District Ludhiana, Government of Punjab {{!}} India |url=https://ludhiana.nic.in/about-district/ |access-date=3 September 2025 |language=en-US}}</ref>

==History==
Ludhiana gets its name from the [[Lodhi Dynasty]], which is believed to have founded the city in 1480. During the reign of the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] emperor [[Akbar]], the area formed part of the [[Sarkar (administrative division)|Sarkar]] of [[Sirhind]]. Chakar, [[Talwandi Rai]] in 1478 AD, Raikot in 1648 AD and Jagraon in 1688 AD were founded by the Manj Rajput Rai family of [[Raikot]].<ref>Ludhiana Dist. Gazetteer 1888-89 & 1904. Chiefs of Punjab 1890, 1909 & 1940</ref> It is said that one of the Rai rulers of Raikot, named Rai Kalha ([[chaudhary]] of Raikot and Jagraon), gave sanctuary to Guru Gobind Singh in 1705 in the aftermath of the [[Battle of Chamkaur]] and ''Uch-da-Peer'' (meaning "saint of Uch") episode of the tenth Guru's life, when the Mughal armies were in hot pursuit of the religious leader.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Kulwant |url=https://nishaannagaara.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/I-Nishaan-2002.pdf |title=Nishaan Nagaara magazine (annual issue) |year=2002 |pages=52–54 |chapter=Search for the Sacred Swords }}</ref> In thanks for this, the Guru gifted ''[[Ganga Sagar (urn)|Ganga Sagar]]'' (a metal ''[[Jade Collection of the National Museum, New Delhi#Surahi|surahi]]'') and a sword with an inscribed blade to the Rai dynasty of Raikot, known as the ''Raikot sword''.<ref name=":0" />

In the latter period of Mughal rule the western part of the district was leased to the [[Rais]] of [[Raikot]]. By the early eighteenth century, they had become semi-independent of the Mughals. The villages in Ludhiana district remained independent and under the rule of local powerful village Sikh chieftains, from 1707 to 1835. In 1747 [[Ahmad Shah Durrani]] invaded and battled the imperial army near [[Khanna (city)|Khanna]]. Although the Mughals were able to stop Ahmad Shah, his subsequent invasions weakened the Mughals, which allowed the Rais to take control of [[Ludhiana]] town in 1760.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V16_206.gif|title=Imperial Gazetteer2 of India, Volume 16, page 200 -- Imperial Gazetteer of India -- Digital South Asia Library|website=dsal.uchicago.edu}}</ref>

During the reign of [[Maharaja Ranjit Singh (Punjab)|Maharaja Ranjit Singh]], Ludhiana became an important British [[cantonment]]. Initially, in 1805, Ranjit Singh occupied Ludhiana. He then granted Ludhiana along with 54 villages to his maternal uncle, Raja Bhag Singh of [[Jind State|Jind]]. Later, Raja Bhag Singh chose the British over Ranjit Singh and handed over Ludhiana to them for the establishment of a cantonment, on a monthly rent.<ref>[[iarchive:HistoryOfTheSikhsVol.VTheSikhLionOfLahoremaharajaRanjitSingh|The Sikh Lion of Lahore (Maharaja Ranjit Singh, 1799-1839) By Hari Ram Gupta]]</ref> However, Ranjit Singh was forced to sign the treaty of 'perpetual friendship' with the British, which confined his activities to the right bank of the Sutlej. British troops were permanently stationed in Ludhiana and the [[Cis-Sutlej]] states came under British protection. Those villages of the Jind ruler were annexed by the British in 1834, after the Raja died without a direct heir. Ludhiana district was annexed by the British from its former [[Sikhs|Sikh]] rulers after the [[First Anglo-Sikh war|First Anglo-Sikh War]] of 1845–1846.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Banerjee |first1=Abhijit |url=https://eml.berkeley.edu/~webfac/bardhan/e271_sp03/2_18.pdf |title=History, Institutions and Economic Performance: The Legacy of Colonial Land Tenure Systems in India (BREAD Working Paper No. 003) |last2=Iyer |first2=Lakshmi |date=January 2003 |publisher=Bureau for Research in Economic Analysis of Development |pages=39 |chapter=Appendix Table 1: Districts of British India, With Dates and Mode of Acquisition by the British}}</ref>

Until 1947, during the British era, the district was initially part of the Cis-Sutlej Division and was later included in the Jullundur Division. It comprised the tehsils of Ludhiana, Jagraon, and Samrala, while the Payal area was part of [[Patiala State]] & Lohat Baddi areas were part of [[Nabha State]].<ref>''Punjab Phulkian States Gazetteers, Volume XVII-A, 1904'', [[iarchive:dli.ministry.08612|Available at Archive.org]]</ref>
[[File:Map of Ludhiana district (and adjoining native states) of Punjab Province, British India, published in 'The Panjab, North-West Frontier Province and Kashmir' (1916).jpg|thumb|Map of Ludhiana district (and adjoining native states) of Punjab Province, British India, published in 'The Panjab, North-West Frontier Province and Kashmir' (1916)]]
According to the 1901 census, Hindus numbered 269,076, or 40% of the total; Muslims, 235,937, or 35%; and Sikhs, 164,919, or 24%.;<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V16_208.gif|title=Imperial Gazetteer2 of India, Volume 16, page 202 -- Imperial Gazetteer of India -- Digital South Asia Library|website=dsal.uchicago.edu}}</ref> by 1941, Hindus numbered 171,715 (20.98%), Muslims were 302,482 (36.95%), and Sikhs totalled 341,175 (41.68%) of the population. The majority of the Muslim population in the district migrated to [[Pakistan]] during the communal violence following the [[Partition of India]] in 1947. In turn, the district received 137,185 Sikh and Hindu refugees<ref>Page no.- 246, [https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/30692 Census of india, Vol. XIII Part - I-A Punjab 1961 census.gov.in]</ref> who migrated from the opposite side (present-day Pakistan) after facing similar violence and displacement.<ref>{{cite web |date=9 March 2005 |title=Violence, Displacement and the Issue of Identity - 1947 |url=http://www.sdpi.org/help/research_and_news_bulletin/Nov_Dec_2004/violence_displacement_1947.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050309201057/http://www.sdpi.org/help/research_and_news_bulletin/Nov_Dec_2004/violence_displacement_1947.htm |archive-date=9 March 2005}}</ref>
{{historical populations|11=1901|12=685,038|13=1911|14=527,575|15=1921|16=579,161|17=1931|18=687,387|19=1941|20=839,622|21=1951|22=858,487|23=1961|24=1,078,269|25=1971|26=1,384,957|27=1981|28=1,778,689|29=1991|30=2,428,382|31=2001|32=3,032,831|33=2011|34=3,498,739|percentages=pagr|footnote=source:<ref>[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/A2_Data_Table.html Decadal Variation In Population Since 1901]</ref>|align=right}}

==Geography==
Ludhiana is a centrally located city of Punjab, which is on the [[Grand Trunk Road]] from [[Delhi]] to [[Amritsar]] at [[latitude]] 30.55 [[North]] and [[longitude]] 75.54 [[East]] in Northern India.

Ludhiana is the most centrally located district in the [[Malwa]] region of the state of Punjab. For administrative purposes, it has been placed in the Patiala Division. It lies between north latitude 30°-34' and 31°-01' and east longitude 75°-18' and 76°-20'.

It is bounded on the north by the [[Satluj River]], which separates it from [[Jalandhar district]]. The river forms its northern boundary with [[Hoshiarpur district]]. On other sides it shares common boundaries with [[Rupnagar district]] in the east, [[Moga district]] in the west, and [[Barnala district|Barnala]], [[Sangrur district|Sangrur]] and [[Patiala district]]s in the south and southeast, respectively.<ref name=official/>

===Topography===
The topography of the district is a typical representative of an [[alluvial plain]]. It owes its origin to the aggravation work of the Satluj River. The [[alluvium]] deposited by the river has been worked over by the wind, which gave rise to a number of small dunes and sand mounds. Most of these dunes have been levelled by farmers.

The district can be divided into the flood plain of the Satluj and the upland plain.

===Climate===
Ludhiana features a [[semi-arid]] climate under the [[Köppen climate classification]], with three defined seasons; summer, monsoon, and winter. This climate is characterised by dryness except for a brief spell of [[monsoon]] season, a very hot summer, and a bracing winter. The cold season is from mid-November to the early part of March. The succeeding period until the end of June is the hot season. July, August and half of September constitute the southwest monsoon. The period of mid-September to about the middle of November may be termed as a post-monsoon or transitional period.

June is generally the hottest month. Hot and scorching dust-laden winds blow during the summer season. December and January are the coldest months. Ludhiana on average sees roughly {{convert|809.3|mm|in}} of precipitation annually. The official weather station for the city is in the compound of the Civil Surgeon's Office to the west of Ludhiana. Weather records here data back to 1 August 1868.
{{Ludhiana weatherbox}}

====Rainfall====
The rainfall in the district increases from the southwest toward the northeast. About 70% of the rainfall is received during the period of July through September. The rainfall between December and March accounts for 16% of the rainfall; the remaining 14% rainfall is received in the other months.

====Pollution====
Ludhiana has one of the worst air pollution problems in India, with particulate matter being over six times the [[World Health Organization]] recommended standard, making it the 13th most polluted city in the world in the year 2014.<ref name="Majeed">{{Cite news|author=Majeed, Shariq |date=26 March 2014 |title=Ludhiana worries over its PM |newspaper=The Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ludhiana/Ludhiana-worries-over-its-PM/articleshow/32709885.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327153327/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ludhiana/Ludhiana-worries-over-its-PM/articleshow/32709885.cms |archive-date=27 March 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Preet, Jatinder|date=16 October 2011|title=Ludhiana fourth most polluted city in the world|location=Delhi, India|newspaper=The Sunday Guardian|url=http://www.sunday-guardian.com/news/ludhiana-fourth-most-polluted-city-in-the-world|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140412184445/http://www.sunday-guardian.com/news/ludhiana-fourth-most-polluted-city-in-the-world|archive-date=12 April 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> Industrial water pollution is also of significant concern in portions of Ludhiana, notably along the [[Buddha Nullah|Budha Dariya]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=1 December 2013|title=How air and water pollution plagues Indian cities|newspaper=Hindustan Times|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/how-air-and-water-pollution-plagues-indian-cities/article1-1157717.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140129025745/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/how-air-and-water-pollution-plagues-indian-cities/article1-1157717.aspx|archive-date=29 January 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Rivers and drains===
The [[Sutlej]] and its tributary, the [[Buddha Nullah|Buddha Nala]], constitute the chief hydrographic features of the district. A brief description of these is as follows.

; Sutlej River: originates from [[Lake Manasarovar]] in [[Tibet]]. After flowing through [[Himachal Pradesh]], it [[debouches]] from the [[Shivaliks]]. Just about [[Rupnagar]], 32 km east of the boundary of [[Samrala]] [[Tehsil]], it flows due west along the top of the district for 96 km and turns, as it leaves [[Jagraon]] Tehsil, slightly north toward its junction with the [[Beas River|Beas]] at [[Harike]]. It maintains an east–west direction. It can be devastating during floods. The Sutlej has experienced a westward drift during recent times. Old towns and villages, such as Bahlulpur, [[Machhiwara]], and Kum Kalan, were built on its banks. The river has since been dammed at Bhakhra, which has considerably checked its flooding menace in the district.

; Buddha Nala: It runs parallel to the Satluj on its south for a fairly large section of its course in the district and ultimately joins the Satluj at Gorsian Kadar Baksh in the northwestern corner of the district. It floods during the rainy season, but in the dry season, it can be crossed on foot at certain points. Ludhiana and Machhiwara are to the south of the Buddha Nala. The water of the stream is polluted after it enters Ludhiana City.

=== Forests ===
There are extant jungles in Ludhiana district. In 2019, 627 acres of jungle in Ludhiana were cleared from encroachment.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |date=13 June 2019 |title=Forest Dept frees 55 acres from encroachers |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/ludhiana/forest-dept-frees-55-acres-from-encroachers-787589/ |access-date=30 June 2025 |work=The Tribune}}</ref> Two main jungle ranges are the Mattewara range and the Samrala range.<ref name=":3" /> Some of the jungles of Ludhiana district are:<ref name=":3"/>

* [[Mattewara|Mattewara jungle]]
* Haider Nagar jungle
* Hadiwal jungle
* Gopalpur Bulendwal jungle
* Salempur jungle
* Kot Umra jungle
* Gorsian Khan Mohammad jungle
* For Majri jungle
* [[Machhiwara forest|Macchiwarra]] (historical)

== Demographics ==
According to the [[2011 census of India|2011 census]], Ludhiana district has a [[Demographics of India|population]] of 3,498,739<ref name="Cesnsus2011Gov">{{cite web |title=District Census Hand Book – Ludhiana |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1002/download/3022/DH_2011_0307_PART_A_DCHB_LUDHIANA.pdf |website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref> roughly equal to the nation of [[Panama]]<ref name="cia">{{cite web | author = US Directorate of Intelligence | title = Country Comparison:Population | url = https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070613004507/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html | url-status = dead | archive-date = 13 June 2007 | access-date = 1 October 2011 | quote =Panama 3,460,462 July 2011 est.}}</ref> or the US state of [[Connecticut]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php |title=2010 Resident Population Data |publisher=U. S. Census Bureau |access-date=30 September 2011 |quote=Connecticut 3,574,097 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019160532/http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php |archive-date=19 October 2013}}</ref> Ludhiana district has a total of 2,560,225 literates which constitutes 73.5% of the population, of which male literary is 76.5% and female literacy is 69.4%. The effective literacy of 7+ population of Ludhiana district is 82.20%, of which male is 86% and female literacy is 77.9%. The [[sex ratio]] of 873 females for every 1,000 males.<ref name="Cesnsus2011Gov"/> The total [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Caste]] population is 923,358 (26.39%). There were 716826 households in the district in 2011.<ref name="Cesnsus2011Gov"/>

The number of workers in the district is 1285,000, which means a work participation rate of 36.7%. Out of the total workforce of the district, 18.7% are engaged in the agriculture sector, 5.6% are working in the household industry, and the rest are employed in other sectors/industries.<ref name="www.punjabdata.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.punjabdata.com/Population-of-Ludhiana.aspx|title=Population of Ludhiana, Ludhiana Population 2018|website=www.punjabdata.com}}</ref>

===Gender===
The table below shows the sex ratio of Ludhiana district through decades.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Sex ratio of Ludhiana district<ref>{{cite web |title=District-wise Decadal Sex ratio in Punjab |url=https://punjab.data.gov.in/catalog/district-wise-decadal-sex-ratio-punjab |website=Open Government Data (OGD) Platform India |date=21 January 2022 |access-date=20 November 2023}}</ref>
!Census year
|1901||1911||1921||1931||1941||1951||1961||1971||1981||1991||2001||2011
|-
!Sex ratio
|829||765||784||791||832||852||856||848||860||844||824||873
|}

The table below shows the child sex ratio of children below the age of 6 years in the rural and urban areas of Ludhiana district.

{|class="wikitable sortable"
|+Child sex ratio of children below the age of 6 years in Ludhiana district<ref>{{cite web |title=District-wise Rural and Urban Child Population (0-6 years) and their sex ratio in Punjab |url=https://punjab.data.gov.in/catalog/district-wise-rural-and-urban-child-population-0-6-years-and-their-sex-ratio-punjab |website=Open Government Data (OGD) Platform India |date=21 January 2022 |access-date=21 November 2023}}</ref>
!Year!!Urban!!Rural
|-
|2011||860||859
|-
|2001||819||815
|}

=== Religion ===
{{bar box
|title=Religion in Ludhiana district (2011)<ref name="religion"/>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Sikhism]]|darkkhaki|53.26}}
{{bar percent|[[Punjabi Hindus|Hinduism]]|darkorange|42.94}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam in Punjab, India|Islam]]|Green|2.22}}
{{bar percent|[[Jainism]]|pink|0.56}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity in Punjab, India|Christianity]]|Blue|0.47}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|Grey|0.55}}
}}

{| class="wikitable"
|+Religion in tehsils of Ludhiana district (2011)<ref name="religion" />
!Tehsil
!Hinduism (%)
!Sikhism (%)
!Islam (%)
!Others (%)
|-
|Samrala
| align="right" |22.46
| align="right" style="background:darkkhaki" |75.78
| align="right" |1.37
| align="right" |0.39
|-
|Khanna
| align="right" |36.37
| align="right" style="background:darkkhaki" |60.53
| align="right" |2.47
| align="right" |0.63
|-
|Payal
| align="right" |15.38
| align="right" style="background:darkkhaki" |81.77
| align="right" |2.52
| align="right" |0.33
|-
|Ludhiana East
| align="right" style="background:darkorange" |60.18
| align="right" |34.87
| align="right" |2.74
| align="right" |2.21
|-
|Ludhiana West
| align="right" |28.75
| align="right" style="background:darkkhaki" |68.68
| align="right" |1.39
| align="right" |1.18
|-
|Raikot
| align="right" |12.87
| align="right" style="background:darkkhaki" |84.26
| align="right" |1.51
| align="right" |1.36
|-
|Jagraon
| align="right" |12.98
| align="right" style="background:darkkhaki" |85.48
| align="right" |0.80
| align="right" |0.74
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Religion in Ludhiana District
! rowspan="2" |[[Religion in India|Religious]] group
! colspan="2" |1991<ref name=":1">1991 India Religion : [https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/35737/download/39400/1991-C09T-0100.xlsx 1991-C09T-0100 excel file download on censusindia.gov.in]</ref>
! colspan="2" |2001<ref name=":2">Excel file of Punjab india Distrcit wise religion - [https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/21465 PC01_C01_03 Punjab District 2001 Censusindia.gov.in]</ref>
! colspan="2" |2011<ref name="religion">{{cite web |title=Table C-01 Population by Religious Community: Punjab |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11389/download/14502/DDW03C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
|-
![[Population|{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}]]
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
|-
| [[Sikhism]]
| 1,209,986
| {{Percentage | 1209986 | 1818912 | 2 }}
| 1,744,446
| {{Percentage | 1744446 | 3032831 | 2 }}
| 1,863,408
| {{Percentage | 1863408 | 3498739 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Hinduism]]
| 586,523
| {{Percentage | 586523 | 1818912 | 2 }}
| 1,205,128
| {{Percentage | 1205128 | 3032831 | 2 }}
| 1,502,403
| {{Percentage | 1502403 | 3498739 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Islam]]
| 9,313
| {{Percentage | 9313 | 1818912 | 2 }}
| 52,220
| {{Percentage | 52220 | 3032831 | 2 }}
| 77,713
| {{Percentage | 77713 | 3498739 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Christianity]]
| 4,040
| {{Percentage | 4040 | 1818912 | 2 }}
| 11,656
| {{Percentage | 11656 | 3032831 | 2 }}
| 16,517
| {{Percentage | 16517 | 3498739 | 2 }}
|-
| Others
| 9,050
| {{Percentage | 9050 | 1818912 | 2 }}
| 19,381
| {{Percentage | 19381 | 3032831 | 2 }}
| 38,698
| {{Percentage | 38698 | 3498739 | 2 }}
|-
!Total Population
! 1,818,912
! {{Percentage | 1818912 | 1818912 | 2 }}
! 3,032,831
! {{Percentage | 3032831 | 3032831 | 2 }}
! 3,498,739
! {{Percentage | 3498739 | 3498739 | 2 }}
|}

The table below shows the population of different religions in absolute numbers in the urban and rural areas of Ludhiana district.<ref name="District-wise Population by Religion">{{cite web |date=21 January 2022 |title=Open Government Data (OGD) Platform India - All Religions |url=https://punjab.data.gov.in/catalog/district-wise-population-religion-punjab |access-date=7 August 2023 |website=data.gov.in}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable sortable"
|+Absolute numbers of different religious groups in Ludhiana district<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name="religion" /><ref name="District-wise Population by Religion" />
! rowspan="2" |[[Religion in India|Religious]] group
! colspan="2" |Urban (2011)
! colspan="2" |Rural (2011)
! colspan="2" |Urban (2001)
! colspan="2" |Rural (2001)
! colspan="2" |Urban (1991)
! colspan="2" |Rural (1991)
|-
![[Population|{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}]]
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
|-
! [[Sikhism]] [[File:Khanda.svg|15px]]
| 680,189
| {{Percentage | 6,80,189| 2,069,708| 2 }}
| 1,183,219
| {{Percentage | 11,83,219| 1,429,031| 2 }}
| 583,996
| {{Percentage | 5,83,996| 1,693,653| 2 }}
| 1,160,450
| {{Percentage | 11,60,450| 1,339,178| 2 }}
| 278,566
| {{Percentage | 2,78,566| 764,140| 2 }}
| 931,420
| {{Percentage | 9,31,420| 1,054,772| 2 }}
|-
! [[Hinduism]] [[File:Om.svg|15px]]
| 1,289,159
| {{Percentage | 1,289,159| 2,069,708| 2 }}
| 213,244
| {{Percentage | 2,13,244| 1,429,031| 2 }}
| 1,046,285
| {{Percentage | 10,46,285| 1,693,653| 2 }}
| 158,843
| {{Percentage | 1,58,843| 1,339,178| 2 }}
| 471,801
| {{Percentage | 4,71,801| 764,140| 2 }}
| 114,722
| {{Percentage | 1,14,722| 1,054,772| 2 }}
|-
! [[Islam]] [[File:Star and Crescent.svg|15px]]
| 53,201
| {{Percentage | 53,201| 2,069,708| 2 }}
| 24,512
| {{Percentage | 24,512 | 1,429,031| 2 }}
| 35,022
| {{Percentage | 35,022| 1,693,653| 2 }}
| 17,198
| {{Percentage | 17,198| 1,339,178| 2 }}
| 2,336
| {{Percentage | 2,336| 764,140| 2 }}
| 6,977
| {{Percentage | 6,977| 1,054,772| 2 }}
|-
! [[Christianity]] [[File:Christian cross.svg|15px]]
| 13,469
| {{Percentage | 13,469| 2,069,708| 2 }}
| 3,048
| {{Percentage | 3,048| 1,429,031| 2 }}
| 9,900
| {{Percentage | 9,900| 1,693,653| 2 }}
| 1,756
| {{Percentage | 1,756| 1,339,178| 2 }}
| 3,229
| {{Percentage | 3,229| 764,140| 2 }}
| 811
| {{Percentage | 811| 1,054,772| 2 }}
|-
! Other/no religion
| 33,690
| {{Percentage | 33,690| 2,069,708| 2 }}
| 5,008
| {{Percentage | 5,008 | 1,429,031| 2 }}
| 18,450
| {{Percentage | 18,450| 1,693,653| 2 }}
| 931
| {{Percentage | 931| 1,339,178| 2 }}
| 8,208
| {{Percentage | 8,208| 764,140| 2 }}
| 842
| {{Percentage | 842| 1,054,772| 2 }}
|-
! Total population
! 2,069,708
! {{Percentage | 2,069,708| 2,069,708| 2 }}
! 1,429,031
! {{Percentage | 1,429,031| 1,429,031| 2 }}
! 1,693,653
! {{Percentage | 1,693,653| 1,693,653| 2 }}
! 1,339,178
! {{Percentage | 1,339,178| 1,339,178| 2 }}
! 764,140
! {{Percentage | 764,140 | 764,140| 2 }}
! 1,054,772
! {{Percentage | 1,054,772| 1,054,772| 2 }}
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Religious groups in Ludhiana District ([[British Punjab province]] era)
! rowspan="2" |[[Religion in India|Religious]] group
! colspan="2" |1881<ref name="Census1881A">{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25057656 |jstor=saoa.crl.25057656 |access-date=26 December 2024 |title=Census of India, 1881 Report on the Census of the Panjáb Taken on the 17th of February 1881, vol. I. |year=1881 }}</ref><ref name="Census1881B">{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25057657 |jstor=saoa.crl.25057657 |access-date=26 December 2024 |title=Census of India, 1881 Report on the Census of the Panjáb Taken on the 17th of February 1881, vol. II. |year=1881 |pages=14 }}</ref><ref name="Census1881C">{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25057658 |jstor=saoa.crl.25057658 |access-date=26 December 2024 |title=Census of India, 1881 Report on the Census of the Panjáb Taken on the 17th of February 1881, vol. III. |year=1881 |pages=14 }}</ref>
! colspan="2" |1891<ref name="Census1891">{{cite web|last1=Edward Maclagan |first1=Sir |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25318669 |jstor=saoa.crl.25318669 |access-date=26 December 2024 |title=The Punjab and its feudatories, part II--Imperial Tables and Supplementary Returns for the British Territory |year=1891 |volume=2 |pages=14}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |1901<ref name="Census1901">{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25363739 |jstor=saoa.crl.25363739 |access-date=23 March 2024 |title=Census of India 1901. [Vol. 17A]. Imperial tables, I-VIII, X-XV, XVII and XVIII for the Punjab, with the native states under the political control of the Punjab Government, and for the North-west Frontier Province. |year=1901 |pages=34}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |1911<ref name="Census1911">{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25393788 |jstor=saoa.crl.25393788 |access-date=23 March 2024 |title=Census of India 1911. Vol. 14, Punjab. Pt. 2, Tables. |year=1911 |pages=27}}</ref><ref name="Census1911B">{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.62718 |access-date=23 March 2024 |title=Census Of India 1911 Punjab Vol XIV Part II |year=1911 |pages=27 |author=Kaul, Harikishan}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |1921<ref name="Census1921">{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25430165 |jstor=saoa.crl.25430165 |access-date=23 March 2024 |title=Census of India 1921. Vol. 15, Punjab and Delhi. Pt. 2, Tables. |year=1921 |pages=29}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |1931<ref name="Census1931">{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25793242 |jstor=saoa.crl.25793242 |access-date=23 March 2024 |title=Census of India 1931. Vol. 17, Punjab. Pt. 2, Tables. |year=1931 |pages=277}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |1941<ref name="Census1941">{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.28215541 |jstor=saoa.crl.28215541 |access-date=23 March 2024 |title=Census of India, 1941. Vol. 6, Punjab |year=1941 |pages=42 |author1=India Census Commissioner |volume=6 }}</ref>
|-
![[Population|{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}]]
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
|-
! [[Hinduism]] [[File:Om.svg|15px]]{{efn|name=ad-dharmi|1931-1941: Including [[Ad-Dharmi]]s}}
| 275,240
| {{Percentage | 275240 | 618835 | 2 }}
| 278,035
| {{Percentage | 278035 | 648722 | 2 }}
| 269,076
| {{Percentage | 269076 | 673097 | 2 }}
| 131,370
| {{Percentage | 131370 | 517192 | 2 }}
| 135,512
| {{Percentage | 135512 | 567622 | 2 }}
| 120,161
| {{Percentage | 120161 | 672494 | 2 }}
| 171,715
| {{Percentage | 171715 | 818615 | 2 }}
|-
! [[Islam]] [[File:Star and Crescent.svg|15px]]
| 213,954
| {{Percentage | 213954 | 618835 | 2 }}
| 226,687
| {{Percentage | 226687 | 648722 | 2 }}
| 235,937
| {{Percentage | 235937 | 673097 | 2 }}
| 176,043
| {{Percentage | 176043 | 517192 | 2 }}
| 192,961
| {{Percentage | 192961 | 567622 | 2 }}
| 235,598
| {{Percentage | 235598 | 672494 | 2 }}
| 302,482
| {{Percentage | 302482 | 818615 | 2 }}
|-
! [[Sikhism]] [[File:Khanda.svg|15px]]
| 127,143
| {{Percentage | 127143 | 618835 | 2 }}
| 141,603
| {{Percentage | 141603 | 648722 | 2 }}
| 164,919
| {{Percentage | 164919 | 673097 | 2 }}
| 207,042
| {{Percentage | 207042 | 517192 | 2 }}
| 235,721
| {{Percentage | 235721 | 567622 | 2 }}
| 312,829
| {{Percentage | 312829 | 672494 | 2 }}
| 341,175
| {{Percentage | 341175 | 818615 | 2 }}
|-
! [[Jainism]] [[File:Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg|15px]]
| 2,165
| {{Percentage | 2165 | 618835 | 2 }}
| 2,025
| {{Percentage | 2025 | 648722 | 2 }}
| 2,217
| {{Percentage | 2217 | 673097 | 2 }}
| 1,849
| {{Percentage | 1849 | 517192 | 2 }}
| 1,796
| {{Percentage | 1796 | 567622 | 2 }}
| 1,419
| {{Percentage | 1419 | 672494 | 2 }}
| 1,279
| {{Percentage | 1279 | 818615 | 2 }}
|-
! [[Christianity]] [[File:Christian cross.svg|15px]]
| 322
| {{Percentage | 322 | 618835 | 2 }}
| 372
| {{Percentage | 372 | 648722 | 2 }}
| 947
| {{Percentage | 947 | 673097 | 2 }}
| 888
| {{Percentage | 888 | 517192 | 2 }}
| 1,613
| {{Percentage | 1613 | 567622 | 2 }}
| 2,477
| {{Percentage | 2477 | 672494 | 2 }}
| 1,913
| {{Percentage | 1913 | 818615 | 2 }}
|-
! [[Zoroastrianism]] [[File:Faravahar.svg|15px]]
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 618835 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 648722 | 2 }}
| 1
| {{Percentage | 1 | 673097 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 517192 | 2 }}
| 19
| {{Percentage | 19 | 567622 | 2 }}
| 5
| {{Percentage | 5 | 672494 | 2 }}
| 1
| {{Percentage | 1 | 818615 | 2 }}
|-
! [[Buddhism]] [[File:Dharma_Wheel_(2).svg|15px]]
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 618835 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 648722 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 673097 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 517192 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 567622 | 2 }}
| 5
| {{Percentage | 5 | 672494 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 818615 | 2 }}
|-
! [[Judaism]] [[File:Star_of_David.svg|15px]]
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 648722 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 673097 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 517192 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 567622 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 672494 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 818615 | 2 }}
|-
! Others
| 11
| {{Percentage | 11 | 618835 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 648722 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 673097 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 517192 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 567622 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 672494 | 2 }}
| 50
| {{Percentage | 50 | 818615 | 2 }}
|-
! Total population
! 618,835
! {{Percentage | 618835 | 618835 | 2 }}
! 648,722
! {{Percentage | 648722 | 648722 | 2 }}
! 673,097
! {{Percentage | 673097 | 673097 | 2 }}
! 517,192
! {{Percentage | 517192 | 517192 | 2 }}
! 567,622
! {{Percentage | 567622 | 567622 | 2 }}
! 672,494
! {{Percentage | 672494 | 672494 | 2 }}
! 818,615
! {{Percentage | 818615 | 818615 | 2 }}
|- class="sortbottom"
| colspan="15" | {{small|Note: [[British Punjab province]] era district borders are not an exact match in the present-day due to various bifurcations to district borders — which since created new districts — throughout the historic [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab Province region]] during the post-independence era that have taken into account population increases.}}
|}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Religion in the [[Tehsil]]s of Ludhiana District (1941)<ref name="Census1941"/>
! rowspan="2" |[[Tehsil]]
! colspan="2" |[[Hinduism]] [[File:Om.svg|15px]]{{efn|name=ad-dharmi}}
! colspan="2" |[[Islam]] [[File:Star and Crescent.svg|15px]]
! colspan="2" |[[Sikhism]] [[File:Khanda.svg|15px]]
! colspan="2" |[[Christianity]] [[File:Christian cross.svg|15px]]
! colspan="2" |[[Jainism]] [[File:Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg|15px]]
! colspan="2" |Others{{efn|name=othersB|Including [[Anglo-Indian people|Anglo-Indian Christians]], [[British Christianity|British Christians]], [[Buddhism]], [[Zoroastrianism]], [[Judaism]], [[Tribal religions in India|Tribals]], others, or not stated}}
! colspan="2" |Total
|-
![[Population|{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}]]
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
|-
! Ludhiana Tehsil
| 95,362
| {{Percentage | 95362 | 436627 | 2 }}
| 171,482
| {{Percentage | 171482 | 436627 | 2 }}
| 168,011
| {{Percentage | 168011 | 436627 | 2 }}
| 840
| {{Percentage | 840 | 436627 | 2 }}
| 605
| {{Percentage | 605 | 436627 | 2 }}
| 327
| {{Percentage | 327 | 436627 | 2 }}
! 436,627
! {{Percentage | 436627 | 436627 | 2 }}
|-
! Jagraon Tehsil
| 33,529
| {{Percentage | 33529 | 225932 | 2 }}
| 81,380
| {{Percentage | 81380 | 225932 | 2 }}
| 110,061
| {{Percentage | 110061 | 225932 | 2 }}
| 289
| {{Percentage | 289 | 225932 | 2 }}
| 669
| {{Percentage | 669 | 225932 | 2 }}
| 4
| {{Percentage | 4 | 225932 | 2 }}
! 225,932
! {{Percentage | 225932 | 225932 | 2 }}
|-
! Samrala Tehsil
| 42,824
| {{Percentage | 42824 | 156056 | 2 }}
| 49,620
| {{Percentage | 49620 | 156056 | 2 }}
| 63,103
| {{Percentage | 63103 | 156056 | 2 }}
| 503
| {{Percentage | 503 | 156056 | 2 }}
| 5
| {{Percentage | 5 | 156056 | 2 }}
| 1
| {{Percentage | 1 | 156056 | 2 }}
! 156,056
! {{Percentage | 156056 | 156056 | 2 }}
|- class="sortbottom"
| colspan="15" | {{small|Note1: [[British Punjab province]] era tehsil borders are not an exact match in the present-day due to various bifurcations to tehsil borders — which since created new tehsils — throughout the historic [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab Province region]] during the post-independence era that have taken into account population increases. Note2: [[Tehsil]] religious breakdown figures for Christianity only includes local Christians, labelled as "Indian Christians" on [[Census in British India|census]]. Does not include [[Anglo-Indian people|Anglo-Indian Christians]] or [[British Christianity|British Christians]], who were classified under "Other" category.}}
|}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Religion in the [[Tehsil]]s of Ludhiana District (1921)<ref name="Census1921"/>
! rowspan="2" |[[Tehsil]]
! colspan="2" |[[Hinduism]] [[File:Om.svg|15px]]
! colspan="2" |[[Islam]] [[File:Star and Crescent.svg|15px]]
! colspan="2" |[[Sikhism]] [[File:Khanda.svg|15px]]
! colspan="2" |[[Christianity]] [[File:Christian cross.svg|15px]]
! colspan="2" |[[Jainism]] [[File:Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg|15px]]
! colspan="2" |Others{{efn|name=othersC|Including [[Buddhism]], [[Zoroastrianism]], [[Judaism]], [[Tribal religions in India|Tribals]], others, or not stated}}
! colspan="2" |Total
|-
![[Population|{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}]]
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
|-
! Ludhiana Tehsil
| 70,047
| {{Percentage | 70047 | 285953 | 2 }}
| 99,889
| {{Percentage | 99889 | 285953 | 2 }}
| 114,146
| {{Percentage | 114146 | 285953 | 2 }}
| 827
| {{Percentage | 827 | 285953 | 2 }}
| 1,025
| {{Percentage | 1025 | 285953 | 2 }}
| 19
| {{Percentage | 19 | 285953 | 2 }}
! 285,953
! {{Percentage | 285953 | 285953 | 2 }}
|-
! Jagraon Tehsil
| 28,500
| {{Percentage | 28500 | 164553 | 2 }}
| 56,256
| {{Percentage | 56256 | 164553 | 2 }}
| 78,782
| {{Percentage | 78782 | 164553 | 2 }}
| 471
| {{Percentage | 471 | 164553 | 2 }}
| 544
| {{Percentage | 544 | 164553 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 164553 | 2 }}
! 164,553
! {{Percentage | 164553 | 164553 | 2 }}
|-
! Samrala Tehsil
| 36,965
| {{Percentage | 36965 | 117116 | 2 }}
| 36,816
| {{Percentage | 36816 | 117116 | 2 }}
| 42,793
| {{Percentage | 42793 | 117116 | 2 }}
| 315
| {{Percentage | 315 | 117116 | 2 }}
| 227
| {{Percentage | 227 | 117116 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 117116 | 2 }}
! 117,116
! {{Percentage | 117116 | 117116 | 2 }}
|- class="sortbottom"
| colspan="15" | {{small|Note: [[British Punjab province]] era tehsil borders are not an exact match in the present-day due to various bifurcations to tehsil borders — which since created new tehsils — throughout the historic [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab Province region]] during the post-independence era that have taken into account population increases.}}
|}

===Language===
{{Pie chart
| thumb = right
| caption = Languages of Ludhiana district (First Language) (2011)<ref name="languages"/>
| label1 = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| value1 = 79.65
| color1 = pink
| label2 = [[Hindi]]
| value2 = 18.19
| color2 = Orange
| label3 = Others
| value3 = 2.16
| color3 = Grey
}}

At the time of the 2011 census 79.65% of the population spoke [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] and 18.19% [[Hindi]] as their first language. Hindi is spoken mainly in urban areas.<ref name="languages">{{cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Punjab |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10219/download/13331/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-0300.XLSX |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

==Health==
The table below shows the data from the district nutrition profile of children below the age of 5 years, in Ludhiana, as of year 2020.

{| class = "wikitable sortable"
|+ District nutrition profile of children under 5 years of age in Ludhiana, year 2020<ref name="NitiAayog">{{cite web |title=Ludhiana District Nutrition Profiles |url=https://www.niti.gov.in/sites/default/files/2022-07/Ludhiana-Punjab.pdf |website=[[NITI Aayog]] |access-date=14 December 2023}}</ref>
!Indicators!!Number of children (<5 years)!! Percent (2020)!! Percent (2016)
|-
|Stunted||58,009||22%||30%
|-
|Wasted||15,436||6%||18%
|-
|Severely wasted||2,577||1%||3%
|-
|Underweight||32,712||12%||28%
|-
|Overweight/obesity||16,856||6%||1%
|-
|Anemia||184,062||78%||61%
|-
|Total children||262,962||||
|}

The table below shows the district nutrition profile of Ludhiana of women between the ages of 15 and 49 years, as of year 2020.

{|class="wikitable sortable"
|+District nutritional profile of Ludhiana of women of 15–49 years, in 2020<ref name="NitiAayog"/>
!Indicators!!Number of women (15–49 years)!! Percent (2020)!!Percent (2016)
|-
|Underweight (BMI <18.5 kg/m^2)||113,226||10%||9%
|-
|Overweight/obesity||504,983||45%||35%
|-
|Hypertension||294,321||26%||15%
|-
|Diabetes||171,799||15%||NA
|-
|Anemia (non-preg)||727,404||65%||66%
|-
|Anemia (preg)||NA||NA||46%
|-
|Total women (preg)||62,825||||
|-
|Total women||1,119,944||||
|}

The table below shows the current use of family planning methods by currently married women between the ages of 15 and 49 years, in Ludhiana district.

{|class="wikitable sortable"
|+Family planning methods used by women between the ages of 15 and 49 years, in Ludhiana district<ref>"National Family Health Survey - 4
2015 -16, District Fact Sheet, Ludhiana, Punjab", http://rchiips.org/nfhs/FCTS/PB/PB_FactSheet_41_Ludhiana.pdf</ref>
!Method!!Total (2015–16)!! Urban (2015–16)!!Rural (2015–16)
|-
|Female sterilisation||34.2%||30.4%||40.7%
|-
|Male sterilisation||0.6%||0.2%||1.3%
|-
|IUD/PPIUD||7.2%||9.2%||3.8%
|-
|Pill||1.8%||2.1%||1.2%
|-
|Condom||18.0%||18.3%||17.4%
|-
|Any modern method||61.7%||60.1%||64.3%
|-
|Any method||72.8%||72.3%||73.5%
|-
|Total unmet need||5.0%||4.5%||5.9%
|-
|Unmet need for spacing||2.1%||1.5%||3.1%
|}

The table below shows the number of road accidents and people affected in Ludhiana district by year.

{| class = "wikitable sortable"
|+Road accidents and people affected in Ludhiana district by year<ref>{{cite web | url =https://punjab.data.gov.in/catalog/road-accidents-punjab | title = Road Accidents in Punjab | website = punjab.data.gov.in | date = 21 January 2022 | access-date = 1 October 2024 }}</ref>
!Year!!Accidents!!Killed!!Injured!!Vehicles Involved
|-
|2022||803||647||342||825
|-
|2021||797||632||299||762
|-
|2020||695||508||298||577
|-
|2019||857||604||458||807
|}

==Government and politics==
===Politics===
The district is a part of the [[Ludhiana Lok Sabha constituency]] and [[Fatehgarh Sahib Lok Sabha constituency]]. [[Ludhiana East Assembly constituency|Ludhiana East]], [[Ludhiana North Assembly constituency|Ludhiana North]], [[Ludhiana Central Assembly constituency|Ludhiana Central]], [[Ludhiana West Assembly constituency|Ludhiana West]], [[Ludhiana South Assembly constituency|Ludhiana South]], [[Atam Nagar Assembly constituency|Atam Nagar]], [[Dakha Assembly constituency|Dakha]], [[Gill Assembly constituency|Gill]] and [[Jagraon Assembly constituency|Jagraon]] comes under [[Ludhiana Lok Sabha constituency]] . [[Khanna Assembly constituency|Khanna]], [[Samrala Assembly constituency|Samrala]], [[Sahnewal Assembly constituency|Sahnewal]], [[Payal Assembly constituency|Payal]] and [[Raikot Assembly constituency|Raikot]] comes under [[Fatehgarh Sahib Lok Sabha constituency]] .[[Amrinder Singh Raja Warring]] is the MP from [[Ludhiana Lok Sabha constituency|Ludhiana]] and [[Amar Singh (Punjab politician)|Dr. Amar Singh]] is current MP from [[Fatehgarh Sahib Lok Sabha constituency|Fatehgarh Sahib]], they both are member of [[Indian National Congress]] . [[Amrinder Singh Raja Warring]] is MP since [[2024 Indian general election|2024]] and [[Amar Singh (Punjab politician)|Dr. Amar Singh]] is MP since [[2019 Indian general election|2019]] . There are total 14 assembly constituencies in Ludhiana district . Following is a list of the assembly constituencies in the district.
{{excerpt|Ludhiana Lok Sabha constituency|Punjab Legislative Assembly segments|only=table}}

===MLAs===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! No.
! Constituency
! Name of MLA
! colspan="2" | Party
!Bench
|-
!57
|[[Khanna Assembly constituency|Khanna]]
| [[Tarunpreet Singh Sond]]
| {{Full party name with colour|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|Government
|-
!58
|[[Samrala Assembly constituency|Samrala]]
| [[Jagtar Singh]]
| {{Full party name with colour|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|Government
|-
!59
|[[Sahnewal Assembly constituency|Sahnewal]]
|[[Hardeep Singh Mundian]]
| {{Full party name with colour|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|Government
|-
!60
|[[Ludhiana East Assembly constituency|Ludhiana East]]
|[[Daljit Singh Grewal]]
| {{Full party name with colour|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|Government
|-
!61
|[[Ludhiana South Assembly constituency|Ludhiana South]]
|[[Rajinder Pal Kaur Chhina]]
| {{Full party name with colour|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|Government
|-
!62
|[[Atam Nagar Assembly constituency|Atam Nagar]]
|[[Kulwant Singh Sidhu]]
| {{Full party name with colour|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|Government
|-
!63
|[[Ludhiana Central Assembly constituency|Ludhiana Central]]
| [[Ashok Prashar Pappi]]
| {{Full party name with colour|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|Government
|-
!64
|[[Ludhiana West Assembly constituency|Ludhiana West]]
| [[Gurpreet Gogi]]
| {{Full party name with colour|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|Government
|-
!65
|[[Ludhiana North Assembly constituency|Ludhiana North]]
|[[Madan Lal Bagga]]
| {{Full party name with colour|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|Government
|-
!66
|[[Gill Assembly constituency|Gill]] (SC)
|[[Jiwan Singh Sangowal]]
| {{Full party name with colour|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|Government
|-
!67
|[[Payal Assembly constituency|Payal]] (SC)
|[[Manwinder Singh Gyaspura]]
| {{Full party name with colour|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|Government
|-
!68
|[[Dakha Assembly constituency|Dakha]]
|[[Manpreet Singh Ayali]]
|{{Full party name with colour|Shiromani Akali Dal}}
|Opposition
|-
!69
|[[Raikot Assembly constituency|Raikot]] (SC)
|[[Hakam Singh Thekedar]]
| {{Full party name with colour|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|Government
|-
!70
|[[Jagraon Assembly constituency|Jagraon]] (SC)
|[[Saravjit Kaur Manuke]]
| {{Full party name with colour|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|Government
|}

===Administrative divisions===
For the administrative purpose, Ludhiana district is divided into seven [[tehsil]]s, which are: -
# [[Jagraon]]
# [[Khanna, Ludhiana|Khanna]]
# Ludhiana (East)
# Ludhiana (West)
# [[Payal, Ludhiana|Payal]]
# [[Raikot]]
# [[Samrala]]

Ludhiana West Tehsil is a tehsil in Ludhiana district. It has 125 villages.
{{Main|Villages in Ludhiana West Tehsil}}

Ludhiana East Tehsil is a tehsil in Ludhiana district. It has 181 villages.
{{Main|Villages in Ludhiana East Tehsil}}

Also, there are seven sub-tehsils in Ludhiana district: -
# Dehlon
# Koom Kalan
# Ludhiana Central
# Machhiwara
# Maloud
# Mullanpur Dakha
# Sidhwan Bet

==Economy==
{{Main|Economy of Ludhiana}}

==Culture/Cityscape==
=== Places of interest ===
{{cmn|
* [[Manji Sahib|Alamgir]]
* [[Chupki]]
* [[Chhapar Mela|Chhapar]]
* [[Jaipura, Ludhiana|Jaipura]]
* [[Gurusar Sahib|Katana Sahib]]
* [[Kila Raipur]]
* [[Killa Hans]]
* [[Madpur, Punjab|Madpur]]
* [[Nanaksar]]
* [[Pandher Kheri]]
* [[Serai Lashkari Khan]]
* [[Sidhwanbet]]
* [[Sudhar]]
* [[Sarabha]]
}}

==Notable people==


*[[Aditi Avasthi]], an entrepreneur, founder and CEO of Embibe, an [[artificial intelligence]] educational technology platform
*[[Ninja (singer)|Amit Bhalla]] (Ninja), a Punjabi singer and actor
*[[Praveen Chaudhari]], an Indian-American [[physicist]] who has contributed to the field of [[material physics]]
*[[Gippy Grewal]], a singer and actor
*[[Gursimrat Singh Gill]], professional footballer
*[[Prabhsukhan Singh Gill]], professional footballer who has played for [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]] and [[East Bengal FC]]
*[[Rachpal Singh Gill]], [[civil engineer]] known for notable engineering projects such as the [[Bhakra Dam|Bhakra Nangal hydro power complex]].
*[[Kartar Singh Sarabha]], an Indian revolutionary
*[[Dalip Singh (athlete)|Dalip Singh]], a [[track and field]] athlete, who competed in the [[1924 Summer Olympics|1924]] and [[1928 Summer Olympics]]
*[[Jagmohan Singh (athlete)|Jagmohan Singh]], a [[hurdling|hurdle]] athlete, who competed in [[1960 Summer Olympics]]
*[[Dalip Kaur Tiwana]], a Punjabi-language writer
*[[Nehal Wadhera]], an Indian [[cricketer]] who plays for [[Punjab cricket team (India)|Punjab cricket team]] in domestic cricket, having previously represented the [[India under-19 cricket team]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{reflist|group=lower-alpha}}
{{notelist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* [https://ludhiana.nic.in/ Official website]

{{Geographic location
|Centre = Ludhiana district
|North = [[Jalandhar district]]
|Northeast = [[Shahid Bhagat Singh Nagar district]] [[Rupnagar district]]
|East =
|Southeast = [[Fatehgarh Sahib district]]
|South = [[Sangrur district]]
|Southwest = [[Barnala district]]
|West = [[Moga district]]
|Northwest =
}}

{{Ludhiana district}}
{{Punjab (India)}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Ludhiana district| ]]
[[Category:Districts of Punjab, India]]

Mohammad Hidayatullah

2026-03-16T12:01:30Z

CarmineJansen: fix citations as per guidelines and corrected details

{{Short description|Vice President of India from 1979 to 1984}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Mohammad Hidayatullah
| honorific-suffix = [[OBE]]
| image = Mohammad Hidayatullah, 6th Vice President of India.jpg
| caption = Portrait, {{circa|1980}}
| office = [[President of India]]
| primeminister = [[Indira Gandhi]]
| vicepresident = ''Vacant''
| term_label = Interim
| term_start = 20 July 1969
| term_end = 24 August 1969
| predecessor = [[V. V. Giri]] (interim)
| successor = V. V. Giri
| office2 =  [[Vice President of India]]
| president2 = {{ubl|[[Neelam Sanjiva Reddy]]|Zail Singh}}
| term_start2 = 31 August 1979
| primeminister2 = [[Charan Singh]] [[Indira Gandhi]]
| term_end2 = 30 August 1984
| predecessor2 = [[B. D. Jatti]]
| successor2 = [[Ramaswamy Venkataraman]]
| office3 = [[Chief Justice of India]]
| term_start3 = 25 February 1968
| term_end3 = 16 December 1970
| appointer3 = [[Zakir Husain]]
| predecessor3 = [[Kailas Nath Wanchoo]]
| successor3 = [[Jayantilal Chhotalal Shah]]
| office4 = [[Judge]] of the [[Supreme Court of India]]
| term_start4 = 1 December 1958
| term_end4 = 24 February 1968
| appointer4 = [[Rajendra Prasad]]
| nominator4 = [[Sudhi Ranjan Das]]
| office5 = [[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Madhya Pradesh High Court|Chief Justice]] of [[Madhya Pradesh High Court]]
| term_start5 = 1 November 1956
| term_end5 = 30 November 1958
| appointer5 = [[Rajendra Prasad]]
| predecessor5 = ''Office established''
| successor5 = Ganesh Prasad Dutt
| office6 = [[Chief Justice]] of Nagpur High Court
| term_start6 = 3 December 1954
| term_end6 = 31 October 1956
| appointer6 = [[Rajendra Prasad]]
| successor6 = ''Office abolished''
| office7 = [[Judge]] of Nagpur High Court
| term_start7 = 27 June 1946
| term_end7 = 2 December 1954
| birth_date = {{birth date|1905|12|17|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Betul, Madhya Pradesh|Betul]], [[Central Provinces and Berar]], [[British Raj|British India]] {{small|(present-day [[Madhya Pradesh]], India)}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|1992|9|18|1905|12|17|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Bombay, Maharashtra]], India {{small|(present-day Mumbai)}}
| party = [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
| spouse = Pushpa Shah
| alma_mater = [[Vasantrao Naik Government Institute of Arts and Social Sciences|Nagpur University]] [[Trinity College, Cambridge]] [[Lincoln's Inn]]
| occupation = {{flatlist|
* Lawyer
* politician
* academician}}
| predecessor6 = [[Bhuvaneshwar Prasad Sinha]]
| 1blankname7 = Chief Justice
| 1namedata7 = Frederick Louis Grille
| appointer7 = [[Lord Wavell]]
}}

'''Mohammad Hidayatullah''', [[OBE]] ({{audio|Mhmht.ogg|pronunciation}}; 17 December 1905 – 18 September 1992) was an Indian jurist and statesman  who served as interim [[President of India]] in 1969. He concurrently served as [[Chief Justice of India]] from 1968 to 1970 and then as [[Vice President of India]] from 1979 to 1984.<ref name=VP-list>{{cite web|title=Former Vice Presidents of India|url=http://vicepresidentofindia.nic.in/former.asp|publisher=Secretariat of Vice President of India|access-date=3 September 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141017115825/http://vicepresidentofindia.nic.in/former.asp|archive-date=17 October 2014}}</ref><ref name="full court-desai">{{cite journal|last1=Desai|first1=P. D., Justice|title=Full Court Reference in Memory of The Late Justice Mohammad Hidayatullah|journal=(1992) 4 SCC (Jour) 10|url=http://www.supremecourtcases.com/index2.php?option=com_content&itemid=99999999&do_pdf=1&id=543 |access-date=3 September 2014}}</ref><ref name=Chagla>{{cite web|title=Speech by Shri I. M. Chagla|url=http://bombayhighcourt.nic.in/libweb/references/pdf/Justice%20Hidayatullah.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19920928010101/http://bombayhighcourt.nic.in/libweb/references/pdf/Justice%20Hidayatullah.pdf|publisher=Bombay High Court|access-date=3 September 2014|archive-date=28 September 1992|url-status=dead|page=7}}</ref>

==Early life and education==

Hidayatullah was born in 1905 in the well-known family of [[Khan Bahadur]] [[Hafiz Mohammed Wilayatullah]]. His grandfather Munshi Kudartullah was an advocate in [[Benares]].<ref name="official">{{cite web|url=http://www.supremecourtofindia.nic.in/judges/bio/mhidayatullah.htm|title=M. Hidayatullah|publisher=www.supremecourtofindia.nic.in|access-date=8 June 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106034450/http://www.supremecourtofindia.nic.in/judges/bio/mhidayatullah.htm|archive-date=6 January 2014}}</ref><ref name = "EBC">{{cite web
|url=http://www.ebc-india.com/lawyer/articles/92v4a2.htm |title= EBC article on J. Hidayatullah |publisher=www.ebc-india.com |access-date=8 June 2008 }}</ref> His father was a poet of all-India repute who wrote poems in Urdu and it was probably from him that Justice Hidayatullah got his love for language and literature. Hidayatullah was Gold medallist of [[Aligarh Muslim University]] in 1897 - besting famous mathematician Sir [[Ziauddin Ahmad]], a favourite of [[Sir Syed Ahmed Khan]]. Wilayatullah served in ICS until 1928 and as a member of the [[Central Legislative Assembly]] from 1929 to 1933. Hidaytullah's elder brothers [[Mohammed Ikramullah]] (ICS, later [[Foreign Secretary (Pakistan)|Foreign Secretary, Pakistan]]) and Ahmedullah (ICS, retired as Chairman, Tariff Board) were scholars as well as sportsmen. He on the other hand excelled in Urdu poetry.<ref>[http://www.ebc-india.com/lawyer/articles/92v4a1.htm Full Court Reference in Memory of The Late Justice M. Hidayatullah], by M.H. Kania, Chief Justice of India: (1992) 4 SCC (Jour) 1</ref><ref name=VP-profile>{{cite web|title=Hidayatullah, Shri M.|url=http://vicepresidentofindia.nic.in/hiday.asp|publisher=Secretariat of Vice President of India|access-date=3 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140728063226/http://vicepresidentofindia.nic.in/hiday.asp|archive-date=28 July 2014}}</ref>

After completing primary education at the Government High School of [[Raipur]] in 1922, Hidayatullah attended [[Morris College, Nagpur|Morris College]] in [[Nagpur]], where he was nominated as the ''Phillip's Scholar'' in 1926. When he graduated in 1926, he was awarded the Malak Gold Medal. Following the trend of Indians studying British law abroad, Hidayatullah attended [[Trinity College, Cambridge|Trinity College]] at the [[University of Cambridge]] from 1927 to 1930 and obtained B.A. and M.A. Degrees from there. Here he secured the 2nd order of merit and was awarded a gold medal for his performance in 1930. He was called to the Bar from [[Lincoln's Inn]] when he was just 25 years old. He was awarded LL.D. (Honoris Causa) from [[University of the Philippines]] and D. Litt. (Honoris Causa) from [[Barkatullah University|University of Bhopal]] (now Barkatullah University) and [[Kakatiya University|University of Kakatiya]]. While at Cambridge, Hidayatullah was elected and served as the President of the Indian Majlis in 1929. Also while here, he pursued English and Law Tripos from the renowned [[Lincoln's Inn]]. In addition he secured a place of Barrister-at-Law in 1930.<ref name="full court-desai" /><ref name=SC-profile>{{cite web|title=Mohammad Hidayatullah|url=http://www.supremecourtofindia.nic.in/judges/bio/mhidayatullah.htm|publisher=Supreme Court of India|access-date=3 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106034450/http://www.supremecourtofindia.nic.in/judges/bio/mhidayatullah.htm|archive-date=6 January 2014}}</ref>

==Career==

[[File:President Dr. Zakir Husain at the swearing in ceremony of Justice M. Hidayatullah, at Rashtrapati Bhavan.jpg|thumb|President Dr. [[Zakir Husain]] at the swearing in ceremony of Justice M. Hidayatullah, at [[Rashtrapati Bhavan, New Delhi|Rashtrapati Bhavan]]]]

After graduation, Hidayatullah returned to India and enrolled as an advocate of the High Court of Central Provinces and Berar at [[Nagpur]] on 19 July 1930. He also taught Jurisprudence and Mahomedan Law in the University College of Law at Nagpur
and was also the Extension Lecturer in English literature. On 12 December 1942, he was appointed Government Pleader in the High Court at Nagpur. On 2 August 1943, he became the Advocate General of [[Central Provinces and Berar]] (now [[Madhya Pradesh]]) and continued to hold the said post till he was appointed as an Additional Judge of that High Court in 1946. He had the distinction of being the youngest [[Advocate General]] of an [[Indian state]], [[Madhya Pradesh]].<ref name="full court-desai" /><ref name=hnlu.ac.in>{{cite web|title=Justice M. Hidayatullah|url=http://hnlu.ac.in/HNLU_New/home2/index.php/misc/justice-m-hidayatullah|website=hnlu.ac.in|publisher=Hidayatullah National Law University|access-date=3 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140605055608/http://hnlu.ac.in/HNLU_New/home2/index.php/misc/justice-m-hidayatullah|archive-date=5 June 2014}}</ref>

On 27 June 1946, Hidayatullah was appointed as Additional Judge of that High Court of Central Provinces and Berar and on 13 September 1946 he was appointed as permanent judge of said High Court where he served until being elevated to Chief Justice of the Nagpur High Court in 1954 on 3 December 1954, being the youngest [[Chief Justice]] of a High Court. In November 1956, he was then appointed as the Chief Justice of Madhya Pradesh High Court.<ref name=hnlu.ac.in /> On 1 December 1958, he was elevated as a justice to the [[Supreme Court of India]]. In his time he was the youngest judge of the [[Supreme Court of India]]. After serving as a judge for nearly 10 years, he was appointed as the [[Chief Justice of India]] on 28 February 1968 – becoming the first Muslim Chief Justice of India.

