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Chilla (retreat)

2026-05-06T20:06:32Z

CarlotaMacadam7: created new info basic info...

{{Short description|Spiritual practice in Sufism}}
{{About|Sufi practice||Chilla (disambiguation){{!}}Chilla}}
[[Image:Indischer Maler um 1630 001.jpg|thumb|Sufi Maulvi (teacher) meditating]]
'''Chilla''' ({{langx|fa|چله}}, {{langx|ar|أربعين}}, both literally "forty"), also known as '''Chilla-nashini''', is a spiritual practice of [[penance]] and solitude in [[Sufism]] known mostly in [[Pakistan|Pakistani]] ([[Punjabis|Punjabi]])<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Saeed |first=Bareera |last2=Batool |first2=Syeda Shahida |date=2021-06-07 |title=Experiences and Practices of Contemporary Sufis in Pakistan |url=https://njssh.nust.edu.pk/index.php/njssh/article/view/69 |journal=NUST Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=99–119 |doi=10.51732/njssh.v7i1.69 |issn=2523-0026|doi-access=free }}</ref> and [[Iran|Persian]] traditions. In this ritual a [[mendicant]] or [[Asceticism|ascetic]] attempts to remain seated in a circle practicing meditation techniques without food for 40 days and nights in imitation of the [[Arba'een]].{{sfn|Landolt|Lawson|2005|p=203}}{{sfn|Dehlvi|2012||p=109}}

== Etymology ==
The word ''chilla'' is derived from the Persian word ''chehel'' "forty".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.halveti.org/content.asp?cid=6&sid=21|title=The Path of Khalwati and Shabani|access-date=2008-05-01|archive-date=2005-01-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050111191108/http://www.halveti.org/content.asp?cid=6&sid=21|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Chilla-khana ==
Chilla is commonly performed in a solitary cell called a ''chilla-khana''.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Ireland |first=Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IgbBfLuO6jsC |title=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland |date=1896 |publisher=Cambridge University Press for the Royal Asiatic Society |page=328 |language=en}}</ref> The place itself is sometimes called Chilla where chilla has been performed.<ref name=":0" />

== Incidents of Chilla ==
The most famous case of chilla is found in the biographies of the 14th century Sufi poet [[Hafez]] of [[Shiraz]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sacred-texts.com/isl/hafiz.htm|title=Teachings of Hafiz|website=www.sacred-texts.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hafizonlove.com/bio/|title=Biography of Hafiz|website=www.hafizonlove.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iranchamber.com/literature/hafez/hafez.php|title=Persian Language & Literature: Hafez Shirazi|website=www.iranchamber.com}}</ref>

== In music ==
{{Main|Chilla katna}}
A practice similar to chilla is also performed by [[Hindustani classical music]] practitioners at an advanced level. It is called [[chilla katna]].

== See also ==
* [[Khalwa (Sufism)|Khalwa]]
* [[Meditation]]
* [[Sādhanā]]
* [[Shugendō]]
* [[Tabligh Jamaat]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

===Bibliography===
* {{cite book|first1=Sadia|last1=Dehlvi|title=Sufism: Heart of Islam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zw_Q2Rbh7yIC&pg=PT109|date=5 September 2012|publisher=HarperCollins Publishers|isbn=978-93-5029-448-2}}
* {{cite book|first1=Hermann|last1=Landolt|first2=Todd|last2=Lawson|title=Reason and Inspiration in Islam: Theology, Philosophy and Mysticism in Muslim Thought|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Bq9zSbNr8gIC&pg=PA203|year=2005|publisher=I.B.Tauris|isbn=978-1-85043-470-2}}

[[Category:Religious practices]]
[[Category:Ritual purification]]
[[Category:Asceticism]]
[[Category:Sufism]]

Vattiyoorkavu Assembly constituency

2026-05-05T07:17:17Z

CarlotaMacadam7: started a data.

{{Short description|Constituency of the Kerala legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Vattiyoorkavu
| state = Kerala
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 133
| map_image = Palace of Trivandrum.jpg
| map_caption = [[Kowdiar Palace]] at [[Kowdiar]] ward of [[Thiruvananthapuram Corporation]] in Vattiyoorkavu Assembly constituency
| established = 2008
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image = Muraleedharan.jpg
| electors = 1,65,272 (2026)
| mla = [[K. Muraleedharan]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| alliance = {{legend2|#3399FF|'''[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]'''|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
| latest_election_year = [[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
| district = [[Thiruvananthapuram district|Thiruvananthapuram]]
}}
'''Vattiyoorkavu State assembly constituency''' is one of the 140 [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|state legislative assembly]] constituencies in [[Kerala]]. It is also one of the seven [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|state legislative assembly]] constituencies included in [[Thiruvananthapuram Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite web
|url = https://trivandrum.nic.in/constituencies
|website = trivandrum.nic.in
|title = State Assembly Constituencies in Thiruvananthapuram district, Kerala
}}</ref> As of the [[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2026 Assembly elections]], the current MLA is [[K. Muraleedharan]] of the [[Indian National Congress|INC]].

Vattiyoorkavu Assembly constituency was established by 2008 delimitation. Before, it used to be known as Trivandrum North Assembly constituency from 1977 to 2008, and Trivandrum-II Assembly constituency from 1957 to 1977.

==Local self-governed segments==
Vattiyoorkavu Assembly constituency is composed of the following local self-governed segments:<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/thiruvananthapuram.html
|title = Local Self Governments in Assembly Constituencies of Thiruvananthapuram District
|access-date = 11 September 2019
|archive-date = 29 November 2023
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20231129052856/https://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/thiruvananthapuram.html
|url-status = dead
}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: 2px #666666 solid; font-size: x-big; font-family: verdana"
!width="30px" |Sl no.
!width="100px" |Name
!width="100px" |Wards
!width="130px" |Status ([[Gram panchayat|Grama panchayat]]/[[Municipality]]/[[Municipal corporations in India|Municipal Corporation]])
!width="100px" |[[Tehsil|Taluk]]
|-
|1
|[[Thiruvananthapuram Corporation|Thiruvananthapuram]]
| 24 wards
|Municipal Corporation
|Thiruvananthapuram
|}

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
The following list contains all members of [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]] who have represented Vattiyoorkavu Assembly constituency during the period of various assemblies:<ref>{{cite web
|url = https://www.mapsofindia.com/assemblypolls/kerala/vattiyoorkavu-assembly-constituency-map.html
|title = Members of Kerala Legislative Assembly: Vattiyoorkavu
}}</ref>

===Trivandrum-II===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Election
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1957 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Pattom Thanu Pillai]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Praja Socialist Party}}"|
| rowspan="2" |[[Praja Socialist Party]]
|-
|[[1960 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1960]]
|-
|[[1967 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|K. C. Vamadevan
| style="background-color: {{party color|Independent}}"|
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
|[[1970 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1970]]
|[[K. Pankajakshan]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)}}"|
|[[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)]]
|}

===Trivandrum North===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Election
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1977 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|K. Ravindran Nair
| style="background-color: {{party color|Independent}}"|
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
|[[1980 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|K. Anirudhan
| style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}"|
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[1982 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
|[[G. Karthikeyan]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1987 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
| rowspan="3" |[[M. Vijayakumar]]
| rowspan="3" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}"|
| rowspan="3" |[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[1991 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|-
|[[1996 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|-
|[[2001 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
|K. Mohankumar
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[2006 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
|M. Vijayakumar
| style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}"|
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|}

===Vattiyoorkavu===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Election
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[2011 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
| rowspan="2" |[[K. Muraleedharan]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| rowspan="2" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2016]]

|-
|[[2019 Kerala Legislative Assembly by-elections|2019*]]
| rowspan="2" |[[V. K. Prasanth]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}"|
| rowspan="2" |[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|-
|[[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
|[[K. Muraleedharan]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| |[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|}

<nowiki>*</nowiki>by-election

==Election results==

===2026===

{{Election box begin | title=[[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Vattiyoorkavu}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party= Indian National Congress
|candidate=[[K. Muraleedharan]]
|votes=48,338
|percentage=37.2
|change={{gain}}11.44
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party= Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate=[[V. K. Prasanth]]
|votes=42,913
|percentage=33.1
|change={{loss}}11.30
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party=Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate=[[R. Sreelekha]]
|votes=37,213
|percentage=28.76
|change={{loss}}0.02
}}

{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 5,425
|percentage = 4.10
|change = {{increase}}11.44
}}

{{Election box turnout
|votes=1,29,765
|percentage=76.92
|change={{gain}}6.69
}}

{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing = {{gain}}11.44
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2021===
Percentage change (±%) denotes the change in the number of votes from the immediate previous election.

{{Election box begin|title=[[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Vattiyoorkavu]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=[[V. K. Prasanth]]|votes=61,111|percentage=44.40|change={{gain}}0.15}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[V. V. Rajesh]]|votes=39,596|percentage=28.77|change={{gain}}6.61}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Veena S. Nair|votes=35,655|percentage=25.76|change={{loss}}6.82}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the above]]|votes=109|percentage=0.62|change={{loss}}0.04}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes =21,515
|percentage =15.63
|change ={{increase}}3.96
}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,37,636|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner =Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|loser =Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing ={{increase}}0.15
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2019 by-election ===
Due to the election of the sitting MLA [[K. Muraleedharan]] as the [[Member of parliament (India)|MP]] from [[Vatakara Lok Sabha constituency]], Vattiyoorkavu Assembly constituency held a by-election in 2019. There were 1,97,570 registered voters in Vattiyoorkavu Assembly constituency for this election.<ref>{{cite web
|url = https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/assembly-bypolls-likely-after-onam/article28462693.ece
|website = www.thehindu.com
|title = Vattiyoorkavu Niyamasabha Constituency goes to bypoll, www.thehindu.com
}}</ref> V. K. Prashanth won by 14,465 votes in the subsequent election conducted in October 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/news/latest-news/2019/10/24/kerala-bypoll-results-live-updates-vattiyoorkavu-election.html|title='ശരിദൂരം'കടന്ന് പ്രശാന്ത്; ബിജെപിക്കും യുഡിഎഫിനും കനത്ത പ്രഹരം|website=ManoramaOnline|language=ml|access-date=2019-10-24}}</ref>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Kerala Legislative Assembly by-elections]]: [[Vattiyoorkavu]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = [[V. K. Prasanth]]
|votes = 54,830
|percentage = 44.25%
|change = {{gain}}14.46
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = K. Mohankumar
|votes = 40,365
|percentage = 32.58%
|change = {{loss}}5.23
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|C
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = S. Suresh
|votes = 27,453
|percentage = 22.16%
|change = {{loss}}10.03
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above|None of the Above]]
|votes = 820
|percentage = 0.66%
|change = {{gain}}0.06
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = A.Mohanakumar
|votes = 135
|percentage = 0.11%
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Nagaraj G.
|votes = 100
|percentage = 0.08%
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Suresh S. S.
|votes = 93
|percentage = 0.08%
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Murukan A.
|votes = 76
|percentage = 0.06%
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Mithran G.
|votes = 38
|percentage = 0.03%
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 14,465
|percentage = 11.67%
|change = {{gain}}6.06
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,23,910
|percentage = 62.66%
|change = {{loss}}7.17
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing = {{gain}}14.46
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2016 ===
There were 1,95,239 registered voters in Vattiyoorkavu Assembly constituency for the 2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election.<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3767-kerala-general-legislative-election-2016
|website = eci.gov.in
|title = Kerala Niyamasabha Election Results 2016, Election commission of India
}}</ref>

{{Election box begin | title=[[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Vattiyoorkavu]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[K. Muraleedharan]]|votes=51,322|percentage=37.81|change={{loss}}12.38}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Kummanam Rajasekharan]]|votes=43,700|percentage=32.19|change={{gain}}20.21}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=[[T. N. Seema]]|votes=40,441|percentage=29.79|change={{loss}}6.05}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Mekkansi K. John|votes=399|percentage=0.29|change=''N/A''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the above|None of the Above]]|votes=816|percentage=0.60|change=''N/A''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Binu D.|votes=147|percentage=0.11|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Sahadevan|votes=104|percentage=0.08|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=K. G. Mohanan|votes=77|percentage=0.06|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Baby D.|votes=53|percentage=0.04|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Saju Ameerdas|votes=48|percentage=0.04|change=}}{{Election box majority||votes=7,622|percentage=5.56|change={{loss}}8.79}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,37,108|percentage=70.23|change={{gain}}6.01}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing = {{loss}}12.38
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2011 ===
There were 1,75,398 registered voters in the constituency for the 2011 election.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kerala Niyamasabha Election Results 2011, Election commission of India|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3763-kerala-2011|access-date=11 March 2020|website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2011 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Vattiyoorkavu]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[K. Muraleedharan]]|votes=56,531|percentage=50.19|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|candidate=Cheriyan Phillip|votes=40,364|percentage=35.84|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[V. V. Rajesh]]|votes=13,494|percentage=11.98|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Kaithakodu Radhakrishnan|votes=915|percentage=0.81|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Cheriyan P. T.|votes=551|percentage=0.49|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Rajan K.|votes=488|percentage=0.08|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=G. Balakrishnan Nair|votes=294|percentage=0.26|change=}}{{Election box majority||votes=16,167|percentage=14.35|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,12,637|percentage=64.22|change=}}

{{Election box new seat win|winner=Indian National Congress}}{{Election box end}}

== See also ==
* [[Vattiyoorkavu]]
* [[Thiruvananthapuram district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Kerala Legislative Assembly]]
* [[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]
* [[2019 Kerala Legislative Assembly by-elections]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Kerala Assembly Constituencies}}

{{Kerala Niyamasabha elections}}
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Kerala]]

[[Category:State assembly constituencies in Thiruvananthapuram district]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Kerala]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Z. A. Ahmed

2026-04-29T07:50:56Z

CarlotaMacadam7: started article.

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{ntbcw|text=the Indonesian politician [[Z. A. Ahmad]]}}
{{Infobox Indian politician
| name = Z. A. Ahmed
| parents = Ziauddin Ahmad (father)
| birth_date = {{birth date|1908|10|29|df=yes}}
| spouse = [[Hajrah Begum]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1999|02|22|1908|10|29|df=yes}}
| image = Image:ഇസഡ്.എ. അഹമ്മദ്.jpg
| office = [[Member of Parliament (India)|MP]] of [[Rajya Sabha]] for [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| term_start = 1958
| term_end = 1962
| term_start1 = 1966
| term_end1 = 1972
| term_start2 = 1972
| term_end2 = 1978
| term_start3 = 1990
| term_end3 = 1994
| predecessor =
| successor =
}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}

'''Z. A. Ahmed''' (29 October 1908 – 22 February 1999<ref name="Rajya Sabha"/>) was an Indian [[politician]] from [[Uttar Pradesh]], belonging to the [[Communist Party of India]]. In the 1930s, acting on instructions from the CPI, he joined the [[Congress Socialist Party]] in which he served as All India Joint Secretary. After a brief period in exile in [[Pakistan]] in the 1940s, Ahmed returned to India and became Secretary of the Uttar Pradesh Committee of the CPI. He subsequently served in the [[Rajya Sabha]] for four terms, his last term ending in 1994.

==Student years and Congress leader==
Z. A. Ahmed studied at [[Cambridge University]] in the 1930s.{{sfn|Ali|2015|p=322}} In Britain he befriended [[Sajjad Zaheer]] and [[K. M. Ashraf]], upon returning to India all three joined the [[Congress Socialist Party]] upon instructions from the underground CPI.{{sfn|Dhulipala|2015|pp=53-54}}{{sfn|Menon|2003a|p=35}} Ahmed served as All India Joint Secretary of CSP around 1937–1938.{{sfn|Roy|1997|p=115}} Alongside Sajjad Zaheer, Ahmed served with [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] in [[Allahabad]] during Nehru's tenure as the [[All India Congress Committee]] president.{{sfn|Ali|2015|p=322}}{{sfn|Dhulipala|2015|pp=53-54}} He served as secretary of the [[United Provinces Congress Committee]] 1937–1939.{{sfn|Sharma|1994|p=72}}

==Exile in Pakistan==
Ahmed emerged as a prominent figure of the CPI in the [[United Provinces (1937-1950)|United Provinces]].{{sfn|Ali|2015|p=322}} Unlike a number of other Muslim CPI leaders, Ahmed did not opt to migrate to Pakistan after the 1948 Second CPI Congress in [[Calcutta]].{{sfn|Ali|2015|pp= 78–79}} His close friend Sajjad Zaheer, for example, migrated to Pakistan and became the General Secretary of the [[Communist Party of Pakistan]].{{sfn|Ali|2015|p=76}} Ahmed had been asked by the CPI to migrate to Pakistan to help build the party there, but declined.{{sfn|Ali|2015|p=81}}

However, with an arrest warrant in his name in India he left for Lahore.{{sfn|Ali|2015|pp= 78–79}} Moreover, he was also facing problems inside the CPI as he did not adhere to the [[B. T. Ranadive]] line that had emerged victorious at the Second Party Congress.{{sfn|Ali|2015|p=322}} At Lahore he lodged with his brother [[W. Z. Ahmed]] (a prominent filmmaker) for a few weeks. An arrest warrant was issued in Lahore as well and Ahmed shifted to Karachi where he became the guest of his brother, Zafaruddin Ahmed. Zafaruddin served as Deputy Inspector General of Police in Karachi, and came under pressure to hand over Ahmed to the authorities but refused to comply. After staying in Karachi for about a month, Ahmed returned to India.{{sfn|Ali|2015|pp= 78–79}}

==Parliamentarian==
He was a member of the [[Rajya Sabha]] for four terms: 1958–1962, 1966–1972, 1972–1978, and 1990–1994.<ref name="Rajya Sabha"/>

From 1976–1978, he was Chairman of the Committee on Government Assurances of the Rajya Sabha. He was Secretary of the Uttar Pradesh Committee of the [[Communist Party of India]] from 1951–56.<ref name="Rajya Sabha">{{cite web |url= http://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/pre_member/1952_2003/a.pdf |title=Rajya Sabha Members' Biographical Sketches 1952 – 2003 |publisher= Rajya Sabha Secretariat, Parliament House, New Delhi. }}</ref>

==Family==
Ahmed's father had been a prominent police officer in [[Gujarat]].<ref name=dawn>{{citation|newspaper=Dawn|author=SHOAIB AHMED|date=17 April 2007|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/242776/newspaper/column |title=W.Z. Ahmed passes away}}</ref> His brothers included filmmaker W.Z. Ahmed and Zafaruddin Ahmed (Deputy Inspector of Police in [[Karachi]], father of [[Iqbal Z. Ahmed]]).{{sfn|Ali|2015|pp= 78–79}}

After his return from Britain, Ahmed married [[Hajra Begum]]. She had also studied in Britain and had belonged to the same communist milieu there.{{sfn|Ali|2015|p=319}}{{sfn|Menon|2003|p=96}} She also joined the CSP.{{sfn|Menon|2003|p=96}} The couple had one daughter.<ref name="Rajya Sabha"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
*{{citation|first=Kamran Asdar |last=Ali|title=Surkh Salam: Communist Politics and Class Activism in Pakistan, 1947–1972|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o0bzjwEACAAJ|year=2015|isbn=978-0-19-940308-0|page= 319}}
*{{citation|first=Venkat |last=Dhulipala|title=Creating a New Medina|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1Z6TBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA54|date=9 February 2015|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-05212-3}}
*{{citation|first=Visalakshi |last=Menon|title=Indian Women and Nationalism, the U.P. Story|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kV2fumLhRGwC&pg=PA96|year=2003|publisher=Har-Anand Publications|isbn=978-81-241-0939-7}}
*{{citation|first=Visalakshi |last=Menon|title=From Movement To Government: The Congress in the United Provinces, 1937–42|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U82GAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA35|date=11 September 2003|publisher=SAGE Publications|isbn=978-81-321-0368-4|ref={{Harvid|Menon|2003a}}}}
*{{citation|first=Samaren |last=Roy|title=M.N. Roy: A Political Biography|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TwNq3oQK89kC&pg=PA115|date=1 January 1997|publisher=Orient Blackswan|isbn=978-81-250-0299-4}}
*{{citation|first=Sita Ram |last=Sharma|title=Panchayati Raj and Education in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L4vEIlyS18sC&pg=PA72|year=1994|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=978-81-7099-546-3}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ahmed, Z. A.}}
[[Category:Communist Party of India politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:1908 births]]
[[Category:1999 deaths]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Cambridge]]

Shaikh Ghulam Muhy-ud-Din

2026-04-21T11:49:07Z

CarlotaMacadam7: started data.

{{Short description|Muslim official of Sikh Empire (died 1846)}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Shaikh Ghulam Muhy-ud-Din
| image = Sheikh Ghulam Mohiuddin. Watercolour by a Company artist, Punjab, ca.1865.jpg
| office = [[Sikh Empire|Sikh]] governor of [[Jalandhar Doab|Doaba]]
| 1blankname = [[Monarch]]
| 1namedata = [[Ranjit Singh]]
| term_start = 1834
| term_end = 1841
| predecessor = [[Desa Singh Majithia]]
| successor = [[Shaikh Imam-ud-Din]]
| term_start2 = 1841
| term_end2 = 1846
| predecessor2 = [[Mihan Singh]]
| successor2 = Shaikh Imam-ud-Din
| office1 = Sikh governor of Kashmir
| birth_date = Unknown
| birth_place = [[Hoshiarpur]], [[Jalandhar Doab]]
| birth_name =
| death_date = 24 March 1846
| death_place = [[Srinagar]], Sikh Empire
| blank1 =
| data1 =
| spouse =
| children =
| alma_mater =
| profession =
| allegiance =
| branch =
| service_years =
| rank =
| battles =
| awards =
| caption = Sheikh Mohi-od-deen, Watercolour by a Company artist, Punjab, {{circa|1865}}
}}

'''Shaikh Ghulam Muhy-ud-Din''' ({{died in|24 March 1846}}) was a Muslim official of [[Sikh Empire]] who served as the governor (''nazim'') [[Doaba|Jalandhar Doab]] during 1834–1841 and governor of [[Kashmir Valley|Kashmir]] during 1841–1846. He was succeeded by his son [[Shaikh Imam-ud-Din]] in both positions.

==Biography==
Muhy-ud-Din was born in a poor [[Punjabi Muslim]] family in [[Hoshiarpur]] to Shaikh Ujala, who worked as a ''[[munshi]]'' for Sardar Bhup Singh of [[Guler State]]. Starting his life as a [[Shoemaking|shoe-maker]], he took up service of [[Dewan|''diwan'']] [[Moti Ram]] and accompanied his son [[Diwan Kirpa Ram|Kirpa Ram]] when the latter was appointed governor of Kashmir in 1827. Kirpa Ram entrusted to him the deputy-governorship. After four years Kirpa Ram was recalled along with Muhy-ud-Din and both of them faced imprisonment and fines due to the allegations of mismanagement.{{sfn|Parmu|1977|pp=144–145, 210}}{{sfn|Sufi|1949|p=748}}

After a year Muhy-ud-Din regained his position and was sent with prince [[Sher Singh]] to Kashmir to rehabilitate the [[Kashmir shawl|shawl industry]], again serving as deputy-governor during 1832–1834. In 1834 he was appointed governor of Jalandhar Doab and remained so until 1841.{{sfn|Parmu|1977|pp=210–211}}{{Sfn|Sufi|1949|p=738}}

Muhy-ud-Din was appointed to Kashmir in 1841 after the previous governor, [[Mihan Singh|Mehan Singh]], was killed in a mutiny. In 1843 a Sikh army numbering 7000 men was defeated at Kahori by Sher Ahmad, the [[Bomba (tribe)|Bomba]] chief.{{sfn|Lawrence|1895|pages=200–201}} In the same year Muhy-ud-Din ended several discriminatory measures that had been imposed on the [[Kashmiri Muslims]] since the [[Battle of Shopian|Sikh conquest]] in 1819, including reopening the [[Jamia Masjid, Srinagar|Jamia Masjid]] for prayers after 25 years and permitting the calling of ''[[Adhan|Azan]]''.{{sfn|Sufi|1949|p=745}}{{sfn|Parmu|1977|p=211}}

In February 1845 he offered the [[Company rule in India|British]] to transfer his allegiance to them on the condition of keeping the possession of Kashmir. However, the British government was not interested in elevating any Muslim chief to power in the sensitive region.{{sfn|Din|2011|p=72}}{{sfn|Parmu|1977|pp=236–237}} Muhy-ud-Din unexpectedly died on 24 March 1846, possibly due to the shock of hearing the news of Kashmir being sold to the [[Dogra dynasty]] of [[Jammu]] under the [[Treaty of Amritsar, 1846|treaty of Amritsar]].{{sfn|Parmu|1977|p=235}} He is also suspected of having been poisoned.{{sfn|Sufi|1949|p=748}} Muhy-ud-Din was buried in the [[Sufi lodge|''khanqah'']] of [[Hamza Makhdoom|Makhdum Shaikh Hamza]] in [[Hari Parbat]], Srinagar.{{sfn|Sufi|1949|p=748}} He was succeeded by his son Shaikh Imam-ud-Din as the governor.{{sfn|Sufi|1949|p=747}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
* {{Cite book|oclc=1504631 |last=Sufi |first=G. M. D.|chapter= Chapter XI {{snd}} Kashmīr Under the Sikhs|title=Kashīr: Being a History of Kashmīr|volume=II|date=1949|publisher=The University of the Punjab|location=Lahore|url-access=}}
* {{Cite book |last=Parmu |first=R. K. |chapter= Chapter V: An Essay in Harmony |title=A History of Sikh Rule in Kashmir (1819–1846) |date=1977 |publisher=Government Press, Srinagar|language=en|oclc=7597898}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |first= Hameed-ud |last= Din |editor1-last=Singh |editor1-first=Harbans |editor1-link=Harbans Singh |title=Ghulam Mohiy Ud-din, Shaikh |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia Of Sikhism | volume=II E–L |edition=Third |pages= |publisher=Punjabi University Patiala |url= |date=2011 |isbn=978-8-1-7380-204-1 |language=English}}
* {{cite book |last=Lawrence |first=Walter Roper |author-link=Walter Roper Lawrence|chapter =Political History|title=The Valley of Kashmir |publisher=London: H. Frowde |year=1895 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.234537/page/n212|oclc=1149016}}

[[Category:1846 deaths]]

Sampad Chandra Swain

2026-04-21T04:05:43Z

CarlotaMacadam7: started new stub.

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Sampad Chandra Swain
| image = Sampad Chandra Swain 2024.jpg
| caption = Swain in 2024
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| office = Minister of State (Independent Charge) for Industries, Skill Development and Technical Education, [[Government of Odisha]]
| term_start = 12 June 2024
| term_end =
| 1blankname = Chief Minister
| 1namedata = [[Mohan Charan Majhi]]
| office1 = [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of Odisha Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start1 = 4 June 2024
| term_end1 =
| constituency1 = [[Paradeep Assembly constituency|Paradeep]]
| predecessor1 = Sambit Routray
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| parents = Dasarath Naik
| spouse =
| alma_mater =
| relations =
| children =
| profession = Politician, Farmer
}}

'''Sampad Chandra Swain''' (born 1986)<ref name=":0" /> is an Indian politician from Odisha. He is a first time MLA who became the Minister of State (Independent Charge) for Industries, Skill Development and Technical Education in [[Government of Odisha]] in 2024. He is a member of the [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of Odisha Legislative Assembly]] from [[Paradeep Assembly constituency|Paradeep]] assembly constituency of [[Jagatsinghpur district]].

== Early life and education ==
Swain is from Rangiagada, Jagatsinghpur District, Odisha.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2024-06-13 |title=Paradip MLA’s elevation as minister hailed |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2024/Jun/13/paradip-mlas-elevation-as-minister-hailed |access-date=2024-10-13 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> He did his [[Master of Business Administration]] in 2009 at Magnus School of Business.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=15 June 2024 |title=My Neta Profile |url=https://myneta.info/Odisha2024/candidate.php?candidate_id=1151 |access-date=15 June 2024 |work=My Neta |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Career ==
On 12 June 2024, he took oath along with Chief Minister [[Mohan Charan Majhi]] in Janata Maidan, Bhubaneswar. Governor [[Raghubar Das]] administered their oath. Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]], home minister [[Amit Shah]], defense minister [[Rajnath Singh]], along with chief ministers of 10 BJP-ruled states were present.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Highlights: BJP Tribal Leader, 4-Time MLA Mohan Majhi Sworn In As Odisha Chief Minister |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/odisha-chief-minister-swearing-in-live-updates-mohan-majhi-set-to-be-sworn-in-as-bjps-first-chief-minister-in-odisha-5874031 |access-date=13 June 2024 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Barik |first=Satyasundar |date=12 June 2024 |title=Mohan Charan Majhi sworn in as Odisha’s first BJP Chief Minister |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/odisha/mohan-charan-majhi-sworn-in-as-odishas-first-bjp-chief-minister/article68281205.ece |access-date=13 June 2024 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=13 June 2024 |title=Odisha Cabinet portfolios: CM Mohan Charan Majhi keeps Home |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/odisha-cabinet-portfolios-cm-mohan-charan-majhi-keeps-home-ministry-kanak-vardhan-singh-agriculture-pravati-parida-women-child-development-finance-2024-06-15-937131 |access-date=15 June 2024 |work=India News |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> He won from Paradeep Assembly constituency representing BJP in the [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election]]. He polled 84,518 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Geetanjali Routray of Biju Janata Dal, by a margin of 15,787 votes. Earlier, he lost the [[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election]] finishing third behind winner Sambit Routray of BJD and Arindam Sarkhel of [[Indian National Congress]], who came second.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Paradeep Assembly Election Results 2024: Paradeep Election Candidates List, Election Date, Vote Share - IndiaToday |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/odisha/paradeep-constituency-result-18101 |access-date=2024-10-13 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Bharatiya Janata Party}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Swain, Sampad Chandra}}
[[Category:1986 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Odisha]]
[[Category:Odisha MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:People from Paradeep]]

{{Odisha-BJP-politician-stub}}

Presidency of Pranab Mukherjee

2026-04-20T19:42:01Z

CarlotaMacadam7: New...

{{Short description|Indian presidential administration from 2012to 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox administration
|image=Pranab_Mukherjee_Portrait_(cropped).jpg
|name=Presidency of Pranab Mukherjee
|term_start={{dts|format=dmy|2012|07|25}}
|term_end={{dts|format=dmy|2017|07|25}}
|president=[[Pranab Mukherjee]]
|president_link=President of India
|party=[[Indian National Congress]]
|election=[[2012 Indian presidential election]]
|seat=[[Rashtrapati Bhavan, New Delhi|Rashtrapati Bhawan]]
|predecessor=[[Presidency of Pratibha Patil|Pratibha Patil]]
|successor=[[Presidency of Ram Nath Kovind|Ram Nath Kovind]]
|seal=Emblem of India.svg
|seal_caption=Emblem of India}}

'''The Presidency of Pranab Mukherjee''' begins on 25 July 2012,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-03-12 |title=Welcome to the website of The President of India |url=https://presidentofindia.gov.in/ |access-date=2023-05-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312095018/https://presidentofindia.gov.in/ |archive-date=2017-03-12 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Shri Pranab Mukherjee: Former President of India |url=http://pranabmukherjee.nic.in/profile.html |access-date=2023-05-07 |website=pranabmukherjee.nic.in}}</ref> when he took oath as the thirteenth [[President of India]].

== Domestic affairs ==

=== Mercy petitions ===
During his tenure, Mukherjee disposed of 34 mercy pleas. Of these, 30 were rejected and 4 were commuted.<ref>{{Cite web |title=No Mercy: Pranab Mukherjee rejected 30 mercy petitions as President |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/president-pranab-mukherjee-mercy-petitions-1025001-2017-07-18 |access-date=2023-06-03 |website=India Today |date=18 July 2017 |language=en}}</ref> Among those whose pleas were denied are [[Ajmal Kasab]], [[Afzal Guru]] and [[Yakub Memon|Yakub Menon]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-02-10 |title=No rubber stamp, Pranab acts fast on mercy petitions |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/no-rubber-stamp-pranab-acts-fast-on-mercy-petitions/story-W0c3u4zSJo8hcbXgWVkxDP.html |access-date=2023-06-03 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author=Scroll Staff |date=2017-10-21 |title=Pranab Mukherjee says he rejected Afzal Guru's mercy petition based on government's counsel: Report |url=https://scroll.in/latest/854879/pranab-mukherjee-says-he-rejected-afzal-gurus-mercy-petition-based-on-governments-counsel-report |access-date=2023-06-03 |website=Scroll.in |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Foreign affairs ==

=== List of state visits ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Official state visits by President Pranab Mukherjee
! #
! Year
! Country
! Date(s)
! Notes
! Image
|-
| 1
| rowspan="2"|2013
| {{flag|Bangladesh}}
| 3–5 March
| Awarded [[Bangladesh Liberation War Honour]]
| <ref>{{Cite news |date=3 March 2013 |title=President Mukherjee visits Bangladesh |work=Gateway House; India Today |url=https://www.gatewayhouse.in/... |access-date=2025-06-29}}</ref>
|-
| 2
| {{flag|Mauritius}}
| 11–13 March
| Chief guest at National Day; multiple MoUs signed
| <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 March 2013 |title=State Visit of President Shri Pranab Mukherjee to Mauritius |website=MEA |url=https://www.mea.gov.in/... |access-date=2025-06-29}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"|3
| rowspan="2"|2013
| {{flag|Belgium}}
| 2–5 October
| First presidential visit; cultural diplomacy, "Europalia‑India"
| <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 October 2013 |title=Visit of President to Belgium |website=MEA |url=https://www.mea.gov.in/... |access-date=2025-06-29}}</ref>
|-
| {{flag|Turkey}}
| 5–8 October
| Focus on Afghan and Central Asia cooperation
| <ref>{{Cite news |date=2 October 2013 |title=President Mukherjee to visit Belgium & Turkey |work=Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/... |access-date=2025-06-29}}</ref>
|-
| 4
| rowspan="4"|2014
| {{flag|Vietnam}}
| 14–17 September
| Planted Bodhi tree; strengthened cultural ties
| <ref>{{Cite news |date=15 September 2014 |title=Sapling of Bodhi tree planted in Vietnam |work=MEA press release |url=https://www.mea.gov.in/... |access-date=2025-06-29}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"|5
| {{flag|Norway}}
| 13–14 October
|
|
|-
| {{flag|Finland}}
| 14–16 October
|
|
|-
| 6
| {{flag|Bhutan}}
| 7–8 November
|
|
|-
| 7
| rowspan="6" |2015
| {{flag|Russia}}
| 7–11 May
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2"|8
| {{flag|Sweden}}
| 31 May–2 June
|
|
|-
| {{flag|Belarus}}
| 2–4 June
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3"|9
| {{flag|Jordan}}
| 10–12 October
|
|
|-
| {{flag|Palestine}}
| 12–13 October
|
|
|-
| {{flag|Israel}}
| 13–15 October
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2"|10
| rowspan="7" |2016
| {{flag|Papua New Guinea}}
| 28–29 April
|
|
|-
| {{flag|New Zealand}}
| 30 April–2 May
|
| <ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-05-02 |title=President Pranab Mukherjee returns after six-day state visit to New Zealand |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/President-Pranab-Mukherjee-returns-after-six-day-state-visit-to-New-Zealand/article14297096.ece |access-date=2023-06-03 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
| 11
| {{flag|China}}
| 24–27 May
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3"|12
| {{flag|Ghana}}
| 12–14 June
|
|
|-
| {{flag|Ivory Coast}}
| 14–15 June
| Awarded Grand Cross of the [[National Order of the Ivory Coast]]
|
|-
| {{flag|Namibia}}
| 15–17 June
|
|
|-
| 13
| {{flag|Nepal}}
| 2–4 November
|
|
|}

=== State visits ===

==== Belgium and Turkey ====
[[File:The_President,_Shri_Pranab_Mukherjee_laid_wreath_at_the_Mausoleum_of_Mustafa_Kemal_Ataturk,_at_Ankara,_Turkey_on_October_07,_2013.jpg|thumb|The President, Shri Pranab Mukherjee laid wreath at the Mausoleum of Mustafa Kemal Ataturk, at Ankara, Turkey on 7 October 2013]]
The President, accompanied with his daughter Sharmistha Mukherjee, arrived at Brussels.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-10-03 |title=President Pranab Mukherjee arrives in Brussels |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/world/president-pranab-mukherjee-arrives-in-brussels/story-i81fSNooPdUcioNVt8EFzM.html |access-date=2023-06-03 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

==== Vietnam ====
President Mukherjee planted a Bodhi tree in the Presidential Palace.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2014-09-15 |title=Sapling of Bodhi tree planted in Vietnam |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/sapling-of-bodhi-tree-planted-in-vietnam-114091500210_1.html |access-date=2023-06-03 |website=www.business-standard.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

==== Jordan, Palestine, and Israel ====
He was conferred with an honorary doctorate by the University of Jordan.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-10-11 |title=President Pranab Mukherjee conferred honorary doctorate by Jordanian university |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/president-pranab-mukherjee-conferred-honorary-doctorate-by-jordanian-university/articleshow/49314132.cms |access-date=2023-06-03 |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

He addressed the Israeli parliament<ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-10-14 |title=Pranab Mukherjee addresses Israel Parliament |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/President-Pranab-Mukherjee-addresses-Knesset-the-Israeli-Parliament/article60271561.ece |access-date=2023-06-06 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==== Papua New Guinea and New Zealand ====

==== China ====

==== Ghana, Ivory Coast, and Namibia ====

==== Nepal ====

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Presidents of India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mukherjee, Pranab}}
[[Category:2012 establishments in India]]
[[Category:2017 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:2010s in Indian politics]]
[[Category:Manmohan Singh administration]]
[[Category:Modi administration]]
[[Category:Presidencies of India]]

Ganesh Thakur Hansda

2026-04-20T08:52:09Z

CarlotaMacadam7:

{{Short description|Indian Santali writer and translator}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Ganesh Thakur Hansda
| image = Ganesh Thakur Hansda receiving Translation award 2016.jpg
| birth_date = 7 October 1969
| birth_place = Seraikela Kharsawan district, Jharkhand, India
| occupation = Writer, Translator
| language = Santali
| nationality = Indian
| awards = Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize (2016)
}}

'''Ganesh Thakur Hansda''' (born 7 October 1969) is an Indian writer and translator in the [[Santali language]].<ref name="Jagran2017">{{cite news
|url=https://www.jagran.com/jharkhand/jamshedpur-ganesh-thakur-hansdah-awarded-ahitya-academy-award-print-hindi-news-15575738.html
|title=गणेश ठाकुर हांसदा को साहित्य अकादमी अनुवाद पुरस्कार
|work=Dainik Jagran
|language=hi
|access-date=12 February 2026
}}</ref> He has received the [[Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize]] in 2016 for his contribution to translation in Santali.<ref name="SAKTransPrize2016">{{cite web
|url=https://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/pdf/Press_Release_(English)_SATA_2016.pdf
|title=Sahitya Akademi announces Translation Prize 2016
|publisher=Sahitya Akademi
|access-date=12 February 2026
}}</ref>

==Early life==
Ganesh Thakur Hansda was born on 7 October 1969 in the [[Seraikela Kharsawan]] district of [[Jharkhand]], [[India]]. He has been actively associated with Santali literature and translation activities.<ref name="Jagran2017"/>

==Literary career==
Hansda has contributed significantly to Santali literature through translation. His work focuses on bringing important literary texts from other Indian languages into Santali, thereby strengthening the literary corpus of the language.<ref>{{cite news
|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/news/jha-jams-omc-mat-latest-jamshedpur-news-025503-837383-nor.html
|title=नेपाली-आदिवासी संस्कृति पर पुस्तक की रचना करेंगे गणेश
|work=Dainik Bhaskar
|language=hi
|access-date=14 March 2026
}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/intach-for-tribal-studies-at-varsities/cid/1320527
|title=Intach for tribal studies at varsities
|work=The Telegraph
|location=Jamshedpur
|date=26 February 2016
|access-date=14 March 2026
}}</ref>

==Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize==
In 2016, Hansda received the [[Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize]] for his Santali translation ''Bhognadi Reyak Dahire'', a translation of the Bengali novel ''Bhagnadihir Mathe'' by Panchu Gopal Bhaduri.<ref name="SAKTransPrize2016"/>

The award was officially announced by the Sahitya Akademi, India’s National Academy of Letters.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/aboutus/about.jsp|title=..:: Welcome to Sahitya Akademi - About us ::..|website=sahitya-akademi.gov.in|access-date=2026-03-14}}</ref>
His contribution to Santali literature and translation has also been discussed in academic research.<ref>{{cite journal
|url=https://www.jetir.org/papers/JETIR2403313.pdf
|title=Study on Development of Santali Language and Literature
|journal=Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research
|access-date=12 February 2026
}}</ref>

The Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize is awarded annually for outstanding translations in the 24 Indian languages recognised by the Akademi.<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/awards/sahitya_akademi_prize.jsp
|title=Sahitya Akademi Prize for Translation
|publisher=Sahitya Akademi
|website=sahitya-akademi.gov.in
|access-date=14 March 2026
}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Sahitya Akademi]]
* [[Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize]]
* [[Santali literature]]
* [[Ol Chiki script]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hansda, Ganesh Thakur}}
[[Category:1969 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian translators]]
[[Category:Santali writers]]
[[Category:Writers from Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize]]

Mithlesh Pal

2026-04-20T04:37:08Z

CarlotaMacadam7: put up new stub - done

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Mithlesh Pal
| honorific_suffix =
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| constituency = [[Meerapur (Assembly constituency)|Meerapur]]
| office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] [[18th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|18th Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 23 November 2024
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[Chandan Chauhan]]
| constituency1 = Morna
| office1 = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] [[15th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|15th Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start1 = 2009
| term_end1 = 2012
| predecessor1 = [[Kadir Rana]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1961|06|19}}
| birth_place = [[Muzaffarnagar district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
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| birth_name =
| citizenship = {{flag|India}}
| party = [[Rashtriya Lok Dal]]
| spouse = Amarnath Pal
| relations =
| children = Supriya Pal (Daughter)
| alma_mater =
| occupation =
| profession = [[Agriculturist]] & Politician
| cabinet =
| committees =
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| signature =
| signature_alt =
| website = {{URL|up.gov.in}}
| footnotes =
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'''Mithlesh Pal''' is an Indian politician and a member of the [[18th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh]] of India. She represents the [[Meerapur (Assembly constituency)|Meerapur]] constituency of [[Uttar Pradesh]] and is a member of the [[Rashtriya Lok Dal]] political party.<ref name=" Member Profile ">{{cite news|title= Member Profile|publisher=[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] website|accessdate=Jul 27, 2015|url=http://uplegisassembly.gov.in/ENGLISH/pdfs/members_profile/16.pdf}}</ref><ref name=" 2012 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 2012 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|accessdate=Jul 27, 2015|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2012/Stats_Report_UP2012.pdf}}</ref><ref name="All MLAs from Assembly Constituency">{{cite news|title=All MLAs from Assembly Constituency|publisher=Elections.in|accessdate=Jul 27, 2015|url=https://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/meerapur.html}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pal, Mithlesh}}
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:Rashtriya Lok Dal politicians]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1961 births]]

{{UttarPradesh-RLD-politician-stub}}

The Romantics (TV series)

2026-04-15T19:27:09Z

CarlotaMacadam7: created redirect page

{{Short description|Indian reality documentary series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| image = The Romantics.jpg
| genre = Documentary
| creator = [[Smriti Mundhra]]
| based_on =
| writer = Smriti Mundhra Michael T Vollmann
| story =
| director = Smriti Mundhra
| creative_director =
| presenter =
| starring =
| country = India
| language = English and Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 4
| executive_producer = [[Aditya Chopra]] [[Uday Chopra]] Smriti Mundhara Jonathan Reiman
| producer =
| cinematography = Lars Skree
| editor = Michael Bourne Michael T. Vollmann
| runtime =
| company = [[YRF Entertainment]]
| released = {{Start date|2023|2|14|df=yes}}
| first_aired =
}}

'''''The Romantics''''' is a 2023 documentary series, created by [[Smriti Mundhra]] and Michael T Vollmann.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-15 |title=Netflix's 'The Romantics' Aims to Give Bollywood the Homage It Deserves |url=https://time.com/6255756/bollywood-the-romantics-netflix/ |access-date=2023-03-16 |website=Time |language=en}}</ref> The four-part series explores the impact of [[Yash Chopra]], his son [[Aditya Chopra]], and their company [[Yash Raj Films]] on [[Hindi Cinema]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Taneja |first=Nidhima |date=2023-02-15 |title=The Romantics on Netflix is one place where the 3 Khans don't matter. Aditya Chopra shines |url=https://theprint.in/features/reel-take/the-romantics-on-netflix-is-one-place-where-the-3-khans-dont-matter-aditya-chopra-shines/1372903/ |access-date=2023-03-16 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Subramaniam |first=Tara |title='Cinema of aspiration': The romance filmmakers who redefined Bollywood's quintessential genre |url=https://www.cnn.com/style/article/netflix-india-bollywood-the-romantics-intl-hnk/index.html |access-date=2023-03-16 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Netflix's The Romantics doesn't ask the uncomfortable questions around Yash Chopra's legacy |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/netflixs-the-romantics-doesnt-ask-the-uncomfortable-questions-around-yash-chopras-legacy/cid/1922718 |access-date=2023-03-16 |website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref>

