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Jadavpur Lok Sabha constituency

2026-05-08T13:42:17Z

CarmenCarey59: Put up first data from scratch.

{{short description|Lok Sabha Constituency in West Bengal}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
| name = Jadavpur {{Small|WB-22}}
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok Sabha constituencies/2019/West Bengal/Jadavpur.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Jadavpur Lok Sabha Constituency
| established = 1977–Present
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image = Saayoni Ghosh in 2015 (cropped).jpg
| mp = [[Saayoni Ghosh]]
| party = {{Party index link|All India Trinamool Congress}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| electors = 1,802,234<ref name=turnout>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/GE2014/PC_WISE_TURNOUT.htm |title=Parliamentary Constituency Wise Turnout for General Elections 2014 |work=West Bengal |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=2 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606003137/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/GE2014/PC_WISE_TURNOUT.htm |archive-date= 6 June 2014 }}</ref>
| assembly_cons = [[Baruipur Purba Assembly constituency|Baruipur Purba]] [[Baruipur Paschim Assembly constituency|Baruipur Paschim]] [[Sonarpur Dakshin Assembly constituency|Sonarpur Dakshin]] [[Bhangar Assembly constituency|Bhangar]] [[Jadavpur Assembly constituency|Jadavpur]] [[Sonarpur Uttar Assembly constituency|Sonarpur Uttar]] [[Tollyganj Assembly constituency|Tollyganj]]
}}

'''Jadavpur Lok Sabha constituency''' is one of the 543 [[Lok Sabha|Parliamentary]] constituencies in [[India]]. The constituency centres on [[Jadavpur]] in [[West Bengal]]. All the seven legislative assembly segments of No. 22 Jadavpur Lok Sabha constituency are in [[South 24 Parganas]] district.
For a long time, Jadavpur remained a bastion of [[communism]], particularly associated with the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]].

{{Pie chart
| value1 = 38.46
| value2 = 46.15
| value3 = 15.39
| value4 =
| label1 = [[Communist Party of India (Marxist) |''Communist Party of India (Marxist)'' (5 times)]]
| label2 = [[Trinamool Congress |'''Trinamool Congress''' (6 times)]]
| label3 = [[Indian National Congress |''Indian National Congress'' (2 times)]]
| label4 =
| color1 = red
| color2 = Light green
| color3 = Blue
| color4 =
| caption = Most Successful parties from Jadavpur Loksabha
}}

==Assembly segments==
[[File:Westbengalen Wahlkreise Lok Sabha.svg|thumb|300 px|right|'''Parliamentary constituencies in West Bengal''' - 1. Cooch Behar, 2. Alipurduars, 3. Jalpaiguri, 4. Darjeeling, 5. Raiganj, 6. Balurghat, 7. Maldaha Uttar, 8. Maldaha Dakshin, 9. Jangipur, 10. Baharampur, 11. Murshidabad, 12. Krishnanagar, 13. Ranaghat, 14. Bangaon, 15. Barrackpore, 16. Dum Dum, 17. Barasat, 18. Basirhat, 19. Jaynagar, 20. Mathurapur, 21. Diamond Harbour, 22. '''Jadavpur''', 23. Kolkata Dakshin, 24. Kolkata Uttar, 25. Howrah, 26. Uluberia, 27. Serampore, 28. Hooghly, 29. Arambagh, 30. Tamluk, 31, Kanthi, 32. Ghatal, 33. Jhargram, 34. Medinipur, 35. Purulia, 36. Bankura, 37. Bishnupur, 38. Bardhaman Purba, 39. Bardhaman Durgapur, 40. Asansol, 41. Bolpur, 42. Birbhum]]

As per order of the [[Delimitation Commission]] in respect of the [[Delimitation of constituencies]] in the [[West Bengal]], Jadavpur Lok Sabha constituency is composed of the following legislative assembly segments from 2009:<ref name =delimitation>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/WestBengal/FINAL%20ORDER%20NOTIFICATION_English.pdf | title = Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 | access-date = 2009-05-27 | work = Table B – Extent of Parliamentary Constituencies | publisher =Government of West Bengal}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
! #
! Name
! District
! Member
! colspan="2" |Party
! colspan="2" |2024 Lead
|-
|137
|[[Baruipur Purba Assembly constituency|Baruipur Purba]] (SC)
|rowspan="7"|[[South 24 Parganas]]
|[[Bivas Sardar]]
|{{party name with color|Trinamool Congress|rowspan=2}}
|{{party name with color|Trinamool Congress|rowspan=7}}
|-
|140
|[[Baruipur Paschim Assembly constituency|Baruipur Paschim]]
|[[Biman Banerjee]]
|-
|147
|[[Sonarpur Dakshin Assembly constituency|Sonarpur Dakshin]]
|[[Roopa Ganguly]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|148
|[[Bhangar Assembly constituency|Bhangar]]
|[[Nawsad Siddique]]
|{{party name with color|Indian Secular Front}}
|-
|150
|[[Jadavpur Assembly constituency|Jadavpur]]
|Sarbori Mukherjee
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
|151
|[[Sonarpur Uttar Assembly constituency|Sonarpur Uttar]]
|[[Debasish Dhar]]
|-
|152
|[[Tollyganj Assembly constituency|Tollygunge]]
|[[Papiya Adhikari]]
|-
|}

== Members of Parliament ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Member<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jadavpur Parliamentary Constituency Election and Results Update |url=https://www.elections.in/west-bengal/parliamentary-constituencies/jadavpur.html |website=elections.in}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
| colspan="4" |{{Center|''till 1977 : Constituency did not exist''}}
|-
|[[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Somnath Chatterjee]]
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=2|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
|-
|[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
|[[Mamata Banerjee]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Malini Bhattacharya]]
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=2|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Krishna Bose]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
|{{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Trinamool Congress}}
|-
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
|[[Sujan Chakraborty]]
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
|[[Kabir Suman]]
|{{Full party name with color|rowspan=4|Trinamool Congress}}
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
|[[Sugata Bose]]
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|[[Mimi Chakraborty]]
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|[[Saayoni Ghosh]]
|}

==Election results==

===General Election 2024===
In the 2024 general elections, [[Saayoni Ghosh]] of [[Trinamool Congress|TMC]] Defeated her nearest rival, Anirban Ganguly of [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] by 258,201 votes.<ref name="2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Jadavpur">{{cite news |title=2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Jadavpur |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S2522.htm |access-date=17 July 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250717045423/https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S2522.htm |archive-date=17 July 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Jadavpur Constituency Lok Sabha Election Results 2014 - 2024">{{cite news |title=Jadavpur Constituency Lok Sabha Election Results 2014 - 2024 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-constituencies/west-bengal/jadavpur |access-date=17 July 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250717045441/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-constituencies/west-bengal/jadavpur |archive-date=17 July 2025 |language=en}}</ref>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general elections]]: Jadavpur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Saayoni Ghosh]]
|party = Trinamool Congress
|votes = 7,17,899
|percentage = 45.83
|change = {{decrease}}2.08
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Anirban Ganguly
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 459,698
|percentage = 29.35
|change = {{increase}} 1.99
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Srijan Bhattacharya]]
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|votes = 258,365
|percentage = 16.49
|change = {{decrease}} 5.55
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party= Indian Secular Front
|candidate= Nur Alam Khan
|votes=83,362
|percentage=5.32
|change=
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party= Independent
|candidate= Ranjit Kumar Mandal
|votes=13,030
|percentage=0.83
|change=
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|party = None of the Above
|votes = 7,415
|percentage =0.47
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 258,201
|percentage = 16.48
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 15,66,162
|percentage = 77.53
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Trinamool Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General Election 2019===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: Jadavpur<ref name=loksabha2019>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-constituencies/west-bengal/jadavpur|title=Jadavpur Loksabha Election Results|work=The Times of India|access-date=22 March 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Mimi Chakraborty]]
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|votes = 688,472
|percentage = 47.91
|change = +1.99
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Anupam Hazra]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 393,233
|percentage = 27.36
|change = +15.14
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Bikash Ranjan Bhattacharya]]
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|votes = 302,264
|percentage = 21.04
|change = -15.05
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Kartik Kayal
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 9,378
|percentage = 0.65
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Anuradha Putatunda
|party = Party of Democratic Socialism (India)
|votes = 5,549
|percentage = 0.39
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Bimal Krishna Mandal
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 5,114
|percentage = 0.36
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Sujata Banerjee
|party = Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)
|votes = 4,354
|percentage = 0.30
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Mangal Kumar Sardar
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 3,475
|percentage = 0.24
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Kartick Naskar
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 2,554
|percentage = 0.18
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Atanu Chatterjee
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 2,345
|percentage = 0.16
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Rupa Khan
|party = BNARP
|votes = 1,667
|percentage = 0.12
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Dr Nazrul Islam
|party = MPOI
|votes = 1,605
|percentage = 0.11
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Gopal Naskar
|party = Rashtriya Janasachetan Party
|votes = 1,343
|percentage = 0.09
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = None Of The Above
|party = None of the Above
|votes = 15,541
|percentage = 1.08
|change = -0.15
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 295,239
|percentage = 20.54
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 1,436,894
|percentage = 79.09
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Trinamool Congress
|swing = -8.57
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General Election 2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: Jadavpur<ref name=loksabha2014>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2014/33%20-%20Constituency%20wise%20detailed%20result.pdf |title = General Elections 2014 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work = West Bengal | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 21 June 2016 |archive-date=12 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171012143225/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2014/33%20-%20Constituency%20wise%20detailed%20result.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Sugata Bose|Dr. Sugata Bose]]
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|votes = 5,84,244
|percentage = 45.83
|change = -4.01
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Sujan Chakraborty|Dr. Sujan Chakraborty]]
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|votes = 4,59,041
|percentage = 36.01
|change = -8.64
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Dr. Sarup Prasad Ghosh
|votes = 1,55,511
|percentage = 12.20
|change = +10.30
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Samir Aich
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 26,344
|percentage = 2.07
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Dr. Asok Kumar Samanta
|party = Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)
|votes = 11,317
|percentage = 0.89
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Sandhya Mandal
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 3,945
|percentage = 0.31
|change = -0.04
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Mangal Kumar Sardar
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 3,406
|percentage = 0.27
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Susanta Kumar Naskar
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 3,067
|percentage = 0.24
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Shamali Das
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 2,885
|percentage = 0.23
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Kartik Kayal
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 2,837
|percentage = 0.22
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Hasibul Islam Mir
|party = Rashtriya Janasachetan Party
|votes = 1,464
|percentage = 0.11
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Pintu Sanpui
|party = Bahujan Mukti Party
|votes = 1,340
|percentage = 0.11
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Ashok Kumar Shaw
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 1,294
|percentage = 0.10
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = None Of The Above
|party = None of the Above
|votes = 15,667
|percentage = 1.23
|change = ---
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 1,25,203
|percentage = 9.82
|change = +5.70
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 12,72,362
|percentage = 79.74
|change = -1.74
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|swing = +5.32
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General Election 2009===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general election|General Election, 2009]]: Jadavpur<ref name=loksabha2009>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2009/Stats/VOLI/25_ConstituencyWiseDetailedResult.pdf |title=General Elections, 2009 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work=West Bengal |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=25 May 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140811090059/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2009/Stats/VOLI/25_ConstituencyWiseDetailedResult.pdf |archive-date=11 August 2014 }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Kabir Suman]]
|votes = 540,667
|percentage = 49.84
|change = +8.03
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = [[Sujan Chakraborty|Dr. Sujan Chakraborty]]
|votes = 484,400
|percentage = 44.65
|change = -4.88
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Sanat Bhattacharya]]
|votes = 25,331
|percentage = 1.90
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = [[Rama Bose]]
|votes = 8,490
|percentage = 0.64
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Party of Democratic Socialism (India)
|candidate = [[Saifuddin Choudhury]]
|votes = 6,141
|percentage = 0.46
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = BSP(K)
|candidate = [[Pintu Sanpui]]
|votes = 5,736
|percentage = 0.43
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = [[Sandhaya Mondal]]
|votes = 4,609
|percentage = 0.35
|change = -0.33
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = [[Fakir Mahammad Laskar]]
|votes = 3,941
|percentage = 0.30
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = [[Kamalesh Das]]
|votes = 3,102
|percentage = 0.23
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = [[Tushar Kanti Das]]
|votes = 2,416
|percentage = 0.18
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 56,267
|percentage = 4.22
|change = -4.55
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 1,084,833
|percentage = 81.47
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing = -6.55
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General Election 2004===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Indian general election|General Election, 2004]]: Jadavpur<ref name=loksabha2004>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_2004/Vol_I_LS_2004.pdf |title = General Elections, 2004 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work = West Bengal | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 25 May 2014 }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = [[Sujan Chakraborty|Dr. Sujan Chakraborty]]
|votes = 505,396
|percentage = 49.60
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Krishna Bose]]
|votes = 415,728
|percentage = 40.80
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Omprakash Mishra]]
|votes = 66,121
|percentage = 6.46
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = [[Banasree Chakraborty]]
|votes = 10,286
|percentage = 1.00
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = [[Arabinda Halder]]
|votes = 6,875
|percentage = 0.67
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National League
|candidate = [[Anisur Rahaman]]
|votes = 6,374
|percentage = 0.62
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India United Democratic Front
|candidate = [[Tapas Kumar Howalder]]
|votes = 3,235
|percentage = 0.31
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Tapan Sarkar
|votes = 2,603
|percentage = 0.25
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = [[Badan Bairagi]]
|votes = 2,320
|percentage = 0.22
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = [[Arup Ghosh]]
|votes = 1,710
|percentage = 0.16
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = [[Jit Narayan Singh]]
|votes = 1,667
|percentage = 0.16
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 89,668
|percentage = 8.77
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 10,22,315
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|loser = All India Trinamool Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General Election 1999===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1999 Indian general election|General Election, 1999]]: Jadavpur<ref name=loksabha1999>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1999/Vol_I_LS_99.pdf |title=General Elections, 1999 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work=West Bengal |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=25 May 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718183222/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1999/Vol_I_LS_99.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2014 }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Krishna Bose]]
|votes = 485,366
|percentage = 48.97
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = [[Kanti Ganguly]]
|votes = 418,601
|percentage = 41.60
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Maya Ghosh|Dr. Maya Ghosh]]
|votes = 79,672
|percentage = 7.90
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = [[Tapan Roy Chowdhury]]
|votes = 3,528
|percentage = 4.00
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = [[Asalata Majumder]]
|votes = 1,810
|percentage = 2.00
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = [[Ram Chandra Kayal]]
|votes = 964
|percentage = 1.00
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = [[Jiban Bairagi]]
|votes = 748
|percentage = 1.00
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = [[Nuton Mondal]]
|votes = 509
|percentage = 1.00
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 66,765
|percentage = 6.60
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 10,05,286
|percentage = 71.6
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|loser = Communisat Party of India (Marxist)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General Election 1998===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1998 Indian general election|General Election, 1998]]: Jadavpur<ref name=loksabha1998>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1998/Vol_I_LS_98.pdf |title=General Elections, 1998 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work=West Bengal |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=25 May 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718181833/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1998/Vol_I_LS_98.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2014 }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Krishna Bose]]
|votes = 534,338
|percentage = 48.90
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = [[Malini Bhattacharya]]
|votes = 436,137
|percentage = 40.90
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Ram Pyare Ram]]
|votes = 91,407
|percentage = 8.60
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = [[Sandhya Mandal]]
|votes = 3,568
|percentage = 0.30
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = [[Nitai Roy]]
|votes = 2,753
|percentage = 0.30
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = [[Abu Siddique Laskar]]
|votes = 1,458
|percentage = 0.10
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = [[Md Aslam]]
|votes = 1,370
|percentage = 0.10
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = [[Biswanath Paul]]
|votes = 1,158
|percentage = 0.10
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 98,201
|percentage = 7.3
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 1,067,448
|percentage = 77.4
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General Election 1996===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1996 Indian general election|General Election, 1996]]: Jadavpur<ref name=loksabha1996>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1996/Vol_I_LS_96.pdf |title = General Elections, 1996 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work = West Bengal | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 25 May 2014 }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Krishna Bose]]
|votes = 499,254
|percentage = 47.40
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = [[Malini Bhattacharya]]
|votes = 486,216
|percentage = 46.20
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Uttam Bose]]
|votes = 52,470
|percentage = 5.00
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Shiv Sena
|candidate = [[Ardhendu Sen]]
|votes = 5,203
|percentage = 0.5
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = [[Abdul Samad Sardar]]
|votes = 2,309
|percentage = 0.20
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National League
|candidate = [[Gharami Yusuf]]
|votes = 1,910
|percentage = 0.20
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = [[Sunil Guha]]
|votes = 1,790
|percentage = 0.20
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = [[Ranjit Dutta]]
|votes = 1,678
|percentage = 0.20
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = [[Ram Sagar Roy]]
|votes = 860
|percentage = 0.10
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = [[Anup Chaterjee]]
|votes = 777
|percentage = 0.10
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = [[Murari Mohan Naskar]]
|votes = 660
|percentage = 0.10
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 13,038
|percentage = 1.2%
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 1,075,315
|percentage = 81.9%
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General Election 1991===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1991 Indian general election|General Election, 1991]]: Jadavpur<ref name=loksabha1991/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=[[Malini Bhattacharya]]|votes=398896|percentage=46.82%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Santosh Bhattacharya|votes=348,595|percentage=40.92%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Uttam Bose]]|votes=87,859|percentage=10.31%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Janata Party|candidate=Vinay Kaushik|votes=2607|percentage=0.31%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Sandhya Mandal|votes=2572|percentage=0.3%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Hindu swaraj Sangathan|candidate=Jatindra Nath Biswas|votes=1296|percentage=0.15%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Doordarshi Party|candidate=Shyam Sunder Thakur|votes=919|percentage=0.11|change=}}

{{Election box majority|votes=50,301|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=851960|percentage=|change=}}

{{Election box hold|colour=Red|winner=CPIM}}{{Election box end}}

===Lok Sabha Election 1989===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1989 Indian general election ]]: Jadavpur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=[[Malini Bhattacharya]]|votes=441,188|percentage=50.19%|change=+4.00%}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Mamata Banerjee]]|votes=410,288|percentage=46.67%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Uttam Basu|votes=9874|percentage=1.12%|change=
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian Union Muslim League|candidate=Laskar Jabed Ali|votes=7994|percentage=0.91%|change=}}

{{Election box majority||votes=30,900|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=879040|percentage=|change=}}{{Election box gain with party link|colour=Red|winner=CPIM|loser=Indian National Congress |color=Green}}

{{Election box end}}

===Lok Sabha Election 1984===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1984 Indian general election ]]: Jadavpur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Mamata Banerjee]]|votes=331,618|percentage=50.87%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=[[Somnath Chatterjee]]|votes=311,958|percentage=47.85%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian Congress (Socialist)|candidate=Sakti Sarkar|votes=5993|percentage=0.92%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=Rajanath Prasad|votes=2336|percentage=0.36%|change=}}

{{Election box majority||votes=19,660|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=651905|percentage=|change=}}{{Election box gain with party link|winner=Indian National Congress|loser=CPIM}}

{{Election box end}}

===Lok Sabha Election 1980===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1980 Indian general election ]]: Jadavpur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=[[Somnath Chatterjee]]|votes=309094|percentage=59.99%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress (Indira)|candidate=Sachinath Mitra|votes=1,62,979|percentage=31.63%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Janata Party|candidate=Haripada Bharati|votes=31,846|percentage=6.18%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Janata Party (Secular)|candidate=Abdul Mannan Khan|votes=6763|percentage=1.31%|change=}}

{{Election box turnout||votes=515243|percentage=|change=}}{{Election box majority|votes=1,46,115|percentage=|change=}}

{{Election box hold|colour=Red|winner=CPIM}}{{Election box end}}

===Main Contestants, 1977-2024===
Most of the contests were multi-cornered. However, only winners and runners-up are mentioned below:
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Winner
!Party
!Runner-up
!Party
|-
|1977
|[[Somnath Chatterjee]]
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|[[Mohammad Elias]]
|[[Communist Party of India]]<ref name=loksabha1977>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1977/Vol_I_LS_77.pdf |title=General Elections, 1977 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work=West Bengal |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=25 May 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718185438/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1977/Vol_I_LS_77.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2014 }}</ref>
|-
|1980
|[[Somnath Chatterjee]]
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|[[Sachinath Mitra]]
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|1984
|[[Mamata Banerjee]]
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|[[Somnath Chatterjee]]
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]<ref name=loksabha1980>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1980/Vol_I_LS_80.pdf |title=General Elections, 1980 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work=West Bengal |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=25 May 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718175926/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1980/Vol_I_LS_80.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2014 }}</ref>
|-
|1989
|[[Malini Bhattacharya]]
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|[[Mamata Banerjee]]
|[[Indian National Congress]]<ref name=loksabha1984>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1984/Vol_I_LS_84.pdf |title=General Elections, 1984 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work=West Bengal |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=25 May 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718184911/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1984/Vol_I_LS_84.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2014 }}</ref>
|-
|1991
|[[Malini Bhattacharya]]
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|[[Santosh Bhattacharya]]
|[[Indian National Congress]]<ref name="loksabha1991">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1991/VOL_I_91.pdf |title=General Elections, 1991 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work=West Bengal |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=25 May 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718183558/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1991/VOL_I_91.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2014 }}</ref>
|-
|1996
|[[Krishna Bose]]
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|[[Malini Bhattacharya]]
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]<ref name=loksabha1996/>
|-
|1998
|[[Krishna Bose]]
|[[West Bengal Trinamool Congress]]
|[[Malini Bhattacharya]]
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]<ref name=loksabha1998/>
|-
|1999
|[[Krishna Bose]]
|[[All India Trinamool Congress]]
|[[Kanti Ganguly]]
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]<ref name=loksabha1999/>
|-
|2004
|[[Sujan Chakraborty]]
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|[[Krishna Bose]]
|[[All India Trinamool Congress]]<ref name=loksabha2004/>
|-
|2009
| [[Kabir Suman]]
|[[All India Trinamool Congress]]
|[[Sujan Chakraborty]]
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|2014
| [[Sugata Bose]]
|[[All India Trinamool Congress]]
|[[Sujan Chakraborty]]
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|2019
| [[Mimi Chakraborty]]
|[[All India Trinamool Congress]]
|[[Anupam Hazra]]
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|2024
| [[Saayoni Ghosh]]
|[[All India Trinamool Congress]]
|[[Anirban Ganguly]]
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|}

==See also==
* [[Jadavpur]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.indiaelections2014.info/parliament/2019/states/west_bengal/jadavpur/lok_sabha_parliamentary_election_2019_results.html Jadavpur lok sabha constituency election 2019 result details]

{{South 24 Parganas}}
{{South 24 Parganas topics}}
{{Lok Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}

{{Coord|22.502513|N|88.3676051|E|display=title|region:IN-WB|format=dms}}

{{West Bengal elections}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jadavpur Lok Sabha constituency}}
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Politics of South 24 Parganas district]]

Baral (surname)

2026-05-06T20:34:21Z

CarmenCarey59: started the data v1

{{other uses|Baral (disambiguation)}}
{{more citations needed|date=February 2024}}
'''Baral''' is a [[surname]] found mostly in the [[Bengalis|Bengali]] [[Hindu]] [[Suvarna Banik]] caste of [[Bengal]] ([[West Bengal]] and [[Bangladesh]]),<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hanks |first1=Patrick |title=Dictionary of American Family Names: 3-Volume Set |year=2003 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-508137-4 |page=97 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vG7MZ9J6dAgC&dq=baral&pg=PA97N}}</ref> and among the [[Bahun]]s of [[Nepal]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lall |first1=Kesar |title=Nepalese Language, Folklore, and Practices for Foreigners |year=1987 |publisher=Himalayan Book Centre |page=90 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Du0zAAAAMAAJ&q=baral |quote=The most common surnames of Brahmans are Sharma and Upadhyaya . Here are some other surnames : Acharya, Adhikari, Aryal, Banskota, '''Baral''', Bhandari, Bhatta, Bhatta- rai, Bista, Chalise, Chapagain, Dahal, Dixit ..}}</ref>

==Notable people==
*[[Akshay Kumar Baral]] (1860–1918), Indian Bengali-language poet and writer
*[[Anup Baral]] (born 1968), Nepali actor, writer, and film director
*[[Bahadur Singh Baral]] (1892–1962), Nepali British Army soldier and national poet
*[[Babul Supriya Baral]] (born 1970), Indian politician and Bengali-language singer
*[[Happy Baral]] (born 1968), Bangladeshi politician
*[[Khadgajeet Baral]] (1928–2021), Nepali politician and social worker
*[[Krishnahari Baral]] (born 1954), Nepali lyricist, songwriter, poet, literary critic, author, and professor
*[[Mohan Baral]] (born 1972), Nepali singer, actor, and politician
*[[Sudarshan Baral]] (born ?), Nepali politician
*[[Rai Chand Boral|Rai Chandra Baral]] (1903–1981), Indian music director and composer

==See also==
*[[Boral (surname)]], a similarly spelled surname

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{surname|Baral}}
{{Bahun communities}}
{{Chhetri communities}}
[[Category:Bengali Hindu surnames]]
[[Category:Khas surnames]]

List of Indian Bengali films of 1961

2026-05-04T15:34:02Z

CarmenCarey59: Redirect article

#REDIRECT [[List of Indian Bengali films of the 1960s]]{{Redirect category shell|{{R from merge}}{{R from history}}}}

Sushruta

2026-04-30T09:55:53Z

CarmenCarey59: adding first info initial version - done

{{Short description|Ancient Indian physician and surgeon}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date = April 2017}}
{{Infobox academic
| name = Sushruta
| image = Susruta. Pen drawing. Wellcome V0006619.jpg
| caption = 17th century sketch of Sushruta
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{circa|mid 1st millennium BCE}}
| birth_place = [[Kannauj|Kanyakubja]]<ref>{{Cite book|author = Ashirbadi Lal Srivastava|title = Panchal (Part 9) Ed. By Dr. A. L. Shrivastav 1996|url= https://archive.org/details/orrz_panchal-part-9-ed.-by-dr.-a.-l.-shrivastav-1996-kanpur-panchal-sodh-samsthan/page/n46/mode/1up?q=%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C+%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A3|publisher = Kanpur Panchal Shodh Sansthan|page = 47}}</ref><ref>''Compendium of Suśruta''</ref>
| death_date =
| death_place =
| body_discovered =
| death_cause =
| discipline = {{hlist |[[Medicine]]|[[Dentistry]]|[[Obstetrics and gynaecology]]}}
| known_for = Author of ''[[Sushruta Samhita]]''
| native_name_lang = Sanskrit
| workplaces = Banaras University<ref>{{Cite journal|doi = 10.1177/0967772016643463|title = Sushruta: Father of plastic surgery in Benares|year = 2019|last1 = Bath|first1 = Khushbir|last2 = Aggarwal|first2 = Sourabh|last3 = Sharma|first3 = Vishal|journal = Journal of Medical Biography|volume = 27|issue = 1|pages = 2–3|pmid = 27885151|s2cid = 6074657}}</ref>
| honorific_prefix = [[Maharshi]] [[Pandit]]
}}

'''Suśruta''' ({{langx|sa|सुश्रुत|lit=well heard}}, {{IAST3|Suśruta}}<ref>{{Cite book|title = A Sanskrit-English Dictionary|last = Monier-Williams|first = Monier|publisher = Clarendon Press|year = 1899|location = Oxford|pages = 1237|url = http://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/cgi-bin/monier/serveimg.pl?file=/scans/MWScan/MWScanjpg/mw1237-suvarNya.jpg}}</ref>) was an ancient Indian [[physician]] and surgeon, who made significant contributions to the field of [[Plastic surgery|plastic]] and [[cataract]] surgery. He was the author of the ''[[Sushruta Samhita|Suśruta Saṃhitā]]'' (''Suśruta's Compendium''), considered to be one of the most important surviving ancient treatises on medicine.{{refn|group=nb|The Samhitas represent later revised versions (recensions) of their original works.<ref>Lock, Stephen etc. (200ĞďéĠĊ1). ''The Oxford Illustrated Companion to Medicine''. US: Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|0-19-262950-6}}.</ref>}} It is also considered a foundational text of [[Ayurveda]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Wujastyk |first1=Dominik |title=The Roots of Ayurveda |date=2003 |publisher=Penguin |isbn=978-0-14-044824-5 |oclc=708372480 }}{{page needed|date=April 2023}}</ref> The treatise addresses all aspects of general medicine, including diet, surgery, nosology, anatomy, developmental biology, therapeutics, toxicology, paediatrics and other subjects. The inclusion of particularly impressive and historically important chapters on surgery has wrongly led some to believe that this is the work's primary focus.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kansupada |first1=K. B. |last2=Sassani |first2=J. W. |title=Sushruta: the father of Indian surgery and ophthalmology |journal=Documenta Ophthalmologica. Advances in Ophthalmology |date=1997 |volume=93 |issue=1–2 |pages=159–167 |doi=10.1007/BF02569056 |pmid=9476614 |s2cid=9045799 }}</ref> The treatise consists of 186 chapters.

Acharya Sushruta was born in [[Kannauj|Kanyakubja]] and he later moved to [[Varanasi]], where he wrote The ''Compendium of Suśruta''.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Singh |first1=Vibha |title=Sushruta: The father of surgery |journal=National Journal of Maxillofacial Surgery |date=2017 |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=1–3 |doi=10.4103/njms.NJMS_33_17 |pmid=28761269 |pmc=5512402 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

== Authorship ==

The printed editions of the work normally contain the phrase "as Lord [[Dhanvantari]] declared" (Sanskrit ''यथोवाच भगवान्धन्वन्तरिः'') at the start of each chapter, framing the work as Dhanvantari's discourse. However, the earliest manuscripts of the work omit this attribution, framing the work instead as the work of [[Divodasa|Divodāsa]], king of Varanasi.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Wujastyk |first1=Dominik |title=On the plastic surgery of the ears and nose: the Nepalese recension of the Suśrutasaṃhitā |last2=Birch |first2=Jason |last3=Klebanov |first3=Andrey |last4=Parameswaran |first4=Madhu K. |last5=Rimal |first5=Madhusudan |last6=Chakraborty |first6=Deepro |last7=Bhatt |first7=Harshal |last8=Lele |first8=Vandana |last9=Mehta |first9=Paras |date=2023 |publisher=Heidelberg Asian Studies Publishing |isbn=978-3-948791-63-6 |location=Heidelberg}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Birch |first1=Jason |last2=Wujastyk |first2=Dominik |last3=Klebanov |first3=Andrey |last4=Parameswaran |first4=Madhu |last5=Rimal |first5=Madhusudan |last6=Chakraborty |first6=Deepro |last7=Bhatt |first7=Harshal |last8=Shenoy |first8=Devyani |last9=Lele |first9=Vandana |date=2021-10-08 |title=Further Insight into the Role of Dhanvantari, the physician to the gods, in the Suśrutasaṃhitā |url=https://www.academia.edu/56668282 |journal=Academia Letters |language=en |doi=10.20935/AL2992 |issn=2771-9359}}</ref>

[[S. K. Ramachandra Rao|Rao]] in 1985 suggested that the author of the original "layer" was "elder Sushruta" (''Vrddha Sushruta''), although this name appears nowhere in the early Sanskrit literature. The text, stated Rao, was redacted centuries later "by another Sushruta, then by Nāgārjuna, and thereafter a later collection of chapters called the Uttara-tantra was added as a supplement".<ref name="Rao">Ramachandra S.K. Rao, Encyclopaedia of Indian Medicine: historical perspective, Volume 1, 2005 Reprint (Original: 1985), [https://books.google.com/books?id=QRvzRGn9QqkC&pg=PA94 pp 94-98], Popular Prakashan</ref> It is now generally accepted by scholars that there were several ancient authors who contributed to this text.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Meulenbeld |first1=G.J. |url=https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004646582 |title=Studies on Indian Medical History |last2=Wujastyk |first2=Dominik |date=1987-01-01 |publisher=BRILL |doi=10.1163/9789004646582 |isbn=978-90-04-64658-2}}</ref>

The translator G. D. Singhal called Suśruta "the father of plastic surgery" on account of the detailed accounts of surgery in the work as well as the now passée style of attributing metaphorical fatherhood to male innovators.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Susruta |title=Susruta-samhita |last2=Singh |first2=K. P |last3=Singh |first3=L. M |last4=Singhal |first4=G. D |last5=Udupa |first5=K. N |date=1972 |publisher=G.D. Singhal |location=Allahabad |language=Sanskrit |oclc=956916023}}{{page needed|date=April 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Singhal |first1=G.D. |title=Toxicological Considerations in ancient Indian surgery |last2=Dwivedi |first2=R.N. |date=1976 |publisher=Singhal Publications |series=Ancient Indian Surgery Series; 7 |hdl=2027/mdp.39015019929879 |oclc=581768392}}{{page needed|date=April 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Champaneria |first1=Manish C. |last2=Workman |first2=Adrienne D. |last3=Gupta |first3=Subhas C. |date=July 2014 |title=Sushruta: Father of Plastic Surgery |journal=Annals of Plastic Surgery |volume=73 |issue=1 |pages=2–7 |doi=10.1097/SAP.0b013e31827ae9f5 |pmid=23788147}}</ref>

== Date ==
The early scholar Rudolf Hoernle proposed that some concepts from the ''Suśruta-Saṃhitā'' could be found in the ''[[Shatapatha Brahmana|Śatapatha-Brāhmaṇa]]'', which he dated to the 600 BCE.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jolly |first=J. |date=January 1908 |title=Studies in the Medicine of Ancient India. Part I: Osteology, or the Parts of the Human Body. By A. F. Rudolf Hoernle, C.I.E. |url=https://doi.org/10.1017/s0035869x00037576 |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland |volume=40 |issue=1 |pages=228–232 |doi=10.1017/s0035869x00037576 |issn=0035-869X|url-access=subscription }}</ref> However, during the last century, scholarship on the history of Indian medical literature has advanced substantially, and firm evidence has accumulated that the ''Suśruta-saṃhitā'' is a work of several historical layers. Its composition may have begun in the last centuries BCE, completed in its present form by another author who redacted its first five chapters and added the long, final chapter, the "Uttaratantra". It is likely that the ''Suśruta-saṃhitā'' was known to the scholar Dṛḍhabala, a contributor to the [[Charaka Samhita]] that wrote between the fourth and fifth centuries CE.<ref name=":1">{{cite book |last1=Meulenbeld |first1=Gerrit Jan |title=A History of Indian Medical Literature |date=1999 |publisher=E. Forsten |isbn=978-90-6980-124-7 |pages=333–357 }}</ref> Additionally, several ancient Indian authors used the name "Suśruta", resulting in potential misattribution.<ref name=":1" />

== Citations ==
In 1907, Kunja Lal Bhishagratna, a translator of the ''Suśrutasaṃhitā'', asserted that Suśruta was one of the sons of the sage [[Vishvamitra]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Bhishagratna|first=Kunjalal|url=https://archive.org/stream/englishtranslati01susruoft#page/n17/mode/2up/search/Vishvamitra|title=An English Translation of the Sushruta Samhita, based on Original Sanskrit Text|publisher=Calcutta|year=1907|location=Calcutta|pages=ii (introduction)|ref=bhishagratna}}</ref> Bhisagratna also asserted that Sushruta was the name of the clan to which [[Vishvamitra]] belonged.<ref name=":0" /> In Chapter 7 of the five-volume ''History of Indian Medical Literature'', published in 1999, physician-scholar [[Gerrit Jan Meulenbeld]] covers a variety of further theories on Suśruta's identity and the ''Sushruta Samhita''<nowiki/>'s dating and publication history.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Meulenbeld |first=Gerrit Jan |url=https://archive.org/details/Meulenbeld-HIML/HIML%201A%20/page/332/mode/2up |title=History of Indian Medical Literature |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Egbert Forsten Publishing]] |year=1999 |isbn=978-90-6980-124-7 |volume=1A |location=Groningen |pages=333–357 |language=English |oclc=165833440}}</ref>

The name Suśruta is listed as one of ten Himalayan sages in a treatise on medicinal garlic that was included in the sixth century CE ''[[Bower Manuscript]]s''.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|title = The Roots of Ayurveda|last = Wujastyk|first = Dominik|publisher = Penguin|year = 2003|isbn = 978-0140448245|location = London etc.|pages = 149–160|ref = wuja-root}}</ref> This is likely derived from the origin story at the start of the ''Suśrutasaṃhitā'' that makes this statement.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Zysk |first=Kenneth G. |title=Categorisation and Interpretation |publisher=Göteborg University |year=1999 |isbn=91-630-7978-X |location=Göteborg |pages=125–145 |chapter=Mythology and the Brāhmaṇization of Indian Medicine: Transforming Heterodoxy into Orthodoxy}}</ref>

== Followers ==
Sushruta attracted a number of disciples and required to study for six years before beginning hands-on surgical training. After the students had been accepted by Sushruta, he would instruct them in surgical procedures by having them practice cutting on vegetables or dead animals to perfect the length and depth of an incision. Once students had proven themselves capable with vegetables, animal corpses, or with soft or rotting wood – and had carefully observed actual procedures on patients – they were then allowed to perform their own surgeries. These students were trained by their master in every aspect of the medical arts, including anatomy.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Mark |first1=Joshua J. |title=Sushruta|url=https://www.worldhistory.org/sushruta/|access-date=2021-05-15|website=World History Encyclopedia|date=12 January 2018 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=HS Shukla|first=M Tewari|title=Sushruta:'The Father of Indian Surgery'|url=http://www.bioline.org.br/pdf?is05075|journal=Indian Journal of Surgery|volume=67|pages=2}}</ref>

== The ''Suśrutasaṃhitā'' on medicine and physicians ==
[[File:Ancient Hindu text Sushruta samhita yantra, surgical instruments 4 of 4.jpg|thumb|Publisher's reconstruction of some of the surgical instruments described in the ''Suśrutasaṃhitā''. From K. L. Bhishagratna, ''An English Translation of the Sushruta Samhita in Three Volumes'' (Calcutta, 1907)'','' v.1, after p. lxvii.|363x363px]]
The ''Compendium of Suśruta'' (''Suśrutasaṃhitā'') is an instruction manual for physicians. Suśruta described the nurse, in this way:<blockquote>That person alone is fit to nurse, or to attend the bedside of a patient, who is cool-headed and pleasant in his demeanor, does not speak ill of anyone, is strong and attentive to the requirements of the sick, and strictly and indefatigably follows the instructions of the physician. (I.34)<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lal Bhishagratna|first=Kaviraj Kunja|url=https://www.rarebooksocietyofindia.org/book_archive/196174216674_10154370772061675.pdf|title=THE SUSHRUTA SAMHITA|year=1907–1916}}</ref></blockquote>

== Legacy ==
{{See also|Sushruta Samhita#Reception}}
Sushruta's medical prowess is exhibited through his writings on [[rhinoplasty]], involving nasal reconstructions using skin from the patient's [[forehead]] or [[cheek]], often for criminals punished with [[amputation]]s. Based on reports in the October 1794 edition of ''[[The Gentleman's Magazine]]'', published in [[London]], Indians maintained Sushruta's surgical practices until the late 18th century.<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Roots of Ayurveda: selections from Sankskrit medical writings |date=2003 |publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=978-0-14-044824-5 |editor-last=Wujastyk |editor-first=D. |edition=Rev. |series=Penguin classics |location=London; New York}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Wujastyk |first1=Dominik |url=https://hasp.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/catalog/book/1203 |title=On the Plastic Surgery of the Ears and Nose |last2=Birch |first2=Jason |last3=Klebanov |first3=Andrey |last4=Parameswaran |first4=Madhu K. |last5=Rimal |first5=Madhusudan |last6=Chakraborty |first6=Deepro |last7=Bhatt |first7=Harshal |last8=Lele |first8=Vandana |last9=Mehta |first9=Paras |date=2023 |publisher=Heidelberg Asian Studies Publishing |language=en |doi=10.11588/hasp.1203 |isbn=978-3-948791-62-9 }}</ref> Sushruta is also credited for making an early diagnosis of [[diabetes]] by tasting the [[urine]] of affected individuals - describing it as having a sweet taste similar to [[honey]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=MacFarlane|first=I. A.|date=1990|title=Mathew Dobson of Liverpool (1735–1784) and the history of diabetes|journal=Practical Diabetes International|language=en|volume=7|issue=6|pages=246–248|doi=10.1002/pdi.1960070603|issn=1528-252X}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Dhanvantari]]
* [[Vagbhata]]
* [[Charaka]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=nb}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* [https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-1-sutrasthana Sutrasthana], [https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-2-nidanasthana Nidanasthana], [https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-3-sharirasthana Sharirasthana], [https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-4-cikitsasthana Cikitsasthana], [https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-5-kalpasthana Kalpasthana], [https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-6-uttara-tantra Uttaratantra]: ''English translation, proofread, correct spelling, interwoven glossary''
* [http://sushrutaproject.org The Suśruta Project], a Canadian research project at the [[University of Alberta]] aimed at establishing a new Sanskrit text of the Suśrutasaṃhitā based on recently discovered medieval manuscripts in Nepal

{{Portal bar|Medicine|India|Biography}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sushruta}}
[[Category:Ayurvedacharyas]]
[[Category:Indian surgeons]]
[[Category:Ancient Indian medical doctors]]
[[Category:Ancient ophthalmologists]]
[[Category:Ancient Indian writers]]
[[Category:Scientists from Varanasi]]
[[Category:Scholars from Varanasi]]
[[Category:Writers from Varanasi]]
[[Category:8th-century BC Hindus]]
[[Category:People from the Kāsī Kingdom]]

Mir Suhail Qadri

2026-04-30T00:44:12Z

CarmenCarey59: started a details

{{short description|Indian cartoonist and fashion designer}}
{{Notability|Biography|date= June 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2015}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Mir Suhail
| image =
| caption = Mir Suhail
| birth_date = 25 June 1989
| birth_place = [[Srinagar]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], India
| education =
| occupation = [[Cartoonist]] [[Fashion Designer]]
}}
'''Mir Suhail''' (born 25 June 1989) is a political cartoonist from [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]].<ref>{{Cite web|title = Mir Suhail Qadri|url = http://thecherrytree.in/mir-suhail-qadri/|website = thecherrytree.in|accessdate = 2015-09-07|last = TheCherryTree| date=26 May 2013 }}</ref>

== Education and career ==

During [[April 2015 Nepal earthquake]] Qadri's cartoon on biased media coverage of Indian media went viral on social networking sites after Nepal social media users criticized mainstream Indian media for insensitive coverage and started a trend on [[Twitter]] and [[Facebook]] #GoHomeIndianMedia<ref>{{Cite web|title = India & Nepal Media is Playing Ping-Pong, As #GoHomeIndianMedia & #DontComeBackIndianMediatrend Goes Viral on Twitter|url = http://www.topfivebuzz.com/indian-media-insensitive-coverage-of-nepal-earthquake-india-nepal-play-ping-pong/|accessdate = 2015-09-11|first = Oendrila|last = De|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151007041607/http://www.topfivebuzz.com/indian-media-insensitive-coverage-of-nepal-earthquake-india-nepal-play-ping-pong/|archive-date = 7 October 2015|url-status = dead}}</ref>

== Achievements ==
[[Airports Authority of India]] selected his sketches for their calendar and New Year greeting cards after he won a national competition in the year (2012).<ref>{{Cite web|title = The Tribune, Chandigarh, India - J&K PLUS|url = http://www.tribuneindia.com/2012/20120114/jkplus.htm#4|website = www.tribuneindia.com|accessdate = 2015-09-07}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Qadri, Mir Suhail}}
[[Category:1989 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian editorial cartoonists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male artists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian journalists]]
[[Category:Journalists from Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Kashmiri journalists]]
[[Category:People from Srinagar]]
[[Category:Qadiri order]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male journalists]]

Raja (name)

2026-04-28T19:17:30Z

CarmenCarey59: New

{{Short description|Given name and family name}}

'''Raja''' is a common given name and a surname, derived from Sanskrit राजन् (rajan), meaning "king", "ruler".

== Given name ==
*[[Raja (Tamil actor)]], Indian Tamil-language film actor
*[[Raja Abel]] (born 1978), Indian film actor
*[[Raja Babu (actor)|Raja Babu]] (''Punyamurthula Appalaraju'', ''Adeel Raja''; 1937–1983), Indian actor
*[[Raja Bell]] (born 1976), American basketball player
*[[Raja Bundela]], Indian actor and politician
*[[Raja Chaudhary]] (born 1975), Indian television actor
*[[Raja Chelliah]] (1922–2009), Indian economist
*[[Raja Fenske]] (born 1988), American actor
*[[Raja Gemini]] (Sutan Amrull; born 1974), American make-up artist and drag performer
*[[Raja Gosnell]] (born 1958), American film director
*[[Raja Ali Haji]] (1808–1873), Malay historian, poet and scholar
*[[Raja Hasan]] (born 1979), Indian playback singer
*[[Raja Jebali]] (born 1997), Tunisian para-athlete
*[[Raja Juli Antoni]] (born 1977), Indonesian politician
*[[Raja Petra Kamarudin]] (''RPK''; born 1950), Malaysian blogger
*[[Raja Kannappan]], Indian politician
*[[Raja Kashif]] (born 1978), British musician
*[[Raja Koduri]], Indian-American computer engineer
*[[Raja Kumari]] (born 1986), American singer
*[[Raja Nawathe]] (1924–2005), Indian film director
*[[Raja Paranjape]] (1910–1979), Indian film actor and director
*[[Raja Pervaiz Ashraf]] (born 1950), Pakistani politician and businessman
*[[Raja Rafe]] (born 1983), Syrian footballer
*[[Raja Ramanna]] (1925–2004), Indian nuclear physicist
*[[Raja Rao]] (1908–2006), Indian philosopher and writer
*[[Raja Reza Raja Zaib Shah|Raja Reza]], Malaysian diplomat
*[[Raja Shehadeh]] (born 1951), Palestinian lawyer and writer
*[[Raja Sen]] (born 1955), Indian film and television director
*[[Raja Toumi]] (born 1978), Tunisian handball player
*[[Raja Ravi Varma]] (1848–1906), Indian artist

== Surname ==
*[[A. Raja]] (''Andimuthu Raja''; born 1963), Indian politician
*[[A. K. T. Raja]], Indian politician
*[[A. M. Raja (politician)]] (born 1928), Indian politician
*[[Abid Raja]] (born 1975), Pakistani-Norwegian lawyer and politician
*[[Adeel Raja]] (born 1980), Pakistani-Dutch cricketer
*[[Allar Raja]] (born 1983), Estonian rower
*[[Altaf Raja]] (born 1967), Indian singer
*[[Andres Raja]] (born 1982), Estonian decathlete
*[[Anita Raja]] (born 1953), Italian literary translator and library director
*[[Basit Raja]] (born 1993), Danish cricketer
*[[D. Raja]] (born 1949), Indian politician
*[[Dharma Raja]] (1724–1798), Maharajas of Travancore
*[[Farzana Raja]] (born 1970), Pakistani politician
*[[Hason Raja]] (1854–1922), Bangladeshi poet
*[[Jewel Raja]] (born 1989), Indian football player
*[[K. S. Raja]] (''Kanakaratnam Sriskandarajah''; ?–1989), Sri Lankan radio journalist
*[[Kanishka Raja]] (born 1970), artist
*[[Karthik Raja]] (born 1973), Indian musician
*[[Kasthuri Raja]], Indian film director
*[[L. Raja]], Indian film director and actor
*[[M. Raja]] (''Raja Mohan''), Indian film director
*[[Masood Ashraf Raja]] (born 1965), Pakistani literary and political scientist and writer
*[[Pazhassi Raja]] (1753–1805), Indian freedom fighter
*[[Purav Raja]] (born 1985), Indian tennis player
*[[Ramiz Raja]] (born 1962), Pakistani former cricketer
*[[Rameez Raja Jr.|Rameez Raja]] (born 1987), Pakistani cricketer
*[[Review Raja]], Canadian film critic
*[[Rubina Raja]], Danish professor of Classical archaeology
*[[Pattimandram Raja|S. Raja]], Tamil oratora and actor
*[[Saif ur Rehman Raja]] (born 1994), Pakistani-Italian educator and author
*[[Samina Raja]] (1961–2012), Pakistani writer and translator
*[[Shivani Raja]] (born 1994), British politician
*[[Sivaji Raja]], Indian film actor
*[[T. Raja (social worker)]] (born 1967), Indian humanitarian
*[[T. K. Raja]], Indian politician
*[[Tarana Raja]] (born 1977), Indian film and television actress and dancer
*[[Wasim Raja]] (1952–2006), Pakistani cricketer
*[[Yuvan Shankar Raja]] (born 1979), Indian playback singer and composer
*[[Zaeem Raja]] (born 1965), Pakistani former cricketer

;Fictional characters
* Rajah, [[Princess Jasmine|Jasmine]]'s pet [[Bengal tiger|tiger]] in [[Aladdin (1992 Disney film)|Aladdin]].

==Similar Arabic name==
{{See also|Rajab (name)}}
'''Raja''' ({{langx|ar|رجاء}}) is an [[Arabic]] given name. The meaning of name Raja is "Hope" or Hopeful.

* [[Raja ibn Haywa]], was a prominent early Muslim theological and political adviser of the Umayyad caliphs [[Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan|Abd al-Malik]] ([[Reign|r.]] 685–705), [[al-Walid I]] (r. 705–715), [[Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik|Sulayman]] (r. 715–717) and Umayyad caliph [[Umar II|Umar]] (r. 717–720).

== See also ==
* [[Rajah (disambiguation)]]

{{Surname}}
[[Category:Indian masculine given names]]
[[Category:Masculine given names]]
[[Category:Estonian-language surnames]]
[[Category:Pakistani masculine given names]]

Visakhapatnam-I Assembly constituency

2026-04-27T17:11:05Z

CarmenCarey59: adding the details w/ infobox

{{short description|Defunct assembly constituency of Andhra Pradesh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Visakhapatnam-I
| type = SLA
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| state = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| district = [[Visakhapatnam district|Visakhapatnam]]
| division =
| loksabha_cons = [[Visakhapatnam Lok Sabha constituency|Visakhapatnam]]
| constituency_no =
| established = 1967
| reservation = None
| abolished = 2008
| electors =
}}

'''Visakhapatnam-I Assembly constituency''' was a constituency in [[Visakhapatnam district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]] that elected representatives to the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] in [[India]].<ref name=delimitation1976>{{Cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3939-dpaco-1976/ |title=The Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 1976 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |date=1 December 1976 |access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref> It was one of six assembly segments in the [[Visakhapatnam Lok Sabha constituency]].

The constituency was established in 1967, as per the ''Delimitation Orders (1967)'' and abolished in 2008, as per the ''Delimitation Orders (2008)''.

== Members of Legislative Assembly ==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Member
! colspan="2" | Political party
|-
| [[1967 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| [[Tenneti Viswanatham]]
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[1972 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| M. R. Deen
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1978 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
| Sunkari Alwar Das
|-
| [[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1983]]
| Grandhi Madhavi
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| Allu Bhanumathi
|-
| [[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
| [[Eati Vijayalaxmi]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1994]]
| Abdul Rehman Shaik
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
| [[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
| [[Kambhampati Hari Babu]]<ref name=election1999>{{Cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4052-andhra-pradesh-1999/ |title=Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election, 1999 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 18 May 2022}}</ref>
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2004]]<ref name=election2004 />
| rowspan=2 | [[Dronamraju Satyanarayana]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| 2006 by-election
|}

==Election results==
===2004===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Visakhapatnam-I<ref name=election2004>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4053-andhra-pradesh-2004/ |title=Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election, 2004 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=18 May 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = Dronamraju Satyanarayana
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}

{{Election box majority
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh}}
{{Coord|17.76|83.25|display=title}}

{{India-constituency-stub}}
{{Visakhapatnam-geo-stub}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Visakhapatnam]]
[[Category:Visakhapatnam district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]
[[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]

Pedduru, Kakinada District

2026-04-22T12:03:27Z

CarmenCarey59: Starting Place!

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Pedduru
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = telugu
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|17.2735|N|82.5562|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kakinada district|Kakinada]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 0.85
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 156
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = 184
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 533 446
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}

'''Pedduru''' is a village in [[Rowthulapudi Mandal]], [[Kakinada district]] in the state of [[Andhra Pradesh]] in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Mandal wise list of villages in East Godavari district|url=http://apland.ap.nic.in/cclaweb/Districts_Alphabetical/eastgodavari.pdf|website=Chief Commissioner of Land Administration|publisher=National Informatics Centre|accessdate=7 March 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150121141044/http://apland.ap.nic.in/cclaweb/Districts_Alphabetical/EastGodavari.pdf|archivedate=21 January 2015|format=PDF}}</ref>

== Geography ==
Pedduru is located at {{coord|17.2735|N|82.5562|E|}}.

== Demographics ==
{{As of|2011}} India [[census]], Pedduru had a population of 156, out of which 77 were male and 79 were female. Population of children below 6 years of age were 23. The literacy rate of the village is 25.56%.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2814_PART_A_DCHB_EAST%20GODAVARI.pdf|title= Pedduru Village Census 2011}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Kakinada district}}

[[Category:Villages in Kakinada district]]

{{Kakinada-geo-stub}}

Ulloor (Karnataka)

2026-04-21T12:59:31Z

CarmenCarey59: adding the entry with sources

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Ulloor
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = 
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Karnataka, India
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flagu|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Udupi]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| parts_type = [[Taluk]]
| parts = [[Kundapura]]
| government_type =
| governing_body = [[Village Panchayat]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 2,274
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada]], [[Konkani language|Konkani]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| registration_plate =KA
| website =
}}

'''Ulloor''' is a village in the [[Kundapur]] taluk of [[Udupi|Udupi district]], [[Karnataka]], India.

== Demographics ==
In 2011, Ulloor had a population of 2,274 people, consisting of 1,282 males and 216 females. The village occupies a total area of 764.21 hecatres with a population density of 2.976 people per hectare. In 2011, the total literacy rate was 69.31%, which was higher than the national average of 59.5%.<ref name="udupi-census">{{Cite web |title=Census {{!}} Udupi District {{!}} India |url=https://udupi.nic.in/en/document-category/census/ |access-date=2023-05-20 |language=en-US}}</ref>

In 2011, Ulloor had an employment rate of over 43.14%, 63.0% of whom were employed over 183 days in a year.<ref name="udupi-census" />

== Agriculture ==
The primary industry in Ulloor is agriculture, with jack fruit farming being one of major sources of revenue.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-06-13 |title=People throng jackfruit festival at Kundapur |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/people-throng-jackfruit-festival-at-kundapur/article7314636.ece |access-date=2023-05-21 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Udupi]]
* [[Kundapura]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{coord missing|Karnataka}}

{{Settlements in Udupi district}}

[[Category:Villages in Udupi district]]

{{Udupi-geo-stub}}

Saadullah Khan (Mughal Empire)

2026-04-21T02:57:31Z

CarmenCarey59: Starting Post!

{{Short description|Mughal Grand Vizier (1591–1656)}}
{{EngvarB|date=October 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Sa'adullah Khan
| image = Bust Portrait of Sadullah Khan.png
| office = [[List of Mughal grand viziers|Grand Vizier]]
| 1blankname = Monarch
| 1namedata = [[Shah Jahan I]]
| term_start = 1645
| term_end = April 1656
| predecessor = [[Islam Khan Mashadi]]
| successor = [[Mir Jumla II]]
| birth_date = {{circa|1591}}
| birth_place = [[Chiniot]], [[Lahore Subah]], [[Mughal Empire]] {{small|(present-day [[Punjab, Pakistan]])}}<ref name="Journal of Central Asia 1992 p.84"/>
| birth_name =
| death_date = April 1656 (aged 65–66)
| death_place = [[Delhi]], [[Delhi Subah]], Mughal Empire
| blank1 =
| data1 =
| spouse =
| children = [[Hifzullah Khan]] Lutfullah Khan Safiya Khanum
| alma_mater =
| profession =
| allegiance =
| branch = [[Mughal Army]]
| service_years = 1645–1656<ref name=":0" />
| rank =
| battles = [[Shah Jahan's Central Asian campaign|Balkh campaign]] (1646–1647) [[Mughal–Safavid War (1649–1653)|Kandahar campaign]] (1649–1653)
| awards =
| caption = Bust Portrait of Saadullah Khan {{C.}}16–17th century
| parents =
| relations = Amir Bakhsh (father) [[Ghazi ud-Din Khan Feroze Jung I|Ghazi ud-Din Khan]] (son-in-law)
}}

'''Sa'adullah Khan Chinioti''',<ref>{{Cite book |last=Awan |first=Muhammad Tariq |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/History_of_India_and_Pakistan_pt_1_Great/OgpuAAAAMAAJ?hl=en |title=Great Mughals |date=1994 |publisher=Lahore: Ferozsons |isbn=978-969-0-10034-4 |series=History of India and Pakistan |volume= |pages=428 |language=en |chapter=Chapter IX: Shah Jahan (1627–1658) |department=pt. 1}}</ref> also known as '''Allami''' '''Sadullah Khan''' ({{circa|1591}} – April 1656), was a high ranking official of [[Mughal Empire]] who served as the last [[List of Mughal grand viziers|Grand Vizier]] and [[Vakil of the Mughal Empire|Vakil-i-Mutlaq]] of [[Shah Jahan I|Shah Jahan]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Siddiqui |first=Shabbir A. |date=1986 |title=Relations Between Dara Shukoh and Sa'adullah Khan |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44141552 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |publisher=Indian History Congress |volume=47 |pages=273–276 |issn=2249-1937 |jstor=44141552 |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Khan |first=Muhammad Afzal |url=https://archive.org/details/IranianNobilityUnderShahjahanAndAurangzeb |title=Iranian Nobility Under Shah Jahan and Aurangzeb |date=1987 |publisher=Aligarh Muslim University |isbn=978-8-130-91370-4 |pages=131 |language=English |chapter=Iranians and the Major Offices in the Mughal Empire |type=Thesis}}</ref>

==Biography==
Sa'adullah Khan was born in 1591 at [[Chiniot]], [[Lahore Subah]], into a [[Punjabi Muslims|Punjabi]] [[Jat Muslim|Jat]] family from the [[Thaheem (tribe)|Thahim]] clan.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Narang |first=K. S. |author-link=Kirpal Singh Narang |title=History of the Punjab: 1500–1858 |last2=Gupta |first2=H. R. |author-link2=Hari Ram Gupta |date=1969 |publisher=U.C. Kapur. |edition=2nd |location=Delhi |pages=167 |chapter=Political History of the Punjab in the Mughal Times and the Relations of the Mughal Emperors with the Sikh Gurus |oclc=8793622 |quote=The other great Punjabi of the Mughal times is Saadullah Khan.}}</ref><ref name="Journal of Central Asia 1992 p.84" /> His father Amir Bakhsh was a cultivator by profession.<ref name="Journal of Central Asia 1992 p.84">{{cite journal |last=Nasir |first=Habib Ullah |date=July 1992 |title=Tomb of Hazrat Shah Burhan: Its History, Architecture and Conservation Problems |url= |journal=Journal of Central Asia |publisher=Quaid-i-Azam University |volume=XV |issue=1 |page=84 |issn=1016-0701 |oclc=477410900 |quote=}}</ref>

In his youth Sa'adullah Khan went to study at Lahore under Shaykh Kamal al-Din, a well-known scholar who had had intellectuals like [[Abdul Hakim Sialkoti]] and [[Ahmad Sirhindi]] as his pupils, among others. For a while he taught at the [[Wazir Khan Mosque|''madrasa'' of Wazir Khan]] at Lahore and later went to Delhi, where he became tutor of children of [[Abu'l-Hasan Asaf Khan]].<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Review of Nuzhat al-Khawāṭir (in Arabic)|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20847035|journal=Islamic Studies|date=1977|issn=0578-8072|pages=147–150|volume=16|issue=2|first=A.S. Bazmee|last=Ansari|jstor=20847035|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

Sa'adullah Khan first entered in the Mughal bureaucracy in December 1641 on the recommendation of the [[Government of the Mughal Empire#Law|''Sadar as-Sudur'']] Musavi Khan; an allowance was fixed for him and he was given a robe and a horse. Soon he was appointed as the ''arz-i-mukarrar'' and was given the ''[[Mansabdar|mansab]]'' of 1000 [[Sepoy|''zat'']] and 200 ''[[sowar]]'' (1000/200). After serving for a short period in this post he was given the post of ''darogha-i-daulat khana-i-khas'' (superintendent of royal apartments) and rewarded with the title of [[Khan (title)|''Khan'']]. In 1643 his rank was increased to 1500/300.<ref name=":10">{{Cite book |last=Awrangābādī |first=Shāhnavāz Khān |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xfG1AAAAIAAJ&q=maasir+ul+umara+vol+2 |title=The Maāt̲h̲ir-ul-umarā |date=1979 |publisher=Janaki Prakashan |edition=2nd |volume=2 |location=Patna |pages=640–645 |language=en |translator-last=Prashad |translator-first=Baini |oclc=81120535}}</ref> In the same year he was made the ''Mir-i-Saman'', a minister of great importance, second only to the ''Wazir.''<ref name=":3">{{cite book |author=Verma |first=Tripta |url= |title=Karkhanas Under the Mughals, from Akbar to Aurangzeb: A Study in Economic Development |date=1994 |publisher=Pragati Publications |isbn=978-8-173-07021-1 |pages=49-50 |chapter=Administration of the Karkhanas}}</ref> In 1645 Sa'adullah was granted the post of ''Diwan-i-Khalisa;'' he was also given the charge of drafting royal orders, with a ''mansab'' of 4000/1000. He worked for 46 days in this position before being appointed as the Grand Vizier, with his ''mansab'' ultimately reaching 7000/7000. Sa'adullah Khan would remain the Grand Vizier until his death in 1656.<ref name=":0" />

=== Prime Minister ===
[[File:Sadullah Khan giving audience, c1655.jpg|left|thumb|Sadullah Khan meeting his officials c.1655]]
In the year 1645, the incumbent Prime Minister [[Islam Khan II|Islam Khan]] was made to vacate his position and take up governorship in the [[Deccan]] region by Shah Jahan. By this time, Sa'adullah Khan had become widely respected for his intelligence and talent, which had enabled his ascent in the Mughal administration despite a lack of political or family connections. He was appointed as the new Prime Minister.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Kinra |first=Rajeev |url= |title=Writing Self, Writing Empire: Chandar Bhan Brahman and the Cultural World of the Indo-Persian State Secretary |date=2015 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-28646-7 |pages= |chapter=A Mirror for Munshīs: Secretarial Arts and Mughal Governance |doi=10.1525/luminos.3}}</ref>{{Reference page|page=78}}

A year after his appointment, Sa'adullah Khan handled administrative issues regarding Shah Jahan's [[Mughal Central Asia campaign|Balkh and Badakhshan campaigns]]. Sa'adullah Khan was sent to Balkh to manage the country and make the revenue settlements. Prince [[Murad Bakhsh|Murad Baksh]] was relieved of his command while Vizier Sa'adullah only took 22 days to settle the administrative affairs and returned to Kabul.<ref name=":1" />{{Reference page|pages=88–89}} He was subsequently rewarded with a ''[[Robe of honour|khilat]]'' and an increase of 1000 in his ''mansab'' for managing the situation efficiently and saving the Mughals from a disaster in Balkh region.<ref name=":3" /> From 1649 to 1653 Sa'adullah Khan was involved [[Mughal sieges of Kandahar (1649–1653)|in the year-long sieges of Kandahar]] along with prince [[Aurangzeb]]. In 1654, he laid siege to the [[Chittor Fort]] in [[Mewar]] upon the royal orders, in response to provocations from [[Raj Singh I]].<ref name=":1" />{{Reference page|pages=91–92}}

Sa'adullah Khan was considered among the four most powerful mughal nobles during Shah Jahan's rule. He possessed 7,000 ''zat'' and 7,000 ''sowar'' under his command, the highest of any non-royal.<ref name="Richards 1995 p.143,144">{{cite book |last=Richards |first=John F. |author-link=John F. Richards |url= |title=The Mughal Empire |work= |publisher=University of Cambridge |year=1995 |isbn=978-0-521-56603-2 |editor-last= |editor-first= |editor-link= |series=[[The New Cambridge History of India]] |volume=1.5 |page= |pages=143–144 |language=en |chapter=Shah Jahan 1628–1658 |quote=The four highest ranking nobles in the empire, by comparison, were Ali Mardan Khan, Zafar Jang, Islam Khan, and Sa'adullah Khan who each held 7,000 zat, and 7,000 suwar. All save Sa'adullah Khan held 5,000 two-three horse rank. All were Muslim: two were Iranian in origin, one Turani (of Central Asian descent); and one Indian Muslim. |access-date=}}</ref>

== European accounts ==
[[File:Miniature_painting_of_Sadullah_Khan,_grand_vizier_of_Mughal_emperor_Shah_Jahan.jpg|thumb|Miniature painting of Sadullah Khan]]
First-hand accounts of European Travelers visiting the Mughal Court are full of praise for the renowned Vizier. Sa'adullah Khan is described as a "man esteemed by the king and the whole court" by the Italian Traveler [[Niccolao Manucci|Nicolas Manucci]], he also relates the events of the rebellion of the [[Bundela|Bundela Rajputs]] which was successfully put down thanks to the cunningness of the Vizier.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Manucci |first=Niccolao |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Mogul_India_1653_1708/FKJEAQAAMAAJ?hl=en |title=Storia do Mogor, or, Mogul India, 1653–1708 |date=1907 |publisher=J. Murray |location=London |pages=211, 225 |language=en |translator-last=Irvine |translator-first=William |oclc=1273911502}}</ref> [[François Bernier|Francois Berner]], a French physician and traveller noted that the Mughals considered Sa'adullah Khan to be the most accomplished statesman in all of Asia, his closeness to the Emperor Shah Jahan is mentioned in the work "''Travels in the Mogul Empire".''<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Bernier |first=François |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=57kRAAAAYAAJ |title=Travels in the Mogul Empire |date=1826 |publisher=London: W. Pickering |isbn=978-81-7156-127-8 |volume=1 |pages=25, 210 |language=en |translator-last=Brock |translator-first=Irving |oclc=12826407}}</ref> A Dutch envoy Joan Tack accused the Grand Vizier of harboring an inherent hostility toward Europeans, notably citing his role in expelling the Portuguese from Bengal. He labeled Sa'adullah Khan a "hereditary enemy of Christians" and portrayed him as a symbol of Mughal despotism. In this portrayal, Sa'adullah Khan is cast as the de facto ruler of the empire, wielding near-autocratic control over its political machinery, symbolizing the centralized authority of the Mughal state.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Siebertz |first=Roman |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A3GgvAEACAAJ |title=The Mughal Empire from Jahangir to Shah Jahan: Art, Architecture, Politics, Law and Literature |date=2019 |publisher=Marg Foundation |isbn=978-93-83243-26-6 |editor-last1=Koch |editor-first1=Ebba |pages=158–160 |language=en |chapter=How to Obtain a Farmān from Shah Jahan: The Experience of Joan Tack at Delhi |editor-last2=Anooshahr |editor-first2=Ali}}</ref>

== Family ==
Sa'adullah Khan had married the daughter of Karimdad Ansari, who was a son of Pir Jalaluddin and a grandson of [[Bayazid Ansari]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bilgrami |first=Fatima Zehra |date=1999 |title=The 'Roshani' Family in the Mughal Nobility |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44144096 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |publisher=[[Indian History Congress]] |volume=60 |pages=293–305 |issn=2249-1937 |jstor=44144096 |url-access=subscription |jstor-access=}}</ref> His two sons Lutfullah Khan and [[Hifzullah Khan]] were appointed to high positions during Aurangzeb's reign,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Khān |first=Muḥammad Sāqī Mustaʻidd |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ynbHwgEACAAJ&q=maasir+e+alamgiri |title=Maāsir-i-ʻĀlamgiri |date=2019 |publisher=B.R. Publishing Corporation |isbn=978-9-387-58794-6 |language=en |translator-last=Sarkar |translator-first=Sir Jadunath |quote=Hifzullah Khan, son of S'adullah Khan, Subahdar of Thattha and Faujdar of Siwistan |orig-date=1947 |translator-link=Jadunath Sarkar}}</ref> while his daughter Safiya Khanum was married to [[Ghazi ud-Din Khan Feroze Jung I|Ghazi ud-Din Khan]], another prominent noble.<ref>{{cite book |last=Faruqui |first=Munis D. |title=Expanding Frontiers in South Asian and World History: Essays in Honour of John F. Richards |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-107-03428-0 |editor1=Richard M. Eaton |pages=1–38 |chapter=At Empire's End: The Nizam, Hyderabad and Eighteenth-century India |editor2=Munis D. Faruqui |editor3=David Gilmartin |editor4=Sunil Kumar |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h0_xhdCScQkC&pg=PA1}}</ref>

== Death ==
Sa'adullah Khan served as Prime Minister of the Mughal Empire until his death in April 1656. His passing was widely mourned within the Mughal court and administration, including by Emperor Shah Jahan, who issued a public eulogy announcing his demise. Contemporary sources portray his death as a significant moment in the political life of the empire. The Mughal secretary Chandar Bhan Brahman described it as a major rupture in the administrative functioning of the court, marking the end of a period characterized by close coordination between senior bureaucrats and the central government. Chandar Bhan also regarded Sa'adullah Khan’s death as concluding the most productive phase of his own career in imperial service.<ref name=":1" />{{Reference page|page=80}} <ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Kinra |first=Rajeev |url=https://www.google.com.pk/books/edition/Writing_Self_Writing_Empire/ygnVjgEACAAJ?hl=en |title=Writing Self, Writing Empire: Chandar Bhan Brahman and the Cultural World of the Indo-Persian State Secretary |date=2015 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-96267-5 |language=en}}</ref>

== Works and legacy ==
Sa'adullah Khan was widely regarded by contemporaries as a model wazīr, frequently praised for his learning, ethical conduct, and administrative judgment. Mughal political literature associates him with the ideal of ''wizārat'' grounded in moral responsibility, emphasizing truthful counsel to the emperor, discretion in public affairs, and the prioritization of state interests over personal advancement. Such qualities contributed to his reputation as both an intellectual authority and a stabilizing force in Shah Jahan’s administration.<ref name=":4" />

Sa'adullah Khan's reputation as a administrator endured for generations. His accomplishments were stated to be a source of honour for Punjabis by his near contemporary poet [[Mita Chenabi]] in his [[Mita Chenabi#Tuḥfat al-Panjāb|''Tuḥfat al-Panjāb'']]. He has been called as the best of the Mughal Grand Viziers by Ibn Hasan.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hasan |first=Ibn |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0EkfvgAACAAJ |title=The Central Structure of the Mughal Empire and Its Practical Working Up to the Year 1657 |date=1967 |publisher=Karachi: Oxford University Press |edition=Reprint |pages=201–202 |language=en |oclc=4921553 |quote=Sa'dulla Khan was not only the best divan of Shah Jahan but can also be regarded as the best of the long line of the Mughal vazirs. The position he holds in history and which was assigned to him by contemporary writers does not appear to have been assailed even by his immediate successors. The author of ''Irshād-ul-Vuzarā'', writing under Aurangzebe, selected only four names from the list of the ministers of Akbar, Jahangir and Shah Jahan, and among them Sa'dulla Khan occupies the highest position. His remark that though a Panjabi, yet he was a man of high learning and great capacity, still more enhances his position, without detriment to the Panjabi intellect. |orig-date=1936}}</ref> According to an anecdote from the reign of Emperor [[Bahadur Shah I]] (1707–1712), Aurangzeb's successor, when a later vizier, [[Hidayatullah Khan|Hidayatullah Khan Kashmiri]], sought the prestigious title of 'Sa'adullah Khan,' the Emperor replied that it was "not easy to be a Sa'adullah Khan, let him be known as Sa'idullah Khan".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Irvine|first=William|url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Later_Mughals.html?id=jMRfPgAACAAJ|title=Later Mughals|date=1971|publisher=Oriental Books Reprint Corporation; [exclusively distributed by Munshiram Manoharlal, Delhi]|pages=128|language=en|quote=After a short time Wazarat Khan asked for the title of Sadullah Khan, which was that formerly held by the most renowned of Shah Jahan’s Wazirs. The Emperor said “It is not easy to be a Sadullah Khan ; let him be called Saidullah Khan.”|oclc=211306}}</ref>

A collection of his letters was edited and published by the [[University of the Punjab]] in 1968.<ref>{{Cite book |last= |first= |url=https://search.worldcat.org/title/11290382 |title=Maktūbāt-i Saʻd Allāh Khān |date=1968 |publisher=Idārah-ʼi Taḥqīqāt-i Pākistān, Dānishgāh-i Panjāb, Lāhawr |editor-last=Zaydī |editor-first=Nāẓir Ḥasan |language=fa |oclc=11290382}}</ref> Sa'adullah Khan constructed the town of [[Sadabad, India|Sadabad]] in India and the [[Shahi Mosque]] in his hometown, Chiniot.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Malik |first=Aurangzeb |date=2021-05-22 |title=Four-century old mosque complex a picture of neglect |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1624923 |access-date=2025-04-24 |website=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]] |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Nobility from the Mughal Empire]]
[[Category:18th-century Indian nobility]]
[[Category:Grand viziers of the Mughal Empire]]
[[Category:1656 deaths]]
[[Category:17th-century Mughal Empire people]]

Hassanpur Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:40:00Z

CarmenCarey59: Put up new stub basic info.

{{Short description|Constituency of the Haryana legislative assembly in India}}
{{Distinguish|Hasanpur Assembly constituency (disambiguation){{!}}Hasanpur Assembly constituency}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Hassanpur Assembly constituency
|type= SLA
|state = [[Haryana]]
|established = 1967
|abolished = 2005
|electors = 1,38,284
|mla = Udai Bhan
|party = {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}
| constituency_no =
| latest_election_year = [[2005 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
| district =
| loksabha_cons =
| reservation =
}}

'''Hassanpur '''was an [[assembly constituency]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Haryana]]. This constituency was proceeded by the [[Hodal Assembly constituency]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
|-
| [[1967 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || Gaya Lal || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[1968 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1968]] || Manohar Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1972 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || Bihari Lal
|-
| [[1977 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1977]] || Gaya Lal || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1982 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1982]] || Gir Raj Kishore || {{Full party name with color|Lokdal|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1987 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1987]] || [[Udai Bhan]]
|-
| [[1991 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1991]] || Ram Rattan || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1996 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1996]] || [[Jagdish Nayar]]|| {{Full party name with color|Haryana Vikas Party}}
|-
| [[2000 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2000]] || rowspan=2 | [[Udai Bhan]]|| {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[2005 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2005]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2005 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2005 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Hassanpur<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indian-elections.com/assembly-elections/haryana/partywise-candidate-list1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091016121341/http://www.indian-elections.com/assembly-elections/haryana/partywise-candidate-list1.html#inc |archive-date=16 October 2009 |url-status=dead |title= Winning Candidate List for Haryana State Assembly Elections 2005 |publisher=Indian Elections }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Udai Bhan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=45,683 |percentage=50.10% |change={{increase}}44.26 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jagdish Nayar |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=40,352 |percentage=44.25% |change={{increase}}1.73 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Puran Lal |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,571 |percentage=1.72% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sunder Lal |party=Independent politician |votes=928 |percentage=1.02% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Haripal |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=678 |percentage=0.74% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Daya Chand |party=Independent politician |votes=543 |percentage=0.60% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Satvir |party=Independent politician |votes=407 |percentage=0.45% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,331 |percentage=5.85% |change= {{decrease}}0.50 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=91,181 |percentage=65.94% |change= {{decrease}}0.72 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,38,284 |ref = |change= {{increase}}20.46 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Independent politician |swing= {{increase}}1.23 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2000 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2000 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Hassanpur<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_2000/STAT_REPORT_HY_LA_2000.pdf|title= STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 2000 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF HARYANA|publisher=eci.nic.in|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127204615/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_2000/STAT_REPORT_HY_LA_2000.pdf|archive-date=27 January 2013}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Udai Bhan |party=Independent politician |votes=37,390 |percentage=48.87% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jagdish Nayar |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=32,535 |percentage=42.52% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Rattan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,468 |percentage=5.84% |change={{decrease}}0.90 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ishwar Prasad Alok |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=736 |percentage=0.96% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Karan Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=666 |percentage=0.87% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,855 |percentage=6.35% |change= {{decrease}}1.71 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=76,513 |percentage=67.72% |change= {{increase}}5.77 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,14,792 |ref = |change= {{increase}}1.10 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Haryana Vikas Party |swing= {{increase}}7.90 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1996 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Hassanpur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Jagdish Nayar |party=Haryana Vikas Party |votes=28,318 |percentage=40.97% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Udai Bhan |party=Independent politician |votes=22,748 |percentage=32.91% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lakhmi Chand |party=Samata Party |votes=6,611 |percentage=9.56% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Rattan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,660 |percentage=6.74% |change={{decrease}}30.37 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Siri Chand |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=2,401 |percentage=3.47% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chandan Singh |party=All India Indira Congress (Tiwari) |votes=1,968 |percentage=2.85% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jaivir |party=Arya Samaj |votes=389 |percentage=0.56% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,570 |percentage=8.06% |change= {{increase}}6.82 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=69,127 |percentage=63.57% |change= {{decrease}}1.25 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,13,541 |ref = |change= {{increase}}4.88 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Haryana Vikas Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}3.86 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1991 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1991 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Hassanpur<ref>{{cite web|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/stat_rep_HR_91.pdf |title= Statistical Report of General Election, 1991 to the Legislative Assembly of Haryana |publisher=Election Commission of India |accessdate=2018-02-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180820040556/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/stat_rep_HR_91.pdf|archive-date=20 August 2018}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Rattan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=24,962 |percentage=37.11% |change={{decrease}}1.31 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Udai Bhan |party=Janata Party |votes=24,127 |percentage=35.87% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lal Singh |party=Janata Dal |votes=11,402 |percentage=16.95% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Santa Ram |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=3,736 |percentage=5.55% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Prabhu Dayal |party=Independent politician |votes=1,007 |percentage=1.50% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Umed Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=684 |percentage=1.02% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghasi Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=532 |percentage=0.79% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=835 |percentage=1.24% |change= {{decrease}}5.95 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=67,271 |percentage=64.98% |change= {{decrease}}2.04 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,08,263 |ref = |change= {{increase}}11.68 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Lokdal |swing= {{decrease}}8.49 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1987 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1987 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Hassanpur<ref>{{cite web|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1987/Statistical%20Report%20Haryana%201987.pdf |title=Statistical Report of General Election, 1987 to the Legislative Assembly of Haryana |publisher=Election Commission of India |accessdate=2018-02-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114081216/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1987/Statistical%20Report%20Haryana%201987.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Udai Bhan |party=Lokdal |votes=28,371 |percentage=45.60% |change={{increase}}5.72 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chhote Lal |party=Indian National Congress |votes=23,899 |percentage=38.41% |change={{increase}}10.78 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Chand |party=Independent politician |votes=2,655 |percentage=4.27% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Babu Lal |party=Vishal Haryana Party |votes=2,596 |percentage=4.17% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chandan Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=2,545 |percentage=4.09% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Total Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=808 |percentage=1.30% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bharat Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=319 |percentage=0.51% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,472 |percentage=7.19% |change= {{decrease}}5.01 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=62,215 |percentage=65.55% |change= {{decrease}}1.15 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 96,939 |ref = |change= {{increase}}18.78 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Lokdal |loser=Lokdal |swing= {{increase}}5.72 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1982 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1982 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Hassanpur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Gir Raj Kishore |party=Lokdal |votes=21,259 |percentage=39.88% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gaya Lal |party=Independent politician |votes=14,755 |percentage=27.68% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bihari Lal |party=Indian National Congress |votes=14,731 |percentage=27.63% |change={{increase}}15.98 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Rattan |party=Independent politician |votes=1,393 |percentage=2.61% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bhup Ram |party=Janata Party |votes=312 |percentage=0.59% |change={{decrease}}63.08 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chandgi Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=273 |percentage=0.51% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,504 |percentage=12.20% |change= {{decrease}}31.77 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=53,311 |percentage=67.02% |change= {{increase}}7.95 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 81,609 |ref = |change= {{increase}}18.45 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Lokdal |loser=Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}23.79 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1977 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Hassanpur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Gaya Lal |party=Janata Party |votes=25,163 |percentage=63.66% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chhote Lal |party=Independent politician |votes=7,785 |percentage=19.70% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Daryao |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,604 |percentage=11.65% |change={{decrease}}34.92 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Charan Singh |party=Vishal Haryana Party |votes=719 |percentage=1.82% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hardayal |party=Independent politician |votes=566 |percentage=1.43% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dharamvir Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=369 |percentage=0.93% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Harlal |party=Independent politician |votes=319 |percentage=0.81% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=17,378 |percentage=43.97% |change= {{increase}}36.51 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=39,525 |percentage=58.00% |change= {{increase}}2.33 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 68,895 |ref = |change= {{increase}}5.63 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}17.10 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Hassanpur<ref>{{Cite web|title=🗳️ Haryana Assembly Election 1972: LIVE Election Results, Election Dates, Schedule, Leading Candidates & Parties {{!}} Latest News Updates, Exit Polls, Analysis & Statistics on Assembly Election|url=https://www.latestly.com/elections/assembly-elections/haryana/1972/|access-date=2021-07-28|website=LatestLY|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210723231520/https://www.latestly.com/elections/assembly-elections/haryana/1972/|archive-date=23 July 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Bihari Lal |party=Indian National Congress |votes=16,716 |percentage=46.56% |change={{decrease}}13.61 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gaya Lal |party=Akhil Bhartiya Arya Sabha |votes=14,039 |percentage=39.11% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Umrao Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=3,839 |percentage=10.69% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Baboo |party=Independent politician |votes=1,305 |percentage=3.64% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,677 |percentage=7.46% |change= {{decrease}}26.35 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=35,899 |percentage=56.69% |change= {{increase}}10.68 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 65,225 |ref = |change= {{increase}}11.72 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}13.61 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1968 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1968 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Hassanpur<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.elections.in/haryana/assembly-constituencies/1968-election-results.html|title=Haryana Assembly Election Results in 1968
|archive-date=20 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420012759/https://www.elections.in/haryana/assembly-constituencies/1968-election-results.html}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Manohar Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=15,583 |percentage=60.17% |change={{increase}}32.84 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shyah Sunder |party=Swatantra Party |votes=6,828 |percentage=26.37% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Man Singh |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes=2,750 |percentage=10.62% |change={{decrease}}7.18 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kanhaiya |party=Independent politician |votes=736 |percentage=2.84% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=8,755 |percentage=33.81% |change= {{increase}}32.83 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=25,897 |percentage=45.76% |change= {{decrease}}20.24 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 58,380 |ref = |change= {{increase}}2.09 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Independent politician |swing= {{increase}}31.86 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Hassanpur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Gaya Lal |party=Independent politician |votes=10,458 |percentage=28.31% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=10,098 |percentage=27.34% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Man Singh |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes=6,574 |percentage=17.80% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chiranjilal |party=Independent politician |votes=4,713 |percentage=12.76% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghasi Ram |party=Republican Party of India |votes=2,331 |percentage=6.31% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Puranlal |party=Independent politician |votes=1,328 |percentage=3.59% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Harkishan |party=Independent politician |votes=1,097 |percentage=2.97% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=342 |percentage=0.93% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=360 |percentage=0.97% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=36,941 |percentage=68.77% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 57,183 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Independent politician |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Haryana}}

{{coord|27.97888|N|77.49239|E|display=inline,title}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Haryana]]
[[Category:Politics of Haryana]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2005]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Haryana]]
[[Category:2005 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Long stubs with short prose]]

{{Haryana-geo-stub}}

Tyüi Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:33:09Z

CarmenCarey59: adding new info and citations - done

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Nagaland State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| map_image = Tyüi Assembly constituency map.svg
| name = Tyüi
| state = [[Nagaland]]
| type = SLA
| district = [[Wokha district|Wokha]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Nagaland Lok Sabha constituency|Nagaland]]
| established = 1964
| constituency_no = 37
| reservation = ST
| mla = [[Yanthungo Patton]] [[Deputy Chief Minister of Nagaland]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| electors = {{formatnum:25750}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14874-nagaland-general-legislative-election-2023/ |title=Nagaland General Legislative Election 2023 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=20 April 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|5}}
}}
'''Tyüi''' is one of the 60 [[Nagaland Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Nagaland]] state in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://legislativebodiesinindia.nic.in/States/nagaland/nagaland-w.htm |title=Nagaland Legislative Assembly |website=legislativebodiesinindia.nic.in |accessdate= 10 February 2021}}</ref>

It is part of [[Wokha district]] and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Tribes]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
| [[1964 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1964]] || [[T. A. Ngullie]]|| {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[1969 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1969]] || rowspan=3 | T. A. Ngullie || {{Full party name with color|Nagaland Nationalist Organisation|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1974 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1974]]
|-
| [[1977 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1977]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1982 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1982]] || T. A. Noullio
|-
| [[1987 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1987]] || N. L. Odyuo || {{Full party name with color|Naga National Democratic Party}}
|-
| [[1989 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1989]] || T. A. Nguillie || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1993 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1993]] || T. A. Ngullie || {{Full party name with color|Naga People's Front}}
|-
| [[1998 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1998]] || T. C. K. Lotha || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2003 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2003]] || Yankithung Yanthan
|-
| [[2008 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2008]] || rowspan=4 | [[Yanthungo Patton]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2013 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2013]] || {{Full party name with color|Naga People's Front}}
|-
| [[2018 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2018]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2023 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2023 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2023 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Tyüi<ref>{{cite news |last1=The Indian Express |title=Nagaland Assembly Election results 2023: Check full list of winners |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/nagaland-assembly-election-results-2023-winners-8473973/ |access-date=3 March 2023 |date=2 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230303042608/https://indianexpress.com/elections/nagaland-assembly-election-results-2023-winners-8473973/ |archive-date=3 March 2023 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Yanthungo Patton]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=16,641 |percentage=67.83 |change=12.41}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Senchumo Lotha |party=Janata Dal (United) |votes=7,800 |percentage=31.79 |change=30.91 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Y. Kikon |party=Rashtriya Janata Dal |votes=41 |percentage=0.17 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hayithung Tungoe Lotha |party=Independent politician |votes=31 |percentage=0.13 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nota |party=None of the above |votes=21 |percentage=0.09 |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=8,841 |percentage=36.04 |change=21.40 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=24,534 |percentage=95.28 |change= 2.17 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 25,750 |change =13.46 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= 12.41 }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 2018 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2018 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Tyüi<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3652-nagaland-general-legislative-election-2018/?do=download&r=8575&confirm=1&t=1&csrfKey=0b619cd94134dd7b05162acdebe1ba9f|title=Nagaland General Legislative Election 2018 - Nagaland - Election Commission of India |website=eci.gov.in |date= |author= |accessdate= December 29, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/13th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2018.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128161430/https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/13th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2018.pdf |archive-date=28 January 2022 | title = Report on the General Election to the 13th Nagaland Legislative Assembly 2018 |website=Chief Electoral Officer, Nagaland}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Yanthungo Patton]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=11,709 |percentage=55.41 |change=54.14 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Yankithung Yanthan |party=Naga People's Front |votes=8,617 |percentage=40.78 |change=-16.21 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. R. Thungchamo Ezung |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=585 |percentage=2.77 |change=-9.17 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chobhathung Odyuo |party=Janata Dal (United) |votes=187 |percentage=0.88 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=32 |percentage=0.15 |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,092 |percentage=14.63 |change=-12.76 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=21,130 |percentage=93.10 |change= -2.23 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 22,695 |change =6.99 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Naga People's Front |swing= -1.58 }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 2013 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2013 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Tyüi<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/12th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2013.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221125124535/https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/12th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2013.pdf |archive-date=25 November 2022 | title = Report on the General Election to the 11th Nagaland Legislative Assembly 2013 |website=Chief Electoral Officer, Nagaland}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Yanthungo Patton]] |party=Naga People's Front |votes=11,525 |percentage=56.99 |change=51.93 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Yankithung Yanthan|party=Indian National Congress|votes=5,985|percentage=29.60|change=2.54}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Senchumo|party=Nationalist Congress Party|votes=2,414|percentage=11.94|change=1.66}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=T. A. Ngullie|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=258|percentage=1.28|change=-30.03}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,540 |percentage=27.40 |change=23.15 }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=20,222|percentage=95.33|change=0.55}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 21,212 |change =1.97 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Naga People's Front |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= 25.69 }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 2008 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2008 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Tyüi<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/11th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2008.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128170532/https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/11th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2008.pdf |archive-date=28 January 2022 | title = Report on the General Election to the 11th Nagaland Legislative Assembly 2008 |website=Chief Electoral Officer, Nagaland}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Yanthungo Patton]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=6,172 |percentage=31.30 |change=-2.26 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Yankithung Yanthan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=5,335 |percentage=27.06 |change=-22.46 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=T. A. Ngullie |party=United Naga Democratic Party |votes=2,565 |percentage=13.01 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Y. Y. Kikon |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=2,026 |percentage=10.27 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. Phyobemo Ngully |party=Independent politician |votes=1,800 |percentage=9.13 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pinyimthung Lotha |party=Naga People's Front |votes=998 |percentage=5.06 |change=-11.86 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=837 |percentage=4.24 |change=-11.71 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=19,718 |percentage=96.57 |change= 4.46 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 20,803 |change =14.59 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -18.21 }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 2003 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2003 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Tyüi<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/10th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2003.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220623083626/https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/10th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2003.pdf |archive-date=23 June 2022 | title = Report on the General Election to the 10th Nagaland Legislative Assembly 2003 |website=Chief Electoral Officer, Nagaland}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Yankithung Yanthan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=8,108 |percentage=49.51 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=T. A. Ngullie |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=5,496 |percentage=33.56 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nrio Patton |party=Naga People's Front |votes=2,771 |percentage=16.92 |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,612 |percentage=15.95 |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=16,375 |percentage=90.32 |change= 90.32 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 18,154 |change =14.13 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -1.59 }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1998 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1998 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Tyüi<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/9th_General_Election_Report_NLA_1998.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128160926/https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/9th_General_Election_Report_NLA_1998.pdf |archive-date=28 January 2022 | title = Report on the General Election to the 9th Nagaland Legislative Assembly 1998 |website=Chief Electoral Officer, Nagaland}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate unopposed with party link| |candidate=T. C. K. Lotha |party=Indian National Congress |votes=Uncontested |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 15,906 |change =26.47 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Naga People's Front |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1993 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1993 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Tyüi}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=T. A. Ngullie |party=Naga People's Front |votes=5,409 |percentage=51.11 |change=6.18 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=C. Yilumo Kithan |party=Independent politician |votes=4,523 |percentage=42.73 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. L . Kinghen |party=Indian National Congress |votes=652 |percentage=6.16 |change=-48.92 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=886 |percentage=8.37 |change=-1.78 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=10,584 |percentage=84.64 |change= -4.73 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 12,577 |change =28.53 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Naga People's Front |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -3.97 }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1989 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Tyüi}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=T. A. Nguillie |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,796 |percentage=55.08 |change=12.52 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=N. L. Odyuo |party=Naga People's Front |votes=3,912 |percentage=44.92 |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=884 |percentage=10.15 |change=2.86 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=8,708 |percentage=89.37 |change= 4.01 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 9,785 |change =-2.95 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Naga National Democratic Party |swing= 5.23 }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1987 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1987 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Tyüi}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=N. L. Odyuo |party=Naga National Democratic Party |votes=4,254 |percentage=49.84 |change=11.28 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=T. A. Ngullie |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,632 |percentage=42.55 |change=-1.20 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=E. Yenchamongullie |party=Independent politician |votes=649 |percentage=7.60 |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=622 |percentage=7.29 |change=2.09 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=8,535 |percentage=85.36 |change= 9.38 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 10,082 |change =-3.10 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Naga National Democratic Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 6.09 }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1982 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1982 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Tyüi}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=T. A. Noullio |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,437 |percentage=43.76 |change=7.65 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=N. L. Odyuo |party=Naga National Democratic Party |votes=3,029 |percentage=38.56 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ntsomo |party=Independent politician |votes=1,389 |percentage=17.68 |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=408 |percentage=5.19 |change=3.09 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=7,855 |percentage=75.98 |change= -9.47 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 10,405 |change =37.89 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 7.65 }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1977 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Tyüi}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=T. A. Ngullie |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,304 |percentage=36.11 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nsemo Ovung |party=United Democratic Alliance (Nagaland) |votes=2,170 |percentage=34.01 |change=11.71 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=N. L. Odyuo |party=National Convention of Nagaland |votes=1,907 |percentage=29.89 |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=134 |percentage=2.10 |change=-7.23 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=6,381 |percentage=85.45 |change= -2.94 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 7,546 |change =29.99 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Nagaland Nationalist Organisation |swing= 4.47 }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1974 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1974 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Tyüi}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=T. A. Ngullie |party=Nagaland Nationalist Organisation |votes=1,603 |percentage=31.64 |change=-22.11 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Khyomo Lotha |party=United Democratic Alliance (Nagaland) |votes=1,130 |percentage=22.30 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Wopansao Kikon |party=Independent politician |votes=794 |percentage=15.67 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tsatemo |party=Independent politician |votes=615 |percentage=12.14 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nyanbemo |party=Independent politician |votes=508 |percentage=10.03 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tsatheo |party=Independent politician |votes=417 |percentage=8.23 |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=473 |percentage=9.33 |change=1.85 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=5,067 |percentage=88.39 |change= -7.31 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 5,805 |change =61.12 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Nagaland Nationalist Organisation |loser=Nagaland Nationalist Organisation |swing= -22.11 }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1969 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1969 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Tyüi}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=T. A. Ngullie |party=Nagaland Nationalist Organisation |votes=1,853 |percentage=53.74 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Santsurhomo Ezung |party=Independent politician |votes=1,595 |percentage=46.26 |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=258 |percentage=7.48 |change=2.82 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=3,448 |percentage=95.70 |change= 5.86 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 3,603 |change =29.79 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Nagaland Nationalist Organisation |loser=Independent politician |swing= 7.80 }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1964 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1964 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Tyüi}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[T. A. Ngullie]] |party=Independent politician |votes=1,143 |percentage=45.94 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=S. Ezung|party=Independent politician|votes=1,027|percentage=41.28|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Chumdemo Ezung|party=Independent politician|votes=318|percentage=12.78|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=116 |percentage=4.66 |change= }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=2,488|percentage=89.84|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,776 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Independent politician |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Nagaland Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Wokha district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Nagaland}}

{{coord|26.04|94.26|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tyüi Assembly constituency}}
[[Category:Wokha district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Nagaland]]
[[Category:Politics of Nagaland]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1964]]
[[Category:1964 establishments in Nagaland]]

Kurud Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:06:03Z

CarmenCarey59: Put up initial details v1.