He retired from this position on 16 December 1970.<ref name="official"/><ref name="EBC"/><ref name="hnlu.ac.in" /> Over the course of his career on the Supreme Court, Hidayatullah authored 461 judgments and sat on 1,220 benches.<ref>{{Cite web |title=M. Hidayatullah |url=https://www.scobserver.in/judges/mohammad-hidayatullah/ |access-date=2024-09-30 |website=Supreme Court Observer |language=en-US}}</ref>

==President of India (1969)==

During his term as the [[Chief Justice of India]], the then-President of India, [[Zakir Husain (politician)|Zakir Husain]] died suddenly, while still in office, on 3 May 1969. Then [[Vice President of India]] Mr. [[V. V. Giri]] became the acting [[President of India|President]]. Later, Giri resigned from both offices as acting president and Vice-President to become a candidate in the [[1969 Indian presidential election|1969 Presidential Election]]. Hidayatullah then served as the [[President of India]] for a short period from 20 July to 24 August. The visit of [[President of the United States]] [[Richard Nixon]] to India made his presidential term historic.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Mohit |date=2025-08-25 |title=Chief Justice of India and Vice-President once, Acting President twice: Justice Hidayatullah’s legacy |url=https://www.barandbench.com/columns/chief-justice-of-india-and-vice-president-once-acting-president-twice-justice-hidayatullahs-legacy |access-date=2025-09-09 |website=Bar and Bench - Indian Legal news |language=en}}</ref>

After his retirement, Hidayatullah was elected as the [[Vice-President of India]] by a consensus among different parties and occupied that high office with distinction from 1979 to August 1984. During his tenure as the Vice-President, he won the respect of all concerned for his impartiality and independence.

In 1982, when the then President [[Zail Singh]] went to the U.S. for medical treatment, Vice-President Hidayatullah officiated as president from 6 October 1982 to 31 October 1982. Thus, he officiated as acting president twice.<ref name=":0" />

Hidayatullah was requested by certain leaders to contest for President in the [[1982 Indian presidential election|1982]]. He, however, declined politely, declined the offer, saying that contesting an election was inconsistent, both within personal values and public image.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=KANDA |first=Dr MOHAN |date=2023-08-24 |title=My days as Secretary to Vice-President |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/hans/opinion/news-analysis/my-days-as-secretary-to-vice-president-817732 |url-status=live |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=2025-09-09 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref>

Having served at all of these positions made Hidayatullah unique among other members of Indian history. He became the only person to have served in all three offices of [[Chief Justice of India]], [[President of India]], and the [[Vice President of India]].<ref name = "official"/><ref name = "EBC"/>

During his long tenure in the Supreme Court he was a party to a number of landmark judgments including the judgment in ''[[Golaknath v. State of Punjab]]'' which took the view that the Parliament had no power to cut down the Fundamental Rights by constitutional amendment. His judgment in the case of ''Ranjit D. Udeshi''<ref>{{cite web |title=Ranjit D. Udeshi vs State Of Maharashtra on 19 August, 1964 Equivalent 1965 AIR 881, 1965 SCR (1) 65 |url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1623275/ |access-date=10 November 2021}}</ref> dealing with the law of obscenity, displayed a flair for literature and is particularly of note.

===Career in Nagpur===

Before being elevated as a judge to High Court, Hidayatullah was involved in local and state affairs. The following are some of the committee positions he held:

* Member of the Nagpur Municipal Committee (1931–1933)
* Member of the Nagpur University's Executive and Academic Councils (1934–1953)
* Member of the Nagpur Improvement Trust (1943–1945)
* Member of the Nagpur Bar Council (1943–1946)
* Chief Commissioner of the Madhya Pradesh [[Bharat Scouts and Guides]] (1950–1953)

Many of these positions, as well as those of High Court Justice were held prior to Indian Independence, they were all considered service to Great Britain, thus Hidayatullah was conferred the honour as an [[Officer of the Order of the British Empire]] by [[King George VI]] in the [[1946 Birthday Honours|1946 King's Birthday Honours]].<ref name=VP-profile />

===Teaching and other associations===

[[File:Justice Hidayatullah Moot Court Hall, National Law School of India University, Bangalore, India - 20130523.JPG|thumb|The entrance to the Justice Hidayatullah Moot Court Hall, named after Mohammad Hidayatullah, in the [[National Law School of India University]] in [[Bangalore]]]]

Having received an education at one of the premier legal institutions of the time, Hidayatullah was able to segue into an academic career not long after returning to India. In 1935, he took a teaching post at [[University College of Law]], where he taught until 1943. Later he served as Dean of the Faculty of Law at [[Nagpur University]] from 1949 to 1953. In addition, he served as Faculty of Law at various other institutions throughout the 1950s: [[Sagar University]], Court [[Vikram University]], and the [[Aligarh Muslim University]]. He was Pro-Chancellor of the [[Delhi University]] from 1968 to 1970, Chancellor of the [[Jamia Millia Islamia]] from 1969 to 1985, Chancellor of the Delhi and [[Punjab University (Chandigarh)|Punjab]] Universities between 1979 and 1984 and Chancellor of the [[University of Hyderabad|Hyderabad University]] from 1986 to 1990. He was the President of the [[Indian Law Institute]] from 1963 to 1970, President of the [[International Law Association]] (Indian Branch) from 1968 to 1970 and of the [[Indian Society of International Law]] in 1969–70.<ref name="full court-desai" />

He was, at one time, a Member of the Executive Council of the World Assembly of Judges and of the Managing Committee of the British Institute of International and Comparative Law. He was a Member of the International Council of Former Scouts and Guides, Brussels, and [[The Bharat Scouts and Guides|Chief Scout of the Boy Scouts Association of India]]. Post-retirement, Hidayatullah renewed his interest in Boy Scouts and served as Chief Scout of the All India Boy Scouts Association from 1982 to 1992. He held the posts of the President of [[Bombay Natural History Society]] and of the Patron of Schizophrenic Research Foundation of India and Commonwealth Society of India. He was also a Member of the World Association for Orphans and Abandoned Children and a Settlor of the Jawaharlal Nehru-Cambridge University Trust. He also represented India in International Conferences held in different countries and cities, such as,
Washington, London, Geneva, Sydney, the Hague, Tokyo, Stockholm, Belgrade, Cairo and Bangkok.<ref name="full court-desai" />

===Scholar and linguist===

Hidayatullah was a scholar in Hindi, English, Urdu, Persian and French. He had working knowledge of some other Indian languages including Sanskrit and Bengali.<ref name="bom-govt plea">{{cite web|title=SPEECH BY MR. S. G. PAGE, GOVERNMENT PLEADER, HIGH COURT, BOMBAY|url=http://bombayhighcourt.nic.in/libweb/references/pdf/Justice%20Hidayatullah.pdf|publisher=Bombay High Court|access-date=3 September 2014|date=28 September 1992}}</ref>

==Institutions==

Hidayatullah was the president of [[Indian Law Institute]], [[International Law Association]] (Indian Branch), [[Indian Society of International Law]] from 1968 to 1970. He also presided the [[Indian Red Cross Society]] in 1982. He was closely associated with Hunger Project of USA, World Association of Orphans and Abandoned Children (Geneva), and Independent Commission on International Humanitarian Issues (1982–84).

The [[Hidayatullah National Law University]] at [[Naya Raipur]] is named after him.

==Books==

* ''Democracy in India and the Judicial Process'', 1966 by Asia Publishing House (1967).
* ''The South-West Africa Case'', Published 1967 by Asia Publishing House (1966).
* ''Judicial Methods'' Published for the Institute of Constitutional and Parliamentary Studies by National Publishing House (1970).
* ''A Judge's Miscellany'', N. M. Tripathi (1972).
* ''USA and India'': All India Reporter (1977).
* ''A Judge's Miscellany (Second Series)'' N. M. Tripathi(1972).
* ''The Fifth and Sixth Schedules to the [[Constitution of India]]'', Ashok Pub. House
* ''My own Boswell'' (Autobiography) Arnold-Heinemann (1980).
* ''[[Editor]], Mulla's [[Law of India#Muslim law|Mohammedan Law]]''
* ''Constitutional law of India'': [[Bar Council of India|Bar Council of India Trust]] (1984).
* ''Right to property and the Indian Constitution'': [[Calcutta University]] (1984).
* ''Justice Hidayatullah on commercial laws'': Deep & Deep (1982).

== Awards and honours ==

=== National honours ===

*{{flag|British India}}:
**[[File:Order of the British Empire (Civil) Ribbon.svg|50px]] [[Order of the British Empire]], ''Officer'' (1946)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/37598/supplements/2790|title=The London Gazette, 13 June 1946|access-date=13 January 2020}}</ref>

=== Foreign honours ===

*{{flag|Yugoslavia}}:
**[[File:Orden jugoslovenske zastave1(traka).png|50px]] [[Orders, decorations, and medals of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|Order of Yugoslav Flag with Sash]] (1970)

===Key to the City===

*{{flagicon|Philippines}}{{flagicon|Manila}} [[Manila]], [[Philippines]]:
**Key to the City (1971)

===Other awards===

* Medallion and Plaque of Merit Philconsa, Manila, 1970 and
* Knight of Mark Twain, 1971;
* Honoured with "Proud Past Alumni" in the list of 42 members, from "Allahabad University Alumni Association", NCR, Ghaziabad (Greater Noida) Chapter 2007-2008 registered under society act 1860 with registration no. 407/2000.<ref>[http://auaa.in/?page_id=31 "He is Proud Past Alumni Allahabad University"] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120707073335/http://auaa.in/?page_id=31 |date=7 July 2012 }}. Allahabad University Alumni Association web page say</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://reviewbest.in/|archive-url=https://archive.today/20080115090226/http://www.auaa.in/proudpast.html|url-status=dead|title=Best Reviews and Top Ten Products to Buy in 2019|date=10 November 2018|website=Review Best|access-date=13 January 2020|archive-date=15 January 2008}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://reviewbest.in/|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120707073335/http://auaa.in/?page_id=31|url-status=dead|title=Best Reviews and Top Ten Products to Buy in 2019|date=10 November 2018|website=Review Best|access-date=13 January 2020|archive-date=7 July 2012}}</ref>
* Honorary [[Bencher]] of [[Lincoln's Inn]], 1968; President of Honour, Inns of Courts Society, India.
* War Service Badge, 1948;
* Shiromani Award, 1986;
* Architects of India Award, 1987;
* Dashrathmal Singhvi Memorial Award of the [[Banaras Hindu University]].<ref name="full court-desai" />

Between 1970 and 1987, as many as 12 Indian universities and the [[University of the Philippines]] conferred upon him the honorary degree of [[Doctor of Law]] or [[Doctor of Literature]].<ref name="full court-desai" />

==Legacy==

[[File:Academic block, Hidayatullah National Law University.jpg|thumb|right|alt=HNLU BUILDING|[[Hidayatullah National Law University]]]] In his honour, the [[Hidayatullah National Law University]] was established in 2003, in his home town of [[Raipur]], in the state of [[Chhattisgarh]].<ref name="hnlu.ac.in"/> University also organises Justice Hidayatullah Memorial National Moot Court Competition (HNMCC), which was rebranded to Justice Hidayatullah Memorial International Moot Court Competition (HIMCC) in 2024, in his memory.<ref>{{cite web|title=Justice Hidayatullah Memorial National Moot Court Competition (HNMCC)|url=http://www.lexcetera.com/HNMCC_Brochure.pdf|publisher=Lexcetera|access-date=3 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903190810/http://www.lexcetera.com/HNMCC%20Brochure.pdf|archive-date=3 September 2014}}</ref>

==Personal life==

In 1948, Hidayatullah married [[Pushpa Shah]], who was from a [[Jain]] family.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-10-31 |title=The Liberty To Love |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/the-liberty-to-love-kerala-hadiya-love-jihad-4914406/ |access-date=2022-10-05 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Her father's name was A. N. Shah who was chairman of the [[Income Tax Appellate Tribunal]]. She was the eldest daughter in her family. She married Hidayatullah on 5 May 1948.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jai |first=Janak Raj |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r2C2InxI0xAC&dq=pushpa+shah+Mohammad+Hidayatullah&pg=PA90 |title=Presidents of India, 1950-2003 |date=2003 |publisher=Regency Publications |isbn=978-81-87498-65-0 |language=en}}</ref>

Their son, Arshad Hidayatullah, is a [[Senior Counsel]] at the [[Supreme Court of India]].<ref name=Chagla />

==See also==

* [[Chief Justice of India]]
* [[President of India]]
* [[Hidayatullah National Law University]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Wikiquote}}
* [http://www.mapsofindia.com/who-is-who/government-politics/muhammad-hidayatullah.html J. Hidayatullah's ]

{{s-start}}
{{s-legal}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Kailas Nath Wanchoo]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Chief Justice of India]]|years=1968–1970}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Jayantilal Chhotalal Shah]]}}
{{s-off}}
{{s-bef|before=[[V. V. Giri|Varahagiri Venkata Giri]] Acting}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[President of India]] Acting|years=1969}}
{{s-aft|after=[[V. V. Giri|Varahagiri Venkata Giri]]}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[B. D. Jatti|Basappa Danappa Jatti]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Vice President of India]]|years=1979–1984}}
{{s-aft|after={{nowrap|[[R. Venkataraman|Ramaswamy Venkataraman]]}}}}
{{s-end}}

{{Presidents of India}}
{{Vice presidents of India}}
{{Chief justices of India}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hidayatullah, Mohammad}}
[[Category:1905 births]]
[[Category:1992 deaths]]
[[Category:Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge]]
[[Category:Chief justices of India]]
[[Category:Chief justices of the Madhya Pradesh High Court]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian judges]]
[[Category:Indian barristers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:Indian Officers of the Order of the British Empire]]
[[Category:Members of the Academy of the Kingdom of Morocco]]
[[Category:Scholars from Lucknow]]
[[Category:Acting presidents of India]]
[[Category:Scouting and Guiding in India]]
[[Category:Vice presidents of India]]
[[Category:Advocates general for Indian states]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian lawyers]]
[[Category:Politicians from Lucknow]]
[[Category:Indian people of Arab descent]]

Gilbert Étienne

2026-03-13T07:03:07Z

CarmineJansen: put up a stub!

{{Short description|French economist, author and professor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Gilbert Étienne
| image = Gilbert Etienne.jpg
| caption = Gilbert Étienne (left)
| birth_date = {{birth date|1928|06|22|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Neuchâtel]], Switzerland
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2014|05|17|1928|06|22|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Geneva]]<ref name="Obit3">{{cite journal |title=A Passion for India |url=https://www.epw.in/journal/2014/22/letters/passion-india.html |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |pages=7–8 |language=en |date=5 June 2015|volume=49 |issue=22 }}</ref><ref name="Obit5"></ref>
| occupation = Economist, author, professor
}}

'''Gilbert Étienne''' (22 June 1928 – 17 May 2014) was a Swiss economist, author and professor.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Centlivres-Demont |first1=Micheline |title=Afghanistan: Identity, Society and Politics Since 1980 |date=13 February 2015 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-1-78673-944-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6heWDwAAQBAJ&dq=Gilbert+%C3%89tienne+1928&pg=PA305 |language=en}}</ref> Étienne is best known for his extensive publishing on economic subjects related to India, China and Pakistan. He was a professor at the [[Graduate Institute of International Studies]] in Geneva for over 30 years.

==Early life==
Étienne was born in [[Neuchâtel]], Switzerland.<ref name="Obit2">{{cite journal |last1=Auroi |first1=Claude |title=Décès de Gilbert Etienne |journal=Revue Tiers Monde |date=2014 |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=238 |doi=10.3917/rtm.219.0238}}</ref> His first studies were in law, and he received a degree from the [[University of Neuchâtel]] in 1951.<ref name="Obit5" /><ref name="Obit4" /> Following this, he studied at the [[Inalco|National Institute of Oriental Languages and Civilizations]] (Inalco) in Paris. As a student of Inalco he spent a year doing doctoral research (from 1952 to 1953) in India and Pakistan, where he also spent time teaching in [[Lahore]].<ref name="Obit2" /><ref name="Obit4">{{cite web|last=Sengupta|first=Jayshree|date=31 May 2014|title=Gilbert Etienne – Mainstream|url=https://mainstreamweekly.net/article4951.html|website=mainstreamweekly.net}}</ref> In 1955 he defended his doctoral thesis ''India: economy and population'', which was published the following year by [[:fr:Librairie Droz|Droz]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Politique étrangère |year=1981 |publisher=Institut français des relations internationales |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d4YcAAAAIAAJ&q=Gilbert+%C3%89tienne+1928 |language=fr}}</ref>

==Academic career==
Following his graduation in 1955, he took a two-year trip to India, where he worked as a representative of the Swiss watch company [[Favre-Leuba]].<ref name="Obit5" /><ref name="Obit6">{{cite web|last=Maurer|first=Jean-Luc|date=23 May 2014|title=À la mémoire de Gilbert Etienne {{!}} Infoméduse|url=https://www.infomeduse.ch/2014/05/23/a-la-memoire-de-gilbert-etienne/}}</ref> On his return to Switzerland in 1958 he became a lecturer at the [[Graduate Institute of International Studies]] (IUHEI) in [[Geneva]], where his research focused on the economic and social questions of developing countries.<ref name="Obit5" /> He became a professor at the same establishment in 1964, after the publication of his book ''The Chinese Way''.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Godement |first1=François |title=Review of La Chine fait ses comptes |journal=The China Quarterly |date=1981 |issue=87 |pages=536–538 |volume=87| doi=10.1017/S0305741000029064 |jstor=653609 |s2cid=154506143 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/653609 |issn=0305-7410|url-access=subscription }}</ref> He stayed at IUHEI until the end of his career, in 1994, interrupting his education study tours on the Asian field.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Maurer|first=Jean-Luc|title=In the memory of Gilbert Étienne|url=https://www.graduateinstitute.ch/communications/news/la-memoire-de-gilbert-etienne|website=graduateinstitute.ch|publication-date=20 May 2014}}</ref>.From 1979 to 2002 he was the president of the Swiss Association for development aid, ''Frères de nos frères''.<ref name="Obit2"/>

==Death and legacy==
Étienne died on 17 May 2014 in Geneva.<ref name="Obit3"></ref><ref name="Obit5">{{cite book |last1=Maurer |first1=Jean-Luc |title=Preface |url=https://books.openedition.org/iheid/4573?lang=en |website=Indian Villages : Achievements and Alarm Bells, 1952–2012 |series=ELivres de l'Institut |publisher=Graduate Institute Publications |date=13 November 2014|isbn=9782940503643 }}</ref> A prolific author, Étienne published over 40 books and 100 journal articles in his lifetime.<ref name="Obit5" /> His final book, ''Indian Villages Achievements and Alarm Bells, 1952–2012'', was published as a posthumous tribute in 2014.<ref name="Obit5" /><ref>{{cite book |last1=Etienne |first1=Gilbert |title=Indian Villages : Achievements and Alarm Bells, 1952–2012 |series=ELivres de l'Institut |url=https://books.openedition.org/iheid/1744 |publisher=Graduate Institute Publications |language=en |date=13 November 2014|isbn=9782940503643 }}</ref>

== Selected publications ==
* 2007, ''China-India: the great competition''<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Astarita |first1=Claudia |title=Gilbert Etienne, Chine-Inde. La grande compétition |journal=Perspectives Chinoises |date=2008 |volume=104 |issue=3 |pages=176–177 |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/perch_1021-9013_2008_num_104_3_3651_t15_0176_0000_3?q=Gilbert+Etienne}}</ref>
* 2003, ''Development against the current''<ref>{{cite journal |title=Gilbert Étienne, Le développement à contre-courant |journal=Revue Tiers Monde |date=2003 |volume=44 |issue=175 |pages=712–713 |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/tiers_1293-8882_2003_num_44_175_5415_t1_0712_0000_3?q=Gilbert+Etienne}}</ref>
* 2002, ''Unpredictable Afghanistan''<ref>{{cite journal |last1=De Durand |first1=Étienne |title=Olivier Roy. Les illusions du 11 septembre. Le débat stratégique face au terrorisme. Gilbert Etienne. Imprévisible Afghanistan |journal=Politique étrangère |date=2003 |volume=68 |issue=2 |pages=439–441 |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/polit_0032-342x_2003_num_68_2_1219_t1_0439_0000_3?q=gilbert+etienne+2002}}</ref>
* 1998, ''Chine-Inde: le match du siècle''<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Cordonnier |first1=Isabelle |title=Gilbert Etienne. Chine-Inde : le match du siècle |journal=Politique étrangère |date=1998 |volume=63 |issue=2 |pages=441 |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/polit_0032-342x_1998_num_63_2_4765_t1_0441_0000_2?q=Gilbert+%C3%89tienne}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Courade |first1=Georges |title=Gilbert Étienne, Chine-Inde : le match du siècle |journal=Revue Tiers Monde |date=1998 |volume=39 |issue=156 |pages=952 |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/tiers_1293-8882_1998_num_39_156_5298_t1_0952_0000_2?q=Gilbert+Étienne}}</ref>
* 1996, ''The Economy of India''<ref>{{cite journal |title=Gilbert Etienne. L'économie de l'Inde |journal=Politique étrangère |date=1986 |volume=51 |issue=1 |pages=343 |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/polit_0032-342x_1986_num_51_1_3569_t1_0343_0000_2?q=Gilbert+Etienne}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Etienne|first=Gilbert|date=1 March 1997|title=Agricultural Policies and Development in South Asia|url=https://doi.org/10.1177/097152319700400109|journal=South Asian Survey|language=en|volume=4|issue=1|pages=95–108|doi=10.1177/097152319700400109|s2cid=153521805 |issn=0971-5231|url-access=subscription}}</ref>
* 1989, ''Pakistan, a gift from the Indus: economy and politics''<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Frelin |first1=Christiane |title=Gilbert Étienne, Le Pakistan, don de l'Indus |journal=Revue Tiers Monde |date=1990 |volume=31 |issue=121 |pages=238–239 |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/tiers_0040-7356_1990_num_31_121_3908_t1_0238_0000_2?q=Gilbert+Etienne}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lechervy |first1=Christian |title=Gilbert Etienne. Le Pakistan, don de l'lndus : économie et politique |journal=Politique étrangère |date=1989 |volume=54 |issue=3 |pages=545 |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/polit_0032-342x_1989_num_54_3_3879_t1_0545_0000_1?q=Gilbert+%C3%89tienne}}</ref>
* 1988, ''Food and Poverty:India's Half Won Battle''<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Paul|first=Bimal K.|date=1990|title=Review of Food and Poverty: India's Half Won Battle|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/215907|journal=Geographical Review|volume=80|issue=1|pages=91–93|doi=10.2307/215907|jstor=215907|issn=0016-7428|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Frelin |first1=Christiane |title=Gilbert Étienne, Food and Poverty : Indias' half won battle |journal=Revue Tiers Monde |date=1989 |volume=30 |issue=119 |pages=711–712 |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/tiers_0040-7356_1989_num_30_119_3874_t1_0711_0000_2?q=Gilbert+%C3%89tienne}}</ref>
* 1985, ''Rural development in Asia: Meetings with Peasants''<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Berque |first1=Augustin |title=Gilbert Étienne, Développement rural en Asie |journal=Annales |date=1985 |volume=40 |issue=4 |pages=945–947 |doi=10.1017/S0395264900084389 |s2cid=181530871 |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/ahess_0395-2649_1985_num_40_4_283210_t1_0945_0000_000?q=Gilbert+Etienne}}</ref>
* 1982, ''Rural development in Asia: people, grain and tools''<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Berg |first1=Eugène |title=Gilbert Etienne. Développement rural en Asie |journal=Politique étrangère |date=1983 |volume=48 |issue=1 |pages=222–224 |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/polit_0032-342x_1983_num_48_1_3296_t1_0222_0000_3?q=Gilbert+Etienne}}</ref>
* 1974, ''The Chinese way: the long march of the economy'' / ''La voie chinoise. La longue marche de l'économie, 1949–1974''<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kayser |first1=Bernard |title=Gilbert Etienne, La voie chinoise. La longue marche de l'économie, 1949–1974. |journal=Études rurales |date=1977 |volume=68 |issue=1 |pages=171–172 |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/rural_0014-2182_1977_num_68_1_2317_t1_0171_0000_2}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Klatt |first1=W. |title=La Voie chinoise: la longue marche de l'économie (1949–74). By Gilbert Etienne. [Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1974. 357 pp. NF.59.] |journal=The China Quarterly |date=1974 |volume=60 |pages=815–816 |doi=10.1017/S0305741000025893 |s2cid=154090956 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/china-quarterly/article/abs/la-voie-chinoise-la-longue-marche-de-leconomie-194974-by-etiennegilbert-paris-presses-universitaires-de-france-1974-357-pp-nf59/E1B43F34248473FF252D0D9802B65F8A |language=en |issn=1468-2648|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
* 1969, ''A Review of Rural Cooperation in Developing Areas''<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Delannis |first1=Marie-Christine |title=Gilbert Étienne, A review of rural cooperation in developing areas |journal=Revue Tiers Monde |year=1970 |volume=11 |issue=44 |pages=881–882 |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/tiers_0040-7356_1970_num_11_44_1739_t1_0881_0000_3}}</ref>
* 1969, ''Les Chances de l'Inde''<ref>{{cite journal |title=Gilbert Étienne, Les chances de l'Inde |journal=Revue Tiers Monde |date=1970 |volume=11 |issue=42 |pages=626–628 |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/tiers_0040-7356_1970_num_11_42_1723_t1_0626_0000_3?q=Gilbert+Etienne}}</ref>
* 1968, ''Studies in Indian Agriculture– The Art of the Possible''<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mellor |first1=John W. |title=Studies in Indian Agriculture—The Art of the Possible. Gilbert Etienne , Megan Mothersole |journal=Economic Development and Cultural Change |year=1969 |volume=17 |issue=4 |pages=634–638 |doi=10.1086/450389 |url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/450389|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Thorner |first1=Daniel |title=Gilbert Etienne, L'agriculture indienne ou l'art du possible. |journal=Études rurales |date=1969 |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=105–107 |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/rural_0014-2182_1969_num_36_1_1479_t1_0105_0000_2?q=Gilbert+%C3%89tienne}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Saint Marc |first1=Michèle |title=Etienne (Gilbert) – L'agriculture indienne ou l'art du possible. |journal=Revue économique |date=1968 |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=357 |doi=10.2307/3499208 |jstor=3499208 |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/reco_0035-2764_1968_num_19_2_407816_t1_0357_0000_000?q=Gilbert+%C3%89tienne}}</ref>
* 1962, ''Tiers Monde, la voie chinoise''<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lévy |first1=Roger |title=Gilbert Etienne. Tiers Monde, la voie chinoise |journal=Politique étrangère |date=1962 |volume=27 |issue=6 |pages=600–601 |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/polit_0032-342x_1962_num_27_6_2329_t1_0600_0000_2?q=Gilbert+Etienne}}</ref>
* 1959, ''De Caboul à Pékin: rythmes et perspectives d'expansion économique''<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Wolf|first=Charles|date=1960|title=Review of De Caboul à Pékin: rhythmes et perspectives d'expansion économique, Gilbert Étienne|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PsuzAAAAIAAJ&q=Gilbert+%C3%89tienne++droz|journal=The American Economic Review|volume=50|issue=3|pages=465–466|issn=0002-8282}}</ref>
* 1956, ''India: economy and population''<ref>{{cite journal |last1=P. |first1=N. |title=Etienne Gilbert. – L'Inde. Economie et population |journal=Population |date=1956 |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=369 |doi=10.2307/1524688 |jstor=1524688 |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/pop_0032-4663_1956_num_11_2_4650?q=Gilbert+Etienne.+L%27%C3%A9conomie+de+l%27Inde}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Jean François Billeter]]
* [[Gilbert Blardone]]
* [[Serge Latouche]]
* [[Paul Bairoch]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://mainstreamweekly.net/article4951.html Gilbert Etienne – Mainstream]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Étienne, Gilbert}}
[[Category:1928 births]]
[[Category:2014 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Swiss economists]]
[[Category:21st-century Swiss economists]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies]]
[[Category:Institut national des langues et civilisations orientales alumni]]
[[Category:University of Neuchâtel alumni]]

Gayatri Devi (Bihar politician)

2026-03-09T20:50:48Z

CarmineJansen: general add information for consistency and updated info

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = Member of [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 10 November 2015
| predecessor = Ram Naresh Prasad Yadav
| constituency = [[Parihar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Parihar]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1964|01|01|df=yes}}<ref>{{cite web |title=बिहार विधान सभा सचिवालय - सप्तदश बिहार विधान सभा मे माननीय सदस्यों की जन्म तिथि एवं टर्मवार सूची |url=https://vidhansabha.bih.nic.in/pdf/priority%20List.pdf |website=Bihar Vidhan Sabha |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230427090929/https://vidhansabha.bih.nic.in/pdf/priority%20List.pdf |archive-date=27 April 2023 |url-status=live |language=Hindi}}</ref>
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| occupation = Politician
|image=
}}
'''Gayatri Devi''' alias '''Gayatri Yadav''' (born 1 January 1964) is a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] from [[Bihar]]. She won the [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]] election in 2015 from [[Parihar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Parihar]].<ref>{{cite web |title=BJP, RJD Female Legislators get into Cat Fight in Bihar Assembly - PatnaDaily |url=http://www.patnadaily.com/index.php/news/12168-bjp-rjd-female-legislators-get-into-cat-fight-in-bihar-assembly.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161201211243/http://www.patnadaily.com/index.php/news/12168-bjp-rjd-female-legislators-get-into-cat-fight-in-bihar-assembly.html |archive-date=1 December 2016 |accessdate=14 January 2017 |work=patnadaily.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/pti-feed/story/speaker-calls-all-party-meet-for-smooth-conduct-of-assembly-655313-2016-11-29|title=Speaker calls all-party meet for smooth conduct of Assembly|work=intoday.in|access-date=14 January 2017}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Devi was born in a village Koili Bhraon of [[Muzaffarpur]] district in [[Bihar]] state. She studied Class 9 at Ram Kishor High School, Chhapra Muzaffarpur and passed the examinations in 1978.<ref name=memberprofile>{{Cite web |title=श्रीमती गायत्री देवी|url=http://vidhansabha.bih.nic.in/pdf/member_profile/25.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190611062648/http://vidhansabha.bih.nic.in/pdf/member_profile/25.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=2019-06-11|date=2019-06-11|access-date=2019-06-11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Gaytri Devi(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- PARIHAR(SITAMARHI) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/Bihar2020/candidate.php?candidate_id=12973 |access-date=2025-04-20 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Devi is married to former BJP MLA Ram Naresh Yadav.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/bihar/in-sitamarhi-familiar-caste-call-resonates/cid/1327902|title=In Sitamarhi, familiar caste call resonates|website=www.telegraphindia.com|language=en|access-date=2019-06-11}}</ref> In a case related to Sitamarhi collectorate gun firing case, her husband was convicted and jailed for 10 years.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/court-awards-10-year-jail-to-bjp-mla-two-former-mps-in-case-related-to-sitamarhi-attack/articleshow/47538361.cms?from=mdr|title=Court awards 10 year jail to BJP MLA, two former MPs in case related to Sitamarhi attack|date=2015-06-04|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2019-06-11}}</ref>

== Political career ==
In 1990 Devi entered politics. She held various positions in Sitamarhi BJP female wing. She won the [[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]] representing the BJP from [[Parihar Assembly constituency]] and defeated her nearest rival, [[Ram Chandra Purve|Ramchandra Purve]] of the RJD.<ref name=memberprofile/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Devi, Gayatri}}
[[Category:1964 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from West Champaran district]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Bihar]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2015–2020]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2020–2025]]
[[Category:Women members of the Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2025–2030]]

Chingari (2012 film)

2026-03-03T21:22:17Z

CarmineJansen: refined page and fixed typos for accuracy

{{Use British English|date=February 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Chingari
| image = Chingari.jpeg
| alt = 
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Harsha (director)|A. Harsha]]
| producer = B. Mahadevu
| writer = A. Harsha
| starring = [[Darshan (Kannada actor)|Darshan]] [[Deepika Kamaiah]] [[Bhavana (Kannada actress)|Bhavana]] [[Srujan Lokesh]] [[Yashas Surya]]
 [[Madhu Guruswamy]]
| music = [[V. Harikrishna]]
| cinematography = [[H. C. Venu]]
| editing = Deepu S. Kumar
| studio = Mahashaila Cine Sankula
| distributor = Samarth Ventures
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2012|02|03|ref1=<ref>{{cite web |title= Uppi first Darshan next! | url= http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/kannada/article/76947.html | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120128113352/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/kannada/article/76947.html | url-status= dead | archive-date= 28 January 2012 |date= 20 January 2012 }}</ref>}}
| runtime = 163 minutes
| country = [[India]]
| language = Kannada
| budget = ₹7 crore <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/sandalwood-progress-report-of-first-half-of-2012-485642.html|title=Sandalwood progress report of first half of 2012|work=[[News18 India]]|date=3 July 2012}}</ref>
| gross = ₹12 crore <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2012/dec/22/sandalwood-hits-and-misses-of-2012-436213.html|title=Sandalwood: Hits and misses of 2012|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=22 December 2012}}</ref>
}}
'''''Chingari''''', alternatively spelled as '''''Chingaari''''', is a 2012 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[action thriller film]] written and directed by [[Harsha (director)|A. Harsha]]. The film stars [[Darshan (Kannada actor)|Darshan]], [[Bhavana (Kannada actress)|Bhavana]] and [[Deepika Kamaiah]] in the lead roles. The soundtrack is composed by [[V. Harikrishna]]. It is an adaptation of the 2008 film ''[[Taken (film)|Taken]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/Bypassing-copycats-Sandalwood-style/articleshow/21434657.cms|title=Bypassing copycats, Sandalwood style|website=Bangalore Mirror}}</ref> The film is also dubbed into Hindi as ''Chingaara''.<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.chitraloka.com/2011/11/20/chingaari-release-on-january-27
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120302131527/http://www.chitraloka.com/2011/11/20/chingaari-release-on-january-27
| title = Chingaari Release on January 27
| archive-date = 2 March 2012
| url-status = dead
| publisher = chitraloka.com
| date = 20 November 2011
| access-date = 8 February 2013
}}</ref>

==Plot==
Dhanush is a [[Criminal Investigation Department (India)|CCB]] officer who attempts to rebuild his relationship with Geetha, who hates him due to a misunderstanding about her brother Vishwa's death without knowing that Vishwa was a drug addict. While overseeing security at a meeting for business tycoon Vineesh Malhotra, Dhanush and his team saves him from attackers, where Vineesh gives his phone number out of gratitude and tells him to ask for his help anytime. Dhanush learns that Geetha has flown to [[Switzerland]] with her friend Amrutha. Upon arriving at Switzerland, Geetha and Amrutha meet a handsome young stranger named Aravind who offers to share a taxi. Geetha and Amrutha go to Amrutha's cousins' apartment. After relucantly answering a call from Dhanush, Geetha sees men enter the apartment and abduct Amrutha.

When Geetha is dragged out from hiding, she yells a description of her abductor, following Dhanush's instructions. Dhanush hears someone breathing on the phone and tells the listener that he will not pursue the kidnappers if they release his girlfriend, but warns them that refusing to accept his offer will result in their deaths. The listener only replies "good luck" and terminates the call. Srujan, Dhanush's colleague, deduces that the kidnappers are part of a sex trafficking ring and identifies the listener as mob boss Marko. Based on previous abductions, Geetha and Amrutha must be found within 96 hours or they will likely be lost forever. With the help of Vineesh, Dhanush flies to Switzerland, where he breaks into the apartment and finds Aravind's reflection in a picture on Amrutha's phone.

Dhanush finds Aravind at the airport, trying to lure a female traveler. Dhanush gives chase in a stolen taxi. While fleeing, Aravind is suddenly killed by an oncoming truck. With his only lead dead, Dhanush turns to an old contact Yashas Surya, who is an officer in [[Law enforcement in Switzerland|Swiss Police Department]]. Yashas warns him not to get involved, but informs him of the local [[red-light district]] where Dhanush plants a listening device on a pimp. Dhanush searches a makeshift brothel in a construction yard and rescues a drugged young woman who has Geetha's jacket. After a gunfight and high-speed chase with the brothel's operators, Dhanush takes the woman to a hotel and improvises her detoxification. The next morning, the woman tells Dhanush about a house where she and Geetha were kept.

Posing as Yashas, Dhanush enters the house under the pretense of renegotiating the police protection rate. When Dhanush identifies Marko by tricking him into saying "good luck," the meeting erupts into a fight which results in the deaths of several gangsters. Searching the house, Dhanush finds several heavily drugged girls, including Amrutha, who died due to overdose. Dhanush then [[Parrilla (torture)|tortures Marko with electricity]], forcing him to confess that virgins like Geetha are quickly sold on the black market. Marko identifies the buyer as crime syndicate leader Bobby who is currently in President Palace. Dhanush leaves Marko to die from continuous electrocution and infiltrates a secret sex slave auction with his translator.

Dhanush finds that Geetha is the subject of the last sale, where he forces one of the bidders to purchase her, but is subsequently caught and knocked out. Learning about Dhanush's identity from Yashas (who is also involved in the trade), Bobby orders his henchmen to kill him, but the translator (who is also revealed to be a cop) helps Dhanush in killing Yashas and the henchman. Bobby reveals that Geetha was taken to a helipad before getting killed by the translator. Dhanush pursues the helipad and eliminates the bodyguards, where he finally finds Geetha, who later realizes her misunderstanding and reunites with Dhanush. In the aftermath, Dhanush and Geetha invites the translator to arrive and meet them at India as they greet her before leaving.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Darshan (Kannada actor)|Darshan]] as Dhanush
* [[Deepika Kamaiah]] as Geetha
* [[Bhavana (Kannada actress)|Bhavana]] as a translator
* [[Srujan Lokesh]] as Srujan
* [[Yashas Surya]] as Yashas Surya
* Vera Prunn
* Richard Cobill as Jamshem
* [[Madhu Guruswamy]] as Vineesh Malhotra
* Teju as Aishu<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/teju-lands-lead-role-in-mumbai/articleshow/56741591.cms|title=Teju lands lead role in 'Mumbai'|work=[[Bangalore Mirror]]}}</ref>
}}

==Release==
''Chingaari'' was released over more than 180 theaters on 3 February 2012, where it collected about {{INRConvert|10|m}} in its first day.<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.chitraloka.com/2012/02/03/chingari-darshans-biggest-multiplex-release/
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120322225606/http://www.chitraloka.com/2012/02/03/chingari-darshans-biggest-multiplex-release/
| archive-date = 22 March 2012
| url-status = dead
| title = Chingaari Darshan's Biggest Multiplex Release
| date = 3 February 2012
| publisher = chitraloka.com
| access-date = 8 February 2013
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.chitraloka.com/component/content/article/17-exclusive/577-chingaari-collects-two-crores-on-day-one.html
| title = Chingaari Collected Two Crores on Day One
| publisher = chitraloka.com
| access-date = 8 February 2013
| archive-date = 4 March 2016
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304193453/http://www.chitraloka.com/component/content/article/17-exclusive/577-chingaari-collects-two-crores-on-day-one.html
| url-status = dead
}}</ref> The film was also released in some of the Bangalore theaters which were screening only non-Kannada films with a great success.

=== Home media ===
The satellite and digital rights were acquired by [[Star Suvarna]] and [[Disney+ Hotstar]].<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.chitraloka.com/2012/02/06/chingaari-in-majority-of-non-kannada-theatres
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120311014854/http://www.chitraloka.com/2012/02/06/chingaari-in-majority-of-non-kannada-theatres
| archive-date = 11 March 2012
| url-status = dead
| title = Chingaari in Majority of Non-Kannada Theatres
| publisher = chitraloka.com
| date = 11 March 2012
| access-date = 8 February 2013
}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Chingari
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[V. Harikrishna]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = {{Start date|df=yes|2012|1|2}}
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| label = Ashwini Audio
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}
{{Track listing
| total_length =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Baare Baare
| lyrics1 = [[Kaviraj (Lyricist)|Kaviraj]]
| extra1 = [[Kailash Kher]]
| length1 = 4:15
| title2 = Gamanava
| lyrics2 = [[Jayanth Kaikini]]
| extra2 = [[Javed Ali]], [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| length2 = 4:18
| title3 = Kai Kaiyya
| lyrics3 = [[Yogaraj Bhat]]
| extra3 = [[V. Harikrishna]]
| length3 = 3:36
| title4 = Nee Midiyuve
| extra4 = Soumya Mahadevan
| lyrics4 = [[Kaviraj (Lyricist)|Kaviraj]]
| length4 = 3:56
| title5 = Chingari Theme
| extra5 = Instrumental
| lyrics5 =
| length5 = 1:45
}}

The audio release function was directed by A. Harsha. [[Sudeepa]] made the audio release on 2 January 2012. [[V. Harikrishna]] has composed 5 songs set to the lyrics of Kaviraj, [[Yogaraj Bhat]] and [[Jayanth Kaikini]].<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.chitraloka.com/2012/01/03/chingaari-audio-released/
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120108072343/http://www.chitraloka.com/2012/01/03/chingaari-audio-released/
| archive-date = 8 January 2012
| date = 3 January 2012
| url-status = dead
| title = Chingaari Audio Released
| publisher = chitraloka.com
| access-date = 8 February 2013
}}</ref>

== Reception ==
=== Critical response ===
Srikanth Srinivasa from ''[[Rediff.com|Rediff]]'' gave 3/5 stars and wrote "The movie is quite racy and finishes quickly, leaving us little time to get bored. However, its portrayal of a serious issue such as human trafficking and flesh trade is superficial".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/south-review-chingari-is-racy/20120203.htm|title=Review: Chingari is quite racy|work=[[Rediff.com]]|date=3 February 2012}}</ref> ''[[News18 India|News18]]'' gave 3/5 stars and wrote "''Chingari'' is a well-made film with rich production values and top rated technical work".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/kannada-review-chingari-is-interesting-443813.html|title=Kannada Review: 'Chingari' is interesting|work=[[News18 India]]|date=5 February 2012}}</ref> ''[[Bangalore Mirror]]'' gave 2.5/5 stars and wrote "Chingari is not even a non-brainy entertainer. A screenplay that takes obvious shortcuts to take the story forward kills the joy of the standard this film sets in terms of technical brilliance".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/chingari-taken-for-granted/articleshow/21430682.cms|title=Chingari: Taken for granted|work=[[Bangalore Mirror]]|date=3 February 2012}}</ref> B. S. Srivani from ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' wrote "This Chingari sputters out (for Darshan's mass fans) after a brief brilliance".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/amp/content/224354/chingari.html|title=Chingari|work=[[Deccan Herald]]|date=3 February 2012}}</ref>

===Box office===
The film grossed {{INR}}6 crore according to the distributor. The distributor's share would be about {{INR}}5 crore in the first week of its release. The film completed 50 days in 10 theatres.<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.chitraloka.com/2012/02/10/samarth-ventures-happy-about-chingaari
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120318151546/http://www.chitraloka.com/2012/02/10/samarth-ventures-happy-about-chingaari
| archive-date = 18 March 2012
| url-status = dead
| date = 10 February 2012
| title = Samarth Ventures Happy about Chingaari
| publisher = chitraloka.com
| access-date = 8 February 2013
}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|3058830|Chingari}}
{{Harsha (director)}}

[[Category:2012 films]]
[[Category:2012 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2012 Indian films]]
[[Category:2012 action thriller films]]
[[Category:Films scored by V. Harikrishna]]
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Harsha]]

Lata Pada

2026-03-03T17:12:11Z

CarmineJansen: Made initial details v1

{{Short description|Indian-Canadian dancer and choreographer}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Lata Pada (ಲತಾ ಪಾದ)
| native_name = Lata
| native_name_lang =
| image = File:Smt.Lata pada, and Shri.Vishnupada with Guru Kalyanasundaram couple.jpg
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_name = Lata
| other_names =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1947|11|7}}
| birth_place = [[Bombay]], [[India]]
| citizenship = [[Canadians|Canadian]]
| known for = [[Bharatanatyam]]
| alma mater = [[Elphinstone College]] in [[Mumbai]]
| education = Learnt under master teachers [[Kalaimamani Kalyanasundaram]], and [[Padmabhushan Kalanidhi Narayanan]].
| occupation = [[Dancer]], [[Choreographer]], Teacher and Author
| years_active =
| awards = * 2008, she was made a [[Member of the Order of Canada]], * On 18 June 2012, Pada was awarded the Queen Elizabeth II Diamond Jubilee Medal
| parents =
| spouse = Vishnu pada,
Hari Ventakacharya
| website = {{URL|http://www.sampradaya.ca/}}
| signature =
}}

'''Lata Pada''',<ref>[http://narthaki.com/info/intervw/intrvw21.html Nartaki, Interview, May, 2001, Lata Pada - Choreographer]</ref> (ಲತಾ ಪಾದ) [[Order of Canada|CM]] (born 7 November 1947<ref>{{cite web|url=http://artsalive.ca/en/dan/meet/bios/artistDetail.asp?artistID=15|title=Biography|accessdate=2009-02-11}}</ref>) is an Indian-born [[Canadians|Canadian]] choreographer and [[Bharatanatyam]] dancer. Pada is the founder and artistic director of Sampradaya Dance Creations, a dance company that performs Indian dance. She is also the founder and director of Sampradaya Dance Academy, a leading professional dance training institution that is the only Indian dance school in North America affiliated with the prestigious, UK-based Imperial Society for Teachers of Dancing.<ref>Walker, Susan. "[https://www.thestar.com/article/433757 Call it South Asian dance HQ]." ''[[The Toronto Star]]''. 30 May 2008.</ref><ref name="Kopun">Kopun, Francine. "[https://www.thestar.com/article/249781 When the only thing left is hope]." ''[[The Toronto Star]]''. 25 August 2007.</ref> Pada founded the dance company in 1990; Pada said that she founded the company because she wanted to showcase Bharatantyam dance as an art form throughout the world.<ref>"[http://www.harbourfrontcentre.com/worldroutes/festivals.cfm?id=453 “B2” a collaboration between Sampradaya Dance Creations and Ballet Jorgen] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200520110611/http://www.harbourfrontcentre.com/worldroutes/festivals.cfm?id=453 |date=20 May 2020 }}." ''[[Harbourfront Centre]]''. Retrieved on 10 December 2008.</ref><ref>"
[http://www.canadacouncil.ca/canadacouncil/user/printthispage.aspx?url=%2Fdevelopment%2Fdanceontour%2Fcompanies%2Fse127488176755353750.htm&language=en Sampradaya Dance Creations] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120304071421/http://www.canadacouncil.ca/canadacouncil/user/printthispage.aspx?url=%2Fdevelopment%2Fdanceontour%2Fcompanies%2Fse127488176755353750.htm&language=en |date=4 March 2012 }}." ''[[Canada Council for the Arts]]''. Retrieved on 10 December 2008.</ref> Pada is known as an influential figure in Indian style dance in Canada.<ref name="CalcuttaTelegraph">"[https://archive.today/20130203131150/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1031115/asp/calcutta/story_2572143.asp Daring and innovative]." ''[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]]''. Retrieved on 10 December 2008.</ref>

==Early life and dance career==
Born on 7 November 1947, Lata was the eldest of four children in a well-educated family.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://foreveryoungnews.com/posts/293-by-dance-reborn- |title=Resource guide, By dance reborn-By Keith Garebian |access-date=16 August 2015 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304102500/http://foreveryoungnews.com/posts/293-by-dance-reborn- |url-status=dead }}</ref> Her father was an electrical engineer in the Royal Navy, and her mother eventually had a career in insurance management.

At the age 13, Lata gave her solo debut recital known as the 'Arangetram'. Lata, who attended [[Elphinstone College]] in [[Mumbai]],<ref>"[http://www.majorcomm.ca/en/submissions/Phase%201%20-%20Lata%20Pada%20Submission.pdf P-196] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816013747/http://www.majorcomm.ca/en/submissions/Phase%201%20-%20Lata%20Pada%20Submission.pdf |date=16 August 2016 }}." Air India Commission, [[Government of Canada]]. 17 September 2007. Retrieved on 24 June 2009.</ref> gave up her studies in science to pursue Indian dance, and trained under the gurus Kalaimamani Kalyanasundaram and Padmabhushan [[Kalanidhi Narayanan]].<ref name="CalcuttaTelegraph"/>

Pada married geologist Vishnu Pada (ವಿಷ್ಣು ಪಾದ) on 30 October 1964, when she was 17 years old. Marriage took place in Canada. Vishnu was graduated from [[McGill University]] in geology; when he came to India he saw Lata and the marriage negotiations were done.<ref>Radhika, V. "[http://www.boloji.com/wfs3/wfs321.htm Dancing To Transform] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100131062725/http://boloji.com/wfs3/wfs321.htm|date=31 January 2010}}." ''[[Boloji]]''. 4 December 2004.</ref> After coming to [[Thompson, Manitoba]], Canada, where husband worked for Inco, she became a member of a sorority, and was able to combine her domestic duties with a social life and her artistic vocation. She and Vishnu were the first Indian family in the mining town.

==Career in Bharata natyam==
Lata pada's career as a soloist began in 1965, the year after she immigrated to Canada. At this time, her work was largely traditional. However, when she lived in Indonesia for several years, Lata Pada became interested in cross-cultural collaboration and opened up her choreography to other influences. In 1979, she returned to Canada. Pada's solo dances featured bharata natyam in a traditional form and in a more contemporary style.
In 1990, Pada founded [[Sampradaya Dance Creations]] in Toronto, Ontario, and Sampradaya Dance Academy in nearby Mississauga. Sampradaya Dance Creations presents a range of solo and ensemble choreography in both a classical and contemporary repertoire. The company is also engaged in education and community outreach.

Among the dance productions of Lata Pada on various themes, two productions highlighting women and identity are praiseworthy:
* 'Triveni', which relates Sita, Draupadi and Ahalya to generations of invisible, often silent, women, ever since.
* 'Sohrab: Mirage' (Sohrab, a Dari word, means mirage), that dwells on the experiences of Afghan women under the Taliban regime.