==List of films featured==
===Episode 1: The Boy from Jalandhar===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:1.00em; line-height:1.5em;"
! Year
! Film
! Cast
! Notes
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1957 || rowspan="2" |''[[Naya Daur (1957 film)|Naya Daur]]'' || [[Dilip Kumar]]|| rowspan="2" |
|-
|[[Vyjayanthimala]]
|-
| rowspan="4" | 1959 || rowspan="4" |''[[Dhool Ka Phool]]''|| [[Ashok Kumar]]|| rowspan="4" | Directorial debut of [[Yash Chopra]]
|-
|[[Rajendra Kumar]]
|-
|[[Mala Sinha]]
|-
|[[Nanda (actress)|Nanda]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1961 || rowspan="2" |''[[Dharmputra]]''|| [[Shashi Kapoor]]|| rowspan="2" |
|-
|Mala Sinha
|-
| rowspan="5" |1965
| rowspan="5" |''[[Waqt (1965 film)|Waqt]]''
|[[Raaj Kumar]]
| rowspan="5" |
|-
|[[Sunil Dutt]]
|-
| Shashi Kapoor
|-
|[[Sadhana Shivdasani|Sadhana]]
|-
|[[Sharmila Tagore]]
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1973 || rowspan="3" | ''[[Daag (1973 film)|Daag]]'' || [[Rajesh Khanna]] || rowspan="3" |
|-
|Sharmila Tagore
|-
|[[Raakhee]]
|-
| rowspan="4" | 1975 || rowspan="4" |''[[Deewaar]]'' ||[[Amitabh Bachchan]] || rowspan="4" | Considered a "landmark" in Hindi Cinema;<ref>[https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/features/insight/50-years-of-deewaar 'Deewaar' Turns 50: Amitabh Bachchan, Salim-Javed, and the Birth of the New Bollywood Hero]</ref> {{see also|Angry Young Men (miniseries)}}
|-
|Shashi Kapoor
|-
|[[Neetu Singh]]
|-
|[[Parveen Babi]]
|-
| rowspan="6" |1976
| rowspan="6" |''[[Kabhi Kabhie]]''
|Amitabh Bachchan
| rowspan="6" |
|-
|Shashi Kapoor
|-
|Raakhee Gulzar
|-
|Waheeda Rehman
|-
|Rishi Kapoor
|-
|Neetu Singh
|-
| rowspan="4" | 1981 || rowspan="4" | ''[[Silsila (1981 film)|Silsila]]''|| Shashi Kapoor || rowspan="4" |
|-
|Amitabh Bachchan
|-
|[[Jaya Bachchan]]
|-
|[[Rekha]]
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1984 || rowspan="3" |''[[Mashaal]]'' ||Dilip Kumar|| rowspan="3" |
|-
|[[Anil Kapoor]]
|-
|[[Saeed Jaffrey]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1985|| rowspan="2" | ''[[Faasle]]'' ||[[Sunil Dutt]] || rowspan="2" |
|-
|Rekha
|-
| rowspan="6" |1988|| rowspan="6" | ''[[Vijay (1988 film)|Vijay]]''|| Rajesh Khanna|| rowspan="6" |
|-
|[[Hema Malini]]
|-
|Rishi Kapoor
|-
|Anil Kapoor
|-
|Saeed Jaffrey
|-
|[[Anupam Kher]]
|-
| rowspan="3" |1989|| rowspan="3" | ''[[Chandni (1989 film)|Chandni]]''|| [[Sridevi]] || rowspan="3" |
|-
|Rishi Kapoor
|-
|[[Vinod Khanna]]
|}

===Episode 2: Prodigal Son===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:1.00em; line-height:1.5em;"
! Year
! Film
! Cast
! Notes
|-
| rowspan="4" |1991|| rowspan="4" | ''[[Lamhe]]''|| [[Sridevi]] || rowspan="4" |
|-
|[[Anil Kapoor]]
|-
|[[Waheeda Rehman]]
|-
|[[Anupam Kher]]
|-
| rowspan="3" |1993|| rowspan="3" | ''[[Darr]]'' ||[[Sunny Deol]] || rowspan="3" |
|-
|[[Juhi Chawla]]
|-
|[[Shah Rukh Khan]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |1995|| rowspan="2" | ''[[Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge]]''|| Shah Rukh Khan || rowspan="2" |Directorial debut of [[Aditya Chopra]]
|-
|[[Kajol]]
|}

===Episode 3: The New Guard ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:1.00em; line-height:1.5em;"
! Year
! Film
! Cast
! Notes
|-
| rowspan="6" |2000 || rowspan="6" |''[[Mohabbatein]]'' || [[Shah Rukh Khan]]|| rowspan="6" | Rebooted [[Amitabh Bachchan]]'s career; directed by Aditya Chopra
|-
|[[Amitabh Bachchan]]
|-
|[[Aishwarya Rai]]
|-
|[[Uday Chopra]]
|-
|[[Jugal Hansraj]]
|-
|[[Jimmy Sheirgill]]
|-
| rowspan="4" |2002 || rowspan="4" |''[[Mujhse Dosti Karoge!]]''|| [[Hrithik Roshan]] || rowspan="4" |
|-
|[[Rani Mukerji]]
|-
|[[Kareena Kapoor|Kareena Kapoor Khan]]
|-
|[[Uday Chopra]]
|-
| rowspan="4" |2004|| rowspan="4" | ''[[Hum Tum (film)|Hum Tum]]'' || [[Saif Ali Khan]]|| rowspan="4" |
|-
|[[Rani Mukerji]]
|-
|[[Rishi Kapoor]]
|-
|[[Jimmy Sheirgill]]
|-
| rowspan="3" |2004|| rowspan="3" |''[[Dhoom]]'' || [[Abhishek Bachchan]]|| rowspan="3" |
|-
|[[John Abraham]]
|-
|[[Uday Chopra]]
|-
| rowspan="5" |2004|| rowspan="5"|''[[Veer-Zaara]]'' ||Shah Rukh Khan || rowspan="5" |
|-
|[[Rani Mukerji]]
|-
|[[Preity Zinta]]
|-
|[[Amitabh Bachchan]]
|-
|[[Hema Malini]]
|-
| rowspan="3" |2005|| rowspan="3" | ''[[Bunty Aur Babli]]'' || [[Amitabh Bachchan]] || rowspan="3" |
|-
|[[Abhishek Bachchan]]
|-
|[[Rani Mukerji]]
|-
| rowspan="6" |2007 || rowspan="6" |''[[Chak De! India]]''|| [[Shah Rukh Khan]]|| rowspan="6" | The film's theme song is [[Chak De! India (soundtrack)#Legacy|frequently played, or sung by fans, at sports events in India]].
|-
|[[Vidya Malvade]]
|-
|[[Shilpa Shukla]]
|-
|[[Sagarika Ghatge]]
|-
|[[Anaitha Nair]]
|-
|[[Seema Azmi]]
|}

===Episode 4: Legacy ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:1.00em; line-height:1.5em;"
! Year
! Film
! Stars
! Notes
|-
| rowspan="2" |2008|| rowspan="2" | ''[[Rab Ne Bana Di Jodi]]'' ||[[Shah Rukh Khan]]|| rowspan="2" |Directed by Aditya Chopra
Special appearances in the song "Phir Milenge Chalte Chalte"

* [[Preity Zinta]] as [[Sharmila Tagore]]
* [[Kajol]] as [[Nargis]]
* [[Rani Mukerji]] as [[Neetu Singh]]
* [[Bipasha Basu]] as [[Sadhana Shivdasani]]
* [[Lara Dutta]] as [[Helen (actress)|Helen]]

|-
|[[Anushka Sharma]]
|-
| rowspan="6" |2012|| rowspan="6" | ''[[Jab Tak Hai Jaan]]''|| Shah Rukh Khan || rowspan="6" | Final film of Yash Chopra
|-
|Anushka Sharma
|-
|[[Katrina Kaif]]
|-
|[[Anupam Kher]]
|-
|[[Neetu Singh]]
|-
|[[Rishi Kapoor]]
|}

== Featured interviews ==
===[[List of Hindi film families#Chopra family|Chopra family]]===
* [[Yash Chopra]] (archival footage)
* [[Aditya Chopra]]
*[[Pamela Chopra]]
* [[Uday Chopra]]
* [[Rani Mukerji]]
* [[Karan Johar]]

=== Actors ===
* [[John Abraham]]
* [[Amitabh Bachchan]]
* [[Abhishek Bachchan]]
* [[Aishwarya Rai Bachchan]]
* [[Mohnish Bahl]]
* [[Sooraj Barjatya]]
* [[Juhi Chawla]]
* [[Ajay Devgn]]
* [[Madhuri Dixit]]
* [[Dharmendra Deol]]
* [[Sunny Deol]]
* [[Kajol Devgn]]
* [[Katrina Kaif]]
* [[Anil Kapoor]]
* [[Arjun Kapoor]]
* [[Karishma Kapoor]]
* [[Kareena Kapoor Khan]]
* [[Ranbir Kapoor]]
* [[Rishi Kapoor]]
* [[Aamir Khan]]
* [[Saif Ali Khan]]
* [[Salman Khan]]
* [[Shah Rukh Khan]]
* [[Anupam Kher]]
* [[Ayushmann Khurrana]]
* [[Manisha Koirala]]
* [[Akshay Kumar]]
* [[Ameesha Patel]]
* [[Bhumi Pednekar]]
* [[Arjun Rampal]]
* [[Hrithik Roshan]]
* [[Anushka Sharma]]
* [[Namrata Shirodkar]]
* [[Neetu Singh]]
* [[Ranveer Singh]]

=== Filmmakers, choreographers, and writers ===
* [[Vijay Krishna Acharya]]
* [[Sooraj Barjatya]]
*[[Anupama Chopra]]
* [[Salim Khan]]
* [[Manish Malhotra]]
*[[Vaibhavi Merchant]]
* [[Namrata Rao]]
*[[Maneesh Sharma]]
* [[Lilly Singh]]

== Reception ==
{{Rotten Tomatoes prose|score=83|count=6|average=|consensus=|ref=yes |access-date=28 November 2023}}<ref>{{Cite news |title=The Romantics Season 1 |work=Rotten Tomatoes |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/tv/the_romantics/s01|access-date=2023-11-28}}</ref>

Suchin Mehrotra of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' in his review stated "''The Romantics'' works best when it uses the YRF filmography merely as a stepping-off point to discuss Hindi cinema as a whole. The show comes to us at a time when it feels like filmmakers are looking back and celebrating what was."<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2023-02-15 |title=The Romantics Review: The YRF Docu-series works best when it focuses on films over family |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/the-romantics-review-the-yrf-docu-series-works-best-when-it-focuses-on-films-over-family-101676424985778.html |access-date=2023-03-16 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> A reviewer for Indian Express stated "It’s all rah-rah, hardly any nose-digs, but then you don’t really expect any in a series like this, about the biggest, most storied production house in Hindi cinema."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-14 |title=The Romantics review: It's all rah-rah, hardly any nose-digs |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/the-romantics-review-yash-chopra-yash-raj-films-8444035/ |access-date=2023-03-16 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Renuka Vyavahare of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the first season 4 stars out of 5 and remarked "''The Romantics'' is a treat to watch if you love Hindi cinema and Yash Chopra, which are pretty much synonymous."<ref>{{Cite news |title=The Romantics Season 1 Review: A celebration of Yash Chopra's legacy and the evolution of Hindi cinema |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/hindi/the-romantics/season-1/seasonreview/97861400.cms |access-date=2023-03-16 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Shubham Kulkarni from Koimoi rated 4/5 and wrote "''The Romantics'' is an ode to the man who defined Hindi cinema for decades and even died with his director’s hat on."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kulkarni |first=Shubham |date=2023-02-15 |title=The Romantics Review: Chandni's Chiffon Saree Flies Again, Shah Rukh Khan's Raj Sprinkles His Charm One More Time; An Emotional Return To The Love Yash Chopra Taught Us! |url=https://www.koimoi.com/reviews/web-reviews/the-romantics-review-chandnis-chiffon-saree-flies-again-shah-rukh-khans-raj-sprinkles-his-charm-one-more-time-an-emotional-return-to-the-love-yash-chopra-taught-us/ |access-date=2023-03-16 |website=Koimoi |language=en-US}}</ref>

==See also==
*''[[Angry Young Men (miniseries)|Angry Young Men]]'' (2024)
*''[[The Roshans]]'' (2025)

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=26542635}}
*"[https://www.indiewire.com/features/general/the-romantics-interview-netflix-1234809298/ Netflix’s ‘The Romantics’ Is Essential — and Unprecedented — Hindi Film History]"- [[IndieWire]]

{{Yash Chopra}}
{{Aditya Chopra}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Romantics 2023 Web Series}}
[[Category:2023 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2020s Indian television miniseries]]
[[Category:Indian documentary television series]]
[[Category:2023 web series debuts]]
[[Category:Documentary television series about films]]
[[Category:Hindi cinema]]

Darshan (Kannada actor)

2026-04-15T19:05:32Z

CarlotaMacadam7: created first data w/ refs...

{{short description|Indian actor and film producer (born 1977)}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{protection padlock|small=yes}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Darshan
| image = Darshan (Kannada actor) March 2024 (01).jpg
| caption = Darshan in 2024
| birth_name = Hemanth Kumar<ref name="RealName"/>
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1977|2|16|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Ponnampet]], [[Kodagu district]], [[Karnataka]], India
| years active = 1997–present
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor|producer|distributor}}
| works = [[Darshan filmography|Full list]]
| father = [[Thoogudeepa Srinivas]]
| spouse = {{marriage|Vijayalakshmi|2003}}
| children = 1
| family = [[Dinakar Thoogudeepa]] (brother)
| signature = Darshan's sign.png
}}

'''Hemanth Kumar''' (born 16 February 1977), better known by his [[stage name]] '''Darshan Thoogudeepa''' or simply '''Darshan''', is an Indian actor, film producer and distributor who works predominantly in [[Kannada cinema]].
In a career spanning over two decades, Darshan has worked in over [[Darshan filmography|50 films]]. He is one of the highest paid actors and leading contemporary actors of Kannada films.<ref>{{cite news |title=Darshan double bonanza in 'Kurukshetra': Sources say he'll play Karna and Duryodhana |url=http://www.thenewsminute.com/article/darshan-double-bonanza-kurukshetra-sources-say-he-ll-play-karna-and-duryodhana-63308 |access-date=12 November 2017 |work=thenewsminute.com |date=7 June 2017 |archive-date=14 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240614082926/https://platform.twitter.com/embed/Tweet.html?creatorScreenName=migrator&dnt=false&embedId=twitter-widget-1&features=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%3D%3D&frame=false&hideCard=false&hideThread=false&id=1801277643960246451&lang=en&origin=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenewsminute.com%2Fflix%2Fdarshan-double-bonanza-kurukshetra-sources-say-he-ll-play-karna-and-duryodhana-63308&sessionId=4fb9c86076968cd031e1c5a075f346350f498a13&siteScreenName=thenewsminute&theme=light&widgetsVersion=2615f7e52b7e0%3A1702314776716&width=550px |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes">{{Cite web |date=2020-02-16 |title=Happy Birthday Darshan: A look at the journey of the Kannada superstar on his 43rd birthday |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/happy-birthday-darshan-a-look-at-the-journey-of-the-kannada-superstar-on-his-43rd-birthday/articleshow/74146661.cms |access-date=2025-02-10 |website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref name="newindianexpress">{{Cite web |last=Sharadhaa |first=A. |date=2020-08-11 |title=23 yrs on, Darshan's acting career goes strong|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2020/Aug/11/23-yrs-on-darshans-acting-career-goes-strong--2181643.html |access-date=2025-02-10 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Darshan has a significant fan following and is referred to by his fans as ''Challenging Star'' and ''D Boss''.<ref name="SouthFirst">{{Cite web |title=Challenging Star Darshan's 'Kaatera' joins the ₹100-crore club |url=https://thesouthfirst.com/?p=4818 |access-date=2024-11-06 |website=The South First |language=en |archive-date=13 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241113050136/https://thesouthfirst.com/?p=4818 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Challenging limits">{{cite web |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/433062/challenging-limits.html |title=Challenging limits |work=Deccan Herald |date=27 September 2014 |access-date=17 June 2015 |archive-date=17 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150617144447/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/433062/challenging-limits.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="timesnownews">{{Cite web |date=2024-05-09 |title=Challenging Star Darshan Has Millions Of Fans Who Call Him D Boss, But Darshan Is A Big Fan Of Which Bollywood Star? |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/kannada/challenging-star-darshan-has-millions-of-fans-who-call-him-d-boss-but-darshan-is-a-big-fan-of-which-bollywood-star-article-109975608 |access-date=2025-02-10 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref>

Darshan established the production house Thoogudeepa Productions in 2006. Its first production was ''[[Jothe Jotheyali]]'', with Darshan in a special appearance.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Thoogudeepa-productions-now-diversifies/articleshow/19834936.cms |title=Thoogudeepa productions now diversifies |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=2 May 2013 |access-date=13 June 2019 |archive-date=14 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240614082930/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Thoogudeepa-productions-now-diversifies/articleshow/19834936.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="indiatimes1">{{cite news |first=Manu |last=Aiyappa |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bangalore/Actor-Darshan-From-Rs-200-per-day-to-Rs-125-crore-per-film/articleshow/10000815.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103102738/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-09-16/bangalore/30164460_1_actor-darshan-roles-hero |url-status=live |archive-date=3 January 2013 |title=Actor Darshan: From Rs 200 per day to Rs 1.25 crore per film |date=16 September 2011 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=27 September 2012}}</ref> His performances in ''[[Anatharu]]'' (2007) and ''[[Krantiveera Sangolli Rayanna (2012 film)|Krantiveera Sangolli Rayanna]]'' (2012) won him praise from critics; his performance in the latter as the 19th-century warrior [[Sangolli Rayanna]] won him the [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Actor]].<ref name="International Business Times">{{cite web |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/darshan-thanks-krantiveera-sangolli-rayanna-team-fans-after-winning-state-award-607653 |title=Darshan Thanks 'Krantiveera Sangolli Rayanna' Team, Fans After Winning State Award |work=International Business Times |date=26 August 2014 |access-date=18 June 2015 |archive-date=18 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150618153000/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/darshan-thanks-krantiveera-sangolli-rayanna-team-fans-after-winning-state-award-607653 |url-status=live }}</ref>

He began his acting career in soap operas and small films in the mid-1990s. His first big-screen lead role was in the 2002 film ''[[Majestic (film)|Majestic]]''. Darshan starred in commercially successful films such as ''[[Kariya (film)|Kariya]]'' (2003), ''[[Kalasipalya (film)|Kalasipalya]]'' (2004), ''[[Gaja (film)|Gaja]]'' (2008), ''[[Navagraha (film)|Navagraha]]'' (2008), ''[[Saarathi]]'' (2011), ''[[Krantiveera Sangolli Rayanna (2012 film)|Krantiveera Sangolli Rayanna]]'' (2012), ''[[Bulbul (2013 film)|Bulbul]]'' (2013), ''[[Yajamana (2019 film)|Yajamana]]'' (2019), ''[[Roberrt]]'' (2021) and ''[[Kaatera]]'' (2023).<ref name="Challenging limits"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/kannada-actor-darshan-murder-case-challenging-star-or-controversial-star/article68280338.ece|title=Murder case probe: Darshan, a Challenging Star or Controversial Star?|work=The Hindu|date=12 June 2024 |access-date=12 June 2024|archive-date=12 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240612090536/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/kannada-actor-darshan-murder-case-challenging-star-or-controversial-star/article68280338.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/darshan-an-enigmatic-star-who-lost-his-sheen/article68281792.ece|title=Darshan — an enigmatic star who lost his sheen|work=The Hindu|date=12 June 2024 |access-date=13 June 2024|archive-date=13 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240613105736/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/darshan-an-enigmatic-star-who-lost-his-sheen/article68281792.ece|url-status=live |last1=m. v |first1=Vivek }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/darshan-the-enfant-terrible-of-kannada-cinema-is-accused-of-murdering-a-fan-controversy-explained-9390646/|title=Darshan, the enfant terrible of Kannada cinema, is accused of murdering a fan. Controversy explained|date=13 June 2024 |publisher=Indian Express|access-date=13 June 2024|archive-date=14 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240614082922/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/darshan-the-enfant-terrible-of-kannada-cinema-is-accused-of-murdering-a-fan-controversy-explained-9390646/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Early life==
Darshan was born as Hemanth Kumar<ref name="RealName">{{cite news |last1=M. V. |first1=Vivek |title=Darshan, an enigmatic star who lost his sheen |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/darshan-an-enigmatic-star-who-lost-his-sheen/article68281792.ece |access-date=20 June 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=12 June 2024 |archive-date=13 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240613105736/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/darshan-an-enigmatic-star-who-lost-his-sheen/article68281792.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> to actor [[Thoogudeepa Srinivas]] and Meena on 16 February 1977 in [[Ponnampet]], [[Kodagu district]], in the Indian state of [[Karnataka]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-02-16 |title=Darshan's fans donate food to Siddaganaga Mutt on his birthday |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/darshans-fans-donate-food-to-siddaganaga-mutt-on-his-birthday/articleshow/68019784.cms |access-date=2025-01-06 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> He was [[Given name|given the name]] Hemanth Kumar at his birth.<ref name="dr">{{cite AV media |people=Darshan |date=30 January 2016 |title=Weekend with Ramesh Season 2 - Episode 11 - January 30, 2016 - Full Episode |language=Kannada |url=http://www.zeekannadatv.com/shows/weekend-with-ramesh-season2/video/weekend-with-ramesh-season-2-episode-11-january-30-2016-full-episode.html |access-date=8 February 2016 |time=5:00 |publisher=Zee Kannada }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ''Thoogudeepa'' is a 1966 Kannada film in which Srinivas acted and gained fame, following which the sobriquet stuck to his name. {{Citation needed|date=March 2025}}
A Popular actor during his time, he was reluctant towards Darshan following his path of film acting. Against his wishes, Darshan got himself enrolled in [[Ninasam]], a theatre training institute, in [[Shimoga district|Shimoga]], before his father departed in 1995.<ref name="dr"/>

Darshan has a sister, Divya, and a younger brother, [[Dinakar Thoogudeepa]], a filmmaker, running the production house, Thoogudeepa Productions. As a child, Darshan received his primary and secondary education at [[Mysore|Mysuru]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-11 |title=Kannada actor Darshan and 10 others arrested in murder case |url=https://www.passprogram.ca/cra-ms/2024/06/11/EIN20LSM51752HSJ32Oz/ |access-date=2024-06-28 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Acting career==

===Early career===
After graduating from [[Ninasam]], Darshan worked as a [[projectionist]] before becoming an assistant cameraman to cinematographer [[B. C. Gowrishankar]]. His first acting role came in [[S. Narayan]]'s [[Soap opera|television soap]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-the-rise-and-fall-of-darshan/20110927.htm#1 |title=The rise and fall of Kannada star Darshan |publisher=Rediff |access-date=17 June 2015 |archive-date=14 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240614082925/https://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-the-rise-and-fall-of-darshan/20110927.htm#1 |url-status=live }}</ref> Narayan then offered him a supporting role in his 1997 film ''Mahabharatha''. Darshan subsequently featured in films such as ''[[Devara Maga]]'' (2000), ''[[Ellara Mane Dosenu]]'' (2000), ''Bhoothayyana Makkalu'' (2000) and ''Mr. Harishchandra'' (2001), mostly in insignificant, [[Supporting actor|supporting]], and often [[Bit part|bit roles]]. This period also saw him play minor roles in other television soaps and as a dubbing artiste for some cartoons.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/happy-birthday-darshan-a-look-at-the-journey-of-the-kannada-superstar-on-his-43rd-birthday/articleshow/74146661.cms|title=Happy Birthday Darshan: A look at the journey of the Kannada superstar on his 43rd birthday|date=16 February 2020|work=The Times of India}}</ref>

===2001–2010===
Darshan's major break in films came with ''[[Majestic (film)|Majestic]]'', directed by P. N. Satya and released in 2002, in which he played the role of Daasa, an innocent youth-turned-underworld don.<ref name="indiatimes1"/> He then appeared in films such as ''[[Dhruva (2002 film)|Dhruva]]'', ''[[Ninagoskara]]'', ''Kitty''. He starred in [[Prem (film director)|Prem]]'s directorial debut, the 2003 gangster film ''[[Kariya (film)|Kariya]]'' which became commercial successful and turn a cult classic.<ref>{{cite web |title=Streaming Guide: Cult Kannada gangster films you can stream right now|date=19 May 2020 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/cult-kannada-gangster-movies-you-can-stream-right-now-6387948/|language=en}}</ref> then he played a budding musician in ''[[Laali Haadu]]'',
''[[Neenandre Ishta]]'', then he appeared as a journalist in ''[[Lankesh Patrike (film)|Lankesh Patrike]]'' and a blind poor man in ''[[Namma Preethiya Ramu]]'' then he starred in P. N. Satya's ''[[Daasa]]'', produced by Ramesh Yadav, and appeared in the film [[Annavru (2003 film)|''Annavru'']]. In 2004, he acted in more films [[Dharma (2004 film)|Dharma]], [[Darshan (2004 film)|Darshan]], [[Bhagawan (2004 film)|Bhagawan]], ''[[Kalasipalya (film)|Kalasipalya]]'' and [[Saradara]]. Kalasipalya film was a major milestone in darshan's career and established himself as leading actor in sandalwood.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.viggy.com/english/current_kalasipalya.asp |title=Kalasipalya – Darshan once again... |access-date=25 March 2014 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304032449/http://www.viggy.com/english/current_kalasipalya.asp |url-status=live }}</ref> later he acted in several box office successes films. In 2005 he appeared '' [[Ayya (2005 Kannada film)|Ayya]]'', ''[[Shastri (film)|Shastri]]'' and ''[[Swamy (2005 film)|Swamy]]''. In 2006, he acted [[Mandya (film)|Mandya]], ''[[Suntaragaali]]'', ''[[Dattha]]'' and in the action movie ''[[Thangigagi]]'', which is a remake of Tamil film ''[[Thirupaachi]]''. In 2007 he acted in ''[[Bhoopathi (2007 film)|Bhoopathi]]'' (2007), this film marks 25th film of Darshan in a lead role and the Debut collaboration with [[V. Harikrishna]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/darshan-is-bhoopathi-malayalam-news-24438|title=Darshan is 'Bhoopathi'|work=Indiaglitz|date=11 August 2006}}</ref> and further he starred in
''[[Snehana Preethina]]'' and ''[[Anatharu]]'', where he starred with [[Upendra (actor)|Upendra]] laid a strong foundation with the actor.

In 2008, ''[[Gaja (film)|Gaja]]'' helped him to establish a niche as a well built, rustic yet "posh" young man. Further movies include ''[[Indra (2008 film)|Indra]]'' (2008), ''[[Arjun (2008 film)|Arjun]]'' (2008), and heist thriller ''[[Navagraha (film)|Navagraha]]'' (2008), ''[[Yodha (2009 film)|Yodha]]'' (2009), ''[[Abhay (2009 film)|Abhay]]'' (2009). In 2010, he acted as cop disguised as a rogue in ''[[Porki]]'', which was a remake of the 2006 [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] film ''[[Pokiri]]''. His next movie was ''[[Shourya (2010 film)|Shourya]]'' (2010).

===2010–present===
[[File:Darshan, Rekha Vedavyas.jpg|right|thumb|Darshan, [[Rekha Vedavyas]] in 2011 Kannada film ''[[Boss (2011 film)|Boss]]'' ]]
[[File:Darshan Thoogudeepa (5).jpg|right|thumb|Darshan in an action sequence in 2015 Kannada film ''[[Mumtaz (film)|Mumtaz]]'']]
Darshan's next releases were ''[[Boss (2011 film)|Boss]]'' (2011) and ''[[Prince (2011 film)|Prince]]'' (2011), soaring despite the flops. Next came the action film ''[[Saarathi]]''. He made a comeback with [[Saarathi]] (2011), the highest-grossing Kannada film of that year.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/cover-story/darshan-makes-a-big-hit-again-this-time-with-his-film/articleshow/21506355.cms|title=Darshan makes a big hit again, this time with his film|work=[[Bangalore Mirror]]|date=2 October 2011|access-date=23 September 2022|archive-date=23 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220923163519/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/cover-story/darshan-makes-a-big-hit-again-this-time-with-his-film/articleshow/21506355.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
His 2012 release was ''[[Chingari (2012 film)|Chingari]]''. Next, he played a role in the historical movie ''[[Krantiveera Sangolli Rayanna (2012 film)|Krantiveera Sangolli Rayanna]]'' and got his maiden [[Karnataka State Film Awards]] and [[Filmfare Awards South|Filmfare Award]] for best actor.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/And-the-Filmfare-Award-for-Kannada-goes-to-/articleshow/21215657.cms |title=And the Filmfare Award for Kannada goes to... |website=The Times of India |date=21 July 2013 |access-date=7 May 2019 |archive-date=4 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404200526/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/And-the-Filmfare-Award-for-Kannada-goes-to-/articleshow/21215657.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2013, he had two releases, ''[[Bulbul (2013 film)|Bulbul]]'' and ''[[Brindavana]]''.

His 2014 film ''[[Ambareesha]]'' received mixed responses, though it was commercially successful. In ''[[Mr. Airavata]]'', he played the role of a police officer. ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote: "He sizzles on the screen in his tailor-made avatar as Mr. Airavata".<ref>{{cite news |title=Mr. Airavata: No logic, but enjoy Darshan magic |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/mr-airavata-no-logic-but-enjoy-darshan-magic/article7718636.ece |website=The Hindu |access-date=23 March 2017 |date=3 October 2015 |archive-date=30 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190630202344/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/mr-airavata-no-logic-but-enjoy-darshan-magic/article7718636.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> In ''[[Viraat (film)|Viraat]]'', his first release of 2016, he played a businessman wanting to provide a solution to the issue of irregular [[power supply]] by taking up a thermal power project. ''[[The Indian Express]]'', in its review, wrote that despite the loopholes, Darshan "cements them". The reviewer added: "He is seen in his signature style of action, dialogue delivery and mannerism. This time the actor breezes through some dance steps".<ref>{{cite web |title=Viraat Keeps Darshan Fans on Their Feet |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2016/jan/30/viraat-keeps-darshan-fans-on-their-feet-875118.html |website=The New Indian Express |access-date=23 March 2017 |date=30 January 2016 |archive-date=23 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170323234230/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2016/jan/30/Viraat-Keeps-Darshan-Fans-on-Their-Feet-875118.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Darshan's next film ''[[Jaggu Dada]]'' saw him play a gangster, and received largely negative reviews from critics.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Nathan |first1=Archana |title=Jaggu Dada: A torturer's paradise |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/Jaggu-Dada-A-torturer%E2%80%99s-paradise/article14425887.ece |website=The Hindu |access-date=23 March 2017 |date=11 June 2016 |archive-date=31 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031061418/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/Jaggu-Dada-A-torturer%E2%80%99s-paradise/article14425887.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Suresh |first1=Sunayana |title=Jaggu Dada Movie Review |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/jaggu-dada/movie-review/52712136.cms |website=The Times of India |access-date=23 March 2017 |date=13 June 2016 |archive-date=31 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170331093908/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/Jaggu-Dada/movie-review/52712136.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

Darshan's next release was ''[[Chakravarthy (2017 film)|Chakravarthy]]'' in 2017 based on Bangalore Underworld's true story, which gave a mixed response from the audience, but got recognition for the new look. In later 2017, his next movie ''[[Tarak (film)|Tarak]]'' was released which met with negative response. Following this, in 2019, Darshan's 50th film ''[[Yajamana (2019 film)|Yajamana]]'' released, becoming his biggest box office opener. Following the success of ''Yajamana'', the big-budget Indian mythological movie ''[[Kurukshetra (2019 film)|Kurukshetra]]'' was released on 9 August 2019. ''Kurukshetra'' was well received by critics.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2019/aug/14/kurukshetra-to-touch-rs-30-crore-mark-in-first-week-of-release-in-karnataka-2018591.html |title='Kurukshetra' to touch Rs 30 crore mark in first week of release in Karnataka |date=14 August 2019 |agency=Express News Service |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |access-date=23 April 2020 |archive-date=18 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191018210347/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2019/aug/14/kurukshetra-to-touch-rs-30-crore-mark-in-first-week-of-release-in-karnataka-2018591.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In the same year, Darshan starred in another film, ''[[Odeya (film)|Odeya]]''.

In June 2019,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2020/jan/22/its-a-wrap-for-darshans-roberrt-16640.html |title=It's a wrap for Darshan's Roberrt |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=22 January 2020 |access-date=24 April 2020 |archive-date=16 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210316204255/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2020/jan/22/its-a-wrap-for-darshans-roberrt-16640.html |url-status=live }}</ref> he teamed up with [[Tharun Sudhir]] for the film, ''[[Roberrt]]'', which was released in 2021 and achieved box-office success. In 2023, he starred in ''[[Kranti (2023 film)|Kranti]]'', in which he plays a businessman who is called back by his school for 100 year celebration where he learn that the system is run by corrupt businessman and takes on the challenge to stop the closure of 100 schools and take down the corrupt businessman. The film received mixed to negative reviews from critics. ''Kranti'' theatrically released on 26 January 2023, coinciding with the [[Indian Republic Day]] holiday. Following this he appeared in a brief role in [[Yogaraj Bhat]]'s directorial ''[[Garadi (film)|Garadi]]''.

In 2024, Darshan's biggest box-office success came through ''[[Kaatera]]'', for which he teamed again with director Tharun Sudhir and producer [[Rockline Venkatesh]]. The film became the highest grosser of the year and his portrayal of Kaatera character received widespread appreciation. In 2025, Darshan filmed ''[[The Devil (2025 film)|The Devil]]'', directed by [[Prakash (film director)|Prakash]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 November 2023 |title=Challenging Star Darshan's new movie is titled 'Devil: The Hero' |url=https://thesouthfirst.com/entertainment/challenging-star-darshans-new-movie-is-titled-devil-the-hero/ |access-date=18 May 2024 |website=The South First}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Darshan married his relative Vijayalakshmi, who was then a student in [[Chemical engineering]], in 2003 at [[Dharmasthala Temple]]. They have a son, Vineesh. Darshan runs his own mini zoo in the far east of Mysuru, near [[Malavalli]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/Darshan-Puts-Fans-Before-God/2015/02/16/article2670652.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150216082920/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/Darshan-Puts-Fans-Before-God/2015/02/16/article2670652.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=16 February 2015 |title=Darshan Puts Fans Before God |work=The New Indian Express |access-date=17 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Darshan-adopts-tiger-cub/articleshow/22938590.cms |title=Darshan adopts tiger cub |work=The Times of India |date=23 September 2013 |access-date=17 June 2015 |archive-date=6 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180106220618/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Darshan-adopts-tiger-cub/articleshow/22938590.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Darshan's other passions are cars and bikes.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/Darshans-new-ride/2013/07/08/article1672468.ecea |title=Darshan's new ride |work=The New Indian Express |access-date=17 June 2015}}{{dead link|date=February 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/darshan-on-bike-kannada-news-95610.html |title=Darshan on Bike |date=18 July 2013 |work=Indiaglitz |access-date=17 June 2015 |archive-date=26 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626155806/http://www.indiaglitz.com/darshan-on-bike-kannada-news-95610.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Darshan had a strained relationship with Vijayalakshmi since 2011, with the latter filing a case for alleged domestic violence that year. Since 2015, Darshan was rumoured to be in a relationship with actress Pavithra Gowda.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/pavithra-gowda-not-actor-darshan-wife-claims-lawyer-renukaswamy-murder-cctv-evidence-aides-2553814-2024-06-16|title=Actor Darshan not married to Pavithra Gowda, just 'friends', claims his lawyer|date=16 June 2024 |publisher=India Today}}</ref> In January 2024, pavithra posted a collage video with Darshan to celebrate the 10th anniversary of their relationship.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/darshans-wife-vijayalakshmis-online-war-with-pavitra-gowda-turns-ugly/articleshow/107168811.cms | title=Darshan's Wife Vijayalakshmi's 'Online War' With Pavitra Gowda Turns Ugly | website=[[Times Of India]] | date=26 January 2024 | access-date=4 April 2024 | archive-date=23 May 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240523092715/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/darshans-wife-vijayalakshmis-online-war-with-pavitra-gowda-turns-ugly/articleshow/107168811.cms | url-status=live }}</ref>

Darshan campaigned for [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] during the [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023 Karnataka legislative assembly election]],<ref>{{Cite web |work=ABP News |date=2023-04-28 |title=Kannada Actor Darshan Thoogudeepa To Campaign For BJP In Kolar And Bengaluru Rural |url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/karnataka-polls-assembly-elections-kannada-actor-darshan-thoogudeepa-to-campaign-for-bjp-kolar-bengaluru-rural-1598568 |access-date=2024-06-13 |language=en |archive-date=13 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240613052334/https://news.abplive.com/elections/karnataka-polls-assembly-elections-kannada-actor-darshan-thoogudeepa-to-campaign-for-bjp-kolar-bengaluru-rural-1598568 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-28 |title=Karnataka Elections 2023: After Kichcha Sudeep, Kannada Actor Darshan to campaign for BJP |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/assembly-elections/karnataka/karnataka-elections-2023-after-kichcha-sudeep-kannada-actor-darshan-to-campaign-for-bjp/videoshow/99845185.cms |access-date=2024-06-13 |website=The Economic Times |language=en |archive-date=30 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230430084806/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/assembly-elections/karnataka/karnataka-elections-2023-after-kichcha-sudeep-kannada-actor-darshan-to-campaign-for-bjp/videoshow/99845185.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> and for Star Chandru of the [[Indian National Congress]] during the [[2024 Indian general election|2024 Lok Sabha elections]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=K. Shiva |date=2024-04-19 |title=Political circles abuzz as Darshan campaigns for Congress in Karnataka's Mandya |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2024/Apr/19/political-circles-abuzz-as-darshan-campaigns-for-congress-in-karnatakas-mandya |access-date=2024-06-13 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=11 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240611082836/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2024/Apr/19/political-circles-abuzz-as-darshan-campaigns-for-congress-in-karnatakas-mandya |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Social works==
Darshan adopted an elephant and a tiger in [[Mysore Zoo]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-04-11 |title=Sandalwood stars and their work of philanthropy |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/sandalwood-stars-and-their-work-of-philanthropy/photostory/68832257.cms?picid=68832309 |access-date=2024-07-31 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> He made an open appeal to the public to seek donations and adaptation of animals in nine zoos in Karnataka. This made Zoo Authority of Karnataka (ZAK) raise Rs.1 crore and overcome financial crisis which hit all the nine zoos in the state due to [[COVID-19 pandemic|COVID-19]] pandemic, since March 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-06-11 |title=Actor Darshan's appeal fetches over Rs. 1 crore for 9 Zoos |url=https://starofmysore.com/actor-darshans-appeal-fetches-over-rs-1-crore-for-9-zoos/ |access-date=2024-07-31 |website=Star of Mysore |language=en-US}}</ref> He donated granite slabs for the construction of a memorial of the [[Mysore Dasara|Dasara]] elephant [[Dasara elephants|Arjuna]], which died in a rescue operation in December 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-25 |title=Darshan donates granite slabs for Dasara elephant Arjuna's memorial |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/darshan-donates-granite-slabs-for-dasara-elephant-arjunas-memorial/articleshow/110398595.cms |access-date=2024-07-31 |website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author=Manjula |date=2021-03-30 |title=Darshan Inspires Fan To Take Up Social Service Activities |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/sandalwood/darshan-inspires-fan-to-take-up-social-service-activities-679298 |access-date=2024-07-31 |website=The Hans India |language=en |archive-date=15 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240715151406/https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/sandalwood/darshan-inspires-fan-to-take-up-social-service-activities-679298 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Legal issues==
===Assault cases===
In 2021, he was accused of physically assaulting a waiter at a Mysuru hotel by [[Indrajit Lankesh]]. Reports later suggested the CCTV visuals were deleted and the incident was covered up, with the police compensating the waiter with Rs 50,000.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-07-17 |title=Actor Darshan accused of assaulting a Mysuru hotel waiter: Twists and turns in the case |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/karnataka/actor-darshan-accused-assaulting-mysuru-hotel-waiter-twists-and-turns-case-152493 |access-date=2024-06-12 |website=The News Minute |language=en |archive-date=12 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240612101328/https://www.thenewsminute.com/karnataka/actor-darshan-accused-assaulting-mysuru-hotel-waiter-twists-and-turns-case-152493 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=12 June 2024 |title=Darshan Thoogudeepa arrested in murder case: 5 major controversies of 'The Challenging Star' |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/entertainment/movies/from-accusations-of-assaulting-a-waiter-to-getting-arrested-with-his-partner-pavithra-gowda-for-alleged-murder-here-are-the-5-controversies-of-darshan-thoogudeepa-article-12746122.html |url-status=live |website=moneycontrol |access-date=12 June 2024 |archive-date=12 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240612101336/https://www.moneycontrol.com/entertainment/movies/from-accusations-of-assaulting-a-waiter-to-getting-arrested-with-his-partner-pavithra-gowda-for-alleged-murder-here-are-the-5-controversies-of-darshan-thoogudeepa-article-12746122.html }}</ref> Bharat, a Kannada film producer lodged a police complaint against Darshan in 2022 for threatening him with dire consequences.<ref>{{cite web |date=9 August 2022 |title=Kannada Producer Lodges Complaint Against Actor Darshan |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/kannada-producer-lodges-complaint-against-actor-darshan-news-215316 |access-date=17 October 2022 |archive-date=17 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221017055121/https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/kannada-producer-lodges-complaint-against-actor-darshan-news-215316 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In November 2023, Darshan was accused of setting up his dogs to attack his neighbor, since she had an argument with his caretaker over the parking space. An FIR was lodged against the actor under IPC 289 while the neighbour woman was compensated with hospital treatment charges.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-11-02 |title=Dog bite: Cops say Darshan not present at the scene of incident |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/dog-bite-cops-say-darshan-not-present-at-the-scene-of-incident/articleshow/104902346.cms |access-date=2024-06-12 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=3 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231103133051/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/dog-bite-cops-say-darshan-not-present-at-the-scene-of-incident/articleshow/104902346.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-11-15 |title=Police records Darshan's statement in dog bite case |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/police-records-darshans-statement-in-dog-bite-case/article67536278.ece |access-date=2024-06-12 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=12 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240612101334/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/police-records-darshans-statement-in-dog-bite-case/article67536278.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

In September 2011, his wife complained to police, accusing him of domestic violence. An [[attempted murder]] case was filed and he was subsequently arrested and spent 14 days in judicial custody at [[List of prisons in India|Parappana Agrahara]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kumar |first1=M. T. Shiva |date=9 September 2011 |title=Kannada actor Darshan held for domestic violence |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/kannada-actor-darshan-held-for-domestic-violence/article2439017.ece |access-date=17 June 2015 |work=The Hindu |archive-date=20 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160120034351/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/kannada-actor-darshan-held-for-domestic-violence/article2439017.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title='Challenging Star' back in Parappana Agrahara jail |url=http://daily.bhaskar.com/news/BAN-challenging-star-back-in-parappana-agrahara-jail-2449451.html |access-date=17 June 2015 |work=Daily Bhaskar |archive-date=17 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150617145533/http://daily.bhaskar.com/news/BAN-challenging-star-back-in-parappana-agrahara-jail-2449451.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> However, the marital discord was later settled out of court.<ref>{{cite web |title=Compromise Formula to Save Kannada Actor Darshan from Jail? |url=http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=115242 |access-date=17 June 2015 |publisher=Daijiworld}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=8 October 2011 |title=Darshan released after High Court grants bail |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/darshan-released-after-high-court-grants-bail/article2519544.ece |access-date=17 June 2015 |work=The Hindu |archive-date=14 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240614083945/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/darshan-released-after-high-court-grants-bail/article2519544.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> He issued a public apology to his fans for the controversy.<ref>{{cite web |date=10 October 2011 |title=After all the drama, Kannada actor Darshan says I am sorry |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/bangalore/report-after-all-the-drama-kannada-actor-darshan-says-i-am-sorry-1597048 |access-date=17 June 2015 |work=Daily News and Analysis |archive-date=17 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150617143714/http://www.dnaindia.com/bangalore/report-after-all-the-drama-kannada-actor-darshan-says-i-am-sorry-1597048 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2016, his wife approached [[Bengaluru Police]] to complain against Darshan for alleged "objectionable behaviour".<ref>deccanchronicle.com/nation/crime/100316/bengaluru-trouble-for-star-darshan-after-wife-approaches-police.html</ref>

In January 2023, Forest Department personnel raided the farmhouse of actor Darshan near T. Narsipur and seized four [[bar-headed geese]] on the grounds that he possessed them in violation of the law.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/bar-headed-geese-seized-from-actor-darshans-farm/article66416845.ece | title=Bar-headed geese seized from actor Darshan's farm | website=[[The Hindu]] | date=21 January 2023 | access-date=27 February 2023 | archive-date=27 February 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227150359/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/bar-headed-geese-seized-from-actor-darshans-farm/article66416845.ece | url-status=live }}</ref>