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Chhattisgarh State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Kurud
| mla = [[Ajay Chandrakar]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| state = [[Chhattisgarh]]
| district = [[Dhamtari district|Dhamtari]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Mahasamund (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mahasamund]]
| established = 1957
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:208888}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/chhattisgarh-legislative-election-2023-statistical-report |title=State Election, 2023 to the Legislative Assembly Of Chhattisgarh |website=Election Commission of India |date= |accessdate=25 January 2023 |url-access=limited}}</ref>{{update after|2029|1}}
| type = SLA
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| preceded_by = Lekhram Sahu
| constituency_no = 57
| map_image = Kurud Assembly constituency map.svg
}}
'''Kurud''' is one of the 90 [[Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Chhattisgarh]] state in [[India]].<ref name=ceoMap>{{cite web |url=https://ceochhattisgarh.nic.in/en/new-maps-assembly-constituency |title=New Maps of Assembly Constituency |website=ceochhattisgarh.nic.in |accessdate= 3 February 2021}}</ref>

It is part of [[Dhamtari district|Dhamtari]] district.

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
! colspan=4|[[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
|-
|[[1952 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Bhopalrao Bissuli]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1957 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1957]]<ref name="election1957" />
|-
|[[1962 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|Yeshwant Rao Meghawale
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
|[[1967 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|T. Ramdayal
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1972 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| rowspan="2" |Yeshwant Rao Meghawale
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
|[[1977 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1980 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|Chandrahas
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|-
|[[1985 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|Bhuleshwari Deepa Sahu
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1990 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|Somprakash Giri
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1993 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
|Gurumukh Singh Hora
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1998 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
|[[Ajay Chandrakar]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
! colspan=4|[[Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly]]
|-
|[[2003 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
|[[Ajay Chandrakar]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2008 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
|Lekhram Sahu
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2013 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Ajay Chandrakar]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[2018 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2018]]<ref name="election2018" />
|-
|[[2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|}

== Election results ==

===Chhattisgarh===
====2023====
{{Election box begin | title= [[2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election]]: Kurud<ref name="election2023"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Ajay Chandrakar]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 94,712
|percentage = 50.07
|change = +7.80
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Tarni Neelam Chandrakar
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 86,622
|percentage = 45.79
|change = +30.44
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Sanjay Chandrakar
|party = Independent politician
|votes = 1,845
|percentage = 0.98
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = 2,756
|percentage = 1.46
|change = -0.55
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 8,090
|percentage = 4.28
|change = -2.86
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 189,154
|percentage = 90.55
|change = +1.72
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==== 2018 ====
{{Election box begin | title=[[2018 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly Election, 2018]]: Kurud<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9643-statistical-data-of-general-election-to-chhatisgarh-assembly/ |title=Statistical data of General Election to Chhatisgarh Assembly - 2018 |website=Election Commission of India |accessdate= 3 February 2021}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Ajay Chandrakar]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 72,922
|percentage = 42.27
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Neelam Chandrakar
|party = Independent politician
|votes = 60,605
|percentage = 35.13
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Laxmikanta Sahu
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 26,483
|percentage = 15.35
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Kanhaiya Lal Sahu
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 2,888
|percentage = 1.67
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = 3,470
|percentage = 2.01
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 12,317
|percentage = 7.14
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 172,534
|percentage = 88.83
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===Undivided Madhya Pradesh===
==== 1957 ====
{{Election box begin | title=[[1957 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Kurud<ref name="election1957">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_MP_1957.pdf|title=General Elections of MP 1957|publisher=Election Commission Of India|year=2004}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = Bhopalrao Bissuli
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:13049}}
|percentage = 54.93%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Ramgopal
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = {{formatnum:6856}}
|percentage = 28.86%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate |
|candidate = Mulkoo
|party = All India Scheduled Caste Federation
|votes = {{formatnum:2434}}
|percentage = 10.25%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Vidhyabhushan
|party = Praja Socialist Party
|votes = {{formatnum:837}}
|percentage = 3.52%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Udailal
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = {{formatnum:579}}
|percentage = 2.44%
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = {{formatnum:6193}}
|percentage = 26.07
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = {{formatnum:23755}}
|percentage = 41.82%
|change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors no change
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:56800}}
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Dhamtari district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Chhattisgarh}}

{{coord|20.83|81.71|display=title}}

[[Category:Dhamtari district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Politics of Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1957]]

Mangaon Mhasla Mahad Assembly constituency

2026-04-09T18:24:18Z

CarmenCarey59: started article

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Mangaon Mhasla Mahad
| type= SLA
| state = Maharashtra
| established = 1951 <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/146-archive-delimitation-orders |title= Archive Delimitation Orders - DPACO 1951 |access-date=31 January 2026 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
| abolished = 1955 <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/146-archive-delimitation-orders |title= Archive Delimitation Orders - Final Order DC (1953-1955) |access-date=31 January 2026 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
| electors = 94,678
| mla = Deshmukh Prabhakar Ramkrishna
| party = {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}
| constituency_no =
| latest_election_year = [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| district =
| loksabha_cons =
| reservation = ST
}}
Mangaon Mhasla Mahad Assembly constituency was an assembly constituency in the [[India]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Maharashtra]]. After the 1955 Delimitation act, it was merged into [[Mangaon Assembly constituency|Mangaon]] and [[Mahad Assembly constituency|Mahad]] constituencies.

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#FFB2B2" rowspan="2" | [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || Deshmukh Prabhakar Ramkrishna || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| Talegaonkar Dattatray Maloji
|}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 1952 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Mangaon Mhasla Mahad <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114083220/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Deshmukh Prabhakar Ramkrishna |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 23,980 |percentage = 26.87% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Talegaonkar Dattatray Maloji |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 22,811 |percentage = 25.56% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ambedkar Yeshwant Bhimrao |party = Scheduled Castes Federation |votes = 16,568 |percentage = 18.56% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Tipnis Surendranath Govind |party = Socialist Party (India, 1948) |votes = 16,410 |percentage = 18.38% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Jadhav Dattatray Balkrishna |party = Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 9,489 |percentage = 10.63% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 7,412 |percentage = 8.30% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 89,258 |percentage = 47.14% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 89,258}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 94,678 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}
[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
{{coord missing|Maharashtra}}
{{Maharashtra-geo-stub}}

M. Sivakumar (Coonoor)

2026-04-07T23:24:44Z

CarmenCarey59: started new bio

{{Infobox officeholder
| name = M. Sivakumar
| image =
| image size =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1949|4|6|df=y}}
| birth_place = Ettichery
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office1 = Member of the Legislative Assembly, Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly
| constituency1 = [[Coonoor Assembly constituency|Coonoor]]
| term_start1 = 1984
| term_end1 = 1989
| predecessor1 = [[M. Ranganathan]]
| successor1 = [[N. Thangavel]]
| office2 =
| constituency2 =
| term_start2 =
| term_end2 =
| successor2 =
| term_start3 =
| term_end3 =
| term_start4 =
| term_end4 =
| party = [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| spouse =
| alma_mater =
| relations =
| children =
| profession = Agriculture
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| website =
}}

'''M. Sivakumar''' is an [[Indian politician]] and a former [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]] (MLA) of [[Tamil Nadu]]. He hails from the Sholurmattam (Achington) area in the [[Kotagiri taluk]] of the [[Nilgiris district]].

Sivakumar completed his education up to the 8th grade. As a member of the [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (AIADMK) party, he contested the [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]s from the [[Coonoor Assembly constituency]] and was elected as a Member of the Legislative Assembly.<ref>தமிழ்நாடு சட்டமன்றப் பேரவை “யார் - எவர்” 1985. சென்னை: தமிழ்நாடு சட்டமன்றப் பேரவைச் செயலகம். திசம்பர் 1985. p. 265-266.</ref>

==Electoral Performance==
===1984===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Coonoor<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = 1984 Election Statistical Report | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007141448/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf | archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[M. Sivakumar (Coonoor )|M. Sivakumar]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=47,113 |percentage=56.70% |change=19.12% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Ranganathan |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=34,990 |percentage=42.11% |change=-14.74% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Komali |party=Independent politician |votes=993 |percentage=1.20% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=12,123 |percentage=14.59% |change=-4.68% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=83,096 |percentage=70.58% |change= 16.07% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,23,350 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -0.15% }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sivakumar, M.}}
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 1985–1989]]
[[Category:All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:1949 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Em Prasad Sharma

2026-04-04T20:41:40Z

CarmenCarey59: created initial bio w/ infobox

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Em Prasad Sharma
| honorific_suffix =
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| constituency = [[Namcheybong]]
| office = [[10th Sikkim Assembly|Member of Sikkim Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = May 2019
| term_end = May 2024
| predecessor = Bek Bahadur Rai
| successor = [[Raju Basnet (politician)|Raju Basnet]]
| constituency2 =
| office2 =
| term_start2 =
| term_end2 =
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 =
| constituency3 =
| office3 =
| term_start3 =
| term_end3 =
| predecessor3 =
| successor3 =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1975|4|01|df=yes}}
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| resting_place =
| resting_place_coordinates =
| birth_name =
| parents =
| citizenship =
| party = [[Sikkim Krantikari Morcha]]
| other_party = [[Indian National Congress]],[[Sikkim Democratic Front]]
| spouse =
| partner =
| relations =
| children =
| alma_mater =
| occupation =
| profession = Social Worker and Farmer
| cabinet =
| committees =
| portfolio =
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| website =
| footnotes =
| blank1 = Religion
| data1 =
}}

'''Em Prasad Sharma''' (born 1 April 1975) is an Indian politician. He is a member of the [[Sikkim Krantikari Morcha]] party (SKM).<ref>{{Cite web |title=🗳️ Em Prasad Sharma, Namcheybung Assembly Elections 2019 LIVE Results {{!}} Election Dates, Exit Polls, Leading Candidates & Parties {{!}} Latest News, Articles & Statistics|url=https://www.latestly.com/elections/assembly-elections/sikkim/2019/namcheybung/em-prasad-sharma/ |access-date=2023-01-06 |website=LatestLY |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite press release |title=The Hon'ble Advisor, Excise Department, Shri Em Prasad Sharma, MLA, Namcheybong took over his office today at State Guest House |url=https://sikkim.gov.in/media/press-release/press-info?name=The+Hon%27ble+Advisor%2C+Excise+Department%2C+Shri+Em+Prasad+Sharma%2C+MLA%2C+Namcheybong+took+over+his+office+today+at+State+Guest+House |website=[[Government of Sikkim]]|date=11 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=E.P. Sharma |url=https://www.myskm.org/representatives/ep-sharma-1 |access-date=2022-12-28 |website=My SKM |language=en-US}}</ref> He is a member of the [[Sikkim Legislative Assembly]] (MLA).

In 2009 EM Prasad Sharma contested for MLA for [[Indian National Congress]] [[Namcheybong]].{{fact|date=September 2024}}

He is the Honorable Advisor to the Excise Department for the [[Government of Sikkim]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Assembly Constituency |url=https://sikkim.gov.in/departments/election-department/assembly-constituency |website=[[Government of Sikkim]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sharma, Em Prasad}}
[[Category:1975 births]]
[[Category:Sikkim Krantikari Morcha politicians]]
[[Category:Sikkim MLAs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Sikkim Democratic Front politicians]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Sikkim]]
[[Category:People from Pakyong district]]

{{Sikkim-politician-stub}}

Bharatiya Janata Party – Andhra Pradesh

2026-03-28T13:39:59Z

CarmenCarey59:

{{short description|Andhra Pradesh affiliate of the Bharatiya Janata Party}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox Indian political party
| colorcode = {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| native_name = భారతీయ జనతా పార్టీ – ఆంధ్ర ప్రదేశ్భా
| logo = [[File:Bharatiya Janata Party (icon).svg|150px]]
| abbreviation = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| president = [[P. V. N. Madhav]]<ref name="auto">https://andhra.bjp.org/state-office-bearers/{{Dead link|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
| chairman = [[Penmetsa Vishnu Kumar Raju]]
| general_secretary =
| headquarters = [[Vijayawada]], [[Andhra Pradesh]] - 522003
<ref>https://www.bjp.org/andhra-pradesh-state-office</ref>
| colours = {{colour box|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}} [[Saffron (color)|Saffron]]
| loksabha_seats = {{Composition bar|3|25|hex=#FF9933}}
| rajyasabha_seats = {{Composition bar|2|11|hex=#FF9933}}
| state2_seats_name = [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| state2_seats = {{Composition bar|8|175|hex=#FF9933}}
| state_seats_name = [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Council]]
| state_seats = {{Composition bar|1|58|hex=#FF9933}}
| website = {{URL|https://andhra.bjp.org/}}
| symbol = [[Nelumbo nucifera|Lotus]] [[File:Lotus flower symbol.svg|130px]]
| foundation = {{start date and age|df=y|p=y|1980|4|6|br=y}}
| flag = BJP Flag.svg
| eci =
| alliance = *[[National Democratic Alliance]]
| founder= {{ublist|[[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]|[[L. K. Advani|Lal Krishna Advani]]<ref name=":3001">{{Cite news|date=23 May 2019|title=What you need to know about India's BJP|work=AlJazeera|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/05/india-bjp-190523053850803.html|url-status=live|access-date=16 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200513075856/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/05/india-bjp-190523053850803.html|archive-date=13 May 2020}}</ref>}}
{{Collapsible list
| title = {{nobold|''...{{nbsp}}and others''<ref name="founders">{{Cite web |title=BJP's 43 years: How it emerged from Jana Sangh and became world's largest party |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/bjp-foundation-day-journey-from-jana-sangh-modi-shah-vajpayee-advani-2356698-2023-04-06 |access-date=2024-03-24 |author=Kabool Ahmad|website=India Today |date=6 April 2023 |language=en |archive-date=2 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240102123718/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/bjp-foundation-day-journey-from-jana-sangh-modi-shah-vajpayee-advani-2356698-2023-04-06 |url-status=live }}</ref>}}
|[[Murli Manohar Joshi]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jain |first=Praveen |date=2024-01-07 |title=Murli Manohar Joshi turns 90: Well-wishers flock to Raisina Road to celebrate life of BJP stalwart |url=https://theprint.in/in-pictures/murli-manohar-joshi-turns-90-well-wishers-flock-to-raisina-road-to-celebrate-life-of-bjp-stalwart/1913267/ |access-date=2025-01-18 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>
|[[Nanaji Deshmukh]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bharat Ratna for Pranab, Nanaji Deshmukh and Bhupen Hazarika |url=http://www.bihartimes.in/newsbihar/2019/jan/newsbihar25jan12.html |access-date=2025-01-18 |website=www.bihartimes.in}}</ref>
|[[KR Malkani]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sir |first=Sp |date=2021-04-29 |title=K R Malkani - The Sindhu World Sindhi Author: The Sindh Story: Sindhi Politician: Political Mysteries |url=https://thesindhuworld.com/k-r-malkani/ |access-date=2025-01-18 |website=The Sindhu World |language=en-US}}</ref>
|[[Sikandar Bakht]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-06 |title=कौन थे बीजेपी के इकलौते मुस्लिम फाउंडर सिकंदर बख्त? जानिए कैसे थामा पार्टी का साथ |url=https://www.abplive.com/news/india/bjp-foundation-day-who-was-bjp-muslim-founder-sikandar-bakht-political-career-profile-in-hindi-2658177 |access-date=2025-01-18 |website=www.abplive.com |language=hi}}</ref>
|[[Vijay Kumar Malhotra]]
|[[Vijaya Raje Scindia]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jain |first=Devaki |work=The Citizen (India) |url=https://www.thecitizen.in/index.php/en/NewsDetail/index/7/20759/The-Maharani-who-Founded-the-BJP |title=The Maharani who founded the BJP |date=14 August 2021 }}</ref>
|[[Bhairon Singh Shekhawat]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-22 |title=Rajput votes at stake in Rajasthan, Bhairon Singh Shekhawat legacy a new front in BJP, Cong battle |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/rajput-rajasthan-bhairon-singh-shekhawat-bjp-congress-8623357/ |access-date=2025-01-18 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|[[Shanta Kumar]]
|[[Ram Jethmalani]]
|[[Jagannathrao Joshi]]
}}
| predecessor =
* [[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]] (1951–1977)
* [[Janata Party]] (1977–1980)
| split = [[Janata Party]]
|labour = [[Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Need to Know BJP-led BMS is biggest labour union in India |url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/ohkSVkDnWYnxvZyuzggTsL/Need-to-Know--BJPled-BMS-is-biggest-labour-union-in-India.html |access-date=17 March 2020 |work=live mint |date=15 January 2008 |author=Pragya Singh }}</ref>
|peasants=[[Bharatiya Kisan Sangh]]<ref>{{cite book|last=Gupta|first=Sejuta Das|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mQiKDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA172|pages=172–173|title= Class, Politics, and Agricultural Policies in Post-liberalisation India|isbn=978-1-108-41628-3|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=2019e}}</ref>
| international =
|name=Bharatiya Janata Party – Andhra Pradesh
}}

The '''Bharatiya Janata Party – Andhra Pradesh''' ({{lang|te|ఆంధ్రప్రదేశ్ భారతీయ జనతా పార్టీ}}), also known as the '''BJP Andhra Pradesh''', is the affiliate of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] in the [[Indian state]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. The party is based in [[Vijayawada]] and is led by chair [[Daggubati Purandeswari]].<ref name="auto"/><ref name="HT">{{Cite news |date=2023-01-15 |title=Leadership crisis a hurdle in BJP's Andhra Pradesh expansion plan |language=en |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/leadership-crisis-a-hurdle-in-bjp-s-andhra-pradesh-expansion-plan-101673806426263.html |access-date=2023-02-02}}</ref> [[P. V. N. Madhav]] is currently appointed as the president of BJP Andhra Pradesh.

The party currently holds 2 seats in the [[Rajya Sabha]] and 3 seats in the [[Lok Sabha]] from the state, while it holds 1 seat in the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Council]] and 8 seats in the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]].

==Electoral performance==
===Lok Sabha Elections===

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Year
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Seats won
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" | Voteshare (%)
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Outcome
|-
| [[1984 Indian general election in Andhra Pradesh|1984]]
| {{Composition bar|1|42|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
| 2.21%
| {{no|Opposition}}
|-
| [[1989 Indian general election in Andhra Pradesh|1989]]
| {{Composition bar|0|42|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
| 1.78%
| {{no|Opposition}}
|-
| [[1991 Indian general election in Andhra Pradesh|1991]]
| {{Composition bar|1|42|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
| 9.27%
| {{no|Opposition}}
|-
| [[1996 Indian general election in Andhra Pradesh|1996]]
| {{Composition bar|0|42|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
| 14.12%
| {{no|Opposition}}
|-
| [[1998 Indian general election in Andhra Pradesh|1998]]
| {{Composition bar|4|42|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
| 18.12%
| {{yes|[[Second Vajpayee ministry|Government]]}}
|-
| [[1999 Indian general election in Andhra Pradesh|1999]]
| {{Composition bar|7|42|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
| 9.91%
| {{yes|[[Third Vajpayee ministry|Government]]}}
|-
| [[2004 Indian general election in Andhra Pradesh|2004]]
| {{Composition bar|0|42|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
| 8.41%
| {{no|Opposition}}
|-
| [[2009 Indian general election in Andhra Pradesh|2009]]
| {{Composition bar|0|42|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
| 2.84%
| {{no|Opposition}}
|-
| [[2014 Indian general election in Andhra Pradesh|2014]]
| {{Composition bar|2|25|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
| 4.13%
| {{yes|[[First Modi ministry|Government]]}}
|-
| [[2019 Indian general election in Andhra Pradesh|2019]]
| {{Composition bar|0|25|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
| 0.98%
| {{yes|[[Second Modi ministry|Government]]}}
|-
| [[2024 Indian general election in Andhra Pradesh|2024]]
| {{Composition bar|3|25|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
| 11.28%
| {{yes|[[Third Modi ministry|Government]]}}
|}

===Vidhan Sabha Elections===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
! style="background:#FF9933; color:white"| Year
! style="background:#FF9933; color:white"| Seats won
! style="background:#FF9933; color:white"| Voteshare (%)
! style="background:#FF9933; color:white"| Outcome
|-
! colspan="4" style="background:#FF9933; color:white;" ! |[[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
| [[1967 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|{{Composition bar|3|287|{{party color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}}}
| 2.11%
| {{no|Opposition}}
|-
| [[1972 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|{{Composition bar|0|287|{{party color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}}}
| 1.86%
| {{no2|Lost}}
|-
! colspan="4" style="background:#FF9933; color:white;" ! |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| [[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1983]]
|{{Composition bar|3|294|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
| 2.76%
| {{no|Opposition}}
|-
| [[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|{{Composition bar|8|294|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
| 1.32%
| {{no|Opposition}}
|-
| [[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
|{{Composition bar|5|294|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
| 1.78%
| {{no|Opposition}}
|-
| [[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1994]]
|{{Composition bar|3|294|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
| 3.89%
| {{no|Opposition}}
|-
| [[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
|{{Composition bar|12|294|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
| 3.67%
| {{no|Opposition}}
|-
| [[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|{{Composition bar|2|294|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
| 2.63%
| {{no|Opposition}}
|-
| [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
|{{Composition bar|2|294|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
| 2.84%
| {{no|Opposition}}
|-
| [[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
|{{Composition bar|4|175|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
| 4.13%
| {{yes|[[Third N. Chandrababu Naidu ministry|Government]]}}
|-
| [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
|{{Composition bar|0|175|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
| 0.84%
| {{no2|Lost}}
|-
| [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| {{Composition bar|8|175|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
| 2.83%
| {{yes|[[Fourth N. Chandrababu Naidu ministry|Government]]}}
|}

==Leadership==
=== President ===
{| class="wikitable"
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |No
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Portrait
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Name
! colspan="2" style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Term of Office
|- style="text-align:center;"
|1
|
|D.Suryaprakash Reddy
|1980
|1982
|- style="text-align:center;"
|2
|
|P. V. Chalapathi Rao
|1982
|1986
|- style="text-align:center;"
|3
|
|[[Bangaru Laxman]]
|1986
|1988
|- style="text-align:center;"
|4
|[[File:Venkaiah Naidu official portrait.jpg|101x101px]]
|[[Venkaiah Naidu]]
|1988
|1993
|- style="text-align:center;"
|5
|[[File:V. Rama Rao (cropped).jpg|101x101px]]
|[[V. Rama Rao]]
|1993
|1997
|- style="text-align:center;"
|6
|[[File:The ILO Deputy Director General (Policy) International Labour Organization, Ms. Deborah Greenfield meeting the Minister of State for Labour and Employment (Independent Charge), Shri Bandaru Dattatreya, in New Delhi (cropped).jpg|110x110px]]
|[[Bandaru Dattatreya]]
|1997
|1998
|- style="text-align:center;"
|7
|[[File:C. Vidyasagar Rao (cropped).jpg|95x95px]]
|[[C. Vidyasagar Rao]]
|1998
|1999
|- style="text-align:center;"
|(5)
|[[File:V. Rama Rao (cropped).jpg|101x101px]]
|[[V. Rama Rao]]
|1999
|2001
|- style="text-align:center;"
|8
|
|Chilakam Ramachandra Reddy
|2001
|2003
|- style="text-align:center;"
|9<ref>{{Cite news |date=2003-08-02 |title=Indrasena Reddy to be Andhra BJP president |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/indrasena-reddy-to-be-andhra-bjp-president/articleshow/109624.cms |access-date= |work=The Times of India |issn=}}</ref>
|[[File:Indrasena Reddy.jpg|94x94px]]
|[[N. Indrasena Reddy]]
|3-Aug-2003
|2006
|- style="text-align:center;"
|(6)
|[[File:The ILO Deputy Director General (Policy) International Labour Organization, Ms. Deborah Greenfield meeting the Minister of State for Labour and Employment (Independent Charge), Shri Bandaru Dattatreya, in New Delhi (cropped).jpg|110x110px]]
|[[Bandaru Dattatreya]]
|2006
|8-Mar-2010
|- style="text-align:center;"
|10<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |last2= |first2= |date=2010-03-08 |title=Kishan Reddy elected as new AP BJP president |url=https://haindavakeralam.com/kishan-reddy-elected-as-new-ap-bjp-president-hk1391 |access-date= |website=Haindava Keralam |language=}}</ref>
|[[File:Kishan Reddy.png|99x99px]]
|[[G. Kishan Reddy]]
|8-Mar-2010
|2-Jun-2014
|- style="text-align:center;"
|11
|[[File:K. Hari Babu.jpg|83x83px]]
|[[Kambhampati Hari Babu]]
|2-Jun-2014
|13-May-2018
|- style="text-align:center;"
|12<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2018-05-13 |title=BJP appoints Kanna Lakshminarayana as the new Andhra Pradesh president |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2018/May/13/bjp-appoints-kanna-lakshminarayana-as-the-new-andhra-pradesh-president-1814151.html |access-date= |website=The New Indian Express |language=}}</ref>
|[[File:GDI 0687.jpg|113x113px]]
|[[Kanna Lakshminarayana]]
|13-May-2018
|28-Jul-2020
|- style="text-align:center;"
|13<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-07-28 |title=Somu Veerraju appointed president of BJP’s Andhra Pradesh unit |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/somu-veerraju-appointed-president-of-bjp-s-andhra-pradesh-unit/story-rKfczLMrSTCCGKpwQCZrhO.html |access-date= |website=Hindustan Times |language=}}</ref>
|
|[[Somu Veerraju]]
|28-Jul-2020
|4-Jul-2023
|- style="text-align:center;"
|14<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2023-07-04 |title=BJP appoints Daggubati Purandeswari as A.P. unit president |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/bjp-appoints-daggubati-purandeswari-as-ap-unit-president/article67042175.ece |access-date= |work=The Hindu |language= |issn=}}</ref>
|[[File:The Minister of State for Commerce & Industry, Dr. (Smt.) D. Purandeswari addressing at the Golden Jubilee Celebrations of Indian Institute of Foreign Trade (IIFT), in New Delhi on May 02, 2013 (cropped).jpg|102x102px]]
|[[Daggubati Purandeswari]]
|4-Jul-2023
|30-Jun-2025
|- style="text-align:center;"
|15
|
|[[P. V. N. Madhav]]
|1-Jul-2025
|''Incumbent''
|}

==See also==
* [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
* [[National Democratic Alliance]]
* [[State units of the Bharatiya Janata Party]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bharatiya Janata Party - Andhra Pradesh}}
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party by state or union territory|Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Political parties in Andhra Pradesh]]

Margamkali

2026-03-26T04:17:34Z

CarmenCarey59: refine structure for consistency and added references to improve readability

{{Short description|Ancient Indian dance form from the state of Kerala}}
[[File:Advika VAST 2020 Margamkali 01.jpg|thumb|Margamkali performed during an arts & cultural fest.]]
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}}
[[File:Margamkali - Saint Thomas Christian dance form.webm|thumb|Margamkali performed during a [[Syro-Malabar]] [[Nasrani (India)|Nasrani]] wedding at [[Arakuzha]].]]
The '''Margamkali''' is an ancient Indian round dance of the [[Saint Thomas Christian]] community based in the state of [[Kerala]]. The dance is mainly practiced and propagated by the endogamous sub-ethnic group known as the [[Knanaya]] or Southist Christians.{{sfn|Ipe|2015|p=289}}{{sfn|Vellian|1990|p=31}}{{sfn|Karukaparambil|2005|pp=497}} The Margam Kali retells the life and missionary work of [[Thomas the Apostle]], based on the 3rd-century apocryphal [[Acts of Thomas]].{{sfn|Vellian|1990|p=31}}<ref>{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8yvTEAAAQBAJ |title =The Acts of St. Thomas in India |isbn = 9781087965710 |last1 = Curtin|first1 = D. P.|last2 = James|first2 = M.R.|date = June 2018}}</ref>

Historically different forms of the Margam Kali existed in practice among the Kerala Syrian Christians, a Saint Thomas Christian or Northist version and a Knanaya or Southist version.{{sfn|King|2018|pp=663-679}} Historian Dr. [[Istvan Perczel]] notes that only the Knanaya version is in existence today, with its 14 stanza form written by the Knanaya priest [[Anjilimoottil Itty Thommen Kathanar|Anjilimootil Itti Thomman]] in the 17th century.{{sfn|King|2018|pp=656}} The prototype of Margamkali is composed of 14 stanzas (padas) which are derived from [[Syrian]] and [[Tamil language|Tamil ]]words, and they got to be included in its composition. Until the ninth century AD., [[Kerala|Keralam]] was a part of [[Tamilakam]] and the language of the Kerala region was [[Tamil language|Tamil]] or Middle Tamil. Gradually [[Malayalam]] came under the influence of Sanskrit and Prakrit with the spread of Aryan influence. But some scholars states that those songs are written in a language which is neither pure [[Malayalam]] of today nor the spoken [[Tamil language|Tamil]] of today, and this language is absolutely free of any Sanskrit terms,it might be [[Middle Tamil]] spoken in [[Chera Kingdom]] or Chentamil. There was a time when [[Syriac language|Syriac]] language was used as a trade language (Lingua Franca) in [[Kodungallur]] and its surroundings. At least from the fourth century, the Knanites as well as the rest of the Syrian Christians in [[Malabar Coast|Malabar]] used the [[Syriac language|Syriac]] language in their liturgical celebrations. They firmly believed that the Syriac language was sacred since Jesus Christ, his mother, and the Apostles used it, and the holy mass was instituted by Christ in that language. These were the reasons for the Syrian Christians of Kerala to maintain and use the Syriac language even in their cultural performances. The present day Margamkali songs have many [[Syriac language|Syriac]] liturgical words like ''maran'' (our Lord), ''alaha'' (God), ''mar thomma'' (St Thomas), ''malaka'' (angel), ''kandessa'' (Saint), ''ruha'' (spirit), ''nivyalanmar'' (prophets), ''Iso'' (Jesus), ''Mishiha'' (Christ) are seen in the lyrics. The [[Tamil language|Tamil]] words like meyu (body), peeli (dress). All these lead us back to an early period of the history of [[Malayalam]] literature, which had [[Tamil language|Tamil]] words aplenty. However, Persian and Portuguese words are not seen in the text. Those words might possibly have been borrowed from karintamil or [[Middle Tamil]] because Margamkali has close affinity with the Cindu kind of song composition, which was popular in Tamil language during the period (Karimbumkalayil).<ref>{{cite journal |last=Alex |first=Soorya |year=2023 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/392675340_'Dance_of_the_Converted'_Margamkali_and_Cultural_Hybridity_of_Syrian_Christians_in_Kerala |title='Dance of the Converted': Margamkali and Cultural Hybridity of Syrian Christians in Kerala |journal=Dialogist: International Journal of Literary Studies and Interdisciplinary Research |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=140-171 |ISSN=2583-1836 |publisher=[[Kannur University]]}}</ref>

==History==
There are several opinions on the potential origin of Margamkali. They are:
# It is traced back to Jewish wedding songs and dance from the diaspora.<ref name="Neumann">Neumann K (1998) "Mond, Gott Siva und heiliger Thomas: Die religiöse Gemeinschaft der Knanaya in Kerala" Universität Marburg p 150</ref> Scholars have found common origin among [[Cochin Jews|Malabar Jewish]] dance and songs and the dance form of Margamkali.<ref name="Neumann"/><ref name= "Vellian">Vellian, J (1990) 'Crown, veil, cross : marriage rites' in Syrian churches series, vol 15 p 30</ref> In addition, scholars like P.M. Jussay and Dr [[Shalva Weil]] have found many similarities in the customs and rituals of [[Knanaya]] Christians and [[Cochin Jews|Malabar Jews.]]<ref>Weil, Shalva. "Symmetry between Christians and Jews in India: the Cnanite Christians and the Cochin Jews of Kerala," ''Contributions to Indian Sociology,'' 1982.'' ''16(2): 175-196.

Weil, Shalva. "'Symmetry Between Christians And Jews In India: The Canaanite Christians And The Cochin Jews Of Kerala" in Tim Timberg (ed.)'' The Jews of India'', Delhi: Vikas Publication, 1986.pp.177-204.</ref><ref>Jussay, P. M. (2005). The Jews of Kerala. Calicut: Publication division, University of Calicut., pages 124-125</ref>
# It is derived from Sangam kali, a performance dance form of [[Brahmins]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/Preserving-the-purity-of-Margamkali/article14742358.ece|title=Preserving the purity of Margamkali|date=29 April 2011|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref><ref>Ulloor Parameswara Iyer - Kerala Sahithya Charithram</ref>
# It is derived from the ''Yathra Kali'', a performance art of [[Nambudiri|Nambudiri Brahmins]] in Kerala.<ref>[[M. V. Vishnu Namboothiri]], Dictionary of folklore, page 529</ref>

"Margam" means path or way or solution in [[Malayalam]], but in the religious context it is known as the path to attain salvation. The process of conversion to Christianity was known as "Margam Koodal" until recently in Kerala.{{Citation needed|date=October 2018}} Much of this folk art is woven around the mission of St. Thomas, the Apostle. The original Margam Kali describes the arrival of St. Thomas in Malabar, the miracles he performed, the friendship as well as the hostility of the people among whom he worked, the persecution he suffered, the churches and crosses he put up in various places, etc. These details are incorporated in the various stanzas of the Margam Kali songs. Kerala's Margam Kali is an important element in the age-old and hallowed tradition of St Thomas among the Syrian Christians of [[Malabar Coast]].<ref>
K.C. Zacharia - THE SYRIAN CHRISTIANS OF KERALA: DEMOGRAPHIC AND SOCIOECONOMIC TRANSITION IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY</ref>

The disparity between the present condition of this form and the early days leads one to assume three important phases in the history of Margamkali. The first phase was the pre-colonization one in which this semi-theatrical form was performed by the [[Saint Thomas Christians]] during special occasions. ''[[Parichamuttukali]]'' (The sword and shield dance) was also a part of it. Later [[Synod of Diamper]] curbed and suppressed this native form. During the seventeenth century, due to the efforts of a [[Knanaya]] priest Itti Thomman Kathanar, the textual part of this form got certain upliftment and care. The Margamkali might have been edited and refashioned into the present fourteen stanza structure during this period. However, until the end of the nineteenth century the art form was not in common practice even though it did exist in some places. But at the end of the nineteenth and the beginning of the twentieth century, the form became popular once again, and some structural changes took place then. Masters such as Kalarikal Unni ashan, Indumoottil Kocheppu ashan, Indumoottil Kutto ashan were some of them who were responsible for this change and upheaval. By this time the [[Knanaya]] scholar Puttanpurikkal Uthuppu Lukose compiled and published ''Margamkali Pattukal'' in 1910. In 1924 the European priest and scholar Fr. Hosten S.J. witnessed the Margam Kali danced by the Knanaya of Kottayam and was enamored by the ancient artform. Subsequently, Hosten endeavored to present the dance at the Mission Exhibitions at the Vatican in 1925 by bringing these dancers to Rome, however this venture was met with mass resentment and disapproval from the Northist St. Thomas Christians who viewed the artform as being an "uncouth performance" and stated that if performed it "might ridicule all the St. Thomas Christians". {{sfn|Karukaparambil|2005|p=582-583}}

In the late 1900s the art form was heavily in decline among the St. Thomas Christian Community but the [[Knanaya]] community took upon the initiative to promote and further expand the art form. During the 1960s the St. Thomas Christian scholar of folk culture Dr. Chummar Choondal led a sociological survey of the Margam Kali and noted that the practice was solely of the Knanaya Community. {{sfn|Karukaparambil|2005|p=582-583}} Furthermore, Choondal found that all of the Margam teachers and groups of the time period were entirely Knanaya. {{sfn|Karukaparambil|2005|p=582-583}} The following analysis of the art-form was stated by Dr. Chummar Choondal.
<blockquote>
“Knanaya Christians have the most ancient and varied art forms. Margamkali is their
dance form. Generally, it is said that margamkali is said in vogue among the Syrian Christians, but a close and critical observation will show that the practice and propagation of margamkali were among the Knanites. During my research in the 1960s, I could not find this art form practiced in the regions like Trissur and Pala where the Syrians are thickly populated. The traditions of margamkali can thus by analyzed: 70% among Knanaya Catholics and 25% among Knanaya Jacobites.” {{sfn|Karukaparambil|2005|p=582-583}}
</blockquote>

In the 1970s and 1980s the [[Knanaya]] priests Fr. George Karukaparambil and Jacob Vellian as well as scholar of folk culture Dr. Chummar Choondal undertook years of heavy research and study with the help of 33 Knanaya ''ashans'' or teachers of Margam Kali to revitalize the ancient art form. Through critical historical, musicological, and ethnochoreological evaluation this team of researchers systematized Margam Kali and promoted it among schools and cultural organizations as an item of competition in youth festivals and eventually presented it to Kerala's Minister of Education who introduced a 14 minute long documentary created by the team. In order to make sure Margam Kali would be an art form set in stone, the team looked for a formal center for the furthering or Margam Kali and allied Christian art forms. Mar Kuriakose Kunnasserry the Bishop of the Knanaya Diocese of Kottayam came to the aide of the team in 1995 and established ''Hadusa'' (Syriac for Dancing/Rejoicing), as an All India Institute of Christian Performing Arts which in part has forever aided the existence and prominence of Margam Kali today. Hadusa has released a text titled "Margam kali Aattaprakaaram" which is considered as an authentic reference material for this art form. {{sfn|Karukaparambil|2005|pp=497}}

{{Multiple image
| align =
| direction =
| total_width =
| image1 = Advika_VAST_2020_Margamkali_09.jpg
| alt1 =
| caption1 =
| image2 = Advika_VAST_2020_Margamkali_10.jpg
| caption2 =
| footer = Women wearing Margamkali dress as part of a performance in a college arts festival
}}

==Performance==
[[File:Knanaya Margam Kali.jpg|thumb|Knanaya Margam Kali]]
Typically, a dozen dancers sing and dance clapping around a ''[[Nilavilakku]]'' wearing the traditional "''[[Chattayum Mundum]]''". The lamp represents Christ and the performers his disciples. The performance is usually held in two parts ("padham") and begins with songs and dances narrating the life of [[Thomas the Apostle|Saint Thomas]], the apostle. It then takes a striking turn with a martial play of artificial swords and shields. Margamkali does not use any instruments other than two small palm size cymbals played by the same person who sings the song.
It was originally played by men and afterwards by boys, but nowadays women also perform the dance.<ref>The Hosten pictures of 1924 published by Prof. George Menachery may be referred to</ref>

==Today==
Currently both Margamkali and [[Parichamuttukali]] are included in the State Youth Festival of Kerala. This makes these art forms a competitive item in the Four-tier system (i.e. School, Sub District, Revenue and State level) Youth festival.<ref>The efforts of Prof. George Menachery was met with the approval of Minister T. M. Jacob in introducing this item in the State Youth Festival</ref> Margam Kali is performed mainly by women in cultural shows and by school children in a variety of competitions.<ref name="nasrani.net">{{cite web|url=https://www.nasrani.net/2009/05/04/margam-kali-history-theme-early-reference-and-modern-developments/|title=Margam Kali – History, Text, Lyrics, Theme, Early Reference and Modern Developments|date=4 May 2009}}</ref>

==Bibliography==
* {{cite journal |last1= Ipe |first1= Ann |year= 2015 |title= A Content Analysis of the Changes in Margamkali and Its Present Scenario |journal= Xavierian Research Journal |volume= 3 |publisher= St. Xavier's College for Women }}
* {{cite book | last=Karukaparambil |first= George|year=2005|title= Marganitha Kynanaitha: Knanaya Pearl |publisher= Deepika Book House|asin= B076GCH274}}
* {{cite book | last=Vellian |first= Jacob|year=1990|title= Crown, Veil, Cross: Marriage Rights |series= Syrian Church Series |volume=15|publisher= Anita Printers|oclc= 311292786}}
* {{cite book | last=Vellian |first= Jacob|year=2001|title= Knanite Community: History and Culture |volume=17|publisher= Jyothi Book House|oclc= 50077436}}

==See also==
* [[Arts of Kerala]]
* [[Kerala Folklore Academy]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category-inline}}

{{Culture of Kerala}}{{Dance in India}}

[[Category:Dances of Kerala]]

Next Generation Offshore Patrol Vessel (Indian Coast Guard)

2026-03-24T12:21:06Z

CarmenCarey59: Starting A Pg!

{{Short description|Indian Coast Guard offshore patrol vessel}}
{{distinguish|MDL-class patrol vessel}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox ship
| sclass = 2
|section1={{Infobox ship/image
| image =
| image_caption =
}}

|section2={{Infobox ship/class overview
| name = Next Generation Offshore Patrol Vessel
| builders = [[Mazagon Dock]], [[Mumbai]], India
| operators = {{coast guard|India}}
| class_before = {{sclass|Vikram|offshore patrol vessel|4||2017}}
| class_after =
| subclasses =
| cost = *{{INRConvert|1614.89|c|lk=on|year=2023}}
*{{INRConvert|269.14|c|lk=on|year=2023}} per unit (FY 2023)
| built_range = 2024 – present
| in_service_range =
| in_commission_range =
| total_ships_building = 4
| total_ships_planned = 6
| total_ships_completed = 0
}}

|section3={{Infobox ship/characteristics
| hide_header =
| header_caption =
| type = [[Patrol vessel|Offshore Patrol vessel]]
| displacement = {{Cvt|3000|t|LT|0|lk=on}}
| length = {{Cvt|117|m|ftin}}
| beam = {{Cvt|16.4|m|ftin}}
| draught = <{{Cvt|4|m|ftin}}
| power =
| propulsion = * 2 × diesel engines
* Controllable pitch propeller-based propulsion system
| speed = *>{{Convert|23|kn|lk=in}} (maximum)
*{{Convert|14|kn|lk=in}} (cruise)
| range = {{cvt|6000|nmi|lk=in}} at {{Convert|14|kn|lk=in}} with 25% reserve fuel
| endurance = 60 days
| boats =
| troops =
| complement = 11 officers and 110 sailors
| sensors =
| EW =
| armament = 1 × [[Naval gun|main gun]]
| aircraft = 1 × {{convert|10|t|LT|lk=on|abbr=on}} helicopter with facility for [[Unmanned aerial vehicle|UAVs]]
| aircraft_facilities = *[[Helipad]] with enclosed [[hangar]] (1 × multi-role helicopter or [[Unmanned aerial vehicle|UAVs]])
| notes =
}}
}}

The '''Next Generation Offshore Patrol Vessel''' is a series of six [[patrol vessel|offshore patrol vesssel]] (OPVs) being built for the [[Indian Coast Guard]] by [[Mazagon Dock]] in [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]].

== History ==
The next generation offshore patrol vessels are a follow on of {{sclass|Vikram|offshore patrol vessel|4||2017}}. Unlike, the previous offshore patrol vessels in service with the coast guard, the ''MDL class'' will be the largest patrol vessel with a length of {{Cvt|115|m|ftin}} and a displacement of {{Cvt|3000|t|LT|0|lk=on}}.<ref name="PIB-201223">{{cite press release|url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1988688|title=Ministry of Defence signs Rs 1,614.89 crore contract with Mazagon Dockyard Shipbuilders Ltd for procurement of six Next Generation Offshore Patrol Vessels for Indian Coast Guard|work=PIB|date=2023-12-20}}</ref><ref name="NN-201223">{{cite web|url=https://www.navalnews.com/naval-news/2023/12/indian-mod-taps-mdl-for-six-next-generation-opvs-for-coast-guard/|title=Indian MoD taps MDL for Six Next Generation OPVs for Coast Guard|work=Naval News|date=2023-12-20}}</ref>

The contract for the offshore patrol vessel was signed by [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defense]] for [[Indian Coast Guard]] on 20 December 2023 with [[Mazagon Dock Shipbuilders]]. The total value of the contract was kept at {{INRConvert|1614.89|c|lk=on|year=2022}} or {{INRConvert|269.14|c|lk=on|year=2023}} per unit (FY 2023).<ref name="PIB-220621">{{cite press release|url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1729353|title= MoD signs contract with GSL for construction of two Pollution Control Vessels for Indian Coast Guard |work=PIB|date=2021-06-22}}</ref>

The primary aim for the procurement is to bolster Indian Coast Guard capability to carry our constabulary role and further strengthen search and rescue, pollution response, human and disaster response, anti smuggling and anti-piracy, ocean surveillance and monitoring of Sea lines of communication (SLOCs). and other coast guard duties. The other major benefit from the project is to fortify marine policing and boost the local shipbuilding capability by manufacturing the ship in-house by [[Mazagon Dock]].<ref name="MDL-191224">{{cite web|url=https://mazagondock.in/images/pdf/Plate%20Cutting%20ceremony%20of%20first_FPV%20&%20NGOPV_19122024.pdf|title=PLATE CUTTING CEREMONY OF FIRST FAST PATROL VESSEL AND SECOND NGOPV AT MDL|work=MDL|date=2024-12-19}}</ref>

Four of these ships will replace the aging {{sclass|Samar|offshore patrol vessel|4}} and the remaining two will further bolster the Indian coast guard capability.<ref name="PIB-201223"/>

== Design ==
The vessels have a length of {{convert|115|m|ftin}} and a [[Beam (nautical)|beam]] of {{convert|16.4|m|ftin}} with a design speed of over >{{convert|23|kn|lk=in}}. These vessels will be the largest ships in the Indian Coast Guard fleet at around {{Cvt|3000|t|LT|0|lk=on}}.<ref name="RFI-OPV">{{cite web|url=https://mod.gov.in/dod/sites/default/files/RFI%20for%2006%20OPVs.pdf|title=REQUEST FOR INFORMATION (RFI) FOR ACQUISITION OF 06 OFFSHORE PATROL VESSELS (OPVs)|work=Ministry of Defence|access-date=2025-06-02}}</ref>

These vessels will be equipped with twin Controllable Pitch Propellers driven by 2 diesel engines providing 9000 kW of combined power. The ship will have a provision of a Helo deck and helo hangar for stowage and operation of one integral [[HAL Dhruv]] with an all up weight (AUW) of {{convert|6|t|LT|lk=on|abbr=on}} with further provision to house a {{convert|10|t|LT|lk=on|abbr=on}} helicopter along with UAVs.<ref name="RFI-OPV"/>

The ship will be equipped with 2 self contained articulated cranes of 2 tons lifting capacity along with 2 external [[Firefighting|fire fighting]] pumps with 1200 TPH capacity each. To tackle newer challenges these vessels will house multipurpose Drones, [[Artificial intelligence|AI]] capability, and wireless controlled remote water rescue craft [[Lifebuoy]], etc. enabling greater flexibility and operational edge to the ICG.<ref name="RFI-OPV"/><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-20 |title=Mazagon Dock, Cochin Shipyard bag big orders from Ministry of Defence |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/markets/mazagon-dock-cochin-shipyard-bag-big-orders-from-ministry-of-defence-11934121.html |access-date=2023-12-21 |website=Moneycontrol |language=en}}</ref>

Some of the capabilities that the class of Offshore Patrol Vessels introduces to the [[List of equipment of the Indian Coast Guard|Coast Guard fleet]] includes AI-based [[predictive maintenance]], Remote Piloted Drones, [[Integrated bridge system|Integrated Bridge System]] (IBS), and Integrated Platform Management System (IPMS).<ref name="PIB-220725" />

These Multi-role State-of-the-Art vessels will be sea worthy to transits on all headings up to [[sea state]] 7. These ships will have dual certification of American Bureau of Shipping (ABS) and [[Indian Register of Shipping]] (IRS). These ships will adhere to [[MARPOL 73/78|MARPOL]] standards and have a service life of 30 years.<ref name="RFI-OPV"/>

== Construction ==

The contract for the offshore patrol vessel was signed by [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defense]] on 20 December 2023 with [[Mazagon Dock Shipbuilders]]. The total value of the contract was kept at {{INRConvert|1614.89|c|lk=on|year=2022}}
The deal has a completion timeline of 66 months. The primary aim is to augment coast guard capability by introducing state of the facility and longer endurance to better tackle challenges arising at sea.<ref name="PIB-201223"/>

Construction began with the plate cutting ceremony for the first ship (Y16401) on 31 May 2024 with dignitaries from Indian Coast Guard gracing the occasion.<ref name="PIB-310524">{{cite press release|url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2022343|title= Steel-cutting ceremony for first Next-Generation Offshore Patrol Vessel of ICG held at Mazagon Dock Shipbuilders Limited, Mumbai |work=PIB|date=2024-05-31}}</ref><ref name="TH-010624">{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/construction-begins-on-next-gen-opvs-for-coast-guard/article68236701.ece|title= Construction begins on next-gen OPVs for Coast Guard |work=The Hindu|date=2024-06-01}}</ref> Keel for the first OPV was laid down on 22 July 2025.<ref name="PIB-220725">{{cite press release |title=Keel Laid for First Next Generation Offshore Patrol Vessel of ICG at MDL Mumbai |date=2025-07-22 |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2146825}}</ref>

The work on the second ship (Y16402) began on 21 December 2024 coinciding with the construction of first FPV of Indian Coast Guard.<ref name="TMM-211122">{{cite web|url=https://themachinemaker.com/news/mazagon-dock-shipbuilders-starts-production-of-fast-patrol-vessel-and-offshore-patrol-vessel-for-coast-guard/|title= Mazagon Dock Shipbuilders Starts Production of Fast Patrol Vessel and Offshore Patrol Vessel for Coast Guard |work=The Machine Maker|date=2024-12-21}}</ref><ref name="PSW-211224">{{cite web|url=https://psuwatch.com/defencewatch/mdl-commences-production-of-the-first-fast-patrol-vessel|title=MDL commences production of the first Fast Patrol Vessel|work=PSU Watch|date=2024-12-21}}</ref> Keel for the second and the third vessel was laid on 17 March 2026 at Yeoman Shipyard, [[Ratnagiri]].<ref name=":0">{{cite press release |title=Keel laying of two Next Generation Offshore Patrol Vessels for ICG |date=2026-03-18 |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2241660 |access-date=2026-03-19}}</ref><ref name="X-170326">{{cite tweet|number=2033862897387094478|title=Keel for the 2nd and 3rd Next Generation Offshore Patrol Vessels (Project 06 NGOPVs) for the Indian Coast Guard was laid today at Yeoman Marine Services Pvt. Ltd., Ratnagiri|user=MazagonDockLtd|date=17 March 2026}}</ref>

Commencement of the production of the third vessel (Y16403) was done along with the second vessel of FPV project on 24 March 2025.<ref name="MDL-240325">{{cite web|url=https://mazagondock.in/English/Events/ViewEvent/288|title=COMMNCEMENT OF PLATE CUTTING CEREMONY FOR INDIAN COAST GUARD FPV02(Yard -16502), NGOPV03(Yard - 16403) |work=MDL|date=2025-03-24}}</ref>

The construction of the fourth OPV began on 20 August 2025.<ref name="PIB-2008252">{{cite press release |title=Plate Cutting Ceremony of ICG's Fourth NGOPV Held at MDL, Mumbai |date=20 August 2025 |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2158444 |access-date=21 August 2025}}</ref>

The delivery of the project has been scheduled from 2027 onward, with the delivery of first and second ship is slated in May 2027 and December 2027 respectively.<ref name="PIB-201223"/><ref name="TMM-211122"/>

== Ships in class ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Name
!Yard
![[Pennant number|Pennant No.]]
!Steel Cutting
!Keel Laid
!Launched
!Commissioned
!Home Port
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| 22 July 2025<ref name="PIB-220725"/>
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== See also ==
{{Portal|India}}
* [[List of future and historical equipment of the Indian Coast Guard|Future Equipment of the Indian Coast Guard]]
* [[Next Generation Offshore Patrol Vessel (Indian Navy)]]

== References ==
<references responsive="0"></references>

{{Ship classes of the Indian Coast Guard}}

[[Category:Indian Coast Guard]]
[[Category:Patrol boats of India]]

Jesus in Islam

2026-03-15T16:37:35Z

CarmenCarey59: minor adjusted references for accuracy and corrected details

{{Short description|Penultimate prophet in Islam}}
{{Hatnote|In Islam, ''Isa'' refers to Jesus. For other uses, see [[Isa (disambiguation)]] and [[Isa (name)]].}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022|cs1-dates=ly}}{{Use Oxford spelling|date = January 2025}}
{{Infobox religious biography
| religion = [[Islam]]
| honorific_prefix = [[Prophets and messengers in Islam|Prophet]]
| name = ʿĪsā
| other_names = ''See'' [[Names and titles of Jesus in the Quran]]
| honorific_suffix = [[Islamic honorifics|Alayhi as-Salam]]
| image = Spencer Coll. Persian MS. 46 fol 152v Isa and disciples eat food from heaven.jpg
| caption = Isa feeding his disciples with food from heaven, 1580 Persian manuscript.
| native_name = عيسى [[Jesus]]
| native_name_lang = ar
| birth_date = {{circa}} 4 [[Before Common Era|BCE]]
| birth_place = [[Herodian Kingdom]] or [[Judea (Roman province)|Judea]], [[Roman Empire]]
| known_for = *[[Virgin birth of Jesus|Born of a virgin]]
*Receiving the [[Injeel|Injīl]]
*Being the [[Messiah]]
*Performing [[Miracles of Jesus|miracles]]
*[[Ascension of Jesus|Ascended to heaven]] after [[Islamic views on Jesus's death|escaping crucifixion, death, and resurrection]] {{circa}} 33 [[Common Era|CE]], [[Gethsemane]], [[Jerusalem in Islam|Jerusalem]], Judea, Roman Empire
*[[Second Coming#Islam|Arrive for a second time]] to kill the [[Al-Masih ad-Dajjal|Dajjal]]
| notable_works =
| office1 = [[Prophet of Islam]]
| predecessor1 = [[John the Baptist in Islam|Yahya]]
| successor1 = [[Muhammad in Islam|Muhammad]]
| parents = [[Mary in Islam|Maryam bint Imran]] (mother)
| relatives = {{ubl|[[Zechariah in Islam|Zakariyyā]] (adoptive maternal grandfather)|[[John the Baptist in Islam|Yaḥyā ibn Zakariyyā]] (maternal cousin)}}
| footnotes =
}}
{{Jesus}}
{{Islamic prophets|Prophets in the Quran}}
In [[Islam]], [[Jesus]] ({{langx|ar|{{Script|Arab|عيسى بن مريم}}|lit=Jesus, son of [[Mary in Islam|Mary]]|translit=ʿĪsā ibn Maryam}}), referred to by the Arabic rendering of his name '''Isa''', is believed to be the penultimate [[Prophets and messengers in Islam|prophet and messenger]] of [[God in Islam|God]] (''[[Allāh]]'') and the [[messiah]]. He was the last of the messengers sent to the [[Israelites]] ({{transliteration|ar|Banī Isra'īl}}), and carried a [[Islamic holy books|revelation]] called the {{transliteration|ar|[[Gospel in Islam|Injīl]]}} (Evangel or Gospel). In the [[Quran]], Jesus is described as the Messiah ({{Langx|ar|المسيح|al-Masīḥ}}), [[Virgin_birth_of_Jesus|born of a virgin]], performing miracles, accompanied by his disciples, and rejected by the [[Judaism|Jewish]] establishment; in contrast to the traditional [[Christianity|Christian]] narrative, however, he is stated neither to have been crucified, nor executed, nor to have been [[Resurrection of Jesus|resurrected]]. Rather, it is stated that it appeared to the Jews as if they had executed him and that they therefore say they killed Jesus, who had in truth ascended into Heaven. The Quran places Jesus among the greatest prophets and mentions him with [[Names and titles of Jesus in the Quran|various titles]]. The prophethood of Jesus is preceded by that of [[John the Baptist in Islam|Yaḥyā ibn Zakariyyā]] ([[John the Baptist]]) and succeeded by [[Muhammad]], the latter coming of whom Jesus is reported in the Quran to have foretold under the name [[Ahmad]].

Most Christians view Jesus as [[Incarnation (Christianity)|God incarnate]], the [[Son of God]] in human flesh, but the Quran denies the divinity of Jesus and his status as Son of God in several verses, and also says that Jesus did not claim to be personally God nor the Son of God. Islam teaches that Jesus' original message was [[Tahrif|altered]] ({{transliteration|ar|taḥrīf}}) after his being raised alive. The [[Tawhid|monotheism]] ({{transliteration|ar|tawḥīd}}) of Jesus is emphasized in the Quran. Like all prophets in Islam, Jesus is also called a [[Muslims|Muslim]] (''lit. submitter [to [[God in Abrahamic religions|God]]]''), as he preached that his followers should adopt the '[[Sirat al-Mustaqim|straight path]]' ({{transliteration|ar|Ṣirāṭ al-Mustaqīm}}). Jesus is attributed with a vast number of miracles in Islamic tradition.

In their views of [[Islamic eschatology#Isa (Jesus)|Islamic eschatology]], most accounts state that Jesus will return in the [[Second Coming#Islam|Second Coming]] to kill the {{transliteration|ar|[[Al-Masih ad-Dajjal]]}} ('The False Messiah'), after which the ancient tribe of [[Gog and Magog]] ({{transliteration|ar|Yaʾjūj Maʾjūj}}) will disperse. After God eliminates them, Jesus will assume rulership of the world, establish peace and justice, and die a natural death, being buried alongside Muhammad in the fourth reserved tomb of the [[Green Dome]] in [[Medina]].

The place where Jesus is believed to return, the [[Umayyad Mosque]] in [[Damascus]], is highly esteemed by Muslims as the [[Holiest sites in Islam|fourth holiest site of Islam]]. Jesus is widely venerated in [[Sufism]], with numerous [[Asceticism#Islam|ascetic]] and [[Sufi literature|mystic literature]] written and recited about him where he is often portrayed as the paragon of asceticism, divine love, and inner purity.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cook |first=David |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv1b9f5v8 |title=Studies in Muslim Apocalyptic |date=2021 |publisher=Gerlach Press |isbn=978-3-95994-120-4 |doi=10.2307/j.ctv1b9f5v8 |jstor=j.ctv1b9f5v8 }}</ref>{{sfn|Leirvik|2010|pp=66–71}}

== Quran ==
Jesus is referred to in the Quran throughout 15 [[surah]]s.<ref>Anawati, G. C. (2012). ʿĪsā. In P. Bearman (ed.), Encyclopaedia of Islam New Edition Online (EI-2 English). Brill. https://doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0378</ref> The [[Quran]] emphasizes Jesus as a prophet, unique in creation, born out of a virgin, and messenger from God.<ref>Thomas, D. (2006). The encounter of Eastern Christianity with early Islam. In The Encounter of Eastern Christianity with Early Islam. Brill. p. 188</ref> He is usually referred to as {{tlit|ar|Īsā ibn Maryam}} (Jesus son of Mary), {{tlit|ar|al-Masih ibn Maryam}} (The Christ son of Mary), {{tlit|ar|al-Masīḥ}}{{snd}}and a few times in 23:50 and 43:57 as {{tlit|ar|Ibn Maryam}} (Son of Mary).<ref>Anawati, G. C. (2012). ʿĪsā. In P. Bearman (ed.), Encyclopaedia of Islam New Edition Online (EI-2 English). Brill. https://doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0378</ref><ref>Thomas, D. (2006). The encounter of Eastern Christianity with early Islam. In The Encounter of Eastern Christianity with Early Islam. Brill. p. 189</ref> Jesus is described as God's word ({{tlit|ar|kalima}}), which appears to be the equivalent of the Greek ''logos'', imparted to Mary and to be his spirit.<ref>Thomas, D. (2006). The encounter of Eastern Christianity with early Islam. In The Encounter of Eastern Christianity with Early Islam. Brill. p. 189</ref> Yet, the Quran rejects the identification of Jesus as God (Surah 5:73, 116) in order to protect God's absolute unity ({{tlit|ar|tawhid}}).<ref>Thomas, D. (2006). The encounter of Eastern Christianity with early Islam. In The Encounter of Eastern Christianity with Early Islam. Brill. p. 189</ref> Jesus is understood to have preached salvation through submission to God's will and worshipping God alone. Quran 5:116 states that Jesus will ultimately deny claiming divinity.<ref>{{qref|5|116|pl=y}}.</ref> Thus, he is considered to have been a Muslim by the religious definition of the term (i.e., one who submits to God's will).{{sfn|Khalidi|2001|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=pE57rmPaM58C&pg=PA75 75]}}{{sfn|Fasching|deChant|2001|p=241}}

== Birth ==
{{Main|Nativity of Jesus}}
{{See also|Maryam (surah)|Mary in Islam}}

Islam's account of Jesus begins with a prologue narrated several times in the [[Quran]] which first describes the birth of his mother, Mary, and her service in the [[Second Temple|Jerusalem temple]] while under the care of the prophet [[Zechariah in Islam|Zechariah]], who would become the father of [[John the Baptist in Islam|Yahya]] ([[John the Baptist#Islam|John the Baptist]]). The Quran's birth narrative of Jesus begins at {{qref|19|16-34|b=y|pl=y}} and {{qref|3|45-53|pl=y}}.{{sfn|Watt|2013|p=18}} This birth narrative has been recounted with certain variations and detailed additions by Islamic historians over the centuries. In the matter of the [[virgin birth of Jesus]], while Islamic theology affirms Mary as a pure vessel, it does not follow the concept of [[Immaculate Conception]] as related to Mary's birth in some Christian traditions.{{Sfn|Kearns|2008|pp=254–255}}{{Sfn|McDowell|Walker|2013|p=12}}{{sfn|Leirvik|2010|p=47}}

=== Annunciation ===
{{See also|Annunciation}}
[[File:The Remaining Signs of Past Centuries - Annunciation.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Annunciation]], from ''[[The Remaining Signs of Past Centuries]]'', copied in 1307]]

Islamic exegesis affirms the virginal birth of Jesus – similarly to the Gospel account and occurring in [[Bethlehem]].{{sfn|Watt|2013|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=_qxlAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA19 19]}} The narrative of the virgin birth opens with an announcement to Mary by the angel [[Gabriel]] while Mary is being raised in the [[Second Temple|Temple]] after having been pledged to God by her mother. Gabriel states she is honored over all women of all nations and has brought her glad tidings of a pure son.{{sfn|Khalidi|2001|p=[https://archive.org/details/muslimjesussayin00/page/51 51]–94}}

Gabriel declares the son is to be named Jesus, the Messiah, proclaiming he will be called a great prophet. Mary, asking how she could conceive and have a child when no man had touched her, was answered by the angel that God can decree what he wills, and that it shall come to pass.{{sfn|Leirvik|2010|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=IEUdCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA58 58]}}

The narrative from the Quran continues with Mary, overcome by the pains of childbirth, being provided with a stream of water under her feet from which she could drink, and with a palm tree which she could shake so ripe dates would fall and she be enjoyed. After giving birth, Mary carries the baby Jesus back to the temple and is asked by the temple elders about the child. Having been commanded by Gabriel to a vow of silence, she points to the infant Jesus and the infant proclaims:

{{blockquote|˹Jesus˺ declared, “I am truly a servant of Allah. He has destined me to be given the Scripture and to be a prophet. 
He has made me a blessing wherever I go, and bid me to establish prayer and give alms-tax as long as I live, 
and to be kind to my mother. He has not made me arrogant or defiant. 
Peace be upon me the day I was born, the day I die, and the day I will be raised back to life!”|{{qref|19|30-33|c=y}}{{sfn|Watt|2013|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=_qxlAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA31 31]}}}}

Jesus speaking from the cradle is one of six miracles attributed to him in the Quran, an account which is also found in the [[Syriac Infancy Gospel]], a sixth-century work.<ref>{{cite journal|last= Zebiri|first= Kate|date= March 2000|title=Contemporary Muslim Understanding of the Miracles of Jesus|journal=The Muslim World|volume= 90 |issue=1–2|pages= 71–90|doi=10.1111/j.1478-1913.2000.tb03682.x}}</ref>{{sfn|Leirvik|2010|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=IEUdCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA34 34]}} According to various [[hadith]]s, Jesus and Mary did not cry at birth.{{sfn|Glassé|2001|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=focLrox-frUC&pg=PA240 239]}}

=== Birth narratives ===
[[File:Maryamat the palm tree with baby Isa.jpg|thumb|Maryam (left) shakes the palm tree under which the nativity occurred according to the Quran; baby Isa is on the right.]]
The Islamic faith echoed some strands within the Christian tradition that Mary (or Maryam) was a literal virgin when Jesus was conceived. The most detailed account of the annunciation and birth of Jesus is provided in [[Surah]] 3 ([[Al Imran]]) and 19 ([[Maryam (surah)|Maryam]]) of the Quran, where the story is narrated that God (Allah) sent an angel to announce that Maryam could shortly expect to bear a son, despite being a virgin.<ref name=Sarker >Sarker, Abraham,''Understand My Muslim People'', 2004, {{ISBN|1-59498-002-0}}, p. 260.</ref>

The Qurʾanic birth narrative closely resembles ones found in [[New Testament apocrypha|Christian apocryphal texts]], which modern scholars consider the Qurʾanic account to be dependent on.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Shoemaker |first=Stephen J. |year=2003 |title=Christmas in the Qurʾān: The Qurʾānic Account of Jesus' Nativity and Palestinian Local Tradition |url=https://islamspring2012.voices.wooster.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/192/2018/10/Shoemaker_christmas-in-the-Quran.pdf |journal=Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam |volume=28 |pages=21 |quote=On this basis we may speculate that what was originally the setting of the story, a desert oasis, later was transformed into a miraculous event in itself, resulting in the belief that a spring suddenly gushed forth in the desert at Christ’s command, as the Gospel of Ps.-Matthew describes. Nevertheless, if we have identified historical conditions that make possible the Qurʾan's borrowing of this early Christian legend, we still have not oﬀered any explanation for the Qurʾan's somewhat unlikely transformation of this event associated with the flight into Egypt in the Christian tradition into the basis of its account of Jesus' Nativity. The dependence of the Qurʾanic Nativity account on these earlier Christian traditions of Mary and the date palm is all but certain: as modern Qurʾanic scholarship has frequently recognized, the similarities are just too striking to be mere chance.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Reynolds |first=Gabriel Said | author-link = Gabriel Said Reynolds |url=https://almuslih.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/Reynolds-G-The-Quran-and-the-Bible-Text-and-Commentary.pdf |title=The Qurʾān and the Bible: Text and Commentary |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2018 |pages=476–477 |quote=The Qurʾān here (cf. 3:45–47; 5:110) describes the birth of Jesus in a way that contrasts with the canonical Gospels but is closely related to two apocryphal Gospels. The first is the Protoevangelium of James [...] The second is the Gospel of Pseudo-Matthew (a Latin text likely dating from the early seventh century, dependent on earlier traditions) [...] |access-date=2025-10-13}}</ref> The primary two accounts the Quʾran is thought to recount in some way are found in the Latin [[Gospel of Pseudo-Matthew]] which features a Maryam date-palm (and spring) miracle in Egypt and the [[Gospel of James]]{{Efn|Which is itself the primary source the Gospel of Pseudo-Matthew reworks.}} which features a remote/cave birth narrative. Of additional importance are also the pictorial mosaics found in the [[Church of the Seat of Mary]], which was converted into a mosque and served as the primary architectural inspiration for the [[Dome of the Rock]]. These mosaics already display the narrative conflation between the remote birth and the date-palm episode later found in the Quʾran. They thereby likely attest the Palestinian oral tradition recounted by the author of the Quʾran.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Shoemaker |first=Stephen J. |year=2003 |title=Christmas in the Qurʾān: The Qurʾānic Account of Jesus' Nativity and Palestinian Local Tradition |url=https://islamspring2012.voices.wooster.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/192/2018/10/Shoemaker_christmas-in-the-Quran.pdf |journal=Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam |volume=28 |pages=11–39}}</ref>

Despite common objections that the [[New Testament Canon|canonical Biblical]] accounts share little resemblance to the Qurʾanic account,<ref>{{cite journal |last=Shoemaker |first=Stephen J. |year=2003 |title=Christmas in the Qurʾān: The Qurʾānic Account of Jesus' Nativity and Palestinian Local Tradition |url=https://islamspring2012.voices.wooster.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/192/2018/10/Shoemaker_christmas-in-the-Quran.pdf |journal=Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam |volume=28 |page=16 }}</ref> some academics have argued that [[Surah]] 19 is particularly close to that in the canonical Christian [[Gospel of Luke]].<ref>Jackson, Montell, ''Islam Revealed'', 2003, {{ISBN|1-59160-869-4}}, p. 73.</ref> The Annunciation to Mary is mentioned twice in the Quran, and in both instances Mary/Maryam is told that she was chosen by God to deliver a son. In the first instance, the bearer of the news (who is believed by most Muslims to be the archangel Gabriel), delivered the news in ({{qref|3|42-47|pl=y}}) as he takes the form of a man ({{qref|19|16-22|pl=y}}).<ref name="Peters23">{{cite book|last=Peters|first=Francis Edward|author-link=Francis Edward Peters | title=Islam: A Guide for Jews and Christians|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HYJ2c9E9IM8C&pg=PA23|year=2009|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-1-4008-2548-6|page=23}}</ref><ref name="Phyllis558">Jestice, Phyllis G., ''Holy people of the world: a cross-cultural encyclopedia, Volume 1'', 2004, {{ISBN|1-57607-355-6}}, pp. 558–559</ref> The details of the conception according to {{qref|66|12|pl=y}} and {{qref|21|89|pl=y}} are that Mary conceives Jesus by having him blown into her womb through the spirit (i.e. archangel Gabriel). Mary asks how she can bear a son in view of her chastity and is told that God creates what he wills and that these things are easy for God.<ref name="Peters23" />

More recently [[Suleiman Ali Mourad]] began to look at broader mythological traditions of antiquity, rather than only identifying well-established pre-Islamic Christian intertexts. He thereby identified divine birth narratives as general sources and particularly [[Apollo#Birth|the birth of the Greek god, Apollo]], as a prototype for the Quranic account.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Michael |first=Marx |title=The Qur'ān in Context. Historical and Literary Investigations into the Qur'ānic Milieu |date=2011 |publisher=Brill |editor-last=Neuwirth |editor-first=A. |location=Leiden |pages=538–539 |chapter=Glimpses of a Mariology in the Qur'an |editor-last2=Sinai |editor-first2=Nicolai |editor-last3=Marx |editor-first3=Michael}}</ref>

The 8th-century Muslim historian [[Ibn Ishaq]] (704–767), wrote the account entitled {{transliteration|ar|Kitab al-Mubtada}} ('In the Beginning'), reporting that Zechariah is Mary's guardian briefly, and after being incapable of maintaining her, he entrusts her to a carpenter named George. Secluded in a church, she is joined by a young man named Joseph, and they help one another fetching water and other tasks. The account of the birth of Jesus follows the Quran's narrative, adding that the birth occurred in [[Bethlehem]] beside a palm tree with a manger.{{Sfn|Watt|1991|p=39}}
[[File:Maryam and Isa.jpg|left|thumb|Maryam holding the baby Isa.]]
The 10th-century Persian scholar [[al-Tabari]] (839–923) mentions envoys arriving from the king of Persia with gifts (similar to the [[Biblical Magi|Magi from the east]]) for the Messiah; the command to a man called Joseph (not specifically Mary's husband) to take her and the child to Egypt and later return to [[Nazareth]].{{sfn|Watt|2013|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=_qxlAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA46 46]}}

The [[Fatimid Caliphate|Fatimid]] [[Isma'ilism|Ismaili]] jurist [[Al-Qadi al-Nu'man|Qadi al-Nu'man]] also contributed to the narrative, explaining that the virgin birth of Jesus is meant to be interpreted symbolically. In his interpretation, Mary was the follower ({{transliteration|ar|lāḥiq}}), of the Imam Joachim ('Imran). However, when Joachim realized that she was not suited for the {{transliteration|ar|[[Imamate in Ismaili doctrine|Imamah]]}}, he passed it to Zechariah, who then passed it to John the Baptist. Meanwhile, Mary received spiritual inspiration ({{transliteration|ar|mādda}}) from God, revealing that he would invite a man (to the faith) who would become an exalted Speaker ({{transliteration|ar|nāṭiq}}) of a revealed religion ({{transliteration|ar|sharīʿa}}). According to al-Nu'man, the Quran verses "She said: Lord! How can I have a child when no man has touched me?" ({{qref|3|47|pl=y}}) and "neither have I been unchaste" ({{qref|19|20|pl=y}}) are symbolic of Mary's saying, "How can I conduct the invitation ({{transliteration|ar|daʿwa}}) when the Imam of the Time has not given me permission to do so?" and "Nor shall I be unfaithful by acting against his command", respectively. To this, a celestial hierarch replies "Such is God. He creates [i.e., causes to pass] what he wills" ({{qref|3|47|b=y|pl=y}}).<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Virani|first=Shafique|title=Hierohistory in Qāḍī l-Nuʿmān's Foundation of Symbolic Interpretation (Asās al-Taʾwīl): The Birth of Jesus|url=https://www.academia.edu/41992496|journal=Studies in Islamic Historiography|year=2019|pages=147–169|language=en|doi=10.1163/9789004415294_007|isbn=9789004415294|s2cid=214047322}}</ref>

== Childhood ==
{{Main|Finding in the Temple}}
{{See also|Flight into Egypt|Infancy Gospel of Thomas}}

The Quran does not include the tradition of the [[Flight into Egypt]], though {{transliteration|ar|[[sūrah]]}} 23:50 could conceivably allude to it: "And we made the son of Maryam and his mother a sign; and we made them abide in an elevated place, full of quiet and watered with springs."<ref>A. J. Wensinck and Penelope C. Johnstone, "Maryam", in ''Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition'', ed. by P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W. P. Heinrichs. Consulted online on 30 September 2018. {{doi|10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0692}}, {{ISBN|9789004161214}}.</ref> However, narratives similar to the narrative found in the Gospels and non-canonical sources circulated in later Islamic tradition, with some details and elaborations added over the centuries by Islamic writers and historians. Some narratives have Jesus and family staying [[Flight into Egypt|in Egypt]] up to 12 years.<ref name="Leirvik 2010, p. 59-60">{{harvnb|Leirvik|2010|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=IEUdCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA59 59–60]}}.</ref> Many moral stories and miraculous events of Jesus' youth are mentioned in {{transliteration|ar|[[Qisas al-anbiya]]}} ('Stories of the Prophets'), books composed over the centuries about [[Pre-Islamic Arabia|pre-Islamic]] prophets and heroes.{{sfn|Leirvik|2010|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=IEUdCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA58 58]}}

Al-Masudi wrote that Jesus as a boy studied the Jewish religion reading from the [[Zabur|Psalms]] and found "traced in characters of light":

{{blockquote|You are my son and my beloved; I have chosen you for myself}}

with Jesus then claiming:

{{blockquote|Today the word of God is fulfilled in the son of man.{{sfn|Watt|2013|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=_qxlAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA46 46]}}}}

=== In Egypt ===
{{See also|Infancy Gospel of Thomas}}

Several narratives show some disparity and similarity in Islamic writings about Jesus' early childhood, specifically his time in Egypt with regard to duration and events. Most of the narratives are found in non-canonical Christian sources such as the pre-Islamic Gospel of Thomas. One such disparity is from al-Athir in his ''The Perfection of History'' which contains a birth narrative stating Jesus was born in Egypt instead of Bethlehem.{{Sfn|Watt|1991|pp=48–49}}

Some other narratives of Jesus' childhood are popular Middle Eastern lore as highlighted by professor of interfaith studies [[Mahmoud M. Ayoub]].{{sfn|Ayoub|1992|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=XCZaP4JLeKkC&pg=PA145 145]}} Many miracles are attributed to a young Jesus while in Egypt<ref name="Leirvik 2010, p. 59-60"/> (see the sections [[#Miracles|Miracles]] and [[#Other miracles|Other miracles]]).

== Adulthood ==
[[File:Yarden_034PAN2.JPG|right|upright=1.35|thumb|The [[Jordan River]], where Jesus was baptized by [[Yahya ibn Zakariya]] ([[John the Baptist]]){{sfn|Leirvik|2010|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=IEUdCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA64 64]}}]]

=== Mission ===
{{See also|Ministry of Jesus|Apostle (Islam)}}

It is generally agreed that Jesus spoke [[Galilean dialect|Galilean Aramaic]], a dialect of the [[lingua franca|common language]] of Judea in the first century and the region at-large.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia| encyclopedia=The Eerdmans Bible Dictionary|title=Aramaic|quote=It is generally agreed that Aramaic was the common language of Palestine in the first century AD. Jesus and his disciples spoke the Galilean dialect, which was distinguished from that of Jerusalem (Matt. 26:73)|page=72|isbn=978-0-8028-2402-8|editor=Allen C. Myers|location=Grand Rapids, Michigan|publisher=William B. Eerdmans|year=1987}}</ref>

The first and earliest view of Jesus formulated in Islamic thought is that of a prophet – a human being chosen by God to present both a judgment upon humanity and challenge to turn to the one true God. From this basis, reflected upon all previous prophets through the lens of Muslim identity, Jesus is considered no more than repeating a message of the ages. The miracles of Jesus and the Quranic titles attributed to him demonstrate the power of God rather than the divinity of Jesus – the same power behind the message of all prophets. Some Islamic traditions believe Jesus' mission was only to the children of Israel and his status as a prophet being confirmed by numerous miracles.{{sfn|Barker|Gregg|2010|p=83}}{{sfn|Barker|Gregg|2010|p=90}}

A second early high image of Jesus is an end-time figure. This concept arises mostly from the Hadith. Muslim tradition constructs a narrative similarly found in Christian theology, seeing Jesus arriving at the end of time and descending upon earth to fight the Antichrist. This narrative is understood to champion the cause of Islam, with some traditions narrating Jesus pointing to the primacy of Muhammad. Most traditions state Jesus will then die a natural death.{{sfn|Barker|Gregg|2010|p=84}}

A third and distinctive image is of Jesus representing an ascetic figure – a prophet of the heart. Although the Quran refers to the 'gospel' of Jesus, those specific teachings of his are not mentioned in the Quran or later religious texts. They are largely absent. The Sufi tradition is where Jesus became revered, acknowledged as a spiritual teacher with a distinctive voice from other prophets, including Muhammad. Sufism tends to explore the dimensions of union with God through many approaches, including asceticism, poetry, philosophy, speculative suggestion, and mystical methods. Although Sufism to the Western mind may seem to share similar origins or elements of Neoplatonism, Gnosticism, and Buddhism, the ideology is distinctly Islamic since they adhere to the words of the Quran and pursue imitation of Muhammad as the perfect man.{{sfn|Barker|Gregg|2010|p=85}}

=== Preaching ===
The Islamic concepts of Jesus' preaching is believed to have originated in [[Kufa]], Iraq, under the [[Rashidun Caliphate]] where the earliest writers of Muslim tradition and scholarship was formulated. The concepts of Jesus and his preaching ministry developed in Kufa was adopted from the early ascetic [[Arianism|Christians of Egypt]] who opposed official church bishopric appointments from Rome.{{sfn|Khalidi|2001|p=[https://archive.org/details/muslimjesussayin00/page/31 31]–36}}

The earliest stories, numbering about 85, are found in two major collections of [[Asceticism|ascetic]] literature entitled {{transliteration|ar|Kitab al-Zuhd wa'l Raqa'iq}} ('The Book of the Asceticism and Tender Mercies') by [[Abd Allah ibn al-Mubarak]] ({{abbr|d.|died}} 797), and {{transliteration|ar|Kitab al-Zuhd}} ('The Book of Asceticism') by [[Ahmad ibn Hanbal|Ibn Hanbal]] ({{abbr|d.|died}} 855). These sayings fall into four basic groups:

# eschatological sayings;
# quasi-Gospel sayings;
# ascetic sayings and stories;
# sayings echoing intra-Muslim polemics.{{sfn|Khalidi|2001|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=pE57rmPaM58C&pg=PA31 31]}}

The first group of sayings expands Jesus' [[archetype]] as portrayed in the Quran. The second group of stories, although containing a Gospel core, are expanded with a "distinctly Islamic stamp". The third group, being the largest of the four, portrays Jesus as a patron saint of Muslim asceticism. The last group builds upon the Islamic archetype and Muslim-centric definition of Jesus and his attributes, furthering esoteric ideas regarding terms such as "Spirit of God" and "Word of God" describing Jesus Christ, attributes given to the Islamic view of Jesus Christ as a holy angelic messenger divinely sent from heaven by God to his fleshly incarnation, like an [[Angel of the Lord]] in some other [[Messianic Christian]] traditions.{{sfn|Khalidi|2001|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=pE57rmPaM58C&pg=PA32 32]}}

== Miracles ==
{{main|Miracles of Jesus}}
{{See also|Infancy Gospel of Thomas}}

The Quran attributes at least six miracles to Jesus, with many more being added over the centuries by writers and historians. Miracles were attributed to Jesus as signs of his [[prophethood in Islam|prophethood]] and his authority, according to educator and professor Musa Al-Husayni ({{abbr|d.|died}} 1990), an author most known for {{transliteration|ar|Mudhakkirat Dajaja}} ('Memoirs of a Hen') (Cairo: Dar al-Maarif, 1943; 2nd ed. 1967). In ''Christ in the Quran and Modern Arabic Literature'' (1960), Al-Husayni said it is noteworthy Muhammad attributes no miracles to himself.{{sfn|Parrinder|1965|p=83}}

These six miracles in the Quran are without detail unlike the Gospel and their non-canonical Gnostic sources, which include details and mention other attributed miracles.{{sfn|Parrinder|1965|p=83}} Over the centuries, these six miracle narratives have been elaborated through Hadith and poetry, with religious writings including some of the other miracles mentioned in the Gospel, non-canonical sources, and from lore.<ref name="Leirvik 2010, p. 59-60"/>{{sfn|Ayoub|1992|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=XCZaP4JLeKkC&pg=PA145 145]}}

=== Speaking from the cradle ===
Speaking from the cradle is mentioned in three places in the Quran: {{qref|3|46|pl=y}}, {{qref|5|109-110|pl=y}} and {{qref|19|29-30|pl=y}}. Part of the narrative has the infant Jesus defending his mother Mary from the accusation of having given birth without a known husband.{{sfn|Parrinder|1965|p=78}} Early Islam was unclear about Joseph and his role. Jesus speaks as the angel Gabriel had mentioned at the annunciation: Jesus proclaims he is a servant of God, has been given a book, is a prophet, is blessed wherever he will go, blesses the day he was born, the day he will die, and the day he is raised alive.{{sfn|Parrinder|1965|pp=75–76}}

Although this particular narrative is not found in the [[Bible]], the theme of speaking from the cradle is found in the non-canonical pre-Islamic [[Syriac Infancy Gospel]]. The Syriac Infancy Gospel has Jesus declaring himself the Son of God, the [[Logos|Word]], and affirming what the angel [[Gabriel]] had previously announced to Mary as detailed in the Gospel.{{sfn|Parrinder|1965|p=78}}

=== Creating birds from clay ===
The miracle story of creating birds from clay and breathing life into them when a child is mentioned in {{qref|3|43-49|pl=y}}, {{qref|5|109-110|pl=y}}. Although this miracle is also not mentioned in the canonical Gospels, the same narrative is found in at least two pre-Islamic sources: the [[Infancy Gospel of Thomas]] and the Jewish [[Toledot Yeshu]], with few variant details between the Quran and these two sources.{{sfn|Leirvik|2010|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=IEUdCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA60 60]}}{{sfn|Parrinder|1965|pp=83–84}}

=== Healing the blind and the lepers ===
{{See also|Healing the two blind men in Galilee|Cleansing ten lepers}}

Similar to the [[New Testament]], the Quran mentions Jesus healing the blind and the [[Leprosy|lepers]] in {{qref|3|49|pl=y}}. Muslim scholar and judge [[Al-Baydawi]] ({{abbr|d.|died}} 1286) wrote how it was recorded that many thousands of people came to Jesus to be healed and that Jesus healed these diseases through prayer only.{{sfn|Parrinder|1965|p=85}} Medieval scholar [[Al-Tha'labi]] wrote about how these two particular diseases were beyond medical help, and Jesus' miracles were meant to be witnessed by others as clear signs of his message.{{sfn|Leirvik|2010|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=IEUdCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA60 60]}}

=== Raising the dead ===
Jesus is believed to have raised people from the dead, as mentioned in al-Imran {{qref|3|49|pl=y}}. Although no detail is given as to who was raised or the circumstance, at least three people are mentioned in detail in the Christian Gospel (a [[Raising of Jairus' daughter|daughter of Jairus]], a [[Raising of the son of the widow of Nain|widow's son]] at Nain, and [[Raising of Lazarus|Lazarus]]).{{sfn|Parrinder|1965|p=86}}

=== Prescience ===
Jesus was able to [[Precognition|predict]], or had [[Prophecy|foreknowledge]],<ref>{{cite book|last=Fudge|first=Bruce|date=7 April 2011|title=Qur'anic Hermeneutics: Al-Tabrisi and the Craft of Commentary (Routledge Studies in the Qur'an)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lWrLEup7pJcC&pg=PA60|location=United Kingdom|publisher=Routledge|page=60|isbn=978-0415782005}}</ref> of what was hidden or unknown to others. One example is Jesus would answer correctly any and every question anyone asked him. Another example is Jesus knew what people had just eaten, as well as what they had stored in their homes.<ref name="Leirvik 2010, p. 59-60"/>

=== Table of food from Heaven ===
{{Main|Feeding the multitude}}
{{See also|Last Supper}}

In the fifth chapter of the Quran, {{qref|5|112-115|c=y|pl=y}}, a narration mentions the disciples of Jesus requesting a table laden with food, and for it to be a special day of commemoration for them in the future. This may be a possible reference to the [[Eucharist]] according to professor of Islamic and Arabic studies [[W. Montgomery Watt]] ({{abbr|d.|died}} 2006).{{sfn|Watt|2013|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=_qxlAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA24 24]}} According to professor of comparative religions [[Geoffrey Parrinder]] ({{abbr|d.|died}} 2005), it is unclear if this story parallels the Gospel's [[Last Supper]] or the [[feeding the multitude]], but may be tied to the Arabic word {{transliteration|ar|ʿīd}} (Muslim festival):{{sfn|Parrinder|1965|p=87}}

{{Blockquote|<poem>5:112 ˹Remember˺ when the disciples asked, “O Jesus, son of Mary! Would your Lord be willing to send down to us a table spread with food from heaven?” Jesus answered, “Fear Allah if you are ˹truly˺ believers.”
5:113 They said, “We ˹only˺ wish to eat from it to reassure our hearts, to verify you are indeed truthful to us, and to become its witnesses.”
5:114 Jesus, son of Mary, prayed, “O Allah, our Lord! Send us from heaven a table spread with food as a feast for us—the first and last of us—and as a sign from You. Provide for us! You are indeed the Best Provider.”
5:115 Allah answered, “I am sending it down to you. But whoever among you denies afterwards will be subjected to a torment I have never inflicted on anyone of My creation.”</poem>|{{qref|5|112-115|c=y}}{{sfn|Watt|2013|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=_qxlAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA24 24]}}}}

In a record by the [[Sunnism|Sunni]] exegete [[Tabari]], before the last supper, the threat of death made him anxious. Therefore, Jesus invited his disciples for the last supper. After the meal, he washed their hands and performed their ablutions to wipe their hands on his clothing. Afterwards Jesus replied to them: "As for that I have done to you tonight, in that I served you the meal and washed your hands in person, let it be an example for you. Since you indeed consider me to be better than you, do not be haughty in relation to each other but rather expand yourselves for each other as I have expanded myself for you." After instructing the disciples in his teachings, Jesus foretells that one of them would deny him and another betray him. However, in accordance with [[Islamic views on Jesus' death]], just a corpse in semblance of Jesus was crucified and Jesus himself was raised to God.{{sfn|Robinson|1991|p=129}}

=== Other miracles ===
Many stories and narratives have been developed over the years about Jesus, containing certain inherent lessons or providing meaning due to the lack of detail in the Quran regarding Jesus. Some of these narratives are similar in nature to the [[New Testament]], while some portray Jesus in a very human manner.