==Personal life==
Lata and her husband, [[Vishnu Pada]] moved first to [[Indonesia]] before settling in [[Greater Sudbury|Sudbury]], [[Ontario]], nearly 40 years ago. She devoted her life in looking after her husband, two daughters, and teaching dance. She was visiting India almost every year to train with her dance guru. In 1985 Lata Pada and her family decided to take an extended vacation to India.<ref>"Explosive Evidence." ''[[Mayday (Canadian TV series)|Mayday]]''.</ref> She travelled ahead of her family so that she could practice for a scheduled performance in Bangalore, and across India. Lata was in Mumbai rehearsing for her tour, while her husband and daughters stayed behind in [[Sudbury, Ontario]] because Brinda was graduating from high school.<ref>"[http://www.tribuneindia.com/2005/20050710/spectrum/main1.htm The Kanishka Bombing, 20 years on Lest we forget]." ''[[The Sunday Times]]''. Sunday 10 July 2005.</ref> On 23 June, her husband and two daughters Arti and Brinda, who were due to join her, were on the Delhi-bound [[Air India flight 182]] that crashed off the coast of Ireland.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Bowden |first=Olivia |date=February 8, 2020 |title=They lost family in the Air India bombing. Now they're grieving for Iranian-Canadians - National {{!}} Globalnews.ca |url=https://globalnews.ca/news/6514750/air-india-iran-plane-crash/ |access-date=2024-01-09 |website=Global News |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Kelly |first=Deirdre |date=2007-05-26 |title=How Lata Pada rose above Air India pain |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/how-lata-pada-rose-above-air-india-pain/article686598/ |access-date=2024-01-09 |work=The Globe and Mail |language=en-CA}}</ref><ref name="Kopun"/>

Numbed with grief, she instinctively turned to her only remaining anchor, dance. On the larger canvas of universal grief, the two personal questions that ring through 'Revealed by Fire' are: "If you take away my husband, am I still a wife? If you take away my children, am I still a-mother."<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.boloji.com/index.cfm?md=Content&sd=Articles&ArticleID=6188#sthash.O7G7vP0D.dpuf |title='If you take away my children, am I still a-mother' |access-date=17 August 2015 |archive-date=8 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171208175849/http://www.boloji.com/index.cfm?md=Content&sd=Articles&ArticleID=6188#sthash.O7G7vP0D.dpuf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>Mahesh, Chitra. "[https://web.archive.org/web/20031231002036/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2003/12/05/stories/2003120501680300.htm A voyage of discovery]." ''[[The Hindu]]''. Friday 5 December 2003.</ref>

Lata Pada became a spokesperson for the families of the victims.<ref>"[https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/ottawa-asks-rae-to-head-air-india-inquiry-1.559784 Ottawa asks Rae to head Air India inquiry]." ''[[CBC News]]''. Wednesday 23 November 2005.</ref> Lata Pada expressed disappointment in the Canadian government's investigation of the Air India incident.<ref>Struck, Doug. "[https://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn/A45168-2005Mar17?language=printer For Canada's Police Agencies, 'A Multidimensional Failure']{{dead link|date=June 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}." ''[[The Toronto Star]]''. Friday 18 March 2005. A20.</ref>

Pada received a master's degree in fine arts from [[York University]] in 1997.<ref name="books.google.co.in">{{Cite book |last=Davida |first=Dena |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pg_aAgAAQBAJ&dq=lata+pada,+gets+masters+degree+in+dance+from++york+university&pg=PA381 |title=Fields in Motion: Ethnography in the Worlds of Dance |date=2011-10-01 |publisher=Wilfrid Laurier Univ. Press |isbn=978-1-55458-377-5 |language=en}}</ref>
<ref>Carlyle, Cathy. "[http://www.yorku.ca/ycom/gazette/past/archive/2000/052400/issue.htm Michael Stevenson responds]." ''[[York University|York University Gazette]]''. Wednesday 24 May 2000. Volume 30, Number 32.</ref>

<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.boloji.com/index.cfm?md=Content&sd=Articles&ArticleID=6188#sthash.NtASFIBD.dpuf'Dancing |title=To Transform'-by V.Radhika Aug,17, 22015 |access-date=17 August 2015 |archive-date=8 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171208175849/http://www.boloji.com/index.cfm?md=Content&sd=Articles&ArticleID=6188#sthash.NtASFIBD.dpuf'Dancing |url-status=dead }}</ref> In September 2000,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Interview - Lata Pada|url=https://narthaki.com/info/intervw/intrvw21.html|access-date=2021-11-24|website=narthaki.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last1=Chandaraju|first1=Aruna|date=December 21, 2008|title=A picture of grace|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/lounge/a-picture-of-grace/articleshow/22277917.cms|access-date=2021-11-24|website=Bangalore Mirror|language=en}}</ref> Lata Pada remarried Hari Venkatacharya who was later arrested for fraud in 2013.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Man Arrested at Pearson Airport in Connection with Long-Standing Fraud|url=https://www.insauga.com/man-arrested-at-pearson-airport-in-connection-with-long-standing-fraud/|access-date=2021-11-24|website=insauga|date=13 November 2018|language=en-US}}</ref>

Pada lives in [[Mississauga]], near [[Toronto]], Ontario.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Curry |first=Bill |date=2007-05-09 |title=Air India bombing could have been prevented |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/air-india-bombing-could-have-been-prevented/article20397187/ |access-date=2024-01-09 |work=The Globe and Mail |language=en-CA}}</ref>

==Awards, accolades==
* In December 2008, Lata pada was made a [[Member of the Order of Canada]] for her contributions to the development of [[Bharatanatyam]] as a choreographer, teacher, dancer and artistic director, as well as for her commitment and support of the Indian community in Canada.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gg.ca/media/doc.asp?lang=e&DocID=5601 |title=Governor General Announces New Appointments to the Order of Canada |date=30 December 2008 |accessdate=1 January 2009 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090121152728/http://www.gg.ca/media/doc.asp?lang=e&DocID=5601 |archivedate=21 January 2009 }}</ref> Lata was also recently appointed as adjunct professor in the Graduate Faculty of Dance, York University, Toronto.
* She was one of the interview subjects of the documentary ''[[Air India 182 (film)|Air India 182]]''.<ref name=AI182filmpresskit>"[http://www.airindia182.com/downloads/AirIndia182PressKit.pdf Air India 182 Press Kit]" ([https://web.archive.org/web/20160304032431/http://www.airindia182.com/downloads/AirIndia182PressKit.pdf Archive]). ''Air India 182'' (film) official website. p. 10/12. Retrieved on 22 October 2014.</ref> She was also interviewed for the ''[[Mayday (Canadian TV series)|Mayday]]'' episode on AI182.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1211606/ |title="Air Crash Investigation" Explosive Evidence (TV Episode 2008) |language=en-US |access-date=2024-07-12 |via=m.imdb.com}}</ref>
* On 9 January 2011, Pada was conferred the Pravasi Bharatiya Samman Award, by the President of India. This award, instituted by the Government of India in 2003, recognizes outstanding contributions by overseas Indians in the diaspora.
* Lata was awarded the Pravasi Bharatiya Samman Award for her exemplary contributions in the field of dance, as well as for her unrelenting efforts in seeking a public inquiry into the 1985 bombing of Air India flight 182.
* Pada is the first performing artist to be given this prestigious honour in Canada.,<ref>[http://alumni.news.yorku.ca/2009/05/01/pada-receives-oc/ New yorku, ' It's a first: South Asian Lata Pada artist receives the Order of Canada published 1 May 2009']</ref><ref>[[Pravasi Bharatiya Samman]]</ref>
* On 18 June 2012, Pada was awarded the Queen Elizabeth II Diamond Jubilee Medal, for her outstanding contributions in promoting South Asian dance in Canada.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.visiontv.ca/2012/06/27/lata-pada-awarded-queen-elizabeth-ii-diamond-jubilee-medal/ |title=ZOOMERTV, Lata Pada Awarded Queen Elizabeth II Diamond Jubilee Medal, 27 June 2012 |access-date=16 August 2015 |archive-date=21 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220521163401/https://www.visiontv.ca/2012/06/27/lata-pada-awarded-queen-elizabeth-ii-diamond-jubilee-medal/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Canada|Biography|India}}
* [[Indo-Canadians in Toronto]]
* The biography of Lata pada, and her YouTube,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://dcd.ca/exhibitions/enterdancing/latapada.html |title='The biography of Lata pada, and her YouTube', The younger days pics are documented |access-date=17 August 2015 |archive-date=25 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201125021617/https://www.dcd.ca/exhibitions/enterdancing/latapada.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* [http://srutimag.blogspot.in/2013/08/a-true-gem-radiates.html India's premier magazine for the performing artists By S. Jayachandran Shruti-Jayachandran, Learning from Guru Kalyanasundaram Pillai]
* [[Viji Prakash|Viji_Prakash, Wikipedia]]
* [http://www.abhai.org.in/aboutus.php Association of Bharata natyam Artists of India] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181031042925/http://www.abhai.org.in/aboutus.php |date=31 October 2018 }}
* [http://airindia182.com/interviews/05.flv Interview footage of Lata Pada] ([https://web.archive.org/web/20150205024247/http://airindia182.com/interviews/05.flv Archive]) from the documentary ''[[Air India 182 (film)|Air India 182]]''

==External links==
* [http://www.sampradaya.ca/ Sampradaya]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081112053936/http://www.sampradaya-dance.com/about_director.html About the Artistic Director]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lEIm0C71HO0 Kanishka crash victim's family recalls tragedy ahead of PM Modi's visit to memorial]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nF8_lH-EcAA Legends Row: Introducing Lata Pada YouTube]
{{Air India Flight 182}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pada, Lata}}
[[Category:1947 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Canadian female dancers]]
[[Category:Indian female classical dancers]]
[[Category:Indian women choreographers]]
[[Category:Indian choreographers]]
[[Category:Canadian Hindus]]
[[Category:Members of the Order of Canada]]
[[Category:Artists from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to Canada]]
[[Category:Air India Flight 182]]
[[Category:Bharatanatyam dancers]]
[[Category:Dancers from Karnataka]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dancers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women artists]]
[[Category:Women artists from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Remarriage]]

Paakanum Pola Irukku

2026-03-03T03:14:51Z

CarmineJansen: created a article from scratch!

{{Short description|2017 Indian film by S. P. Rajkumar}}
{{More plot|date=September 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Paakanum Pola Irukku.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[S. P. Rajkumar]]
| writer = S. P. Rajkumar
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| producer = Dhuvar Chandrasekhar
| starring = Bharathan [[Ansiba Hassan]]
| narrator =
| cinematography = [[G. Ramesh]]
| editing = Sudha
| music = [[Aruldev]]
| studio = FCS Creations
| distributor = 
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2017|7|21}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Paakanum Pola Irukku''''' ({{Translation|I feel like seeing you}}) is a 2017 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[romantic comedy]] film written and directed by [[S. P. Rajkumar]], starring Bharathan and [[Ansiba Hassan]].

==Plot ==
Bharathan lives in the village with his three friends Choo Choo Maari. Keerthik, who left the village at a young age, returns to the village with her [[tehsildar]] father. While Bharathan and Keerthik's parents arrange for their marriage, Bharathan's elder brother and Keerthika's elder sister fall in love. Their parents decide to get their Bharathan and Keerthika's siblings married first before getting Bharathan and Keerthika married. Issues ensue after Bharathan's honest father misunderstands the tehsildar. How Bharathan and Keerthika reunite form the rest of the story.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*Bharathan
*[[Ansiba Hassan]]
*[[Ganja Karuppu]] as Choo Choo Maari
*[[Soori (actor)|Soori]]
*[[Pandi (actor)|'Black' Pandi]]
*[[Jayaprakash (actor)|Jayaprakash]] as Bharathan's father
*[[J. Livingston|Livingston]] as the [[tehsildar]]
*[[Senthi Kumari]]
*Dhuvar Chandrasekhar
*Vijay Anand
*[[Muthukaalai]]
}}

== Soundtrack ==
Soundtrack was composed by [[Aruldev]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Paakkanum Pola Erukku |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/paakkanum-pola-erukku/AH4ywrWs-lQ_ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220905093949/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/paakkanum-pola-erukku/AH4ywrWs-lQ_ |archive-date=5 September 2022 |access-date=21 May 2023 |website=[[JioSaavn]]}}</ref> A song from the film features [[jallikattu]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Raghavan |first=Nikhil |date=16 January 2016 |title=Etcetera |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Etcetera/article14001598.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026161904/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Etcetera/article14001598.ece |archive-date=26 October 2021 |access-date=20 May 2023 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
*Mudhal Mudhal - Bhavatharini, Sam
*Un Retta Sadai - Pavan
*Manjapoove - Saindhavi
*Vennilave - Haricharan
*Mazhayin Saaral - Vijay Narain
*Kuppamma Magale - Karthik, Hema Desai

== Release ==
The film's release in mid-2011 faced issues until the [[Tamil Film Producers Council]] later intervened and helped release the film.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sudha |first=K |date=3 May 2017 |title=A new lease of life for Paakkanum Pola Irukku |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2017/may/03/a-new-lease-of-life-for-paakkanum-pola-irukku-1600292.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230524041844/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2017/may/03/a-new-lease-of-life-for-paakkanum-pola-irukku-1600292.html |archive-date=24 May 2023 |access-date=20 May 2023 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=29 April 2017 |title=பாக்கணும் போல இருக்கு |url=https://www.maalaimalar.com/cinema/preview/2017/04/29153309/1082717/Paakanum-Pola-Irukku-Movie-Preview.vpf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230524041948/https://www.maalaimalar.com/cinema/preview/2017/04/29153309/1082717/Paakanum-Pola-Irukku-Movie-Preview.vpf |archive-date=24 May 2023 |access-date=24 May 2023 |website=[[Maalai Malar]] |language=ta}}</ref>

== Critical reception ==
A critic from ''[[Samayam]]'' wrote that the film can be watched for its comedy.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 July 2017 |title=பாக்கணும் போல இருக்கு |url=https://tamil.samayam.com/tamil-cinema/movie-review/paakkanum-pola-irukku-movie-review/moviereview/59723150.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170924153841/http://tamil.samayam.com/tamil-cinema/movie-review/paakkanum-pola-irukku-movie-review/moviereview/59723150.cms |archive-date=24 September 2017 |access-date=20 May 2023 |website=[[Samayam]] |language=ta}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Maalai Malar]]'' called the film a laugh riot.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 July 2017 |title=விமர்சனம்: பாக்கணும் போல இருக்கு |url=https://www.maalaimalar.com/movie-review/cinema/review/2017/07/22165352/1097950/Pakkanum-Pola-Irukku-Movie-Review.vpf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230524042103/https://www.maalaimalar.com/movie-review/cinema/review/2017/07/22165352/1097950/Pakkanum-Pola-Irukku-Movie-Review.vpf |archive-date=24 May 2023 |access-date=20 May 2023 |website=[[Maalai Malar]] |language=ta}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Kalaignar TV]]'' praised the film's comedy.<ref name="K">{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4CvqNYC7ANY |title=Paakanum Pola Irukku Movie Review {{!}} Bharathan, Keerthika {{!}} S.P.Rajkumar {{!}} Vannathirai {{!}} Kalaignar TV |date=31 July 2017 |language=Ta |publisher=[[Kalaignar TV]] |access-date=20 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230520115910/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4CvqNYC7ANY |archive-date=20 May 2023 |url-status=live |via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}
{{S. P. Rajkumar}}

[[Category:2017 Indian films]]
[[Category:2017 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2017 films]]
[[Category:2017 romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Films directed by S. P. Rajkumar]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language romantic comedy films]]

C. D. Deshmukh

2026-02-27T12:56:57Z

CarmineJansen: general reworked section also and added references for consistency

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox officeholder
|honorific-prefix = [[Sir]]
|name = C. D. Deshmukh
|honorific-suffix = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|CIE}} {{small|[[Indian Civil Service|ICS]]}}
|image = CD Deshmukh crop.jpg
|caption = Deshmukh at [[Palam Airport]] in 1952
| office = [[List of vice-chancellors of the University of Delhi|10th Vice Chancellor of University of Delhi]]
| term = 1962 - 1967
| predecessor = N.K. Sidhant
| successor = B.N. Ganguly
| office1 = Chairman of [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]]
| term1 = 1956 - 1961
| predecessor1 = [[H.N. Kunzru|Pt. H.N. Kunzru]]
| successor1 = Dr. V.S. Krishna
|office3 = [[Minister of Finance (India)|4th Minister of Finance]]
|primeminister3 = [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]
|predecessor3 = [[John Mathai]]
|successor3 = [[T. T. Krishnamachari]]
|term3 = 29 May 1950<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150922002549/http://photodivision.gov.in/waterMarkdetails.asp?id=14554.jpg Dr. Rajendra Prasad swearing in Shri C.D. Deshmukh as Finance Minister at the ceremony held at Government House on 29 May 1950]. photodivision.gov.in</ref>- 24 July 1956<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qu-CbNG66zkC&pg=PA8| title=Federation of India and States' Reorganisation: Reconstruction and Consolidation | publisher=Deep & Deep Publications | author=Ranjana Arora |author2=Verinder Grover | year=1994 | location=New Delhi | page=8| isbn=9788171005413 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D9gvCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT89|page=89 | title=India Since 1947: The Independent Years | publisher=Penguin UK | author=Gopa Sabharwal | year=2007|isbn=9789352140893 }}</ref>
| office4 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| term4 = 1952 - 1957
| constituency4 = [[Kolaba Lok Sabha constituency|Kolaba]]
| predecessor4 = ''position established''
| successor4 = Rajaram Balkrishna Raut
|office5 = [[Governor of the Reserve Bank of India|3rd Governor of Reserve Bank of India]]
|predecessor5 = Sir [[James Braid Taylor]]|
|successor5 = Sir [[Benegal Rama Rau]]
|term5 = 11 August 1943 - 30 June 1949<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.igidr.ac.in/indiapolecon/Political%20Economy%20of%20Central%20Banking%20-%20Partha%20Ray%20-%20Nov%2017%202014.pdf | title=Political Economy of Central Banking in India | publisher=IGIDR | date=17 November 2014 | access-date=25 July 2016 | author=Partha Ray | page=16}}</ref>
|birth_place = [[Raigad district|Nate]], [[Bombay Presidency]], [[British India]]
|birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1896|01|14}}
|death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1982|10|02|1896|01|14}}
|death_place = [[Hyderabad]], [[Andhra Pradesh]] (now [[Telangana]]), India
|alma_mater = [[University of Cambridge]]
|spouse ={{plainlist|
* {{marriage|Rosina A. Wilcox|1919|1949|end=died}}
* {{marriage|[[Durgabai Deshmukh|Durgabai Gummidithala]]|1953|1981|end=died}}
}}
| nationality = British Indian {{small|(1896–1947)}} Indian {{small|(1947–1982)}}
|children = 1 (daughter)
|awards =[[Padma Vibushan]] (1975) [[Ramon Magsaysay Award]] (1959) [[Companion of the Order of the Indian Empire]] (1937)
|signature = Sir C. D. Deshmukh - Signature.jpg
}}

'''Sir Chintaman Dwarakanath Deshmukh''' {{post-nominals|country=GBR|CIE}} {{small|[[Indian Civil Service|ICS]]}} (14 January 1896 – 2 October 1982) was an Indian civil servant and the first Indian<ref name="rbi-cdd">{{cite web|url = http://www.rbi.org.in/Content/Annual_CDMemorial.aspx|title = Chintaman Deshmukh Memorial Lectures|access-date = 8 December 2006|publisher = Reserve Bank of India|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061230044744/http://www.rbi.org.in/Content/Annual_CDMemorial.aspx|archive-date = 30 December 2006|url-status=dead|df = dmy-all}}</ref> to be appointed the Governor of the [[Reserve Bank of India]] in 1943 by the [[British Raj]] authorities. He subsequently served as the [[Finance Minister of India|Finance Minister]] in the [[Union Cabinet]] (1950–1956). It was during this time that he also became a founding member of the Governing Body of NCAER, the National Council of Applied Economic Research in New Delhi, India's first independent economic policy institute established in 1956 at the behest of Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru. After resignation from Union Cabinet he worked as Chairman of [[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]] (1956–1961). He served as Vice-Chancellor of [[University of Delhi]] (1962–67). He was also President of [[Indian Statistical Institute]] from 1945 to 1964, Honorary Chairman of [[National Book Trust]] (1957–60).

He founded [[India International Center]] in 1959 and served as Lifetime President of it. He was also chairman of [[Indian Institute of Public Administration]].{{fact|date=August 2025}}

==Early life and education==

Chintaman Deshmukh was born to Dwarakanath Raje-Deshmukh, a lawyer and Bhagirathibai Raje-Deshmukh (née Sule-Mahagaonkar family) on 14 January 1896 in Nategaon, near [[Fort Raigad]], Maharashtra in a [[Chandraseniya Kayastha Prabhu]] (CKP) family.<ref>{{cite book|year=1981|publisher=the University of Michigan|title=South Asian intellectuals and social change: a study of the role of vernacular-speaking intelligentsia|author=Yogendra K. Malik|page=63|quote=CD. Deshmukh (1896-), a C.K.P., served as a civil servant, becoming nationally known as a financial expert only after the independence.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=P.N. Chopra |url=https://archive.org/details/religionscommuni0000pnch |title=Religions and Communities of India |date=1998-01-01 |publisher=Orient Paperbacks, India |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-81-7094-296-2}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XSUXjSejIVwC&pg=PA33 | title=Great Administrators Of India | publisher=Kalpaz Publications | author=M.L. Ahuja | year=2009 | location=Delhi | page=33| isbn=9788178357294 }}</ref> He was schooled at Roha and Tala and at the [[Elphinstone High School]], Bombay.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wULAAAAAQBAJ&pg=PT80 | title=Barons of Banking | publisher=Random House India | author=Bakhtiar Dadabhoy | year=2013 | location=Noida| isbn=9788184004762 }}</ref> In 1912, Deshmukh passed the [[Matriculation Examination]] of the [[University of Bombay]] with record marks and secured the first [[Jagannath Sankarseth|Jagannath Shankarseth Scholarship]] in Sanskrit.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dz9wl5vvKCAC&pg=PA105 | title=The Cloister's Pale: A Biography of the University of Mumbai | publisher=Popular Prakashan | author=Aruṇa Ṭikekara | year=2006 | location=Mumbai | page=105| isbn=9788179912935 }}</ref> In 1915 he went to England and graduated with a degree in [[Natural Sciences Tripos]] from [[Jesus College, Cambridge]] in 1917. He was awarded the Frank Smart Prize in Botany and was also president of the Majlis Society. In 1918 he sat for, and stood first in the [[Indian Civil Service (British India)|Indian Civil Service Examination]], then held only in London.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EdiOAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA129 | title=Nationalism, Education and Migrant Identities: The England-returned | publisher=Routledge | author=Sumita Mukherjee | year=2010 | location=Oxon | page=129| isbn=9781135271138 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://m.rbi.org.in/Content/Annual_CDMemorial.aspx | title=Chintaman Deshmukh Memorial Lectures | publisher=Reserve Bank of India | access-date=4 July 2016}}</ref>

==Civil service career==

Deshmukh returned to India in 1920 and worked in the [[Central Provinces and Berar]] where he went on to hold several posts including as undersecretary to the government, [[Deputy commissioner (India)|Deputy Commissioner]] and Settlement Officer and as secretary to the Secretary-General at the [[Round Table Conferences (India)|Second Round Table Conference]] of 1931, later becoming secretary to the finance and [[Public Works Department|public works department]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mptreasury.org/mpt/public/policyrules/mptcv2/mptcv2app1.pdf|title=TREASURY CODE VOL- II|access-date=4 July 2016|page=5}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.asibhopal.nic.in/monument/pdf/distt.seoni/ghansor/standing_jain_image_of_digambar/FINAL.pdf|title=Central Provinces & Berar Gazette|journal=Central Provinces & Berar Gazette|date=October 1937|page=1301}}</ref> He also served briefly as [[Joint Secretary to Government of India]] in the departments of education and health and was [[Custodian of Enemy Property]].<ref name="Deshmukh, Chintaman">{{cite web|url=http://www.rmaf.org.ph/newrmaf/main/awardees/awardee/biography/84|title=Deshmukh, Chintaman|publisher=Ramon Magsaysay Award Foundation|date=August 1959|access-date=13 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160828013506/http://www.rmaf.org.ph/newrmaf/main/awardees/awardee/biography/84|archive-date=28 August 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==At the Reserve Bank of India==

Deshmukh joined the Reserve Bank of India in 1939 and served successively as its Secretary to the Board, Deputy Governor and the Governor.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eiijBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA4 | title=Essays on Econometrics and Planning | publisher=Elsevier | author=C R Rao | year=2014 | location=New Delhi | page=2| isbn=9781483225616 }}</ref> He was appointed Governor of the Reserve Bank of India in August 1943 and is one of the eight Deputy Governors of the Bank who have gone on to become its Governor.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9ew8AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA795| title=The Cambridge Economic History of India: Volume 2, C.1751-c.1970 | publisher=Cambridge University Press | author=Tapan Raychaudhuri | author2=Dharma Kumar | author3=Irfan Habib | author4=Meghnad Desai | year=1983 | location=Cambridge | pages=795–796| isbn=9780521228022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A8WWI8BZvo0C&pg=PA89| title=Money, Banking, and Economic Reforms | publisher=Deep & Deep Publications | author=Alok Ghosh |author2=Raj Kumar Sen | year=2002 | location=New Delhi | page=89| isbn=9788176293907 }}</ref> As Governor, Deshmukh helped establish the Industrial Finance Corporation and focused on the promotion of rural credit.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OIFXAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA251| title=Forgotten Foundations of Bretton Woods: International Development and the ... | publisher=Cornell University Press | author=Eric Helleiner | year=2014 | page=251| isbn=9780801470608 }}</ref> Deshmukh's tenure saw the RBI begin a Research and Statistics department, the demonetisation of bank notes of {{INR}} 500 and above, the ceasing of the RBI's role as the [[Central Bank of Myanmar|central banks of Burma]] and [[State Bank of Pakistan]] and the enactment of the Banking Companies Act, 1949 that laid down the framework for regulation of [[Banking in India|India's banking sector]].<ref name="google67">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=voI77SqQm64C&pg=PA67| title=Indian Financial System & Markets | publisher=Tata McGraw Hill | author=Siddhartha Shankar Saha | year=2013 | location=New Delhi | page=67| isbn=9781259051159 }}</ref> The RBI was nationalised on 1 January 1949 through the RBI Act, 1948.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6J-HAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA265| title=Credit Risk Management for Indian Banks | publisher=SAGE | author=K. Vaidyanathan | year=2013 | location=New Delhi | page=265| isbn=9788132116516 }}</ref>
Deshmukh opposed this proposal for nationalisation but agreed to continue as the chairman of the board of directors presiding over the transition of the bank from a private to a nationalised institution.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ujm4qL0K5VYC&pg=PT319 | title=The Domestic Abroad: Diasporas in International Relations | publisher=Oxford University Press | author=Latha Varadarajan | year=2010 | location=New York| isbn=9780199889877 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XoAzjuBplekC&pg=PA338| title=Bank Management | publisher=Discovery Publishing House | author=V.S.P. Rao | year=1999 | location=New Delhi | page=338| isbn=9788171415106 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8ywnAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA252| title=Financial Terms Simplified | publisher=SAGE | author=Gautam Majumdar | year=2013 | location=New Delhi | page=252| isbn=9788132117797 }}</ref> In July 1949 [[Benegal Rama Rau]] succeeded Deshmukh as the Governor of the RBI.<ref name="google67"/>

==Bretton Woods Conference==

Deshmukh was a member of a five-member delegation representing India at the [[Bretton Woods Conference]] that established the [[International Monetary Fund]] (IMF) and [[International Bank for Reconstruction and Development]] (IBRD).<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/780KxCsIBfQCGou90IE2kK/A-page-from-history-70-years-before-the-Brics-bank.html | title=A page from history: 70 years before the Brics bank | work=Live Mint | date=23 July 2014 | access-date=11 July 2016 | author=Niranjan Rajadhyaksha}}</ref> On the issue of [[Special drawing rights|quotas]], Deshmukh suggested that India walk out of the conference since the original hierarchy would have excluded India from being automatically represented through an executive director at the IMF.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OHocBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA168 | title=Wartime Origins and the Future United Nations | publisher=Routledge | author=Pallavi Roy | author-link=Financing gaps, competitiveness and capabilities: why Bretton Woods needs a rqadical rethink | year=2015 | location=New York | page=168| isbn=9781134668731 }}</ref> The delegation also succeeded in bringing the issues of poverty and development into the agenda of the IBRD.<ref name="livemint1">{{cite news | url=http://www.livemint.com/Sundayapp/OTKspkiceV5ipSvHgRaSVO/How-India-shaped-international-monetary-policy-at-Bretton-Wo.html | title=How India shaped international monetary policy at Bretton Woods | work=Live Mint | date=11 July 2016 | access-date=11 July 2016 | author=Ankit Mital}}</ref> It is said that [[John Maynard Keynes]] was so impressed by the "dignity, ability and reasonableness" of Deshmukh that he recommended Deshmukh head the IMF as its first managing director a suggestion that was however rejected by the United States.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=90F4-l5hNpQC&pg=PA98 | title=Indian Economy: Reviews And Commentaries - Volume 3 | publisher=ICFAI University Press | author=Venkitaramanan S | year=2005 | location=Hyderabad | page=98| isbn=9788178815732 }}</ref><ref name="livemint1"/><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.livemint.com/Opinion/2yf1NY9O5813JKwLEgIOvO/That-job-at-the-IMF.html | title=That job at the IMF | work=Live Mint | date=24 May 2011 | access-date=11 July 2016 | author=Niranjan Rajadhyaksha}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.livemint.com/Opinion/qmwtEk5TYrflLzoMGVCk7O/World-Bank-or-elite-club.html | title=World Bank or elite club? | work=Live Mint | date=22 May 2007 | access-date=11 July 2016}}</ref>

He was a member of the Board of Governors of both of these institutions from 1946 to 1956. In 1950, he was elected Chairman of the Joint Annual Meeting of the Boards of Governors of these institutions at its Paris Conference.<ref>{{cite book | url=http://www.perjacobsson.org/lectures/1965.pdf | title=THE BALANCE BETWEEN MONETARY POLICY AND OTHER INSTRUMENTS OF ECONOMIC POLICY IN A MODERN SOCIETY | publisher=Per Jacobsson Foundation | year=1965 | location=Washington D C | page=66}}</ref>

==Deshmukh Award==

Following Partition, the division of [[Income tax in India|income tax revenue]] and jute export duty between the Union government and the states of India had to be decided based on the changed geographical realities. The Government of India appointed Deshmukh to resolve this matter pending the establishment of a [[Finance Commission]]. The Deshmukh Award, which was effected in 1950, factored in population in deciding the division of revenue and recommended [[grants in aid]] for various states and remained in force until April 1952.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4_1OU9cVM4YC&pg=PA311 | title=Encyclopaedic Dictionary of Economics, Volume 1 | publisher=Mittal Publications | author=N. B. Ghodke | year=1985 | location=Delhi | page=311}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xeJEXFnGS6AC&pg=PA559 | title=Economic History of India: 1857-1956 | publisher=Allied Publishers | author=V B Singh | author-link=Inter Governmental Fiscal Relations |author2=Shailendra Singh| year=2002 | location=New Delhi | page=559}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ro9eBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA16| title=Financial Administration in India | publisher=PHI Learning | author=Sanjeev Kumar Mahajan |author2=Anupama Puri Mahajan | year=2014 | location=Delhi | page=16| isbn=9788120349360 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iAMOo0F5WnEC&pg=PA295|title=Public Finance, Volume 2 |last=Chand |first=S.N. |publisher=Atlantic Publishers |year=2008|isbn=9788126908820 }}</ref>

==Union Finance Minister==

Deshmukh was one of five members of the Planning Commission when it was constituted in 1950 by a cabinet resolution.<ref name="google106">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=376oAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA106| title=Vision and Strategy in Indian Politics: Jawaharlal Nehru's Policy Choices and the Designing of Political Institutions | publisher=Routledge | author=Jivanta Schoettli | year=2012 | location=Oxon | page=106| isbn=9781136627873 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F_2KeZsYcjQC&pg=PT84| title=Development Administration | publisher=PHI Learning | author=S. A. PALEKAR | year=2012 | location=New Delhi | page=74| isbn=9788120345829 }}</ref> Deshmukh succeeded [[John Mathai]] as the [[Finance minister of India|Union Finance Minister]] in 1950 after Mathai resigned in protest over the transfer of certain powers to the Planning Commission.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/once-upon-a-plan/ | title=Once upon a plan | work=The Indian Express | date=26 September 2014 | access-date=11 July 2016 | author=Inder Malhotra}}</ref> As Finance Minister, Deshmukh continued to remain a member of the Planning Commission.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://planningcommission.nic.in/aboutus/history/ref_man03032011.pdf | title=Reference Material 2010 Notes on the Functioning of Various Divisions | publisher=Planning Commission of India | date=2010 | access-date=11 July 2016}}</ref> His successors as Finance Minister were also made members of the Commission thus establishing a convention of the Finance Minister being an ex officio member of the Commission.<ref name="google106"/> Deshmukh's term as Finance Minister covered the period of the First Five Year Plan. He employed deficit financing as a key tool in bringing about planned investment but inflation and revenue deficits became major challenges during this period.<ref name="Ramachandran2007">{{cite book|author=K.S. Ramachandran|title=Economic Environment of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nEczCK3aHjIC&pg=PA5|date=1 January 2007|publisher=Northern Book Centre|isbn=978-81-7211-227-1|pages=5–}}</ref> Deshmukh was also chairman of a panel of economists that recommended the proposed Second Five Year Plan with its capital intensive model of development. He envisioned a significant role for the village and cottage industries in curbing unemployment and inflation caused by deficit financing and got the Congress Working Committee to approve the draft plan.<ref name="MongaGoel2001">{{cite book|author1=G. S. Monga|author2=Madan Mohan Goel|title=Wage Goods Approach to Development|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PJDDofp6FIsC&pg=PA140|date=1 January 2001|publisher=Deep & Deep|isbn=978-81-7629-269-6|pages=140–}}</ref><ref name="Kochanek2015">{{cite book|author=Stanley A. Kochanek|title=The Congress Party of India: The Dynamics of a One-Party Democracy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4BbWCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA179|date=8 December 2015|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-1-4008-7576-4|pages=179–}}</ref><ref name="Rai2007">{{cite book|author=Chanda Rai|title=Indian Economic Planning: Analysis and Relevance of Economic Ideas of Dr. D.R. Gadgil|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TxTdBAOnr1sC&pg=PA32|date=1 January 2007|publisher=Deep & Deep Publications|isbn=978-81-7629-925-1|pages=32–}}</ref>

Deshmukh's first budget of 1951-52 proposed an overall rise in taxes.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://indiabudget.nic.in/bspeech/bs195253.pdf | title=Speech of Shri C.D. Deshmukh, Minister of Finance Introducing the Budget for the Year 1951-52 | access-date=25 July 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160411082937/http://www.indiabudget.nic.in/bspeech/bs195253.pdf | archive-date=11 April 2016 | url-status=dead }}</ref> The following year he presented an interim budget for 1952-53 and a full budget in the first elected [[Parliament of India]] to which he was elected from the [[Kolaba (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kolaba constituency]] of Bombay State.<ref>{{cite press release | url=http://pib.nic.in/feature/feyr2003/ffeb2003/f240220031.html | title=The Central Budgets in Retrospect | publisher=Press Information Bureau | date=24 February 2003 | access-date=11 July 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://indiabudget.nic.in/bspeech/bs195253.pdf | title=Speech of Shri C.D. Deshmukh, Minister of Finance Introducing the Budget for the Year 1952-53 (Final) | access-date=13 July 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160411082937/http://www.indiabudget.nic.in/bspeech/bs195253.pdf | archive-date=11 April 2016 | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1951/VOL_1_51_LS.PDF | title=Statistical Report on General Elections, 1951 to the First Lok Sabha Volume I | publisher=Election Commission of India | location=NEW DELHI | page=81 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141008191615/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1951/VOL_1_51_LS.PDF | archive-date=8 October 2014 | df=dmy-all }}</ref> In 1952 Deshmukh invited [[Paul H. Appleby|Paul Appleby]] to study Indian administration and Appleby's reports led to the establishment of the Organisation and Management Organisation in the Government of India and the establishment of the [[Indian Institute of Public Administration]] of which Deshmukh later became vice president and chairman.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MHhWuN9Uz2sC&pg=PA270| title=Indian Administration 2 Vols. Set | publisher=Atlantic Publishers | author=N. Jayapalan | year=2001 | location=New Delhi | page=270| isbn=9788171569212 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.iipa.org.in/upload/Office%20Bearers%20of%20IIPA.pdf | title=Indian Institute of Public Administration NEW DELHI | publisher=Indian Institute of Public Administration | access-date=26 July 2016}}</ref> In 1955, the [[State Bank of India]] was formed through the nationalisation and amalgamation of the [[Imperial Bank of India|Imperial Bank]] with several smaller banks. This was undertaken on the recommendation of the All-India Rural Credit Survey Committee although Deshmukh had been opposed to plans for nationalising the bank when he was the RBI Governor.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/2004/12/21/stories/2004122100050902.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221085824/http://www.thehindu.com/2004/12/21/stories/2004122100050902.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=21 December 2016 | title=dated December 21, 1954: State Bank of India | date=21 December 2004 | work=[[The Hindu]] | access-date=12 July 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030420/spectrum/book11.htm | title=Tracing history of the SBI | work=The Tribune | date=20 April 2003 | access-date=12 July 2016 | author=B S Thaur}}</ref> The nationalisation of insurance companies and the formation of the [[Life Insurance Corporation of India]] was accomplished by him through the Life Insurance Corporation of India Act, 1956.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QDqppvb19TsC&pg=PT180| title=India: The Emerging Giant | publisher=Oxford University Press | author=Arvind Panagariya | year=2008 | location=New York| isbn=9780199890149 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KlN819nQS-wC&pg=PT41| title=Insurance in India: Changing Policies and Emerging Opportunities | publisher=Response Books | author=P S Palande |author2=R S Shah | year=2003 | location=New Delhi | page=31| isbn=9780761997474 }}</ref> He resigned over the proposal of the Government of India to move a bill in Parliament bifurcating [[Bombay State]] into [[Gujarat]] and [[Maharashtra]] while designating the [[Mumbai|City of Bombay]] a [[Union territory|Union Territory]].<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uzNnwUasQ3wC&pg=PA280 | title=Dr. Zakir Hussain, Quest for Truth | publisher=APH Publishing | author=Ziaul Hasan Faruqi | year=1999 | location=Delhi | page=280| isbn=9788176480567 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/vSENKsR3LEwbCgaG4zMw8K/The-anxiety-that-lingers.html | title=The anxiety that lingers | work=Live Mint | date=7 December 2012 | access-date=11 July 2016 | author=Niranjan Rajadhyaksha}}</ref> Deshmukh's tenure - during which he delivered six budgets and an interim budget<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.newcenturypublications.com/servlet/ncpGetBiblio?bno=000106 | title=India: Central Government Budgets - 1947-48 to 2003-04 | publisher=New Century Publications | date=2003 | access-date=20 July 2016 | author=M M Sury}}</ref> - is noted for the effective management of the Indian economy and its steady growth which saw the economy recover from the impacts of the events of the 1940s.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/specials/north-block-mavericks-197030101130_1.html | title=North Block Mavericks | work=Business Standard | date=1 March 1997 | access-date=11 July 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rDmPKwQQdokC&pg=PA134 | title=The Politics of Poverty: Planning India's Development | publisher=SAGE Publications | author=D K Rangnekar | year=2012 | location=New Delhi | page=134| isbn=9788132109020 }}</ref>

==Later career==

Shortly after his resignation from the Cabinet, Deshmukh was appointed Chairman of India's [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]] in 1956, a post he held until 1961.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.ugc.ac.in/subpage/Former-Commission-Members.aspx | title=List of Former Chairpersons | publisher=University Grants Commission | access-date=11 July 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5giny6Ng0q0C&pg=PA79| title=Higher Education in India Since Independence: UGC and Its Approach | publisher=Concept Publishing Company | author=Om Prakash Gupta | year=1993 | location=New Delhi | page=79| isbn=9788170224471 }}</ref><ref name="Hota2000">{{cite book|author=A K Hota|title=Encyclopaedia of New Media and Educational Planning|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aDTNBhkMfdIC&pg=PA88|date=1 January 2000|publisher=Sarup & Sons|isbn=978-81-7625-170-9|pages=88–}}</ref> Deshmukh, who was the first chairman of the commission after it became a statutory body, played a key role in the development of university libraries during his tenure.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7kbwPn7FOFUC&pg=PA53 | title=Development of University Libraries in India After Independence | publisher=Concept Publishing Company | author=Om Prakash Gupta | year=1992 | location=New Delhi | page=37| isbn=9788170224099 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-5QnciJPjDYC&pg=PA205 | title=Fifty Years of Higher Education in India: The Role of the University Grants Commission | publisher=SAGE Publications | author=Amrik Singh | year=2004 | location=New Delhi | pages=202–203| isbn=9780761932161 }}</ref> He was also the founding chairman of the [[National Book Trust]] which was inaugurated in 1957 with the aim of making available books priced moderately to the general public and libraries.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-miscellaneous/dated-august-3-1957-national-book-trust/article1884618.ece | title=dated August 3, 1957: National Book Trust | work=The Hindu | date=3 August 2007 | access-date=11 July 2016}}</ref> From 1962 - 1967, Deshmukh served as the tenth Vice Chancellor of the [[University of Delhi]]. He invited the [[Ford Foundation]] to survey and finance the upgradation of the Delhi University Library through a grant of {{USD}} 1 million.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6qrw-Y41OXAC&pg=PA499| title=Libraries and Information Studies in Retrospect and Prospect: Volume 2 | publisher=Concept Publishers | author=M L Saini | author-link=The Making of Delhi University Library System | year=2002 | location=New Delhi | pages=499–500| isbn=9788170229308 }}</ref>

Deshmukh contested the [[1969 Indian presidential election|Indian presidential election of 1969]] as a candidate of the [[Swatantra Party]] and the [[Jana Sangh]] and won the third-highest number of first preference votes.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UOQRWuMXyRMC&pg=PA81| title=Split in a Predominant Party: The Indian National Congress in 1969 | publisher=Abhinav Publications | author=Mahendra Prasad Singh | year=1981 | location=New Delhi | page=81| isbn=9788170171409 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jy4rDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA229| title=Constitutional Government in India | publisher=S Chand & Co. | author=M V Pylee | year=2012 | location=New Delhi | page=229| isbn=9788121922036 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/miscellaneous_statistics/PresdElec/BriefNotes.pdf | title=PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION FROM 1952 TO 1997 BRIEF NOTES | publisher=Election Commission of India | access-date=4 July 2016 | page=22}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dE9qEg-NgHMC&pg=PA129 | title=India Since Independence | publisher=Penguin Books | author=Bipan Chandra | author2=Aditya Mukherjee | author3=Mridula Mukherjee | year=2008 | location=New Delhi | page=298| isbn=9780143104094 }}</ref>

==Personal life==

Deshmukh married Rosina Arthur Wilcox in 1920 with whom he had a daughter, Primrose.<ref name="Deshmukh, Chintaman"/> After Rosina's death in 1949, Deshmukh married [[Durgabai Deshmukh|Durgabai]] in 1953 and they were married until her death in 1981. ''Chintaman and I'' is her memoir published in 1980.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EFI7tr9XK6EC&pg=RA1-PA42|title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Women in World History: Volume 2|publisher=Oxford University Press| author=Prachi Deshpande|author-link=Deshmukh, Durgabai|year=2008 |location=New York|page=42|isbn=9780195148909}}</ref>

In 1974, he published his autobiography ''The Course of My Life''.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Deshmukh|author2=I.C.S.|title=Course Of My Life, The- Centenary Edn.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XvNKkhI0LGIC&pg=PP8|year=1996|publisher=Orient Blackswan|isbn=978-81-250-0824-8|pages=8–}}</ref>

Deshmukh died in [[Hyderabad]] on 2 October 1982.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Bakhtiar K. Dadabhoy|title=Barons of Banking|publisher=Random Business|year=2013|isbn=9788184003499}}</ref>

==Awards==

[[File:CD Deshmukh 2004 stamp of India.jpg|thumb|Deshmukh on a 2004 stamp of India]]

Deshmukh was appointed a [[Companion of the Order of the Indian Empire]] in 1937, and conferred a [[Knight Bachelor|knighthood]] in 1944.<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/34365/supplement/693 | title=To be Companions of the said Most Eminent Order | journal=Supplement to the London Gazette |date=1 February 1937 | page=693 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/36435/page/1333 | title=Whitehall, March 21, 1944 | journal=The London Gazette | page=1333 | date=21 March 1944}}</ref>

He was awarded an honorary [[Doctor of Science]] by the [[University of Calcutta]] in 1957 and an honorary [[Doctor of Literature]] by the [[Panjab University]] in 1959.<ref>[http://www.caluniv.ac.in/About%20the%20university/university_frame.htm Honoris Causa] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110808224127/http://www.caluniv.ac.in/About%20the%20university/university_frame.htm |date=8 August 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://puchd.ac.in/honoris-causa.php | title=Record of Honoris Causa Degrees w.e.f. 1949 | publisher=Panjab University | access-date=5 July 2016}}</ref>

In 1959, Deshmukh was a co-recipient (along with Jose Aguilar of the [[Philippines]]<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.rmaf.org.ph/Awardees/name.htm
|title = The Ramon Magsaysay Awardees by Name
|access-date = 8 December 2006
|publisher = The Ramon Magsaysay Foundation
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061129080446/http://www.rmaf.org.ph/Awardees/name.htm
|archive-date = 29 November 2006
|url-status = dead
}}</ref>) of the [[Ramon Magsaysay Award]] for distinguished Government Service. [[Jesus College, Cambridge]], Deshmukh's alma mater, elected him its Honorary Fellow in 1952 in recognition of his distinguished contribution in the areas of Indian and international finance and administration.

In 1975, Sir Chintaman and Durgabai Deshmukh were awarded the [[Padma Vibhushan]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/YearWiseListOfRecipientsBharatRatnaPadmaAwards-1954-2014.pdf | title=Padma Awards Directory (1954-2014) Year-Wise List | publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India | access-date=12 July 2016 | page=63 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161115022326/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/YearWiseListOfRecipientsBharatRatnaPadmaAwards-1954-2014.pdf | archive-date=15 November 2016 | url-status=dead | df=dmy-all }}</ref>

==Legacy==

The [[Reserve Bank of India]] organises the annual lecture series called 'Chintaman Deshmukh Memorial Lectures', since 1984.<ref>[https://www.rbi.org.in/Content/Annual_CDMemorial.aspx Reserve Bank of India - Publications]. Rbi.org.in. Retrieved on 15 November 2018.</ref> The [[National Council of Applied Economic Research]] also conducts the annual C.D. Deshmukh Memorial Lecture since 2013.<ref>[http://www.ncaer.org/event_details.php?EID=18 The Inaugural C.D. Deshmukh Memorial Lecture 2013]. Ncaer.org (4 January 2013). Retrieved on 2018-11-15.</ref><ref>[http://www.ncaer.org/event_details.php?EID=48 The C D Deshmukh Memorial Lecture 2014]. Ncaer.org (11 February 2014). Retrieved on 2018-11-15.</ref><ref>[http://www.ncaer.org/event_details.php?EID=106 The Third C.D. Deshmukh Memorial Lecture 2015]. Ncaer.org (9 February 2015). Retrieved on 2018-11-15.</ref>

The [[Thane Municipal Corporation]] established the Chintamanrao Deshmukh Institute for Administrative Careers in 1987, to prepare the youth to enter the civil services.<ref>[http://www.cdinstitute.in/ C D Deshmukh's Institute]. Cdinstitute.in (14 August 2018). Retrieved on 2018-11-15.</ref> A road in the Tilakwadi area of the city of [[Belgaum]] has been named as 'C. D. Deshmukh Road'. The [[India International Centre]] in New Delhi has an auditorium named after Deshmukh.<ref>[http://www.iicdelhi.nic.in/User_Panel/UserView.aspx?TypeID=1150 IIC| India International Centre - Introduction]. Iicdelhi.nic.in (26 October 2018). Retrieved on 2018-11-15.</ref><ref>[http://www.iicdelhi.nic.in/User_Panel/UserView.aspx?TypeID=1223 IIC| India International Centre - C. D. Deshmukh Auditorium]. Iicdelhi.nic.in (5 October 2017). Retrieved on 2018-11-15.</ref>

In 2004, a commemorative postage stamp was released in his honour.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=679 | title=Commemorative postage stamp on C.D. Deshmukh | publisher=Press Information Bureau, Government of India | date=13 January 2004 | access-date=5 July 2016}}</ref>

The [[National Insurance Academy]] organises the annual seminar called "CD Deshmukh Memorial Seminar" since the last 22 years.

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

{{Governors of Reserve Bank of India}}
{{Finance Ministers of India}}
{{Ministry of Finance (India)}}
{{Padma Vibhushan Awards}}
{{Ramon Magsaysay Award Winners}}
{{RMA winners of India}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Deshmukh, C D}}
[[Category:1896 births]]
[[Category:1982 deaths]]
[[Category:India MPs 1952–1957]]
[[Category:Ministers of finance of India]]
[[Category:Ministers for corporate affairs]]
[[Category:Candidates for President of India]]
[[Category:Governors of the Reserve Bank of India]]
[[Category:Indian Civil Service (British India) officers]]
[[Category:Indian civil servants]]
[[Category:Indian bankers]]
[[Category:Indian knights]]
[[Category:Indian Knights Bachelor]]
[[Category:Ramon Magsaysay Award winners]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Vibhushan in public affairs]]
[[Category:Companions of the Order of the Indian Empire]]
[[Category:Bretton Woods Conference delegates]]
[[Category:Vice-chancellors of the University of Delhi]]
[[Category:Alumni of Jesus College, Cambridge]]
[[Category:Fellows of Jesus College, Cambridge]]
[[Category:People from Raigad district]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian businesspeople]]
[[Category:Marathi people]]

Ramanandi Sampradaya

2026-02-27T09:09:10Z

CarmineJansen:

{{short description|Branch of the Vaishnava Hinduism}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox religious group
|group=Ramanandi Sampradaya
|founder=[[Ramananda]]
|religions=[[Hinduism]]
|image=Ramanandi Himachal.webp
|image_caption=Portrait of a Ramanandi ascetic worshipping [[Sita]] [[Rama]] in [[Mandi State|Mandi]] ([[Himachal Pradesh]], India), first half of the 19th century
|regions=[[India]] • [[Singapore]] • [[Malaysia]] • [[Nepal]] • [[Trinidad and Tobago]] • [[Guyana]] • [[Suriname]] • [[Caribbean]] • [[Fiji]] • [[Mauritius]] • [[South Africa]] • [[United Kingdom]] • [[United States]] • [[Canada]] • [[Australia]] • [[New Zealand]]
|scriptures=[[Valmiki Ramayana]], [[Adhyatma Ramayana]], [[Ramcharitmanas]], [[Vedas]], [[Bhaktamal]], [[Vaishnava Matabja Bhaskara]], [[Vinaya Patrika]], Ananda Bhashya (Brahma Sutra Upaniṣad Gita), [[Ramarchana Paddhati]], [[Maithili Maha Upanishad]], [[Valmiki Samhita]], [[Hanuman Chalisa]], [[Sita Upanishad]]
}}

{{Vaishnavism}}

The '''Ramanandi''' ({{IAST3|Rāmānandī}}), also known as '''Ramavats''' ({{IAST|Rāmāvat}}),{{sfn|Michaels|2004|p=254}}{{sfn|Tattwananda|1984|p=10}} is one of the largest sects of [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnavas]].{{sfn| Burghart |1983|p=362}} Out of 52 sub-branches of Vaishnavism, divided into four Vaishnava ''[[sampradaya]]s'', 36 are held by the Ramanandi.<ref>{{Cite book |last=R. Pinch |first=William |title=Peasants and Monks in British India |publisher=University of California Press |year=1996 |isbn=9780520200616 |language=English}}</ref> The sect mainly emphasizes the worship of [[Rama]], [[Sita]], [[Hanuman]], and the [[Dashavatara|avatars]] of [[Vishnu]]. They consider Rama and Sita as the Supreme Absolute who are not different from each other. It is considered to have been founded by [[Ramananda]], a 14th-century Vaishnava [[Sant (religion)|saint]].<ref name=schomer>Schomer and McLeod (1987), The Sants: Studies in a Devotional Tradition of India, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|9788120802773}}, pages 4-6</ref><ref name=selva>Selva Raj and William Harman (2007), Dealing with Deities: The Ritual Vow in South Asia, State University of New York Press, {{ISBN|978-0791467084}}, pages 165-166</ref><ref name=lochtefeld>James G Lochtefeld (2002), The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: N-Z, Rosen Publishing, {{ISBN|978-0823931804}}, pages 553-554</ref>

== History ==

The Ramanandi Sampradaya originates from Rama, who initiated Sita with his six-letter mantra. Sita later initiated her beloved disciple Hanuman with the same mantra. According to ''Shanti Lala Nagar,'' [[Valmiki Samhita]] says:

{{Blockquote|text=The Supreme Being, Rama, always ready to protect his eternal servants and to assist those with meek hearts. This is well-known in the Vedas. He created this universe and, with the desire for the welfare of people, Rama imparted the transcendental mantra to Sita, the daughter of King Janaka than She revealed this to the glorious Hanuman, the repository of virtues. Hanuman then conveyed it to Brahma, who in turn passed it on to the sage Vasishtha. Thus, in this sequence, the divine mantra descended into this world.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nagar |first=Shanti Lal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MnjXAAAAMAAJ |title=Hanuman through the ages |publisher=B.R. Publishing Corporation |year=2004 |edition=1st |volume=2 |pages=403 |isbn=978-81-7646-461-1 |language=Sanskrit, English}}</ref>}}

It is claimed that this tradition has been established in all four Yugas and in [[Kali Yuga|Kaliyuga]] Rama himself appeared as Ramanandacharya at [[Prayagraj]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Tiwari |first=Nanad Kishore |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g-oNAAAAMAAJ |title=Madhyayuga ke bhaktikavya mei maya |date=1974 |publisher=Śodha Sāhitya Prakāśana |pages=151 |language=Hindi}}</ref>

''[[Bhaktamal]]'' is a hagiographic work on Hindu saints and devotees written by [[Nabha Dass|Nabhadas]] in 1660,{{sfn|Callewaert|Snell|1994|p=95}} was a core text for all Vaishnavas including Ramanandis.{{sfn|Pinch|1996|p=55}} Many localised commentaries of ''[[Bhaktamal]]'' were taught to young Vaishnavas across India. In the 19th century, proliferation of the printing press in the [[Gangetic plain]]s of North India allowed various commentaries of the text to be widely distributed. Of these, Jankidas Sri Vaishnav's edition of Bhaktamal known as ''Bhaktamal Bhaskara'' is considered to be the most authoritative as he has used the most oldest handwritten manuscripts in this edition.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nabhadas |first=Jankidas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N55HAAAAMAAJ |title=Bhaktamal |publisher=Thākuraprasāda |year=1965 |edition=1st |location=Varanasi |pages=2 |language=Hindi, Braj}}</ref> Ramananda's guru Raghavananda is described as an egalitarian guru who taught students of all castes. Ramananda himself is described as an [[avatar]] of [[Rama]], a humble student with great yogic talents.