===Murder of Renukaswamy===
{{main|Murder of Renukaswamy}}
In June 2024, Darshan was arrested in [[Mysore|Mysuru]] in connection with the murder of Renuka Swamy. Allegedly, Darshan, along with 10 other people, beat the victim in a shed in [[Pattanagere]], and the victim subsequently died.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-06-12 |title=Comments against Pavithra angered Darshan? What led to torture, murder of Kannada movie fan |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/comments-against-pavithra-angered-darshan-what-led-to-torture-murder-of-kannada-movie-fan/articleshow/110925038.cms |access-date=2024-06-12 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=12 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240612101336/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/comments-against-pavithra-angered-darshan-what-led-to-torture-murder-of-kannada-movie-fan/articleshow/110925038.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Adnal |first=Madhuri |date=11 June 2024 |title=Actor Darshan's presence at Renuka Swamy Crime Scene Confirmed by CCTV and Call Records |url=https://www.oneindia.com/bengaluru/darshan-s-presence-at-renuka-swamy-crime-scene-confirmed-by-cctv-and-call-records-3849723.html |url-status=dead |access-date=11 June 2024 |website=OneIndia |archive-date=11 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240611124737/https://www.oneindia.com/bengaluru/darshan-s-presence-at-renuka-swamy-crime-scene-confirmed-by-cctv-and-call-records-3849723.html }}</ref> Swamy allegedly had sent obscene messages to actress Pavithra Gowda. Along with Darshan, ten other individuals wer been judicially arrested and remained in custody for over 70 days.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kannada Actor Arrested For Alleged Role In Murder Over Obscene Texts |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/kannada-actor-challenging-star-darshan-being-questioned-for-alleged-role-in-murder-case-5864459 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240611131330/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/kannada-actor-challenging-star-darshan-being-questioned-for-alleged-role-in-murder-case-5864459 |archive-date=11 June 2024 |access-date=11 June 2024 |publisher=NDTV}}</ref> Darshan and Pavithra Gowda both were cited as the accused in the First Investigation Report. The victim, Renuka Swamy, was a worker at a medical shop and hailed from [[Chitradurga]]. He was killed on 8 June, but the body was discovered only on the next day.<ref>{{cite web |title=Darshan Thoogudeepa, popular Kannada actor, detained in connection with murder case |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/bengaluru-police-arrest-kannada-actor-darshan-in-murder-case/article68276111.ece |work=The Hindu |date=11 June 2024 |access-date=11 June 2024 |archive-date=11 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240611150953/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/bengaluru-police-arrest-kannada-actor-darshan-in-murder-case/article68276111.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Kannada actor Darshan, friend Pavithra sent to six-day police custody in murder case |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/kannada-actor-darshan-friend-pavithra-sent-to-six-day-police-custody-in-murder-case-3062314 |publisher=Deccan Healrd |access-date=11 June 2024 |archive-date=11 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240611150951/https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/kannada-actor-darshan-friend-pavithra-sent-to-six-day-police-custody-in-murder-case-3062314 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Darshan, Pavithra break down in court |date=9 June 2024 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2024/Jun/12/darshan-pavithra-break-down-in-court |publisher=Indian Express |access-date=12 June 2024 |archive-date=14 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240614084011/https://www.newindianexpress.com/amp/story/cities/delhi/2024/Jun/14/women-and-marginalised-groups-bear-the-brunt-of-heat-wave-study-on-delhi-street-vendors-reveal |url-status=live }}</ref> On 29 October 2024, he was granted interim bail for six weeks.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/actor-darshan-gets-interim-bail-for-6-weeks-for-medical-treatment-6905588 |title=Actor Darshan Gets Interim Bail For 6 Weeks For Medical Treatment|publisher=NDTV}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2024/11/19/renukaswamy-murder-case-bengaluru-police-to-challenge-actor-darshans-bail-in-sc.html|title=Renukaswamy murder case: Bengaluru police to challenge actor Darshan's bail in SC|publisher=The Week|access-date=19 November 2024|archive-date=19 November 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241119093917/https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2024/11/19/renukaswamy-murder-case-bengaluru-police-to-challenge-actor-darshans-bail-in-sc.html|url-status=live}}</ref> On December 13, 2024, [[Karnataka]] High Court granted regular bail to actor Darshan and others.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Actor Darshan, Others Granted Bail in Renukaswamy Murder Case |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/actor-darshan-others-granted-bail-in-renukaswamy-murder-case-7243153 |access-date=29 December 2024 |website=ndtv.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=SC refuses to cancel actor Darshan's bail, agrees to examine state plea|work=The Economic Times |date=24 January 2025 |url=https://m.economictimes.com/news/india/sc-refuses-to-cancel-bail-of-actor-darshan-others-in-murder-case/articleshow/117515541.cms|language=en}}</ref> In 2025, after cancellation of the bail, the actor was sent back in custody, awaiting trial.<ref>{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=2025-09-30 |title=Bengaluru Court reserves order on actor Darshan's jail facility plea for October 9 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/bengaluru-court-reserves-order-on-actor-darshans-jail-facility-plea-for-october-9/article70113210.ece |access-date=2025-10-03 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{{Main|Darshan filmography}}

===Production and distribution===
In 2006, after much success in his career, he ventured into film production also. He established his own production house Thoogudeepa Productions and its first film was ''[[Jothe Jotheyali]]'', starring Prem, Ramya and had Darshan in a special appearance. The film was a commercial hit running 150 days in theatres.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/tabloid/bengaluru/darshan-actor-no-gentleman-584 |title=Darshan: An actor, but no gentleman |work=Deccan Chronicle |date=10 September 2011 |access-date=27 September 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110910193125/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/tabloid/bengaluru/darshan-actor-no-gentleman-584 |archive-date=10 September 2011}}</ref> In 2013, his family established a distribution company called Thoogudeepa Distributors. ''[[Bulbul (2013 film)|Bulbul]]'' (2013), produced under the home banner became the first movie to be distributed. Its other notable projects include distribution of ''[[Brindavana]]'' (2013), [[Prakash Raj]]'s ''[[Oggarane (film)|Oggarane]]'' (2014), ''[[Jai Lalitha]]'' (2014) (starring [[Sharan (actor)|Sharan]]), ''[[Ugramm]]'' (starring [[Sriimurali]]) and ''[[Paramashiva (film)|Paramashiva]]'' (2014) (starring [[Ravichandran (Kannada actor)|V. Ravichandran]]).<ref>{{cite web |title=Darshan now makes his mark as a distributor|work=The Times of India |date=20 May 2014 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/darshan-now-makes-his-mark-as-a-distributor/articleshow/35371871.cms|language=en}}</ref>

==Awards and nominations==

{| class="wikitable" width=100%
|-
! width=5%|Year
! width=30%| Award
! width=20%| Nominated work
! width=20%| Category
! width=10%| Result
! width=5%| {{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;" |2012
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Suvarna Film Awards]]
| rowspan="3" style="text-align: center;" |''[[Saarathi]]''
| style="text-align: center;" |Favorite Hero
| {{Won}}
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9bmj7Grncq0 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130721034505/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9bmj7Grncq0 |archive-date=21 July 2013 |url-status=dead |title=4th Suvarna film awards Part 1.mp4 |via=YouTube |access-date=18 June 2015}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Filmfare Awards South]]
| style="text-align: center;" |Best Actor
| {{Nominated}}
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>59th Filmfare Awards South (2012) – Kannada Nominations & Winners :
* {{cite web|url=http://news.in.msn.com/national/article.aspx?cp-documentid=250145271|title=Nominations for Kannada Filmfare announced|publisher=news.in.msn.com|date=13 Jun 2012|access-date=25 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202163707/http://news.in.msn.com/national/article.aspx?cp-documentid=250145271|archive-date=2 February 2014|url-status=dead}}
* {{cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/kannada/news/2012/puneet-sudeep-darshan-filmfare-awards-096455.html|title=Puneet Rajkumar, Sudeep, Darshan nominated for Filmfare Awards|publisher=filmibeat.com|date=June 13, 2012}}
* {{Cite web|url = https://bollywoodproduct.in/59th-filmfare-awards-south-2012|title = 59th Filmfare Awards South Nominees and Winners of Kannada Cinema Awards| date=4 July 2021 |publisher = bollywoodproduct.in}}</ref>
|-
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|[[South Indian International Movie Awards|SIIMA Awards]]
| style="text-align: center;" |Best Actor
| {{Nominated}}
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chinokino.com/2012/06/2012-south-indian-international-movie.html |title=SIIMA — South Indian International Movie Awards |access-date=18 June 2015 |archive-date=23 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923202911/http://www.chinokino.com/2012/06/2012-south-indian-international-movie.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|[[The Times of India|Bangalore Times Film Awards]]
| rowspan="5" style="text-align: center;" |''[[Krantiveera Sangolli Rayanna (2012 film)|Krantiveera Sangolli Rayanna]]''
| style="text-align: center;" |Best Actor
| {{Won}}
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Bangalore-Times-Film-Awards-2012-goes-to-/articleshow/21893862.cms |title=Bangalore Times Film Awards 2012 goes to... |work=The Times of India |date=19 August 2013 |access-date=18 June 2015 |archive-date=27 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150927082011/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Bangalore-Times-Film-Awards-2012-goes-to-/articleshow/21893862.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;" |2013
| style="text-align:center;"|[[South Indian International Movie Awards|SIIMA Awards]]
| style="text-align: center;" |Best Actor
| {{Nominated}}
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/siima-2013-vijay039s-039thuppakki039-gets-10-nominations-pawan039s-039gabbar-singh039-leads-telugu-category-501714 |title=SIIMA 2013 |website=[[International Business Times]] |date=27 August 2013 |access-date=18 June 2015 |archive-date=7 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150207182924/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/siima-2013-vijay039s-039thuppakki039-gets-10-nominations-pawan039s-039gabbar-singh039-leads-telugu-category-501714 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Suvarna Film Awards]]
| style="text-align: center;" |Best Actor
| {{Won}}
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gandhadagudi.com/forum/viewtopic.php?f=1&t=6782&sid=5dca9417408ea8575e9f8edeb82706c6 |title=Suvarna Awards 2013 – DECLARED |publisher=Gandhada Gudi |access-date=18 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140517234954/http://www.gandhadagudi.com/forum/viewtopic.php?f=1&t=6782&sid=5dca9417408ea8575e9f8edeb82706c6 |archive-date=17 May 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

|-
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Kannada|Filmfare Best Actor Award]]
| style="text-align: center;" |Best Actor
| {{Won}}
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/filmfare-awards-2013-south-complete-list-of-winners-492766 |title=Filmfare Awards 2013 (South): Complete List of Winners |work=International Business Times |date=21 July 2013 |access-date=18 June 2015 |archive-date=18 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150618153336/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/filmfare-awards-2013-south-complete-list-of-winners-492766 |url-status=live }}</ref>

|-
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Actor]]
| style="text-align: center;" |Best Actor
| {{Won}}
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref name="International Business Times"/>

|-
|style="text-align:center;" |2014
| style="text-align: center;" |
[[South Indian International Movie Awards|SIIMA Awards]]
| style="text-align: center;" |''[[Bulbul (2013 film)|Bulbul]]''
| style="text-align: center;" | Best Actor ||{{Nominated}}
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>SIIMA 2013:
* {{cite web |url=http://siima.in/nominations/ |title=SIIMA nominees Kannada |publisher=siima.in |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303222803/http://siima.in/nominations/ |archivedate=2016-03-03 }}
* {{cite web |url=https://kannada.filmibeat.com/news/siima-2014-kannada-nominations-list-announced-086297.html |title=SIIMA 2014: ಕನ್ನಡ ಚಿತ್ರಗಳ ನಾಮಿನೇಶನ್ ಪಟ್ಟಿ |publisher=Oneindia |date=July 21, 2014 |access-date=28 February 2025 |archive-date=30 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140730023033/http://kannada.oneindia.in/movies/news/siima-2014-kannada-nominations-list-announced-086297.html |url-status=live }}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/siima-2014-kannada-nominations-sudeep-yash-darshan-upendra-shivarajkumar-rated-best-actors-604929 |title=SIIMA 2014 Kannada Nominations: Sudeep, Yash, Darshan, Upendra and Shivarajkumar Rated as Best Actors |publisher=IB Times |date=July 21, 2014 }}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2018
| style="text-align: center;" |[[Filmfare Awards South]]
| style="text-align: center;" |''[[Tarak (film)|Tarak]]''
| style="text-align: center;" | Best Actor||{{Nominated}}

| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/nominations-for-the-65th-jio-filmfare-awards-south-2018_-28652-1.html|title=Nominations for the 65th Jio Filmfare Awards South 2018|work=filmfare|date=8 June 2015|access-date=14 June 2020|archive-date=4 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180604163156/https://www.filmfare.com/features/nominations-for-the-65th-jio-filmfare-awards-south-2018_-28652.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;" |2021
| style="text-align: center;" |[[9th South Indian International Movie Awards|9th SIIMA Award]]
| style="text-align: center;" |''[[Yajamana (2019 film)|Yajamana]] ''
| style="text-align: center;" | [[SIIMA Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]] ||{{won}}
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/siima-2021-check-out-full-winners-list-840868 |title=SIIMA 2020: Check Out Full Winners' List |website=ibtimes |access-date=20 September 2021 |archive-date=20 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210920015501/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/siima-2021-check-out-full-winners-list-840868 |url-status=live }}</ref>

|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |2022
| style="text-align: center;" |[[10th South Indian International Movie Awards|10th SIIMA Award]]
| rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;" |''[[Roberrt]]''
| style="text-align: center;" | Best Actor ||{{Nominated}}
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-17 |title=Allu Arjun's Pushpa: The Rise Leads SIIMA Nominations; Check Full List Here |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/allu-arjuns-pushpa-the-rise-leads-siima-nominations-check-full-list-here-5766859.html |access-date=2022-08-17 |website=[[News18]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align: center;" |[[Filmfare Awards South]]
| style="text-align: center;" | Best Actor ||{{Nominated}}
| style="text-align: center; |<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-south-2022/kannada/winners |title=Winners Of The Filmfare Awards South 2022 - Kannada |language=en |website=Filmfare Awards |access-date=26 October 2022}}</ref>

|-
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;" |2024
| style="text-align:center;"|Chittara Star Awards
| rowspan="4" style="text-align: center;" |''[[Kaatera]]''
| style="text-align: center;" |Best Actor
| {{Won}}
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite web |title=ʼಚಿತ್ತಾರ ಸ್ಟಾರ್ ಅವಾರ್ಡ್ಸ್-2024ʼ : ನಟ ದರ್ಶನ್‌ಗೆ ʼಅತ್ಯುತ್ತಮ ನಟ ಪ್ರಶಸ್ತಿʼ.. |date=21 June 2024 |url=https://zeenews.india.com/kannada/entertainment/chittara-star-awards-2024-best-actor-award-for-actor-darshan-218552 |language=en}}</ref>

|-
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Kannada|Filmfare Best Actor Award]]
| style="text-align: center;" |Best Actor
| {{Nominated}}
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Filmfare Awards South 2024 Nominations: Salaar, Dasara, Ponniyin Selvan, Sapta Sagaradaache Ello & More Bag Top Spots |url=https://www.thedailyjagran.com/entertainment/filmfare-awards-south-2024-nominations-salaar-dasara-ponniyin-selvan-sapta-sagaradaache-ello-more-bag-top-spots-10173919 |access-date=2024-07-17 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref>

|-
| style="text-align:center;"|[[South Indian International Movie Awards|SIIMA Awards]]
| style="text-align: center;" |Best Actor
| {{Nominated}}
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite web |title= Darshan-starrer Kaatera Receives 8 Nominations In SIIMA 2024 |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/darshan-starrer-kaatera-receives-8-nominations-in-siima-2024-8970220.html|language=en}}</ref>

|-
| style="text-align:center;"|[[IIFA Utsavam|IIFA South Awards]]
| style="text-align: center;" |Best Actor
| {{Nominated}}
| style="text-align: center;" |
<ref>{{cite web |title=IIFA Utsavam 2024 Kannada Nominations: Darshan's 'Kaatera' Leads The Race |url=https://www.newsx.com/entertainment/iifa-utsavam-2024-kannada-nominations-darshans-kaatera-leads-the-race/ |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Darshan Thoogudeepa}}
* {{IMDb name|id=3131753}}

{{Karnataka State Film Award for Best Actor}}
{{FilmfareKannadaBestActor}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Darshan}}
[[Category:1977 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Kannada film producers]]
[[Category:Film producers from Karnataka]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Karnataka]]
[[Category:People from Kodagu district]]
[[Category:Karnataka State Film Award winners]]

Uday Shankar Singh

2026-04-10T19:11:28Z

CarlotaMacadam7: started new bio.

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = [[Jharkhand Legislative Assembly|Member of the Jharkhand Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Sarath Assembly constituency|Sarath]]
| term_start = 23 November 2024
| term_end =
| term_start1 = 2005
| term_end1 = 2009
| term_start2 = 1985
| term_end2 = 2000
| profession = Politician
| predecessor = [[Randhir Kumar Singh]]
| party = [[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]]
| image = Uday Shankar Singh.jpg
}}
'''Uday Shankar Singh ( Chunna Singh/ Chunna Babu)''' is an Indian politician from Jharkhand. He is a [[Jharkhand Legislative Assembly|member of the Jharkhand Legislative Assembly]] from [[2024 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2024]], representing [[Sarath Assembly constituency]] as a member of the [[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 November 2024 |title=Sarath, Jharkhand Assembly Election Results 2024 Highlights: JMM's Uday Shankar Singh defeats BJP's Randhir Kumar Singh with 37429 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/sarath-jharkhand-assembly-election-results-2024-live-updates-jaelb-2638431-2024-11-23 |access-date=23 November 2024 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=23 November 2024 |title=Sarath (Jharkhand) Assembly Election Results 2024 Live: Winner, Runner-up, Candidates List |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/sarath-jharkhand-assembly-election-results-2024-live-winner-runner-up-candidates-9684237/ |access-date=23 November 2024 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> He is a five time MLA from the Sarath Vidhan Sabha constituency. He won elections in 1985, 1990, 1995, 2005, and 2025.

== See also ==
* [[List of chief ministers of Jharkhand]]
* [[Jharkhand Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Uday Shankar}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Jharkhand MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Jharkhand Mukti Morcha politicians]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{Jharkhand-politician-stub}}

Pyre (film)

2026-04-07T23:37:21Z

CarlotaMacadam7: Creating

{{short description|Indian Hindi-Kumaoni language drama film}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{COI|date=December 2025}}
{{Promotional|date=December 2025}}
}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Pyre
| image = Pyre Film Poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Film poster
| director = [[Vinod Kapri]]
| writer = [[Vinod Kapri]]
| producer = Sakshi Joshi [[Vinod Kapri]]
| starring = Padam Singh Hira Devi
| cinematography = Manas Bhattacharyya
| editing = Patricia Rommel Subhajit Singha
| music = Mychael Danna Amritha Vaz
| studio = Bhagirathi Films Private Limited
| released = {{Film date|2024}}
| country = India
| language = Hindi
}}

'''''Pyre''''' is an Indian (Hindi-Kumaoni) language [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] directed by filmmaker [[Vinod Kapri]]. Pyre had its world premiere at the 28th [[Tallinn Black Nights Film Festival]] in the Official Competition section, where it won the best film PÖFF Audience Award. Pyre was also the opening film at 16th [[Bengaluru International Film Festival]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pyre: A Heartfelt Tale of Love and Resilience {{!}} Entertainment |url=https://www.devdiscourse.com/article/entertainment/3273966-pyre-a-heartfelt-tale-of-love-and-resilience |access-date=2025-03-18 |website=Devdiscourse |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Vinod Kapri's 'Pyre' selected for Tallinn Black Nights Film Festival |url=https://www.theweek.in/wire-updates/entertainment/2024/10/19/ent7-festival-vinod-kapri.html |access-date=2025-03-18 |website=The Week |language=en}}</ref> marking its Indian premiere, and has won the Jury Special Mention Award in the Asian Cinema Competition section. Pyre also won the Best Film Audience Award in Spain, London, and Birmingham, and recently, Pyre won the Best Feature Film Grand Jury Award in Stuttgart, Germany.

== Plot ==
In the remote [[Kumaon division|Kumaon]] region of [[Uttarakhand]], an 80-year-old man named Padam Singh walks through the mountainous terrain, beating a small drum and invoking gods and goddesses in a shaky folk tune. His frail wife, Tulsi, follows him, wearing a mismatched saree, shirt, and a rag tied around her head. The two elderly figures navigate steep, rocky paths, their journey seemingly aimless, until Padam suddenly suggests that they close their eyes and jump off a cliff together. This moment marks both an ending and a beginning—the story unravels to reveal how they reached this point.

Padam and Tulsi are among the last residents of their slowly disappearing village, where only a handful of neighbors and some goats remain. Migration has emptied their home, much like their own son, Hariya, who left for Bombay 28 years ago and never returned. With little to do, the couple passes time bickering, singing Kumaoni folk songs, and sharing simple joys—Padam drinks while Tulsi smokes beedi. Their companionship is filled with both love and quarrels, but beneath it lies the harsh reality of their isolation.

Despite his own aging body, Padam cares for Tulsi, who suffers from anemia and persistent coughing. When she needs medical attention, he calls upon the village’s last young men, Jeevan and Laxman, to carry her down to a doctor. In return, he offers them goats—his only possessions of value. However, change is inevitable. One day, the village postman, Bishan, delivers news that Jeevan has been selected for a job in Bombay, and Laxman, too, plans to leave soon. Padam realizes that with their departure, he and Tulsi will have no one left to help them, even in death.

Just as despair settles in, Bishan brings a long-awaited letter from their son, Hariya. He apologizes for his absence and promises to visit on the 5th of the next month. Tulsi, filled with renewed hope, prepares a feast for the remaining villagers to celebrate. They decorate their home, offer prayers at the temple, and wait eagerly for their son’s arrival. However, the promised day comes and goes with no sign of Hariya. As the rain pours down, Tulsi weeps, while Padam reassures her, though doubt lingers in his own heart.

Days later, another letter arrives. Hariya explains he couldn’t come due to his children’s exams but promises to visit on the 27th instead. Once again, hope is rekindled. But in the meantime, Jeevan leaves for his job, and Laxman prepares to depart, leaving the elderly couple completely alone. Padam worries—without help, who will carry Tulsi to the doctor? Worse, who will perform their last rites when the time comes?

As Tulsi’s health deteriorates, Padam makes a grim decision. He begins preparing for their end, setting up two pyres outside their home. He chants prayers, beating his drum, and asks Tulsi to follow him up the valley to jump together, ensuring neither has to live alone. She dismisses his idea, focusing instead on making dinner.

One day, as Padam returns home, Tulsi informs him that yet another letter has arrived from Hariya. This time, he says his daughter is unwell, so he won’t be able to visit. The weight of abandonment settles in. Padam echoes Tulsi’s hope in a resigned tone, whispering, "Yes, he’ll come… he will."

==Cast==
*Padam Singh as Padam Singh
*Heera Devi as Tulsi

== Reception and themes ==
''Asian Movie Pulse'' described Pyre as "a haunting, beautiful story that resonates deeply, leaving a lasting impact that lingers long after the screen fades to black." The publication highlighted the film's meditative pacing and emotionally resonant narrative, calling it a powerful reminder of the fragility of life and the resilience of love.<ref>{{Cite web | title=Film Review: Pyre (2024) by Vinod Kapri | url=https://asianmoviepulse.com/2024/11/film-review-pyre-2024-by-vinod-kapri/ | access-date=2025-07-26 | website=asianmoviepulse.com}}</ref>
''DMovies'' noted the dual symbolism of the mountainous setting, stating, "The mountains hold the key to the film's most important takeaway. Their function is double-edged: they provide our protagonists with physical and emotional nurture, while also imprisoning them." The review praised the film's quiet philosophical undertones and its patient observation of an ageing couple on the fringes of society.<ref>{{Cite web | title=Pyre - DMovies | url=https://dmovies.org/2024/11/19/pyre// | access-date=2025-07-26 | website=dmovies.org}}</ref>

''El Perfil'' focused on the strength of the performances by the lead actors—both senior citizens and non-professionals—remarking on how their lived-in presence brought an unmatched realism to the screen. ''Eye For Film'' wrote: "There's a raw authenticity to the performances from the non-professional stars, who feel as fully part of this landscape as the scoring from [[Mychael Danna]] and Amritha Vaz. There's also a gentle absurdity, not just in the dialogue but in the way Padam takes a goat almost everywhere with him and frequently hangs his umbrella from the collar of his jacket for safekeeping."<ref>{{Cite web | title=Pyre (2024) Movie Review from Eye for Film | url=https://www.eyeforfilm.co.uk/review/pyre-2024-film-review-by-amber-wilkinson | access-date=2025-07-26 | website=www.eyeforfilm.co.uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | title="Pyre": la conmovedora obra maestra de Vinod Kapri que captura la soledad y la belleza del Himalaya - EL PERFIL | url=https://elperfil.pe/cine-y-series/pyre-la-conmovedora-obra-maestra-de-vinod-kapri-que-captura-la-soledad-y-la-belleza-del-himalaya/?fbclid=IwZXh0bgNhZW0CMTEAAR29heZPDM-Z9nNQsXQhFZ8gn1OSv0km4gZTyJW48o9zN7Qz6k7vgT-dmaw_aem_jxdsG0bk6Uy21i6v6GqAyA | access-date=2025-07-26 | website=elperfil.pe}}</ref>

''The Indian Express'' called Pyre "an evocative portrait of loneliness, migration, and old age," appreciating the grounded tone and cinematic restraint. Live Hindustan praised the emotional power of the story, while ''The Print'' and ''The Wire'' noted its "unflinching realism" and "cultural authenticity."<ref>{{Cite web | title=The Quiet Exodus: On Vinod Kapri's 'Pyre' - The Wire | url=https://thewire.in/film/the-quiet-exodus-on-vinod-kapris-pyre | access-date=2025-07-26 | website=thewire.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | title=Pyre is a film about lonely parents in the Himalayas. It stars real villagers as actors | url=https://theprint.in/feature/around-town/pyre-is-a-film-about-lonely-parents-in-the-himalayas-it-stars-real-villagers-as-actors/2640638/?amp | access-date=2025-07-26 | website=theprint.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | title=Meet the lead actors of Pyre, an ode to the reality of migration, old age and loneliness {{!}} Eye News - The Indian Express | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/express-sunday-eye/meet-the-lead-actors-of-pyre-an-ode-to-the-reality-of-migration-old-age-and-loneliness-10123441/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250713164122/https://indianexpress.com/article/express-sunday-eye/meet-the-lead-actors-of-pyre-an-ode-to-the-reality-of-migration-old-age-and-loneliness-10123441/ | access-date=2025-07-26 | archive-date=2025-07-13}}</ref>
<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.livehindustan.com/blog/vinod-kapris-pyre-is-no-less-than-oscar-winner-no-mans-land-hridayesh-joshi-201749983463982.html | title=वर्ष 2002 में बेस्ट फॉरेन फिल्म श्रेणी में ऑस्कर जीतने वाली फिल्म ‘नो मैन्स लैंड' इसलिए याद है, क्योंकि उसी श्रेणी में आमिर खान की ‘लगान' को भी नामित किया गया था… | language=hi | trans-title=The film 'No Man's Land', which won the Oscar in the Best Foreign Film category in 2002, is remembered because Aamir Khan's 'Lagaan' was also nominated in the same category... | website=www.livehindustan.com}}</ref>

==Accolades==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Festival Name
! Premiere date
! Country
! Award(s) / Nomination(s)
! Ref.

|-
| [[Tallinn Black Nights Film Festival]]
| 20 November 2024 (Opening weekend)
| [[Estonia]]
| '''Won:''' Best Film – Audience Award
| <ref>{{Cite web | title=Audience Award Winner 2024: Pyre | url=https://poff.ee/en/film/audience-award-winner-2024-pyre/ | access-date=2025-07-26 | website=poff.ee}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | title=Vinod Kapri's 'Pyre' selected for Tallinn Black Nights Film Festival {{!}} Hindi Movie News - The Times of India | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/vinod-kapris-pyre-selected-for-tallinn-black-nights-film-festival/articleshow/114377133.cms | access-date=2025-07-26 | website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref>
<ref>{{Cite web | title=Vinod Kapri's 'Pyre' wins Audience Award at Tallinn Black Nights Film Festival {{!}} Bollywood - Hindustan Times | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/vinod-kapri-s-pyre-wins-audience-award-at-tallinn-black-nights-film-festival-101732435893735.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241124104928/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/vinod-kapri-s-pyre-wins-audience-award-at-tallinn-black-nights-film-festival-101732435893735.html | access-date=2025-07-26 | archive-date=2024-11-24}}</ref>

|-
| [[Bengaluru International Film Festival]]
| 1 March 2025 (Opening night film)
| [[India]]
| '''Won:''' Jury Special Mention – Asian Cinema Competition
| <ref>{{Cite web | title=BIFFes | url=https://biffes.org/filmdetails/591#section5 | access-date=2025-07-26 | website=biffes.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/amp/entertainment/vinod-kapri-directed-pyre-to-open-the-2025-bengaluru-film-festival/cid/2085103 | title=Vinod Kapri-directed 'Pyre' to open the 2025 Bengaluru Film Festival | website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | title=Vinod Kapri's Pyre To Open 2025 Bengaluru Film Festival {{!}} Kannada - Times Now | url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/kannada/vinod-kapri-s-pyre-to-open-2025-bengaluru-film-festival-article-118486359 | access-date=2025-07-26 | website=www.timesnownews.com}}</ref>

|-
| [[MOOOV Film Festival]]
| 25 April 2025 (Festival: 2–10 May)
| [[Belgium]]
| Screened with strong audience response
| <ref>{{Cite web | title=Pyre — Vinod Kapri {{!}} Mooov | url=https://www.mooov.be/nl/agenda/pyre-nrd2 | access-date=2025-07-26 | website=www.mooov.be}}</ref>
<ref>{{Cite web | title=Instagram | url=https://www.instagram.com/sakshijoshi85/reel/DI6FfTMPyBZ/?locale=zh_CN&hl=da | access-date=2025-07-26 | website=www.instagram.com}}</ref>
<ref>{{Cite web | title=Archived copy | url=https://x.com/vinodkapri/status/1906726546481488351 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250401051802/https://x.com/vinodkapri/status/1906726546481488351 | archive-date=2025-04-01}}</ref>

|-
| [[New York Indian Film Festival]]
| 21 June 2025
| [[United States]]
| '''Nominated:''' Best Actor, Best Actress
| <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=Variety |date=2025-07-25 |title=Himalayan Drama ‘Pyre’ Claims Audience Award at London and Birmingham Indian Film Festivals (EXCLUSIVE) |url=https://variety.com/2025/film/news/pyre-audience-award-london-birmingham-indian-film-festival-1236470299/ |access-date=2025-09-23 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}</ref>

|-
| Asian Summer Film Festival
| 19 July 2025
| [[Spain]]
|
* '''Won:''' Best Film – Audience Award
* '''Won:''' Jury Special Mention Award
| <ref>{{Cite web | title=Pyre - Festival Nits de cinema oriental de Vic | url=https://cinemaoriental.com/en/pelicula/pyre/ | access-date=2025-07-26 | website=cinemaoriental.com}}</ref>
<ref>{{Cite web | title=Instagram | url=https://www.instagram.com/p/DL7cN69PAyP/ | access-date=2025-07-26 | website=www.instagram.com}}</ref>
<ref>{{Cite web | title=Instagram | url=https://www.instagram.com/p/DMXpESmv0zC/ | access-date=2025-07-26 | website=www.instagram.com}}</ref>

|-
| [[London Indian Film Festival]]
| 22 July 2025
| rowspan="2" | [[United Kingdom]]
|
* '''Won:''' Best Film Audience Award
* Sold‑out: BFI London screenings
| <ref>{{Cite web | title=Pyre - London Indian Film Festival | url=https://londonindianfilmfestival.co.uk/pyre/ | access-date=2025-07-26 | website=londonindianfilmfestival.co.uk}}</ref>
<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://whatson.bfi.org.uk/Online/default.asp?BOparam::WScontent::loadArticle::permalink=pyre-premiere#:~:text=With%20stunning%20views%20of%20the,of%20a%20changing%20mountain%20society.&text=Winner%20of%20the%20audience%20award,love%20in%20a%20changing%20land | title=UK Premiere: Pyre | website=whatson.bfi.org.uk}}</ref>
<ref>https://variety.com/2025/film/news/pyre-audience-award-london-birmingham-indian-film-festival-1236470299/</ref>
<ref> https://www.timeout.com/london/things-to-do/london-indian-film-festival-1 </ref>

|-
| Birmingham Indian Film Festival
| 22 July 2025
|
* '''Won:''' Best Film Audience Award
* Sold‑out: Birmingham screenings
| <ref>https://variety.com/2025/film/news/pyre-audience-award-london-birmingham-indian-film-festival-1236470299/</ref>
<ref>https://birminghamindianfilmfestival.co.uk/pyre/ </ref>

|-
| Indian Film Festival Stuttgart
| 26 July 2025
| [[Germany]]
| '''Won:''' Grand Jury Best Feature Film Award German Star of India Award
| <ref>{{Cite web | title=PYRE - Indisches Filmfestival | url=https://indisches-filmfestival.de/film/pyre/ | access-date=2025-07-26 | website=indisches-filmfestival.de}}</ref>
<ref>{{Cite web | title=Instagram | url=https://www.instagram.com/reel/DLz2COPPbbn/ | access-date=2025-07-26 | website=www.instagram.com}}</ref>
<ref>https://www.instagram.com/p/DMsW8WfNWLZ/?img_index=4</ref>
|-
|DC South Asian Film Festival
|5 September 2025
| rowspan="3" |[[United States]]
|'''Won''': Best Feature Film
|<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Jangir |first=Sumit |date=2025-09-18 |title=Vinod Kapri’s Pyre wins Best Feature at DC South Asian Film Festival |url=https://diyatvusa.com/vinod-kapris-pyre-wins-best-feature-at-dc-south-asian-film-festival/ |access-date=2025-09-23 |website=Diya TV |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|India International Film Festival of Boston
|12 September 2025
|'''Won''': Best Feature Film, Best Director
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
|Chicago South Asian Film Festival
|21 September 2025
|'''Won''': Fiction Feature Audience Choice Award
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 September 2025 |title=Vinod Kapris Pyre wins award at Chicago South Asian Film Festival |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/vinod-kapris-pyre-wins-award-at-chicago-south-asian-film-festival/ |access-date=2025-09-23 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref>

|-
| Novi Sad Film Festival
| 18 September 2025
| [[Serbia]]
| '''Won:''' Best Director
| <ref> https://nsff.rs/movies/pyre</ref>
<ref> https://www.instagram.com/p/DO6J8-xE5A-/</ref>

|-
|49th São Paulo International Film Festival
| 16 October 2025
| [[Brazil]]
|South American Premiere
| <ref>https://mostra.org/en/arquivo/filme/11761</ref>

|-
|35th Bath Film Festival (FilmBath)
| 19 October 2025
| [[United Kingdom]]
|
| <ref>https://filmbath.org.uk/pyre</ref>

|-
|44th Cambridge Film Festival
| 26 October 2025
| [[United Kingdom]]
|
| <ref>https://www.cambridgefilmfestival.org.uk/film/2025/pyre</ref>

|-
|23rd Inverness Film Festival
| 7 November 2025
| [[Scotland]]
|Scottish Premiere
| <ref>https://www.facebook.com/vinod.kapriindia/posts/-pyre-scotland-premiere-today-another-proud-moment-pyre-is-heading-to-scotland-f/4345267015691807/</ref>

|-
|Mosaic International South Asian Film Festival
| 24 November 2025
| [[Canada]]
|'''Won''': Best Feature Film Award, Best Music Award
|<ref>https://www.newindiaabroad.com/english/entertainment/double-win-at-misaff-for-vinod-kapris-pyre</ref>
<ref>https://www.misaff.com/program2025-1</ref>

|-
|43rd Fajr International Film Festival
| 28 November2025
| [[Iran]]
|
| <ref>https://www.instagram.com/p/DRmsIsTksVR/</ref>
<ref>https://www.facebook.com/vinod.kapriindia/posts/pyre-in-iran-only-indian-film-in-international-competition-section-of-irans-larg/4366587250226450/</ref>

|-
|30th International Film Festival of Kerala (IFFK)
| 13 December 2025
| [[India]]
|
| <ref>https://www.iffk.in/filmdetail/MTEzOTk1NTc3LjA4</ref>
<ref>https://www.instagram.com/p/DRcpuclD0Lu/</ref>

|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|26899139}}
* {{Twitter|PyreFilm}}


[[Category:2024 films]]
[[Category:2024 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:2024 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2024 drama films]]

List of Indian Bengali films of 2025

2026-04-07T14:20:51Z

CarlotaMacadam7: put up bio

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{about|the Bengali films of West Bengal|the Bangladeshi Bengali films|List of Bangladeshi films of 2025}}

This is a list of [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali cinema]] films released in 2025.
{{Bengali films}}