Besides some detailed summaries of miracles of Jesus mentioned by Muslim writers over the centuries, from adulthood (like walking on water – also found in the Gospel – and causing loaves of bread to come from the ground),{{sfn|Parrinder|1965|p=78}} some other miracles from childhood include: explaining the Muslim creed fundamentals to a schoolmaster, revealing who the thieves were to a wealthy chief, filling empty jars of something to drink, providing food and wine for a tyrannical king while also proving to this king his power in raising a man from the dead, raising a child accidentally killed, and causing the garments from a single-colored vat to come out with various colors.<ref name="Leirvik 2010, p. 59-60"/>

==== Healing a royal official's son ====
{{Main|Healing the royal official's son}}

Al-Tabari ({{abbr|d.|died}} 923) reports a story of an adult Jesus' encounter with a certain king in the region and the healing of his son. The identity of the king is not mentioned while legend suggests [[Philip the Tetrarch]]. The corresponding Bible reference is "the royal official's son".{{sfn|Ayoub|1992|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=XCZaP4JLeKkC&pg=PA154 154]}}

====Greed and truth-telling====
A legendary story of a miracle by a young Jesus, used as a hard-learned lesson popularly found in Middle Eastern lore according to professor Ayoub, has to do with a Jewish man and loaves of bread. Although carrying a polemic tone, the lesson centers on greed with truth-telling woven into the narration. It is a story found often in children's books.{{sfn|Ayoub|1992|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=XCZaP4JLeKkC&pg=PA158 158]}}

==== Inherent wisdom ====
{{See also|Logos (Islamic)|Logos (Christianity)}}

Another legendary miracle story is one regarding Jesus' childhood wisdom. This legend, reported through al-Tabari from ibn Ishaq, talks about Mary sending Jesus to a religious school and the teacher being astonished to find Jesus already knowing the information being taught / discussed.<ref name="Leirvik 2010, p. 59-60"/>

==== Food in children's homes ====
Another story from al-Tabari tells of a young Jesus playing with the youths of his village and telling them what food their parents were preparing for them at home.<ref name="Leirvik 2010, p. 59-60"/>

According to the details of the narrative, some parents became annoyed and forbade their children to play with Jesus, suspecting he was a magician. As a result, the parents kept their children away from Jesus and gathered their children into a single house. One day, feeling lonely, Jesus went out looking for his friends, and coming upon this house he asked the parents where their children were. The parents lied, responding that the children were not there. After Jesus asks who, then, is in the house, the parents replied that there were [[Pig|swine]] inside. Jesus then says "Let them be swine!", with the parents then discovering that all the children had turned into swine.{{sfn|Ayoub|1992|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=XCZaP4JLeKkC&pg=PA145 145]}}

Over the centuries, Muslim writers have also referenced other miracles like casting out demons, having borrowed from some [[Heresy|heretical]] pre-Islamic sources, and from [[gospel canon|canonical]] sources as legends about Jesus were expanded.<ref name="Leirvik 2010, p. 59-60" />

== Revelation ==
{{Main|Gospel in Islam}}
{{See also|Ministry of Jesus}}

Muslims believe that God revealed a new scripture to Jesus, called the {{transliteration|ar|[[Gospel in Islam|al-Injil]]}} (the Gospel), while also declaring the truth of the previous revelations: {{transliteration|ar|[[Tawrat|al-Tawrat]]}} (the [[Torah]]) and {{transliteration|ar|[[Zabur|al-Zabur]]}} (the [[Psalms]]).{{sfn|Esposito|2003|p=158}} The Quran speaks favorably of {{transliteration|ar|al-Injīl}}, which it describes as a scripture that fills the hearts of its followers with meekness and piety. Traditional Islamic exegesis claims the biblical message to have been distorted ({{transliteration|ar|[[tahrif]]}}), is termed {{transliteration|ar|ta'yin al-mubham}} ("resolution of ambiguity").{{sfn|Reynolds|2010|p=192}} This polemic effort has its origins in the medieval period with [[Abd al-Jabbar ibn Ahmad]]'s writings.{{sfn|Reynolds|2010|p=190}} Regarding the [[Law of Moses]], the Quran indicates that Jesus never abolished [[Halakha|Jewish laws]] but rather confirmed them, while making partial abrogations only.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Phipps|first1=William|title= Muhammad and Jesus: A Comparison of the Prophets and Their Teachings |publisher=[[Bloomsbury Publishing]]|date=28 May 2018|orig-year=2016|pages=101|chapter=5 Scriptures |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DR_mDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA101 |isbn=978-1-4742-8934-4}}</ref>

Muslims have long believed that [[Paul the Apostle|Paul]] purposefully corrupted the original teachings of Jesus.{{sfn|Waardenburg|1999|p=276}} The 9th-century historian [[Sayf ibn Umar]] asserted that certain rabbis persuaded Paul to deliberately misguide early Christians by introducing what [[Ibn Hazm]] viewed as objectionable doctrines into Christianity.{{sfn|Adang|1996|pp=105–06}}

According to [[Yusuf al-Qaradawi]] in his book ''[[The Lawful and the Prohibited in Islam]]'', the legal restrictions Jesus abrogated for [[Jews]] were those initially legislated by God as a punishment.<ref name="HH"/> Classical commentaries such as {{transliteration|ar|[[Tafsir al-Jalalayn]]}} specify they pertained to the consumption of [[List of halal and kosher fish#Kosher|fish]] and [[Kosher animals#Birds|bird]] meat without spikes, or in general.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.altafsir.com/Tafasir.asp?tMadhNo=0&tTafsirNo=74&tSoraNo=3&tAyahNo=50&tDisplay=yes&LanguageId=2|title=تفسير Tafsir al-Jalalayn|website=altafsir|access-date=31 January 2018}}</ref>

== Disciples ==
{{Main|Disciples of Jesus in Islam}}

The Quran states that Jesus was aided by a group of [[Disciples of Jesus in Islam|disciples]] ({{transliteration|ar|Ḥawāriyyūn}}) who believed in his message. While not naming the disciples, the Quran does give a few instances of Jesus preaching the message to them. Muslims view the disciples of Jesus as identical to the [[Companions of the Prophet|companions]] ({{transliteration|ar|Ṣaḥāba}}) of Muhammad.{{Sfn|Ridgeon|2013|p=14}} According to Christianity, the names of the twelve disciples were [[Saint Peter|Peter]], [[Saint Andrew|Andrew]], [[James, son of Zebedee|James]], [[John the Apostle|John]], [[Philip the Apostle|Philip]], [[Bartholomew]], [[Thomas the Apostle|Thomas]], [[Saint Matthew|Matthew]], [[James, son of Alphaeus|James]], [[Jude the Apostle|Jude]], [[Simon the Zealot|Simon]], and [[Judas Iscariot|Judas]].

The Quran mentions in chapter 3, verses 52–53, that the disciples submitted to the faith of Islam:<ref>{{Qtaf|en:ibk|3|52-54}}</ref>
{{blockquote|When Jesus sensed disbelief from his people, he asked, “Who will stand up with me for Allah?” The disciples replied, “We will stand up for Allah. We believe in Allah, so bear witness that we have submitted.” 
˹They prayed to Allah,˺ “Our Lord! We believe in Your revelations and follow the messenger, so count us among those who bear witness.”|{{qref|3|52-53|c=y}}}}

The longest narrative involving Jesus' disciples is when Jesus performs the miracle of bringing a table of food from heaven at their request, for further proof that his preaching is the true message.

== Ascension ==
{{Main|Islamic view of Jesus' death}}

{{qref|4|157|c=y|pl=y}} is the primary verse of the Quran to refer to the event of Jesus' crucifixion.{{sfn|Parrinder|1965|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=iJmcAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT61 61]}} It says that Jesus was not killed and neither crucified, but "it was made to appear to them":<ref>{{cite book|last=Zahniser|first=Mathias|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VxAZBwAAQBAJ&pg=PT55|title=The Mission and Death of Jesus in Islam and Christianity (Faith Meets Faith Series)|date=30 October 2008|publisher=Orbis Books|isbn=978-1570758072|location=New York|page=55}}</ref>

{{Quote box
| title = An-Nisa's verse 157
| quote = And because of their saying: We slew the Messiah, Jesus son of Mary, Allah's messenger - they slew him not nor crucified him, but it appeared so unto them; and lo! those who disagree concerning it are in doubt thereof; they have no knowledge thereof save pursuit of a conjecture; they slew him not for certain.
| align = left
| width = 40%
| bgcolor = #afe1af
| quoted = true
| salign = right
}}

Most Islamic traditions categorically deny that Jesus physically died on the cross or otherwise.{{sfn|Cook|1983|pp=32–33}}<ref>{{cite book|last=Bulliet|first=Richard W.|title=The Oxford Handbook of the Abrahamic Religions|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=2015|isbn=978-0-19-969776-2|editor1-last=Silverstein|editor1-first=Adam J.|location=Oxford|page=111|chapter=Islamo-Christian Civilization|doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199697762.013.6|lccn=2014960132|author-link=Richard Bulliet|access-date=24 October 2020|editor2-last=Stroumsa|editor2-first=Guy G.|editor2-link=Guy Stroumsa|editor3-last=Blidstein|editor3-first=Moshe|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_B2DCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA111|s2cid=170430270}}</ref> According to the Quran, he was not [[Islamic view of Jesus' death|crucified]], but was rather saved by God. (Although the earliest Islamic traditions and exegesis quote somewhat conflicting reports regarding a death and its length, Muslims believe that Jesus did not die on the cross, but believe that he was saved by being [[ascension of Jesus|raised alive to heaven]].) A minority, especially among the ''falāsifa'', and some ''Ismāʿīlī'' interpreted ''walākin s̲h̲ubbiha lahum'' as meaning that the Jews intended to annihilate Jesus completely; but in fact, they crucified only his ''nāsūt'' (form), yet his ''lāhūt'' remained alive.<ref>Anawati, G.C. (2012). ʿĪsā. In P. Bearman (ed.), Encyclopaedia of Islam New Edition Online (EI-2 English). Brill. https://doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0378</ref> The view is also recalled by some [[Sufism|Sufis]].<ref>Todd Lawson The Crucifixion and the Qur'an: A Study in the History of Muslim Thought Oneworld Publications 2014 ISBN 9781780746753 p. 13</ref>
[[File:Berlin,_Pertsch_Persisch_1016_fol_207v_execution_of_Isa-like_man.jpg|thumb|Islamic illustration of a man outwardly appearing as Isa to the Jews, being hanged by them.|350x350px]]

=== Substitution ===
It is unclear exactly where the substitution interpretation originated, but some scholars consider the theory originating among certain Gnostic groups of the second century.{{sfn|Leirvik|2010|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=IEUdCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA34 34]}}

Some disagreement and discord can be seen beginning with Ibn Ishaq's ({{abbr|d.|died}} 761) report of a brief accounting of events leading up to the crucifixion, firstly stating that Jesus was replaced by someone named Sergius, while secondly reporting an account of Jesus' tomb being located at Medina, and thirdly citing the places in the Quran ({{qref|3|55|pl=y}}, {{qref|4|158|pl=y}}) that God took Jesus up to himself.{{sfn|Watt|2013|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=_qxlAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA39 39–40]}}
[[File:Chester_Beatty_T_414_fol_102v_Isa_ascends_to_heaven.jpg|left|thumb|300x300px|Islamic depiction of Isa's Ascension.]]
[[Michael Cook (historian)|Michael Cook]] notes that denial that Jesus died follows the Christian heresy of [[docetism]], who were "disturbed by that God should have died", but that this concern conflicts with another Islamic doctrine, that Jesus was a man, not God.{{sfn|Cook|1983|p=79}} According to [[Todd Lawson]], Quranic commentators seem to have concluded the denial of the crucifixion of Jesus by following material interpreted in Tafsir that relied upon [[Apocrypha|extra-biblical Judeo-Christian sources]],{{sfn|Lawson|2009|p=12}} with the earliest textual evidence having originated from a non-Muslim source – a misreading of the Christian writings of [[John of Damascus]] regarding the literal understandings of docetism (exegetical doctrine describing spiritual and physical realities of Jesus as understood by men in logical terms) as opposed to their figurative explanations.{{sfn|Lawson|2009|p=7}} John of Damascus highlighted the Quran's assertion that the Jews did not crucify Jesus being very different from saying that Jesus was not crucified, explaining that it is the varied Quranic exegetes in Tafsir, and not the Quran itself, that denies the crucifixion, further stating that the message in the {{qref|4|157|pl=y}} verse simply affirms the historicity of the event.{{sfn|Lawson|2009|p=12}}

=== Symbolic interpretations ===
[[The Book of the Sage and Disciple|Ja'far ibn Mansur al-Yaman]] ({{abbr|d.|died}} 958), [[Abu Hatim Ahmad ibn Hamdan al-Razi]] ({{abbr|d.|died}} 935), [[Abu Yaqub al-Sijistani]] ({{abbr|d.|died}} 971), [[Mu'ayyad fi'l-Din al-Shirazi]] ({{abbr|d.|died}} 1078) and the group [[Ikhwan al-Safa]] also affirm the historicity of the Crucifixion, reporting Jesus was crucified and not substituted by another man as maintained by many other popular Quranic commentators and Tafsir. More recently, [[Mahmoud M. Ayoub]], a professor and scholar, provided a more symbolic interpretation for Surah 4 Verse 157:
{{blockquote|The Quran, as we have already argued, does not deny the death of Christ. Rather, it challenges human beings who in their folly have deluded themselves into believing that they would vanquish the divine Word, Jesus Christ the Messenger of God. The death of Jesus is asserted several times and in various contexts. ({{qref|3|55|pl=y}}, {{qref|5|117|pl=y}}, {{qref|19|33|pl=y}}){{sfn|Ayoub|1980}}}}

Ayoub, instead of interpreting the passage as a denial of the death of Jesus, instead believes the passage is about God denying men the power to vanquish and destroy God's message. The words "but they killed him not, nor crucified him" are meant to show that any power humans believe that they have against God is illusory.{{sfn|Ayoub|1980|p=117}}

Some [[Sunni Islam]]ic [[Mufassir|exegesists]], such as the anti-Christian polemicist [[Rashid Rida|Muhammad Rashid Rida]], held an ambiguous stance on the matter, namely that the [[crucifixion]] and ascension of Jesus were allegorical, but with extreme precaution, in order to rebut Christian doctrines on crucifixion and [[Salvation in Christianity|salvation]].{{sfn|Ayoub|1980|p=113–115}} Comprehensively denouncing Christian doctrines on salvation, [[Atonement (Christian)|atonement]] and crucifixion as irrational and {{transliteration|ar|[[kufr]]}} (disbelief) in his {{transliteration|ar|[[Tafsir al-Manar]]}}, Rida also denounced the [[Jews]] for their killings of the [[Prophets and messengers in Islam|Prophets of God]], writing:

{{blockquote|text=The actual fact of the crucifixion is not itself a matter which the [[Qur'an|Book of God]] seeks to affirm or deny, except for the purpose of asserting the killing of prophets by the [[Jews]] unjustly, and reproaching them for that act;... that the Creator of the universe could be incarnated in the womb of a woman in this earth which, in comparison to the rest of His creation, is like an atom, and then be a human being eating and drinking, experiencing fatigue and suffering other hardships like the rest of mankind. Then His enemies would level at Him insults and pain, and finally crucify Him with thieves and declare Him cursed according to the Book He revealed to one of His apostles, exalted be He over all this! ... We say rather no one believes it because [[belief]] ({{transliteration|ar|iman}}) is the affirmation ({{transliteration|ar|tasdiq}}) by reason of something that it can apprehend;... The claim of the [[Christians|people of the Cross]], therefore, that clemency and forgiveness are opposed to justice, is unacceptable.|title={{transliteration|ar|[[Tafsir al-Manar]]}} Vol. VI pp. 23, 26-27|character=[[Imam]] [[Muhammad Rashid Rida]]|source={{sfn|Ayoub|1980|p=113–115}}}}

As an early exegesis of verse {{qref|3|55|pl=y}}, [[Al-Tabari]] ({{abbr|d.|died}} 923) records an interpretation attributed to [[Abd Allah ibn Abbas|Ibn 'Abbas]], who used the literal "I will cause you to die" ({{transliteration|ar|mumayyitu-ka}}) in place of the metaphorical {{transliteration|ar|mutawaffi-ka}} ('Jesus died'), while [[Wahb ibn Munabbih]], an early Jewish convert, is reported to have said "God caused Jesus, son of Mary, to die for three hours during the day, then took him up to himself." Tabari further transmits from Ibn Ishaq: "God caused Jesus to die for seven hours",{{sfn|Zahniser|2008|p=56}} while at another place reported that a person called Sergius was crucified in place of Jesus. Ibn-al-Athir forwarded the report that it was [[Judas]], the betrayer, while also mentioning the possibility it was a man named Natlianus.{{sfn|Watt|2013|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=_qxlAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA47 47]}}

In reference to the Quranic quote "We have surely killed Jesus the Christ, son of Mary, the apostle of God" ({{qref|4|157|pl=y}}), Muslim scholar Mahmoud Ayoub asserts this boast not as the repeating of a historical lie or the perpetuating of a false report, but an example of human arrogance and folly with an attitude of contempt towards God and his messenger(s). Ayoub furthers what modern scholars of Islam interpret regarding the historical death of Jesus, the man, as man's inability to kill off God's Word and the Spirit of God, which the Quran testifies were embodied in Jesus Christ. Ayoub continues highlighting the denial of the killing of Jesus as God denying men such power to vanquish and destroy the divine Word. The words, "they did not kill him, nor did they crucify him" speaks to the profound events of ephemeral human history, exposing mankind's heart and conscience towards God's will. The claim of humanity to have this power against God is illusory. "They did not slay him{{nbsp}}... but it seemed so to them" speaks to the imaginations of mankind, not the denial of the actual event of Jesus dying physically on the cross.{{sfn|Ayoub|1980|p=117}}

Another report from Ibn Kathir quotes Ishaq Ibn Bishr, on authority of Idris, on authority of Wahb ibn Munabbih, that "God caused him to die for three days, then resurrected him, then raised him."{{sfn|Robinson|1991|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=ht1hpisBQF0C&pg=PA122 122]}}<ref>{{harvnb|Ayoub|1980|p=108}}. Muhammad b. 'Ali b. Muhammad al-Shawkani, ''Fath al-Qadir al-Jami bayn Fannay al-Riwaya wa 'l Diraya min 'Ilm al-Tqfsir'' (Cairo: Mustafa al-Babi al-Halabi, n.d.), I, 346, citing Ibn Asakir, who reports on the authority of Ibn Munabbih.</ref>

[[Al-Masudi]] ({{abbr|d.|died}} 956) reported the death of Christ under [[Tiberius]].{{sfn|Watt|2013|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=_qxlAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA47 47]}}

[[Ibn Kathir]] ({{abbr|d.|died}} 1373) follows traditions which suggest that a crucifixion did occur, but not with Jesus.{{sfn|Barker|Gregg|2010|p=119}} After the event, Ibn Kathir reports the people were divided into three groups following three different narratives: the [[Jacob Baradaeus|Jacobites]] believing "God remained with us as long as He willed and then He ascended to Heaven"; the [[Nestorianism|Nestorians]] believing "The son of God was with us as long as he willed until God raised him to heaven"; and the Muslims believing "The servant and messenger of God, Jesus, remained with us as long as God willed until God raised him to Himself."{{sfn|Barker|Gregg|2010|p=121}}

Islamic reformer Muhammad [[Rashid Rida]] agrees with contemporary commentators interpreting the physical killing of Christ's apostleship as a metaphorical interpretation.{{sfn|Ayoub|1980|p=113}}

Modern Islamic scholars like Sayyid [[Muhammad Husayn Tabataba'i]] interpret the ascension of Jesus as spiritual, not physical. This interpretation is in accord with [[Muʿtazila]] and Shia metaphorical explanations regarding anthropomorphic references to God in the Quran. Although not popular with traditional Sunni interpretations of the depiction of crucifixion, there has been much speculation and discussion in the effort of logically reconciling this topic.{{sfn|Ayoub|1980|p=100}}

In ascetic Shia writings, Jesus is depicted having "ascended to heaven wearing a woolen shirt, spun and sewed by Mary, his mother. As he reached the heavenly regions, he was addressed, 'O Jesus, cast away from you the adornment of the world.{{'"}}{{sfn|Ayoub|1980|p=103}} After his ascension, his word is believed to have been altered.{{sfn|Tieszen|2018|p=21}}

== Apocalyptic literature ==
{{See also|Second Coming#Islam|Islamic eschatology|Hadith of Jesus praying behind Mahdi}}
{{Eschatology|Islamic}}

According to Islamic apocalyptics, having ascended to heaven and dwelled there for 2000+ years, Jesus will descend to earth shortly before Judgement Day, in the midst of wars fought against [[al-Masih ad-Dajjal]] ('The False Messiah") and his followers, to come to the aid of the [[Mahdi]] and his Muslim followers.{{sfn|Sonn|2004|p=209}} Dressed in saffron robes with his head anointed, Jesus will descend at the point of a white minaret, in eastern [[Damascus]], which is believed to be the Minaret of Isa in the [[Umayyad Mosque]].{{sfn|Mannheim|2001|p=91}} He will then greet the Mahdi and (being a Muslim) pray beside him. Eventually, Jesus will slay the [[Dajjal]] at [[Lod]].{{sfn|Cook|2002|p=93–104}}

Afterwards, he will "break the cross, kill the pigs, and abolish the [[Jizya]] tax", according to a well-known [[Sahih al-Bukhari]] hadith.<ref name="Al-Bukhari-2476">{{cite web |last1=Al-Bukhari |title=Sahih al-Bukhari » Oppressions – كتاب المظالم » Hadith 2476. 46 Oppressions (31) Chapter: The breaking of the cross and the killing of the pigs |url=https://sunnah.com/bukhari:2476 |website=sunnah.com |access-date=22 May 2022}}</ref><ref name="WARREN LARSON p. 335">WARREN LARSON ''Jesus in Islam and Christianity: Discussing the Similarities and the Differences'' p. 335</ref> "The usual interpretation" of this prophecy is that, being a Muslim, Jesus will put a stop to Christian worship of himself and in belief in his divinity, "symbolized by the cross". He will re-establish the [[Kosher]]/[[Islamic dietary laws|Halal]] dietary laws abandoned by Christianity;<ref name="Akyol-nyt-3-10-16">{{cite news |last1=Akyol |first1=Mustafa |title=The Problem With the Islamic Apocalypse |newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/04/opinion/the-problem-with-the-islamic-apocalypse.html |access-date=29 January 2022 |agency=New York Times |date=3 October 2016}}</ref> and because Jews and Christians will now all reject their former faith and accept Islam, there will be no more need for the {{transliteration|ar|[[jizya]]}} tax on unbelievers.{{sfn|Evans|Johnston|2015}} (According to one hadith, Jesus will "destroy the churches and temples and kill the Christians unless they believe in him.")<ref>'Umdah, 430; cited in {{harvnb|Qaim|2007|loc=His Second Coming}}: "...Then he will kill the swine, break the crosses, destroy the churches and temples and kill the Christians unless they believe in him."</ref>{{#tag:ref|see also: "Others, however, understand the second coming of 'Isa ... [is] to kill the Dajjal, to break the cross and decimate all Christians and their places of worship, and to inaugurate the aforementioned period of peace before the actual coming of the Hour".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Smith|first1= Jane I. |first2= Yvonne Y. |last2=Haddad |date=1981 |title=The Islamic Understanding of Death and Resurrection |page=69 |location=Albany, N Y |publisher=SUNY Press |url=https://vdoc.pub/download/the-islamic-understanding-of-death-and-resurrection-1fa354cla15g |ref=JISYYHIU1981}}</ref>|group=note}}

Islamic texts also allude to the reappearance of the ancient menace [[Gog and Magog#Islamic texts|Gog and Magog]] ({{transliteration|ar|Yaʾjūj Maʾjūj}}), which will break out of its underground confinement and cause havoc around the world.<ref>{{cite book|last=Sonn|first=Tamara|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nPNmCgAAQBAJ|title=Islam: History, Religion, and Politics|date=2015|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-118-97230-4|page=209}}</ref> God, in response to Jesus' prayers, will kill them by sending a type of worm in the napes of their necks, and send large birds to carry and clear their corpses from the land.{{sfn|Sonn|2004|p=209}} After the death of the Mahdi, Jesus will assume world leadership and peace and justice will be universal.

Also according to tradition, Jesus will then marry, have children, and rule the world for forty years (traditions give many different time periods) after which he will die.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jesus, A Prophet of Allah – Association of Islamic Charitable Projects in USA|url=https://www.aicp.org/index.php/islamic-information/text/english/52-isa-jesus-a-prophet-of-allah|access-date=28 July 2021|website=www.aicp.org}}</ref> Some Muslims believe that the Muslims will then perform the [[Salat al-Janazah|funeral prayer]] for him and then bury him at the [[Green Dome]] in the city of [[Medina]] in a grave left vacant [[Green Dome#Tomb of Muhammad and early caliphs|beside Muhammad]], [[Abu Bakr]], and [[Umar]] respectively.<ref name="EoI-Isa">{{Cite encyclopedia|title=Īsā|encyclopedia=[[Encyclopaedia of Islam]]|publisher=Brill Online |url=http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/isa-COM_0378|access-date=6 June 2016|last=Anawati|first=G.C.|year=2012|editor=P. J. Bearman |editor2=Th. Bianquis |editor3=[[C. E. Bosworth]] |editor4=E. van Donzel |editor5=[[W. P. Heinrichs]]|edition=2nd|isbn=9789004161214}}</ref> According to [[Ibn Khaldun]]'s legend, the two caliphs will rise from the dead between the two prophets.{{sfn|Peters|1990|p=352}}

<gallery widths="250" heights="250">
File:End times.svg|Timeline of the arrival of Jesus before Judgement Day
File:Umayyad Mosque Jesus Minaret.jpg|[[Umayyad Mosque#Minaret of Isa|Minaret of Isa]] in the [[Umayyad Mosque]], [[Damascus]], [[Syria]]
</gallery>

=== Sources ===
While the Quran does not describe any of the above narrative of Jesus' return,<ref>Roberto Tottoli ''Biblical Prophets in the Qur'an and Muslim Literature'' Routledge, 11 January 2013 {{ISBN|978-1-136-12314-6}} p. 121</ref> many Muslims believe that two Quranic verses refer to his second coming during the end times.<ref name="WARREN LARSON p. 335"/> (1) The verse mentioned above stating he is never died on earth:
*"And because of their saying: We slew the Messiah, Jesus son of Mary, Allah's messenger - they slew him not nor crucified him, but it appeared so unto them; and lo! those who disagree concerning it are in doubt thereof; they have no knowledge thereof save pursuit of a conjecture; they slew him not for certain." (Q.4:157 trans Pickthall)
A second verse interpreted to indicate a connection between Jesus and "the Hour" (end times):
*"And lo! verily there is knowledge of the Hour. So doubt ye not concerning it, but follow Me. This is the right path." (Q.43:61 trans Pickthall).<ref name="WARREN LARSON p. 335"/>

Hadiths on Jesus's return are traced back to [[Abu Hurairah]], one of the {{transliteration|ar|[[sahaba]]}}, but might actually have been introduced later during civil wars in the early [[Abbasid Caliphate]], when a savior was expected. While for Shias, the Mahdi will be the savior, some Sunnis tended to expect Jesus' return. During the early [[Abbasid Caliphate]], wearing crucifixes in processions and holding pigs in public, was forbidden. Otherwise, the breaking of the cross, might reflect general disapproval of this symbol by Muslims, and slaying pigs a reference to Jesus exorcism of [[Legion (demons)|Legion]].<ref name="ReferenceA">Neal Robinson ''Christ in Islam and Christianity'' SUNY Press 1 January 1991 {{ISBN|9780791405581}} p. 104</ref>

== Islamic theology ==
{{Blockquote
|quote = Muslims do not worship Jesus, who is known as Isa in Arabic, nor do they consider him divine, but they do believe that he was a [[prophet]] or messenger of God and he is called the Messiah in the Quran. However, by affirming Jesus as Messiah they are attesting to his messianic message, not his mission as a [[Christology#Crucifixion and Resurrection|heavenly Christ]].{{nbsp}}[...] Islam insists that neither Jesus nor Muhammad brought a {{em|new}} religion. Both sought to call people back to what might be called "[[Abrahamic religions|Abrahamic faith]]." This is precisely what we find emphasized in the [[Epistle of James|book of James]]. Like Islam, the book of James, and the teaching of Jesus in [[Q source|Q]], emphasize {{em|doing}} the will of God as a demonstration of one's faith.{{nbsp}}[...] Since Muslims reject all of the [[Pauline Christianity|Pauline affirmations]] about Jesus, and thus the central claims of [[Jesus in Christianity|orthodox]] [[Christianity]], the gulf between Islam and Christianity on Jesus is a wide one.
|source = Professor [[James D. Tabor]] in his book ''[[The Jesus Dynasty]]''<ref>{{cite book |last1=Tabor |first1=James |title=The Jesus Dynasty: The Hidden History of Jesus, His Royal Family, and the Birth of Christianity |publisher=[[Simon & Schuster]] |date=August 28, 2017 |orig-year=1st pub. 2006 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/jesusdynastyhidd00tabo/page/315 315–316] |chapter=Conclusion: RECOVERING LOST TREASURES |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CKFUFtnnffgC&pg=PA315 |isbn=978-0-7432-8723-4 |url=https://archive.org/details/jesusdynastyhidd00tabo/page/315 }}</ref>}}

Jesus is described in various ways in the Quran. The most common reference to Jesus occurs in the form of {{transliteration|ar|Ibn Maryam}} ('son of Mary'), sometimes preceded with another title. Jesus is also recognized as a {{transliteration|ar|nabī}} ('prophet') and {{transliteration|ar|rasūl}} ('messenger') of God. The terms {{transliteration|ar|'abd-Allāh}} ('servant of God'), {{transliteration|ar|wadjih}} ('worthy of esteem in this world and the next') and {{transliteration|ar|mubārak}} ('blessed', or 'a source of benefit for others') are all used in reference to him.<ref name="EoI-Isa"/> According to Islam, Jesus never claimed to be divine.{{sfn|Cook|1983|pp=32–33}}

Jesus' role in Muslim theology falls roughly under four types:<ref>{{cite book |last=Cook |first=David |author-link=David Cook (historian) |editor-last1=Grypeou |editor-first1=Emmanouela |editor-last2=Swanson |editor-first2=Mark N. |editor-last3=Thomas |editor-first3=David Richard |year=2006 |chapter=New Testament Citations in the Hadith Literature and the Question of Early Gospel Translations into Arabic |title=The Encounter of Eastern Christianity With Early Islam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nTjRzNwZEWAC |type=Papers from a workshop held in June 2003 in Erfurt |series=The History of Christian-Muslim Relations, ISSN 1570-7350, volume 5 |location=Leiden |publisher=Koninklijke Brill NV |pages=190–191 |isbn=978-9-0041-4938-0 |access-date=10 February 2025}}
</ref>
* a perception based on fragments of the New Testament
* exposing thieves, criminals, and liars (those who prey on those in need in general)
* an ascetic, based on monastic tradition; prevalent particularly in [[Sufism|Sufi literature]]
* an Islamic messenger, exercising polemics against Christians and predicting the coming of Muhammad (as Surah 61:6)

Islam sees Jesus as human, sent as the [[Prophets and messengers in Islam#Prophets and messengers|last]] prophet of Israel to [[Jews]] with the [[Gospel in Islam|Gospel]] scripture, affirming but modifying the [[Mosaic Law]].<ref>{{cite book |last1= Sakura|first1= Muham|title= The Great Tale of Prophet Adam & Prophet Jesus In Islam|publisher= [[United Submitters International]]|date= 11 November 2017|orig-date= December 2015|page= 6|chapter= Preface|isbn= 9783739635736|chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=UzKDCwAAQBAJ}}</ref><ref name="Akhtar 2017">{{cite book |last1= Akhtar|first1= Shabbir|title=T he Quran and the Secular Mind: A Philosophy of Islam|publisher= [[Routledge]]|date= 24 October 2017|orig-date= October 2007|page= 31|chapter= PART 1: Quranic Islam and the secular mind|chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=wa1HRjA0AgEC&pg=PA31|isbn= 978-0-203-93531-6}}</ref><ref name="HH">{{cite book |last1= Al-Qaradawi|first1= Yusuf|title= The Lawful and the Prohibited in Islam (Al-Halal Wal Haram Fil Islam)|publisher= American Trust Publications |date= 30 January 2018|orig-year= 30 January 1999|pages= 5|chapter= INTRODUCTION|chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=v21NCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA5|title-link= The Lawful and the Prohibited in Islam|isbn= 9780892590162|author1-link= Yusuf al-Qaradawi}}</ref> Islamic accounts have rejected any divine notions of Jesus being God, or the begotten Son of God, or of the [[Trinity]]. Islamic theology teaches such beliefs constitute {{transliteration|ar|[[Shirk (Islam)|shirk]]}} (the "association" of partners with God) and thereby a rejection of his divine oneness ({{transliteration|ar|[[tawhid]]}}) as the sole unpardonable sin.<ref name=multiple>See:
*{{harvp|Esposito|2002|pp=32, 74}}
*{{harvp|Fasching|deChant|2001|p=241}}
*{{harvp|Markham|Ruparell|2001|p=348}}</ref> According to Islamic theology, Jesus received an original message, containing references to Muhammad, but which became distorted later under Jewish and Roman influence.<ref>Thomas, David. "The encounter of Eastern Christianity with early Islam." The Encounter of Eastern Christianity with Early Islam. Brill, 2006. p. 191</ref> Rather than being divine or a savior, Jesus confirms to the Islamic concept of prophetic mission.{{sfn|Barker|Gregg|2010|p=90}}
The strict monotheism of Islam rejects any [[Christological]] debate which conflates Jesus in any way with Allah or with God the Father, precluding any divinity in Jesus and avoiding the subtleties of [[Trinitarianism]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Afayori |first=Robert |date=11 February 2021 |chapter=5.3 Islamic Christology in the Light of the ''Tawhid'' |title=Christology in Christian-Muslim Dialogue: The Hermeneutics of Interreligious Learning for the Promotion of Common Values |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o-IdEAAAQBAJ |publisher=Novum Pro Verlag |page=206 |isbn=978-3-9910-7294-2 |access-date=10 February 2025 |quote=The ''Tawhid'' [...] leaves no room for any Islamic theologizing about God outside the confines of strict monotheism.}}</ref>

A frequent title of Jesus mentioned is {{transliteration|ar|[[Masih (title)|al-Masīḥ]]}}, which translates to 'the Messiah', as well as '[[Christ (title)|Christ]]'. Although the Quran is silent on its significance,<ref name="Akhtar 2017, p. 32">{{cite book|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=wa1HRjA0AgEC&pg=PA32|title= The Quran and the Secular Mind: A Philosophy of Islam|first= Shabbir|last= Akhtar|date= 31 October 2007|publisher= Routledge|via= Google Books|isbn= 9781134072569}}</ref> Muslim scholars{{Who|date=March 2018}} disagree with the [[Messiah#Christianity|Christian concepts]] of the term "Messiah", and lean towards a [[Messiah in Judaism|Jewish]] understanding. Muslim exegetes explain the use of the word {{transliteration|ar|masīh}} in the Quran as referring to Jesus' status as the [[Anointing|one anointed]] by means of blessings and honors; or as the one who helped cure the sick, by anointing the eyes of the blind, for example.<ref name="EoI-Isa"/>

Jesus is also associated both with a word from God and with a spirit.<ref>{{qref|4|171|c=y}} - "The Messiah, Jesus, son of Mary, was no more than a messenger of Allah and the fulfilment of His Word through Mary and a spirit ˹created by a command˺ from Him."</ref> The interpretations are collected by the [[Tafsir|Quran exegete]] [[Mahmud al-Alusi]]: Jesus is the embodiment of God's word uttered at the moment of his conception (9:169, 14:30, 3:42), announced in the "word of God", prophesied preached by preceding prophets; Jesus is the word of God because he speaks on behalf of God; or that Jesus is a word of God because Jesus is, in his own person, “good news”.<ref>Anawati, G.C. (2012). ʿĪsā. In P. Bearman (ed.), ''Encyclopaedia of Islam'' New Edition Online (EI-2 English). Brill. https://doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0378</ref>

Muhammad described himself as the "nearest of all people to Jesus".{{Sfn|Abdullah|2014|p=124}}

=== Similitude with Adam ===
The Quran emphasizes Allah's creation of Jesus: "The case of Jesus in the eyes of God is like that of Adam. He created him from earth and then said to him, 'Be!' And he is." (Q:3:59),<ref name="Akhtar 2017, p. 32"/> through his similitude with [[Adam]] in regards to the absence of human origin. Muhammad often used to compare the births of Adam and Jesus.{{sfn|Robinson|1991|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=ht1hpisBQF0C&pg=PA12 12]}}

Islamic exegesis extrapolates a logical inconsistency behind the Christian argument of divine intervention, as such implications would have ascribed divinity to Adam who is understood only as creation.<ref name="Akhtar 2017, p. 32"/>

=== Precursor to Muhammad ===
{{Six Islamic Prophets}}

In Islam, Jesus is believed to have been the precursor to the Islamic prophet [[Muhammad in Islam|Muhammad]]. According to the Quran, the coming of [[Muhammad in Islam|Muhammad]] was predicted by [[Jesus]] in {{qref|61|6|pl=y}}. Through this verse, early Arab Muslims claimed legitimacy for their new faith in the existing religious traditions and the alleged predictions of Jesus.<ref>{{Cite journal|last= Virani|first= Shafique N.|year= 2011|title= Taqiyya and Identity in a South Asian Community|url= https://www.academia.edu/36996009|journal= The Journal of Asian Studies|volume= 70|issue= 1|pages= 99–139|doi= 10.1017/S0021911810002974|issn= 0021-9118|s2cid= 143431047}} p. 128.</ref> Muslims believe that Jesus was a precursor to Muhammad, and that he prophesied the latter's coming.<ref>{{cite book|last= Klauck|first= Hans-Josef Klauck|author-link = Hans-Josef Klauck|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=WoqXMHPY5EgC&pg=PA18|title= The Apocryphal Gospels: An Introduction|date= 2003|publisher= Bloomsbury T&T Clark|isbn= 978-0567083906|location= London|page= 18}}</ref><ref name="Leirvik 2010, p. 59-60" /> This perspective is based on a verse of the Quran wherein Jesus speaks of a messenger to appear after him named "Ahmad".<ref>Quran 61:06</ref> Islam associates [[Ahmad#Interpretations and meaning of Ahmad|Ahmad]] with Muhammad, both words deriving from the ''[[Ḥ-M-D|h-m-d]]'' [[Semitic root|triconsonantal root]] which refers to praiseworthiness. Muslims assert that evidence of Jesus' pronouncement is present in the [[New Testament]], citing the mention of the [[Paraclete]] whose coming is foretold in the [[Gospel of John]].<ref>{{Cite web|title= Jesus' Omen about the Paraclete {{!}} Supporting Prophet Muhammad website|url= https://rasoulallah.net/en/articles/article/222/|access-date= 28 July 2021|website= rasoulallah.net}}</ref>

Muslim commentators claim that the original Greek word used was {{transliteration|grc|periklutos}}, meaning 'famed', 'illustrious', or 'praiseworthy'—rendered in Arabic as {{transliteration|ar|Ahmad}}; and that this was replaced by Christians with {{transliteration|grc|parakletos}}.<ref name="EoI-Isa"/>{{sfn|Watt|2013|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=_qxlAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA33 33]}} This idea is debated, asking if the traditional understanding is supported by the text of the Quran.

Islamic theology claims Jesus had foretold another prophet succeeding him according to [[Sura 61]]:6, with the mention of the name 'Ahmad'. ([[Ahmad]] is an Arabic name from the same [[triconsonantal]] root [[Ḥ-M-D]] = [ح – م – د].) In responding to [[Ibn Ishaq]]'s biography of Muhammad, the [[Prophetic biography|Sirat Rasul Allah]], Islamic scholar [[Alfred Guillaume]] wrote:

{{blockquote|Coming back to the term "Ahmad", Muslims have suggested that Ahmad is the translation of periklutos, celebrated or the Praised One, which is a corruption of parakletos, the Paraclete of John XIV, XV and XVI.<ref>Liddell and Scott's celebrated Greek-English Lexicon gives this definition for periklutos: "heard of all round, famous, renowned, Latin inclytus: of things, excellent, noble, glorious". Rev. [[James Morris Whiton]], ed. ''A Lexicon abridged from Liddell and Scott's Greek-English Lexicon''. New York: American Book Company, N.D. c.1940s, p.549. {{lang | grc | Periklutos}} occurs in ''The Iliad'' and in ''The Odyssey'', and in Hesiod's ''Theogony''.</ref>}}

=== Messianism ===
An alternative, more esoteric, interpretation is expounded by [[Messianism|Messianic]] [[Muslims]]<ref>{{cite journal|last= Travis|first= John|title= Messian Muslim Followers of Isa|journal= International Journal of Frontier Missions|year= 2000|volume= 17|issue= Spring|page= 54|url= http://www.ijfm.org/PDFs_IJFM/17_1_PDFs/Followers_of_Isa.pdf}}</ref> in the [[Sufism|Sufi]] and [[Ismailism|Isma'ili]] traditions so as to unite [[Islam]], [[Christianity]] and [[Judaism]] into a single religious [[Continuum (theory)|continuum]].<ref>{{cite web|last= Cumming|first= Joseph|title= Muslim Followers of Jesus?|url= http://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2009/december/index.html|publisher= ChristianityToday|access-date= 20 November 2009}}</ref> Other Messianic Muslims hold a similar theological view regarding Jesus, without attempting to unite the religions.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.touchstonemag.com/archives/article.php?id=15-09-032-f|title= Touchstone Archives: Can Jesus Save Islam?|access-date= 17 October 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.huffingtonpost.com/carl-medearis/muslims-who-follow-jesus_b_2436538.html|title= Muslims Who Follow Jesus|first1= Carl|last1= Medearis|website= [[HuffPost]]|date= 9 January 2013|access-date= 17 October 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2013/january-february/jesus-saves-religion-doesnt.html|title=Why Evangelicals Should Be Thankful for Muslim Insiders|date=15 January 2013 |access-date=17 October 2016}}</ref> Making use of the [[New Testament]]'s distinguishing between [[Jesus]], [[Son of Man]] (being the physical human Jesus), and [[Christ]], [[Son of God]] (being [[Holy Spirit#Islam|the Holy Spirit]] of God residing in the body of Jesus), [[the Holy Spirit]], being immortal and immaterial, is not subject to crucifixion – for it can never die, nor can it be touched by the earthly nails of the crucifixion, for it is a being of pure spirit. Thus, while the spirit of Christ avoided crucifixion by ascending unto God, the body that was Jesus was sacrificed on the cross, thereby bringing the [[Old Testament]] to final fulfillment. Thus Quranic passages on the death of Jesus affirm that while the [[Pharisees]] intended to destroy [[Jesus]] completely, they, in fact, succeeded only in killing [[Son of Man|the Son of Man]], being his {{transliteration|ar|nasut}} ('material being'). Meanwhile, [[the Son of God]], being his {{transliteration|ar|lahut}} ('spiritual being') remained alive and undying – because it is [[the Holy Spirit]].<ref>''Encyclopedia of Islam'', "Jesus" article. cf. L. Massignon, ''Le Christ dans les Évangiles selon Ghazali'', in REI, 1932, 523–36, who cites texts of the [[Rasa'il Ikhwan al-Safa]], a passage of [[Abu Hatim Ahmad ibn Hamdan al-Razi|Abu Hatim al-Razi]] (about 934), and another of the Isma'ili ''[[da'i]]'' [[Mu'ayyad fid-din al-Shirazi]] (1077).</ref>

== Islamic literature ==
<div class="depiction">[[File:Medieval Persian manuscript Muhammad leads Abraham Moses Jesus.jpg|thumb|Muhammad leads [[Abraham]], [[Moses]], [[Jesus]] and others in prayer. Persian miniature, 15th century<ref>{{cite web |title=BnF. Département des Manuscrits. Supplément turc 190 |url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/view3if/ga/ark:/12148/btv1b8427195m/f16 |publisher=[[Bibliothèque nationale de France]] |access-date=7 September 2023}}</ref>]]</div>
The Quran does not convey the specific teachings of Jesus. What has developed over the years was authored by later followers of Islam. What is found in the Quran about Jesus is that his teaching conformed to the prophetic model: a human sent by God to present both a judgment upon humanity for worshipping idols and a challenge to turn to the one true God. In the case of Jesus, Muslims believe that his mission was to the people of Israel and that his status as a prophet was confirmed by numerous miracles.{{sfn|Barker|Gregg|2010|p=90}} The Quran's description of specific events at the end of Jesus' life have continued to be controversial between Christians and Muslims, while the classical commentaries have been interpreted differently to accommodate new information.{{sfn|Barker|Gregg|2010|p=90}} Jesus is written about by some Muslim scholars as the perfect man.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Little|first=John T.|date=3 April 2007|title=Al-Insan Al-Kamil: The Perfect Man According to Ibn Al-Arabi|journal=The Muslim World|volume=77|issue=1|pages=43–54|doi=10.1111/j.1478-1913.1987.tb02785.x|quote=[[Ibn Arabi|Ibn al-'Arabi]] uses no less than 22 different terms to describe the various aspects under which this single Logos may be viewed.}}</ref>{{sfn|Schumann|2002|p=13}}{{sfn|Parrinder|1965|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=iJmcAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT6 6]}}

=== Hadith ===
{{See also|Hadith of Jesus Praying Behind Mahdi}}

The [[Hadith]]s are reported sayings of Muhammad that developed a canonical status in the third Muslim century as a source of authority for the Muslim community. The Muslim perception of Jesus emerging from the Hadiths is of a miraculous, sinless, and eschatological figure, pointing people, again according to the Muslim's perspective of prophethood, to the Muslim faith (''Muslim''; one who submits to the will of God).{{sfn|Barker|Gregg|2010|p=97}}

Jesus is featured as a major figure in two categories of hadiths which can be described as apocalyptic and biblical.{{sfn|Khalidi|2001|p=25}} The eschatological role of Jesus in the hadiths may have been influenced by ideas of the [[Second coming]] held by the [[Eastern Churches]], as well as the Quranic Jesus mentioned in {{qref|43|61|pl=y}}.{{sfn|Khalidi|2001|p=25}} Many of the hadiths which feature Jesus's sayings were not included in the canonical [[hadith collections]], which became more focused on the sayings of Muhammad, but were instead included in a separate genre known as {{transliteration|ar|[[Qisas al-anbiya]]}} ('Stories of the Prophets').{{sfn|Khalidi|2001|p=26}}

=== Sunni Islam ===
[[File:Jésus et Mahomet dans un manuscrit timouride (Collection Al Thani, Paris, detail).jpg|thumb|Jesus and Muhammad introduced by an angel in paradise. [[Timurid Empire|Timurid]], 1466.]]

In {{transliteration|ar|Kitab al-Milal wa al-Nihal}}, [[al-Shahrastani]] ({{abbr|d.|died}} 1153), an influential Persian historian, historiographer, scholar, philosopher and theologian, records a portrayal of Jesus very close to the orthodox tenets while continuing the Islamic narrative:

{{blockquote|The Christians. (They are) the community ({{transliteration|ar|[[ummah|umma]]}}) of the Christ, Jesus, son of Mary (peace upon him). He is who was truly sent (as prophet; {{transliteration|ar|mab'uth}}) after Moses (peace upon him), and who was announced in the Torah. To him were (granted) manifest signs and notable evidences, such as the reviving of the dead and the curing of the blind and the leper. His very nature and innate disposition ({{transliteration|ar|[[fitra]]}}) are a perfect sign of his truthfulness; that is, his coming without previous seed and his speaking without prior teaching. For all the (other) prophets the arrival of their revelation was at (the age of) forty years, but revelation came to him when he was made to speak in the cradle, and revelation came to him when he conveyed (the divine message) at (the age of) thirty. The duration of his (prophetic) mission ({{transliteration|ar|[[da'wa]]}}) was three years and three months and three days.{{sfn|Watt|2013|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=_qxlAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA68 68]}}}}

=== Shia Islam ===
In the [[Nahj al-Balagha]], the fourth caliph [[Ali]] ({{Reign|656|661}}) is reported to have talked about the simplicity of Jesus.{{Sfn|Leirvik|2010|p=75}} Ali says that "Jesus used a stone for his pillow, put on coarse clothes and ate rough food. His condiment was hunger. His lamp at night was the moon. He had no wife to allure him, nor any son to give grief, neither wealth to deviate. His two feet were his conveyance and his two hands were his servant".{{Sfn|Leirvik|2010|p=75}} According to [[Ja'far al-Sadiq]], a great-great-grandson of Ali, the time between David and Jesus was four hundred years.{{Sfn|Qaim|2007|p=36–37}} Ja'far further says that the religion of Jesus was monotheism ({{transliteration|ar|tawḥīd}}) and purity ({{transliteration|ar|ikhlāṣ}}).{{Sfn|Qaim|2007|p=36–37}} The {{transliteration|ar|Injil}} (Gospel) was sent down to him and the pledge that other prophets took was also taken from Jesus: to establish prayer with religion, enjoin the good and forbid the evil, allowing what is allowed and forbidding what has been forbidden. Admonitions and parables were sent down to him in the {{transliteration|ar|Injil}}, but there was no law of retribution in it nor precepts of retribution ({{transliteration|ar|ahkam al-hudud}}), and no obligations for inheritance. He was sent what was an alleviation of what was sent down to Moses in the Torah. Jesus commanded of his followers that they believe in the law of the Torah and the {{transliteration|ar|Injil}}.{{Sfn|Qaim|2007|p=36–37}}

According to [[Al-Qadi al-Nu'man|Qadi al-Nu'man]], a famous Muslim jurist of the [[Fatimid Caliphate|Fatimid period]], Jesus is referred to as the Messiah ({{transliteration|ar|al-Masīḥ}}) in the Quran because he was sent to the people who responded to him in order to remove ({{transliteration|ar|masaha}}) their impurities, the ailments of their faith; whether apparent ({{transliteration|ar|[[Zahir (Islam)|zahir]]}}) or hidden ({{transliteration|ar|[[Batin (Islam)|batin]]}}). [[Al-Qadi al-Nu'man|Qadi al- Nu'man]], in his work ''Foundation of Symbolic Interpretation'' ({{transliteration|ar|Asās al-ta'wīl}}), talks about the spiritual birth ({{transliteration|ar|milad al-batin}}) of Jesus, as an interpretation of his story of physical birth ({{transliteration|ar|milad al-zahir}}) mentioned in the Quran. He says that [[Mary, mother of Jesus|Mary]], the mother of Jesus, is a metaphor for someone who nurtured and instructed Jesus ({{transliteration|ar|lāhiq}}), rather than physically giving birth to him. [[Al-Qadi al-Nu'man|Qadi al-Nu'man]] explains that Jesus was from the pure progeny of [[Abraham in Islam|Abraham]], just as [[Ali]] and his sons were from the pure progeny of [[Muhammad]], through [[Fatimah|Fatima]].<ref>{{Citation|title=Hierohistory in Qāḍī l-Nuʿmān's Foundation of Symbolic Interpretation (Asās al-Taʾwīl): the Birth of Jesus|date=6 November 2019|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789004415294_007|journal=Studies in Islamic Historiography|pages=147–169|publisher=BRILL|doi=10.1163/9789004415294_007|isbn=978-90-04-41529-4|access-date=21 November 2020|last1=Virani|first1=Shafique N.|s2cid=214047322|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

=== Sufism ===
Early Sufis adopted the sayings of Jesus in the Sermon on the Mount and an ascetic dimension. The submission and sacrifice Jesus exemplified shows the Muslim is to be set apart from worldly compromises. In poetry and mysticism, Jesus was celebrated as a prophet close to the heart of God achieving an uncommon degree of self-denial.{{sfn|Barker|Gregg|2010|p=85}}

Although the writings developed over the centuries embellished Jesus' miracles, the lessons of Jesus can be seen as metaphors of the inner life. These rich and diverse presentations of Jesus in Sufi traditions are the largest body of Jesus-texts in any non-Christian tradition.{{sfn|Barker|Gregg|2010|p=86}}

{{blockquote|A key issue arises for Muslims with the Sufi picture of Jesus: how universally should the ascetic/esoteric approach be applied? For many Muslim poets and scholars the answer is clear: every Muslim is invited to the path of asceticism and inner realization embodied by Jesus. However, whilst all Muslims revere Jesus, most have reservations about the application of his way of life to society. For Muslims the highest pinnacle of human achievement is, after all, Muhammad. Muhammad is revered in part because he promoted the right blend of justice and mercy. In other words, Muslims need both a path that addresses individual spirituality as well as a path that will address the complex issues of community life, law, justice, etc. Jesus is viewed by many Muslims as having lived out only one side of this equation. As a figure of the heart or individual conscience, Jesus is viewed by some to be a limited figure. In more critical Muslim perspectives the Sermon on the Mount is admired but seen as impractical for human society. Perhaps the greatest division amongst Muslims has to do with the relevance of ascetic and esoteric beliefs in the context of strengthening an Islamic society.{{sfn|Barker|Gregg|2010|p=86}}}}

The miraculous birth and life of Jesus becomes a metaphor for [[Rumi]] of the spiritual rebirth that is possible within each human soul. This rebirth is not achieved without effort; one needs to practice silence, poverty, and fasting—themes that were prominent in Jesus' life according to Islamic traditions.{{sfn|Barker|Gregg|2010|p=112}}

[[Ibn Arabi]] stated Jesus was [[Al-Insān al-Kāmil]], the spirit and simultaneously a servant of God. Jesus is held to be "one with God" in whole coincidence of will, not as a being. Due to the spirit of God dwelling in Jesus, God spoke and acted through him. Yet Jesus is not considered to be God, but a person within God's word and spirit and a manifestation of God's attributes, like a mirror, a view resembling Nestorian traditions.{{sfn|Leirvik|2010|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=IEUdCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA89 89]}}<ref>Clinton Bennett ''Understanding Christian-Muslim Relations: Past and Present'' A&C Black 2008 {{ISBN|978-0-826-48782-7}} page 155</ref>

The conception of Jesus as described by [[Ibn Arabi]] ({{abbr|d.|died}} 1240), an [[al-Andalus|Andalusian]] scholar, Sufi [[mysticism|mystic]], poet and philosopher, in the ''Bezels of Wisdom'':

{{poemquote|From the water of Mary or from the breath of Gabriel,
In the form of a mortal fashioned of clay,
The Spirit came into existence in an essence
Purged of Nature's taint, which is called Sijjin (prison)
Because of this, his sojourn was prolonged,
Enduring, by decree, more than a thousand years.
A spirit from none other than God,
So that he might raise the dead and bring forth birds from clay.<ref>{{cite book|last1=ibn ʻArabī al-Ḥātimī aṭ-Ṭāʾī|first1=Abū ʻAbd Allāh Muḥammad ibn ʻAlī ibn Muḥammad |author-link1=ibn Arabi|last2=Austin|first2=R. W.|author-link2=R. W. Austin|title=Ibn al-ʻArabi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p4PeeQGStQkC&pg=PT174|year=1980|publisher=Paulist Press|isbn=978-0-8091-2331-5|page=174}}</ref>}}

==== Ascetic literature ====
Jesus is widely venerated in Muslim [[Asceticism|ascetic]] and [[mysticism|mystic]] literature, such as in Muslim mystic [[Al-Ghazali]]'s {{transliteration|ar|Ihya ʿulum ad-Din}} ('The revival of the religious sciences'). These works lay stress upon Jesus' poverty, his preoccupation with worship, his detachment from worldly life and his miracles. Such depictions also include advice and sermons which are attributed to him. Later [[Sufism|Sufic]] adapted material from Christian gospels which were consistent with their ascetic portrayal. Sufi philosopher [[Ibn Arabi]] described Jesus as "the seal of universal holiness" due to the quality of his faith and "because he holds in his hands the keys of living breath and because he is at present in a state of deprivation and journeying".<ref name="EoI-Isa" />{{citation needed|date=May 2017}}

== Ahmadiyya literature ==
{{Main|Jesus in Ahmadiyya}}

The Ahmadiyya movement considers Jesus was a prophet and a mortal man, who was crucified and remained on the cross for six hours, until darkness fell. Jesus was taken down from the cross alive and unconscious. He was treated for three days and nights by saint physician Necdemus in a cave like tomb (especially built for [[Joseph of Arimathea]]). Thereafter, Jesus recuperated from his wounds, met his trusted disciples on the Mount of Olives, and left Judea towards the sea of Galilee on his way to Damascus. After his dramatic escape from crucifixion, Jesus traveled to the eastern lands in search of the [[Ten Lost Tribes|ten lost tribes of Israel]]. Finally, he died a natural death in [[Kashmir]], India, as opposed to having been raised up alive to Heaven.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wikiahmadiyya.org/history/jesus/death-of-jesus|title=Death of Jesus – WikiAhmadiyya, Islam & Ahmadiyya encyclopedia free online|website=www.wikiahmadiyya.org|access-date=2017-11-09 |archive-date=2017-11-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171110114541/http://www.wikiahmadiyya.org/history/jesus/death-of-jesus|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Appearance ==
Based upon several [[Hadith]] narrations of Muhammad, Jesus can be physically described thus (with any differences in Jesus' physical description being due to Muhammad describing him when seeing him at different occasions, such as during his ascension to Heaven, or when describing Jesus during [[#Second Coming|Jesus' second coming]]):<ref>{{Hadith-usc|bukhari|usc=yes|4|54|462}}, {{Hadith-usc|bukhari|usc=no|4|55|607|e=608|expand=no}}, {{Hadith-usc|bukhari|usc=no|4|55|647|e=650|begin=no}}, {{Hadith-usc|bukhari|usc=no|4|55|649|e=650}}, {{Hadith-usc|usc=yes|muslim|1|316|e=317}}, {{Hadith-usc|muslim|1|321|e=322|b=no}}, {{Hadith-usc|muslim|1|325|b=n}}, {{Hadith-usc|muslim|1|328|b=n}}, {{Hadith-usc|muslim|41|7023|b=n}}</ref>
*A well-built man of medium/moderate/average height and stature with a broad chest.
*Straight, lank, long, red and white hair that fell between his shoulders. It seems as though water is dribbling from his head, though it is not wet.
*A moderate complexion.

== See also ==
{{Portal|Islam
}}{{columns-list|
* [[Biblical and Quranic narratives]]
* [[Christianity and Islam]]
* [[Islamic eschatology]]
* ''[[Izhar ul-Haqq]]''
* [[List of legends in the Quran]]
* [[Mary in Islam]]
* [[Peace in Islamic philosophy]]
* ''[[Qisas Al-Anbiya]]''
* [[Saint Mary (film)|''Saint Mary'' (film)]]
* [[The Messiah (2007 film)|''The Messiah'' (2007 film)]]
* [[Glossary of Islam]]
* [[Outline of Islam]]
* [[Index of Islam-related articles]]

}}

== References ==

=== Notes ===
{{Reflist|group=note}}
{{notelist}}

=== Citations ===
{{Reflist}}

=== Sources ===
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*{{Cite book |last=Waardenburg |first=Jackques |title=Muslim Perceptions of Other Religions: A Historical Survey |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-19-535576-5}}
*{{cite book |last=Watt |first=W. Montgomery |author-link=W. Montgomery Watt |title=Muslim-Christian Encounters: Perceptions and Misperceptions |publisher=Routledge |year=1991 |isbn=978-0-415-05410-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_qxlAgAAQBAJ }}
* {{cite book |last=Watt |first=W. Montgomery |author-link=W. Montgomery Watt |title=Muslim-Christian Encounters: Perceptions and Misperceptions |series=Routledge Revivals |date=19 December 2013 |isbn=978-1-317-82043-7 |publisher=Routledge |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_qxlAgAAQBAJ }}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
{{refbegin}}
* ''The Genius of Christ: The Life of the Messiah in History and Modern Discoveries'' by Abbas Mahmoud Al-Aqqad; Translated by Arabic Virtual Translation Center; Barnes & Noble Press (2026), {{ISBN|9798279666461}}.
*{{cite encyclopedia |article=Yahya b. Zakariya |author=Rippin, A. |editor1=P. J. Bearman |editor2=Th. Bianquis |editor3=C. E. Bosworth |editor4=E. van Donzel |editor5=W. P. Heinrichs |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam |publisher=Brill Academic Publishers |issn=1573-3912}}
*{{cite book |title=Islam's Jesus |last=Saritoprak |first=Zeki |year=2014 |publisher=University Press of Florida |location=Gainesville |isbn=9780813049403 |access-date=13 May 2014 |url=http://upf.com/book.asp?id=SARITF09 |archive-date=2014-05-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140514053346/http://upf.com/book.asp?id=SARITF09 |url-status=dead}}
*{{cite journal |last=Slade |first=Darren M. |title=Arabia Haeresium Ferax (Arabia Bearer of Heresies): Schismatic Christianity's Potential Influence on Muhammad and the Qur'an |journal=American Theological Inquiry |date=January 2014 |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=43–53 |url=http://atijournal.org/ATI_Vol7_No1.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202093241/http://atijournal.org/ATI_Vol7_No1.pdf |archive-date=2 February 2014 |url-status=dead}}
* {{cite book |author1=Wherry, E. M. |author2=Sale, G. |author-link=Elwood Morris Wherry |title=A Comprehensive Commentary on the Qurán: Comprising Sale's Translation and Preliminary Discourse (vol. II) |year=2000 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-23188-6 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/BuddhistBirthStories}}
*[[Ghil'ad Zuckermann|Zuckermann, Ghil'ad]] (2006). "'[[folk etymology|Etymythological]] [[Othering]]' and the Power of 'Lexical Engineering' in [[Judaism]], [[Islam]] and [[Christianity]]. A Socio-Philo(sopho)logical Perspective", ''Explorations in the Sociology of [[Language]] and [[Religion]]'', edited by Tope Omoniyi and Joshua A. Fishman, Amsterdam: John Benjamins, pp. 237–258. {{ISBN|90-272-2710-1}}
{{refend}}

== External links ==

{{wikiquote}}
{{Commons category|Jesus in Islam}}

* [http://www.uga.edu/islam/jesusdif.html Jesus: A Summary of the Points About Which Islam and Christianity Agree and Disagree] Dr. Alan Godlas, University of Georgia.
* [https://www.saudiembassy.net/islam#What%20Do%20Muslims%20Think%20About%20Jesus? What Do Muslims Think About Jesus – Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180330021849/https://www.saudiembassy.net/islam#What%20Do%20Muslims%20Think%20About%20Jesus? |date=2018-03-30 }}
* [https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/beliefs/isa.shtml Jesus Through Muslim Eyes – BBC]
* [https://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/story?id=4297085&page=1 The Story of Jesus Through Iranian Eyes – ABC News]
* [https://www.zwemercenter.com/guide/jesus-in-islam/ 7 Muslim Beliefs about Jesus] Dr. Warren Larson
* Alim.org [http://www.alim.org/library/quran/ayah/compare/3/47|title=Al-Quran Surah 3. Al-i'Imran, Ayah 4]

{{Prophets in the Qur'an}}
{{Quranic people}}
{{Jesus footer}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jesus In Islam}}
[[Category:Jesus in Islam| ]]
[[Category:New Testament people in Islam]]
[[Category:Entering heaven alive]]

Subramanian Gopalakrishnan

2026-03-13T11:29:39Z

CarmenCarey59: adding basic info w/ infobox

{{short description|Indian actor}}
{{BLP sources|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Subramanian Gopalakrishnan
| image =
| alt = Subramanian Gopalakrishnan
| caption = Subramanian Gopalakrishnan in the sets of Chandanamazha
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| other_names =
| occupation = Actor
| years_active = 2006{{ndash}}present
}}

'''Subramanian Gopalakrishnan''' is an Indian actor who has appeared in [[Malayalam]] and [[Tamil language|Tamil]] serials, as well as Tamil films. He gained popularity by portraying the character 'Arjun Deshai' in the popular Malayalam serial [[Chandanamazha]] aired in [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]].

== Career ==
Subramanian made his acting debut as a lead in the Tamil film ''[[Aavani Thingal]]''.. He also worked as an associate director in the Tamil movies ''Pachai Engira Kathu'' and ''[[Karuppampatti]]''. Later he started working in television serials. His first work in television was ''[[Valli (TV series)|Valli]]''. He also acted as a lead in Tamil serial ''[[Deivamagal]]''. Currently he is in ''Chandanamazha''.

==Filmography==
;As actor
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Language !! class="unsortable"|Notes
|-
| 2006 || ''[[Aavani Thingal]]'' || Rasappa ||rowspan="3"|[[Tamil language|Tamil]] || Credited as Srikumar
|-
|Rowspan=2|2013||''[[Pachai Engira Kaathu]]''|| ||Assistant Director
|-
|''[[Karuppampatti]]''|| ||Assistant Director; Uncredited
|-
|rowspan="7"|2024 ||''Aakri Kalyanam''|| ||[[Malayalam]]||
|-
|''[[Rebel (2024 film)|Rebel]]''|| Autopsy Doctor||rowspan="2"|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]||Uncredited
|-
|''[[The Greatest of All Time]]''||SATS Police||
|-
|''[[Buddy (2024 film)|Buddy]]''||Apparao||[[Telugu language|Telugu]]||Debut
|-
|''[[Vettaiyan]]''||Human Resources officer||rowspan="2"|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]|| Uncredited
|-
|''Yolo''||Akilandam||
|-
|}

==Television ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year!! Title !! Role !! Channel !! Language
!Notes!! {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
|2012–2013||''[[Valli (TV series)|Valli]]''||rowspan=2|Karthik||rowspan=2|[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]||rowspan=2|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| ||<ref>{{cite web|author=സൂര്യ വി|title=അമൃതയുടെ സ്വന്തം അർജുൻ|url=http://www.manoramaonline.com/style/glitz-n-glamour/interview-with-arjun-subramaniyan-gopalakrishnan.html|language=ml|publisher=Manorama Online|date=10 November 2015|access-date=12 July 2022}}</ref>
|-
|2013–2017||''[[Deivamagal]]''
| ||
|-
|2014–2017||''Chandanamazha''||Arjun Jaypal Desai||[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]||[[Malayalam]]
| ||<ref>{{cite web|author=Deepika Jayaram|title=Acting is realistic in Malayalam serials|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/Acting-is-realistic-in-Malayalam-serials/articleshow/51066139.cms|publisher=The Times of India|accessdate=20 February 2016|date=20 February 2016}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan=2|2019||''[[Kalyanamam Kalyanam (TV series)|Kalyanamam Kalyanam]]''||rowspan=2|Suriya||rowspan=2|[[Star Vijay]]||rowspan=2|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| ||
|-
|''Anjali''
| ||<ref>{{cite web|title=TV serial Kalyanamam Kalyanam season 2 to launch as Anjali soon|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/tv-serial-kalyanamam-kalyanam-season-2-to-launch-as-anjali-soon/articleshow/68123258.cms|publisher=The Times of India|accessdate=12 July 2022|date=23 February 2019}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan=2|2020||''[[Aksharathettu (TV series)|Sooryakanthi]]''||rowspan=2|Varun||rowspan=2|[[Mazhavil Manorama]]||rowspan=3|[[Malayalam]]
| ||
|-
|''[[Aksharathettu (TV series)|Aksharathettu]]''
| ||
|-
|2021–2022||''[[Palunku (TV series)|Palunku]]''||Yadu||[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]
| ||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/tv/serials/in-the-serial-palunk-tonisha-replaces-khushi-sampath/articleshow/90073251.cms?story=5|title=തുടങ്ങുമ്പോഴേക്കും നായിക പിന്മാറി, ഖുഷി സമ്പത്തിന് പകരം പളുങ്കില്‍ ഇനി നിളയായി എത്തുന്ന പുതിയ നടി ഇതാ!! |work=Malayalam Samayam|publisher=The Times of India|access-date=12 July 2022|language=ml|first=Aswini|last=P|date=8 March 2022}}</ref>
|-
|2022||''[[Ethirneechal (TV series)|Ethirneechal]]''||Sriram Thiruvengadam|||[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]|| rowspan="2" |[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| ||
|-
|2023||''[[MY3]]''||Stalin Joseph||[[Disney+ Hotstar]]
|Uncredited||
|-
|2023–2024||''Amme Bhagavathy/Attukal Amma''||Shukan||[[Flowers TV]]||[[Malayalam]]
| ||
|}

==Awards and nominations==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year!! Award !! Category!! Serial!!result
|-
|rowspan=4|2015||rowspan=10|[[Asianet Television Awards ]]||Best actor|| rowspan="9" |''Chandanamazha''||{{Nom}}
|-
|Most popular Actor||{{Nom}}
|-
|Special Jury||{{Won}}
|-
|Best Pair (with [[Meghna Vincent]])||{{Nom}}
|-

|rowspan=2|2016||Best actor||{{Nom}}
|-
|Most popular Actor||{{Won}}
|-
|rowspan=3|2017||Best actor||{{Nom}}
|-
|Most popular Actor||{{Won}}
|-
|Best Pair (with [[Meghna Vincent]])||{{Nom}}
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|id=10625528|name=Subramanian Gopalakrishnan}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gopalakrishnan, Subramanian}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Basanti (2014 film)

2026-03-03T21:52:02Z

CarmenCarey59: started initial entry more to come

{{short description|Indian romantic action film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Basanti
| image = Basanti (2014 film).jpg
| alt =
| caption = Promotional poster
| native_name = 
| director = Chaitanya Dantuluri
| writer = Srikanth Vissa (dialogues)
| screenplay = Chaitanya Dantuluri
| story = Chaitanya Dantuluri
| based_on = 
| producer = Chaitanya Dantuluri
| starring = [[Raja Goutham]] Alisha Baig
| narrator =
| cinematography = P. K. Varma Anil Bandari
| editing = [[Marthand K. Venkatesh]]
| music = [[Mani Sharma]]
| studio = Start Camera Pictures
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2014|2|28}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Basanti ''''' is a 2014 Indian Telugu-language [[romantic action film]] directed by ''[[Baanam]]''-fame Chaitanya Dantuluri and starring [[Raja Goutham]] and Alisha Baig.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/rajagoutham.html|title=Raja Goutham interview about Basanthi - Telugu cinema actor|website=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref>

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Raja Goutham]] as Arjun
* Alisha Baig as Roshini
* [[Randhir Gattla]]
* Naveena Jackson
* [[Srikanth Iyengar]] as Gaazi
* [[Tanikella Bharani]] as Arjun's father
* [[Sayaji Shinde]] as [[Commissioner of Police (India)|Police commissioner]] Ali Khan, Roshini's father
* [[Dhanraj (actor)|Dhanraj]]
* Mani Kiran
* Baasha
* Bhanu Avirneni
* Madhavi
* Bhanu Avirneni
* Sujatha Reddy
* Sandhya Janak
}}

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[Mani Sharma]]. The audio was launched on 9 February 2014 at the Park Hyatt Hotel in Hyderabad with [[Bhimaneni Srinivasa Rao]], [[Brahmanandam]], [[Johnny Lever]], [[Manchu Vishnu]], [[Shekhar Kammula]], [[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]], [[T. Subbarami Reddy]], [[Trivikram Srinivas]], and [[Vamsi Paidipally]] in attendance.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions1/audio-basanthi.html|title=Basanthi music launched by Pawan Kalyan - Telugu cinema news|website=www.idlebrain.com}}</ref> [[Karthik Srinivasan]] of ''Milliblog'' wrote that "After a long time, Mani Sharma is in very good form, in ''Basanti''!"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://milliblog.com/2014/02/17/basanti-music-review-telugu-mani-sharma/|title=Basanti (Music review), Telugu – Mani Sharma – Milliblog!}}</ref>

* "Thirugubaatidhi" - Srikrishna, [[Karunya Ram]], [[Hemachandra]], [[Sahithi]]
* "Paaripothunna" - Pawan
* "Pratheekshanam"
* "The Spirit of Basanti"
* "Vellakura" - Deepu

==Reception==
Jeevi of ''[[Idlebrain.com]]'' rated the film three out of five stars and wrote that "Chaitanya Danthuluri is a promising filmmaker and takes up a potential subject, but falls short in making it a well-made film".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/basanthi.html|title=Basanthi review - Telugu cinema review - Raja Goutham, Alisha Baig|website=www.idlebrain.com}}</ref> A critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' wrote that "The film has a much more purpose than entertainment. It inspires one not to give in to a situation but rise above it, even if it means facing a risk".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/basanti/movie-review/31173012.cms|title=Basanti Movie Review|work=The Times of India|access-date=2024-08-30|archive-date=2024-08-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240830060529/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/basanti/movie-review/31173012.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> A critic from ''[[The Hans India]]'' rated the film three out of five and wrote that "Director Chaitanya after Banam has yet again created another good movie. The plot and narration of the story are excellent. Though the lead role players are not very matured, even then they have strived to deliver their best performance".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Cinema/2014-02-28/Basanti-Telugu-movie-review-rating/87687|title=Basanti Telugu movie review, rating|date=28 February 2014|website=[[The Hans India]]|access-date=2024-08-30|archive-date=2024-08-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240830055027/https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Cinema/2014-02-28/Basanti-Telugu-movie-review-rating/87687|url-status=live}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|3432010}}

[[Category:Indian romantic action films]]
[[Category:2014 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2014 Indian films]]

Arul (film)

2026-03-03T04:31:03Z

CarmenCarey59: started first entry more to come

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Arul film poster.jpg
| caption = Promotional poster
| director = [[Hari (director)|Hari]]
| writer = Hari
| starring = [[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]] [[Jyothika]]
| producer = [[T. Rama Rao]] '''(Presenter)''' [[T. Rama Rao|T. Ajay Kumar]]
| cinematography = [[Priyan]]
| editing = [[V. T. Vijayan]]
| music = [[Harris Jayaraj]]
| studio = Lakshmi Productions
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2004|05|01|df=yes}}
| runtime = 163 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget =
}}

'''''Arul''''' ({{Translation|Grace}}){{Efn|Also the title character.}} is a 2004 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[action film]] written and directed by [[Hari (director)|Hari]]. It stars [[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]] and [[Jyothika]], with [[Pasupathy]], [[Kollam Thulasi]] and [[Vadivelu]] in supporting roles. The music was composed by [[Harris Jayaraj]], while the cinematography and editing were handled by [[Priyan]] and [[V. T. Vijayan]] respectively. ''Arul'' was released on 1 May 2004 and performed above average at the box office.

== Plot ==
Arul Kumaran, a factory worker separated from his family of [[goldsmith]]s in [[Coimbatore]], gets into a verbal fight with the corrupt [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] Gajapathy, which results in Arul killing Gajapathy. Arul surrenders to the cops, but is later released from prison. Sethupathy, Gajapathy's elder brother and a political kingmaker, wants to exact revenge on Arul for Gajapathy's death. A cat and mouse game ensues in which Arul takes responsibility for cleaning anti-social elements and also becomes the kingmaker of Coimbatore.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]] as Arul Kumaran
* [[Jyothika]] as Kanmani
* [[Pasupathy]] as [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] Gajapathi
* [[Kollam Thulasi]] as Sethupathi, a Kingmaker criminal
* [[Vadivelu]] as Thangamani
* [[Sathyan (Tamil actor)|Sathyan]] as Senthil Kumaran, Arul's younger brother
* [[Vinu Chakravarthy]] as Bala Dhandayuthapani, Arul's father
* [[Sujatha (actress)|Sujatha]] as Sornam, Arul's mother
* [[Saranya Ponvannan]] as Bhagyam, Arul's elder sister
* [[Thalaivasal Vijay]] as Thiru Kumaran, Arul's elder brother
* [[K. S. Ravikumar]] as Thirupathi, Arul's elder brother-in-law
* [[Aarthi (actress)|Aarthi]] as Neelaveni, Kanmani's younger sister
* [[Vanitha Krishnachandran]] as Durga, Thiru Kumaran's wife
* [[Manobala]] as Paramasivam
* [[Ponnambalam (actor)|Ponnambalam]] as Paalayamkottai Kasilingam
* [[Kuyili (actress)|Kuyili]] as Kaveri, Kanmani & Neelaveni's mother
* [[Charan Raj]] as [[Inspector]] Ramanathan
* [[Rekha Harris|Rekha]] as Saroja, Gajapathi's wife
* [[Sarath Babu]] as Dr. Viswanathan
* [[Vaiyapuri]] as Raja
* [[Benjamin (actor)|Benjamin]] as Mani
* [[Siva Narayana Murthy]] as Shanmuga Pandi, a textile shop owner
* [[Thambi Ramaiah]] as Moorthi, Sethupathi's assistant
* [[Besant Ravi]] as Ravi, Sethupathi's assistant
* Minnal Deepa as Aarthi, Arul's second elder sister-in-law
* Priyanka as Veni
* [[Chaya Singh]] as Ponni (Special appearance in the song "Venam Ponni")
* [[Sampath Ram]] as Sundar (uncredited)
* Japan Kumar (uncredited appearance in "Ukkadathu Papadame")
}}

== Production ==
After the success of ''[[Saamy]]'', director [[Hari (director)|Hari]] decided to again collaborate with actor [[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]] for ''Arul''. [[Jyothika]] was selected as heroine, pairing with Vikram again after ''[[Dhool]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rasika |date=4 December 2003 |title=Lucky three |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/reeltalk/12reeltalk3rd.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616211703/http://www.chennaionline.com/reeltalk/12reeltalk3rd.asp |archive-date=16 June 2004 |access-date=12 January 2022 |website=Chennai Online}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=20 December 2003 |title=Vikram's 'Arul' gets rolling |url=http://cinesouth.com/masala/hotnews/20122003-2.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031223102016/http://cinesouth.com/masala/hotnews/20122003-2.shtml |archive-date=23 December 2003 |access-date=15 November 2024 |website=Cinesouth}}</ref> The filming began at [[AVM Studios]] on 19 December 2003 with a song sequence featuring Vikram and Jyothika.<ref>{{cite web|title=Vikram’s `Arul` launched|date=22 December 2003|access-date=1 December 2025|url=http://sify.com/movies/tamil/fullstory.php?id=13341892|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040105175100/http://sify.com/movies/tamil/fullstory.php?id=13341892|archive-date=5 January 2004|website=[[Sify]]|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Vivek (actor)|Vivek]] was originally a part of the cast but fell out with the director and was subsequently replaced by [[Vadivelu]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rasika |date=20 March 2004 |title=Unconventional Aparna |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/reeltalk/03reeltalk20th.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040603215709/http://www.chennaionline.com/reeltalk/03reeltalk20th.asp |archive-date=3 June 2004 |access-date=12 January 2022 |website=Chennai Online}}</ref> Though the story is set in the backdrop of Coimbatore, the film was entirely shot at Karaikudi and was completed within 45 days.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mannath |first=Malini |date=15 March 2004 |title=Arul |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/location/arul.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040516194929/http://www.chennaionline.com/location/arul.asp |archive-date=16 May 2004 |access-date=12 January 2022 |website=Chennai Online}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[Harris Jayaraj]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 May 2004 |title=Arul (Original Motion Picture Sound Track) – EP |url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/arul-original-motion-picture-sound-track-ep/1701628487 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250320172727/https://music.apple.com/in/album/arul-original-motion-picture-sound-track-ep/1701628487 |archive-date=20 March 2025 |access-date=20 March 2025 |website=[[Apple Music]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ARUL – Harris Jayaraj Tamil Audio CD |url=https://www.audiocdworld.com/product/arul-harris-jayaraj-tamil-audio-cd-2/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250320173654/https://www.audiocdworld.com/product/arul-harris-jayaraj-tamil-audio-cd-2/ |archive-date=20 March 2025 |access-date=20 March 2025 |website=Audio CDs World |language=en}}</ref>

{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 26:51
| title1 = Arul Theme
| note1 = Instrumental
| length1 = 1:33
| lyrics1 = -
| extra1 = -
| title2 = Ukkadathu Papadame
| extra2 = [[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]], [[L. R. Eswari]], [[Theni Kunjarammal]]
| lyrics2 = [[Na. Muthukumar]]
| length2 = 5:29
| title3 = Oddiyaanam
| extra3 = [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]], [[Srimathumitha]]
| lyrics3 = [[Vairamuthu]]
| length3 = 5:01
| title4 = Patthu Viral
| extra4 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[Swarnalatha]]
| lyrics4 = Vairamuthu
| length4 = 5:18
| title5 = Punnakunnu
| extra5 = Tippu, Sriram, [[Manikka Vinayagam]]
| lyrics5 = Na. Muthukumar
| length5 = 4:44
| title6 = Soodamani
| extra6 = [[Ranjith (singer)|Ranjith]], [[Pop Shalini]]
| lyrics6 = [[Snehan]]
| length6 = 4:46
}}

== Critical reception ==
Malathi Rangarajan of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote, "In story and screenplay Hari could have done better. First of all a fearless, infallible hero pitted against a bunch of hoodlums and brutal, power-crazy politicians is too stereotypical for words. And when a completely unexpected twist occurs just before the break, the rest of the tale should be able to sustain the tempo created at the halfway point. Then, of course, you have the disjointed comic sequences".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=7 May 2004 |title=Arul |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/fr/2004/05/07/stories/2004050701940300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081229140056/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/fr/2004/05/07/stories/2004050701940300.htm |archive-date=29 December 2008 |access-date=8 June 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> ''[[Sify]]'' wrote, "If you like ''[[Rambo (franchise)|Rambo]]'' style of films, ''Arul'' is worth investing".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arul |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/arul-review-tamil-13466977.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140328231235/http://www.sify.com/movies/arul-review-tamil-13466977.html |archive-date=28 March 2014 |access-date=9 August 2022 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> Malini Mannath of ''Chennai Online'' called it "a major let-down".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mannath |first=Malini |date=10 May 2004 |title=Arul |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/film/Moviereviews/tammov346.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070206080654/http://www.chennaionline.com/film/Moviereviews/tammov346.asp |archive-date=6 February 2007 |access-date=15 August 2024 |website=Chennai Online}}</ref>

Mister Lee of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' felt Hari tried to rehash his previous films ''[[Thamizh]]'' and ''Saamy'' in a different matter and was critical of logical issues and panned the violence but appreciated Jyothika and Vadivelu's humour and Vikram's enthusiasm in fight sequences.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=லீ |first=மிஸ்டர் |date=23 May 2004 |title=அருள் |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki2004-05-23/page/48/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230202111002/https://archive.org/details/kalki2004-05-23/page/48/mode/2up |archive-date=2 February 2023 |access-date=20 March 2025 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=48 |language=Tamil |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' wrote, "The Saamy team of director Hari, Vikram and Harris Jayaraj is back with Arul, which is an out and out mass entertainer. Vikram's most awaited movie doesn't disappoint the audience and Arul has everything to give you your money's worth".<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 May 2004 |title=Arul |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/may022004/mr4.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041209024052/http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/may022004/mr4.asp |archive-date=9 December 2004 |access-date=20 March 2025 |website=[[Deccan Herald]]}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

{{Hari (director)}}
[[Category:2004 Indian films]]
[[Category:2000s masala films]]
[[Category:2004 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2004 action films]]
[[Category:2004 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Hari (director)]]
[[Category:Films scored by Harris Jayaraj]]
[[Category:Films set in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Films shot in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Films shot in Karaikudi]]
[[Category:Indian action films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language action films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Saamy Square

2026-03-03T03:13:45Z

CarmenCarey59: minor cleanup

{{short description|2018 film directed by Hari}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2018}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Saamy Square.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Hari (director)|Hari]]
| producer = Shibu Thameens
| writer = Hari
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]]
*[[Keerthy Suresh]]
*[[Aishwarya Rajesh]]
*[[Bobby Simha]]
}}
| music = [[Devi Sri Prasad]]
| cinematography = [[A. Venkatesh (cinematographer)|Venkatesh Anguraj]]
| editing = {{plainlist|
* [[V. T. Vijayan]]
* T. S. Jay
}}
| studio = [[Thameens Films]]
| distributor = [[Thameens Films|Thameens Release]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2018|09|21|ref1=<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 September 2018 |title=Vikram's 'Saamy Square' official release date is here |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/saamy-square-release-date-september-21-vikram-keerthy-suresh-tamil-news-220900 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207180721/https://www.indiaglitz.com/saamy-square-release-date-september-21-vikram-keerthy-suresh-tamil-news-220900 |archive-date=7 December 2023 |access-date=7 December 2023 |website=Indiaglitz}}</ref>}}
| runtime = 174 minutes
| country = India
| language = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| budget = 
| gross =
}}

'''''Saamy Square''''' is a 2018 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[action film]] directed by [[Hari (director)|Hari]] and produced by Sun pictures. The film, which is the sequel to ''[[Saamy]]'', stars [[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]] in a [[double role|dual role]], while [[Keerthy Suresh]], [[Aishwarya Rajesh]], [[Bobby Simha]], [[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]] and [[Soori (actor)|Soori]] appear in supporting roles.<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 July 2018 |title=Aishwarya Rajesh joins the cast of Saamy Square |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/aishwarya-rajesh-joins-the-cast-of-saitaan-square/articleshow/64841417.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181121052644/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/aishwarya-rajesh-joins-the-cast-of-saitaan-square/articleshow/64841417.cms |archive-date=21 November 2018 |access-date=20 November 2018 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The music was composed by [[Devi Sri Prasad]].

''Saamy Square'' was released on 21 September 2018 to mixed reviews from critics and become a [[box office flop|box office failure]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vikram: Saamy Square is Saamy in Telugu {{!}} Telugu Movie News |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/saitaan-square-is-saitaan-in-telugu/articleshow/65729902.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181205140634/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/saitaan-square-is-saitaan-in-telugu/articleshow/65729902.cms |archive-date=2018-12-05 |website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref>

==Plot==
In [[India]], [[Superintendent of police (India)|Deputy Commissioner of Police]] (DCP) Aarusaamy was transferred out of [[Tirunelveli]] after killing corrupt politician Perumal Pichai.{{efn|name=Saamy|As depicted in ''[[Saamy]]'' (2003)}} He lives happily with his pregnant wife Bhuvana in [[Palani]]. Bhuvana wants to become an [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]] officer. However, when Perumal Pichai's men in Tirunelveli were talking about what had happened to him, they speculated that he might be in [[Colombo]] with his second wife and his three sons: Mahendra Pichai, the oldest; Devendra Pichai, the middle; and Raavana Pichai, the youngest. Raavana is crueller and more dangerous than his brothers. Saamy applied for a transfer to Tirunelveli to stop Raavana, which was approved.

28 years later, Ramasamy works for Viswanathan, the [[Ministry of Home Affairs|Union Home Minister]], in [[New Delhi]]. He intends to pursue IAS as per the wishes of his maternal grandparents. Diya, Viswanathan's daughter, has just finished her studies and has returned from [[London]] after completing her studies. When Raavana asks Viswanathan for the pending commission amount to be paid for transferring the party fund secretly, he replies merely to ask the party directly and not him. Irritated, Raavana kidnaps Diya for immediate settlement of payment. Ram rescues her from Raavana's goons and drops her off at home. She is impressed by his diplomatic nature and falls in love with him. Soon after, Ram accidentally seizes a van containing [[black money]] transferred by Raavana on a commission basis. He hands the money to the [[President of India]] without revealing his identity, which frustrates Raavana. Diya constantly proposes to Ram, which he rejects initially but gives in later.

Ram succeeds in the [[Union Public Service Commission|UPSC exam]] and leaves for [[Mussoorie]] for one-year training. After his return, his grandparents are shocked to see that he has opted for [[Indian Police Service|IPS]] and that he has been posted as a probationary [[Assistant Commissioner of Police]] in Tirunelveli. When Ram asks the reason for their reaction, his grandfather tells the truth that, in fact, his father, Aarusaamy, has been a Deputy Commissioner in Tirunelveli. Ram's grandfather begins to explain what happened 28 years ago. When Saamy and Bhuvana were on their way to Tirunelveli, they were hacked to death by the Pichai brothers to avenge their father's death. Before dying, Saamy manages to open his dead wife's [[uterus]] and [[Preterm birth|prematurely deliver]] his child (Ram). Bhuvana's parents take Ram and escape to [[Delhi]], while a truck accident planned by Raavana kills the rest of their family.

Agitated by hearing about his tragic past, Ram decides to go to Tirunelveli and get justice for his parents' deaths. Ram's grandparents accept his decision, and he leaves for Tirunelveli and decides to take on the Pichai brothers. He initially warns Raavana and vows to bring the brothers before the law for killing his parents. Ram later razes Perumal's statue, which had been illegally placed at an intersection by Raavana and caused traffic problems. A [[cat-and-mouse game]] ensues between Ram and Raavana, with both of them trying to get rid of each other. In response to the president's orders, Saamy is transferred to Tirunelveli, and Raavana is surprised that they could not transfer him elsewhere. Meanwhile, Viswanathan initially disapproves of Ram and Diya's love but later accepts it.