''Munsi Ram Sharma'' says that more than 500 disciples of Ramananda who lives with him in Varanasi.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=Munsi Ram |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n0AqAAAAYAAJ |title=Bhakti ka vikasa |publisher=Caukhambā Vidyābhavana |year=1979 |edition=1st |location=Varanasi |pages=332 |language=Hindi}}</ref> It is said that propagator of Ramanadi tradition is [[Sita]]. She first imparted teachings to [[Hanuman]], through which the revelation of this secret occurred in the world. Due to this, the name of this tradition is Sri Sampradaya, and its main mantra is referred to as the 'Ram Tarak Mantra'.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Upadhyaya |first=Baldev |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-ANAAAAAIAAJ |title=Bhagavata sampradaya |publisher=Nagaripracarini Sabha |year=1953 |edition=1st |pages=274}}</ref> The guru imparts initiation of sacred Ram mantra into the disciple's ear. They apply an upward-pointing tilak (urdhva pund) on the forehead. Complete devotion and immersion in devotional songs (bhajans) is the tradition's way of life. Most saints lead a life of renunciation (paramhansa) within this tradition.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=Raghuvir Simha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zUMMAAAAIAAJ |title=Vaishnava dharma evam darshana |publisher=Abha Prakashana |year=1997 |edition=1st |pages=91 |language=Hindi}}</ref> Farquhar credits Ramananda{{sfn|Farquhar|1920|p=323}} and his followers as the origin of the North Indian practice of using Ram to refer to the [[Absolute (philosophy)|Absolute]].{{sfn|Farquhar|1920|pp=323–324}} Farquhar finds no evidence to show that Ramananda endeavoured to "overturn caste as a social institution".{{sfn|Farquhar|1920|pp=324–325}} On the other hand, Sita Ram, author of the ''Vaishnava history of Ayodhya'', and [[George Abraham Grierson|George Grierson]], eminent linguist and Indologist, represent Ramananda as saint who tried to transcend caste divisions of medieval India through the message of love and equality. The scholars also disagree on Ramananda's connection with Ramanuja. While Farquhar finds them completely unconnected, Sita Ram and Grierson finds Ramananda connection with Ramanuja tradition.{{sfn|Pinch|1996|p=61}} But a historical debate held between Ramanuj and Ramanand tradition in Ujjain Kumbh 1921, ended up the issue of both the traditions being one; Ramanuja Ramprapannadas from Ramanuj tradition got defeated from Bhagvaddas of Ramanandi tradition.{{sfn|Pinch|1996}}

Up to the nineteenth century, many of the trade routes in northern India were guarded by groups of warrior-ascetics, including the Nāgā sections of the Rāmānandīs, who were feared because of their strength and fearlessness.{{sfn|Michaels|2004|p=274}} The British took steps to disarm these militant groups of ascetics, but even today the sects still retain their heroic traditions.{{sfn|Michaels|2004|p=274}}

The Ramanandi Sampradaya is considered one of the largest and most egalitarian Hindu sects India, around the [[Gangetic Plain]], and Nepal.{{sfn| Burghart |1983|p=362}}

==Geography==
Ramanandis live chiefly in the northern part of India.{{sfn|Tattwananda|1984|p=10}} Ramanandi monasteries are found throughout northern, western and central India, the Ganges basin, the Nepalese [[Terai]], and the Himalayan foothills.{{sfn| Burghart |1983|p=362}} Ramanandis are spread across India, mainly in [[Jammu division|Jammu]], [[Punjab]],<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Singh |first1=K. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uw8wAQAAIAAJ&q=Ramanandi+Punjab |title=Punjab |last2=Bansal |first2=I. J. S. |last3=Singh |first3=Swaran |last4=India |first4=Anthropological Survey of |date=2003 |publisher=Anthropological Survey of India |isbn=978-81-7304-123-5 |language=en |quote=They are divided into several sections, among which may be mentioned the Ramanandi who worship Ram Chandra}}</ref> [[Himachal Pradesh|Himachal]], [[Gujarat]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Rajasthan]], [[Odisha]], [[Assam]] and [[West Bengal]].<ref>[[Bairagi Brahmin (caste)]]</ref> The majority of Hindu immigrants to [[Trinidad and Tobago]] as well as substantial section of Hindus in United Kingdom of Great Britain belong to Vaishnava sects such as the Ramanandi. Ramanandi has had a major influence on the mainstream [[Sanatani]] (orthodox) sect of [[Hinduism in Trinidad and Tobago]].{{sfn|West|2001|p=743}}

==Beliefs and practices==
[[File:Unknown Indian - Rama, Lakshmana, and Sita Cooking and Eating in the Wilderness - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|[[Rama]], [[Sita]], and [[Lakshmana]] cooking and eating in the Wilderness (picture).]]
Ramanandis worship [[Rama]] as their principal deity, along with Sita, Lakshmana, and Hanuman.{{sfn|Michaels|2004|p=254}} [[Vishnu]] is also worshiped and other incarnations.{{sfn|Tattwananda|1984|p=10}}{{sfn|Michaels|2004|p=255}}{{refn|group=note|{{harvtxt|Michaels|2004|p=255}}: "many groups that are considered {{IAST|Vaiṣṇava}} also worship {{IAST|Śiva}}. The largest ascetic groups that celebrate the Śivaratri festival with mortification of the flesh and pilgrimages are the {{IAST|Vaiṣṇava}} {{IAST|Rāmānandī}}s."}} Ramanandi ascetics rely upon meditation and strict ascetic practices, but also believe that the grace of god is required for them to achieve liberation. For that reason, the {{IAST|Tyāga}} section of the Ramanandi ascetics, unlike some Shaiva ascetics, does not cut the [[Upanayana|sacred thread]].{{sfn|Michaels|2004|p=316|loc="Wear a Sacred Thread" is noted as a distinctive mark of {{IAST|Rāmānandī}} ascetics in Table 33, "Groups and Sects of Ascetics".}} Their reasoning for this is that only Vishnu or Rama can grant liberation.{{sfn|Michaels|2004|p=256}}

Most Ramanandis consider themselves to be the followers of [[Ramananda]], a [[Vaishnava]] saint in medieval India.{{sfn|Raj|Harman|2007|p=165}} Philosophically, they follow [[Vishishtadvaita]] ([[IAST]] {{IAST|Viśiṣṭādvaita}}) tradition.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chadwick |first=James |title=Indian Traditions & Philosophy |date=1988 |edition=2nd |pages=146 |language=English}}</ref>

Its ascetic wing constitutes the largest Vaishnava [[Hindu monasticism|monastic order]] and may possibly be the largest monastic order in all of India.{{sfn|Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia 1999}} There are two major subgroups of Ramanandi ascetics: the Tyagi, who use ash for initiation, and the Naga, who are the militant wing.{{sfn|Michaels|2004|p=316}}

==Saints==
Saints [[Dhanna Bhagat|Dhanna]] and [[Bhagat Pipa|Pipa]] were among the immediate disciples of Ramananda.{{sfn|Farquhar|1920|p=328}} Hymns written by them find mention in the [[Adi Granth]], holy scripture of the [[Sikhs]].{{sfn|Schomer|McLeod|1987|p=5}} Sects founded by saints [[Raidas]], Sena and Maluk Das are also of a direct Ramanandi origin.{{sfn|Farquhar|1920|p=328}}

The poet-saint [[Tulsidas]], who composed the [[Ramcharitmanas]], was a member of this sect.{{sfn|Michaels|2004|p=254}}{{sfn|Tattwananda|1984|p=10}} His writings are regarded to have made [[Vishnu]] and [[Shiva]] devotees of each other and thereby bridged the gap between Vaishnavas and Shaivas. Because Tulsidas attempted to reconcile various theologies scholars like [[Ramchandra Shukla]] do not agree that he can be considered to be a Ramanandi exclusively.{{sfn|Shukla|2002|p=44}}

Some sources say [[Jayadeva]], who composed the [[Gita Govinda]], was also a member of this sect.{{sfn|Tattwananda|1984|p=10}} Other sources classify Jayadeva simply as a Bengali Vaishnava.{{sfn|Michaels|2004|p=254}} Jayadeva's verses also appear in the Adi Granth.

[[Kabir]] was also disciple of Ramananda and part of Ramanandi Sampradaya,{{sfn|Tattwananda|1984|p=10}} Kabir's disciples, Surat Gopal and [[Dharamdas]] also founded a separate sect that is now known as the [[Kabirpanthi]].{{sfn|Tattwananda|1984|p=10}} Compositions by Kabir are included in the Adi Granth, the holy scripture of the Sikhs.

Another bhakti saint, [[Ravidas]], who was also a disciple of Ramananda, followed Ramanandi Sampradaya and is the central figure of the [[Ravidassia]] religion.{{sfn|Pande|2010|p=76–77}}{{sfn|Jha|2013|p=12}} Ravidas's poetry features prominently in the [[Sikh scripture]].

[[Bhaktamal]], a poem written c. 1585 in [[Braj language]], gives short biographies of more than 200 bhaktas. It was written by [[Nabha Dass]], a saint belonging to the tradition of Ramananda.{{sfn|Lochtefeld|2001|p=451}}{{sfn|Pande|2010|p=76–77}} It also extols the piety of Ramanandi saint Bhagwan and miraculous powers of his disciple Narain, who founded the Ramanandi Vaishnav temple named [[Thakurdwara Bhagwan Narainji]] in Pandori dham in [[Gurdaspur district|Gurdaspur]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Goswamy |first1=B. N. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MLfOASqmthYC&q=Bhaktam%C4%81la+Bhagwanji |title=The Mughal and Sikh Rulers and the Vaishnavas of Pindori: A Historical Interpretation of 52 Persian Documents |last2=Grewal |first2=J. S. |date=1969 |publisher=Indian Institute of Advanced Study |language=en}}</ref>

==Lineage of Ramanandi Sampradaya ==
The lineage of Ramanandi Sampradaya is claimed to start from [[Rama]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mishra |first=Bhuvaneshwar |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.347293/page/n158/mode/1up |title=Ram Bhakti Me Madhur Upasna |publisher=Bihar Rastrabhasha Parishad |year=1957 |pages=127 |language=hi}}</ref> The lineage as said by Anantanandacharya to [[Krishnadas Payahari]] is:
* [[Rama]]
* [[Sita]]
* [[Hanuman]]
* [[Brahma]]
* [[Vasishtha]]
* [[Parashara]]
* [[Vyasa]]
* [[Shuka]]
* Purushottamacharya
* [[Gangadharacharya]]
* [[Sadaanandacharya]]
* [[Rameshvaranandacharya]]
* [[Dvaranandacharya]]
* [[Devanandacharya]]
* [[Shyamanandacharya]]
* [[Shrutanandacharya]]
* [[Chidanandacharya]]
* [[Purnanandacharya]]
* [[Shriyanandacharya]]
* [[Haryanandacharya]]
* [[Raghavananadacharya]]
* [[Ramanandacharya]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dagar |first=Mukesh Kumar |date=28 May 2012 |title=International Journal of Scientific Research in Science and Technology |url=https://ijsrst.com/paper/9279.pdf |journal=Vaishnava Sampradaya Dharma Shatra |volume=IV |issue=II |pages=419–436}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Shri Anantanandacharyakritam Shriramamantrarajaparampara Stotram |url=https://sanskritdocuments.org/doc_raama/shrIrAmamantrarAjaparamparAstotram.html |access-date=18 December 2023 |website=sanskritdocuments.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Mitra |first=Ramkishore Das |url=https://archive.org/details/rGFD_guru-mahatmya-by-ramkishor-das-mitra-1942-bhagavati-prasad-press-lucknow/page/n16/mode/1up |title=Guru Mahatmya |publisher=Bhagavati Prasad Press Lucknow |year=1942 |edition=1st |location=Lucknow |pages=17 |language=sa, hi}}</ref>

== Image gallery ==
<gallery mode="packed" heights="150px">
File:Swami Ramanandacharya.jpg|[[Ramananda]], the founder of the sampraday
File:Chaturbhuj Temple, Orchha.jpg|Rama's ''[[Chaturbhuj Temple (Orchha)]]'' (Madhya Pradesh)
File:Ram Mandir, Bhubaneswar.jpg|[[Ram Mandir, Bhubaneswar]] (Orisha)
File:Hanuman at Badrachalam.jpg|[[Hanuman]] at the entrance of [[Sita Ramachandraswamy temple, Bhadrachalam]] ([[Telangana]])
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[Bairagi Brahmin]]
* [[Bhakti movement]]
* [[Balmiki sect]]
* [[Hindu denominations]]
* [[Maithili Maha Upanishad]]
* [[Rambhadracharya]]
* [[Ramarchana Paddhati]]
* [[Thakurdwara Bhagwan Narainji]]
* [[Vaishnava Matabja Bhaskara]]
* [[Valmiki Samhita]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==Sources==
{{refbegin}}
* {{citation |last= Burghart |first= Richard |date=May 1983 |title= Wandering Ascetics of the Rāmānandī Sect |journal= History of Religions |volume=22 |issue=4 |pages=361–80|publisher=The University of Chicago Press |doi=10.1086/462930|s2cid= 162304284 }}
* {{citation |last1=Callewaert|first1=Winand M.|last2=Snell|first2=Rupert|title=According to Tradition: Hagiographical Writing in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GrMwdEqHLzEC&pg=PA95|year=1994|publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag|isbn=978-3-447-03524-8}}
* {{citation |last=Farquhar|first=J. N.|title=Outline of the Religious Literature of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lwggjSPrjxUC&pg=PA323|year=1920|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-2086-9}}
* {{citation |title=India's silent revolution: the rise of the lower castes in North India |page=196 |first=Christophe |last=Jaffrelot |publisher=C. Hurst & Co. |location=London |year=2003 |isbn=978-1-85065-670-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OAkW94DtUMAC}}
* {{citation |title=Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of World Religions|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZP_f9icf2roC&pg=PA904|year=1999|publisher=Merriam-Webster|isbn=978-0-87779-044-0|ref={{sfnRef|Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia 1999}}}}
* {{citation |last1=Michaels |first1=Alex |title= Hinduism: Past and Present |edition=English translation of the book first published in Germany under the title Der Hinduismus: Geschichte und Gegenwart (Verlag, 1998) |year=2004 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jID3TuoiOMQC |publisher= Princeton University Press |location=Princeton |isbn=0-691-08952-3 }}
* {{citation |last=Pinch|first=William R.|title=Peasants and Monks in British India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uEP-ceGYsnYC&pg=PA60|year=1996|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-20061-6}}
* {{citation |last1=Raj|first1=Selva J.|last2=Harman|first2=William P.|title=Dealing With Deities: The Ritual Vow in South Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ov2oltTLinkC&pg=PA165|year=2007|publisher=SUNY Press|isbn=978-0-7914-6708-4}}
* {{citation |last1=Schomer|first1=Karine|last2=McLeod|first2=W. H.|title=The Sants: Studies in a Devotional Tradition of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OkKhOivXrhgC&pg=PA5|year=1987|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-0277-3}}
* {{citation |last=Shukla|first=Usha Devi|title=Rāmacaritamānasa in South Africa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L0xmbB3riQoC&pg=PA44|year=2002|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-1893-4}}
* {{citation |last1=Tattwananda |first1=Swami |title= Vaisnava Sects, Saiva Sects, Mother Worship |edition=1st revised |year=1984 |publisher= Firma KLM Private Ltd. |location=Calcutta |page=10}}
* {{citation |last=West |first=Jacqueline |title=South America, Central America and the Caribbean 2002|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o9ODxqsr-dIC&pg=PA743|year=2001|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-1-85743-121-6}}
* {{citation |last=Pande |first=Rekha |title=Divine Sounds from the Heart—Singing Unfettered in their Own Voices: The Bhakti Movement and its Women Saints (12th to 17th Century) |date=2010 |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing |isbn=9781443825252 |pages=76–77 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mYEnBwAAQBAJ |access-date=25 August 2019 |language=en}}
* {{citation |last=Lochtefeld |first=James G.| isbn = 9780823931798 | title = The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: A-M | url = https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc0000loch/page/98 | url-access = registration | year = 2001 | publisher = Rosen Publishing Group | location = New York, New York, United States of America | page = [https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc0000loch/page/98 451] }}
* {{citation|last=Jha|first=Mamta|title=Sant Ravidas Ratnawali | year=2013|publisher=Prabhat Prakashan | page=12}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
*
* [https://lordrama.co.in/sri-sampradaya.html Ramavat Sampradaya]

{{VaisnavaSampradayas}}
{{Hindudharma}}

[[Category:Vaishnava sects]]
[[Category:Hindu religious orders]]
[[Category:Bhakti-era Hindu sects]]

Pei Krishnan

2026-02-25T21:22:03Z

CarmineJansen: created some post with sources!

{{Short description|Indian actor and comedian (1958 or 1959 – 2024)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name = N. Gothandaraman
| birth_date = 1958 or 1959
| birth_place =
| death_date = {{death date and given age|df=y|2024|12|18|65}}
| death_place = [[Perambalur]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| other_names =
| occupation = Actor
| years_active =
| known_for = ''[[Kalakalappu]]'' (2012)
| notable_works =
}}

'''N. Gothandaraman''' (or '''Kothandaraman'''; 1958 or 1959 – 18 December 2024), more popularly known by his [[stage name]] '''Pei Krishnan''', was an Indian actor, comedian and stuntman who predominantly appeared in Tamil language films in comedy track sequences. He had also worked as a stunt master in Tamil cinema for over 25 years.

== Career ==
Gothandaraman initially joined [[Tamil cinema]] industry as a stunt master performing dupe stunt sequences for actors in action oriented sequences. He was one of the prominent members of the Stunt Union. He worked as stunt choreographer in films including ''[[Ellame En Pondattithaan]]'' (1988), ''[[Ellame En Rasathan]]'' (1995) and ''[[Once More (1997 film)|Once More]]'' (1997).<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Akshay |date=19 December 2024 |title=Stuntman and actor Gothandaraman dies at 65 |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Dec/19/stuntman-and-actor-gothandaraman-dies-at-65 |access-date=21 December 2024 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref> He later ventured into acting in films predominantly in supporting roles. He worked as a co-stunt master in films including ''[[Bagavathi]]'' (2001), ''[[Kireedam (2007 film)|Kireedam]]'' (2007) and ''[[Vedalam]]'' (2015).<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 December 2024 |title=சண்டை பயிற்சியாளரும் நடிகருமான கோதண்டராமன் காலமானார் |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/1343907-stunt-master-kothandaraman-passed-away.html |access-date=21 December 2024 |website=Hindu Tamil Thisai |language=ta}}</ref> He also acted in supporting roles in films including ''Bagavathi'' (2001), [[Thirupathi (2006 Tamil film)|''Thirupathi'']] (2006), ''Kireedam'' (2007), ''[[Singam]]'' (2010) and ''Vedalam'' (2015).<ref>{{Cite web |last=தினத்தந்தி |date=19 December 2024 |title=Actor Kothandaraman passed away {{!}} நடிகர் கோதண்டராமன் காலமானார் |url=https://www.dailythanthi.com/cinema/cinemanews/actor-kothandaraman-passed-away-1135629 |access-date=21 December 2024 |website=Daily Thanthi |language=ta}}</ref> He was affectionately called Pei Krishnan among the film fraternity after portraying a character of a ghost in one of the films where he was cast in a supporting role.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=19 December 2024 |title='கலகலப்பு-க்கு பிறகும் கோதண்டராமனால் ஒரு ரவுண்ட் வர முடியாம போச்சு; ஏன்னா..!' - உருகும் தளபதி தினேஷ் |url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/kollywood/gothandaraman-passed-away-stunt-master-thalapathy-dinesh-sharing-his-memories?pfrom=home-twelve-story-collection |access-date=21 December 2024 |website=Vikatan |language=ta}}</ref>

He received his major breakthrough in [[Sundar C]]'s directorial ''[[Kalakalappu]]'' (2012), where he had more scope for his acting and he shared screen space with fellow comedian Santhanam. His role as Thimingalam playing as a sidekick to Santhanam in ''Kalakalappu'' was well received by the audience.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 December 2024 |title=Kalakalappu Fame Stunt Gothandaraman Passes Away At 65 |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tamil/kalakalappu-fame-stunt-gothandaraman-passes-away-at-65-article-116479860 |access-date=21 December 2024 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref> In ''Kalakalappu'' one of his comical sequences with [[Santhanam (actor)|Santhanam]], where he comes out of water in search of Santhanam's love interest played by Anjali to say "Ammava puduchiten" ({{Translation|I've caught her}}). This went onto become a viral meme template that began to trend in social media platforms after the popularity of the film surged post the theatrical release.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=19 December 2024 |title=Stunt master N Kothandaraman passes away due to illness |url=https://www.dtnext.in/entertainment/cinema/stunt-master-n-kothandaraman-passes-away-due-to-illness-815886 |access-date=21 December 2024 |website=www.dtnext.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=பிரபல காமெடி நடிகர் காலமானார்! |url=https://tamil.adaderana.lk/news.php?nid=197521 |access-date=21 December 2024 |website=tamil.adaderana.lk}}</ref> Despite having received significant fanfare and fame through his performance in ''Kalakalappu'', he refused to accept film acting opportunities. He rejected film roles following an accident where a mini lorry apparently ran over his leg, as he endured discomfort to locomote and thus it made him unable to walk for months, which was later confirmed by his fellow associate stuntman [[Thalapathy Dinesh]] to sources.<ref name=":1" />

== Death ==
Gothandaraman died from a long illness in [[Perambalur]], on 18 December 2024, at the age of 65.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=19 December 2024 |title='கலகலப்பு' நடிகர் கோதண்டராமன் காலமானார்! |url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/kollywood/kalakalappu-actor-kothandaraman-passes-away |access-date=21 December 2024 |website=Vikatan |language=ta}}</ref> He had reportedly mentioned in several of his interviews that his family members and relatives had continued to abandon him ever since he underwent treatment for his illness. The Stunt Union reportedly cared for Gothandaraman during this period.<ref name=":0" /> Although his stage name Pei Krishnan was preferred by many in the film fraternity, upon the announcement of his death, most of the press media sources referred to him as Gothandaraman.<ref name=":1" />

== Filmography ==
;As stunt choreographer
*''[[Ellame En Pondattithaan]]'' (1988)
*''[[Ellame En Rasathan]]'' (1995)
*''[[Once More (1997 film)|Once More]]'' (1997)

;As actor
{{colbegin}}
*''[[Bagavathi]]'' (2001)
*''[[Baba (2002 film)|Baba]]'' (2002) (uncredited) as Baba's henchman
*''[[Gajendra (2004 film)|Gajendra]]'' (2004)
*''[[Jyeshta (film)|Jyeshta]]'' (2005) (Kannada) as henchman
*''[[Aaru (film)|Aaru]]'' (2005) (uncredited) as Reddy's henchman
*[[Thirupathi (2006 Tamil film)|''Thirupathi'']] (2006)
*''[[Parijatham (2006 film)|Parijatham]]'' (2006)
*''[[Ninaithaley]]'' (2007) (uncredited)
* ''[[Kireedam (2007 film)|Kireedam]]'' (2007)
*''[[Singam]]'' (2010)
*''[[Velayudham]]'' (2011)
*''[[Kalakalappu]]'' (2012)
*''[[Theeya Velai Seiyyanum Kumaru]]'' (2013)
*''[[Tenaliraman (film)|Tenaliraman]]'' (2014) (uncredited)
*''[[Jaihind 2]]'' (2014)
*''[[India Pakistan]]'' (2015)
*''[[Eli (2015 film)|Eli]]'' (2015)
*''[[Vedalam]]'' (2015)
*''[[Virumandikkum Sivanandikkum]]'' (2016)
*''[[Petromax (2019 film)|Petromax]]'' (2019)
{{Colend}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Krishnan, Pei}}
[[Category:1950s births]]
[[Category:Year of birth uncertain]]
[[Category:2024 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:21st-century Tamil male actors]]
[[Category:Indian male comedians]]
[[Category:Tamil comedians]]

Aurangabad District Cricket Association Stadium

2026-02-24T07:52:50Z

CarmineJansen: improved article

{{Short description|Cricket ground in Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}

{{Infobox cricket ground
| ground_name = N2 Stadium
| nickname = Aurangabad District Cricket Association Ground City and Industrial Development Corporation Stadium
| country = India
| location = CIDCO, [[Aurangabad]], [[Maharashtra]]
| establishment = 1998
| seating_capacity = 20,000
| owner = [[Aurangabad District Cricket Association]]
| operator = [[Aurangabad District Cricket Association]]
| tenants = [[Maharashtra cricket team]] Maharashtra Premier League
| coordinates = {{Coord|19.8703455|75.3635515|display=title}}
| international = true
| onlywodidate = 7 December
| onlywodiyear = 2003
| onlywodihome = India
| onlywodiaway = New Zealand
| date = 8 December
| year = 2019
| source = http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/ground/58380.html ESPNcricinfo
}}

'''N2 Stadium''' or '''Aurangabad District Cricket Association Ground''' or '''City and Industrial Development Corporation Stadium''' is cricket stadium in city of [[Aurangabad CIDCO|CIDCO]], [[Aurangabad]], [[Maharashtra]]. The ground has hosted domestic and couple of women's international cricket matches. As of 3 March 2023 two [[Duleep Trophy|Duleep trophy]] and two [[Ranji Trophy|Ranji trophy]] matches held here.<ref>[https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/14/894_f.html FC played at N2 Stadium]</ref>

In 2003, a [[New Zealand Women's cricket team|New Zealand women]] versus [[India women's cricket team|India women]] ODI happened here. The match was won by India women's by 9 wickets with Indian opener [[Jaya Sharma]] scoring 96.<ref>[https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/78/78517.html New Zealand Women in India 2003/04 (2nd ODI)]</ref>

In 2012, [[Aurangabad District Cricket Association]] decided to redevelop the stadium into 20,000 to 25,000 seater stadium with boundaries of 63 metres and floodlights as well. Also redevelopment of VIP Box, Press Box, Parking, Gym, Restaurant, Shopping center etc.<ref>[http://cricketstadium.mit.asia/details.aspx Project Details]</ref>

== First-Class Matches Hosted ==

{|class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="font-size:100%"
|-
!colspan="7" rowspan="1"| First-Class Records and Statistics
|-
!scope="col" style="width:100px"| Matches
!scope="col" style="width:100px"| Team A
!scope="col" style="width:100px"| Team B
!scope="col" style="width:100px"| Winner
!scope="col" style="width:100px"| Result
!scope="col" style="width:100px"| Season
|-
|align="center"| 1
|align="center"| [[West Zone cricket team|West Zone]]
|align="center"| [[Central Zone cricket team|Central Zone]]
|align="center"| [[Central Zone cricket team|Central Zone]]
|align="center"| By 122 runs
|align="center"| 1998
|-
|align="center"| 2
|align="center"| [[Maharashtra cricket team|Maharashtra]]
|align="center"| [[Services cricket team|Services]]
|align="center"|
|align="center"| Drawn
|align="center"| 2003
|-
|align="center"| 3
|align="center"| [[Maharashtra cricket team|Maharashtra]]
|align="center"| [[Assam cricket team|Assam]]
|align="center"| [[Maharashtra cricket team|Maharashtra]]
|align="center"| By an innings and 46 runs
|align="center"| 2004
|-
|align="center"| 4
|align="center"| [[West Zone cricket team|West Zone]]
|align="center"| [[Central Zone cricket team|Central Zone]]
|align="center"| [[West Zone cricket team|West Zone]]
|align="center"| By 7 wickets
|align="center"| 1998
|-
|}

== Women's ODI Hosted ==

{|class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="font-size:100%"
|-
!colspan="7" rowspan="1"|Match Statistics
|-
!scope="col" style="width:100px"| Team A
!scope="col" style="width:100px"| Team B
!scope="col" style="width:100px"| Winner
!scope="col" style="width:100px"| Margin
!scope="col" style="width:100px"| Season
!scope="col" style="width:100px"| Scorecards
|-
|align="center"| [[India women's cricket team|India women's]]
|align="center"| [[New Zealand women's cricket team|New Zealand women's]]
|align="center"| [[India women's cricket team|India women's]]
|align="center"| By 9 wickets
|align="center"| 2003
|align="center"| Scorecard<ref>[https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/78/78517.html Scorecard]</ref>
|-
|}

==References==
<references/>

==External links==
*[http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/ground/57889.html ESPNcricinfo profile]
*[https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/14/894.html CricketArchive]
{{Aurangabad district, Maharashtra topics}}

[[Category:Sports venues in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Aurangabad]]
[[Category:Cricket grounds in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Multi-purpose stadiums in India]]
[[Category:Sport in Aurangabad]]
[[Category:1988 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Sports venues completed in 1998]]
[[Category:20th-century architecture in India]]

FinTech Hub, Kolkata

2026-02-19T10:20:45Z

CarmineJansen: started new data...

#REDIRECT [[FinTech Hub]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

Poddar Nagar

2026-02-19T10:08:22Z

CarmineJansen: created the post w/ refs!

{{moresources|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement



|name = Poddar Nagar
|official_name =
|other_name = Poddarnagar
|native_name = 
|nickname =
|settlement_type = Neighbourhood in [[South Kolkata]], Kolkata 
|total_type = 
|motto =

|image_skyline =
|image_caption =
|image_flag =
|image_seal =
|image_shield =
|image_blank_emblem =
|blank_emblem_type =
|image_map =
|map_caption =
|image_map1 =
|mapsize1 =
|map_caption1 =
|image_dot_map =
|dot_map_caption =
|dot_x = |dot_y =
|pushpin_map = India Kolkata#India West Bengal
|pushpin_label_position = 
|pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kolkata
|pushpin_mapsize =

|subdivision_type = Country
|subdivision_name = India
|subdivision_type1 = State
|subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
|subdivision_type2 = City
|subdivision_name2 = [[Kolkata]]
|subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of West Bengal|District]]
|subdivision_name3 = [[Kolkata district|Kolkata]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Electors Details As On 30-10-2010|url=http://www.s24pgs.gov.in/election/doc/electors%20details.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130529011629/http://www.s24pgs.gov.in/election/doc/electors%20details.pdf|archive-date=2013-05-29}}</ref>
|subdivision_type4 = [[Kolkata Metro|Subway/ Metro station]]
|subdivision_name4 = [[Rabindra Sarobar metro station|Rabindra Sarovar]]

|seat_type = [[Municipal Corporation]]
|seat = [[Kolkata Municipal Corporation]]
|parts_type = [[Kolkata Municipal Corporation|KMC]] ward
|parts_style = 
|parts = [[Ward No. 93, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|93]]
|p1 =
|p2 = 

|government_footnotes =
|government_type =
|leader_title =
|leader_name =
|leader_title1 = 
|leader_name1 =
|established_title = 
|established_date =

|area_magnitude =
|unit_pref =Imperial
|area_footnotes =
|area_total_km2 = 
|area_land_km2 = 
|area_water_km2 =
|area_total_sq_mi =
|area_land_sq_mi =
|area_water_sq_mi =
|area_water_percent =

|elevation_footnotes = 
|elevation_m =
|elevation_ft =38
|elevation_max_m =
|elevation_max_ft =
|elevation_min_m =
|elevation_min_ft =

|population_as_of =
|population_footnotes =
|population_note =
|population_total =
|population_density_km2 = 
|population_density_sq_mi =

|timezone = IST
|utc_offset = +5:30
|timezone_DST =
|utc_offset_DST =
|coordinates = {{coord|22.495|N|88.370|E|display=inline,title}}

|postal_code_type = PIN
|postal_code = 700 068
|area_code = +91 33
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Kolkata Dakshin (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kolkata Dakshin]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Rashbehari (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Rashbehari]]
|website =
|footnotes =
}}

'''Poddar Nagar''' is a neighbourhood located in [[South Kolkata]] in the city of [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], India. The adjacent neighbourhoods to the locality include [[Jadavpur]], [[South City]], [[Katju Nagar]], [[Jodhpur Park]], [[Lake Gardens]], [[Bikramgarh]] and [[Golf Green]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Neighbourhoods in South Kolkata}}
[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Kolkata]]
{{Kolkata-geo-stub}}

List of districts of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands

2026-02-12T02:44:20Z

CarmineJansen: fix content per standard format

{{short description|None}}

{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}

{{Infobox subdivision type
| name = Districts of Andaman and Nicobar Islands
| map = India Andaman and Nicobar Islands location map.svg
| caption = Districts of Andaman and Nicobar Islands
| category = [[List of districts in India|Districts]]
| territory = [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]
|start_date =
|current_number = 3 districts
|number_date =
| population_range = [[Nicobar district|Nicobar]] – 36,819 (lowest); [[South Andaman district|South Andaman]] – 237,586 (highest)
| area_range = [[Nicobar district|Nicobar]] –
{{Convert|1,841|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} (smallest); [[North and Middle Andaman district|North and Middle Andaman]] –{{Convert|3,227|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} (largest)
| government = [[Government of India]]
| subdivision = [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands|Sub Divisions of Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]
}}

The [[India|Indian]] [[Union territory]] of the [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]] consists of three [[List of districts in India|districts]].

==Districts==
Currently, the [[Union Territory]] of [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]] comprises 3 districts:
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left" border=1 width=100%
|-
! scope="col" | '''Code'''<ref name=distcodes>{{cite web|url= https://www.mail.nic.in/docs/MailService_e-mail_address_Policy_WithCodes.pdf|format= PDF|title= NIC Policy on format of e-mail Address: Appendix (2): Districts Abbreviations as per ISO 3166–2|pages= 5–10|publisher= [[Ministry of Communications and Information Technology (India)|Ministry Of Communications and Information Technology]], Government of India|date= 18 August 2004|accessdate= 24 November 2008|url-status= dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080911133331/https://www.mail.nic.in/docs/MailService_e-mail_address_Policy_WithCodes.pdf|archivedate = 11 September 2008|df= dmy-all}}</ref>
! scope="col" | Official name
! scope="col" | Headquarters
! scope="col" | Sub divisions
! scope="col" | Talukas
! scope="col" data-sort-type="number" | Population<ref name=censusdist2011>{{cite web | url = https://www.census2011.co.in/district.php | title = Indian Districts by Population, Growth Rate, Sex Ratio 2011 Census | publisher = [[2011 census of India]] | accessdate = 27 December 2012}}</ref>
! scope="col" data-sort-type="number" | Area (in sq.km)
! scope="col" data-sort-type="number" | Density (per sq.km)<ref name=censusdist2011/>
! scope="col" | Map
|- style="text-align:center;" |
| NI
! scope="row" | [[Nicobar district|Nicobar]]
| [[Malacca, Car Nicobar|Malacca]]
| 3
| 7
| 36,819
| 1,841
| 20
|
|- style="text-align:center;" |
| NA
! scope="row" | [[North and Middle Andaman district|North and Middle Andaman]]
| [[Mayabunder]]
| 2
| 3
| 105,539
| 3,227
| 32
|
|- style="text-align:center;" |
| SA
! scope="row" | [[South Andaman district|South Andaman]]
| [[Sri Vijaya Puram]]
| 3
| 5
| 237,586
| 3,181
| 80
|
|}

==History==
On 1 August 1974 Nicobar district was separated from [[Andaman district]]. On 18 August 2006, Andaman district was bifurcated into two districts: North and Middle Andaman district and South Andaman district.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20181213232827/http://www.and.nic.in/ Andaman and Nicobar Islands website]

{{Districts of India}}

[[Category:Districts of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands| ]]
[[Category:Lists of districts in India|Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]

2013 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election

2026-02-04T20:43:06Z

CarmineJansen: minor edit

{{Short description|Indian state election}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name = 2013 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election 
मध्य प्रदेश विधान सभा, 2013
| country = India
| type = parliamentary
| vote_type = Popular 
| ongoing = No
| party_colour =
| party_name =
| previous_election = [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election 2008|2008]]
| previous_year = [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election 2008|2008]]
| previous_mps =
| election_date = {{Start date|2013|11|25}}
| elected_mps =
| next_election = 
| next_year = [[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
| next_mps =
| votes_for_election =
| needed_votes =
| seats_for_election = All 230 seats in the [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| majority_seats = 116
| opinion_polls =
| turnout = 72.69% {{increase}} 3.06%
| image1 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Shivraj Singh Chauhan (cropped 2).jpg|bSize=100|cWidth=80|cHeight=100|oLeft=10|oTop=10}}
| colour1 =
| nominee1 = 
| candidate1 = 
| leader1 = [[Shivraj Singh Chouhan]]
| party1 = Bharatiya Janata Party
| alliance1 = 
| home_state1 =
| running_mate1 =
| electoral_vote1 =
| delegate_count1 =
| states_carried1 = 
| leader_since1 = 2005
| leaders_seat1 = [[Budhni Assembly constituency|Budhni]] (''retained'') [[Vidisha Assembly constituency|Vidisha]] (''vacated'')
| last_election1 =
| seats_before1 = 143
| seats_needed1 = {{decrease}} 27
| seats1 =
| seats_after1 = '''165'''
| seat_change1 = {{increase}} 22
| popular_vote1 = '''15,191,335'''
| percentage1 = '''44.88%'''
| swing1 = {{increase}} 7.65%
| image2 = {{CSS image crop|Image=The Union Minister for Tribal Affairs, Shri Kantilal Bhuria addressing at the inauguration of the National Festival of Tribal Dances, ‘PRAKRITI’, in New Delhi on March 16, 2011.jpg|bSize=150|cWidth=80|cHeight=100|oLeft=45|oTop=06}}
| colour2 =
| nominee2 = 
| candidate2 = 
| leader2 = [[Kantilal Bhuria]]
| party2 = Indian National Congress
| alliance2 = 
| home_state2 =
| running_mate2 =
| electoral_vote2 =
| delegate_count2 =
| states_carried2 = 
| leader_since2 = 2011
| leaders_seat2 = ''Did not contest''
| last_election2 =
| seats_before2 = 71
| seats_needed2 = {{increase}}45
| seats2 =
| seats_after2 = 58
| seat_change2 = {{decrease}} 13
| popular_vote2 = 12,315,253
| percentage2 = 36.38%
| swing2 = {{increase}} 3.99% 
| map_alt = 2013 Legislative Assembly Election Madhya Pradesh
| map_image = 2013 Legislative Assembly Election Madhya Pradesh.png
| map_size = 300px
| map_caption = 2013 Legislative Assembly Election Madhya Pradesh
| map2_image = Bharat Madhya Pradesh Vidhan Sabha 2013.svg
| map2_caption = Structure of the [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] after the election
| map2_size = 300px
| title = Chief Minister
| before_election = [[Shivraj Singh Chouhan]]
| before_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| after_election = [[Shivraj Singh Chouhan]]
| after_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| image3 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Mayawati.jpg|bSize=100|cWidth=80|cHeight=100|oLeft=10|oTop=03}}
| last_election3 =
| leader3 = [[Mayawati]]
| leader_since3 = 2003
| leaders_seat3 = ''Did not contest''
| party3 = Bahujan Samaj Party
| percentage3 = 6.29%
| popular_vote3 = 2,127,959
| seat_change3 = {{decrease}} 3
| seats_before3 = 7
| seats_after3 = 4
| swing3 = {{decrease}} 2.71%
}}

A Legislative Assembly election was held on 25 November 2013 in [[Madhya Pradesh]], India,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ndtv.com/article/india/election-commission-announces-poll-dates-for-five-states-highlights-427827|title=Election Commission announces poll dates for five states: highlights|website=Ndtv.com|access-date=17 July 2018}}</ref> with the result announced on 8 December.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.oneindia.com/new-delhi/assembly-election-dates-detail-rajasthan-mp-mizoram-chhattisgarh-delhi-1318382.html|title=Assembly Election Schedule – Election Commission – Delhi – Chhattisgarh – Mizoram – Madhya Pradesh – Rajasthan|website=News.oneindia.com|access-date=17 July 2018}}</ref> Along with four other state assembly elections, these were the first elections in which the [[Election Commission of India]] (ECI) implemented a "[[None of the above]]" (NOTA) voting option, allowing the electorate to register a neutral vote but not to outright reject candidates. In a first, the Election Commission of India also appointed '''Central Awareness Observers''', whose main task was to oversee voter awareness and facilitation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.biharprabha.com/2013/10/list-of-poll-dates-for-2013-assembly-elections-in-five-states/|title=List of Poll Dates for 2013 Assembly Elections in five states|website=Biharprabha.com|access-date=17 July 2018}}</ref>

==Opinion polls==
All major pre-poll surveys predicted [[BJP]]'s win.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Survey by !! BJP !! Congress !! [[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]] !! Others
|-
| [[India Today]] Group-ORG Poll <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/india-today-opinion-poll-madhya-pradesh-goes-to-bjp-shivraj-chouhan-as-cm-216773-2013-11-06|title=BJP wave to continue in Madhya Pradesh: India Today Group-ORG Poll|website=India Today|access-date=17 July 2018}}</ref> || 143 || 78 || – || 9
|-
| [[ABP News]]-[[Dainik Bhaskar]]-[[Nielsen Media Research|Nielsen]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-survey-predicts-bjp-win-in-madhya-pradesh-1922260|title=Survey predicts BJP win in Madhya Pradesh|date=20 November 2013|website=Dnaindia.com|access-date=17 July 2018}}</ref> || 155 || 65 || – || 10
|-
| [[Centre for the Study of Developing Societies|CSDS]]-[[CNN-IBN]]-[[The Week]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/prepoll-survey-bjp-sweeps-madhya-pradesh-may-win-148160-seats/431055-37-64.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131030234006/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/prepoll-survey-bjp-sweeps-madhya-pradesh-may-win-148160-seats/431055-37-64.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 October 2013|title=News18.com: CNN-News18 Breaking News India, Latest News Headlines, Live News Updates|website=News18|access-date=17 July 2018}}</ref> || 148–160 || 52–62 || 3–7 || 10–18
|-
| Actual Results || 165 || 58 || 4 || 3
|}

==List of declared candidates==
A total of 2,586 candidates<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/politics/brisk-voting-in-mp-26-percent-cast-votes-by-noon-1248629.html|title=Brisk voting in MP: 26 percent cast votes by noon|website=Firstpost.com|date=25 November 2013 |access-date=17 July 2018}}</ref> filled their nomination for 230 seats spread across 51 [[List of districts of Madhya Pradesh|districts]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/madhya-pradesh-polls-list-of-congress-bjp-candidates/432155-80-260.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105083106/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/madhya-pradesh-polls-list-of-congress-bjp-candidates/432155-80-260.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 November 2013|title=News18.com: CNN-News18 Breaking News India, Latest News Headlines, Live News Updates|website=News18|access-date=17 July 2018}}</ref>

Prominent [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] candidates included former [[List of Chief Ministers of Madhya Pradesh|CM]] [[Babulal Gaur]] (Govindpura constituency in Bhopal), [[Gopal Bhargava]] (Rehli in Sagar), [[Kailash Vijayvargiya]] (Mhow in Indore) and former [[List of Prime Ministers of India|PM]], [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]’s nephew [[Anoop Mishra]] (Bhitarvar in Gwalior).

Prominent [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] candidates included former Union Minister [[Suresh Pachouri]] (Bhojpur), leader of the opposition in the assembly [[Ajay Singh (Madhya Pradesh politician)|Ajay Singh]] (Churhat), [[Digvijaya Singh]]’s son [[Jaivardhan Singh]] (Raghogarh), and Sachin Yadav, son of former Deputy CM, [[Subhash Yadav]] (Kasravad).