== January–March ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! colspan="2" style="width:6%;" |'''Opening'''
! style="width:20%;" |Title
! style="width:15%;" |Director
! style="width:25%;" |Cast
! style="width:20%;" |Production Company
! style="width:4%;" |'''{{Tooltip|Ref.|References}}'''
|-
! rowspan="12" style="text-align:center; background:#C19A6B; textcolor:#000;" |'''J A N'''
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#F5DEB3;" | '''3'''
| ''Turuper Tass''
| Debjit Hazra
| {{hlist|[[Sourav Das (actor)|Sourav Das]]|[[Rajatava Dutta]]|Judhajit Sarkar|Sreya Bhattacharyya}}
| Dream Hawker Entertainment
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhattacharyya |first1=Torsha |script-title=bn:চুরি হওয়া গাড়ি কিনে বিপাকে সৌরভ! খুঁজে বের করতে পারবেন 'তুরুপের তাস'-কে? |url=https://bengali.abplive.com/entertainment/sourav-das-judhajit-sarkar-new-film-named-turuper-tash-going-to-release-entertainment-news-tollywood-1104103 |access-date=13 January 2025 |work=[[ABP Ananda]] |date=7 November 2024 |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Parama: A Journey with Aparna Sen]]''
| [[Suman Ghosh (director)|Suman Ghosh]]
| {{hlist|[[Aparna Sen]]|[[Konkona Sen Sharma]]|[[Shabana Azmi]]}}
| Maya Leela Films
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=Gupta |first1=Shubhra |title=Parama A Journey With Aparna Sen review: A lively portrait of an artiste |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/parama-a-journey-with-aparna-sen-review-a-lively-portrait-of-an-artiste-9758306/ |access-date=14 January 2025 |work=[[Indian Express]] |date=3 January 2025}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;background:#F5DEB3;" |
'''10'''
| ''Bhaggyolokkhi''
| [[Mainak Bhaumik]]
| {{hlist|[[Ritwick Chakraborty]]|[[Solanki Roy]]|[[Swastika Dutta]]|[[Subrat Dutta]]|[[Sujan Mukherjee (actor)|Sujan Mukherjee]]}}
| Nandy Movies
| <ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhanja |first1=Sandipta |title=Bhaggyolokkhi Review: থ্রিলার, স্যাটায়ারের সঙ্গে আবেগের সহাবস্থান, 'ভাগ্যলক্ষ্মী' কেন অনন্য? পড়ুন রিভিউ |url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/film-review/ritwick-chakraborty-solanki-roy-starer-bhaggyolokkhi-review/ |access-date=13 January 2025 |work=[[Sangbad Pratidin]] |date=12 January 2025 |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|''Oporichito''
|Joydeep Mukherjee
| {{hlist|[[Ritwick Chakraborty]]|[[Ishaa Saha]]|[[Anirban Chakrabarti]]}}
|[[Eskay Movies]]
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=ঘোষ |first1=দেবত্রী |script-title=bn:জোরালো গল্পে আলগা রহস্য! 'অপরিচিত'র শেষ চমক কি দর্শক মনে রাখবে? |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/review-of-bengali-film-oporichito-directed-by-joydeep-mukherjee-dgtl/cid/1573818 |access-date=13 January 2025 |work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]] |date=11 January 2025 |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
| ''Pataligunjer Putul Khela''
| [[Subhankar Chattopadhyay]]
| {{hlist|Soham Majumdar|[[Paran Bandopadhyay]]|[[Ditipriya Roy]]|[[Rajatava Dutta]]|[[Tanima Sen]]|[[Dipankar De]]|Sumit Samaddar|[[Manasi Sinha]]|[[Mir Afsar Ali]]}}
| Jalan Productions
| <ref>{{cite news |last1=Roy |first1=Piya |title=Pataligunjer Putul Khela looks at social issues through the prism of humour |url=https://t2online.in/not-in-use/lgbtq/pataligunjer-putul-khela-looks-at-social-issues-through-the-prism-of-humour/1278370?utm_source=recommendation&ref=recommendation |access-date=14 January 2025 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|t2 Online]] |date=5 January 2025}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#F5DEB3;" |
'''17'''
|''Felubakshi''
|Debraj Sinha
| {{hlist|[[Soham Chakraborty]]|[[Madhumita Sarcar]]}}
|Medianext Entertainment
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chakraborty |first1=Urmi |title=Felubakshi teaser: Soham Chakraborty plays a tech-savvy sleuth in Bengali whodunnit |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/soham-chakraborty-shines-as-a-modern-tech-savvy-detective-in-felubakshi-teaser/cid/2073986 |access-date=13 January 2025 |work=The Telegraph|date=28 December 2024}}</ref>
|-
|''Jhumur''
|Barun Das
| {{hlist|Rajsree|[[John Bhattacharya]]|[[Kharaj Mukherjee]]|Rajesh Sharma|[[Laboni Sarkar]]}}
|Krishna Cinema And Entertainment
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dey |first1=Snigdha |script-title=bn:হিংস্র শিয়ালের সঙ্গে লড়বেন নায়িকা! ফুটে উঠবে নারীর মনের গহন কোণ থেকে জীবনযুদ্ধ, সমাজের কোন সত্যি বলতে আসছে 'ঝুমুর'? |url=https://www.aajkaal.in/entertainment/details-of-upcoming-bengali-movie-jhumur-which-starring-john-bhattacharya-rajoshree-laboni-sarkar-kharaj-mukherjee-and-others-ent-111754 |access-date=4 February 2025 |work=[[Aajkal]] |date=6 January 2025 |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#F5DEB3;" |
'''23'''
|''[[Shotyi Bole Shotyi Kichhu Nei|Shotyi Bole Shotyi Kicchu Nei]]''
|[[Srijit Mukherji]]
| {{hlist|[[Parambrata Chatterjee]]|[[Ritwick Chakraborty]]|[[Arjun Chakrabarty]]|[[Sauraseni Maitra]]|[[Kaushik Ganguly]]|[[Ananya Chatterjee]]|[[Kaushik Sen]]|[[Anirban Chakrabarti]]|[[Kanchan Mullick]]}}
|[[Shree Venkatesh Films]]
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=Niyogi |first1=Agnivo |title='Shotyi Bole Shotyi Kichhu Nei' trailer: Parambrata Chattopadhyay stars in Srijit Mukherji's 'Ek Ruka Hua Faisla' adaptation |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/srijit-mukherjis-exploration-of-truth-in-adaptation-of-ek-ruka-hua-faisla/cid/2077276 |access-date=13 January 2025 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |date=13 January 2025}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Binodiini: Ekti Natir Upakhyan]]''
|[[Ram Kamal Mukherjee]]
|{{hlist|[[Rukmini Maitra]]|[[Rahul Bose]]|[[Om Sahani]]|[[Kaushik Ganguly]]|[[Chandrayee Ghosh]]|[[Mir Afsar Ali]]}}
|Dev Entertainment Ventures
|<ref>{{cite news |title='Binodiini - Ekti Natir Upakhyan' trailer: Rukmini Maitra plays Bengali theatre icon |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/rukmini-maitra-portrays-first-celebrated-actress-of-bengali-theatre-in-ram-kamal-mukherjee-directed-biopic/cid/2076910 |access-date=13 January 2025 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |date=11 January 2025}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;background:#F5DEB3;" |
'''31'''
| ''[[Omorshongi]]''
| Dibya Chatterjee
| {{hlist|[[Vikram Chatterjee]]|[[Sohini Sarkar]]|[[Shreema Bhattacherjee]]}}
| Dreams On Sale
| <ref>{{cite news |last1=Niyogi |first1=Agnivo |title='Omorshongi': Vikram-Sohini's chemistry steers this tale of romancing a ghost |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/vikram-chatterjee-sohini-sarkar-play-lovers-in-this-romance-with-a-twist/cid/2081375 |access-date=4 February 2025 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |date=3 February 2025}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Ei Raat Tomar Amaar]]''
| [[Parambrata Chatterjee]]
| {{hlist|[[Anjan Dutt]]|[[Aparna Sen]]}}
| Hoichoi Studios
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=Niyogi |first1=Agnivo |title='Ei Raat Tomar Amaar': Parambrata Chattopadhyay's tale of love and reckoning with Aparna Sen and Anjan Dutt |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/parambrata-chattopadhyays-tale-of-love-and-reckoning-starring-aparna-sen-anjan-dutt/cid/2080558 |access-date=4 February 2025 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |date=30 January 2025}}</ref>
|-
| ''Jodi Emon Hoto''
| Rabindra Nambiar
| {{hlist|[[Sean Banerjee]]|[[Ditipriya Roy]]|Rishav Basu}}
| [[Eskay Movies]]
| <ref>{{cite news |last1=Dey |first1=Snigdha |script-title=bn:দুই নায়কের সঙ্গে প্রেম করবেন দিতিপ্রিয়া! ঋষভ না শন? কে পাবেন নায়িকার মন? |url=https://www.aajkaal.in/entertainment/actress-ditipriya-roy-pairing-up-with-rishav-basu-and-sean-banerjee-in-upcoming-movie-jodi-emon-hoto-ent-101446 |access-date=4 February 2025 |work=[[Aajkal]] |date=12 November 2024 |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="7" style="text-align:center; background:#8DB600; textcolor:#000;" |'''F E B'''
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#A8E4A0;" | '''7'''
|[[Once Upon a Time in Calcutta|''Mayanagar'']]
| [[Aditya Vikram Sengupta]]
| {{hlist|[[Sreelekha Mitra]]|[[Reekita Nondine Shimu]]|[[Bratya Basu]]}}
|For Films
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Aditya Vikram Sengupta's 'Mayanagar' to release in theatres on February 7; trailer out |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/aditya-vikram-senguptas-film-to-release-in-theatres-on-february-7-trailer-out/cid/2080950 |access-date=6 February 2025 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |date=1 February 2025}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:#A8E4A0;" | '''14'''
| ''Babu Shona''
| Anshuman Pratyush
| {{hlist|[[Jeetu Kamal]]|[[Srabanti Chatterjee]]|[[Payel Sarkar]]|Alexandra Taylor}}
| [[Eskay Movies]]
| <ref>{{cite news |last1=বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায় |first1=দেবর্ষি |script-title=bn:যুক্তিহীন গল্প ও দর্শকের স্নায়ুর পরীক্ষা! জীতু-শ্রাবন্তীর 'বাবু সোনা' কি প্রত্যাশা পূরণ করল |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/review-of-bengali-film-babu-shona-starring-jeetu-kamal-and-srabanti-chatterjee-dgtl/cid/1582333 |access-date=8 March 2025 |work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]] |date=16 February 2025 |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#A8E4A0;" | '''21'''
| ''Porichoy Gupta'' || Ron Raj || {{hlist|[[Ritwick Chakraborty]]|[[Indraneil Sengupta]]| [[Darshana Banik]]|Ayantika Bannerjee|Joy Sengupta}} || Purnanjali Media Private Limited, Pandey Motion Pictures || <ref>{{cite news |last1=Niyogi |first1=Agnivo |title=Ritwick Chakraborty and Indraneil Sengupta's suspense thriller Porichoy Gupta teaser out |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/ritwick-chakraborty-and-indraneil-senguptas-suspense-thriller-porichoy-gupta-teaser-out/cid/2032324 |access-date=20 November 2024 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |date=8 July 2024}}</ref>
|-
|''Karon Greece Amader Desh Na''
| Sudipta Laha
| {{hlist|Anindya Sengupta|[[Tanusree Chakraborty]]|[[Kamaleshwar Mukherjee]]|Parthasarathi Chakraborty|[[Gourab Chatterjee]]}}
| Screema Creation Production
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=Roy |first1=Piya |title=The trailer of Karon Greece Amader Desh Na charts the journey of a young filmmaker |url=https://t2online.in/not-in-use/lgbtq/the-trailer-of-karon-greece-amader-desh-na-charts-the-journey-of-a-young-filmmaker/1325349 |access-date=9 February 2025 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|t2 Online]] |date=7 February 2025}}</ref>
|-
|''Dashoi June''
| Rupak Chakraborty
| {{hlist|[[Saurav Das]]|[[Soumitrisha Kundu]]}}
| Sun Venture
|<ref>{{cite news |title=A touch of love, a lot of thrill... Soumitrisha and Saurav's '10e June' releases its official poster |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/a-touch-of-love-a-lot-of-thrill-soumitrisha-and-sauravs-10e-june-releases-its-official-poster/articleshow/110877653.cms |access-date=18 February 2025 |work=[[Times of India]] |date=10 June 2024}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#A8E4A0;" | '''28'''
|''[[Dhrubor Aschorjo Jibon]]''
|[[Abhijit Chowdhury]]
| {{hlist|Rishav Basu|[[Debesh Chattopadhyay]]|Ritwika Pal|[[Badshah Moitra]]}}
|Fourth Bell Production
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chatterjee |first1=Arindam |title=The interplay of art and emotion in Dhrubor Aschorjo Jibon |url=https://t2online.in/screen%3Futm_source%3DPolyvalent1&utm_medium%3Dbanner&utm_campaign%3DCPV_Jan/k-drama/the-interplay-of-art-and-emotion-in-dhrubor-aschorjo-jibon/1247245 |access-date=14 January 2025 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|t2 Online]] |date=11 December 2024}}</ref>
|-
|''Mukhoshe Manushe Khela''
| Orpheus Mukhoty
| {{hlist|Joydip Chakraborty|[[Priyanka Sarkar]]}}
| Sabitri Productions
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dey |first1=Snigdha |script-title=bn:সাদা-কালোয় রহস্য ছড়াচ্ছেন প্রিয়াঙ্কা, ধাঁধার জট খুলতে পারবেন কি সুব্রত? প্রকাশ্যে 'মুখোশে মানুষে খেলা'র প্রথম ঝলক |url=https://aajkaal.in/story/33826/official_first_look_poster_of_bengali_thriller_movie_mukhoshe_manushe_khela_which_starring_priyanka_sarkar_and_subrata_dutta_ent#google_vignette |access-date=2 March 2025 |work=[[Aajkal]] |date=3 January 2025 |language=bn}}{{dead link|date=February 2026|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="10" style="text-align:center; background:#F900A1; textcolor:#000;" |'''M A R'''
| rowspan="5" style="text-align:center; background: lightPink;" |'''7'''
| ''Grihostho''
| [[Mainak Bhaumik]]
| {{hlist|[[Ritabhari Chakraborty]]|[[Saheb Bhattacharya]]}}
| [[Eskay Movies]]
| <ref name="tele">{{cite news |last1=Niyogi |first1=Agnivo |title=Abar Hawa Bodol to Rabindra Kabya Rahasya: Eskay Movies to release 18 Bengali films in 2025 |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/abar-hawa-bodol-to-rabindra-kabya-rahasya-eskay-movies-to-release-18-bengali-films-in-2025/cid/2062520 |access-date=14 January 2025 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |date=12 November 2024}}</ref>
|-
| ''Chhaad – The Terrace''
| Indrani Chakrabarty
| {{hlist|[[Paoli Dam]]|[[Rahul Banerjee (actor)|Rahul Banerjee]]|Rajnandini Paul}}
| National Film Development Corporation
|<ref>{{cite news |title='Chhaad' a story of human empowerment: Paoli Dam |url=https://theprint.in/feature/chhaad-a-story-of-human-empowerment-paoli-dam/2524318/ |access-date=8 March 2025 |work=[[ThePrint]] |date=2 March 2025}}</ref>
|-
| ''Girgiti''
| Arrpann Sarrkar
| {{hlist|[[Saurav Das]]|Jammy Banerjee|Payel Roy}}
| Morning Mystery Production
| <ref>{{cite news |script-title=bn:অতীত ও বর্তমানের দ্বন্দ্ব, নতুন থ্রিলারে সৌরভ-পায়েলের জুটি, কবে মুক্তি পাবে ছবিটি? |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/bengali-film-girgiti-is-going-to-release-soon-starring-saurav-das-and-payel-roy-dgtl/cid/1579978 |access-date=8 March 2025 |work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]] |date=7 February 2025 |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
| ''Goal – The Aim''
| Raaj Mukherjee
| {{hlist|[[Biswanath Basu]]|[[Indrani Dutta]]}}
| Artage Media
|
|-
| ''Nana Hee''
| Sayan Bandyopadhyay, Anjanabha Roy
| {{hlist|[[Kharaj Mukherjee]]|Saurav Das|Sritama Dey|Sreya Bhattacharyya}}
| Mojotale Entertainment
| <ref>{{cite news |title=Nana Hee: হারিয়ে যাওয়া গম্ভীরার গল্প এবার বড় পর্দায়! আসছে 'নানা হে' |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/tollywood-bengali-cinema/story/nana-hee-new-bangla-movie-starring-saurav-das-kharaj-mukherjee-shreetama-dey-based-on-gambhira-folk-art-dance-of-maldah-gombhira-mask-soc-730506-2023-12-22 |access-date=8 March 2025 |work=[[Aaj Tak]] |date=22 December 2023 |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background: lightPink;" |'''14'''
| ''Alakshye Ritwik''
| Subhankar Bhowmik
| {{hlist|[[Silajit Majumder]]|[[Payel Sarkar]]}}
| Dream Makers, Kolkata Entertainment
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=Roy |first1=Piya |title=A film tribute to Ritwik Ghatak, Alakshye Ritwik seeks to unravel the enigma of the master filmmaker |url=https://t2online.in/goodlife/food-beverage/a-film-tribute-to-ritwik-ghatak-alakshye-ritwik-seeks-to-unravel-the-enigma-of-the-master-filmmaker/1371624 |access-date=18 March 2025 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|t2 Online]] |date=13 March 2025}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background: lightPink;" |'''21'''
| ''Balaram Kando''
| [[Saptaswa Basu]]
| {{hlist|[[Rajatava Dutta]]|[[Gargi Roychowdhury]]|Aishwarya Sen|Arya Dasgupta}}
| Platinum Pictures
| <ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhattacharyya |first1=Torsha |script-title=bn:প্রথমবার গার্গীর বিপরীতে রজতাভ, কমেডি ড্রামার মোড়কে আসছে 'বলরাম কাণ্ড' |url=https://bengali.abplive.com/entertainment/gargee-roy-chowdhury-and-rajatabha-dutta-in-balaram-kando-new-comedy-drama-entertainment-news-tollywood-1105440 |access-date=14 January 2025 |work=[[ABP News]] |date=14 November 2024 |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
| ''Sunetra Sundaram''
| Shibram Sharma
| {{hlist|[[Parno Mittra]]|[[Rupanjana Mitra]]|[[Kharaj Mukherjee]]|[[Somraj Maity]]}}
| BD Box
|
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background: lightPink;" |'''30'''
| ''Hungama Dot Com''
| Krishnendu Chatterjee
| {{hlist|[[Bonny Sengupta]]|[[Koushani Mukherjee]]|[[Om Sahani]]|[[Srabanti Chatterjee]]}}
| SS3 Entertainment Image Entertainment
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bose |first1=Priyanka |title=Hungama.com: হাঙ্গামা করবেন ওম-শ্রাবন্তী, বনি-কৌশানি! কোন রসায়ন দেখতে পাবেন দর্শক |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/pictures/hungama-dot-com-new-bengali-film-starred-by-om-sahani-srabanti-chatterjee-bonny-sengupta-kaushani-mukherjee-31666847794860.html |access-date=12 February 2025 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=27 October 2022 |language=bn}}{{dead link|date=February 2026|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
|-
|}

== April–June ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! colspan="2" style="width:6%;" |'''Opening'''
! style="width:20%;" |Title
! style="width:15%;" |Director
! style="width:25%;" |Cast
! style="width:20%;" |Production Company
! style="width:4%;" |'''{{Tooltip|Ref.|References}}'''
|-
! rowspan="8" style="text-align:center; background:#f64a8a;" |'''A P R'''
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#ffb5da;" |'''11'''
| ''[[Killbill Society]]''
| [[Srijit Mukherji]]
| {{hlist|[[Parambrata Chatterjee]]|[[Koushani Mukherjee]]|[[Biswanath Basu]]|Soumen Chakraborty|[[Sandipta Sen]]}}
| [[Shree Venkatesh Films|SVF]]
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=Niyogi |first1=Agnivo |title=Koushani, Parambrata's 'Killbill Society' is a love story between a person and the idea of hope |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/koushani-mukherjee-and-parambrata-chattopadhyay-rekindle-the-spirit-of-hemlock-society-in-srijit-mukherji-directed-sequel/cid/2093604 |access-date=11 April 2025 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |date=11 April 2025}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Puratawn]]''
| [[Suman Ghosh (director)|Suman Ghosh]]
| {{hlist|[[Sharmila Tagore]]|[[Rituparna Sengupta]]|[[Indraneil Sengupta]]}}
| Bhavna Aaj O Kal
| <ref>{{cite news |last1=Niyogi |first1=Agnivo |title=Sharmila Tagore's Bengali cinema comeback 'Puratawn' is an ode to memories |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/sharmila-tagores-bengali-cinema-comeback-puratawn-is-an-ode-to-memories/cid/2093745 |access-date=13 April 2025 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |date=13 April 2025}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#ffb5da;" |'''18'''
| ''Annapurna''
| Anshuman Pratyush
| {{hlist|[[Ananya Chatterjee]]|[[Ditipriya Roy]]|Rishav Basu}}
| Eskay Movies
| <ref>{{cite news |last1=Roy |first1=Piya |title=Ananya Chatterjee stars as a mother who takes an unusual decision in the upcoming film Annapurna |url=https://t2online.in/goodlife/food-beverage/ananya-chatterjee-stars-as-a-mother-who-takes-an-unusual-decision-in-the-upcoming-film-annapurna/1388065 |access-date=30 April 2025 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|t2 Online]] |date=1 April 2025}}</ref>
|-
| ''Check In Cheque Out''
| Satrajit Sen
| {{hlist|[[Ishaa Saha]]|[[Aryann Bhowmik]]|[[Chandrayee Ghosh]]|Anuradha Mukherjee}}
| Techno India Group, Novotel
| <ref>{{cite news |last1=Ganguly |first1=Ruman |title=The teaser of Check In Cheque Out is out |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/the-teaser-of-check-in-cheque-out-is-out/articleshow/119156360.cms |access-date=16 April 2025 |work=[[Times of India]] |date=18 May 2025}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;background:#ffb5da;" |'''25'''
| ''[[Aarii]]''
| Jiit Chakraborty
| {{hlist|[[Yash Dasgupta]]|[[Moushumi Chatterjee]]|[[Nusrat Jahan]]|[[Kamaleshwar Mukherjee]]}}
| YD Films
| <ref>{{cite news |last1=Kundu |first1=Kasturi |script-title=bn:ডিসেম্বরেই শুরু শ্যুটিং, 'আড়ি' -র শুভ মহরৎ-এ খোশ মেজাজে যশ-নুসরত |url=https://bengali.indianexpress.com/entertainment/nusrat-jahan-and-yash-dasgupta-attend-shubho-mahurat-of-new-movie-aarii-7660750 |access-date=8 March 2025 |work=[[Indian Express]] |date=30 November 2024 |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Durgapur Junction (film)|Durgapur Junction]]''
| Arindam Bhattacharya
| {{hlist|[[Vikram Chatterjee]]|[[Swastika Mukherjee]]}}
| Dreamliner Entertainment
| <ref>{{cite news |title=New Movie: 'শিবপুর' মুক্তির আগেই নতুন ছবির ঘোষণা, সত্য ঘটনা অবলম্বনে 'দুর্গাপুর জংশন' আনছেন অরিন্দম ভট্টাচার্য |url=https://bengali.abplive.com/entertainment/arindam-bhattacharya-the-director-producer-announces-his-next-bengali-feature-film-durgapur-junction-986790 |access-date=8 March 2025 |work=[[ABP Ananda]] |date=20 June 2023 |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
| ''Prasna''
| Milan Bhowmik
| {{hlist|[[Payel Sarkar]]|Raj Bhowmik|[[Rajesh Sharma (actor)|Rajesh Sharma]]}}
| KSM Film Combine
|<ref>{{cite news |script-title=bn:আরজি কর-কাণ্ডে নির্যাতিতার চরিত্রে পায়েল, 'প্রশ্ন' ছবি ঘটনার কোন দিক তুলে ধরবে? |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/bengali-actress-payel-sarkar-is-acting-in-a-film-which-is-based-on-rg-kar-incident-dgtl/cid/1591047 |access-date=16 April 2025 |work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]] |date=26 March 2025 |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
| ''Bhamini''
| Swarnayu Maitra
| {{hlist|[[Priyanka Sarkar]]|[[Tathagata Mukherjee]]}}
| Ohmkar Films
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dey |first1=Snigdha |script-title=bn:টলিউডে প্রথমবার রহস্যভেদে মারাঠি অভিনেতা উমাকান্ত! সঙ্গী হবেন প্রিয়াঙ্কা-তথাগত, থাকছে আর কোন চমক? |url=https://www.aajkaal.in/entertainment/umakant-patil-tathagata-mukherjee-priyanka-sarkar-pairing-up-for-a-bengali-thriller-movie-bhamini-111747 |access-date=30 April 2025 |work=[[Aajkal]] |date=7 March 2025 |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="8" style="text-align:center; background:#808080; textcolor:#000;" |'''M A Y'''
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#C0C0C0;" | '''1'''
| ''[[Shreeman v/s Shreemati]]''
| Pathikrit Basu
| {{hlist|[[Mithun Chakraborty]]|[[Anjan Dutt]]|[[Madhumita Sarcar]]|[[Parambrata Chatterjee]]|[[Anjana Basu]]|Roshni Bhattacharyya|[[Tanima Sen]]}}
| Kahhak Studios
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chatterjee |first1=Arindam |title=Glimpses from the shoot of Shriman Vs Shrimati, which portrays generational differences in perspectives on marriage and relationships |url=https://t2online.in/goodlife/travel/glimpses-from-the-shoot-of-shriman-vs-shrimati-which%C2%A0portrays-generational-differences-in-perspectives-on-marriage-and-relationships/1158080 |access-date=14 January 2025 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|t2 Online]] |date=28 September 2024}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#C0C0C0;" | '''9'''
|''[[Aamar Boss]]''
|[[Nandita Roy]] & [[Shiboprosad Mukherjee|Siboprosad Mukherjee]]
| {{hlist|[[Shiboprosad Mukherjee]]|[[Rakhee Gulzar]]|[[Srabanti Chatterjee]]|[[Sauraseni Maitra]]}}
|Windows Production
|<ref>{{cite news |title='Aamar Boss' shines again; selected for Indian Panorama at 22nd Chennai International Film Festival |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/aamar-boss-shines-again-selected-for-indian-panorama-at-22nd-chennai-international-film-festival-1846226 |access-date=14 January 2025 |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |date=12 December 2024}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#C0C0C0;" | '''16'''
| ''[[The Eken: Benaras e Bibhishika]]''
| [[Joydip Mukherjee|Joydeep Mukherjee]]
| {{hlist|[[Anirban Chakrabarti]]|[[Saswata Chatterjee]]|[[Ishaa Saha]]|Somak Ghosh|Suhotra Mukhopadhyay|[[Gaurav Chakrabarty]]|[[Biswanath Basu]]}}
| Hoichoi Studios
| <ref>{{cite news |title=Eken Babu solves a Benarasi mystery in 'The Eken: Benaras E Bibhishika' teaser |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/eken-babu-solves-a-new-mystery-in-varanasi-in-the-eken-benaras-e-bibhishika-teaser/cid/2095029 |access-date=22 April 2025 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |date=20 April 2025}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;background:#C0C0C0;" | '''23'''
| ''[[Chandrabindoo (film)|Chandrabindoo]]''
| [[Raja Chanda]]
| {{hlist|[[Ankush Hazra]]|Oindrila Sen| [[Anirban Chakrabarti]]|[[Shantilal Mukherjee]]|[[Saheb Bhattacharya]]}}
| [[Eskay Movies]]
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhanja |first1=Sandipta |script-title=bn:কবরস্থানে অশরীরীদের মাঝে অঙ্কুশ-ঐন্দ্রিলা! তারপর? |url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/cinema/ankush-oindrila-starrer-horror-film-chandrabindu-poster-out/ |access-date=30 April 2025 |work=[[Sangbad Pratidin]] |date=29 April 2025 |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Onko Ki Kothin]]''
|Saurav Palodhi
| {{hlist|[[Parno Mitra]]|Sankar Debnath|[[Ushasie Chakraborty]]|Prasun Shome}}
|Dag Creative Media
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=Niyogi |first1=Agnivo |title=Soukarya Ghoshal's Bhootpori, Saurav Palodhi's Onko Ki Kothin to screen at IFFI 2024 |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/soukarya-ghoshals-bhootpori-saurav-palodhis-onko-ki-kothin-to-screen-at-iffi-2024/cid/2058904 |access-date=29 January 2025 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |date=28 October 2024}}</ref>
|-
| ''Bramhaarjun''
| Souvik Dey
| {{hlist|Rohan Bhattacharjee|Anindya Sengupta|Priyanka Bhattacharjee}}
|MS Films & Productions
|<ref>{{cite web | last=Yadav | first=Vaishnavi | title=Bramha Arjun Bengali Film Release Date, Cast & Crew, Budget, Storyline and many more | website=Media Hindustan | date=2025-05-18 | url=https://mediahindustan.com/bramha-arjun-bengali-film-release-date-cast-crew-budget-storyline-and-many-more/ | access-date=2025-05-19}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#C0C0C0;" | '''30'''
| ''[[Sonar Kellay Jawker Dhan|Sonar Kellay Jawkerdhan]]''
| Sayantan Ghosal
| {{hlist|[[Parambrata Chatterjee]]|[[Koel Mallick]]|[[Gaurav Chakrabarty]]}}
| [[Surinder Films]]
| <ref>{{cite news |title=Sayantan Ghosal's 'Sonar Kellay Jawker Dhan' to hit theatres in May |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/sayantan-ghosals-sonar-kellay-jawker-dhan-to-hit-theatres-on-may-30/cid/2096191 |access-date=30 April 2025 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |date=26 March 2025}}</ref>
|-
| ''Torsha Ekti Nodir Naam''
| Krishnendu Sannigrahi
| {{hlist|Sudip Mukherjee|Dipanwita Ghosh}}
| Tithos Entertainment
| <ref>{{cite news |script-title=bn:বন্ধুত্ব ভুলছে এই প্রজন্ম, ছবিতে সেই গল্প থাকলে জুড়ে যেতে ইচ্ছে হয়! বললেন 'নিবেদক' যোগেন |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/painter-jogen-chowdhury-present-bengali-film-torsha-ekti-nodir-naam-dgtl/cid/1596146 |access-date=12 June 2025 |work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]] |date=16 April 2025 |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="9" style="text-align:center; background:#7FFFD4; textcolor:#000;" |'''J U N'''
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#dbfff8; textcolor:#000;"|'''6'''
| ''Raas''
| [[Tathagata Mukherjee]]
| {{hlist|[[Vikram Chatterjee]]|[[Anirban Chakrabarti]]|[[Anashua Majumdar]]|[[Sudip Mukherjee]]|Devlina Kumar}}
| Chhobir Moto Entertainment
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kundu |first1=Kasturi |script-title=bn:বিক্রম-দেবলীনার 'রাস' লীলা, হারিয়ে যাওয়া যৌথ পরিবারের গল্পে কেমন সাজে শিল্পীরা? |url=https://bengali.indianexpress.com/entertainment/tathagata-mukherjee-new-bengali-movie-raas-character-first-look-out-8575183 |access-date=22 April 2025 |work=[[Indian Express]] |date=29 December 2024 |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
| ''Batshorik''
| [[Mainak Bhaumik]]
| {{hlist|[[Ritabhari Chakraborty]]|[[Satabdi Roy]]}}
| Big Screen Productions House
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kundu |first1=Kasturi |script-title=bn:আজও আমার কাছে শুটিং ফ্লোর প্রাণ খুলে শ্বাস নেওয়ার জায়গা, আবার যদি সুযোগ পাই সিনেমা করব: শতাব্দী |url=https://bengali.indianexpress.com/entertainment/satabdi-roy-grand-comeback-in-bengali-movie-by-mainak-bhaumik-upcoming-movie-batsorik-8964868 |access-date=30 April 2025 |work=[[Indian Express]] |date=15 April 2025 |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
| ''Chabiwala''
| Raja Ghosh
| {{hlist|[[Dhritiman Chatterjee]]|[[Subhasish Mukherjee]]|[[Rahul Banerjee (actor)|Rahul Banerjee]]|[[Sohag Sen]]|Amrita Chattopadhyay}}
| Dhagaa Productions
| <ref>{{cite news |title=Raja Ghosh's 'Chabiwala' searches for the inherent notion of truth amid love and longing |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/raja-ghoshs-chabiwala-searches-for-the-inherent-notion-of-truth-amid-love-and-longing/articleshow/93132623.cms |access-date=12 June 2025 |work=[[Times of India]] |date=26 July 2022}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#dbfff8; textcolor:#000;"|'''13'''
| ''[[Pokkhirajer Dim]]''
| Soukarya Ghosal
| {{hlist|[[Anirban Bhattacharya]]|Mahabrata Basu|Anumegha Banerjee|[[Alexx O'Nell]]}}
| [[Shree Venkatesh Films|SVF]], [[Jio Studios]]
| <ref>{{cite news |title='Pokkhirajer Dim': Trailer and title track of Soukarya Ghosal's upcoming film showcased at Kolkata event |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/trailer-and-title-track-of-soukarya-ghosals-upcoming-film-showcased-at-kolkata-event/cid/2106765 |access-date=12 June 2025 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |date=8 June 2025}}</ref>
|-
| [[Grihapravesh (2025 film)|''Grihapravesh'']]
| [[Indraadip Dasgupta]]
| {{hlist|[[Subhashree Ganguly]]|[[Kaushik Ganguly]]|[[Jeetu Kamal]]|[[Rudranil Ghosh]]|[[Sohini Sengupta]]}}
| Kaleidoscope Productions
| <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024-11-15 |script-title=bn:শুভ মুহূর্তে 'গৃহপ্রবেশ' শুভশ্রী-জিতুর, ছবি শেয়ার রুদ্রনীলের |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/bn/!entertainment/subhashree-ganguly-jeetu-kamal-and-rudranil-ghosh-start-griha-pravesh-bengali-movie-shooting-west-bengal-news-wbs24111504878 |access-date=2025-05-23 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
| ''Aapish (The Office)''
| [[Abhijit Guha (director)|Abhijit Guha]], [[Sudeshna Roy]]
| {{hlist|[[Sudipta Chakraborty]]|Tathagata Choudhury|[[Sandipta Sen]]|Kinjal Nanda}}
| Macneill Engineering Limited
| <ref>{{cite news |last1=Banerjee |first1=Poorna |title=Aapish (The Office) Movie Review: A stark look at domestic inequality and feminine fatigue |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-reviews/aapish/movie-review/121860647.cms |access-date=28 July 2025 |work=[[Times of India]] |date=15 June 2025}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#dbfff8; textcolor:#000;"|'''20'''
| ''[[Rabindra Kabya Rahasya]]''
| [[Sayantan Ghosal]]
| {{hlist|[[Ritwick Chakraborty]]|[[Srabanti Chatterjee]]}}
| [[Eskay Movies]]
|<ref name="tele" />
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#dbfff8; textcolor:#000;"|'''27'''
| ''[[Mrigaya: The Hunt]]''
| Abhirup Ghosh
| {{hlist|[[Vikram Chatterjee]]|[[Ritwick Chakraborty]]|[[Anirban Chakrabarti]]|[[Sourav Das (actor)|Sourav Das]]|[[Priyanka Sarkar]]}}
| Tenth Dimension Entertainment
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Abhirup Ghosh's 'Mrigaya: The Hunt' teaser sets the tone for a gritty cop thriller |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/abhirup-ghoshs-latest-film-sets-the-tone-for-a-gritty-cop-thriller/cid/2100491 |access-date=12 June 2025 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |date=18 May 2025}}</ref>
|-
| ''Bhuto Purbo''
| Kakoli Ghosh & Avinab Mukherjee
| {{hlist|[[Rupanjana Mitra]]|[[Sandipta Sen]]|Saptarshi Maulik|Satyam Bhattacharya|Suhotra Mukhopadhyay|Amrita Chattopadhyay}}
| Indoshree
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sen |first=Subhadrika |date=2025-06-21 |title=Directors Kakoli Ghosh and Avinab Mukherjee open up on their directorial debut, 'Bhuto'purbo |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/cinema/2025/Jun/21/directors-kakoli-ghosh-and-avinab-mukherjee-open-up-on-their-directorial-debut-bhutopurbo |access-date=2025-06-29 |website=Indulgexpress |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|}

== July–September ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! colspan="2" style="width:6%;" |'''Opening'''
! style="width:30%;" |Title
! style="width:15%;" |Director
! style="width:25%;" |Cast
! style="width:20%;" |Production Company
! style="width:4%;" |'''{{Tooltip|Ref.|References}}'''
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#7FFFD4; textcolor:#000;" |'''J U L'''
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#dbfff8; textcolor:#000;"|'''4'''
| ''[[Madam Sengupta]]''
| [[Sayantan Ghosal]]
| {{hlist|[[Rituparna Sengupta]]|[[Rahul Bose]]|[[Kaushik Sen]]|[[Ananya Chatterjee]]}}
| Nandy Movies
| <ref>{{cite news |title=The official poster of Madam Sengupta is out |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/the-official-poster-of-madam-sengupta-is-out/articleshow/120723663.cms |access-date=12 June 2025 |work=[[Times of India]] |date=29 April 2025}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#dbfff8; textcolor:#000;"|'''18'''
| ''[[Dear Maa]]''
| [[Aniruddha Roy Chowdhury]]
| {{hlist|[[Jaya Ahsan]]|[[Chandan Roy Sanyal]]|[[Saswata Chatterjee]]|[[Dhritiman Chatterjee]]}}
| Opus Communications
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dear Maa Movie Review: An exploration of the silent conflict between ambition and affection |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-reviews/dear-maa/movie-review/122784153.cms |access-date=2025-07-19 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#dbfff8; textcolor:#000;"|'''25'''
| ''Goodbye Mountain''
| [[Indrasis Acharya]]
| {{hlist|[[Rituparna Sengupta]]|[[Indraneil Sengupta]]}}
| WM Movies
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=Banerjee |first1=Poorna |title=Goodbye Mountain Movie Review: A thoughtful tale about the fragility of relationships |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-reviews/goodbye-mountain/movie-review/122906067.cms |access-date=28 July 2025 |work=[[Times of India]] |date=25 July 2025}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="7" style="text-align:center; background:#0ff;" |'''A U G'''
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#e0ffff;" |'''1'''
| ''[[Putul Nacher Itikatha]]''
| [[Suman Mukhopadhyay]]
| {{hlist|[[Abir Chatterjee]]|[[Jaya Ahsan]]|[[Dhritiman Chatterjee]]|[[Ananya Chatterjee]]| [[Surangana Bandyopadhyay]]|[[Parambrata Chatterjee]]}}
|Kaleidoscope Entertainment
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=সাহা |first1=শ্যামশ্রী |script-title=bn:কবে মুক্তি সুমনের 'পুতুলনাচের ইতিকথা'র? আজকাল ডট ইনকে জানালেন প্রযোজক সমীরণ |url=https://aajkaal.in/story/13877/suman_mukherjee%E2%80%99s_comeback_directorial_film_putul_nacher_itikotha_will_be_hit_cinema_hall_on_september:_producer_samiran_das |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240509031720/https://aajkaal.in/story/13877/suman_mukherjee%E2%80%99s_comeback_directorial_film_putul_nacher_itikotha_will_be_hit_cinema_hall_on_september:_producer_samiran_das |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 May 2024 |access-date=14 January 2025 |work=[[Aajkal]] |date=8 May 2024 |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#e0ffff;" |'''14'''
| ''[[Dhumketu (2025 film)|Dhumketu]]''
| [[Kaushik Ganguly]]
| {{hlist|[[Dev (Bengali actor)|Dev]]|[[Subhashree Ganguly]]|[[Rudranil Ghosh]]|[[Parambrata Chatterjee]]|[[Chiranjeet Chakraborty]]}}
| Dev Entertainment Ventures, Dag Creative Media
| <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2025-05-23 |script-title=bn:বড় ঘোষণা, অবশেষে মুক্তি পাচ্ছে দেব-শুভশ্রীর শেষ ছবি 'ধূমকেতু', জানুন তারিখ |url=https://tv9bangla.com/entertainment/dev-subhashree-ganguly-last-movie-dhumketu-will-going-to-release-on-this-august-1199323.html |access-date=2025-05-24 |website=TV9 Bangla |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#e0ffff;" |'''22'''
| ''Tobuo Bhalobashi''
| Rabindra Nambiar
| {{hlist|[[Saheb Bhattacharya]]|[[Aryann Bhowmik]]}}
| Eskay Movies
|
|-
|rowspan="4" style="text-align:center; background:#e0ffff;" |'''29'''
| ''Saralakkho Holmes''
| [[Sayantan Ghosal]]
| {{hlist|[[Saheb Bhattacharya]]|Rishav Basu|[[Gaurav Chakrabarty]]}}
| Eskay Movies
|<ref>{{cite news |script-title=bn:বাস্কারভিলসের 'অশরীরী হাউন্ডের' হত্যালীলা কি থামাতে পারবে বাংলার শার্লক? কী দেখা গেল 'সরলাক্ষ হোমস'-এর ঝলকে? |url=https://www.aajkaal.in/entertainment/rishav-basu-starrer-saralakkho-holmes-trailer-adaptation-of-sherlock-holme-s-103595 |access-date=23 September 2025 |work=[[Aajkal]] |date=13 August 2025 |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Bela (film)|Bela]]''
| Anilavaa Chatterjee
| {{hlist|[[Rituparna Sengupta]]|[[Bhaswar Chatterjee]]|[[Basabdatta Chatterjee]]|[[Biswajit Chakraborty]]|[[Mir Afsar Ali]]}}
| Grey Mind Communication Pvt
|<ref>{{cite news |title='বেলা'র আনুষ্ঠানিক ঘোষণায় বইমেলায় ঋতুপর্ণা, ভাসলেন মায়ের স্মৃতিতে |url=https://www-etvbharat-com.translate.goog/bn/!entertainment/rituparna-sengupta-attends-official-announcement-of-bengali-film-bela-at-international-kolkata-book-fair-west-bengal-news-wbs25020301681?_x_tr_sl=bn&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=sc |access-date=5 February 2025 |work=[[ETV Network|ETV Bharat]] |date=3 February 2025 |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Bahurup]]''
| Aakash Malakar
| {{hlist|[[Soham Chakraborty]]|[[Idhika Paul]]|[[Bharat Kaul]]|[[Debolina Dutta]] }}
| Rukmini Films and Entertainment
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kundu |first1=Kasturi |script-title=bn:এক অঙ্গে সাত রূপ! 'কিশোরী' ইধিকার সঙ্গে নতুন সফর 'বহুরূপ' সোহমের |url=https://bengali.indianexpress.com/entertainment/soham-chakraborty-seven-characters-in-a-single-film-bahurup-which-never-done-before-8827879 |access-date=23 September 2025 |work=[[Indian Express]] |date=6 March 2025 |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|''Gauri''
| Prosenjit Halder
|{{hlist|[[Aryann Bhowmik]]|[[Paran Banerjee]] | Satakshi Nandy|[[Chandan Sen]]|Sanjib Sarkar }}
| L P D Production
|
|-
| rowspan="9" style="text-align:center; background:plum; textcolor:#010;" |'''S E P'''
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#f1daf1;" |'''5'''
| ''Devi - Ek Pret Manabir Panchali''
| Souptick C.
| {{hlist|Ranieeta Dash|[[Somraj Maity]]|[[Rahul Banerjee (actor)|Rahul Banerjee]]|[[Anjana Basu]]}}
| Echo Entertainment PVT. LTD.
|<ref name="tele" />
|-
| ''Jhor''
| Anthony Jane
| {{hlist|[[Bonny Sengupta]]|[[Sourav Das (actor)|Sourav Das]]|Amrita Saha|[[Rajatabha Dutta]]|[[Shantilal Mukherjee]]}}
| PS Entertainment
|<ref>https://www.anandabazar.com/video/coverage-of-the-shooting-of-sourav-das-and-bonny-senguptas-upcoming-suspense-thriller-film-jhor-at-darjeeling-dgtl/cid/1561250</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#f1daf1;" |'''19'''
| ''[[Kapal (film)|Kapal]]''
| [[Suvendu Ghosh]]
| {{hlist|Raja Sarkar|Sukanya Dutta|[[Kanchana Moitra]]}}
| SGF (Suvendu Ghosh Films)
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/kapal-explores-how-sudden-fortune-changes-a-mans-life/articleshow/123467694.cms|title=Kapal explores how sudden fortune changes a man's life|date=23 August 2025|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#f1daf1;" |'''25'''
|''[[Raghu Dakat (film)|Raghu Dakat]]''
| Dhrubo Bannerjee
| {{hlist|[[Dev (Bengali actor)|Dev]]|[[Anirban Bhattacharya]]|[[Sohini Sarkar]]|[[Idhika Paul]]|[[Roopa Ganguly]]}}
|[[Shree Venkatesh Films|SVF]], Dev Entertainment Ventures
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Raghu Dakat: Dhrubo Banerjee's historical drama starring Dev set for Durga Puja 2025 release |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/dhrubo-banerjees-historical-drama-led-by-dev-to-release-during-durga-puja-2025/cid/2074691 |access-date=14 January 2025 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |date=1 January 2025}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Raktabeej 2]]''
| [[Shiboprosad Mukherjee]] and [[Nandita Roy]]
| {{hlist|[[Victor Banerjee]]|[[Seema Biswas]]|[[Abir Chatterjee]]|[[Ankush Hazra]]|[[Mimi Chakraborty]]|[[Koushani Mukherjee]]|[[Kanchan Mullick]]}}
| Windows Production
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=Goswami |first1=Ranita |title=Raktabeej 2: সামনে এল উইনডোজ প্রোডাকশনের পুজোর ছবির নাম, 'রঘুডাকাত'-এর সঙ্গে পাঙ্গা নিতে আসছে কে? |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/windown-production-announced-their-puja-2025-film-name-it-is-raktabeej-2-31737867109702.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250216213743/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/windown-production-announced-their-puja-2025-film-name-it-is-raktabeej-2-31737867109702.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=16 February 2025 |access-date=26 January 2025 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=26 January 2025 |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#f1daf1;" |'''26'''
|''[[Devi Chowdhurani (2025 film)|Devi Chowdhurani]]''
| [[Subhrajit Mitra]]
| {{hlist|[[Prosenjit Chatterjee]]|[[Srabanti Chatterjee]]|[[Alexx O'Nell]]|[[Darshana Banik]]|[[Arjun Chakrabarty]]|[[Bibriti Chatterjee]]|[[Sabyasachi Chakrabarty]]}}
|Adited Motion Pictures
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=Niyogi |first1=Agnivo |title='Devi Chowdhurani pre-teaser: Srabanti Chatterjee plays bandit queen of Bengal |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/srabanti-chatterjee-plays-the-bandit-queen-of-bengal-in-upcoming-period-drama/cid/2073245 |access-date=13 January 2025 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |date=25 December 2024}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Joto Kando Kolkatatei]]''
| [[Anik Dutta]]
| {{hlist|[[Abir Chatterjee]]|[[Quazi Nawshaba Ahmed]]|[[Aparajita Ghosh Das]]|Roja Paromita Dey| [[Paran Banerjee]]}}
| Friends Communications
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=Brahma |first1=Sanjali |title=Mystery, music, and a Feluda-esque Riddle: Joto Kando Kolkatatei trailer promises nostalgia and urban lore |url=https://t2online.in/screen/bengali/mystery--music--and-a-feluda-esque-riddle--joto-kando-kolkatatei-trailer-promises-nostalgia-and-urban-lore/2001160 |access-date=23 September 2025 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|t2 Online]] |date=18 September 2025}}</ref>
|-
|}

== October–December ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! colspan="2" style="width:6%;" |'''Opening'''
! style="width:20%;" |Title
! style="width:15%;" |Director
! style="width:25%;" |Cast
! style="width:20%;" |Production Company
!style="width:4%;" |'''{{Tooltip|Ref.|References}}'''
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align: center;background:#808080; textcolor:#000;" |'''O C T'''
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#C0C0C0;" | '''10'''
| ''Nabadurga Matrirupeno Sansthita''
| Satyabrata Kumar
| {{hlist| Papiya Adhikari|Billadal Chatterjee|Arpan Kumar Sharma }}
| Kristi Creation
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhattacharya |first1=Arani |script-title=bn:পুজোর আবহে বিশেষ বার্তা দেবে ছবি 'নবদুর্গা মাতৃরূপেণ সংস্থিতা', প্রকাশ্যে ট্রেলার |url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/cinema/tollywood-news-bengali-film-nabadurga-matrirupen-sangasthita-trailer-out/ |access-date=1 December 2025 |work=[[Sangbad Pratidin]] |date=27 September 2025 |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#C0C0C0;" | '''21'''
| ''[[Sharthopor (film)|Sharthopor]]''
| Annapurna Basu
| {{hlist| [[Koel Mallick]] |[[Ranjit Mallick]]| [[Kaushik Sen]] |[[Anirban Chakrabarti]] }}
| [[Surinder Films]]
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Koel Mallick and Koushik Sen's 'Sharthopor' is the perfect family watch this Bhai Phonta |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/koel-mallick-koushik-sen-starrer-bengali-film-is-the-perfect-family-watch-this-bhai-phonta/cid/2129029#goog_rewarded |access-date=1 December 2025 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |date=10 October 2025}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#C0C0C0;" | '''31'''
|''Shree Durga''
|Sandeep Sathi
| {{hlist|[[Aparajita Auddy]]|[[Joy Kumar Mukherjee]]}}
|Lezend Films
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhattacharya |first1=Eshna |title=Shree Durga Movie Review: Aparajita Adhya shines, but lackluster writing and direction leave the film struggling |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-reviews/shree-durga/movie-review/125012092.cms |access-date=1 December 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=1 November 2025}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="7" style="text-align:center; background:#0ff;" |'''N O V'''
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#e0ffff;" |'''7'''
|''[[Ranna Baati]]''
|[[Pratim D. Gupta]]
| {{hlist|[[Ritwick Chakraborty]]|[[Solanki Roy]] | [[Sohini Sarkar]]| [[Anirban Chakrabarti]]}}
|Nandy Movies
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ganguly |first1=Raima |title=Ranna Baati Movie Review: A hearty film that simmers slowly |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-reviews/rannabaati/movie-review/125200556.cms |access-date=1 December 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=9 November 2025}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center; background:#e0ffff;" |'''21'''
|''[[The Academy of Fine Arts (film)|The Academy of Fine Arts]] ''
|Jayabrata Das
| {{hlist|[[Payel Sarkar]]|[[Rudranil Ghosh]]|[[Saurav Das (actor)|Saurav Das]] | [[Rahul Banerjee (actor)|Rahul Banerjee]]}}
|Pramod Films, Cinenic Studios
|<ref>{{cite news |title=A fine arts freeze: Bengali film blocked amid row over 'student' tag and crew rules |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/a-fine-arts-freeze-bengali-film-blocked-amid-row-over-student-tag-and-crew-rules/cid/2132953 |access-date=1 December 2025 |work=The Telegraph |date=15 November 2025}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Lokkhikantopur Local]]''
|[[Ram Kamal Mukherjee]]
| {{hlist|[[Paoli Dam]]|[[Saayoni Ghosh]]| [[Rituparna Sengupta]]| [[Kaushik Ganguly]]|[[Chandrayee Ghosh]]}}
| Angel Creations
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chakraborty |first1=Anurupa |title=Lokkhikantopur Local: তিন পরিবারের 'ভিন্ন' গল্প, কেমন হতে চলেছে রামকমলের 'লক্ষীকান্তপুর লোকাল?' |url=https://bengali.indianexpress.com/entertainment/lokkhikantapur-teaser-poster-ramkamal-mukherjee-rituparna-sengupta-kaushik-ganguly-film-9777371 |access-date=1 December 2025 |work=The Indian Express |date=2 September 2025 |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Deep Fridge]]''
| [[Arjunn Dutta]]
| {{hlist|[[Abir Chatterjee]]|[[Tanusree Chakraborty]]|Anuradha Mukherjee}}
| Colours of Dream Entertainment
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=Niyogi |first1=Agnivo |title=Arjunn Dutta's National Award-winning film 'Deep Fridge' dissects a broken marriage |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/arjunn-duttas-national-award-winning-film-is-a-dissection-of-melancholy-in-a-broken-marriage/cid/2135246 |access-date=1 December 2025 |work=The Telegraph |date=28 November 2025}}</ref>
|-
|''Police''
|[[Raja Chanda]]
| {{hlist|[[Tota Roy Chowdhury]]}}
|Parthana Retail Project
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mukherjee |first1=Shrestha |title=Tota Roy Choudhury plays gritty cop Ranadeep Roy in next project Police; watch teaser |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/tota-roy-choudhury-plays-gritty-cop-ranadeep-roy-in-next-project-police-watch-teaser/cid/2018926 |access-date=1 December 2025 |work=The Telegraph |date=5 October 2025}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#e0ffff;" |'''28'''
|''Hati Hati Pa Pa''
|Arnab Midda
|[[Chiranjeet Chakraborty]], [[Rukmini Maitra]]
|Celluloid Films
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhattacharyya |first1=Torsha |title=Rukmini-Chiranjeet: বাবা-মেয়ের চরিত্রে রুক্মিণী-চিরঞ্জিৎ, অর্ণব শুরু করলেন নতুন ছবির শ্যুটিং |url=https://bengali.abplive.com/entertainment/rukmini-maitra-and-chiranjeet-chakraborty-new-film-hati-hari-paa-paa-shooting-starts-1110088 |access-date=13 December 2025 |work=[[ABP Ananda]] |date=11 December 2024 |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|''Deri Hoye Geche''
|[[Saptaswa Basu]]
| {{hlist|[[Anjan Dutt]]|[[Mamata Shankar]]}}
| Platinum Pictures, SVM Studios
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chatterjee |first1=Arindam |title=Anjan Dutt and Mamata Shankar pair up for the love story, Deri Hoye Geche |url=https://t2online.in/screen/bengali/anjan-dutt-and-mamata-shankar-pair-up-for-the-love-story--deri-hoye-geche-/2000292 |access-date=1 December 2025 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|t2Online]] |date=1 August 2025}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="7" style="text-align:center; background:#ffb5da;" |'''D E C'''
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#ffb6da;" |'''6'''
|''[[Rappa Roy & Full Stop Dot Com]]''
|Dhiman Barman
| {{hlist|[[Rajatava Dutta]]| [[Alivia Sarkar]] |[[Shantilal Mukherjee]]| [[Sourav Das (actor)|Sourav Das]]}}
| Dhiman Barman Production
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=Roy |first1=Piya |title=The trailer of Rappa Roy & Full Stop Dot Com promises an exciting new crime thriller |url=https://t2online.in/screen/bengali/the-trailer-of-rappa-roy---full-stop-dot-com-promises-an-exciting-new-crime-thriller/2002376 |access-date=1 December 2025 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|t2Online]] |date=27 November 2025}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#ffb6da;" |'''12'''
|''Danab''
|Atiul Islam
| {{hlist|[[Kaushik Banerjee]]| Rupsha Mukhopadhyay| Hiya Roy}}
| Mohona Films
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kundu |first1=Kasturi |title=Bengali Movie: হাতে পানীয়ের গ্লাস- আলো-আধারিতে আরও কাছাকাছি! ওম-প্রিয়াঙ্কাকে ঘিরে দানা বাঁধছে কোন রহস্য? |url=https://bengali.indianexpress.com/photos/priyanka-sarkar-and-om-sahani-britto-rahasya-entertainment-news-9338720 |access-date=1 December 2025 |work=The Indian Express |date=5 June 2025 |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#ffb5da;" |'''25'''
| ''[[Projapati 2]]''
| [[Avijit Sen]]
| {{hlist|[[Dev (Bengali actor)|Dev]]|[[Mithun Chakraborty]]|[[Idhika Paul]]|Jyotirmoyee Kundu|[[Shakuntala Barua]]|[[Kharaj Mukherjee]]}}
| Bengal Talkies and Dev Entertainment Ventures
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhattacharyya |first=Torsha |date=2 January 2025 |script-title=bn:নতুন বছরে দেব-অভিজিৎ-অতনুর নতুন উপহার, আসছে 'প্রজাপতি'-র সিক্যুয়াল |url=https://bengali.abplive.com/entertainment/dev-atanu-roy-chowdhury-abhijit-sen-new-film-projapati-2-announced-entertainment-news-tollywood-1113401 |access-date=13 January 2025 |website=[[ABP Ananda|ABP Live]] |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Lawho Gouranger Naam Rey]]''
| [[Srijit Mukherji]]
| {{hlist|[[Ishaa Saha]] | [[Bratya Basu]]| [[Indraneil Sengupta]]| [[Subhashree Ganguly]]| Dibyojyoti Dutta}}
| Dag Creative Media, [[Shree Venkatesh Films]]
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Srijit Mukherji's 'Lawho Gouranger Naam Re' sheds light on Shri Chaitanya's disappearance |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/srijit-mukherjis-upcoming-period-drama-revolves-around-mystery-of-shri-chaitanyas-disappearance/cid/2131374 |access-date=1 December 2025 |work=The Telegraph |date=5 November 2025}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Mitin: Ekti Khunir Sandhaney]] ''
| [[Arindam Sil]]
| {{hlist|[[Koel Mallick]]|[[Anashua Majumdar]]|[[Gaurav Chakrabarty]]|[[Saheb Chatterjee]]}}
| [[Surinder Films]]
| <ref>{{cite news |last1=Mitra |first1=Pooja |title=Koel Mallick announces shoot wrap for Ekti Khunir Sandhane Mitin |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/koel-mallick-announces-shoot-wrap-for-ekti-khunir-sandhane-mitin-tolly-update/cid/2031026 |access-date=1 December 2025 |work=The Telegraph |date=2 July 2024}}</ref>
|-
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.imdb.com/search/title/?title_type=feature&release_date=2025-01-01,2025-12-31&countries=IN&languages=bn 2025 Indian Bengali films] on [[IMDb]].