Ram kills Devendra and Mahendra after an accident caused by them in Devendra's cracker factory to prevent Ram from seizing illegal extortion money from Raavana, which kills many innocent workers, as well as a pregnant woman. Raavana's goons start to kill the people of Tirunelveli in revenge. Viswanathan decides to resign from politics because of the embarrassment faced. However, Raavana's henchmen orchestrate a train accident which kills Viswanathan. Later, Raavana absconds to [[Colombo]] with his mother's advice. Ram finds out that Raavana is planning to go to [[Pakistan]] via [[Gujarat]] and [[Rajasthan]], and he tracks him down. After a tiresome fight with desert bandits and Raavana, Ram subdues Raavana but decides to leave him to his fate in the middle of the [[Thar Desert]] with no man, town, village, or water source for several hundreds of kilometers.

As the [[end credits|credits roll]], Ram lies to the media Raavana left for Sri Lanka over the fear of being killed. Raavana dies after 17 days in the desert. Soon, Ram and Diya marry. The movie ends with the message, "Saamy's adventure will continue".

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
*[[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]] in a [[dual role]] as
**[[Assistant Commissioner of Police#India|ACP]] Ramasaamy Aarusaamy (A. Ramasaamy) [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
**[[Superintendent of police (India)|DCP]] Aarusaamy Chockalingam (C. Aarusaamy)
*[[Keerthy Suresh]] as Diya
*[[Aishwarya Rajesh]] as Bhuvana
*[[Bobby Simha]] as Raavana Pichai, youngest among the Pichai brothers
*[[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]] as Union Minister G. Viswanathan, Diya's father
*[[Soori (actor)|Soori]] as Sakthi
*[[O. A. K. Sundar]] as Mahendra Pichai, eldest among the Pichai brothers
*[[John Vijay]] as Devendra Pichai, second among the Pichai brothers
*[[Ramesh Khanna]] as "Punctuality" Paramasivam
*[[Aishwariyaa Bhaskaran]] as Viswanathan's wife, Diya's mother
*[[Sudha Chandran]] as Perumal's second wife in Colombo, Sri Lanka
*[[Imman Annachi]] as [[Sub Inspector of Police#Tamilnadu|SI]] Thangavelu
*[[Uma Riyaz Khan]] as [[Inspector of Police#Tamilnadu|Inspector]] Noorjahan
*[[Delhi Ganesh]] as Srinivasan Iyengar (Bhuvana's father, Ramasaamy's grandfather)
*[[Sumitra (actress)|Sumitra]] as Mrs. Iyengar (Bhuvana's mother, Ramasaamy's grandmother)
*[[Sanjeev Venkat|Sanjeev]] as Santhosh [[Indian Police Service|IPS]], Ramsaamy's friend
*[[Thyagu (actor)|Thyagu]] as Aiyarettu Sundaram
*[[Bala Singh]] as Aatangkarai Shanmugam
*[[Crane Manohar]] as Aarusaamy's aide
*[[Pondy Ravi]] as Ravana's Personal Assistant
*[[Singamuthu]] as Brahmin
*[[Chaams]] as Sundaram
*[[Gunalan Morgan]] as Jayraj
* Mohammed Absar
*[[Praveena]] as Meenakshi ([[cameo appearance]])
*[[Kota Srinivasa Rao]] as Perumal Pichai (flashback cameo)
*[[Vivek (actor)|Vivek]] as Venkatrama Iyengar (portrait presence)
*[[Vijayakumar (Tamil actor)|Vijayakumar]] as Chockalingam (Aarusaamy's father and Ramasaamy's grandfather) (Archival footage from previous film)}}

== Production ==
=== Development ===
In August 2016, during the audio launch of ''[[Iru Mugan]]'', director [[Hari (director)|Hari]] made an official announcement that he would unite with [[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]],<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 August 2016 |title=Vikram teams up with director Hari for 'Saamy 2' |url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/vikram-teams-up-with-director-hari-for-saamy-2/article8932919.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230715234939/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/Vikram-teams-up-with-director-Hari-for-%E2%80%98Saamy-2%E2%80%99/article14547569.ece |archive-date=15 July 2023 |access-date=30 September 2017 |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=[[Chennai]] |agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2 August 2016 |title=Vikram teams up with director Hari for 'Saamy 2' |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/vikram-teams-up-with-director-hari-for-saamy-2-2949795/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171001031240/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/vikram-teams-up-with-director-hari-for-saamy-2-2949795/ |archive-date=1 October 2017 |access-date=30 September 2017 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |location=[[Chennai]] |agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]]}}</ref> also echoed by the latter,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 August 2016 |title="Anand Shankar skipped a big hero film for doing 'Iru Mugan' with me" – Vikram |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/transcript-of-vikram-speech-in-iru-mugan-audio-launch-function-tamil-news-164335.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171001031036/http://www.indiaglitz.com/transcript-of-vikram-speech-in-iru-mugan-audio-launch-function-tamil-news-164335.html |archive-date=1 October 2017 |access-date=30 September 2017 |website=Indiaglitz}}</ref> for a sequel to ''[[Saamy]]'' after 13 years<ref>{{Cite news |last=S |first=Subhakeerthana |date=3 August 2016 |title=Saamy 2 on cards! |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/Saamy-2-on-cards/2016/08/03/article3560068.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160906211150/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/Saamy-2-on-cards/2016/08/03/article3560068.ece |archive-date=6 September 2016 |access-date=30 September 2017 |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> being bankrolled by Shibu Thameens.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 August 2016 |title=Hari and Vikram to team up again !!!! |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/vikram-hari-saamy2-tamil-news-164330.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171001031116/http://www.indiaglitz.com/vikram-hari-saamy2-tamil-news-164330.html |archive-date=1 October 2017 |access-date=30 September 2017 |website=Indiaglitz}}</ref> The [[principal photography]] was expected to commence in late 2016<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 August 2016 |title=Saamy 2: Vikram will collaborate with Singam director Hari for sequel to 2003 hit |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/saamy-2-sequel-vikram-iru-mugan-hari-next-film-tamil-release-date-332857-2016-08-02 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818132547/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/saamy-2-sequel-vikram-iru-mugan-hari-next-film-tamil-release-date/1/730143.html |archive-date=18 August 2016 |access-date=30 September 2017 |work=[[India Today]] |location=[[New Delhi]]}}</ref> with [[Harris Jayaraj]] as [[music composer]]. During December 2016, Shibu Thameens confirmed that the plan for sequel was still on, putting an end to the rumours of the project being shelved,<ref name="take">{{Cite web |date=28 December 2016 |title=Will Vikram's 'Saamy-2' take off? |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/will-vikram-s-saamy-2-take-off-news-tamil-qm2p1gcidhejh.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170214182802/http://www.sify.com/movies/will-vikram-s-saamy-2-take-off-news-tamil-qm2p1gcidhejh.html |archive-date=14 February 2017 |access-date=30 September 2017 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> as director Hari and his team were involved in [[script development]] and would tentatively commence the principal photography in April 2017.<ref name="nots">{{Cite web |date=16 January 2017 |title='Saamy 2' not shelved, clarifies producer |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/saamy-2-not-shelved-clarifies-producer/articleshow/56268998.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170215135115/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/saamy-2-not-shelved-clarifies-producer/articleshow/56268998.cms |archive-date=15 February 2017 |access-date=30 September 2017 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> In May 2017, it was officially announced that [[Devi Sri Prasad]] would be the composer, collaborating again with Vikram for the second time after ''[[Kanthaswamy|Kanthasamy]]'' and Hari for the fifth time after ''Aaru'', ''Venghai'', ''Singam'' and ''Singam 2''.<ref name="dsp">{{Cite news |date=17 May 2017 |title=DSP replaces Harris Jayaraj in 'Saamy 2' |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/DSP-replaces-harris-jayaraj-in-saamy-2-117051700339_1.html |access-date=30 September 2017 |work=[[Business Standard]] |location=[[Chennai]] |agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]]}}</ref> In August 2017, it was reported that lyricist [[Viveka (lyricist)|Viveka]] had joined the composer and director for a music composition session at [[Puducherry (city)|Puducherry]].<ref name="viveka">{{Cite web |date=20 August 2017 |title=Here is an update on Saamy2 |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/here-is-an-update-on-saamy2/articleshow/60144531.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180110082934/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/here-is-an-update-on-saamy2/articleshow/60144531.cms |archive-date=10 January 2018 |access-date=30 September 2017 |website=[[Times of India]]}}</ref> [[Kanal Kannan]] and [[Stunt Silva|Silva]] were tasked with [[action choreography]].<ref name="kkmil">{{Cite web |last=Janani K |date=21 September 2017 |title=Prabhu and Soori join Saamy 2 |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/210917/prabhu-and-soori-join-saamy-2.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170930231620/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/210917/prabhu-and-soori-join-saamy-2.html |archive-date=30 September 2017 |access-date=30 September 2017 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=4 June 2018 |title=Saamy² - Trailer |url=http://www.pakka.tv/entertainment/trailers/saamy--trailer--chiyaan-vikram-keerthy-suresh--hari--devi-sri-prasad--shibu-thameens9063/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180704124854/http://www.pakka.tv/entertainment/trailers/saamy--trailer--chiyaan-vikram-keerthy-suresh--hari--devi-sri-prasad--shibu-thameens9063/ |archive-date=4 July 2018 |access-date=4 June 2018 |work=PakkaTv}}</ref> [[Priyan]], Hari's regular cinematographer, was selected as well, but later [[A. Venkatesh (cinematographer)|Venkatesh Anguraj]] became the cinematographer after Priyan died due to a heart attack in November 2017. The art direction was done by P. Shanmugam and P.V. Balaji, replacing K. Kadhir, who had collaborated with Hari in his previous films.

=== Casting ===
Apart from Vikram reprising his role, [[Keerthy Suresh]] was selected as the female lead.<ref name="vik">{{Cite news |last=S Subhakeerthana |date=27 October 2016 |title=Excited to see Vikram and me together again: Trisha |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2016/oct/27/i-feel-blessed-to-have-sustained-1532119--2.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170930222634/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2016/oct/27/i-feel-blessed-to-have-sustained-1532119--2.html |archive-date=30 September 2017 |access-date=30 September 2017 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |pages=2}}</ref><ref name="excite">{{Cite news |last=Srivatsan |date=27 October 2016 |title=Trisha on Saamy 2: Excited to work with Vikram again |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/mohini-trisha-saamy-2-chiyaan-vikram-hari-vijay-sethupathi-upcoming-film-348815-2016-10-27 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170217010314/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/mohini-trisha-saamy-2-chiyaan-vikram-hari-vijay-sethupathi-upcoming-film/1/796769.html |archive-date=17 February 2017 |access-date=30 September 2017 |work=[[India Today]]}}</ref> [[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]] and comedian [[Soori (actor)|Soori]] were added to cast along with [[Bobby Simha]].<ref name="psb">{{Cite web |date=21 September 2017 |title=Prabhu and Soori join Vikram's 'Saamy-2' |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/prabhu-and-soori-join-vikram-s-saamy-2-news-tamil-rjvj7Aiadbgfe.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171003220307/http://www.sify.com/movies/prabhu-and-soori-join-vikram-s-saamy-2-news-tamil-rjvj7Aiadbgfe.html |archive-date=3 October 2017 |access-date=30 September 2017 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> [[Trisha (actress)|Trisha]] was originally going to reprise her role as Bhuvana from the first film but opted out, citing "creative differences";<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 October 2017 |title=Trisha Krishnan walks out of Saamy 2, cites creative differences |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/trisha-krishnan-walks-out-of-saamy-2-cites-creative-differences/story-Z33gN7bcTQAlTWA6qMsPQN.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180925104341/https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/trisha-krishnan-walks-out-of-saamy-2-cites-creative-differences/story-Z33gN7bcTQAlTWA6qMsPQN.html |archive-date=25 September 2018 |access-date=25 September 2018 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> she was replaced by [[Aishwarya Rajesh]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 July 2018 |title=Aishwarya Rajesh joins the cast of Saamy Square |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/aishwarya-rajesh-joins-the-cast-of-saamy-square/articleshow/64841417.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180813030934/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/aishwarya-rajesh-joins-the-cast-of-saamy-square/articleshow/64841417.cms |archive-date=13 August 2018 |access-date=24 July 2018 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> [[Vivek (actor)|Vivek]] refused to reprise his role from the original film as he felt his character was not well developed in this film.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Subhakeerthana |first=S |date=25 December 2017 |title=From Saamy to Sakka Podu Podu Raja: Vivekh talks about what it's like to be a comedian |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2017/dec/25/from-saamy-to-sakka-podu-podu-raja-vivekh-talks-about-what-its-like-to-be-a-comedian-1736141.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191022091016/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2017/dec/25/from-saamy-to-sakka-podu-podu-raja-vivekh-talks-about-what-its-like-to-be-a-comedian-1736141.html |archive-date=22 October 2019 |access-date=23 November 2023 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>

=== Filming ===
Despite the commencement of [[pre-production]], the shooting was supposed to be commenced during June or July 2017 as quoted by the film producer.<ref name="june">{{Cite news |last=Karthik |first=Kumar |date=23 March 2017 |title=Actor Vikram's Saamy 2 to roll from June or July |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/actor-vikram-s-saamy-2-to-roll-from-june-or-july/story-PZWKY1MNqqmFZ0gzPXp5FP.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171001031001/http://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/actor-vikram-s-saamy-2-to-roll-from-june-or-july/story-PZWKY1MNqqmFZ0gzPXp5FP.html |archive-date=1 October 2017 |access-date=30 September 2017 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |location=[[Chennai]]}}</ref> Various sources towards reported that the shoot would start towards the end of September 2017.<ref name="end">{{Cite web |last=Thinkal |first=Menon |date=18 September 2017 |title=Trisha and Keerthy Suresh have crucial roles in Hari's Saamy 2 |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/trisha-and-keerthy-suresh-have-crucial-roles-in-haris-saamy-2/articleshow/60719812.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170921225942/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/trisha-and-keerthy-suresh-have-crucial-roles-in-haris-saamy-2/articleshow/60719812.cms |archive-date=21 September 2017 |access-date=30 September 2017 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref name="last">{{Cite web |date=22 September 2017 |title=Vikram, Trisha film Saamy 2 to finally go on floors in the last week of September |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/vikram-trisha-film-saamy-2-to-finally-go-on-floors-in-the-last-week-of-september/story-Xyp7SvezfQurNBxk3j9YmI.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171001030832/http://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/vikram-trisha-film-saamy-2-to-finally-go-on-floors-in-the-last-week-of-september/story-Xyp7SvezfQurNBxk3j9YmI.html |archive-date=1 October 2017 |access-date=30 September 2017 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |publisher=[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]] |location=[[Chennai]]}}</ref> Finally, the principal photography commenced in [[Chennai]] from 30 September 2017 onwards.<ref name="ppc">{{Cite web |date=30 September 2017 |title=Hari's 'Saamy-2 shoot begins in Chennai |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/hari-s-saamy-2-shoot-begins-in-chennai-news-tamil-rj4mX2hfejhdc.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170930181739/http://www.sify.com/movies/hari-s-saamy-2-shoot-begins-in-chennai-news-tamil-rj4mX2hfejhdc.html |archive-date=30 September 2017 |access-date=30 September 2017 |website=[[Sify]] |location=[[Chennai]]}}</ref><ref name="shoot">{{Cite news |date=30 September 2017 |title=Saamy 2: Vikram and Keerthy Suresh begin work on the sequel |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/saamy-2-vikram-and-keerthy-suresh-begin-work-on-the-sequel/story-VzVXkx80BIm3a5xT8qkYyL.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170930113345/http://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/saamy-2-vikram-and-keerthy-suresh-begin-work-on-the-sequel/story-VzVXkx80BIm3a5xT8qkYyL.html |archive-date=30 September 2017 |access-date=30 September 2017 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |location=[[New Delhi]]}}</ref> The director also revealed that the film would be shot in [[Delhi]], [[Gujarat]],[[Rajasthan]],[[Mussoorie]] and [[Nepal]] after shooting considerable portions in Chennai.<ref name="nepal">{{Cite news |date=21 September 2017 |title='Saamy 2' to finally go on floors later this month |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/saamy-2-to-finally-go-on-floors-later-this-month-117092100272_1.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170930224021/http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/saamy-2-to-finally-go-on-floors-later-this-month-117092100272_1.html |archive-date=30 September 2017 |access-date=30 September 2017 |work=[[Business Standard]] |location=[[Chennai]] |agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]]}}</ref> In early October, the film's new title was revealed to be ''Saamy Square''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 October 2017 |title=Chiyaan Vikrams Saamy sequel titled Saamy Square |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/chiyaan-vikram-saamy-sequel-titled-saamy-square-1056204-2017-10-02 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20171002093906/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/chiyaan-vikram-saamy-sequel-titled-saamy-square/1/1059882.html |archive-date=2 October 2017 |access-date=2 October 2017 |work=India Today}}</ref> By July 2018, filming was mostly complete except for a song sequence.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 July 2018 |title=Saamy Square film wrap up plan |url=https://www.moviecrow.com/News/20770/saamy-square-vikram-keerthy-suresh-to-shoot-the-final-song-abroad |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240422035153/https://www.moviecrow.com/News/20770/saamy-square-vikram-keerthy-suresh-to-shoot-the-final-song-abroad |archive-date=22 April 2024 |access-date=2024-04-22 |website=MovieCrow}}</ref>

== Release ==
''Saamy 2'' was released on 21 September 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 September 2018 |title=Vikram's 'Saamy Square' official release date is here |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/saamy-square-release-date-september-21-vikram-keerthy-suresh-tamil-news-220900 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207180721/https://www.indiaglitz.com/saamy-square-release-date-september-21-vikram-keerthy-suresh-tamil-news-220900 |archive-date=7 December 2023 |access-date=7 December 2023 |website=Indiaglitz}}</ref>

=== Home media ===
The satellite and digital rights of the film were sold to [[Star Vijay]] and [[Disney+Hotstar]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 January 2019 |title=Saamy Square World Television Premiere Date, Time & Channel |url=https://www.rdduentertainment.com/saamy-square-world-television-premiere-date-time-channel/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412063027/https://www.rdduentertainment.com/saamy-square-world-television-premiere-date-time-channel/ |archive-date=12 April 2019 |access-date=12 April 2019 |website=RdduEntertainment}}</ref> The film was dubbed and released in [[Hindi]] by [[Pen India Limited]] and was directly telecasted on [[Zee Cinema]].<ref>{{Citation |title=Chiyaan Vikram {{!}} Saamy2 {{!}} Zee Cinema Premiere {{!}} Sunday, 10th November, 12 Noon |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CK6HMglJsD4 |access-date=2021-09-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210924075210/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CK6HMglJsD4 |archive-date=24 September 2021 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Saamy² (2019) {{!}} New Released Full Hindi Dubbed Movie {{!}} Vikram, Keerthy Suresh, Aishwarya Rajesh |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s6z-JwK-tTA |access-date=2021-09-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210924075207/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s6z-JwK-tTA |archive-date=24 September 2021 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Saamy 2
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Devi Sri Prasad]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 23 July 2018
| genre = [[Soundtrack]]
| length = 21:53
| language = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| label = [[Sony Music India|Sony Music]]
| producer = [[Devi Sri Prasad]]
| prev_title = [[Bharat Ane Nenu]]
| prev_year = 2018
| next_title = [[Hello Guru Prema Kosame]]
| next_year = 2018
| misc = {{Singles
| name = Saamy 2
| type = soundtrack
| single1 = Adhiroobaney
| single1date = {{Start date|df=yes|2018|07|10}}
| single2 = Molaga Podiye
| single2date = {{Start date|df=yes|2018|07|18}}
}}
}}

The music was composed by [[Devi Sri Prasad]], who replaces the predecessor's music composer [[Harris Jayaraj]]. This film marks the Tamil comeback of Prasad after a hiatus of three years, whose previous Tamil film was ''[[Puli (2015 film)|Puli]]'' (2015).

[[Sony Music India|Sony Music]] acquired the rights of the soundtrack for the film.

The first single, "Adhiroobaney," was released on 10 July 2018. The second single, "Molagapodiye," soon followed and released on 18 July 2018. The full soundtrack album of the Tamil version was released on 23 July 2018.

All tracks are written by [[Viveka (lyricist)|Viveka]] except where noted.

'''Track listing '''
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Adhiroobaney
| extra1 = [[M. M. Manasi]]
| lyrics1 =
| length1 = 4:32
| title2 = Molagapodiye
| extra2 = [[Sanjith Hegde]], [[Rita (Indian singer)|Rita Thyagarajan]]
| lyrics2 =
| length2 = 4:23
| title3 = Darnakka
| lyrics3 =
| extra3 = [[Benny Dayal]], [[Anthony Daasan]]
| length3 = 4:56
| title4 = Hey Penney Onna Patha
| lyrics4 =
| extra4 = [[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]], [[Keerthy Suresh]]
| length4 = 4:18
| title5 = Amma Amma
| extra5 = [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]]
| lyrics5 =
| length5 = 3:45
| total_length = 21:53
}}

== Reception ==
=== Critical response ===
''Saamy 2'' received negative reviews from critics with praise for Vikram's performance and action sequences, but criticized its plot, script, direction, music and humor.

M. Suganth of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 2/5 stars and wrote "The nods to the first film only makes the shortcomings much more obvious. But what is truly unforgivable is that it ruins our memories of the first film."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Saamy Square Movie Review {3/5}: Saamy 2 is a watered down version of the first film |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/saamy-2/movie-review/65895241.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180921235245/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/saamy-2/movie-review/65895241.cms |archive-date=2018-09-21 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Priyanka Sundar of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' gave 2/5 stars and wrote "Vikram’s new film is exactly the same as ''[[Saamy]]'' with the only difference being how director Hari has presented the lead character."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Saamy Square movie review: Vikram plays an angry cop in a sequel which follows the same plot as Saamy |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/saamy-square-movie-review-vikram-plays-an-angry-cop-in-a-sequel-which-follows-the-same-plot-as-saamy/story-A8RX6C5uhv9CImSXaZuHyL.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180921235245/https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/saamy-square-movie-review-vikram-plays-an-angry-cop-in-a-sequel-which-follows-the-same-plot-as-saamy/story-A8RX6C5uhv9CImSXaZuHyL.html |archive-date=2018-09-21 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>

Janani. K of ''[[India Today]]'' gave 2/5 stars and wrote "''Saamy Square'''s premise had enough meat to qualify as a perfect commercial entertainer. But a sluggish first half and weak writing in parts make the film enjoyable only in certain places."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Saamy Square Movie Review: Tacky VFX and dialogues ruin Vikram film |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/saamy-square-review-vikram-keerthy-suresh-aishwarya-rajesh-director-hari-1345541-2018-09-21 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180921114901/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/saamy-square-review-vikram-keerthy-suresh-aishwarya-rajesh-director-hari-1345541-2018-09-21 |archive-date=21 September 2018 |access-date=21 September 2018 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref>
''Indiaglitz'' gave 2/5 stars and wrote "Go for this ride if you are a fan of Vikram and are immune to [[déjà vu]]."<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 September 2018 |title=Vikram's 'Saamy Square' official release date is here |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/saamy-square-release-date-september-21-vikram-keerthy-suresh-tamil-news-220900 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207180721/https://www.indiaglitz.com/saamy-square-release-date-september-21-vikram-keerthy-suresh-tamil-news-220900 |archive-date=7 December 2023 |access-date=7 December 2023 |website=Indiaglitz}}</ref>

Sowmya Rajendran of ''[[The News Minute]]'' wrote "The screenplay for 'Saamy Square' probably reads as an endless series of slaps."<ref>{{Cite web |title='Saamy Square' review: This Vikram starrer is a loud, exhausting sequel |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/saamy-square-review-vikram-starrer-loud-exhausting-sequel-88730 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180921235245/https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/saamy-square-review-vikram-starrer-loud-exhausting-sequel-88730 |archive-date=2018-09-21 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref> Srinivasa Ramanujam of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote "A loud, over-the-top revenge drama that is not a patch on part one."<ref>{{Cite web |title='Saamy Square' review: Cop out |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/saamy-square-review-cop-out/article25008756.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180921235245/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/saamy-square-review-cop-out/article25008756.ece |archive-date=2018-09-21 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|6863784}}

{{Hari (director)}}

[[Category:2018 Indian films]]
[[Category:2010s police films]]
[[Category:2018 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2018 action films]]
[[Category:2018 films]]
[[Category:2018 masala films]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Tamil Nadu Police]]
[[Category:Films directed by Hari (director)]]
[[Category:Films scored by Devi Sri Prasad]]
[[Category:Films set in Chennai]]
[[Category:Films set in Delhi]]
[[Category:Films set in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Films set in Sri Lanka (1948–present)]]
[[Category:Films set in Tiruchirappalli]]
[[Category:Films set in Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Films shot in Chennai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Karaikudi]]
[[Category:Films shot in Nepal]]
[[Category:Films shot in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Films shot in Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:Films shot in Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Indian action films]]
[[Category:Indian police films]]
[[Category:Indian sequel films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Batla House

2026-03-02T09:23:34Z

CarmenCarey59: corrected page also and corrected details

{{short description|2019 Indian film directed by Nikkhil Advani}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Batla House
| image = Batla House poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| alt = A man running on an empty road.
| director = [[Nikkhil Advani]]
| writer = [[Ritesh Shah]]
| producer = {{Plainlist|
* [[Bhushan Kumar]]
* [[Divya Khosla Kumar]]
* [[Krishan Kumar (actor)|Krishan Kumar]]
* Monisha Advani
* Madhu Bhojwani
* John Abraham
* Sandeep Leyzell
}}
| starring = {{ubl|[[John Abraham]]|[[Mrunal Thakur]]|[[Ravi Kishan]]}}
| based_on = [[Batla House encounter case|2008 Batla House encounter case]]
| music = '''Score:''' John Stewart Eduri '''Songs:''' [[Rochak Kohli]] [[Tanishk Bagchi]] [[Ankit Tiwari]] [[Taz (singer)|Taz]]
| cinematography = Soumik Mukherjee
| editing = Maahir Zaveri
| studio = {{ubl|[[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]|[[Emmay Entertainment]]|[[JA Entertainment]]|Bake My Cake Films}}
| distributor = {{ubl|[[Anand Pandit|Anand Pandit Motion Pictures]]|[[Panorama Studios]]|[[AA Films]]}}
| released = {{film date|df=yes|2019|08|15|ref1=<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 October 2018 |title=John Abraham and Mouni Roy start filming Batla House to release on Aug 15, 2019 |url=http://zeenews.india.com/bollywood/john-abraham-starts-shooting-for-thriller-drama-batla-house-2149946.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181031005304/http://zeenews.india.com/bollywood/john-abraham-starts-shooting-for-thriller-drama-batla-house-2149946.html |archive-date=31 October 2018 |access-date=30 October 2018 |website=Zee News}}</ref>}}
| runtime = 146 minutes<ref>{{Cite web |title="BATLA HOUSE (2019)- British Board of Film Classification." |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/batla-house-2019 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190813190027/https://bbfc.co.uk/releases/batla-house-2019 |archive-date=13 August 2019 |access-date=20 August 2020}}</ref>
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Hindi]]
| budget = {{INR|link=yes}}56 [[crore]]<ref name="boxofficeindia.com">{{Cite web |title=Batla House – Movie – Box Office India |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=5700 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210607183229/https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=5700 |archive-date=7 June 2021 |access-date=7 June 2021 |website=boxofficeindia.com}}</ref>
| gross = {{INR|link=yes}}113.38 [[crore]]<ref name="boxoffmain">{{Cite web |date=15 August 2019 |title=Batla House Box Office |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/batla-house/box-office/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407102918/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/batla-house/box-office/ |archive-date=7 April 2023 |access-date=6 September 2019 |website=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref>
}}

'''''Batla House''''' is a 2019 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[action-thriller film]] written by [[Ritesh Shah]] and directed by [[Nikkhil Advani]]. Inspired by the 2008 [[Batla House encounter case]], the film stars [[John Abraham]] as [[Assistant commissioner of police|ACP]] Sanjay Kumar, a police officer based on [[Sanjeev Kumar Yadav]], who played an important role in the encounter, leading to the demise of his colleague [[Mohan Chand Sharma]]. [[Mrunal Thakur]] and [[Ravi Kishan]] appear in supporting roles. The plot showcases the encounter, its aftermath, Sanjay's struggle to catch the fugitives and prove the authenticity of the encounter, while dealing with nationwide hatred and [[post-traumatic stress disorder]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 July 2019 |title=John Abraham: Spent time with Sanjeev to understand incident |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/john-abraham-spent-time-with-special-cell-dcp-sanjeev-kumar-yadav-to-understand-incident-21323190 |access-date=25 July 2022 |work=[[Mid Day]] |language=en}}</ref>

The film was theatrically released on 15 August 2019, coinciding with the [[Indian Independence Day]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 September 2018 |title=Batla House first look: John Abraham film to release on Independence Day, to clash with Brahmastra |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/batla-house-first-look-john-abraham-film-to-release-on-independence-day-to-clash-with-brahmastra/story-hK6Q3tFFMCpld02xJAg4PN.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180921220943/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/batla-house-first-look-john-abraham-film-to-release-on-independence-day-to-clash-with-brahmastra/story-hK6Q3tFFMCpld02xJAg4PN.html |archive-date=21 September 2018 |access-date=30 October 2018 |work=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=21 September 2018 |title=Batla House: John Abraham starrer to release on Independence Day 2019 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/john-abraham-film-batla-house-release-date-independence-day-2019-posters-5368732/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181030170501/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/john-abraham-film-batla-house-release-date-independence-day-2019-posters-5368732/ |archive-date=30 October 2018 |access-date=30 October 2018 |work=The Indian Express |language=en-US}}</ref> It was a commercial success, grossing {{INRConvert|113.38|c}} worldwide.

== Plot ==
[[Assistant Commissioner of Police]] Sanjay Kumar is informed that his team has cornered 5 university students in L-18, [[Batla House encounter case|Batla House]], who might have been involved in the [[13 September 2008 Delhi bombings]], the responsibility for which was claimed by the terrorist organization "[[Indian Mujahideen]]" (IM). Sanjay orders not to engage until he arrives, but a relentless [[Police Inspector|Inspector]] Krishan Kumar "K.K." Singh, proceeds with some officers. Sanjay arrives and, upon hearing the gunshots, decides to engage. The building is cleared, and K.K. is found shot down. Sanjay enters the room, and there's more shooting, as a result of which two students, Adil Ameen & Sadiq Khan, end up dead, and Tufail Khan is arrested alive. Dilshad Ahmed and Javed Ali escape and Sanjay now starts facing the heat from [[News media|media]] and [[politician]]s, who start billing the [[police encounter|encounter]] as a fake one. They're joined by the whole nation in condemning the [[Delhi Police]], and everyone starts demanding justice for the students who were supposedly killed to account for the bombings. Sanjay's wife, Nandita, a [[news anchor]], is however unwilling to accept this and decides to stay with Sanjay, who soon becomes diagnosed with [[post-traumatic stress disorder]], frequently hallucinating about getting shot by the [[terrorist]]s. She somehow stops him whenever he becomes [[suicidal]].

Sanjay now starts looking for the missing Dilshad and Javed and finds one of them to be hiding in [[Nizampur Gobari|Nizampur, Uttar Pradesh]]. He is informed by the [[police commissioner]] that he would be awarded for the encounter and that he must celebrate. Realizing he's not been told where to celebrate, he heads to Nizampur, where he manages to find Dilshad. Everyone tries to stop Sanjay, who chases, beats up, and almost arrests Dilshad, only for him to be cornered by the politicians and the public who let him escape but without Dilshad.

After being awarded the President Medal, Sanjay begins his hunt again and this time, through Dilshad's girlfriend Victoria alias "Huma", tricks him into coming to [[Nepal]]. He teams up with his officers once again and sends a van to pick up Dilshad, as a part of his plan. The latter, however, sends someone else to check for anything suspicious. Sanjay runs to stop his officers from engaging upon realizing Dilshad's not in the van and lets it flee. Learning of nothing suspicious, Dilshad informs the van driver he'd depart the next day, and upon landing in Nepal, is stopped, thrashed, and arrested by Sanjay and his team.

The court proceedings begin, where the opposing lawyer, Shailesh Arya, brings up arguments to counter Sanjay's truth and a parallel story of fake encounters, as per which K.K. and his men brought the students in L-18 tortured, and decided to kill them when they were ordered not to do so, following which K.K. was shot by one of his officers. Sanjay, however, brings out the truth that actually, his officers had been closely watching the students and realized they belonged to the IM. The real shootout then plays out, showcasing K.K. and his team engaging during the students' fire, and the very fact that K.K. died lends Sanjay's argument strong support when he tells everyone that no officer has ever died in a fake encounter. His arguments convince the court to sentence the 2 terrorists to [[life imprisonment]], while the last one somehow escapes the country.

While sections of the media still oppose the ruling and believe the police to be culprits, a video clip that surfaced in 2016 featured a confession from the terrorist Javed who had escaped the encounter, about how he managed to do so and later join the ISIS, further confirming the credibility of the encounter.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|*[[John Abraham]] as [[Assistant commissioner of police (India)|ACP]] Sanjay Kumar [[Indian Police Service|IPS]] (Based on [[Sanjeev Kumar Yadav]])
*[[Mrunal Thakur]] as Nandita Kumar, Sanjay's wife and a journalist (Based on Shobha Kumar)
*[[Ravi Kishan]] as [[Inspector]] K. K. Verma, Sanjay's colleague (Based on [[Mohan Chand Sharma]])
*[[Manish Choudhary]] as [[Commissioner of Police (India)|Joint CP]] Jaivir Singh, [[Delhi]] Special Cell
*[[Rajesh Sharma (actor)|Rajesh Sharma]] as [[Advocate]] Shailesh Arya, Sanjay's defense lawyer
*[[Nora Fatehi]] as Huma / Victoria
*Sonam Arora as Shweta Verma
*Sahidur Rahman as Dilshad Ahmed
*[[Kranti Prakash Jha]] as Adil Ameen
*[[Alok Pandey]] as Tufail Khan
*Faizan Khan as Javed Ali
*Niranjan Jadhoo as Sadiq Khan
*Chirag Katrecha as Zia
*Amit Jairath as Jeetender
*Utkarsh Rai as High Court Judge
*Pramod Pathak as Defense Counsel P. Krishnan
*Siddharth Bhardwaj as Maan Singh
*Robin Das as Chacha
*Gaurav Sharma as Nikhil
*Anil Rastogi as [[Home Minister]] Shivaji Patil
*Bachchan Pachera as Tufail's father
*Amruta Sant as Shraddha, the activist
*Anjuman Saxena as Nandita's mother
*Jitendra Trehan as Police Commissioner
*[[Indraneel Bhattacharya]] as Head of News Channel
*Monisha Advani as Psychiatrist
*Sanjeev Jogtiyani as Constable Balbir Singh
*Amit Jaiswal as [[Inspector]] Jaiswal}}

==Production==

=== Development ===
In May 2018, [[Nikkhil Advani]] announced that he would making a film starring [[John Abraham]] in the lead, based on 2008 [[Batla House encounter case|Operation Batla House]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 May 2016 |title=John Abraham Joins Nikkhil Adavani's Next Film On Batla House Encounter |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/john-abraham-joins-nikkhil-adavanis-next-film-on-batla-house-encounter-1853068 |access-date=11 January 2026 |website=[[NDTV]]}}</ref>

=== Filming ===
[[Principal photography]] began in November 2018, and took place in [[Delhi]], [[Mumbai]], [[Jaipur]], and [[Nepal]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=5 September 2018 |title=John Abraham’s Batla House to start rolling in November |url=https://www.easterneye.biz/john-abrahams-batla-house-to-start-rolling-in-november/ |access-date=2026-01-11 |website=[[Eastern Eye]] |language=en}}</ref> [[Ravi Kishan]] and [[Nora Fatehi]] joined the cast in November 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 November 2018 |title=Nora Fatehi Is All Set To Share Screen Space With John Abraham in Batla House |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/nora-fatehi-is-all-set-to-share-screen-space-with-john-abraham-in-batla-house-1941506 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181104170230/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/nora-fatehi-is-all-set-to-share-screen-space-with-john-abraham-in-batla-house-1941506 |archive-date=4 November 2018 |access-date=4 November 2018 |website=NDTV}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=4 November 2018 |title=Batla House: Ravi Kishan opens up on his character, terms the film as 'one of the finest breaks |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/bollywood-batla-house-ravi-kishan-opens-up-on-his-character-terms-the-film-as-one-of-the-finest-breaks-479274 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190811093955/https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/bollywood-batla-house-ravi-kishan-opens-up-on-his-character-terms-the-film-as-one-of-the-finest-breaks-479274 |archive-date=11 August 2019 |access-date=21 May 2019 |website=India TV News}}</ref> Filming wrapped in February 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 February 2019 |title=It's a wrap for John Abraham starrer Batla House |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/wrap-john-abraham-starrer-batla-house/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190725160724/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/wrap-john-abraham-starrer-batla-house/ |archive-date=25 July 2019 |access-date=21 May 2019 |website=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref>

==Release==

=== Theatrical ===
The film was released on 15 August 2019, coinciding with [[Independence Day (India)|Indian Independence Day]].<ref name="bbfc">{{Cite web |title=BATLA HOUSE (2019) |url=https://bbfc.co.uk/releases/batla-house-2019 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190813190027/https://bbfc.co.uk/releases/batla-house-2019 |archive-date=13 August 2019 |access-date=14 August 2019 |website=[[British Board of Film Classification]]}}</ref>

=== Home media ===
''Batla House'' began streaming on [[Amazon Prime Video]] from October 2019.

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Batla House
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Rochak Kohli]], [[Tanishk Bagchi]], [[Ankit Tiwari]] and [[Tarsame Singh Saini|Taz]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released =
| recorded = 2018–2020
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 15:55
| language = Hindi
| label = [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
| misc =
}}

The soundtrack is composed by [[Rochak Kohli]], [[Tanishk Bagchi]], [[Tarsame Singh Saini|Taz]] and [[Ankit Tiwari]], with the lyrics written by Bagchi, Gautam Sharma, Gurpreet Saini, and Prince Dubey. The first song, "O Saki Saki," is a version of the song "of the same name" from the 2004 film {{Lang|hi-latn|[[Musafir (2004 film)|Musafir]]}}.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 July 2019 |title=O Saki Saki: 'Dancing With The Heavy Fire Fans Was Risky,' Says Nora Fatehi |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/o-saki-saki-dancing-with-the-heavy-fire-fans-was-risky-says-nora-fatehi-2070270 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716123446/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/o-saki-saki-dancing-with-the-heavy-fire-fans-was-risky-says-nora-fatehi-2070270 |archive-date=16 July 2019 |access-date=16 July 2019 |website=NDTV}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=15 July 2019 |title=Batla House song O Saki Saki: Nora Fatehi's dance is high point of this recreated version |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/batla-house-song-o-saki-saki-nora-fatehi-dance-video-remix-5829951 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716150516/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/batla-house-song-o-saki-saki-nora-fatehi-dance-video-remix-5829951/ |archive-date=16 July 2019 |access-date=16 July 2019 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref> The song "O Saki Saki" was launched on 15 July 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 July 2019 |title=Batla House song 'O Saki Saki' sees Nora Fatehi match steps to Tanishk Bagchi's recreation of 2004 classic |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/batla-house-song-o-saki-saki-sees-nora-fatehi-match-steps-to-tanishk-bagchis-recreation-of-2004-classic-6995591.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190723085157/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/batla-house-song-o-saki-saki-sees-nora-fatehi-match-steps-to-tanishk-bagchis-recreation-of-2004-classic-6995591.html |archive-date=23 July 2019 |access-date=23 July 2019 |publisher=First Post}}</ref>

One of the songs, "Gallan Goriyan", was removed from the film's final cut and was instead released as a separate single due to thematic inconsistency at the time of the film's release. The song, a recreated version of an eponymous original from the 2000 album ''Oh Laila'', was released on 11 June 2020 by T-Series.

{{Tracklist
| headline=Track listing
| total_length= 15:55
| extra_column=Singer(s)
| title1= O Saki Saki
| extra1= [[Neha Kakkar]], [[Tulsi Kumar]], [[B Praak]]
| lyrics1 = Tanishk Bagchi {{small|'''(Original Lyrics: Dev Kohli)'''}}
| music1 = [[Tanishk Bagchi]] {{small|'''(Original Music: [[Vishal–Shekhar]])'''}}
| length1= 3:11
| title2 = Rula Diya
| extra2 = [[Ankit Tiwari]], [[Dhvani Bhanushali]]
| lyrics2 = Prince Dubey
| music2 = Ankit Tiwari
| length2 = 4:39
| title3 = Jaako Rakhe
| extra3 = [[Rochak Kohli]], [[Navraj Hans]]
| music3 = Rochak Kohli
| lyrics3 = Gautam G Sharma, Gurpreet Saini
| length3 = 4:07
| title4 = Gallan Goriyan
| extra4 = [[Dhvani Bhanushali]], [[Tarsame Singh Saini|Taz]]
| music4 = [[Tarsame Singh Saini|Taz]]
| lyrics4 = [[Kumaar]]
| length4 = 3:58
}}

== Reception ==
=== Critical response ===
The film received mixed reviews from critics.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 August 2019 |title=Batla House box office collection Day 3: John Abraham film witnesses boost |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/batla-house-box-office-collection-day-3-john-abraham-film-to-witness-boost-1581902-2019-08-18 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190818085835/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/batla-house-box-office-collection-day-3-john-abraham-film-to-witness-boost-1581902-2019-08-18 |archive-date=18 August 2019 |access-date=18 August 2019 |website=India Today}}</ref> ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' gave the film 4.5 stars out of 5 and called it "one of the finest films of the year" while praising the performances of John Abraham and Ravi Kishan, the action sequences and the screenplay.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 August 2019 |title=Batla House Movie Review |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/batla-house/critic-review/batla-house-movie-review/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230715202234/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/batla-house/critic-review/batla-house-movie-review/ |archive-date=15 July 2023 |access-date=3 July 2023 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref> ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 3.5 stars out of 5 and felt that Abraham delivered "the best of his career" performance, while also praising the action sequences but criticizing the pacing of the second half.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Batla House Review |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/batla-house/movie-review/70673295.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190814160428/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/batla-house/movie-review/70673295.cms |archive-date=14 August 2019 |access-date=14 August 2019 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Prasanna D Zore writing for ''[[Rediff.com]]'' gave 2 stars out of 5 and noted that only second half had gripping moments.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zore |first=Prasanna D |date=15 August 2019 |title=The Batla House Review |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/the-batla-house-review/20190815.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190815122215/https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/the-batla-house-review/20190815.htm |archive-date=15 August 2019 |access-date=15 August 2019 |website=Rediff}}</ref>

=== Box office ===
''Batla House'' earned {{INR}}14 crore domestically on its opening day.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Harminder |date=16 August 2019 |title=Batla House Has Decent First Day |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=5314 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407103444/https://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=5314 |archive-date=7 April 2023 |access-date=16 August 2019 |website=[[Box Office India]]}}</ref>

{{As of|2019|09|5}}, with a gross of {{INR}}102.61 crore in India and {{INR}}10.77 crore overseas, the film grossed {{INR}}113.38 crore worldwide.<ref name="boxoffmain" />

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt8869978}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes|batla_house}}

{{Nikkhil Advani}}

{{Portal bar|India|Film|Bollywood}}

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Lady Hardinge Medical College

2026-02-26T11:27:19Z

CarmenCarey59: quick update

{{Short description|Medical college in New Delhi, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Lady Hardinge Medical College
| image = [[File:Lady Hardinge Medical College logo.png|200px]]
| motto = {{langx|la|Per Ardua Ad Astra}}
| mottoeng = Through Adversity to the Stars
| established = {{start date and age|1916|2|17}}
| founder = [[Charles Hardinge, 1st Baron Hardinge of Penshurst|Charles Hardinge]], [[Viceroy of India]]
| academic_affiliation = [[University of Delhi]]
| budget = {{INRConvert|800|c}} (2025–26)<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 Feb 2025 |title=DEMAND NO. 51, Demands for Grants, 2025-2026, MINISTRY OF HOME AFFAIRS |url=https://www.indiabudget.gov.in/doc/eb/sbe51.pdf |access-date=1 Feb 2025 |website=IndiaBudget.gov.in |pages=5 |publication-place=[[New Delhi]]}}</ref>
| director = Dr. Sarita Beri<ref>{{cite web|title=Director's Desk :: Lady Hardinge Medical College & associated SSK & KSC Hospitals|url=http://lhmc-hosp.gov.in/index1.php?lang=1&level=1&sublinkid=24&lid=75|website=lhmc-hosp.gov.in|accessdate=13 December 2020|language=en|archive-date=3 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201203142908/http://lhmc-hosp.gov.in/index1.php?lang=1&level=1&sublinkid=24&lid=75|url-status=live}}</ref>
| faculty =
| students =
| undergrad = 240 (only female candidates admitted)
| postgrad = 160 (MD, MS, DM, MCh, and MDS)
| location = [[Connaught Place, New Delhi]], [[India]]
| campus = [[Urban area|Urban]]
| campus_size = {{convert|68|acre}}
| nickname =
| type = [[Public university|Public]] [[medical school]]
| parent = [[Directorate General of Health Services (India)]]
| website = {{URL|lhmc-hosp.gov.in}}
| mapframe = yes
| coor = {{Coord|28|38|6.3060|N|77|12|44.9712|E|type:education|display=title}}
}}
[[File:LHMC.jpg|thumb|Entrance to the British-era edifice]]
'''Lady Hardinge Medical College''', also known as '''LHMC''', is a [[public university|public]] women's [[medical school|medical college]] and [[central government]] hospital located in [[New Delhi]], India. Established in 1916 by the [[British Raj|Imperial British Government]], it has functioned as a constituent of the Faculty of Medical Sciences, [[Delhi University|University of Delhi]], since 1950. The college is governed and funded by the [[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (India)|Ministry of Health and Family Welfare]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.du.ac.in/index.php?id=400 |title=Lady Hardinge Medical College |work=University of Delhi |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110202165353/http://du.ac.in/index.php?id=400 |archivedate=2 February 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mciindia.org/View_College_Details.aspx?ID=86 |title=Lady Hardinge Medical College, New Delhi |work=Medical Council of India |accessdate=8 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304023853/http://www.mciindia.org/View_College_Details.aspx?ID=86 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

==History==
[[File:Lady Hardinge Medical College and Hospital, Delhi; nurses on Wellcome V0029215.jpg|thumb|262x262px|Nurses at Lady Hardinge Medical College and Hospital, 1921]]
When the capital of [[British India]] was shifted to Delhi, [[Winifred Hardinge, Baroness Hardinge of Penshurst|Lady Hardinge]], the wife of the then [[Governor-General of India|Viceroy of India]], [[Charles Hardinge, 1st Baron Hardinge of Penshurst|Baron Charles Hardinge]], recognized the need for a medical college exclusively for women. She took the initiative to establish such an institution, as the absence of one limited opportunities for Indian women to pursue medical education. The foundation stone for the college was laid by Lady Hardinge on 17 March 1914, and it was christened Queen Mary College and Hospital to commemorate [[Mary of Teck|Queen Mary]]’s visit to India in 1911–12. Lady Hardinge actively raised funds for the college from [[Princely state|princely states]] and the public until her death on 11 July 1914.<ref name=ht>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/chunk-ht-ui-newdelhi100years-topstories/A-fine-balance-of-luxury-and-care/Article1-723880.aspx |title=A fine balance of luxury and care |newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=21 July 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140727071914/http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/chunk-ht-ui-newdelhi100years-topstories/A-fine-balance-of-luxury-and-care/Article1-723880.aspx |archivedate=27 July 2014}}</ref>

The college was inaugurated on 7 February 1916 by Baron Hardinge in the Imperial Delhi Enclave area. On the suggestion of Queen Mary, the college and the hospital was named after Lady Hardinge to pay an ode to the memory of its founder. The maiden principal of the institution was Kate Platt and the college admitted 16 students. At the commencement of operations, the college was affiliated to [[University of the Punjab]], owing to which the students had to sit their final examinations at [[King Edward Medical University|King Edward Medical College]] in Lahore. The college eventually became affiliated to the [[University of Delhi]] in 1950; post-graduate courses followed suit in 1954.<ref name=ht/> Ruth Young, who, as Ruth Wilson, was the first professor of surgery at the college, served as the principal from 1936 until 1940.<ref name="Young">{{cite web |url=http://arccat.dundee.ac.uk/dserve/dserve2/history/ms31hist.html |title=Dr. Ruth Young, CBE (1884–1983) |work=University of Dundee Archive Services |accessdate=8 January 2017 |archive-date=9 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170109113042/http://arccat.dundee.ac.uk/dserve/dserve2/history/ms31hist.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The Kalawati Saran Children's Hospital, one of the two hospitals attached to the Lady Hardinge Medical College, was constructed in 1956.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jivdayafound.org/kalawati-saran/ |title=Kalawati Saran Children's Hospital, New Delhi |work=Jiv Daya Foundation |accessdate=8 January 2017 |archive-date=25 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161025230338/http://www.jivdayafound.org/kalawati-saran |url-status=live }}</ref>

At the onset, the college was an autonomous institution managed by a governing body. In 1953, the Board of Administration constituted by the [[Central Government]] took formal charge over the management of the institution. In February 1978, the management was relinquished in favour of the [[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare]] of the [[Government of India]] under an Act of Parliament.<ref name=a>{{cite web |url=http://fmsc.ac.in/lady.htm |title=Lady Hardinge Medical College |work=Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Delhi |accessdate=8 January 2017 |archive-date=17 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217105608/http://www.fmsc.ac.in/lady.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> One of the director professors is chosen as the president of the college, the most senior post in the college.<ref name=c>{{cite web |url=http://www.hardinge.org/management.asp |title=Management |work=Lady Hardinge Medical College Alumni Association |accessdate=8 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161125164020/http://www.hardinge.org/management.asp |archive-date=25 November 2016 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

== Modern form ==
[[File:The Union Minister for Health and Family Welfare, Dr. Harsh Vardhan interacting with patients during his visit to the Lady Hardinge Hospital, in New Delhi on October 02, 2014.jpg|thumb|262x262px|Patients at the Lady Hardinge Hospital, 2014]]
Since 1991, the hospital has extended its services to male patients.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.goicharters.nic.in/skhosp.htm |title=Lady Hardinge Medical College & Smt. S. K. Hospital |work=Citizen's Charters in the Government of India |accessdate=8 January 2017 |archive-date=10 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170410170127/http://www.goicharters.nic.in/skhosp.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> The [[Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery|MBBS]] program at the college has an admission capacity of 200 students.<ref name="Gupta2020">{{cite book |last1=Gupta |first1=Namrata |title=Women in Science and Technology: Confronting Inequalities |date=2020 |publisher=SAGE |location=Los Angeles |isbn=978-93-5328-748-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h--9DwAAQBAJ&dq=Lady+Hardinge+Medical+College&pg=PA70 |page=70|language=en}}</ref> The institution operates two teaching hospitals: Smt. Sucheta Kriplani Hospital, with 877 beds, and [[Kalawati Saran Children's Hospital]], with 350 beds. Together, these hospitals and the parent college provide tertiary-level medical care to the city.

The college's Department of Microbiology is internationally acclaimed for its expertise in salmonella [[phage typing]] and serves as a [[World Health Organization]] collaborating centre for reference and training in streptococcal diseases for the South-East Asia region.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://extranet.who.int/iris/restricted/bitstream/10665/163713/1/sea-ncd-25.pdf |title=SEA NCD report |work=[[World Health Organization]]}}{{dead link|date=December 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> Additionally, it functions as a surveillance centre for AIDS. In 2007, the college established the country’s first Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) centre specifically for children.{{Citation needed|date=April 2021}}

== Campus ==
The college campus features a hostel, library, auditorium, and well-equipped laboratories. It also includes a sports ground and facilities for extracurricular activities, providing a well-rounded environment for students.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.minglebox.com/college/Lady-Hardinge-Medical-College-Delhi |title=Lady Hardinge Medical College, New Delhi |work=Minglebox.com |accessdate=8 January 2017 |archive-date=9 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170109041724/http://www.minglebox.com/college/Lady-Hardinge-Medical-College-Delhi |url-status=usurped }}</ref>

=== Library ===
The college's library, one of the oldest medical libraries in India, is housed in a new central library building that is part of the auditorium complex. It boasts a collection of 50,000 volumes, including a significant number of historic journals in the biomedical sciences.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hardinge.org/histroy.asp |title=History of Lady Hardinge Medical College |work=Lady Hardinge Medical College Alumni Association |accessdate=8 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170316190216/http://www.hardinge.org/histroy.asp |archive-date=16 March 2017 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

==Rankings==
{{Infobox India university ranking
| type = Life Sciences and Medical University
| NIRF_M_2023 = 29
}}

In the 2024 [[National Institutional Ranking Framework]] (NIRF) assessment, Lady Hardinge Medical College was ranked 29th among medical colleges in India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=India Rankings 2024: Medical |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/Rankings/2024/MedicalRanking.html |access-date=30 November 2024 |website=National Institutional Ranking Framework}}</ref>

==Departments==

* Department of Physiology
* Department of Anatomy
* Department of Biochemistry
* Department of Pathology
* Department of Forensic Medicine
* Department of Pharmacology
* Department of Microbiology
* Department of Community Medicine
* Department of ENT & Head and neck surgery
* Department of Ophthalmology
* Department of General Medicine
* Department of General Surgery
* Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology
* Department of Skin & VD
* Department of Orthopaedics
* Department of Dental Surgery
* Department of Pediatrics
* Department of Paediatric Surgery
* Department of Neonatology
* Department of Radio-Diagnosis
* Department of Radiation Oncology
* Department of Anaesthesia
* Department of Accident & Emergency
* Department of Psychiatry
* Department of Neurology
* Department of Blood Bank

== Notable alumni ==
{{alumni|date=September 2017}}
The college's alumni are called Hardonians.<ref name=f>{{cite web |url=http://lhmcaana.org/About-Us/The-Hardonians |title=The Hardonians |work=Lady Hardinge Medical College Alumni Association of North America |accessdate=8 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161026140228/http://lhmcaana.org/About-Us/The-Hardonians |archive-date=26 October 2016 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Notable alumni of the college include:
*'''[[Sneh Bhargava]], former director and Professor Emeritus of the [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi]]'''
*[[Bimal Kaur Khalsa]], former [[Lok Sabha]] member from [[Ropar Lok Sabha constituency|Ropar]]
*[[Sujata Chaudhuri]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Sujata Chaudhuri {{!}} RCP Museum |url=https://history.rcplondon.ac.uk/inspiring-physicians/sujata-chaudhuri |access-date=24 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324094330/https://history.rcplondon.ac.uk/inspiring-physicians/sujata-chaudhuri|archive-date=24 March 2023}}</ref>
* [[Sushila Nayyar]], with a postgraduate degree in Public Health from [[Johns Hopkins University|Johns Hopkins]]. Served as [[Minister of Health and Family Welfare (India)|Health Minister of India]] from 1952-55 and 1962–67<ref name=f/>
* [[Shiela Mehra]], 1991 [[Padma Shri]] recipient. 1959 graduate. Renowned practising Obstetrician & Gynaecologist of New Delhi
* [[Usha Kehar Luthra]], [[Indian Council of Medical Research|ICMR]]<ref name=g>{{cite web |url=http://www.studyhealthscience.com/ud/Lady-Hardinge-Medical-College/861/show.html |title=Lady Hardinge Medical College |work=Study Health Science |accessdate=8 January 2017 |archive-date=13 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160913084219/http://www.studyhealthscience.com/ud/Lady-Hardinge-Medical-College/861/show.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Malvika Sabharwal]], 2008 [[Padma Shri]] Awardee<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.practo.com/delhi/doctor/dr-malvika-sabharwal-gynecologist-obstetrician-3 |title=Dr. Malvika Sabharwal |work=[[Practo Health]] |date=2016 |accessdate=8 February 2016 |archive-date=9 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170109022445/https://www.practo.com/delhi/doctor/dr-malvika-sabharwal-gynecologist-obstetrician-3 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Hemlata Gupta]], 1998 [[Padma Bhushan]] recipient
* [[Zohra Begum Kazi]], the first [[Bengali Muslim]] female physician, 1935 graduate. She ranked First Class First and was awarded the [[Viceroy of India]]'s Medal
* [[Fatima Shah]], 1952 M.B. E. (Member of British Empire); 1969 [[Pakistan Medal|Tamgha-e-Pakistan]] recipient; 1974–79, President, International Federation of the Blind; creator of Urdu Braille
* [[Oon Chiew Seng]], known for being one of the first Singaporean gynaecologists and obstetricians.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-02 |title='A life dedicated to public service and the vulnerable': S'pore pioneer gynaecologist dies, aged 106 |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/a-life-dedicated-to-public-service-and-the-vulnerable-spore-pioneer-gynaecologist-dies-aged-106 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250226234447/https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/a-life-dedicated-to-public-service-and-the-vulnerable-spore-pioneer-gynaecologist-dies-aged-106 |archive-date=26 February 2025 |access-date=2025-02-26 |website=The Straits Times |language=en-SG |url-status=live }}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare]]
* [[Directorate General of Health Services (India)]]
* [[Central Health Service|Central Health Service (CHS)]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{University of Delhi}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Medical colleges in Delhi]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 1916]]
[[Category:Women's universities and colleges in Delhi]]
[[Category:Hospitals in Delhi]]
[[Category:1916 establishments in British India]]

Sridevi filmography

2026-02-20T03:15:42Z

CarmenCarey59:

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
[[File:Sridevi07.jpg|thumb|Sridevi at the premiere of her film ''[[English Vinglish]]'' in 2012]]
Indian actress [[Sridevi]] (1963–2018) debuted as a child in the 1967 Tamil film ''[[Kandhan Karunai]]'' at the age of four, and began playing lead roles as a child in [[M. A. Thirumugam]]’s 1969 mythological Tamil film ''[[Thunaivan]]''. Her first role as an on-screen adult came in 1976 at the age of 13, in the Tamil film ''[[Moondru Mudichu]]''. She then starred in ''[[16 Vayathinile]]'' (1977) which proved to be a major breakthrough for Sridevi. Following this, she appeared in the critically acclaimed thriller ''[[Sigappu Rojakkal]]'' (1978) and the satirical drama ''[[Varumayin Niram Sivappu]]'' (1980), establishing herself as a leading female star in [[South Indian Cinema]]. Subsequently, she played a woman who suffers from Amnesia in the critically and commercially successful classic ''[[Moondram Pirai]]'' (1982). She also achieved success by starring as a female lead in the successful dramas ''[[Padaharella Vayasu]]'' (1978), ''[[Meendum Kokila]]'' (1981), ''[[Premabhishekam (1981 film)|Premabhishekam]]'' (1981), ''[[Vazhvey Maayam]]'' (1982) and ''[[Aakhari Poratam]]'' (1988).

In 1972, Sridevi debuted as a child artist in [[Bollywood|Hindi cinema]] with ''[[Rani Mera Naam]]'', she also appeared in the film ''[[Julie (1975 film)|Julie]]'' (1975). Sridevi's first major role came with the drama film ''[[Solva Sawan]]'' (1979), and she emerged with wider recognition in the action film ''[[Himmatwala (1983 film)|Himmatwala]]'' (1983). She established herself as a major star in top-grossing hits in ''[[Mawaali]]'' (1983), ''[[Justice Chaudhury]]'' (1983), ''[[Tohfa]]'' (1984), ''[[Maqsad]]'' (1984), ''[[Masterji]]'' (1985), ''[[Karma (1986 film)|Karma]]'' (1986), ''[[Janbaaz]]'' (1986) and ''[[Waqt Ki Awaz]]'' (1988). In 1986, she appeared in the snake fantasy ''[[Nagina (1986 film)|Nagina]]'' which saw Sridevi play a [[Shapeshifting|shape-shifting]] woman. The film turned out to be the second highest-grossing film of the year.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-10-12 |title=Boxofficeindia.com |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=192&catName=MTk4Ng== |access-date=2023-12-21 |archive-date=12 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121012172139/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=192&catName=MTk4Ng== |url-status=dead }}</ref> Nagina is credited as being the film which established Sridevi's position as the biggest and highest-paid female star of the 1980s.<ref>{{Cite web |title=From India Today Magazine {{!}} When Sridevi emerged as the highest paid Indian actress |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/films/story/19870630-sridevi-emerges-as-the-undisputed-empress-of-tinsel-town-the-highest-paid-indian-actress-799027-1987-06-29 |access-date=2023-12-21 |website=India Today |date=30 June 1987 |language=en |archive-date=28 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230928021703/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/films/story/19870630-sridevi-emerges-as-the-undisputed-empress-of-tinsel-town-the-highest-paid-indian-actress-799027-1987-06-29 |url-status=live }}</ref> Sridevi followed this by playing a goofy crime journalist in the science fiction film ''[[Mr. India (1987 film)|Mr. India]]'' (1987), which emerged as a major critical and commercial success.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-10-12 |title=Boxofficeindia.com |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=193&catName=MTk4Nw== |access-date=2023-12-21 |archive-date=12 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121012172152/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=193&catName=MTk4Nw== |url-status=dead }}</ref> She subsequently reinforced her position as the top female star of the era with [[Yash Chopra|Yash Chopra's]] musical romance ''[[Chandni (1989 film)|Chandni]]'' (1989), as a woman at the center of a love triangle, and the slapstick comedy ''[[ChaalBaaz]]'' (1989), in which she portrayed twins. She achieved further success in the Telugu films ''[[Jagadeka Veerudu Athiloka Sundari]]'' (1990) and ''[[Kshana Kshanam]]'' (1991). The former of which was the [[List of highest-grossing Telugu films|highest grossing Telugu film]] to that point.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-05-14 |title=Did you know how much Chiranjeevi and Sridevi were paid for 'Jagadeka Veerudu Athiloka Sundari'? |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/did-you-know/did-you-know-how-much-chiranjeevi-and-sridevi-were-paid-for-jagadeka-veerudu-athiloka-sundari/articleshow/75731880.cms |access-date=2023-12-21 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=24 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201224021725/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/did-you-know/did-you-know-how-much-chiranjeevi-and-sridevi-were-paid-for-jagadeka-veerudu-athiloka-sundari/articleshow/75731880.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

She appeared in another [[Yash Chopra]] directorial with the musical romance ''[[Lamhe]]'' (1991), in a dual role, she plays both mother and daughter. She appeared in a double role opposite [[Amitabh Bachchan]] in the epic drama ''[[Khuda Gawah]]'' (1992), which was one of the highest grossing films of the year.<ref>{{Cite web |title=BoxOfficeIndia.Com-The complete Hindi film box office site |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/1992.htm |access-date=2023-12-21 |archive-date=8 April 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060408044054/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/1992.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> Sridevi's big-budget 1993 release ''[[Roop Ki Rani Choron Ka Raja]]'' was one of India's most expensive films ever made.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rediff On The NeT, Movies: An encounter with Boney Kapoor |url=https://www.rediff.com/entertai/2000/jan/28boney.htm |access-date=2023-12-21 |website=www.rediff.com |archive-date=24 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924125052/http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2000/jan/28boney.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Though the film failed at the box office. She next starred in the 1993 thriller ''[[Gumrah (1993 film)|Gumrah]]'' as a singer falsely accused of drugs smuggling in [[Hong Kong]]. In 1994, Sridevi starred in ''[[Laadla (1994 film)|Laadla]]'' playing the villainous business tycoon Sheetal Jaitley. The last major film Sridevi starred in before she took a break from the industry was the romantic drama ''[[Judaai (1997 film)|Judaai]]'', released in 1997, in which the actress played a greedy housewife going to extreme lengths for money. After a 6-year hiatus, Sridevi briefly returned to the small screen in the Sahara sitcom ''[[Malini Iyer]]'' (2004–2005). After an 15-year absence from film, Sridevi starred in ''[[English Vinglish]]'' (2012), a comedy-drama. In the film, she played Shashi Godbole, a housewife who enrolls in an English-speaking course after her husband and daughter's mocking of her English skills. With the high critical acclaim and massive commercial success of ''English Vinglish'', Sridevi became the only actress in Bollywood to make a successful comeback as a leading lady after marriage and a long hiatus.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-04-10 |title=Sridevi Is Grateful for 'English Vinglish' Triumph |url=http://www.indiawest.com/news/7298-sridevi-is-grateful-for-english-vinglish-triumph.html |access-date=2023-12-21 |archive-date=10 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140410065524/http://www.indiawest.com/news/7298-sridevi-is-grateful-for-english-vinglish-triumph.html |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref> Sridevi was next seen in her home production titled ''[[Mom (film)|Mom]]'' (2017), which marked her 300th film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-05-10 |title=This fact about Sridevi's 300th film 'Mom' will blow your mind |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/sridevi-mom-film-debut-boney-kapoor-nawazuddin-siddiqui-bollywood-news-18236194 |access-date=2023-12-21 |website=Mid-day |language=en |archive-date=21 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231221124833/https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/sridevi-mom-film-debut-boney-kapoor-nawazuddin-siddiqui-bollywood-news-18236194 |url-status=live }}</ref> In the psychological thriller film, she played a mother who sets out to avenge the rape of her daughter. Her last on-screen appearance was in the film ''[[Zero (2018 film)|Zero]]'' (2018) in a cameo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-02-25 |title=Sridevi will be seen one last time in Shah Rukh Khan's Zero. See pics |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/sridevi-will-be-seen-one-last-time-in-shah-rukh-khan-s-zero-see-pics/story-5al2RcNiSyv6WM05DxVbXP.html |access-date=2023-12-21 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=25 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180725110623/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/sridevi-will-be-seen-one-last-time-in-shah-rukh-khan-s-zero-see-pics/story-5al2RcNiSyv6WM05DxVbXP.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
Throughout her career from 1967-2018 Sridevi has acted in over 300 films. which is 103 Telugu films, 84 Tamil films, 84 Hindi films, 24 Malayalam films, 5 Kannada films and 1 Television serial In Hindi.

==Telugu==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role(s)
! Notes !! {{abbr|Ref(s)|Reference(s)}}
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1970 || ''Maa Nana Nirdoshi'' ||
| rowspan="18"|Child artist || style="text-align:center;" |{{sfn|Nayak|2019|page=6}}
|-
| ''Agni Pareeksha'' ||
|
|-
| ''Vidhi Vilasam'' || Jyoti
| style="text-align:center;" |{{sfn|Nayak|2019|pages=6-7}}
|-
| rowspan="6" | 1971 || ''Nenoo Manishine'' ||
|
|-
|''Srimanthudu''
|
|
|-
| ''Kathiki Kankanam''||
|
|-
| ''Athalu Kodallu''|| Young [[Vanisri]]
|
|-
|''Pattindalla Bangaram''
|Young Bharathi
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pattindalla Bangaram (1971) |url=https://letterboxd.com/film/pattindalla-bangaram/ |access-date=2024-02-03 |language=en |archive-date=3 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203184449/https://letterboxd.com/film/pattindalla-bangaram/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''Naa Tammudu'' ||
|
|-
| rowspan="4" | 1972 || ''[[Badi Panthulu]]'' ||
|
|-
| ''Amma Maata'' ||
|
|-
| ''[[Bala Bharatam]]'' || Dussala
|
|-
| ''[[Bharya Biddalu]]'' ||
|
|-
| rowspan="4" | 1973 || ''[[Bhakta Tukaram]]'' || Kaasi
|
|-
| ''[[Marapurani Manishi]]'' || Young Ammulu
|
|-
| ''Mallamma Katha'' ||
|
|-
|''Meena''
|Young Meena
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Meena (1973) |url=https://indiancine.ma/PUB |access-date=2024-01-30 |website=Indiancine.ma |archive-date=22 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230122132214/https://indiancine.ma/PUB |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1975 || ''[[Yashoda Krishna]]'' || [[Krishna]]
|
|-
| ''Anuragalu'' || Jyoti
| ||
|-
| ''Devudulaanti Manishi'' ||
| ||
|-
|1976
| ''Ee Kalapu Pillalu'' ||
| ||
|-
| 1977 || ''Bangarakka'' || Bangarakka
| ||
|-
| 1978 || ''[[Padaharella Vayasu]]'' || Malli
| Nominated - [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress - Telugu]] ||
|-
| rowspan="6" | 1979 || ''Bangaru Chellelu'' || Lakshmi
| ||
|-
| ''Burripalem Bullodu'' || Jyoti
| ||
|-
| ''[[Karthika Deepam (film)|Karthika Deepam]]'' || Radha
| Nominated - [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress - Telugu]]
|
|-
| ''Muddula Koduku'' || Radha
| ||
|-
| ''[[Vetagaadu]]'' || Roja
| ||
|-
| ''Samajaniki Saval'' ||
| ||
|-
| rowspan="13" |1980
|''Adrushtavanthudu''
|Saroja
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Adrushtavanthudu |url=https://spicyonion.com/title/adrushtavanthudu-telugu-movie/ |access-date=2023-05-06 |website=Spicyonion.com |language=en |archive-date=6 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230506150423/https://spicyonion.com/title/adrushtavanthudu-telugu-movie/ |url-status=usurped }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Aatagadu]]'' || Vijaya
| ||
|-
| ''[[Chuttalunnaru Jagratha]]'' || Vanaja
| ||
|-
| ''[[Kaksha]]'' || Radha
| ||
|-
| ''Devudu Ichchina Koduku'' || Rajamma
| ||
|-
| ''[[Gharana Donga]]'' || Devi
| ||
|-
| ''Mama Allulla Saval'' || Lalita
| ||
|-
| ''[[Prema Kanuka]]'' || Sandhya
| ||
|-
| ''[[Rowdy Ramudu Konte Krishnudu]]'' || Mutyam
| ||
|-
| ''[[Sardar Papa Rayudu]]'' || Vijaya
| ||
|-
| ''Gaja Donga'' || Sujata
| ||
|-
| ''Mosagadu'' || Seetha and Geetha
| ||
|-
| ''[[Ram Robert Rahim]]'' ||
| ||
|-
| rowspan="12" | 1981 || ''[[Puli Bidda]]'' || Mala
| ||
|-
| ''Bhoga Bhagyalu'' || Radha
| ||
|-
| ''[[Aakali Rajyam]]'' || Devi
| ||
|-
| ''Gharana Gangulu'' ||
| ||
|-
| ''Gadasari Atta Sogasari Kodalu'' || Susheela
| ||
|-
| ''[[Guru Sishyulu (1981 film)|Guru Sishyulu]]'' || Lata
| ||
|-
| ''[[Kondaveeti Simham]]'' || Devi
| ||
|-
| ''[[Premabhishekam (1981 film)|Premabhishekam]]'' || Devi
| Nominated - [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress - Telugu]] ||
|-
| ''[[Rani Kasula Rangamma]]'' || Rangamma
| ||
|-
| ''Illalu'' || Jyoti
| ||
|-
| ''[[Satyam Shivam]]'' || Parvati
| ||
|-
| ''[[Aggi Ravva]]'' || Vani
| ||
|-
| rowspan="17" | 1982 || ''Aadi Vishnulu'' ||
| ||
|-
| ''[[Trisulam (film)|Trisulam]]'' || Lakshmi
| ||
|-
| ''[[Andagaadu]]'' || Hema
| ||
|-
| ''[[Anuraga Devata]]'' || Roopa Devi
| ||
|-
| ''Bangaaru Bhoomi'' || Padma
| ||
|-
| ''Bangaaru Koduku'' ||
| ||
|-
| ''[[Bobbili Puli]]'' || Vijaya
| ||
|-
| ''[[Bala Nagamma (1981 film)|Bala Nagamma]]''
|
|
|
|-
| ''[[Justice Chowdary]]'' || Rekha
| ||
|-
| ''[[Kalavari Samsaram]]'' || Sujatha
| ||
|-
| ''Krisharjunulu'' || Vasanti
| ||
|-
| ''[[Krishnavataram]]'' || Gauri
| ||
|-
| ''[[Bangaru Kanuka]]'' || Roopa
| ||
|-
| ''[[Vayyari Bhamalu Vagalamari Bhartalu]]'' || Indumathi
| ||
|-
| ''Prema Nakshatram'' ||
| ||
|-
| ''[[Devata (1982 film)|Devata]]'' || Lalita
| ||
|-
| ''Shamsher Shankar'' || Sujatha
| ||
|-
| rowspan="7" | 1983 || ''[[Adavi Simhalu]]'' || Rekha
| ||
|-
| ''[[Kirayi Kotigadu]]'' || Gauri
| ||
|-
| ''[[Mundadugu]]'' || Bharati
| ||
|-
| ''[[Ramarajyamlo Bheemaraju]]'' || Jyoti
| ||
|-
| ''[[Sri Ranga Neethulu]]'' || Vijaya
| ||
|-
| ''[[Oorantha Sankranthi]]'' || Satya
| ||
|-
| ''[[Muddula Mogudu (1983 film)|Muddula Mogudu]]'' || Durga
| ||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 1984 || ''[[Babulugaadi Debba]]'' || Radha
| ||
|-
| ''[[S.P. Bhayankar]]'' ||Devi
| ||
|-
| ''Kanchu Kagada'' || Durga
| ||
|-
| ''Kode Trachu'' || Lalita
| ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1985 || ''Vajrayudham'' || Subhadra
| ||
|-
| ''[[Pachani Kapuram]]'' || Priya
| ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1986 || ''[[Oka Radha Iddaru Krishnulu]]'' || Radha
| ||
|-
| ''[[Jayam Manade (1986 film)|Jayam Manade]]'' || Kanaka Maha Lakshmi
| ||
|-
| ''[[Khaidi Rudraiah]]'' || Lata
| ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1987 || ''[[Makutamleni Maharaju]]'' || Saroja
| ||
|-
| ''[[Maa Voori Magadu]]'' || Rajani
| ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1988 || ''Maharajashri Mayagaadu'' || Divya
| ||
|-
| ''[[Aakhari Poratam]]'' || Pravallika
| Nominated - [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress - Telugu]]
|
|-
| 1990 || ''[[Jagadeka Veerudu Atiloka Sundari]]'' || Indraja / Rani
| Nominated - [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress - Telugu]]
|
|-
| 1991 || ''[[Kshana Kshanam]]'' || Satya
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress - Telugu]] [[Nandi Award for Best Actress]] ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1994 || ''[[Govinda Govinda (1994 film)|Govinda Govinda]]'' || Naveena
| ||
|-
| ''[[S. P. Parasuram]]'' || Rani
| ||
|}

==Tamil==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" 
|+ Tamil films acted by Sridevi
|-
! scope="col"|Year
! scope="col"|Title
! scope="col"|Role(s)
! scope="col"|Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable" |{{Tooltip|Ref(s)|Reference(s)}}
|-
|1967 || ''[[Kandhan Karunai]]'' ||Lord [[Kartikeya|Murugan]]
| rowspan="24"|Child artist
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |last2= |first2= |last3= |first3= |title=Sridevi tweets about her child appearance |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/sridevi-tweets-about-her-child-appearance-156711-2013-03-21 |access-date=2022-03-14 |website=[[India Today]] |date= 21 March 2013|language=en}}</ref> {{sfn|Nayak|2019|page=5}}
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1969 || ''[[Thunaivan]]'' || Lord [[Kartikeya|Murugan]]
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Kolappan |first=B. |date=2018-02-25 |title=Sridevi in Tamil filmdom: the child artiste who made it big |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/sridevi-in-tamil-filmdom-the-child-artiste-who-made-it-big/article61479225.ece |access-date=2022-03-14 |issn= |archive-date=14 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220314163947/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/sridevi-in-tamil-filmdom-the-child-artiste-who-made-it-big/article61479225.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Nam Naadu (1969 film)|Nam Naadu]]'' || Raja
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref name=":0" />
|-
|''[[Kulavilakku]]''||
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=RIP Sridevi: Here's a look at her best works in Tamil, Telugu, Malayalam and Kannada films |url=https://zeenews.india.com/regional/rip-sridevi-heres-a-look-at-her-best-films-in-south-2084108.html/amp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180225072456/https://zeenews.india.com/regional/rip-sridevi-heres-a-look-at-her-best-films-in-south-2084108.html/amp |archive-date=2018-02-25 |access-date=2022-03-14 |website=[[Zee News]]}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |1970 || ''[[Penn Deivam]]''||
|
|-
| ''[[En Annan]]'' || Child Thangam
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-02-26 |title=Number of times Sridevi acted with top Superstar—M. G. Ramachandran |url=https://m.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/slideshow/number-of-times-sridevi-acted-with-top-superstars/mg-ramachandran.html |access-date=2022-03-14 |website=Behindwoods |archive-date=15 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220315065959/https://m.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/slideshow/number-of-times-sridevi-acted-with-top-superstars/mg-ramachandran.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" |1971 || ''[[Babu (1971 film)|Babu]]'' ||Young Ammu
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref name=":0" /> {{sfn|Nayak|2019|pages=9-10}}
|-
| ''[[Aathi Parasakthi]]'' || Lord [[Kartikeya|Murugan]]
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-12-09 |title=Sridevi pays heartfelt tribute to Jayalalithaa with this throwback photo |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/regional-indian-cinema-news/article/sridevi-tribute-j-jayalalithaa-death-twitter-tweet-throwback-picture-old-photo-tamil-film-17819152 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220314165845/https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/regional-indian-cinema-news/article/sridevi-tribute-j-jayalalithaa-death-twitter-tweet-throwback-picture-old-photo-tamil-film-17819152 |archive-date=2022-03-14 |access-date=2022-03-14 |website=[[Mid-Day]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Sabatham]]'' || Lord [[Krishna]]
| style="text-align:center;" |{{sfn|Nayak|2019|page=9}}
|-
| ''Yaanai Valartha Vanambadi Magan'' ||
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |1972 || ''[[Agathiyar]]'' ||Lord [[Murugan]]
| style="text-align:center;" |{{sfn|Nayak|2019|page=13}}
|-
| ''[[Sange Muzhangu]]'' || Sivagami
| style="text-align:center;" |{{sfn|Nayak|2019|page=13}}
|-
| ''[[Kanimuthu Paappa]] '' ||
| style="text-align:center;" |{{sfn|Nayak|2019|page=13}}
|-
| ''[[Vasantha Maligai]]''||Vijay's daughter
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-02-26 |title=Number of times Sridevi acted with top Superstar – Sivaji Ganesan |url=https://m.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/slideshow/number-of-times-sridevi-acted-with-top-superstars/sivaji-ganesan.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180415192008/https://m.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/slideshow/number-of-times-sridevi-acted-with-top-superstars/sivaji-ganesan.html |archive-date=2018-04-15 |access-date=2022-03-15 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="5" |1973 ||''Nanban''||
|
|-
| ''Malai Nattu Mangai''||
|
|-
| ''[[Deiva Kuzhandhaigal]]'' ||
|
|-
| ''Prarthanai'' ||
|
|-
| ''[[Bharatha Vilas|Bharatha Viilas]]'' ||
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |1974 || ''[[Thirumangalyam]]'' || Shanthi
|
|-
| ''Thirudi'' ||
|
|-
| ''Engal Kuladheivam'' || young valli
|
|-
| ''Avalukku Nikar Avale'' || young Meena
|
|-
| 1975 || ''[[Dasavatharam (1976 film)|Dasavatharam]]'' ||Princess Seetha Devi
|
|-
| 1976 || ''[[Moondru Mudichu]]'' || Selvi
| [[Filmfare Special Award – South]] Nominated - [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress - Tamil]]
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |1977 || ''[[Gayathri (1977 film)|Gayathri]]'' || Gayathri
|
|
|-
| ''[[Kavikkuyil]]'' || Radha
|
|
|-
| ''[[16 Vayathinile]]''
| Mayil
| Nominated - Filmfare Award for Best Actress - Tamil
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Majestic journey of Sridevi in Tamil: Rise to Stardom |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/majestic-journey-of-sridevi-in-tamil-imagegallery-kollywood-sczjq2fhedjee.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220501045602/https://www.sify.com/movies/majestic-journey-of-sridevi-in-tamil-imagegallery-0-kollywood-sczjq2fhedjee.html |archive-date=2022-05-01 |access-date=2022-05-01 |website=[[Sify]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''Sayndhadamma Sayndhadu'' || Gauri
|
|
|-
| ''[[Unnai Suttrum Ulagam]]'' || Young Seetha
|
|
|-
| rowspan="12" |1978 || ''Ilaya Rani Rajalakshmi'' ||
|
|
|-
| ''Ganga Yamuna Kaveri'' ||
|
|
|-
| ''[[Taxi Driver (1978 film)|Taxi Driver]]'' ||
|
|
|-
| ''Rajavuketha Rani'' ||
|
|
|-
| ''[[Vanakkatukuriya Kathaliye]]'' || Shanti and Jenny
|
|
|-
| ''Idhu Eppadi Irukku'' || Menaka
|
| style="text-align:center;" |{{sfn|Nayak|2019|page=13}}
|-
| ''Machanai Partheengala'' ||
|
|
|-
| ''[[Manidharil Ithanai Nirangala]]'' || Santha
|
|
|-
| ''[[Mudisooda Mannan]]'' || Rupa
|
|
|-
| ''[[Pilot Premnath]]'' || Premnath's blind daughter
|
|
|-
| ''[[Sigappu Rojakkal]]'' || Sarada
|Nominated - Filmfare Award for Best Actress - Tamil
|
|-
| ''[[Priya (1978 film)|Priya]]'' || Priya
|
|
|-
| rowspan="11" |1979 || ''Arumbugal'' ||
|
|
|-
| ''[[Dharma Yuddham]]'' || Chitra
|
|
|-
| ''[[Kalyanaraman (1979 film)|Kalyanaraman]]'' || Shenbagam
|
|
|-
| ''[[Pagalil Oru Iravu]]'' || Bindhu
| Nominated - Filmfare Award for Best Actress - Tamil
|
|-
| ''[[Kavari Maan|Kavariman]]'' ||
|
|
|-
| ''[[Neela Malargal]]'' || Meena
|
|
|-
| ''Naan Oru Kai Parkiren'' ||
|
|
|-
| ''[[Pattakathi Bhairavan]]'' || Deepa
|
|
|-
| ''[[Sigappukkal Mookkuthi]]'' || Janaki
|
|
|-
| ''Lakshmi'' || Lakshmi
|
|
|-
| ''[[Thaayillamal Naan Illai]]'' || Bhuvana
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |1980 || ''[[Guru (1980 film)|Guru]]'' || Sujatha
|
|
|-
| ''[[Johnny (1980 film)|Johnny]]'' || Archana
|
|
|-
| ''[[Varumayin Niram Sivappu]]'' || Devi
|Nominated - Filmfare Award for Best Actress - Tamil
|
|-
| ''[[Vishwaroopam (1980 film)|Vishwaroopam]]'' || Geetha
|
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |1981 || ''[[Bala Nagamma (1981 Telugu film)|Bala Nagamma]]'' || Bala
|
|
|-
| ''Deiva Thirumanangal'' ||
|
|
|-
| ''[[Sankarlal]]'' || Hema
|
|
|-
| ''[[Meendum Kokila]]'' || Kokila
|Filmfare Award for Best Actress - Tamil
|
|-
| ''[[Ranuva Veeran]]'' ||
|
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |1982 || ''[[Pokkiri Raja (1982 film)|Pokkiri Raja]]'' || Vanaja
|
|
|-
| ''[[Vazhvey Maayam]]'' || Devi
|
|
|-
| ''[[Moondram Pirai]]'' || Bhagyalaksmi / Vijaya / Viji
| Tamil Nadu State Film award for Best Actress

Nominated - Filmfare Award for Best Actress - Tamil
|
|-
| ''[[Thanikattu Raja]]'' || Vani
|
|
|-
| ''Deviyin Thirivilaiyadal''
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |1983 || ''[[Santhippu]]'' || Geetha
|
|
|-
| ''[[Adutha Varisu]]'' || Valli / Radha
|
|
|-
|1986 || ''[[Naan Adimai Illai]]'' || Priya
|
|
|-
|2015 || ''[[Puli (2015 film)|Puli]]'' || Queen Yavanarani
|
|
|}

==Hindi==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role(s) !! Notes !! {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
| 1972
| ''[[Rani Mera Naam]]''
|| Rani ||Child artist
|
|-
| 1975
| ''[[Julie (1975 film)|Julie]]''
|| Irene
|Supporting role
|
|-
| 1979
| ''[[Solva Sawan]]''
|| Mehna ||
|
|-
| rowspan="6" | 1983
| ''[[Himmatwala (1983 film)|Himmatwala]]''
|| Rekha ||
|
|-
| ''[[Sadma]]''
|| Nehalata Malhotra || Nominated {{ndash}} [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress]]
|
|-
| ''[[Jaani Dost]]''
|| Shaloo ||
|
|-
| ''[[Justice Chaudhury]]''
|| Rekha ||
|
|-
| ''[[Mawaali]]''
|| Julie ||
|
|-
| ''[[Kalakar|Kalakaar]]''
|| Radha Khanna ||
|
|-
| rowspan="6" | 1984
| ''[[Jaag Utha Insan (1984 film)|Jaag Utha Insan]]''
|| Sandhya ||
|
|-
| ''[[Akalmand]]''
|| Priya ||
|
|-
| ''[[Inquilaab (1984 film)|Inquilaab]]''
|| Asha Nath ||
|
|-
| ''[[Tohfa]]''
|| Lalita ||
|
|-
| ''[[Maqsad]]''
|| Bharati ||
|
|-
| ''[[Naya Kadam]]''
|| Laxmi ||
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1985
| ''[[Sarfarosh (1985 film)|Sarfarosh]]''
|| Vijaya ||
|
|-
| ''[[Balidaan (1985 film)|Balidaan]]''
|| Uma ||
|
|-
| ''[[Masterji]]''
|| Radha ||
|
|-
| rowspan="10" | 1986
| ''[[Nagina (1986 film)|Nagina]]''
|| Rajni ||
|
|-
| ''[[Ghar Sansar]]''
|| Radha ||
|
|-
| ''[[Aag Aur Shola]]''
|| Aarti ||
|
|-
| ''[[Sultanat (1986 film)|Sultanat]]''
|| Shehzadi Yasmeen ||
|
|-
| ''[[Dharm Adhikari]]''
|| Priya ||
|
|-
| ''[[Bhagwaan Dada]]''
|| Bijli ||
|
|-
| ''[[Aakhree Raasta]]''
|| Vinita Bhatnagar ||
|
|-
| ''[[Janbaaz]]''
|| Seema ||
|
|-
| ''[[Karma (1986 film)|Karma]]''
|| Radha ||
|
|-
| ''[[Suhaagan]]''
|| Janki ||
|
|-
| rowspan="7" | 1987
| ''[[Watan Ke Rakhwale]]''
|| Radha R. Pratap ||
|
|-
| ''Jawab Hum Denge''
|| Jyoti ||
|
|-
| ''[[Aulad (1987 film)|Aulad]]''
|| Devki ||
|
|-
| ''[[Nazrana (1987 film)|Nazrana]]''
|| Tulsi ||
|
|-
| ''[[Majaal]]''
|| Sadhana ||
|
|-
| ''[[Mr. India (1987 film)|Mr. India]]''
|| Seema Sahni ||
|
|-
| ''[[Himmat Aur Mehanat]]''
|| Jyoti ||
|
|-
| rowspan="5" | 1988
| ''[[Sone Pe Suhaaga]]''
|| Meena ||
|
|-
| ''[[Sherni (1988 film)|Sherni]]''
|| Durga ||
|
|-
| ''[[Ram-Avtar]]''
|| Sangeeta||
|
|-
| ''[[Waqt Ki Awaz]]''
|| Lata I. Prasad ||
|
|-
|''[[Akarshan]]''
| Herself
| Cameo
|
|-
| rowspan="7" | 1989
| ''[[Nigahen: Nagina Part II]]''
|| Neelam ||
|
|-
| ''[[Main Tera Dushman]]''
|| Jugni ||
|
|-
| ''[[Guru (1989 film)|Guru]]''
|| Uma/ Rama ||
|
|-
| ''[[Joshilaay]]''
|| Phoolmati ||
|
|-
| ''[[Gair Kanooni]]''
|| Laxmi ||
|
|-
| ''[[Chandni (1989 film)|Chandni]]''
|| Chandni Mathur || Nominated – Filmfare Award for Best Actress
|
|-
| ''[[ChaalBaaz]]''
|| Anju/Manju || [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1990
| ''[[Pathar Ke Insan]]''
|| Lata Rai ||
|
|-
| ''Naakabandi''
|| Geeta/Seeta ||
|
|-
| rowspan="4" | 1991
| ''[[Farishtay]]''
|| Rasbhari ||
|
|-
| ''[[Lamhe]]''
|| Pooja/Pallavi || [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress]]
|
|-
| ''[[Banjaran]]''
|| Reshma/Devi ||
|
|-
|''Garajna''
|
|Unreleased|||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1992
| ''[[Khuda Gawah]]''
|| Benazir/Mehndi || Nominated – Filmfare Award for Best Actress
|
|-
| ''[[Heer Ranjha (1992 film)|Heer Ranjha]]''
|| Heer ||
|
|-
| ''[[Aasmaan Se Gira]]''
|| Forest Goddess ||Special appearance
|
|-
| rowspan="4" | 1993
| ''[[Gurudev (film)|Gurudev]]''
|| Sunita/Priya ||
|
|-
| ''[[Roop Ki Rani Choron Ka Raja (1993 film)|Roop Ki Rani Choron Ka Raja]]''
|| Seema Soni ||
|
|-
| ''[[Gumrah (1993 film)|Gumrah]]''
|| Roshni Chadha || Nominated – Filmfare Award for Best Actress
|
|-
| ''[[Chandra Mukhi]]''
|| Chandramukhi ||
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1994
| ''[[Laadla (1994 film)|Laadla]]''
|| Sheetal Jaitley || Nominated – Filmfare Award for Best Actress
|
|-
| ''[[Chaand Kaa Tukdaa]]''
|| Radha ||
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1996
| ''[[Army (1996 film)|Army]]''
|| Geeta ||
|
|-
| ''[[Mr. Bechara]]''
|| Asha ||
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1997
| ''[[Judaai (1997 film)|Judaai]]''
|| Kajal Verma || Nominated – Filmfare Award for Best Actress
|
|-
| ''[[Kaun Sachcha Kaun Jhootha]]''
|| Sapna Mathur ||
|
|-
| 2004
| ''[[Meri Biwi Ka Jawaab Nahin]]''
|| Durga ||Delayed release
|
|-
| 2008
| ''[[Halla Bol]]''
|| Herself || Cameo
|
|-
| 2012
| ''[[English Vinglish]]''
|| Shashi Godbole || Partially reshot in Tamil with same title Nominated – [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress]]
|
|-
| 2013
| ''[[Bombay Talkies (film)|Bombay Talkies]]''
|| Herself || Cameo||<ref>{{cite web|title=20 stars unite for 'Bombay Talkies' song|url=http://entertainment.in.msn.com/bollywood/20-stars-unite-for-bombay-talkies-song|accessdate=2013-04-26|archive-date=28 April 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130428001127/http://entertainment.in.msn.com/bollywood/20-stars-unite-for-bombay-talkies-song|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| 2017
| ''[[Mom (film)|Mom]] ''
|| Devki Sabarwal || Final film in a leading role [[National Film Award for Best Actress]] [[Zee Cine Critics Award for Best Actor - Female]] Nominated–[[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actress]] || <ref>{{cite web|title=Sridevi to star in Boney Kapoor's next production?|date=9 February 2016 |url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/sridevi-to-star-in-boney-kapoors-production/16942157|accessdate=2016-03-03|archive-date=14 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201114113053/https://www.mid-day.com/articles/sridevi-to-star-in-boney-kapoors-production/16942157|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2018
| ''[[Zero (2018 film)|Zero]]''
|| Herself || Cameo; Posthumous release ||
|}

==Malayalam==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role(s)
! Notes !! {{abbr|Ref(s)|Reference(s)}}
|-
| 1969 || ''[[Kumara Sambhavam]]'' || Subramanian
| rowspan="5"|Child artist || style="text-align:center;" |<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Vijayakumar |first=B. |date=2012-01-01 |title=Kumara Sambhavam – 1969 |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/kumarasambhavam-1969/article2763682.ece |url-status=live |access-date=2022-03-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180309024716/https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/kumarasambhavam-1969/article2763682.ece/amp/ |archive-date=2018-03-09 |issn=}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1970 || ''[[Swapnangal]]'' || Rajamma
| style="text-align:center;" |{{sfn|Nayak|2019|page=7}}
|-
| ''[[Sabarimala Sree Dharmashastha]]'' ||
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=A look back at Sridevi's Mollywood movies |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2018/02/25/look-back-at-sridevi-mollywood-movies.html |access-date=2022-03-15 |website=OnManorama |archive-date=15 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220315071152/https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2018/02/25/look-back-at-sridevi-mollywood-movies.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1971 || ''[[Poompatta (film)|Poompatta]]'' || Sarada
| style="text-align:center;" |{{sfn|Nayak|2019|pages=11-12}}
|-
| ''[[Aana Valarthiya Vanampadiyude Makan]]'' ||
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref name=":2" />
|-
| rowspan="4" | 1976 || ''[[Abhinandanam]]'' ||Lalitha
| ||
|-
| ''[[Kuttavum Sikshayum]]'' ||
| || style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Suresh |first=Meera |date=2018-02-26 |title=Unforgettable coy village belle of '70s Mollywood |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2018/feb/26/unforgettable-coy-village-belle-of-70s-mollywood-1778907.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220314071357/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2018/feb/26/unforgettable-coy-village-belle-of-70s-mollywood-1778907.html |archive-date=2022-03-14 |access-date=2022-03-15 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Aalinganam]]'' || Bindu
| ||
|-
| ''[[Thulavarsham]]'' || Ammini
| ||
|-
| rowspan="11" | 1977 || ''[[Aasheervaadam]]'' ||
| ||
|-
| ''[[Aadhya Paadam]]'' ||
| ||
|-
| ''[[Aa Nimisham]]'' ||
| ||
|-
| ''[[Anthardaaham]]'' || Prameela
| ||
|-
| ''[[Akale Aakaasham]]'' ||
| ||
|-
| ''[[Amme Anupame]]'' ||
| ||
|-
| ''[[Nirakudam]]'' || Shanta
| ||
|-
| ''[[Oonjaal]]'' ||Sumitra
| ||
|-
| ''[[Angeekaaram]]'' || Sathi and Viji
| first double role ||
|-
| ''[[Satyavan Savithri]]'' || Savithri
| ||
|-
| ''[[Vezhambal]]'' ||
| ||
|-
| 1978 || ''[[Naalumanippookkal]]'' ||
| ||
|-
| 1979 || ''Bhaaryaye Aavashyamundu'' ||
| ||
|-
| 1996 || ''[[Devaraagam]]'' || Lakshmi
| ||
|}

==Kannada==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role(s) !! Notes !! {{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
| 1974 || ''[[Bhakta Kumbara]]'' || Mukta Bai || Child artiste|| <ref name="Kannada">{{cite news|title=Kannada film industry mourns death of iconic actor Sridevi|url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/kannada-film-industry-mourns-death-of-iconic-actor-sridevi/article22852120.ece|work=The Hindu|date=25 February 2018 |accessdate=26 February 2018|archive-date=3 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180803214311/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/kannada-film-industry-mourns-death-of-iconic-actor-sridevi/article22852120.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 1975 || ''Hennu Samsarada Kannu''|| Susheela || Lead role || <ref name="Kannada" />
|-
| 1979 || ''[[Priya (1978 film)|Priya]]'' || Priya || Lead role
|<ref name="Kannada"/>
|}

==Television==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Series !! Role !! Language !! {{abbr|Ref(s)|Reference(s)}}
|-
| 2004–2005 || ''[[Malini Iyer]]'' || Malini Iyer || Hindi || <ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20040118/spectrum/tv.htm|title=Bharatnatyam on bhangra beat: Malini Iyer|publisher=Tribune India|date=2004-01-18|access-date=15 February 2019|archive-date=9 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409141745/https://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20040118/spectrum/tv.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
|}

==Bibliography==
* {{cite book|last=Nayak|first=Satyarth|title=Sridevi: The Eternal Screen Goddess|title-link=Sridevi: The Eternal Screen Goddess|date=2019|publisher=Random House|isbn=978-0-670-09267-3}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Indian filmographies]]
[[Category:Actress filmographies]]
[[Category:Kapoor family]]

Rafeek Khan

2026-02-16T06:16:27Z

CarmenCarey59: Starting New Article

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1966)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}

{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Rafeek Khan
| image =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1966|2|24|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Jaipur]], [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]
| father = Chhotu Khan
| office = Chief Whip of the Congress Legislative Party, [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 29 July 2024
| governor = [[Haribhau Bagade]]
| 1blankname = [[Speaker of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|Speaker]]
| 1namedata = [[Vasudev Devnani]]
| office1 = Member of [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start1 = 2018
| predecessor1 = [[Ashok Parnami]]
| constituency1 = [[Adarsh Nagar, Rajasthan Assembly constituency|Adarsh Nagar]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| occupation = Politician
}}
'''Rafeek Khan''' (born 24 February 1966) is an Indian politician currently serving as the Chief Whip of the Congress Legislative Party in the [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]. He represents the [[Adarsh Nagar, Rajasthan Assembly constituency|Adarsh Nagar]] Assembly constituency in Jaipur district as a member of the [[Indian National Congress]].