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! # !! Constituency !! [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] !! [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] !! Others
|-
| 001 || [[Sheopur Assembly constituency|Sheopur]] || Brijraj Singh Chouhan || Durgalal Vijay ||
|-
| 002 || [[Vijaypur, Madhya Pradesh Assembly constituency|Vijaypur]] || Ram Niwas Rawat || Sitaram Aadivashi ||
|-
| 003 || [[Sabalgarh Assembly constituency|Sabalgarh]] || Suresh Choudhary || Maherban Singh Rawat ||
|-
| 004 || [[Joura Assembly constituency|Joura]] || Banwari Lal || Subedar Singh Sikar ||
|-
| 005 || [[Sumawali Assembly constituency|Sumawali]] || Adal Singh Kansana || Satyapal Singh ||
|-
| 006 || [[Morena Assembly constituency|Morena]] ||Dinesh Gurjar || [[Rustam Singh (politician)|Rustam Singh]] ||
|-
| 007 || [[Dimani Assembly constituency|Dimani]] ||Ravindra Singh Tomar Bhidausa || Shivamangal Singh ||
|-
| 008 || [[Ambah Assembly constituency|Ambah]] || Amarsingh Sakhwar || Banshi Lal Jatav ||
|-
| 009 || [[Ater Assembly constituency|Ater]] || Satyadev Katare || Arvind Singh Bhadoriya ||
|-
| 010 || [[Bhind Assembly constituency|Bhind]] || || ||
|-
| 011 || [[Lahar Assembly constituency|Lahar]] || Govind Singh || Rasal Singh ||
|-
| 012 ||[[Mehgaon Assembly constituency|Mehgaon]] || OPS Bhadoria || Mukesh Singh Chaturvedi||
|-
| 013 || [[Gohad Assembly constituency|Gohad (SC)]] || Mewaram Jatav || Lalsingh Arya ||
|-
| 014 || [[Gwalior Rural Assembly constituency|Gwalior Rural]] || [[Ramsevak Singh (Babuji)]] || Bharat Singh Kushwaha ||
|-
| 015 || [[Gwalior Assembly constituency|Gwalior]] || Pradyumn Singh Tomar || Jaibhan Singh Pavaia, Ex-MP ||
|-
| 016 || [[Gwalior East Assembly constituency|Gwalior East]] || Munnalal Goyal || Maya Singh ||
|-
| 017 || [[Gwalior South Assembly constituency|Gwalior South]] ||Ramesh Goyal || Narain Singh Kushwah ||
|-
| 018 || [[Bhitarwar Assembly constituency|Bhitarwar]] || Lakhan Singh Yadav || Anoop Mishra ||
|-
| 019 || [[Dabra Assembly constituency|Dabra]] || Ms. Imarti Devi ||Suresh Raje ||
|-
| 020 || [[Sewda Assembly constituency|Sewda]] || Pradeep Aggarwal || ||
|-
| 021 || [[Bhander Assembly constituency|Bhander (SC)]] || Arun Kumar Bharti || ||
|-
| 022 || [[Datia Assembly constituency|Datia]] || || Dr. Narottam Mishra||
|-
| 023 || [[Karera Assembly constituency|Karera (SC)]] || Smt. Shakuntala Khatik || Om Prakash Khatik ||
|-
| 024 || [[Pohari Assembly constituency|Pohari]] || Hari Vallabh Shukla || Prahlad Bharti ||
|-
| 025 || [[Shivpuri Assembly constituency|Shivpuri]] || Yashodhara Raje, MP || ||
|-
| 026 || [[Pichhore Assembly constituency|Pichhore]] || K.P. Singh Kakkajoo || ||
|-
| 027 || [[Kolaras Assembly constituency|Kolaras]] || Ram Singh || Devendra Jain ||
|-
| 028 || [[Bamori Assembly constituency|Bamori]] || Mahendra Singh Sisodia || ||
|-
| 029 || [[Guna Assembly constituency|Guna (SC)]] || Neeraj Nigam || Panna Lal Shakya ||
|-
| 030 || [[Chachoura Assembly constituency|Chachoura]] || Shivnarayan Meena || [[Mamta Meena]] ||
|-
| 031 || [[Raghogarh Assembly constituency|Raghogarh]] || Radheyshyam Dhakar || ||
|-
| 032 || [[Ashok Nagar Assembly constituency|Ashok Nagar (SC)]] || Gopilal Jatav || ||
|-
| 033 || [[Chanderi Assembly constituency|Chanderi]] || || ||
|-
| 034 || [[Mungaoli Assembly constituency|Mungaoli]] || Deshraj Singh || ||
|-
| 035 || [[Bina Assembly constituency|Bina (SC)]] || Ms. Nirmala Sapre || Mahesh Rai ||
|-
| 036 || [[Khurai, Madhya Pradesh Assembly constituency|Khurai]] || Arunodaya Choubey || Bhupendra Singh, MP ||
|-
| 037 || [[Surkhi Assembly constituency|Surkhi]] || Govindsingh Rajput || Parul Sahu ||
|-
| 038 || [[Deori Assembly constituency|Deori]] || Ratan Singh Silarpur, Ex-MLA || ||
|-
| 039 || [[Rehli Assembly constituency|Rehli]] || Gopal Bhargav || ||
|-
| 040 || [[Naryoli Assembly constituency|Naryoli]] || || ||
|-
| 041 || [[Sagar, Madhya Pradesh Assembly constituency|Sagar]] || Shailendra Jain || ||
|-
| 042 || [[Banda, Madhya Pradesh Assembly constituency|Banda]] || Narayan Prajapati || ||
|-
| 043 || [[Tikamgarh Assembly constituency|Tikamgarh]] || Yadvendra Singh || K.K. Srivastava ||
|-
| 044 || [[Jatara Assembly constituency|Jatara (SC)]] || Harishankar Khatik || ||
|-
| 045 || [[Prithvipur Assembly constituency|Prithvipur]] || Brajendra Singh || Anita Nayak ||
|-
| 046 || [[Niwari Assembly constituency|Niwari]] || || ||
|-
| 047 || [[Khargapur Assembly constituency|Khargapur]] || Rahul Singh || ||
|-
| 048 || [[Maharajpur, Madhya Pradesh Assembly constituency|Maharajpur]] || Mahendra Chaurasiya || Kunwar Manvendra Singh ||
|-
| 049 || [[Chandla Assembly constituency|Chandla (SC)]] || R.D. Prajapati || ||
|-
| 050 || [[Rajnagar, Madhya Pradesh Assembly constituency|Rajnagar]] || Kunwar Vikram Singh Nati Raja || Dr. Ramkrishna Kushmaria ||
|-
| 051 || [[Chhatarpur, Madhya Pradesh Assembly constituency|Chhatarpur]] || Alok Chaturvedi || [[Lalita Yadav]] ||
|-
| 052 || [[Bijawar Assembly constituency|Bijawar]] || Rajesh Shukla || [[Pushpendra Nath Pathak]]||
|-
| 053 || [[Malhara Assembly constituency|Malhara]]|| Tilak Singh Lodhi || [[Rekha Yadav]] ||
|-
| 054 || [[Pathariya Assembly constituency|Pathariya]] || Lakhan Patel || ||
|-
| 055 || [[Damoh Assembly constituency|Damoh]] || Jayant Malaiya || ||
|-
| 056 || [[Jabera Assembly constituency|Jabera]]|| Pratap Singh || Dashrath Singh ||
|-
| 057 || [[Hatta Assembly constituency|Hatta (SC)]] || || ||
|-
| 058 || [[Pawai Assembly constituency|Pawai]] ||Pandit Mukesh Nayak || [[Brijendra Pratap Singh]] ||
|-
| 059 || [[Gunnaor Assembly constituency|Gunnaor (SC)]]|| || ||
|-
| 060 || [[Panna Assembly constituency|Panna]] || Sushree Kushum Mehdele || ||
|-
| 061 || [[Chitrakoot, Madhya Pradesh Assembly constituency|Chitrakoot]] || Prem Singh || [[Surendra Singh Gaharwar]]||
|-
| 062 || [[Raigaon Assembly constituency|Raigaon (SC)]] || Pushpraj Bagari || ||
|-
| 063 || [[Satna Assembly constituency|Satna]] || Rajaram Tripathi || Shankarlal Tiwari ||
|-
| 064 || [[Nagod Assembly constituency|Nagod]] || Yadvendra Singh || Gagnendra Pratap Singh ||
|-
| 065 || [[Maihar Assembly constituency|Maihar]] || Narayan Tripathi || ||
|-
| 066 || [[Amarpatan Assembly constituency|Amarpatan]] || Dr. Rajendra Kumar Singh || ||
|-
| 067 || [[Rampur-Baghelan Assembly constituency|Rampur-Baghelan]]|| Kamlendra Singh Kamlu || Harsh Singh ||
|-
| 068 || [[Sirmour Assembly constituency|Sirmour]] || Dr Vivek Tiwari || Divyaraj Singh ||
|-
| 069 || [[Semariya Assembly constituency|Semariya]]|| || ||
|-
| 070 || [[Teonthar Assembly constituency|Teonthar]] || Ramakant Tiwari || ||
|-
| 071 || [[Mauganj Assembly constituency|Mauganj]] || Laxman Tiwari || ||
|-
| 072 || [[Deotalab Assembly constituency|Deotalab]]|| || Girish Goutam ||
|-
| 073 || [[Mangawan Assembly constituency|Mangawan (SC)]] || Trivedi Prasad Maitraiy || ||
|-
| 074 || [[Rewa Assembly constituency|Rewa]] || || Rajendra Shukla ||
|-
| 075 || [[Gurh Assembly constituency|Gurh]] || Nagendra Singh || ||
|-
| 076 || [[Churhat Assembly constituency|Churhat]] || Ajay Arjun Singh || Sarvendu Tiwari ||
|-
| 077 || [[Sidhi Assembly constituency|Sidhi]] || Kamleshwar Dwivedi || Kedarnath Shukla ||
|-
| 078 || [[Sihawal Assembly constituency|Sihawal]]|| || Vishwamitra Pathak ||
|-
| 079 || [[Chitrangi Assembly constituency|Chitrangi (ST)]]|| Jagannath Singh || ||
|-
| 080 || [[Singrauli Assembly constituency|Singrauli]] || Ramlallu Vaishya || ||
|-
| 081 || [[Devsar, Madhya Pradesh Assembly constituency|Devsar (SC)]]|| [[Rajendra Meshram]]|| ||
|-
| 082 || [[Dhauhani Assembly constituency|Dhauhani (ST)]] || R.D. Singh || Kunwar Singh Tekam ||
|-
| 083 || [[Beohari Assembly constituency|Beohari (ST)]] || Ram Pal Singh || Ram Prasad Singh Paraste ||
|-
| 084 || [[Jaisingnagar Assembly constituency|Jaisingnagar (ST)]] || Dhyan Singh Marko ||Mrs. Pramila Singh ||
|-
| 085 ||[[Jaitpur Assembly constituency|Jaitpur (ST)]]|| Lallan Singh || Jaisingh Maravi ||
|-
| 086 || [[Kotma Assembly constituency|Kotma]] || Rajesh Soni || ||
|-
| 087 || [[Anuppur Assembly constituency|Anuppur (ST)]]|| Bisahulal Singh || Ramlal Rotal ||
|-
| 088 || [[Pushprajgarh Assembly constituency|Pushprajgarh (ST)]] || Phundelal Singh Marko || ||
|-
| 089 || [[Bandhavgarh Assembly constituency|Bandhavgarh (ST)]] || Pyarelal Baiga || ||
|-
| 090 || [[Manpur Assembly constituency|Manpur (ST)]] || Ms. Sakuntala Pradhan || [[Meena Singh (Manpur politician)|Meena Singh]]||
|-
| 091 || [[Barwara Assembly constituency|Barwara (ST)]] || Basanth S (Bijay Raghvendra Singh) || ||
|-
| 092 || [[Vijayraghavgarh Assembly constituency|Vijayraghavgarh]] || [[Sanjay Pathak]]|| Padma Shukla ||
|-
| 093 || [[Murwara Assembly constituency|Murwara]] || || ||
|-
| 094 || [[Bahoriband Assembly constituency|Bahoriband]] || Dr. Nishith Patel || Prabhat Pandey ||
|-
| 095 || [[Patan, Madhya Pradesh Assembly constituency|Patan]] || Ajay Vishnoi || ||
|-
| 096 || [[Bargi Assembly constituency|Bargi]] || Suraj Tiwari || ||
|-
| 097 || [[Jabalpur East Assembly constituency|Jabalpur Purv (SC)]] || Lakhan Ghanghoria ||[[Anchal Sonkar]] ||
|-
| 098 || Jabalpur North Assembly constituency|Jabalpur Uttar || Naresh Sarraf || Sharad Jain ||
|-
| 099 || [[Jabalpur Cantonment Assembly constituency|Jabalpur Cantt.]] || Ashok Rohani || ||
|-
| 100 || [[Jabalpur West Assembly constituency|Jabalpur Paschim]] || Tarun Bhanot || Harendra Singh Babbu ||
|-
| 101 || [[Panagar Assembly constituency|Panagar]] || || ||
|-
| 102 || [[Sihora Assembly constituency|Sihora (ST)]] || Mrs. Jamuna Maravi || ||
|-
| 103 || [[Shahpura, Madhya Pradesh Assembly constituency|Shahpura (ST)]] || Mrs. Ganga Bai Ureti || Om Prakash Dhurve ||
|-
| 104 || [[Dindori, Madhya Pradesh Assembly constituency|Dindori (SC)]] || Omkar Singh Markam || Jai Singh Maravi ||
|-
| 105 || [[Bichhiya Assembly constituency|Bichhiya (ST)]]|| Narayan Singh Patta || Pandit Singh Dhurve ||
|-
| 106 || [[Niwas]] || Patiram Pandro || Rampyare Kulaste ||
|-
| 107 || [[Mandla]] || Sanjeev Chhotelal Uike || Sampatia Uike ||
|-
| 108 || [[Baihar]] || Sanjay Uike || Bhagat Singh Netam ||
|-
| 109 || [[Lanji]] || Ms. Heena Kavre || Ramesh Bhatere ||
|-
| 110 || [[Paraswada]]|| Ms. Madhu Bhagat || Ramkishore Kanware ||
|-
| 111 || [[Balaghat]] || Gourishankar Bisen || ||
|-
| 112 || [[Waraseoni]] || Pradeep Amritlal Jaiswal || Dr. Yogendra Nirmal ||
|-
| 113 || [[Katangi]] || K.D. Deshmukh, MP || ||
|-
| 114 || [[Barghat]] || Arjun Singh Kakodiya || Kamal Maskule ||
|-
| 115 || [[Seoni]] || Naresh Diwakar || ||
|-
| 116 || [[Keolari]] || Rajanish Singh || Dr. Dhal Singh Bisen ||
|-
| 117 || [[Lakhnadon]] || Shashi Thakur || ||
|-
| 118 || [[Gotegaon]] || Narmada Prasad Prajapati || ||
|-
| 119 || [[Narsingpur]] || Sunil Jaiswal || ||
|-
| 120 || [[Narsingpur]] || || ||
|-
| 121 || [[Gadarwara]] || Mrs. [[Sadhana Sthapak]] || ||
|-
| 122 || [[Junnardeo]] || Mathan Shah || ||
|-
| 123 || [[Amarwara]] || Kamlesh Pratap Shah || ||
|-
| 124 || [[Churai]]|| || ||
|-
| 125 || [[Saunsar]]|| || Nanabhau Mohod ||
|-
| 126 || [[Chhindwara]] || Deepak Saxena || ||
|-
| 127 || [[Dongar Parasia|Parasia]] || Sohanlal Valmiki || Tarachand Bavariya ||
|-
| 128 || [[Pandhurna]] || Jatin Uike || ||
|-
| 129 || [[Multai]] || Sukhdeo Panse ||[[Chandrashekhar Deshmukh]]||
|-
| 130 || [[Amla, Madhya Pradesh|Amla]] || Ms. Sunita Bhele || Chetram Manekar ||
|-
| 131 || [[Betul, Madhya Pradesh|Betul]] || Hemant Wagdre || Rajeev Khandelwal ||
|-
| 132 || [[Ghoradongri]] || Sajjan Singh Uike || ||
|-
| 133 || [[Bhainsdehi]] || Dharmu Singh Siryam || Mahenra Singh Chouhan ||
|-
| 134 || [[Timarni]] || Sanjay Shah || ||
|-
| 135 || [[Harda]] || R.K. Dogne || Kamal Patel ||
|-
| 136 || [[Seoni]] – [[Malwa]] || Hajarilal Raghuwanshi || Sartaj Singh ||
|-
| 137 || [[Hoshangabad]] || Dr. Sitasharan Sharma || ||
|-
| 138 || [[Sohagpur]] || Vijay Pal Singh || ||
|-
| 139 || [[Pipariya, Hoshangabad|Pipariya]] || Ms. Mamta Nagoatra || Thakur Das Nagvanshi ||
|-
| 140 || [[Udaipura]] || Bhagwan Singh Rajpoot ||Ramkishan patel ||
|-
| 141 || [[Bhojpur, Madhya Pradesh|Bhojpur]] || Surendra Patwa || ||
|-
| 142 || [[Sanchi]] || Dr. Prabhuram Choudhary || Dr. [[Gauri Shankar Shejwar]] ||
|-
| 143 || [[Silwani]]|| || Rampal Singh ||
|-
| 144 || [[Vidisha]] || Shashank Bhargav || Kalyan Singh ||
|-
| 145 || [[Basoda]] || Hari Singh Raghuvanshi || ||
|-
| 146 || [[Kurwai]] || Panbai Panthi || Veer Singh Panwar ||
|-
| 147 || [[Sironj]] || Laxmikant Sharma || ||
|-
| 148 || Shamshabad || Ms. Jyotsana Yadav || Surya Prakash Meena ||
|-
| 149 || [[Berasia]] || Mahesh Ratnakar || Vishnu Khatri ||
|-
| 150 || [[Bhopal]] Uttar || Arif Aqueel || Aarif Beg, Ex-MP ||
|-
| 151 || [[Narela, Bhopal]] || Vishwas Sarang || ||
|-
| 152 || Bhopal Dakshin-Paschim || Sanjeev Saxena || Umashankar Gupta ||
|-
| 153 || Bhopal Madhya || || ||
|-
| 154 || [[Govindpura Assembly constituency|Govindpura]] || Govind Goyal || [[Babulal Gaur]] ||
|-
| 155 || [[Huzur]] || Jitendra Kumar Daga || ||
|-
| 156 || [[Budhni]] || [[Shivraj Singh Chouhan]], CM || ||
|-
| 157 || [[Ashta, Madhya Pradesh|Ashta]] || kailash parmar || Ranjeet Singh Gunwan ||
|-
| 158 || [[Ichhawar]] || Shailendra Patel || Karan Singh Verma ||
|-
| 159 || [[Sehore]] || Usha Saxena || ||
|-
| 160 || [[Narsinghgarh, Rajgarh|Narsinghgarh]] || Girish Bhandari || Mohan Sharma ||
|-
| 161 || [[Biaora]] ||Govardhan Dangi || ||
|-
| 162 || [[Rajgarh, Madhya Pradesh|Rajgarh]] || [[Amar Singh Yadav]] || ||
|-
| 163 || [[Khilchipur]] || [[Priyavrat Singh]] ||[[Kunwar Hajarilal Dangi]]||
|-
| 164 || [[Sarangpur, Madhya Pradesh|Sarangpur]] || Krishna Mohan Malviya || Kunwar Kothar ||
|-
| 165 || [[Susner]] || Vallab Bhai Ambavatia || ||
|-
| 166 || [[Agar, Madhya Pradesh|Agar]] || Madhu Gehlot || ||
|-
| 167 || [[Shajapur]] || Karada Hukum Singh || ||
|-
| 168 || [[Shujalpur]] || Mahendra Joshi || Jaswant Singh Hada ||
|-
| 169 || [[Kalapipal]] || || ||
|-
| 170 || [[Sonkatch]] ||arjun verma || Rajendra Verma ||
|-
| 171 || [[Dewas]] ||surekha verma || Tukojirao Panwar* ||
|-
| 172 || [[Hatpipliya Assembly constituency|Hatpipliya]] ||thakur rajendra singh baghel || [[Deepak Joshi]] ||
|-
| 173 || [[Khategaon]] ||shyam holani || ashish sharma ||
|-
| 174 || Bagali || Ter Singh Devda || Champalal Devda ||
|-
| 175 || [[Mandhata]] || Lokendra Singh Tomar || ||
|-
| 176 || [[Harsud]] || Surajbhan Singh Solanki || Vijay Shah ||
|-
| 177 || [[Khandwa]] || [[Devendra Verma]] || ||
|-
| 178 || [[Pandhana]] || Nandu Bare || ||
|-
| 179 || [[Nepanagar]] || Ramkishan Patel || Rajendra Dadu ||
|-
| 180 || [[Burhanpur]] || Archana Chitnish || ||
|-
| 181 || [[Bhikangaon]] ||jhuma solanki || Nanda Brahmane ||
|-
| 182 || [[Badwah]] ||rajendra singh solanki || hitendra singh solanki ||
|-
| 183 || [[Maheshwar]] ||sunil khande || Rajkumar Mev ||
|-
| 184 || [[Kasrawad]] ||Sachin Yadav || Atmaram Patel ||
|-
| 185 || [[Khargone]] || Ravi Joshi || Balkrishna Patidar ||
|-
| 186 || [[Bhagwanpura Assembly constituency|Bhagwanpura]] || [[Vijay Singh Solanki]] || Gajendra Patel ||
|-
| 187 || [[Sendhawa]] || Antar Singh Arya || ||
|-
| 188 || Rajpur || [[Bala Bachchan]] || ||
|-
| 189 || [[Pansemal]] || Deewan Singh || ||
|-
| 190 || [[Badwani]] || Ramesh Patel || Prem Singh ||
|-
| 191 || [[Alirajpur]] || Nagar Singh || ||
|-
| 192 || [[Jobat]] || Madhav Singh Dabar || ||
|-
| 193 || [[Jhabua]] || || ||
|-
| 194 || [[Thandla]] || Gour Singh Vasuniya || ||
|-
| 195 || [[Petlawad]] || Walsingh Meda || Nirmala Bhuriya ||
|-
| 196 || [[Sardarpur]] || Pratap Grevval || Vel Singh Bhuriya ||
|-
| 197 || [[Gandhwani]] || Umang Singhar || ||
|-
| 198 || [[Kukshi]]|| Surendra Singh Honey Baghel|| Mukam Singh Kirade||
|-
| 199 || [[Manawar]] || || ||
|-
| 200 || [[Dharampuri]] || Panchilal Meda || ||
|-
| 201 || [[Dhar]] || [[Neena Verma]] || ||
|-
| 202 || [[Badnawar]] || Rajvardhan Singh Premsingh || bhairo singh shekhawat ||
|-
| 203 || [[Depalpur, India|Depalpur]] ||satynaran patel || Manoj Patel ||
|-
| 204 || [[Indore]] – 1 ||Dipu Yadav || [[Sudarshan Gupta]] ||
|-
| 205 || Indore – 2 ||chhotu shukla || [[Ramesh Mendola]] ||
|-
| 206 || Indore – 3 || Ashwin Joshi || [[Usha Thakur]] ||
|-
| 207 || Indore – 4 || Suresh Minda || [[Malini Gaur]] ||
|-
| 208 || Indore – 5 ||Pankaj Sanghavi || [[Mahendra Hardia]] ||
|-
| 209 || Dr. Ambedkarnagar ([[Mhow]]) || [[Antar Singh Darbar]] || [[Kailash Vijayvargiya]] ||
|-
| 210 || [[Rau]] || [[Jitu Patwari]] || [[Jitu Jirati]] ||
|-
| 211 || [[Sanwer]] || [[Tulsiram Silawat]] || [[Rajesh Sonkar]] ||
|-
| 212 || [[Nagada]] – [[Khachrod]] || Dilip Singh Gurjar || ||
|-
| 213 || [[Mahidpur]] || Dr. Kalpana Parulekar || bahadur singh ||
|-
| 214 || Tarana ||rajendra malviy ||anil firojiya ||
|-
| 215 || [[Ghatiya]] || Ram Lal Malviya || satish malaviya ||
|-
| 216 || [[Ujjain]] Uttar ||Vivek Yadav ||paras jain ||
|-
| 217 || Ujjain Dakshin ||jai singh || Dr Mohan Yadav ||
|-
| 218 || [[Badnagar]] || || ||
|-
| 219 || [[Ratlam]] Rural || [[Mathuralal Damar]]|| ||
|-
| 220 || Ratlam City|| Chetanya Kasyap || Aditi Davesar || Himmat Kothari
|-
| 221 || [[Sailana]] || Sangeeta Charel || ||
|-
| 222 || [[Jaora]] || [[Rajendra Pandey (Indian politician)|Rajendra Pandey]]|| ||
|-
| 223 || [[Alot, Madhya Pradesh|Alot]] || || ||
|-
| 224 || [[Mandsaur]] || Mahendra Singh Gurjar || ||
|-
| 225 || [[Malhargarh]] || Jagdish Deoda || ||
|-
| 226 || [[Suwasra]]|| || ||
|-
| 227 || [[Garoth]] || Subhash Kumar Sojatia || ||
|-
| 228 || [[Manasa, Madhya Pradesh|Manasa]] || Vijendra Singh Malaheda (Vijju) || ||
|-
| 229 || [[Neemuch]] || Nand Kishor Patel || ||
|-
| 230 || [[Jawad, India|Jawad]] || Om Prakash Saklecha || ||
|}
* = Puar died of cardiac arrest on 20 June 2015.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/indore/BJP-MLA-Tukoji-Puar-dies-of-cardiac-arrest/articleshow/47745744.cms|title=BJP MLA Tukoji Puar dies of cardiac arrest|newspaper=[[Times of India]]|access-date=17 July 2018}}</ref>

==Campaign==
On 10 November, [[Chief Minister of Madhya Pradesh|CM]] [[Shivraj Singh Chouhan]], who won an election from the [[Budhni]] seat in [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election 2008|2008]], decided to run again from two seats, Budhni and [[Vidisha]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/politics/mp-2013-is-bjps-shivraj-chouhan-on-the-back-foot-1220817.html|title=MP 2013: Is BJP's Shivraj Chouhan on the back foot? |website=Firstpost.com|date=10 November 2013 |access-date=17 July 2018}}</ref>

A large number of rallies took place prior to elections addressed by various local and national level party leaders including [[BJP]]'s prime ministerial candidate for forthcoming [[2014 Indian general election|General Elections]], [[Narendra Modi]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/narendra-modis-rally-in-bhopal-today--turnout-may-cross-7.5-lakh-claims-bjp/1173805/|title=Narendra Modi's rally in Bhopal today; turnout may cross 7.5 lakh, claims BJP – Indian Express|website=Indianexpress.com|date=25 September 2013 |access-date=17 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://zeenews.india.com/assembly-elections-2013/madhya-pradesh-polls/narendra-modi-to-address-rallies-in-madhya-pradesh-delhi-today_891865.html|title=Congress will never do anything for poor: Narendra Modi in MP|date=23 November 2013|website=Zeenews.india.com|access-date=17 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/live-narendra-modi-addresses-rally-in-mandsaur/435733-80-260.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131125033556/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/live-narendra-modi-addresses-rally-in-mandsaur/435733-80-260.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 November 2013|title=News18.com: CNN-News18 Breaking News India, Latest News Headlines, Live News Updates|website=News18|access-date=17 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.oneindia.in/bhopal/do-not-let-congress-come-to-mp-narendra-modi-at-khandwa-rally-1345887.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202225034/http://news.oneindia.in/bhopal/do-not-let-congress-come-to-mp-narendra-modi-at-khandwa-rally-1345887.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=December 2, 2013|title=Do not let Congress come to MP: Narendra Modi at Khandwa rally|website=News.oneindia.com|access-date=17 July 2018}}</ref> and [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] vice president, [[Rahul Gandhi]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/rahul-gandhi-addresses-rally-in-gwalior-highlights-433454|title=Rahul Gandhi addresses rally in Gwalior: highlights|website=Ndtv.com|access-date=17 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-live-rahul-gandhi-addresses-rally-in-kukshi-madhya-pradesh-1922067|title=Live: Rahul Gandhi addresses rally in Kukshi, Madhya Pradesh|date=20 November 2013|website=Dnaindia.com|access-date=17 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oneindia.com/bhopal/congress-believes-in-delivering-on-promises-rahul-gandhi-in-mp-rally-1345971.html|title=Congress believes in delivering on promises: Rahul Gandhi in MP rally|website=News.oneindia.com|access-date=17 July 2018}}</ref>

BJP leader and Chief Ministerial candidate Shivraj Singh Chouhan used 3D Virtual Live Technology<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/politics/shivraj-chouhan-does-a-modi-to-use-3d-tech-for-poll-campaign-675895.html|title=Shivraj Chouhan does a Modi, to use 3D tech for poll campaign |website=Firstpost.com|date=26 March 2013 |access-date=17 July 2018}}</ref> to address various rallies simultaneously from one place. This technology was previously used by the then [[Chief Minister of Gujarat|Gujarat Chief Minister]], Narendra Modi<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/narendra-modi-s-3d-avatar-enters-guinness-world-records-342781|title=Narendra Modi's 3D avatar enters Guinness World Records|website=Ndtv.com|access-date=17 July 2018}}</ref> during [[2012 Gujarat legislative assembly election]]

BJP extensively campaigned on [[social media]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/politics/delhi-polls-why-aap-bjp-are-taking-social-media-seriously-1223025.html|title=Delhi polls: Why AAP, BJP are taking social media seriously|website=Firstpost.com|date=11 November 2013 |access-date=17 July 2018}}</ref> including [[Twitter]] and [[Facebook]] to attract young and first time voters. BJP's [[mobile app]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/review-the-bjp-iphone-app/138411-11.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101228030930/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/review-the-bjp-iphone-app/138411-11.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 December 2010|title=News18.com: CNN-News18 Breaking News India, Latest News Headlines, Live News Updates|website=News18|access-date=17 July 2018}}</ref> was also released in a view of upcoming state and [[2014 Indian general election|General Elections]] on various platforms including [[Android (operating system)|Android]], [[iOS]], and [[Symbian]].

ECI also made people aware of the newly introduced [[None of the above#India|NOTA]] button on [[Indian voting machines|EVMs]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/current/PN_28102013.pdf|title=Election Commission of India: Press release|website=Eci.nic.in|access-date=17 July 2018}}</ref>

==Controversies==
On 5 November, [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] speaker and [[Jabalpur Cantonment]] MLA, [[Ishwar Das Rohani]] died following a heart attack.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-madhya-pradesh-assembly-speaker-ishwar-das-rohani-passes-away-1914006|title=Madhya Pradesh Assembly Speaker Ishwar Das Rohani passes away|date=5 November 2013|website=Dna.india.com|access-date=17 July 2018}}</ref>

Polls were conducted peacefully and no major untoward incident was reported,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/fwire/enthusiastic-turnout-in-madhya-pradesh-poll-1249571.html|title=Enthusiastic turnout in Madhya Pradesh poll |website=Firstpost.com|date=25 November 2013 |access-date=17 July 2018}}</ref> however, the [[Election Commission of India|Election Commission]] said minor incidents of violence were reported from [[Bhind district|Bhind]] and [[Morena district|Morena]] districts.<ref name="firstpost.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/fwire/madhya-pradesh-records-highest-voter-turnout-1249669.html|title=Madhya Pradesh records highest voter turnout |website=Firstpost.com|access-date=17 July 2018}}</ref>

An assistant poll official in [[Katni district]]’s [[Vijayraghavgarh]] seat, KB Shrivastava, died of a heart attack while on duty.<ref name="firstpost.com1">{{cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/mp-polls-18-percent-voter-turn-out-till-11-am-1248193.html|title=MP polls: 18 percent voter turn out till 11 am |website=Firstpost.com|date=25 November 2013 |access-date=17 July 2018}}</ref> A case was registered against state minister [[Ranjana Baghel]] in [[Dhar district]] for allegedly bribing voters.<ref name="firstpost.com"/>

==Election==
[[Voter-verified paper audit trail]] (VVPAT) along with EVMs was used in 1 assembly seat in Madhya Pradesh elections.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/election-commission-to-seek-rs-2-000-crore-for-vvpat-system/article1-1148899.aspx |title = Election Commission to seek Rs 2,000 crore for VVPAT system |access-date=2015-02-02 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150205104039/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/election-commission-to-seek-rs-2-000-crore-for-vvpat-system/article1-1148899.aspx |archive-date=2015-02-05 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.undp.org/content/dam/india/docs/In-the-News-2013/UNDP_India_in_the_news_0512201305.pdf.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2015-02-02 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150202155328/http://www.undp.org/content/dam/india/docs/In-the-News-2013/UNDP_India_in_the_news_0512201305.pdf.pdf |archive-date=2015-02-02 }}</ref> There were over 47 million voters were eligible to exercise their [[Universal suffrage|Right to Franchise]]. Polling for the 230-member [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly|assembly]] began at 0800 hours [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] and continued till 1700 hours, baring three [[Naxalite|Naxal]]-affected seats of Baihar, Paraswada and Lanjhi in [[Balaghat district]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/politics/polling-begins-in-madhya-pradesh-1247747.html|title=Polling begins in Madhya Pradesh |website=Firstpost.com|date=25 November 2013 |access-date=17 July 2018}}</ref> where it ended at 1500 hours.

Polling started with a brisk voter turnout reaching only 18%<ref name="firstpost.com1"/> till 1100 hours, however, turnout increased significantly after mid-day and reached 71% by the evening, surpassing the earlier 69.08% turnout recorded during [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election 2008|2008]] elections, making it the highest recorded voter turnout in [[Madhya Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/370951/madhya-pradesh-records-highest-voter.html|title=Madhya Pradesh records highest voter turnout|date=25 November 2013|website=Deccanherald.com|access-date=17 July 2018}}</ref>

==Results==
Counting of votes started on December 8, 2013 at 0800 hours IST which continued till later part of the evening. [[BJP]] emerged as the winner with 165 seats followed by [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] and [[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]] with 58 and 4 seats respectively. 3 Independent MLAs also won the polls.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eciresults.nic.in/PartyWiseResult.htm|title=Partywise Result|website=Eciresults.nic.in|access-date=17 July 2018|archive-date=15 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131215065208/http://eciresults.nic.in/PartyWiseResult.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://eciresults.nic.in/StatewiseS12.htm |title = Statewise Results |access-date=2013-12-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131211062714/http://www.eciresults.nic.in/statewiseS12.htm |archive-date=2013-12-11 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
<section begin=Results />
{{election table|title=Summary of the 1 December 2013 [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election, 2013]] election results}}
!colspan=10|[[File:Bharat Madhya Pradesh Vidhan Sabha 2013.svg]]
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Parties and coalitions
! colspan="3" |Popular vote
! colspan="3" |Seats
|-
! Votes !! % !! ±[[Percentage point|pp]]!!Contested!! Won !! +/−
|-style="text-align:right"
| {{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP)||15,191,335
|44.88||
|230|| 165 ||
|-style="text-align:right"
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Indian National Congress]] (INC)||12,315,253
|36.38||
|229|| 58 ||
|-style="text-align:right"
| {{party color cell|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Bahujan Samaj Party]] (BSP)||2,128,333
|6.29||
|227|| 4 || {{decrease}}3
|-style="text-align:right"
| {{party color cell|Independent politician}}
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Independent politician|Independents]] (IND)||1,820,251
|5.38||
|1096|| 3 ||
|-style="text-align:right"
| style="text-align:left;" colspan="2" |[[None of the Above in Indian Elections|None of the Above]] (NOTA)
|643,171
|1.90
|{{increase}}1.9
| colspan="3" style="background-color:#E9E9E9" |
|-
|- class="unsortable" style="background-color:#E9E9E9"
! colspan="8" |
|-style="text-align:right"
| colspan="2" style="text-align:left; " |'''Total'''
|'''33,852,504'''
|'''100.00'''
| style="background-color:#E9E9E9" |
|'''2813'''
|'''230'''
|'''±'''
|-
! colspan="8" |
|-style="text-align:right"
| colspan="2" style="text-align:left; " |Valid votes
| 33,852,504
|99.86
| colspan="5" rowspan="5" style="background-color:#E9E9E9" |
|-style="text-align:right"
| colspan="2" style="text-align:left; " |Invalid votes
|47,451
|0.14
|-style="text-align:right"
| colspan="2" style="text-align:left; " |'''Votes cast / turnout'''
|'''33,900,955'''
|'''72.69'''
|-style="text-align:right"
| colspan="2" style="text-align:left; " |Abstentions
|12,735,833
|27.31
|-style="text-align:right"
| colspan="2" style="text-align:left; " |'''Registered voters'''
|'''46,636,788 '''
| colspan="1" style="background-color:#E9E9E9" |
|-
! colspan="9" |
|-
| colspan="9" style="text-align:left; " |Source: Election Commission of India<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/MPAE_2013_stat_report.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2021-08-14 |archive-date=2015-04-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150424144129/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/MPAE_2013_stat_report.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|}<section end=Results />

=== Region-wise break up ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|- bgcolor="#cccccc"
! Region !! Total seats !! [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] !! [[Indian National Congress|INC]] !! [[Independent politician|IND]] !! [[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]]
|-
| [[Bagelkhand]] || 22 || bgcolor=#ff9933 | '''11''' || 9 || 0 || 2
|-
| [[Bhopal]] || 25 || bgcolor=#ff9933 | '''19''' || 5 || 1 || 0
|-
| [[Bundelkhand]] || 26 ||bgcolor=#ff9933 | '''19''' || 7 || 0 || 0
|-
| [[Gird, India|Gird]] || 34 ||bgcolor=#ff9933 | '''21''' || 11 || 0 || 2
|-
| [[Mahakoshal]] || 46 ||bgcolor=#ff9933 | '''29''' || 16 || 1 || 0
|-
| [[Malwa]] || 50 ||bgcolor=#ff9933 | '''45''' || 4 || 1 || 0
|-
| [[Narmadapuram]] || 11 || bgcolor=#ff9933 | '''10''' || 1 || 0 || 0
|-
| [[Nimar]] || 16 ||bgcolor=#ff9933 | '''11''' || 5 || 0 || 0
|-
| '''Total''' || '''230''' || '''165''' || '''58''' || '''3''' || '''4'''
|}

===Constituency-wise results===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! rowspan="2" |#
! rowspan="2" |Constituency
! colspan="4" |Winner
! colspan="4" |Runner-up
! rowspan="2" |Margin
|-
!Candidate
! colspan="2" |Party
!Votes
!Candidate
! colspan="2" |Party
!Votes
|-
| colspan="12" align="center" bgcolor="grey" | [[Sheopur district|'''Sheopur District''']]
|-
|1
|[[Sheopur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sheopur]]
|Durgalal Vijay
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|65,211
|[[Babu Jandel]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|48,784
|16,427
|-
|2
|[[Vijaypur, Madhya Pradesh Assembly constituency|Vijaypur]]
|[[Ramnivas Rawat|Ramniwas Rawat]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|67,358
|Sitaram Adiwashi
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|65,209
|2,149
|-
| colspan="12" align="center" bgcolor="grey" | [[Morena district|'''Morena District''']]
|-
|3
|[[Sabalgarh (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sabalgarh]]
|Meharban Singh Rawat
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|55,950
|Lal Singh Kewat
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|33,446
|22,504
|-
|4
|[[Joura (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Joura]]
|Subedar Singh
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|42,421
|Banwari Lal
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|39,923
|2,498
|-
|5
|[[Sumawali (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sumawali]]
|Neetu Satyapal Singh
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|61,557
|[[Ajab Singh Kushwah]]
| {{Party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|47,481
|14,076
|-
|6
|[[Morena (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Morena]]
|[[Rustam Singh (politician)|Rustam Singh]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|56,741
|Ramprakash
| {{Party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|55,046
|1,704
|-
|7
|[[Dimani (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Dimani]]
|Balveer Dandotiya
| {{Party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|44,718
|Ravindra Singh Tomar
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|42,612
|2,106
|-
|8
|[[Ambah (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Ambah (SC)]]
|Satyaprakash Sakhawar
| {{Party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|49,574
|Bansi Lal Jatav
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|38,286
|11,288
|-
| colspan="12" align="center" bgcolor="grey" | [[Bhind district|'''Bhind District''']]
|-
|9
|[[Ater (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Ater]]
|Satyadev Katare
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|45,592
|Arvind Singh Bhadoriya
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|34,166
|11,426
|-
|10
|[[Bhind (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bhind]]
|Narendra Singh Kushwah
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|51,170
|[[Sanjeev Singh]]
| {{Party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|45,177
|5,993
|-
|11
|[[Lahar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Lahar]]
|[[Govind Singh|Dr. Govind Singh]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|53,012
|Rasal Singh
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|46,739
|6,273
|-
|12
|[[Mehgaon (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Mehgaon]]
|Mukesh Singh Chaturvedi
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|29,733
|[[O. P. S. Bhadoria]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|28,460
|1,273
|-
|13
|[[Gohad (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Gohad (SC)]]
|Lal Singh Arya
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|51,711
|Mevaram Jatav
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|31,897
|19,814
|-
| colspan="12" align="center" bgcolor="grey" | [[Gwalior district|'''Gwalior District''']]
|-
|14
|[[Gwalior Rural (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Gwalior Rural]]
|[[Bharat Singh Kushwah]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|47,944
|Ram Sevak Singh
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|36,006
|11,938
|-
|15
|[[Gwalior (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Gwalior]]
|[[Jaibhan Singh Pawaiya]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|74,769
|[[Pradhumn Singh Tomar]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|59,208
|15,561
|-
|16
|[[Gwalior East (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Gwalior East]]
|Maya Singh
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|59,824
|[[Munnalal Goyal]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|58,677
|1,147
|-
|17
|[[Gwalior South (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Gwalior South]]
|[[Narayan Singh Kushwah]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|68,627
|Ramesh Agarwal
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|52,360
|16,267
|-
|18
|[[Bhitarwar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bhitarwar]]
|[[Lakhan Singh Yadav]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|40,578
|[[Anoop Mishra]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|34,030
|6,548
|-
|19
|[[Dabra (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Dabra (SC)]]
|[[Imarti Devi]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|67,764
|Suresh Raje
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|34,486
|33,278
|-
| colspan="12" align="center" bgcolor="grey" | [[Datia district|'''Datia District''']]
|-
|20
|[[Sewda (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sewda]]
|Pradeep Agarwal
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|32,423
|Ghanshyam Singh
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|23,614
|8,809
|-
|21
|[[Bhander (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bhander (SC)]]
|Ghanshyam Pironiya
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|36,878
|Arun Kumar
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|29,227
|7,651
|-
|22
|[[Datia (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Datia]]
|[[Narottam Mishra|Dr. Narottam Mishra]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|57,438
|Rajendra Bharti
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|45,357
|12,081
|-
| colspan="12" align="center" bgcolor="grey" | [[Shivpuri district|'''Shivpuri District''']]
|-
|23
|[[Karera (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Karera (SC)]]
|Shakuntla Khatik
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|59,371
|Rajkumar Omprakash Khatik
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|49,051
|10,320
|-
|24
|[[Pohari (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Pohari]]
|Prahlad Bharti
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|53,068
|Harivallabh Shukla
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|49,443
|3,625
|-
|25
|[[Shivpuri (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Shivpuri]]
|[[Yashodhara Raje Scindia]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|76,330
|[[Birendra Raghuvanshi]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|65,185
|11,145
|-
|26
|[[Pichhore (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Pichhore]]
|[[K. P. Singh]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|78,995
|Preetam Lodhi
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|71,882
|7,113
|-
|27
|[[Kolaras (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kolaras]]
|Ram Singh Yadav
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|73,942
|Devendra Kumar Jain
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|48,989
|24,953
|-
| colspan="12" align="center" bgcolor="grey" | [[Guna district|'''Guna District''']]
|-
|28
|[[Bamori (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bamori]]
|[[Mahendra Singh Sisodia]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|71,084
|Kanhaiya Lal Agarwal
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|53,243
|18,561
|-
|29
|[[Guna (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Guna (SC)]]
|Pannalal Shakya
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|81,444
|Neeraj Nigam
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|36,333
|45,111
|-
|30
|[[Chachoura (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Chachoura]]
|[[Mamta Meena]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|82,779
|Shivnarayan Meena
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|47,878
|34,901
|-
|31
|[[Raghogarh (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Raghogarh]]
|[[Jaivardhan Singh]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|98,041
|Radhe Shyam Dhakad
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|39,837
|58,204
|-
| colspan="12" align="center" bgcolor="grey" | [[Ashoknagar district|'''Ashoknagar District''']]
|-
|32
|[[Ashok Nagar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Ashok Nagar (SC)]]
|Gopilal Jatav
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|55,978
|[[Jajpal Singh Jajji]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|52,628
|3,348
|-
|33
|[[Chanderi (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Chanderi]]
|[[Gopal Singh Chauhan]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|73,484
|Rajkumar Singh Yadav
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|43,166
|30,318
|-
|34
|[[Mungaoli (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Mungaoli]]
|Mahendra Singh Kalukheda
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|70,675
|Rao Deshraj Singh
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|49,910
|20,765
|-
| colspan="12" align="center" bgcolor="grey" | [[Sagar district|'''Sagar District''']]
|-
|35
|[[Bina (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bina (SC)]]
|[[Mahesh Rai]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|61,356
|Nirmala Sapre
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|42,587
|18,769
|-
|36
|[[Khurai (Madhya Pradesh Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Khurai]]
|[[Bhupendra Singh (Madhya Pradesh politician)|Bhupendra Bhaiya]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|62,127
|Arunodaya Chaubey
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|56,043
|6,084
|-
|37
|[[Surkhi (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Surkhi]]
|Parul Sahu Kesari
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|59,513
|Govind Singh Rajput
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|59,372
|141
|-
|38
|[[Deori (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Deori]]
|[[Harsh Yadav]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|71,185
|Ratansingh Silarpur
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|49,105
|22,080
|-
|39
|[[Rehli (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Rehli]]
|[[Gopal Bhargava]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|101,899
|Brijbihari Pateriya
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|50,134
|51,765
|-
|40
|[[Naryoli (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Naryoli (SC)]]
|[[Pradeep Lariya]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|69,195
|Surendra Chaudhary
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|53,148
|16,046
|-
|41
|[[Sagar (Madhya Pradesh Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sagar]]
|[[Shailendra Jain]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|64,351
|Sushil Tiwari
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|56,128
|8,223
|-
|42
|[[Banda (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Banda]]
|Harvansh Singh Rathore
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|66,203
|Narayan Prajapati
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|48,323
|17,880
|-
| colspan="12" align="center" bgcolor="grey" | [[Tikamgarh district|'''Tikamgarh District''']]
|-
|43
|[[Tikamgarh (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Tikamgarh]]
| K K Shrivastava
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|57,968
|Yadvendra Singh
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|41,079
|16,889
|-
|44
|[[Jatara (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jatara (SC)]]
|Ahirwar Dinesh Kumar
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|51,149
|[[Harishankar Khatik]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|50,916
|233
|-
|45
|[[Prithvipur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Prithvipur]]
|Anita Sunil Nayak
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|51,147
|[[Brajendra Singh Rathore]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|42,520
|8,627
|-
| colspan="12" align="center" bgcolor="grey" | [[Niwari district|'''Niwari District''']]
|-
|46
|[[Niwari (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Niwari]]
|[[Anil Jain (Madhya Pradesh politician)|Anil Jain]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|60,395
|[[Meera Deepak Yadav]]
| {{Party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}
|33,186
|27,209
|-
| colspan="12" align="center" bgcolor="grey" | [[Tikamgarh district|'''Tikamgarh District''']]
|-
|47
|[[Khargapur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Khargapur]]
|Surendra Singh Gaur
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|59,771
|[[Rahul Singh Lodhi]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|54,094
|5,677
|-
| colspan="12" align="center" bgcolor="grey" | [[Chhatarpur district|'''Chhatarpur District''']]
|-
|48
|[[Maharajpur (Madhya Pradesh Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Maharajpur]]
|Manavendra Singh
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|45,816
|Rakesh Pathak
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|30,095
|15,721
|-
|49
|[[Chandla (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Chandla (SC)]]
|[[Rajesh Kumar Prajapati]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|65,959
|Anurag Hariprasad
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|28,562
|37,937
|-
|50
|[[Rajnagar, Madhya Pradesh Assembly constituency|Rajnagar]]
|[[Vikram Singh (Madhya Pradesh politician)|Vikram Singh]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|54,643
|Ramkrishn Kusumariya
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|46,036
|8,607
|-
|51
|[[Chhatarpur (Madhya Pradesh Assembly constituency)|Chhatarpur]]
|[[Lalita Yadav]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|44,623
|[[Alok Chaturvedi]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|42,406
|2,217
|-
|52
|[[Bijawar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bijawar]]
|[[Pushpendra Nath Pathak|Pueshpendra Nath Pathak]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|50,576
|[[Rajesh Shukla (Madhya Pradesh politician)|Rajesh Shukla]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|40,197
|10,379
|-
|53
|[[Malhara (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Malhara]]
|Rekha Yadav Ahir
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|41,779
|Tilak Singh Lodhi
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|40,265
|1,514
|-
| colspan="12" align="center" bgcolor="grey" | [[Damoh district|'''Damoh District''']]
|-
|54
|[[Pathariya (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Pathariya]]
|Lakhan Patel
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|60,083
|Kunvar Pushpendra Singh
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|52,738
|7,315
|-
|55
|[[Damoh (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Damoh]]
|Jayant Malaiya
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|72,534
|Chandrabhan Bhaiya
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|67,581
|4,963
|-
|56
|[[Jabera (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jabera]]
|Pratap Singh
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|68,511
|Pratap Singh
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|56,615
|11,896
|-
|57
|[[Hatta (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Hatta (SC)]]
|Umadevi Lalchand Khathik
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|59,231
|Harishankar Choudhri
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|56,379
|2,852
|-
| colspan="12" align="center" bgcolor="grey" | [[Panna district|'''Panna District''']]
|-
|58
|[[Pawai (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Pawai]]
|Pandit Mukesh Nayak
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|78,949
|[[Brijendra Pratap Singh]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|67,254
|11,695
|-
|59
|[[Gunnaor (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Gunnaor (SC)]]
|[Mahendra Singh
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|41,980
|Shiv Dayal
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|40,643
|1,337
|-
|60
|[[Panna (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Panna]]
|Kusum Singh Mahdele
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|54,778
|Mahendra Pal Verma
| {{Party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|25,742
|29,036
|-
| colspan="12" align="center" bgcolor="grey" | [[Satna district|'''Satna District''']]
|-
|61
|[[Chitrakoot, Madhya Pradesh Assembly constituency|Chitrakoot]]
|Prem Singh
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|45,913
|[[Surendra Singh Gaharwar]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|34,943
|10,970
|-
|62
|[[Raigaon (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Raigaon (SC)]]
|Usha Choudhary
| {{Party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|42,610
|Pushpraj Bagri
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|38,501
|4,109
|-
|63
|[[Satna (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Satna]]
|Shankarlal Tiwari
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|56,160
|Rajaram Tripathi
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|40,828
|15,332
|-
|64
|[[Nagod (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Nagod]]
|Yadvendra Singh
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|55,837
|Gaganendra Pratap Singh
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|45,815
|10,064
|-
|65
|[[Maihar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Maihar]]
|Narayan Prasad
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|48,306
|Ramesh Prasad
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|41,331
|6,975
|-
|66
|[[Amarpatan (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Amarpatan]]
|Rajendra Kumar Singh
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|48,341
|Ramkhelawan Patel
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|36,602
|11,739
|-
|67
|[[Rampur-Baghelan (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Rampur-Baghelan]]
|Harsh Singh
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|71,818
|Ramlakhan Singh Patel
| {{Party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|47,563
|24,255
|-
| colspan="12" align="center" bgcolor="grey" | [[Rewa district|'''Rewa District''']]
|-
|68
|[[Sirmour (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sirmour]]
|[[Divyaraj Singh]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|40,018
|Vivek Tiwari
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|34,730
|5,288
|-
|69
|[[Semariya (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Semariya]]
|Neelam Abhey Mishra
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|36,173
|Pankaj Singh
| {{Party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|30,196
|5,977
|-
|70
|[[Teonthar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Teonthar]]
|Ramakant Tiwari
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|44,347
|Ramshankar Singh
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|34,590
|9,757
|-
|71
|[[Mauganj (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Mauganj]]
|[[Sukhendra Singh]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|38,898
|Laxman Tiwari
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|28,132
|10,766
|-
|72
|[[Deotalab (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Deotalab]]
|[[Girish Gautam]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|36,495
|Vidhya Wati Patel
| {{Party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|32,610
|3,885
|-
|73
|[[Mangawan (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Mangawan (SC)]]
|[[Panchu Lal Prajapati]]
| {{Party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|40,349
|Pannabai Prajapati
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|40,074
|275
|-
|74
|[[Rewa (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Rewa]]
|[[Rajendra Shukla (politician)|Rajendra Shukla]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|61,502
|Krishna Kumar Gupta
| {{Party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|23,956
|37,546
|-
|75
|[[Gurh (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Gurh]]
|[Sundar Lal Tiwari
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|33,741
|[[Nagendra Singh]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|32,359
|1,382
|-
| colspan="12" align="center" bgcolor="grey" | [[Sidhi district|'''Sidhi District''']]
|-
|76
|[[Churhat (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Churhat]]
|[[Ajay Arjun Singh|Ajay Arun Singh]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|71,796
|[[Sharadendu Tiwari]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|52,440
|19,356
|-
|77
|[[Sidhi (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sidhi]]
|[[Kedar Nath Shukla]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|53,115
|Kamaleshwar Prasad Dwivedi
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|50,755
|2,360
|-
|78
|[[Sihawal (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sihawal]]
|[[Kamleshwar Patel]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|72,928
|Vishwamitra Pathak
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|40,372
|32,556
|-
| colspan="12" align="center" bgcolor="grey" | [[Singrauli district|'''Singrauli District''']]
|-
|79
|[[Chitrangi (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Chitrangi (ST)]]
|Saraswati Singh
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|57,466
|Jagannath Singh
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|47,621
|9,845
|-
|80
|[[Singrauli (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Singrauli]]
|[[Ramlallu Vaishya]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|48,293
|Bhuvneshwar Prasad Singh
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|37,733
|10,560
|-
|81
|[[Devsar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Devsar (SC)]]
|[[Rajendra Meshram]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|64,217
|Banshmani Prasad Verma
|{{Party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|31,003
|33,214
|-
| colspan="12" align="center" bgcolor="grey" | [[Sidhi district|'''Sidhi District''']]
|-
|82
|[[Dhauhani (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Dhauhani (ST)]]
|[[Kunwar Singh Tekam]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|60,130
|Tilakraj Singh Uike
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|41,129
|19,001
|-
| colspan="12" align="center" bgcolor="grey" | [[Shahdol district|'''Shahdol District''']]
|-
|83
|[[Beohari (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Beohari (ST)]]
|Ram Pal Singh
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|74,710
|Ram Prasad Singh
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|57,368
|17,342
|-
|84
|[[Jaisingnagar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jaisingnagar (ST)]]
|Pramila Singh
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|74,156
|Dhyam Singh Marko
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|60,193
|13,963
|-
|85
|[[Jaitpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jaitpur (ST)]]
|Jai Singh Maravi
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|65,856
|Lalan Singh
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|54,650
|11,206
|-
| colspan="12" align="center" bgcolor="grey" | [[Anuppur district|'''Anuppur District''']]
|-
|86
|[[Kotma (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kotma]]
|Manoj Kumar Agarwal
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|38,319
|Rajesh Soni
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|36,773
|1,546
|-
|87
|[[Anuppur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Anuppur (ST)]]
|Ramlal Rautel
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|57,438
|Bisahulal Singh
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|45,693
|11,745
|-
|88
|[[Pushprajgarh (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Pushprajgarh (ST)]]
|[[Phundelal Singh Marko]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|69,192
|Narendra Singh Maravi
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|33,545
|35,647
|-
| colspan="12" align="center" bgcolor="grey" | [[Umaria district|'''Umaria District''']]
|-
|89
|[[Bandhavgarh (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bandhavgarh (ST)]]
|Gyan Singh
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|66,881
|Pyrelal Baiga
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|48,236
|18,465
|-
|90
|[[Manpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Manpur (ST)]]
|[[Meena Singh (Manpur politician)|Meena Singh]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|70,024
|Gyanvati Singh
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|26,396
|43,628
|-
| colspan="12" align="center" bgcolor="grey" | [[Katni district|'''Katni District''']]
|-
|91
|[[Barwara (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Barwara (ST)]]
|Moti Kashyap
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|62,292
|[[Vijayraghvendra Singh]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|59,005
|3,287
|-
|92
|[[Vijayraghavgarh (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Vijayraghavgarh]]
|[[Sanjay Pathak]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|60,719
|Padma Shukla
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|59,790
|929
|-
|93
|[[Murwara (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Murwara]]
|[[Sandip Shree Prasad Jaiswal]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|87,396
|Feroz Ahmad
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|40,258
|47,138
|-
|94
|[[Bahoriband (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bahoriband]]
|[[Prabhat Pandey]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|54,504
|Kunwar Nishith Patel
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|33,586
|20,918
|-
| colspan="12" align="center" bgcolor="grey" | [[Jabalpur district|'''Jabalpur District''']]
|-
|95
|[[Patan (Madhya Pradesh Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Patan]]
|[[Neelesh Awasthi]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|85,538
|Ajay Vishnoi
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|72,802
|12,736
|-
|96
|[[Bargi (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bargi]]
|Suraj Tiwari
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|69,076
|Sobran Singh Thakur
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|61,677
|7,399
|-
|97
|[[Jabalpur East (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jabalpur East (SC)]]
|[[Anchal Sonkar]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|67,167
|[[Lakhan Ghanghoriya]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|66,012
|1,155
|-
|98
|[[Jabalpur Uttar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jabalpur North]]
|Sharad Jain
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|74,656
|Naresh Saraf
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|41,093
|33,563
|-
|99
|[[Jabalpur Cantonment (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jabalpur Cantonment]]
|[[Ashok Rohani]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|83,676
|Sarveshwar Shrivastava
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|29,935
|53,741
|-
|100
|[[Jabalpur Paschim (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jabalpur West]]
|[[Tarun Bhanot]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|62,668
|Harendrajeet Singh
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|61,745
|923
|-
|101
|[[Panagar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Panagar]]
|[[Sushil Kumar Tiwari]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|82,358
|Rupendra Patel
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|54,404
|27,954
|-
|102
|[[Sihora (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sihora (ST)]]
|Nandhani Maravi
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|63,931
|Khiladi Singh Aamro
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|48,927
|15,004
|-
| colspan="12" align="center" bgcolor="grey" | [[Dindori district|'''Dindori District''']]
|-
|103
|[[Shahpura, Madhya Pradesh Assembly constituency|Shahpura (ST)]]
|[[Om Prakash Dhurve|Omprakash Dhurwe]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|76,796
|Ganga Bai
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|44,115
|32,681
|-
|104
|[[Dindori (Madhya Pradesh Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Dindori (ST)]]
|[[Omkar Singh Markam]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|76,866
|Jay Singh Maravi
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|70,478
|6,388
|-
| colspan="12" align="center" bgcolor="grey" | [[Mandla district|'''Mandla District''']]
|-
|105
|[[Bichhiya (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bichhiya (ST)]]
|Pandit Singh Dhruw
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|65,836
|[[Narayan Singh Patta]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|47,520
|18,316
|-
|106
|[[Niwas (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Niwas (ST)]]
|Rampyare Kulaste
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|65,916
|Paitiram Pandro
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|55,006
|10,910
|-
|107
|[[Mandla (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Mandla (ST)]]
|[[Sanjeev Chhotelal Uikey]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|80,066
|Sampatiya Uikey
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|76,239
|3,827
|-
| colspan="12" align="center" bgcolor="grey" | [[Balaghat district|'''Balaghat District''']]
|-
|108
|[[Baihar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Baihar (ST)]]
|[[Sanjay Uikey]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|82,419
|Bhagat Singh Netam
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|50,067
|32,352
|-
|109
|[[Lanji (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Lanji]]
|[[Hina Kaware]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|79,068
|Ramesh Bhatere
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|47,318
|31,750
|-
|110
|[[Paraswada (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Paraswada]]
|Madhu Bhagat
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|49,216
|[[Ram Kishor Nano Kawre]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|46,367
|2,849
|-
|111
|[[Balaghat (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Balaghat]]
|[[Gaurishankar Bisen]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|71,993
|Anubha Munjare
| {{Party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}
|69,493
|2,500
|-
|112
|[[Waraseoni (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Waraseoni]]
|Dr. Yogendra Nirmal
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|66,806
|Pradeep Jaiswal
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|48,868
|17,938
|-
|113
|[[Katangi (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Katangi]]
|[[K. D. Deshmukh]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|57,230
|Udaysingh Guruji
| {{Party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|37,280
|19,950
|-
| colspan="12" align="center" bgcolor="grey" | [[Seoni district|'''Seoni District''']]
|-
|114
|[[Barghat (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Barghat (ST)]]
|Kamal Marskole
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|77,122
|[[Arjun Singh Kakodiya]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|76,853
|269
|-
|115
|[[Seoni (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Seoni]]
|[[Dinesh Rai Munmun]]
|{{Party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|65,402
|Naresh Diwakar
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|44,486
|20,916
|-
|116
|[[Keolari (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Keolari]]
|[[Rajneesh Harvansh Singh|Rajneesh Harivansh Singh]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|72,669
|Dr. Dhal Singh Bisen
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|67,886
|4,803
|-
|117
|[[Lakhnadon (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Lakhnadon (ST)]]
|[[Yogendra Singh (politician)|Yogendra Singh]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|77,928
|Shashi Thakur
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|65,147
|12,781
|-
| colspan="12" align="center" bgcolor="grey" | [[Narsinghpur district|'''Narsinghpur District''']]
|-
|118
|[[Gotegaon (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Gotegaon (SC)]]
|Kailash Jatav
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|74,759
|[[N. P. Prajapati]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|54,588
|20,171
|-
|119
|[[Narsingpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Narsingpur]]
|[[Jalam Singh Patel]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|89,921
|Sunil Jaiswal
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|41,440
|48,481
|-
|120
|[[Tendukheda (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Tendukheda]]
|[[Sanjay Sharma (politician)|Sanjay Sharma]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|81,938
|Surendra Dhimole
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|37,336
|44,602
|-
|121
|[[Gadarwara (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Gadarwara]]
|Govind Singh Patel
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|61,202
|[[Suneeta Patel]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|35,889
|25,313
|-
| colspan="12" align="center" bgcolor="grey" | [[Chhindwara district|'''Chhindwara District''']]
|-
|122
|[[Junnardeo (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Junnardeo (ST)]]
|Nathan Shah Kevreti
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|74,319
|[[Sunil Uikey]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|54,198
|20,121
|-
|123
|[[Amarwara (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Amarwara (ST)]]
|[[Kamlesh Pratap Shah]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|55,684
|Uttam Premnarayan Thakur
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|51,621
|4,063
|-
|124
|[[Chourai (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Chourai]]
|Pandit Ramesh Dubey
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|70,810
|Choudhary Gambheer Singh
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|57,179
|13,631
|-
|125
|[[Saunsar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Saunsar]]
|Nanabhau Mohod
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|69,257
|Bhagvat Mahajan
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|60,841
|8,416
|-
|126
|[[Chhindwara (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Chhindwara]]
|[[Chandrabhan Singh Chaudhary]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|97,769
|[[Deepak Saxena]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|72,991
|24,778
|-
|127
|[[Parasia (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Parasia (SC)]]
|[[Sohanlal Balmik]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|72,235
|Tarachand Bawaria
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|65,373
|6,862
|-
|128
|[[Pandhurna (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Pandhurna (ST)]]
|Jatan Uikey
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|61,741
|Tikaram Korachi
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|60,263
|1,478
|-
| colspan="12" align="center" bgcolor="grey" | [[Betul district|'''Betul District''']]
|-
|129
|[[Multai (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Multai]]
|Chandrashekhar Desmukh
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|84,354
|[[Sukhdev Panse]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|52,485
|31,869
|-
|130
|[[Amla (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Amla (SC)]]
|Chaitram Manekar
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|77,939
|Sunita Bele
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|38,337
|39,602
|-
|131
|[[Betul (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Betul]]
|Hemant Vijay Khandelwal
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|82,949
|Hemant Wagadre
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|58,602
|24,347
|-
|132
|[[Ghoradongri (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Ghoradongri (ST)]]
|Sajjan Singh Uikey
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|77,793
|Brahma
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|69,709
|8,084
|-
|133
|[[Bhainsdehi (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bhainsdehi (ST)]]
|Mahendra Singh Chauhan
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|77,912
|[[Dharmu Singh Sirsam]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|64,642
|13,276
|-
| colspan="12" align="center" bgcolor="grey" | [[Harda district|'''Harda District''']]
|-
|134
|[[Timarni (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Timarni (ST)]]
|[[Sanjay Shah]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|62,502
|Ramesh Radhelal Ivne
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|45,995
|16,507
|-
|135
|[[Harda (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Harda]]
|Dr. Ramkishore Dogne
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|74,607
|[[Kamal Patel (politician)|Kamal Patel]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|69,956
|4,651
|-
| colspan="12" align="center" bgcolor="grey" | [[Hoshangabad district|'''Hoshangabad District''']]
|-
|136
|[[Seoni-Malwa (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Seoni-Malwa]]
|[[Sartaj Singh (politician)|Sartaj Singh]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|78,374
|Hajari Lal Raghuvanshi
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|65,827
|12,527
|-
|137
|[[Hoshangabad (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Hoshangabad]]
|[[Sitasaran Sharma|Dr. Sitasaran Sharma]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|91,760
|Ravi Kishor Jaiswal
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|42,464
|49,296
|-
|138
|[[Sohagpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sohagpur]]
|[[Vijaypal Singh (politician)|Vijaypal Singh]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|92,859
|Ranveer Singh Galcha
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|63,968
|28,891
|-
|139
|[[Pipariya (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Pipariya (SC)]]
|[[Thakurdas Nagwanshi]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|91,026
|Mamta Manoj Nagotra
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|40,049
|51,157
|-
| colspan="12" align="center" bgcolor="grey" | [[Raisen district|'''Raisen District''']]
|-
|140
|[[Udaipura (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Udaipura]]
|Ramkishan Patel
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|90,950
|Bhagwan Singh Rajput
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|46,897
|44,053
|-
|141
|[[Bhojpur, Madhya Pradesh Assembly constituency|Bhojpur]]
|[[Surendra Patwa]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|80,491
|[[Suresh Pachouri]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|60,342
|20,149
|-
|142
|[[Sanchi (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sanchi (SC)]]
|Dr. Gourishankar Shejwar
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|85,599
|[[Prabhuram Choudhary|Dr. Prabhuram Choudhary]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|64,663
|20,936
|-
|143
|[[Silwani (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Silwani]]
|[[Rampal Singh (Madhya Pradesh politician)|Rampal Singh]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|68,926
|[[Devendra Patel]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|51,848
|17,078
|-
| colspan="12" align="center" bgcolor="grey" | [[Vidisha district|'''Vidisha District''']]
|-
|144
|[[Vidisha (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Vidisha]]
|[[Shivraj Singh Chouhan]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|73,783
|Shashank Bhargava
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|56,817
|16,966
|-
|145
|[[Basoda (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Basoda]]
|[[Nishank Kumar Jain]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|68,002
|Harisingh Raghuvanshi
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|51,843
|16,159
|-
|146
|[[Kurwai (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kurwai (SC)]]
|Veersingh Panwar
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|65,003
|Pan Bai Panthi
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|60,922
|4,081
|-
|147
|[[Sironj (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sironj]]
|Govardhan Lal
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|65,297
|[[Laxmikant Sharma]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|63,713
|1,584
|-
|148
|[[Shamshabad (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Shamshabad]]
|Surya Prakash Meena
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|54,233
|Jyotsna Yadav
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|51,075
|3,158
|-
| colspan="12" align="center" bgcolor="grey" | [[Bhopal district|'''Bhopal District''']]
|-
|149
|[[Berasia (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Berasia (SC)]]
|[[Vishnu Khatri]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|76,657
|Mahesh Ratnakar
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|47,353
|29,304
|-
|150
|[[Bhopal Uttar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bhopal Uttar]]
|[[Arif Aqueel]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|73,070
|Arif Baig
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|66,406
|6,664
|-
|151
|[[Narela (Madhya Pradesh Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Narela]]
|[[Vishvas Sarang]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|98,472
|Sunil Sood
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|71,502
|26,970
|-
|152
|[[Bhopal Dakshin-Paschim (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bhopal Dakshin-Paschim]]
|[[Umashankar Gupta]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|71,167
|Sanjeev Saxena
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|52,969
|18,198
|-
|153
|[[Bhopal Madhya (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bhopal Madhya]]
|Surendra Nath Singh
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|70,696
|[[Arif Masood]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|63,715
|6,981
|-
|154
|[[Govindpura (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Govindpura]]
|[[Babulal Gaur]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|116,586
|Govind Goyal
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|45,942
|70,644
|-
|155
|[[Huzur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Huzur]]
|[[Rameshwar Sharma]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|108,994
|Rajendra Mandloi
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|49,390
|59,604
|-
| colspan="12" align="center" bgcolor="grey" | [[Sehore district|'''Sehore District''']]
|-
|156
|[[Budhni (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Budhni]]
|[[Shivraj Singh Chouhan]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|128,730
|Mahendra Singh Chauhan
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|43,925
|84,805
|-
|157
|[[Ashta (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Ashta (SC)]]
|Ranjeet Singh Gunwan
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|84,252
|Gopal Singh Engineer
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|78,748
|5,504
|-
|158
|[[Ichhawar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Ichhawar]]
|[[Shailendra Patel]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|74,704
|[[Karan Singh Verma]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|73,960
|744
|-
|159
|[[Sehore (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sehore]]
|[[Sudesh Rai]]
| {{Party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|63,604
|Usha Ramesh Saxena
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|61,978
|1,626
|-
| colspan="12" align="center" bgcolor="grey" | [[Rajgarh district|'''Rajgarh District''']]
|-
|160
|[[Narsinghgarh (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Narsinghgarh]]
|Girish Bhandari
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|85,847
|Mohan Sharma
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|62,829
|23,018
|-
|161
|[[Biaora (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Biaora]]
|Narayan Singh Panwar
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|75,766
|Ram Chandra Dangi
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|72,678
|3,088
|-
|162
|[[Rajgarh (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Rajgarh]]
|Amar Singh Yadav
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|97,735
|Shivsingh Bamlabe
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|46,524
|51,211
|-
|163
|[[Khilchipur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Khilchipur]]
|Kunwar Hajarilal Dangi
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|82,712
|[[Priyavrat Singh]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|71,233
|11,479
|-
|164
|[[Sarangpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sarangpur (SC)]]
|[[Kunwarji Kothar]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|73,108
|Krishan Mohan Malviya
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|54,995
|18,113
|-
| colspan="12" align="center" bgcolor="grey" | [[Agar Malwa district|'''Agar Malwa District''']]
|-
|165
|[[Susner (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Susner]]
|Murlidhar Patidar
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|79,018
|Ambavitya Vallabh Bhai
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|51,342
|27,676
|-
|166
|[[Agar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Agar (SC)]]
|[[Manohar Untwal]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|83,726
|Madhav Singh
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|54,867
|28,859
|-
| colspan="12" align="center" bgcolor="grey" | [[Shajapur district|'''Shajapur District''']]
|-
|167
|[[Shajapur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Shajapur]]
|Arun Bhimawad
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|76,911
|[[Hukum Singh Karada]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|74,973
|1,938
|-
|168
|[[Shujalpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Shujalpur]]
|Jaswantsingh Hada
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|56,637
|Mahendra Joshi
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|47,981
|8,656
|-
|169
|[[Kalapipal (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kalapipal]]
|[[Inder Singh Parmar]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|75,330
|Kedarsingh Mandloi
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|65,757
|9,573
|-
| colspan="12" align="center" bgcolor="grey" | [[Dewas district|'''Dewas District''']]
|-
|170
|[[Sonkatch (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sonkatch (SC)]]
|Rajendra Phulachand Verma
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|72,644
|Arjun Verma
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|70,764
|1,880
|-
|171
|[[Dewas (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Dewas]]
|[[Tukoji Rao Pawar]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|100,660
|Rekha Verma
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|50,541
|50,119
|-
|172
|[[Hatpipliya Assembly constituency|Hatpipliya]]
|Deepak Kailash Joshi
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|68,824
|Rajendra Singh Baghel
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|62,649
|6,175
|-
|173
|[[Khategaon (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Khategaon]]
|[[Aashish Govind Sharma]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|79,968
|Shyam Holani
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|58,251
|21,717
|-
|174
|[[Bagli (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bagli (ST)]]
|Champalal Devda
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|87,580
|Tersingh Devda
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|62,248
|25,332
|-
| colspan="12" align="center" bgcolor="grey" | [[Khandwa district|'''Khandwa District''']]
|-
|175
|[[Mandhata (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Mandhata]]
|Lokendra Singh Tomar
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|65,327
|[[Narayan Patel (Madhya Pradesh politician)|Narayan Patel]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|60,990
|4,337
|-
|176
|[[Harsud (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Harsud (ST)]]
|[[Kunwar Vijay Shah]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|73,880
|Surajbhanu Solanki
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|30,309
|43,571
|-
|177
|[[Khandwa (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Khandwa (SC)]]
|Devendra Verma
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|89,074
|Mohan Dhakase
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|55,033
|34,071
|-
|178
|[[Pandhana (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Pandhana (ST)]]
|Yogita Navalsing Broker
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|89,732
|Nandu Bhare
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|72,471
|17,261
|-
| colspan="12" align="center" bgcolor="grey" | [[Burhanpur district|'''Burhanpur District''']]
|-
|179
|[[Nepanagar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Nepanagar (ST)]]
|[[Rajendra Shyamlal Dadu]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|87,224
|Ramkishan Patel
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|65,046
|22,178
|-
|180
|[[Burhanpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Burhanpur]]
|Archana Didi
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|104,426
|Ajay Raghuvanshi
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|81,599
|22,827
|-
| colspan="12" align="center" bgcolor="grey" | [[Khargone district|'''Khargone District''']]
|-
|181
|[[Bhikangaon (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bhikangaon (ST)]]
|Jhuma Solanki
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|72,060
|Nanda Brahamne
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|69,661
|2,399
|-
|182
|[[Barwah (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Barwah]]
|Hitendra Singh Solanki
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|67,600
|[[Sachin Birla]]
| {{Party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|61,970
|5,630
|-
|183
|[[Maheshwar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Maheshwar (SC)]]
|[[Rajkumar Mev]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|74,320
|Sunil Khande
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|69,593
|4,727
|-
|184
|[[Kasrawad (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kasrawad]]
|[[Sachin Yadav (Madhya Pradesh politician)|Sachin Yadav]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|79,865
|Atmaram Patel
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|67,880
|11,805
|-
|185
|[[Khargone (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Khargone]]
|Balikrishan Patidar
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|74,519
|[[Ravi Joshi]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|67,694
|6,825
|-
|186
|[[Bhagwanpura (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bhagwanpura (ST)]]
|Vijay Singh
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|67,251
|Gajengra Singh
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|65,431
|1,820
|-
| colspan="12" align="center" bgcolor="grey" | [[Barwani district|'''Barwani District''']]
|-
|187
|[[Sendhawa (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sendhawa (ST)]]
|Antarsingh Arya
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|88,821
|Dayaram Patel
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|63,165
|25,686
|-
|188
|[[Rajpur (Madhya Pradesh Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Rajpur (ST)]]
|[[Bala Bachchan]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|82,167
|Antersingh Devisingh Patel
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|70,971
|11,196
|-
|189
|[[Pansemal (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Pansemal (ST)]]
|Viththal Patel
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|77,919
|Chandrabhaga Kirade
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|70,537
|7,382
|-
|190
|[[Barwani (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Barwani (ST)]]
|Ramesh Patel
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|77,761
|[[Premsingh Patel]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|67,234
|10,527
|-
| colspan="12" align="center" bgcolor="grey" | [[Alirajpur district|'''Alirajpur District''']]
|-
|191
|[[Alirajpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Alirajpur (ST)]]
|Nagar Singh Chouhan
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|68,501
|Mahesh Patel Sena
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|51,132
|17,369
|-
|192
|[[Jobat (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jobat (ST)]]
|Madhosingh Dawar
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|45,793
|Vishal Rawat
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|34,742
|11,051
|-
| colspan="12" align="center" bgcolor="grey" | [[Jhabua district|'''Jhabua District''']]
|-
|193
|[[Jhabua (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jhabua (ST)]]
|Shantilal Bilwal
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|56,587
|Jeviyar Meda
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|40,729
|15,858
|-
|194
|[[Thandla (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Thandla (ST)]]
|Kalsingh Bhabar
|{{Party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|63,665
|Gendal Damor
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|58,549
|5,116
|-
|195
|[[Petlawad (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Petlawad (ST)]]
|Nirmala Dilipsingh Bhuriya
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|80,384
|[[Val Singh Maida]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|63,368
|17,016
|-
| colspan="12" align="center" bgcolor="grey" | [[Dhar district|'''Dhar District''']]
|-
|196
|[[Sardarpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sardarpur (ST)]]
|Welsingh Bhuriya
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|60,192
|[[Pratap Grewal]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|59,663
|529
|-
|197
|[[Gandhwani (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Gandhwani (ST)]]
|[[Umang Singhar]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|66,760
|Sardarsingh Medha
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|54,434
|12,326
|-
|198
|[[Kukshi (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kukshi (ST)]]
|[[Surendra Singh Baghel]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|89,111
|Mukamsingh Kirade
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|46,343
|42,768
|-
|199
|[[Manawar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Manawar (ST)]]
|[[Ranjana Baghel]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|55,293
|Niranjan Dawar Loni
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|53,654
|1,639
|-
|200
|[[Dharampuri (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Dharampuri (ST)]]
|Kalusingh Thakur
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|65,069
|Panchilal Meda
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|57,496
|7,573
|-
|201
|[[Dhar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Dhar]]
|[[Neena Vikram Verma]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|85,624
|Prabha Balamkundsingh
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|74,142
|11,482
|-
|202
|[[Badnawar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Badnawar]]
|[[Bhanwar Singh Shekhawat]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|84,499
|[[Rajvardhan Singh Dattigaon]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|42,993
|41,506
|-
| colspan="12" align="center" bgcolor="grey" | [[Indore district|'''Indore District''']]
|-
|203
|[[Depalpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Depalpur]]
|Manoj Nirbhaysingh
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|93,264
|Satyanarayan Patel
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|63,067
|30,197
|-
|204
|[[Indore-1 (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Indore-1]]
|[[Sudarshan Gupta]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|99,558
|Kamlesh Khandelwal
|{{Party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|45,382
|54,156
|-
|205
|[[Indore-2 (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Indore-2]]
|[[Ramesh Mendola]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|133,669
|Chhotu Shukla
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|42,652
|91,017
|-
|206
|[[Indore-3 (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Indore-3]]
|[[Usha Thakur]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|68,334
|[[Ashwin Joshi]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|55,016
|13,318
|-
|207
|[[Indore-4 (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Indore-4]]
|[[Malini Gaur]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|91,998
|Suresh Minda
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|58,175
|33,823
|-
|208
|[[Indore-5 (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Indore-5]]
|[[Mahendra Hardia]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|106,111
|Pankaj Sanghvi
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|91,693
|14,418
|-
|209
|[[Dr. Ambedkar Nagar-Mhow (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Dr. Ambedkar Nagar-Mhow]]
|[[Kailash Vijayvargiya]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|89,848
|[[Antar Singh Darbar]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|77,632
|12,216
|-
|210
|[[Rau (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Rau]]
|[[Jitu Patwari]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|91,885
|Jeetu Jirati
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|73,326
|18,559
|-
|211
|[[Sanwer (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sanwer]]
|[[Rajesh Sonkar|Dr. Rajesh Sonkar]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|87,292
|[[Tulsi Silawat]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|69,509
|17,583
|-
| colspan="12" align="center" bgcolor="grey" | [[Ujjain district|'''Ujjain District''']]
|-
|212
|[[Nagda-Khachrod (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Nagda-Khachrod]]
|Dilip Singh Shekhawat
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|78,036
|[[Dilip Gurjar]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|61,921
|16,115
|-
|213
|[[Mahidpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Mahidpur]]
|[[Bahadursingh Chouhan]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|71,096
|Dinesh Jain
|{{Party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|50,462
|20,634
|-
|214
|[[Tarana (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Tarana (SC)]]
|[[Anil Firojiya]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|64,792
|Rajendra Radhakishan Malviya
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|48,657
|16,135
|-
|215
|[[Ghatiya (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Ghatiya (SC)]]
|[[Satish Malviya]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|74,092
|[[Ramlal Malviya]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|56,723
|17,639
|-
|216
|[[Ujjain North (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Ujjain North]]
|[[Paras Chandra Jain]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|72,815
|Vivek Jagdish Yadav
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|47,966
|24,849
|-
|217
|[[Ujjain South (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Ujjain South]]
|[[Mohan Yadav|Dr. Mohan Yadav]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|73,108
|Jaysingh Darbar
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|63,456
|9,652
|-
|218
|[[Badnagar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Badnagar]]
|Mukesh Pandya
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|58,679
|Sanjay Sharma
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|45,544
|13,135
|-
| colspan="12" align="center" bgcolor="grey" | [[Ratlam district|'''Ratlam District''']]
|-
|219
|[[Ratlam Rural (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Ratlam Rural (ST)]]
|Mathura Lal
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|77,367
|Laxmi Devi Kharadi
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|50,398
|26,969
|-
|220
|[[Ratlam City (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Ratlam City]]
|[[Chetanya Kasyap]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|76,184
|Adity Dawesar
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|35,879
|40,305
|-
|221
|[[Sailana (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sailana (ST)]]
|Sangeeta Vijay Charel
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|47,662
|Harshvijay Gehlot
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|45,183
|2,079
|-
|222
|[[Jaora (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jaora]]
|[[Rajendra Pandey]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|89,656
|Kadpa Yusuf
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|59,805
|29,851
|-
|223
|[[Alot (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Alot (SC)]]
|Jitendra Thawarchand
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|80,821
|Ajit Premchand
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|65,476
|7,973
|-
| colspan="12" align="center" bgcolor="grey" | [[Mandsaur district|'''Mandsaur District''']]
|-
|224
|[[Mandsour (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Mandsour]]
|[[Yashpal Singh Sisodia]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|84,975
|Mahendra Singh Gurjar
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|60,680
|24,295
|-
|225
|[[Malhargarh (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Malhargarh (SC)]]
|[[Jagdish Dewda]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|86,857
|Shyamlal Jokchand
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|80,286
|6,571
|-
|226
|[[Suwasra (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Suwasra]]
|[[Hardeep Singh Dang]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|87,517
|Radheshyam Nanelal Patidar
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|80,392
|7,125
|-
|227
|[[Garoth (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Garoth]]
|Rajesh Yadav
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|88,525
|[[Subhash Kumar Sojatia|Subhash Kumar Sojata]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|62,770
|25,755
|-
| colspan="12" align="center" bgcolor="grey" | [[Neemuch district|'''Neemuch District''']]
|-
|228
|[[Manasa (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Manasa]]
|Kailash Chandra
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|55,852
|Vijendra Singh
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|41,824
|14,028
|-
|229
|[[Neemuch (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Neemuch]]
|[[Dilip Singh Parihar]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|73,320
|Nandkishor Patel
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|51,653
|21,667
|-
|230
|[[Jawad (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jawad]]
|[[Om Prakash Sakhlecha]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|56,154
|Rajkumar Rameshchandra
|{{Party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|42,503
|13,651
|-
|}