{{Cinema of West Bengal}}
{{Indian film list}}
{{2025 films}}

[[Category:2025 in Indian cinema|Bengali]]
[[Category:Lists of Bengali films by year|2025]]
[[Category:2025 Bengali-language films|*]]
[[Category:Lists of 2025 films by language|Bengali]]
[[Category:2020s Indian films|*]]

Sambalpur Lok Sabha constituency

2026-03-30T11:42:41Z

CarlotaMacadam7: started new article

{{short description|Lok Sabha constituency in Odisha}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
| name = Sambalpur {{Small|OD-3}}
| constituency_no =
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok Sabha constituencies/2019/Odisha/Sambalpur.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Sambalpur Lok Sabha constituency
| state = [[Odisha]]
| established = 1952
| reservation = None
| electors = 15,01,538{{efn|as on 2024}}{{efn|as data published by election commission}}
| incumbent_image = Shri Dharmendra Pradhan Petroleum Minister.jpg
| mp = [[Dharmendra Pradhan]] {{Small|[[Minister of Education (India)|Education Minister of India]]}}
| party = {{flagicon image|BJP flag.svg}}[[BJP]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general elections|2024]]
| assembly_cons = [[Kuchinda (Odisha Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kuchinda]] [[Rengali (Odisha Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Rengali]] [[Sambalpur (Odisha Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sambalpur]] [[Rairakhol (Odisha Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Rairakhol]] [[Deogarh (Odisha Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Deogarh]] [[Chhendipada (Odisha Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Chhendipada]] [[Athmallik (Odisha Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Athmallik]]
}}

'''Sambalpur Lok Sabha constituency''' is one of the 21 [[Lok Sabha]] (parliamentary) constituencies in [[Odisha]] state in [[East India|eastern India]]. This constituency covers the whole [[Sambalpur district]] and parts of [[Deogarh district|Deogarh]] and [[Angul district|Angul]] districts.

==Assembly Segments==

Before [[Electoral boundary delimitation|delimitation]], the legislative assembly segments which constituted this parliamentary constituency were: Padmapur, Melchhamunda, Bijepur, Bhatli, Bargarh, Sambalpur and Rairakhol.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2000/background/S18/Orissa_AC_Dist_PC.pdf|title = Assembly Constituencies - Corresponding Districts and Parliamentary Constituencies of Orissa|publisher = Election Commission of India|accessdate = 2008-09-20|url-status = dead|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20090304184320/http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2000/background/S18/Orissa_AC_Dist_PC.pdf|archivedate = 2009-03-04}}</ref>

Following delimitation of parliamentary constituencies, this constituency presently comprises the following legislative assembly segments:

{| class="wikitable"
!#
!Name
!District
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
! colspan="2" |Leading
{{small|(in 2024)}}
|-
|15
|[[Kuchinda Assembly constituency|Kuchinda]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Sambalpur district|Sambalpur]]
|[[Rabi Narayan Naik]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=6}}
|-
|16
|[[Rengali Assembly constituency|Rengali]] (SC)
|[[Sudarshan Haripal]]
|{{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|17
|[[Sambalpur Assembly constituency|Sambalpur]]
|[[Jayanarayan Mishra]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|18
|[[Rairakhol Assembly constituency|Rairakhol]]
|[[Prasanna Acharya]]
|{{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal|rowspan=2}}
|-
|19
|[[Deogarh Assembly constituency|Deogarh]]
|[[Debagarh district|Deogarh]]
|[[Romanch Ranjan Biswal|Romancha Ranjan Biswal]]
|-
|62
|[[Chhendipada Assembly constituency|Chhendipada]] (SC)
| rowspan="2" |[[Angul district|Angul]]
|[[Agasti Behera]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|63
|[[Athmallik Assembly constituency|Athmallik]]
|[[Nalini Kanta Pradhan]]
|{{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|{{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|}

Kuchinda and Deogarh assembly segments were earlier in erstwhile [[Deogarh Lok Sabha constituency|Deogarh constituency]]. Rengali assembly segment came into existence in 2008 following delimitation of legislative assembly constituencies.

== Elected members ==

{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|2024|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|49.48}}
{{bar percent|2019|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|42.05}}
{{bar percent|2014|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|27.65}}
{{bar percent|2009|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|24.72}}
{{bar percent|2004|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|48.18}}
{{bar percent|1999|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|57.56}}
{{bar percent|1998|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|45.77}}
{{bar percent|1996|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|45.23}}
{{bar percent|1991|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|44.82}}
{{bar percent|1989|{{party color|Janata Dal}}|54.56}}
{{bar percent|1984|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|60.68}}
{{bar percent|1980|{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}|53.95}}
{{bar percent|1977|{{party color|Bharatiya Lok Dal}}|59.49}}
{{bar percent|1971|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|40.72}}
}}

Since its formation in 1952, 18 elections have been held till date.

List of members elected from Sambalpur constituency are:<ref>{{cite web|title=17 - SAMBALPUR Parliamentary Constituency|url=http://eci.nic.in/archive/electionanalysis/GE/PartyCompWinner/S18/partycomp17.htm|accessdate=29 December 2013}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1951 Indian general election|1951]]
|[[Natabar Pandey]]
|{{Full party name with color|Ganatantra Parishad|rowspan=3}}
|-
|rowspan=2|[[1957 Indian general election|1957]]
|[[Shraddhakar Supakar]]
|-
|Banamali Kumbhar
|-
|[[1962 Indian general election|1962]]
|[[Kishen Pattnaik]]
|{{Full party name with color|Socialist Party (India, 1955)}}
|-
|[[1967 Indian general election|1967]]
|[[Shraddhakar Supakar]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1971 Indian general election|1971]]
|[[Banamali Babu]]
|-
|[[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
|[[Gananath Pradhan]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Lok Dal}}
|-
|[[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Krupasindhu Bhoi]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
|Bhabani Shankar Hota
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
|rowspan="2" |[[Krupasindhu Bhoi]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
|-
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Prasanna Acharya]]
|{{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
|-
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=IndiaVotes PC: Sambalpur 2009 |url=https://www.indiavotes.com/lok-sabha-details/2009/orissa/sambalpur/7460/6/www.indiavotes.com/lok-sabha-details/2009/orissa/sambalpur/7460/6/15 |access-date=2025-07-06 |website=IndiaVotes}}</ref>
|[[Amarnath Pradhan]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]<ref name=":1" />
|[[Nagendra Kumar Pradhan|Nagendra Pradhan]]
|{{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=IndiaVotes PC: Sambalpur 2019 |url=https://www.indiavotes.com/lok-sabha-details/2019/orissa/sambalpur/9872/6/www.indiavotes.com/lok-sabha-details/2019/orissa/sambalpur/9872/6/17 |access-date=2025-07-06 |website=IndiaVotes}}</ref>
|[[Nitesh Ganga Deb]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Sambalpur lok sabha election results 2024: Sambalpur Winning Candidates List and Vote Share |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/lok-sabha/odisha/sambalpur-constituency-result-18503 |access-date=2025-07-06 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
|[[Dharmendra Pradhan]]
|}

== Election results ==

=== 2024 ===
Voting were held on 25th May 2024 in 6th phase of Indian General Election. Counting of votes was on 4th June 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=General Election to Legislative Assembly of Odisha 2024 |url=https://elections24.eci.gov.in/election-details-odisa.html |website=[[Election Commission of India|ECI]]}}</ref> In 2024 election, [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate [[Dharmendra Pradhan]] defeated [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Pranab Prakash Das]] by a margin of 1,19,836 votes.<ref name=":3" />

{{Election box begin |
|title = [[2024 Indian general election]]: [[Sambalpur]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Dharmendra Pradhan]]
|votes = 5,92,162
|percentage = 49.48
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Pranab Prakash Das]]
|votes = 4,72,326
|percentage = 39.47
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Nagendra Kumar Pradhan]]
|votes = 89,113
|percentage = 7.45
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 12,483
|percentage = 1.04
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 1,19,836
|percentage = 10.01
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 12,00,815
|percentage = 79.97
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2019 ===
In 2019 election, [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate [[Nitesh Ganga Deb]] defeated [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Nalini Kanta Pradhan]] by a margin of 9,162 votes.<ref name=":2" />

{{Election box begin|
|title = [[2019 Indian general elections]]: [[Sambalpur]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Nitesh Ganga Deb]]
|votes = 4,73,770
|percentage = 42.13
|change=
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Nalini Kanta Pradhan]]
|votes = 4,64,608
|percentage = 41.32
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Sarat Pattanayak]]
|votes = 1,35,969
|percentage = 12.09
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 13,456
|percentage = 1.20
|change=
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 9,162
|percentage = 0.81
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 11,26,662
|percentage = 76.72
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link no swing|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2014 ===
In 2014 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Nagendra Kumar Pradhan]] defeated [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate [[Suresh Pujari]] by a margin of 30,576 votes.<ref name=":1">{{cite web|title=Odisha Result Status|url=http://eciresults.nic.in/statewiseS18.htm?st=S18|publisher=ELECTION COMMISSION OF INDIA|accessdate=31 May 2014|archive-date=28 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140528011759/http://eciresults.nic.in/statewiseS18.htm?st=S18|url-status=dead}}</ref>

{{Election box begin|
|title = [[2014 Indian general elections]]: [[Sambalpur]]<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/Result2021/404.htm|title=Election Commission of India|website=results.eci.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Lok Sabha Election 2014 - Orissa, Constituency: Sambalpur (03)|url=http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/Pconstituency.aspx?eid=987&cid=3|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170917034743/http://empoweringindia.org/new/Pconstituency.aspx?eid=987&cid=3|url-status=usurped|archive-date=17 September 2017|publisher=EmpoweringIndia.org|accessdate=31 May 2014}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Nagendra Kumar Pradhan]]
|votes = 3,58,618
|percentage = 36.43
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Suresh Pujari]]
|votes = 3,28,042
|percentage = 33.33
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Amarnath Pradhan]]
|votes = 2,42,131
|percentage = 24.6
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 13,314
|percentage = 1.35
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 30,576
|percentage = 3.10
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 9,84,697
|percentage = 75.92
|change =
}}
{{Election box Registered electors
|reg. electors = 12,97,098
}}
{{Election box gain with party link no swing|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
|loser = Indian National Congress
}}
{{election box end}}

=== 2009 ===
In 2009 election, [[Indian National Congress]] candidate [[Amarnath Pradhan]] defeated [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Rohit Pujari]] by a margin of 14,974 votes.<ref name=":0" />

{{Election box begin |
|title = [[2009 Indian general elections]]: [[Sambalpur]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Amarnath Pradhan]]
|votes = 3,04,890
|percentage = 38.09
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Rohit Pujari]]
|votes = 2,90,016
|percentage = 36.23
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Surendra Lath
|votes = 1,50,910
|percentage = 18.85
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 14,874
|percentage = 1.86
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 8,00,420
|percentage = 64.90
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{election box end}}

==Notes==
{{Noteslist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Odisha}}

{{Odisha elections}}
{{coord |21.347144| 83.628632|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sambalpur Lok Sabha constituency}}
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Odisha]]
[[Category:Sambalpur district]]
[[Category:Angul district]]
[[Category:Debagarh district]]

Field hockey

2026-03-30T01:32:11Z

CarlotaMacadam7:

{{Short description|Team sport played with sticks and a spherical ball}}
{{About|the team sport using a round hockey ball|the overall family of sports involving sticks and goals|hockey|the team contact sport played on ice|ice hockey}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Original research|date=August 2022}}
{{Unreliable sources|date=August 2022}}
{{Cleanup rewrite|date=November 2022}}
}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Infobox sport
|image = Match Hockey Grande Bretagne x Espagne Jeux Olympiques 2024 Terrain 1 Stade Yves Manoir - Colombes (FR92) - 2024-07-27 - 28.jpg
|image_size = 250px
|caption = [[Field hockey at the 2024 Summer Olympics]]
|union = [[International Hockey Federation]]
|first = 19th-century England
|contact = [[Contact sport#Limited-contact|Limited]]
|team = 10 outfield players and 1 goalkeeper drawn from a squad of however many
|category = Outdoor and indoor
|equipment = Hockey ball, hockey stick, mouthguard, shin guards, glove, and goalkeeper kit
|olympic = [[1908 Summer Olympics|1908]], [[1920 Summer Olympics|1920]], [[1928 Summer Olympics|1928]]–[[Field hockey at the Summer Olympics|present]]
}}
[[File:Field hockey pictogram.svg|right|200px|thumb|Pictogram for [[Field hockey at the Summer Olympics]] ]]

'''Field hockey''', or simply '''hockey''' in Asia, Europe, Oceania and Africa, is a fast-paced [[team sport]] in which two teams of eleven players (ten field players and one goalkeeper) use [[Field hockey stick|curved sticks]] to maneuver a small, hard [[hockey ball]] towards the rival team's shooting circle and then into the [[goal (sports)|goal]]. The team with the most goals at the end of play wins the match.

Matches are played on [[Grass field|grass]], watered turf, or [[artificial turf]], although grass has become increasingly rare as a playing surface. This may be because Hockey Fields have become increasingly more available.[[Indoor hockey]] is usually played on a synthetic hard court or hardwood sports flooring, and beach field hockey is played on sand.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=BEACH HOCKEY RULES |url=https://www.fih.hockey/static-assets/pdf/beach-hockey-rules-2024.pdf |website=IHF}}</ref>

The [[Field hockey stick|stick]] has evolved significantly over the game's history in its composition and shape. Wooden sticks, though once standard, have become increasingly uncommon as technological advancements have made synthetic materials cheaper. Today, sticks are typically made of a combination of [[carbon fibre]], [[fibreglass]], and [[aramid]], in varying proportions.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Unraveling the Mysteries of Composite Field Hockey Sticks |url=https://www.cricket-hockey.com/en/unraveling-the-mysteries-of-composite-field-hockey-sticks |access-date=2025-02-14 |website=Cricket-Hockey.com |language=en}}</ref> At the elite level, sticks with a very high carbon content are near universally preferred. The stick has two sides; one rounded and one flat; only the flat face of the stick is allowed to progress the ball. If the ball is "played" with the rounded part of the stick (i.e., stopped or hit), it will result in a penalty, though accidental touches are not an offence as long as they do not materially affect play. Goalkeepers often have a different design of stick; they also cannot play the ball with the round side of their stick. Goalkeepers are allowed to touch the ball with any part of their body when inside their shooting circle. No other player is allowed to touch the ball except with their stick, though a player's hand is considered part of the stick if holding the stick.

The modern game was developed at [[Independent school (United Kingdom)|public schools]] in 19th-century England and it is now played globally.<ref name="Field Hockey BC-2016">{{Cite web |title=About Field Hockey {{!}} Field Hockey BC |date=30 November 2016 |url=https://fieldhockeybc.com/about/about-field-hockey/ |access-date=2022-08-18 |language=en-US |archive-date=6 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220706050116/https://fieldhockeybc.com/about/about-field-hockey/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The governing body is the [[International Hockey Federation]] (FIH), called the {{lang|fr|Fédération Internationale de Hockey}} in French. Men and women are represented internationally in competitions including the [[Field hockey at the Summer Olympics|Olympic Games]], [[Hockey World Cup|World Cup]], [[FIH Pro League (disambiguation)|FIH Pro League]], [[Junior Hockey World Cup|Junior World Cup]] and in past also [[FIH Hockey World League|World League]], [[Hockey Champions Trophy|Champions Trophy]]. Many countries run extensive junior, senior, and masters club competitions. The FIH is also responsible for organizing the [[Hockey Rules Board]] and developing the [[sport rule|sport's rules]].

The sport is known simply as ''hockey'' in many countries. In Sweden and Finland, the term ''{{Lang|sv|landhockey}}'' and ''{{Lang|fi|maahockey}}'' respectively are used, translating to "ground" hockey in opposition to the more standard ice hockey variant. A popular variant is [[indoor hockey]], which differs in a number of respects while embodying the primary principles of hockey.

==History==
{{Main|History of field hockey}}
[[File:Relief pentelic marble "Ball Players" 510-500 BC, NAMA 3476 102587.jpg|upright=1.35|thumb|Relief of {{Circa|510 BC}} depicting [[Ancient Greece|ancient Greek]] players of ''{{Transliteration|grc|kerētízein}}'', an ancestral form of hockey or [[ground billiards]]; in the [[National Archaeological Museum, Athens]] ]]

According to the [[International Hockey Federation]] (FIH), "the roots of hockey are buried deep in antiquity".<ref name="hoh">{{tick|15|colour=blue}}[http://fih.ch/hockey-basics/history/ ''History of Hockey''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220804212017/http://fih.ch/hockey-basics/history/ |date=4 August 2022 }}. FIH. Retrieved 4 August 2022.</ref> There are historical records which suggest early forms of hockey were played in Egypt and Persia {{Circa|2000 BC}}, and in Ethiopia {{Circa|1000 BC}}. Later evidence suggest that the ancient Greeks, Romans and Aztecs all played hockey-like games.<ref name="hoh"/> In [[Ancient Egypt]], there is a depiction of two figures playing with sticks and ball in the [[Beni Hasan]] tomb of Khety, an administrator of [[Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt|Dynasty XI]].<ref name="Stein & Rubino 2008">{{tick|15|colour=blue}}{{Stein & Rubino 2008|pages=2, 4, 5, 14, 27, 33, 34, 37, 40}}</ref>

In [[Ancient Greece]], there is a similar image dated {{Circa|510 BC}}, which may have been called {{lang|grc|Κερητίζειν}} ({{Transliteration|grc|kerētízein}}) because it was played with a horn ({{lang|grc|κέρας}}, {{Transliteration|grc|kéras}} in [[Ancient Greek]]) and a ball.<ref>{{tick|15|colour=blue}}Oikonomos, G. "Κερητίζοντες". Archaiologikon Deltion 6 (1920–1921): 56–59; there are clear depictions of the game, but the identification with the name κερητίζειν is [http://sarantakos.wordpress.com/2010/03/29/keretizein/ disputed] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141225153012/http://sarantakos.wordpress.com/2010/03/29/keretizein/ |date=25 December 2014 }} ([http://hellenisteukontos.blogspot.com/2010/03/ancient-greek-field-hockey.html English summary] ).</ref> Researchers disagree over how to interpret this image. It could have been a team or one-on-one activity (the depiction shows two active players, and other figures who may be team-mates awaiting a face-off, or non-players waiting for their turn at play). Billiards historians Stein and Rubino believe it was among the games ancestral to lawn-and-field games like hockey and [[ground billiards]], and near-identical depictions appear in later European [[illuminated manuscript]]s and other works of the 14th through 17th centuries, showing contemporary [[Courtier|courtly]] and [[Clergy|clerical]] life.<ref name="Stein & Rubino 2008"/>

In [[East Asia]], a similar game was entertained, using a carved wooden stick and ball, before 300 BC.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Field Hockey- National Game of India in General Parlance|last=Tanaji Lakde|first=Atul|publisher=Ashok yakkaldevi|year=2019|isbn=978-0-359-69487-7|pages=5}}</ref> In [[Inner Mongolia]], [[China]], the [[Daur people]] have for about 1,000 years been playing ''[[beikou]]'', a game with some similarities to field hockey.<ref name=nyt>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/23/sports/olympics/23hockey.html |title=A Chinese Hinterland, Fertile with Field Hockey |last=McGrath |first=Charles |date=22 August 2008 |work=The New York Times |access-date=23 August 2008 |archive-date=28 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128123630/https://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/23/sports/olympics/23hockey.html |url-status=live }}</ref> A similar field hockey or ground billiards variant, called ''suigan'', was played in China during the [[Ming dynasty]] (1368–1644, post-dating the Mongol-led [[Yuan dynasty]]).<ref name="Stein & Rubino 2008" /> A game similar to field hockey was played in the 17th century in [[Punjab state]] in India under name {{Lang|pa-latn|khido khundi}} ({{Lang|pa-latn|khido}} refers to the woolen ball, and {{Lang|pa-latn|khundi}} to the stick).<ref>{{Cite web |title=History of Field Hockey |url=http://www.surfersfieldhockey.com/history |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305165920/http://www.surfersfieldhockey.com/history |archive-date=2017-03-05 |access-date=23 August 2016 |website=Surfers Field Hockey}}</ref>
In South America, most specifically in [[Chile]], the local natives of the 16th century used to play a game called {{Lang|es|chueca}}, which also shares common elements with hockey.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ahockeyworld.net/where-was-field-hockey-invented/|title=Where was field hockey invented? The history of hockey as we know it!|website=A Hockey World|date=8 January 2017|access-date=15 January 2017|archive-date=17 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170117150714/http://www.ahockeyworld.net/where-was-field-hockey-invented/|url-status=live}}</ref>

In [[Northern Europe]], the games of [[hurling]] ([[Ireland]]) and ''{{lang|is|[[knattleikr]]}}'' ([[Iceland]]), both team ball games involving sticks to drive a ball to the opponents' goal, date at least as far back as the [[Early Middle Ages]]. By the 12th century, a team ball game called ''{{lang|frm|[[la soule]]}}'' or ''{{lang|fr|choule}}'', akin to a chaotic and sometimes long-distance version of hockey or [[rugby football]] (depending on whether sticks were used in a particular local variant), was regularly played in France and southern Britain between villages or parishes. Throughout the [[Middle Ages]] to the [[Early Modern era]], such games often involved the local clergy or secular [[aristocracy]], and in some periods were limited to them by various anti-gaming edicts, or even banned altogether.<ref name="Stein & Rubino 2008" /> Stein and Rubino, among others, ultimately trace aspects of these games both to rituals in antiquity involving [[Globus cruciger|orbs]] and [[sceptre]]s (on the aristocratic and clerical side), and to ancient [[military training exercise]]s (on the popular side); [[polo]] (essentially hockey on horseback) was devised by the [[Ancient Persia]]ns for [[cavalry]] training, based on the local proto-hockey foot game of the region.<ref name="Stein & Rubino 2008" />

The word ''hockey'' itself has no clear origin. One belief is that it was recorded in 1363 when [[Edward III]] of England issued the proclamation: "Moreover we ordain that you prohibit under penalty of imprisonment all and sundry from such stone, wood and iron throwing; handball, football, or hockey; coursing and cock-fighting, or other such idle games".<ref name=exp>{{cite web |url=http://www.rugbyfootballhistory.com/originsofrugby.htm |title=Rugby Football History |publisher=Rugby Football History |access-date=15 July 2016 |archive-date=15 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200415201837/http://www.rugbyfootballhistory.com/originsofrugby.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> The belief is based on modern translations of the proclamation, which was originally in Latin and explicitly forbade the games "Pilam Manualem, Pedivam, & Bacularem: & ad Canibucam & Gallorum Pugnam". The word {{Lang|la|baculum}} is the Latin for {{Gloss|stick}}, so the reference would appear to be to a game played with sticks. The English historian and biographer [[John Strype]] did not use the word ''hockey'' when he translated the proclamation in 1720, and the word ''hockey'' remains of unknown origin.{{citation needed|date=August 2022}}

The modern game developed at [[Independent school (United Kingdom)|public schools]] in 19th-century England. It is now played globally, particularly in parts of Western Europe, South Asia, Southern Africa, Australia, New Zealand, Argentina, and parts of the United States, primarily New England and the mid-Atlantic states.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Eisen |first1=Matt |title=In America, field hockey still toils in obscurity |url=http://yaledailynews.com/blog/2006/10/12/in-america-field-hockey-still-toils-in-obscurity/ |access-date=4 February 2017 |work=[[Yale Daily News]] |date=12 October 2006 |quote=The American game is regionally centered. The most intense support and popularity extend from Massachusetts down the Eastern seaboard to Virginia, and pretty much stops there. The best programs tend to be in Pennsylvania and New Jersey, though states like Maryland and Delaware are slowly growing in xfield hockey prowess. |archive-date=23 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161223063521/http://yaledailynews.com/blog/2006/10/12/in-america-field-hockey-still-toils-in-obscurity/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Fischer-Baum |first1=Reuben |title=Field Hockey America vs. Rodeo America: Mapping The Faultlines of America's Regional Sports |url=http://deadspin.com/5958476/field-hockey-america-vs-rodeo-america-mapping-the-nations-regional-sports-mapping-american-regional-sports |website=[[Deadspin]] |access-date=4 February 2017 |date=8 November 2012 |archive-date=5 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205100336/http://deadspin.com/5958476/field-hockey-america-vs-rodeo-america-mapping-the-nations-regional-sports-mapping-american-regional-sports |url-status=live }}</ref> The term ''field hockey'' is used primarily in Canada and the United States where ''hockey'' more often refers to [[ice hockey]].<ref>{{Cite journal |author=Canadian Association for Health, Physical Education and Recreation |title=Physical education and training |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CzHVAAAAMAAJ&q=%22grass+hockey |access-date=2 May 2021 |year=1966 |publisher=Canadian Association for Health, Physical Education and Recreation |journal=Journal of the Canadian Association for Health, Physical Education and Recreation |volume=33-34 |issue= |pages=27 |quote=A junior high school should provide interschool competition in at least 6 or 7 of the following areas: touch football, soccer, '''grass hockey'''...|archive-date=7 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207053856/https://books.google.com/books?id=CzHVAAAAMAAJ&q=%22grass+hockey |url-status=live }}</ref> In Sweden, the term {{Lang|sv|landhockey}} is used, and to some degree in [[Norway]], where the game is governed by [[Norway's Bandy Association|Norges Bandyforbund]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://bandyforbundet.no/?p=95 |title=Landhockey |website=bandyforbundet.no |access-date=21 February 2017 |archive-date=18 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118051824/http://bandyforbundet.no/?p=95 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The first known club was formed in 1849 at [[Blackheath, London|Blackheath]] in south-east [[London]], but the modern rules grew out of a version played by Middlesex [[cricket]] clubs as a winter activity.{{citation needed|date=October 2007}} [[Teddington]] Hockey Club formed the modern game by introducing the striking circle and changing the ball to a sphere from a rubber cube.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3BNMr7U8e9wC&q=%22Hockey%22+circle+Teddington&pg=PA5 |first1=Tracie |last1=Egan |first2=Helen |last2=Connolly |title=Field Hockey: Rules, Tips, Strategy, and Safety |date=2005 |isbn=978-1-404-20182-8 |publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group |access-date=27 February 2014 |archive-date=7 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207053856/https://books.google.com/books?id=3BNMr7U8e9wC&q=%22Hockey%22+circle+Teddington&pg=PA5 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[The Hockey Association]] was founded in 1876. It lasted just six years, before being revived by nine founding members.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History of Hockey {{!}} FIH |url=http://www.fih.ch/hockey-basics/history/ |access-date=2022-10-13 |website=www.fih.ch |archive-date=11 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210211092710/http://www.fih.ch/hockey-basics/history/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The first international competition took place in 1895 (Ireland 3, Wales 0), and the International Rules Board was founded in 1900.{{citation needed|date=August 2022}}

[[File:London 1908 Hockey.jpg|thumb|right|A game of hockey being played between Germany and Scotland at the 1908 London Olympics]]
Field hockey was played at the [[Field hockey at the Summer Olympics|Summer Olympics]] in 1908 and 1920.<ref name="Field Hockey BC-2016" /> It was dropped in 1924,<ref name="Field Hockey BC-2016" /> leading to the foundation of the [[International Hockey Federation|Fédération Internationale de Hockey sur Gazon]] (FIH) as an international governing body by seven continental European nations; and hockey was reinstated as an [[Olympic sport|Olympic game]] in 1928.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Olympic Field Hockey history: Records, past winners, best moments, year-by-year results {{!}} NBC Olympics |url=https://www.nbcolympics.com/news/field-hockey-101-olympic-history-records-and-results |access-date=2024-07-01 |website=www.nbcolympics.com |language=en}}</ref> Men's hockey united under the FIH in 1970.{{citation needed|date=August 2022}}

The two oldest trophies are the [[Irish Senior Cup (men's hockey)|Irish Senior Cup]], which dates back to 1894, and the [[Irish Junior Cup (men's hockey)|Irish Junior Cup]], a second XI-only competition{{clarify|date=July 2016|reason=What is "XI-only" supposed to mean?}} instituted in 1895.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hockey.ie/contentPage/114468/about |title=Competitions ISC (M) About |publisher=Irish Hockey Association |access-date=8 April 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130427005949/http://www.hockey.ie/contentPage/114468/about |archive-date=27 April 2013}}</ref>

In India, the Beighton Cup and the Aga Khan tournament commenced within ten years. Entering the Olympics in 1928, India won all five games without conceding a goal, and won from 1932 until 1956, and then in 1964 and 1980.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Olympic Field Hockey |url=https://www.topendsports.com/events/summer/sports/hockey.htm |access-date=2024-04-07 |website=www.topendsports.com}}</ref> Pakistan won Olympic gold in men's hockey in 1960, 1968, and 1984. All but three of Pakistan's 11 Olympic medals so far have been in field hockey, including three gold, three silver, and two bronze medals.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://olympics.com/en/news/how-many-pakistan-olympic-medals-won |title=Pakistan's Olympic medals: Hockey team's domination is clear |website=Olympics.com |first=Ali Asgar |last=Nalwala |date=21 February 2022 |access-date=17 January 2024}}</ref>

[[File: Dhyan Chand 1936 final.jpg|thumb|Indian player [[Dhyan Chand]] won Olympic gold medals for his team in 1928, 1932 and 1936.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Dhyan-Chand |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |title=Dhyan Chand (Indian athlete) |access-date=12 July 2016 |archive-date=3 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220503012557/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Dhyan-Chand |url-status=live }}</ref> Photo shows him scoring a goal against Germany in the 1936 Olympics hockey final.]]
In the early 1970s, [[artificial turf]] began to be used.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Whitehurst |first=J. R. |date=December 1968 |title=The Astrodome turf and lower extremity injuries |journal=Journal of the American College Health Association |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=136–137 |issn=0002-7944 |pmid=5730126}}</ref> Synthetic pitches changed most aspects of field hockey, gaining speed. New tactics and techniques such as the [[Indian dribble]] developed, followed by new rules to take account. The switch to synthetic surfaces ended Indian and Pakistani domination because artificial turf was too expensive in [[Developing country|developing countries]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hoque |first=Shishir |date=15 Oct 2017 |title=How the invention of synthetic turf ended Indian sub-continent's superiority in world hockey |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/sport/hockey/128194/how-the-invention-of-synthetic-turf-ended-indian |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240104034030/https://www.dhakatribune.com/sport/hockey/128194/how-the-invention-of-synthetic-turf-ended-indian |archive-date=4 Jan 2024 |access-date=3 Jan 2024 |website=DhakaTribune}}</ref> Since the 1970s, Australia, the Netherlands, and Germany have dominated at the Olympics and World Cup stages.{{citation needed|date=August 2022}}

Women's field hockey was first played at British universities and schools. The first club, the Molesey Ladies, was founded in 1887.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-08-30 |title=Women's hockey in Ireland—a short history |url=https://www.historyireland.com/volume-26/womens-hockey-in-ireland-a-short-history/ |access-date=2021-10-08 |website=History Ireland |archive-date=8 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008011101/https://www.historyireland.com/volume-26/womens-hockey-in-ireland-a-short-history/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The first national association was the [[Irish Ladies Hockey Union]] in 1894,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Timeline of Women in Sports|url=http://faculty.elmira.edu/dmaluso/sports/timeline/fieldhockey.html|access-date=2021-10-08|website=faculty.elmira.edu|archive-date=5 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201205084853/http://faculty.elmira.edu/dmaluso/sports/timeline/fieldhockey.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and though rebuffed by the Hockey Association, women's field hockey grew rapidly around the world. This led to the International Federation of Women's Hockey Association (IFWHA) in 1927, though this did not include many continental European countries where women played as sections of men's associations and were affiliated to the FIH.{{citation needed|date=August 2022}} The IFWHA held conferences every three years, and tournaments associated with these were the primary IFWHA competitions. These tournaments were non-competitive until 1975.{{citation needed|date=August 2022}}

By the early 1970s, there were 22 associations with women's sections in the FIH and 36 associations in the IFWHA.{{citation needed|date=August 2022}} Discussions started about a common rule book. The FIH introduced competitive tournaments in 1974, forcing the acceptance of the principle of competitive field hockey by the IFWHA in 1973. It took until 1982 for the two bodies to merge, but this allowed the introduction of women's field hockey to the Olympic games from 1980 where, as in the men's game, the Netherlands, Germany, and Australia have been consistently strong. Argentina has emerged as a team to be reckoned with since 2000, winning the world championship in 2002 and 2010 and medals at the last three Olympics.{{citation needed|date=August 2022}}

In the United States, field hockey is played predominantly by girls and women. There are few field hockey clubs, most play taking place between high school or college sides. The sport was largely introduced in the U.S. by [[Constance Applebee]], starting with a tour of [[Seven Sisters (colleges)|Seven Sisters]] colleges in 1901 and continuing through Applebee's 24-year tenure as athletic director of [[Bryn Mawr College]]. The strength of college field hockey reflects the impact of [[Title IX]], which mandated that colleges should fund men's and women's games programmes comparably.{{citation needed|date=August 2022}} Hockey has been predominantly played on the East Coast, specifically the Mid-Atlantic in states such as New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia.{{citation needed|date=October 2020}} In recent years,{{when|date=October 2020}} it has become increasingly played on the West Coast and in the Midwest.{{citation needed|date=October 2020}}

In other countries, participation is fairly evenly balanced between men and women. For example, in the 2008–09 season, [[England Hockey]] reported 2,488 registered men's teams, 1,969 women's teams, 1,042 boys' teams, 966 girls' teams and 274 mixed teams.<ref>{{tick|15|colour=blue}}{{cite web |url=http://www.englandhockey.co.uk/page.asp?section=70&sectionTitle=Clubs |title=Hockey in England: Clubs |work=EnglandHockey.co.uk |publisher=England Hockey Board |access-date=10 August 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100817214039/http://www.englandhockey.co.uk/page.asp?section=70&sectionTitle=Clubs |archive-date=17 August 2010}}</ref> In 2006, the [[Irish Hockey Association]] reported that the gender split among its players was approximately 65% female and 35% male.{{citation needed|date=August 2022}} In its 2008 census, [[Hockey Australia]] reported 40,534 male club players and 41,542 female.<ref>{{tick|15|colour=blue}}{{cite web |url=http://www.hockey.org.au/fileadmin/user_upload/Census/2008NationalHockeyCensusExecSummary_Board.pdf |title=National Census Executive Summary 2008 |work=Hockey.org.ca |publisher=Hockey Australia |page=2 |access-date=10 August 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091022091719/http://www.hockey.org.au/fileadmin/user_upload/Census/2008NationalHockeyCensusExecSummary_Board.pdf |archive-date=22 October 2009}}</ref>

==Field of play==
{{Main|Field hockey pitch}}
{{More citations needed section|date=August 2022}}
[[File:Hockey field metric.svg|thumb|right|upright=1.35|Diagram of a hockey field]]
Most hockey field dimensions were originally fixed using whole numbers of [[imperial measure]]s. Metric measurements are now the official dimensions as laid down by the [[International Hockey Federation]] (FIH) in the ''Rules of Hockey''.<ref>{{tick|15|colour=blue}}''Rules of Hockey'', pp. 12–13, 51–58.</ref>

The pitch is a {{convert|91.4|x|55|m|yd|abbr=on}} rectangular field. At each end is a goal {{convert|2.14|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} high and {{convert|3.66|m|0|abbr=on}} wide, as well as lines across the field {{convert|22.90|m|yd|0|abbr=on}} from each end-line (generally referred to as the 23-metre lines or the 25-yard lines) and in the center of the field. A spot {{convert|0.15|m|0|abbr=on}} in diameter, called the penalty spot or stroke mark, is placed with its centre {{convert|6.40|m|yd|0|abbr=on}} from the centre of each goal. The shooting circle, most commonly known as 'the D' due to its shape, is {{convert|16|yd|m|order=flip|abbr=on}} from the base line.

Field hockey goals are made of two upright posts, joined at the top by a horizontal crossbar, with a net positioned to catch the ball when it passes through the goalposts. The goalposts and crossbar must be white and rectangular in shape, and should be {{cvt|2|inch}} wide and {{cvt|2–3|in}} deep.
Field hockey goals also include sideboards and a backboard, which stand {{cvt|50|cm}} from the ground. The backboard runs the full {{cvt|3.66|m}} width of the goal, while the sideboards are {{cvt|1.2|m}} deep.

===Playing surface===
Historically the game developed on natural grass turf. In the early 1970s, [[artificial turf|synthetic grass]] fields began to be used for hockey, with the first Olympic Games on this surface being held at [[Montreal]] in [[Field hockey at the 1976 Summer Olympics|1976]]. Synthetic pitches are now mandatory for all international tournaments and for most national competitions. While hockey is still played on traditional grass fields at some local levels and lesser national divisions, it has been replaced by synthetic surfaces almost everywhere in the western world. There are three main types of artificial hockey surface:<ref name="GB Pitches">{{cite web|url=http://greatbritainhockey.co.uk/library-media/documents/Hockey%20Pitch%20Basic%20Info.pdf|title=Hockey Pitches – Basic Information|publisher=[[Great Britain Hockey]]|access-date=10 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140912120725/http://greatbritainhockey.co.uk/library-media/documents/Hockey%20Pitch%20Basic%20Info.pdf|archive-date=12 September 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>

* Unfilled or water based – artificial fibres that are densely packed for stabilisation, requires irrigation or watering to avoid pitch wear
* Dressed or sand dressed – artificial fibres can be less densely packed and sand supports the fibres for part of the [[Pile (textile)|pile depth]]
* Filled or sand filled – artificial fibres can be longer and less densely packed and sand supports the fibres for 100% of the pile depth

Since the 1970s, sand-based pitches have been favoured as they dramatically speed up the game. However, in recent years there has been a massive increase in the number of "water-based" artificial turfs. Water-based synthetic turfs enable the ball to be transferred more quickly than on sand-based surfaces. It is this characteristic that has made them the surface of choice for international and national league competitions. Water-based surfaces are also less abrasive than sand-based surfaces and reduce the level of injury to players when they come into contact with the surface. Following the 2018 FIH Congress it was decided that new surfaces being laid should be of a hybrid variety which require less watering.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024 |title=Future of dry turfs in hockey |url=https://www.fih.hockey/2022/news/future-of-dry-turfs-in-hockey |access-date=8 March 2023 |website=FIH}}</ref> This is due to the negative ecological effects of the high water requirements of water-based synthetic fields. It has also been stated that the decision to make artificial surfaces mandatory greatly favoured more affluent countries who could afford these new pitches.<ref name="TOI">{{cite web|url=http://blogs.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/headon/entry/the-untold-story-of-how-india-lost-hockey-supremacy|title=The untold story of how India lost hockey supremacy|first=Minhaz|last=Merchant|date=15 January 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=13 April 2014|archive-date=22 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131222022629/http://blogs.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/headon/entry/the-untold-story-of-how-india-lost-hockey-supremacy|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Rules and play==
===Overview===
{{Unreferenced section|date=July 2022}}
The game is played between two teams of eleven; 10 field players and one goal keeper are permitted to be on the pitch at any one time. The remaining players may be substituted in any combination. There is an unlimited number of times a team can sub in and out. Substitutions are permitted at any point in the game, apart from between the award and end of a penalty corner; two exceptions to this rule is for injury or suspension of the defending goalkeeper, which is not allowed when playing with a field keep, or a player can exit the field, but you must wait until after the penalty corner is complete. Play is not stopped for a substitution (except of a goalkeeper), the players leave and rejoin the match simultaneously at the half-way line.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Field Hockey 101: Rules {{!}} NBC Olympics |url=https://www.nbcolympics.com/news/field-hockey-101-rules |access-date=2022-09-28 |website=www.nbcolympics.com |language=en |archive-date=28 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928130402/https://www.nbcolympics.com/news/field-hockey-101-rules |url-status=live }}</ref>

Players are permitted to play the ball with the flat of the 'face side' and with the edges of the head and handle of the field hockey stick with the exception that, for reasons of safety, the ball may not be struck 'hard' with a forehand edge stroke, because of the difficulty of controlling the height and direction of the ball from that stroke.

The flat side is always on the "natural" side for a right-handed person swinging the stick at the ball from right to left. Left-handed sticks are rare, as International Hockey Federation rules forbid their use in a game.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Connolly |first=Brian |date=Dec 5, 2018 |title=Why Are All Field Hockey Sticks Right Handed? |url=https://www.sportsrec.com/wood-used-make-hockey-sticks-5094759.html |access-date=2022-09-28 |website=SportsRec |language=en |archive-date=28 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928130404/https://www.sportsrec.com/wood-used-make-hockey-sticks-5094759.html |url-status=live }}</ref> To make a strike at the ball with a left-to-right swing the player must present the flat of the 'face' of the stick to the ball by 'reversing' the stick head, i.e. by turning the handle through approximately 180° (while a reverse edge hit would turn the stick head through approximately 90° from the position of an upright forehand stroke with the 'face' of the stick head).

Edge hitting of the ball underwent a two-year "experimental period", twice the usual length of an "experimental trial" and is still a matter of some controversy within the game.{{When|date=September 2022}} [[Ric Charlesworth]], the former Australian coach, has been a strong critic of the unrestricted use of the reverse edge hit. The 'hard' forehand edge hit was banned after similar concerns were expressed about the ability of players to direct the ball accurately, but the reverse edge hit does appear to be more predictable and controllable than its counterpart. This type of hit is now more commonly referred to as the "forehand sweep" where the ball is hit with the flat side or "natural" side of the stick and not the rounded edge.