== Political career ==

Rafeek Khan began his political journey with the [[Indian National Congress]] and became actively involved in party organization and public outreach in Jaipur. In the [[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]], he was nominated as the Congress candidate from the [[Adarsh Nagar, Rajasthan Assembly constituency|Adarsh Nagar]] seat. He won the election by defeating senior [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) leader and former state party president [[Ashok Parnami]], securing a victory margin of over 12,000 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Adarsh Nagar Assembly Election Results 2018: Congress' Rafeek Khan beats BJP's Ashok Parnami by 12553 votes |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/elections/rajasthan-election/article/adarsh-nagar-assembly-constituency-election-2018-polls-rajasthan-vasundhara-raje-bharatiya-janata-party-bjp-congress-sachin-pilot-ashok-parnami-rateeq/319629 |access-date=2022-12-24 |website=www.timesnownews.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=झुंझुनूं के रफीक खान ने जयपुर की आदर्श नगर सीट से BJP के पूर्व प्रदेशाध्यक्ष अशोक परनामी को हराया |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/rajasthan/jhunjhunu/news/rafiq-khan-of-jhunjhunun-defeated-bjp39s-former-state-president-ashok-paranami-from-the-adarsh-nagar-seat-of-jaipur-023038-3399417.html |website=Bhaskar.com |publisher=दैनिक भास्कर |language=hi |access-date=2025-04-30 |date=11 December 2018}}</ref>

He was re-elected from the same constituency in the [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]], increasing both his vote share and victory margin. In July 2024, he was appointed the Chief Whip of the Congress Legislative Party in the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly, a key position responsible for coordinating the party's floor strategy and maintaining legislative discipline.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian National Congress Party |url=https://www.rajpcc.com/rafeekkhan |access-date=2022-12-24 |website=www.rajpcc.com}}</ref>

== Electoral record ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%; text-align: center;"
|+ '''Election results'''
! Year !! Office !! Constituency !! Candidate (Party) !! Votes !! % !! Opponent (Party) !! Opponent Votes !! Opponent % !! Result !! Ref
|-
| 2018 || [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] || [[Adarsh Nagar, Rajasthan Assembly constituency|Adarsh Nagar]] || Rafeek Khan ([[Indian National Congress|INC]]) [[File:Indian National Congress Flag.svg|20px]] || 88,541 || 50.78 || Ashok Parnami ([[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]) [[File:Bharatiya Janata Party (icon).svg|20px]] || 75,988 || 43.58 || '''Won''' || [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/rajasthan/constituency-show/adarsh-nagar TOI]
|-
| 2023 || MLA || Adarsh Nagar || Rafeek Khan ([[Indian National Congress|INC]]) [[File:Indian National Congress Flag.svg|20px]] || 103,421 || 52.18 || Ravi Kumar Nayyar ([[BJP]]) [[File:Bharatiya Janata Party (icon).svg|20px]] || 89,348 || 45.08 || '''Won''' || [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/rajasthan/constituency-show/adarsh-nagar TOI]
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khan, Rafeek}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1966 births]]
[[Category:Rajasthan MLAs 2018–2023]]
[[Category:Rajasthan MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Politicians from Jaipur]]

{{Rajasthan-INC-politician-stub}}

Meenakshi Shirodkar

2026-02-08T12:13:07Z

CarmenCarey59: started pg

{{Short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Meenakshi Shirodkar
| native_name =
| image = Meenakshi Shirodkar.jpg
| image_size =
| alt = Meenakshi Shirodkar wearing swimsuit in Bramhachari (1938)
| caption = Meenakshi Shirodkar in Bramhachari (1938)
| birth_name = Ratan Pednekar
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1916|10|11}}
| birth_place =
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1997|06|3|1916|10|11}}
| death_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| occupation = [[Actor|Actress]]
| known_for = ''[[Brahmachari (1938 film)|Brahmachari]]''
| relatives = [[Namrata Shirodkar]], [[Shilpa Shirodkar]] (Grand-daughters),
[[Mahesh Babu]],(Grand-Son-in-law), [[Gautam]], ((Great-Grand-Son)) [[Sitara]], ((Great-Grand-Daughter))
}}

'''Meenakshi Shirodkar''' (born '''Ratan Pednekar'''; 11 October 1916 – 3 June 1997), was an Indian actress who mainly worked in [[Marathi cinema|Marathi films]], [[Marathi theatre]] and television. She made her debut in 1938 and continued to act in films until the early 1970s. Her appearance in a swimsuit in the Marathi film ''[[Brahmachari (1938 film)|Brahmachari]]'' (1938) with [[Master Vinayak]] stunned the traditional audience. She is the paternal grandmother of two [[Bollywood]] actresses, [[Namrata Shirodkar]] and [[Shilpa Shirodkar]].

== Personal life ==
Shirodkar was born Ratan Pednekar on 11 October 1916 to a [[Marathi people|Maharashtrian]] family with [[Goan]] roots. She started learning [[Indian classical music]] at an early age.{{citation needed|date=March 2025}}

In 1936, she married Dr. Shirodkar, with whom she had a son, who married Marathi actress Gangu Bai and became parents of film actresses [[Namrata Shirodkar]] and [[Shilpa Shirodkar]].<ref>{{cite web |title=No full stops |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/12/11/stories/2004121101430200.htm |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130216050501/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/12/11/stories/2004121101430200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=16 February 2013 |date=11 December 2004 |accessdate=15 January 2013}}</ref> Namrata was crowned [[Femina Miss India|Miss India]] in 1993<ref>{{cite web |title=Miss India Winners 2010-1964 |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=http://feminamissindia.indiatimes.com/archives/miss-india-winners-2010-1964/2000-1991/Namrata-Shirodkar/articleshow/7883181.cms |accessdate=15 January 2013 |archive-date=5 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120805162146/http://feminamissindia.indiatimes.com/archives/miss-india-winners-2010-1964/2000-1991/Namrata-Shirodkar/articleshow/7883181.cms |url-status=dead }}</ref> and is married to Tollywood actor, [[Mahesh Babu]] and has two children.

On 4 June 1997, Shirodkar died at the age of 80 in [[Mumbai]].<ref name="shrie">{{cite news |url=http://www.expressindia.com/ie/daily/19970604/15550853.html |title=Veteran Marathi actress dead |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=4 June 1997 |accessdate=15 January 2013 |location=Mumbai |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121230015903/http://www.expressindia.com/ie/daily/19970604/15550853.html |archivedate=30 December 2012}}</ref>

== Career ==
In 1935, Shirodkar joined [[All India Radio]] (AIR) where she worked in [[radio drama]]s. After her marriage in 1936, she got a film offer from Pandurang Naik, one of the partners in a film company called ''Hans Pictures''. Though Shirodkar declined the offer in the beginning, Naik convinced Shirodkar's husband that she should make a film debut.<ref name="shr2">{{cite news |url=http://www.abhayparanjape.com/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%80-%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80-%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9A-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80-%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80-%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%80-%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0 |title=आजसारखी विकृती हीच संस्कृती तेव्हा नव्हती!: मिनाक्षी शिरोडकर |trans-title=We did not have cultural deterioration, unlike today: Meenakshi Shirodkar |accessdate=15 January 2013}}</ref>

Shirodkar debuted with a 1938 [[Marathi cinema|Marathi film]] ''[[Brahmachari (1938 film)|Brahmachari]]'', opposite [[Master Vinayak]]. The writer of the film [[Pralhad Keshav Atre]], better known as "Āchārya Atre", changed her name from "Ratan" to "Meenaxi" to suit her big eyes.<ref name="shr2"/> She created a stir by appearing in a swimsuit in the song "Yamuna Jali Khelu Khel"<ref>{{cite news |url=http://maharashtratimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/6184538.cms |title=मराठी सिनेमात सात दशकांनी बिकीनी |trans-title=Bikini after 7 decades in Marathi cinema |work=[[Maharashtra Times]] |date=19 July 2010 |accessdate=15 January 2013 |author=Kanvinde, Vaishnavi |language=Marathi}}</ref> in the film and stunned the traditional audience.<ref name="shrie"/><ref name="yahoo"/> She rose to fame for her then daring act,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://m.outlookindia.com/story.aspx?sid=4&aid=200877 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130216150539/http://m.outlookindia.com/story.aspx?sid=4&aid=200877 |url-status=dead |archive-date=16 February 2013 |title=Gorgeous Ghatans: The southern belles have made way for Bollywood's new glam girls—the Mumbai bombshells |work=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]] |date=28 February 1996 |accessdate=15 January 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.sunday-guardian.com/technologic/a-potpourri-of-trivia-for-cinephiles-a-nerds |title=A potpourri of trivia for cinephiles & nerds |work=The Sunday Guardian |date=16 September 2012 |accessdate=15 January 2013}}</ref> and for her [[Braid|twin-plait]] hairstyle in the song, but also got criticized heavily.<ref name="yahoo">{{cite news |url=http://marathi.yahoo.com/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF-%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%82-134156937.html |title=काय बघावं... |trans-title=What you should see |work=[[Lokmat]] |date=5 August 2012 |publisher=[[Yahoo!]] |accessdate=15 January 2013 |author=Karnik, Hemant |language=Marathi}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://archive.loksatta.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=215971:2012-03-15-16-05-54&catid=360:cut-&Itemid=363 |title=स्मिता गोंदकरला झालयं तरी काय? |trans-title=What has happened to Smita Gondkar |work=[[Loksatta (newspaper)|Loksatta]] |date=16 March 2012 |accessdate=15 January 2013 |language=Marathi}}</ref> The song was sung by Shirodkar herself and became a hit.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cineplot.com/encyclopedia/meenakshi-shirodkar/ |title=Meenakshi Shirodkar |work=Cineplot.com |accessdate=15 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130402192930/http://cineplot.com/encyclopedia/meenakshi-shirodkar/ |archive-date=2 April 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> It was also reused in the play by the same name,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://maharashtratimes.indiatimes.com/rssarticleshow/msid-3127726,prtpage-1.cmss |title=अशोक पत्की |trans-title=Ashok Patki |work=[[Maharashtra Times]] |accessdate=15 January 2013}}</ref> and years later in other films as well.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.lokprabha.com/20111209/chitrapat.htm |title=यमुनाजळी खेळू खेळ... |trans-title=Yamuna Jali Khelu Khel |work=Lokprabha |date=9 December 2011 |accessdate=15 January 2013 |author=Kanvinde, Vaishnavi |language=Marathi}}</ref> She continued to do several other films with Master Vinayak such as ''Brandichi Batli'' (1939), ''[[Ghar Ki Rani]]'' (1940), ''Amrut'' (1941) and ''Majhe Bal'' (1943).<ref name=Janokti>{{cite web |url=http://www.janokti.com/hindi-news-media-%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE-cinema-media-blog-fourth-pilar/cinema-film-tv-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80/hindi-cinema-%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%B0-3/ |title=हिंदी सिनेमा का सफ़र -3 (पुराने जमाने में भी हिट थीं जोड़ियां) |trans-title=The journey of Hindi cinema - 3 (Hit pairs from golden era) |publisher=Janokti |date=13 October 2010 |accessdate=15 January 2013 |language=Hindi |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101021030954/http://www.janokti.com/hindi-news-media-%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE-cinema-media-blog-fourth-pilar/cinema-film-tv-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80/hindi-cinema-%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%B0-3/ |archivedate=21 October 2010}}</ref>

After retiring from major roles in 1950, Shirodkar played a few minor roles in films and joined [[Marathi theatre]] with "Nutan Sangeet Natak Mandali".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.itcsra.org/sra_news_views/obituary/saraswatibai_rane.html |title=ITC Awardee Shrimati Saraswatibai Rane passes away |work=[[ITC Sangeet Research Academy]] |accessdate=16 January 2013 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516100154/http://www.itcsra.org/sra_news_views/obituary/saraswatibai_rane.html |archivedate=16 May 2008}}</ref> During the period 1950-75, she worked in twelve [[Sangeet Natak]]s (musical plays) including ''Mruchhakatik'', ''Maanaapmaan'', ''Ekach Pyaala'' and others.<ref name="shr2"/>

== Films ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="width:50%"
|-
!scope="col" | Year
!scope="col" | Film Title
!scope="col" | Role
!scope="col" | Language
|-
| 1938
!scope="row" | ''[[Brahmachari (1938 film)|Brahmachari]]''
| Kishori
| [[Marathi language|Marathi]] / [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
|-
| 1939
!scope="row" | ''Devata''
| Pushpa
| Marathi
|-
| 1939
!scope="row" | ''Brandichi Batli'' / ''Brandy Ki Botal''
| Malati
| Marathi / Hindi
|-
| 1940
!scope="row" | ''Lapandav''
|
| Marathi
|-
| 1940
!scope="row" | ''Ardhangi'' / ''[[Ghar Ki Rani]]''
| Savitri
| Marathi / Hindi
|-
| 1941
!scope="row" | ''Amrut'' / ''Amrit''
| Gulab
| Marathi / Hindi
|-
| 1941
!scope="row" | ''[[Jhoola (1941 film)|Jhoola]]''
|
| Hindi
|-
| 1942
!scope="row" | ''[[Jawani (film)|Jawani]]''
|
| Hindi
|-
| 1943
!scope="row" | ''Majhe Bal''
| Shashi
| Marathi
|-
| 1943
!scope="row" | ''Sangam''
|
| Marathi
|-
| 1943
!scope="row" | ''Amanat''
|
| Hindi
|-
| 1943
!scope="row" | ''Chimukala Sansar''
|
| Marathi
|-
| 1944
!scope="row" | ''Ramshastri''
|
| Marathi / Hindi
|-
| 1945
!scope="row" | ''[[Badi Maa]]''
| Usha
| Hindi
|-
| 1945
!scope="row" | ''Pannadai''
|
| Marathi
|-
| 1952
!scope="row" | ''[[Pelli Chesi Choodu]]'' / ''Kalyanam Panni Paar''
|
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]] / [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| 1955
!scope="row" | ''Raftar''
|
| Hindi
|-
| 1957
!scope="row" | ''[[Miss Mary (1957 film)|Miss Mary]]''
|
| Hindi
|-
| 1958
!scope="row" | ''[[Raj Tilak (1958 film)|Raj Tilak]]''
|
| Hindi
|-
| 1966
!scope="row" | ''[[Gaban (1966 film)|Gaban]]''
|
| Hindi
|-
| 1968
!scope="row" | ''[[Mere Huzoor]]''
|
| Hindi
|-
| 1970
!scope="row" | ''[[Moojrim]]''
|
| Hindi
|-
| 1972
!scope="row" | ''[[Pakeezah]]''
|
| Hindi
|}

== Theater ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="width:50%"
|-
!scope="col" | Play Title
!scope="col" | Language
|-
!scope="row" | ''Mruchhakatik''
| [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
|-
!scope="row" | ''Sanshaykallol''
| Marathi
|-
!scope="row" | ''Maanaapmaan''
| Marathi
|-
!scope="row" | ''Saubhadra''
| Marathi
|-
!scope="row" | ''Ekach Pyaala''
| Marathi
|-
!scope="row" | ''Bhavbandhan''
| Marathi
|-
!scope="row" | ''Udyacha Sansar''
| Marathi
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|0576172}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shirodkar, Meenakshi}}

[[Category:Marathi actresses]]
[[Category:1916 births]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing]]
[[Category:1997 deaths]]
[[Category:Actresses in Marathi cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Marathi theatre]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from Maharashtra]]

Manoj Tiger

2026-02-08T12:09:16Z

CarmenCarey59: started new pg

{{short description|Indian actor (born 1976)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Manoj Singh Tiger
| image =
| image_size = 250
| caption = Tiger in 2020
| other_names = motu Chacha
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1976|05|30}}<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.hindirush.com/bhojpuri-news/bhojpuri-comedy-star-manoj-tiger-birthday-party-and-event-plan-97636/|title=आज है भोजपुरी स्टार मनोज टाइगर का जन्मदिन, कॉमेडी बादशाह का ये है बर्थडे प्लान|publisher=Hindi Rush|date=30 May 2019|access-date=26 May 2020}}</ref>
| death_date =
| death_place =
| birth_place = [[Azamgarh district|Azamgarh]], Uttar Pradesh, India
| education = Bachelor of Arts
| alma_mater = [[University of Allahabad]]
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor|Writer}}
| years_active = 2005–present
| spouse =
| children =
| mother =
| father =
| works = {{hlist|[[The Accidental Prime Minister (film)|The Accidental Prime Minister]]| [[Batla House]]|[[Border (2018 Bhojpuri film)|Border]]|[[Patna Se Pakistan]]}}
| awards =
| honours =
}}
'''Manoj Singh Tiger''' (born 30 May 1976), popularly known as '''Manoj Tiger''', is an Indian actor mainly active in [[Bhojpuri cinema|Bhojpuri films]]. He is known for his comedic roles in films<ref>{{Cite web|title=दोस्‍त से मिलने गांव पहुंचे हास्य कलाकार मनोज टाइगर, प्रशसंकों का प्‍यार देख गदगद हुए|url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/entertainment/bhojpuri/1294258|website=Prabhat Khabar – Hindi News|language=hi|access-date=2020-05-26}}</ref> and has also worked as main villain in several [[Bhojpuri cinema|Bhojpuri films]]. He has also appeared in the [[Bollywood]] films [[The Accidental Prime Minister (film)|The Accidental Prime Minister]] and [[Batla House]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Exclusive: ये हैं भोजपुरी फिल्मों के परेश रावल, निरहुआ की फिल्म में बताशा चाचा बनकर हुए फेमस|url=https://hindi.timesnownews.com/bollywood/bollywood/article/bhojpuri-star-manoj-tiger-aka-batasha-opens-about-his-comedy-roles-in-nirahua-and-pawan-singh-starrer-films/474800|website=hindi.timesnownews.com|language=hi|access-date=2020-05-26}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
He attend [[University of Allahabad]] and attained the degree of Bachelor of Arts.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Exclusive: कॉमेडियन मनोज टाइगर ने बताया किन वजहों से चुनाव हारे निरहुआ, कैसा था आजमगढ़ का जमीनी हाल|url=https://www.hindirush.com/bhojpuri-news/bhojpuri-actor-manoj-tiger-says-about-dinesh-lal-yadav-nirahua-election-result-and-azamgarh-politics-100932/|date=2019-06-13|website=Hindi Rush|language=hi|access-date=2020-05-26}}</ref>

==Career==
In 2007, he worked in ''Nirahua Rickshawala'' with [[Dinesh Lal Yadav]] and [[Pakkhi Hegde]]. The popularity of this character has been that two films in the name of Batasha Chacha have also been released.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Amrapali Dubey-Manoj Tiger's Lagal Raha Batasha first look out, film to release on Jan 25|url=https://zeenews.india.com/bhojpuri/amrapali-dubey-manoj-tigers-lagal-raha-batasha-first-look-out-film-to-release-on-jan-25-2168502.html|date=2019-01-07|website=Zee News|language=en|access-date=2020-05-26}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{{BLP sources section|date= November 2022}}
{| class="wikitable"
|+Key
| style="background:#ffc;"| {{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}
| Denotes films that have not yet been released
|}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Role
! Co-stars
! Language
! Ref.
|-
|2006||''Chalat Musafir Moh Liyo Re''|| ||[[Dinesh Lal Yadav|Nirahua]]||Bhojpuri
|
|-
|2006||''Nirahua Rickshawala''|| Batasha||[[Dinesh Lal Yadav|Nirahua]]||Bhojpuri
|
|-
|2006||''Ho Gayil Ba Pyar Odhniya Wali Se''|| ||[[Dinesh Lal Yadav|Nirahua]]||Bhojpuri
|
|-
|2007||''Shrimaan Driver Babu''|| ||[[Dinesh Lal Yadav|Nirahua]]||Bhojpuri
|
|-
|2008||''Rangeela Babu''|| ||[[Dinesh Lal Yadav|Nirahua]]||Bhojpuri
|
|-
|2008||''[[Khiladi No. 1]]''|| ||[[Dinesh Lal Yadav|Nirahua]]||Bhojpuri
|
|-
|2009||''Bah Khiladi Bah''|| ||Pankaj Kesari||Bhojpuri
|
|-
|2009||''Bhoomi Putra''|| ||[[Ravi Kishan]]||Bhojpuri
|
|-
|2010||''Batasha Chacha''|| ||[[Anara Gupta]]||Bhojpuri
|
|-
|2010||''Aakhri Rasta''|| ||[[Dinesh Lal Yadav|Nirahua]]||Bhojpuri
|
|-
|2010||''Hamra Mati Me Dam Ba''|| ||[[Pawan Singh]]||Bhojpuri
|
|-
|2010||''Shiva''|| ||[[Dinesh Lal Yadav|Nirahua]]||Bhojpuri
|
|-
|2010||''[[Kaalo]]''|| Bus Conductor ||[[Aditya Srivastav]]||[[Hindi language|Hindi]]
|
|-
|2011||''Piyawa Bada Satawela''|| ||[[Ravi Kishan]]||Bhojpuri
|
|-
|2012||''Morcha Bandi''|| ||Rajiv Singh Dinkar||Bhojpuri
|
|-
|2012||''Bhaiya Hamar Dayavan''|| ||[[Manoj Tiwari (Delhi politician)|Manoj Tiwari]]||Bhojpuri
|
|-
|2013||''Rakhela Shan Bhojpuria Jawan''|| ||[[Pawan Singh]]||Bhojpuri
|
|-
|2013||''Rani Chali Sasural''|| ||[[Rani Chatterjee]]||Bhojpuri
|
|-
|2013||''Kajra Mohabbat Wala''|| ||[[Vinay Anand]]||Bhojpuri
|
|-
|2013||''Veer Balwaan''|| ||[[Pawan Singh]]||Bhojpuri
|
|-
|2013||''Tiger''|| ||Pravesh Lal Yadav||Bhojpuri
|
|-
|2013||''Mere Sajan Tere Karan''|| ||[[Awdhesh Mishra]]||Bhojpuri
|
|-
|2013||''Sapoot''|| ||[[Khesari Lal Yadav]]||Bhojpuri
|
|-
|2013||''Majnu Moterwala''|| ||[[Kajal Raghwani]]||Bhojpuri
|
|-
|2013||''Panchayat''|| ||[[Biraj Bhatta|Viraj Bhatt]]||Bhojpuri
|
|-
|2013||''Bihari Rikshawala''|| ||[[Vinay Anand]]||Bhojpuri
|
|-
|2013||''Kasam Vardi Ke''|| ||[[Biraj Bhatta|Viraj Bhatt]]||Bhojpuri
|
|-
|2014||''Hunterwali''|| ||[[Pakkhi Hegde]]||Bhojpuri
|
|-
|2014||''Nihattha''|| ||[[Antara Biswas|Monalisa]]||Bhojpuri
|
|-
|2014||''Raja Ji I Love You''|| ||Yash Kumar Mishra||Bhojpuri
|
|-
|2014||''Ghus Ke Marab''|| ||[[Sanjay Pandey]]||Bhojpuri
|
|-
|2014||''Deewangi Had Se''|| ||Rakesh Mishra||Bhojpuri
|
|-
|2014||''Sajna Mangiya Sajai Da Hamar''|| ||Arvind Akela Kallu||Bhojpuri
|
|-
|2014||''Bihari Ban Gayil Hero''|| ||[[Sanjay Pandey]]||Bhojpuri
|
|-
|2014||''Rowdi Rani''|| ||[[Rani Chatterjee]]||Bhojpuri
|
|-
|2014||''Jaan Lebu Ka Ho''|| ||[[Pawan Singh]]||Bhojpuri
|
|-
|2015||''Vijay Path Ego Jung''|| ||Vijay Verma||Bhojpuri
|
|-
|2015||''Nigahen Nagin Ki''|| ||[[Rinku Ghosh]]||Bhojpuri
|
|-
|2015||''Prashasan''|| ||[[Rani Chatterjee]]||Bhojpuri
|
|-
|2015||''Nirahua Rikshawala 2''|| ||[[Dinesh Lal Yadav|Nirahua]]||Bhojpuri
|
|-
|2015||''[[Patna Se Pakistan]]''||Chintaharan Chaubey ||[[Dinesh Lal Yadav|Nirahua]]||Bhojpuri
|
|-
|2015||''Leke Aaja Band Baja Ye Pawan Raja''|| ||[[Pawan Singh]]||Bhojpuri
|
|-
|2015||''[[Dulaara (2015 film)|Dulaara]]''|| ||[[Pradeep Pandey|Chintu Pandey]]||Bhojpuri
|
|-
|2015||''Khakhi Vardiwala''|| ||[[Biraj Bhatta|Viraj Bhatt]]||Bhojpuri
|
|-
|2016||''Jai Mehraru Jai Sasurari''|| ||[[Biraj Bhatta|Viraj Bhatt]]||Bhojpuri
|
|-
|2016||''Bahurani''|| ||[[Anjana Singh]]||Bhojpuri
|
|-
|2016||''Nirahua Chalal Sasural 2''|| ||[[Dinesh Lal Yadav|Nirahua]]||Bhojpuri
|
|-
|2016||''[[Bam Bam Bol Raha Hai Kashi]]''|| Jagan Verma||[[Dinesh Lal Yadav|Nirahua]]||Bhojpuri
|
|-
|2016||''Dabang Aashiq''|| ||[[Khesari Lal Yadav]]||Bhojpuri
|
|-
|2016||''Ram Lakhan''|| ||[[Dinesh Lal Yadav|Nirahua]]||Bhojpuri
|
|-
|2016||''Balam Ji Jhuth Na Boli''|| ||Kalpana Shah||Bhojpuri
|
|-
|2016||''Deewane''|| ||[[Pradeep Pandey|Chintu Pandey]]||Bhojpuri
|
|-
|2016||''Mokama 0 KM''|| ||[[Dinesh Lal Yadav|Nirahua]]||Bhojpuri
|
|-
|2016||''Hogi Pyar Ki Jeet''|| ||[[Khesari Lal Yadav]]||Bhojpuri
|
|-
|2017||''Pahali Nazar Ko Salam''|| ||Raj Ranjeet||Bhojpuri
|
|-
|2017||''Aatankwadi''|| ||[[Khesari Lal Yadav]]||Bhojpuri
|
|-
|2017||''Allahabad Se Islamabad''|| ||[[Rani Chatterjee]]||Bhojpuri
|
|-
|2017||''Action Raja''|| ||Yash Kumar Mishra||Bhojpuri
|
|-
|2017||''[[Tabadala]]''|| ||[[Pawan Singh]]||Bhojpuri
|
|-
|2017||''Jigar''|| || [[Dinesh Lal Yadav|Nirahua]]||Bhojpuri
|
|-
|2017||''Kasam Paida Karne Wale Ki''|| ||Yash Kumar Mishra||Bhojpuri
|
|-
|2017||''Sipahi''|| ||[[Dinesh Lal Yadav|Nirahua]]||Bhojpuri
|
|-
|2017||''Jila Champaran''|| ||[[Khesari Lal Yadav]]||Bhojpuri
|
|-
|2017||''Hum Hai Lootere''|| ||[[Pawan Singh]]||Bhojpuri
|
|-
|2017||''Kashi Amarnath''|| ||{{hlist|[[Dinesh Lal Yadav|Nirahua]]|[[Ravi Kishan]]}}||Bhojpuri
|
|-
|2017||''Rabba Ishq Na Hove''|| ||Arvind Akela Kallu||Bhojpuri
|
|-
|2018||''Hitler''|| ||[[Biraj Bhatta|Viraj Bhatt]]||Bhojpuri
|
|-
|2018||''Sarkailo Khatiya Jada Lage''|| ||[[Arvind Akela Kallu]]||Bhojpuri
|
|-
|2018||''Maai Re Hamra Uhe Ladki Chahi''|| ||[[Pradeep Pandey|Chintu Pandey]]||Bhojpuri
|
|-
|2018||''[[Mehandi Laga Ke Rakhna 2]]''|| ||[[Pradeep Pandey|Chintu Pandey]]||Bhojpuri
|
|-
| rowspan="9" |2018||''Halfa Macha Ke Gail''|| ||[https://www.google.com/search?kgmid=/g/11fhsqhz5_&hl=en-IN&q=Raghav+Nayyar&kgs=7fa4244f4e0ff7ca&shndl=0&source=sh/x/kp/osrp&entrypoint=sh/x/kp/osrp Raghav Nayyar]||Bhojpuri
|
|-
|''[[Dulhan Ganga Paar Ke]]''|| ||[[Khesari Lal Yadav]]||Bhojpuri
|
|-
|''[[Border (2018 Bhojpuri film)|Border]]''|| Mithai Lal Yadav||[[Dinesh Lal Yadav|Nirahua]]||Bhojpuri
|
|-
|''[[Maa Tujhe Salaam (2018 film)|Maa Tujhe Salaam]]''||Parwana Karimullah ||[[Pawan Singh]]||Bhojpuri
|
|-
|''Balamua Tohre Khatir''|| Baba Paane ||[[Pawan Singh]]|| rowspan="5" |Bhojpuri
|
|-
|''[[Sanki Daroga]]''||Sub Inspector Tiwari ||[[Ravi Kishan]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bhojpuri superstar Ravi Kishan's Sanki Daroga to release in Thailand|url=https://zeenews.india.com/bhojpuri/bhojpuri-superstar-ravi-kishans-sanki-daroga-to-release-in-thailand-2144383.html|date=2018-09-28|website=Zee News|language=en|access-date=2020-05-27}}</ref>
|-
|''Munna Mawali''|| ||Pramod Premi Yadav
|
|-
|''Khuddar''|| ||Gunjan Singh
|
|-
|[[Yadav Pan Bhandar]]
|
|[[Manoj Tiwari (Delhi politician)|Manoj Tiwari]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=जल्द रिलीज होगी मनोज तिवारी की फिल्‍म यादव पान भंडार, देखें तस्वीरें |url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/entertainment/bhojpuri/bhojpuri-news-manoj-tiwaris-film-yadav-pan-bhandar-will-be-released-soon/429144 |access-date=2025-09-27 |website=Zee-Hindi |language=hi}}</ref>
|-
|2019||''[[The Accidental Prime Minister (film)|The Accidental Prime Minister]]''||[[Amar Singh (Uttar Pradesh politician)|Amar Singh]] ||[[Anupam Kher]]||Hindi
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=ZEE5 premieres The Accidental Prime Minister|url=https://zeenews.india.com/television/zee5-premieres-the-accidental-prime-minister-2206975.html|date=2019-05-27|website=Zee News|language=en|access-date=2020-05-27}}</ref>
|-
|2019||''Lagal Raha Batasha''|| ||[[Amrapali Dubey]]||Bhojpuri
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Amrapali Dubey-Manoj Tiger's Lagal Raha Batasha first look out, film to release on Jan 25|url=https://zeenews.india.com/bhojpuri/amrapali-dubey-manoj-tigers-lagal-raha-batasha-first-look-out-film-to-release-on-jan-25-2168502.html|date=2019-01-07|website=Zee News|language=en|access-date=2020-05-27}}</ref>
|-
|2019||''[[Batla House]]''|| ||[[John Abraham]]||Hindi
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Akshay Kumar's 'Mission Mangal' to clash with John's 'Batla House' – OrissaPOST|url=https://www.orissapost.com/akshay-kumars-mission-mangal-to-clash-with-johns-batla-house/|date=2019-07-21|website=Odisha News, Odisha Latest news, Odisha Daily – OrissaPOST|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-27}}</ref>
|-
|2019||''[[Nirahua Chalal London]]''||Lakhan ||[[Dinesh Lal Yadav|Nirahua]]||Bhojpuri
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dinesh Lal Yadav-Aamrapali Dubey's Nirahua Chalal London arrives in theatres across UP, Bihar, Jharkhand|url=https://zeenews.india.com/bhojpuri/dinesh-lal-yadav-aamrapali-dubeys-nirahua-chalal-london-arrives-in-theatres-across-up-bihar-jharkhand-2180529.html|date=2019-02-15|website=Zee News|language=en|access-date=2020-05-27}}</ref>
|-
|2021
|''[[Litti Chokha (film)|Litti Chokha]]''
|{{TBA}}
|[[Khesari Lal Yadav]]
|Bhojpuri
|Post-production<ref>{{Cite news|title=खेसारीलाल यादव की फिल्म 'लिट्टी चोखा' जल्द होगी रिलीज|url=https://www.newsnationtv.com/entertainment/bhojpuri-cinema/khesari-lal-yadav-bhojpuri-film-litti-chokha-to-be-released-soon-173591.html|access-date=25 February 2021|website=News Nation|language=hi|date=11 January 2021}}</ref>
|-
|2021
| ''[[Baap Ji]]''
|{{TBA}}
|[[Khesari Lal Yadav]]
|Bhojpuri
|<ref>{{Cite news|last=Dharmendra Dubey|date=19 December 2019|title=खेसारी लाल यादव की फिल्म बाप जी की कहानी हुई लीक, ऋतू सिंह और मनोज टाइगर भी हैं मुख्य किरदार में|language=hi|work=Hindi Rush|url=https://www.hindirush.com/bhojpuri-news/khesarr-lal-yadav-and-ritu-singh-movie-story-revile-138602/|access-date=27 May 2020}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2023
|''[[Ahimsa (2023 film)|Ahimsa]]''
|{{TBA}}
|Abhiram Daggubati
|Telugu
|
|-
|[[Aghori (Bhojpuri Film)|Aghori]]
|
|
|Bhojpuri
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bhojpuri Entertainment: अघोरी साधु बन गया है भोजपुरी का ये चर्चित अभिनेता, देखकर पहचान भी नहीं पाएंगे आप - Bhojpuri Entertainment Actor Yash Kumar will seen as Aghori sadhu in his next film |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/patna-city-bhojpuri-entertainment-actor-yash-kumar-will-seen-as-aghori-sadhu-in-his-next-film-23000690.html |access-date=2025-09-17 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref>
|-
|2025
|Power Star
|
|[[Pawan Singh]]
|Bhojpuri
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharatvarsh |first=TV9 |date=2025-05-22 |title=भोजपुरी सुपरस्टार पवन सिंह की 'पावर स्टार' की रिलीज डेट आई, इस दिन सिनेमाघरों में दस्तक देगी फिल्म |url=https://www.tv9hindi.com/entertainment/bhojpuri/bhojpuri-superstar-pawan-singh-upcoming-movie-power-star-release-date-know-more-details-3302525.html |access-date=2025-09-18 |website=TV9 Bharatvarsh |language=hi}}</ref>
|}

==Awards==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Ceremony
! Category
! Year
! Film
! Result
! Ref.
|-
|rowspan=3|[[Sabrang Film Awards]]
|rowspan=3|Best Actor in a Comic Role
|2019
|Halfa Macha Ke Gail
|{{Won}}
|<ref>{{Cite news|last=Ramesh Kumar|date=5 September 2019|title=रवि किशन को इस फिल्म के लिए मिला बेस्ट एक्टर का अवार्ड, सम्मान में मिले रुपए से बीजेपी सांसद करेंगे ये काम|language=hi|work=Hindi Rush|url=https://www.hindirush.com/bhojpuri-news/ravi-kishan-received-sabrang-film-award-2019-for-bhojpuri-film-sanki-daroga-amount-donate-for-girls-education-122368/|access-date=28 May 2020}}</ref>
|-
|2018
|Sipahi
|{{Won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web | title=सबरंग भोजपुरी फिल्म अवॉर्ड में रवि किशन, खेसारी लाल, काजल राघवनी सहित कई सितारों को मिला अवॉर्ड| url=http://yehaibihar.com/sabrang-bhojpuri-film-awards-2018/| website=Ye Hai Bihar| language=hi| access-date=28 May 2020}}</ref>
|-
|2017
|Dabang Aashiq
|{{Won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=रवि किशन मोस्ट पॉपुलर एक्टर, निरहुआ को बेस्ट एक्टर अवार्ड|url=https://khabar.ndtv.com/news/bhojpuri-cinema/ravi-kishan-and-nirahua-at-sabrang-film-awards-2017-1770440|website=NDTVIndia|access-date=2020-05-28}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|4400212|Manoj Tiger}}{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tiger, Manoj}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male actors in Bhojpuri cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors from Bihar]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:1976 births]]

Chandrayaan-2

2026-01-29T13:28:40Z

CarmenCarey59: enhance article per sources and improved wording

{{Short description|Indian lunar mission (2019–Present)}}
{{Good article}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}}
{{Infobox spaceflight
| name = Chandrayaan-2
| image = GSLV Mk III M1, Chandrayaan-2 - Vikram lander mounted on top of orbiter.jpg
| image_caption = Vikram lander mounted on top of orbiter inside cleanroom.
| image_size =
| mission_type = {{hlist|[[Orbiter]]|[[Lunar lander|Lander]]|[[Lunar rover|Rover]]}}
| operator = [[ISRO]]
| COSPAR_ID = 2019-042A
| SATCAT = 44441
| website = {{URL|https://www.isro.gov.in/Chandrayaan_2.html}}
| mission_duration = * Orbiter: ~ 7.5 years (planned); {{time interval|20 August 2019|show=ymd|sep=,}} (elapsed) 
* ''[[#Vikram lander|Vikram]]'' lander: ≤ 14 days (planned);<ref name=":3"/><ref name="duration">{{cite news|last=Nair|first=Avinash|date=31 May 2015|title=ISRO to deliver "eyes and ears" of Chandrayaan-2 by 2015-end|publisher=The Indian Express|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/technology/science/sac-to-deliver-eyes-and-ears-of-chandrayaan-2-by-2015-end|access-date=7 August 2016|archive-date=15 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180215084056/http://indianexpress.com/article/technology/science/sac-to-deliver-eyes-and-ears-of-chandrayaan-2-by-2015-end/|url-status=live}}</ref> 0 days (landing failure)
* ''[[Pragyan (Chandrayaan-2)|Pragyan]]'' rover: ≤ 14 days (planned);<ref name="duration"/> 0 days (not deployed)
| spacecraft_bus =
| manufacturer = ISRO
| launch_mass = Combined (wet): {{cvt|3850|kg}} <ref name="CY2_LaunchKit"/><ref name="ndtv20180829">{{cite news|date=29 August 2018|title=Chandrayaan-2 to Be Launched in January 2019, Says ISRO Chief|publisher=NDTV|url=https://gadgets.ndtv.com/science/news/chandrayaan-2-to-be-launched-in-january-2019-says-isro-chief-1907969|access-date=29 August 2018|archive-date=29 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180829225643/https://gadgets.ndtv.com/science/news/chandrayaan-2-to-be-launched-in-january-2019-says-isro-chief-1907969|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="idos20180828">{{cite press release|title=ISRO to send first Indian into Space by 2022 as announced by PM, says Dr Jitendra Singh|date=28 August 2018|publisher=Department of Space|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=183103|access-date=29 August 2018|archive-date=28 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180828203234/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=183103|url-status=live}}</ref> Combined (dry): {{cvt|1308|kg}} <ref name="CY2_DryMass">{{cite news|date=21 July 2019|title=Chandrayaan-2: All you need to know about India's 2nd Moon mission |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chandrayaan-2-all-you-need-to-know-about-indias-2nd-moon-mission/articleshow/70207662.cms|access-date=22 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190714030717/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chandrayaan-2-all-you-need-to-know-about-indias-2nd-moon-mission/articleshow/70207662.cms|newspaper=The Times of India |archive-date=14 July 2019}}</ref> Orbiter (wet): {{cvt|2379|kg}} <ref name="ndtv20180829"/><ref name="idos20180828"/> Orbiter (dry): {{cvt|682|kg}} <ref name="CY2_DryMass"/> ''Vikram'' lander (wet): {{cvt|1471|kg}} <ref name="ndtv20180829"/><ref name="idos20180828"/> ''Vikram'' lander (dry): {{cvt|626|kg}}<ref name="CY2_DryMass"/> ''Pragyan'' rover: {{cvt|27|kg}} <ref name="ndtv20180829"/><ref name="idos20180828"/>
| insignia = Chandrayaan 2 logo.jpg
| insignia_size = 200px
| insignia_caption = Mission Insignia
| payload_mass =
| dimensions =
| power = Orbiter: 1000 watts<ref>{{cite web|title=Chandrayaan-2|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/chandrayaan2-home#missionintro|publisher=Indian Space Research Organisation|access-date=20 June 2019|archive-date=29 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190729041910/https://www.isro.gov.in/chandrayaan2-home#missionintro|url-status=live}}</ref> ''Vikram'' lander: 650 watts <ref name="Launchkit_gl"/> ''Pragyan'' rover: 50 watts
| launch_date = 22 July 2019, 09:13:12 [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]]<ref name="Cdy-2 new schedule">{{cite web|title=Chandrayan-2 Launch Rescheduled on 22 July 2019, AT 14:43 HRS|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/update/18-jul-2019/chandrayaan-2-launch-rescheduled-22nd-july-2019-1443-hrs|date=18 July 2019|publisher=Indian Space Research Organisation|access-date=18 July 2019|archive-date=30 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190830143959/http://isro.gov.in/update/18-jul-2019/chandrayaan-2-launch-rescheduled-22nd-july-2019-1443-hrs|url-status=live}}</ref>
| launch_rocket = [[LVM3]] M1 <ref name="gslv3">{{cite news|last=Singh|first=Surendra|date=5 August 2018|title=Chandrayaan-2 launch put off: India, Israel in lunar race for 4th position|newspaper=The Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chandrayaan-2-launch-put-off-india-israel-in-lunar-race-for-4th-position/articleshow/65275012.cms|access-date=15 August 2018|archive-date=19 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180819060901/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chandrayaan-2-launch-put-off-india-israel-in-lunar-race-for-4th-position/articleshow/65275012.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="gslv2">{{cite news|last=Shenoy|first=Jaideep|date=28 February 2016|title=ISRO chief signals India's readiness for Chandrayaan II mission|newspaper=The Times of India|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/ISRO-chief-signals-Indias-readiness-for-Chandrayaan-II-mission/articleshow/51178528.cms|access-date=7 August 2016|archive-date=20 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190720105059/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/ISRO-chief-signals-Indias-readiness-for-Chandrayaan-II-mission/articleshow/51178528.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
| launch_site = [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre Second Launch Pad]]
| launch_contractor = ISRO
| interplanetary = {{Infobox spaceflight/IP
| type = orbiter
| object = [[Moon|Lunar]]
| component = 
| arrival_date = 20 August 2019, 03:32 UTC <ref name="TG_20190722">{{cite news|last=Ratcliffe|first=Rebecca|date=22 July 2019|title=India's Chandrayaan-2 moon mission lifts off a week after aborted launch|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/jul/22/indias-chandrayaan-2-moon-mission-lifts-off-a-week-after-aborted-launch|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=23 July 2019|archive-date=22 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190722174945/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/jul/22/indias-chandrayaan-2-moon-mission-lifts-off-a-week-after-aborted-launch|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="isro.gov.in">{{cite web|title=GSLV-Mk III – M1 / Chandrayaan-2 Mission|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/launcher/gslv-mk-iii-m1-chandrayaan-2-mission|publisher=Indian Space Research Organisation|access-date=21 July 2019|archive-date=12 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190912004636/https://www.isro.gov.in/launcher/gslv-mk-iii-m1-chandrayaan-2-mission|url-status=live}}</ref>
| periapsis = {{cvt|100|km}} <ref name="AS">{{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1TzL1UTELgc|title=Chandrayaan-2 – India's Second Moon Mission|date=August 2015|last=Kiran Kumar |first=Aluru Seelin|publisher=Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics|author-link=A. S. Kiran Kumar|access-date=7 August 2016|website=youtube.com}}</ref>
| apoapsis = {{cvt|100|km}}
| apsis = selene
}}

{{Infobox spaceflight/IP
| type = lander
| object = [[Moon|Lunar]]
| component = [[Rover (space exploration)|Rover]]
| arrival_date = 6 September 2019, 20:23 UTC <ref name="isro.gov.in"/><ref>{{cite press release|title=ISRO aims for Chandrayaan-2 landing at 1.55 AM on September 7, says Dr K. Sivan|url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=192723|location=Delhi|agency=Press Information Bureau|access-date=24 August 2019|archive-date=20 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190820174856/http://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx%3Frelid%3D192723|url-status=live}}</ref>
| location = near-[[Lunar south pole]] (intended) [[Tiranga Point]] {{Coord|70.8810|S|22.7840|E|globe:Moon|display=inline}} (between [[Manzinus (crater)|Manzinus C]] and [[Simpelius (crater)|Simpelius N]] craters) (crash site)
}}
| programme = [[Chandrayaan programme]]
| previous_mission = [[Chandrayaan-1]]
| next_mission = [[Chandrayaan-3]]
}}

'''Chandrayaan-2''' ({{audio|Chandrayaan.ogg|pronunciation}}; from [[Sanskrit]]: {{lang|sa|[[Chandra]]}}, "Moon" and {{lang|sa|yāna}}, "craft, vehicle") is the second [[Exploration of the Moon|lunar exploration]] mission developed by [[ISRO]] after [[Chandrayaan-1]]. It consists of a lunar [[orbiter]], the ''Vikram'' lunar [[Lander (spacecraft)|lander]], and the ''Pragyan'' [[Rover (space exploration)|rover]], all of which were developed in India. The main scientific objective is to map and study the variations in lunar surface composition, as well as the location and abundance of [[lunar water]].

The spacecraft was launched from the [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre Second Launch Pad|second launch pad]] at the [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre]] in [[Andhra Pradesh]] on 22 July 2019 at 09:13:12 [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]] by a [[LVM3]]-M1 rocket. The craft reached lunar orbit on 20 August 2019. The ''Vikram'' lander attempted a [[Moon landing |lunar landing]] on 6 September 2019; the lander crashed due to a software error.

The lunar orbiter continues to operate in orbit around the Moon. A follow-up landing mission, [[Chandrayaan-3]], was launched in 2023 and successfully performed a lunar landing.

== History ==
On 12 November 2007, representatives of the [[Roscosmos]] and [[Indian Space Research Organisation|ISRO]] signed an agreement for the two agencies to work together on the [[Chandrayaan-1]]'s follow-up project, Chandrayaan-2.<ref>{{cite news|first=D. S.|last=Madhumathi|date=9 June 2019|title=ISRO gears up for Chandrayaan-2 mission|newspaper=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/isro-gears-up-for-chandrayaan-2-mission/article27705909.ece|access-date=10 June 2019|archive-date=19 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190619173508/https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/isro-gears-up-for-chandrayaan-2-mission/article27705909.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Chand|first=Manish|date=12 November 2007|title=India, Russia to expand n-cooperation, defer Kudankulam deal|publisher=Nerve |url=http://www.nerve.in/news:25350099047|url-status=dead|access-date=12 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140113024836/http://www.nerve.in/news%3A25350099047|archive-date=13 January 2014}}</ref> ISRO would have the prime responsibility for the orbiter, rover and the launch by [[Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle|GSLV]], while Roscosmos was to provide the lander.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |date=14 August 2013 |title=Unstarred Question No:1402 in Lok Sabha about Chandrayaan-2 |url=https://eparlib.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/647201/1/146477.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230818195646/https://eparlib.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/647201/1/146477.pdf |archive-date=18 August 2023}}</ref> The [[Government of India|Indian government]] approved the mission in a meeting of the [[Union Council of Ministers|Union Cabinet]], held on 18 September 2008 and chaired by [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Manmohan Singh]].<ref name="Hindu3">{{cite news|last=Sunderarajan|first=P.|date=19 September 2008|title=Cabinet clears Chandrayaan-2|newspaper=The Hindu|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/article1341321.ece|access-date=23 October 2008|archive-date=20 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210720203241/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/Cabinet-clears-Chandrayaan-2/article15306430.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> The design of the spacecraft was completed in August 2009, with scientists of both countries conducting a joint review.<ref name="design_complete_1">{{cite news|date=17 August 2009|title=ISRO completes Chandrayaan-2 design|publisher=Domain-b.com|url=http://www.domain-b.com/aero/space/spacemissions/20090817_chandrayaan-2_design.html|access-date=20 August 2009|archive-date=8 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190608150215/https://www.domain-b.com/aero/space/spacemissions/20090817_chandrayaan-2_design.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Although ISRO finalised the payload for Chandrayaan-2 on schedule,<ref name=payload/> the mission was postponed in January 2013 and rescheduled to 2016 because Russia was unable to develop the lander on time.<ref name="postponed">{{cite news|last=Ramachandran|first=R.|date=22 January 2013|title=Chandrayaan-2: India to go it alone|newspaper=The Hindu|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/chandrayaan2-india-to-go-it-alone/article4329844.ece|access-date=21 January 2013|archive-date=1 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170801033035/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/chandrayaan2-india-to-go-it-alone/article4329844.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="delay">{{cite news|last=Laxman|first=Srinivas|date=6 February 2012|title=India's Chandrayaan-2 Moon Mission Likely Delayed After Russian Probe Failure|publisher=Asian Scientist|url=http://www.asianscientist.com/2012/02/topnews/india-chandrayaan-2-moon-mission-delayed-after-russian-probe-failure-lev-zelyony-2012/|access-date=5 April 2012|archive-date=8 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190608150218/https://www.asianscientist.com/2012/02/topnews/india-chandrayaan-2-moon-mission-delayed-after-russian-probe-failure-lev-zelyony-2012/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="ndtv20120909">{{cite news|date=9 September 2012|title=India's next moon mission depends on Russia: ISRO chief|publisher=NDTV|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/indias-next-moon-mission-depends-on-russia-isro-chief-498868|access-date=2 April 2016|archive-date=8 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190608150207/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/indias-next-moon-mission-depends-on-russia-isro-chief-498868|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2012, there was a delay in the construction of the Russian lander for Chandrayaan-2 due to the failure of the [[Fobos-Grunt]] mission to [[Mars]], since the technical issues connected with the Fobos-Grunt mission which were also used in the lunar projects including the lander for Chandrayaan-2 needed to be reviewed.<ref name="delay"/> The changes proposed by Roscosmos necessitated increase in lander mass and required ISRO to decrease mass of its rover and accept some reliability risk.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jayaraman |first=K. S. |date=15 August 2013 |title=India Drops Russia from Chandrayaan-2 Lunar Mission |url=https://spacenews.com/36795india-drops-russia-from-chandrayaan-2-lunar-mission/ |access-date= |website=SpaceNews |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":8" /> When Russia cited its inability to provide the lander even by a revised time-frame of 2015 due to technical and financial reasons, India decided to develop the lunar mission independently.<ref name="postponed"/><ref name="idos98239">{{cite press release|title=Chandrayaan-2|date=14 August 2013|publisher=Department of Space|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=98239|quote=Chandrayaan-2 would be a lone mission by India without Russian tie-up.|access-date=26 August 2017|archive-date=5 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805180613/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=98239|url-status=live}}</ref> With new mission timeline for Chandrayaan-2 and an opportunity for a Mars mission arising with launch window in 2013, unused Chandrayaan-2 orbiter hardware was repurposed to be used for the [[Mars Orbiter Mission]].<ref>{{cite web|date=25 October 2020|title=How ISRO modified a lunar orbiter into Mars orbiter Mangalyaan, India's "Moon Man" recalls|url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/how-isro-modified-a-lunar-orbiter-into-mars-orbiter-mangalyaan-indias-moon-man-recalls-2320097.html|access-date=25 October 2020|publisher=Zee News|archive-date=26 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026115248/https://zeenews.india.com/india/how-isro-modified-a-lunar-orbiter-into-mars-orbiter-mangalyaan-indias-moon-man-recalls-2320097.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Chandrayaan-2 launch had been scheduled for March 2018 initially, but was first delayed to April and then to October 2018 to conduct further tests on the vehicle.<ref name="sfn-sched">{{cite web|title=Launch Schedule|url=https://spaceflightnow.com/launch-schedule/|last=Clark|first=Stephen|date=15 August 2018|publisher=Spaceflight Now|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180816161152/https://spaceflightnow.com/launch-schedule/|archive-date=16 August 2018}}</ref><ref name="econtimes20180323">{{cite news|date=23 March 2018|title=Chandrayaan-2 launch postponed to October: ISRO chief|publisher=India Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/science/chandrayaan-2-launch-postponed-to-october-isro-chief/articleshow/63429955.cms|access-date=16 August 2018|archive-date=11 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190711104651/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/science/chandrayaan-2-launch-postponed-to-october-isro-chief/articleshow/63429955.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> On 19 June 2018, after the program's fourth Comprehensive Technical Review meeting, a number of changes in configuration<ref name=":7">{{Cite news |date=5 August 2018 |title=Soft-landing challenges keep Chandrayaan-2 grounded |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/soft-landing-challenges-keep-chandrayaan-2-grounded/articleshow/65293768.cms |access-date=9 July 2023 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=29 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211229045427/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/soft-landing-challenges-keep-chandrayaan-2-grounded/articleshow/65293768.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> and landing sequence<ref name="timesin20180812" /> were planned for implementation which increased the [[gross lift-off mass]] of spacecraft from 3,250 kg to 3,850 kg.<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 September 2018 |title=Chandrayaan-2: Several challenges to meet Jan 2019 deadline |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chandrayaan-2-several-challenges-to-meet-jan-2019-deadline/articleshow/65945202.cms |access-date=9 July 2023 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=16 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416184721/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chandrayaan-2-several-challenges-to-meet-jan-2019-deadline/articleshow/65945202.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Initially an uprated [[Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle#GSLV Mark II|GSLV Mk II]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=With eye on lunar mission, ISRO to test high-thrust Vikas engine |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2018/mar/28/with-eye-on-lunar-mission-isro-to-test-high-thrust-vikas-engine-1793608.html |access-date=9 July 2023 |website=The New Indian Express |date=28 March 2018 |archive-date=4 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404060630/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2018/mar/28/with-eye-on-lunar-mission-isro-to-test-high-thrust-vikas-engine-1793608.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=30 January 2018 |title=ISRO chief on a mission to cut expenses on launches |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/isro-chief-on-a-mission-to-cut-expenses-on-launches/article22597896.ece |access-date=10 July 2023 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=9 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109031516/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/isro-chief-on-a-mission-to-cut-expenses-on-launches/article22597896.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> was the chosen launch vehicle for Chandrayaan-2 but this increased spacecraft mass and issues with launch vehicle upratement<ref>{{Cite web |title=ISRO faces costly proposition over recall of GSAT-11 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2018/aug/01/isro-faces-costly-proposition-over-recall-of-gsat-11-1851412.html |access-date=10 July 2023 |website=The New Indian Express |date=August 2018 |archive-date=6 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220406122757/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2018/aug/01/isro-faces-costly-proposition-over-recall-of-gsat-11-1851412.html |url-status=live }}</ref> forced the launch vehicle to be switched to more capable [[LVM3]].<ref name=":7" /> Issues with engine throttling were found during testing<ref>{{Cite web |title=What caused delay in ISRO's Chandrayaan-2 launch |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/sci-tech/2018/08/06/What-caused-delay-in-ISRO-Chandrayaan-2-launch.html |access-date=9 July 2023 |website=The Week |language=en |archive-date=13 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813152540/https://www.theweek.in/news/sci-tech/2018/08/06/What-caused-delay-in-ISRO-Chandrayaan-2-launch.html |url-status=live }}</ref> pushing the launch to the early 2019<ref>{{cite web|title=ISRO to launch PSLVC-46 followed by PSLVC-47, Chandrayaan-2 in May: K. Sivan|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/isro-to-launch-pslvc-46-followed-by-pslvc-47-chandrayaan-2-in-may-k-sivan20190401124511|date=1 April 2019|publisher=Asian News International|access-date=1 April 2019|archive-date=1 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401082054/https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/isro-to-launch-pslvc-46-followed-by-pslvc-47-chandrayaan-2-in-may-k-sivan20190401124511/|url-status=live}}</ref> and later two of the lander's legs received minor damage during one of the tests in February 2019 delaying the launch even further.<ref name="on hold">{{cite web|title=India's Moon Lander Damaged During Test, Chandrayaan 2 Launch Put on Hold|url=https://thewire.in/space/india-moon-lander-damaged-chandrayaan-2-launch|publisher=The Wire|date=4 April 2019|access-date=7 April 2019|archive-date=7 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190407123720/https://thewire.in/space/india-moon-lander-damaged-chandrayaan-2-launch|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=4 April 2019 |title=Vikram hurt during practice, puts Chandrayaan-2 on bench |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/damage-to-moon-lander-delays-chandrayaan-2/articleshow/68714029.cms |access-date=9 July 2023 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=10 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410163850/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/damage-to-moon-lander-delays-chandrayaan-2/articleshow/68714029.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

Chandrayaan-2 launch was scheduled for 14 July 2019, 21:21 UTC (15 July 2019 at 02:51 IST local time), with the landing expected on 6 September 2019.<ref name="ISRO20190501">{{cite web|title=Press release on Chandrayaan-2, ISRO |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/update/01-may-2019/press-release-chandrayaan-2|publisher=Indian Space Research Organisation|access-date=1 May 2019|archive-date=25 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190725103137/https://www.isro.gov.in/update/01-may-2019/press-release-chandrayaan-2|url-status=live}}</ref> However, the launch was aborted due to a technical glitch and was rescheduled.<ref name="Cdy-2 new schedule"/><ref name=":2">{{cite web|title=Chandrayaan 2 Moon Mission Launch Aborted After Technical Snag: 10 Points|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/chandrayaan-2-launch-launch-of-chandrayaan-2-called-off-by-isro-set-to-be-rescheduled-2069511|publisher=NDTV|access-date=15 July 2019|archive-date=15 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190715005504/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/chandrayaan-2-launch-launch-of-chandrayaan-2-called-off-by-isro-set-to-be-rescheduled-2069511|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{cite news|date=17 July 2019|title=ISRO pinpoints GSLV-MkIII leak to 'nipple joint' of cryo engine|newspaper=The Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/isro-pinpoints-chandrayaan-2-leak-to-nipple-joint-of-cryogenic-engine/articleshow/70241645.cms|access-date=23 July 2019|archive-date=22 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190722181835/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/isro-pinpoints-chandrayaan-2-leak-to-nipple-joint-of-cryogenic-engine/articleshow/70241645.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The launch occurred on 22 July 2019 at 09:13:12 UTC (14:43:12 IST) on the first operational flight of a GSLV MK III M1.<ref name="ISRO_PR_20190722">{{cite web|title=GSLV MkIII-M1 Successfully Launches Chandrayaan-2 spacecraft|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/update/22-jul-2019/gslv-mkiii-m1-successfully-launches-chandrayaan-2-spacecraft|publisher=Indian Space Research Organisation|access-date=23 July 2019|archive-date=12 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212123035/https://www.isro.gov.in/update/22-jul-2019/gslv-mkiii-m1-successfully-launches-chandrayaan-2-spacecraft|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 6 September 2019, the lander during its landing phase, deviated from its intended trajectory starting at {{cvt|2.1|km}} altitude,<ref>{{cite news|title=Extra brake thrust may have sent Vikram out of control in home stretch |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/extra-brake-thrust-may-have-sent-vikram-out-of-control-in-home-stretch/articleshow/71030431.cms|newspaper=The Times of India|date=8 September 2019|access-date=8 September 2019|archive-date=8 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190908042704/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/extra-brake-thrust-may-have-sent-vikram-out-of-control-in-home-stretch/articleshow/71030431.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> and had lost communication when touchdown confirmation was expected.<ref name="Patel MIT"/><ref name="NYT 10 September 2019"/> Initial reports suggesting a crash <ref name="Apparent crash"/><ref name="planetary landing">{{cite web|title=India's Vikram Spacecraft Apparently Crash – Lands on Moon|url=http://www.planetary.org/blogs/jason-davis/vikram-apparently-crash-lands.html|website=planetary.org|access-date=7 September 2019|archive-date=10 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190910230719/http://www.planetary.org/blogs/jason-davis/vikram-apparently-crash-lands.html|url-status=live}}</ref> were confirmed by ISRO chairman [[Kailasavadivoo Sivan|K. Sivan]], stating that "it must have been a hard landing".<ref name="Hard landing TOI"/> The Failure Analysis Committee concluded that the crash was caused by a software glitch.<ref name="Failure report"/> Unlike ISRO's previous record, the report of the Failure Analysis Committee has not been made public.<ref name="IE_FAC">{{cite web|title=Chandrayaan-2: Three months on, ISRO yet to make public Vikram lander failure report details |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/technology/science/chandrayaan-2-three-months-on-isro-yet-to-make-public-vikram-lander-failure-report-details-6174092/|date=19 December 2019|publisher=The Indian Express|access-date=17 January 2020|quote="This is unlike the ISRO's previous record. For instance, after the failure of an operational fourth flight of the heavy lift GSLV rocket — the GSLV-F02 mission — on 10 July 2006, a 15-member FAC was tasked with providing a report in a month. After the report was submitted to the government, ISRO made the details public on 6 September 2006, on its website. In 2010, when GSLV D3, a developmental flight and the fifth heavy lift GSLV rocket, failed after launch on 15 April 2010, an FAC report was submitted with the government on 24 May 2010. Details of the report were made public on 9 July 2010. The same year, when GSLV F06, an operational sixth flight for GSLV rocket, failed on 25 December 2011, ISRO went public on 31 December 2011, with findings of an analysis of failure done by a preliminary FAC comprising space experts".|archive-date=7 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200107055128/https://indianexpress.com/article/technology/science/chandrayaan-2-three-months-on-isro-yet-to-make-public-vikram-lander-failure-report-details-6174092/|url-status=live}}</ref> However, just days before the Chandrayaan 3 launch, the then ISRO chief S Somanath noted during the sidelines of the India Space Congress that the primary issues were the higher thrust by the 5 engines used to reduce the velocity, the artificial limit which restricted the craft to a maximum of 10 degrees change per second, and the small landing area.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-07-12 |title=Why did Chandrayaan-2 lander fail? Isro chief gives 3 key reasons for crashlanding |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/why-did-chandrayaan-2-lander-fail-isro-chief-gives-3-key-reasons-for-crashlanding/articleshow/101678204.cms |access-date=2026-01-29 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Objectives ==
The primary objectives of the Chandrayaan-2 lander were to illustrate the ability to [[Soft landing (aeronautics)|soft-land]] and operate a robotic rover on the [[lunar surface]].

The scientific goals of the orbiter are

* to study [[lunar topography]], [[mineralogy]], [[elemental abundance]], the [[lunar exosphere]], and signatures of [[hydroxyl]] and [[Lunar water|water ice]];<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=CHANDRYN2|title=Chandrayaan-2 CHANDRYN2|publisher=NASA|access-date=3 July 2019|archive-date=29 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190729172632/https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=CHANDRYN2|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Question No. 1084: Deployment of Rover on Lunar Surface|url=http://164.100.158.235/question/annex/241/Au1084.pdf|last1=Rathinavel|first1=T.|author-link=T. Rathinavel|last2=Singh|first2=Jitendra|author-link2=Jitendra Singh (BJP politician)|date=24 November 2016|publisher=Rajya Sabha|access-date=2 August 2017|archive-date=2 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170802142742/http://164.100.158.235/question/annex/241/Au1084.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
* to study the water ice in the [[Lunar south pole|south polar region]] and thickness of the [[Lunar soil|lunar regolith]] on the surface;<ref>{{cite web|title=Chandrayaan 2: Everything you need to know about the orbiter's mission and design|url=https://www.firstpost.com/tech/science/chandrayaan-2-orbiter-will-scan-and-make-a-comprehensive-map-of-the-lunar-surface-6892891.html|last=Banerji|first=Abigail|date=13 July 2019|publisher=First Post|access-date=14 July 2019|archive-date=19 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190719101205/https://www.firstpost.com/tech/science/chandrayaan-2-orbiter-will-scan-and-make-a-comprehensive-map-of-the-lunar-surface-6892891.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and
* to map the lunar surface and help to prepare 3D maps of it.

== Design ==
The name ''Chandrayaan'' means "mooncraft" in Sanskrit and most other Indian languages.<ref>[[Monier Monier-Williams]], ''A Sanskrit-English Dictionary'' (1899):

''[[Chandra|candra]]'': "[...] m. the moon (also personified as a deity Mn. &c)"

''yāna'': "[...] n. a vehicle of any kind, carriage, wagon, vessel, ship, [...]"</ref><ref name="CY2_FAQ2">{{cite web|title=Chandrayaan-2 FAQ|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/chandrayaan2-faq|access-date=24 August 2019|quote=The name Chandrayaan means "Chandra- Moon, Yaan-vehicle", –in Indian languages (Sanskrit and Hindi), – the lunar spacecraft.|archive-date=29 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190629122319/https://www.isro.gov.in/chandrayaan2-faq|url-status=live}}</ref> The mission was launched on a [[LVM3|GSLV Mk III]] M1 with an approximate lift-off mass of {{cvt|3850|kg}} from [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre]] on [[Sriharikota|Sriharikota Island]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref name="CY2_LaunchKit"/><ref name="gslv2"/><ref name="AS"/><ref name="timesin20180812">{{cite news|last=Kumar|first=Chethan|date=12 August 2018|title=ISRO wants Chandrayaan-2 lander to orbit Moon first|newspaper=The Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/isro-wants-chandrayaan-2-lander-to-orbit-moon-first/articleshow/65370820.cms|access-date=15 August 2018|archive-date=23 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190423080707/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/isro-wants-chandrayaan-2-lander-to-orbit-moon-first/articleshow/65370820.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> {{As of|2019|06|df=}}, the mission has an allocated cost of {{INR|link=yes}} 9.78 billion (approximately US$141 million which includes {{INR|link=yes}} 6 billion for the space segment and {{INR}} 3.75 billion as launch costs on GSLV Mk III M1.<ref name=":1">{{cite news|last=Ramesh|first=Sandhya|date=12 June 2019|title=Why Chandrayaan-2 is ISRO's "most complex mission" so far|publisher=The Print|url=https://theprint.in/science/why-chandrayaan-2-is-isros-most-complex-mission-so-far/249252/|access-date=12 June 2019|archive-date=11 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190711103152/https://theprint.in/science/why-chandrayaan-2-is-isros-most-complex-mission-so-far/249252/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Singh|first=Surendra|date=20 February 2018|title=Chandrayaan-2 mission cheaper than Hollywood film Interstellar|newspaper=The Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/science/chandrayaan-2-mission-cheaper-than-hollywood-film-interstellar/articleshow/62990361.cms|access-date=3 March 2018|archive-date=26 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190726132437/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/science/chandrayaan-2-mission-cheaper-than-hollywood-film-interstellar/articleshow/62990361.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Chandrayaan-2 stack was initially put in an Earth [[parking orbit]] of {{cvt|170|km}} [[Apsis|perigee]] and {{cvt|40400|km}} [[Apsis|apogee]] by the [[launch vehicle]].<ref name="DoS_20190118">{{cite web|title=Department of Space presentation on 18 Jan 2019|url=http://pibphoto.nic.in/documents/rlink/2019/jan/p201911802.pdf|date=18 January 2019|access-date=30 January 2019|publisher=Department of Space|archive-date=30 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130053353/http://pibphoto.nic.in/documents/rlink/2019/jan/p201911802.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Orbiter ===
[[File:GSLV Mk III M1, Chandrayaan-2 - Orbiter at SDSC SHAR 01.jpg|thumb|upright=1.0|right|Chandrayaan-2 orbiter at integration facility]]

The Chandrayaan-2 [[orbiter]] is orbiting the [[Moon]] on a [[polar orbit]] at an altitude of {{cvt|100|km}}.<ref name="AR2015">{{cite web|url=http://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/pdf/AR2014-15.pdf|title=Annual Report 2014–2015|date=December 2014 |publisher=Indian Space Research Organisation|page=82|access-date=7 August 2016|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304201832/http://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/pdf/AR2014-15.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> It carries eight scientific instruments; two of which are improved versions of those flown on [[Chandrayaan-1]]. The approximate launch mass was {{cvt|2379|kg}}.<ref name="ndtv20180829"/><ref name="idos20180828"/><ref name="payload">{{cite press release |title=Payloads for Chandrayaan-2 Mission Finalised|date=30 August 2010|publisher=Indian Space Research Organisation |url=http://www.isro.gov.in/update/30-aug-2010/payloads-chandrayaan-2-mission-finalised|access-date=4 January 2010|archive-date=13 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190513213938/https://www.isro.gov.in/update/30-aug-2010/payloads-chandrayaan-2-mission-finalised|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Economic">{{cite news|date=2 September 2010 |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2010-09-02/news/27621231_1_chandrayaan-2-chandrayaan-1-lunar-surface |title=Chandrayaan-2 to get closer to moon|newspaper=The Economic Times|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110812045710/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2010-09-02/news/27621231_1_chandrayaan-2-chandrayaan-1-lunar-surface|archive-date=12 August 2011}}</ref> The Orbiter High Resolution Camera (OHRC) conducted high-resolution observations of the landing site prior to separation of the lander from the orbiter.<ref name="duration"/><ref name="AR2015"/> The orbiter's structure was manufactured by [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited]] and delivered to the [[ISRO Satellite Centre]] on 22 June 2015.<ref name="AR2016">{{cite web|title=Annual Report 2015-2016 |url=http://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/article-files/right-to-information/annual_report-15-16.pdf|date=December 2015 |publisher=Indian Space Research Organisation|page=89|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160705060034/http://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/article-files/right-to-information/annual_report-15-16.pdf|archive-date=5 July 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://hal-india.co.in/HAL%20Delivers%20the%20Orbiter%20Craft%20Module%20Structure%20of%20Chandrayaan-2%20to%20ISRO/ND__128|title=HAL Delivers the Orbiter Craft Module Structure of Chandrayaan-2 to ISRO |date=22 June 2015|publisher=Hindustan Aeronautics Limited|archive-date=2 September 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180902071353/http://hal-india.co.in/HAL%20Delivers%20the%20Orbiter%20Craft%20Module%20Structure%20of%20Chandrayaan-2%20to%20ISRO/ND__128}}</ref>

* Dimensions: 3.2 × 5.8 × 2.2 m <ref name="Launchkit_gl">{{cite web|title=Launch kit at a glance|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/gslv-mk-iii-m1-chandrayaan-2-mission/launch-kit-glance|publisher=Indian Space Research Organisation|access-date=23 July 2019|archive-date=23 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190723232918/https://www.isro.gov.in/gslv-mk-iii-m1-chandrayaan-2-mission/launch-kit-glance|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Gross lift-off mass: {{cvt|2379|kg}} <ref name="CY2_LaunchKit"/>
* Propellant mass: {{cvt|1697|kg}} <ref name="CY2_DryMass"/>
* Dry mass: {{cvt|682|kg}}
* Power generation capacity: 1000 [[watt]]s<ref name="Launchkit_gl"/>
* Mission duration: ~ 7.5 years, extended from the planned 1 year owing to the precise launch and mission management, in lunar orbit <ref name=":3"/><ref name=":5"/>

=== ''Vikram'' lander ===
[[File:GSLV Mk III M1, Chandrayaan-2 - Pragyan rover mounted on the ramp of Vikram lander.jpg|thumb|upright=1.0|right|Rover ''Pragyan'' mounted on the ramp of ''Vikram'' lander]]
[[File:Images of the Earth captured by Chandrayaan-2 Vikram Lander camera LI4.webm|thumb|upright=1.0|right|Images of the Earth captured by Chandrayaan-2 ''Vikram'' lander camera LI4<ref name=LI4_20190803/>]]

The mission's lander is called ''Vikram'' ({{Langx|sa|Vikrama|lit=Valour}} <ref name="Vikram">{{cite book|last=Wilson|first=Horace Hayman|url=https://sanskritlibrary.org/cologne/apidev/servepdf.php?dict=WIL&page=760|title=A dictionary in Sanscrit and English|publisher=Education Press|year=1832|location=Calcutta|page=760|access-date=7 February 2019|archive-date=9 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190209124428/https://sanskritlibrary.org/cologne/apidev/servepdf.php?dict=WIL&page=760|url-status=live}}</ref>) {{audio|Vikram.ogg|Pronunciation}} named after [[cosmic ray]] scientist [[Vikram Sarabhai]] (1919–1971), who is widely regarded as the founder of the [[Department of Space|Indian space programme]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Kumar|first=Chethan|date=12 August 2018|title=Chandrayaan-2 Lander to be named "Vikram" after Sarabhai|newspaper=The Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chandrayaan-2-lander-to-be-named-vikram-after-sarabhai/articleshow/65375102.cms|access-date=15 August 2018|archive-date=13 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180813002845/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chandrayaan-2-lander-to-be-named-vikram-after-sarabhai/articleshow/65375102.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The ''Vikram'' lander detached from the orbiter and descended to a low lunar orbit of {{cvt|30|x|100|km}} using its {{cvt|800|N}} liquid main engines. After checking all of its on-board systems it attempted a [[Soft landing (aeronautics)|soft landing]] that would have deployed the rover, and performed scientific activities for approximately 14 Earth days. ''Vikram'' [[Hard landing|crash-landed]] during this attempt.<ref name=":3">{{cite web |title=Chandrayaan-2 Latest Update|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/update/07-sep-2019/chandrayaan-2-latest-update|date=7 September 2019 |publisher=Indian Space Research Organisation|access-date=7 September 2019|archive-date=8 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190908052939/https://www.isro.gov.in/update/07-sep-2019/chandrayaan-2-latest-update|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Apparent crash">[https://www.space.com/india-moon-mission-not-over-chandrayaan-2.html India's Moon Mission Continues Despite Apparent Lander Crash.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190909041327/https://www.space.com/india-moon-mission-not-over-chandrayaan-2.html |date=9 September 2019 }} Mike Wall, ''space.com'', 7 September 2019, Quote: "India's Moon Mission Continues Despite Apparent Lander Crash".</ref> The combined mass of the lander and rover was approximately {{cvt|1471|kg}}.<ref name="ndtv20180829"/><ref name="idos20180828"/>

The preliminary configuration study of the lander was completed in 2013 by the Space Applications Centre (SAC) in [[Ahmedabad]].<ref name="postponed"/> The lander's propulsion system consisted of eight {{cvt|58|N}} thrusters for [[Spacecraft attitude control|attitude control]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Paper information (56421) — IAF |url=http://iafastro.directory/iac/paper/id/56421/summary/|access-date=20 October 2020|website=iafastro.directory|archive-date=22 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022033811/http://iafastro.directory/iac/paper/id/56421/summary/|url-status=live}}</ref> and five {{cvt|800|N}} liquid main engines derived from ISRO's {{cvt|440|N}} [[Liquid apogee engine|liquid apogee motor]].<ref>{{cite news|title=ISRO developing vehicle to launch small satellites|publisher=Frontline |url=https://www.frontline.in/science-and-technology/article24801393.ece|access-date=29 August 2018|quote=Making a throttleable engine of 3 kilonewtons or 4 kilonewtons is a totally new development for us. But we wanted to make use of available technologies. We have a LAM [liquid apogee motor] with a 400 newtons thruster, & we have been using it on our satellites. We enhanced it to 800 newtons. It was not a major, new design change.}}</ref><ref>{{cite conference |last1=Mondal |first1=Chinmoy |last2=Chakrabarti |first2=Subrata |last3=Venkittaraman |first3=D. |last4=Manimaran |first4=A. |date=2015 |title=Development of a Proportional Flow Control Valve for the 800 N Engine Test |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/299457197 |conference=9th National Symposium and Exhibition on Aerospace and Related Mechanisms, January 2015, Bengaluru, India|access-date=29 August 2018|archive-date=20 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210720203242/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/299457197_Development_of_a_Proportional_Flow_Control_Valve_for_the_800N_Engine_Test|url-status=live}}</ref> Initially, the lander design employed four main throttle-able liquid engines, but a centrally mounted fixed-thrust engine<ref name="LPSC2020_1994">{{cite web|title=Chandrayaan-2: The second Indian mission to the Moon |website=hou.usra.edu|date=1 February 2020 |url=https://www.hou.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2020/pdf/1994.pdf |access-date=1 February 2020|archive-date=19 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200619200118/https://www.hou.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2020/pdf/1994.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> was added to handle new requirements of having to orbit the Moon before landing. The additional engine was expected to mitigate upward draft of lunar dust during the soft landing.<ref name="timesin20180812"/> The four throttle-able engines of lander were capable of throttling between range of 40 to 100 percent incrementally in steps of 20%.<ref name="PVV_20202">{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Uj83m2fdvAc&t=4908s |title=Dr P V Venkitakrishnan, Ad Ingenium, Lecture 4 |date=5 November 2020 |type=Video |language=English |time=1 hour 21 minutes 48 seconds}}</ref> ''Vikram'' was designed to safely land on slopes up to 12°.<ref>{{cite web|title=Chandrayaan-2: First step towards Indians setting foot on moon in near future |date=8 July 2019 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2019/jul/08/chandrayaan-2-first-step-towards-indians-setting-foot-on-moon-in-near-future-2000898.html|publisher=The New Indian Express|access-date=8 July 2019|quote=As solar energy powers the system, a place with good visibility and area of communication was needed. Also, the place where the landing takes place should not have many boulders and craters. The slope for landing should be less than 12 degrees. The South pole has a near-flat surface, with good visibility and sunlight available from the convenience point of view.|archive-date=8 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190708054742/http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2019/jul/08/chandrayaan-2-first-step-towards-indians-setting-foot-on-moon-in-near-future-2000898.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Chandrayaan 2: Giant leap for ISRO|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/science-and-technology/article28261474.ece|last=Subramanian|first=T. S.|date=9 July 2019 |publisher=Frontline|access-date=9 July 2019|archive-date=9 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200409124114/https://frontline.thehindu.com/science-and-technology/article28261474.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

Some associated technologies include :
* A high resolution camera, Laser Altimeter (LASA)<ref>{{cite web|title=How ISRO Plans To Pull Off An Unprecedented Landing on Moon's South Pole|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/chandrayaan-2-how-isro-plans-to-pull-off-an-unprecedented-landing-on-moons-south-pole-2096380|website=NDTV.com|access-date=5 September 2019|archive-date=5 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190905210044/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/chandrayaan-2-how-isro-plans-to-pull-off-an-unprecedented-landing-on-moons-south-pole-2096380|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Lander Hazard Detection Avoidance Camera (LHDAC)
* Lander Position Detection Camera (LPDC)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sac.gov.in/SACSITE/SAC%20Annual%20Report/SAC_Annual_Report_2016-2017.pdf|title=Space Applications Centre, Annual Report 2016–17 |website=SAC.gov.in|page=35|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180102191500/http://www.sac.gov.in/SACSITE/SAC%20Annual%20Report/SAC_Annual_Report_2016-2017.pdf|archive-date=2 January 2018 |access-date=20 July 2019}}</ref>
* Lander Horizontal Velocity Camera (LHVC)
* 800 N throttleable liquid main engine<ref name="AR2016" />
* Attitude thrusters
* [[Ka band|Ka-band]] radio [[altimeter]]s<ref>{{cite news|title=Key payload for Chandrayaan-2 leaves for Bengaluru|newspaper=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/science/key-payload-for-chandrayaan-2-leaves-for-bengaluru/articleshow/66117495.cms |access-date=20 July 2019|archive-date=2 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190802170319/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/science/key-payload-for-chandrayaan-2-leaves-for-bengaluru/articleshow/66117495.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=SAC Seminar 2016|date=21 July 2017 |url=https://www.sac.gov.in/HINDISITE/SEMINAR/SACSEMINAR2016.pdf |website=sac.gov.in|page=94|language=Hi|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190905211219/https://www.sac.gov.in/HINDISITE/SEMINAR/SACSEMINAR2016.pdf|archive-date=5 September 2019|access-date=5 September 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Laser Inertial Reference and Accelerometer Package (LIRAP)<ref>{{cite web|title=Department of Space Annual Report 2016–17 |publisher=Indian Space Research Organisation |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/flipping_book/annualreport-eng-2017/files/assets/common/downloads/Annual%20Report%202016-17.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170318143455/http://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/flipping_book/annualreport-eng-2017/files/assets/common/downloads/Annual%20Report%202016-17.pdf|archive-date=18 March 2017|access-date=20 July 2019}}</ref> and the software needed to run these components.<ref name="duration"/><ref name="AR2015"/>

Engineering models of the lander began undergoing ground and aerial tests in late October 2016, in [[Challakere]] in the [[Chitradurga]] district of [[Karnataka]]. ISRO created roughly 10 craters on the surface to help assess the ability of the lander's sensors to select a landing site.<ref>{{cite news|first=D. S.|last=Madhumathi|date=25 October 2016|title=ISRO starts landing tests for Chandrayaan-2 mission|newspaper=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/isro-starts-landing-tests-for-chandrayaan2-mission/article9262825.ece |access-date=28 October 2016|archive-date=20 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210720203301/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ISRO-starts-landing-tests-for-Chandrayaan-2-mission/article16080665.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=25 October 2017|title=ISRO begins flight integration activity for Chandrayaan-2, as scientists tests lander and rover|newspaper=The Indian Express |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/technology/science/isro-begins-flight-integration-activity-for-chandrayaan-2-as-scientists-tests-lander-and-rover-4905883/|access-date=21 December 2017|archive-date=13 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171213065122/http://indianexpress.com/article/technology/science/isro-begins-flight-integration-activity-for-chandrayaan-2-as-scientists-tests-lander-and-rover-4905883/|url-status=live}}</ref>

* Dimensions: {{cvt|2.54|×|2|×|1.2|m}}<ref name="Launchkit_gl"/>
* Gross lift-off mass: {{cvt|1471|kg}}<ref name="CY2_LaunchKit"/>
* Propellant mass: {{cvt|845|kg}}<ref name="CY2_DryMass"/>
* Dry mass: {{cvt|626|kg}}
* Power generation capability: 650 watts
* Mission duration: ≤14 days (one lunar day)<ref name="duration"/>

=== ''Pragyan'' rover ===
{{main|Pragyan (Chandrayaan-2)}}
[[File:Pragyaan Lunar Rover for Chandrayaan-2.png|thumb|upright=1.0|right|''Pragyan'' rover of the Chandrayaan-2 mission]]

The mission's rover was called ''Pragyan'' ({{Langx|sa|Prajñāna|lit=Wisdom}} <ref name="Chandrayaan-2 Spacecraft">{{cite web|title=Chandrayaan-2 Spacecraft|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/chandrayaan2-spacecraft|publisher=Indian Space Research Organisation|access-date=24 August 2019|quote=Chandrayaan 2's Rover is a 6-wheeled robotic vehicle named Pragyan, which translates to "wisdom" in Sanskrit.|archive-date=18 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190718050818/https://www.isro.gov.in/chandrayaan2-spacecraft|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Pragyan">{{cite book|last=Wilson|first=Horace Hayman|url=https://sanskritlibrary.org/cologne/apidev/servepdf.php?dict=WIL&page=561|title=A dictionary in Sanscrit and English|publisher=Education Press|year=1832|location=Calcutta|page=561|access-date=7 February 2019|archive-date=9 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190209124234/https://sanskritlibrary.org/cologne/apidev/servepdf.php?dict=WIL&page=561|url-status=live}}</ref>) {{audio|Pragyaan.ogg|Pronunciation}})<ref name="Chandrayaan-2 Spacecraft"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://164.100.47.190/loksabhaquestions/annex/17/AU482.pdf |title=Chandrayaan–II|last1=Elumalai|first1=V.|last2=Kharge|first2=Mallikarjun|date=7 February 2019|website=pib.nic.in|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190207192144/http://164.100.47.190/loksabhaquestions/annex/17/AU482.pdf|archive-date=7 February 2019|access-date=7 February 2019|quote=Lander (Vikram) is undergoing final integration tests. Rover (Pragyan) has completed all tests and waiting for the Vikram readiness to undergo further tests.}}</ref> with a mass of {{cvt|27|kg}}, and would have operated on [[Solar panels on spacecraft|solar power]].<ref name="ndtv20180829"/><ref name="idos20180828"/> The rover was to move on six wheels, traversing {{cvt|500|m}} on the lunar surface at the rate of {{cvt|1|cm}} per second, perform on-site analyses and send the data to the lander, which would have relayed it to the Mission Control on the [[Earth]].<ref name="payload"/><ref name=":1"/><ref name="Economic"/><ref>{{cite web|title=ISRO to Launch Chandrayaan 2 on July 15, Moon Landing by September 7|date=12 June 2019|url=https://thewire.in/space/isro-will-launch-chandrayaan-2-in-wee-hours-of-july-15-landing-by-september-7|publisher=The Wire|access-date=12 June 2019|archive-date=13 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190613012659/https://thewire.in/space/isro-will-launch-chandrayaan-2-in-wee-hours-of-july-15-landing-by-september-7|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Chandrayaan-2 will carry 14 payloads to moon, no foreign module this time|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chandrayaan-2-will-carry-14-payloads-to-moon-no-foreign-module-this-time/articleshow/69265687.cms|last1=Singh|first1=Surendra|date=10 May 2019|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=11 May 2019|agency=TNN|archive-date=10 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190510162809/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chandrayaan-2-will-carry-14-payloads-to-moon-no-foreign-module-this-time/articleshow/69265687.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