 Source: [https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3740-madhya-pradesh-2013/]

== Bypolls (2013-2018)==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!S.No
!Date
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
!134
| 24 April 2014
| [[Vidisha (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Vidisha]]
|[[Shivraj Singh Chouhan]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
| [[Kalyan Singh Thakur]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
!94
|rowspan="3"| 21 August 2014
|[[Bahoriband (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bahoriband]]
|Prabhat Pandey
| Saurabh Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
!166
|[[Agar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Agar]]
|[[Manohar Untwal]]
|[[Gopal Parmar]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=7}}
|-
!92
|[[Vijayraghavgarh (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Vijayraghavgarh]]
|[[Sanjay Pathak]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Sanjay Pathak]]
|-
!227
| 27 June 2015
| [[Garoth (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Garoth]]
| Rajesh Yadav
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Chander Singh Sisodia
|-
!65
|13 February 2016
|[[Maihar Assembly constituency|Maihar]]
|Narayan Prasad
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress }}"|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|Narayan Tripathi
|-
!132
|30 May 2016
|[[Ghoradongri Assembly constituency|Ghoradongri]]
|Sajjan Singh Uikey
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|Mangal Singh Dhruve
|-
!179
|19 November 2016
|[[Nepanagar Assembly constituency|Nepanagar]]
|Rajendra Shyamlal Dadu
|Manju Rajendra Dadu
|-
!89
|rowspan="2" |9 April 2017
|[[Bandhavgarh Assembly constituency|Bandhavgarh]]
|Gyan Singh
|Shiv Narayan Singh
|-
!9
|[[Ater Assembly constituency|Ater]]
|[[Satyadev Katare]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|Hemant Katare
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
!61
|9 November 2017
|[[Chitrakoot, Madhya Pradesh Assembly constituency|Chitrakoot]]
|Prem Singh
|[[Neelanshu Chaturvedi]]
|-
!27
|Rowspan=2|24 February 2018
|[[Kolaras (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kolaras]]
|[[Ram Singh Yadav (politician)|Ram Singh Yadav]]
|[[Mahendra Singh Yadav]]
|-
!34
|[[Mungaoli (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Mungaoli]]
|[[Mahendra Singh Kalukheda]]
|[[Brajendra Singh Yadav]]
|}

==See also==
* [[2013 elections in India]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Madhya Pradesh elections}}
{{Indian elections}}

[[Category:2013 State Assembly elections in India|Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:State Assembly elections in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:2010s in Madhya Pradesh]]

M. Ammamuthu Pillai

2026-02-01T05:56:36Z

CarmineJansen: further cleaned up intro for clarity additionally and improved wording per sources

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
'''M. Ammamuthu''' was an Indian politician and former [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]]. He was elected to the [[Tamil Nadu legislative assembly]] as an [[Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] candidate from [[Kanyakumari (State Assembly Constituency)|Kanyakumari constituency]] in [[Kanyakumari district]] in [[1991 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|1991 election]].<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf 1991 Tamil Nadu Election Results, Election Commission of India]</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ammamuthu Pillai, M.}}
[[Category:All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 1991–1996]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]

{{AIADMK-politician-stub}}

Nimdih railway station

2026-01-22T14:35:48Z

CarmineJansen: created basic entry with sources!

{{Short description|Railway station in Jharkhand, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Nimdih Railway Station
| type = [[Indian Railways|Indian Railway]]
| style = Indian Railways
| image =
| image_caption =
| address = [[National Highway 18 (India)|National Highway 18]], Nimdih, [[Seraikela Kharsawan district]], [[Jharkhand]]
| country = India
| coordinates = {{Coord|23.993643|86.142118|type:railwaystation_region:IN|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| elevation = {{convert|211|m|ft}}
| line = [[Asansol–Tatanagar–Kharagpur line]]
| other =
| structure = At Ground
| platform = 2
| tracks = 2
| parking =
| opened = 1890
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = 1961–62
| accessible =
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = NIM
| zone = [[South Eastern Railway zone|South Eastern Railway]]
| division = Adra
}}
| owned =
| operator =
| status =
| former = [[Bengal Nagpur Railway]]
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Indian Railways|line=South Eastern Railway zone|left=Biramdih|right=Chandil|type=[[Purulia–Tatanagar line]]}}
}}
{{Asansol–Tatanagar–Kharagpur line|collapse=yes}}

'''Nimdih Railway Station''' is a railway station on [[Purulia–Tatanagar line]] of [[Adra railway division]] of [[Indian Railways]]' [[South Eastern Railway zone]]. It is situated beside [[National Highway 18 (India)|National Highway 18]] at Nimdih in [[Seraikela Kharsawan district]] in the [[India]]n state of [[Jharkhand]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/departures/nimdih-nim/4290|title=Nimdih Station – 12 Train Departures SER/South Eastern Zone – Railway Enquiry|last=Jayashree|website=indiarailinfo.com|access-date=2019-07-15}}</ref> Total 12 trains stop at Nimdih railway station.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/indian-railway/nimdih-nim-station|title=Nimdih Railway Station (NIM) : Station Code, Time Table, Map, Enquiry|website=www.ndtv.com|access-date=2019-07-15}}</ref>

==History==
The [[Bengal Nagpur Railway]] was formed in 1887 for the purpose of upgrading the [[Nagpur Chhattisgarh Railway]]. Purulia–Chakradharpur rail line was opened on 22 January 1890.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ser.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1429082405807-div-profil.htm|title=Located on the Howrah–Mumbai arm|website=ser.indianrailways.gov.in|access-date=2019-07-15|archive-date=11 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190211060147/http://www.ser.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1429082405807-div-profil.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> The Purulia–Chakradharpur rout including Nimdih railway station was electrified in 1961–62.<ref name=electric>{{cite web| url = http://irfca.org/docs/electrification-history.html|title = History of Electrification|work= |last= |first=| publisher= IRFCA| accessdate = 2019-07-15 }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 1890]]
[[Category:Adra railway division]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Seraikela Kharsawan district]]

Company register

2026-01-21T12:38:49Z

CarmineJansen: updated page

{{Short description|Government record of businesses}}{{Distinguish|Statistical business register}}{{Corporate law}}

A '''company register''' is a register of business organizations such as [[companies]] in the jurisdiction they operate under.<ref name="Bank2014">{{cite book|author=World Bank|title=Doing Business 2015: Going Beyond Efficiency|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hGIBCAAAQBAJ|date=24 October 2014|publisher=World Bank Publications|isbn=978-1-4648-0352-9|page=47}}</ref> Registration is normally mandated by the government of that jurisdiction.

A company register serves a purpose of protection, accountability and control. In contrast many countries also operate a [[statistical business register]] which has a different purpose and plays a central part in a system of official economic statistics at a [[national statistics office]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/ramon/coded_files/RITZEN_Jean_SBR.pdf|title=Statistical Business Register: Content, place and role in Economic Statistics.|last=Ritzen|first=Jean|date=|website=|publisher=Statistics Netherlands|access-date=}}</ref>

== Company registers by country ==
{{main article|List of official business registers}}

Each country's company register has different registrar types, contents, purpose, and public availability. They typically contain the name, the owners and key personal of an organisation as well as regular updates as mandated by the government of that jurisdiction, to provide information to stakeholders and the general public. Information has to be maintained by the organization that is registered through regular filings which are typically done when changes occur and at least annually.

== Openness ==
According to ratings published in 2016 by the website [[OpenCorporates]], [[Denmark]] and [[United Kingdom]] are the leaders with regard to openness of information available in a company's register.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://registries.opencorporates.com/|title=Open Company Data Index|website=registries.opencorporates.com|access-date=2016-08-28}}</ref> Registries/registrars in these countries are named, correspondingly, [[Central Business Register]] and [[Companies House]].

== See also ==
* [[List of official business registers]]
* [[Corporate Registers Forum]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Corporate law]]
[[Category:Public records]]

Madras Synagogue

2026-01-18T16:20:04Z

CarmineJansen: Made the post initial version

{{short description|Synagogue in Chennai, Tami Nadu, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2015}}
{{Infobox religious building
| building_name = Madras Synagogue
| native_name = {{langx|he|בית הכנסת במדרס}}
| image = Madras Paradesi Synagogue Seal.jpg
| image_upright = 1.4
| caption = The [[Seal (emblem)|seal]] of the synagogue
| location = [[Chennai]], Tamil Nadu
| religious_affiliation = [[Judaism]]
| rite = [[Nusach Sefard]]
| status = [[Synagogue]]
| functional_status = Active
| leadership =
| website =
| architect =
| architecture_type = [[Synagogue architecture]]
| architecture_style =
| established = {{nowrap|{{circa|1600s}} {{small|(as a congregation)}}}}
| groundbreaking =
| year_completed = 1644
| consecration_year=
| construction_cost=
| capacity=
| length=
| width=
| width_nave=
| facade_direction=
| height_max=
| materials=
}}
The ''' Madras Synagogue ''' ({{langx|he|בית הכנסת במדרס}}) is a [[synagogue]], located in [[Chennai]] (formerly known as Madras), in the state of [[Tamil Nadu]], India. Completed in 1644, by [[Jacques (Jaime) de Paiva (Pavia)|Jacques de Paiva]], a [[Paradesi Jews|Paradesi Jew]], it is the only synagogue in Chennai. Madras Synagogue was also known as the '''Esnoga''', or '''Snoge'''; ''Esnoga'' means synagogue in [[Judaeo-Spanish|Ladino]], the traditional Judaeo-Spanish language of [[Sephardic Jews]].

The [[Western Sephardim|Amsterdam Sephardic community]] was among the richest Jewish communities in Europe during the [[Dutch Golden Age]]. They came to Chennai for trading in [[Golconda diamonds]], precious stones and corals, they developed very good relations with the rulers of [[Golkonda]] and maintained trade connections to Europe.

Stone inscription of the oldest synagogue in Tamil Nadu has been discovered near Valantharai near Ramanathapuram.<ref>{{cite news |author=Reich, Aaron |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/stone-inscription-of-oldest-synagogue-in-tamil-nadu-found/articleshow/92837874.cms |title=Stone Inscription of Oldest Synagogue in Tamil Nadu Found |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=14 July 2022 |access-date=11 November 2024 }}</ref> This inscription dates from the 13th century.

== History ==
The first Madras Synagogue and cemetery was built by Amsterdam Sephardic community in Coral Merchant Street, George Town, in the 1600s. At the time there were a large presence of Portuguese Jews in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Neither the synagogue nor the Jewish population remains today.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LnflUVu0w2QC&q=coral+merchant+street+chennai&pg=PA30 |title=The Unhurried City: Writings on Chennai |first=S. |last=Muthiah |editor-first=C. S. |editor-last=Lakshmi |page=30 |isbn=9780143030263 |publisher=Penguin Books India |year=2004 |access-date=6 October 2018}}</ref>
[[File:Plan of Fort St George and the City of Madras 1726.jpg|thumb|A 1726 plan of Fort St George and Madras. Market '' b'', top right, is the [[Jewish Cemetery Chennai|Jews Burying Place]]]]
The Second Madras Synagogue and [[Jewish Cemetery Chennai]] was built in 1644 by Jacques de Paiva, also from the Amsterdam Sephardic community, in Peddanaickenpet, which later became the South end of [[Mint Street, Chennai|Mint Street]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.madrasmusings.com/vol-27-no-20/the-last-family-of-pardesi-jews-in-madras/ |title=The last family of Pardesi Jews in Madras |work=Madras Musings |volume=27 |number=20 |date=9 February 2018 }}</ref> In 1934, the second synagogue and the cemetery were partly demolished by the local government. The tombstones were moved to the Central Park of Madras along with the gate of the cemetery on which ''Beit ha-Haim'' were written in Hebrew.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://sefarad.org/lm/041/5.html |title=The Portuguese Jewish Community of Madras, India, In The Seventeenth Century |publisher=Sefarad.org |first=Mordechai |last=Arbell |accessdate=6 October 2018 }}</ref>
[[File:Rabbi Salomon Halevi and Rebecca Cohen, Paradesi Jews of Madras.jpg|thumb|Rabbi Salomon Halevi and his wife, Rebecca Cohen]]
The remaining synagogue and cemetery were fully demolished by local government authorities on 5 June 1968. The local government resumed the land for building a government school. The rabbi at that time, Rabbi Levi Salomon, the last Rabbi of the congregation died of a [[heart attack]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2012/oct/31/18th-century-jewish-cemetery-lies-in-shambles-craves-for-attention-420448.html |title=18th century Jewish cemetery lies in shambles, craves for attention |website=The New Indian Express |date=31 October 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/09/30/stories/2002093000180300.htm |title=Will Chennai's Jews be there? |website=[[The Hindu]] |date=30 September 2002 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030312192024/http://thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/09/30/stories/2002093000180300.htm |archive-date=12 March 2003 }}</ref> The remaining tombstones were moved opposite Kasimedu cemetery. In 1983, the tombstones from Central Park and those opposite the Kasimedu cemetery were moved to Lloyds Road, when the Chennai Harbour expansion project was approved.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2012/oct/31/18th-century-jewish-cemetery-lies-in-shambles-craves-for-attention-420448.html |title=18th century Jewish cemetery lies in shambles, craves for attention |date=31 October 2012 }}</ref> In this whole process 17 tombstones went missing, including that of Jacques de Paiva.<ref>{{cite web |first=Janani |last=Sampath |title=Chennai's link to its Jewish past, cemetery in Mylapore fading into oblivion |url=https://www.dtnext.in/News/City/2016/05/09232326/Chennais-link-to-its-Jewish-past-cemetery-in-Mylapore.vpf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610164606/http://www.dtnext.in/News/City/2016/05/09232326/Chennais-link-to-its-Jewish-past-cemetery-in-Mylapore.vpf |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 June 2016 |work=DT Next |date=10 May 2016 |access-date=6 October 2018}}</ref>

==Present==
After ISIS planned attack,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/120817/isis-planned-attack-on-kodai-jews.html|title = ISIS planned attack on Kodai Jews|date = 12 August 2017}}</ref> Madras Synagogue is at undisclosed location under custody of Isaac and Rosa Charitable Trust, Henriques De Castro family.

Henriques De Castro family has decided to hand over everything to [[Archaeological Survey of India]]{{Citation needed|date=May 2024}}

==Objects of antiquity==
Madras Synagogue has eight [[Torah|Scrolls of the Law]], several gold, silver and brass Antique Judaica Items.

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
2 out of 8 Sefer Torah in 2nd Torah ark (or Aron Kodesh).jpg|[[Sefer Torah]] in an ''[[Torah ark|Aron Kodesh]]''
Silver Yad.jpg|Silver [[Yad]]
Menorah.jpg|[[Menorah (Hanukkah)|Menorah]]
Prayer book of Rabbi Salomon Halevi (Last Rabbi of Madras Synagogue)-12.jpg|[[Haggadah]] of Rabbi Salomon Halevi, the last rabbi of the synagogue
Books from Madras Synagogue (2).jpg|Books from the synagogue
Madras Synagogue Mezuzah.jpg|''[[mezuzah|Mezuzot]]'' from the synagogue
Madras Synagogue Office.jpg|The synagogue office
Sefer Torah decoration jewels.jpg|[[Sefer Torah]] decoration jewels
Shabbat Secretary Desk.jpg|[[Shabbat]] Secretary desk
Spice Besamim Box from madras synagogue.jpg|[[Havdalah|Besamim box]] from the synagogue
1873 Filigree Spice Besamim Box from madras synagogue.jpg|1873 filigree spice besamim box from the synagogue
Madras Synagogue Tefillin.jpg|[[Tefillin]] bags from the synagogue
</gallery>

== See also ==
{{stack|{{portal|Judaism|India}}}}
* [[History of the Jews in India]]
* [[List of synagogues in India]]
* [[Religion in Chennai]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Madras Synagogue}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20151110060957/http://dailysamsara.com/the-jews-of-chennai/ The Jews of Chennai]
* {{cite AV media |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Madras_Synagogue_1.webm |title=A two-minute video (#1) of the synagogue interior |date=October 2020 |work=Wikimedia Commons }}
* {{cite AV media |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Madras_Synagogue_2.webm |title=A two-minute video (#2) of the synagogue interior |date=October 2020 |work=Wikimedia Commons }}

{{Synagogues in India}}
{{Chennai}}
{{Places of worship in Chennai}}
{{coord missing|Tamil Nadu}}

[[Category:1568 establishments in India]]
[[Category:17th-century religious buildings and structures in India]]
[[Category:17th-century synagogues in Asia]]
[[Category:Paradesi Jews]]
[[Category:Sephardi synagogues in India]]
[[Category:Synagogues in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Synagogues completed in 1644]]
[[Category:Religious buildings and structures in Chennai]]

Sumerpur, Unnao

2026-01-14T05:02:44Z

CarmineJansen: Made Some Article Basic Info

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Sumerpur
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Hamlet
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map = Sumerpur block map.png
| map_caption = Map of Sumerpur CD block
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|26.281116|N|80.802436|E|display=inline,title}}<ref name="GeoNames">{{cite web |title=GeoNames Search |url=https://geonames.nga.mil/namesgaz/ |website=geonames.nga.mil |access-date=23 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140412035207/https://geonames.nga.mil/namesgaz/ |archive-date=April 12, 2014 |language=en}}</ref>
| subdivision_type = Country India
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Unnao district|Unnao]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| registration_plate = UP-35
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Sumerpur''' is a hamlet of the village Chhanchhi Rai Khera, in [[Purwa]] tehsil of [[Unnao district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]].<ref name="Gazetteer 1979">{{cite book |last1=Baghel |first1=Amar Singh |title=Uttar Pradesh District Gazetteers: Unnao |date=1979 |publisher=Government Press |location=Rampur |pages=150–2, 273 |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.2864 |access-date=12 July 2021}}</ref> Located 26 km south of Purwa and 50 km southeast of Unnao, Sumerpur serves as the headquarters of a [[community development block]] as well as a [[nyaya panchayat]].<ref name="Gazetteer 1979"/> Sumerpur block was first established on 2 October 1955 in order to oversee implementation of India's [[Five-Year Plans of India|Five-Year Plans]] at a local and rural level.<ref name="Gazetteer 1979"/> As of 2011, the block comprises 148 villages and has a total population of 151,933 people in 28,469 households.<ref name="Census 2011">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Unnao, Part A (Village and Town Directory) |pages=416–41 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/UPA.html |website=Census 2011 India|access-date=12 July 2021}}</ref>

Sumerpur has a library, a primary healthcare centre, an artificial insemination centre, and a veterinary hospital.<ref name="Gazetteer 1979"/> The main crops are wheat, barley, gram, [[juwar]], [[Pearl millet|bajra]], and paddy.<ref name="Gazetteer 1979"/> Irrigation is provided by a canal and by wells.<ref name="Gazetteer 1979"/> Sumerpur is located in the historical [[pargana]] of [[Bihar, Unnao|Bihar]], which is 4 km to the northeast and connected to Sumerpur by an unmetalled road.<ref name="Gazetteer 1979"/>

Sumerpur hosts a market twice per week, on Thursdays and Sundays, with vegetables and cloth being the main items of business.<ref name="Census 1961">{{cite book |title=Census 1961: District Census Handbook, Uttar Pradesh (37 - Unnao District) |date=1965 |location=Lucknow |pages=157 |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1040/1/21887_1961_UNN.pdf |access-date=12 July 2021}}</ref> As of 1961, its average attendance was about 300 people.<ref name="Census 1961"/>

== Villages ==
Sumerpur CD block has the following 148 villages:<ref name="Census 2011"/>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Village name
! Total land area (hectares)
! Population (in 2011)
|-
| [[Pakrakhurd]] || 455.8 || 2,395
|-
| [[Barua, Sumerpur|Barua]] || 127.3 || 528
|-
| [[Saraiya, Sumerpur|Saraiya]] || 149.8 || 548
|-
| [[Khijhauli]] || 220.2 || 1,242
|-
| [[Kotwar, Unnao|Kotwar]] || 141.4 || 877
|-
| [[Malauna]] || 599.6 || 4,029
|-
| [[Bhagwantpur, Unnao|Bhagwantpur]] || 234.1 || 521
|-
| [[Diwara]] || 399.8 || 818
|-
| [[Hindhnagar]] || 160.3 || 845
|-
| [[Purai]] || 240.8 || 2,905
|-
| [[Kundunpur]] || 96.2 || 612
|-
| [[Hindupur, Sumerpur|Hindupur]] || 82 || 414
|-
| [[Gaura, Unnao|Gaura]] || 748 || 3,948
|-
| [[Pokhari, Unnao|Pokhari]] || 188.3 || 1,350
|-
| [[Niyoti, Unnao|Niyoti]] || 84.5 || 564
|-
| [[Bisramau]] || 84.7 || 856
|-
| [[Bijaiti Khera]] || 43 || 330
|-
| [[Kutubpur]] || 252.3 || 1,693
|-
| [[Behta, Sumerpur|Behta]] || 82 || 536
|-
| [[Sahila, Unnao|Sahila]] || 382 || 2,339
|-
| [[Mavaiya]] || 116.9 || 696
|-
| [[Akampur]] || 486.1 || 2,107
|-
| [[Rawatpur, Sumerpur|Rawatpur]] || 219.5 || 1,439
|-
| [[Bihar, Unnao|Behar]] || 622.6 || 5,952
|-
| [[Kedarkhera]] || 131.7 || 480
|-
| [[Rampur, Sumerpur (census code 142852)|Rampur]] || 79.6 || 651
|-
| [[Bajeura]] || 57 || 1,106
|-
| [[Chakdariyapur]] || 60.5 || 203
|-
| [[Siriyapur, Unnao|Siriyapur]] || 177.2 || 1,150
|-
| [[Kalyanpur, Sumerpur (census code 142856)|Kalyanpur]] || 359.7 || 1,490
|-
| [[Chhanchhi Rai Khera|Chhanchirai Khera]] || 233.4 || 1,437
|-
| [[Barkhera, Unnao|Barkhera]] || 107.7 || 953
|-
| [[Kiratpur, Unnao|Kiratpur]] || 123.8 || 1,257
|-
| [[Kalyani, Unnao|Kalyani]] || 235 || 1,320
|-
| [[Tajakpur]] || 171 || 989
|-
| [[Naya Khera]] || 32.6 || 291
|-
| [[Dubai, Unnao|Dubai]] || 348.4 || 2,139
|-
| [[Murarkhera]] || 97.8 || 299
|-
| [[Kakrari]] || 248.5 || 1,492
|-
| [[Gadariyakhera]] || 124.5 || 623
|-
| [[Chandpur, Sumerpur|Chandpur]] || 84.9 || 671
|-
| [[Atmannukhera]] || 166.9 || 772
|-
| [[Dewakhera]] || 96.8 || 555
|-
| [[Patan, Uttar Pradesh|Patan]] || 459.5 || 5,364
|-
| [[Dighi, Unnao|Dighi]] || 66.1 || 555
|-
| [[Bazidpur, Unnao|Bazidpur]] || 86 || 656
|-
| [[Mohkampur]] || 55.9 || 340
|-
| [[Alawalpur, Unnao|Alawalpur]] || 151.2 || 792
|-
| [[Thari, Unnao|Thari]] || 91.7 || 403
|-
| [[Rampur, Sumerpur (census code 142876)|Rampur]] || 79.6 || 1,213
|-
| [[Manikapur, Unnao|Manikapur]] || 0 || 4,750
|-
| [[Sarai Manihar]] || 309.3 || 1,919
|-
| [[Jamipur]] || 671.1 || 3,140
|-
| [[Mawayia]] || 215.4 || 1,059
|-
| [[Chainpur, Unnao|Chainpur]] || 661.5 || 3,866
|-
| [[Taudhakpur, Unnao|Taudhakpur]] || 68.1 || 781
|-
| [[Nari Khera]] || 89.1 || 758
|-
| [[Sarai Mangali]] || 121.2 || 626
|-
| [[Millipur]] || 49.8 || 268
|-
| [[Jalapur, Unnao|Jalapur]] || 185.8 || 1,204
|-
| [[Harpasi Khera]] || 55.3 || 44
|-
| [[Dubey Khera]] || 191.8 || 1,346
|-
| [[Sajhamau]] || 164 || 985
|-
| [[Purender Pur]] || 137 || 473
|-
| [[Chak Bhagan Khera]] || 0 || 173
|-
| [[Bhatkherwa]] || 0 || 507
|-
| [[Kurwan]] || 52.7 || 405
|-
| [[Narharpur, Sumerpur|Narharpur]] || 84.7 || 96
|-
| [[Mushkabad, Unnao|Mushkabad]] || 60.8 || 301
|-
| [[Akthi]] || 93.2 || 686
|-
| [[Hariharpur, Unnao|Hariharpur]] || 49.6 || 532
|-
| [[Kapurpur, Unnao|Kapurpur]] || 116.5 || 475
|-
| [[Sultanpur, Unnao|Sultanpur]] || 0 || 656
|-
| [[Bhaiya Khera]] || 98.1 || 911
|-
| [[Paharpur, Sumerpur|Paharpur]] || 138.5 || 908
|-
| [[Patari, Sumerpur|Patari]] || 68.7 || 773
|-
| [[Garehwa]] || 255.1 || 457
|-
| [[Asai Khera]] || 62.9 || 318
|-
| [[Bhadiha]] || 84 || 307
|-
| [[Jungal Bujurg]] || 76.2 || 513
|-
| [[Jangli Khurd]] || 76.2 || 446
|-
| [[Maheshkhera]] || 228.2 || 1,218
|-
| [[Naikamau]] || 290.2 || 1,716
|-
| [[Panai Buzurg]] || 367.1 || 2,171
|-
| [[Ajutikhera]] || 96.8 || 469
|-
| [[Panai Khurd]] || 277 || 1,419
|-
| [[Gosai Khera]] || 53.8 || 300
|-
| [[Sairampur]] || 64.5 || 202
|-
| [[Birarmau]] || 36.6 || 291
|-
| [[Chaturkhera]] || 73.3 || 824
|-
| [[Dokrai]] || 129.7 || 1,353
|-
| [[Bajpaikhera]] || 214.8 || 834
|-
| [[Akwara]] || 81.9 || 637
|-
| [[Pithai Khera Sagam Nora]] || 200.8 || 1,096
|-
| [[Gobaraha]] || 105.9 || 1,420
|-
| [[Hamirpur, Sumerpur|Hamirpur]] || 432.3 || 2,634
|-
| [[Dharamdas Khera]] || 121.9 || 777
|-
| [[Mudiyankhera]] || 174.2 || 666
|-
| [[Japsara]] || 208 || 1,586
|-
| [[Pitwakhera]] || 99.7 || 539
|-
| [[Bairampur, Unnao|Bairampur]] || 80.7 || 354
|-
| [[Lilia, Unnao|Lilia]] || 52.2 || 282
|-
| [[Sawain, Unnao|Sawain]] || 92.8 || 1,499
|-
| [[Bhadeora, Unnao|Bhadeora]] || 268.1 || 1,591
|-
| [[Babukhera Dixtanwala]] || 132.8 || 1,026
|-
| [[Palhepur]] || 76.9 || 254
|-
| [[Pachan Khera]] || 441.7 || 596
|-
| [[Unchgaon]] || 247 || 1,773
|-
| [[Gauraiya]] || 175.1 || 1,349
|-
| [[Baidan Khera]] || 41.2 || 324
|-
| [[Ahraura, Unnao|Ahraura]] || 174.4 || 1,358
|-
| [[Racholiya]] || 119.9 || 735
|-
| [[Dhankauli, Unnao|Dhankauli]] || 427.7 || 3,181
|-
| [[Daudapur]] || 58 || 624
|-
| [[Kundrabakht Khera]] || 149.7 || 1,003
|-
| [[Kanthi, Unnao|Kanthi]] || 74.2 || 722
|-
| [[Mubarakpur, Sumerpur|Mubarakpur]] || 171.6 || 1,376
|-
| [[Chautarikalan Gairmustahkam]] || 150.3 || 29
|-
| [[Chautari Kalan Mustahkam]] || 157.2 || 13
|-
| [[Dhanpati Khera Mustahkam]] || 70.2 || 0
|-
| [[Purikhera Mustahkam]] || 81.9 || 9
|-
| [[Purikhera Gairmustahkam]] || 75.2 || 0
|-
| [[Dhanpati Khera Gairmustahkam]] || 124 || 0
|-
| [[Sethupur Gairahetmali]] || 149.1 || 1,512
|-
| [[Sherhupurahtmali]] || 195 || 0
|-
| [[Dharampur, Sumerpur|Dharampur]] || 537 || 381
|-
| [[Dulikhera]] || 1,319 || 3,030
|-
| [[Rasulpur Darigaon]] || 72.4 || 569
|-
| [[Chaksangrampur]] || 5.8 || 0
|-
| [[Hisyampur]] || 118.8 || 838
|-
| [[Rukunpur]] || 35.5 || 257
|-
| [[Sangrampur, Unnao|Sangrampur]] || 524.8 || 2,778
|-
| [[Mohammad Pur]] || 48 || 156
|-
| [[Tandaspur]] || 36.8 || 336
|-
| [[Nanmau]] || 37.9 || 493
|-
| [[Naraindas Khera]] || 95 || 841
|-
| [[Narainpur, Sumerpur|Narainpur]] || 47.8 || 395
|-
| [[Chakthanpur]] || 20 || 7
|-
| [[Nathai Khera]] || 60.4 || 463
|-
| [[Ramnair]] || 115.2 || 1,598
|-
| [[Kalyanpur, Sumerpur (census code 142972)|Kalyanpur]] || 111.3 || 751
|-
| [[Jagatpur, Unnao|Jagatpur]] || 103.4 || 1,075
|-
| [[Anuikhera]] || 24.8 || 371
|-
| [[Tangapur]] || 76.9 || 376
|-
| [[Baksar]] || 365.5 || 2,413
|-
| [[Katribaxer]] || 218.5 || 0
|-
| [[Malepurmustahkam]] || 74.9 || 795
|-
| [[Katari Bhalepur]] || 413.6 || 0
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Unnao district}}

[[Category:Unnao district]]

Fada'il series

2026-01-12T06:59:16Z

CarmineJansen: put up new pg!

{{Short description|Treatise series by Zakariyya Kandhlawi (1930–1965)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox book
| italic title = no
| name = Fada'il series
| image = Cover of Fazail-e Darood Shareef.jpg
| caption = Cover of ''Fazail-e Darood Shareef'', the last treatise in this series
| author = [[Zakariyya Kandhlawi]]
| title_orig = فضائل کتابوں کا سلسلہ
| orig_lang_code = ur
| country = [[India]]
| language = Urdu
| subject = [[Quran]], [[Salah]], [[Dhikr]], [[Dawah]], [[Ramadan]], [[Hajj]], [[Sadaqah]], [[Salawat]], [[Companions of the Prophet]]
| genre = Classical
| published = 1930 – 1965
| media_type = Print
| notes = The majority of the collective treatises in this series was published under the title ''[[Fazail-e-Amaal]]''
}}
The '''Fada'il series''' comprises a collection of nine treatises authored by [[Zakariyya Kandhlawi]] between the years 1930 and 1965, elucidating the virtues associated with various deeds. The majority of these treatises were composed at the behest of [[Ilyas Kandhlawi]], the founder of [[Tablighi Jamaat]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nadwi |first=Abul Hasan Ali Hasani |url=https://archive.org/download/nadwi/hayate-shaikhul-hadith-maulana-zakaria.pdf |title=Hayat-e Sheikh al-Hadith |publisher=[[Islamic Foundation Bangladesh]] |year=2000 |isbn=984-06-0548-8 |location=Dhaka |pages=220 |language=bn |translator-last=Jalalabadi |translator-first=Abdullah bin Saeed |author-link=Abul Hasan Ali Hasani Nadwi}}</ref><ref name=":Chaudhary">{{Cite thesis |last=Chaudhary |first=Muhammad Nawaz |title=Religious and academic services of Hazrat Maulana Zakaria |publisher=[[University of the Punjab]] |year=1992 |location=Pakistan |language=ur |url=http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/handle/123456789/8810 |type=PhD |access-date=13 June 2023 |archive-date=30 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220830142215/http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/handle/123456789/8810 |url-status=live |page=197}}</ref> Their primary purpose was to serve the propagation efforts of Tablighi Jamaat, while also being perused by individuals engaged in their daily circles of education. This series stands as the most widely circulated of Urdu publications, owing largely to its integration within the literature of Tablighi Jamaat and its subsequent translation into numerous languages.<ref name=":Chaudhary" /> Subsequently, the majority of the collective treatises were published under the title ''[[Fazail-e-Amaal]]''. The nine treatises encompassed within this series are as follows: (1) ''The Story of the Companions'', (2) ''Virtues of the Quran'', (3) ''Virtues of Prayer'', (4) ''Virtues of Remembrance (Dhikr)'', (5) ''Virtues of Propagation'', (6) ''Virtues of Ramadan'', (7) ''Virtues of Hajj'', (8) ''Virtues of Charity'', and (9) ''Virtues of Sending Blessings upon the Prophet''. [[Abul Hasan Ali Hasani Nadwi]] said no other literary series has exerted a more profound reformative influence upon the nation{{which|date=February 2024}} than Zakariyya Kandhlawi's Virtues Books.<ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Maliq |first=Abdul |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/293977 |title=Moulana Muhammad Zakariyya Hayatuhu Wa A Maluhu |publisher=Department of Arabic, [[University of Madras]] |year=2001 |location=India |language=ar |hdl=10603/293977 |degree=PhD |access-date=13 June 2023 |archive-date=21 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220621140458/https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/293977 |url-status=live |page=189}}</ref>

== ''Virtues of the Quran'' ==
''Fada'il-e-Quran'' or the ''Virtues of the Quran'' serves as the inaugural treatise in this series. Its origins can be traced back to 1930 when it was crafted as an instructive tome for Shah Yasin, a disciple of [[Rashid Ahmad Gangohi]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kandhlawi |first=Zakariyya |url=https://archive.org/download/aap-beeti-molana-zakriya-kandhalvi/Aap%20Beeti%20Molana%20Zakriya%20Kandhalvi.pdf |title=Aap Beati |publisher=Maqtaba Umar Faruq |location=Karachi, Pakistan |language=ur|page=136}}</ref> The treatise begins with a preamble that acquaints the reader with the etiquettes to be observed during the recitation of the [[Quran]]. It incorporates forty selected [[hadith]]s, seamlessly woven together with their corresponding Urdu translations. The author explains the purpose behind including these forty hadiths, highlighting his divine appointment as a scholarly guardian entrusted by Allah to safeguard forty prophetic traditions specifically related to religious matters. On the [[Judgement Day in Islam|Day of Judgment]], he will intercede for those who have committed these hadiths to memory and adhered to their teachings, providing undeniable testimony of their steadfastness. Towards the end of the treatise, the author supplements the foundational forty with additional narrations, addressing specific nuances relevant to the context. The concluding chapter unveils a proven mnemonic structure devised by the Prophet Muhammad for the memorization of the Quran. This arrangement, transmitted to his companion [[Ali]], significantly enhancing the efficacy of memorization.{{Sfn|Maliq|2001|p=195–196}}<ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Taqi |first=Muhammad Rizwan |title=A research study of the religious and academic services of Maulana Muhammad Zakaria Kandhalvi |publisher=[[University of Karachi]] |year=2005 |location=Pakistan |language=ur |degree=PhD |url=http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/handle/123456789/8794 |access-date=13 June 2023 |archive-date=30 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220830111142/http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/handle/123456789/8794 |url-status=live |page=109}}</ref>

==''Virtues of Ramadan''==
''Fada'il-e Ramadan'' or ''Virtues of Ramadan'' is the second treatise within this series, completed during the month of Ramadan in 1930 in the [[Nizamuddin Markaz Mosque]].{{Sfn|Kandhlawi|p=136}} The book is divided into three chapters, each exploring distinct aspects. In Chapter One, the author presents ten hadiths that illuminate the virtues inherent in the month of [[Ramadan]]. These hadiths are translated and accompanied by detailed explanations. Chapter Two delves into the significance of the [[Night of Power]] (Laylat al-Qadr) through the exposition of seven hadiths. The author provides translations and insights to elucidate the virtues associated with this special night. Chapter Three centers around the virtues of seclusion ([[Iʿtikāf]]), where the author expounds upon three hadiths. Translations and detailed explanations accompany each hadith, shedding light on the merits of this spiritual practice.{{Sfn|Maliq|2001|p=200–201}}{{Sfn|Taqi|2005|p=110}}

==''Virtues of Propagation''==
''Fada'il-e Tabligh'', or the ''Virtues of Propagation'', is the third treatise in this series, completed in 1931.{{Sfn|Kandhlawi|p=137}} The book is divided into seven chapters. In Chapter One, the author mentions Quranic verses related to enjoining good and forbidding evil, providing their translations and explanations. Chapter Two focuses on the Prophet's hadiths regarding enjoining good and forbidding evil. The author presents seven hadiths along with their translations and explanations. Chapter Three emphasizes the importance of self-reformation, including citations of Quranic verses and Prophetic sayings, accompanied by their translations and explanations. In Chapter Four, the author highlights the significance of honoring and respecting Muslims while condemning the act of belittling them. This chapter includes relevant Quranic verses and Prophetic sayings, along with their translations and explanations. Chapter Five underscores the importance of sincerity, faith, and seeking reward from Allah, presenting select Quranic verses and Prophetic sayings with their translations and explanations. In Chapter Six, the author emphasizes the importance of honoring scholars and spiritual guides, incorporating pertinent Quranic verses and Prophetic sayings, along with their translations and explanations. In Chapter Seven, the author emphasizes the significance of making efforts to recognize the people of truth and accompany them. This chapter incorporates relevant Quranic verses and Prophetic sayings, along with their translations and explanations.{{Sfn|Maliq|2001|p=199–200}}{{Sfn|Taqi|2005|p=112}}

==''The Story of the Companions''==
''Hikayat-e Sahaba'', or ''The Story of the Companions'', is the fourth treatise in this series, completed in 1938.{{Sfn|Kandhlawi|p=138}} It contains stories of the male and female [[sahaba|companions of Muhammad]] and their children. It is divided into twelve chapters. {{Sfn|Maliq|2001|p=199–200}}{{Sfn|Taqi|2005|p=114}}