Other rules include; no foot-to-ball contact, no use of hands, no obstructing other players, no high back swing, no hacking, and no third party. If a player is dribbling the ball and either loses control and kicks the ball or another player interferes that player is not permitted to gain control and continue dribbling. The rules do not allow the person who kicked the ball to gain advantage from the kick, so the ball will automatically be passed on to the opposing team. Conversely, if no advantage is gained from kicking the ball, play should continue. Players may not obstruct another's chance of hitting the ball in any way. No shoving/using your body/stick to prevent advancement in the other team. Penalty for this is the opposing team receives the ball and if the problem continues, the player can be carded. While a player is taking a free hit or starting a corner the back swing of their hit cannot be too high for this is considered dangerous. Finally there may not be three players touching the ball at one time. Two players from opposing teams can battle for the ball, however if another player interferes it is considered third party and the ball automatically goes to the team who only had one player involved in the third party.

===The game===
A match ordinarily consists of two periods of 35 minutes and a halftime interval of 5 minutes. Other periods and interval may be agreed by both teams except as specified in regulations for particular competitions.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fih.ch/media/12236728/fih-rules-of-hockey-2017.pdf |title=Rules of Hockey including explanations from 1 January 2017 |date=2016 |publisher=FIH |access-date=1 September 2021 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170110151032/http://www.fih.ch/media/12236728/fih-rules-of-hockey-2017.pdf |archive-date=10 January 2017 }}</ref> Since 2014, some international games have four 15-minute quarters with 2 minutes break between each quarter and 5 minutes break between quarter two and three.<ref name="Fih.ch" /> At the [[2018 Commonwealth Games]], held on the Gold Coast in [[Brisbane]], the hockey games for both men and women were played in four 15-minute quarters.<ref>{{cite web |title=XXI COMMONWEALTH GAMES COMPETITION REGULATIONS MEN'S AND WOMEN'S HOCKEY COMPETITIONS |url=http://www.fih.ch/media/12943979/cwg-2018-regulations-published-20-february-2018.pdf |website=International Hockey Federation |access-date=20 February 2018}}</ref>

In December 2018, the FIH announced rule changes that would make 15-minute quarters universal from January 2019. England Hockey confirmed that while no changes would be made to the domestic game mid-season, the new rules would be implemented at the start of the 2019–20 season. However, in July 2019 England Hockey announced that 17.5-minute quarters would only be implemented in elite domestic club games.<ref name="Application of the rules of hockey">{{cite web |title=Application of the rules of hockey in England for the 2019–20 Season |url=https://www.englandhockey.co.uk/news.asp?itemid=46512&itemTitle=Application+of+the+rules+of+hockey+in+England+for+the+2019-20+Season.&section=22 |url-status=deviated |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106130144/https://www.englandhockey.co.uk/news.asp?itemid=46512&itemTitle=Application+of+the+rules+of+hockey+in+England+for+the+2019-20+Season.&section=22 |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=11 November 2019}}</ref>

The game begins with a pass back from the centre-forward usually to the centre-half back from the halfway line. The opposing team cannot try to tackle this play until the ball has been pushed back.<ref name="Fih.ch" /> The team consists of eleven players, usually aligned as follows: goalkeeper, right fullback, left fullback, three half-backs and five forwards who are right wing, right inner, centre forward, left inner and left wing. These positions can change and adapt throughout the course of the game depending on the attacking and defensive style of the opposition.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://kingslangleyhockey.org.au/doc/JnrPosPlayDraft5.pdf |title=How to play hockey |access-date=16 April 2018 |archive-date=3 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190303084151/http://kingslangleyhockey.org.au/doc/JnrPosPlayDraft5.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Positions===
[[File:UVA field hockey.jpg|thumb|A [[Virginia Cavaliers]] field player passing the ball]]
When hockey positions are discussed, notions of fluidity are very common. Each team can be fielded with a maximum of 11 players and will typically arrange themselves into forwards, midfielders, and defenders with players frequently moving between these lines with the flow of play. Each team may also play with:<ref name="International Hockey Federation"/>
* a goalkeeper who wears a different colour shirt and full protective equipment comprising at least headgear, leg guards and kickers; this player is referred to in the rules as a goalkeeper; or
* Only field players; no player has goalkeeping privileges or wears a different colour shirt; no player may wear protective headgear except a face mask when defending a penalty corner or stroke.

====Formations====
{{Unreferenced section|date=August 2022}}
As hockey has a very dynamic style of play, it is difficult to simplify positions to the static [[Formation (association football)|formation]]s which are common in [[association football]]. Although positions will typically be categorised as either fullback, halfback, midfield/inner or striker, it is important for players to have an understanding of every position on the field. For example, it is not uncommon to see a halfback overlap and end up in either attacking position, with the midfield and strikers being responsible for re-adjusting to fill the space they left. Movement between lines like this is particularly common across all positions.

This fluid Australian culture{{Explain|date=August 2019}} of hockey has been responsible for developing an international trend towards players occupying spaces on the field, not having assigned positions. Although they may have particular spaces on the field which they are more comfortable and effective as players, they are responsible for occupying the space nearest them. This fluid approach to hockey and player movement has made it easy for teams to transition between formations such as: ''"3 at the back"'', ''"5 midfields"'', ''"2 at the front"'', and more.

====Goalkeepers====
{{More citations needed section|date=August 2022}}
[[File:Profile picture Filip Neusser.jpg|thumb|Goalkeeper [[Filip Neusser]] in full gear]]
When the ball is inside the circle, they are defending and they have their stick in their hand, goalkeepers wearing full protective equipment are permitted to use their stick, feet, kickers or leg guards to propel the ball and to use their stick, feet, kickers, leg guards or any other part of their body to stop the ball or deflect it in any direction including over the back line. Similarly, field players are permitted to use their stick. They are not allowed to use their feet and legs to propel the ball, stop the ball or deflect it in any direction including over the back line. However, neither goalkeepers, or players with goalkeeping privileges are permitted to conduct themselves in a manner which is dangerous to other players by taking advantage of the protective equipment they wear.<ref name="International Hockey Federation"/>

Neither goalkeepers or players with goalkeeping privileges may lie on the ball, however, they are permitted to use arms, hands and any other part of their body to push the ball away. Lying on the ball deliberately will result in a penalty stroke, whereas if an umpire deems a goalkeeper has lain on the ball accidentally (e.g. it gets stuck in their protective equipment), a penalty corner is awarded.

''* The action above is permitted only as part of a goal saving action or to move the ball away from the possibility of a goal scoring action by opponents. It does not permit a goalkeeper or player with goalkeeping privileges to propel the ball forcefully with arms, hands or body so that it travels a long distance''

When the ball is outside the circle they are defending, goalkeepers or players with goalkeeping privileges are only permitted to play the ball with their stick. Further, a goalkeeper, or player with goalkeeping privileges who is wearing a helmet, must not take part in the match outside the 23m area they are defending, except when taking a penalty stroke. A goalkeeper must wear protective headgear at all times, except when taking a penalty stroke.

===General play===
{{More citations needed section|date=August 2022}}
For the purposes of the rules, all players on the team in possession of the ball are attackers, and those on the team without the ball are defenders, yet throughout the game being played you are always "defending" your goal and "attacking" the opposite goal.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.barnesandnoble.com/w/field-hockey-elizabeth-anders/1101100144 |title=No Results Page | Barnes & Noble |website=Barnesandnoble.com |access-date=15 July 2016 |archive-date=25 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201225220850/https://www.barnesandnoble.com/noresults/field-hockey-elizabeth-anders/1101100144 |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:Brenda256.jpg|thumb|right|Sideline hit in a match Standard Athletic Club vs. British School of Paris (1996)]]
The match is officiated by two field [[umpire (field hockey)|umpires]]. Each umpire generally controls the half of the field and the shooting circle to their right, divided roughly diagonally, but they will often defer to the other's judgement when uncertainties arise. These umpires are often assisted by a technical bench including a timekeeper and record keeper at international and high level domestic games.

Prior to the start of the game, a coin is tossed and the winning captain can choose a starting end or whether to start with the ball. Since 2017 the game consists of four periods of 15 minutes with a 2-minute break after every period, and a 15-minute intermission at half time before changing ends. At the start of each period, as well as after goals are scored, play is started with a pass from the centre of the field. All players must start in their defensive half (apart from the player making the pass), but the ball may be played in any direction along the floor. Each team starts with the ball in one half, and the team that conceded the goal has possession for the restart. Teams trade sides at halftime.

Field players may only play the ball with the face of the stick. If the back side of the stick is used, it is a penalty and the other team will get the ball back. Tackling is permitted as long as the tackler does not make contact with the attacker or the other person's stick before playing the ball (contact after the tackle may also be penalised if the tackle was made from a position where contact was inevitable). Further, the player with the ball may not deliberately use his body to push a defender out of the way.

Field players may not play the ball with their feet, but if the ball accidentally hits the feet, and the player gains no benefit from the contact, then the contact is not penalised. Although there has been a change in the wording of this rule from 1 January 2007, the current FIH umpires' briefing instructs umpires not to change the way they interpret this rule.<ref name="Umpires' briefing">{{cite web |url=http://www.fihockey.org/vsite/vfile/page/fileurl/0,11040,1181-180262-197480-115788-0-file,00.pdf |title=Title of presentation |publisher=Fihockey.org |access-date=27 February 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071202000007/http://www.fihockey.org/vsite/vfile/page/fileurl/0,11040,1181-180262-197480-115788-0-file,00.pdf |archive-date=2 December 2007}}</ref>

Obstruction typically occurs in three circumstances – when a defender comes between the player with possession and the ball in order to prevent them tackling; when a defender's stick comes between the attacker's stick and the ball or makes contact with the attacker's stick or body; and also when blocking the opposition's attempt to tackle a teammate with the ball (called ''third party obstruction'').

When the ball passes completely over the sidelines (on the sideline is still in), it is returned to play with a sideline hit, taken by a member of the team whose players were not the last to touch the ball before crossing the sideline. The ball must be placed on the sideline, with the hit taken from as near the place the ball went out of play as possible. If it crosses the back line after last touched by an attacker, a {{convert|15|m|yd|abbr=on}} hit is awarded. A 15 m hit is also awarded for offences committed by the attacking side within 15 m of the end of the pitch they are attacking.

===Set plays===
{{Unreferenced section|date=August 2022}}
Set plays are often utilised for specific situations such as a penalty corner or free hit. For instance, many teams have penalty corner variations that they can use to beat the defensive team. The coach may have plays that sends the ball between two defenders and lets the player attack the opposing team's goal. There are no set plays unless your team has them.

====Free hits====
Free hits are awarded when offences are committed outside the scoring circles (the term 'free hit' is standard usage but the ball need not be hit). The ball may be hit, pushed or lifted in any direction by the team offended against. The ball can be lifted from a free hit but not by hitting, the ball must be flicked or scooped to lift from a free hit. (In previous versions of the rules, hits in the area outside the circle in open play have been permitted but lifting one direction from a free hit was prohibited). Opponents must move {{convert|5|m|yd|abbr=on}} from the ball when a free hit is awarded. A free hit must be taken from within playing distance of the place of the offence for which it was awarded and the ball must be stationary when the free hit is taken.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Field Hockey Rules and Fouls |url=https://longstreth.com/pages/field-hockey-rules-fouls |access-date=2025-02-28 |website=Longstreth Sporting Goods |language=en}}</ref>

As mentioned above, a 15 m hit is awarded if an attacking player commits a foul forward of that line, or if the ball passes over the back line off an attacker. These free hits are taken in-line with where the foul was committed (taking a line parallel with the sideline between where the offence was committed, or the ball went out of play). When an attacking free hit is awarded within 5 m of the circle everyone including the person taking the penalty must be five meters from the circle and everyone apart from the person taking the free hit must be five meters away from the ball. When taking an attacking free hit, the ball may not be hit straight into the circle if the hitting player is within their attacking 23-meter area (25-yard area). It has to travel 5 meters before going in.

====2009 experimental changes====
In February 2009 the FIH introduced, as a "Mandatory Experiment" for international competition, an updated version of the free-hit rule. The changes allows a player taking a free hit to pass the ball to themselves. Importantly, this is not a "play on" situation, but to the untrained eye it may appear to be. The player must play the ball any distance in two separate motions, before continuing as if it were a play-on situation. They may raise an aerial or overhead immediately as the second action, or any other stroke permitted by the rules of field hockey. At high-school level, this is called a self pass and was adopted in Pennsylvania in 2010 as a legal technique for putting the ball in play.

Also, all players (from both teams) must be at least 5 m from any free hit awarded to the attack within the 23 m area. The ball may not travel directly into the circle from a free hit to the attack within the 23 m area without first being touched by another player or being dribbled at least 5 m by a player making a "self-pass". These experimental rules apply to all free-hit situations, including sideline and corner hits. National associations may also choose to introduce these rules for their domestic competitions.<ref>{{Cite web |title=FIH-Rules of Hockey 2009 |url=https://www.fihockey.org/vsite/vfile/page/fileurl/0,11040,1181-195549-212772-148180-0-file,00.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240327055838/https://www.fihockey.org/vsite/vfile/page/fileurl/0,11040,1181-195549-212772-148180-0-file,00.pdf |archive-date=March 27, 2024 |access-date=February 27, 2025 |website=FIHockey.org}}</ref>

====Long corner====
A free hit from the 23-metre line – called a long corner – is awarded to the attacking team if the ball goes over the back-line after last being touched by a defender, provided they do not play it over the back-line deliberately, in which case a penalty corner is awarded. This free hit is played by the attacking team from a spot on the 23-metre line, in line with where the ball went out of play. All the parameters of an attacking free hit within the attacking quarter of the playing surface apply.

====Penalty corner====
{{Unreferenced section|date=August 2022}}
{{Main|Penalty corner}}
The [[Penalty corner|short or penalty corner]] is awarded: [[File:Fieldhockey shortcorner defense.jpg|thumb|right|A group of five defenders, including the goalkeeper, prepare on the back line for a short corner.]]
# for an offence by a defender in the circle which does not prevent the probable scoring of a goal;
# for an intentional offence in the circle by a defender against an opponent who does not have possession of the ball or an opportunity to play the ball;
# for an intentional offence by a defender outside the circle but within the 23-metre area they are defending;
# for intentionally playing the ball over the back line by a defender;
# when the ball becomes lodged in a player's clothing or equipment while in the circle they are defending.

Short corners begin with five defenders (usually including the keeper) positioned behind the back line and the ball placed at least 10 yards from the nearest goal post.<ref>{{cite web|title=Basic Field Hockey Rules|url=http://lower.usm.k12.wi.us/special/phy_ed/basic_fh_rules.htm|archive-date = 29 July 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140729122657/http://lower.usm.k12.wi.us/special/phy_ed/basic_fh_rules.htm}}</ref> All other players in the defending team must be beyond the centre line, that is not in their 'own' half of the pitch, until the ball is in play. Attacking players begin the play standing outside the scoring circle, except for one attacker who starts the corner by playing the ball from a mark 10 m either side of the goal (the circle has a 14.63 m radius). This player puts the ball into play by pushing or hitting the ball to the other attackers outside the circle; the ball must pass outside the circle and then put back into the circle before the attackers may make a shot at the goal from which a goal can be scored. FIH rules do not forbid a shot at goal before the ball leaves the circle after being 'inserted', nor is a shot at the goal from outside the circle prohibited, but a goal cannot be scored at all if the ball has not gone out of the circle and cannot be scored from a shot from outside the circle if it is not again played by an attacking player before it enters the goal.

For safety reasons, the first shot of a penalty corner must not exceed 460 mm high (the height of the "backboard" of the goal) at the point it crosses the goal line if it is hit. However, if the ball is deemed to be below backboard height, the ball can be subsequently deflected above this height by another player (defender or attacker), providing that this deflection does not lead to danger. The "Slap" stroke (a sweeping motion towards the ball, where the stick is kept on or close to the ground when striking the ball) is classed as a hit, and so the first shot at goal must be below backboard height for this type of shot also.

If the first shot at goal in a short corner situation is a push, flick or scoop, in particular the ''[[drag flick (field hockey)|drag flick]]'' (which has become popular at international and national league standards), the shot is permitted to rise above the height of the backboard, as long as the shot is not deemed dangerous to any opponent. This form of shooting was developed because it is not height restricted in the same way as the first hit shot at the goal and players with good technique are able to drag-flick with as much power as many others can hit a ball.

====Penalty stroke====
{{Main|Penalty stroke}}
A [[penalty stroke]] is awarded when a defender commits a foul in the circle (accidental or otherwise) that prevents a probable goal or commits a deliberate foul in the circle or if defenders repeatedly run from the back line too early at a penalty corner. The penalty stroke is taken by a single attacker in the circle, against the goalkeeper, from a spot 6.4 m from goal. The ball is played only once at goal by the attacker using a push, flick or scoop stroke. If the shot is saved, play is restarted with a 15 m hit to the defenders. When a goal is scored, play is restarted in the normal way.

===Dangerous play and raised balls===
{{Unreferenced section|date=August 2022}}
According to the Rules of Hockey 2015<ref name="Fih.ch">{{cite web |title=Rules of Hockey |url=http://www.fih.ch/files/Sport/Rules/FIH-Rules%20of%20Hockey%202015-interactif.pdf#page=7 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150204130451/http://www.fih.ch/files/Sport/Rules/FIH-Rules%20of%20Hockey%202015-interactif.pdf |archive-date=4 February 2015 |access-date=15 July 2016 |website=Fih.ch |at=Section 6.4c-d}}</ref> issued by the FIH there are only two criteria for a dangerously played ball. The first is legitimate evasive action by an opponent (what constitutes legitimate evasive action is an umpiring judgment). The second is specific to the rule concerning a shot at goal at a penalty corner but is generally, if somewhat inconsistently, applied throughout the game and in all parts of the pitch: it is that a ball lifted above knee height and at an opponent who is within 5m of the ball is certainly dangerous.

The velocity of the ball is not mentioned in the rules concerning a dangerously played ball. A ball that hits a player above the knee may on some occasions not be penalised, this is at the umpire's discretion. A jab tackle, for example, might accidentally lift the ball above knee height into an opponent from close range but at such low velocity as not to be, in the opinion of the umpire, dangerous play. In the same way a high-velocity hit at very close range into an opponent, but below knee height, could be considered to be dangerous or reckless play in the view of the umpire, especially when safer alternatives are open to the striker of the ball.

A ball that has been lifted high so that it will fall among close opponents may be deemed to be potentially dangerous and play may be stopped for that reason. A lifted ball that is falling to a player in clear space may be made potentially dangerous by the actions of an opponent closing to within 5m of the receiver before the ball has been controlled to ground – a rule which is often only loosely applied; the distance allowed is often only what might be described as playing distance, 2–3 m, and opponents tend to be permitted to close on the ball as soon as the receiver plays it: these unofficial variations are often based on the umpire's perception of the skill of the players i.e. on the level of the game, in order to maintain game flow, which umpires are in general in both Rules and Briefing instructed to do, by not penalising when it is unnecessary to do so; this is also a matter at the umpire's discretion.

The term "falling ball" is important in what may be termed encroaching offences. It is generally only considered an offence to encroach on an opponent receiving a lifted ball that has been lifted to above head height (although the height is not specified in rule) and is falling. So, for example, a lifted shot at the goal which is still rising as it crosses the goal line (or would have been rising as it crossed the goal line) can be legitimately followed up by any of the attacking team looking for a rebound.

In general even potentially dangerous play is not penalised if an opponent is not disadvantaged by it or, obviously, not injured by it so that he cannot continue. A personal penalty, that is a caution or a suspension, rather than a team penalty, such as a free ball or a penalty corner, may be (many would say should be or even must be, but again this is at the umpire's discretion) issued to the guilty party after an advantage allowed by the umpire has been played out in any situation where an offence has occurred, including dangerous play (but once advantage has been allowed the umpire cannot then call play back and award a team penalty).

It is not an offence to lift the ball over an opponent's stick (or body on the ground), provided that it is done with consideration for the safety of the opponent and not dangerously. For example, a skilful attacker may lift the ball over a defender's stick or prone body and run past them, however if the attacker lifts the ball into or at the defender's body, this would almost certainly be regarded as dangerous.

It is not against the rules to bounce the ball on the stick and even to run with it while doing so, as long as that does not lead to a potentially dangerous conflict with an opponent who is attempting to make a tackle. For example, two players trying to play at the ball in the air at the same time, would probably be considered a dangerous situation and it is likely that the player who first put the ball up or who was so 'carrying' it would be penalised.

Dangerous play rules also apply to the usage of the stick when approaching the ball, making a stroke at it (replacing what was at one time referred to as the "sticks" rule, which once forbade the raising of any part of the stick above the shoulder during any play. This last restriction has been removed but the stick should still not be used in a way that endangers an opponent) or attempting to tackle, (fouls relating to tripping, impeding and obstruction). The use of the stick to strike an opponent will usually be much more severely dealt with by the umpires than offences such as barging, impeding and obstruction with the body, although these are also dealt with firmly, especially when these fouls are intentional.

===Warnings and suspensions===
{{Unreferenced section|date=August 2022}}
Hockey uses a three-tier [[penalty card]] system of warnings and suspensions:
[[File:Indiana (80) (5028145116).jpg|thumb|right|A [[Penn State Nittany Lions field hockey|Penn State]] player receives a green card.]]
*When shown a '''green card''', the player may have to leave the field for two minutes, depending on national regulations, though at international standards the player has to leave the field for two minutes, but any further infractions will result in a yellow or red card.
*A '''yellow card''' is an official suspension similar to the [[penalty box]] in ice hockey. The duration is decided by the umpire issuing the card and the player must go to a pre-defined area of the pitch as chosen by the umpires, or by the local/state/national association of that country; in this case generally it will be in the rule book where that player must go to, at the beginning of the match. Most umpires will opt for a minimum of five minutes' duration without substitution; the maximum time is at the discretion of the umpire, depending on the seriousness of the offence; for example the second yellow to the same player or the first for danger might be given ten minutes. (In some modes, including indoor, shorter periods of suspension are applied, dependent on local rules.) However it is possible to send a player off for the remainder of the match if the penalty time is longer than the time remaining in the match. Three yellows risks a red card, and a substitute will serve out whatever time imposed by the officials. Depending on national rules, if a coach is sent off a player may have to leave the field too for the time the coach is sent off.
*A '''red card''', just like in association football, is a permanent exclusion from the rest of the game, without substitution, and usually results in the player being banned for a certain period of time or number of matches (this is governed by local playing conditions, rather than the rules of field hockey). The player must also leave the pitch and surrounding area.
If a coach is sent off, depending on local rules, a player may have to leave the field for the remaining length of the match.

In addition to their colours, field hockey penalty cards are often shaped differently, so they can be recognised easily. Green cards are normally triangular, yellow cards rectangular and red cards circular.

Unlike football, a player may receive more than one green or yellow card. However, they cannot receive the same card for the same offence (for example two yellows for dangerous play), and the second must always be a more serious card. In the case of a second yellow card for a different breach of the rules (for example a yellow for deliberate foot, and a second later in the game for dangerous play) the temporary suspension would be expected to be of considerably longer duration than the first. However, local playing conditions may mandate that cards are awarded only progressively, and not allow any second awards.

Umpires, if the free hit would have been in the attacking 23 m area, may upgrade the free hit to a penalty corner for dissent or other misconduct after the free hit has been awarded.

===Scoring===
{{Unreferenced section|date=August 2022}}
The teams' object is to play the ball into their attacking circle and, from there, hit, push or flick the ball into the goal, scoring a goal. The team with more goals after 60 minutes wins the game. The playing time may be shortened, particularly when younger players are involved, or for some tournament play. If the game is played in a countdown clock, like ice hockey, a goal can only count if the ball completely crosses the goal line and into the goal ''before'' time expires, not when the ball leaves the stick in the act of shooting.

{{Main|Penalty shoot-out (field hockey)}}
If the score is tied at the end of the game, either a [[tie (draw)|draw]] is declared or the game goes into extra time, or there is a [[penalty shoot-out (field hockey)|penalty shoot-out]], depending on the format of the competition. In many competitions (such as regular club competition, or in pool games in FIH international tournaments such as the Olympics or the World Cup), a tied result stands and the overall competition standings are adjusted accordingly. Since March 2013, when tie breaking is required, the official FIH Tournament Regulations mandate to no longer have extra time and go directly into a [[Penalty shoot-out (field hockey)|penalty shoot-out]] when a classification match ends in a tie.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fih.ch/en/news-4281-executive-board-makes-key-decisions-at-latest|title=Executive Board makes key decisions at latest meeting|access-date=4 August 2013|date=21 March 2013|archive-date=10 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150110192522/http://www.fih.ch/en/news-4281-executive-board-makes-key-decisions-at-latest|url-status=live}}</ref> However, many associations follow the previous procedure consisting of two periods of 7.5 minutes of "golden goal" extra time during which the game ends as soon as one team scores.

There are many variations to overtime play that depend on the league or tournament rules. In American college play, a seven-a-side overtime period consists of a 10-minute [[golden goal]] period with seven players for each team. If the scores remain equal, the game enters a one-on-one competition where each team chooses five players to dribble from the {{convert|25|yd|m|adj=on}} line down to the circle against the opposing goalkeeper. The player has eight seconds to score against the goalkeeper while keeping the ball in bounds. The game ends after a goal is scored, the ball goes out of bounds, a foul is committed (ending in either a penalty stroke or flick or the end of the one-on-one) or time expires. If the tie still persists, more rounds are played until one team has scored.

===Rule change procedure===
The FIH implemented a two-year rules cycle with the 2007–08 edition of the rules, with the intention that the rules be reviewed on a biennial basis. The 2009 rulebook was officially released in early March 2009 (effective 1 May 2009), however the FIH published the major changes in February. The current rule book is effective from 1 January 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rules of Hockey |url=https://www.fih.hockey/static-assets/pdf/fih-rules-of-hockey-June23-update.pdf |access-date=1 January 2022 |website=FIH}}</ref>

==Local rules==
{{More citations needed section|date=August 2022}}
[[File:Field hockey player with goggles and mouthguard (50413699032) (cropped).jpg|thumb|An American high school field hockey player wearing goggles and a mouthguard]]
There are sometimes minor variations in rules from competition to competition; for instance, the duration of matches is often varied for junior competitions or for carnivals. Different national associations also have slightly differing rules on player equipment.

The new [[Euro Hockey League]] and the [[Summer Olympic Games|Olympics]] has made major alterations to the rules to aid television viewers, such as splitting the game into four-quarters, and to try to improve player behavior, such as a two-minute suspension for green cards—the latter was also used in the 2010 World Cup and [[2016 Summer Olympic Games|2016 Olympics]]. In the [[United States]], the [[National Collegiate Athletic Association|NCAA]] has its own rules for inter-collegiate competitions; high school associations similarly play to different rules, usually using the rules published by the [[National Federation of State High School Associations]] (NFHS). This article assumes FIH rules unless otherwise stated. [[USA Field Hockey]] produces an annual summary of the differences.<ref name="US rule differences">{{cite web |url=http://assets.teamusa.org/assets/documents/attached_file/filename/48247/Rules_Comparisons_2011_v1.0.pdf |title=Home |publisher=USA Field Hockey |access-date=5 February 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20160208111233/http://assets.teamusa.org/assets/documents/attached_file/filename/48247/Rules_Comparisons_2011_v1.0.pdf |archive-date=8 February 2016}}</ref>

In the United States, the games at the junior high level consist of four 12-minute periods, while the high-school level consists of four 15-minute periods. Many private American schools play 12-minute quarters, and some have adopted FIH rules rather than NFHS rules.

Players are required to wear [[mouth guard]]s and [[shin guard]]s in order to play the game. Also, there is a newer rule requiring certain types of sticks be used. In recent years, the NFHS rules have moved closer to FIH, but in 2011 a new rule requiring protective eyewear was introduced for the 2011 Fall season. Further clarification of NFHS's rule requiring protective eyewear states, "effective 1 January 2019, all eye protection shall be permanently labeled with the current ASTM 2713 standard for field hockey".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nfhs.org/articles/ten-rules-changes-approved-in-high-school-field-hockey/|title=NFHS Field Hockey Rule Changes 2015|date=23 February 2015|website=NFHS|access-date=25 February 2019|archive-date=22 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191222003450/https://www.nfhs.org/articles/ten-rules-changes-approved-in-high-school-field-hockey/|url-status=live}}</ref> Metal 'cage style' goggles favored by US high school lacrosse and permitted in high school field hockey is prohibited under FIH rules.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.teamusa.org/USA-Field-Hockey/Features/2011/April/22/Approved-FIH-and-USA-Field-Hockey-protective-eyewear.aspx |title= Approved FIH and USA Field Hockey protective eyewear |publisher= USA Field Hockey |date= 22 April 2011 |access-date= 19 December 2012 |archive-date= 6 December 2012 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20121206143902/https://www.teamusa.org/USA-Field-Hockey/Features/2011/April/22/Approved-FIH-and-USA-Field-Hockey-protective-eyewear.aspx |url-status= dead }}</ref>

==Equipment==
===Field hockey stick===
{{Main|Field hockey stick}}
{{More citations needed section|date=July 2022}}
[[File:Splice Handle Head.jpg|thumb|Naming parts of stick]]
Each player carries a [[field hockey stick|hockey stick]] that normally measures between {{convert|80|and|95|cm|in|abbr=on}}; shorter or longer sticks are available. The length of the stick is based on the player's individual height: the top of the stick usually comes to the player's hip, and taller players typically have longer sticks.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.longstreth.com/How-to-Choose-a-Stick/products/1951/ |title=How to Choose a Stick |website=Longstreth.com |access-date=15 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160714053805/http://www.longstreth.com/How-to-Choose-a-Stick/products/1951/ |archive-date=14 July 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Goalkeepers can use either a specialised stick, or an ordinary field hockey stick. The specific goal-keeping sticks have another curve at the end of the stick, to give it more surface area to block the ball.

Sticks were traditionally made of wood, but are now often made also with [[fibreglass]], [[kevlar]] or [[carbon fibre]] composites. Metal is forbidden from use in field hockey sticks, due to the risk of injury from sharp edges if the stick were to break. The stick has a rounded handle, has a J-shaped hook at the bottom, and is flattened on the left side (when looking down the handle with the hook facing upwards). All sticks must be right-handed; left-handed ones are prohibited.

There was traditionally a slight curve (called the bow, or rake) from the top to bottom of the face side of the stick and another on the 'heel' edge to the top of the handle (usually made according to the angle at which the handle part was inserted into the splice of the head part of the stick), which assisted in the positioning of the stick head in relation to the ball and made striking the ball easier and more accurate.

The hook at the bottom of the stick was only recently{{when|date=August 2021}} the tight curve (Indian style) that we have nowadays. The older 'English' sticks had a longer bend, making it very hard to use the stick on the reverse. For this reason players now use the tight curved sticks.

The handle makes up about the top third of the stick. It is wrapped in a grip similar to that used on tennis racket. The grip may be made of a variety of materials, including [[chamois leather]], which improves grip in the wet and gives the stick a softer touch and different weighting it wrapped over a preexisting grip.

It was recently discovered that increasing the depth of the face bow made it easier to get high speeds from the dragflick and made the stroke easier to execute. At first, after this feature was introduced, the Hockey Rules Board placed a limit of 50 mm on the maximum depth of bow over the length of the stick but experience quickly demonstrated this to be excessive. New rules now limit this curve to under 25 mm so as to limit the power with which the ball can be flicked.

===Field hockey ball===
[[File:Balle de hockey sur gazon avec pièce de 5 francs.jpg|right|thumb|A field hockey ball with a 5 franc coin]]
Standard field hockey balls are hard spherical balls, made of solid plastic (sometimes over a cork core), and are usually white, although they can be any colour as long as they contrast with the playing surface. The balls have a [[diameter]] of {{convert|71.3|-|74.8|mm|abbr=on}} and a [[mass]] of {{convert|156|-|163|g|abbr=on}}. The ball is often covered with [[Alcove (architecture)|indentations]] to reduce [[aquaplaning]] that can cause an inconsistent ball speed on wet surfaces.<ref>{{Cite web |title=FIH Hockey Ball Standards {{!}} Approved Sports Equipments {{!}} Providers and Suppliers Hub {{!}} FIH Quality Programme |url=https://www.fih.hockey/about-fih/fih-quality-programme/providers-suppliers-hub/approved-sports-equipment/fih-hockey-ball-standards |access-date=2025-09-07 |website=International Hockey Federation |language=en}}</ref>
[[File:HockyBallsPuck.JPG|thumb|An assembly of field hockey balls and a roller hockey puck]]

===Uniforms===
International Hockey Federation rules for women are written so players may choose between shorts, skorts, or skirts if they have the same design and color across the team. A previous requirement was for women to wear skirts during play.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-06-07 |title=Female hockey players can wear skirts, skorts and shorts in same team after rule change |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/hockey/65837779 |access-date=2024-08-08 |work=BBC Sport |language=en-GB}}</ref>

===Goalkeeping equipment===
{{Unreferenced section|date=August 2022}}
[[File:M060519 vit vipers-dragons 0071.JPG|thumb|left|upright|A goalkeeper makes a glove save. Equipment worn here is typical gear for a field hockey goalkeeper.]]
The 2007 rulebook saw major changes regarding goalkeepers. A fully equipped goalkeeper must wear a helmet, leg guards and kickers, and like all players, they must carry a stick. Goalkeepers may use either a field player's stick or a specialised goalkeeping stick provided always the stick is of legal dimensions. Usually field hockey goalkeepers also wear extensive additional protective equipment including chest guards, padded shorts, heavily padded hand protectors, groin protectors, neck protectors and arm guards. A goalie may not cross the 23 m line, the sole exception to this being if the goalkeeper is to take a penalty stroke at the other end of the field, when the clock is stopped. The goalkeeper can also remove their helmet for this action. While goalkeepers are allowed to use their feet and hands to clear the ball, like field players they may only use the one side of their stick. Slide tackling is permitted as long as it is with the intention of clearing the ball, not aimed at a player.

It is now also even possible for teams to have a full eleven outfield players and no goalkeeper at all. No player may wear a helmet or other goalkeeping equipment, neither will any player be able to play the ball with any other part of the body than with their stick. This may be used to offer a tactical advantage, for example, if a team is trailing with only a short time to play, or to allow for play to commence if no goalkeeper or kit is available.

==Tactics==
{{Unreferenced section|date=July 2022}}
The basic tactic in field hockey, as in association football and many other team games, is to outnumber the opponent in a particular area of the field at a moment in time. When in possession of the ball this temporary numerical superiority can be used to pass the ball around opponents so that they cannot effect a tackle because they cannot get within playing reach of the ball and to further use this numerical advantage to gain time and create clear space for making scoring shots on the opponent's goal. When not in possession of the ball numerical superiority is used to isolate and channel an opponent in possession and 'mark out' any passing options so that an interception or a tackle may be made to gain possession. Highly skillful players can sometimes get the better of more than one opponent and retain the ball and successfully pass or shoot but this tends to use more energy than quick early passing.

Every player has a role depending on their relationship to the ball if the team communicates throughout the play of the game. There will be players on the ball (offensively – ball carriers; defensively – pressure, support players, and movement players.

The main methods by which the ball is moved around the field by players are a) passing b) pushing the ball and running with it controlled to the front or right of the body and c) "dribbling"; where the player controls the ball with the stick and moves in various directions with it to elude opponents. To make a pass the ball may be propelled with a pushing stroke, where the player uses their wrists to push the stick head through the ball while the stick head is in contact with it; the "flick" or "scoop", similar to the push but with an additional arm and leg and rotational actions to lift the ball off the ground; and the "hit", where a swing at ball is taken and contact with it is often made very forcefully, causing the ball to be propelled at velocities in excess of {{convert|70|mph|abbr=on}}. In order to produce a powerful hit, usually for travel over long distances or shooting at the goal, the stick is raised higher and swung with maximum power at the ball, a stroke sometimes known as a "drive".

Tackles are made by placing the stick into the path of the ball or playing the stick head or shaft directly at the ball. To increase the effectiveness of the tackle, players will often place the entire stick close to the ground horizontally, thus representing a wider barrier. To avoid the tackle, the ball carrier will either pass the ball to a teammate using any of the push, flick, or hit strokes, or attempt to maneuver or "drag" the ball around the tackle, trying to deceive the tackler.

In recent years, the [[penalty corner (field hockey)|penalty corner]] has gained importance as a goal scoring opportunity. Particularly with the technical development of the [[drag flick (field hockey)|drag flick]]. Tactics at penalty corners to set up time for a shot with a drag flick or a hit shot at the goal involve various complex plays, including multiple passes before deflections towards the goal is made but the most common method of shooting is the direct flick or hit at the goal.

At the highest level, field hockey is a fast moving, highly skilled game, with players using fast moves with the stick, quick accurate passing, and hard hits, in attempts to keep possession and move the ball towards the goal. Tackling with physical contact and otherwise physically obstructing players is not permitted. Some of the tactics used resemble football (soccer), but with greater ball speed.

With the 2009 changes to the rules regarding free hits in the attacking 23 m area, the common tactic of hitting the ball hard into the circle was forbidden. Although at higher levels this was considered tactically risky and low-percentage at creating scoring opportunities, it was used with some effect to 'win' penalty corners by forcing the ball onto a defender's foot or to deflect high (and dangerously) off a defender's stick. The FIH felt it was a dangerous practice that could easily lead to raised deflections and injuries in the circle, which is often crowded at a free-hit situation, and outlawed it.

==International competition==
{{Main|International field hockey tournaments}}
{{Unreferenced section|date=July 2022}}
[[File:GB v Argentina 2016 CT (27151811463).jpg|thumb|Great Britain's women's hockey players with their goal-keeper during a [[2016 Women's Hockey Champions Trophy|2016 Champions Trophy]] match]]
The two most significant field hockey tournaments are the [[Field hockey at the Summer Olympics|Olympic Games]] tournament and the [[Hockey World Cup]], both of which are held every four years. Additionally, the [[Men's FIH Pro League|men's]] and [[Women's FIH Pro League|women's]] Pro League are held each year for the nine top-ranked teams.

Of the men's teams, Pakistan has won the [[Men's FIH Hockey World Cup|Hockey World Cup]] four times, more times than any other side. India has won gold at the Summer Olympics eight times, including in six successive Olympiads. As for the female teams, the Netherlands has won the [[Women's FIH Hockey World Cup|Hockey World Cup]] the most times, with six titles. At the Olympics, Australia and the Netherlands have both won three Olympic tournaments.

[[India men's national field hockey team|India]] and [[Pakistan men's national field hockey team|Pakistan]] dominated men's hockey until the early 1980s, winning eight Olympic golds and three of the first five world cups, respectively. [[Belgium men's national field hockey team|Belgium]], the [[Netherlands men's national field hockey team|Netherlands]], [[Germany men's national field hockey team|Germany]], [[New Zealand men's national field hockey team|New Zealand]], [[Australia men's national field hockey team|Australia]], and [[Spain men's national field hockey team|Spain]] have ascended since the late 1980s, as grass playing surfaces were replaced with artificial turf. Other notable men's nations include [[Argentina men's national field hockey team|Argentina]], [[England men's national field hockey team|England]] (who combine with other British "Home Nations" to form the [[Great Britain men's national field hockey team|Great Britain]] side at [[Field hockey at the Summer Olympics|Olympic events]]) and [[South Korea men's national field hockey team|South Korea]].

The Netherlands, Australia and Argentina are the most successful national teams among women. The [[Netherlands women's national field hockey team|Netherlands]] was the predominant women's team before field hockey was added to Olympic events. In the early 1990s, [[Australia women's national field hockey team|Australia]] emerged as the strongest women's country, though retirement of a number of players has weakened the team somewhat. [[Argentina women's national field hockey team|Argentina]] improved its play in the 2000s, heading IFH rankings in 2003, 2010 and 2013. Other prominent women's teams are [[Germany women's national field hockey team|Germany]], [[Great Britain women's national field hockey team|Great Britain]], [[China women's national field hockey team|China]], [[South Korea women's national field hockey team|South Korea]] and [[India women's national field hockey team|India]]. Four nations have won [[Major achievements in field hockey by nation#Field hockey and indoor hockey|Olympic gold medals in both men's and women's hockey]]: Germany, Netherlands, Australia and Great Britain.

{{As of|2025|August}} the Dutch lead both men's and women's team FIH world rankings.<ref>{{Cite web |title=FIH Outdoor World Hockey Rankings |url=https://www.fih.hockey/outdoor-hockey-rankings |access-date=2025-04-04 |website=International Hockey Federation |language=en}}</ref>

This is a list of the major international field hockey tournaments, in chronological order. Tournaments included are:
*[[Field hockey at the Summer Olympics|Olympic Games]] (women's and men's versions) – held every four years.
*[[Women's FIH Hockey World Cup]] and [[Men's FIH Hockey World Cup]] – held every four years, in between the Olympics.
*[[Women's FIH Pro League]] and [[Men's FIH Pro League]] – held annually since 2019, but not in 2020 because of COVID-19.

Defunct tournaments:
*[[Hockey Champions Trophy|Champions Trophy]] (women's and men's versions) – both replaced by the Pro Leagues.
*[[Hockey Champions Challenge|Champions Challenge]] (women's and men's versions) – both replaced by the World Hockey Leagues.
*[[Hockey Champions Challenge II|Champions Challenge II]] (women's and men's versions) – both replaced by the World Hockey Leagues.
*[[Women's FIH Hockey World League]] and [[Men's FIH Hockey World League]] – both replaced by the Pro Leagues.

Other international tournaments include:
*[[Field hockey at the African Games|African Games]] – held occasionally since 1987.
*[[Field hockey at the Asian Games|Asian Games]] – held every four years since 1958.
*[[Hockey at the Commonwealth Games|Commonwealth Games]] – held every four years since 1998 between members of the [[Commonwealth of Nations]].
*[[Field hockey at the Pacific Games|Pacific Games]] – held occasionally since 1979.
*[[Field hockey at the Pan American Games|Pan American Games]] – held every four years since 1967.
*[[Sultan Azlan Shah Hockey Tournament]] – held annually in Malaysia, an invitational tournament.
*[[Sultan of Johor Cup|Sultan Ibrahim Ismail Hockey Tournament]] – held annually for athletes aged under-21 in Malaysia, an invitational tournament.

==Variants==
{{See also|Indoor hockey|Bandy|Hockey 9s|Minkey}}

===Indoor hockey===
[[File:Sisähockey HC Kilppari.jpg|thumb|[[Indoor hockey]] match at Samppalinna Ball Game Hall in [[Turku|Turku, Finland]], 2016]]
A popular variant of field hockey is [[indoor hockey]], which is 6-a-side (5-a-side during 2014–2015) using a field which is reduced to approximately {{convert|40|x|20|m|abbr=on}}. Although many of the rules remain the same, including obstruction and feet, there are several key variations: players may not raise the ball unless shooting at goal, players may not hit the ball, instead using pushes to transfer it, and the sidelines are replaced with solid barriers, from which the ball will rebound and remain in play.<ref name="International Hockey Federation">{{cite web |title=Field Hockey Rules |url=http://www.fih.ch/files/Sport/Rules/FIH-Rules%20of%20Hockey%202012-interactif.pdf |publisher=International Hockey Federation |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121224134122/http://www.fih.ch/files/Sport/Rules/FIH-Rules%20of%20Hockey%202012-interactif.pdf |archive-date=24 December 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> In addition, the regulation guidelines for the indoor hockey stick require a slightly thinner, lighter stick than an outdoor one.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.fih.ch/media/12236439/rules-of-indoor-hockey-2017.pdf |title=Rules of Indoor hockey 2017 |last=The International Hockey Federation |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170302151904/http://www.fih.ch/media/12236439/rules-of-indoor-hockey-2017.pdf |archive-date=2 March 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Hockey5s===
{{Infobox sport
| name = Hockey5s
| image=
| union=[[International Hockey Federation]]
| nickname=
| first=
| registered=
| clubs=
| contact=Yes
| team = 5 per side (30 Minutes in 2 period)
| mgender=
| category=Hockey5s
| ball=[[hockey ball]], [[hockey stick]], [[mouthguard]], gloves, [[shin guards|shinpads]]
| olympic= No
| IWGA = No
| world = [[2024 Hockey5s World Cup|2024]]
}}
As the name suggests, Hockey5s is a hockey variant which features five players on each team (including a goalkeeper). The field of play is 55 m long and 41.70 m wide—this is approximately half the size of a [[field hockey pitch|regular pitch]]. Few additional markings are needed as there is no penalty circle nor penalty corners; shots can be taken from anywhere on the pitch. Penalty strokes are replaced by a "challenge" which is like the one-on-one method used in a [[penalty shoot-out (field hockey)|penalty shoot-out]]. The duration of the match is three 12-minute periods with an interval of two minutes between periods; [[golden goal]] periods are multiple 5-minute periods. The rules are simpler and it is intended that the game is faster, creating more shots on goal with less play in midfield, and more attractive to spectators.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fihockey.org/vsite/vcontent/page/custom/0,8510,1181-123651-124958-16294-53006-custom-item,00.html|title=A History of the Rules of Hockey|date=8 February 2017|publisher=[[International Hockey Federation]]|access-date=8 February 2017|archive-date=17 June 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100617030817/http://www.fihockey.org/vsite/vcontent/page/custom/0,8510,1181-123651-124958-16294-53006-custom-item,00.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

An Asian qualification tournament for two places at the [[2014 Summer Youth Olympics|2014 Youth Olympic Games]] was the first time an FIH event used the Hockey5s format.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fih.ch/en/news-4306-it-s-here-hockey-5-set-to-make-official-debut|title=It's here! Hockey 5 set to make official debut|date=3 April 2013|publisher=[[International Hockey Federation]]|accessdate=1 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130407231715/http://www.fih.ch/en/news-4306-it-s-here-hockey-5-set-to-make-official-debut |archive-date=7 April 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Hockey5s was also used for the [[Field hockey at the Pacific Games|Pacific Games]] in 2015<ref>{{cite web | title=New format the key to a brighter future for Pacific hockey? | website=ABC News | date=16 July 2015 | url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-07-16/new-format-the-key-to-a-brighter-future-for-pacific-hockey/6625836 | access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref> and at the [[Field hockey at the 2018 African Youth Games|African Youth Games]] in 2018.<ref>{{cite web | title=International Hockey Federation | website=International Hockey Federation | date=1 June 2024 | url=https://tms.fih.ch/competitions/979#summary | access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref>

In 2022, the FIH staged its first senior international Hockey5s event, with a [[2022 Men's FIH Hockey5s|men's]] and [[2022 Women's FIH Hockey5s|women's]] event being held in [[Lausanne]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 November 2021 |title='FIH Hockey5s Lausanne' to be held on 4-5 June 2022 |url=https://www.fih.hockey/fih-hockeys-lausanne/news/fih-hockey5s-lausanne-to-be-held-on-4-5-june-2022 |access-date=2022-10-27 |website=International Hockey Federation |language=en |archive-date=7 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207054019/https://www.fih.hockey/events/hockey5s-lausanne-2022/news/fih-hockey5s-lausanne-to-be-held-on-4-5-june-2022 |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[FIH Men's Hockey5s World Cup]] and [[FIH Women's Hockey5s World Cup]] are set to debut in 2024.