For navigation, the rover would have used :

* '''''Stereoscopic Camera-based 3D Vision :''''' Two 1 [[Pixel|megapixel]], [[Monochrome|monochromatic]] [[navcam]]s in front of the rover to provide the ground control team a 3D view of the surrounding terrain, and help in path-planning by generating a [[digital elevation model]] of the terrain.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Subhalakshmi|first1=K.|last2=Basavaraj|first2=B.|last3=Selvaraj|first3=P.|last4=Laha|first4=J. |title=2010 International Symposium on Electronic System Design |chapter=Design of Miniature Space Grade Navigation Camera for Lunar Mission |date=22 December 2010|pages=169–174|doi=10.1109/ISED.2010.40 |isbn=978-1-4244-8979-4|s2cid=25978793}}</ref> [[IIT Kanpur]] contributed to the development of the subsystems for light-based map generation and motion planning for the rover.<ref>{{cite news|title=With robot hands, IIT-K profs bring joy to paralytics|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/with-robot-hands-iit-k-profs-bring-joy-to-paralytics/articleshow/70151178.cms|date=2019|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=10 July 2019|archive-date=20 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190720235523/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/with-robot-hands-iit-k-profs-bring-joy-to-paralytics/articleshow/70151178.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
* '''''Control and Motor Dynamics :''''' The rover has a [[rocker-bogie]] suspension system and six wheels, each driven by independent [[brushless DC electric motor]]s. Steering is accomplished by differential speed of the wheels or skid steering.<ref>{{cite web|title="Chandrayaan-2: Lunar Orbiter and Lander Mission", 10th IAA Symposium on The Future of Space Exploration: Towards the Moon Village and Beyond, Torin, Italy |url=http://spaceexplor.iaaweb.org/?q=ipc|last1=Annadurai|first1=Mylswami|last2=Nagesh|first2=G.|date=28 June 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830031559/http://spaceexplor.iaaweb.org/?q=ipc|publisher=International Academy of Astronautics|archive-date=30 August 2017|access-date=14 June 2019|quote=Mobility of the Rover in the unknown lunar terrain is accomplished by a Rocker bogie suspension system driven by six wheels. Brushless DC motors are used to drive the wheels to move along the desired path and steering is accomplished by differential speed of the wheels. The wheels are designed after extensive modelling of the wheel-soil interaction, considering the lunar soil properties, sinkage and slippage results from a single wheel test bed. The rover mobility has been tested in the lunar test facility wherein the soil simulant, terrain and the gravity of moon are simulated. The limitations w.r.t slope, obstacles, pits in view of slippage/sinkage have been experimentally verified with the analysis results.|last3=Vanitha|first3=Muthayaa}}</ref>

The expected operating time of ''Pragyan'' rover was one lunar day, or ~14 Earth days, as its electronics were not designed to endure the frigid lunar night. However, its power system has a solar-powered sleep/wake-up cycle implemented, which could have resulted in longer service time than planned.<ref>{{cite web|title=Dr M. Annadurai, project director, Chandrayaan-1: "Chandrayaan-2 logical extension of what we did in first mission"|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/dr-m-annadurai-project-director-chandrayaan-1-chandrayaan-2-isro-moon-5805873/|date=29 June 2019|newspaper=The Indian Express|access-date=30 June 2019|archive-date=29 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190629180634/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/dr-m-annadurai-project-director-chandrayaan-1-chandrayaan-2-isro-moon-5805873/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Payyappilly|first1=Baiju|last2=Muthusamy|first2=Sankaran|title=2017 4th International Conference on Power, Control & Embedded Systems (ICPCES) |chapter=Design framework of a configurable electrical power system for lunar rover |date=17 January 2018|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/321408524|pages=1–6|doi=10.1109/ICPCES.2017.8117660|isbn=978-1-5090-4426-9|s2cid=38638820|access-date=13 July 2019|archive-date=20 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210720203342/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/321408524_Design_framework_of_a_configurable_electrical_power_system_for_lunar_rover|url-status=live}}</ref> Two aft wheels of the rover had the ISRO logo and the [[State Emblem of India]] embossed on them to leave behind patterned tracks on the lunar surface.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ashoka Chakra, ISRO Logo, Flag: Chandrayaan-2 Set to Engrave India's Name on Moon for Centuries|publisher=News18|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/ashoka-chakra-isro-logo-flag-chandrayaan-2-set-to-engrave-indias-name-on-moon-for-centuries-2184543.html|access-date=4 September 2019|archive-date=4 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190904165024/https://www.news18.com/news/india/ashoka-chakra-isro-logo-flag-chandrayaan-2-set-to-engrave-indias-name-on-moon-for-centuries-2184543.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite AV media|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/gslv-mk-iii-m1-chandrayaan-2-mission/curtain-raiser-video-hindi|title=Curtain Raiser video (Hindi)|language=hi|publisher=Indian Space Research Organisation|time=1 minute 55 seconds|access-date=4 September 2019|archive-date=14 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190714154053/https://www.isro.gov.in/gslv-mk-iii-m1-chandrayaan-2-mission/curtain-raiser-video-hindi|url-status=dead}}</ref>

* Dimensions: 0.9 × 0.75 × 0.85 m<ref name="Launchkit_gl"/>
* Power: 50 watts
* Travel speed: 1 cm/sec
* Mission duration: ~14 Earth days (one lunar day)

=== Telemetry, tracking, and command (TT&C) ===
During various phases of launch and spacecraft operations of Chandrayaan-2 mission, the TT&C support was provided by [[ISRO Telemetry, Tracking and Command Network]] (ISTRAC), [[Indian Deep Space Network]] (IDSN), [[NASA Deep Space Network]] and [[National Institute for Space Research]]'s (INPE) ground stations located in [[Alcântara Launch Center|Alcântara]] and [[Cuiabá]].<ref>{{cite web |title=INPE realiza manobras orbitais para missão lunar Chandrayaan-2 |url=http://www.inpe.br/noticias/noticia.php?Cod_Noticia=5218 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191117013136/http://www.inpe.br/noticias/noticia.php?Cod_Noticia=5218 |archive-date=17 November 2019 |access-date=24 February 2021 |website=inpe.br |language=pt-br}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Singh |first=Surendra |date=13 June 2019 |title=ISRO: Chandrayaan-2 will take NASA-ISRO ties to a new height |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chandrayaan-2-will-take-nasa-isro-ties-to-a-new-height/articleshow/69761680.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107234005/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chandrayaan-2-will-take-nasa-isro-ties-to-a-new-height/articleshow/69761680.cms |archive-date=7 November 2020 |access-date=24 February 2021 |newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref>

== Science payload ==
[[File:Chandrayaan-2 Mission Overview.jpg|thumb|upright=1.0|right|Mission overview]]

ISRO selected eight scientific instruments for the orbiter, four for the lander,<ref name="CY2_LaunchKit">{{cite web|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/flipping_book/gslvmkiii-m1c2/files/assets/common/downloads/GSLV%20MkIII-M1.pdf|title=Launch Kit of GSLV Mk III M1 Chandrayaan-2|date=19 July 2019|publisher=Indian Space Research Organisation|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190719131530/https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/flipping_book/gslvmkiii-m1c2/files/assets/common/downloads/GSLV%20MkIII-M1.pdf|archive-date=19 July 2019|access-date=21 July 2019}}</ref><ref name="Sci lander">{{cite news|last=Bagla|first=Pallava|date=31 January 2018|title=India plans tricky and unprecedented landing near moon's south pole|publisher=Science Mag|url=https://www.science.org/content/article/india-plans-tricky-and-unprecedented-landing-near-moon-s-south-pole|access-date=8 March 2018|archive-date=22 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190722213801/https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2018/01/india-plans-tricky-and-unprecedented-landing-near-moon-s-south-pole|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="CY2_payloads">{{cite web|title=Chandrayaan-2 Payloads |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/chandrayaan2-payloads|publisher=Indian Space Research Organisation|date=12 June 2019|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190713044952/https://www.isro.gov.in/chandrayaan2-payloads|archive-date=13 July 2019|access-date=13 July 2019}}</ref> and two for the rover.<ref name=payload/> While it was initially reported that [[NASA]] and [[European Space Agency]] (ESA) would participate in the mission by providing some scientific instruments for the orbiter,<ref>{{cite news|last=Beary|first=Habib|date=4 February 2010|title=NASA and ESA to partner for Chandrayaan-2|newspaper=Sakal Times|url=http://www.sakaaltimes.com/SakaalTimesBeta/20100204/4693467461593115964.htm|access-date=22 February 2010|archive-date=15 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715231831/http://www.sakaaltimes.com/SakaalTimesBeta/20100204/4693467461593115964.htm|url-status=usurped}}</ref> ISRO in 2010 had clarified that due to weight restrictions it will not be carrying foreign payloads on the mission.<ref name="overseas payload">{{cite news|last=Laxman|first=Srinivas|date=5 September 2010|title="We're launching Chandrayaan-2 for a total coverage of the moon"|newspaper=The Times of India|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/opinion/interviews/Were-launching-Chandrayaan-2-for-a-total-coverage-of-the-moon/articleshow/6501413.cms?referral=PM|access-date=2 April 2016|archive-date=19 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519122340/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/opinion/interviews/Were-launching-Chandrayaan-2-for-a-total-coverage-of-the-moon/articleshow/6501413.cms?referral=PM|url-status=live}}</ref> However, in an update a month before launch,<ref name=":0"/> an agreement between NASA and ISRO was signed to include a small laser [[retroreflector]] from NASA to the lander's payload to measure the distance between the satellites above and the microreflector on the lunar surface.<ref name="LRA 2019"/><ref name="MEA_20190211">{{cite web|title=Implementing arrangement between India and United States of America for cooperation on the Chandrayaan mission-2|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/Portal/LegalTreatiesDoc/US19B3558-1.pdf|date=11 February 2019|publisher=Ministry of External Affairs|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190730105956/https://www.mea.gov.in/Portal/LegalTreatiesDoc/US19B3558-1.pdf|archive-date=30 July 2019|access-date=30 July 2019}}</ref>

=== Orbiter ===
[[File:Chandrayaan-2 orbiter in clean-room being integrated with payloads.jpg|thumb|Chandrayaan-2 orbiter in clean-room being integrated with payloads]]
[[File:Chandrayaan-2 lander and orbiter integrated module.jpg|thumb|Chandrayaan-2 composite]]
The orbiter has several scientific payloads.<ref name=":3"/><ref name="CY2_LaunchKit"/><ref name="CY2_payloads"/>

* The Chandrayaan-2 Large Area [[Soft X-ray emission spectroscopy|Soft X-ray Spectrometer]] (CLASS) from the [[U R Rao Satellite Centre|ISRO Satellite Centre]] (ISAC), which makes use of [[X-ray fluorescence]] spectra to determine the elemental composition of the lunar surface.<ref>{{cite web|title=Chandrayaan-2 Large Area Soft X-ray Spectrometer|url=https://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/118/02/0219.pdf|url-status=dead|date=24 January 2020|publisher=Current Science|access-date=24 January 2020|archive-date=27 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727195703/https://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/118/02/0219.pdf}}</ref>
* The Solar X-ray monitor (XSM) from [[Physical Research Laboratory]] (PRL), [[Ahmedabad]], primarily supports CLASS instrument by providing solar X-ray spectra and intensity measurements as input to it. Additionally these measurements will help in studying various high-energy processes occurring in the solar corona.<ref name="payload"/><ref>{{cite web|title=Solar X-ray Monitor onboard Chandrayaan-2 Orbiter|url=https://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/118/01/0045.pdf|url-status=dead|date=10 January 2020|publisher=Current Science|access-date=14 January 2020|archive-date=14 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200114162252/https://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/118/01/0045.pdf}}</ref>
* The Dual Frequency [[L band|L-band]] and [[S band|S-band]] [[Synthetic Aperture Radar]] (DFSAR) from the [[Space Applications Centre]] (SAC) for probing the first few metres of the lunar surface for the presence of different constituents. DFSAR is expected to provide further evidence confirming the presence of water ice, and its distribution below the shadowed regions of the Moon.<ref name="payload"/><ref>{{cite web|title=L- and S-band Polarimetric Synthetic Aperture Radar on Chandrayaan-2 mission|url=https://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/118/02/0226.pdf|url-status=dead|date=24 January 2020|publisher=Current Science|access-date=24 January 2020|archive-date=27 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727202516/https://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/118/02/0226.pdf}}</ref> It has lunar surface penetration depth of {{cvt|5|m}} (L-band).<ref name=":5">{{cite news|title=Orbiter will have a lifespan of 7.5 years, it's possible to find Vikram Lander from orbiter: ISRO chief|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/orbiter-will-have-a-lifespan-of-7-5-years-its-possible-to-find-vikram-lander-from-orbiter-isro-chief/articleshow/71028078.cms|last=Singh|first=Surendra|date=7 September 2019|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=7 September 2019|archive-date=8 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190908090547/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/orbiter-will-have-a-lifespan-of-7-5-years-its-possible-to-find-vikram-lander-from-orbiter-isro-chief/articleshow/71028078.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="CY2_payloads"/>
* The [[Imaging spectrometer|Imaging IR Spectrometer]] (IIRS) from the SAC for mapping of lunar surface over a wide wavelength range for the study of minerals, water molecules and [[hydroxyl]] present.<ref name="payload"/><ref>{{cite web|title=Imaging Infrared Spectrometer onboard Chandrayaan-2 Orbiter|url=https://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/118/03/0368.pdf|url-status=dead|publisher=Current Science|date=10 February 2020|access-date=7 February 2020|archive-date=7 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200207092506/https://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/118/03/0368.pdf}}</ref> It features an extended spectral range (0.8 μm to 5 μm), an improvement over previous lunar missions whose payloads worked up to 3 μm.<ref name=":5"/><ref>{{cite web|title=Lynred IR detector onboard Chandrayaan-2 expedition to Moon's South Pole|url=https://www.lynred.com/sites/default/files/2019-07/Lynred%20Chandraayan.pdf|website=lynred.com|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190926060613/https://www.lynred.com/sites/default/files/2019-07/Lynred%20Chandraayan.pdf|archive-date=26 September 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=CHANDRAYAAN-2 spectrometer for IIRS|url=https://www.amos.be/project/chandrayaan-2|date=15 November 2018|publisher=AMOS|access-date=26 September 2019|archive-date=26 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190926060440/https://www.amos.be/project/chandrayaan-2|url-status=live}}</ref>
* The Chandrayaan-2 Atmospheric Compositional Explorer 2 (ChACE-2)<ref>{{cite web|title=CHandra's Atmospheric Composition Explorer-2 onboard Chandrayaan-2 to study the lunar neutral exosphere|url=https://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/118/02/0202.pdf|url-status=dead|date=24 January 2020|publisher=Current Science|access-date=24 January 2020|archive-date=27 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727195447/https://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/118/02/0202.pdf}}</ref> [[Quadrupole mass analyzer|Quadrupole Mass Analyzer]] from [[Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre|Space Physics Laboratory]] (SPL), designed for carry out a detailed study of the lunar exosphere.<ref name="payload"/>
* The Terrain Mapping Camera-2 (TMC-2) from SAC for preparing a three-dimensional map essential for studying the lunar mineralogy and geology <ref name="payload"/><ref>{{cite web|title=Terrain Mapping Camera-2 onboard Chandrayaan-2 Orbiter|url=https://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/118/04/0566.pdf|url-status=dead|date=25 February 2020|publisher=Current Science|access-date=22 February 2020|archive-date=22 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200222174648/https://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/118/04/0566.pdf}}</ref>
* The Radio Anatomy of Moon Bound Hypersensitive Ionosphere and Atmosphere – Dual Frequency Radio Science experiment (RAMBHA-DFRS) by SPL for the studying electron density in the lunar ionosphere<ref>{{cite web|title=Dual Frequency Radio Science experiment onboard Chandrayaan-2: a radio occultation technique to study temporal and spatial variations in the surface-bound ionosphere of the Moon|url=https://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/118/02/0210.pdf|url-status=dead|date=24 January 2020|publisher=Current Science|access-date=24 January 2020|archive-date=27 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727195933/https://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/118/02/0210.pdf}}</ref>
* The Orbiter High Resolution Camera (OHRC) by SAC for scouting a hazard-free spot prior to landing. Used to help prepare high-resolution topographic maps and [[digital elevation model]]s of the lunar surface. OHRC has a spatial resolution of {{cvt|0.32|m}} from {{cvt|100|km}} polar orbit, which is the best resolution among any lunar orbiter mission to date.<ref name="CY2_payloads"/><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Chowdhury AR, Saxena M, Kumar A, Joshi SR, Amitabh, Dagar A, Mittal M, Kirkire S, Desai J, Shah D, Karelia JC, Kumar A, Jha K, Das P, Bhagat HV, Sharma J, Ghonia DN, Desai M, Bansal G, Gupta A |title=Orbiter High Resolution Camera onboard Chandrayaan-2 Orbiter |journal=Current Science |year=2020 |volume=118 |issue=4 |pages=560–565 |s2cid=211254790 |url= https://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/118/04/0560.pdf |doi=10.18520/cs/v118/i4/560-565 |bibcode=2020CSci..118..560C |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727195903/https://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/118/04/0560.pdf |archive-date=27 July 2020}}</ref><ref name=Clark>{{cite web |title=NASA lunar orbiter to image Chandrayaan-2 landing site |url=https://spaceflightnow.com/2019/09/12/nasa-lunar-orbiter-to-image-chandrayaan-2-landing-site-next-week/ |last=Clark|first=Stephen|publisher=Spaceflight Now|date=12 September 2019|access-date=12 September 2019|url-status=live |archive-date=13 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190913013507/https://spaceflightnow.com/2019/09/12/nasa-lunar-orbiter-to-image-chandrayaan-2-landing-site-next-week/}}</ref><ref name="CH2updates">{{cite web|title=Chandrayaan-2 latest update |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/chandrayaan2-latest-updates|publisher=Indian Space Research Organisation|access-date=7 September 2019 |url-status=live|archive-date=4 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190904002946/https://www.isro.gov.in/chandrayaan2-latest-updates}}</ref>

=== ''Vikram'' lander ===
The payloads on the ''Vikram'' lander were:<ref name="CY2_LaunchKit"/><ref name="CY2_payloads"/>

* Instrument for Lunar Seismic Activity (ILSA) [[Microelectromechanical systems|MEMS]] based [[seismometer]] by LEOS for studying Moon-quakes near the landing site <ref name="AS"/><ref name="Sci lander"/><ref>{{cite web|title=Instrument for Lunar Seismic Activity Studies on Chandrayaan-2 Lander|url=https://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/118/03/0376.pdf|url-status=dead|publisher=Current Science|date=10 February 2020|access-date=7 February 2020|archive-date=7 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200207092505/https://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/118/03/0376.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Mallikarjun|first=Y.|date=29 May 2013|title=India plans to send seismometer to study moonquakes|newspaper=The Hindu|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/india-plans-to-send-seismometer-to-study-moonquakes/article4761220.ece|access-date=1 June 2013|archive-date=10 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140210031636/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/india-plans-to-send-seismometer-to-study-moonquakes/article4761220.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Chandra's Surface Thermo-physical Experiment (ChaSTE) thermal probe jointly developed by SPL, [[Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre]] (VSSC) and [[Physical Research Laboratory]] (PRL), [[Ahmedabad]] for estimating the thermal properties of the lunar surface <ref name="AS"/><ref>{{Cite web|last=Mishra|first=Sanjeev|date=September 2019|title=PRL News- The Spectrum|url=https://www.prl.res.in/prl-eng/sites/default/files/documents/newsletter/newsletter-september-2019.pdf|url-status=live|access-date=7 December 2021|website=Physical Research Laboratory|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190926075628/https://www.prl.res.in/prl-eng/sites/default/files/documents/newsletter/newsletter-september-2019.pdf |archive-date=26 September 2019 }}</ref>
* RAMBHA-LP [[Langmuir probe]] by SPL, VSSC for measuring the density and variation of lunar surface [[Plasma (physics)|plasma]]<ref name="AS"/><ref name="Sci lander"/>
* A [[List of retroreflectors on the Moon|laser retroreflector]] array (LRA) by the [[Goddard Space Flight Center]] for taking precise measurements of distance between the reflector on the lunar surface and satellites in lunar orbit.<ref name=":0">{{cite news|last=Bartels|first=Meghan|date=24 March 2019|title=How NASA Scrambled to Add Science Experiments to Israeli, Indian Moon Probes|url=https://www.space.com/nasa-jumping-on-international-moon-landers.html|publisher=space.com|access-date=25 March 2019|archive-date=25 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190325105002/https://www.space.com/nasa-jumping-on-international-moon-landers.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="LRA 2019">{{cite web|url=https://www.space.com/next-gen-apollo-moon-laser-reflector-on-india-mission.html|title=50 Years After Apollo, India Is Carrying a NASA Laser Reflector to the Moon (And It's Only the Start)|first=Chelsea|last=Gohd|website=space.com|date=26 July 2019|access-date=26 July 2019|archive-date=26 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190726151133/https://www.space.com/next-gen-apollo-moon-laser-reflector-on-india-mission.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Lunar near surface plasma environment from Chandrayaan-2 Lander platform: RAMBHA-LP payload|url=https://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/118/03/0383.pdf|date=10 February 2020|publisher=Current Science|access-date=7 February 2020|archive-date=7 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200207092508/https://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/118/03/0383.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>[https://www.skyandtelescope.com/astronomy-news/india-moon-chandrayaan-2/ India Heads to the Moon With Chandrayaan-2] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190723151248/https://www.skyandtelescope.com/astronomy-news/india-moon-chandrayaan-2/ |date=23 July 2019 }} David Dickinson, ''Sky & Telescope'', 22 July 2019, Quote: "Vikram carries a seismometer, thermal probe, and an instrument to measure variation and density of lunar surface plasma, along with a laser retro-reflector supplied by NASA's Goddard Spaceflight Center".</ref> The microreflector weighed about {{cvt|22|g}} and cannot be used for taking observations from Earth-based lunar laser stations.<ref name="LRA 2019"/>

=== ''Pragyan'' rover ===
''Pragyan'' rover carried two instruments to determine the abundance of elements near the landing site:<ref name="CY2_LaunchKit" /><ref name="CY2_payloads" />

* [[Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy|Laser induced Breakdown Spectroscope]] (LIBS) from the laboratory for Electro Optic Systems (LEOS), [[Bangalore]]<ref name="payload"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/118/04/0573.pdf|url-status=dead|title=Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscope on Chandrayaan-2 Rover: a miniaturized mid-UV to visible active spectrometer for lunar surface chemistry studies|date=25 February 2020|publisher=Current Science|access-date=22 February 2020|archive-date=22 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200222174648/https://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/118/04/0573.pdf}}</ref>
* [[Alpha particle X-ray spectrometer|Alpha Particle Induced X-ray Spectroscope]] (APXS) from PRL, [[Ahmedabad]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/118/01/0053.pdf|url-status=dead|title=Alpha Particle X-ray Spectrometer onboard Chandrayaan-2 Rover|date=10 January 2020|publisher=Current Science|access-date=14 January 2020|archive-date=14 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200114161346/https://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/118/01/0053.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.isotop.ru/en/view/2204/|title=India chooses Russian Cm-244 sources for flights to the Moon|website=isotop.ru|access-date=26 September 2019|archive-date=26 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190926061618/http://www.isotop.ru/en/view/2204/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=PRL News – The Spectrum, September 2019|url=https://www.prl.res.in/prl-eng/sites/default/files/documents/newsletter/newsletter-september-2019.pdf|website=prl.res.in|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190926075628/https://www.prl.res.in/prl-eng/sites/default/files/documents/newsletter/newsletter-september-2019.pdf|archive-date=26 September 2019}}</ref>

<gallery mode=packed heights=120>
Chandrayaan-2 payloads CHACE2.png|CHACE2
Chandrayaan-2 payloads XSM.png|XSM
Chandrayaan-2 payloads CLASS.png|CLASS
Chandrayaan-2 payloads ILSA 6.png|ILSA [[Microelectromechanical systems|MEMS]] sensor package
Laser_Retroreflector_for_InSight_Image-33-full.jpg|[[Laser retroreflector]] array (LRA)
Chandrayaan-2 payloads LIBS.png|LIBS
Chandrayaan-2 payloads APXS.png|APXS
Chandrayaan-2 payloads ChaSTE.png|ChaSTE
</gallery>

== Discoveries and results ==
The orbiter, which is still active, regularly conducts experiments on Lunar Atmospheric composition, trace elements, and more.

* Detection of sodium: In October 2023, the orbiter discovered an abundance of sodium on the Moon.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chandrayaan-2 Orbiter Maps An 'Abundance of Sodium' On the Moon's Surface for the First Time Ever; Here's What It Means |url=https://weather.com/en-IN/india/space/news/2022-10-12-chandrayaan-2-orbiter-maps-abundance-of-sodium-on-the-moons-surface |access-date=8 November 2022 |website=The Weather Channel |language=en-IN}}</ref> The moon is shown to have a [[Sodium Tail of the Moon|tail of Sodium atoms]] thousands of Kilometers long. Due to phenomena like photon stimulated [[desorption]], [[solar wind]] [[sputtering]], and [[meteorite]] [[impact event|impacts]], sodium atoms gets knocked off the surface.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Matta |first1=M. |last2=Smith |first2=S. |last3=Baumgardner |first3=J. |last4=Wilson |first4=J. |last5=Martinis |first5=C. |last6=Mendillo |first6=M. |title=The sodium tail of the Moon |journal=Icarus |date=December 2009 |volume=204 |issue=2 |pages=409–417 |doi=10.1016/j.icarus.2009.06.017 |bibcode=2009Icar..204..409M }}</ref> [[Radiation pressure|Solar radiation pressure]] accelerates the sodium atoms away from the [[Sun]], forming an elongated tail toward the [[antisolar point|antisolar direction]]. Using the large area [[X-ray Spectrometry|X-raySpectrometer]], CLASS, the probe has spotted and mapped sodium on the Moon.
* Hydroxyl and Water molecules: The [[Chandrayaan-1]] probe detected water on the Moon for the first time. Chandrayaan-2 detected Water, as well as Hydroxyl ions on the Moon, August 2022. It distinguished between these two with the aid of IIRS (Imaging Infrared Spectrometer). Between 29 and 62 degrees north latitude, the probe detected the presence of these two molecules. Along with this, it also observed that the sunlit regions contain higher concentrations of these two.
* Distribution of Gas in [[Atmosphere of the Moon|Lunar Atmosphere]]: Chandra Atmospheric Composition Explorer-2, detected [[Argon-40]] in Lunar exosphere. The distribution of Ar-40 has significant spatial heterogeneity. The [[NASA]] probe, [[LADEE]], detected Argon near the Equatorial region, but Argon far from that, was detected for the first time. There are localised enhancements (termed as Argon bulge) over several regions including the [[KREEP]] (potassium (K), rare-earth elements, and phosphorus (P)) and South Pole Aitken terrain.
* Presence of Rare elements: Chandra's Large Area Soft X-ray Spectrometer (CLASS), detected magnesium, aluminium, silicon, calcium, titanium, iron etc. It also examined and detected minor elements – chromium and manganese, for the first time. The findings have paved the path for adding knowledge about the magmatic evolution of the Moon, its nebular conditions and much more.
* Solar X-ray Monitor (XSM), has witnessed a huge amount of microflares outside the active regions of the Sun for the first time.
* The DFSAR instrument studied the subsurface features of the Moon, detected signatures of the sub-surface water-ice, mapped lunar morphological features in the polar regions in high resolution.
* The TMC 2, which is conducting imaging of the Moon at a global scale, found interesting geologic signatures of lunar crustal shortening, and identification of volcanic domes. The OHRC, mapped Moon With a resolution of 25 cm at 100 km altitude.
* DFRS experiment, studied the ionosphere of the Moon, which is generated by the solar photo-ionisation of the neutral species of the lunar tenuous exosphere. The experiment showed that Moon's ionosphere has a plasma density of the order of 10^4 cm^3, in the wake region which is at least one order of magnitude more than that is present in the day side.
* An analysis of the [[S band|S-band]] TTC radio signals from India's Chandrayaan-2 orbiter revealed that the Moon's ionosphere exhibits unexpectedly high electron densities (close to 100 times greater) when it enters the Earth's [[Earth's magnetic field|geomagnetic tail.]] Conducting the expirent by passing radio signals through the plasma layer of the moon,Scientists have proposed that the presence of remnant [[Magnetic field of the Moon|lunar crustal magnetic fields]] could be trapping plasma, preventing its diffusion, and leading to localized enhancements in electron density.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chandrayaan-2 unveils the effect of the Earth's geomagnetic tail on the Lunar ionosphere plasma |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/Chandrayaan2EarthgeomagneticLunarionosphereplasma.html |access-date=2025-03-08 |website=www.isro.gov.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ISRO Says Chandrayaan-2 Orbitor Radio Signs Show High Electron Density In Lunar Environment |url=https://www.news18.com/india/isro-says-chandrayaan-2-orbitor-radio-signs-show-high-electron-density-in-lunar-environment-9253428.html |access-date=2025-03-23 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>
* The DFSAR intstument has created multiple detailed data-sets on [[L band|L-band]] radar mapping of the lunar poles.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ISRO Offers Advanced Data Products for Deeper Understanding of the Lunar Polar Region |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/Lunar_Polar_Region.html |access-date=2025-11-10 |website=www.isro.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=MSN |url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/news/techandscience/chandrayaan-2-sends-radar-images-of-water-ice-and-soil-on-moons-poles/ar-AA1Q2KWB?ocid=BingNewsVerp |access-date=2025-11-10 |website=www.msn.com}}</ref>

== Mission profile ==
{{multiple image
| align = center
| direction = horizontal
| width =
| header = Animation of Chandrayaan-2

| image1 = Animation of Chandrayaan-2 around Earth - Geocentric phase.gif
| caption1 = [[Geocentric orbit|Geocentric]] phase

| image2 = Animation of Chandrayaan-2 around Moon.gif
| caption2 = [[Selenocentric orbit|Selenocentric]] phase

| image3 = Animation of Chandrayaan-2 (LANDER) around Moon.gif
| caption3 = Lunar landing phase

| image4 = Animation of Chandrayaan-2 around Earth.gif
| caption4 = Overall motion of Chandrayaan-2

| footer = {{legend2| RoyalBlue| Earth}}{{·}}{{legend2| Lime| Moon}}{{·}}{{legend2| Magenta| Chandrayaan-2}}
| total_width = 1200
}}
{{clear}}

=== Launch ===
[[File:GSLV Mk III M1, Chandrayaan-2 Lifting off 01.jpg|thumb|upright=1.0|left|Chandrayaan-2 lifting off on 22 July 2019 at 02.43 PM IST]]

The launch of Chandrayaan-2 was initially scheduled for 14 July 2019, 21:21 [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]] (15 July 2019 at 02:51 IST local time).<ref name="ISRO20190501"/> However, the launch was aborted 56 minutes and 24 seconds before launch due to a technical glitch, so it was rescheduled to 22 July 2019.<ref name="Cdy-2 new schedule"/><ref name=":2"/> Unconfirmed reports later cited a leak in the nipple joint of a helium gas bottle as the cause of cancellation.<ref name=":4"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/dispatches/article28514735.ece|title=What went wrong with the Chandrayaan-2 launch|last=Subramanian|first=T. S.|date=17 July 2019 |publisher=Frontline|access-date=24 July 2019|archive-date=27 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727193231/https://frontline.thehindu.com/dispatches/article28514735.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/230719/for-vssc-chief-setbacks-are-part-of-victory-cruise.html|title=For VSSC chief, setbacks are part of victory cruise|last=Chandran|first=Cynthia|date=23 July 2019|newspaper=Deccan Chronicle|access-date=24 July 2019|archive-date=23 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190723174330/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/230719/for-vssc-chief-setbacks-are-part-of-victory-cruise.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Finally Chandrayaan-2 was launched on board the [[LVM3|LVM3 M1]] [[launch vehicle]] on 22 July 2019 at 09:13:12 UTC (14:43:12 IST) with a better-than-expected apogee as a result of the cryogenic upper stage being burned to depletion, which later eliminated the need for one of the apogee-raising burns during the [[Geocentric orbit|geocentric phase]] of mission.<ref name="ISRO_PR_20190722"/><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chandrayaan-2-will-only-have-4-operations-around-earth/articleshow/70344747.cms|title=Chandrayaan-2 will only have 4 operations around Earth|newspaper=The Times of India|last=Kumar|first=Chethan|date=23 July 2019|access-date=24 July 2019|archive-date=24 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190724072749/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chandrayaan-2-will-only-have-4-operations-around-earth/articleshow/70344747.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://spaceflightnow.com/2019/07/22/gslv-mk3-chandrayaan-2-mission-status-center-2/|title=Live coverage: India's Chandrayaan-2 moon mission blasts off|publisher=Spaceflight Now|access-date=24 July 2019|archive-date=22 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190722202222/https://spaceflightnow.com/2019/07/22/gslv-mk3-chandrayaan-2-mission-status-center-2/|url-status=live}}</ref> This also resulted in the saving of around 40 kg fuel on board the spacecraft.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chandrayaan-2-healthy-after-another-manoeuvre/articleshow/70436786.cms|title=Chandrayaan-2 healthy after another manoeuvre|last=Kumar|first=Chethan|date=29 July 2019|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=29 July 2019|archive-date=30 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190730001231/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chandrayaan-2-healthy-after-another-manoeuvre/articleshow/70436786.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

Immediately after launch, multiple observations of a slow-moving bright object over Australia were made, which could be related to upper stage venting of residual [[Liquid oxygen|LOX]] / [[Liquid hydrogen|LH2]] propellant after the main burn.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-07-23/astronomer-explains-strange-object-seen-in-night-sky/11336446|title=Strange object in the night sky was probably a rocket heading to the Moon: astronomer|last=Hartley|first=Anna|date=23 July 2019|publisher=ABC News|access-date=27 July 2019|archive-date=27 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190727015954/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-07-23/astronomer-explains-strange-object-seen-in-night-sky/11336446|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sbs.com.au/yourlanguage/hindi/en/article/2019/07/24/was-mysterious-bright-spot-australian-skies-chandrayaan-2-indias-mission-moon|title=Was the mysterious bright spot in Australian skies Chandrayaan-2, India's mission to Moon?|last=Acharya|first=Mosiqi|publisher=SBS Hindi|date=24 July 2019|access-date=7 September 2019|archive-date=27 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190727052235/https://www.sbs.com.au/yourlanguage/hindi/en/article/2019/07/24/was-mysterious-bright-spot-australian-skies-chandrayaan-2-indias-mission-moon|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Geocentric phase ===
[[File:Chandrayaan2 trajectory.png|thumb|upright=1.0|right|Chandrayaan-2's trajectory]]

After being placed into a 45,475 × 169 km parking orbit by the launch vehicle,<ref name="ISRO_PR_20190722"/> the Chandrayaan-2 spacecraft stack gradually raised its orbit using on-board propulsion over 22 days. In this phase, one perigee-raising and five apogee-raising burns were performed to reach a highly eccentric orbit of 142,975 × 276 km<ref name="EBO5_20190806"/> followed by [[trans-lunar injection]] on 13 August 2019.<ref name="TLI_20190813"/> Such a long Earth-bound phase with multiple orbit-raising manoeuvres exploiting the [[Oberth effect]] was required because of the limited lifting capacity of the launch vehicle and thrust of the spacecraft's on-board propulsion system. A similar strategy was used for Chandrayaan-1 and the [[Mars Orbiter Mission]] during their Earth-bound phase trajectory.<ref>{{cite news |title=Here's Why Chandrayaan-2 Will Take 48 Days to Reach the Moon|url=https://www.thequint.com/tech-and-auto/tech-news/isro-chandrayaan-2-launch-moon-south-pole-why-longer-time|access-date=25 August 2019 |date=9 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190825090149/http://www.thequint.com/tech-and-auto/tech-news/isro-chandrayaan-2-launch-moon-south-pole-why-longer-time |newspaper=The Quint |archive-date=25 August 2019}}</ref> On 3 August 2019, the first set of Earth images were captured by the LI4 camera on the ''Vikram'' lander, showing the [[North America]]n landmass.<ref name=LI4_20190803>{{cite web|title=First set of beautiful images of the Earth captured by Chandrayaan-2 Vikram Lander|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/gslv-mk-iii-m1-chandrayaan-2-mission/first-set-of-beautiful-images-of-earth-captured-chandrayaan-2|access-date=25 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806151253/https://www.isro.gov.in/gslv-mk-iii-m1-chandrayaan-2-mission/first-set-of-beautiful-images-of-earth-captured-chandrayaan-2|archive-date=6 August 2019}}</ref>

=== Selenocentric phase ===
After 29 days from its launch, the Chandrayaan-2 spacecraft stack entered lunar orbit on 20 August 2019 after performing a [[Lunar Orbit Insertion|lunar orbit insertion]] burn for 28 minutes 57 seconds.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/08/20/asia/chandrayaan-2-india-lunar-orbit-scli-intl/index.html|title=India's Chandrayaan-2 moon mission enters lunar orbit|last1=Kottasová|first1=Ivana|last2=Gupta|first2=Swati|date=20 August 2019|publisher=CNN|access-date=6 September 2019|archive-date=5 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190905100336/https://www.cnn.com/2019/08/20/asia/chandrayaan-2-india-lunar-orbit-scli-intl/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The three-spacecraft stack was placed into an elliptical orbit that passed over the polar regions of the Moon, with {{cvt|18072|km}} aposelene and {{cvt|114|km}} periselene.<ref name="LOI_20190820"/> By 1 September 2019, this elliptical orbit was made nearly circular with {{cvt|127|km}} aposelene and {{cvt|119|km}} periselene after four orbit-lowering manoeuvres {{r|LBN2_20190821|LBN3_20190828|LBN4_20190830|LBN5_20190901}} followed by separation of ''Vikram'' lander from the orbiter on 07:45 UTC, 2 September 2019.<ref name="VikSep_20190902"/>

=== Planned landing site ===
{{main|Pragyan (Chandrayaan-2)}}

{| class="wikitable floatright" style="font-size:85%;"
!Landing site <ref name="Amitabh2018"/>
!Coordinates
|-
| Prime landing site
| {{Coord|70.90267|S|22.78110|E|globe:Moon|display=inline}}
|-
| Alternate landing site
| {{Coord|67.87406|S|18.46947|W|globe:Moon|display=inline}}
|-
|}

[[File:Vikram lunar lander planned landing zone.png|thumb|upright=1.0|right|The flat highland between craters [[Manzinus (crater)|Manzinus C]] and [[Simpelius (crater)|Simpelius N]] was the planned landing zone for the ''Vikram'' lander.]]

Two landing sites were selected, each with an ellipse of {{cvt|32|×|11|km}}.<ref name="Amitabh2018">{{cite conference|url=https://www.hou.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2018/pdf/1975.pdf|title=Potential Landing Sites for Chandrayaan-2 Lander in Southern Hemisphere of Moon|conference=49th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference 19–23 March 2018 The Woodlands, Texas|first1=S.|last1=Amitabh|first2=T. P.|last2=Srinivasan |first3=K.|last3=Suresh|date=2018|bibcode=2018LPI....49.1975A|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180822054335/https://www.hou.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2018/pdf/1975.pdf|archive-date=22 August 2018}}</ref> The prime landing site (PLS54) was at 70.90267°S 22.78110°E ({{cvt|600|km}} from the south pole,<ref name='LRO first pass'/>) and the alternate landing site (ALS01) was at 67.87406° South 18.46947° West. The prime site was on a high plain between the [[Lunar craters|craters]] [[Manzinus (crater)|Manzinus C]] and [[Simpelius (crater)|Simpelius N]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/chandrayaan-2-how-lander-vikram-will-touchdown-on-the-moon-1563081825336.html|title=Chandrayaan-2: How "Lander Vikram" will touchdown on the moon?|author=Srishti Choudhary|publisher=Live Mint|date=14 July 2019|access-date=11 August 2019|archive-date=19 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190719070148/https://www.livemint.com/news/india/chandrayaan-2-how-lander-vikram-will-touchdown-on-the-moon-1563081825336.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Rishitosh 2019">[https://www.hou.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2019/pdf/1493.pdf Geological Insights into Chandrayaan-2 Landing Site in the Southern High Latitudes of the Moon] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200619200119/https://www.hou.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2019/pdf/1493.pdf |date=19 June 2020 }} Rishitosh K. Sinha, Vijayan Sivaprahasam, Megha Bhatt, Harish Nandal, Nandita Kumari, Neeraj Srivastava, Indhu Varatharajan, Dwijesh Ray, Christian Wöhler, and Anil Bhardwaj. 50th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference 2019 (LPI Contribution No. 2132).</ref> on the [[near side of the Moon]].

=== Failed landing attempt ===
{{multiple image
| align = right
| direction = vertical
| width =
| header = Location of the ''Vikram'' lander impact site
| image1 = Chandrayaan-2_Vikram_lander_Impact_Ejecta_with_scalebar.png
| caption1 = Ejecta field around ''Vikram'' lander impact site
| image2 = Chandrayaan-2_Vikram_lander_Impact_Ratio.png
| caption2 = Before and after images of the impact site
| image3 = Chandrayaan-2_Vikram_lander_Impact_Blink_animation.gif
| caption3 = Before and after images of the impact site
| footer =
| total_width = 230
}}

''Vikram'' began its descent at 20:08:03 UTC, 6 September 2019 and was scheduled to land on the Moon at around 20:23 UTC. The descent and soft-landing were to be performed by the on-board computers on ''Vikram'', with mission control unable to make corrections.<ref>[https://www.financialexpress.com/lifestyle/science/chandrayaan-2-heres-everything-about-isro-moon-landing-its-vikram-lander/1697029/ Chandrayaan-2: Here's everything about ISRO Moon-landing its Vikram lander] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190911214743/https://www.financialexpress.com/lifestyle/science/chandrayaan-2-heres-everything-about-isro-moon-landing-its-vikram-lander/1697029/ |date=11 September 2019 }} ''Financial Express'' Ribu Mishra, 7 September 2019</ref> The initial descent was considered within mission parameters, passing critical braking procedures as expected, but the lander's trajectory began to deviate at about {{cvt|2.1|km}} above the surface.<ref>[https://www.space.com/india-moon-lander-found-by-chandrayaan-2-orbiter.html India Just Found Its Lost Vikram Lander on the Moon, Still No Signal] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190909045912/https://www.space.com/india-moon-lander-found-by-chandrayaan-2-orbiter.html |date=9 September 2019 }} Tariq Malik ,''space.com'' 8 September 2019</ref><ref name="Williams 1">[https://www.universetoday.com/143369/india-has-located-the-vikram-lander-but-its-still-not-communicating-with-home/ India has Located the Vikram Lander, But it's Still not Communicating With Home] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190913004437/https://www.universetoday.com/143369/india-has-located-the-vikram-lander-but-its-still-not-communicating-with-home/ |date=13 September 2019 }} Matt Williams, ''Universe Today'' 11 September 2019</ref> Telemetry readings during ISRO's live-stream show that ''Vikram'''s final vertical velocity was {{cvt|58|m/s|km/h}} at {{cvt|330|m}} above the surface, which a number of experts noted, would have been too fast for the lunar lander to make a successful landing.<ref name="Patel MIT">{{cite web|url=https://www.technologyreview.com/f/614280/india-s-chandrayaan-2-lander-likely-crashed-into-the-moons-surface/|title=India's Chandrayaan-2 lander likely crashed into the Moon's surface.|author=Neel V. Patel|publisher=MIT Technology Review|date=6 September 2019|access-date=7 September 2019|archive-date=6 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190906222449/https://www.technologyreview.com/f/614280/india-s-chandrayaan-2-lander-likely-crashed-into-the-moons-surface/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Telemetry">[https://indianexpress.com/article/india/chandrayaan-2-isro-vikram-fell-silent-335-m-from-the-moon-5984442/ Frozen screens tell story: Chandrayaan-2's Vikram Lander fell silent 335 m from Moon] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190916073710/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/chandrayaan-2-isro-vikram-fell-silent-335-m-from-the-moon-5984442/ |date=16 September 2019 }} Johnson T. A., ''Indian Express'' 11 September 2019</ref><ref>[https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/science/the-speed-at-which-it-was-travelling-didnt-give-moon-lander-a-chance-expert/articleshow/71234359.cms The speed at which it was travelling didn't give Moon lander a chance: Expert] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190921154107/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/science/the-speed-at-which-it-was-travelling-didnt-give-moon-lander-a-chance-expert/articleshow/71234359.cms |date=21 September 2019 }} ''India Economic Times'' 21 September 2019</ref> Initial reports suggesting a crash<ref name="Apparent crash"/><ref name="planetary landing"/> were confirmed by ISRO chairman K. Sivan, stating that "it must have been a hard landing".<ref name="Hard landing TOI">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/vikram-lander-located-did-not-soft-land-on-moon-isro/articleshow/71037009.cms|title=Vikram lander located on lunar surface, wasn't a soft landing: ISRO|newspaper=The Times of India|date=8 September 2019|access-date=8 September 2019|archive-date=12 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112020248/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/vikram-lander-located-did-not-soft-land-on-moon-isro/articleshow/71037009.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="landerspotted">{{cite web|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/lander-vikram-located-k-sivan20190908141242/|title=Lander Vikram located: K Sivan|website=aninews.in|access-date=8 September 2019|archive-date=8 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190908125712/https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/lander-vikram-located-k-sivan20190908141242/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/08/world/asia/india-chandrayaan-2-lander-moon.html|title=India Says It Has Located Chandrayaan-2 Lander on Moon's Surface|first=Kai|last=Schultz|date=8 September 2019|access-date=8 September 2019|newspaper=The New York Times|archive-date=8 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190908122008/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/08/world/asia/india-chandrayaan-2-lander-moon.html|url-status=live}}</ref> However, it contradicted initial claims from anonymous ISRO officials that the lander was intact and lying in a ''tilted position''.<ref name=businessline>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/chandrayaan-2-vikram-lander-tilted-after-hard-hit-says-isro/article29374671.ece|title=Vikram Lander in a Tilted Position – ISRO|newspaper=The Hindu Business Line|date=9 September 2019|access-date=20 December 2019|archive-date=20 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191220060051/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/chandrayaan-2-vikram-lander-tilted-after-hard-hit-says-isro/article29374671.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="TN_IF"/>

Radio transmissions from the lander were tracked during descent by analysts using a {{cvt|25|m}} radio telescope owned by the [[ASTRON|Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy]]. Analysis of the [[Doppler effect|doppler data]] suggests that the loss of signal coincided with the lander impacting the lunar surface at a velocity of nearly {{cvt|50|m/s|km/h}} (as opposed to an ideal {{cvt|2|m/s|km/h}} touchdown velocity).<ref name="CY2_LaunchKit"/><ref name="NYT 10 September 2019">{{cite news|last=Chang |first=Kenneth|date=10 September 2019 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/10/science/india-chandrayaan-2-vikram.html|title=Did India's Chandrayaan-2 Moon Lander Survive? The Chances Are Slim|newspaper=The New York Times|access-date=11 September 2019|archive-date=11 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190911162003/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/10/science/india-chandrayaan-2-vikram.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The powered descent was also observed by NASA's [[Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter#Payload|Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter]] (LRO) using its [[Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter|Lyman-Alpha Mapping Project]] instrument to study changes in the lunar exosphere due to exhaust gases from the lander's engines.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.space.com/india-chandrayaan-2-moon-lander-lessons-nasa-commercial.html |title=U.S. Moon Landing Hopefuls Watch Silent India Lander – and Learn |first=Meghan|last=Bartels |date=13 September 2019 |publisher=space.com|access-date=14 September 2019|archive-date=15 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190915124625/https://www.space.com/india-chandrayaan-2-moon-lander-lessons-nasa-commercial.html|url-status=live}}</ref> K. Sivan, tasked senior scientist [[Prem Shanker Goel]] to head the Failure Analysis Committee to look into the causes of the failure.<ref>{{cite web |author=Raghu Krishnan |date=9 September 2019 |title=Hard landing derailed lunar mission, says K Sivan |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/science/hard-landing-derailed-lunar-mission-says-k-sivan/articleshow/71041208.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210103070325/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/science/hard-landing-derailed-lunar-mission-says-k-sivan/articleshow/71041208.cms |archive-date=3 January 2021|work=The Economic Times}}</ref>

Both ISRO and NASA attempted to communicate with the lander for about two weeks before the lunar night set in,<ref name="CH2updates"/><ref>[https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/chandrayaan-2-the-sun-has-finally-set-on-vikram-lander-4461861.html Chandrayaan-2: The Sun has finally set on Vikram lander] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190922165149/https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/chandrayaan-2-the-sun-has-finally-set-on-vikram-lander-4461861.html |date=22 September 2019 }} Swathi Moorthy, ''Money Control'' 22 September 2019</ref> while NASA's LRO flew over on 17 September 2019 and acquired some images of the intended landing zone.<ref name=Clark/> However, the region was near [[dusk]], causing poor lighting for optical imaging.<ref>[https://gadgets.ndtv.com/science/news/search-for-vikram-lander-nasa-analysing-images-taken-by-lunar-reconnaissance-orbiter-2103764 Search for Vikram Lander: NASA Analysing Images Taken by Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190920153741/https://gadgets.ndtv.com/science/news/search-for-vikram-lander-nasa-analysing-images-taken-by-lunar-reconnaissance-orbiter-2103764 |date=20 September 2019 }} Indo-Asian News Service 19 September 2019</ref><ref>[https://www.space.com/lro-fails-see-india-moon-lander-vikram.html NASA Moon Orbiter Fails to Spot India's Lunar Lander: Report] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190920123546/https://www.space.com/lro-fails-see-india-moon-lander-vikram.html |date=20 September 2019 }} Leonard David, ''space.com'' 18 September 2019</ref> NASA's LRO images, showing no sight of the lander, were released on 26 September 2019.<ref name="LRO first pass">[https://www.nasa.gov/image-feature/goddard/2019/obscured-in-the-lunar-highlands Obscured in the Lunar Highlands?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190927202102/https://www.nasa.gov/image-feature/goddard/2019/obscured-in-the-lunar-highlands/ |date=27 September 2019 }} Karl Hille, NASA LRO Mission. 26 September 2019 {{PD-notice}}</ref> The LRO flew over again on 14 October 2019 under more favourable lighting conditions,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.space.com/india-moon-lander-not-found-by-nasa.html|title=A NASA Spacecraft Still Hasn't Spotted India's Ill-Fated Moon Lander|first=Meghan|last=Bartels|date=24 October 2019|publisher=space.com|access-date=25 October 2019|archive-date=25 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191025021310/https://www.space.com/india-moon-lander-not-found-by-nasa.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>[https://www.cnet.com/news/galaxy-fold-my-first-day-with-samsungs-new-and-improved-foldable-phone-hands-on/ NASA still searching for India's Chandrayaan-2 Vikram moon lander] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190923050225/https://www.cnet.com/news/galaxy-fold-my-first-day-with-samsungs-new-and-improved-foldable-phone-hands-on/ |date=23 September 2019 }} Amanda Kooser, ''CNET'' 18 September 2019</ref> but was unable to locate it.<ref name="IAN Oct2019">[https://gadgets.ndtv.com/science/news/chandrayaan-2-nasa-to-perform-a-rigorous-search-for-vikram-lander-2118180 Chandrayaan-2: NASA to Perform a "Rigorous" Search for Vikram Lander] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191020004016/https://gadgets.ndtv.com/science/news/chandrayaan-2-nasa-to-perform-a-rigorous-search-for-vikram-lander-2118180 |date=20 October 2019 }} Indo-Asian News Service 18 October 2019</ref><ref>[https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/science/nasa-finds-no-trace-of-indias-chandrayaan-2-vikram-lander-in-latest-pics-by-moon-orbiter/articleshow/71719225.cms NASA finds no trace of India's Chandrayaan-2 Vikram lander in latest pics by Moon orbiter] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191024165619/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/science/nasa-finds-no-trace-of-indias-chandrayaan-2-vikram-lander-in-latest-pics-by-moon-orbiter/articleshow/71719225.cms |date=24 October 2019 }} ''The Economic Times'' 24 October 2019</ref> The LRO performed a third flyover on 10 November 2019.<ref name="IAN Oct2019"/>

On 16 November 2019, the Failure Analysis Committee released its report to the Space Commission, concluding that the crash was caused by a [[software]] glitch.<ref name='Failure report'>[https://www.theweek.in/news/sci-tech/2019/11/16/how-did-chandrayaan-2-fail-isro-answer.html How did Chandrayaan-2 fail? ISRO finally has the answer] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210219143203/https://www.theweek.in/news/sci-tech/2019/11/16/how-did-chandrayaan-2-fail-isro-answer.html |date=19 February 2021 }} Mahesh Guptan, ''The Week'' 16 November 2019</ref> Phase One of descent the Rough Braking Phase from an altitude of 30 km to 7.4 km above the Moon's surface went as intended with velocity being reduced from 1683 m/s to 146 m/s (6058 to 525 km/h). Anomalous deviation in performance began 693.8 seconds into powered descent after the end of first phase and with the beginning of Absolute Navigation Phase (also known as Camera Coasting Phase) where lander's orientation is deliberately kept fixed. It was found that lander's main engines had slightly higher thrust of {{cvt|422|N}} than nominal at {{cvt|360|N}},<ref name="YT_IIST_Veera">{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4Bdu1BV4oxs&t=2316s |title=IIST Foundation Day & Chandrayaan Utsav |date=14 September 2023 |time=38 min. 36 sec. |quote=every engine instead of producing 360 N, it was producing 62 N more.}}</ref> so during this phase lander slowed down more than it should have. The thrust control algorithm was configured to apply corrections towards the end of the phase and not instantaneously allowing large navigation errors to be accumulated. After end of camera coasting phase, rate of applying corrections was limited due to builtin safety constraints such as maximum rate at which attitude can change. Other contributing issues were, coarse throttling of main engines,<ref name="PVV_20202"/> polarity related software error,<ref name="YT_IIST_Veera"/>{{Explain|reason=Does this mean "bit-flips"?|date=June 2025}} wrong computation of remaining time of flight by onboard algorithm and very rigid requirement to land inside the planned 500×500 meter landing site regardless of non-nominal flight status. Subsequently, Vikram lander ended up increasing its horizontal velocity (48 m/s) to reach landing site while descending at high rate (50 m/s) causing ''Vikram'' to land hard,<ref name="ANI_20230710">{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gGv4qpSSl3w |title=ISRO Chief explains what went wrong with Chandrayaan-2 and how Chandrayaan-3 will be different! |date=10 July 2023}}</ref><ref name="IISc_20230805">{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fZ2sNRP1opY&t=2247s |title=First Prof. (Dr.) Pradeep Memorial Lecture, IISc Alumni Association. "Chandrayaan-3: ISRO's Moon Exploration" by S Somanath, Chairman, ISRO |date=5 August 2023 |time=37 minute 28 seconds}}</ref><ref name="MM136">{{cite web |title=Moon Monday #136: Chandrayaan 3 on its way to Luna as Russia and Japan prep their Moonshot, plus NASA mission updates |url=https://blog.jatan.space/i/134458231/how-did-chandrayaan-fail |access-date=10 August 2023}}</ref><ref name="AstrotalkUK_E90" /> though it managed to impact relatively near the intended landing site.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://164.100.47.194/Loksabha/Questions/QResult15.aspx?qref=6766&lsno=17|title=Unstarred Question number: 588|website=Parliament of India, Lok Sabha|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191120131604/http://164.100.47.194/Loksabha/Questions/QResult15.aspx?qref=6766&lsno=17|archive-date=20 November 2019|access-date=20 November 2019|quote=The first phase of descent was performed nominally from an altitude of 30 km to 7.4 km above the moon surface. The velocity was reduced from 1683 m/s to 146 m/s. During the second phase of descent, the reduction in velocity was more than the designed value. Due to this deviation, the initial conditions at the start of the fine braking phase were beyond the designed parameters. As a result, Vikram hard-landed within 500 m of the designated landing site.}}</ref> The complete official report has not been made public.<ref name="Kumar2019">{{cite news|last1=Kumar|first1=Chethan|title=Chandrayaan-2: Extra braking caused Vikram to deviate: Govt in LS|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/extra-braking-caused-vikram-to-deviate-govt-in-ls/articleshow/72149744.cms|newspaper=The Times of India|date=20 November 2019|access-date=20 November 2019|archive-date=21 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191121140020/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/extra-braking-caused-vikram-to-deviate-govt-in-ls/articleshow/72149744.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://spacenews.com/new-details-emerge-about-failed-lunar-landings/|title=New details emerge about failed lunar landings|date=21 November 2019|publisher=SpaceNews|access-date=21 November 2019|archive-date=20 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210720203303/https://spacenews.com/new-details-emerge-about-failed-lunar-landings/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>[https://www.space.com/india-admits-moon-lander-crash.html India Admits Its Moon Lander Crashed, Cites Problem with Braking Thrusters] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191127195942/https://www.space.com/india-admits-moon-lander-crash.html |date=27 November 2019 }} Chelsea Gohd, ''space.com'' 25 November 2019</ref>

''Vikram'''s impact site was located at {{Coord|70.8810|S|22.7840|E|globe:Moon|display=inline}} by the LROC team after receiving [[Citizen science|helpful input]] from Shanmuga Subramanian, a volunteer from [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], who located debris from the spacecraft in pictures released by NASA.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/12/02/science/india-moon-mission-vikram-lander-found.html|title=NASA Finds India's Vikram Moon Lander Crash Site, With Amateur's Help |last=Chang|first=Kenneth |date=2 December 2019|newspaper=The New York Times|access-date=3 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191203001435/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/12/02/science/india-moon-mission-vikram-lander-found.html|archive-date=3 December 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=theguardian03122019>{{cite news|title=India's crashed Vikram moon lander spotted on lunar surface|newspaper=The Guardian|date=3 December 2019 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2019/dec/03/indias-crashed-vikram-moon-lander-spotted-on-lunar-surface |agency=Agence France-Presse|access-date=17 December 2019 |url-status=live|archive-date=21 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221002227/https://www.theguardian.com/science/2019/dec/03/indias-crashed-vikram-moon-lander-spotted-on-lunar-surface}}</ref> While initially estimated to be within {{cvt|500|m}} of the intended landing site, best-guess estimates from satellite imagery indicate initial impact about 600 m away.<ref name="Vkrm_Impct_site">{{cite web|title=Vikram Lander Found |url=http://lroc.sese.asu.edu/posts/1131|access-date=2 December 2019|website=Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Camera|archive-date=2 December 2019|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191202205553/http://lroc.sese.asu.edu/posts/1131}} {{PD-notice}}</ref> The spacecraft shattered upon impact,<ref>{{cite news|title=A Billion Pixels and the Search for India's Crashed Moon Lander |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/12/06/science/india-moon-mission-vikram-found.html|last=Chang|first=Kenneth |date=6 December 2019|newspaper=The New York Times|access-date=7 December 2019|archive-date=7 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191207014926/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/12/06/science/india-moon-mission-vikram-found.html|url-status=live}}</ref> with debris scattered over almost two dozen locations in an area spanning kilometres.<ref name=theguardian03122019/> The crash site was later named [[Tiranga Point]] after the Chandrayaan-3 landing.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Livemint |date=26 August 2023 |title=PM Modi names Chandrayaan-3 landing site and crash-landed Chandrayaan-2 |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/chandrayaan3-landing-spot-to-be-known-as-shivshakti-crash-landed-site-named-tiranga-pm-modi-at-isro-in-bengaluru-11693018380086.html |access-date=26 August 2023 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+Timeline of operations <ref name="Plan_20190724">{{cite web|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/update/24-jul-2019/chandrayaan-2-updatemission-plan-of-chandrayaan-2-spacecraft|title=Chandrayaan-2 update:Mission Plan of Chandrayaan-2 spacecraft|publisher=Indian Space Research Organisation|access-date=24 July 2019|archive-date=24 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190724163854/https://www.isro.gov.in/update/24-jul-2019/chandrayaan-2-updatemission-plan-of-chandrayaan-2-spacecraft|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/update/02-sep-2019/live-media-coverage-of-landing-of-chandrayaan-2-lunar-surface|title=Live media coverage of the landing of Chandrayaan-2 on lunar surface|publisher=Indian Space Research Organisation|access-date=2 September 2019|archive-date=2 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190902212259/https://www.isro.gov.in/update/02-sep-2019/live-media-coverage-of-landing-of-chandrayaan-2-lunar-surface|url-status=live}}</ref>
! scope="col" style="width:10%;" rowspan="2"|Phase
! scope="col" style="width:20%;" rowspan="2"|Date
! scope="col" style="width:18%;" rowspan="2"|Event
! scope="col" style="width:17%;" rowspan="2"|Detail
! scope="col" style="width:30%;" colspan="2"|Result
! scope="col" style="width:5%;" rowspan="2"|References
|-
! scope="col" align="center"|Apogee / Aposelene
! scope="col" align="center"|Perigee / Periselene
|- style="background:#ffffe0;"
| scope="row" rowspan="7" |'''[[Geocentric orbit|Geocentric]] phase'''

| 22 July 2019, 09:13:12 [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]]
| Launch
| Burn time: 16 min 14 sec
| {{cvt|45475|km}}||{{cvt|169.7|km}}
|<ref name="ISRO_PR_20190722"/>
|- style="background:#ffffe0;"

| 24 July 2019, 09:22 UTC
| 1st orbit-raising manoeuvre
| Burn time: 48 seconds
| {{cvt|45163|km}}||{{cvt|230|km}}
|<ref name="EBO1_20190724">{{cite web|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/update/24-jul-2019/chandrayaan2-update-first-earth-bound-maneuver|title=Chandrayaan-2: First Earth bound maneuver|publisher=Indian Space Research Organisation|access-date=24 July 2019|archive-date=24 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190724111626/https://www.isro.gov.in/update/24-jul-2019/chandrayaan2-update-first-earth-bound-maneuver|url-status=live}}</ref>
|- style="background:#ffffe0;"

| 25 July 2019, 19:38 UTC
| 2nd orbit-raising manoeuvre
| Burn time: 883 seconds
| {{cvt|54829|km}}||{{cvt|251|km}}
|<ref name="EBO2_20190726">{{cite web|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/update/26-jul-2019/chandrayaan2-update-second-earth-bound-maneuver|title=Chandrayaan-2: Second Earth bound maneuver|date=26 July 2019 |publisher=Indian Space Research Organisation|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190725201701/https://www.isro.gov.in/update/26-jul-2019/chandrayaan2-update-second-earth-bound-maneuver|archive-date=25 July 2019|url-status=live|access-date=26 July 2019}}</ref>
|- style="background:#ffffe0;"

| 29 July 2019, 09:42 UTC
| 3rd orbit-raising manoeuvre
| Burn time: 989 seconds
| 71,792 km (44,609 mi)|| 276 km (171.5 mi)
|<ref name="EBO3_20190729">{{cite web|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/update/29-jul-2019/chandrayaan2-update-third-earth-bound-maneuver|title=Chandrayaan-2: Third Earth bound maneuver|publisher=Indian Space Research Organisation|access-date=29 July 2019|archive-date=29 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190729102956/https://www.isro.gov.in/update/29-jul-2019/chandrayaan2-update-third-earth-bound-maneuver|url-status=live}}</ref>
|- style="background:#ffffe0;"

| 2 August 2019, 09:57 UTC
| 4th orbit-raising manoeuvre
| Burn time: 646 seconds
| {{cvt|89472|km}} ||{{cvt|277|km}}
|<ref name="EBO4_20190802">{{cite web|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/update/02-aug-2019/chandrayaan2-update-fourth-earth-bound-maneuver|title=Chandrayaan-2: Fourth Earth bound maneuver|publisher=Indian Space Research Organisation|access-date=2 August 2019|archive-date=2 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190802102719/https://www.isro.gov.in/update/02-aug-2019/chandrayaan2-update-fourth-earth-bound-maneuver|url-status=live}}</ref>
|- style="background:#ffffe0;"

| 6 August 2019, 09:34 UTC
| 5th orbit-raising manoeuvre
| Burn time: 1041 seconds
| {{cvt|142975|km}}||{{cvt|276|km}}
|<ref name="EBO5_20190806">{{cite web|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/update/06-aug-2019/chandrayaan2-update-fifth-earth-bound-maneuver|title=Chandrayaan-2: Fifth Earth bound maneuver|publisher=Indian Space Research Organisation|access-date=6 August 2019|archive-date=6 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806104005/https://www.isro.gov.in/update/06-aug-2019/chandrayaan2-update-fifth-earth-bound-maneuver|url-status=live}}</ref>
|- style="background:#ffffe0;"

| 13 August 2019, 20:51 UTC
| [[Trans-lunar injection]]
| Burn time: 1203 seconds
|{{center|—}}||{{center|—}}
|<ref name="TLI_20190813">{{cite web|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/update/14-aug-2019/chandrayaan-2-successfully-enters-lunar-transfer-trajectory|title=Chandrayaan-2 Successfully enters Lunar Transfer Trajectory|publisher=Indian Space Research Organisation|access-date=14 August 2019|archive-date=13 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190813230556/https://www.isro.gov.in/update/14-aug-2019/chandrayaan-2-successfully-enters-lunar-transfer-trajectory|url-status=live}}</ref>
|- style="background:#E6E6FA;"
| scope="row" rowspan="5" |'''[[Selenocentric orbit|Selenocentric]] phase'''

| 20 August 2019, 03:32 UTC
| Lunar orbit insertion 1st lunar bound manoeuvre
| Burn time: 1738 seconds
| {{cvt|18072|km}}||{{cvt|114|km}}
|<ref name="LOI_20190820">{{cite web|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/update/20-aug-2019/chandrayaan-2-update-lunar-orbit-insertion|title=Chandrayaan-2: Lunar Orbit Insertion|publisher=Indian Space Research Organisation|access-date=20 August 2019|archive-date=20 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190820044245/https://www.isro.gov.in/update/20-aug-2019/chandrayaan-2-update-lunar-orbit-insertion|url-status=live}}</ref>
|- style="background:#E6E6FA;"

| 21 August 2019, 07:20 UTC
| 2nd lunar bound manoeuvre
| Burn time: 1228 seconds
| {{cvt|4412|km}}||{{cvt|118|km}}
|<ref name="LBN2_20190821">{{cite web|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/update/21-aug-2019/chandrayaan-2-update-second-lunar-orbit-maneuver|title=Chandrayaan-2: Second Lunar Orbit Maneuver|publisher=Indian Space Research Organisation|access-date=21 August 2019|archive-date=21 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190821080625/https://www.isro.gov.in/update/21-aug-2019/chandrayaan-2-update-second-lunar-orbit-maneuver|url-status=live}}</ref>
|- style="background:#E6E6FA;"

| 28 August 2019, 03:34 UTC
| 3rd lunar bound manoeuvre
| Burn time: 1190 seconds
| {{cvt|1412|km}}||{{cvt|179|km}}
|<ref name="LBN3_20190828">{{cite web|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/update/28-aug-2019/chandrayaan-2-update-third-lunar-bound-orbit-maneuver|title=Chandrayaan-2: Third Lunar Orbit Maneuver|publisher=Indian Space Research Organisation|access-date=28 August 2019|archive-date=28 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190828072012/https://www.isro.gov.in/update/28-aug-2019/chandrayaan-2-update-third-lunar-bound-orbit-maneuver|url-status=live}}</ref>
|- style="background:#E6E6FA;"

| 30 August 2019, 12:48 UTC
| 4th lunar bound manoeuvre
| Burn time: 1155 seconds
| {{cvt|164|km}}||{{cvt|124|km}}
|<ref name="LBN4_20190830">{{cite web|url=https://isro.gov.in/update/30-aug-2019/chandrayaan-2-update-fourth-lunar-orbit-maneuver|title=Chandrayaan-2: Fourth Lunar Orbit Maneuver|publisher=Indian Space Research Organisation|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190830135323/http://isro.gov.in/update/30-aug-2019/chandrayaan-2-update-fourth-lunar-orbit-maneuver|archive-date=30 August 2019|url-status=dead|access-date=30 August 2019}}</ref>
|- style="background:#E6E6FA;"

| 1 September 2019, 12:51 UTC
| 5th lunar bound manoeuvre
| Burn time: 52 seconds
| {{cvt|127|km}}||{{cvt|119|km}}
|<ref name="LBN5_20190901">{{cite web|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/update/01-sep-2019/chandrayaan-2-update-fifth-lunar-orbit-maneuver|title=Chandrayaan-2: Fifth Lunar Orbit Maneuver|publisher=Indian Space Research Organisation|access-date=1 September 2019|archive-date=3 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190903075526/https://www.isro.gov.in/update/01-sep-2019/chandrayaan-2-update-fifth-lunar-orbit-maneuver|url-status=live}}</ref>
|- style="background:#D3F6EA;"
| scope="row" rowspan="6" |''Vikram'' lunar landing

| 2 September 2019, 07:45 UTC
| ''Vikram'' separation
|{{center|—}}
| {{cvt|127|km}}||{{cvt|119|km}}
|<ref name="VikSep_20190902">{{cite web|title=Chandrayaan-2: Vikram Lander successfully separates from Orbiter|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/update/02-sep-2019/chandrayaan-2-update-vikram-lander-successfully-separates-orbiter|publisher=Indian Space Research Organisation|access-date=2 September 2019|archive-date=3 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190903080138/https://www.isro.gov.in/update/02-sep-2019/chandrayaan-2-update-vikram-lander-successfully-separates-orbiter|url-status=live}}</ref>
|- style="background:#D3F6EA;"

| 3 September 2019 3:20 UTC
| 1st deorbit burn
| Burn time: 4 seconds
| {{cvt|128|km}}||{{cvt|104|km}}
|<ref name="VikBurn1_20190903">{{cite web|title=Chandrayaan-2: First de-orbiting maneuver|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/update/03-sep-2019/chandrayaan-2-update-first-de-orbiting-maneuver|publisher=Indian Space Research Organisation|access-date=3 September 2019|archive-date=3 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190903080922/https://www.isro.gov.in/update/03-sep-2019/chandrayaan-2-update-first-de-orbiting-maneuver|url-status=live}}</ref>
|- style="background:#D3F6EA;"

| 3 September 2019, 22:12 UTC
| 2nd deorbit burn
| Burn time: 9 seconds
| {{convert|101|km}}||{{cvt|35|km}}
|<ref name="VikBurn2_20190904">{{cite web|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/update/04-sep-2019/chandrayaan-2-update-second-de-orbiting-maneuver|title=Chandrayaan-2: Second de-orbiting maneuver|publisher=Indian Space Research Organisation|access-date=3 September 2019|archive-date=4 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190904005541/https://www.isro.gov.in/update/04-sep-2019/chandrayaan-2-update-second-de-orbiting-maneuver|url-status=live}}</ref>
|- style="background:#D3F6EA;"

| 6 September 2019, 20:08 UTC
| Powered descent
| Burn time: 15 minutes
| Landing (planned)
| Landing (planned)
|
|- style="background:#D3F6EA;"

| 6 September 2019, 20:23 UTC
|''Vikram'' landing
| Trajectory deviation started at 2.1 km altitude, [[telemetry]] was lost seconds before touchdown.<ref name='Patel MIT'/><ref name='Telemetry'/>
| Lost upon crash landing.
|
|
|-
|- style="background:#D3F6EA;"

| 7 September 2019, 00:00 UTC−01:00 UTC (planned)
| [[Pragyan (Chandrayaan-2)|''Pragyan'' rover]] deployment
| Lander failure, rover was not deployed.
| {{center|—}}
| {{center|—}}
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/airnewsalerts/status/1170043152230580224|title=#Chandrayaan2 ; Vikram and Pragyan Timeline: #Chandrayaan2Live #Chandrayaan2Landingpic.twitter.com/nZ2u18OXjb |date=6 September 2019|website=@airnewsalerts|language=hu|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190911145147/https://twitter.com/airnewsalerts/status/1170043152230580224|archive-date=11 September 2019|access-date=11 September 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/tech/science/chandrayaan-2-live-updates-isro-moon-mission-2019-india-vikram-lander-satellite-latest-news-live-status-communication-lost-crash-lunar-south-pole-7294631.html|title=Chandrayaan 2 Landing highlights: PM Narendra Modi says India stands in solidarity with ISRO scientists|date=6 September 2019|publisher=First Post|access-date=11 September 2019|archive-date=7 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191007070825/https://www.firstpost.com/tech/science/chandrayaan-2-live-updates-isro-moon-mission-2019-india-vikram-lander-satellite-latest-news-live-status-communication-lost-crash-lunar-south-pole-7294631.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="SciRepo_Nov_2019">{{cite journal|last=Sharma|first=Anand Kumar|date=November 2019|title=Chandrayaan-2 – What Went Wrong with the Lander?|journal=Science Reporter |volume=56|issue=11|pages=20–23|url=http://nopr.niscair.res.in/handle/123456789/51218|access-date=27 August 2020|archive-date=23 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200923102415/http://nopr.niscair.res.in/handle/123456789/51218|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|}

=== Continuing mission ===
Despite the failed landing, the orbiter part of the mission, with eight scientific instruments, remains operational, and will continue its seven-year mission to study the Moon.<ref name="Williams 1" /> Chandrayaan-2 orbiter performed a [[Collision avoidance (spacecraft)|collision avoidance]] manoeuvre at 14:52 UTC on 18 October 2021 to avert possible conjunction with [[Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter]]. Both spacecraft were expected to come dangerously close to each other on 20 October 2021 at 05:45 UTC over the [[Lunar north pole]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chandrayaan-2 Orbiter (CH2O) performs an evasive manoeuvre to mitigate a critically close approach with LRO – ISRO |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/update/15-nov-2021/chandrayaan-2-orbiter-ch2o-performs-evasive-manoeuvre-to-mitigate-critically |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211115105649/https://www.isro.gov.in/update/15-nov-2021/chandrayaan-2-orbiter-ch2o-performs-evasive-manoeuvre-to-mitigate-critically |archive-date=15 November 2021 |access-date=15 November 2021 |website=www.isro.gov.in}}</ref>

The Chandrayaan-2 Orbiter would later serve as a relay for [[Chandrayaan-3]] which landed close to the crash site and accomplished the mission's goals. The orbiter also observed the [[Sun]] during a massive solar flare in May 2024 with the XSM and the CLASS instrument, in conjunction with [[XPoSat|XpoSAT]] and [[Aditya-L1]]. The CHACE-2 instrument also observed changes in the lunar exosphere during this time.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ISRO Captures the Signatures of the Recent Solar Eruptive Events from Earth, Sun-Earth L1 Point, and the Moon |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/ISRO_CapturesSignaturesRecentSolarEruptive_Events.html |access-date=2024-12-10 |website=www.isro.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-10-19 |title=Chandrayaan-2 makes first ever observation of Sun's impact on Moon, says ISRO |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/chandrayaan-2-makes-first-ever-observation-of-suns-impact-on-moon-says-isro/article70181623.ece |access-date=2025-10-19 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> It also performed another [[Collision avoidance (spacecraft)|collision avoidance]] manoeuvre on 11 November 2024 to preclude another conjunction with LRO.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Space Situational Assessment Report (ISSAR) for 2024 Released |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/ISSAR_2024.html |access-date=2025-05-31 |website=www.isro.gov.in}}</ref>

== Aftermath ==
There was an outpouring of support for ISRO from various quarters in the aftermath of the crash landing of its lunar lander. However, prominent Indian news media also criticized ISRO's lack of transparency regarding the crash of the lander and its analysis of the crash.<ref name="TH_IS">{{cite web|title=ISRO silent on NASA pictures of Vikram|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/isro-silent-on-nasa-pictures-of-vikram/article30152586.ece|date=3 December 2019|newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=28 May 2020|quote="However, except for sketchy information, ISRO has shied away from sharing its own analysis of the crash".|archive-date=27 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727192415/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/isro-silent-on-nasa-pictures-of-vikram/article30152586.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="TN_IF">{{cite web|title=ISRO finally admits to Chandrayaan-2's lander Vikram lying on Moon "in pieces"|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2020/jan/01/isro-finally-admits-to-chandrayaan-2s-lander-vikram-lying-on-moon-in-pieces-2083739.html|date=1 January 2020|newspaper=The New Indian Express|access-date=29 May 2020|quote="On being persistently asked by the media on Wednesday why ISRO was not being transparent about the fate of the lander as the entire nation was waiting with bated breath for a successful landing, Sivan finally said, "Yes, yes...it is in pieces...!""|archive-date=28 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728171757/https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2020/jan/01/isro-finally-admits-to-chandrayaan-2s-lander-vikram-lying-on-moon-in-pieces-2083739.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Indian media also noted that unlike ISRO's previous record, the report of the Failure Analysis Committee was not made public<ref name="IE_FAC" /> and [[Right to Information Act, 2005|RTI]] queries seeking it were denied by ISRO citing section 8(1) of the RTI Act.<ref>{{cite web|date=3 November 2020|title="ISRO should be transparent": Ex-Chief as ISRO denies info on Vikram Lander failure|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/isro-should-be-transparent-ex-chief-isro-denies-info-vikram-lander-failure-136827|access-date=3 November 2020|publisher=The News Minute|archive-date=3 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103160600/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/isro-should-be-transparent-ex-chief-isro-denies-info-vikram-lander-failure-136827|url-status=live}}</ref> ISRO's lack of consistency regarding the explanation around the rover's crashing was criticized, with the organization providing no proof of its own positions until the efforts of NASA and a [[Chennai]] based volunteer located the crash site on the lunar surface.<ref name="NW_TF">{{cite web|title=ISRO: Time for Change of leadership|url=https://newsroom24x7.com/2019/12/18/isro-time-for-change-of-leadership/|date=18 December 2019|publisher=Newsroom 24x7|access-date=28 May 2020|quote="Question that remains to be answered by ISRO is where "the proof for what they have been claiming. Why no photographs or a video of the Lander's undocking from the Lunar Orbiter have been made public till now. Only an objective probe will find answers to the questions regarding Chandrayaan-2 and what led to the Lander's failure. There are also many lapses that should make the citizens of India, who fund ISRO's working, sit up straight"|archive-date=27 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727193552/https://newsroom24x7.com/2019/12/18/isro-time-for-change-of-leadership/|url-status=live}}</ref> In the wake of the events surrounding Chandrayaan-2, former ISRO employees criticized unverified statements from chairman K Sivan and what they claimed is the top-down leadership and working culture of the organisation.<ref name="BB_WI">{{cite web|title=Chandrayaan-2: Was India's Moon mission actually a success?|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-49875897|date=30 September 2019|publisher=BBC News|access-date=28 May 2020|quote="Mr Sivan's remarks have been met with criticism from scientists who said it was too early for ISRO to term the mission a success, especially since its most important goal – to land a rover on the Moon's surface that can gather crucial data – remains unrealised".|archive-date=17 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201217020647/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-49875897|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="TW_SI">{{cite web|title=Senior ISRO Scientist Criticises Sivan's Approach After Moon Mission Setback|url=https://thewire.in/space/senior-isro-scientist-criticises-sivans-approach-after-moon-mission-setback|date=22 September 2019|publisher=The Wire|access-date=28 May 2020|quote="Misra called attention to ISRO's top-down working culture and inadequate leadership, particularly in the face of Chandrayaan-2 having failed to execute its surface mission because the lander crashed on the Moon's surface instead of touching down".|archive-date=7 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191207160644/https://thewire.in/space/senior-isro-scientist-criticises-sivans-approach-after-moon-mission-setback|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="TP_NI">{{cite web|title=No ISRO update on Chandrayaan-2 lander but social media goes wild with speculation|url=https://theprint.in/science/no-isro-update-on-chandrayaan-2-lander-but-social-media-goes-wild-with-speculation/289329/|date=10 September 2019|publisher=The Print|access-date=29 May 2020|quote="The chairman also released a statement Friday, saying 90 to 95% of mission objectives have already been met. The statement was met with much criticism due to a lack of transparency on the calculation of these percentages".|archive-date=20 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210720203306/https://theprint.in/science/no-isro-update-on-chandrayaan-2-lander-but-social-media-goes-wild-with-speculation/289329/|url-status=live}}</ref> S Somanath who succeeded K Sivan as ISRO Chairman also expressed his dissatisfaction at the lack of transparency around landing failure, and misleading representation of it.<ref>{{Cite web |title=K Sivan tried to prevent my elevation to ISRO chairman's post: Somanath |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2023/11/04/k-sivan-tried-prevent-elevation-isro-chairman-somanath-chandrayaan.html |access-date=13 January 2024 |website=Onmanorama |quote=He further alleges that the chairman, instead of stating the truth that it was an error in the software that had caused the failure in the landing of Chandrayaan 2, declared that contact could not be established with the lander. Sivan made several changes to the Chandrayaan 2 mission, which started when Kiran Kumar was the chairman. Excessive publicity also affected the Chandrayaan 2 mission adversely.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Haven't Targeted Anyone In Autobiography, Says ISRO Chief S Somanath |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/havent-targeted-anyone-in-autobiography-says-isro-chief-s-somanath-4544939 |access-date=13 January 2024 |website=NDTV.com |quote=He admitted that he mentioned in his book the lack of clarity in connection with the announcement of the failure of the Chandrayaan-2 mission. During the time of landing, it was not clearly said that there was communication failure and it would crash land, he said. "I believe that a good practice is to tell what has actually happened. It will increase transparency in the organisation. So I referred to that particular incident in the book," Mr Somanath added.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Koshy |first=Jacob |date=4 November 2023 |title=ISRO Chairman Somanath withdraws memoir after controversy |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/isro-chairman-somnath-withdraws-memoir-after-controversy/article67498103.ece |access-date=13 January 2024 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |quote="That a software glitch was at fault was known only subsequently. However, the crashing of the lander was known on that day itself (September 6, 2019). There was no point in calling it a communication failure... [as Chairman Sivan had described it]. However, every Chairman can choose what they communicate. I believe that whatever success or failure happens should be transparently communicated. I'm not criticising Dr. Sivan though," said Mr. Somanath.}}</ref>

== Scientists involved in the mission ==
[[File:A view of Mission Operations Complex 1 (MOX-1) at ISTRAC, Peenya before commencement of fourth orbit raising burn for Chandrayaan-2.jpg|thumb|upright=1.0|right|A view of Mission Operations Complex (MOX-1), [[ISRO Telemetry, Tracking and Command Network|ISTRAC]]<ref>{{cite news|title=At Bangalore mission control, all eyes on Mars|url=https://indianexpress.com/photos/picture-gallery-others/at-bangalore-mission-control-all-eyes-on-mars/|newspaper=The Indian Express|access-date=2 August 2019|date=16 December 2013|archive-date=2 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190802124002/https://indianexpress.com/photos/picture-gallery-others/at-bangalore-mission-control-all-eyes-on-mars/|url-status=live}}</ref> prior to the fourth Earth-bound burn<ref name="EBO4_20190802"/>]]

Key scientists and engineers involved in the development of Chandrayaan-2 include:<ref>[https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/the-women-and-men-behind-chandrayaan-2/article28431373.ece The women, and men, behind Chandrayaan-2] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727192528/https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/the-women-and-men-behind-chandrayaan-2/article28431373.ece |date=27 July 2020 }} Madhumathi D.S., ''The Hindu'' 15 July 2019</ref><ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-49032603 Chandrayaan-2: India launches second Moon mission] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190822092132/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-49032603 |date=22 August 2019 }} ''BBC News'' 22 July 2019</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chandrayaan-2-deputy-project-director-taught-village-students-to-fund-his-education/articleshow/70442093.cms|title=Chandrayaan-2 deputy project director taught village students to fund his education|date=30 July 2019|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=23 August 2019|archive-date=9 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190909193154/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chandrayaan-2-deputy-project-director-taught-village-students-to-fund-his-education/articleshow/70442093.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

* [[Ritu Karidhal]] – Mission Director
* [[Muthayya Vanitha]] – Project Director
* [[Kalpana Kalahasti]] – Associate Project Director<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gettyimages.in/detail/news-photo/ms-k-kalpana-an-electrical-engineer-at-the-indian-space-news-photo/1156926425|title=BENGALURU, KARNATAKA, INDIA. Ms K. Kalpana, an electrical engineer at...|date=19 June 2019 |publisher=Getty Images|access-date=11 September 2019|archive-date=27 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727203216/https://www.gettyimages.in/detail/news-photo/ms-k-kalpana-an-electrical-engineer-at-the-indian-space-news-photo/1156926425|url-status=live}}</ref>
* G. Narayanan – Associate Project Director<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/malayali-presence-in-making-chandrayaan-2-a-reality/article28428941.ece|title=The Malayali hand in Chandrayaan-2|last=Rajwi|first=Tiki|date=14 July 2019|newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=11 September 2019|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=27 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727193700/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/malayali-presence-in-making-chandrayaan-2-a-reality/article28428941.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
* G. Nagesh – Project Director (former)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/science-and-technology/cryogenic-gains-for-gslv/article9153824.ece|title=Cryogenic gains for GSLV|last=Subramanian|first=T. S.|date=28 September 2016 |publisher=Frontline|access-date=11 September 2019|archive-date=27 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727202543/https://frontline.thehindu.com/science-and-technology/cryogenic-gains-for-gslv/article9153824.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Chandrakanta Kumar – Deputy Project Director (Radio-frequency systems)
* [[Amitabh Singh]] – Deputy Project Director (Optical Payload Data Processing, [[Space Applications Centre]] (SAC))<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Amitabh_Singh6|title=Amitabh Singh {{!}} MTech {{!}} Indian Space Research Organization, Bengaluru {{!}} ISRO {{!}} signal & Image Processing {{!}} ResearchGate|publisher=Research Gate|access-date=26 August 2019|archive-date=30 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930204321/http://www.researchgate.net/profile/Amitabh_Singh6|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Reattempt ==
{{Main|Chandrayaan-3}}

{{anchor|Mission repeat}}
In November 2019, ISRO officials stated that a new lunar lander mission was being studied and prepared. It was launched on 14 July 2023;<ref name=":6">{{cite web|url=https://www.theweek.in/theweek/current/2020/01/24/a-mix-of-young-and-middle-aged-people-will-train-for-gaganyaan.html|title=A mix of young and middle-aged people will train for Gaganyaan|publisher=The Week|access-date=28 January 2020|quote=The work on Chandrayaan-3 is also going on; it should be launched in the next 16 months or so.|archive-date=28 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200128073908/https://www.theweek.in/theweek/current/2020/01/24/a-mix-of-young-and-middle-aged-people-will-train-for-gaganyaan.html|url-status=live}}</ref> with the designation [[Chandrayaan-3]], which was a second attempt to demonstrate the landing capabilities needed for the [[Lunar Polar Exploration Mission]] proposed in partnership with Japan for 2025.<ref>{{cite web|title=Unstarred Question no. 1384 in Lok Sabha|url=http://164.100.47.194/Loksabha/Questions/QResult15.aspx?qref=7734&lsno=17|website=164.100.47.194|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191127095402/http://164.100.47.194/Loksabha/Questions/QResult15.aspx?qref=7734&lsno=17|archive-date=27 November 2019|access-date=27 November 2019}}</ref><ref name='Wire_Nov2019'>{{cite web|url=https://science.thewire.in/space/isro-chandrayaan-3-lunar-lander-rover-gaganyaan/|title=ISRO Will Embark on Chandrayaan-3 by November 2020 for Another Landing Attempt|publisher=The Wire|date=14 November 2019|access-date=13 May 2020|archive-date=27 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727193626/https://science.thewire.in/space/isro-chandrayaan-3-lunar-lander-rover-gaganyaan/|url-status=live}}</ref> The new mission was designed with a detachable propulsion module, also behaving like a communications relay satellite,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=CHANDRYN3 | title=NASA – NSSDCA – Spacecraft – Details | access-date=10 June 2022|archive-date=8 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220608231611/https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=CHANDRYN3|url-status=live }}</ref> a lander and a rover,<ref name="ToI_20191114">{{cite news|last=Kumar|first=Chethan|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chandrayaan-3-second-bid-to-land-on-moon-by-november-2020/articleshow/72047390.cms|title=Chandrayaan-3: Second bid to land on Moon by November 2020|date=14 November 2019|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=15 November 2019|archive-date=16 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191116130934/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chandrayaan-3-second-bid-to-land-on-moon-by-november-2020/articleshow/72047390.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="TW_20191114">{{cite web|url=https://thewire.in/space/isro-chandrayaan-3-lunar-lander-rover-gaganyaan|title=ISRO Will Embark on Chandrayaan-3 by November 2020 for Another Landing Attempt|date=14 November 2019|publisher=The Wire|access-date=15 November 2019|archive-date= 15 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191115171741/https://thewire.in/space/isro-chandrayaan-3-lunar-lander-rover-gaganyaan|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="TW_20191102">{{cite web|url=https://thewire.in/space/isro-will-attempt-another-soft-landing-on-the-moon-in-the-near-future|title=ISRO Will Attempt Another Soft-Landing on the Moon 'in the Near Future'|date=2 November 2019|publisher=The Wire|access-date=15 November 2019|archive-date=15 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191115173017/https://thewire.in/space/isro-will-attempt-another-soft-landing-on-the-moon-in-the-near-future|url-status=live}}</ref> but with no orbiter. [[S. Somanath]], the VSSC director, announced that there would be more follow-up missions in the [[Chandrayaan programme]].<ref name="AstrotalkUK_E90">{{cite AV media|url=https://astrotalkuk.org/episode-90-an-update-on-isros-activities-with-s-somanath-and-r-umamaheshwaran/|title=Episode 90 – An update on ISRO's activities with S. Somanath and R. Umamaheshwaran |time=30 minute 46 seconds}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release|title=CHANDRAYAAN-III|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1593795#|location=Delhi|agency=Press Information Bureau|date=27 November 2019|access-date=1 December 2019|archive-date=28 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728111620/https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1593795|url-status=live}}</ref>

In December 2019, it was reported that ISRO requested the initial funding of the project, amounting to {{INRConvert|75|c}}, of which {{INRConvert|60|c}} is intended for machinery, equipment and other capital expenditure, while the remaining {{INRConvert|15|c}} was sought under a revenue expenditure allowance.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/isro-seeks-75-crore-more-from-centre-for-chandrayaan-3/articleshow/72421303.cms|title=ISRO seeks 75 crore more from Centre for Chandrayaan-3|date=8 December 2019|first=Chethan|last=Kumar|work=The Times of India|access-date=8 December 2019|archive-date=20 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210120005130/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/isro-seeks-75-crore-more-from-centre-for-chandrayaan-3/articleshow/72421303.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> K. Sivan stated that its cost would be around {{INRConvert|615|c|lk=|year=2020}}.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chandrayaan-3-to-cost-rs-615-crore-launch-could-stretch-to-2021/articleshow/73055941.cms|title=Chandrayaan-3 to cost Rs 615 crore, launch could stretch to 2021|date=2 January 2020|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=2 January 2020|archive-date=30 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201230181930/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chandrayaan-3-to-cost-rs-615-crore-launch-could-stretch-to-2021/articleshow/73055941.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> It performed a soft landing on the Moon on 23 August 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |editor1-first=Sharanya |editor1-last=Hrishikesh |editor2-first=Vikas|editor2-last= Pandey |title=Chandrayaan-3 live: India's Vikram lander makes historic Moon landing |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/live/world-asia-india-66576580 |access-date=23 August 2023 |website=BBC News |date=23 August 2023 |language=en-gb |archive-date=23 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230823114540/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/live/world-asia-india-66576580 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|Spaceflight|Solar System|India}}
* [[Beresheet|''Beresheet'' lander]] – Concurrent lunar lander mission, crash-landed on the Moon
* [[Chandrayaan-3]]
* [[Lunar Polar Exploration Mission|LUPEX]]
* [[Exploration of the Moon]]
* [[List of missions to the Moon]]
* [[List of ISRO missions]]
* [[Lunar resources]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Chandrayaan-2}}
* [https://www.isro.gov.in/chandrayaan2-home Official Chandrayaan-2 mission page] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190729041910/https://www.isro.gov.in/chandrayaan2-home |date=29 July 2019 }}, by the Indian Space Research Organisation
* [https://www.isro.gov.in/launcher/gslv-mk-iii-m1-chandrayaan-2-mission GSLV-Mk III launcher] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190912004636/https://www.isro.gov.in/launcher/gslv-mk-iii-m1-chandrayaan-2-mission |date=12 September 2019 }}, by the Indian Space Research Organisation

{{Lunar rovers}}
{{Lunar landers}}
{{Moon spacecraft}}
{{Indian space programme}}
{{Indian spacecraft}}
{{Solar System probes}}
{{Orbital launches in 2019}}
{{2019 in space}}

[[Category:Missions to the Moon]]
[[Category:Lunar rovers]]
[[Category:Indian lunar exploration programme]]
[[Category:Space probes launched in 2019]]
[[Category:Spacecraft launched by India in 2019]]
[[Category:ISRO space probes]]
[[Category:Space synthetic aperture radar]]
[[Category:Spacecraft launched by LVM3 rockets]]
[[Category:Satellites orbiting the Moon]]
[[Category:Spacecraft that impacted the Moon]]
[[Category:2019 on the Moon]]

Malaikottai Vaaliban

2026-01-27T21:58:44Z

CarmenCarey59:

{{Short description|2024 Indian film by Lijo Jose Pellissery}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Malaikottai Vaaliban
| image = Malaikottai Vaaliban poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Lijo Jose Pellissery]]
| screenplay = [[P. S. Rafeeque]]
| story = Lijo Jose Pellissery
| producer = {{ubl|[[Shibu Baby John]]|Achu Baby John|Vikram Mehra|Siddharth Anand Kumar|M. C. Philip|Jacob K. Babu}}
| starring = [[Mohanlal]] [[Sonalee Kulkarni]] [[Hareesh Peradi]] [[Danish Sait]] Manoj Moses Katha Nandi [[Manikandan R. Achari]]
| cinematography = [[Madhu Neelakandan]]
| editing = Deepu S. Joseph
| music = [[Prashant Pillai]]
| studio = {{ubl|[[John & Mary Creative]]|[[Century Films]]|[[Maxlab Cinemas and Entertainments]]|[[Saregama]]|[[Amen Movie Monastery]]}}
| distributor = Century Films (India) Phars Film Company (overseas) Aashirvad Cinemas Co. LLC (overseas)
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2024|01|25}}
| runtime = 156 minutes<ref>{{cite web |author=CBFC |title=Malaikottai Valiban |url=https://cbfcindia.gov.in/cbfcAdmin/search-result.php?recid=Q0EwOTA4MDEyMDI0MDAwNTI= |publisher=[[Central Board of Film Certification]]|access-date=21 January 2024 |date=19 January 2024|archive-date=21 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240121142808/https://cbfcindia.gov.in/cbfcAdmin/search-result.php?recid=Q0EwOTA4MDEyMDI0MDAwNTI=|url-status=live}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget = {{INR|60–65}} crore<ref name="bo">{{Cite web |date=2024-02-08|title=Malaikottai Vaaliban Boxoffice Collection day 15
|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/malaikottai-vaaliban-box-office-collections-day-15-mohanlals-film-crosses-15-crore-mark/articleshow/107515192.cms|access-date=2024-02-10 |website=Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
| gross = {{estimation}}{{INR|30 crore}}<ref name="bo2">{{Cite web |title=റിലീസ് ചെയ്തിട്ട് 20 ദിവസം, കളക്ഷനില്‍ കരകയറാതെ 'വാലിബന്‍' ! കണക്കുകൾ പറയുന്നത് എന്ത് ? |url=https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment/box-office/mohanlal-movie-malaikottai-vaaliban-box-office-disaster-20-days-collection-nrn-s8syf5 |access-date=2024-02-18 |website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd |language=ml}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Box Office: Analyzing theatrical performance of Mohanlal's post-pandemic movies, Marakkar to L2 Empuraan |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/box-office-analysing-theatrical-performance-of-mohanlals-post-pandemic-movies-from-marakkar-to-l2-empuraan-1384093 |website=PINKVILLA |access-date=26 April 2025 |language=en |date=23 April 2025}}</ref>
}}

'''''Malaikottai Vaaliban''''' ({{translation}} Youngster from the [[Tiruchirappalli Rock Fort|Mountain Fort]]) is a 2024 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[Epic film|epic]] [[Period film|period]] [[action drama film]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/malaikottai-vaaliban-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmde4oti1|title=Malaikottai Vaaliban|website=[[British Board of Film Classification]]|access-date=2024-01-28|archive-date=2024-01-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240128065005/https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/malaikottai-vaaliban-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmde4oti1|url-status=live}}</ref> directed by [[Lijo Jose Pellissery]] and written by [[P. S. Rafeeque]] from a story by Pellissery. The film stars [[Mohanlal]] in a [[dual role]], alongside [[Sonalee Kulkarni]], [[Hareesh Peradi]], [[Danish Sait]], Manoj Moses, Katha Nandi and [[Manikandan R. Achari]] in supporting roles. It was jointly produced by [[John & Mary Creative]], [[Century Films]], [[Maxlab Cinemas and Entertainments]], [[Saregama]] and [[Amen Movie Monastery]].