==''Virtues of Prayer''==
''Fada'il-e Namaz'' or ''Virtues of Prayer'' is the fifth treatise in this series, completed in 1939.{{Sfn|Kandhlawi|p=139}} This book explores the prescribed prayers and the virtues associated with caring for [[Congregational prayer (Islam)|congregational prayers]], recommended prayers, and more. It draws illumination from Quranic verses and the sayings of the Prophet Muhammad. Additionally, it highlights the significance accorded to prayer by earlier generations. The book is divided into three sections. The first section delves into the Importance of Prayer and is further divided into two chapters. In the initial chapter, the author expounds on the virtues of prayer, encompassing nine lessons and forty hadiths. The subsequent chapter focuses on admonishment and reproach directed towards those who neglect prayer, comprising nine lessons. The second section centers on the Importance of Congregational Prayer and is also divided into two chapters. The first chapter elaborates on the virtues of congregational prayer, covering seven lessons. The second chapter addresses the warning and admonishment for those who disregard congregational prayer, consisting of nine lessons. Lastly, the third section emphasizes the Importance of Devotion and Submission in Prayer, underscoring the significance of reverence and surrender during prayer.{{Sfn|Maliq|2001|p=196–197}}{{Sfn|Taqi|2005|p=115}}

==''Virtues of Remembrance (Dhikr)''==
''Fada'il-e Dhikr'', or the ''Virtues of Remembrance'', is the sixth treatise in this series, completed in 1940.{{Sfn|Kandhlawi|p=138}} This book explores the virtues of [[Dhikr|remembrance]] and is divided into three sections. The first section emphasizes the importance of remembrance, with the author dividing it into two chapters. In the first chapter, the author mentions Quranic verses that highlight the virtues of remembrance, presenting forty-five verses along with their translations. The second chapter focuses on the Prophet's hadiths, providing twenty hadiths along with their texts, translations, and explanations. The second section covers the virtues of good speech and is further divided into three chapters. The first chapter presents Quranic verses that implicitly address the concept of good speech, featuring twenty verses with their translations. The second chapter includes Quranic verses that explicitly mention good speech, offering eighty-five verses along with their translations. The third chapter explores the Prophet's hadiths on the virtues of good speech, including forty hadiths with their texts, translations, and explanations. Towards the end of this chapter, the author outlines seventy-two branches of faith. The third section focuses on the virtues of the word of praise and is also divided into three chapters. In the first chapter, the author lists Quranic verses that mention the word of praise, featuring a total of 123 verses. The second chapter presents the Prophet's hadiths on the word of praise, including twenty hadiths with their texts, translations, and explanations. Finally, at the conclusion of this section, the author narrates a lengthy hadith discussing the virtues of glorification.{{Sfn|Maliq|2001|p=197–199}}{{Sfn|Taqi|2005|p=117}}

==''Virtues of Hajj''==
''Fada'il-e Hajj'' or ''Virtues of Hajj'' is the seventh treatise in this series. It was written upon the request of [[Yusuf Kandhlawi]], the second Amir of Tablighi Jamat, during his efforts to expand Tablighi Jamat in Saudi Arabia. The compilation of this treatise began on 7 May 1947, and was completed on 26 December 1947.{{Sfn|Kandhlawi|p=140}} It explores the virtues of [[Hajj]], [[Umrah]], and visiting the Prophet Muhammad, based on Quranic verses and the sayings of the Prophet Muhammad. The book is divided into ten chapters. In Chapter One, the author mentions three Quranic verses and fifteen hadiths related to the virtues of performing Hajj to the [[Kaaba|Sacred House of Allah]] and encourages its observance. The book provides translations and explanations for these verses and hadiths. Chapter Two cites two Quranic verses and five hadiths that serve as warnings for those capable of performing Hajj but choose not to undertake the journey. The translations and explanations of these verses and hadiths are included. Chapter Three highlights two hadiths that emphasize the virtue of enduring hardships during the journey of Hajj to the Sacred House of Allah. The translations and explanations of these hadiths are provided. Chapter Four provides a detailed explanation of the reality of performing Hajj to the Sacred House of Allah. In Chapter Five, the author delves into the etiquettes that should be observed during the journey to the Sacred House of Allah. The chapter includes references to three hadiths. Chapter Six explores the virtues of [[Mecca]] and the [[Kaaba]] in detail, mentioning four Quranic verses and ten hadiths. Chapter Seven elaborates on the virtues of [[Umrah]], referencing seven hadiths. Chapter Eight explains the virtues of visiting the Prophet Muhammad and his blessed city of [[Medina]]. Notable hadiths and two poetic verses written by the author about visiting the Prophet are included. Chapter Nine provides a detailed explanation of the important etiquettes to observe when visiting the Prophet Muhammad. Chapter Ten delves into the virtues of visiting the city of the Prophet Muhammad in detail. This chapter is further divided into two sections.{{Sfn|Maliq|2001|p=201–203}}{{Sfn|Taqi|2005|p=118}}

==''Virtues of Charity''==
''Fada'il-e Sadakat'' or ''Virtues of Charity'' is the eighth treatise in this series, completed in 1948.{{Sfn|Kandhlawi|p=140}} This book explores the virtues of charitable acts and deeds, which are considered acts of charity according to the teachings of the Quran and the sayings of the Prophet. The book is divided into seven chapters. In Chapter One, the author highlights numerous Quranic verses and prophetic sayings that emphasize the virtues of spending in the way of Allah. These verses and sayings are accompanied by translations and explanations. Chapter Two focuses on Quranic verses and prophetic sayings that condemn stinginess, shedding light on the importance of generosity and selflessness. Chapter Three presents various Quranic verses and prophetic sayings that emphasize the significance of maintaining family ties, highlighting the importance of fostering strong and caring relationships with relatives. Chapter Four delves into Quranic verses and prophetic sayings that emphasize the performance of [[Zakat]], elucidating the significance of fulfilling this obligatory act of charity. Chapter Five discusses Quranic verses and prophetic sayings that serve as a warning to those who neglect the performance of Zakat, emphasizing the consequences of disregarding this duty. Chapter Six explores the virtues of asceticism and contentment, drawing upon Quranic verses and prophetic sayings that encourage detachment from worldly possessions and finding satisfaction in simpler lifestyles. Lastly, Chapter Seven recounts numerous incidents from the lives of seventy ascetics and philanthropists who dedicated themselves to the cause of Allah, providing inspiring examples for readers to learn from and emulate.{{Sfn|Maliq|2001|p=203–204}}{{Sfn|Taqi|2005|p=119}}

==''Virtues of Durood''==
''Fada'il-e Durood Shareef'' or ''Virtues of Sending Blessings upon the Prophet'' is the final treatise in this series. It was written at the instruction of Shah Yasin, one of the disciples of [[Rashid Ahmad Gangohi]]. The compilation process began on 9 February 1965, and concluded on 27 March 1965.{{Sfn|Kandhlawi|p=141}} This book explores the virtues of [[Salawat|sending blessings upon the Prophet]], in accordance with the teachings of the Quranic verses and the sayings of the Prophet. The book is organized into five chapters. In Chapter One, the author discusses numerous Quranic verses and prophetic sayings that are directly related to sending blessings upon the Prophet. Chapter Two includes a selection of words used to send blessings upon the Prophet, along with their associated virtues, as described by the author. Chapter Three elaborates on the warning for those who neglect the act of sending blessings upon the Prophet, highlighting the importance and consequences of disregarding this practice. Chapter Four explains the manifold benefits that individuals can attain by frequently sending blessings upon the Prophet, underscoring the positive impact it has on their lives. Lastly, Chapter Five recounts fifty significant incidents associated with sending blessings upon the Prophet, providing readers with valuable examples and anecdotes.{{Sfn|Maliq|2001|p=204–205}}{{Sfn|Taqi|2005|p=120}}<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jafar |first=Imad |date=2023 |title=The Spiritual Teachings of Zakariyyā Kāndhlavī (d. 1982) in Fażāʾil-i Durūd Sharīf |url=https://brill.com/view/journals/jss/12/2/article-p253_4.xml |journal=Journal of Sufi Studies |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=253–272 |doi=10.1163/22105956-bja10031 |s2cid=264330781 |issn=2210-5948|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Deobandi hadith studies]]
* [[Works of Zakariyya Kandhlawi]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}
* {{Cite thesis |last=Hossain |first=Abu Sayyim Md. Tofazzal |url=http://reposit.library.du.ac.bd:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/3317 |title=Mawlana Zakaria Kandhalovi (Rh.): Life And Study Of Hadith |date=2024 |publisher=[[University of Dhaka]]|degree=PhD |location=Bangladesh |pages=307–314 |language=bn}}
{{Zakariyya Kandhlawi}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Deobandi hadith literature]]
[[Category:Books by Zakariyya Kandhlawi]]
[[Category:Tablighi Jamaat]]
[[Category:Islamic literature]]
[[Category:Sunni literature]]
[[Category:Urdu-language books]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian books]]
[[Category:Indian non-fiction books]]
[[Category:Indian religious texts]]

Raorchestes ghatei

2025-12-18T04:09:48Z

CarmineJansen: page edit

{{Short description|Species of amphibian}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Speciesbox
| taxon = Raorchestes ghatei
| image =Raorchestes ghatei. .jpg
| status =LC
| status_ref =<ref name=IUCN />
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| authority = Padhye, Sayyed, Jadhav, and [[Neelesh Dahanukar|Dahanukar]], 2013
}}
[[File:Raorchestes ghatei. .jpg|thumb|Raorchestes ghatei]]

'''''Raorchestes ghatei''''' (common name: '''Ghate's shrub frog''') is a species of [[shrub frog]]s from the [[Western Ghats]] of [[Maharashtra]].<ref name=frost>{{cite web |url=http://research.amnh.org/vz/herpetology/amphibia/Amphibia/Anura/Rhacophoridae/Rhacophorinae/Raorchestes/Raorchestes-ghatei |title=''Raorchestes ghatei'' Padhye, Sayyed, Jadhav, and Dahanukar, 2013 |author=Frost, Darrel R. |year=2014 |work=Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0 |publisher=American Museum of Natural History |access-date=21 May 2014}}</ref><ref name="IUCN">{{cite IUCN
|title= Ghate's Shrub Frog: ''Raorchestes ghatei''
|url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/79128538/166116668
|article-number=e.T79128538A166116668
|doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2023-1.RLTS.T79128538A166116668.en
|id=79128538
|year=2023
|author1=IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group
|access-date=March 9, 2024}}</ref>

== Appearance==

The adult male frog measures about 9.1–25.5 mm in [[snout-vent length]] and the adult female frog about 15.4–29.8 mm. The adult male frog and adult female frog show visible [[sexual dimorphism]] in their coloration. The skin of the adult female frog's dorsum is dark in color with light patterns and black stripes from the eardrum to the groin. There are black stripes on the front and hind legs. The middle of the body is cream-white in color and yellow-orange nearer to the legs. The skin of the adult male frog's back is dark brown in color with black stripes from the eardrum to groin. The front legs are dark in color with no stripes. The back legs have spots. The middle of the body is cream-white in color. The adult male frog has a tubercule spike on his arm bone.<ref name=Amph>{{BioRef|amphibiaweb
|title= ''Raorchestes ghatei'' Padhye, Sayyed, Jadhav, and Dahanukar, 2013
|author1= Breeze Davis|author2= Kathryn Thai|author3= Mireya Bejarano
|editor1= Ann T. Chang|editor2= Michelle S. Koo
|date=June 1, 2021
|language=
|url=https://amphibiaweb.org/species/8099
|access-date=September 17, 2023}}</ref>
<ref name=Des>{{cite journal|author1=Padhye AD|author2= Sayyed A|author3= Jadhav A|author4=Dahanukar N|year= 2013 |title=Raorchestes ghatei, a new species of shrub frog (Anura: Rhacophoridae) from the western Ghars of Maharashtra, India. |journal=J Threatened Taxa |volume=5 |pages=4913–4931|url=https://threatenedtaxa.org/index.php/JoTT/article/view/1521|access-date=September 17, 2023|type=Abstract|issue=15|doi= 10.11609/JoTT.o3702.4913-31|doi-access=free}}</ref>

The species differs from its congeners based on a combination of characters including small to medium-sized adult males, snout [[mucronate]] in dorsal view, [[canthus rostralis]] angular and sharp, snout slightly projecting beyond mouth ventrally, [[Tympanum (anatomy)|tympanum]] indistinct and one third of the eye diameter, tongue without papilla but with a [[lingual pit]], [[nuptial pad]] rudimentary to absent, a bony [[tubercle]] on humerus at the end of deltoid ridge present in males and absent in females, skin finely granulated or smooth dorsally, lateral side marbled with white blotches on brown to black background. Molecular phylogeny based on 16S [[rRNA]] gene sequence suggests that the new species is genetically distinct and forms a monophyletic clade within ''Raorchestes''. The species exhibits sexual dimorphism with males having single sub-gular vocal sac and a tubercle on the humerus while females lack them. The species shows direct development. The species is widely distributed in the Western Ghats of Maharashtra.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Padhye | first1 = Anand D. | last2 = Sayyed | first2 = Amit | last3 = Jadhav | first3 = Anushree | last4 = Dahanukar | first4 = Neelesh | year = 2013 | title = ''Raorchestes ghatei'', a new species of shrub frog (Anura: Rhacophoridae) from the Western Ghats of Maharashtra, India | journal = Journal of Threatened Taxa | volume = 5 | issue = 15 | pages = 4913–4931 | doi = 10.11609/JoTT.o3702.4913-31 | url = http://threatenedtaxa.org/ZooPrintJournal/2013/November/o370226xi134913-4931.pdf | doi-access = free }}</ref>
[[File:Ghat's-frog-matheran.jpg|none|thumb|302x302px|Raorchestes ghatei]]

==Life cycle==

The adult male frog chooses a place near the ground to sit and then sings for the female frogs. Sometimes male frogs fight over good perches. After a strong male frog wins a fight, the other male frog either leaves or ceases to sing. Scientists have seen ''R. ghatei'' attempt to mate with frogs of other species, such as ''[[Microhyla ornata]]'' or ''[[Uperodon mormorata]]''.<ref name=Amph />

The female frog lays 40–60 eggs per [[clutch (eggs)|clutch]] under a rock or in leaf litter on the ground. If she lays the eggs before [[monsoon]] season, she leaves, providing no further care. But if she lays the eggs after monsoon season, she remains nearby to guard them. The eggs hatch if the temperature remains within an amenable range: 20-22 °C. The eggs take 21–30 days to hatch. This frog undergoes [[direct development]], hatching as a small froglet with no free-swimming tadpole stage.<ref name=Amph />

==Diet and predators==

Adult frogs eat insects and other arthropods. Younger frogs eat mosquitoes and other insects. Snakes such as the [[bamboo pitviper]] and [[saw-scaled viper]], lizards such as the [[forest lizard]] and [[changeable lizard]], and birds such as the [[white-throated kingfisher]] will all prey upon this frog.<ref name=Amph />

==Threats==

Scientists classify this frog as at least concern of extinction because of its large range. However, because of [[habitat loss]], they recommend the population be monitored.<ref name=IUCN /> Humans [[deforestation|cut down trees]] to get wood [[lumber|to build things]] and to make room for farms. Scientists also saw that a fungus that causes the disease [[chytridiomycosis]] can make this frog sick.<ref name=Amph />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Wikispecies-inline|Raorchestes ghatei}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q16758057}}

[[Category:Raorchestes|ghatei]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Neelesh Dahanukar]]
[[Category:Amphibians described in 2013]]
[[Category:Frogs of India]]
[[Category:Endemic fauna of the Western Ghats]]
[[Category:Endemic amphibians of India]]

Lokaksema (Buddhist monk)

2025-12-16T13:56:13Z

CarmineJansen: fixed information for clarity and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|2nd-century Indian Buddhist monk}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Lokaksema
| image =
| birth_date = 147 CE
| image_size = 200px
| caption = Lokaksema ({{zh|t=支谶|p=Zhī Chèn}}).
| birth_place =
| death_place =
| occupation = [[Bhikkhu|Buddhist monk]], scholar, [[translation|translator]], and [[missionary]]
| spouse =
| parents =
| children =
}}
{{Chinese Buddhism}}
'''Lokakṣema''' (लोकक्षेम, {{zh|t=支婁迦讖|p=Zhī Lóujiāchèn}}) (flourished 147–189) was a Kushan [[Bhikkhu|Buddhist monk]] who travelled to China during the [[Han dynasty]] and is one of the first known translators of [[Mahayana sutras|Mahayana religious texts]] into any language.<ref name="BrillEncy">{{cite journal |last1=Harrison |first1=Paul |title=Lokakṣema |journal=Brill's Encyclopedia of Buddhism Online |url=https://referenceworks.brill.com/display/entries/ENBO/COM-2099.xml}}</ref>

==Biography==

Details of Lokakṣema's life come to us via a short biography by [[Sengyou]] (僧祐; pinyin: Sēngyòu; 445–518 CE) and his text "Collected Records concerning the Tripitaka" (出三藏記集 Chu sanzang jìjí, T2145).

The name 婁迦讖 is usually rendered in Sanskrit as Lokakṣema, though this is disputed by some scholars, and variants such as Lokakṣama have been proposed.<ref>Nattier 2008: 73-4</ref> In particular the character 讖 can be read as ''chen'' or ''chan''. Sengyou refers to him as ''Zhīchèn'' ({{zh|c=支讖}}). The ''Zhī'' ({{zh|t=支}}) prefix added to his Chinese name suggests that Lokaksema was of [[Yuezhi]] ({{zh|t=月支}}) ethnicity. He is traditionally said to have been a [[Kushan Empire|Kushan]], though the Chinese term ''Yuezhi'' covered a broad area of what is now Iran, Afghanistan, and Pakistan.<ref name="Nattier 2008: 73">Nattier 2008: 73</ref>

Given his background, Lokaksema was very likely to have been [[multilingual]] and have had knowledge of various languages including [[Gandhari language|Gandhari Prakrit]] which was used as the language of religion, administration, and commerce in the North Western parts of India. It is speculated however by the scholar, Paul Harrison, that his mother tongue was [[Bactrian language|Bactrian]].<ref name= "BrillEncy" />

Lokaksema arrived in the [[Han dynasty|Han]] capital [[Luoyang]] toward the end of the reign of [[Emperor Huan of Han]] (r.147-168), and between 178 and 189 CE translated a number of Mahayāna Buddhist texts into Chinese.<ref name="Nattier 2008: 73"/>

Lokaksema's translation activities, as well as those of the [[Parthia]]ns [[An Shigao]] and [[An Xuan]] slightly earlier, or his fellow Yuezhi [[Dharmarakṣa]] (around 286 CE) illustrate the key role Central Asians had in propagating Buddhism to the countries of [[East Asia]]. With the decline and fall of the Han, the empire fell into chaos and Lokakṣema disappeared from the historical record so we do not know the date of his death.

=== Extant translations ===
The editors of the [[Taishō]] Tripiṭaka attribute twelve texts to Lokakṣema. These attributions have been studied in detail by [[Erik Zürcher]], [[Paul Harrison (Buddhist scholar)|Paul Harrison]], and [[Jan Nattier]], and some have been called into question.<ref>Nattier 2008: 76-7</ref>

Zürcher considers it reasonably certain that Lokakṣema translated the following:<ref name=":0">Nattier (2008), pp. 76-77.</ref>

* T224. 道行般若經. A translation of the ''[[Aṣṭasāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā Sūtra]]''.
* T280. 佛說兜沙經. ''The Scripture on the Tusita Heaven'', part of the proto-[[Avatamsaka Sutra]]
* T313. 阿閦佛國經. ''Akṣohhya-vyūha''
* T350. 說遺日摩尼寶經. Kaśyapaparivrata
* T418. 般舟三昧經. ''[[Pratyutpanna Samādhi Sūtra]]''
* T458. 文殊師利問菩薩署經. ''Mañjuśrī's Inquiry Concerning the Bodhisattva Career''.
* T626. 阿闍世王經. ''Ajātaśatru Kaukṛtya Vinodana Sūtra''
* T807. 佛說內藏百寶經. ''The Hundred Jewels of the Inner Treasury.''

According to Nattier, Harrison "expresses reservations" concerning the ''Akṣohhya-vyūha'' (T313), and considers that T418 is the product of revision and does not date from Lokakṣema's time.<ref name=":0" />

Conversely, Harrison considers that the following ought to be considered genuine:<ref name=":0" />

* T624 伅真陀羅所問如來三昧經 ''Druma-kinnara-rāja-paripṛcchā-sūtra''

A characteristic of Lokakṣema's translation style was the extensive transliteration of Indic terms and his retention of India stylistic features such as long sentences. He typically rendered Indic verse as Chinese prose, making no attempt to capture the meter.<ref>Nattier 2008: 75-6</ref> Based on evidence from Chinese catalogues of texts, Nattier suggests that T224 and T418 are representative of Lokakṣema and might stand as "core texts", i.e. as representative of his style of translating, although both show some signs of later editing. A second tier of texts—T280, T350, T458, and T807—all strongly resemble Lokakṣema's core texts, though with occasional anomalies. T624 and T626 form a third tier with more deviations from the distinctive style of Lokakṣema. If T313 was indeed a translation by Lokakṣema, it has been extensively revised by an unknown editor, though the prose sections are closer to his style than the verse.<ref>Nattier 2008: 78-85</ref>

=== Lost works ===
Several translations attributed to Lokakṣema have been lost:

* ''Shoulengyan jing'' (a version of the Suramgama-samādhi-sutra, already lost in Sengyou's time)
* ''Guangming sanmei jing'' "Sutra on the Samadhi of Luminosity"
* ''Hu banniehuan jing'' "The Hu Parinirvāṇa Sutra"
* ''Bo benjing'' ("The Original *Puṣya Sutra")

== See also ==
* [[History of Buddhism]]
* [[Buddhist texts]]
* [[Silk Road transmission of Buddhism]]

== References ==
===Citations===
{{reflist|30em}}

===Sources===
* Nattier, Jan (2008). [https://web.archive.org/web/20131023055957/http://iriab.soka.ac.jp/orc/Publications/BPPB/pdf/BPPB-10.pdf A Guide to the Earliest Chinese Buddhist Translations: Texts from the Eastern Han and Three Kingdoms Periods], Bibliotheca Philologica et Philosophica, IRIAB Vol. X, 73–88; {{ISBN|978-4-904234-00-6}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite book| last = Foltz| first = Richard| authorlink=Richard Foltz | title = Religions of the Silk Road Premodern Patterns of Globalization| year = 2010| publisher = Palgrave MacMillan| isbn = 978-0-230-62125-1}}
* Harrison, Paul (1993). "[https://archive.org/details/BackCopiesOfBuddhistStudiesReview The Earliest Chinese translations of Mahayana Buddhist Sutras: Some Notes on the Works of Lokaksema]," Buddhist Studies Review 10 (2), 135-177
* {{cite journal|last1=Nattier|first1=Jan|title=The Realm of Aksobhya: A Missing Piece in the History of Pure Land Buddhism|journal=Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies|date=2000|volume=23|issue=1|pages=71–102|url=http://journals.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/index.php/jiabs/article/view/9167/3026}}

{{Buddhism topics}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2nd-century Buddhist monks]]
[[Category:147 births]]
[[Category:People from the Kushan Empire]]
[[Category:Foreign relations of ancient India]]
[[Category:Han dynasty Buddhists]]
[[Category:Year of death unknown]]
[[Category:Indian Buddhist missionaries]]
[[Category:Indian missionaries in China]]
[[Category:2nd-century Indian monks]]
[[Category:Buddhist monks from the Western Regions]]

1974 railway strike in India

2025-12-09T08:24:34Z

CarmineJansen:

{{Short description|Strike by the workers of Indian Railways}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}
{{Infobox civil conflict
| title = Railway Strike 1974
| partof =
| image =
| caption =
| date = {{start date|df=yes|1974|5|8}} - {{end date|df=yes|1974|5|27}}
| place = [[India]]
| coordinates =
| causes = Stagnant long working hours of locomotive staff
| goals = Eight-hour working day for locomotive staff
| methods = [[General strike|Strike]]
| status =
| result = suppression and failure
| side1 = [[All India Railwaymen's Federation]]
| side2 = [[Ministry of Railways (India)|Indian Railway Board]]
| leadfigures1 =
| leadfigures2 =
| leadfigures3 =
| howmany1 =
| howmany2 =
| howmany3 =
| casualties1 =
| casualties2 =
| casualties3 =
| fatalities =
| injuries =
| arrests =
| detentions =
| charged =
| fined =
| casualties_label =
| notes =
}}
The '''1974 railway strike in India''' was a major [[Strike action|strike]] by the workers of [[Indian Railways]] in 1974. The strike lasted from 8 to 27 May 1974.<ref name="f1">{{cite magazine |last=Sridhar |first=V |title=Chronicle of a strike |url=http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl1819/18190750.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120527051644/http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl1819/18190750.htm |archive-date=27 May 2012 |access-date=28 September 2023 |magazine=Frontline |volume=18 |issue=19 |date=15 September 2001}}</ref> The 20-day strike by 1.7 million workers is the largest recorded [[industrial action]] in the world.<ref name="f1"/><ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,944832,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081222065706/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,944832,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=22 December 2008 |title=INDIA: Strangulating Strike |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|TIME]] |date=20 May 1974 |access-date=2012-02-11}}</ref><ref name=b>{{Cite journal |url=https://www.jstor.org/pss/4395459 |jstor=4395459 |title=Railway Workers and Their Unions: Origins of 1974 Indian Railways Strike |last=Sherlock |first=Stephen |journal=[[Economic and Political Weekly]] |date=14 October 1989 |volume=24 |issue=41 |pages=2311–2322 |access-date=28 September 2023}}</ref>

==Reasons for the strike==
The strike was held to demand an eight-hour working day for locomotive staff by the [[All India Railwaymen's Federation]] a raise in pay scale, which had remained stagnant over many years, in spite of the fact that pay scales of other government-owned entities had risen over the years.<ref>{{cite web |title=THE INDIAN RAILWAYS STRIKE OF 1974: A Study of Power and Organised Labour |url=http://indianrailwayemployee.com/content/indian-railways-strike-1974-study-power-and-organised-labour |website=Indian railway employee website |publisher=Indian railway employee |access-date=5 June 2018}}</ref> Furthermore, since British times the Railways termed the work of the locomotive staff as "continuous", implying that workers would have to remain at work as long as the train ran on its trip, often for several days at a stretch. The [[independence of India]] did not change this. The eight-hour work day had not been implemented in Indian railways by the [[Railway Board]], a quasi-government bureaucracy despite having become a free country in 1947; this had led to dissatisfaction among workers, especially locomotive pilots.<ref name="book">{{cite book |last=Sherlock |first=Stephen |title=The Indian railways strike of 1974: A study of power and organised labour |edition=Hardcover |date=1 February 2001 |publisher=[[Rupa & Co.]] |location=[[Mumbai]] |isbn=8171675344}}</ref> Traditional railway union leaders too were starting to get distant from worker demands and closer instead to politicians, thus leading to further discord.<ref name=b/>

The spread of diesel engines and the consequent intensification of work in the Indian Railways since the 1960s resulted in continuous working hours being extended by days, creating much resentment among the workers.<ref name="wire">{{cite news |last=Ramakrishnan |first=Nitya |title=Remembering George Fernandes As He Was, Before He Lost Himself |url=https://thewire.in/politics/why-george-fernandes-is-a-force-to-be-reckoned-with |access-date=5 June 2018 |publisher=The Wire |date=3 June 2018}}</ref> The Railways, although government-owned, remained an organization in which the accepted worldwide standard of an [[eight-hour working day]] was violated with impunity.<ref name=b/> When the crafts unions raised the issue, they demanded a 12-hour working day for loco running staff. This led to railway strikes by rail workers across the country in 1967, 1968, 1970 and 1973, finally leading to the 1974 strike which was joined by 70% of the permanent workforce of railways. This was not the first railways strike in India, the earliest having occurred in [[British India]] in 1862 in [[Howrah]], and a number of strikes having occurred in the private railway companies that operated in British India, most of them becoming part of the Indian freedom struggle.<ref name="f1"/><ref name=b/>

As President of the [[All India Railwaymen's Federation]], [[George Fernandes]] led the strike.

==Culmination==
The strike commenced on 8 May 1974. The strike was brutally suppressed by the [[Indira Gandhi]] government with thousands being sent to jail and losing their jobs. The strike was called off on 27 May 1974.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/lr/2002/01/06/stories/2002010600140200.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050306025910/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/lr/2002/01/06/stories/2002010600140200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 March 2005 |title=Looking back at anger |date=6 January 2002 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=28 September 2023}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:1974 in India|Railway Strike In India, 1974]]
[[Category:1974 in rail transport|Railway Strike In India, 1974]]
[[Category:1974 labor disputes and strikes|Railway strike in India]]
[[Category:History of the Republic of India]]
[[Category:Indira Gandhi administration]]
[[Category:May 1974 in Asia|Railway strike in India]]
[[Category:Rail transport strikes in India]]

Vasudev Nagar metro station

2025-11-22T21:44:18Z

CarmineJansen: Made A Post Basic Info - done

{{short description|Nagpur Metro's Aqua Line metro station}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Madhav Netralaya Vasudev Nagar
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| symbol_location =
| symbol =
| type = {{Nagpur Metro Infobox station line|line=Aqua}}
| style = Nagpur Metro
| image = Vasudev Nagar metro station.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| address = Rajendra Nagar, Nagpur, Maharashtra 440016
| borough =
| country =
| coordinates = {{coord|21.11876|79.01950|display=inline,title}}
| owned = [[Maharashtra Metro Rail Corporation Limited]] (MAHA-METRO)
| operator = [[Nagpur Metro]]
| line = {{rcb|Nagpur Metro|Aqua|croute}}
| distance =
| platforms = [[Side platform]] Platform-1 → [[Prajapati Nagar metro station|Prajapati Nagar]] Platform-2 → [[Lokmanya Nagar metro station|Lokmanya Nagar]]
| tracks = 2
| train_operators =
| connections =
| structure = [[Elevated]], [[Double-track railway|Double track]]
| levels = 2
| parking =
| bicycle =
| architectural_style =
| accessible = Yes {{access icon}}
| code =
| zone =
| website =
| opened = {{Start date and age|df=yes|2020|01|28}}
| closed = 
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_rank =
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Nagpur Metro|line=Aqua|left=Rachana Ring Road Junction|right=Bansi Nagar}}
| electrified = {{25 kV 50 Hz}} [[Overhead line|overhead catenary]]
| route_map = {{Nagpur Metro East-West Line}}
| map_state = collapsed
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-marker = rail
| mapframe-marker-color = #{{rail color|Nagpur Metro|Aqua}}
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}
'''Madhav Netralaya Vasudev Nagar''' formerly known as Vasudev Nagar is an elevated metro station on the East-West corridor of the [[Aqua Line (Nagpur Metro)|Aqua Line]] of [[Nagpur Metro]] in [[Nagpur]], India. It was opened on 28 January 2020.<ref>{{cite web |last=Bisen |first=Sudhanshu|title=After 144-day delay, Metro's Aqua Line makes a splash |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/after-144-day-delay-metros-aqua-line-makes-a-splash/articleshow/73709587.cms |website=The Times of India |access-date=26 November 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Nagpur Metro's Aqua Line inaugurated today. Check new routes, timings |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/nagpur-metro-s-aqua-line-inaugurated-today-check-new-routes-timings-11580199039676.html |website=mint |access-date=26 November 2021 |language=en |date=28 January 2020}}</ref>

==Station layout==
{{stack|{{Routemap
| title = Madhav Netralaya Vasudev Nagar track layout
| title-bg = #{{rail color|Nagpur Metro|Aqua}}
| legend = track
| collapsible = no
| map = vCONTgfa
cPLT\vSTR\cPLT ~~ ~~ ~~ to [[Bansi Nagar metro station|Bansi Nagar]]
*'''P2'''\cPLT\vSTR\cPLT\*'''P1'''
cPLT\vSTR\cPLT ~~ ~~ ~~ to [[Rachana Ring Road Junction metro station|Rachana Ring Road Jn.]]
vCONTgfe
| bottom = <div style="width:23.5em;text-align:center">Station with two tracks and two side platforms</div>
}}}}
{|table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;border-top:solid 1px grey;" width=50 valign=top|'''G'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=100 valign=top|Street level
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=500 valign=top|Exit/Entrance
|-
|valign=top|'''L1'''
|valign=top|Mezzanine
|valign=top|Fare control, station agent, Metro Card vending machines, crossover 
|-
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=50 rowspan=4 valign=top|'''L2'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" colspan=2|[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=100|'''Platform 1''' '''Eastbound'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=500|Towards → [[Prajapati Nagar metro station|Prajapati Nagar]] '''Next Station:''' [[Rachana Ring Road Junction metro station|Rachana Ring Road Jn.]]
|-
|'''Platform 2''' '''Westbound'''
|Towards ← [[Lokmanya Nagar metro station|Lokmanya Nagar]] '''Next Station:''' [[Bansi Nagar metro station|Bansi Nagar]]
|-
|style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" colspan=2 align=center|[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=50 rowspan=2 valign=top|'''L2'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=100|
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=500|
|-
|}

==See also==
* [[Nagpur]]
* [[Maharashtra]]
* [[List of Nagpur Metro stations]]
* [[Urban rail transit in India#Rapid transit|Rapid transit in India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Nagpur Metro navbox}}

[[Category:Nagpur Metro stations]]
[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 2020]]

Raj Hamsa X-Air "H" Hanuman

2025-11-08T23:24:29Z

CarmineJansen: created first article from scratch

{{Short description|Indian ultralight aircraft}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox aircraft
| name = X-Air Hanuman
| logo =
| logo_size =
| image = Raj Hamsa Ultralights XAIR-H Hanuman N929XH 01.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| long_caption =
| other_names =
| aircraft_type = Fixed wing [[ultralight aircraft]]
| aim =
| outcome =
| related =
| national_origin = [[India]]
| manufacturer = [[Raj Hamsa Ultralights]]
| design_group =
| designer = Joel Koechlin
| builder =
| issuer =
| status = Active
| owners =
| primary_user =
| more_users =
| service =
| major_applications =
| proposals =
| prototypes =
| number_built = 216 (Dec 2011)<ref name="KitplanesDec2011" />
| construction_number =
| civil_registration =
| military_serial =
| radio_code =
| requirement =
| aircraft_carried =
| flights =
| total_hours =
| total_distance =
| construction_date =
| introduction =
| retired =
| first_flight =
| initiated =
| in_service =
| last_flight =
| expected =
| developed_from = [[X-AIR 'F' Gumnam]]<ref name="Intro">{{cite web|url = http://x-air.in/html/hanuman.htm|title = Introduction|accessdate = 23 August 2010|last = Raj Hamsa|authorlink = |date = n.d.}}</ref>
| variants =
| developed_into =
| preservation =
| fate =
| predecessors =
| successors =
| concluded =
}}

The '''X-Air Hanuman''' (English: ''Hawk'') is a two-seat, fixed [[tricycle gear]], [[general aviation]] [[ultralight]] [[airplane]], manufactured in [[India]] by [[Raj Hamsa Ultralights]]. It is used primarily for flight training, touring, and personal flying. The aircraft is known in North America as the X-Air "H".<ref name="KitplanesDec2011">Vandermeullen, Richard: ''2011 Kit Aircraft Buyer's Guide'', Kitplanes, Volume 28, Number 12, December 2011, page 77. Belvoir Publications. ISSN 0891-1851</ref><ref name="Hanuman">{{cite web|url =http://www.x-air.in/html/hanuman.htm|title = The Hanuman|accessdate = 23 August 2010|last = Raj Hamsa Ultralights|authorlink = |date = n.d.}}</ref><ref name="XAirUSA">{{cite web|url = http://x-air.us/|title = X-AIR News|accessdate = 2008-11-21|last = Raj Hamsa Ultralights Pvt Ltd|authorlink = |date=May 2008}}</ref><ref name="WDLA11">Bayerl, Robby; Martin Berkemeier; et al: ''World Directory of Leisure Aviation 2011-12'', page 84. WDLA UK, Lancaster UK, 2011. ISSN 1368-485X</ref><ref name="WDLA15">Tacke, Willi; Marino Boric; et al: ''World Directory of Light Aviation 2015-16'', page 88. Flying Pages Europe SARL, 2015. {{ISSN|1368-485X}}</ref>

==Design and development==
The X-Air Hanuman is a single-engined high-wing monoplane with side-by-side seats for the pilot and a passenger. The aircraft is manufactured with an {{convert|85|hp|kW|abbr=on}} four-cylinder four-stroke 2.2 litre [[Jabiru 2200]] engine, which can be run on [[Avgas#Automotive gasoline|automotive fuel]]. The {{convert|64|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} [[Rotax 582]] [[two-stroke]], the {{convert|80|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} [[Rotax 912UL]] are also options.<ref name="WDLA11"/><ref name="WDLA15"/><ref name="Engine">{{cite web|url = http://x-air.in/html/hpower.htm|title = Powerplant|accessdate = 23 August 2010|last = Raj Hamsa|authorlink = |date = n.d.}}</ref>

The airframe is assembled from [[aluminum]] tubing, with steel reinforcement and is covered in [[Dacron]] sailcloth. More recent models feature composite [[winglet]]s and doors.<ref name="WDLA11"/><ref name="WDLA15"/><ref name="Const">{{cite web|url =http://x-air.in/html/hcontrol.htm|title = Aircraft Construction|accessdate = 23 August 2010|last = [[Raj Hamsa Ultralights]]|authorlink = |date = n.d.}}</ref>

The Hanuman offers full dual controls, with the exception of the main pilot seat having brakes and flap controls. Instrumentation consists of a tachometer, airspeed indicator, altimeter, [[turn and slip indicator|slip indicator]], battery charge indicator & coolant temperature or CHT, GPS etc.<ref name="Dimensions">{{cite web|url = http://x-air.in/html/hdim.htm|title = Aircraft Dimensions and Weight|accessdate = 23 August 2010|last = Raj Hamsa|authorlink = |date = n.d.}}</ref>

The design is a [[Federal Aviation Administration]] approved special light-sport aircraft under the designation ''X-Air XA85''.<ref name="FAASLSA">{{cite web|url = https://www.faa.gov/aircraft/gen_av/light_sport/media/SLSA_Directory.xlsx|title = SLSA Make/Model Directory|accessdate = 23 March 2017|last = [[Federal Aviation Administration]]|date = 26 September 2016}}</ref>

==Variants==
;X-AIR "H" Hanuman
:Base model<ref name="Intro" /><ref name="WDLA11" />
;X-Air LS XA-85
:Version for the US [[Light-sport aircraft]] market with an empty weight of {{convert|660|lb|kg|0|abbr=on}} and a gross weight of {{convert|1234|lb|kg|0|abbr=on}}<ref name="Intro" /><ref name="WDLA11"/><ref name="WDLA15"/><ref name="LSA">{{cite web|url = http://www.x-airlsa.com/|title = X-Air LS|accessdate = 23 August 2010|last = X-Air, LLC |authorlink = |year = 2010}}</ref>
;X-AIR Hawk
:Version for the United Kingdom, certified as a [[microlight]] under [[Civil Aviation Authority (United Kingdom)|Civil Aviation Authority]] BCAR Section S and provided in kit form.<ref name="Intro" /><ref name="WDLA11"/><ref name="WDLA15"/>

==Military operators==
{{IND}}
* [[Indian Military Academy]] - Basic flight training <ref name="Hanuman" />
* [[Mhow|Military Headquarters Of War]]<ref name="Hanuman" />

==Specifications (Hanuman)==
[[File:Raj Hamsa Ultralights XAIR-H Hanuman N929XH 02.jpg|thumb|right|Raj Hamsa Ultralights XAIR-H Hanuman]]

{{Aircraft specs
|ref=Raj Hamsa<ref name="Specs">{{cite web|url = http://x-air.in/html/hperform.htm|title = Performance|accessdate = 23 August 2010|last = Raj Hamsa|authorlink = |date = n.d.}}</ref>
|prime units?=met

|genhide=

|crew=one
|capacity=one passenger
|length m=6.03
|length ft=
|length in=
|length note=
|span m=10.05
|span ft=
|span in=
|span note=
|height m=2.30
|height ft=
|height in=
|height note=
|wing area sqm=
|wing area sqft=
|wing area note=
|aspect ratio=
|airfoil=
|empty weight kg=268
|empty weight lb=
|empty weight note=
|gross weight kg=
|gross weight lb=
|gross weight note=
|max takeoff weight kg=
|max takeoff weight lb=
|max takeoff weight note=
|fuel capacity= {{convert|80|L}}
|more general=

|eng1 number=1
|eng1 name=[[Jabiru 2200]]
|eng1 type=
|eng1 kw=
|eng1 hp=85

|prop blade number=2
|prop name=ground adjustable
|prop dia m=
|prop dia ft=
|prop dia in=
|prop note=


|perfhide=

|max speed kmh=170
|max speed mph=
|max speed kts=
|max speed note=
|cruise speed kmh=140
|cruise speed mph=
|cruise speed kts=
|cruise speed note=
|stall speed kmh=45
|stall speed mph=
|stall speed kts=
|stall speed note=flaps down
|never exceed speed kmh=
|never exceed speed mph=
|never exceed speed kts=
|never exceed speed note=
|minimum control speed kmh=50
|minimum control speed mph=
|minimum control speed kts=
|minimum control speed note=flaps down
|range km=800
|range miles=
|range nmi=
|range note=
|endurance=
|ceiling m=
|ceiling ft=12000
|ceiling note=
|g limits=+6/-3
|roll rate=
|glide ratio=10:1
|climb rate ms=4.5
|climb rate ftmin=
|climb rate note=
|time to altitude=
|lift to drag=
|wing loading kg/m2=
|wing loading lb/sqft=
|wing loading note=
|fuel consumption kg/km=
|fuel consumption lb/mi=
|power/mass=
|thrust/weight=
|more performance=
|avionics=
}}

==See also==

=== Comparable aircraft ===
* [[Best Off Skyranger]]
* [[ICP Savannah]]
* [[Ikarus C42]]
* [[Zenith CH-701]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{commons category|X-Air}}
*[http://www.x-air.in Raj Hamsa's Indian website]
*[http://x-air.us/ Raj Hamsa's US website]
{{Raj Hamsa Ultralights}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Raj Hamsa X-Air H Hanuman}}
[[Category:2000s Indian civil utility aircraft]]
[[Category:Light-sport aircraft]]
[[Category:Articles with quotation marks in the title]]
[[Category:High-wing aircraft]]
[[Category:Aircraft with fixed tricycle landing gear]]
[[Category:Single-engined tractor aircraft]]
[[Category:Single-engined piston aircraft]]

Orissa Mining Corporation v. Ministry of Environment and Forest and Others

2025-11-06T05:04:52Z

CarmineJansen: created the data needs work!

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox court case
| name = [[Odisha Mining Corporation|Orissa Mining Corporation]] v. [[Ministry of Environment and Forests (India)|Ministry of Environment & Forest]] & Others
| court = [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]]
| image = Emblem of the Supreme Court of India.svg
| imagesize =
| imagelink =
| imagealt =
| caption =
| full name =
| date decided = 18 April 2013
| citations = [http://supremecourtofindia.nic.in/outtoday/judgments/180.pdf WP (Civil) No 180 of 2011]
| transcripts =
| judges =Justice K.S. Radhakrishnan Justice Aftab Alam Justice Ranjan Gogoi
| number of judges = 3
| prior actions =
| subsequent actions =
| opinions =
| keywords = [[Constitution of India]]
}}

'''''Orissa Mining Corporation v. Ministry of Environment & Forest & Others''''' is a landmark decision by the [[Supreme Court of India]], which declared that Gram Sabha has a role to play in safeguarding the customary and religious rights of the STs and other Traditional Forest Dwellers (TFDs) like [[Kondha|Dangaria Kondha]] etc. under the Forest Rights Act.<ref name="forestrights">{{cite web|title=Forest Rights Act|url=http://www.forestrightsact.com/|website=www.forestrightsact.com|accessdate=25 February 2016}}</ref> The Apex Court maintained that the decision lies with the locals.<ref name="dharitriepaper">{{cite news|title="ଗ୍ରାମସଭାରେ ବେଦାନ୍ତ ଭାଗ୍ୟ"(Meaning-The fate of Vedant lies with Gram Sabha)|url=http://www.dharitri.com/epaper/190413/p3.htm|accessdate=25 February 2016|issue=Bhubaneswar|publisher=dharitriepaper|date=19 April 2013}}</ref>

==Parties==
Orissa Mining Corporation (OMC), a [[State of Odisha]] Undertaking was the Petitioner who approached the Apex Court seeking a Writ of Certiorari to quash the order dated 24.08.2010 passed by the Respondents i.e. Ministry of Environment and Forests (MOEF)and others.

== Bench ==
The case was heard before a three-judge bench of the [[Supreme court|Supreme Court]], composed of Justice [[K.S. Panicker Radhakrishnan]], Justice [[Aftab Alam (judge)]]<ref name="supremecourtofindia">{{cite web|title=Justice Aftab Alam|url=http://supremecourtofindia.nic.in/judges/bio/141_aftabalam.htm|website=supremecourtofindia.nic.in|accessdate=25 February 2016}}</ref> and Justice [[Ranjan Gogoi]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://supremecourtofindia.nic.in/outtoday/judgments/180.pdf|title=Home | SUPREME COURT OF INDIA}}</ref> Justice Radhakrishnan had functioned as a Standing Counsel for a number of educational and social organizations and held appointments in the High Courts of [[Kerala]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] and [[Gujarat]] before his elevation to the Supreme Court.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://sci.nic.in/judges/sjud/ksradhakrishnan.htm |title = Supreme Court of India - CJI & Sitting Judges |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140726042027/http://sci.nic.in/judges/sjud/ksradhakrishnan.htm |archive-date=26 July 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Judgement ==

=== Observations of the Apex Court ===
While disposing of the Writ Petition, the Apex Court, in Para 15 of the Judgement, observed as follows:

"''The blatant disregard displayed by the project proponents with regard to rights of the tribals and primitive tribal groups dependant on the area for their livelihood, as they have proceeded to seek clearance is shocking. Primitive Tribal Groups have specifically been provided for in the Forest Rights Act, 2006 and this case should leave no one in doubt that they will enjoy full protection of their rights under the law. The narrow definition of the Project Affected People by the State Government runs contrary to the letter and spirit of the Forest Rights Act, 2006. Simply because they did not live on the hills does not mean that they have no rights there. The Forest Rights Act, 2006 specifically provides for such rights but these were not recognized and were sought to be denied''."

=== Findings ===
In its judgment, the Court has directed that the State Government as well as the [[Ministry of Tribal Affairs]], [[Government of India]], would assist the Gram Sabhas for settling of individual as well as community claims. The Court accordingly directed in the concluding parts of the Judgment as follows:

'''Para. 60'''. We are, therefore, inclined to give a direction to the State of Orissa to place these issues before the Gram Sabha with notice to the Ministry of Tribal Affairs, Government of India and the Gram Sabha would take a decision on them within three months and
communicate the same to the MOEF, through the State Government. On the conclusion of the proceeding before the Gram Sabha determining the claims submitted before it, the MoEF shall take a final decision on the grant of Stage II clearance for the Bauxite Mining Project in the light of the decisions of the Gram Sabha within two months thereafter.

'''Para. 61'''. The Alumina Refinery Project is well advised to take steps to correct and rectify the alleged violations by it of the terms of the environmental clearance granted by MoEF. Needless to say that while taking the final decision, the MoEF shall take into consideration any corrective measures that might have been taken by the Alumina Refinery Project for rectifying the alleged violations of the terms of the environmental clearance granted in its favour by the MoEF.

'''Para. 62'''. The proceedings of the Gram Sabha shall be attended as an observer by a judicial officer of the rank of the District Judge, nominated by the Chief Justice of the High Court of Orissa who shall sign the minutes of the proceedings, certifying that the proceedings of the Gram Sabha took place independently and completely uninfluenced either by the Project proponents or the Central Government or the State Government.

'''Para. 63'''. The Writ Petition is disposed of with the above directions. Communicate this order to the Ministry of Tribal Affairs, Gram Sabhas of Kalahandi and Rayagada Districts of Orissa and the Chief Justice of High Court of Orissa, for further follow up action.

== Implementation ==
In order to implement the directives of the Apex Court, 12 Gram Sabhas were held, seven in the district of [[Rayagada district|Rayagada]] and five in the district of [[Kalahandi district|Kalahandi]]. In Rayagada district, the Gram Sabhas are slated to be held at villages namely Serajpadhi, Keskapadhi, Batodi, [[Khambesi, Bissam Cuttack|Khambesi]], Jorapa, Lamba and Lakhpadar. Similarly, the villages identified for Gram Sabhas in Kalahandi district include Tadijhola, Palbari, Phuldeemer, Jurpa and Kunakada. Sri Sarat Chandra Miashra, District Judge, Rayagada has been nominated supervisor for the Gram Sabhas under Rayagada district and the District Judge of Kalahandi was the observer for other five Gram Sabhas held in Kalahandi district.<ref name="theindianexpress">{{cite web|title=12th Gram sabha unanimously rejects vedants bauxite mining in niyamgiri|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/12th-gram-sabha-unanimously-rejects-vedantas-bauxite-mining-in-niyamgiri/|website=theindianexpress.com|date=8 April 2014|accessdate=25 February 2016}}</ref> All the Gram Sabhas voted against the Vedants's mining project. The victory of the Dangarias once more established the unique feature of real [[Democracy]] in which such a small tribe has been able to derail a major industrial project.<ref name="theguardian">{{cite web|title=India's rejection of Vedanta's bauxite mine is a victory for tribal rights|url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/poverty-matters/2014/jan/14/india-rejection-vedanta-mine-victory-tribal-rights|website=www.theguardian.com|date=14 January 2014|accessdate=25 February 2016}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
* [http://supremecourtofindia.nic.in/outtoday/judgments/180.pdf "Full Text of the Judgement"]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Orissa Mining Corporation v. Ministry of Environment and Forest and Others}}
[[Category:Supreme Court of India cases]]
[[Category:2013 in Indian law]]
[[Category:2013 in case law]]

Mumbai Challengers

2025-11-05T01:59:00Z

CarmineJansen:

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox basketball club
| name = Mumbai Challengers
| color1 = 
| color2 = 
| color3 = 
| logo = Mumbai Challengers.png
| image_size = 400px
| nickname =
| leagues = [[UBA Pro Basketball League]]
| founded = {{Start date and age|2015}}
| history =
| arena = 
| location = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharastra]], [[India]]
| colors =
| president =
| coach = Jora Singh Gulia
| championships = 1 (2017)
| website =
| h_body = 
| h_pattern_b = 
| h_shorts = 
| h_pattern_s = 
| a_body = 
| a_pattern_b = 
| a_shorts = 
| a_pattern_s = 
}}

The '''Mumbai Challengers''' was an [[India|Indian]] professional [[basketball]] team based in [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]]. The Challengers last competed in the [[UBA Pro Basketball League|United Basketball Alliance]] as a member of the North Division along with three other teams. They are one of two UBA teams located in [[Maharashtra]], the other is [[Pune Peshwas]]. The team was established in 2015 with the inception of the UBA.

The Challengers won their first UBA Championship in Season 4<ref>{{cite news|title= Mumbai Challengers emerge as UBA Season 4 Champions|url= http://ubaindia.com/news/mumbai-challengers-emerge-as-uba-season-4-champions-after-sweeping-bengaluru-beast-in-finals-series/|access-date=15 March 2017|work=Ubaindia.com}}</ref> after defeating the [[Punjab Steelers]] in the semifinals and the [[Bengaluru Beast]] in the finals series.

The only player that has played all four UBA Seasons for the Challengers is Karanpal Singh, while Jagdeep Singh,<ref>{{cite news | last= Ians | date= 14 November 2017 |title= 29 Indian players sign for United Basketball Alliance |url= https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/other/2017/nov/14/29-indian-players-sign-for-united-basketball-alliance-1700802.html |access-date= 25 February 2016| work= [[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> Nikhil Kumar, [[Ambati Prudhvi Reddy]]<ref>{{cite news | last= Gowra | first= Nikhita | date= 24 November 2017 |title= Soaring to great heights |url= https://www.deccanchronicle.com/sports/in-other-news/241117/soaring-to-great-heights.html |access-date= 25 February 2016| work= [[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref> and Dildar have all been on the roster since season 2.