===Beach hockey===
IHF created a beach version with larger ball to be played on sand.<ref name=":0" />

==References==
'''NOTE:''' Many of the sources here are suspect and may be unreliable. {{tick|15|colour=blue}} indicates a reference has been reviewed and is approved. All ticks will be removed when the article reconstruction is complete.
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
* {{cite book |title=Rules of Hockey (effective from 1 January 2022) |publisher=FIH |year=2022 |url=http://www.fih.ch/media/13523568/fih-rules-of-hockey-jan2022-final-updated_001.pdf}}

==External links==
{{Wiktionary}}
{{Commons category}}
* {{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/tournaments/top-stories/New-hockey-laws-ended-Indias-rule/articleshow/5623020.cms|title=New hockey laws ended India's rule – summary of some historical rule changes|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=27 February 2010}}
* [https://sitedesq.sportstg.com/customdata/index.cfm?fuseaction=display_main&ItemID=81436&OrgID=12979 "History of Field Hockey Rules"] at sitedesq.sportstg.com

{{Field Hockey}}
{{International field hockey}}
{{Team Sport}}
{{Summer Olympic sports}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Field Hockey}}
[[Category:Field hockey| ]]
[[Category:Ball games]]
[[Category:Sports originating in England]]
[[Category:Stick sports]]
[[Category:Summer Olympic sports]]
[[Category:Team sports]]
[[Category:Variations of hockey]]

Prabhat Jha (epidemiologist)

2026-03-24T10:05:57Z

CarlotaMacadam7:

{{Short description|Indian-Canadian epidemiologist}}
{{Use Canadian English|date=January 2022}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Prabhat Jha
| honorific_suffix = {{post-nominals|country=CAN|OC|size=100%}}
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1965|2|12}}
| birth_place = [[Ranchi]], [[Jharkhand]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| alma_mater = {{plainlist|
* [[University of Manitoba]] ([[Doctor of Medicine|MD]])
* [[University of Oxford]] ([[Doctor of Philosophy|DPhil]])
}}
| occupation = [[Epidemiologist]]
| years_active =
| known_for =
| notable_works =
| title =
| term =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| spouse =
| children =
| mother =
| father = [[Bidhu Jha]]
| relatives =
| awards = [[#Awards and honours|Full list]]
| signature =
| signature_size =
| signature_alt =
}}

'''Prabhat Jha''' {{post-nominals|country=CAN|OC}}<ref name=r1/><ref name=r2/> (born February 12, 1965) is an Indian-Canadian [[epidemiologist]] currently working in the field of global health.

Jha is the founding director of the Centre for Global Health Research at [[St. Michael's Hospital (Toronto)|St. Michael’s Hospital]] in [[Toronto|Toronto, Ontario]]. His research focuses primarily on premature mortality resulting from HIV/AIDS, tobacco, alcohol, malaria, maternal, and child health, infectious and non-communicable diseases.<ref name=r3/>

== Early life ==
Jha was born in [[Ranchi]], India the state of [[Jharkhand]]. When he was six years old, his family moved to [[Winnipeg|Winnipeg, Canada]] where his father, [[Bidhu Jha]], worked as a civil engineer and went on to become an [[New Democratic Party of Manitoba|NDP]] member of [[Manitoba]]’s legislative assembly.<ref name=r7/> Together, with his older brother and younger sister, he was raised by his mother.

== Education and career ==
Jha studied medicine at the [[University of Manitoba]].<ref name=r1/> After earning his [[Doctor of Medicine]] degree, he attended the [[University of Oxford]] in England as a [[Rhodes Scholar]]<ref name=r1/> where he was mentored by statistician and epidemiologist [[Sir Richard Peto]].<ref name=r4/> He successfully defended his PhD in [[epidemiology]] and [[public health]] in 1992.<ref name=r1/>

After graduation, Jha worked as a team leader at the [[World Bank]], contributing to the development of the Second National HIV/AIDS Control Program in India.<ref name=r5/> He later worked as a senior scientist in health and poverty for the [[World Health Organization]]’s Commission on Macroeconomics and Health.

In 2002, he founded the Centre for Global Health Research at [[St. Michael's Hospital (Toronto)|St. Michael's Hospital]] in Toronto, where he has directed a variety of large scale public health studies, most notably the Indian [[Million Death Study]] on premature mortality.<ref name=r6/> Jha’s research focuses on the causes of premature death in developing countries worldwide, and he has been recognized internationally for his work on smoking and tobacco related mortality.<ref name=r3/> He is also a member of the [[Disease Control Priorities Project]].

Jha has been a Senior Fellow of [[Massey College]] at the [[University of Toronto]], [[Canada]] since 2006 and in 2007 he became a professor of epidemiology at the [[Dalla Lana School of Public Health]], [[University of Toronto]].<ref name=r1/> In 2010, Jha was appointed the inaugural Endowed Chair in Disease Control at the Dalla Lana School.<ref name=r1/> In 2019, Jha was appointed University Professor at the University of Toronto, recognizing his outstanding scholarly achievement and contributions to the field of public health.<ref name=r8/> In 2024, Jha was appointed Nuffield Professor of Population Health and Head of Department.<ref>https://www.ndph.ox.ac.uk/news/professor-prabhat-jha-appointed-as-nuffield-professor-of-population-health-and-head-of-department</ref>

Jha has been an elected foreign member of the [[US National Academy of Medicine]] in the [[National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine]] since 2016.<ref name=r9/> Jha has also been an elected fellow of the [[Royal Society of Canada]] since 2018.<ref name=r10/>

Jha has served as a health advisor to several governments including the [[Government of Canada]] on the Ministerial Advisory Committee on Tobacco Control, the [[Government of South Africa]] on its National Health Insurance Expert Committee, and the [[Government of India]] on the Advisory Committee for the National AIDS Control Organization.<ref name=r1/>

He was a founding senior editor of the scientific journal [[eLife]]<ref name=r5/> from 2011–2018 and is an International Advisory Board Member for [[The Lancet]] Global Health journal.<ref name=r1/>

Jha is the lead researcher behind the Action to Beat Coronavirus (Ab-C) study, where [[Unity Health Toronto|Unity Health]], the [[University of Toronto]] and the [[Angus Reid Group|Angus Reid Forum]] have teamed up to look at the prevalence of [[COVID-19]] antibodies among 10,000 Canadians.<ref>{{Cite web|title=U of T epidemiologist leads study tracking COVID-19 immunity of 10,000 Canadians|url=https://www.utoronto.ca/news/u-t-epidemiologist-leads-study-tracking-covid-19-immunity-10000-canadians|access-date=2020-07-01|website=University of Toronto News|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-06-01|title=10,000 Canadians to be tested for COVID-19 antibodies in hopes of understanding immunity|url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/health/coronavirus/10-000-canadians-to-be-tested-for-covid-19-antibodies-in-hopes-of-understanding-immunity-1.4961439|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200601204022/https://www.ctvnews.ca/health/coronavirus/10-000-canadians-to-be-tested-for-covid-19-antibodies-in-hopes-of-understanding-immunity-1.4961439|url-status=dead|archive-date=June 1, 2020|access-date=2020-07-01|website=Coronavirus|language=en}}</ref>

== Awards and honours ==
* [[Rhodes Scholar]], University of Oxford, Oxford, England (1989–92)<ref name=r1/>
* Top 40 Canadians under Age 40 Award (2003)<ref name=r1/>
* The Ontario Premier’s Research Excellence Award (2004)<ref name=r1/>
* The Luther Terry Award from the [[American Cancer Society]] for Research on Tobacco Control (2012) “for Ground breaking Research on Tobacco Control”<ref name=r1/>
* Officer of the [[Order of Canada]] (2012) “For his contributions to epidemiology and the economics of global health, which have influenced the development of global health policy”<ref name=r1/>
* Elected Fellow, [[Royal Society of Canada]] (2018)<ref name=r10/>
* Elected Foreign Member, [[US National Academy of Medicine]] (2016)<ref name=r9/>
* CIHR Trailblazer Award, Inaugural Award in Population Health Solutions (2016)
* Alumni Achievement Award, [[Youth Parliament of Manitoba]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=2011-06-06|title=Alumni Achievement Award|url=https://www.ypmanitoba.ca/alumni/aaa/|access-date=2020-07-01|website=Youth Parliament of Manitoba|language=en-US}}</ref>

== Selected publications ==
* {{cite book|author=Prabhat Jha|title=Curbing the Epidemic: Governments and the Economics of Tobacco Control|url=https://archive.org/details/CurbingTheEpidemic1999_201801|url-access=registration|year=1999|publisher=World Bank Publications|isbn=978-0-8213-4519-1}}
* Prabhat Jha, Frank Chaloupka (eds) (2000) ''Tobacco Control in Developing Countries'', Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|0192632469}}
* Dean T Jamison, Joel G Breman, Anthony R Measham, George Alleyne, Mariam Claeson, David B Evans, Prabhat Jha, Anne Mills, and Philip Musgrove (eds) (2006) ''Disease Control Priorities in Developing Countries'', Washington (DC): World Bank, {{ISBN|0-8213-6179-1}}
* Dean T. Jamison, Joel G. Breman, Anthony R. Measham, George Alleyne, Mariam Claeson, David B. Evans, Prabhat Jha, Anne Mills, Philip Musgrove (eds) (2006) ''Priorities in Health: Disease Control Priorities Companion Volume'', World Bank Publications, {{ISBN|0821362607}}
* {{cite book|author1=Harish Kumar Dhingra|author2=Prabhat Nath Jha|author3=Pratima Bajpai|title=Current Topics in Biotechnology and Microbiology: Recent Trends|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gSQlKQEACAAJ|year=2011|publisher=Lambert Academic Publishing|isbn=978-3-8443-2975-9}}
* {{Cite journal
| doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(99)12323-7
| title = Effects of ramipril on cardiovascular and microvascular outcomes in people with diabetes mellitus: Results of the HOPE study and MICRO-HOPE substudy. Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation Study Investigators
| journal = Lancet
| volume = 355
| issue = 9200
| pages = 253–259
| year = 2000
| pmid = 10675071
| s2cid = 1863533
}} 3000+ citations in [[Web of Science]] as of 2022
* {{Cite journal | last1 = Black | first1 = R. E. | last2 = Cousens | first2 = S. | last3 = Johnson | first3 = H. L. | last4 = Lawn | first4 = J. E. | last5 = Rudan | first5 = I. | last6 = Bassani | first6 = D. G. | last7 = Jha | first7 = P. | last8 = Campbell | first8 = H. | last9 = Walker | first9 = C. F. | last10 = Cibulskis | first10 = R. | last11 = Eisele | first11 = T. | last12 = Liu | first12 = L. | last13 = Mathers | first13 = C. | title = Global, regional, and national causes of child mortality in 2008: A systematic analysis | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60549-1 | journal = The Lancet | volume = 375 | issue = 9730 | pages = 1969–87 | year = 2010 | pmid = 20466419| s2cid = 27812760 }} 600+ citations in [[Web of Science]] as of 2013
* Prabhat Jha, Sir Richard Peto (2014) ''Global Effects of Smoking, of Quitting, and of Taxing Tobacco'', NEJM 2014, 370:60-8 [[doi:10.1056/NEJMra1308383]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name=r1>[http://www.dlsph.utoronto.ca/faculty-profile/prabhat-jha Dr. Jha Profile Page], University of Toronto</ref>
<ref name=r2>[http://www.gg.ca/document.aspx?id=14606&lan=eng 2012 Appointments to the Order of Canada]. www.gg.ca</ref>
<ref name=r3>[http://www.stmichaelshospital.com/research/profile.php?id=jha& Dr. Jha Profile Page]. St. Michael's Hospital</ref>
<ref name=r4>Marcia Kaye (2011) [http://www.magazine.utoronto.ca/feature/prabhat-jha-million-death-study-public-health-india/ Saving Lives, One Death at a Time]. U of T Magazine</ref>
<ref name=r5>[http://www.elifesciences.org/about/elife-community/editorial-leadership/prabhat-jha-senior-editor/ Prabhat Jha, Senior editor – Epidemiology]. elifesciences.org</ref>
<ref name=r6>[http://www.cghr.org/index.php/projects/million-death-study-project/ CGHR Million Death Study]. cghr.org</ref>
<ref name=r7>[https://www.gov.mb.ca/hansard/members/info/jha.html Bidhu Jha]. Manitoba MP Profile</ref>
<ref name=r8>[https://www.provost.utoronto.ca/awards-funding/university-professors/complete-list-university-professors Complete List of University Professors]. www.provost.utoronto.ca</ref>
<ref name=r9>[https://www.dlsph.utoronto.ca/2016/10/18/prabhat-jha-inducted-into-the-u-s-national-academy-of-medicine Prabhat Jha Inducted Into The US National Academy Of Medicine]. www.dlsph.utoronto.ca</ref>
<ref name=r10>[https://www.dlsph.utoronto.ca/2018/09/11/three-dlsph-faculty-named-fellows-of-the-royal-society-of-canada Three DLSPH faculty named fellows of the Royal Society of Canada]. www.dlsph.utoronto.ca</ref>}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jha, Prabhat}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1965 births]]
[[Category:Canadian public health doctors]]
[[Category:Officers of the Order of Canada]]
[[Category:Members of the National Academy of Medicine]]
[[Category:University of Manitoba alumni]]
[[Category:People from Ranchi]]
[[Category:Rhodes Scholars]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Oxford]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Toronto]]

Namma Veedu Vasanta Bhavan

2026-03-18T12:13:06Z

CarlotaMacadam7:

{{Short description|Indian vegetarian restaurant chain}}
{{Notability|Companies|date=February 2011}}{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}{{Infobox company
|name = Namma Veedu Vasanta Bhavan
|logo = VBH LOGO JPEG.JPG
|type = Restaurant Chain
|genre = South Indian Vegetarian Cuisine
|foundation = 1969 - [[Trichy]],1974 - [[Chennai]] 
|founder = Muthukrishnan
|location_city = Chennai
|location_country = India
|location = 
|key_people = Ravi Swarnalatha Ravi
|area_served = India, Dubai, London, Oman, Qatar.
|industry =Restaurant
|products =
|services =
|revenue =
|operating_income =
|net_income =
|num_employees =
|caption =
|homepage = [http://www.vasantabhavan.in www.vasantabhavan.in]
|dissolved =
|footnotes =
}}

'''Namma Veedu Vasanta Bhavan''' ({{langx|ta|நம்ம வீடு வஸந்த பவன்}}) is a chain of vegetarian restaurants headquartered in [[Egmore]], [[Chennai]], [[India]], started in 1969.

==History==
{{expand section|Basic company data (number of employees and branches, revenue and profits, ownership)|date=February 2011|small=no}}
Vasanta Bhavan restaurant was started in [[Trichy]] by Patron Mr. A. Muthukrishnan.<ref name="Vas ref1">{{cite news |last1=Ramanujam |first1=Srinivasa |title=Vasantha Bhavan: The taste of one's home |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/vasantha-bhavan-the-taste-of-ones-home/article8475828.ece |access-date=28 October 2021 |work=The Hindu |date=14 April 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.ragalahari.com/localevents/5321/namma-veedu-vasanta-bhavan.aspx|title=Nagarjuna inaugurates Namma Veedu Vasanta Bhavan Vegetarian Restaurant, Hyderabad - Photo Coverage|last=Ragalahari|access-date=2018-01-13|language=en}}</ref> Mr.A.Muthukrishnan started branches in [[Chennai]]. The chain of restaurants handled by Mr. M. Ravi was changed to Namma Veedu Vasanta Bhavan chain of restaurants. He is also the Vice President of the [[Tamil Nadu]] Hotels Association.

==ISO 22000:2005==
Vasanta Bhavan has been accredited with the ISO 22000:2005 quality certificate from QMS, a UK-based company. 
For ISO 22000:2005 Certification [http://vasantabhavan.in/VBH%20ISO%2022000.pdf Click Here]

==The Spring Hotel==
The Spring is Chennai's first all-suite hotel that is owned by superstar [[Rajinikanth]] who leased out the restaurant to Vasanta Bhavan.

==Catering division==
Apart from the restaurant division, Namma Veedu Vasanta Bhavan also undertakes catering orders for individuals and corporates. A Food and Beverage Manager assisted by a team of chefs, look after the health aspects. The committee not only works on the taste and the quality but also works on the nutrition value. Namma Veedu Vasanta Bhavan is also operating as the official caterers at companies such as [[Mahindra Satyam]], Sutherland Global Services Limited, FL Smidth, [[Siemens]] Shared Services and the [[HCL Technologies]].

==Branches in Chennai==
* [[Egmore]]
* Egmore ll
* [[Mylapore]]
* [[Tambaram]]
* Vadapalani Arcot Road
* 100 feet road, [[Vadapalani]]
* [[Nungambakkam]]
* Medavakkam
* Vikravandi
* [[Maduravoyal]]
* Phoenix Market City, [[Velachery]]
* [[Neelankarai]]
* [[Chromepet]]
* [[Villupuram]]

==See also==
* [[List of vegetarian restaurants]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.vasantabhavan.in/aboutus.php Official website]
* [http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/iw/2010/02/07/stories/2010020751811500.htm], an article in [[The Hindu Business Line]]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20101103092256/http://archives.chennaionline.com/hotelsandtours/Hotels/2006/06vasantabhavan.asp], Archives of Vasanta Bhavan
* [http://www.london-eating.co.uk/28437.htm], Reviews about Namma Veedu-Vasanta Bhavan
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bqWbYyLwowI], NDTV's program about Namma Veedu Vasanta Bhavan

{{Chennai Topics}}
{{coord missing|Tamil Nadu}}

[[Category:Restaurants in Chennai]]
[[Category:Restaurant chains in India]]
[[Category:Vegetarian restaurants in India]]
[[Category:Restaurants established in 1969]]
[[Category:1969 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]
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{{Asia-restaurant-stub}}

Premanand Lotlikar

2026-03-18T08:44:29Z

CarlotaMacadam7:

{{Short description|Indian businessman and actor (born 1954)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Premanand Lotlikar
| image = Premanand Lotlikar in 2015 (cropped).jpg
| caption = Lotlikar in 2015
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1954|7|14|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Margão]], [[Goa]], [[Portuguese India]]
| other_names =
| alma_mater = [[Parvatibai Chowgule College]] ([[B.A.]])
| citizenship = India (from 1961)
| employer = [[Life Insurance Corporation of India]]
| occupation = {{hlist|Businessman|actor|director|playwright}}
| years_active = 1976–1997
| awards = [[Person of the Year|Man of the Year]] (1987)
| spouse = {{marriage|Priti Lotlikar|1983}}
| children = 1
| organisation = [[Dalgado Konknni Akademi]]
| website = {{URL|premanandlotlikar.com}}
| module = {{Infobox officeholder
| embed = yes
| office = President of [[Dalgado Konknni Akademi]]
| predecessor4 = [[Tomazinho Cardozo]]
| successor4 = Tomazinho Cardozo
| term_start = 18 December 2008
| term_end = January 2017
}}
}}

'''Premanand Anand Lotlikar''' (born 14 July 1954) is an Indian former actor, theatre director, playwright, insurance agent, and businessman known for his work in ''[[tiatr]]'' (theatre) productions.

==Early life==
Premanand Anand Lotlikar was born on 14 July 1954 in [[Margão]], [[Goa]], then part of [[Portuguese India]], to Anand Lotlikar, a small-scale [[goldsmith]] from [[Salcete taluka#Salcette territory|Macasana]], and Premabai Anand Lotlikar, a homemaker.<ref name=":2" /> He was the second of four children in the family.<ref name=":1" /> Lotlikar was educated in [[Marathi language|Marathi]] during his primary schooling at Holy Trinity High School in [[Benaulim]]. During his time at school, he noticed that certain classmates, like [[Roseferns]] and Christopher Leitao, were engaged in cultural endeavors. During his school years, Lotlikar performed in [[one-act play]]s at cultural events and annual day celebrations held by the educational institution. After completing his primary education, he went on to earn a [[Bachelor of Arts]] degree from [[Parvatibai Chowgule College]] in Margao.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

Throughout his time in school, Lotlikar was involved in [[Marathi theatre|Marathi theatrical]] activities in Goa, taking part in various productions at venues such as the Lakshmi Mandir in Benaulim and Margao. Through this association, he encountered [[N. Shivdas]], a writer, known for his role as a teacher at a [[government school|state-run]] [[primary school]] situated in Benaulim. Shivdas was both a playwright and director for two [[Konkani language|Konkani]] theatrical productions, ''The Prince'', and ''Pisantt'', in which both Lotlikar and Roseferns took on acting roles. These plays were later part of a drama competition held by the [[Kala Academy]].<ref name=":0" />

Lotlikar's early theatrical experience and connections within the local drama community got him interested in [[Goan]] [[performance arts]]. However, financial constraints initially prevented him from pursuing a career as a professional ''[[tiatrist]]''. It was only later, when he began assisting his father Anand in his new roles as a candle seller and a vendor of ''moong konn'' (a [[Goan cuisine|Goan sweet]] he sold during ''[[tiatr]]s''), that he developed a familiarity with and appreciation for Goa's ''tiatr'' tradition.<ref name=":0" />

==Career==
During the early stages of his career, Lotlikar's contemporaries [[Roseferns]] and Christopher Leitao were enlisted into the [[theatrical troupe|theatrical ensemble]] under the leadership of Ligorio Fernandes. Roseferns wrote and produced a [[Konkani language|Konkani]] theater performance (''[[tiatr]]'') called ''Nimnni Chitt'' (''Last Letter''), which was showcased at the Dandear Ground in [[Colva]]. Lotlikar played a villainous part in this theatrical production. Roseferns then wrote another ''tiatr'' named ''Avaz'' (''Voice''). This theatrical piece was showcased at Maria Hall located in [[Benaulim]], with Lotlikar portraying a [[paraplegic]] character. Ligorio, an observer of the production, identified Lotlikar's acting abilities during the performance. At the time, Ligorio's own ''tiatr'', ''Judas'', was touring across [[Goa]]. Following 24 presentations, the lead performer chose to leave the production to pursue career opportunities in the [[Gulf region]]. Ligorio then approached Lotlikar to step in as a substitute performer. Lotlikar, who was then a singer known for his performances in [[Marathi theatre]], acknowledged his lack of prior experience in singing "''[[Tiatr#songs|kantaram]]''," a distinctive style of [[Goan music|Konkani theater songs]], on the Konkani stage.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Esteves |first=Pio |author-link=Pio Esteves |date=19 September 2015 |title=Maestro of the tiatr stage |work=[[O Heraldo]] |pages=21}}</ref>

Lotlikar is known for his performances across a range of leading and supporting roles. His career as a ''tiatrist'', or ''tiatr'' performer, spanned several decades and saw him collaborate with many of the directors and producers in the medium. His breakthrough performance came in Ligorio's theatrical presentation ''Judas'', at the play's 25th anniversary, that was performed at the [[Gomant Vidya Niketan]] in [[Margao, Goa]]. His lead role in this production helped establish him as a ''tiatrist'' within the [[Goan]] arts community. The ''Judas tiatr'' led to a wider touring schedule, with Lotlikar reprising his role in productions across the cities of [[Bombay]], [[Pune]], and various regions of [[Karnataka]]. Over the course of this tour, he is reported to have completed approximately 40 additional performances of the play.<ref name=":0" />

Lotlikar's [[repertoire]] grew alongside director Ligorio's [[Theatre troupe|''tiatr'' troupe]]. He appeared in several of Ligorio's productions, including ''Papi'' (''Sinner''), ''Jesudas'', ''Julius Caesar'', and ''Jesmina'', various performances were held across Goa, Bombay, and Pune. Lotlikar was subsequently cast in two of director A. M. Pacheco's productions, ''Lolo'' (''Simpleton'') and ''Fator'' (''Stone''). Over the course of his career, Lotlikar collaborated with a wide range of ''tiatr'' directors and performers, including [[Patrick Dourado]], [[M. Boyer]], [[Premanand Sangodkar]], [[Jacinto Vaz]], and [[Rosario Rodrigues]].<ref name=":0" />

Lotlikar, after gaining some experience, chose to produce and present his own ''tiatr'' shows. In 1987, he inaugurated his self-directed ''tiatr'' production named ''Loz ani Dukh''. This was followed by two more productions in 1988, ''Dovi Fott ani Kallem Sot'' and ''Povitr Papi''. The following year, 1989, saw the debut of two additional Lotlikar-directed ''tiatrs'', ''Rup vo Rupnnem'' and ''Zindabad''. He continued this pace, offering ''Ho Mhozo Oprad'' in 1990 and concluding his self-directed ''tiatrs'' with ''Borem Zainaka'' in 1991. Despite his popularity in the ''tiatr'' domain, he found that his own productions did not translate into financial gains or a reliable livelihood. This realization led him to cease directing his own ''tiatrs''. However, in 1993, he returned to the stage, accepting a role in [[Rosario Rodrigues]]' ''tiatr Tuzo Hath Di''. In this production, Lotlikar by portraying a [[dual role|triple role]], encompassing comedy, negative characters, and tragedy. Following this, the veteran ''tiatr'' director A. M. Pacheco [[Revival (theatre)|revived]] his production ''Fator'', once again featuring Lotlikar in the lead role.<ref name=":0" />

Lotlikar pursued a career in the [[private sector]], as a [[life insurance]] agent. In 1997, he launched his own agency for the [[Life Insurance Corporation of India]] (LIC) in [[Margao]]. Lotlikar remained active in this profession for over two decades. Prior to starting his [[insurance agency]], he established contact with Nolasco de Gama, a former LIC manager in [[Mumbai]]. De Gama then referred Lotlikar to a person named Cardozo from [[Verna, Goa]], who proceeded to offer guidance to Lotlikar as he transitioned into the life insurance industry. Beyond his primary vocation, Lotlikar participated in various [[community organization]]s and initiatives. He has been a member of the [[Dalgado Konknni Akademi]] (DKA) since its founding in 1988. He was first elected president of the DKA on 16 December 2008,<ref>{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://www.dalgadoacademy.com/history.php |access-date=2024-08-12 |website=[[Dalgado Konknni Akademi]]}}</ref> and held this position on three separate occasions until January 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |title=BAD CHAPTER APATHY CLOBBERS KONKANI GROWTH |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Our-Verdict/BAD-CHAPTER-APATHY-CLOBBERS-KONKANI-GROWTH/110746 |access-date=2024-08-13 |website=oHeraldo |date=31 August 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Tomazinho headed panel takes charge of DKA |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Goa/Tomazinho-headed-panel-takes-charge-of-DKA/111911 |access-date=2024-08-13 |website=oHeraldo |date=31 August 2022 }}</ref> Additionally, he was involved with the Motorcycle Action Group and various community social service organizations.<ref name=":0" />

==Personal life==
Lotlikar married Maria Blaudina Arcadia Rodrigues, a fellow ''[[tiatrist]]'' and [[Goan Catholic]] from [[Colva, Goa]]. After their marriage, Maria converted to [[Hinduism]] and changed her name to Priti Premanand Lotlikar. Lotlikar and Priti have been close friends since childhood.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-10-25 |title=Tiatrist Profiles (Konkani Drama): Priti P. Lotlikar |url=https://tiatracademyofgoa.com/ |access-date=2024-08-13 |website=[[Tiatr Academy of Goa]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110210194355/https://tiatracademyofgoa.com/ |archive-date=2011-02-10 }}</ref> They have a daughter, Pritam, who is an [[advocate]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2024-07-12 |title=Premanand Lotlikar to be felicitated |url=https://www.goanobserver.in/2024/07/12/weekend-updates-127/ |access-date=2024-08-13 |website=Goan Observer |language=en-US}}</ref>

As of 2018, Lotlikar, along with his family, resides in the neighborhood of Chinchmorod, Vanelim in Colva, where he spent most of his childhood.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Mazarello |first=Wilson |title=Konkani Khell Tiatr |date=10 March 2018 |publisher=[[Dalgado Konknni Akademi]] |location=Panaji, Goa |pages=106}}</ref> He has been a long-time advocate for [[Romi Konkani]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=DKA to felicitate Premanand Lotlikar on occasion of his 70th Birthday |url=https://www.thegoan.net/goa-inshorts/dka-to-felicitate-premanand-lotlikar-on-occasion-of-his-70th-birthday/115773.html |access-date=2026-03-18 |website=The Goan EveryDay |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Commons category-inline}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lotlikar, Premanand}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1954 births]]
[[Category:Tiatrists]]
[[Category:People from South Goa district]]
[[Category:Actors from Goa]]
[[Category:Dramatists and playwrights from Goa]]

Sunil Kumar Singh (geochemist)

2026-03-08T18:40:14Z

CarlotaMacadam7: started bio

{{other people||Sunil Kumar Singh (disambiguation){{!}}Sunil Kumar Singh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Sunil Kumar Singh
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1971|03|16}}
| birth_place = India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| fields = {{ublist | [[Geochemistry]] }}
| workplaces = {{ublist | [[Physical Research Laboratory]], [[National Institute of Oceanography, India]] }}
| alma_mater = {{ublist | }}
| doctoral_advisor =
| doctoral_students =
| known_for = Studies on low temperature elemental and isotope geochemistry
| awards = {{ublist|2012 National Geoscience Award | 2016 [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]] | 2023 J.C. Bose Fellowship}}
}}
'''Sunil Kumar Singh''' (born 1971) is an [[India]]n geochemist, a [[professor]] at the [[Physical Research Laboratory]] [[Sabbatical|''on lien'']]<ref name="Faculty profile">{{Cite web |url=https://www.prl.res.in/~sunil/ |title=Faculty profile |date=2016 |publisher=Physical Research Laboratory}}</ref> and serving as [[Director (business)|Director]] of the [[National Institute of Oceanography, India]] since 2017.<ref name="Director NIO">{{Cite web |url=http://www.nio.org/index//option/com_researcherdisplay/task/show/tid/2/sid/69/rid/1346 |title=Director NIO |date=2017-11-29 |website=National Institute of Oceanography, India |access-date=2017-11-29}}</ref> He is known for his studies on low temperature elemental and isotope geochemistry and his researches are reported to have assisted in widening the understanding of the evolution of the [[Himalayas]] and biogeochjemical cycling in the Indian Ocean.<ref name="National Geoscience Award">{{Cite web |url=http://www.mines.nic.in/writereaddata/Content/A_NationalGeoscience_Awardees1995-2012.pdf |title=National Geoscience Award |date=2016 |publisher=Ministry of Mines (India) |page=55 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161130132938/http://www.mines.nic.in/writereaddata/Content/A_NationalGeoscience_Awardees1995-2012.pdf |archive-date=2016-11-30 }}</ref> His studies have been documented in several peer-reviewed articles;<ref name="On ResearchGate">{{Cite web |url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Sunil_Singh40 |title=On ResearchGate |date=2016 }}</ref>{{Refn|group=note|Please see ''Selected bibliography'' section}} [[Google Scholar]], an online repository of scientific articles, has listed 99 of them respectively.<ref name="On Google Scholar">{{Cite web |url=https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=qmWHM6kAAAAJ&hl=en |title=On Google Scholar |date=2016 |publisher=Google Scholar}}</ref>

Singh, born on 16 March 1971,<ref name="Brief Profile of the Awardee">{{Cite web |url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/Content/Detail.aspx?AID=524 |title=Brief Profile of the Awardee |date=2016 |publisher=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize |access-date=12 November 2016}}</ref> has done his education BSc, MSc(Tech), at [[Banaras Hindu University]] and PhD in [[geology]] at Physical Research Laboratory and MS University, Vadodara. He is a former Scientific Steering Committee member<ref name="Corresponding Member (Past SSC Member)">{{Cite web |url=http://www.geotraces.org/about-us/ssc-members/past-ssc-members/22-sunil-kumar-singh |title=Corresponding Member (Past SSC Member) |date=2016 |publisher=GEOTRACES}}</ref> and the incumbent member of the Data Management Committee of GEOTRACES, an international forum for research on the marine biogeochemical cycles of trace elements and isotopes.<ref name="GEOTRACES International Data Management Committee">{{Cite web |url=http://www.geotraces.org/science/data-management |title=GEOTRACES International Data Management Committee |date=2016 |publisher=GEOTRACES}}</ref> As a collaborator, he is associated with the ''Ganga Corridor'' program, an initiative of the [[Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur]] and the [[Department of Science and Technology (India)|Department of Science and Technology, India.]]<ref name="Other Collaborators">{{Cite web |url=http://www.iitk.ac.in/nfca/contact.htm |title=Other Collaborators |date=2016 |publisher=IIT Kanpur}}</ref> He was the co-coordinator of ''Weathering and Erosion'' session of the 2016 Goldschmidt conference held in Yokohama.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://goldschmidt.info/2016/program/programViewThemes?theme=11 |title=Program by Theme |date=2016 |publisher=Goldschmidt}}</ref> He is a recipient of the National Geoscience Award and an elected fellow of the [[Indian Academy of Sciences]],<ref name="Fellow profile">{{Cite web |url=http://www.ias.ac.in/describe/fellow/Singh,_Prof._Sunil_Kumar |title=Fellow profile |date=2016 |publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences}}</ref> the [http://www.nasi.org.in National Academy of Sciences, India], and the [[Indian National Science Academy]].<ref name="INSA :: Indian Fellows Elected">{{Cite web |url=http://www.insaindia.res.in/ref3.php |title=INSA :: Indian Fellows Elected |date=2019-03-10 |publisher=Indian National Science Academy |access-date=2019-03-10}}</ref> The [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]], the apex agency of the Government of India for scientific research, awarded him the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology]], one of the highest Indian science awards for his contributions to Earth, Atmosphere, Ocean and Planetary Sciences in 2016.<ref name="View Bhatnagar Awardees">{{cite web | url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/Content/AwardeeList.aspx | title=View Bhatnagar Awardees | publisher=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize | date=2016 | access-date=12 November 2016}}</ref>{{Refn|group=note|Long link - please select award year to see details}}

==Awards==
Source:<ref>{{Cite web |last=CSIR-NIO |title=Prof. Sunil Kumar Singh ( CSIR-NIO ) |url=https://www.nio.res.in/profile/1346/prof-sunil-kumar-singh |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20231110214523/https://www.nio.res.in/profile/1346/prof-sunil-kumar-singh |archive-date=2023-11-10 |access-date=2026-01-11 |website=CSIR - National Institute of Oceanography (NIO) |language=en-US}}</ref>
* 2012: National Geoscience Award
* 2014: Eminent Mass spectrometry Award ISMAS
* 2016: [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]]
* 2016: Fellow, Indian Academy of Sciences
* 2017: [[Asian Scientist 100]], ''[[Asian Scientist]]''<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.asianscientist.com/as100/ |title=The Asian Scientist 100 |author=  |date= |website= |publisher= [[Asian Scientist]] |access-date= 13 March 2025 |quote= |language= }}</ref>
* 2018: Indian National Science Academy (INSA)
* 2019: Doctor of Engineering, NIT Goa
* 2019: Fellow, National Academy of Sciences, India
* 2021: Ocean Science Awards, The Ministry of Earth Sciences
* 2022: Life time Achievement Award, Indian Society of Applied Geochemists (ISAG)
* 2022: Recognised as one among "75 Under 50 Scientists Shaping Today's India" from the Department of Science and Technology, Government of India
* 2023: JC Bose Fellowship, SERB
* 2025: Awarded IGU–Prof. K.R. Ramanathan Memorial Lecture in recognition of outstanding contributions to Earth Sciences<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-07-11 |title=Prof. K. R. Ramanathan Memorial Lecture – Indian Geophysical Union |url=https://iguonline.in/prof-k-r-ramanathan-memorial-lecture/ |access-date=2026-01-11 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Selected bibliography ==
* Mishra T.K., and Singh S.K., Water Column Cycling of Cadmium in the North-Eastern and Subtropical Gyre Region of the Indian Ocean, ''Journal of Geophysical Research – Oceans'', 130, e2025JC022817, 2025; <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1029/2025JC022817</nowiki><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mishra |first=Tapas Kumar |last2=Singh |first2=Sunil Kumar |date=2025 |title=Water Column Cycling of Cadmium in the North-Eastern and Subtropical Gyre Region of the Indian Ocean |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/2025JC022817 |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans |language=en |volume=130 |issue=8 |article-number=e2025JC022817 |doi=10.1029/2025JC022817 |issn=2169-9291}}</ref>
* Malla N. and Singh S.K., Atmospheric deposition, shelf sediment supply, riverine input, and redox conditions control dissolved manganese in the Indian Ocean. ''Global Biogeochemical Cycles'', 39, e2025GB008660, 2025 <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1029/2025GB008660</nowiki><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Malla |first=Nirmalya |last2=Singh |first2=Sunil Kumar |date=2025 |title=Atmospheric Deposition, Shelf Sediment Supply, Riverine Input, and Redox Conditions Control Dissolved Manganese in the Indian Ocean |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/2025GB008660 |journal=Global Biogeochemical Cycles |language=en |volume=39 |issue=10 |article-number=e2025GB008660 |doi=10.1029/2025GB008660 |issn=1944-9224|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
* Yadav C., Singh S.K. and Chinni V., Persistent elevated levels of dissolved lead in the Indian Ocean post-leaded gasoline ban: The impact of anthropogenic activities, sediment desorption, and dust storms, ''Marine Pollution Bulletin'' 215, 2025: 117874; [[doi:|https://doi.o]]<nowiki/>rg,10.1016/j.marpolbul.2025.117874<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Yadav |first=Chhaya |last2=Singh |first2=Sunil Kumar |last3=Chinni |first3=Venkatesh |date=June 2025 |title=Persistent elevated levels of dissolved lead in the Indian Ocean post-leaded gasoline ban: The impact of anthropogenic activities, sediment desorption, and dust storms |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0025326X25003492 |journal=Marine Pollution Bulletin |language=en |volume=215 |article-number=117874 |doi=10.1016/j.marpolbul.2025.117874|url-access=subscription }}</ref>.
* {{Cite journal |last=Satinder Pal Singh, Sunil Kumar Singh, Vineet Goswami, Ravi Bhushan, Vinai. K. Rai |title=Spatial distribution of dissolved neodymium and εNd in the Bay of Bengal: Role of particulate matter and mixing of water masses |journal=Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta |date=2012 |volume=94 |pages=38–56 |doi=10.1016/j.gca.2012.07.017|bibcode=2012GeCoA..94...38S }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Gyana Ranjan Tripathy, Sunil Kumar Singh, Harsh Bhu |title=Re-Os isotopes and major and trace element geochemistry of carbonaceous shales, Aravalli Supergroup, India: Impact of post-depositional processes |journal=Chemical Geology |date=2013 |volume=354 |pages=93–106 |doi=10.1016/j.chemgeo.2013.06.014|bibcode=2013ChGeo.354...93T }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Venigalla purnachandra Rao, R. Shynu, Sunil Kumar Singh, S.W.A. Naqvi, Pratima M. Kessarkar |title=Mineralogy and Sr-Nd isotopes of SPM and sediment from the Mandovi and Zuari estuaries: Influence of weathering and anthropogenic contribution |journal=Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science |date=2014 |volume=156 |issue=1 |pages=103–115 |doi=10.1016/j.ecss.2014.07.004}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Satinder Pal Singh, Sunil Kumar Singh, Ravi Bhushan, Vinai. K. Rai |title=Dissolved silicon and its isotopes in the water column of the Bay of Bengal: Internal cycling versus lateral transport |journal=Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta |date=2015 |volume=151 |pages=172–191 |doi=10.1016/j.gca.2014.12.019|bibcode=2015GeCoA.151..172S }}
* {{Cite journal |last=A.K. Sudheer, MY Aslam, M Upadhyay, Ramabadran Rengarajan, Ravi Bhushan, JS Rathore, Sunil Kumar Singh, Sanjeev Kumar |title=a |journal=Atmospheric Research |date=2016 |volume=178 |doi=10.1016/j.atmosres.2016.03.026}}

== See also ==
* [[Isotope geochemistry]]
{{Portal|India|Geology}}

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|group=note}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Cite web |url=https://goldschmidt.info/userView?userId=fhavyKKceyLLerfLLva |title=Details for: Sunil Singh |date=2016 |publisher=Goldschmidt |work=Conference archive}}

{{SSBPST recipients in Earth, Atmosphere, Ocean & Planetary Sciences}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Sunil Kumar}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in Earth, Atmosphere, Ocean & Planetary Sciences]]
[[Category:1971 births]]
[[Category:Scientists from Ahmedabad]]
[[Category:Indian geochemists]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian Academy of Sciences]]

Gayathri (1977 film)

2026-03-04T04:45:07Z

CarlotaMacadam7: created basic stub needs work

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Gayathri (1977 film).jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = R. Pattabhiraman
| screenplay = [[Panchu Arunachalam]]
| based_on = {{based on|''Gayathri''|[[Sujatha (writer)|Sujatha]]}}
| producer = Vijaya–Meena
| starring = {{ubl|[[Jaishankar (actor)|Jaishankar]]|[[Rajinikanth]]|[[Sridevi]]}}
| cinematography = Vinayagam
| editing = B. Kanthasamy
| music = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| studio = Vijaya Meena Films
| released = {{Film date|1977|10|07|df=y|ref1=}}
| runtime = 122 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Gayathri''''' is a 1977 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[crime thriller film]] directed by R. Pattabhiraman and written by [[Panchu Arunachalam]]. The film stars [[Jaishankar (actor)|Jaishankar]], [[Rajinikanth]] and [[Sridevi]]. It is based on the novel of the same name by [[Sujatha (writer)|Sujatha]]. The film was released on 7 October 1977.{{sfn|Ramachandran|2014|p=71}}

== Plot ==
{{more plot|date=November 2022}}
Rajarathnam is a rich man who lives with his sister Sarasu and a young house maid in [[Chennai|Madras]]. His sister arranges a marriage for him with Gayathri, a sixteen-year old who lives in [[Tiruchirappalli]]. Soon after they marry, Gayathri moves to Rajarathnam's house and realises that the family has dark secrets.