Pellissery wrote the initial story during the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] and later expanded it to a narrative that transcends time and space. He worked with P. S. Rafeeque to develop the script. The film was announced on 25 October 2022 by Shibu Baby John, marking the first collaboration between Pellissery and Mohanlal. [[Tinu Pappachan]] served as the associate director. [[Principal photography]] spanned approximately 130 days from January to June 2023, covering locations in [[Rajasthan]], [[Chennai]], and [[Puducherry (city)|Pondicherry]]. The music was handled by [[Prashant Pillai]], while the editing and cinematography were handled by Deepu S. Joseph and [[Madhu Neelakandan]] respectively.

''Malaikottai Vaaliban'' was released in theatres worldwide on 25 January 2024, coinciding with the [[Republic Day (India)|Republic Day]] weekend. The film received mixed reviews from critics and praised the cinematography, art direction, production values and performances (especially that of Mohanlal), while criticism was aimed at the direction, screenplay, editing and fight sequences. It was a [[box office bomb]].

== Plot ==
Malaikottai Vaaliban, an undefeated aged [[Vagrancy|drifting]] warrior, establishes himself as a hero reigning over a vast desert region. Vaaliban travels with mentor/father figure, Ayyanar, and his son, Chinnappaiyyan, who energizes the crowd with drums and chants during Vaaliban's arena fights. Vaaliban is an orphan, whom Ayyanar had adopted when he was a [[Infant|newborn]] from the hands of his deceased mother. Vaaliban proceeds to Adivaarithur for his next fight, where they encounter a lady named Jamanthipoovu, who limps in front of them and requests for a ride on their cart since she cannot walk.

Chinnappaiyyan and Ayyanar agree to take her with them and she accompanies them on their journey. In Adivaarithur, Vaaliban defeats the reigning champion following the customary practice of claiming the ex-champion's house and wife as his own house and wife. After a brief stay there, Vaaliban encounters a [[dance]]r, Rangapattinam Rangarani, at a betting parlour in Nooraanathalayur. Vaaliban also clashes with Chamathakan, blocking his advances. Angered and humiliated, Chamathakan challenges Vaaliban to a fight in his village, Mangodu, against their most powerful fighter, Mangottu Mallan. The next morning, Vaaliban arrives at Mangodu to fight him. Despite Chamathakan's family's deceitful tactics, Vaaliban emerges victorious, stripping them of their honor. In retaliation, Chamathakan embarks on a killing spree out of shame, seeking revenge against Vaaliban.

Meanwhile, Vaaliban returns to Ambathoor Malaikottai, where he began his journey, and challenges the Portuguese fighter king, Macaulay Maharaj, to take over his reign. However, Chamathakan, seeking vengeance, poisons Vaaliban before the fight with Maharaj and Lady Macaulay as a duo, temporarily blinding him, which leads to him being captured by the Portuguese soldiers. Miraculously, he recovers the next day and defeats the Portuguese, with the help of the slaves of Ambathoor, who were liberated by Rangarani's aid, Thenamma. Later that night, outside of Malaikottai, Rangarani proposes to Vaaliban, who rejects her proposal and tells her that he cannot love anyone. Hearing this, she becomes heartbroken and reveals this to Thenamma, who starts scheming evil things in her mind and promises to help her make Vaaliban fall in love with her.

Celebrating their victory, they all stop for the [[Tiruchendur|Thiruchenthooru]] festival, where Jamanthi reveals to Vaaliban that she is pregnant with Chinnappaiyyan's child. He is overjoyed when he hears this and wishes good health and prosperity to the child and Jamanthi. Rangarani eavesdrops and hears the conversation, but misunderstands the child's father to be Vaaliban, judging by the way Vaaliban spoke to Jamanthi. Rangarani reports this to Thenamma, who puts her plan in action. She speaks to Chinnappaiyyan and tells him that Jamanthi is pregnant with Vaaliban's child, which angers him and sets out to kill Vaaliban.

During the [[temple]] festivities, while they are all celebrating, Vaaliban senses Chamathakan's presence in the crowd and attempts to find Chamathakan, but in vain. Vaaliban senses that he might be near Jamanthi and races towards her to protect her, but due to the huge crowd present there, Vaaliban is not able to make it in time and he kills her. While mourning Jamanthi's death, Vaaliban senses Chamathakan's presence in the crowd once again. He sees a person coming to attack him and stabs the person multiple times. Though Vaaliban thinks that he has killed Chamathakan, it is revealed to be Chinnappaiyyan, whom Vaaliban could not recognise as they were all wearing face masks.

Chamathakan considers his revenge fulfilled and leaves the area. These events drive a wedge between Vaaliban and Ayyanar. Ayyanar pledges vengeance and declares him as his sworn enemy. While wandering away, Ayyanar comes across Chamathakan and they share a drink. He reveals to Chamathakan that Vaaliban is not an orphan as he was previously made to believe, but the son of his mutant fighter rival, Malaivettai Vaaliban. Malaivettai had defeated Ayyanar and took his wife with him, as a result of which, he became Malaivettai's servant. Soon, Ayyanar's ex-wife became pregnant with Vaaliban; Malaivettai left her to conquer the world, leaving her under the care of Ayyanar in the monsoon season. As soon as he was born, Ayyanar murdered his ex-wife and abducted him to train him as a weapon against his own biological father. Ayyanar poisons Chamathakan and wanders off into the desert. The film ends with the revelation of Ayyanar revealing that the fighter, which he will bring to fight against Vaaliban will be his own father, paving way for the sequel.

== Cast ==
{{castlist|
* [[Mohanlal]] in a [[dual role]] as:
** Malaikottai Vaaliban
** Malaivettai Vaaliban, Vaaliban's biological father
* [[Sonalee Kulkarni]] as Rangapattanam Rangarani (voice dubbed by [[Grace Antony]])
* [[Hareesh Peradi]] as Ayyanar
* [[Danish Sait]] as Chamathakan
* Manoj Moses as Chinnappayyan
* Katha Nandi as Jamanthipoovu (voice dubbed by Parvathy babu)
* [[Manikandan R. Achari]] as Slave
* [[Hariprashanth M G]] as Kelu Mallan
* [[Shanta Dhananjayan]] as Ponnurumi Veeramma
* Sanjana Chandran as Thenamma
* Harikrishnan S. as Mangottu Mallan
* Suchithra Nair as Madhangi
* Andrea Ravera as Macaulay Maharaj
* Diana Nasonova as Lady Macaulay
* [[Rajeev Pillai]] as Bodyguard
* Deepali Vashistha as Dancer
* Murugan Martin as Slave
* Krishnankutti Nair Shivakumar Sopanam as translator
}}

== Production ==
=== Development ===
{{Multiple image
| image1 = Lijo at IFFI 2018.jpg
| image2 = Mohanlal Viswanathan BNC.jpg
| footer = Malaikottai Vaaliban is the first collaboration of [[Lijo Jose Pellissery]] and [[Mohanlal]].
| total_width = 300
| align = right
}}
On 25 October 2022, [[John & Mary Creative]], the newly launched production house of former minister [[Shibu Baby John]], announced their debut film which brought together director [[Lijo Jose Pellissery]] and actor [[Mohanlal]] for the first time.<ref name="newindianexpress.2022.10.25">{{cite news |agency=Express News Service |title=Mohanlal to collaborate with 'Jallikattu' director Lijo Jose Pellissery for new film |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2022/oct/25/mohanlal-to-collaborate-with-jallikattu-director-lijo-jose-pellissery-for-new-film-2511637.html |access-date=19 January 2023 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=25 October 2022 |archive-date=19 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230119075735/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2022/oct/25/mohanlal-to-collaborate-with-jallikattu-director-lijo-jose-pellissery-for-new-film-2511637.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Rajpal |first=Roktim |title=It's official! Mohanlal teams up with Jallikattu director Lijo Jose Pellissery for a film |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/its-official-mohanlal-teams-up-with-jallikattu-director-lijo-jose-pellissery-for-a-film-2289296-2022-10-25 |access-date=19 January 2023 |work=[[India Today]] |date=25 October 2022 |archive-date=19 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230119075732/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/its-official-mohanlal-teams-up-with-jallikattu-director-lijo-jose-pellissery-for-a-film-2289296-2022-10-25 |url-status=live}}</ref> The title was announced on 22 December. At that time, media reported that the film is a period drama in which Mohanlal portrays the role of a wrestler.<ref name="thehindu.2022.12.23">{{cite news |agency=The Hindu Bureau |title=Mohanlal's film with Lijo Jose Pellissery titled 'Malaikottai Valiban' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/mohanlals-film-with-lijo-jose-pellissery-titled-malaikottai-valiban/article66297932.ece |url-access=limited |access-date=19 January 2023 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=23 December 2022 |archive-date=19 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230119075732/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/mohanlals-film-with-lijo-jose-pellissery-titled-malaikottai-valiban/article66297932.ece |url-status=live}}</ref> The screenplay was written by [[P. S. Rafeeque]]. Pellissery retained most of the technical crew from his previous films. [[Tinu Pappachan]] was appointed as the associate director.<ref name="TNIE">{{cite news |agency=Express News Service |title=Mohanlal-Lijo Jose Pellissery's 'Malaikottai Valiban' goes on floors |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2023/jan/19/mohanlal-lijo-jose-pellisserys-malaikottai-valiban-goes-on-floors-2539185.html |access-date=19 January 2023 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=18 January 2023 |archive-date=19 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230119075737/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2023/jan/19/mohanlal-lijo-jose-pellisserys-malaikottai-valiban-goes-on-floors-2539185.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The film credits Shibu Baby John and Achu Baby John from John & Mary Creative, Kochumon Century from [[Century Films]], Jacob K. Babu from [[Maxlab Cinemas and Entertainments]], and Vikram Mehra and Siddharth Anand Kumar from [[Yoodlee Films]] as producers.<ref name="IANS1" /> Additionally, Pellissery's [[Amen Movie Monastery]] also joined the production.<ref name="TNIE" />

Pellissery conceived the initial story during the [[COVID-19 lockdown]] and later expanded it into a narrative that blurs time and space. He collaborated with Rafeeque to develop the screenplay. Pellissery chose him for his belief that Rafeeque could contribute to a language and vocabulary "rooted in the soil". The film was originally planned in [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]]. In the scripting process, Pellissery transformed the concept into a broader canvas, particularly in terms of characters and landscape. He drew inspirations from around the world, incorporating elements from [[Japanese folklore]] and [[Samurai]] culture to [[Western film|Westerns]], among other sources.<ref>{{cite news |last=Nagarajan |first=Saraswathy |title=Malayalam director Lijo Jose Pellissery interview: Mohanlal's 'Malaikottai Vaaliban' narrates a universal story |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/malayalam-director-lijo-jose-pellissery-interview-mohanlals-malaikottai-vaaliban-narrates-a-universal-story/article67763366.ece|access-date=25 January 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=23 January 2024|archive-date=24 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240124140908/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/malayalam-director-lijo-jose-pellissery-interview-mohanlals-malaikottai-vaaliban-narrates-a-universal-story/article67763366.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

According to John, ''Malaikottai Vaaliban'' is a "complete action cinema".<ref name="Cue">{{cite web |last=ബി. |first=രാഹുല്‍ |title='മലൈക്കോട്ടൈ വാലിബൻ' ഒരു കംപ്ലീറ്റ് ആക്ഷൻ സിനിമ, 2023 അവസാനത്തോടെ തിയറ്ററുകളിൽ: ഷിബു ബേബി ജോൺ |url=https://www.thecue.in/videos/entertainment/film-news/malaikottai-vaaliban-release-shibu-baby-john-interview |publisher=The Cue|access-date=19 June 2023 |language=ml |date=15 June 2023|archive-date=19 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230619141957/https://www.thecue.in/videos/entertainment/film-news/malaikottai-vaaliban-release-shibu-baby-john-interview|url-status=live}}</ref> Mohanlal stated that the film is crafted in the style of a [[Western film]], and the storyline is not confined to any specific time period.<ref>{{cite news |title=An epic blend of mass and class: Mohanlal on 'Malaikottai Vaaliban' |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2023/08/05/mohanlal-malaikottai-vaaliban-movie-lijo-jose-pellissery.html|access-date=31 December 2023 |work=[[OnManorama]] |date=5 August 2023|archive-date=31 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231231195807/https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2023/08/05/mohanlal-malaikottai-vaaliban-movie-lijo-jose-pellissery.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The narrative unfolds in [[Worldbuilding|its own world]], transcending space and time, blending philosophical and spiritual elements. The film allows for individual interpretations, with Mohanlal stating, "each viewer's perspective would be as diverse and unique as strokes of a painting". Additionally, he suggested that it could also be perceived as a cinematic [[zen]] story.<ref>{{cite news |author=ETimes.in |title='Malaikottai Vaaliban' happens in a fictitious place where there is no space and time, says Mohanlal |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/malaikottai-vaaliban-happens-in-a-fictitious-place-where-there-is-no-space-and-time-says-mohanlal/articleshow/106010598.cms|access-date=25 January 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=15 December 2023|archive-date=16 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231216144756/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/malaikottai-vaaliban-happens-in-a-fictitious-place-where-there-is-no-space-and-time-says-mohanlal/articleshow/106010598.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Pelissery added that the film is without any particular genre and can be perceived as a cinematic rendition of an [[Amar Chitra Katha]].<ref>{{cite news |author=ETimes.in |title='Malaikottai Vaaliban' will be like an 'Amar Chithra Katha," says Lijo Jose Pellissery |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/malaikottai-vaaliban-will-be-like-an-amar-chithra-katha-says-lijo-jose-pellissery/articleshow/106955138.cms|access-date=21 January 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=18 January 2024|archive-date=21 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240121164315/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/malaikottai-vaaliban-will-be-like-an-amar-chithra-katha-says-lijo-jose-pellissery/articleshow/106955138.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> According to producer Siddharth Anand Kumar, "it is the kind of epic story we have grown up reading", it may look like a mythological story, "but it is outside of the mythological space".<ref>{{cite news |last=Rajan |first=Silpa |title=EXCLUSIVE! Siddharth Anand Kumar: 'Malaikottai Vaaliban' is Lijo Jose Pellissery's creative adventure; the film has the kind of action, the audiences haven't seen from Mohanlal |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/siddharth-anand-kumar-malaikottai-vaaliban-is-lijo-jose-pellisserys-creative-adventure-the-film-has-the-kind-of-action-the-audiences-havent-seen-from-mohanlal/articleshow/106900093.cms|access-date=25 January 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=16 January 2024|archive-date=22 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240122015818/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/siddharth-anand-kumar-malaikottai-vaaliban-is-lijo-jose-pellisserys-creative-adventure-the-film-has-the-kind-of-action-the-audiences-havent-seen-from-mohanlal/articleshow/106900093.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Casting ===
Commenting on Mohanlal's casting, Pellisserry emphasized that, "this is a period film which demanded someone with the gravitas of Mohanlal".<ref name="IANS1">{{cite news |author1=[[Indo-Asian News Service]] |title=Mohanlal-starrer 'Malaikottai Vaaliban' locks its release for January 25 |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/regional-indian-cinema-news/article/mohanlal-starrer-malaikottai-vaaliban-locks-its-release-for-january-25-23309821 |access-date=19 September 2023 |work=[[Mid-Day]] |date=19 September 2023 |archive-date=20 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230920182422/https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/regional-indian-cinema-news/article/mohanlal-starrer-malaikottai-vaaliban-locks-its-release-for-january-25-23309821 |url-status=live}}</ref> Describing the character, Mohanlal said that there is an anonymity surrounding Vaaliban, as he can be anyone and possess any ability.<ref>{{cite web |last=Krishna |first=Gayathri |title=Mohanlal explains why he cannot pinpoint the exact nature of his character in Malaikottai Vaaliban |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/mohanlal-explains-why-he-cannot-pinpoint-the-exact-nature-of-his-character-in-malaikottai-vaaliban/de8121eb75505 |publisher=[[OTTPlay]]|access-date=21 January 2024 |date=20 January 2024}}</ref> In November 2022, the team entered into discussions with actress [[Radhika Apte]] for the lead female role, according to reports.<ref name="cinemaexpress.2022.11.18">{{cite news |title=Radhika Apte in talks for Mohanlal-Lijo Jose Pellissery film? |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/hindi/news/2022/nov/18/radhika-apte-in-talks-for-mohanlal-lijo-jose-pellissery-film-36784.html |access-date=12 February 2023 |work=[[Cinema Express]] |date=18 November 2022 |archive-date=12 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230212195839/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/hindi/news/2022/nov/18/radhika-apte-in-talks-for-mohanlal-lijo-jose-pellissery-film-36784.html |url-status=live}}</ref> There were also reports of [[Vidyut Jammwal]] and [[Rajpal Yadav]] being considered for roles in the film.<ref name="cinemaexpress.2022.12.25">{{cite news |last=Madhu |first=Vignesh |title=Danish Sait to star in Malaikottai Valiban |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2022/dec/25/danish-sait-to-star-in-malaikottai-valiban-38073.html |access-date=12 February 2023 |work=[[Cinema Express]] |date=25 December 2022 |archive-date=12 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230212195842/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2022/dec/25/danish-sait-to-star-in-malaikottai-valiban-38073.html |url-status=live}}</ref> In December, [[Kannada people|Kannada]] actor and stand-up comedian [[Danish Sait]] confirmed that he would make his Malayalam cinema debut in the film, growing a beard for his role, which contrasts with his typical clean-shaven appearance.<ref>{{cite news |last=S. |first=Sridevi |title=Danish Sait gets serious for his first Malayalam film |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/danish-sait-gets-serious-for-his-first-malayalam-film/articleshow/96550408.cms|access-date=12 February 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=28 December 2022|archive-date=12 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230212195837/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/danish-sait-gets-serious-for-his-first-malayalam-film/articleshow/96550408.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Sait's character was designed to emulate the traits of a [[hyena]], a concept developed during discussions between Mohanlal and Pellisery.<ref>{{cite news |author=[[Indo-Asian News Service]] |title=Danish is a fantastic actor, imagined his character as hyena in 'Malaikottai Vaaliban': Mohanlal |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=1160461|access-date=21 January 2024 |work=[[Daijiworld.com]]}}</ref> Sait underwent specific preparations for his role. He was asked to watch hyena videos to capture the character's behaviour and laughter.<ref>{{cite web |last=Sidhardhan |first=Sanjith |title=Malaikottai Vaaliban – Why did Mohanlal, Lijo Jose Pellissery want Danish Sait to watch hyena videos? |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/malaikottai-vaaliban-why-did-mohanlal-lijo-jose-pellissery-want-danish-sait-to-watch-hyena-videos/dbdbc92a05834 |publisher=[[OTTPlay]]|access-date=25 January 2024 |date=22 January 2024}}</ref> In the film, he spots a half-shaven head and beard look.<ref>{{cite web |last=Krishna |first=Gayathri |title=Malaikottai Vaaliban star Danish Sait: Walked in half-shaven look for days without inhibitions {{!}} Exclusive|url=https://www.ottplay.com/interview/malaikottai-vaaliban-star-danish-sait-walked-in-half-shaven-look-for-days-without-inhibitions-exclusive/0e423bec3d685|publisher=[[OTTPlay]]|access-date=25 January 2024|date=22 January 2024}}</ref> Sait himself dubbed his voice in Malayalam, [[Hindi]], [[Kannada]], and [[Tamil language|Tamil]] language versions of the film. He was first considered for another Pellissery film, which was postponed, prior to his casting in ''Malaikottai Vaaliban''.<ref>{{cite news |last=Alexander |first=Princy |title=I thought all Malayalis spoke Malayalam the way it is spoken in 'Malaikottai Vaaliban': Comedian Danish Sait |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/interviews/2024/01/23/danish-sait-malaikottai-vaaliban-actor-lijo-jose-pellissery-mohanlal.html|access-date=25 January 2024 |work=[[Onmanorama]] |date=23 January 2024|archive-date=26 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240126024053/https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/interviews/2024/01/23/danish-sait-malaikottai-vaaliban-actor-lijo-jose-pellissery-mohanlal.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Marathi people|Marathi]] actress [[Sonalee Kulkarni]] also made her Malayalam debut with the film, describing it as a "musical period drama".<ref name="TOI.2023.02.04">{{cite news |last=Atulkar |first=Preeti |title=Exclusive! Sonalee: I am very excited for my Malayalam debut |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/exclusive-sonalee-i-am-very-excited-for-my-malayalam-debut/articleshow/97583069.cms |access-date=12 February 2023 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=4 February 2023 |archive-date=12 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230212195838/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/exclusive-sonalee-i-am-very-excited-for-my-malayalam-debut/articleshow/97583069.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> She plays Rangapattinam Rangarani, an actress and dancer. Pellissery discovered Kulkarni from a Marathi film, ''[[Natarang]]'' (2010), where she played a [[lavani]] dancer, which she performs in ''Malaikottai Vaaliban'' as well. Describing her character, Kulkarni said that Rangarani has "a touch of [[Maharashtra]]" but comes from somewhere else; her outfit and looks are a fusion of many Indian cultures, "there is far too much diversity in this film because every character, not just Rangarani, is from distinct lands".<ref>{{cite web |last=Krishna |first=Gayathri |title=Malaikottai Vaaliban star Sonalee Kulkarni describes her character Rangarani a stunning fusion of many Indian cultures{{!}} Exclusive|url=https://www.ottplay.com/interview/malaikottai-vaaliban-star-sonalee-kulkarni-describes-her-character-rangarani-a-stunning-fusion-of-many-indian-cultures-exclusive/e2952b602c140|publisher=[[OTTPlay]]|access-date=21 January 2024|date=20 January 2024|archive-date=21 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240121065324/https://www.ottplay.com/interview/malaikottai-vaaliban-star-sonalee-kulkarni-describes-her-character-rangarani-a-stunning-fusion-of-many-indian-cultures-exclusive/e2952b602c140|url-status=live}}</ref> In January 2023, reports suggested that the team was in talks with [[Tamil people|Tamil]] actors [[Kamal Haasan]] and [[Jiiva]] for two brief roles.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kamal Haasan and Jiiva to do cameo roles in Mohanlal's 'Malaikottai Vaaliban' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/kamal-haasan-and-jiiva-to-do-cameo-roles-in-mohanlals-malaikottai-vaaliban/articleshow/97253886.cms |access-date=12 February 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=23 February 2023 |archive-date=12 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230212195839/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/kamal-haasan-and-jiiva-to-do-cameo-roles-in-mohanlals-malaikottai-vaaliban/articleshow/97253886.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> It was later reported that Haasan declined the role as he wanted to focus on his work in ''[[Indian 2]]''.<ref>{{cite news |title=Are Kamal Haasan and Rishab Shetty a part of Mohanlal's Malaikottai Vaaliban? |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/did-kamal-haasan-and-rishab-shetty-decline-mohanlals-next-what-we-know-6959695.html |access-date=12 February 2023 |work=[[CNN-News18]] |date=31 January 2023 |archive-date=12 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230212195837/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/did-kamal-haasan-and-rishab-shetty-decline-mohanlals-next-what-we-know-6959695.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Kannada actor [[Rishab Shetty]] dismissed reports about his casting, clarifying that although he was approached for a role, he turned down the role in favor of a [[Kannada film]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Rishab Shetty turns down a role in Mohanlal's 'Malaikottai Valiban', here's why |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/rishab-shetty-turns-down-a-role-in-mohanlals-malaikottai-valiban-heres-why/articleshow/97413185.cms |access-date=12 February 2023 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=29 January 2023 |archive-date=12 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230212195841/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/rishab-shetty-turns-down-a-role-in-mohanlals-malaikottai-valiban-heres-why/articleshow/97413185.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> In the turn of events, Mohanlal himself was cast in a [[Dual role|second role]] that unfolds during the film's climax, originally considered for either Haasan or Shetty.<ref>{{cite news |author=Keralakaumudi Daily |title=വാലിബൻ 10ന് പാക്കപ്പ് |url=https://keralakaumudi.com/news/news.php?id=1080977|access-date=19 June 2023 |work=[[Kerala Kaumudi]] |date=5 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230619114754/https://keralakaumudi.com/news/news.php?id=1080977|archive-date=19 June 2023 |language=ml}}</ref>

[[Malayali]] dancer Manoj Moses secured an important role,<ref>{{cite news |author=ETimes.in |title=Dance Kerala Dance fame Manoj Moses celebrates birthday with superstar Mohanlal on the sets of 'Malaikottai Vaaliban' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/dance-kerala-dance-fame-manoj-moses-celebrates-birthday-with-superstar-mohanlal-on-the-sets-of-malaikottai-vaaliban/articleshow/98730547.cms|access-date=21 January 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=17 March 2023|archive-date=25 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325142651/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/dance-kerala-dance-fame-manoj-moses-celebrates-birthday-with-superstar-mohanlal-on-the-sets-of-malaikottai-vaaliban/articleshow/98730547.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> as did [[Bengalis|Bengali]] actress Katha Nandi, who described her part as a "strong female character".<ref>{{cite news |last=രാജ് |first=ഋഷിക |title=ആദ്യം പേടിയായിരുന്നു, ശക്തമായ സ്ത്രീകഥാപാത്രമാണ് എന്റേത്; മലൈകോട്ടൈ വാലിബന്റെ വിശേഷങ്ങളുമായി കത നന്ദി |url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/malayalam-cinema/celebrity-news/actress-katha-nandi-share-her-experience-with-mohanlal-and-malaikottai-vaaliban/articleshow/98425548.cms|access-date=21 January 2024 |work=[[Samayam Malayalam]] |date=5 March 2023 |language=ml|archive-date=1 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230401011912/https://malayalam.samayam.com/malayalam-cinema/celebrity-news/actress-katha-nandi-share-her-experience-with-mohanlal-and-malaikottai-vaaliban/articleshow/98425548.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Moses was cast because Pellissery wanted someone who knows [[acrobatics]], having noticed him in his unreleased debut film, ''Moonwalk''.<ref>{{cite news |last=ആലുങ്ങല്‍ |first=സജ്‌ന |title=വാടകവീട് വിട്ടതിന്റെ സന്തോഷം അന്ന് അമ്മയുടെ കണ്ണിൽ ഞാൻ കണ്ടു;വാലിബനിലെ 'ചിന്നപ്പയ്യൻ' പറയുന്നു |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/interview/malaikottai-vaaliban-actor-manoj-moses-interview-1.9267217|access-date=25 January 2024 |work=[[Mathrubhumi]] |date=24 January 2024 |language=ml|archive-date=24 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240124132409/https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/interview/malaikottai-vaaliban-actor-manoj-moses-interview-1.9267217|url-status=live}}</ref> Hariprashanth Varma's character look came out as location pictures in February 2023.<ref>{{cite news |author=ETimes.in |title='Malaikottai Vaaliban': Actor Hariprashanth roped in for the Mohanlal – Lijo Jose Pellissery film; see pics |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/malaikottai-vaaliban-actor-hariprashanth-roped-in-for-the-mohanlal-lijo-jose-pellissery-film-see-pics/articleshow/97978348.cms|access-date=21 January 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=16 February 2023|archive-date=6 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306213111/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/malaikottai-vaaliban-actor-hariprashanth-roped-in-for-the-mohanlal-lijo-jose-pellissery-film-see-pics/articleshow/97978348.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Sanjana Chandran, a dancer and trans woman, secured a role in the cast and made her acting debut.<ref name="indulge">{{cite news |last=Ahammed |first=Najeya |title=Transcending Boundaries: Read exclusive interview with Malaikottai Valiban fame Sanjana Chandran |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/culture/music/2023/jun/15/transcending-boundaries-readexclusive-interview-withmalaikottai-valiban-fame-sanjana-chandran-50019.html|access-date=19 June 2023 |work=[[Indulge Express]] |date=15 June 2023|archive-date=19 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230619141943/https://www.indulgexpress.com/culture/music/2023/jun/15/transcending-boundaries-readexclusive-interview-withmalaikottai-valiban-fame-sanjana-chandran-50019.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Television actress Suchitra Nair was cast by Pellissery after he spotted her on the Malayalam reality TV show [[Bigg Boss (Malayalam season 4)|''Bigg Boss'' (season 4)]], marking her film debut.<ref>{{cite news |author=Entertainment Desk |title='ലിജോ സാർ ബിഗ് ബോസ് കാണുമായിരുന്നു, എങ്ങനെയോ ഞാൻ കണ്ണിൽപ്പെട്ടു': സുചിത്ര നായർ |url=https://malayalam.indiatoday.in/cinema/story/sujithra-nair-about-malaikottai-vaaliban-and-lijo-jose-pellisery-792682-2024-01-24|access-date=25 January 2024 |work=[[India Today Malayalam]] |date=24 January 2024 |language=ml|archive-date=26 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240126024206/https://malayalam.indiatoday.in/cinema/story/sujithra-nair-about-malaikottai-vaaliban-and-lijo-jose-pellisery-792682-2024-01-24|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Hareesh Peradi]], [[Manikandan R. Achari]], and [[Rajeev Pillai]] was also cast in undisclosed roles.<ref>{{cite news |author=Entertainment Desk |title=Mohanlal astounds fans with never-seen-before look in Lijo Jose Pellissery's Malaikottai Vaaliban; watch video |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/mohanlal-astounds-fans-never-seen-before-look-ljp-malaikottai-vaaliban-video-8622608/|access-date=19 June 2023 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=22 May 2023|archive-date=19 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230619141942/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/mohanlal-astounds-fans-never-seen-before-look-ljp-malaikottai-vaaliban-video-8622608/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Bharatanatyam]] dancer [[Shanta Dhananjayan]] plays a [[kalaripayattu]] ''gurukkal'' in the film.<ref>{{cite news |last=Ramnath |first=Ambili |title=Bharatanatyam artists Dhananjayan and Shanta Dhananjayan make their presence felt in cinema |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/bharatanatyam-artists-dhananjayan-and-shanta-dhananjayan-make-their-presence-felt-in-cinema/article67475776.ece|access-date=21 January 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=31 October 2023|archive-date=8 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231108111435/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/bharatanatyam-artists-dhananjayan-and-shanta-dhananjayan-make-their-presence-felt-in-cinema/article67475776.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> Deepali Vashistha, a [[belly dance]]r was also cast in the film.<ref>{{cite news |author=Keralakaumudi Daily |title=Netizens search for 'Malaikottai Vaaliban' belly dancer star |url=https://keralakaumudi.com/en/news/news.php?id=1216543&u=netizens-search-for-malaikottai-vaaliban-belly-dancer-star-1216543|access-date=21 January 2024 |work=[[Kerala Kaumudi]]|archive-date=26 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240126024158/https://keralakaumudi.com/en/news/news.php?id=1216543&u=netizens-search-for-malaikottai-vaaliban-belly-dancer-star-1216543|url-status=live}}</ref> Russian yoga teacher, dancer, and model Diana Nasonova played another role.<ref>{{cite news |author=Entertainment Desk |title=വാലിബനിലെ റഷ്യൻ താരം ഇനി കേരളത്തിന്റെ മരുമകൾ... |url=https://malayalam.indiatoday.in/cinema/story/malaikottai-vaaliban-fame-and-russian-actress-diana-married-vipin-from-kerala-wedding-727951-2023-12-18|access-date=25 January 2024 |work=[[India Today Malayalam]] |date=18 December 2023 |language=ml|archive-date=26 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240126024207/https://malayalam.indiatoday.in/cinema/story/malaikottai-vaaliban-fame-and-russian-actress-diana-married-vipin-from-kerala-wedding-727951-2023-12-18|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Filming ===
[[File:Fort Jaisalmer at sunset.jpg|thumb|[[Jaisalmer]] was a major location.]]
[[Principal photography]] for the film began with a customary [[Puja (Hinduism)|pooja]] function on 18 January 2023 in [[Jaisalmer]], [[Rajasthan]]. [[Madhu Neelakandan]] was the cinematographer.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mohanlal-Lijo Jose Pellissery's 'Malaikottai Valiban' goes on floors in Rajasthan |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/mohanlal-lijo-jose-pellisserys-malaikottai-valiban-goes-on-floors-in-rajasthan/articleshow/97086061.cms |access-date=19 January 2023 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=18 January 2023 |archive-date=19 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230119045430/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/mohanlal-lijo-jose-pellisserys-malaikottai-valiban-goes-on-floors-in-rajasthan/articleshow/97086061.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> The majority of the film was shot in [[Rajasthan]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Srinivasan |first=Latha |title=Mohanlal plays wrestler in Lijo Jose Pellissery's Malaikottai Valiban, shoot starts in Jaisalmer. Exclusive details |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/mohanlal-plays-wrestler-in-lijo-jose-pellisserys-malaikottai-valiban-shoot-starts-in-jaisalmer-exclusive-details-2322988-2023-01-18 |access-date=19 January 2023 |work=[[India Today]] |date=18 January 2023 |archive-date=19 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230119075735/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/mohanlal-plays-wrestler-in-lijo-jose-pellisserys-malaikottai-valiban-shoot-starts-in-jaisalmer-exclusive-details-2322988-2023-01-18 |url-status=live}}</ref> The production was relocated to [[Pokhran]], Rajasthan on 24 February for further shooting.<ref>{{cite web |script-title=ml:മലൈകോട്ടൈ വാലിബന്‍ പൊഖ്‌റാനില്‍ |url=https://www.canchannels.com/malaikottai-valiban-in-pokhran/ |trans-title=Malaikottai Valiban in Pokhran |publisher=Canchannels.com |access-date=13 April 2023 |language=ml |date=27 February 2023 |archive-date=13 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230413162458/https://www.canchannels.com/malaikottai-valiban-in-pokhran/ |url-status=live}}</ref> After a span of 77 days, the schedule in Rajasthan was completed by the first week of April.<ref name="TIE">{{cite news |title=Lijo Jose Pellissery wraps up Rajasthan schedule of Mohanlal's Malaikottai Vaaliban |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/lijo-jose-pellissery-wraps-up-rajasthan-schedule-of-mohanlals-malaikottai-vaaliban-8540532/ |access-date=13 April 2023 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=5 April 2023 |archive-date=13 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230413162456/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/lijo-jose-pellissery-wraps-up-rajasthan-schedule-of-mohanlals-malaikottai-vaaliban-8540532/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

The second schedule was planned at Sree Gokulam Film Studios in [[Chennai]].<ref name="TIE" /> It was charted to last 40 days.<ref>{{cite news |title='Malaikottai Vaaliban' team to head to Chennai in May for the second schedule |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/malaikottai-vaaliban-team-to-head-to-chennai-in-may-for-the-second-schedule/articleshow/99422548.cms |access-date=13 April 2023 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=12 April 2023 |archive-date=26 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240126024104/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/malaikottai-vaaliban-team-to-head-to-chennai-in-may-for-the-second-schedule/articleshow/99422548.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> The schedule began in early May, utilising sets built for the film.<ref>{{cite web |author=Team OTTPlay |title=Lijo resumes shooting Mohanlal's Malaikottai Vaaliban. Details inside |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/lijo-jose-pellissery-resumes-shooting-mohanlals-malaikottai-vaaliban-details-inside/40aa6f0ef6531 |publisher=[[OTT Play]]|access-date=19 June 2023|archive-date=19 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230619141957/https://www.ottplay.com/news/lijo-jose-pellissery-resumes-shooting-mohanlals-malaikottai-vaaliban-details-inside/40aa6f0ef6531|url-status=live}}</ref> The film used more than 1500 [[Extra (acting)|extras]] on set.<ref name="indulge" /> In addition to Chennai, filming also took place in [[Puducherry (city)|Pondicherry]]. The second schedule lasted 50 days. Filming was wrapped on 13 June 2023.<ref name="wrap">{{cite news |author=Correspondent |title=Thankful to Lijo for considering me for 'Malaikottai Vaaliban': Mohanlal |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2023/06/15/mohanlal-malaikottai-vaaliban-lijo-jose-pellissery.html|access-date=19 June 2023 |work=[[OnManorama]] |date=15 June 2023|archive-date=19 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230619141957/https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2023/06/15/mohanlal-malaikottai-vaaliban-lijo-jose-pellissery.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The film in its entirety was completed in approximately 130 days shooting.<ref>{{cite news |author=The Hindu Bureau |title=It's a wrap for Mohanlal-Lijo Jose Pellissery's 'Malaikottai Valiban' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/its-a-wrap-for-mohanlal-lijo-jose-pellisserys-malaikottai-valiban/article66967636.ece|access-date=19 June 2023 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=14 June 2023|archive-date=19 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230619141957/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/its-a-wrap-for-mohanlal-lijo-jose-pellisserys-malaikottai-valiban/article66967636.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> Stunts were choreographed by Vikram Mor and Supreme Sundar.<ref>{{cite news |author=ETimes.in |title='Madabhara Mizhiyoram' song from 'Malaikottai Vaaliban' is out! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/music/madabharamizhiyoram-song-from-malaikottai-vaaliban-is-out/articleshow/106774509.cms|access-date=21 January 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=12 January 2024|archive-date=13 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240113014209/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/music/madabharamizhiyoram-song-from-malaikottai-vaaliban-is-out/articleshow/106774509.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Music ==
{{Main|Malaikottai Vaaliban (soundtrack)}}
The film's background score and songs were composed by [[Prashant Pillai]], a regular collaborator of Pellissery. Screenwriter [[P. S. Rafeeque]] also contributed the lyrics for all songs, except "Madabhare Naina" by Preeti Pillai and "Shabnami" by [[Varun Grover (writer)|Varun Grover]]. The initial composition of four songs—"Punnara Kattile Poovanatthil", "Raakk", "Thaayum", and "Ezhimala Kottayile"—were done by Rafeeque.

The soundtrack album, distributed by the record label [[Saregama]], was preceded with three singles: "Punnara Kattile Poovanatthil",<ref>{{cite news |author=ETimes.in |title='Punnara Kattile Poovanatthil' song from Mohanlal's 'Malaikottai Vaaliban' exudes an old-world charm |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/punnara-kattile-poovanatthil-song-from-mohanlals-malaikottai-vaaliban-exudes-an-old-world-charm/articleshow/106024229.cms|access-date=22 January 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=15 December 2023|archive-date=16 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231216144931/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/punnara-kattile-poovanatthil-song-from-mohanlals-malaikottai-vaaliban-exudes-an-old-world-charm/articleshow/106024229.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> "Raakk"<ref>{{cite news |author=Entertainment Desk |title=Raakk: New song from Mohanlal's Malaikottai Vaaliban is a frenzy-inducing number |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/raakk-new-song-from-mohanlals-malaikottai-vaaliban-is-a-frenzy-inducing-number-9087889/|access-date=22 January 2024 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=22 December 2023|archive-date=18 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240118160958/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/raakk-new-song-from-mohanlals-malaikottai-vaaliban-is-a-frenzy-inducing-number-9087889/|url-status=live}}</ref> and "Madabhara Mizhiyoram".<ref>{{cite web |last=Menon |first=Akhila |title=Madabhara Mizhiyoram – Mohanlal unleashes his romantic side in Malaikottai Vaaliban's third single |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/madabhara-mizhiyoram-mohanlal-unleashes-his-romantic-side-in-malaikottai-vaalibans-third-single/fc778691ec442 |publisher=[[OTTPlay]]|access-date=22 January 2024 |date=8 January 2024|archive-date=25 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240125144634/https://www.ottplay.com/news/madabhara-mizhiyoram-mohanlal-unleashes-his-romantic-side-in-malaikottai-vaalibans-third-single/fc778691ec442|url-status=live}}</ref> The full album was released on 18 January 2024, which includes [[Malayalam]] and [[Hindi]] songs.<ref>{{cite web |title=Malaikottai Vaaliban (Malayalam) |url=https://open.spotify.com/album/6QL7jUyGNJOeCM5CXSTGQy |publisher=[[Spotify]]|access-date=22 January 2024 |date=18 January 2024|archive-date=25 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240125144812/https://open.spotify.com/album/6QL7jUyGNJOeCM5CXSTGQy|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Marketing ==
Following the unveiling of the film's first-look poster in April 2023, a [[limited edition]] of 25 physical metal posters, autographed by Mohanlal and Pellissery, along with a digital [[collectible]] in the form of an [[NFT]], verified through the [[Polygon (blockchain)|Polygon]] [[blockchain]] were auctioned.<ref>{{cite news |last=Roshan |first=R. |title=Keralites' start-up opens new revenue stream, 'Malaikottai Vaaliban' posters turn a hit |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/money/keralites-start-up-brings-new-revenue-stream-malaikottai-vaaliban-posters-turn-a-hit-1.8522981|access-date=21 January 2024 |work=[[Mathrubhumi]] |date=1 May 2023|archive-date=28 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230928121955/https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/money/keralites-start-up-brings-new-revenue-stream-malaikottai-vaaliban-posters-turn-a-hit-1.8522981|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title='Malaikottai Vaaliban' first reveal poster autographed by Mohanlal and Lijo Jose Pellissery |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/malaikottai-vaaliban-first-reveal-poster-autographed-by-mohanlal-and-lijo-jose-pellissery/articleshow/104983199.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=5 November 2023 |accessdate=23 November 2023|archive-date=6 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231106064850/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/malaikottai-vaaliban-first-reveal-poster-autographed-by-mohanlal-and-lijo-jose-pellissery/articleshow/104983199.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="SM">{{cite web |author=സമകാലിക മലയാളം ഡെസ്‌ക്‌ |title=മോഹൻലാൽ ആരാധകർക്ക് 'മലൈക്കോട്ടൈ വാലിബൻ ലൈഫ് ടൈം സമ്മാനം' സ്വന്തമാക്കാൻ അവസരം |url=https://www.samakalikamalayalam.com/chalachithram-film/2023/apr/18/mohanlal-lijo-jose-pellissery-movie-malaikottai-vaaliban-contest-175606.html |publisher=[[Samakalika Malayalam Vaarika]]|access-date=21 January 2024 |language=ml |date=18 April 2023|archive-date=18 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418070142/https://www.samakalikamalayalam.com/chalachithram-film/2023/apr/18/mohanlal-lijo-jose-pellissery-movie-malaikottai-vaaliban-contest-175606.html|url-status=live}}</ref> It received bids from over 30 countries.<ref>{{cite web |author=NewsDesk |title=Rootfor.xyz announces auction of collectibles from 'Malaikottai Vaaliban' |url=https://mediabrief.com/rootfor-xyz-is-revolutionising-fandom-in-indian-cinema/ |publisher=MediaBrief|access-date=21 January 2024 |date=26 April 2023|archive-date=3 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230503134121/https://mediabrief.com/rootfor-xyz-is-revolutionising-fandom-in-indian-cinema/|url-status=live}}</ref> In November 2023, the makers of the film collaborated with a United Kingdom-based company to release a DNFT (Decentralized Non-Fungible Token) of ''Malaikottai Vaaliban'', offering an alternative to the centralised NFT.<ref>{{cite news |author=India Today Entertainment Desk |title=മോഹൻലാൽ – ലിജോ ജോസ് പല്ലിശേരി ചിത്രം 'മലൈകോട്ടൈ വാലിബൻ' ഡിഎൻഎഫ്ടി പ്ലാറ്റ്ഫോമിൽ |url=https://malayalam.indiatoday.in/cinema/story/mohanlal-lijo-jose-pallisery-movie-malaikottai-valiban-on-dnft-platform-706101-2023-11-05|access-date=20 January 2024 |work=[[India Today Malayalam]] |date=5 November 2023 |language=ml}}</ref> In December 2023, a book titled ''The Making of Malaikottai Vaaliban'', authored by Toby T. Arnold, was published in both [[paperback]] and [[Kindle Store|Kindle]] editions. The book provides a detailed account of the [[behind-the-scenes]] work that went into the production of ''Malaikottai Vaaliban''.<ref>{{cite book |last=Arnold |first=Toby T. |title=The Making of Malaikottai Vaaliban: A synopsis of Lijo Jose Pellissery and Mohanlal's film Malaikottai Vaaliban: Unveiling the Cinematic Odyssey of Their Magnum Opus |date=7 December 2023 |publisher=Amazon Digital Services LLC – Kdp |isbn=979-8-8711-0718-8 |url=https://www.amazon.com/MAKING-MALAIKOTTAI-VAALIBAN-Pellissery-Malaikottai/dp/B0CPSC7JH5|access-date=20 January 2024|archive-date=26 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240126024715/https://www.amazon.com/MAKING-MALAIKOTTAI-VAALIBAN-Pellissery-Malaikottai/dp/B0CPSC7JH5|url-status=live}}</ref>

In the second week of January 2024, the makers released a children's [[comic book]] titled ''Vaaliban Comix'', featuring the character of Malaikottai Vaaliban as a [[superhero]] coming to the rescue of children in distress.<ref>{{cite web |last=Manu |first=Hridyambika A. |title=Is Malaikottai Vaaliban a superhero-themed story? New comic book released by Mohanlal sparks speculations |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/is-malaikottai-vaaliban-a-superhero-themed-story-new-comic-book-released-by-mohanlal-sparks-speculations/9f4ffee808162 |publisher=[[OTTPlay]]|access-date=18 January 2024 |date=12 January 2024|archive-date=16 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240116223942/https://www.ottplay.com/news/is-malaikottai-vaaliban-a-superhero-themed-story-new-comic-book-released-by-mohanlal-sparks-speculations/9f4ffee808162|url-status=live}}</ref> On 18 January 2024, the producers collaborated with Jain International School of Creative Arts and [[Manorama Online]] to organize a [[strongman]] competition called the "Strongman Challenge" at [[Bolgatty Palace]], [[Kochi]]. Two distinct competitions were held, one for professional [[bodybuilder]]s, [[powerlifter]]s and [[weightlifter]]s and another for sports enthusiasts in the general category. The winners were bestowed with the title of Mr. Vaaliban along with a cash prize. This event marked the first ever occurrence of a [[strongman competition]] in [[Kerala]].<ref>{{cite news |author=മനോരമ ലേഖകൻ |title=ശക്തരിൽ അതിശക്തനെ കണ്ടെത്താൻ വാലിബനും മനോരമ ഓൺലൈനും ജെയിൻ ഇന്റർനാഷണൽ സ്കൂൾ ഓഫ് ക്രീയേറ്റീവ് ആർട്സും |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-news/2024/01/11/malaikottai-vaaliban-strongman-challenge.html|access-date=20 January 2024 |work=[[Manorama Online]] |date=11 January 2024 |language=ml|archive-date=11 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240111091238/https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-news/2024/01/11/malaikottai-vaaliban-strongman-challenge.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

The European distributor RFT Films organized various events in the United Kingdom under the name of Vaaliban Festival, including fan meets and club nights.<ref>{{cite news |author=Local News Desk |title=Mohanlal-starrer Malaikottai Vaaliban To Hit Cinemas In 35 European Countries |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/mohanlal-starrer-malaikottai-vaaliban-to-hit-cinemas-in-35-european-countries-8745404.html|access-date=25 January 2024 |work=[[News18]] |date=18 January 2024|archive-date=18 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240118124855/https://www.news18.com/movies/mohanlal-starrer-malaikottai-vaaliban-to-hit-cinemas-in-35-european-countries-8745404.html|url-status=live}}</ref> An audio launch function was held on 19 January in Kochi, attended by the cast and crew.<ref>{{cite news |author=Janam Web Desk |title=Big update: Audio launch for "Malaikottai Vaaliban" film to be held tomorrow at Kochi |url=https://english.janamtv.com/entertainment/90409/big-update-audio-launch-for-malaikottai-vaaliban-film-to-be-held-tomorrow-at-kochi/|access-date=21 January 2024 |work=[[Janam TV]] |date=18 January 2024|archive-date=25 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240125144835/https://english.janamtv.com/entertainment/90409/big-update-audio-launch-for-malaikottai-vaaliban-film-to-be-held-tomorrow-at-kochi/|url-status=live}}</ref> It was telecast on [[Flowers TV]]. The film's promotional materials were installed inside [[airport terminal]]s. The makers partnered with the online food ordering and delivery platform [[Swiggy]] to promote the film among their customers in Kerala, [[Karnataka]] and [[Tamil Nadu]]. It was the first time a Malayalam film was promoted through food delivery apps.<ref>{{cite news |author=മനോരമ ലേഖകൻ |title=സ്വിഗ്ഗിയിൽ ഭക്ഷണമെത്തിക്കുന്നത് വാലിബന്റെ കാളവണ്ടി |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/pachakam/features/2024/01/23/malaikottai-vaaliban-film-promotion-on-swiggy.html|access-date=25 January 2024 |work=[[Manorama Online]] |date=23 January 2024 |language=ml|archive-date=26 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240126024621/https://www.manoramaonline.com/pachakam/features/2024/01/23/malaikottai-vaaliban-film-promotion-on-swiggy.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Release ==
=== Theatrical ===
In June 2023, John mentioned that although they had not finalized a release date, the film can be expected by the end of 2023.<ref name="Cue" /> In September, it was announced that the film would be released in theatres worldwide on 25 January 2024, coinciding with the [[Republic Day (India)|Republic Day]] weekend. Beside Malayalam, the film would be dubbed and released in [[Hindi]], [[Kannada]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], and [[Tamil language|Tamil]] languages.<ref>{{cite news |author=ANI |title=Mohanlal's 'Malaikottai Vaaliban' gets a release date, check out |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/entertainment/bollywood/mohanlals-malaikottai-vaaliban-gets-a-release-date-check-out20230918222614/|access-date=19 September 2023 |work=[[Asian News International]] |date=18 September 2023|archive-date=26 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240126024202/https://www.aninews.in/news/entertainment/bollywood/mohanlals-malaikottai-vaaliban-gets-a-release-date-check-out20230918222614/|url-status=live}}</ref> Mohanlal's voice was dubbed by director [[Anurag Kashyap]] in the Hindi dubbed version of the film.<ref>{{cite news |author=Express News Service |title=Anurag Kashyap dubs for Mohanlal's 'Malaikottai Vaaliban' Hindi version |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2024/Jan/20/anurag-kashyap-dubs-for-mohanlals-malaikottai-vaaliban-hindi-version|access-date=21 January 2024 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=20 January 2024|archive-date=21 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240121021454/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2024/Jan/20/anurag-kashyap-dubs-for-mohanlals-malaikottai-vaaliban-hindi-version|url-status=live}}</ref> The dubbed versions are scheduled to be released in theatres on 2 February 2024.<ref>{{cite web |last=Sidhardhan |first=Sanjith |title=Malaikottai Vaaliban Hindi, Telugu release date: When will Mohanlal's period film hit theatres in other languages? |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/malaikottai-vaaliban-hindi-telugu-release-date-when-will-mohanlals-period-film-hit-theatres-in-other-languages/4560b46f10325 |publisher=[[OTTPlay]]|access-date=25 January 2024 |date=24 January 2024}}</ref>

=== Home media ===
The film was premiered on [[Disney+ Hotstar]] from 23 February 2024 in Malayalam and dubbed versions of Tamil, Telugu, Hindi and Kannada languages.<ref>{{cite news |access-date=23 February 2024 |title='Malaikottai Vaaliban' OTT Release: Netizens Express Their Anticipation For The Sequel! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/malaikottai-vaaliban-ott-release-netizens-express-their-anticipation-for-the-sequel/articleshow/107946984.cms |website=Times of India|date=23 February 2024 }}</ref>

== Reception ==

=== Critical reception ===
''Malaikottai Vaaliban'' received
mixed reviews from critics.

Sanjith Sridharan of ''[[OTTplay]]'' gave 4/5 stars and concluded, "Lijo Jose Pellissery's ''Malaikottai Vaaliban'' is a movie made keeping in minds fans of cinema – and not that of a superstar. With action and enough entertainment to keep the audience of the commercial cinema hooked, this visually-rich Malayalam period drama is another great addition to Lijo's filmography and presents a memorable character for Mohanlal, who is in top form".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/malaikottai-vaaliban-movie-review-mohanlal-and-lijos-larger-than-life-indulgent-tribute-to-kurosawa-films-works-wonders/ca00651002656 |website=OTTplay |title=Malaikottai Vaaliban movie review: Mohanlal and Lijo's larger-than-life, indulgent tribute to Kurosawa films works wonders|access-date=25 January 2024|archive-date=26 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240126024613/https://www.ottplay.com/review/malaikottai-vaaliban-movie-review-mohanlal-and-lijos-larger-than-life-indulgent-tribute-to-kurosawa-films-works-wonders/ca00651002656|url-status=live}}</ref> Arun Antony of ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' gave 4/5 stars and wrote "Lijo impresses with a fictional period drama. The film offers a glimpse of what Lijo will bring to the table next but may not cater to Mohanlal fans seeking action and powerful dialogues."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Antony |first=Arun |title=Malaikottai Vaaliban review: Lijo impresses with a fictional period drama |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/lijo-impresses-with-a-fictional-period-drama-2866827 |access-date=2024-01-27 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en |archive-date=2024-01-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240127011841/https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/lijo-impresses-with-a-fictional-period-drama-2866827 |url-status=live }}</ref>

S. Devasankar of ''[[Pinkvilla]]'' gave 3/5 stars and wrote, "Malaikottai Vaaliban is indeed a bold attempt in the fantasy genre by Lijo Jose Pellissery, a director known to keep experimenting with his films. Despite its flaws, Malaikottai Vaaliban is worth watching in theaters, especially for Madhu Neelakandan's cinematography and Prashant Pillai's music".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/reviews/malaikottai-vaaliban-movie-review-mohanlal-lijo-jose-pellissery-collab-is-technically-brilliant-film-that-goes-on-for-too-long-1273851 |website=Pinkvilla |title=Malaikottai Vaaliban Movie Review: Mohanlal, Lijo Jose Pellissery collab is technically brilliant film that goes on for too long |date=25 January 2024|access-date=25 January 2024|archive-date=26 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240126024611/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/reviews/malaikottai-vaaliban-movie-review-mohanlal-lijo-jose-pellissery-collab-is-technically-brilliant-film-that-goes-on-for-too-long-1273851|url-status=live}}</ref> Gopika Is of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated 3/5 stars and wrote "Lijo Jose Pellishery's Malaikottai Vaaliban is a mixed bag of swift and interesting action scenes, epic frames, peppy songs and quite some lag in the first half. While the basic story line, when you take Valiban out of the equation isn't very original or even well defined, there are very interesting elements adding layers to it."<ref>{{Cite news |title=Malaikottai Valiban Movie Review : An unconventional film of epic proportions which falls short in places |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/malaikottai-valiban/movie-review/107143880.cms?from=mdr&from=mdr |access-date=2024-01-27 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2024-01-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240127040705/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/malaikottai-valiban/movie-review/107143880.cms?from=mdr&from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref>

Anandu Suresh of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' gave 3/5 stars and stated, "Unlike Mohanlal's recent films, where makers often got carried away by either his stardom or his potential as a performer, Lijo Jose Pellissery's multi-genre movie strikes a fine balance between these aspects, while striving not to compromise on its overall quality".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/malaikottai-vaaliban-movie-review-rating-mohanlal-enters-lijo-jose-pellissery-world-real-unreal-blend-not-marvellously-9125956/ |website=The Indian Express |title=Malaikottai Vaaliban movie review: Mohanlal enters the Lijo Jose Pellissery world where the real and unreal blend, but not marvellously |date=25 January 2024|access-date=25 January 2024|archive-date=25 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240125143831/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/malaikottai-vaaliban-movie-review-rating-mohanlal-enters-lijo-jose-pellissery-world-real-unreal-blend-not-marvellously-9125956/|url-status=live}}</ref> K. Janaki of ''[[India Today]]'' gave 2.5/5 stars and wrote, "'Malaikottai Vaaliban' could have been a crisp film had the narrative had enough meat in the first half. However, the film sets up a great segue for the second part".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/malaikottai-vaaliban-review-mohanlal-superhero-like-act-saves-the-day-for-lijo-jose-pellissery-2493439-2024-01-25 |website=India Today |title=Malaikottai Vaaliban Review: Mohanlal's superhero-like act saves the day|access-date=25 January 2024|archive-date=2024-01-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240125141954/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/malaikottai-vaaliban-review-mohanlal-superhero-like-act-saves-the-day-for-lijo-jose-pellissery-2493439-2024-01-25|url-status=live}}</ref>

Sajin Shrijith of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' gave 2/5 stars and wrote "A tiresome visual extravaganza with few joys. Lijo Jose Pellissery's new film is simply put, a movie with the sensibility of an elaborate play."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shrijith |first=Sajin |date=2024-01-03 |title='Malaikottai Vaaliban' movie review: A tiresome visual extravaganza with few joys |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2024/Jan/26/malaikottai-vaaliban-movie-review-a-tiresome-visual-extravaganza-with-few-joys |access-date=2024-01-27 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=2024-01-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240127040644/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2024/Jan/26/malaikottai-vaaliban-movie-review-a-tiresome-visual-extravaganza-with-few-joys |url-status=live }}</ref> Nirmal Jovial of ''[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]]'' gave 1.5/5 stars and wrote "Pellissery decided to create a film that is purposefully made slow. It is unlikely that this film will satisfy either of the [Mohanlal and Pellissery]fans."<ref>{{cite web |title=Malaikottai Vaaliban review: A bout with boredom |url=https://www.theweek.in/review/movies/2024/01/25/malaikottai-valibaan-review-the-film-fails-to-make-an-impact.html?fbclid=PAAaZQmnHOyM7iT4Z0_LbGD2uSdcOPlEyrJ9CeX_6uIbU3rc5fizyvI7SGUac |work=The Week|access-date=25 January 2024|archive-date=26 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240126024616/https://www.theweek.in/review/movies/2024/01/25/malaikottai-valibaan-review-the-film-fails-to-make-an-impact.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Latha Srinivasan of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' termed Mohanlal's performance as the backbone of this fantasy entertainer and wrote "Called a fantasy entertainer, there are elements that work in Malaikottai Vaaliban and elements that clearly don't. Expect the unexpected".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/others/malaikottai-vaaliban-movie-review-mohanlal-film-101706166988815.html |website=Hindustan Times |title=Malaikottai Vaaliban movie review: Mohanlal is the backbone of this fantasy entertainer |date=25 January 2024|access-date=25 January 2024|archive-date=25 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240125141002/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/others/malaikottai-vaaliban-movie-review-mohanlal-film-101706166988815.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Arjun Menon of ''[[Film Companion]]'' wrote "Lijo Jose Pellissery breaks down an epic hero's journey that's not afraid to breathe and take its own daring formal liberties. And this makes it a theatre experience unlike anything you would get to see on the big screen this year".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/malayalam-review/malaikottai-vaaliban-first-day-first-impression-mohanlal-is-phenomenal-in-lijo-jose-pellisserys-off-kilter-gladiator-epic |website=Film Companion |title=Malaikottai Vaaliban First Day First Impression: Mohanlal is Phenomenal in Lijo Jose Pellissery's Off-Kilter Gladiator Epic |date=25 January 2024|access-date=25 January 2024|archive-date=26 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240126024618/https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/malayalam-review/malaikottai-vaaliban-first-day-first-impression-mohanlal-is-phenomenal-in-lijo-jose-pellisserys-off-kilter-gladiator-epic|url-status=live}}</ref> Sowmya Rajendran of ''[[The News Minute]]'' stated that the film is like a "comic book style adventure film" and told that the film is "visually rich but underwhelming".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/malaikottai-vaaliban-review-mohanlal-lijo-film-is-visually-rich-but-underwhelming |website=The News Minute |title=Malaikottai Vaaliban review: Mohanlal, Lijo film is visually rich but underwhelming |date=25 January 2024|access-date=25 January 2024|archive-date=26 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240126024719/https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/malaikottai-vaaliban-review-mohanlal-lijo-film-is-visually-rich-but-underwhelming|url-status=live}}</ref>

Princy Alexander of ''[[Onmanorama]]'' wrote "There are times when Lijo tries to tell the story through the frames alone, which affects the storytelling. But rest assured, there are some twists that make the film worth the experience and eager for a second part."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/2024/01/25/malaikottai-vaaliban-mohanlal-lijo-jose-pellissery-movie-review.html |website=Onmanorama |title=Malaikottai Vaaliban: Visual extravaganza, not strong storyline, holds this LJP film|access-date=25 January 2024|archive-date=25 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240125135709/https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/2024/01/25/malaikottai-vaaliban-mohanlal-lijo-jose-pellissery-movie-review.html|url-status=live}}</ref> S. R. Praveen of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote "Filmmaker Lijo Jose Pellissery tries something new with the Mohanlal-starrer, and the cinephile in him is on ample display with nods to yesteryear classics, but what we are finally left with is an underwhelmed feeling".<ref>{{cite news |title='Malaikottai Vaaliban' movie review: Lijo Jose Pellissery and Mohanlal's epic is nowhere closer to the sum of its parts |work=The Hindu |date=25 January 2024 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/malaikottai-vaaliban-movie-review-lijo-jose-pellissery-and-mohanlals-epic-is-nowhere-closer-to-the-sum-of-its-parts/article67776023.ece |access-date=25 January 2024 |last1=Praveen |first1=S. R. |archive-date=25 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240125141420/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/malaikottai-vaaliban-movie-review-lijo-jose-pellissery-and-mohanlals-epic-is-nowhere-closer-to-the-sum-of-its-parts/article67776023.ece |url-status=live}}</ref> Analysing the movie for [[Onmanorama]], Sajesh Mohan wrote about how Lijo used colours to narrate different stages of his folklore, "Lijo's colour-coding in 'Malaikottai Vaaliban' adds an intriguing dimension. When Vaaliban's combat is primarily physical, colours are gradually introduced until they culminate in red and black. However, when Vaaliban faces a group of treacherous adversaries driven by jealousy, the dominant colour becomes yellow."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mohan|first=Sajesh|date=2024-01-25 |title='Malaikottai Vaaliban': LJP's folklore is Madhu Neelakandan's cinematography masterclass |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2024/01/25/malaikottai-vaaliban-lijo-jose-pellissery-mohanlal-madhu-neelakandan.html |access-date=2024-01-23 |website= Onmanorama|language=en}}</ref>

=== Box office ===
''Malaikottai Vaaliban'' debuted by collecting {{INR}}5.85 crore in Kerala and with additional earnings from overseas and GCC, the film amassed a total gross collection of {{INR}}12.27 crore on its opening day, securing its place as the fourth highest opening grosser among Mohanlal's films.<ref>{{Cite web |title='Malaikottai Vaaliban' emerges as Mohanlal's fourth highest opener after 1st day collections |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2024/01/27/malaikottai-vaaliban-mohanlal-lijo-jose-first-day-collections.html |access-date=2024-01-27 |website=www.onmanorama.com}}</ref> As of 30 January 2024, the film grossed {{INR|21.75}} crore.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/malaikottai-vaaliban-box-office-collection-day-5-mohanlal-lijo-jose-pellissery-film-hits-a-new-low-9133901/#:~:text=So%20far%2C%20the%20film%20has%20grossed%20Rs%2021.75%20crore%20worldwide.&text=On%20Monday%2C%20Malaikottai%20Vaaliban%20experienced,dipped%20to%2010.35%20per%20cent | title=Malaikottai Vaaliban box office collection Day 5: Mohanlal and Lijo Jose Pellissery's film hits a new low on first Monday; earns 90% less than opening day | date=30 January 2024 }}</ref> By 8 February 2024, the film grossed {{INR|28.40}} crore.<ref name="bo" /> and by 13 February 2024, the film's estimated gross was {{INR|30}} crore.<ref name="bo2" />

== Cancelled sequel ==
In the third week of January 2024, it was reported that ''Malaikottai Vaaliban'' is designed as a two-part film and would be followed by a second film.<ref>{{cite news |author=CE Features |title=Malaikottai Vaaliban will be released in two parts |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/jan/17/malaikottai-vaaliban-will-be-released-intwo-parts-51283.html|access-date=21 January 2024 |work=[[Cinema Express]] |date=17 January 2024|archive-date=19 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240119105407/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/jan/17/malaikottai-vaaliban-will-be-released-intwo-parts-51283.html|url-status=live}}</ref> When asked, Pellissery commented that, "we hope we can give you more surprises once the film releases".<ref>{{cite news |author=Onmanorama Staff |title=Will 'Malaikottai Vaaliban' release in two parts? Lijo Jose Pellissery responds |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2024/01/18/filmmaker-lijo-jose-pellissery-movie-malaikottai-vaaliban-movie-release.html|access-date=25 January 2024 |work=[[Onmanorama]] |date=18 January 2024|archive-date=26 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240126024730/https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2024/01/18/filmmaker-lijo-jose-pellissery-movie-malaikottai-vaaliban-movie-release.html|url-status=live}}</ref> A sequel titled ''Malaikottai Vaaliban II'' was announced in the end credits of the film.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/news/its-official-mohanlals-malaikottai-vaaliban-gets-a-sequel |title=It's Official – Mohanlal's Malaikottai Vaaliban Gets A Sequel |date=25 January 2024 |website=Film Companion}}</ref> But on 15 January 2025, the producer of the film [[Shibu Baby John]] confirmed that the film will not have a sequel due to the film's failure.<ref>{{cite web |title='Mohanlal hurt by Barroz's failure,' says Malaikottai Vaaliban producer; confirms no sequel for Lijo Jose Pellissery film|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/mohanlal-hurt-by-barroz-failure-no-sequel-for-malaikottai-vaaliban-9780318/|publisher=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=16 January 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Mohanlal deeply hurt by 'Barroz' failure; no sequel for 'Malaikottai Vaaliban', confirms producer|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/mohanlal-deeply-hurt-by-barroz-failure-no-sequel-for-malaikottai-vaaliban-confirms-producer/articleshow/117282147.cms|publisher=[[The Times Of India]]|access-date=16 January 2025}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt23023596}}
* [https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/malaikottai_vaaliban Rotten Tomatoes]

{{Lijo Jose Pellissery}}
{{Mohanlal}}

[[Category:Indian speculative fiction films]]
[[Category:Metaphysical fiction films]]
[[Category:Indian Western (genre) films]]
[[Category:Indian fantasy adventure films]]
[[Category:Films about spirituality]]
[[Category:Films about philosophy]]
[[Category:Indian historical action films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Films shot in Chennai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Puducherry]]
[[Category:Films directed by Lijo Jose Pellissery]]
[[Category:Films shot in Thoothukudi]]
[[Category:Yoodlee Films films]]
[[Category:Maxlab Cinemas and Entertainments films]]

Chandra (song)

2026-01-19T11:59:56Z

CarmenCarey59: created basic details initial version

{{Short description|2022 Marathi song from the film Chandramukhi}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox song
| name = Chandra
| cover = Chandra song poster.jpg
| caption = Official song cover, featuring actress [[Amruta Khanvilkar]]
| artist = {{flatlist|
* [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
}}
| album = [[Chandramukhi (2022 film)|Chandramukhi]]
| language = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| released = {{Start date|df=yes|2022|04|29}}
| genre = *[[Filmi]]
*[[Lavani]]
| length = 5:41
| label = Everest Marathi
| composer = [[Ajay-Atul]]
| lyricist = [[Guru Thakur]]
| misc = {{External music video
| type = song
| header = Music videos
| 1 = {{YouTube|r6tU3GvJ5so|"Chandra"}}
}}
}}

'''"Chandra"''' is the title song of the 2022 Indian [[Marathi cinema|Marathi]] [[Period film|period]] [[romantic drama]] film [[Chandramukhi (2022 film)|''Chandramukhi'']], directed by [[Prasad Oak]]. The song was composed by [[Ajay-Atul]], with lyrics penned by [[Guru Thakur]] and sung by [[Shreya Ghoshal]]. The song was picturised with [[Amruta Khanvilkar]] as the lead along with [[Adinath Kothare]]. The song got widespread praise from reviewers and audiences alike, and it quickly became a blockbuster.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-21 |title=Chandramukhi: अमृताच्या लावणीची प्रेक्षकांवर जादू; चंद्रा गाण्याला You Tube वर |url=https://lokmat.news18.com/entertainment/amruta-khanvilkar-chandramukhi-marathi-movie-chandra-song-got-2-crore-views-on-you-tube-mhgm-705487.html |access-date=2022-10-30 |website=News18 Lokmat |language=mr}}</ref>

== Development ==
[[Ajay-Atul]] was approached by [[Amruta Khanvilkar]] and [[Prasad Oak]] to compose the music for the film. This marked the duo's comeback to the Marathi film industry after a four-year absence. Deepali Vichare choreographed the dance, while [[Guru Thakur]] wrote the lyrics. [[Shreya Ghoshal|Shreya Ghosal]] recorded her portion of the song in a single day, whereas the entire song took three days to record.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-31 |title=चंद्राच्या गाण्याने थेट श्रेया घोषालला लावलं वेड! चंद्रमुखीचा fever अजूनही कायम |url=https://lokmat.news18.com/entertainment/shreya-ghoshal-chandra-song-chandramukhi-marathi-movie-amruta-khanvilkar-prasad-oak-mhrn-710522.html |access-date=2022-10-30 |website=News18 Lokmat |language=mr}}</ref> The song was shot in three days. Khanvilkar described the song as "one of the most challenging song sequences" she has ever performed. Khanvilkar's look for the ''Chandra'' song features a 9.5 metre-long [[Kasta sari|Kaashtha saree]] which was stitched around her while draping, and she wore intricate real gold jewellery designed by [[P. N. Gadgil Jewellers]] featuring Nath, Thushi, and [[Kolhapuri saaj|Kolhapuri Saaj]], which are traditional Maharashtrian ornaments. Additionally, she also wore [[ghungroo]] weighing up to 3 kg on each leg.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Yadav |first=Nikita |date=2022-05-13 |title=Amruta Khanvilkar Didn't Drink Water For 3 Days During Chandra Song Shoot |url=https://lehren.com/regional/marathi/amruta-khanvilkar-did-not-drink-water-3-days-during-chandra-song-shoot/124782/ |access-date=2022-10-30 |website=Latest Bollywood & Hollywood Entertainment, News, Celebrity Gossip, Lifestyle, Originals, Regional & COVID Updates {{!}} Lehren |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Picturization ==
The song's music video features [[Amruta Khanvilkar]] and [[Adinath Kothare]]. The song depicts Chandramukhi's introduction in the film, and Daulatrao's first glance at her occurs as she is performing a private lavani in front of him in a beautiful hall. The song portrays Chandramukhi's characteristics from the inside out.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Seta |first=Keyur |title=Chandramukhi song 'Chandra': Amruta Khanvilkar performs exclusively for Addinath Kothare |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2022/mar/30/33850/chandramukhi-song-chandra-amruta-khanvilkar-performs-exclusively-for-addinath-kothare |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221030131216/https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2022/mar/30/33850/chandramukhi-song-chandra-amruta-khanvilkar-performs-exclusively-for-addinath-kothare |url-status=live |archive-date=30 October 2022 |access-date=2022-10-30 |website=Cinestaan}}</ref>

== Release ==
The song was officially released on 29 March 2022 on the Everest Marathi [[YouTube]] channel.<ref>{{Cite web |title='Chandramukhi' first song 'Chandra': Amruta Khanvilkar steals the show with her Lavani dance- Watch - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/chandramukhi-first-song-chandra-amruta-khanvilkar-steals-the-show-with-her-lavani-dance-watch/articleshow/90533684.cms |access-date=2022-10-30 |website=The Times of India |date=30 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref> Before the release, Khanvilkar had performed the song at an event held at the [[Royal Opera House (Mumbai)|Royal Opera House]] to unveil Chandramukhi's face.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Amruta Khanvilkar's 35-foot cut out adorns the 'Chandramukhi' launch at Royal Opera House in Mumbai - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/amruta-khanvilkars-35-foot-cut-out-adorns-the-chandramukhi-launch-at-royal-opera-house-in-mumbai/articleshow/90383756.cms |access-date=2022-10-30 |website=The Times of India |date=23 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref> The song was released on almost all online streaming platforms on 31 March 2022. For promotions, Khanvilkar and Kothare performed songs at [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport]] during the grand poster release of Chandramukhi on the SpiceJet plane and in the [[Pune Metro]] train.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-29 |title=Amruta Khanvilkar's Chandramukhi Poster On An Aircraft, A First For Marathi Industry |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/amruta-khanvilkars-chandramukhi-poster-on-an-aircraft-a-first-for-marathi-industry-5077723.html |access-date=2022-10-30 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=IANS |date=2022-04-30 |title=Chandramukhi Flash Mob Takes Over Mumbai Airport, Amruta Khanvilkar & Co Show Off Their Moves |url=https://www.koimoi.com/entertainment-news/chandramukhi-flash-mob-takes-over-mumbai-airport-amruta-khanvilkar-co-show-off-their-moves/ |access-date=2022-10-30 |website=Koimoi |language=en-US}}</ref> The full audio album was released on 30 April 2022.

== Receptions ==
The song became extremely popular and topped the charts.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chandra Song: परदेशी नागरिकांनाही चंद्रा गाण्याची भूरळ! पाहा भन्नाट व्हिडिओ |url=https://www.esakal.com/trending-news/chandra-marathi-song-foreign-citizens-also-love-chandra-song-watch-awesome-dance-video-aau85 |access-date=2022-10-30 |website=eSakal - Marathi Newspaper |date=18 October 2022 |language=mr-IN}}</ref> By October 2022, the official music video had crossed over 100 million views on YouTube. Due to popularity and high demand, the actress of the song, [[Amruta Khanvilkar]], performed this number in many concerts in India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=या कलेकडे खालच्या नजरेनं बघणं पाप! गणेशोत्सवात लावणीच्या आयोजनावर टीका; अमृताने ट्रोलर्सचे टोचले कान |url=https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/bollywood-news/marathi-actress-amruta-khanvilkar-perform-lavani-at-parali-nath-pratishthan-program-actress-befitted-response-to-the-trollers/articleshow/93980249.cms |access-date=2022-10-30 |website=Maharashtra Times |language=mr}}</ref> The music composition by [[Ajay-Atul]], the performance by Khanvilkar and [[Guru Thakur|Guru Thakur's]] lyrics were highly applauded.<ref name=":0" />

== Accolades ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Award
!Category
!Recipient(s)
!Result
|-
| rowspan="2" |City Cine Awards<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cine City Awards 2022-2023 Voting Starts Now – Radio City |url=https://www.radiocity.in/ccamarathi |access-date=2023-06-11 |website=Radiocity}}</ref>
|Best Lyricist
|[[Guru Thakur]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Playback Singer – Female
| rowspan="2" |[[Shreya Ghoshal]]
|{{won}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Filmfare Awards Marathi]]<ref>{{Cite news |title=7th Planet Filmfare Marathi Awards 2022: Complete winners' list |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/7th-planet-filmfare-marathi-awards-2022-complete-winners-list/articleshow/99110903.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-03-31 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer – Marathi|Best Playback Singer – Female]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Choreography – Marathi|Best Choreography]]
|Deepali Vichare
|{{won}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Maharashtracha Favourite Kon?]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bodke |first=Chetan |title=Chandramukhi Marathi Movie: चंद्रमुखीच्या शिरपेचात आणखी एक मानाचा तुरा, 'या' पुरस्काराने कमवले नाव... |url=https://www.saamtv.com/entertainment/amruta-khanvilkar-won-best-actress-award-in-maharashtracha-favourite-kon-award-cb99 |access-date=2023-01-22 |website=Saam TV {{!}} साम टीव्ही |date=20 January 2023 |language=mr}}</ref>
|[[MFK Award for Favourite Song|Favourite Song]]
|[[Ajay-Atul]]
|{{won}}
|-
|[[MFK Award for Favourite Female Playback Singer|Favourite Singer – Female]]
| rowspan="4" |Shreya Ghoshal
|{{won}}
|-
|Majja Digital Awards<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-17 |title='6TH MAJJA DIGITAL AWARD'मध्ये या चित्रपटांनी मारली बाजी, सर्वोत्कृष्ट अभिनेता व अभिनेत्री ठरली… वाचा संपूर्ण यादी {{!}} 6TH MAJJA DIGITAL AWARD |url=https://marathi.itsmajja.com/6th-majja-digital-award-winner-list-know-about-winner-list-and-details/ |access-date=2023-12-17 |language=mr-IN}}</ref>
|Outstanding Music – Female Playback Singer
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Maharashtra Times|MATA Sanman]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mata Sanman 2023: मटा सन्मान मानांकनांचे मानकरी! गगनात मावेना तंत्रज्ञ-कलाकारांचा आनंद |url=https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/mata-sanmaan/news/mata-sanman-2023-celebrity-talk-about-their-nomination-for-this-award/articleshow/98224167.cms |access-date=2023-03-28 |website=Maharashtra Times |language=mr}}</ref>
|Best Playback Singer – Female
|{{won}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |Navarashtra Planet Marathi Film & OTT Awards<ref>{{Cite web |title=Navarashtra Planet Marathi Film & OTT Award' 2023 {{!}} नवराष्ट्र के साथ प्लैनेट मराठी का 'फिल्म एंड ओटीटी अवॉर्ड' का जगमगाता समारोह {{!}} Navabharat (नवभारत) |url=https://www.enavabharat.com/entertainment/planet-marathis-film-ott-awards-glittering-ceremony-with-navrashtra-734712/ |access-date=2023-06-11 |website=www.enavabharat.com}}</ref>
|Best Playback Singer – Female
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Choreography
|Deepali Vichare
|{{won}}
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Pravah Picture|Pravah Picture Awards]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=टीम |first=एबीपी माझा वेब |date=2022-08-29 |title=दिमाखात पार पडला 'प्रवाह पिक्चर पुरस्कार नामांकन सोहळा 2022', दिग्गजांची खास उपस्थिती! |url=https://marathi.abplive.com/entertainment/bollywood/satr-pravah-picture-award-2022-nominees-announced-in-various-category-1094768 |access-date=2023-03-31 |website=marathi.abplive.com |language=mr}}</ref>
|Best Music Director
|Ajay-Atul
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Singer – Female
|Shreya Ghoshal
|{{won}}
|-
|Best Song
|Chandra
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Sakal|Sakal Premier Awards]]<ref>{{Cite web |title='सकाळ प्रीमियर' सोहळ्यात चित्रकर्मींचा गौरव; 'वाळवी' सर्वोत्कृष्ट चित्रपट |url=https://www.esakal.com/maharashtra/sakal-premier-awards-event-in-thane-pjp78 |access-date=2023-06-11 |website=eSakal - Marathi Newspaper |date=15 April 2023 |language=mr-IN}}</ref>
|Best Choreography
|Deepali Vichare
|{{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Zee Chitra Gaurav Puraskar]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zee Chitra Gaurav 2023: कुणाला मिळणार 'झी चित्र गौरव' २०२३ पुरस्कार.. नामांकन यादी जाहीर.. |url=https://www.esakal.com/manoranjan/zee-chitra-gaurav-2023-nomination-list-announced-nsa95 |access-date=2023-03-28 |website=eSakal - Marathi Newspaper |date=6 March 2023 |language=mr-IN}}</ref>
|Best Playback Singer – Female
|Shreya Ghoshal
|{{won}}
|-
|Best Choreography
|Deepali Vichare
|{{won}}
|}

== See also ==

* ''[[Chandramukhi (2022 film)|Chandramukhi]]''
* ''[[List of accolades received by Chandramukhi (2022 film)]]''
* [[Chandramukhi (2022 soundtrack)|''Chandramukhi'' (2022 soundtrack)]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://www.jiosaavn.com/song/chandra/ABJbUz97fEA JioSaavn]
* [https://gaana.com/album/chandramukhi-marathi-2022-1 Gaana]
* [https://wynk.in/music/song/chandra-featuring-shreya-ghoshal/pp_INE152200007 WYNK]
* [https://open.spotify.com/album/3VoHsOUyAiUDiBPkxh9BrJ Spotify]
* [https://www.resso.com/track/Ajay-Atul---Shreya-Ghoshal/Chandra-7091159317503559681 Resso]
* [https://music.apple.com/gb/album/chandramukhi-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1621764028 Apple Music]
* [https://music.amazon.in/albums/B09Z4WRLQX Amazon Music]
* [https://music.youtube.com/watch?v=xHNhqd1VPRo YouTube Music]

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Songs written for Marathi-language films]]
[[Category:Marathi music]]
[[Category:Music of India]]
[[Category:Shreya Ghoshal songs]]
[[Category:Songs written for films]]
[[Category:2022 songs]]
[[Category:Songs in Marathi]]
[[Category:Indian songs]]
[[Category:Songs with music by Ajay–Atul]]
[[Category:Songs with lyrics by Guru Thakur]]
[[Category:Art songs]]
[[Category:Lavani songs]]

Divyani Gangwal

2026-01-05T22:12:32Z

CarmenCarey59: created new pg initial version - done

{{Short description|Indian basketball player (born 2000)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}

'''Divyani Gangwal''' (born 2 June 2000)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-26 |title=Divyani Gangwal (India) - Basketball Stats, Height, Age {{!}} FIBA Basketball |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/en/players/219201-divyani-gangwal#career-stats |access-date=2025-02-26 |website=www.fiba.basketball |language=en}}</ref> is an Indian [[basketball]] player from [[Madhya Pradesh]]. She plays for the [[India women's national basketball team]] as a shooting guard. She played for Madhya Pradesh in the domestic tournaments and from 2023, she is representing [[Chhattisgarh]] state.<ref>{{Cite web |title=basketball.data4sports |url=http://data4basketball.com/scorecard/6568 |access-date=2025-02-26 |website=data4basketball.com}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Gangwal is from [[Neemuch]], Malwa region, Madhya Pradesh.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=FIBA Basketball 3x3 - Confirmed profile - Divyani Gangwal |url=https://play.fiba3x3.com/players/1ac0604c-0c64-43e0-9385-9a6c09e05ff7 |access-date=26 February 2025 |website=FIBA3x3.com}}</ref>

== International career ==
In February 2025, she is selected for the Indian team to play the [[2025 SABA Women's Championship|3rd South Asian Basketball Association Women's Championship 2025]] qualifiers at New Delhi from 23 to 26 February 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Know Your Squad: Indian women's basketball team for SABA Women's Championship 2025 |url=https://khelnow.com/basketball/saba-womens-championship-2025-india-squad-facts-202502 |access-date=2025-02-26 |website=Khel Now |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sreekala to lead Team India in SABA qualifiers, two other Keralites in squad |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/sports/other-sports/2025/02/20/saba-qualifiers-three-kerala-basketball-players-india-squad-sreekala-captain.html |access-date=2025-02-26 |website=OnManorama.com |language=en}}</ref> The Indian team played [[Maldives women's national football team results|Maldives]] and [[Nepal women's national football team|Nepal]] for a berth in the [[FIBA Women's Asia Cup|FIBA women's Asia Cup]]. She made her senior India debut on 23 February 2025 in the match against Nepal at Delhi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=FIBA LiveStats India vs. Nepal |url=https://fibalivestats.dcd.shared.geniussports.com/u/FASIA/2624275/bs.html |access-date=2025-02-26 |website=geniussports.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=FIBA LiveStats India vs. Maldives |url=https://fibalivestats.dcd.shared.geniussports.com/u/FASIA/2624277/bs.html |access-date=2025-02-26 |website=geniussports.com}}</ref> Later, she played both the other matches, including the final against Maldives, at Delhi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=FIBA LiveStats - Final - India vs. Maldives |url=https://fibalivestats.dcd.shared.geniussports.com/u/FASIA/2624278/bs.html |access-date=2025-02-26 |website=geniussports.com}}</ref>

== Domestic career ==
Gangwal started as a junior player and took part in the School Games Federation of India Nationals at [[Kolhapur]], Maharashtra in 2012, Gotan, [[Rajasthan]] in 2013, and [[Visakhapatnam]], Andhra Pradesh in 2014.<ref name=":0" /> In 2013, she was also part of the Madhya Pradesh team that won the bronze medal in the Sub Junior Nationals at Patna, Bihar. She progressed to Youth Nationals, which she played at [[Bhavnagar]], Gujarat in 2015. She was part of the team that won gold medal twice in the KV Nationals in 2016 and 2017. She played her maiden Senior National Basketball Championship at [[Ludhiana]] in 2019 where she got a bronze medal.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Keralasportsdesk |url=https://multisports.in/bb/scorecard/1554 |access-date=2025-02-26 |website=multisports.in}}</ref> In 2025, she played the Senior National Basketball Championship for Chhattisgarh.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-01-09 |title=National Championships: Delhi takes on Karnataka in men's quarterfinals |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/basketball/article69081636.ece |access-date=2025-02-26 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

In 2013, she was selected for the sub junior India National camp at [[Gandhinagar]] and Youth India Camp at [[Noida]], U.P. in 2016 ahead of FIBA Asian basketball Championship in [[Indonesia]]. She was also in the Indian Schools Basketball camp in 2017 and played the schools league.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Sports links}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gangwal, Divyani}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:2000 births]]
[[Category:Indian women's basketball players]]
[[Category:People from Neemuch]]
[[Category:Shooting guards]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]

Licchavis of Nepal

2026-01-01T16:15:27Z

CarmenCarey59: started new info

{{Short description|Early-medieval kingdom of the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal}}
{{About||the clan that lasted until the 3.5th century BCE|Licchavis of Vaishali}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox former country
| common_name = Licchavi
| conventional_long_name = Licchavis of Nepal
| image_map = {{South Asia in 600 CE|center||{{Annotation|172|80|[[File:Long Rectangle (plain).png|42px]]}}||none}}
| image_map_caption = Fragmented South Asian polities circa 600 CE, after the retreat of the [[Alchon Huns]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Schwartzberg |first1=Joseph E. |title=A Historical atlas of South Asia |date=1978 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |page=26,146 |isbn=0226742210 |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=063 |archive-date=12 January 2024 |access-date=7 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240112181611/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=063 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| year_start = c. 450 CE
| year_end = c. 750 CE
| government_type = [[Monarchy]]
| capital =
| p1 = Soma dynasty
| p2 = Mahisapala dynasty
| p3 = Gopala Dynasty
| s1 = Thakuri dynasty
| s2 = Katyuri kings
| s3 = Khasa Kingdom
| s4 = Malla dynasty (Nepal){{!}}Malla dynasty
| today = [[Nepal]]
| image_coat = Amshuverma of Nepal.jpg
| coa_size = 290px
| symbol_type = Coinage of Licchavi king [[Amshuverma]] (605–621 CE). '''''Obverse''''': winged lion, with [[Brahmi script|Brahmi]] legend ''[[Shri|Śri]] Amśurvarma'' "Lord Amshurvarma". '''''Reverse''''': Bull with Brahmi legend ''Kāmadēhi'' ("Incarnation of [[Kamadeva|Kāma]]").<ref>{{cite book |last1=Smith |first1=Vincent Arthur |last2=Edwardes |first2=Stephen Meredyth |authorlink2=Stephen Edwardes |title=The early history of India : from 600 B.C. to the Muhammadan conquest, including the invasion of Alexander the Great |date=1924 |publisher=Oxford : Clarendon Press |page=Plate 2 |url=https://archive.org/details/earlyhistoryofi00smit/page/76/mode/2up}}</ref>
}}

The '''Licchavis of Nepal''' ({{langx|ne|लिच्छवि}}, also ''Lichchhavi'', ''Lichavi'') ruled over a kingdom in the [[Kathmandu Valley]] of [[Nepal]] from approximately 450 to 750 CE. The Licchavi clan originated from a branch of the [[Licchavis of Vaishali]], who ruled in the territory of modern-day [[Bihar]] and who later conquered the Kathmandu Valley.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ch4YAAAAYAAJ&q=Licchavi+kingdom+of+Vai%C5%9B%C4%81li&pg=RA1-PA147 |title=Journal |date=1902 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Kaplan |first1=Robert B. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dboOAtK3Nv4C&dq=licchavi+kingdom&pg=PA173 |title=Language Planning and Policy in Asia: Japan, Nepal, Taiwan and Chinese characters |last2=Baldauf |first2=Richard B. |date=2008 |publisher=Multilingual Matters |isbn=978-1-84769-095-1 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=India) |first=Asiatic Society (Kolkata |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w-DRAAAAMAAJ&dq=licchavi+kingdom&pg=PA147 |title=Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal |date=1902 |publisher=Asiatic Society of Bengal |language=en}}</ref> The Licchavis were ruled by a ''maharaja'', aided by a prime minister and other royal officials, but in practice local communities were controlled by [[caste panchayat|caste councils]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Encyclopaedia of Nepal, Bhutan and Tibet: Nepal|page=32|publisher=Anoml Publications|year=2007|editor=Anil Kathuria}}</ref>

The ruling period of this dynasty was called the Golden Period of Nepal. A table of the evolution of certain Gupta characters used in Licchavi inscriptions prepared by Gautamavajra Vajrācārya can be found online.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.thdl.org/texts/reprints/kailash/1_2_1.html |title=Gautamavajra Vajrācārya, "Recently Discovered Inscriptions of Licchavi Nepal", ''Kathmandu Kailash - Journal of Himalayan Studies.'' Volume 1, Number 2, 1973. (pp. 117-134) |access-date=20 October 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080927204420/http://www.thdl.org/texts/reprints/kailash/1_2_1.html |archive-date=27 September 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Records==
It is believed that a branch of the [[Licchavi (tribe)|Licchavi]] clan, having lost their political fortune and military power in [[Vaishali (ancient city)|Vaishali]] ([[Bihar]]),<ref>{{Cite book |last=India) |first=Asiatic Society (Kolkata |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w-DRAAAAMAAJ&dq=licchavi+kingdom&pg=PA147 |title=Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal |date=1902 |publisher=Asiatic Society of Bengal |language=en}}</ref> came to [[Kathmandu]] and intermarried with the family of the ruling Queen, Mandeva Shree Vogini of the [[Nagavanshi|Nagvanshi]] clan, thus beginning their rule in Nepal.<ref>{{Cite web| title=Virupaksha | url=https://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/ancientnepal/pdf/ancient_nepal_92-97_01.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120406020633/http://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/ancientnepal/pdf/ancient_nepal_92-97_01.pdf | archive-date=2012-04-06}}</ref> They also battled with local militias in [[Chyasal]] to gain control of Nepal.