==Season-by-season record==
{|class="wikitable"
!UBA Season!! W !! L !!Finish !!Playoffs
|-
|[[Season 1 (2015)]] ||{{center|0}} || {{center|6}} || {{center|4th, North}} || {{center|Did not qualify}}
|-
|[[Season 2 (2016)]] ||{{center|4}} || {{center|3}} || {{center|2nd, North}} || {{center|Lost in semifinal series 2-1}}
|-
|[[Season 3 (2016)]] ||{{center|2}} || {{center|2}} || {{center|3rd, North}} || {{center|Lost play-in game}}
|-
|[[Season 4 (2017)]] ||{{center|5}} || {{center|1}} || {{center|1st, North<ref>{{cite news | last= Mergulhao | first= Marcus | date= 10 May 2017 |title= Top Indian cagers find a way to play in uba pro basketball league |url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/top-indian-cagers-find-a-way-to-play-in-uba-pro-basketball-league/articleshow/57564516.cms |access-date= 25 February 2016| work= [[The Times of India]]}}</ref>}} || {{center|Won Championship}}
|}


==Players==
'''Mumbai Challengers Season 4 roster'''
{|class="wikitable"
!#!! Name !! Position !! Nationality !! Department
|-
|{{center|1}} || {{center|Harman Singh}} || {{center|}} || {{center|{{flagicon|India}}}} || {{center|[[Indian Railways|Railways]]}}
|-
|{{center|6}} || {{center|Jagdeep Bains}} || {{center|}} || {{center|{{flagicon|India}}}} || {{center|Punjab}}
|-
|{{center|8}} || {{center|[[Alex Scales]]<ref>{{cite news | last= Schaefer | first= Alec | date= 3 July 2017 |title= Scales still living the hoop dream |url= http://journaltimes.com/sports/basketball/scales-still-living-the-hoop-dream/article_50a2c5f2-f337-57f8-8ca7-20c01b6b9999.html |access-date= 25 February 2016| work= The Journal Times | location= [[Racine, Wisconsin]]}}</ref>}} || {{center|}} || {{center|{{flagicon|United States}}}} || {{center|N/A}}
|-
|{{center|9}} || {{center|Prasanna Venkatesh}} || {{center|}} || {{center|{{flagicon|India}}}} || {{center|IOB}}
|-
|{{center|17}} || {{center|Prudhvi Reddy}} || {{center|}} || {{center|{{flagicon|India}}}} || {{center|Student}}
|-
|{{center|18}} || {{center|Inderbir Gill}} || {{center|}}|| {{center|{{flagicon|India}}}}|| {{center|Canada?}}
|-
|{{center|22}} || {{center|Jimmy Scroggins}} || {{center|}}|| {{center|{{flagicon|Canada}}}}|| {{center|N/A}}
|-
|{{center|24}} || {{center|Nikhil Kumar}} || {{center|}}|| {{center|{{flagicon|India}}}}|| {{center|[[Indian Air Force|Air Force]]}}
|-
|{{center|25}} || {{center|Karan Pal Singh}} || {{center|}}|| {{center|{{flagicon|India}}}}|| {{center|Student}}
|-
|{{center|40}} || {{center|Dildar Singh}} || {{center|}}|| {{center|{{flagicon|India}}}}|| {{center|Student}}
|-
|{{center|56}} || {{center|Jeevenathan}} || {{center|}}|| {{center|{{flagicon|India}}}}|| {{center|IOB}}
|-
|{{center|58}} || {{center|Ravinder Singh}} || {{center|}}|| {{center|{{flagicon|India}}}}|| {{center|[[Income Tax Department|Income Tax]]}}
|-
|}

==Prominent players==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
!Name
!Avg PPG (S1) {{Citation needed|date=February 2018}}
!Avg PPG (S2) {{Citation needed|date=February 2018}}
!Avg PPG (S3) {{Citation needed|date=February 2018}}
!Avg PPG (S4) {{Citation needed|date=February 2018}}
!Total Avg PPG
|-
![[Alex Scales]]
|colspan="1" bgcolor="#f2f2f2"|N/A
|colspan="1" bgcolor="#f2f2f2"|N/A
|colspan="1" bgcolor="#f2f2f2"|N/A
|colspan="1" bgcolor="#FFF5EE"|40.2
|colspan="1" bgcolor="#FFF5EE"|40.2
|-
!Jimmy Scroggins
|colspan="1" bgcolor="#f2f2f2"|N/A
|colspan="1" bgcolor="#f2f2f2"|N/A
|colspan="1" bgcolor="#f2f2f2"|N/A
|colspan="1" bgcolor="#FFF5EE"|24.2
|colspan="1" bgcolor="#FFF5EE"|24.2
|-
!Inderbir Gill
|colspan="1" bgcolor="#f2f2f2"|N/A
|colspan="1" bgcolor="#f2f2f2"|N/A
|colspan="1" bgcolor="#f2f2f2"|N/A
|colspan="1" bgcolor="#FFF5EE"|16.3
|colspan="1" bgcolor="#FFF5EE"|16.3
|-
!Jagdeep Bains
|colspan="1" bgcolor="#f2f2f2"|N/A
|colspan="1" bgcolor="#FFF5EE"|11.6
|colspan="1" bgcolor="#FFF5EE"|22.3
|colspan="1" bgcolor="#FFF5EE"|13.6
|colspan="1" bgcolor="#FFF5EE"|15.8
|-
!Nikhil Kumar
|colspan="1" bgcolor="#f2f2f2"|N/A
|colspan="1" bgcolor="#FFF5EE"|15.1
|colspan="1" bgcolor="#FFF5EE"|12.0
|colspan="1" bgcolor="#FFF5EE"|10.8
|colspan="1" bgcolor="#FFF5EE"|12.6
|-
!Prudhvi Reddy
|colspan="1" bgcolor="#f2f2f2"|N/A
|colspan="1" bgcolor="#FFF5EE"|7.2
|colspan="1" bgcolor="#FFF5EE"|10.8
|colspan="1" bgcolor="#FFF5EE"|7.5
|colspan="1" bgcolor="#FFF5EE"|8.5
|-
!Prasanna Venkatesh
|colspan="1" bgcolor="#f2f2f2"|N/A
|colspan="1" bgcolor="#f2f2f2"|N/A
|colspan="1" bgcolor="#f2f2f2"|N/A
|colspan="1" bgcolor="#FFF5EE"|8.2
|colspan="1" bgcolor="#FFF5EE"|8.2
|-
!Karanpal Singh
|colspan="1" bgcolor="#FFF5EE"|30.5
|colspan="1" bgcolor="#FFF5EE"|11.3
|colspan="1" bgcolor="#FFF5EE"|1.3
|colspan="1" bgcolor="#FFF5EE"|3.4
|colspan="1" bgcolor="#FFF5EE"|11.6
|-
!Dildar Singh
|colspan="1" bgcolor="#f2f2f2"|N/A
|colspan="1" bgcolor="#FFF5EE"|1.9
|colspan="1" bgcolor="#FFF5EE"|8.0
|colspan="1" bgcolor="#FFF5EE"|5.0
|colspan="1" bgcolor="#FFF5EE"|5.0
|-
!Jeevanathan
|colspan="1" bgcolor="#f2f2f2"|N/A
|colspan="1" bgcolor="#f2f2f2"|N/A
|colspan="1" bgcolor="#f2f2f2"|N/A
|colspan="1" bgcolor="#FFF5EE"|4.2
|colspan="1" bgcolor="#FFF5EE"|4.2
|-
|}

==Head coaches==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! {{center|UBA season}} !! {{center|Name}}
|-
| {{center|Season 1}} || {{center|Linesh}}
|-
| {{center|Season 2}} || {{center|PC Antony}}
|-
| {{center|Season 3}} || {{center|Jora Singh Gulia}}
|-
| {{center|Season 4}} || {{center|Jora Singh Gulia}}
|}

==Assistant coaches==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! {{center|UBA season}} !! {{center|Name}}
|-
| {{center|Season 1}} || {{center|N/A}}
|-
| {{center|Season 2}} || {{center|Sudeep Bose}}
|-
| {{center|Season 3}} || {{center|Sudeep Bose}}
|-
| {{center|Season 4}} || {{center|Sudeep Bose}}
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{UBA Pro Basketball League}}

[[Category:UBA Pro Basketball League]]
[[Category:Basketball teams established in 2015]]
[[Category:Basketball teams in India]]
[[Category:Sports leagues established in 2015]]
[[Category:Sports clubs and teams in Maharashtra]]

Sahil Deshmukh Khan

2025-11-03T05:53:07Z

CarmineJansen: Made Initial Entry From Scratch - done

{{short description|Indian tv actor working in Hindi Serials|bot=PearBOT 5}}
{{use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}

{{Infobox person
| name = Sahil Deshmukh Khan
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption = Sahil Deshmukh as Akbar
| birthname = Sahil Deshmukh Khan
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1997|12|04|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[India]]
| occupation = [[TV Actor]]
| years active = 2009–2013
| spouse =
| homepage =
}}
'''Sahil Deshmukh Khan''' (born 4 December 1997) is an Indian tv actor working in Hindi Serials. He started his tv carrier from ''[[Zee Tv]]'' serial ''[[Aapki Antara]]'' as Abhishek.<ref name="Sahil as Abhishek">{{cite web |title=Aap Ki Antara takes a leap. |website=[[The Times of India]] |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/tv/news/aap-ki-antara-takes-a-leap/articleshow/5222529.cms |accessdate=15 July 2012}}</ref> He acted in [[Bharat Ka Veer Putra - Maharana Pratap|Bharat Ka Veer Putra Maharana Pratap]] as "Young [[Akbar]]" but had to leave the show as he was diagnosed with [[leukemia]].

== Television ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Serial !! Role
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Aapki Antara ]]'' || Abhishek
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Ninja Pandav]]'' || Nakul
|-
| 2010 || ''[[Veer Shivaji]]'' ||
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Bharat Ka Veer Putra – Maharana Pratap]]'' || Young Akbar <ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Sahil-Deshmukh-as-Akbar-in-Maharana-Pratap/articleshow/22436109.cms|title=Sahil Deshmukh as Akbar in Maharana Pratap|work=[[The Times Of India]]}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Sahil-DeshmukhBharat-Ka-Veer-Putra-Maharana-Pratap/articleshow/24149387.cms

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Deshmukh Khan, Sahil}}
[[Category:1997 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]

Bijay Kumar Nayak

2025-11-02T15:59:54Z

CarmineJansen: put up new bio!

{{short description|Church of North India bishop}}
{{About|the Indian bishop|the Indian politician|Bijaya Kumar Nayak}}
{{Infobox Christian leader
| type = Bishop
| honorific-prefix = [[The Most Reverend]]
| name = Bijay Kumar Nayak
| title = Moderator of the Church of North India Bishop of Agra
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| church = [[Church of North India]]
| archdiocese =
| diocese = [[Diocese of Agra (Church of North India)|Agra]]
| see =
| term = 2022–2025
| predecessor = Prem Singh
| successor = Paritosh Canning

| ordination =
| ordinated_by =
| consecration =
| consecrated_by =
| rank =

| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| previous_post =
}}
'''Bijay Kumar Nayak''' is an Indian Protestant bishop. He became bishop of the Diocese of Phulbani in the [[Church of North India]] in 2005.<ref name="CNI-Phulbani">{{cite web |title=Meet Our Pastors |url=http://www.cniphulbanidiocese.org/ |publisher=Diocese of Phulbani |access-date=6 March 2024 |archive-date=13 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170613093521/http://www.cniphulbanidiocese.org/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 2022, he succeeded P.C. Singh for a three-year term as moderator of the Church of North India following Singh's [[defrocking]] and charges of [[money laundering]].<ref name="AI">{{cite news |last1=Conger |first1=George |title=New moderator installed for the Church of North India after the former moderator deposed for theft and money laundering |url=https://anglican.ink/2022/12/08/new-moderator-installed-for-the-church-of-north-india-after-the-former-moderator-deposed-for-theft-and-money-laundering/ |access-date=6 March 2024 |work=Anglican Ink |date=December 8, 2022}}</ref> As moderator, Nayak was one of the [[Primates in the Anglican Communion|primates of the Anglican Communion]].<ref name="AC">{{cite web |title=Moderator of the Church of North India and Bishop of Phulbani |url=https://www.anglicancommunion.org/structures/member-churches/member-church/diocese/position.aspx?church=north-india&dio=phulbani&pos=bishop-of-phulbani&posID=16547 |publisher=Anglican Communion |access-date=6 March 2024}}</ref> In addition to serving as moderator, Nayak became bishop of Agra in February 2024.<ref name="BishopAgra">{{cite news |title=Bijay Kumar Nayak became the new bishop of Agra diocese |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/agra/story-bijay-kumar-nayak-becomes-new-bishop-of-agra-diocese-9316899.html |access-date=6 March 2024 |work=Live Hindustan |date=12 February 2024 |language=Hindi}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nayak, Bijay Kumar}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Anglican bishops in India]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{India-Anglican-bishop-stub}}

Lingambudhi Park

2025-10-19T22:22:55Z

CarmineJansen: Made a stub w/ refs

{{Short description|Park in Mysore, India}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{More citations needed|date=September 2025}}{{Tone|date=October 2025}}
{{Parenthetical referencing|date=October 2025}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}

{{Infobox lake
| name = Lingambudhi Park
| image =
| caption =
| image_bathymetry =
| caption_bathymetry =
| pushpin_map = Karnataka
| location = [[Mysore]], India
| coords = {{coord|12|16|9.74|N|76|36|43.12|E|type:waterbody_region:IN-KA_dim:400|display=inline,title}}
| type = perennial freshwater lake
| inflow = [[Kaveri|Kaveri River]]
| outflow =
| catchment =
| basin_countries = India
| length =
| width =
| area =
| depth =
| max-depth =
| volume =
| residence_time =
| shore =
| elevation =
| islands =
| cities =
}}
[[File:Lingambudhi Lake when filled.jpeg|thumbnail|Lingambudhi Lake]]

'''Lingambudhi Park''' is a park in the Indian city of [[Mysore]].<ref name="lake">{{cite web|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/2002/04/05/stories/2002040506550500.htm|title=Over 400 pelicans arrive at Lingambudhi|author=R. Krishna Kumar|work=Online Edition of The Hindu, dated 2002-04-05|accessdate=2007-11-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021222013841/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2002/04/05/stories/2002040506550500.htm|archive-date=22 December 2002|url-status=usurped}}</ref>

==Location==
Lingambudhi Park is located on the northern and eastern sides of the [[Lingambudhi Lake]]. The north gate of the park is located at [[Ramakrishna Nagar]] and the southern gate is located at Preethy Layout, [[Srirampur, Mysore|Srirampur]].
[[File:Lingam Budhi Park Map.jpg|thumb|Lingam Budhi Park]]

==History==
Lingambudhi stands first in terms of richness entirely due to its location bordering growing city.

Lingambudhi lake is a perennial freshwater lake situated in the basin of [[Kaveri|River Cauvery]]. Since its construction in 1828 until the late 1980s, Lingambudhi lake was a typical village lake in the rural surroundings of the city of Mysore.

Now, this lake is close to a residential area called [[Srirampura]]. The lake was serving as a source of drinking water, irrigation, and fish produce; as a site for washing clothes and cattle; and as a place of religious worship for the people of Lingambudhi Palya, a village in the vicinity of the lake.

A notification from the DCs office dated 28 August 2003, in response to the Forest Department’s proposal of 2001, had finally declared the Lingambudhi lake and its environs as a protected forest area and had transferred the ownership to the Forest Department. This was one of the significant milestones in the history of Lingambudhi lake which now enjoys the status of a protected forest. (Manjunath Sadashiva, 2007)
==Image gallery==
<gallery>
File:Lingam Budhi Park back view.jpg|Back view
File:Preethy Layout.jpg|Back of the park
</gallery>
==See also==
* [[Ramakrishna Nagar]]
* [[Kuvempunagar|Kuvempu Nagar]]
* [[Srirampur, Mysore|Srirampur]]
* [[Lingambudhi Lake|Lingam Budhi Lake]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Mysore South]]
[[Category:Parks in India]]

Talakaveri

2025-10-17T11:39:19Z

CarmineJansen:

{{short description| Birth place of River Kaveri}}
{{other uses|Talakaveri Wildlife Sanctuary}}
{{more citations needed|date=September 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Talakaveri
| other_name =
| settlement_type = Temple Village
| image_skyline = Thalakkaveri Temple, Karnataka.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Talakaveri - Source of Kaveri
| nickname =
| image_map =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = Karnataka#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|12.385480|N|75.491432|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
| subdivision_name = {{IND}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kodagu]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 1276
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = Kannada
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Talakaveri Temple
| image = File:Talakaveri - Where river Kaveri starts.JPG
| alt =
| caption = Goddess Kaveramma
| map_type =
| map_caption =
| coordinates =
| other_names =
| country = India
| state = [[Karnataka]]
| district = [[Kodagu]]
| location = [[Brahmagiri (hill), Karnataka|Brahmagiri hills]], [[Bhagamandala]], [[India]]
| elevation_m = 1276
| deity = Kaveramma (Kaveri Matha)
| festivals= Tula Shankramana
| architecture =
| temple_quantity =
| monument_quantity=
| inscriptions =
| year_completed =
| creator =
| website =
}}

[[File:Distant View Thala Cauvery Temple Coorg Feb24 A7C 09522.jpg|thumb|Talakaveri gate and temple]]
'''Talakaveri''' or '''Talacauvery''' is the place that is generally considered to be the source of the river [[Kaveri]] and a holy place for many [[Hindus]]. It is located on [[Brahmagiri (hill), Karnataka|Brahmagiri hills]] near Bhagamandala in [[Kodagu district]] (Coorg), in the [[South India]]n [[States and union territories of India|state]] of [[Karnataka]]. It is located close to the border with [[Kasaragod district]], [[Kerala]]. Talakaveri stands at a height of 1,276 meters above sea level. Despite its traditional status as the source of the Kaveri, there is no permanent visible flow from this place to the main rivercourse, except during the [[Monsoon of South Asia|monsoon]] rains.

A tank or {{Transliteration|kn|kundike}} is erected on a hillside, at the place that is said to be the river's origin. It is also marked by a small temple, and the area is frequented by pilgrims. The river originates as a spring feeding this tank, which is considered to be a holy place to bathe on special days. The waters are then said to flow underground to emerge as the [[Kaveri]] river some distance away. The temple has been renovated extensively, most recently in 2007 by the state government.

On ''Kaveri sankramana'' (colloquially ''changrandi'') day, the first day of ''Tula Masa'' month of the [[Hindu calendar]], which normally falls in mid-October, thousands of pilgrims from neighboring flock to the river's birthplace to witness the rise of the fountainhead, when water gushes up from the spring at a predetermined moment. The day is observed across pilgrim towns on the Kaveri's banks.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kaladarshana.com/sites/madikeri_royal_tombs/IMG00013.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170526185140/http://www.kaladarshana.com/sites/madikeri_royal_tombs/IMG00013.html |url-status=usurped |archive-date=2017-05-26 |title=Talakaveri |access-date=2006-09-24 }}</ref>

Talakaveri is about {{cvt|8|km|mi|abbr=on}} away from [[Bhagamandala]], {{cvt|36|km|mi|abbr=on}} from [[Panathur]] ([[Kerala]]) and {{cvt|48|km|mi|abbr=on}} from [[Madikeri]], the headquarters of Kodagu district.

==Pilgrim center==
The temple here is dedicated to Goddess Kaveramma. Other deities worshipped here are Lord Agasthiswara, which denotes the link between Kaveri and [[Wise old man|Sage]] [[Agastya|Agasthya]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.visvacomplex.com/Rishi_Agasthya_Vinayaka.html |title=The Rishi Agasthya And Vinayaka |access-date=2007-06-16 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070402045241/http://www.visvacomplex.com/Rishi_Agasthya_Vinayaka.html |archive-date=2007-04-02 }}</ref>

The link between Kaveri and Lord Ganesha extends to [[Srirangam]], in Lord Ganesha's role in setting up the [[Sri Ranganathaswamy Temple, Srirangam|Ranganatha temple]] there.

The temple at [[Tirumakudalu Narasipura]] (confluence of [[Kabini]], Kaveri and the legendary Spatika Sarovara)) is also dedicated to Agasthiwara.

== History of the temple priests of Talakaveri ==
[[File:Talacauvery Temple.jpg|thumb|300px|Talakaveri temple after renovation in 2010 by the state government]]
It is believed that [[Mayurasharma|Mayura Varma]], and the [[Kadamba dynasty|Kadamba]] king Narasimman, who ruled vast areas of southern and central India in the 4th Century A.D., brought Brahmins from Ahi Kshetra and put them in charge of various temples in [[Tulu Nadu]].

The Brahmins who first landed in Shivalli in Tulunadu and then spread across 31 villages came to be known as Shivalli Brahmins or Tulu Brahmins. It is from Shivalli and Tulu Brahmins, that the priests of Talakaveri temple have come from.

== Achar Family of Talakaveri ==
The beginning of the Achar family in Talakaveri starts ten generations or about 220 to 240 years ago. A Brahmin named Venkappayya and his two brothers, along with their families came to Talakaveri on a pilgrimage. Lingaraja the First was the ruler of Kodagu from 1780 to 1790 AD. One night God appeared in Lingaraja's dream and indicated that there was a Brahmin family currently visiting Talakaveri. God commanded Lingaraja to appoint this Brahmin to be the priest at the temple. After the king arose from his dream, he sent for this Brahmin family. The king's messengers found Venkappayya in Talakaveri and informed him about the king's desire. Venkappayya accompanied the king's messengers from Talakaveri to Madikeri, a distance of about 24 miles to meet the king. {{Citation needed|date=January 2012}}

Lingaraja received Venkappayya and requested him to start daily puja at the temple. The king set up an endowment to pay Venkappayya for his services at the temple. This was the beginning of the Achar family of Talacauvery. The priesthood bestowed by Lingaraja upon Venkappayya has passed on through many generations to his heirs. It is hereditary as most priesthoods are, and all male members of the family have the birthright to become priests at the temple. The current Achars are the ninth generation from Venkappayya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.genealogy.com/ftm/a/c/h/Raj-Acharya-CA/index.html|title=Raj-Acharya-CA - User Trees - Genealogy.com|website=www.genealogy.com}}</ref>

Venkappayya came from Shivalli Halli (village) of South Canara district. The Brahmins here were called Putturayas, probably meaning priests from Puttur. This Puttur is near Udupi. Venkappayya Putturaya's descendants are the Achars. It is not known why the descendants of Venkappayya took on the surname of Achar. Although Venkappayya came to Talakaveri with his two brothers, only Venkappayya's descendants are documented.

==Nearby==
[[File:Mountains North Tala Kaveri Coorg India Feb24 A7C 09525.jpg|thumb|Mountain range to the northwest]]
[[File:Virajpet - Talakaveri travel views 39.JPG|thumb|Talakaveri Road]]
The [[Brahmagiri hill]] is situated right beside the temple. There are a series of steps leading to the top of the hill.

From there, one can have a 360 [[degree (angle)|degree]] view of the surrounding hills. The nearest [[International Airport]] is in [[Kannur]] at a distance of {{convert|117|km|-1}},The nearest [[Railway station]] is in [[Kanhangad]] [[kerala]] at a distance of {{convert|72|km|-1}}.

==Rainfall==
[[File:Talakaveri Temple during Mansoon.jpg|thumb|Talakaveri Temple during Monsoon 2016]]
It is situated in the dense forests of the [[Western Ghats]] and gets very heavy annual [[rainfall]] of close to {{cvt|700|cm|in|abbr=on}}. It is among the wettest places in the [[States and union territories of India|state]] of [[Karnataka]].

==Comparisons==
The table below compares [[rainfall]] between [[Agumbe]] in [[Thirthahalli]] taluk in [[Shimoga]] [[district]], [[Hulikal]] in [[Hosanagara]] taluk in [[Shimoga]] [[district]], [[Amagaon]] in [[Khanapur]] Taluk in [[Belgaum]] [[district]] and [[Talacauvery]] in [[Madikeri]] taluk in [[Kodagu]] [[district]], Kokalli of [[Sirsi, Karnataka|Sirsi]] Taluk, [[Nilkund]] of [[Siddapura, Uttara Kannada|Siddapur]] Taluk, Castle Rock of Supa (Joida) Taluk in [[Uttara Kannada]] [[District]] to show which one can be called the "[[Cherrapunji]] of [[South India]]".<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/article2607630.ece Hulikal in Shimoga district is wettest in State] from ''TheHindu.com'' accessed 23 March 2013</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Talakaveri Rainfall (mm) <ref>Amagaon has got over 10,000 mm annual rainfall twice in the five years (2006-2010). The exact amount of rainfall is not available. See [http://www.deccanherald.com/pages.php?id=271493 Amagaon is now Cherrapunji of South] from ''DeccanHerald.com'' accessed 23 March 2013</ref>
!Surlabbi
Rainfall
(mm)
! Hulikal Rainfall (mm)
! Agumbe Rainfall (mm)
! Amagaon Rainfall (mm)
!Kokalli Rainfall (mm)
!Nilkund Rainfall (mm)
!Castle Rock Rainfall (mm)
|-
|2023
|4892
|5299
|5208
|5353
|4389
|
|
|
|-
|2022
|8763
|6808
|7733
|8122
|6825
|
|
|
|-
|2021
|7879
|6639
|7937
|7544
|6462
|
|
|6536
|-
|2020
|8856
|5570
|8401
|7560
|7496
|
|
|7152
|-
|2019
|7593
|5980
|8541
|7398
|9804
|
|
|8069
|-
|2018
|9098
|9161
|7577
|8422
|6570
|3944
|6204
|6501
|-
| 2017
| 5,859
|5328
| 5,700
| 6,311
| 4,733
|3130
|4981
|5560
|-
| 2016
| 5,430
|
| 5,721
| 6,449
| 4,705
|2682
|4655
|4968
|-
| 2015
| 5,319
|4135
| 6,035
| 5,518
| 4,013
|2730
|4367
|3667
|-
| 2014
| 7,844
|
| 7,907
| 7,917
| 5,580
|8746
|6710
|5956
|-
| 2013
| 8,628
|8378
| 9,383
| 8,770
| 8,440
|4464
|7082
|6165
|-
| 2012
| 5,722
|4870
| 8,409
| 6,933
| 5,987
|5036
|5398
|4930
|-
| 2011
| 6,855
|6028
| 8,523
| 7,921
| 9,368
|4437
|6593
|7083
|-
| 2010
| 6,794
|5335
| 7,717
| 6,929
| 10,068
|4002
| -
| 4079
|-
| 2009
| -
|
| 8,357
| 7,982
| -
| -
| -
| -
|-
| 2008
| -
|
| 7,115
| 7,199
| -
| -
| -
| -
|-
| 2007
| -
|
| 8295
| 8,255
| -
| -
| -
| -
|-
| 2006
| -
|
| 8,656
| 8,691
| -
| -<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://des.kar.nic.in/sites/ANNUAL%20RAINFALL%202014.pdf|title=Govt of Karnataka Rainfall Statistics (Kokalli)|website=DES}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://des.kar.nic.in/|title=Rainfall Statistics of Karnataka|website=DES Karanataka|access-date=2 March 2019|archive-date=26 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161126191613/http://des.kar.nic.in/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| -
| -
|}

==References==
<references/>

==External links==
{{Portal|India}}
{{commons category}}
*[http://www.india9.com/i9show/34486.htm Talakaveri]
*[http://www.paradisecoorg.com/Talakaveri.html Talakaveri Tourism Guide] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190910015112/http://www.paradisecoorg.com/Talakaveri.html |date=10 September 2019 }}

{{Kaveri River}}
{{Kodagu (Coorg) topics}}

[[Category:Villages in Kodagu district]]
[[Category:Populated places in the Western Ghats]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Hills of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Hill stations in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Kaveri River]]
[[Category:Geography of Kodagu district]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Kodagu district]]

Nikhil Barla

2025-10-11T10:19:43Z

CarmineJansen:

{{short description|Indian footballer (born 2003)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Nikhil Barla
| image =
| caption =
| full_name = Nikhil Barla
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|2003|08|05|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Khunti]], [[Jharkhand]], India
| height = 1.70 m
| position = [[Defender (association football)#Full Back|Right-back]]
| currentclub = [[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]
| clubnumber = 77
| youthyears1 = 2018–2021
| youthclubs1 = [[Tata Football Academy]]
| youthyears2 = 2021–2022
| youthclubs2 = [[Jamshedpur FC Reserves and Academy|Jamshedpur B]]
| years1 = 2021–2022
| clubs1 = [[Jamshedpur FC Reserves and Academy|Jamshedpur B]]
| caps1 = 7
| goals1 = 1
| years2 = 2022–
| clubs2 = [[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]
| caps2 = 42
| goals2 = 1
| nationalyears1 = 2025–
| nationalteam1 = [[India national under-23 football team|India U23]]
| nationalcaps1 = 1
| nationalgoals1 = 0
| club-update = 20:15, 7 April 2025 (UTC)
| nationalteam-update = 20:15, 25 May 2025 (UTC)
}}

'''Nikhil Barla''' (born 5 August 2003) is an Indian professional [[Association football|footballer]] who plays as a [[Defender (association football)#Full Back|defender]] for [[Indian Super League]] club [[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]].

==Club career==
Barla received his professional training from [[Tata Football Academy]] since 2018. He remained in the academy for two years until he joined [[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]. He started his professional career with Jamshedpur in 2020.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Lall Seal |first1=Arnab |title=ISL: Barla ready to keep the local spirit burnaing at furnace. |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/indian-super-league/top-stories/isl-barla-ready-to-keep-the-local-spirit-burning-at-furnace/articleshow/113415018.cms |publisher=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=25 May 2025}}</ref> For [[2020–21 in Indian football|2020–21]] [[2020–21 Jamshedpur FC season|season]] he played just three matches at the [[2021 Durand Cup]]. For the following season he did not play for the senior team, played at the [[2022 Reliance Foundation Development League|2022 Development League]] for the [[Jamshedpur FC Reserves and Academy|youth team]]. In a match against [[Bengaluru FC Reserves and Academy|Bengaluru]] he scored a goal, his first in his career. Since, [[2022–23 Jamshedpur FC season|2022–23 season]] he became an integral part of the Jamshedpur squad, played in almost every matches in the ISL.<ref name="aiff">{{cite web |title=Nikhil Barla profile |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/players/profile/115116?type=club |publisher=[[All India Football Federation]] |access-date=25 May 2025}}</ref><ref name="isl">{{cite web |title=Nikhil Barla profile |url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/players/forward-61477-nikhil-barla-profile |publisher=[[Indian Super League]] |access-date=25 May 2025}}</ref><ref name="Soccerway"/><ref>{{cite web |title=Nikhil Barla interview: my dream is to play for India national football team. |url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/interviews/nikhil-barla-interview-my-goal-is-to-play-for-the-indian-national-team |publisher=[[Indian Super League]] |access-date=25 May 2025}}</ref>

==International career==
In May 2025, [[India national under-23 football team|India under-23]] head coach [[Naushad Moosa]] listed Barla in the 29-members probable squad for two friendlies that will be held in Tajikistan in June 2025.<ref>{{cite web |title=Naushad Moosa names 29-member probable squad for India U23s |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/naushad-moosa-names-29-member-probable-squad-for-india-u23s |publisher=[[All India Football Federation]] |access-date=22 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250522171716/https://www.the-aiff.com/article/naushad-moosa-names-29-member-probable-squad-for-india-u23s |archive-date=22 May 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Career statistics==
===Club===
{{updated|3 May 2025}}<ref name="Soccerway">{{Soccerway|nikhil-barla/875028}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!rowspan="2"|Club
!rowspan="2"|Season
!colspan="3"|League
!colspan="2"|National Cup
!colspan="2"|League Cup
!colspan="2"|Continental
!colspan="2"|Total
|-
!Division!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goal
|-
|[[Jamshedpur FC Reserves and Academy|Jamshedpur B]]
|{{Nowrap|[[2022 Reliance Foundation Development League|2022]]}}
|[[Reliance Foundation Development League|RFDL]]
|7||1|| colspan="2" |–|| colspan="2" |–|| colspan="2" |–||7||1
|-
|rowspan="5"|[[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]
|[[2021–22 Jamshedpur FC season|2021–22]]
|[[Indian Super League]]
|0||0|| colspan="2" |–||3{{efn|name=DurandCup|Appearance(s) in [[Durand Cup]]}}||0|| colspan="2" |–||3||0
|-
|[[2022–23 Jamshedpur FC season|2022–23]]
|Indian Super League
|1||0|| colspan="2" |–||3{{efn|name=DurandCup}}||0|| colspan="2" |–||4||0
|-
|[[2023–24 Jamshedpur FC season|2023–24]]
|Indian Super League
|19||0||2{{efn|name=SuperCup|Appearance(s) in [[Super Cup (India)|Super Cup]]}}||0|| colspan="2" |–|| colspan="2" |–||21||0
|-
|[[2024–25 Jamshedpur FC season|2024–25]]
|Indian Super League
|22||1||3{{efn|name=SuperCup}}||0||2{{efn|name=DurandCup}}||0|| colspan="2" |–||27||1
|-
!colspan="2"|Total
!42!!1!!5!!0!!8!!0!!0!!0!!55!!1
|-
! colspan="3"| Total
!49!!2!!5!!0!!8!!0!!0!!0!!62!!2
|}
{{notelist}}


==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Portal bar|India|Association football|Biography}}
* [https://www.the-aiff.com/players/profile/115116?type=club Nikhil Barla] at AIFF
* [https://www.indiansuperleague.com/players/forward-61477-nikhil-barla-profile Nikhil Barla] at ISL
* {{Soccerway|875028}}

{{Jamshedpur FC squad}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Barla, Nikhil}}
[[Category:2003 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Footballers from Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Indian men's footballers]]
[[Category:Jamshedpur FC players]]
[[Category:Indian Super League players]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:Men's association football defenders]]
[[Category:India men's youth international footballers]]

Bennett and Coleman

2025-09-08T00:49:23Z

CarmineJansen: Redirect page

#REDIRECT [[The Times Group]]

{{R to related topic}}
{{R with possibilities}}
{{R printworthy}}

Indian cricket team in Sri Lanka in 2008–09

2025-08-24T06:50:40Z

CarmineJansen: started new article...

{{short description|International cricket tour}}
{{Infobox cricket tour
| series_name = Indian cricket team in Sri Lanka in 2009
| team1_image = Flag of Sri Lanka.svg
| team1_name = Sri Lanka
| team2_image = Flag of India.svg
| team2_name = India
| from_date = 28 January
| to_date = 10 February 2009
| team1_captain = [[Mahela Jayawardene]] [[Tillakaratne Dilshan]] (T20I)
| team2_captain = [[MS Dhoni]]
| no_of_ODIs = 5
| team1_ODIs_won = 1
| team2_ODIs_won = 4
| team1_ODIs_most_runs = [[Kumar Sangakkara]] (271)
| team2_ODIs_most_runs = [[Yuvraj Singh]] (284)
| team1_ODIs_most_wickets = [[Nuwan Kulasekara]] (7)
| team2_ODIs_most_wickets = [[Ishant Sharma]] (10)
| player_of_ODI_series = [[Yuvraj Singh]] (Ind)
| no_of_twenty20s = 1
| team1_twenty20s_won = 0
| team2_twenty20s_won = 1
| team1_twenty20s_most_runs = [[Tillakaratne Dilshan]] (61)
| team2_twenty20s_most_runs = [[Suresh Raina]] (35)
| team1_twenty20s_most_wickets = [[Malinga Bandara]] (3)
| team2_twenty20s_most_wickets = [[Yusuf Pathan]] (2)
|player_of_twenty20_series=[[Yusuf Pathan]] (Ind)}}

The [[Indian cricket team]] toured [[Sri Lanka]] from 28 January to 10 February 2009. The tour included five [[One Day International|ODI]]s and one [[Twenty20 International|T20I]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://content-www.cricinfo.com/india/content/story/386280.html |title=India to play five ODIs in Sri Lanka |access-date=2009-01-14 |archive-date=2009-01-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090124172005/http://content-www.cricinfo.com/india/content/story/386280.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://content-www.cricinfo.com/india/content/story/386527.html |title=SLC announces Indian itinerary |access-date=2009-01-15 |archive-date=2009-01-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090116230900/http://content-www.cricinfo.com/india/content/story/386527.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> India won the ODI series 4-1 and also the [[Twenty20 International|T20I]].

==Squad==

India's squad for the ODI series was announced on 18 January. It was [[Ravindra Jadeja]]'s maiden call up to the national Indian squad. [[Praveen Kumar (cricketer)|Praveen Kumar]] also returned after being dropped for the home ODI series against England. Kumar and Jadeja replaced [[Harbhajan Singh]] who was injured and [[Virat Kohli]] who was dropped in favour of the [[all rounder]] Jadeja.<ref name="Indian Squad for the series">[http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/india/content/story/386770.html Jadeja earns call-up, Praveen returns],</ref> After the first ODI [[Munaf Patel]] sustained a groin injury and [[Lakshmipathy Balaji]] was called up to the squad after a four-year hiatus having last played for India in 2005.<ref name="Balaji Replaces Munaf">[http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/slvind2009/content/story/388707.html Balaji replaces injured Munaf for SL tour],</ref>

[[Sri Lanka]] announced their squad for the first three [[One Day International|ODI]]'s on 26 January. The squad was unchanged from the one that toured Pakistan.<ref name="Sri Lankan Squad for the series">[http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/slvind2009/content/story/387853.html Sri Lanka unchanged for first three ODIs],</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; margin:auto"
! colspan="2" |ODIs
! colspan="2" |T20Is
|-
!{{Cr|Sri Lanka}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sri Lanka Squad - Sri Lanka Squad - India tour of Sri Lanka, 2009 Squad |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/india-tour-of-sri-lanka-2008-09-386281/sri-lanka-squad-387472/series-squads |access-date=2022-08-21 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
!{{cr|IND}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=India ODI Squad - India Squad - India tour of Sri Lanka, 2009 Squad |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/india-tour-of-sri-lanka-2008-09-386281/india-odi-squad-386778/series-squads |access-date=2022-08-21 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Balaji replaces injured Munaf for SL tour |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/balaji-replaces-injured-munaf-for-sl-tour-388707 |access-date=2022-08-21 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Jadeja earns call-up, Praveen returns |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/jadeja-earns-call-up-praveen-returns-386770 |access-date=2022-08-21 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
!{{Cr|Sri Lanka}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sri Lanka rest key players for Twenty20 clash |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/sri-lanka-rest-key-players-for-twenty20-clash-389003 |access-date=2022-08-21 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
!{{cr|IND}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=India Squad - Twenty20 - India tour of Sri Lanka, 2009 Squad |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/india-tour-of-sri-lanka-2008-09-386281/india-squad-twenty20-389914/series-squads |access-date=2022-08-21 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Tendulkar returns home early from tour |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/tendulkar-returns-home-early-from-tour-389857 |access-date=2022-08-21 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
|- style="vertical-align:top"
|
* [[Mahela Jayawardene]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Kumar Sangakkara]] [[Captain (cricket)|(vc]], [[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Sanath Jayasuriya]]
* [[Upul Tharanga]]
* [[Jehan Mubarak]]
* [[Chamara Kapugedera]]
* [[Tillakaratne Dilshan]]
* [[Thilina Kandamby]]
* [[Muttiah Muralitharan]]
* [[Ajantha Mendis]]
* [[Farveez Maharoof]]
* [[Dilhara Fernando]]
* [[Nuwan Kulasekara]]
* [[Thilan Thushara]]
* [[Angelo Mathews]]
|
* [[MS Dhoni]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]], [[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Virender Sehwag]] ([[Captain (cricket)#Vice-captain|vc]])
* [[Sachin Tendulkar]]
* [[Gautam Gambhir]]
* [[Yuvraj Singh]]
* [[Suresh Raina]]
* [[Rohit Sharma]]
* [[Yusuf Pathan]]
* [[Zaheer Khan]]
* [[Ishant Sharma]]
* [[Munaf Patel|<s>Munaf Patel</s>]]
* [[Ravindra Jadeja]]
* [[Praveen Kumar (cricketer)|Praveen Kumar]]
* [[Irfan Pathan]]
* [[Pragyan Ojha]]
* [[Lakshmipathy Balaji]]
|
* [[Mahela Jayawardene|Tillakaratne Dilshan]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Chamara Kapugedera]] [[Captain (cricket)|(vc]])
* [[Sanath Jayasuriya]]
* [[Jehan Mubarak]]
* [[Chamara Silva]]
* [[Indika de Saram]]
* [[Lasith Malinga]]
* [[Dilhara Fernando]]
* [[Farveez Maharoof]]
* [[Kaushalya Weeraratne]]
* [[Malinga Bandara]]
* [[Jeevantha Kulatunga]]
* [[Dilhara Lokuhettige]]
* [[Mahela Udawatte]]
* [[Thilan Thushara]]
|
* [[MS Dhoni]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]], [[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Yuvraj Singh]] ([[Captain (cricket)#Vice-captain|vc]])
* [[Virender Sehwag]]
* [[Gautam Gambhir]]
* [[Suresh Raina]]
* [[Rohit Sharma]]
* [[Yusuf Pathan]]
* [[Zaheer Khan]]
* [[Ishant Sharma]]
* [[Ravindra Jadeja]]
* [[Praveen Kumar (cricketer)|Praveen Kumar]]
* [[Irfan Pathan]]
* [[Pragyan Ojha]]
* [[Lakshmipathy Balaji]]
|}

==ODI series==

===1st ODI===
{{Limited overs international
| date = 28 January
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = {{cr-rt|SRI}}
| score1 = 246/7 (50 overs)
| score2 = 247/4 (48.1 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}
| runs1 = [[Sanath Jayasuriya]] 107 (114)
| wickets1 = [[Ishant Sharma]] 3/52 (10 overs)
| runs2 = [[Gautam Gambhir]] 62 (68)
| wickets2 = [[Farveez Maharoof]] 1/35 (8 overs)
| result = India won by 6 wickets
| report = [http://espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/current/match/386530.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Rangiri Dambulla International Stadium]], [[Dambulla]]
| umpires = [[Brian Jerling]] (SA) and [[Kumar Dharmasena]] (SL)
| motm = [[Sanath Jayasuriya]] (SL)
| toss = India won the toss and elected to field.
}}

===2nd ODI===
{{Limited overs international
| date = 31 January
| time =
| daynight = yes
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND}}
| score1 = 256/9 (50 overs)
| score2 = 241 (49.2 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|SRI}}
| runs1 = [[Yuvraj Singh]] 66 (88)
| wickets1 = [[Farveez Maharoof]] 2/40 (10 overs)
| runs2 = [[Thilina Kandamby]] 93[[not out|*]] (129)
| wickets2 = [[Ishant Sharma]] 4/57 (10 overs)
| result = India won by 15 runs
| report = [http://espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/current/match/386531.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[R. Premadasa Stadium]], [[Colombo]]
| umpires = [[Brian Jerling]] (SA) and [[Gamini Silva]] (SL)
| motm = [[Ishant Sharma]] (Ind)
| toss = India won the toss and elected to bat.
}}

===3rd ODI===
{{Limited overs international
| date = 3 February
| time =
| daynight = yes
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND}}
| score1 = 363/5 (50 overs)
| score2 = 216 (41.4 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|SRI}}
| runs1 = [[Yuvraj Singh]] 117 (95)
| wickets1 = [[Muttiah Muralitharan]] 1/60 (10 overs)
| runs2 = [[Kumar Sangakkara]] 83 (82)
| wickets2 = [[Pragyan Ojha]] 4/38 (10 overs)
| result = India won by 147 runs
| report = [http://espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/current/match/386532.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[R. Premadasa Stadium]], [[Colombo]]
| umpires = [[Brian Jerling]] (SA) and [[Gamini Silva]] (SL)
| motm = [[Yuvraj Singh]] (Ind)
| toss = India won the toss and elected to bat.
}}

===4th ODI===
{{Limited overs international
| date = 5 February
| time =
| daynight = yes
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND}}
| score1 = 332/5 (50 overs)
| score2 = 265 (48 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|SRI}}
| runs1 = [[Gautam Gambhir]] 150 (147)
| wickets1 = [[Nuwan Kulasekara]] 3/63 (10 overs)
| runs2 = [[Kumar Sangakkara]] 56 (74)
| wickets2 = [[Irfan Pathan]] 3/58 (7 overs)
| result = India won by 67 runs
| report = [http://espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/current/match/386533.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[R. Premadasa Stadium]], [[Colombo]]
| umpires = [[Brian Jerling]] (SA) and [[Kumar Dharmasena]] (SL)
| motm = [[Gautam Gambhir]] (Ind)
| toss = India won the toss and elected to bat.
| notes = [[Muttiah Muralitharan]] (SL) became the [[List of bowlers who have taken 300 or more wickets in ODI cricket|highest wicket-taker]] in ODIs (503).<ref>{{cite news|title=Murali becomes highest wicket-taker in ODIs|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/story/389306.html|access-date=3 August 2017|work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
}}

===5th ODI===
{{Limited overs international
| date = 8 February
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = {{cr-rt|SRI}}
| score1 = 320/8 (50 Overs)
| score2 = 252 (48.5 Overs)
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}
| runs1 = [[Tillakaratne Dilshan]] 97 (117)
| wickets1 = [[Ishant Sharma]] 3/60 (10 overs)
| runs2 = [[Yuvraj Singh]] 73 (62)
| wickets2 = [[Muttiah Muralitharan]] 2/41 (10 overs)
| result = Sri Lanka won by 68 runs
| report = [http://espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/current/match/386534.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[R. Premadasa Stadium]], [[Colombo]]
| umpires = [[Brian Jerling]] (SA) and [[Tyron Wijewardene]] (SL)
| motm = [[Kumar Sangakkara]] (SL)
| notes = [[Ravindra Jadeja]] (Ind) made his ODI debut.
| toss = Sri Lanka won the toss and elected to bat.
}}

==T20I series==

===Only T20I===
{{Limited overs international
| date = 10 February
| time = 19:00 [[Sri Lanka Standard Time|SLST]]
| daynight = no
| team1 = {{cr-rt|SRI}}
| score1 = 171/4 (20 overs)
| score2 = 174/7 (19.2 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}
| runs1 = [[Tillakaratne Dilshan]] 61 (47)
| wickets1 = [[Yusuf Pathan]] 2/23 (4 overs)
| runs2 = [[Suresh Raina]] 35 (27)
| wickets2 = [[Malinga Bandara]] 3/32 (4 overs)
| result = India won by 3 wickets
| report = [http://espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/current/match/386535.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[R. Premadasa Stadium]], [[Colombo]]
| umpires = [[Tyron Wijewardene]] (SL) and [[Gamini Silva]] (SL)
| motm = [[Yusuf Pathan]] (Ind)
| toss = Sri Lanka won the toss and elected to bat.
| notes = [[Indika de Saram]] (SL) and [[Ravindra Jadeja]] (Ind) both made their T20I debuts.
}}

==References==
<references/>

== External links ==
* [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/series/386281.html Tour home] at ESPNcricinfo

{{International cricket in 2008-09}}
{{International cricket tours of Sri Lanka}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Indian cricket team in Sri Lanka in 2008-09}}
[[Category:International cricket competitions in 2008–09]]
[[Category:Sri Lankan cricket seasons from 2000–01]]
[[Category:2009 in Sri Lankan cricket]]
[[Category:Indian cricket tours of Sri Lanka|2008-09]]
[[Category:2009 in Indian cricket]]

Basketball at the 1951 Asian Games

2025-08-03T00:00:44Z

CarmineJansen:

{{short description|None}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox sports competition event
| event = Basketball
| games = 1951 Asian Games
| image = Basketball pictogram.svg
| image_size = 100px
| venue = [[Major Dhyan Chand National Stadium|National Stadium]]
| date = 5–10 March 1951
| competitors =
| nations = 5
| prev =
| next = [[Basketball at the 1954 Asian Games|1954]]
}}
'''[[Basketball]]''' was one of the six initial disciplines which was held at the [[1951 Asian Games]] in [[New Delhi]], [[India]], wherein five Asian teams—Burma, India, Iran, Japan and Philippines—participated. In the matches, round-robin format was employed and on the basis of final points table top three podium places were decided. Philippines team without losing a single match topped the points table and grabbed the gold medal, their first of their basketball supremacy in the Asian Games. (They eventually won the next three editions, until 1962.) Japanese squad finished behind it and won a silver medal, Iranian team with two wins finished third and won a bronze. Host nation India, finished fourth with only single win over Burma, which came last without winning a single match.

==Medalists==
{|{{MedalistTable|type=Event}}
|-
|Men {{DetailsLink|Basketball at the 1951 Asian Games – Men's tournament}}
|{{flagIOC2|PHI|1951 Asian Games}} [[Francisco Calilan]] [[Andres dela Cruz]] [[Genaro Fernandez]] [[Jose Gochangco]] [[Rafael Hechanova]] [[Moro Lorenzo]] [[Carlos Loyzaga]] [[Antonio Martinez (basketball)|Antonio Martinez]] [[Lauro Mumar]] [[Ignacio Ramos (basketball)|Ignacio Ramos]] [[Meliton Santos]] [[Mariano Tolentino]]
|valign=top|{{flagIOC2|JPN|1951 Asian Games}} [[Makoto Arai]] [[Mitsugu Hachiya]] [[Hiroshi Ikeda (basketball)|Hiroshi Ikeda]] [[Junichi Iwao]] [[Michio Katayama]] [[Fumio Matsuoka]] [[Kasaburo Ogura]] [[Shuzo Okubo]] [[Shigeru Saito]] [[Minoru Takahashi]] [[Mitsuhide Tsudi]]
|valign=top|{{flagIOC2|IRN|1951 Asian Games}} [[Hassan Khaleghpour]] [[Kamal Mashhoun]] [[Reza Masoumi]] [[Kambiz Mokhberi]] [[Alireza Oshar]] [[Hossein Razi]] [[Mashallah Safiyar]] [[Hossein Saoudipour]] [[Abolfazl Solbi]] [[Hossein Soroudi]]
|}

==Results==
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WL
|update=complete
|source= [http://todor66.com/basketball/Asia/Men_AG_1951.html Results]
|for_against_style=points
|winpoints=2
|losspoints=1
|team1=AAA |team2=BBB |team3=CCC |team4=DDD |team5=EEE
|win_AAA=4 |loss_AAA=0 |gf_AAA=271 |ga_AAA=129
|win_BBB=3 |loss_BBB=1 |gf_BBB=224 |ga_BBB=156
|win_CCC=2 |loss_CCC=2 |gf_CCC=222 |ga_CCC=195
|win_DDD=1 |loss_DDD=3 |gf_DDD=184 |ga_DDD=266
|win_EEE=0 |loss_EEE=4 |gf_EEE=123 |ga_EEE=278

|name_AAA={{bk|PHI|1936}}
|name_BBB={{bk|JPN|1947}}
|name_CCC={{bk|IRN|1925}}
|name_DDD={{bk|IND}}
|name_EEE={{bk|Burma|1948}}
}}
{{basketballbox |date=5 March |place=[[Major Dhyan Chand National Stadium|National Stadium]], [[New Delhi]]
|teamA={{bk-rt|Burma|1948}} |scoreA=19
|teamB='''{{bk|PHI|1936}}''' |scoreB='''63'''
}}
----
{{basketballbox |date=5 March |place=[[Major Dhyan Chand National Stadium|National Stadium]], [[New Delhi]]
|teamA={{bk-rt|IRN|1925}} |scoreA=34
|teamB='''{{bk|JPN|1947}}''' |scoreB='''40'''
}}
----
{{basketballbox |date=6 March |place=[[Major Dhyan Chand National Stadium|National Stadium]], [[New Delhi]]
|teamA={{bk-rt|IND}} |scoreA=52
|teamB='''{{bk|IRN|1925}}''' |scoreB='''63'''
}}
----
{{basketballbox |date=6 March |place=[[Major Dhyan Chand National Stadium|National Stadium]], [[New Delhi]]
|teamA={{bk-rt|Burma|1948}} |scoreA=19
|teamB='''{{bk|JPN|1947}}''' |scoreB='''81'''
}}
----
{{basketballbox |date=7 March |place=[[Major Dhyan Chand National Stadium|National Stadium]], [[New Delhi]]
|teamA={{bk-rt|IRN|1925}} |scoreA=41
|teamB='''{{bk|PHI|1936}}''' |scoreB='''65'''
}}
----
{{basketballbox |date=7 March |place=[[Major Dhyan Chand National Stadium|National Stadium]], [[New Delhi]]
|teamA={{bk-rt|IND}} |scoreA=46
|teamB='''{{bk|JPN|1947}}''' |scoreB='''70'''
}}
----
{{basketballbox |date=8 March |place=[[Major Dhyan Chand National Stadium|National Stadium]], [[New Delhi]]
|teamA={{bk-rt|Burma|1948}} |scoreA=47
|teamB='''{{bk|IND}}''' |scoreB='''50'''
}}
----
{{basketballbox |date=9 March |place=[[Major Dhyan Chand National Stadium|National Stadium]], [[New Delhi]]
|teamA={{bk-rt|JPN|1947}} |scoreA=33
|teamB='''{{bk|PHI|1936}}''' |scoreB='''57'''
}}
----
{{basketballbox |date=10 March |place=[[Major Dhyan Chand National Stadium|National Stadium]], [[New Delhi]]
|teamA={{bk-rt|Burma|1948|name=Burma}} |scoreA=38
|teamB='''{{bk|IRN|1925}}''' |scoreB='''84'''
}}
----
{{basketballbox|date=10 March |place=[[Major Dhyan Chand National Stadium|National Stadium]], [[New Delhi]]
|teamA={{bk-rt|IND}} |scoreA=36
|teamB='''{{bk|PHI|1936}}''' |scoreB='''86'''
}}

==Final standing==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
!width=40|Rank
!width=180|Team
!width=30|{{Tooltip|Pld|Played}}
!width=30|{{Tooltip|W|Won}}
!width=30|{{Tooltip|L|Lost}}
|-
|{{Gold1}}
|align=left|{{bk|PHI|1936}} ||4||4||0
|-
|{{Silver2}}
|align=left|{{bk|JPN|1947}} ||4||3||1
|-
|{{Bronze3}}
|align=left|{{bk|IRN|1925}} ||4||2||2
|-
|4
|align=left|{{bk|IND}} ||4||1||3
|-
|5
|align=left|{{bk|Burma|1948|name=Burma}} ||4||0||4
|}

==References==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20140221063133/http://library.la84.org/OlympicInformationCenter/OlympicReview/1951/BDCE27/BDCE27r.pdf Report of the first Asian Games held at New Delhi]

==External links==
*[http://todor66.com/basketball/Asia/Men_AG_1951.html Results]

{{Events at the 1951 Asian Games}}
{{Basketball at the Asian Games}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Asian Games}}
[[Category:Basketball at the 1951 Asian Games| ]]
[[Category:Events at the 1951 Asian Games|Basketball]]
[[Category:Basketball at the Asian Games|1951]]
[[Category:1951 in Asian basketball]]
[[Category:International basketball competitions hosted by India]]

Raptadu mandal

2025-07-20T03:07:15Z

CarmineJansen: created initial stub v1!

{{Short description|Mandal in Andhra Pradesh, India}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = te
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Mandal]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|14.6189|77.6039}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Anantapur district|Anantapur]]
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Raptadu]]
| parts_type = [[Administrative divisions of India|Major villages]]
| parts_style = para
| parts =
| leader_title = [[Tehsildar]]
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011 - Andhra Pradesh - Series 29 - Part XII A - District Census Handbook, Anantapur |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/160 |website=Census India |publisher=Government of India |pages=516}}</ref>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 268.15
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 38,057
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
| image_map = {{maplink|frame=yes|frame-width=250|frame-height=180|frame-align=center|type=shape|id=|stroke-colour=#C60C30|stroke-width=2|text=Interactive Map Outlining mandal}}
}}

'''Raptadu mandal''' is one of the 31 [[List of mandals of Andhra Pradesh|mandals]] in [[Anantapur district]] of the state of [[Andhra Pradesh]] in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Mandal {{!}} Ananthapuramu District, Government of Andhra Pradesh {{!}} India |url=https://ananthapuramu.ap.gov.in/mandal/}}</ref> It is under the administration of [[Anantapuramu revenue division]] and the headquarters are located at [[Raptadu]] village.

== Demographics ==

As of the 2011 [[Census of India]], Raptadu mandal comprises 9,377 households. The total population is 38,057, with 19,558 males and 18,499 females. The child population is 4,039. Scheduled Castes constitute 5,089 of the population, while Scheduled Tribes account for 511 individuals. The number of literate individuals stands at 20,946. The workforce in Raptadu mandal includes 20,968 workers.<ref>{{cite web |title=Primary Census Abstract Indicators Andhra Pradesh, Anantapur District, Raptadu Sub-District |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/census.website/data/data-visualizations/PopulationSearch_PCA_Indicators |website=Census India |publisher=Government of India |access-date=13 July 2024}}</ref>

== Villages ==
List of villages/settlements in Raptadu mandal<ref>{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011 - Andhra Pradesh - Series 29 - Part XII A - District Census Handbook, Anantapur |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/160 |website=Census India |publisher=Government of India |pages=515}}</ref>

#Bandameedapalle
#Bommaparthy
#Bukkacherla
#Gandlaparthi
#Gangulakunta
#Gondireddipalle
#Hampapuram
#Maroor
#Palacherla
#[[Raptadu]] (Part)
#Yerragunta
#Parasanaya palli
#Chinmayanada Nagar
#Ayyavari Palli

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Anantapur district}}

[[Category:Mandals in Anantapur district]]

{{AndhraPradesh-geo-stub}}