The earliest known physical record of the kingdom is an inscription of [[Mānadeva]], which dates from 464. It mentions three preceding rulers, suggesting that the Licchavi dynasty began in the late 4th century.

==Government==
The Licchavis were ruled by a ''[[Maharaja]]'' ("great king"), who was aided by a prime minister, in charge of the military and of other ministers. Nobles, known as ''[[samanta]]'' influenced the court whilst simultaneously managing their own landholdings and militia. At one point, between approximately 605 and 641, a prime minister called [[Amshuverma]] assumed the throne.

The population provided land taxes and conscript labour (''vishti'') to support the government. Most local administration was performed by village heads or leading families. Many kings ruled but the popular ones were [[Manadeva]], [[Amshuverma]] etc.

==Economy==
The economy was agricultural, relying on [[rice]] and other grains as staples. Villages (''grama'') were grouped into ''dranga'' for administration. Lands were owned by the royal family and nobles. Trade was also very important, with many trading settlements.

==Geography==

===Domain===
Settlements already filled the entire valley during the Licchavi period. Further settlement extended east toward [[Banepa]], west toward [[Tistung Deurali]], and northwest toward present-day [[Prithbinarayan|Gorkha]].

==Rulers==
The following list was adapted from The Licchavi Kings, by Tamot & Alsop,<ref>[http://www.asianart.com/articles/jaya/kings.html Tamot, Kashinath and Alsop, Ian. "A Kushan-period Sculpture, The Licchavi Kings", Asianart.com]</ref> and is approximate only, especially with respect to dates.
[[File:Nepal30008.JPG|thumb|Copper coin of Jishnu Gupta (c. 622–633) of the Nepalese Licchavi Dynasty. Obverse. The inscription above the winged horse is ''Sri Jishnu Guptasya'']]
[[File:Nepal30009.JPG|thumb|Copper coin of Jishnu Gupta (c. 622–633) of the Nepalese Licchavi Dynasty. Reverse]]
*185 Jayavarmā (also ''Jayadeva I'')
*Vasurāja (also ''Vasudatta Varmā'')
*c. 400 [[Vrsadeva|Vṛṣadeva]] (also ''Vishvadeva'')
*c. 425 Shaṅkaradeva I
*c. 450 Dharmadeva
*464-505 [[Mānadeva]] I
*505-506 Mahīdeva (few sources)
*506-532 Vasantadeva
*Manudeva (probable chronology)
*538 Vāmanadeva (also ''Vardhamānadeva'')
*545 Rāmadeva
*Amaradeva
*Guṇakāmadeva
*560-565 Gaṇadeva
*567-c. 590 Bhaumagupta (also ''Bhūmigupta'', probably not a king)
*567-573 Gaṅgādeva
*575/576 Mānadeva II (few sources)
*590-604 [[Shivadeva I]]
*605-621 [[Amshuvarma|Aṃshuvarmā]]
*621 Udayadeva
*624-625 Dhruvadeva
*631-633 Bhīmārjunadeva, Jiṣṇugupta
*635 Viṣṇugupta - Jiṣṇugupta
*640-641 Bhīmārjunadeva / Viṣṇugupta
*643-679 [[Narendradeva]]
*694-705 [[Shivadeva II]]
*713-733 [[Jayadeva II]]
*748-749 Shaṅkaradeva II
*756 Mānadeva III
*826 Balirāja
*847 Baladeva
*875–879 Mandeva IV<ref>{{Cite book|last=Shrestha|first=Nanda R.|title=Historical dictionary of Nepal|date=2003|publisher=Scarecrow Press|others=Keshav Bhattarai|isbn=0-8108-4797-3|location=Lanham, Md.|oclc=51931102}}</ref>

==See also==
{{HistoryofNepal}}
*[[History of Nepal]]
*[[Nepal]]
*[[Mahajanapadas]]
*[[Vaishali (ancient city)]]
{{clear}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
* {{cite book |author=Ashvini Agrawal |title=Rise and Fall of the Imperial Guptas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hRjC5IaJ2zcC&pg=PA315 |year=1989 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0592-7}}
* {{cite book |author=R. C. Majumdar |author-link=R. C. Majumdar |title=A Comprehensive History of India |volume=3, Part I: A.D. 300-985 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mRBuAAAAMAAJ |year=1981 |publisher=Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House |oclc=34008529 }}

==External links==
* [http://www.asianart.com/articles/jaya/kings.html Tamot, Kashinath and Alsop, Ian. "A Kushan-period Sculpture, The Licchavi Kings", Asianart.com]
* [http://www.thamel.com/htms/history.htm ''History of Nepal,'' Thamel.com]
* [http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+np0015) "Nepal: The Early Kingdom of the Licchavis, 400–750", Library of Congress Countryreports.org (September, 1991)]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080927204420/http://www.thdl.org/texts/reprints/kailash/1_2_1.html Vajrācārya, Gautamavajra, "Recently Discovered Inscriptions of Licchavi, Nepal", ''Kailash – Journal of Himalayan Studies,'' Volume 1, Number 2, 1973. (pp. 117–134)]

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Licchavi kingdom| ]]
[[Category:Former monarchies of Asia]]
[[Category:States and territories established in the 5th century]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in the 8th century]]
[[Category:Dynasties of Nepal]]
[[Category:Former monarchies of Nepal]]
[[Category:8th-century disestablishments in Nepal]]
[[Category:4th-century establishments in Nepal]]

Birender Singh (politician, born 1946)

2026-01-01T08:09:38Z

CarmenCarey59: improve page to improve readability and added references

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{BLP sources|date=April 2011}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image = File:Chaudhary Birender Singh with Venkaiah Naidu (cropped).jpg
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]]
| term_start = 2 August 2016
| term_end = 20 January 2020
| predecessor =
| successor =
| constituency = [[Haryana]]
| term_start1 = 29 November 2014
| term_end1 = 1 August 2016
| predecessor1 =
| successor1 =
| constituency1 = [[Haryana]]
| term_start2 = 2 August 2010
| term_end2 = 28 August 2014
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 =
| constituency2 = [[Haryana]]
| office3 = [[Ministry of Steel|Minister of Steel]]
| primeminister3 = [[Narendra Modi]]
| term_start3 = 5 July 2016
| term_end3 = 14 April 2019
| predecessor3 = [[Narendra Singh Tomar]]
| successor3 = [[Dharmendra Pradhan]]
| office4 = [[Ministry of Panchayati Raj|Minister of Panchayati Raj]]
| primeminister4 = [[Narendra Modi]]
| term_start4 = 9 November 2014
| term_end4 = 5 July 2016
| predecessor4 = [[Nitin Gadkari]]
| successor4 = [[Narendra Singh Tomar]]
| office5 = [[Minister of Rural Development (India)|Minister of Rural Development]]
| primeminister5 = [[Narendra Modi]]
| term_start5 = 9 November 2014
| term_end5 = 5 July 2016
| predecessor5 = [[Nitin Gadkari]]
| successor5 = [[Narendra Singh Tomar]]
| office6 = [[Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation|Minister of Drinking Water and Sanitation]]
| primeminister6 = [[Narendra Modi]]
| term_start6 = 9 November 2014
| term_end6 = 5 July 2016
| predecessor6 = [[Nitin Gadkari]]
| successor6 = [[Ramesh Jigajinagi]], [[Narendra Singh Tomar]]
| office7 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| term_start7 = 1984
| term_end7 = 1989
| predecessor7 = [[Mani Ram Bagri]]
| successor7 = [[Jai Parkash]]
| constituency7 = [[Hisar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hisar]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1946|3|25|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Rohtak]], [[Punjab (British India)|Punjab]], [[British India]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]] (1972–2014)(2024-present) [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (2014–2024)
| children = 2, including [[Brijendra Singh (BJP politician)|Brijendra Singh]]
| spouse = [[Premlata Singh]]
}}

'''Chaudhary Birender Singh Sheokand''' (born 25 March 1946) is a senior Indian political leader and a well-known face in Indian Politics. He lately served as Minister of Rural Development, Panchayati Raj, Sanitation & Drinking Water from 2014 to 2016 and later as the [[Ministry of Steel|Union Minister of Steel]] from 2016 to 2019 in the [[Narendra Modi]] led NDA Government in [[India]].

Birender Singh is the maternal grandson of the peasant leader, [[Sir Chhotu Ram]]. His father Chaudhary Neki Ram was a politician in joint [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]. His association with the [[Indian National Congress]] started over 52 years ago, which resumed in April 2024 after Chaudhary Birender Singh joined the party on 9 April 2024, after serving BJP for a period of 9 years 8 months before it.

== Early life ==

He was born in a Sheokand [[Jaats|Jaat]] family of Bangar belt of [[Jind]] district.<ref name="Choudhary">{{cite news |last=Choudhary |first=Srishti |title=The Modi factor has smashed all considerations of caste, religious appeals: Birender Singh |url=https://www.livemint.com/elections/lok-sabha-elections/-the-modi-factor-has-smashed-all-considerations-of-caste-religious-appeals-1557247440996.html |work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |date=7 May 2019 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20241113174350/https://www.livemint.com/elections/lok-sabha-elections/-the-modi-factor-has-smashed-all-considerations-of-caste-religious-appeals-1557247440996.html |archive-date=13 November 2024 |url-status=live |quote="I’m a Jat, ..."}}</ref> Singh comes from a socially, politically, and economically influential family. His maternal grandfather [[Sir Chhotu Ram]] was an iconic peasant leader in India and Pakistan.<ref>http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/birender-singh-a-towering-jat-leader-in-haryana/articleshow/45087605.cms {{Dead link|date=February 2022}}</ref> He graduated from [[Neki Ram Sharma Government College|Government College, Rohtak]] and completed his law degree at [[Panjab University, Chandigarh]]. During this development, Singh was active in sports, captaining the district. Jind cricket team 1964–67 and playing with Punjab University Team (1969–70).

Birender Singh married [[Premlata Singh]] on 9 June 1970. [[Premlata Singh]] has been a member of the legislative assembly of [[Haryana]] representing [[Uchana (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Uchana Kalan]] constituency from 2014 to 2019.<ref name=hr>[http://www.elections.in/haryana/assembly-constituencies/hansi.html 2014 Haryana Results]</ref><ref name=ceo3>{{Cite web |url=http://ceoharyana.nic.in/?module=pages&pageid=63 |title=CEO results |access-date=26 May 2019 |archive-date=16 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170616183617/http://ceoharyana.nic.in/?module=pages&pageid=63 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

His son [[Brijendra Singh ( politician, born 13 May 1972)]] was previously a bureaucrat who served as an IAS officer of 1998 Batch and was posted in [[Haryana]] for 21 years. He elected as [[Member of Parliament]] from [[Hisar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hisar]] in [[2019 Indian general election]].<ref>{{citation |title=Hisar Election Results 2019 Live Updates (Hissar): Brijendra Singh of BJP Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/hisar-election-results-2019-live-updates-hissar-winner-loser-leading-trailing-2153215.html |work=[[News18]] |date=26 May 2019 }}</ref>

== Political life- Elections Won ==

Birender Singh won five times from Uchana to be a legislator in [[Haryana|Haryana Vidhansabha]] (1977–82, 1982–84, 1991–96, 1996–2000 and 2005–09) and served three times as Cabinet Minister in Haryana. He has also served as a Parliamentarian three times.

Birender Singh contested his first election in 1972 & from 1972 to 1977, he was the Chairman of Block Samiti [[Uchana]].

He contested the legislative assembly election in 1977 from [[Uchana (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Uchana Kalan]] constituency on [[Indian National Congress]] ticket and won the seat with a sizeable margin, despite a strong anti-congress wave in the country. This made him a star political figure in India overnight. During his first term as MLA, He was chairman, Govt. Assurances Committee (1978–79) and chairman, Estimates Committee (1981–82), Haryana.

During his second term as MLA in Haryana, Ch. Birender Singh held the portfolio of Cooperatives and Dairy Development Ministry in Haryana from 1982 to 1984.

In 1984, Ch. Birender Singh was elected as Member of Parliament (Lok Sabha) from Hisar Constituency, after defeating [[Om Prakash Chautala]] by a giant margin. During this term as a Loksabha MP, Ch. Birender Singh was a member of Estimates Committee of the Parliament (1984–86), Consulative Committee on Defence (1986–88), and Consultative Committee on Power (1988–89).

During his third term as MLA (1991–96), Ch. Birender Singh held the portfolio of Revenue and Planning Ministry in Haryana from 1991 to 1992.

During his fifth term as MLA (2005–09), Ch. Birender Singh held the portfolio of Finance, Labour and Employment Ministry in Haryana from 2005 to 2009, also serving as Excise and Taxation Minister from 2007 to 2009.

In 2010, Birender Singh was elected as Congress' MP Rajya Sabha from Haryana for a 6 years term (2010–16) from which he resigned in 2014 before joining BJP. During his term as Rajya Sabha MP from Congress, Birender Singh served as the chairman, Standing Committee of Parliament on Human Resource, Women & Child Development, Youth & Sports Ministry from Sept 2013 to April 2014.

Birender Singh joined [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] on 29 August 2014, after tendering his resignation from the [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha|membership]] of [[Rajya Sabha]], the upper house of the [[Parliament]] of [[India]] on 28 August 2014.

He was elected for Rajya Sabha again as BJP MP, for the remaining two-year term (2014-2016). In November 2014, Ch. Birender Singh took oath as a Cabinet Minister, Govt. Of India. and was given the charge of the [[Ministry of Rural Development (India)|Ministry of Rural Development]], [[Ministry of Panchayati Raj]] and [[Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation]].

He was re-elected to [[Rajya Sabha]] for the third time on 11 June 2016 for a six-year term (2016-2022). In July 2016, during the second cabinet reshuffle of the [[First Modi ministry|Narendra Modi ministry]], Chaudhary Birender Singh replaced [[Narendra Singh Tomar]] as the [[Ministry of Steel|Steel Minister]].<ref>{{cite news |date=6 July 2016 |title=No more a people ministry for Birender Singh, now the steel minister |work=Business Standard |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/no-more-a-people-ministry-for-birender-singh-now-the-steel-minister-116070700006_1.html |access-date=8 July 2016}}</ref>

He resigned two years before the end of his tenure, after his son Brijendra Singh won from Hisar Loksabha Constituency in 2019 general elections.

== Political Life- Organisational Roles ==
Singh has held numerous key organisational positions in Haryana and National Politics.

From 1977 to 1980, he served as President of District Jind Unit of Congress as well as Youth Congress.

In 1980, he was appointed President of Haryana Youth Congress, a position he held for 2 years.

In 1985, he was appointed President of Haryana Pradesh Congress Committee. He also served as Observer in Elections to Maharashtra Legislative Assembly in the same year.

In 1987, he was appointed a Special Invitee to Congress Working Committee.

In 1990, he was appointed President of Haryana Pradesh Congress Committee by Rajiv Gandhi and led Congress to absolute majority in 1991 Legislative Assembly Elections of Haryana. During the same year, he served as Incharge of Elections to the State Organisation of Congress in Karnataka.

In 1998, Birender Singh served as Congress' General Secretary, Incharge of Rajasthan and Pradesh Returning Officer for Congress for Uttar Pradesh.

From 1998 to 2002, he served on the Central Election Committee of Congress, its highest decision making core group.

In 2002, Birender Singh served as Congress' observer to elections to Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh.

In 2004, Birender Singh was appointed by Congress as the General Secretary Incharge of Uttar Pradesh and served as Chairman of the Congress' screening committee for Maharashtra.

In 2011, he was made the general secretary of AICC in charge of poll-bound states of Uttarakhand and Himachal Pradesh. Ch. Birender Singh led the party to victory in Uttarakhand and Himachal Pradesh elections, which were fought under his guidance. In 2014, Birender Singh resigned from Congress after serving the party for 42 years.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|in-lwr}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Mani Ram Bagri]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Member of Parliament for [[Hisar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hisar]] |years=1984–1989}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Jai Parkash]]}}
|-
{{s-off}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Nitin Gadkari]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Minister of Rural Development (India)|Minister of Rural Development]]|years=9 November 2014 – 5 July 2016}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Narendra Singh Tomar]]}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[Nitin Gadkari]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Ministry of Panchayati Raj|Minister of Panchayati Raj]]|years=9 November 2014 – 5 July 2016}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Narendra Singh Tomar]]}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[Nitin Gadkari]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation|Minister of Drinking Water and Sanitation]]|years=9 November 2014 – 5 July 2016}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Narendra Singh Tomar]]}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[Narendra Singh Tomar]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Minister of Steel (India)|Minister of Steel]]|years=5 July 2016 – 14 April 2019}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Dharmendra Pradhan]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Cabinet of Narendra Modi}}{{8th LS members from Haryana}}{{8th Lok Sabha members from all states}}{{Government of India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Birender}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1946 births]]
[[Category:Haryana MLAs 2009–2014]]
[[Category:People from Jind]]
[[Category:India MPs 1984–1989]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Haryana]]
[[Category:State cabinet ministers of Haryana]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Haryana]]
[[Category:Narendra Modi ministry]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Haryana]]
[[Category:India MPs 2009–2014]]
[[Category:Steel ministers of India]]
[[Category:Members of the Cabinet of India]]
[[Category:Finance ministers of Haryana]]
[[Category:Haryana MLAs 2005–2009]]
[[Category:Haryana MLAs 1996–2000]]
[[Category:Haryana MLAs 1982–1987]]
[[Category:Haryana MLAs 1977–1982]]
[[Category:Presidents of Haryana Pradesh Congress Committee]]

Lakshmi Narayan Temple, Bhopal

2025-12-30T02:11:35Z

CarmenCarey59: started new place

{{Infobox Hindu temple|name=Lakshmi Narayan Temple|image=Birla Mandir Bhopal Side view.jpg|caption=Lakshmi Narayan Temple in Bhopal|deity=[[Lakshmi|Lakshmi Narayan]], ([[Vishnu]] and [[Lakshmi]]|festival=[[Krishna Janmashtami|Janmashtami]], [[Diwali]]|location=[[Bhopal]]|district=[[Bhopal district|Bhopal]]|state=[[Madhya Pradesh]]|country=[[India]]|map_type=India Madhya Pradesh|map_caption=Location in Madhya Pradesh|coordinates={{coord|23.238300|77.408612|format=dms|display=inline,title}}|creator=B.D. Birla|architecture=Nagar Shaili|established=[[Dwarka Prasad Mishra]]|groundbreaking=[[Kailash Nath Katju|Dr. Kailashnath Katju]]|year_completed=1964}}

'''Lakshmi''' '''Narayan Temple''', popularly known as '''Birla Mandir''' in Bhopal, is located in the Malviya Nagar area of [[Bhopal]], south of the lake near the Arera Hills. A museum is built near the temple which houses idols brought from places like [[Raisen]], [[Sehore]], [[Mandsaur]] and [[Shahdol]] in [[Madhya Pradesh]]. Stone idols of [[Shiva]], [[Vishnu]] and other incarnations can be seen here. The museum built near the temple is open daily from 9 am to 5 pm except Mondays.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Visit the Historic Lakshmi Narayan Temple in Bhopal |url=https://www.incredibleindia.gov.in/en/madhya-pradesh/bhopal/lakshmi-narayan-temple |access-date=2025-03-29 |website=Incredible India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=The opening and closing time of Birla Mandir has been changed |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/mp/bhopal/news/the-opening-and-closing-time-of-birla-mandir-has-been-changed-133945568.html |access-date=29 March 2025 |work=Dainik Bhaskar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=भोपाल में जन्माष्टमी, गूंजा- नंद घर आनंद भयो...:बिड़ला, इस्कॉन मंदिर में कृष्ण जन्मोत्सव पर महाआरती; देखिए तस्वीरें |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/mp/bhopal/news/janmashtami-in-bhopal-photo-video-update-133544562.html |access-date=29 March 2025 |work=Dainik Bhaskar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Pandey |first=Anurag |date=15 November 2024 |title=भोपाल के बिरला मंदिर में दर्शन-पूजन का समय बदला, जानें पट खुलने का नया टाइम |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/madhya-pradesh/bhopal-birla-mandir-timing-changed-as-temperature-goes-down-in-winter-local18-8834891.html |access-date=29 March 2025 |work=News18 हिंदी}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Birla Mandir, Lakshmi Narayan Temple, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh |url=https://www.indiavideo.org/madhyapradesh/travel/birla-mandir-bhopal-4984.php |access-date=2025-03-29 |website=IndiaVideo}}</ref>

== History ==
The foundation stone of this temple was laid in the year 1960 by the former Chief Minister of Madhya Pradesh, [[Kailash Nath Katju|Dr. Kailashnath Katju]] and the inauguration was done in the year 1964 by the Chief Minister [[Dwarka Prasad Mishra]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 January 2025 |title=Overcrowded: Museums, Temples, Picnic Spots, Restaurants In Bhopal |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/bhopal/overcrowded-museums-temples-picnic-spots-restaurants-in-bhopal |access-date=29 March 2025 |work=Free Press Journal}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Jain |first=Manya |date=29 December 2024 |title=Bhopal Famous Mandir: भोपाल के 5 फेमस मंदिरों के दर्शन के साथ करें नए साल की शुरुआत, आपकी हर मनोकामना होगी पूरी |url=https://bansalnews.com/bhopal-famous-mandir-new-year-celebration-mp-tourism-mnj/ |access-date=29 March 2025 |work=Bansal News}}</ref>

== Description ==
The Birla Mandir established five decades ago on Arera Hill in Bhopal has been a centre of religious faith for years. The beautiful idols of [[Vishnu|Lord Vishnu]] and [[Lakshmi|Goddess Lakshmi]] installed in the temple are attracting devotees towards it. Spread over about 7-8 acres of hilly area, the fame of this temple has spread in various cities of the country and the state.<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 October 2020 |title=Temples in Bhopal open doors to 100 devotees at a time |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhopal/temples-in-bhopal-open-doors-to-100-devotees-at-a-time/articleshow/78692262.cms |access-date=29 March 2025 |work=The Times of India}}</ref>

Inside the temple, the carvings of various mythological scenes on marble are not only worth seeing, but teachings from the [[Bhagavad Gita]] and [[Ramayana]] are also inscribed on them.

Apart from the idols of Vishnu and Lakshmi, the idol of [[Shiva]] is situated on one side and that of [[Jagdamba|Maa Jagdamba]] on the other. [[Hanuman]] and [[Lingam|Shivling]] are established in the temple premises. The huge conch shell in front of the main entrance of the temple is also worth seeing. At the time of the establishment of the temple, former Chief Minister [[Kailash Nath Katju|Kailash Nath]] had given land to the Birla family to establish an industry in the city and also put a condition that they should build a grand and huge temple in this inaccessible hilly area. At the time of the inauguration of the temple, a huge Vishnu Mahayagya was also organized here, in which many scholars and religious scholars participated. Even today, this temple is the main center of public faith. On [[Krishna Janmashtami|Janmashtami]], the main event of [[Krishna|Lord Krishna]]'s birth is organized here, in which a large number of devotees participate and worship Vishnu.

== See also ==

* [[Laxminarayan Temple|Laxminarayan Temple, Delhi]]
* [[List of Hindu temples in India]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110928035805/http://bhopal.nic.in/interest.htm#Bk13 Places of interest in nearby Bhopal]

[[Category:Birla Mandir]]
[[Category:Lakshmi temples]]
[[Category:Vishnu temples]]

A. F. S. Talyarkhan

2025-12-13T10:45:40Z

CarmenCarey59:

{{short description|Indian cricket commentator}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Ardeshir Furdorji Sohrabji Talyarkhan
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = 1897
| birth_place =
| death_date = {{death date and age|1990|07|13|1897|df=yes}}
| education =
| occupation = Cricket Commentator, Columnist
| spouse =
| children = Geetanjali Talyarkhan
| relatives = [[Vinod Khanna]] {{small|(son-in-law)}}
| imagesize =
| networth =
}}

'''Ardeshir Furdorji Sohrabji "Bobby" Talyarkhan''' (1897–13 July 1990) was an Indian [[cricket]] commentator.

Talyarkhan was Indian cricket's first radio commentator.<ref>{{cite news|title='Bobby' Talyarkhan: The Pioneer Of Indian Cricket Commentary |url=https://madrascourier.com/biography/bobby-talyarkhan-the-pioneer-of-indian-cricket-commentary/ |author=Karthik Venkatesh |publisher=Madras Courier|date=17 June 2019|access-date=13 December 2025}}</ref> His radio commentaries played an important role in spreading of the game and making the name of the players throughout the country. [[Bombay Pentangular]] owed some of its popularity to his voice. He first commentated on a match between [[Parsees cricket team|Parsees]] and [[Muslims cricket team|Muslims]] played at the [[Bombay Gymkhana]] in November 1934.<ref>{{cite news |title=A.F.S.T. No Morena |newspaper=The Indian Express |agency=UNI |date=14 July 1990 |page=18}}</ref>

Talyarkhan had "a fine command of English, a polished public speaking style and an ability to create dramatic interest in the game".{{ref|PPC}} He disliked sharing the microphone and did the commentaries all alone throughout the day. [[Ramachandra Guha]] felt that he "brought to cricket broadcasting a rich, fruity voice and a fund of anecdotes. He was ambitious and opinionated, with a voice that was 'beer-soaked, cigarette-stained'. His self control was superhuman, for he would speak without interruptions, except for lunch and tea."{{ref|CFF}}

His career with the [[All India Radio]] ended with the series against [[West Indies cricket team|West Indies]] in 1948–49. AIR insisted on having a team of three commentators, with which Talyarkhan disagreed. The only time he shared the mike was when [[Indian cricket team|India]] made its first tour of [[Pakistan]] in 1954–55. He made a brief reappearance in 1972-73 when he presented the close of play summaries.

Ardeshir's daughter Geetanjali Talyarkhan married actor [[Vinod Khanna]],<ref>{{cite web |last=Iyer |first=Meena |date=28 April 2017 |title=Vinod Khanna: The superstar who gave it all up... |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/vinod-khanna-the-superstar-who-gave-it-all-up-/articleshow/58406467.cms |access-date=30 July 2018 |website=[[Mumbai Mirror]]}}</ref> and he was the maternal grandfather of actors [[Rahul Khanna]] and [[Akshaye Khanna]]. Talyarkhan continued writing his daily columns till his death on 13 July 1990.

==References==
{{Reflist}}
* Obituary in ''ACSSI Almanack'', 1989–90
* {{note|PPC}} Richard Cashman, ''Patrons, Players and the Crowd : The Phenomenon of Indian Cricket''
* {{note|CFF}} [[Ramachandra Guha]], ''A Corner of a Foreign Field''

{{DEFAULTSORT:Talyarkhan, Bobby}}
[[Category:Indian cricket commentators]]
[[Category:Parsi people from Mumbai]]
[[Category:1990 deaths]]
[[Category:1897 births]]
[[Category:Cricketers from Mumbai]]

Moovalur Ramamirtham

2025-11-16T11:45:55Z

CarmenCarey59: add content for consistency

{{Short description|Tamil social reformer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Moovalur Ramamirtham
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = 1883
| birth_place = [[Thiruvarur]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British Raj|British India]] (now [[Tamil Nadu]], India)
| death_date = 1962
| death_place =
| other_names =
| movement = [[Dravidian movement]], [[Tamil Nationalism]]
| organisation = [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
| awards =
}}

'''Moovalur Ramamirtham''' (1883–1962) was a [[Tamil people|Tamil]] social reformer, author, and political activist of the [[Dravidian Movement]], who worked for the abolition of the ''Devadasi'' system in the [[Madras Presidency]].

== Early life ==
Ramamirtham was born in 1883 in [[Thiruvarur]], [[Madras Presidency]], and was brought up at [[Moovalur]], a village near [[Mayuram]] (now [[Mayiladuthurai|Mayiladhuthurai]]).

==Activism==

Originally a supporter of the [[Indian National Congress]] (INC), she became a member of [[Periyar E. V. Ramasamy|'Periyar' E. V. Ramasamy]]'s [[Self-Respect Movement]] after the latter left the Congress in 1925.

In 1930, she supported [[Muthulakshmi Reddi]]'s failed attempt to abolish the Devadasi system in the Presidency through legislation.{{citation needed|date= September 2022}}

In 1936, she authored a novel ''Dasigalin Mosavalai alladhu madhi pettra minor'' (lit. ''The'' ''[[Devadasi|Dasis]]' Web of Deceit, or The [[Playboy lifestyle|Playboy]] Grown Wise'') which exposed the plight of the [[Devadasi|Devadasis]].{{citation needed|date= September 2022}}

She took part in the [[Anti-Hindi agitations of Tamil Nadu|Anti-Hindi agitations of 1937-40]] and in November 1938, was jailed for six weeks for participating in the agitations.{{citation needed|date= September 2022}}

In 1949, she parted ways with Periyar,{{citation needed|date= September 2022}} and became a supporter of the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (DMK) party started by Periyar's protégé [[C. N. Annadurai]].{{citation needed|date= September 2022}} She remained a DMK supporter till her death in 1962.

== Legacy ==
The public awareness created by her novel and her continuous campaign to abolish the Devadasi system, were instrumental in the passage of the [[Madras Devadasi (Prevention of Dedication) Act]] or the Devadasi Abolition Bill, which outlawed the practice in 1947.

In her memory, the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]] in 1989 instituted the "Moovalur Ramamirtham Ammal Ninaivu Marriage Assistance Scheme," a social welfare scheme to provide financial assistance to poor women.<ref>{{cite book |first=Sumathy|last=Ramaswamy|year=1997|title=Passions of the tongue: language devotion in Tamil India, 1891-1970|publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]]|isbn=978-0-520-20805-6|oclc=36084635|url=http://www.escholarship.org/editions/view?docId=ft5199n9v7&chunk.id=ch5&toc.depth=1&toc.id=ch5&brand=eschol|pages=Chapter 5}}</ref><ref name="sarkar">{{cite book|first=Tanika|last=Sarkar|year=2008|title=Women and social reform in modern India: a reader|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn= 978-0-253-22049-3|pages=395–403|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JLGBUEs74n4C&pg=PA397}}</ref><ref name="thorner">{{cite book|first=Alice |last=Thorner|first2=Maithreyi|last2=Krishna Raj|year=2000|title=Ideals, images, and real lives: women in literature and history|publisher=Orient Blackswan|isbn= 978-81-250-0843-9|pages=241–250|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LO-ztHz3XTUC&pg=PA241}}</ref><ref name="anandi">{{cite journal|first = S.|last=Anandhi|title =Representing Devadasis: 'Dasigal Mosavalai' as a Radical Text|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume=26|issue=11/12|pages=739–746|date=March 1991|jstor=4397430}}</ref><ref name="businessline">{{cite web|first=Shubashree|last=Desikan|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/life/2008/12/19/stories/2008121950050200.htm|title=Grace under fire|work= [[Business Line]]|date =19 December 2008|access-date=19 January 2010}}</ref><ref name="tngovt">{{cite web|url =http://www.tn.gov.in/schemes/swnmp/social_welfare.pdf|title=Moovalur Ramamirtham Ammayar ninaivu Marriage Assistance Scheme|work=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|access-date=19 January 2010}}</ref><ref name="frontline1">{{cite web|first=Parvati|last=Menon|url=http://www.hindu.com/fline/fl1816/18160740.htm|title=Of studies on Women|work=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]]|date=4 August 2001|access-date=19 January 2010}}</ref><ref name="frontline2">{{cite web|first=S|last=Viswanathan |url=http://www.hindu.com/fline/fl2511/stories/20080606251101400.htm|title=The Pioneers: Dr. Muthulakshmi Reddy|work=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]]|date=4 May 2008|access-date=19 January 2010}}</ref><ref name="sithannan">{{cite book|first=V.|last=Sithannan|year=2006|title=Immoral traffic: prostitution in India|publisher=JEYWIN Publications|isbn=978-81-905975-0-0|pages=53|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pHXGypflBLIC&pg=PT53}}</ref><ref name="hindu1">{{cite news|last=PKR|url=http://www.hindu.com/br/2009/11/10/stories/2009111050021301.htm|title=Book Review |work=[[The Hindu]]|date=10 November 2009|access-date=19 January 2010}}</ref><ref name="chandrika">{{cite journal|first = G.|last=Chandhrika|title =Of Men, Women and Morals: Gender, Politics and Social Reform in Colonial South India|journal=Intersections: Gender and Sexuality in Asia and the Pacific|issue=22|date=October 2009|url=http://intersections.anu.edu.au/issue22/ganapathy.htm|access-date=19 January 2010}}</ref><ref name="translation">{{cite book|first=Muvalar|last= Ramamirthammal|author2=Kalpana Kannabirān|author3=Vasantha Kannabiran|year=2003|title=Muvalur Ramamirthammal's Web of deceit: Devadasi reform in colonial India|publisher=[[Zubaan]]|isbn= 978-81-86706-63-3|pages=53|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-kSUx6Xbq1QC&pg=PA2}}</ref>

== In popular culture ==
Ramamirtham is portrayed by [[Vennira Aadai Nirmala]] in the biopic [[Periyar (2007 film)|''Periyar'']] (2007).

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ramamirtham, Moovalur}}
[[Category:1883 births]]
[[Category:1962 deaths]]
[[Category:Dravidian movement]]
[[Category:Tamil activists]]
[[Category:Tamil-language writers]]
[[Category:Women in Tamil Nadu politics]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian politicians]]
[[Category:Women writers from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Indian social reformers]]
[[Category:Indian women activists]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian writers]]
[[Category:Indian women's rights activists]]
[[Category:Activists from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:People from Mayiladuthurai district]]

20th IIFA Awards

2025-10-30T20:25:53Z

CarmenCarey59: started the post first draft

{{Short description|Indian film award ceremony in 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Infobox film awards
| number = 20
| award = IIFA Awards
| image =
| image_size = 190px
| caption = [[Katrina Kaif]] arriving at the 20th IIFA Awards
| date = 18 September 2019
| site = [[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Indoor Stadium]] [[Mumbai]], [[India]]
| host = [[Aparshakti Khurana]]
| website = {{URL|https://www.iifa.com/collection/XU2KexEAAD2Eq3XC/undefined|IIFA Awards 2019}}
| best_film = ''[[Raazi]]''
| most_wins = ''Andhadhun'' (6)
| most_nominations = ''Andhadhun'' (13)
| best_direction = [[Sriram Raghavan]] ''([[Andhadhun]])''
| best_actor = [[Ranveer Singh]] ''([[Padmaavat]])''
| best_actress = [[Alia Bhatt]] ''(Raazi)''
| network = [[Colors TV]]
| last = 19th
| next = 21st
}}

The '''20th IIFA Awards''' ([[International Indian Film Academy Awards]]) were held on 18 September 2019.<ref>{{cite web |title=IIFA Awards 2019: Book Your Tickets Now |url=https://www.iifa.com/blog/XXTxABEAAO61q1yH/iifa-awards-2019-book-your-tickets-now |website=IIFA |publisher=Wizcraft International Entertainment |accessdate=16 September 2019}}</ref> For the first time in the Awards' history, the awards were held in [[India]], [[Mumbai]]. The nominees were announced on 2019.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.iifa.com/collection/XU2KexEAAD2Eq3XC/undefined |title=IIFA - International Indian Film Academy |website=www.iifa.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190820083805/https://www.iifa.com/collection/XU2KexEAAD2Eq3XC/undefined |archive-date=2019-08-20}} </ref>

''[[Raazi]]'' led the ceremony with 9 nominations, followed by ''[[Andhadhun]]'' and ''[[Padmaavat]]'' with 8 nominations each, ''[[Sanju]]'' with 6 nominations, and ''[[Badhaai Ho]]'' with 4 nominations.

''Andhadhun'' won 6 awards, including [[IIFA Award for Best Director|Best Director]] (for [[Sriram Raghavan]]), thus becoming the most-awarded film at the ceremony.

[[Vicky Kaushal]] received dual nominations at the ceremony, having been nominated for [[IIFA Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]] for ''Raazi'' and [[IIFA Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]] for ''Sanju'', winning the latter.

==Winners and nominees==

===Merit Awards===

[[File:Sriram Raghavan at News 18 Reel Movie Awards 2019.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Sriram Raghavan]] – Best Director winner; Best Story & Best Screenplay co-winner (''[[Andhadhun]]'')]]
[[File:Ranveer Singh at Zee Cine Awards 2016 (cropped).jpg|thumb|120px|[[Ranveer Singh]] – Best Actor winner (''[[Padmaavat]]'')]]
[[File: Alia-at-the-press-conference-of-Singapore-Tourism-Board-6 (tweaked) (cropped).jpg|thumb|120px|[[Alia Bhatt]] – Best Actress winner (''[[Raazi]]'')]]
[[File: Vicky Kaushal 2018.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Vicky Kaushal]] – Best Supporting Actor winner (''[[Sanju]]'')]]
[[File:Aditi Rao Hydari at the Trailer launch of 'Wazir'.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Aditi Rao Hydari]] – Best Supporting Actress winner (''[[Padmaavat]]'')]]

{| class="wikitable"
! style="background:FFC1CC; width:50%;"| [[IIFA Award for Best Film|Best Film]]
! style="background:FFC1CC; width:50%;"| [[IIFA Award for Best Director|Best Director]]
|-
| valign="top" |
* '''''[[Raazi]]'''''
* ''[[Andhadhun]]''
* ''[[Padmaavat]]''
* ''[[Sanju]]''
* ''[[Badhaai Ho]]''
* [[Stree (2018 film)|''Stree'']]
| valign="top" |
* '''[[Sriram Raghavan]] – ''[[Andhadhun]]'''''
* [[Amit Sharma (director)|Amit Sharma]] – ''[[Badhaai Ho]]''
* [[Meghna Gulzar]] – ''[[Raazi]]''
* [[Rajkumar Hirani]] – ''[[Sanju]]''
* [[Sanjay Leela Bhansali]] – ''[[Padmaavat]]''
* [[Amar Kaushik]] – [[Stree (2018 film)|''Stree'']]
|-
! style="background:FFC1CC; width:50%;"| [[IIFA Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
! style="background:FFC1CC; width:50%;"| [[IIFA Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
|-
| valign="top" |
* '''[[Ranveer Singh]] – ''[[Padmaavat]]'' as [[Alauddin Khilji]]'''
* [[Ayushmann Khurrana]] – ''[[Andhadhun]]'' as Akash
* [[Rajkummar Rao]] – ''[[Stree (2018 film)|Stree]]'' as Vicky
* [[Ranbir Kapoor]] – ''[[Sanju]]'' as [[Sanjay Dutt|Sanjay "Sanju" Dutt]]
* [[Vicky Kaushal]] – ''[[Raazi]]'' as Iqbal Syed
| valign="top" |
* '''[[Alia Bhatt]] – ''[[Raazi]]'' as Sehmat Khan/Syed'''
* [[Deepika Padukone]] – ''[[Padmaavat]]'' as [[Rani Padmini|Padmavati]]
* [[Neena Gupta]] – ''[[Badhaai Ho]]'' as Priyamvada Kaushik
* [[Rani Mukerji]] – ''[[Hichki]]'' as Naina Mathur
* [[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]] – ''[[Andhadhun]]'' as Simi
|-
! style="background:FFC1CC; width:50%;"| [[IIFA Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]]
! style="background:FFC1CC; width:50%;"| [[IIFA Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]
|-
| valign="top" |
* '''[[Vicky Kaushal]] – ''[[Sanju]]'' as Kamlesh "Kamli" Kanhaiyalal Kapasi'''
* [[Anil Kapoor]] – ''[[Race 3]]'' as Shamsher Singh
* [[Jim Sarbh]] – ''[[Padmaavat]]'' as [[Malik Kafur]]
* [[Manoj Pahwa]] – ''[[Mulk (film)|Mulk]]'' as Bilaal Ali Mohammed
* [[Pankaj Tripathi]] – ''[[Stree (2018 film)|Stree]]'' as Rudra
| valign="top" |
* '''[[Aditi Rao Hydari]] – ''[[Padmaavat]]'' as [[Malika-i-Jahan (wife of Alauddin Khalji)|Mehrunisa]]'''
* [[Neena Gupta]] – ''[[Mulk (film)|Mulk]]'' as Tabassum Mohammed
* [[Radhika Apte]] – ''[[Andhadhun]]'' as Sophie
* [[Surekha Sikri]] – ''[[Badhaai Ho]]'' as Durga Kaushik
* [[Swara Bhaskar]] – ''[[Veere Di Wedding]]'' as Sakshi Soni
|-
! style="background:FFC1CC; width:50%;"| [[IIFA Award for Star Debut of the Year – Male|Star Debut of the Year – Male]]
! style="background:FFC1CC; width:50%;"| [[IIFA Award for Star Debut of the Year – Female|Star Debut of the Year – Female]]
|-
| valign="top" |
* '''[[Ishaan Khatter]] – ''[[Dhadak]]'' as Madhukar "Madhu" Bhagla'''
| valign="top" |
* '''[[Sara Ali Khan]] – ''[[Kedarnath (film)|Kedarnath]]'' as Mandakini "Mukku" Mishra'''
|-
|}

===Music Awards===
{| class="wikitable"
! style="background:FFC1CC; width:50%;"| [[IIFA Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]]
! style="background:FFC1CC; width:50%;"| [[IIFA Award for Best Lyricist|Best Lyricist]]
|-
| valign="top" |
* '''[[Amaal Mallik]], [[Guru Randhawa]], [[Rochak Kohli]], Saurabh-Vaibhav, [[Yo Yo Honey Singh]], [[Zack Knight]] – ''[[Sonu Ke Titu Ki Sweety]]'''''
* [[Amit Trivedi]] – ''[[Andhadhun]]''
* Amit Trivedi – ''[[Manmarziyaan]]''
* [[Sanjay Leela Bhansali]] – ''[[Padmaavat]]''
* [[Shankar, Ehsaan and Loy|Shankar-Ehsaan-Loy]] – ''[[Raazi]]''
| valign="top" |
* '''[[Amitabh Bhattacharya]] – "Dhadak (Title Track)" – ''[[Dhadak]]'''''
* [[Gulzar]] – "[[Ae Watan]]" – ''[[Raazi]]''
* [[Irshad Kamil]] – "Mera Naam Tu" – [[Zero (2018 film)|''Zero'']]
* [[Jaideep Sahni]] – "Naina Da Kya Kasoor" – ''[[Andhadhun]]''
* [[Shellee]] – "Daryaa" – ''[[Manmarziyaan]]''
|-
! style="background:FFC1CC; width:50%;"| [[IIFA Award for Best Male Playback Singer|Best Male Playback Singer]]
!style="background:FFC1CC; width:50%;" | [[IIFA Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Best Female Playback Singer]]
|-
| valign="top" |
* '''[[Arijit Singh]] – "Ae Watan" – ''[[Raazi]]'''''
* [[Abhay Jodhpurkar]] – "Mera Naam Tu" – [[Zero (2018 film)|''Zero'']]
* [[Amit Trivedi]] – "Naina Da Kya Kasoor" – ''[[Andhadhun]]''
* Arijit Singh – "Tera Yaar Hoon Main" – ''[[Sonu Ke Titu Ki Sweety]]''
* [[Sukhwinder Singh]] – "Kar Har Maidan Fateh" – ''[[Sanju]]''
| valign="top" |
* '''[[Harshdeep Kaur]] & [[Vibha Saraf]] – "Dilbaro" – ''[[Raazi]]'''''
* [[Shreya Ghoshal]] – "[[Ghoomar (song)|Ghoomar]]" – ''[[Padmaavat]]''
* [[Sunidhi Chauhan]] – "Ae Watan" – ''Raazi''
* Sunidhi Chauhan – "Main Badhiya Tu Bhi Badhiya" – ''[[Sanju]]''
* [[Tulsi Kumar]] – "Paniyon Sa" – [[Satyameva Jayate (2018 film)|''Satyameva Jayate'']]
|-
|}

===Technical Awards===
{| class="wikitable"
! style="background:FFC1CC; width:50%;"| [[IIFA Award for Best Story|Best Story]]
! style="background:FFC1CC; width:50%;"| [[IIFA Award for Best Dialogue|Best Dialogue]]
|-
| valign="top" |
* '''[[Sriram Raghavan]], Arijit Biswas, Pooja Ladha Surti, Yogesh Chandekar & [[Hemanth Rao]] – ''[[Andhadhun]]'''''
| valign="top" |
* '''Akshat Ghildial – ''[[Badhaai Ho]]'''''
|-
! style="background:FFC1CC; width:50%;"| [[IIFA Award for Best Screenplay|Best Screenplay]]
!style="background:FFC1CC; width:50%;" | [[IIFA Award for Best Editing|Best Editing]]
|-
| valign="top" |
* '''[[Sriram Raghavan]], Arijit Biswas, Pooja Ladha Surti, Yogesh Chandekar & [[Hemanth Rao]] – ''[[Andhadhun]]'''''
| valign="top" |
* '''Pooja Ladha Surti – ''[[Andhadhun]]'''''
|-
! style="background:FFC1CC; width:50%;"| [[IIFA Award for Best Cinematography|Best Cinematography]]
!style="background:FFC1CC; width:50%;" | [[IIFA Award for Best Choreography|Best Choreography]]
|-
| valign="top" |
* '''[[Sudeep Chatterjee]] – ''[[Padmaavat]]'''''
| valign="top" |
* '''[[Kruti Mahesh]] & Jyoti D Tommar – "[[Ghoomar (song)|Ghoomar]]" – ''[[Padmaavat]]'''''
|-
! style="background:FFC1CC; width:50%;"| [[IIFA Award for Best Background Score|Best Background Score]]
!style="background:FFC1CC; width:50%;" | [[IIFA Award for Best Special Effects|Best Special Effects]]
|-
| valign="top" |
* '''Daniel B. George – ''[[Andhadhun]]'''''
| valign="top" |
* '''Filmgate Films AB – ''[[Tumbbad]]'''''
|-
! style="background:FFC1CC; width:50%;"| [[IIFA Award for Best Sound Recording|Best Sound Design]]
!style="background:FFC1CC; width:50%;" | [[IIFA Award for Best Sound Re-Recording|Best Sound Mixing]]
|-
| valign="top" |
* '''Kunal Sharma – ''[[Tumbbad]]'''''
| valign="top" |
* '''Ajay Kumar PB – ''[[Andhadhun]]'''''
|}

=== Special Awards ===
{| class="wikitable"
! style="background:FFC1CC; width:50%;"| [[IIFA Lifetime Achievement Award|Outstanding Contribution To Indian Cinema]]
! style="background:FFC1CC; width:50%;"| IIFA BIG 20 Award for Best Film
|-
| valign="top" |
* '''[[Jagdeep]]'''
* '''[[Saroj Khan]]'''
| valign="top" |
* '''[[Rakesh Roshan]] – ''[[Kaho Naa Pyaar Hai]]'''''
|-
! style="background:FFC1CC; width:50%;"| IIFA BIG 20 Award for Best Director
!style="background:FFC1CC; width:50%;" | IIFA BIG 20 Award for Best Music Director
|-
| valign="top" |
* '''[[Rajkumar Hirani]] – ''[[3 Idiots]]'''''
| valign="top" |
* '''[[Pritam]] – ''[[Ae Dil Hai Mushkil]]'''''
|-
! style="background:FFC1CC; width:50%;"| IIFA BIG 20 Award for Best Actor
!style="background:FFC1CC; width:50%;" | IIFA BIG 20 Award for Best Actress
|-
| valign="top" |
* '''[[Ranbir Kapoor]] – ''[[Barfi!]]'''''
| valign="top" |
* '''[[Deepika Padukone]] – ''[[Chennai Express]]'''''
|}

== Superlatives ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;"
|+Films with multiple nominations
! scope="col" style="width:55px;" |Nominations
! scope="col" style="text-align:center;" |Film
|-
| scope="row" style="text-align:center" |9
|''[[Raazi]]''
|-
| rowspan="2" scope="row" style="text-align:center" |8
|''[[Andhadhun]]''
|-
|''[[Padmaavat]]''
|-
| scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |6
|''[[Sanju]]''
|-
|4
|''[[Badhaai Ho]]''
|-
| rowspan="5" |2
|''[[Manmarziyaan]]''
|-
|[[Mulk (film)|''Mulk'']]
|-
|''[[Sonu Ke Titu Ki Sweety]]''
|-
|[[Stree (2018 film)|''Stree'']]
|-
|[[Zero (2018 film)|''Zero'']]
|}
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;"
|+Films with multiple awards
! scope="col" style="width:55px;" |Awards
! scope="col" style="text-align:center;" |Film
|-
| scope="row" style="text-align:center" |6
|''[[Andhadhun]]''
|-
| rowspan="2" scope="row" style="text-align:center" |4
|''[[Padmaavat]]''
|-
|''[[Raazi]]''
|-
| rowspan="2" scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |2
|''[[Dhadak]]''
|-
|''[[Tumbbad]]''
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{IIFA Awards}}

[[Category:International Indian Film Academy Awards]]
[[Category:2019 film awards|IIFA Awards]]

National Highway 37 (India, old numbering)

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#REDIRECT [[National Highway 17 (India)]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R with history}}
}}

T. K. Abdullah

2025-09-30T14:48:03Z

CarmenCarey59: adding initial data initial version

{{Short description|Indian Islamic scholar (1929–2021)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2021}}
{{Infobox person
| name = T. K. Abdullah
| honorific_suffix =
| image = TK Abdulla.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth year|1929}}
| birth_place = [[Kozhikode, Kerala]], India
| death_date = {{dda|2021|10|15|1929}}
| death_place = Kozhikode, Kerala
| death_cause =
| education =
| alma_mater =
| occupation = Islamic scholar and writer in Malayalam.
| years_active = 1959–2021
| organization = Jamaat-e-Islami Hind
| known_for = Social work
| notable_works = Nadannu theeratha vazhikalil
| title =
| term =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| movement =
| opponents =
| boards =
| partner =
| children = 3
| parents =
| relatives =
| awards =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''T. K. Abdullah''' (1929 – 15 October 2021) was an Islamic scholar, senior leader and member of Central Advisory Council of [[Jamaat-e-Islami Hind]].<ref name="CNKK">{{cite book |last=C.N. Ahmed Maulavi, K.K. Muhammed Abdul Karim |title=Mahathaya mappila sahitya paramparyam |pages=582–583 |date= 1978 |quote= T.K. Abdullah, from Azhancheri ([[Kozhikode Dt]], [[Kerala]]) studied at Umerabad after education in various institutes in Kerala. He is a good orator, former President of Jamate islami Kerala Zone and Chief Editor of [[Prabodhanam|Prabodhanam Weekly]]. He contributed a main role in literary efforts of Jamate Islami Kerala.}}</ref> He was a founding member of the [[All India Muslim Personal Law Board]].<ref name="JIH">{{Cite web|url=http://jamaateislamihind.org/eng/advertisements/leaders/resumes/T_K_Abdullah.html| title=Leader resume|access-date=7 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729080119/https://jamaateislamihind.org/eng/advertisements/leaders/resumes/T_K_Abdullah.html|archive-date=29 July 2020}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
T. K. Abdullah was born in 1929 at Ayancheri,<ref name="CNKK"/><ref name="JIH"/> a village in Kozhikode District. He completed his education from various Islamic institutes.<ref name="JIH"/>

==Career==
===Editor===
After joining [[Prabodhanam]] in 1950, he became deputy chief editor in 1959. In 1964, while Prabodhanam started weekly, Abdullah was the first chief editor<ref name="CNKK"/> until 1995.

===Literary works===
He contributed to translating two volumes of [[Tafhim-ul-Quran]] to Malayalam.<ref name="KSLC">{{cite web |title=THAFHEEMUL QURAN |url=http://kslc.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=83313 |website=KERALA STATE LIBRARY COUNCIL |access-date=4 August 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thafheem.net/vivarthakar.html|title = Thafheemul Quran}}</ref><ref>Encyclopedia of Islam, [[Islamic Publishing House]] - Volume 2 Page: 151-152</ref> He was chief editor of "Islamic Encyclopedia Project" being published by [[Islamic Publishing House]].<ref>{{Cite journal|url=http://www.jstor.com/stable/44145878|last=Aneesudheen Ahamed V|title= Mappila Deportations to the Andamans: Readings of Selected Archival Records |date=2005|journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress|access-date=6 July 2020|jstor=44145878|volume=66|pages= 660–671 }}</ref><ref name="MB264">{{cite book |last=Mumtas Begum A.L. |title=Muslim women in Malabar Study in social and cultural change |page=264 |url=https://sg.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/19904/13/13_select%20bibliography.pdf#page=6 |access-date=29 July 2020}}</ref><ref name="CKKV3">{{cite book |last=C.K. Kareem |title=Kerala Muslim History, Statistics and Directory |date=1991 |publisher=Charithram Publication, Trivandrum |page=1092}}</ref><ref name="UOCVK">{{cite web |title=Library Catalog |url=https://find.uoc.ac.in/Record/169667 |website=University of Calicut |access-date=29 July 2020}}</ref> He wrote some books such as ''Nadannu theeratha vazhikalil'', ''Navothana dharmangal'',<ref name="UOCND">{{cite web |title=Library Catalog |url=https://find.uoc.ac.in/Record/101200 |website=University of Calicut |access-date=29 July 2020}}</ref> ''Nazhikakallukal'', ''Iqbaline kandethal''<ref name="UOCIK">{{cite web |title=Library Catalog |url=https://find.uoc.ac.in/Record/101057 |website=University of Calicut |access-date=29 July 2020}}</ref> etc.

==Jamaat-e-Islami Leader==
After getting membership in [[Jamaat-e-Islami Hind]] in 1959, he reached the top position in Kerala Jamat (President-Amir)<ref name="KG">{{cite book |title=Kerala Gazette |date=23 May 1978 |publisher=Government of Kerala |location=Part 4 |page=194 |url=https://archive.org/details/gazette.kerala.archive.1978.1978MAY23/page/449/mode/1up |access-date=29 July 2020}}</ref><ref name="CNKK"/> from 1972 to 1979 and from 1982 to 1984 periods. During his leadership, Jamaat-e-Islami Kerala faced the Emergency of 1975. Many of its leaders were jailed during the emergency, including T. K. Abdullah. He was a member of ''Markazi Majlis-e-Shoora'' of [[Jamaat-e-Islami Hind]] from 1972 until his death.<ref>Radiance Views Weekly, Indian Muslim Supplimeny 1992 April page=117</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Abdullah, T.K.}}
[[Category:1929 births]]
[[Category:2021 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:Indian people imprisoned during the Emergency (India)]]
[[Category:People from Kozhikode]]

Ramesh Chand Meena

2025-09-29T04:51:20Z

CarmenCarey59: fixed issues

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2020}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix =
| name = Ramesh Chand Meena
| honorific-suffix =
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| office = [[Cabinet Minister]] Panchayati Raj & Rural development [[Government of Rajasthan]]
| term_start = 21 November 2021
| term_end = December 2023
| office1 = [[Cabinet Minister]] Food & Civil Supplies
Consumer affairs [[Government of Rajasthan]]
| term_start1 = 26 December 2018
| term_end1 = 14 July 2020
| office2 = [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|Member of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start2 = 2008
| term_end2 = 2023
| successor2 = [[Hansraj Meena]]
| constituency2 = [[Sapotra Assembly constituency]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1963|1|15}}
| birth_place = [[Karauli district|Nayagaon]], [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]
| restingplace =
| restingplacecoordinates =
| birthname =
| parents =
| nationality = Indian
| party = [[Indian National Congress]] {{small|(2013-present)}}
| spouse = {{marriage|Smt Kamlesh Meena|1993}}
| partner =
| relations =
| children =
| residence = T/37, Mantralaya Bhawan, Gandhi Nagar, [[Jaipur district|Jaipur]]
| alma_mater = [[University of Rajasthan]]
| occupation = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]]
| profession =
| education = [[Bachelor of Engineering|B. E. (Civil)]]
| otherparty = [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] {{small|(2008-2013)}}
}}
'''Ramesh Chand Meena''' (born 15 January 1963) is an Indian politician. He is former [[Cabinet Minister]] in [[Government of Rajasthan]] for Panchayati Raj & Rural development. He was elected to the [[2008 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|13th]], [[2013 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|14th]] and [[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|15th Legislative Assembly of Rajasthan]] representing [[Sapotra (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Sapotra (Assembly constituency)]] as a member of the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ramesh Chand Meena Member of Legislative Assembly MLA Rajasthan|url=https://entranceindia.com/year-book/ramesh/|website=entranceindia.com|access-date=30 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=रमेश चंद मीना - सपोटरा विधानसभा चुनाव 2018|language=hi|work=[[Amar Ujala]]|url=https://www.amarujala.com/election/vidhan-sabha-elections/rajasthan/candidates/ramesh-chand-meena-inc-2018-sapotra-84|access-date=30 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Ramesh Chand Meena Biography|url=https://www.elections.in/political-leaders/ramesh-chand-meena.html|website=www.elections.in|access-date=30 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=TNN|date=9 December 2019|title=Ramesh Chand Meena condemns negligence in food security scheme|work=[[The Times of India]]|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/min-condemns-negligence-in-food-security-scheme/articleshow/72430742.cms|access-date=30 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Abdul Bari|date=8 December 2019|title=मंत्री रमेश चंद मीणा ने दिए निर्देश: खाद्य सुरक्षा योजना से जुड़े सरकारी कर्मचारियों पर कराएं FIR दर्ज|language=hi|work=[[Rajasthan Patrika|Patrika]]|url=https://www.patrika.com/bharatpur-news/action-on-ineligible-people-involved-in-food-security-scheme-5477731/|access-date=30 April 2020}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Mr. Ramesh Meena was born 15 January 1963 in the Nayagaon village in [[Mandrayal|Mandrayal tehsil]] of [[Karauli district]] of [[Rajasthan]] to his father Shankar Lal Meena. In 1995, he married Smt Kamlesh Meena. In 1993, he attended [[University of Rajasthan]] and attained [[Bachelor of Engineering|Bachelor of Engineering (Civil)]] degree. He is a contractor by profession.<ref name=affidavit>{{Cite web|title=Candidate affidavit|url=https://myneta.info/rajasthan2018/candidate.php?candidate_id=3978|website=Myneta.info|access-date=1 May 2020}}</ref>

==Political career==
Mr. Ramesh Meena has been [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] three times. He started his political career in 1993 elections as an [[Independent politician|Independent candidate]] but lost and stood third with 18,071 (25.21%) votes. And again contested in 1998 elections, but again he lost and stood fourth with 7,504 (9.74%) votes. After two time failure he was finally elected [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] in [[2008 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Sapotra (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Sapotra (Assembly constituency)]] as a member of [[Bahujan Samaj Party]], he defeated [[Indian National Congress]] candidate Mukhraj by a margin of 8,329 (7.18%) votes. He has given open support to [[Indian National Congress|INC]] government and joined [[Indian National Congress]] in 2013.<ref name=RU>{{Cite web|url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/sapotra-rajasthan-assembly-constituency|title=Sapotra Assembly Constituency Election Result|date=12 December 2018|website=resultuniversity.com|access-date=1 May 2020}}</ref>

In [[2013 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|14th Legislative Assembly of Rajasthan (2013) elections]], he was again elected [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] as a member of [[Indian National Congress]], he defeated [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate Rishikesh by a margin of 6,232 (4.36%) votes.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.elections.in/rajasthan/assembly-constituencies/sapotra.html|title=Sapotra (Rajasthan) Assembly Constituency Elections|work=www.elections.in|access-date=1 May 2020}}</ref>

In [[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|15th Legislative Assembly of Rajasthan (2018) elections]], he was elected for a third time continuously [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of Legislative Assembly]] of [[Sapotra (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Sapotra]] by defeating [[Bharatiya Janta Party]] candidate [[Golma Devi Meena]] by a margin of 14,104 (8.26%) votes.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Sapotra Assembly (Vidhan Sabha) (MLA) Elections Result Live|work=[[News18]]|url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2018/rajasthan/sapotra-election-result-s20a084/|access-date=1 May 2020}}</ref>

In December 2018, he was appointed Cabinet Minister in [[third Ashok Gehlot ministry]] with portfolios of Food and Civil Supplies and Consumer Affairs.<ref>{{Cite news|last=PTI|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/rajasthan-ministers-allocated-portfolios-gehlot-keeps-9-including-home-and-finance/articleshow/67267630.cms|title=Rajasthan ministers allocated portfolios; Gehlot keeps 9, including home and finance|date=27 December 2018|work=[[The Economic Times]]|access-date=1 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=PTI|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2018/india/18-first-timers-take-oath-as-ministers-in-rajasthan.html|title=18 first-timers take oath as Ministers in Rajasthan|date=25 December 2018|work=[[The Pioneer (India)|The Pioneer]]|access-date=1 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=India Today Web Desk|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/rajasthan-ashok-gehlot-ministers-take-oath-1416189-2018-12-24|title=Rajasthan: Ashok Gehlot's ministers take oath, lady luck smiles on 22 Congress MLAs, 1 from RLD|date=24 December 2018|work=[[India Today]]|access-date=1 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Bhaskar News Network|date=24 December 2018|title=सपोटरा विधायक रमेशचंद मीना होंगे मंत्रिमंडल में शामिल, समर्थक खुश|language=hi|work=[[Dainik Bhaskar]]|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/rajasthan/karoli/news/suppora-mla-ramesh-chand-meena-to-be-included-in-the-cabinet-supporters-happy-044037-3490814.html|access-date=1 May 2020}}</ref>

==Posts held==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! From !! To !! Position
|-
|2008 || 2013 || Member, [[2008 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|13th Legislative Assembly of Rajasthan]]
|-
| 2013 || 2018 || Member, [[2013 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|14th Legislative Assembly of Rajasthan]]
|-
| 2014 || 2018 || Member, [[Committee on Public Undertakings]]
|-
| 2018 || 2023 || Member, [[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|15th Legislative Assembly of Rajasthan]]
|-
| 2018 || 2020 || Cabinet Minister of [[Food and Civil Supplies Department|Food and Civil Supplies]] and [[Consumer protection|Consumer Affairs]] in [[Government of Rajasthan]]
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Meena, Ramesh Chand}}
[[Category:1963 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Karauli district]]
[[Category:Rajasthan MLAs 2018–2023]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Rajasthan]]

Vishwanath Tripathi

2025-09-28T09:25:35Z

CarmenCarey59:

{{Short description|Hindi-language writer (born 1931)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox writer 
| name = Vishwanath Tripathi
| image = विश्वनाथ त्रिपाठी bharat-s-tiwari-photography-IMG 1701 December 06, 2016.jpg
| imagesize =
| caption = Vishwanath Tripathi
| pseudonym =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1931|2|16|df=yes}}
| birth_place = Bishkohar, [[siddharthnagar district]], Uttar Pradesh, India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| occupation = Writer, Author
| alma_mater = [[Banaras Hindu University]], [[Panjab University, Chandigarh|Panjab University]]
| period =
| genre = 
| subject = 
| movement =
| notablework = Vyomkesh Darvesh
| spouse = 
| partner = 
| children =
| relatives =
| awards = [[Moortidevi Award]], 2014 [[Vyas Samman]], 2013 [[Namvar samman]], 2019
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Vishwanath Tripathi''' (born 16 February 1931)<ref>{{cite news|title=Moortidevi Award for Hindi Author Vishwanath Tripathi|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/news/article/moortidevi-award-for-hindi-author-vishwanath-tripathi/904020|accessdate=29 September 2015|work=Outlook}}</ref> is a Hindi writer. He has around 20 publications to his credit which include literary criticism, memoirs and poetry collection.

==Works==
# Hindi Aalochana
# Lokwadi Tulsidas
# Meera Ka Kavya
# Desh ke is Daur Main (criticism on essays of Harishankar parsai)
# Kuch Kahaniyan Kuch Vichar (short story criticism)
# Ped Ka Hath (criticism on poetry of Kedarnath Agarwal)
# Jaisa Kah Saka (poetry selection; revised edition – 'Premchand biskohar me')
# Nangatalai Ka Gaon. (autobiographical memoirs)
# Ganga snan karne chaloge
# Vyomakesh darvesh (Biography and criticism of Hazari Prasad Dwivedi)
# Guruji ki kheti-bari
# Apana des-pardes
# Kahani ke sath-sath (short story criticism)
# Upanyas ka ant nahi hua hai
# Aalochak ka samajik dayitwa

==Awards==
* [[Moortidevi Award]], 2014<ref>{{cite news|title=Moortidevi Award for Hindi author Vishwanath Tripathi|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/moortidevi-award-for-hindi-author-vishwanath-tripathi-115062600913_1.html|accessdate=29 September 2015|work=Business Standard}}</ref>
* [[Vyas Samman]], 2013<ref name=VyasZee>{{cite news|title=Vyas Samman for Vishwanath Tripathi|url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/bookworm/bookworm-s-trail/vyas-samman-for-vishwanath-tripathi_3207.htm|accessdate=29 September 2015|work=ZeeNews}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tripathi, Vishwanath}}
[[Category:1931 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Writers from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Hindi-language writers]]
[[Category:Banaras Hindu University alumni]]
[[Category:Panjab University alumni]]
[[Category:People from Basti district]]

{{India-writer-stub}}

Kishan Singh Chongtham

2025-08-26T08:07:30Z

CarmenCarey59:

{{Short description|Indian footballer (born 1998)}}
{{Western name order|Chongtham Kishan Singh}}
{{Meitei name|Chongtham|Kishan|Singh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2022}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Kishan Singh
| image =
| upright =
| caption =
| full_name = Kishan Singh Chongtham
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1998|6|10|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Andro, Imphal East|Matai]], [[Manipur]], India
| height =
| position = [[Midfielder]]
| currentclub = [[SC Bengaluru]]
| clubnumber = 6
| youthyears1 =
| youthclubs1 =
| years1 = 2016–2017
| clubs1 = [[NEROCA FC|NEROCA]]
| caps1 = 10
| goals1 = 0
| years2 = 2018–2023
| clubs2 = [[TRAU FC|TRAU]]
| caps2 = 47
| goals2 = 1
| years3 = 2023
| clubs3 = [[KLASA FC|KLASA]]
| caps3 = 8
| goals3 = 1
| years4 = 2023–
| clubs4 = [[SC Bengaluru]]
| caps4 = 18
| goals4 = 2
| club-update = 21:33, 13 December 2024 (UTC)
}}

'''Kishan Singh Chongtham''' ({{langx|mni|Chongtham Kishan Singh}}, born 10 June 1998) is an Indian professional [[Association football|footballer]] who plays as a [[midfielder]] for the [[I-League]] club [[SC Bengaluru]].

==Club career==
On 1 January 2018, Kishan joined then [[I-League 2|I-League 2nd Division]] club TRAU. On 12 March 2022, he scored his first goal for the club against [[Churchill Brothers FC Goa|Churchill Brothers]], in a 2–0 win.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://khelnow.com/football/i-league-2021-22-trau-fc-vs-churchill-brothers-match-report-highlights|title=TRAU FC ease past Churchill Brothers for maiden win of I-League 2021-22|date=12 March 2022|website=KhelNow}} - {{cite web|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2022/03/12/india/i-league/trau/churchill-brothers-sc/3706340/|title=TRAU 2 – 0 Churchill Brothers|website=Soccerway|date=12 March 2022}}</ref>

== Career statistics ==
=== Club ===
{{updated|13 December 2024}}<ref>{{soccerway|chongtham-kishan-singh/678959}}</ref>

{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|-
!rowspan="2"|Club
!rowspan="2"|Season
!colspan="3"|League
!colspan="2"|Cup
!colspan="2"|[[Asian Football Confederation|AFC]]
!colspan="2"|Total
|-
!Division!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[NEROCA FC|NEROCA]]
|{{Nowrap|[[2015–16 I-League 2nd Division|2015–16]]}}
|[[I-League 2|I-League 2nd Division]]
|8||0||0||0|| colspan="2" |—||8||0
|-
|[[2016–17 I-League 2nd Division|2016–17]]
|I-League 2nd Division
|2||0||0||0|| colspan="2" |—||2||0
|-
! colspan="2" |Total
!10!!0!!0!!0!!0!!0!!10!!0
|-
| rowspan="5" |[[TRAU FC|TRAU]]
|[[2017–18 I-League 2nd Division|2017–18]]
| rowspan="1" |I-League 2nd Division
|5||0||0||0|| colspan="2" |—||5||0
|-
|[[2020–21 I-League|2020–21]]
|[[I-League]]
|12||0||0||0|| colspan="2" |—||12||0
|-
|[[2021–22 I-League|2021–22]]
|I-League
|14||1||0||0|| colspan="2" |—||14||1
|-
|[[2022–23 I-League|2022–23]]
|I-League
|16||0||3{{efn|name=DurandCup|Appearance(s) in [[Durand Cup]]}}||0|| colspan="2" |—||19||0
|-
! colspan="2" |Total
!47!!1!!3!!0!!0!!0!!50!!1
|-
|[[KLASA FC|KLASA]]
|[[2023–24 I-League 3|2023–24]]
|[[I-League 3]]
|8||1||0||0|| colspan="2" |—||8||1
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[SC Bengaluru]]
|{{nowrap|[[2023–24 I-League 2|2023–24]]}}
|[[I-League 2]]
|13||2||0||0|| colspan="2" |—||13||2
|-
|[[2024–25 I-League|2024–25]]
|I-League
|5||0||0||0|| colspan="2" |—||5||0
|-
! colspan="2" |Total
!18!!2!!0!!0!!0!!0!!18!!2
|-
! colspan="3" |Career total
!73!!4!!3!!0!!0!!0!!76!!4
|}
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh Chongtham, Kishan}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1998 births]]
[[Category:Indian men's footballers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:Men's association football midfielders]]
[[Category:I-League players]]
[[Category:NEROCA FC players]]
[[Category:TRAU FC players]]

{{India-footy-midfielder-stub}}

Loni River

2025-08-24T23:54:47Z

CarmenCarey59: started new place

{{Short description|Seasonal river in Prayagraj district, Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}

The '''Loni River''' is a seasonal river located in the Shankargarh block of [[Prayagraj district]] in the Indian state of [[Uttar Pradesh]]. It stretches over a length of 32.5 kilometers and passes through 14 gram panchayats.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Flowing through 14 villages, 32.5-km Loni set for revival in Prayagraj |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/others/flowing-through-14-villages-32-5-km-loni-set-for-revival-in-prayagraj-101751994414502.html |access-date=2025-07-18 |newspaper=Hindustan Times |date=2023-05-28}}</ref> It is known as the ''lifeline of Shankargarh.''<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-07-08 |title=Loni river’s revival gains momentum |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/allahabad/loni-rivers-revival-gains-momentum/articleshow/122303385.cms |access-date=2025-07-18 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Environmental efforts ==
In 2023, the Uttar Pradesh government announced a revival project for the Loni River under the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MNREGA), with a budget allocation of ₹1.5 crore.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Flowing through 14 villages, 32.5-km Loni set for revival in Prayagraj |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/others/flowing-through-14-villages-32-5-km-loni-set-for-revival-in-prayagraj-101751994414502.html |access-date=2025-07-18 |newspaper=Hindustan Times |date=2023-05-28}}</ref> The project includes desilting, embankment repair, plantation drives, and removing encroachments to restore natural flow.{{fact|date=July 2025}}

This effort is part of a broader initiative to rejuvenate small rivers in the Prayagraj region, including Belan, Bakrahi, Sevarahi, and Ghaghar.<ref>{{Cite news |title=State govt to revive six more small rivers in Prayagraj dist |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/allahabad/state-govt-to-revive-six-more-small-rivers-in-prayagraj-dist/articleshow/122454303.cms |newspaper=The Times of India |date=2023-02-27 |access-date=2025-07-18}}</ref>

== Significance ==
Although small, the Loni River plays a crucial role in local water management and supports agriculture during the monsoon season. It also aids groundwater recharge in the Shankargarh region.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Flowing through 14 villages, 32.5-km Loni set for revival in Prayagraj |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/others/flowing-through-14-villages-32-5-km-loni-set-for-revival-in-prayagraj-101751994414502.html |access-date=2025-07-18 |newspaper=Hindustan Times |date=2023-05-28}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Gomti River]]
* [[Sai River (Uttar Pradesh)|Sai River]]

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Rivers of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Prayagraj]]

Bardha Village

2025-08-07T14:38:26Z

CarmenCarey59: started first place needs work

{{Orphan|date=August 2022}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2021}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Bardha Village
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Madhya Pradesh#India3
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Madhya Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|22.625699384544564|N|76.95893190699881|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Dewas district|Dewas]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| leader_party = BJP
| leader_title = MLA
| leader_name = Ashish Sharma
| leader_title1 =
| leader_name1 =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 455336
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 07274
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#MP.E2.80.94Madhya Pradesh|MP]]-41
| blank_name_sec1 =
| website =
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-MP]]
| footnotes =
}}

'''Bardha Village''' is a village and a [[Panchayati raj in India|Panchayat]] in [[Dewas district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Madhya Pradesh]]. It is one of the state's major agricultural production areas. Earlier, Harngaon was called Harigarh.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://atithi.mppolice.gov.in/index.php?c=police-stations&page=25 | title = harangaov police station phone number | date = 10 November 2019 | newspaper = madhya pradesh Police | archive-date = 30 November 2021 | access-date = 11 December 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211130184313/http://atithi.mppolice.gov.in/index.php?c=police-stations&page=25 | url-status = dead }}</ref>{{Relevance inline|discuss=Is this relevant to this article? If so, please explain.|date=May 2025}} {{As of|2001}} India census,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title= village name and Language |website=Linguistic Survey of India|publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/2138/1/38109_2001_DEW.pdf|accessdate=22 December 2021}}</ref>{{Clarify|reason=sentence has no ending|date=May 2025}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Dewas district]]

Bothalapalem

2025-05-19T18:03:07Z

CarmenCarey59: created basic info added tags

{{More citations needed|date=December 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Bothalapalem
| other_name =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| nickname =
| pushpin_map = India Telangana
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Telangana, India
| coordinates = {{coord|16.8321|N|79.4356|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Telangana]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Suryapet district|Suryapet]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of India|Mandal]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Palakaveedu]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| leader_title = Sarpanch
| leader_name = Bogala
| leader_title1 = MLA
| leader_name1 = [[Shanampudi Saidi Reddy]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_footnotes =
| population_total = 2074
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Language
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 508218
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Suryapet]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Assembly constituency]]
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Huzurnagar (Assembly constituency)|Huzurnagar]]
| blank1_name_sec2 = [[Climate of India|Climate]]
| blank1_info_sec2 = [[Climatic regions of India|Hot]] {{small|([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]])}}
| website = {{URL|https://suryapet.telangana.gov.in}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Bothalapalem''' is a village in [[Palakeedu mandal]], [[Suryapet district]] in [[Telangana]] state, [[India]].<ref name="district">{{cite web|title=Suryapet district|url=http://newdistrictsformation.telangana.gov.in/uploads/gos-circulars/1476130644554246.Suryapet.pdf|website=New Districts Formation Portal|accessdate=11 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011225153/http://newdistrictsformation.telangana.gov.in/uploads/gos-circulars/1476130644554246.Suryapet.pdf|archive-date=11 October 2016|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> It is located 50 km from the district headquarters, [[Suryapet]]. The total population of the village is about 2,074, of which 55% are males.

==Geography==

Bothalapalem is located at {{Coord|16.8321|N|79.4356|E}}. It has an average elevation of 245 metres (791 ft).

==Education==

In Bothalapalem, there are a primary school, and high school (Zilla Parishad High School), established in 2006. This co-ed school is affiliated with Telangana Board of Secondary Education (BSETS). Zilla Parishad High School (ZPHS), Bothalapalem is a higher secondary. It is owned and operated by the local body.

==Politics==
Bothalapalem comes under [[Huzurnagar (Assembly constituency)|Huzurnagar]] Assembly constituency which become a separate assembly constituency with the delimitation in 2009 elections. First MLA is captain N. Uttam Kumar reddy. It is politically active village. People are politically active and support political parties with due diligence.

In the 2019 Bothalapalem Sarpanch elections, the TRS Party Supporters (Bogala Veera Reddy) formed an alliance with CPM (Anantha Prakash Kandagatla) supporters in the village. The Indian National Congress Party supporter (Pinnelli Upender Rao) contested alone, and Bharatiya Janata Party supporters also contested. The election resulted in a majority vote for Bogala Veera Reddy.



==Houses of worship==

Houses of worship in the village include:

* Anjaneyaswami Temple
* Ganga Temple
* A Christian church{{Clarify|date=December 2024}}
* Ramalayam Mosque (Majid E Hussaini)
* A temple of Veera Brahmam Ganga is under construction.{{When|date=December 2024}}

[[File:Collage 20151119103432273.jpg|thumbnail|Moharram Festival in Bothalapalem]]
==Economy==
[[File:Agriculture field at Bothalapalem.jpg|thumbnail|Agriculture field at Bothalapalem]]
The village depends on the [[Nagarjuna Sagar]] left canal, and the village economy is based on rice cultivation. 90% of the economy of the village is from rice and daily wages and other sources like Pond but now those were not generating economy for village.

==Transport==
* Bothalapalem village is well-connected{{How|date=December 2024}} by bus transport.
* There is an hourly bus route from Bothalapalem to [[Neredcherla]]
* Morning bus services are available to [[Hyderabad]] daily.
* Telugu-Velugu bus services are available to nearby villages.

==Footnotes==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=TPjIh1G0TmcC&q=Bothalapalem%2F&pg=PA161 Telangana People's Struggle and Its Lessons - Page 161]
*[http://nalgonda.nic.in/ Official Website of the Nalgonda District]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20151121114017/http://www.apsec.gov.in/RLBS_RESULTS.html Third Ordinary Election Results, MPP 2006]

{{Geographic location
|Centre = Bothalapalem
|North = Kalmalachervu
|Northeast =
|East = Alingapuram
|Southeast =
|South = Jhanpahad
|West = Palkaveedu
}}

[[Category:Villages in Suryapet district]]

Dnyaneshwar Katke

2025-02-28T13:18:18Z

CarmenCarey59: created some info w/ infobox

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}

'''Dnyaneshwar Katke''' (born 1977),<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Dnyaneshwar Alias Mauli Aba Katke(Nationalist Congress Party(NCP)):Constituency- SHIRUR(PUNE) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/Maharashtra2024/candidate.php?candidate_id=3201 |access-date=2024-12-02 |website=myneta.info}}</ref> alias Mauli Aba Katke, is an Indian politician from [[Maharashtra]]. He is a Member of [[List of members of the 15th Maharashtra Assembly|15th]] [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]] from [[Shirur Assembly constituency]] in [[Pune district|Pune District]]. He won the [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] representing the [[Nationalist Congress Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-23 |title=Shirur (Maharashtra) Assembly Election Results 2024 Live: Winner, Runner-up, Candidates List |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/shirur-maharashtra-assembly-election-results-2024-live-winner-runner-up-candidates-9684926/ |access-date=2024-12-02 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Maharashtra Assembly election results 2024 {{!}} Who won in Pune?">{{cite news |last1=The Hindu |first1=Sruthi |date=23 November 2024 |title=Maharashtra Assembly election results 2024 {{!}} Who won in Pune? |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/maharashtra-assembly/maharashtra-assembly-election-results-2024-who-won-in-pune/article68901246.ece |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241124060803/https://www.thehindu.com/elections/maharashtra-assembly/maharashtra-assembly-election-results-2024-who-won-in-pune/article68901246.ece |archivedate=24 November 2024 |accessdate=12 December 2024 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Katke is from [[Shirur, Maharashtra|Shirur]], Pune District, Maharashtra. He is the son of Pandharinath Kisanrao Katke. He passed Class 12 in 1995 at Shri Shivaji Maratha Memorial of Society, [[Pune]], Maharashtra.<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
Katke won from Shirur Assembly constituency representing the Nationalist Congress Party in the 2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election. He polled 192,281 votes and defeated his nearest rival, [[Ashok Raosaheb Pawar]] of the [[Nationalist Congress Party – Sharadchandra Pawar|Nationalist Congress Party (SP)]], by a margin of 74,550 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-23 |title=Shirur, Maharashtra Assembly Election Results 2024 Highlights: NCP's Dnyaneshwar Alias Mauli Aba Katke defeats NCP (SP)'s Ashok Raosaheb Pawar with 74550 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/shirur-maharashtra-assembly-election-results-2024-live-updates-maelb-2638324-2024-11-23 |access-date=2024-12-02 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kodre |first=Pranali |date=2024-11-23 |title=Mauli Katke won Shirur Assembly Election 2024: शिरूरमध्ये 'माऊली'! अशोक पवारांचं वर्चस्व मोडत ज्ञानेश्वर कटके यांनी उधळला विजयाचा गुलाल |url=https://www.esakal.com/election/maharashtra-assembly-election/shirur-assembly-election-2024-result-winner-live-updates-ashok-raosaheb-pawar-ncp-sp-dnyaneshwar-aka-mauli-katke-ncp-ap-news-maharashtra-vidhan-sabha-nivadnuk-nikal-batmya-in-marathi-psk96 |access-date=2024-12-02 |website=Marathi News Esakal |language=Mr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Shirur Election Result 2024 LIVE: Dnyaneshwar Alias Mauli Aba Katke of NCP Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/shirur-election-result-2024-live-leading-winner-mla-9130145.html |access-date=2024-12-02 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> He was a former district president of the [[Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)]] party and he joined the Nationalist Congress Party just before the elections in October 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Urunkar |first=Salil |date=2024-10-21 |title=Dnyaneshwar Katke Joins NCP; Expected to Contest from Shirur-Haveli |url=https://www.thebridgechronicle.com/news/dnyaneshwar-katke-joins-ncp-expected-to-contest-from-shirur-haveli |access-date=2024-12-02 |website=The Bridge Chronicle |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Katke, Dnyaneshwar}}

[[Category:1977 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Nationalist Congress Party politicians from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:People from Pune district]]

Sithalapakkam

2024-10-28T15:04:49Z

CarmenCarey59: edit

{{No footnotes|date=September 2023}}
{{Short description|Neighborhood of Chennai, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Sithalapakkam
| other_name =
| settlement_type = neighbourhood
| image_skyline = Sunrise in Sithalapakkam.JPG
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Sunrise in Sithalapakkam
| nickname =
| image_map =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Chennai#Tamil Nadu#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|12.883333|N|80.183333|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 =
| subdivision_type3 = Metro
| subdivision_name3 = Chennai
| subdivision_type4 = City
| subdivision_name4 = [[Tambaram]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 600126
| registration_plate = '''TN-14'''
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = Chennai South
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = Sholinganallur
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Sithalapakkam''' is a residential locality, south of [[Chennai]], India. It is about 3 km away from [[Medavakkam]]. Sithalapakkam is surrounded by two lakes and a hill. Some portion of this hill is cutout for sand and stone. Wild birds can be seen at Sithalapakkam. Though some buildings have erupted in the region, most of Sithalapakkam has tar or concrete roads and bus service to [[Tambaram]], [[T. Nagar]], [[Broadway, Chennai|Broadway]] and more also has started. It is to be pursued that the place has got access from all 3 sides public transport viz Arasankazhani on South and Chemmanjery in North. Further Perumbakkam bus depot also is at walkable distance. Sithalapakkam will be part of [[Tambaram City Municipal Corporation]].

It is often confused with [[Chitlapakkam]] ({{langx|ta|சிட்லப்பாக்கம்}}), which is an older neighbourhood, more established and closer to [[Tambaram]]. In general, Sithalapakkam has full-powered electricity due to the presence of the Chemmanjery substation, and undamaged roads.

== Places near Sithalapakkam ==
* [[Arasankalani]]
* [[Sankarapuram]]
* [[Vijay Avenue]]
* Vedanthangal nagar
* [[Medavakkam]]
* [[Vengaivaasal]]
* [[Madambakkam]]
* [[Perumbakkam]]
* Maduraipakkam
* Semmancheri
* Sholinganallur
* Ponmar
* Ottiyambakkam
* Thalambur
* Karanai
* Navalur
* Siruseri

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
# [[n:Sithalapakkam|Sithalapakkam news]]
# An [https://web.archive.org/web/20081101112944/http://www.hindu.com/2008/10/30/stories/2008103058850300.htm article] in The Hindu praising the virtues of living in Sithalapakkam

{{Neighborhoods of Chennai}}
{{Chennai Topics}}

[[Category: Neighbourhoods in Tambaram]]