Rajarathnam is actually a [[Pornographic film|blue-film]] producer – he secretly records himself and his new wife in their bedroom scenes without her knowledge, and sells the films in the black market. Gayathri initially gives Rajarathnam the benefit of the doubt, but later discovers that Rajarathnam is already married to another woman, who is now insane. [[Ganesh–Vasanth|Ganesh]], a friend of the writer Chellappa, tries to free Gayathri from the hands of Rajarathnam.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Jaishankar (actor)|Jaishankar]] as [[Ganesh–Vasanth|Ganesh]]{{sfn|Ramachandran|2014|p=71}}
*[[Rajinikanth]] as Rajarathnam {{sfn|Ramachandran|2014|p=70}}
*[[Sridevi]] as Gayathri {{sfn|Ramachandran|2014|p=70}}
*[[Rajasulochana]] as Sarasu{{sfn|Ramachandran|2014|p=70}}
*[[P. Jayadevi]]
*[[M. N. Rajam]] as Gayathri's mother<ref name="hindutamil" />
*Rajee as Indra
*Rajeshwari as Lalitha
*[[S. A. Ashokan]] as Shama Iyer<ref name="hindutamil" />
*[[Vennira Aadai Moorthy]] as Chellappa{{sfn|Ramachandran|2014|p=71}}
*[[Delhi Kumar]] as Gayathri's father
*[[Tiger Prabhakar]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gayatri (1977) |url=https://www.avclub.com/film/reviews/gayatri-1977 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727184725/https://www.avclub.com/film/reviews/gayatri-1977 |archive-date=27 July 2023 |access-date=27 July 2023 |website=[[The A.V. Club]]}}</ref>
}}

== Production ==
''Gaayathri'' is based on [[Sujatha (writer)|Sujatha]]'s novel of the same name,<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 May 2007 |title=Rajni, the villain |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/may/21slid5.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210604044459/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/may/21slid5.htm |archive-date=4 June 2021 |access-date=4 June 2021 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> and was conceived during [[The Emergency (India)|the Emergency]].{{sfn|Ramachandran|2014|p=71}} The screenplay was written by [[Panchu Arunachalam]].<ref name="hindutamil">{{Cite news |last=ராம்ஜி |first=வி. |date=7 October 2020 |title=சுஜாதாவின் நாவல்; வில்லன் ரஜினி; பரிதாப ஸ்ரீதேவி; காப்பாற்றும் ஜெய்சங்கர்; பஞ்சு அருணாசலத்தின் 'காயத்ரி' - உயிரை உருக்கும் 'வாழ்வே மாயமா' பாடல் |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/588058-43-years-of-gayathri.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201122230121/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/588058-43-years-of-gayathri.html |archive-date=22 November 2020 |access-date=4 June 2021 |work=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=ta}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]], with lyrics by Panchu Arunachalam.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kavithaikuyil-Gayathri-Kaatrinile Varum Geetham Tamil Film Audio Cassette |url=https://mossymart.com/product/kavithaikuyil-gayathri-kaatrinile-varum-geetham-tamil-film-audio-cassette/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210604050258/https://mossymart.com/product/kavithaikuyil-gayathri-kaatrinile-varum-geetham-tamil-film-audio-cassette/ |archive-date=4 June 2021 |access-date=4 June 2021 |website=Mossymart}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=31 December 1977 |title=Gayathri (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) – EP |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/gayathri-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1394046349 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230804130618/https://music.apple.com/us/album/gayathri-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1394046349 |archive-date=4 August 2023 |access-date=4 August 2023 |website=[[Apple Music]]}}</ref> The song "Kaalai Paniyil Aadum" is set to the raga [[Hamir Kalyani]],{{Sfn|Sundararaman|2007|p=135}} and "Vaazhve Mayama" is set to [[Dharmavati]].{{Sfn|Sundararaman|2007|p=167}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=ராமானுஜன் |first=டாக்டர் ஆர். |date=21 September 2018 |title=ராகயாத்திரை 22: பொன்வானம் பன்னீர் தூவுது! |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/supplements/hindu-talkies/176486-22.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230804132248/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/supplements/hindu-talkies/176486-22.html |archive-date=4 August 2023 |access-date=4 August 2023 |website=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=ta}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Kaalai Paniyil Aadum
| extra1 = [[Sujatha Mohan]]
| length1 = 4:00
| title2 = Vaazhve Mayama
| extra2 = B. S. Sasirekha
| length2 = 3:57
| title3 = Aattam Kondattam
| extra3 = [[P. Susheela]]
| length3 = 4:06
| title4 = Unnai Thaan
| extra4 = [[A. L. Raghavan]], [[S. Janaki]]
| length4 = 3:40
| total_length = 15:43
}}

== Reception ==
''Film World'' wrote, "But for the wrong portrayal by Jaishankar, the movie would have maintained its pre-interval tempo. Yet, ''Gayatri'' is certainly off beat, contributing to salvage the losing face of Tamil Cinema".<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=1978 |editor-last=Ramachandran |editor-first=T. M. |title=Suspenseful drama |magazine=Film World |pages=9–10}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite book |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |author-link=Naman Ramachandran |title=Rajinikanth: The Definitive Biography |title-link=Rajinikanth: The Definitive Biography |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |year=2014 |isbn=978-81-8475-796-5 |location=New Delhi |orig-date=2012}}
* {{Cite book |last=Sundararaman |title=Raga Chintamani: A Guide to Carnatic Ragas Through Tamil Film Music |publisher=Pichhamal Chintamani |year=2007 |edition=2nd |oclc=295034757 |orig-date=2005}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

{{Sujatha}}

[[Category:1977 Indian films]]
[[Category:1977 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1977 crime thriller films]]
[[Category:1977 films]]
[[Category:Films based on Tamil novels]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Panchu Arunachalam]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Indian crime thriller films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Sampoorna Ramayanam (1972 film)

2026-03-03T20:25:54Z

CarlotaMacadam7: started a details.

{{for|films with similar names|Sampoorna Ramayana (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Sampoorna Ramayanam
| image = Sampoorna Ramayanam 1971.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Bapu (director)|Bapu]]
| producer = Nidamarthi Padmakshi
| writer = [[Mullapudi Venkata Ramana]] [dialogues] & [[Arudra]] [dialogues]
| based_on = {{based on|''[[Ramayana]]''|[[Valmiki]]}}
| starring = [[Shobhan Babu]] [[Chandrakala]] [[Gummadi (actor)|Gummadi]] [[V. Nagayya]] [[Kaikala Satyanarayana]] [[S.V.Ranga Rao]] [[Mikkilineni (actor)|Mikkilineni]] [[Jamuna (actress)|Jamuna]] [[Chhaya Devi]] [[Hemalatha]] [[Pandari Bai]]
| narrator =
| music = [[K. V. Mahadevan]]
| cinematography = [[K. S. Prasad]]
| editing =
| studio = Durga Cinetone
| distributor = Lakshmi Films
| released = {{Film date|1972|03|16|df=y}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =

}}

'''''Sampoorna Ramayanam''''' ({{translation|The Complete Ramayana}}) is a 1972 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[Hindu mythological film]] directed by [[Bapu (director)|Bapu]]. It is based on [[Valmiki]]'s ''[[Ramayana]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-05-15|title=The Gift of Mythological Fiction|url=https://avenuemail.in/the-gift-of-mythological-fiction/|access-date=2021-08-24|website=The Avenue Ma71il|language=en-US|archive-date=24 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210824070350/https://avenuemail.in/the-gift-of-mythological-fiction/|url-status=live}}</ref> The film was a commercial success.

==Plot==
The story is the complete [[Ramayana]] from the birth of Lord [[Rama]] to his Pattabhisheka after completing his exile.

==Cast==
Source:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sampoorna Ramayanam (1972) |url=https://indiancine.ma/ORH |access-date=2023-06-11 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>
* [[Shobhan Babu]] as [[Rama]]
* Nagaraju as [[Lakshmana]]
* [[Chandrakala]] as [[Sita]]
* [[S. V. Ranga Rao]] as [[Ravana]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=5 August 2018|title=Remembering SV Ranga Rao: A versatile actor loved for his mythological roles|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/remembering-sv-ranga-rao-versatile-actor-loved-his-mythological-roles-86007|url-status=live|access-date=2021-08-24|website=[[The News Minute]]|archive-date=11 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180811100131/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/remembering-sv-ranga-rao-versatile-actor-loved-his-mythological-roles-86007}}</ref>
* [[Arja Janardhana Rao]] as [[Anjaneya]] and [[Guha (Ramayana)|Guha]]
* [[Chandra Mohan (Telugu actor)|Chandra Mohan]] as [[Bharata (Ramayana)|Bharatha]]
* [[Gummadi (actor)|Gummadi]] as [[Dasaratha]]
* [[V. Nagayya]] as [[Vasishtha]]
* [[Kaikala Satyanarayana]] as [[Meghanada|Meghanadha]]
* [[Krishna Kumari (actress)|Krishna Kumari]] as [[Mandodari]]
* [[Mikkilineni (actor)|Mikkilineni]] as [[Janaka]]
* [[Jamuna (actress)|Jamuna]] as [[Kaikeyi|Kaika]]
* [[Sriranjani Jr.]] as [[Sumitra]]
* Chhaya Devi as [[Manthara|Mandhara]]
* [[Dhulipala Seetarama Sastry|Dhulipala]] as [[Vibhishana]]
* [[Madhavapeddi Satyam]] as [[Vishvamitra|Vishwamitra]]
* [[Mukkamala (actor)|Mukkamala]] as [[Parashurama]]
* Pemmasani Ramakrishna as [[Angada]]
* [[Hemalatha (Telugu actress)|Hemalatha]] as [[Kousalya]]
* [[Pandari Bai]] as [[Shabari]]
* [[Chalapathi Rao]] as [[Vayu]]
* Anand Mohan as [[Akshayakumara]]

==Soundtrack==
* "Adigo Ramayya"
* "Choosindhi Ninnu Choosindhi" (Singer: P. Susheela)
* "Evadu Ninnu Minchu Vaadu"
* "Kunukontini Etc" - P. Susheela, Ghantasala
* "Oorike Kolanu Neeru Uliki Uliki Padutundhi" (Lyrics: [[Devulapalli Krishnasastri]]; Singer: P. Susheela)
* "Rama Laali Meghasyama Laali" (Singer: [[P. Susheela]])
* "Ramaya Tandri O Ramaya Tandri.. Maa Nomulanni Pandinayi Ramaya Tandri" (Lyrics: [[Kosaraju Raghavaiah]]; Singer: [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]])
* "Vana Jallu Kurisindhi Lera Lera Ollu Jhallu Jhallandi Rara Rara" (Singer: [[Jikki Krishnaveni]])
* "Vedalenu Kodandapani" (three parts) (Singers: [[P. B. Srinivas]] and P. Susheela)

==Box-office==
The film ran for more than 100 days in 10 theaters in Andhra Pradesh.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cinegoer.com/sobhanbabu100.htm |title=Sobhanbabu's 100 Days Films List |work=Cinegoer |accessdate=2012-07-12 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120927124102/http://www.cinegoer.com/sobhanbabu100.htm |archivedate=27 September 2012 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0156042}}

{{Bapu (film director)}}

[[Category:1972 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Bapu]]
[[Category:Films based on the Ramayana]]
[[Category:Films scored by K. V. Mahadevan]]
[[Category:1972 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:1972 Indian films]]

Pyaar Ka Punchnama

2026-03-02T09:20:35Z

CarlotaMacadam7: expand layout for clarity and cleaned formatting

{{short description|2011 film by Luv Ranjan}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Pyaar Ka Punchnama
| image = Pyar Ka Punchnama.jpg
| caption =
| director = [[Luv Ranjan]]
| producer = [[Abhishek Pathak]]
| writer = Luv Ranjan
| starring = [[Kartik Aaryan]] [[Divyendu Sharma]] Raayo S. Bakhirta [[Sonnalli Seygall]] [[Nushrat Bharucha]] [[Ishita Raj Sharma]]
| studio = [[Viacom18 Motion Pictures]] [[Panorama Studios|Wide Frame Pictures]]
| distributor = Viacom18 Motion Pictures
| music = '''Songs:''' [[Clinton Cerejo]] [[Hitesh Sonik]] [[Luv Ranjan]] AD Boyz '''Score:''' [[Hitesh Sonik]]
| cinematography = Sudhir K. Chaudhary
| editing = [[Akiv Ali]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2011|05|20}}
| runtime = 149 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = {{INR|3 [[crore]]}}
| gross = {{INR|17.5 crore}}
}}

'''''Pyaar Ka Punchnama''''' ({{translation|Post mortem of love}}) is a 2011 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[romantic comedy]] [[buddy film]] written and directed by newbie [[Luv Ranjan]]. The film stars debutant [[Kartik Aaryan]], [[Divyendu Sharma]], Raayo S. Bakhirta, [[Nushrat Bharucha]], [[Sonnalli Seygall]] and [[Ishita Raj Sharma]] and follows the story of three working bachelors who find girls whom they fall in love with and the twists and turns of the newly developing love stories. It was a [[sleeper hit]] at the box office, grossing {{INRConvert|175|m}} worldwide.<ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/npages.php?page=shownews&articleid=3137&nCat=news|access-date=22 December 2012|title=Pyaar Ka Punchnama Completes 50 Days|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110830192044/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/npages.php?page=shownews&articleid=3137&nCat=news|archive-date=30 August 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Pyaar Ka Punchnama Completes 50 Days|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/npages.php?page=shownews&articleid=3137&nCat=news|publisher=Box Office India|date=9 July 2011|access-date=9 January 2013}}</ref> A standalone sequel ''[[Pyaar Ka Punchnama 2]]'' was released on 16 October 2015.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/Pyaar-Ka-Punchnama-2-on-floors-next-year/Article1-866271.aspx|title=Pyaar Ka Punchnama 2 on floors next year|work=Hindustan Times|date=7 June 2012|access-date=23 December 2012|archive-date=16 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130516052601/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/Pyaar-Ka-Punchnama-2-on-floors-next-year/Article1-866271.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.glamsham.com/movies/scoops/11/jun/01luv-ranjan-pyaar-ka-punchnama-2-sequel-051105.asp|title=Makers of PYAAR KA PUNCHNAMA confirm sequel – bollywood news|website=glamsham.com|date=1 June 2011|access-date=13 December 2011}}</ref> It was remade in Telugu as ''[[Green Signal]]''.

==Plot==
Rajat "Rajjo" Mridul, Nishant "Liquid" Aggarwal, and Vikrant "Vicky" Chaudhary are working bachelors who live together in a flat in [[Noida]].

Rajat falls in love with Neha. Nishant falls for Charu, who is his colleague. She makes him do a good part of her work in an office and makes him foot her beauty parlor bills. He is too naive to understand that she is only using him for financial assistance and moral support. Charu has a boyfriend, Abhi, but they aren't on the best of terms. Vikrant loves Rhea, who can't get over her boyfriend of five years, Varun.

Rajat leaves the bachelor pad. Vikrant, however, is aware of Varun and knows that Rhea has not yet called off that relationship, but he doesn't mind waiting because he is besotted. On her part, Rhea keeps assuring him that she will end the relationship but ends up sleeping with Varun while she is dating Vikrant.

Missing their meetings and bar-hopping, the trio decides to take a time-out by themselves. All three women, however, find out and decide to accompany them to the beach, where they eventually mingle. Charu here kisses Nishant, while Rajat has a fight with Neha back at home. Charu starts to ignore Nishant and ends up eventually insulting him openly at work. Rajat and Neha eventually work out their differences, but, soon after, further problems arise between them (such as Neha's constant tantrums). Rajat becomes so frustrated that he walks out on Neha, telling her that she is 'not worthy of him'. Nishant goes into depression but is brought back to reality by Vikrant and Rajat, who drive him to Charu's house. Nishant slaps Charu's boyfriend. Vikrant finds out that Rhea slept with her ex and leaves her.

In the end, the trio is seen sitting together, laughing and feeling happy with the moment they have with each other. In the end credits, the three women whom the trio fell for are shown having new boyfriends.

==Cast==
* [[Kartik Aaryan]] as Rajat Mridul aka Rajjo
* Raayo S. Bakhirta as Vikrant Chaudhary a.k.a. Vicky
* [[Divyendu Sharma]] as Nishant Aggarwal a.k.a. Liquid
* [[Nushrat Bharucha]] as Neha
* [[Sonnalli Seygall]] as Rhea
* [[Ishita Raj Sharma]] as Charu Sharma
* Padam Bhola as Varun Bahl
* Ravjeet Singh as Abhijeet "Abhi" Sharda

==Critical reception==
[[Taran Adarsh]] of [[Bollywood Hungama]] gave the film 3.5 stars out of 5, saying that "On the whole, ''Pyaar Ka Punchnama'' has a single-point plan of engaging and amusing the spectators by telling a story that is unusual, yet relevant. It's a radiantly good cinema that needs to be lauded and encouraged. Strongly recommended, go for it!"<ref>{{cite web|title=Pyaar Ka Punchnama Review Bollywood Hungama|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/criticreview/id/542259|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120403141615/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/criticreview/id/542259|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 April 2012|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|author=Adarsh, Taran|date=18 May 2011|access-date=2 April 2012}}{{Rating|3.5|5}}</ref>

Subhash K. Jha of Now Running gave 3.5 stars on a scale of 5, commenting that "''Pyaar Ka Punchnama'' is a delightful rugged romantic-comedy."<ref>{{cite web|title=Pyaar Ka Punchnama Review Now Running|url=http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/8964/bollywood.hindi/pyaar-ka-punchnama/3116/review.htm|publisher=Now Running|author=K. Jha, Subhash|date=22 May 2011|access-date=2 April 2012}}{{Rating|3.5|5}}</ref>

[[Nikhat Kazmi]] of ''Times of India'' gave 3 stars out of 5, noting that "The film had promise and does have a few funny sequences. But by and large, it's a case of promises unfulfilled."<ref>{{cite web|title=Pyaar Ka Punchnama Review Times of India|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/hindi/Pyaar-ka-Punchnama/movie-review/8437483.cms|work=The Times of India|author=Kazmi, Nikhat|date=19 May 2011|access-date=2 April 2012}}{{Rating|3|5}}</ref>

Blessy Chettiar of DNA India gave the movie 3 stars on a scale of 5, concluding that "The only problem with PKP is its running time. The second half seems never-ending, sappy and pleading for sympathy."<ref>{{cite web|title=Pyaar Ka Punchnama Review DNA India|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report_pyaar-ka-punchnama-stands-up-for-the-mcps-in-vain_1545051|work=Daily News and Analysis|author=Chettiar, Blessy|date=19 May 2011|access-date=2 April 2012}}{{Rating|3|5}}</ref>

Swati Bhattacharyya of [[Daily Bhaskar]] gave 2.5 stars out of 5, saying that "It’s a youth-centric rom-com, watch it to see the contemporary take on love with twists and turns. Whether your relationship is a dangerous warning, if your brain can’t tell you at this moment, ''Pyaar Ka Punchnama'' will definitely give you an answer. It’s entertaining and fun-filled. Don’t go if you are expecting a conventional romantic movie as it may qualify to be blasphemous and a sex comedy."<ref>{{cite web|title=Pyaar Ka Punchnama Review Daily Bhaskar|url=http://daily.bhaskar.com/article/ENT-movie-review-pyaar-ka-punchnama-2116983.html?HF=|work=Daily Bhaskar|author=Bhattacharyya, Swati|date=19 May 2011|access-date=2 April 2012}}{{dead link|date=May 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}{{Rating|2.5|5}}</ref>

[[Anupama Chopra]] of NDTV Movies gave 2 stars in a scale of 5, commenting that "''Pyaar Ka Punchnama'', starts out with some promise, echoing Dil Chahta Hai with a laid-back, buddy vibe but that evaporates as soon as the women appear.".<ref>{{cite web|title=Pyaar Ka Punchnama Review NDTV Movies|url=http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_review.aspx?id=622&albumname=Pyaar%20Ka%20Punchnama|publisher=NDTV Movies|author=Chopra, Anupama|date=20 May 2012|access-date=4 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140527052638/http://movies.ndtv.com/movie-reviews/review-pyaar-ka-punchnama-ndtv-movies-com-622|archive-date=27 May 2014|url-status=dead}}{{Rating|2|5}}</ref>

Shaikh Ayaz of [[Rediff]] gave the movie 2 stars on a scale of 5, concluding that "''Pyaar Ka Punchnama'' is halfway funny but soon descends into a running commentary on why relationships with women are impossible and eventually wends its way to a very implausible end. It could have definitely done with some editing. If it were crisper, with more thought put into its script, situations, and dialogue, ''Pyaar Ka Punchnama'' would have made the cut."<ref>{{cite web|title=Pyaar Ka Punchnama Review Rediff|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-pyaar-ka-punchnama/20110520.htm|publisher=Rediff|author=Ayaz, Shaikh|date=20 May 2011|access-date=2 April 2012}}{{Rating|2|5}}</ref>

[[Mayank Shekhar]] of [[Hindustan Times]] gave 2 stars out of 5, saying that "The movie acquires rhythms of a TV show, like so many do. We're already in the fifth season by the end of it. Though if this were a TV show, it'd be closest to an authentic Indian version of Friends, or How I Met Your Mother."<ref>{{cite news|title=Pyaar Ka Punchnama Review Hindustan Times|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/mayankshekhar/Mayank-Shekhar-s-review-Pyar-Ka-Punchnama/Article1-699980.aspx|work=Hindustan Times|author=Shekhar, Mayank|date=20 May 2011|access-date=2 April 2012|archive-date=1 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130501004511/http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/mayankshekhar/Mayank-Shekhar-s-review-Pyar-Ka-Punchnama/Article1-699980.aspx|url-status=dead}}{{Rating|2|5}}</ref>

[[Rajeev Masand]] of [[CNN-IBN]] gave 1.5 stars in a scale of 5, commenting that "Disguised as a light-hearted comedy, ''Pyaar Ka Punchnama'' is such a film that you can't help but wonder if it was made by someone who's had his heart brutally stamped on by a woman."<ref>{{cite news|title=Pyaar Ka Punchnama Review CNN-IBN|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/masand-pyaar-ka-punchnama-is-not-funny/153052-47-84.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120710085259/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/masand-pyaar-ka-punchnama-is-not-funny/153052-47-84.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 July 2012|publisher=CNN-IBN|author=Masand, Rajeev|date=27 May 2011|access-date=2 April 2012}}{{Rating|1.5|5}}</ref>

Sonia Chopra of [[Sify]] gave 1.5 stars on a scale of 5, noting that "The film claims that men are victims."<ref>{{cite web|title=Pyaar Ka Punchnama Review Sify|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/pyaar-ka-punchnama-review-shallow-stilted-take-on-relationships-review-bollywood-14970270.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140428154638/http://www.sify.com/movies/pyaar-ka-punchnama-review-shallow-stilted-take-on-relationships-review-bollywood-14970270.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 April 2014|website=[[Sify]]|author=Chopra, Sonia|date=18 May 2011|access-date=2 April 2012}}{{Rating|1.5|5}}</ref>

==Awards==
* ''Pyaar Ka Punchnama'' was screened at the Indian Film Festival in Berlin and was widely appreciated by the audience.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/pyaar-ka-punchnama-at-film-festival-at-berlin/articleshow/15599733.cms|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103071838/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-08-22/cinema/33321739_1_pyaar-ka-punchnama-pyaar-ka-punchnama-producer-abhishek-pathak|url-status=live|archive-date=3 January 2013|title=Pyaar Ka Punchnama at Film Festival at Berlin|date=22 August 2012|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=23 November 2012}}</ref>
* It got a roaring applause at a special screening in a director's cut section in October 2012, held at the annual cultural fest of [[Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur|IIT Kanpur]], Antaragini 2012.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.timesofindia.com/city/kanpur/Antaragni-12-at-IIT-Kanpur-from-Oct-11-to-14/articleshow/16731504.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130528113213/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-10-09/kanpur/34341757_1_iit-kanpur-band-festival-chairman |url-status=live |archive-date=28 May 2013 |title=Antaragni-'12 at IIT-Kanpur from 11 to 14 Oct|date=9 October 2012|work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=23 November 2012}}</ref>
* [[4th Mirchi Music Awards]]: [[Mirchi Music Award for Upcoming Music Composer of The Year|Upcoming Music Composer of The Year]] – Hitesh Sonik for "Baanwre" – Nominated<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.radiomirchi.com/mma2011/hindi/nominees.php|title=Nominations – Mirchi Music Award Hindi 2011|date=30 January 2013|access-date=24 May 2018|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130130161203/http://www.radiomirchi.com/mma2011/hindi/nominees.php|archive-date=30 January 2013}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
All lyrics have been written by [[Luv Ranjan]].

* "Life Sahi Hai"
**Singers :- [[Benny Dayal]], [[Vishal Dadlani]], [[KK (singer)|KK]], Sid Cuotto; Composer :- [[Clinton Cerejo]]
* "Chak Glassy"
** Singer :- [[Suzanne D'Mello]]; Composer :- AD Boyz
* "Baawre"
**Singer :- [[Clinton Cerejo]]; Composer :- Hitesh Sonik
* "Koi Aa Raha"
**Singer :- [[Suraj Jagan]]; Composer :- Hitesh Sonik
* "Ban Gaya Kutta"
**Singer :- [[Mika Singh]]; Composer :- Luv Ranjan
* "Ishq Na Kariyo Kaake"
**Singer :- [[Mika Singh]]; Composer :- [[Clinton Cerejo]]

==Sequel==
[[Pyaar Ka Punchnama 2]] is a standalone sequel to the film. The sequel is directed by Luv Ranjan and produced by Viacom 18 Motion Pictures and Panorama Studios Production. The film stars Kartik Aaryan, Omkar Kapoor, Sunny Singh, Nushrat Bharucha, Ishita Raj Sharma and Sonnalli Seygall. It was released on 16 October 2015.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|1926313}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama movie|pyaar-ka-punchnama}}

{{Luv Ranjan}}
{{Vaicom18 Studios}}

[[Category:2011 films]]
[[Category:2010s buddy comedy films]]
[[Category:2011 romantic comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:2011 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Luv Ranjan]]
[[Category:Films scored by Clinton Cerejo]]
[[Category:Films scored by Hitesh Sonik]]
[[Category:Indian buddy comedy films]]
[[Category:Viacom18 Studios films]]
[[Category:Panorama Studios films]]

Coalition

2026-02-28T19:35:09Z

CarlotaMacadam7: enhance details for clarity per standard format

{{short description|Group that agrees to work together to achieve a common goal}}
{{about|the term "coalition" in general|governments|Coalition government||Coalition (disambiguation)}}
A '''coalition''' is formed when two or more people or groups temporarily work together to achieve a common goal. The term is most frequently used to denote a formation of power in [[political]], [[military]], or [[Economy|economic]] spaces.<ref>Coalition International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences. Ed. William A. Darity, Jr. Vol. 1, 2nd ed. Detroit: Macmillan Reference USA, 2008. p. 586–587.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/coalition|title="Coalition." ''Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary''|website=Merriam-Webster Dictionary|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170427101159/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/coalition|archive-date=2017-04-27|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Mehrabi |first=Weiss |date=2023-01-01 |title=COALITION OF THE ENDING: WHY STATES WITHDRAW FROM INTERNATIONAL MILITARY COALITIONS |url=https://uknowledge.uky.edu/polysci_etds/42 |journal=Theses and Dissertations--Political Science |doi=10.13023/etd.2023.134}}</ref>

== Formation ==
According to ''A Guide for Political Parties'' published by the [[National Democratic Institute]] and the [[Oslo Center]] for Peace and Human Rights, there are five steps to coalition building.<ref>{{cite web |title=Coalitions: A Guide for Political Parties |url=https://www.ndi.org/coalitions-guide |website=www.ndi.org |date=27 October 2015}}</ref> The first step in coalition building involves ''developing a party strategy'' that will prepare for successful negotiation. The more effort parties place on this step, the more likely they are to identify strategic partners, negotiate a good deal and avoid some of the common mistakes associated with coalition building.

The second step is ''negotiating a coalition''. Based on the strategy that each party has prepared, the parties come together to negotiate and reach an agreement on the coalition terms. Depending on the context and objectives of the coalition, these negotiations may be completely secret or partially public. While some issues may be agreed on with relative ease, others may be more contentious and require different approaches to reach compromise.

As negotiation concludes, the agreement between political parties needs to be formally sealed. This third step includes finalizing a written agreement, securing formal approval of the deal from the relevant structures of the coalition's member parties and announcing the coalition details to the general public. The next step involves ''working in coalition''. As the coalition partners begin working to implement their agreement, they will need to maintain good relations by continuing efforts to increase or sustain trust and communication among the member parties. Each party will also need to find a balance between respecting its obligations to the coalition and maintaining its individual identity.

The final step is to ''identify lessons learned''. Regardless of whether it plans to move forward alone or in another coalition, it is important for each party to review and document lessons learned from each coalition-building experience. This will make it possible to get a clearer picture of the positive and negative impacts of coalition-building on the party and to identify lessons learned that can inform any future coalition-building efforts.

Coalitions manifest in a variety of forms, types, and terms of duration.<ref>{{cite book|title=The New Transnational Activism|url=https://archive.org/details/newtransnational00tarr|url-access=limited|last=Tarrow|first=Sidney|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2005|isbn=9780521851305|location=New York|pages=[https://archive.org/details/newtransnational00tarr/page/n187 168]}}</ref> Campaign coalitions are high intensity and involve long-term cooperation. Federations are characterized by a relatively lower degree of involvement, intensity, and participation, also involving long-term cooperation but with members' primary commitment remaining with their own entities. Instrumental coalitions have low-intensity involvement without a foundation to mediate conflict. Finally, event-based coalitions are those that have a high level of involvement and the potential for future collaboration.

In contrast to [[alliance]]s, coalitions may be termed ''partnerships of unequals'', since comparative political, economic, and military might, as well as the extent to which a nation is prepared to commit to the coalition, dictate influence. Coalitions can often occur as unplanned responses to situations of danger, uncertainty, or extraordinary events, directed at interim objectives.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=The Oxford Handbook of War|last=Graham|first=Andrew|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2012|isbn=9780199562930|editor-last=Lindley-French|editor-first=Julian|location=Great Clarendon Street, Oxford|editor-last2=Boyer|editor-first2=Yves}}</ref>

== Function ==
Coalitions can be classified as internal or external. Internal coalitions consist of people who are already in an organization, such as a workplace.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=http://0-go.galegroup.com.ignacio.usfca.edu/ps/i.do?p=GVRL&sw=w&u=usfca_gleeson&v=2.1&it=r&id=GALE%7CCX3719500085&asid=80841f8b4f50ad451e64d11ad5074e69|title=Encyclopedia of Public Relations|last1=Gallicano|last2=McComas|first1=Tiffany|first2=Katherine|publisher=SAGE Publications, Inc.|year=2013|location=Thousand Oaks, CA|pages=126–129}}{{Dead link|date=July 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> For example, a [[trade union]] is a type of coalition formed to represent employees' wages, benefits, and working conditions. Without this unity between employees, workers may be subjugated to harsh working environments and low pay due to no practical regulations.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Why unions are good for workers—especially in a crisis like COVID-19: 12 policies that would boost worker rights, safety, and wages|url=https://www.epi.org/publication/why-unions-are-good-for-workers-especially-in-a-crisis-like-covid-19-12-policies-that-would-boost-worker-rights-safety-and-wages/|access-date=2021-08-16|website=Economic Policy Institute|language=en-US}}</ref> Often, organizations prefer to meet with members of their respective internal coalitions before implementing changes in the workplace to ensure support.<ref name=":0" />

In contrast, external coalitions consist of people that are members of different organizations who collaborate their efforts to achieve an overall objective.<ref name=":0" /> For example, in order to prevent gun violence and advocate gun control, several groups, unions, and nonprofit organizations banded together to form the [[Coalition to Stop Gun Violence]]. External coalitions base their confidence in gaining credibility on inviting unlikely partners who wish to attain the same end goal, even if the reasons to achieve the goal differ.<ref name=":0" />

== Use ==

=== Government and politics ===
{{party politics}}
[[Coalition government]]s are coalitions of legislative groups to form governments. Most typical analyses of coalitions in politics deal with the formation of multiparty [[cabinets]] in parliamentary regimes.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|title=International Encyclopedia of Political Science|author-link1=Josep Colomer|last=Colomer|first=Josep|publisher=Sage Publications|year=2011|isbn=9781412959636|editor-last=Badie|editor-first=Bertrand|location=Thousand Oaks, CA|pages=287|editor-last2=Berg-Schlosser|editor-first2=Dirk|editor-last3=Morlino|editor-first3=Leonardo}}</ref> In Germany, every administration has been a multiparty coalition since the conclusion of the Second World War{{Snd}}an example of coalition government creation in a parliamentary system. When different winning coalitions can be formed in a parliament, the party composition of the government may depend on the bargaining power of each party and the presence or lack of a [[dominant party]].<ref name=":2" />

Groups of political entities can be called [[parliamentary group]]s or [[caucus]]es.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/parliament-101-what-s-a-caucus-anyway-1.2515858|title=What's a caucus anyway? 3 things to know|website=Cbc.ca|access-date=19 December 2017}}</ref> Fluid coalitions, which change with each vote, exist in the [[European Parliament]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://aei.pitt.edu/97364/1/wp75_marie.pdf |title=European Parliament: Is the grand coalition really a thing of the past? |first=Awenig |last=Marié |date=2019 }}</ref> and [[Federal Assembly (Switzerland)|Swiss parliament]] to pass legislation.

Pre-election coalitions due to [[electoral threshold]]s are also called [[electoral alliance]]s.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ibenskas |first=Raimondas |date=2016 |title=Understanding Pre-electoral Coalitions in Central and Eastern Europe |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/british-journal-of-political-science/article/abs/understanding-preelectoral-coalitions-in-central-and-eastern-europe/5B610C64724485B9CE0CDB54B8081F88 |journal=British Journal of Political Science |language=en |volume=46 |issue=4 |pages=743–761 |doi=10.1017/S0007123414000544 |issn=0007-1234}}</ref>

=== International relations ===
[[Image:Diagrama BASIC, BRICS, G5, IBAS.svg|thumb|300px|Diagram of some international coalitions established by {{flag|Brazil}}, {{flag|China}}, {{flag|India}}, {{flag|Mexico}}, {{flag|Russia}} and {{flag|South Africa}}: [[BASIC countries|BASIC]], [[BRICS]], [[Group of Five|G5]] and [[IBSA Dialogue Forum|IBSA]]]]
The temporary collaboration of two or more separate parties with a set goal and common purpose can be viewed as a coalition in [[international relations]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/coalition|title=Coalition POLITICS AND INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS|last=Fogarty|first=Edward|date=February 7, 2013|website=www.britannica.com/topic/coalition|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170428145302/https://www.britannica.com/topic/coalition|archive-date=2017-04-28|url-status=live}}</ref> Coalition competitions are represented in international political dynamics.<ref name="foo-bar">{{cite journal|last2=McDermott|first2=Rose|last3=Petersen|first3=Michael Bang|date=Fall 2011|title=States in Mind: Evolution, Coalitional Psychology, and International Politics|journal=International Security|volume=36|pages=48–83|doi=10.1162/ISEC_a_00056|last1=Lopez|first1=Anthony C.|number=2|s2cid=57562816}}</ref> A coalition can be an ''[[ad hoc]]'' grouping of nations united for specific purposes.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TuAABAAAQBAJ&q=a+coalition+can+be+an+%27'ad+hoc%27'+grouping+of+nations+united+for+specific+purposes.&pg=PT122|title=Essential Concepts Of Global Environmental Governance|last2=Orsini|first2=Amandine|date=2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-82246-6|location=New York, NY|last1=Morin|first1=Jean-Frédéric|access-date=26 April 2017}}</ref> Although persons and groups form coalitions for many and varied reasons, the most common purpose is to combat a common threat or to take advantage of a certain opportunity, resulting in the often temporary nature of coalitions. The common threat or existence of opportunity is what gives rise to the coalition and allows it to exist as all parties involved see the benefit in working together. Such collaborative processes allow the actors of the coalition to approach a common goal or accomplish the same task.<ref>{{cite journal|last2=Whittier|first2=Nancy|date=May 1994|title=Social Movement Spillover|url=https://campus.fsu.edu/bbcswebdav/institution/academic/social_sciences/sociology/Reading%20Lists/Stratification%20(Politics%20and%20Social%20Movements)%20Copies%20of%20Articles%20from%202009/Meyer-SocialProblems-1994.pdf|journal=Society for the Study of Social Problems|last1=Meyer|first1=David|volume=41|issue=2|pages=277–298|access-date=26 April 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170426152135/https://campus.fsu.edu/bbcswebdav/institution/academic/social_sciences/sociology/Reading%20Lists/Stratification%20(Politics%20and%20Social%20Movements)%20Copies%20of%20Articles%20from%202009/Meyer-SocialProblems-1994.pdf|archive-date=26 April 2017|doi=10.2307/3096934|jstor=3096934}}</ref> The behavior and dynamics of coalitions in international relations are created by commonalities and differences within the groups joining together. [[Rationality]], [[group dynamics]], and [[gender]] are all contributing factors of coalitional behaviors in an [[international security]] framework.<ref>{{cite journal|last2=Enayati Hatkehlui|first2=B.|last3=Kazemi|first3=A.|date=2014|title=The Relationship between Organizational Culture Factors and Employees' Group Dynamics: Case Study of General Office of Education in Mazandaran Province|url=http://mgmt.iaufb.ac.ir/?_action=articleInfo&article=10719|journal=Journal of Industrial Strategic Management|volume=11|issue=35|pages=35–48|last1=Kazemi|first1=S.|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170427100431/http://mgmt.iaufb.ac.ir/?_action=articleInfo&article=10719|archive-date=2017-04-27}}</ref>

=== Economics ===
Economic agents can form coalitions.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EU3WSYH2kdUC&q=Economic+agents+can+form+coalitions.&pg=PA81|title=The Endogenous Formation of economic coalitions|date=2003|publisher=Edward Elgar Publishing Limited|isbn=1-84376265-X|location=Northampton Massachusetts|last1=Carlo|first1=Carraro|access-date=26 April 2017}}</ref> When a coalition is formed around economic goals, the reasoning is financial. In economics, when two opposing sectors, such as a buyer and seller or two sellers, come together, it can be thought of as a coalition in the denotative sense, as the two groups come together temporarily to achieve a goal.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/coalition.html|title=What is a coalition? definition and meaning|website=business dictionary|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170429000134/http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/coalition.html|archive-date=2017-04-29|url-status=live}}</ref> One example would be the 1997 deal between [[Microsoft]] and [[Apple Inc.|Apple]]. The deal consisted of Microsoft rescuing the then-struggling Apple with a cash infusion of $150 million.<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.wired.com/2009/08/dayintech_0806/|title=August 6, 1997: Apple Rescued — by Microsoft|last=ABELL|first=JOHN|date=August 6, 2009|magazine=Wired|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307212929/http://www.wired.com/2009/08/dayintech_0806/|archive-date=2016-03-07|url-status=live}}</ref> Unions can be viewed as coalitions of workers, usually of the same job sector. When the agents considered are countries, the formation of an international treaty (e.g. [[trade agreements]] or international [[environmental agreements]]) can also be seen as a coalition. In economics, a coalition's formation and its stability is mostly studied using [[game theory]].

=== Civil society ===
In [[civil society]], a coalition denotes a group effort or a population of people coming together who believe strongly in their cause. The term also describes alliances between civil society organizations, such as labor unions, community organizations, and religious institutions. In France for example, workers from different sectors and unions band together to aid each other in communicating a point. This coalition of unions is often very effective as it can cause massive inconvenience to the country.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://0-eds.b.ebscohost.com.ignacio.usfca.edu/eds/detail/detail?vid=2&sid=0bab5a4f-60d7-4a9e-9ed9-d3852566e2cd%40sessionmgr120&hid=111&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWRzLWxpdmUmc2NvcGU9c2l0ZQ%3d%3d#AN=edsgcl.454076221&db=edsgij|title=CNN Wire. June 2, 2016|work=CNN Newsource Sales, Inc.}}{{Dead link|date=July 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The formation of coalitions such as the [[Community-Labor Coalition]] have proven to be an important strategy for social change in many contexts.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nhi.org/online/issues/101/simmons.html|title=Community Labor Coalitions|last=Pitcoff|first=Winton|website=www.nhi.org|date=September 1998|access-date=2017-04-26|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150706010032/http://www.nhi.org/online/issues/101/simmons.html|archive-date=2015-07-06}}</ref> In social groups, a coalition often forms from private citizens uniting behind a common goal or purpose, sometimes within a coalitional identity. Many of these private citizen groups form grassroots organizations, such as the [[Christian Coalition of America|Christian Coalition]], which is the largest grassroots political group in the US.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cc.org|title=About Us|website=www.cc.org/about_us|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080304131053/http://www.cc.org/|archive-date=2008-03-04|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Activist]] groups in civil society are also viewed as coalitions for their respective cause. These activists are joined together by their belief in what they want to achieve or accomplish.

=== Military ===
{{Seealso|Military alliance}}

Military coalitions can be built and united under a singular power by multiple states and governments. They are fluid in terms of membership{{snd}}not only does a country not have to have been a traditional ally to join a coalition, but nations can join, vary their contributions and caveats, withdraw, and be replaced by new members as the situation changes or national agendas change.<ref name=":1" /> The expansion of assets accessible to member nations to perform military operations is a crucial attribute of coalitions. In many ways, coalition warfare serves to make the crafting of a peace more difficult than winning the war itself.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Encyclopedia of Military Science|last=Hardy|first=Travis|publisher=SAGE Reference|year=2013|isbn=978-1-78402-464-2|editor-last=Piehler|editor-first=Kurt|location=Thousand Oaks, CA}}</ref> An example of such a coalition happened after World War I during the 1919 [[Versailles Peace Conference]], when the Allied powers attempted to reach a peace agreement.

Examples of military coalitions include the [[Coalition of the Gulf War]], when George H. W. Bush ended Saddam Hussein's aggression in the Middle East by enlisting and leading a military coalition in the 1991 Gulf War's [[Operation Desert Storm]]<ref>{{Cite book|title=Encyclopaedia Judaica|last1=Atkin|first1=Maurice|last2=Gartner|first2=Lloyd|last3=Geldman |first3=Arden|last4=Kenen|first4=Isaiah|last5=Rader Marcus|first5=Jacob|last6=Temkin|first6=Sefton|publisher=Macmillan Reference|year=2007|isbn=978-0-02-865928-2|editor-last=Berenbaum|editor-first=Michael|location=Detroit, Michigan, USA.|editor-last2=Skolnik|editor-first2=Fred}}</ref> as well as his son George W. Bush's efforts in the [[Coalition of the willing (Iraq War)|Coalition of the Willing]], a phrase employed during the 2003 campaign for the [[Iraq War|war in Iraq]] led by the US and its allies. A contemporary example is the United Nations [[Coalition intervention in Libya|coalition]] that intervened in the [[2011 Libyan civil war|2011 Libyan Civil War]] against [[Muammar Gaddafi]]. For coalitions to be effective in principle or in action, participating nations have tended to require a single overpowering threat{{Snd}}perhaps to freedom or a way of life or a crucial national interest{{Snd}}or the presence of a single despotic figure or regime whose continued existence is considered not only abhorrent to the generality of nations but also destabilizing to the region or world order.<ref name=":1" />

=== Mathematics ===
In mathematics, the term ''coalition'' is linked to an equation which uses the coalition model for exponential population growth. This analytical equation was first published by mathematician [[Pierre François Verhulst]] in 1838 to allow for the approximation of the world's population at a given time by applying differential and integral techniques.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.maa.org/press/periodicals/loci/joma/world-population-growth-the-coalition-model|title=World Population Growth - The Coalition Model|last=Smith|last2=Moore|first=David|first2=Lawrence|website=Mathematical Association of America|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170428104535/http://www.maa.org/press/periodicals/loci/joma/world-population-growth-the-coalition-model|archive-date=2017-04-28|url-status=live}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Collaborative leadership]]
* [[Multi-party system]]
* [[Popular front]]
* [[Syndicate]]
* [[United front]]
* [[List of countries with coalition governments]]
* ''[[The Evolution of Cooperation]]'' by Robert Axelrod

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Wiktionary-inline}}
{{Coalition Spectrum navbox}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Coalitions| ]]
[[Category:Diplomacy]]
[[Category:Cooperative games]]

Umchung

2026-02-28T08:07:57Z

CarlotaMacadam7: started info

{{Short description|Village in Sikkim, India}}
{{Orphan|date=January 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Umchung
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Sikkim#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Sikkim, India
| coordinates = {{coord|27.2784|88.2718|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Sikkim]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Gyalshing district|Gyalshing]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 1225
| population_total = 2035
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[Nepali language|Nepali]], [[Bhutia language|Bhutia]], [[Lepcha language|Lepcha]], [[Limbu language|Limbu]], [[Newari language|Newari]], [[Kiranti languages|Rai]], [[Gurung language|Gurung]], [[Sherpa language|Sherpa]], [[Tamang language|Tamang]] and [[Sunwar language|Sunwar]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 737111<ref>{{cite web |title=Umchung Pincode |url=https://www.postalindia.in/737111 |website=postalindia.in |access-date=19 July 2022 |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref>
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 03595
| registration_plate = SK-02
| website =
| footnotes =
| area_total_ha = 223.85
}}
'''Umchung''' is a census village in [[West Sikkim district]], [[Sikkim]], [[India]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Koteswar Rao |first=N |title=Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies: Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Bihar, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Orissa, Sikkim, Tripura, West Bengal |last2=Rajitha |first2=G |publisher=Arise Publishers |year=2008 |location=New Delhi, India |pages=321 |language=English}}</ref> According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Umchung village has a total population of 2,035 people including 1,050 males and 985 females.<ref>{{cite web |title=Primary census abstract at town, village and ward level, Sikkim - District West District - 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/6433/download/9510/DDW_PCA1102_2011_MDDS%20with%20UI.xlsx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220719234548/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/6433/download/9510/DDW_PCA1102_2011_MDDS%20with%20UI.xlsx |archive-date=19 July 2022 |access-date=19 July 2022 |website=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Gyalshing district]]

{{Sikkim-geo-stub}}

Shantichitra

2026-02-27T03:24:45Z

CarlotaMacadam7: started data.

{{short description|Indian academic and author (born 1978)}}
{{Infobox writer
|name = Shantichitra
|image =
|birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1978|4|24}}
|birth_place = [[Chennai]], India
|language = English
| education = Ph.D., M.Phil., M.A
| alma_mater = [[Bharathidasan University]]
| occupation = Author, Professor
|genre = [[Fiction]], [[Philosophy]]
|notableworks = [[The Fractals]]<ref>The Fractals, {{ISBN|978-1-948372-77-0}}</ref> and Lonely Marriages {{ISBN|978-1-948473-49-1}}
| relatives = [[Karunakaran (actor)|Karunakaran]] (brother)
}}

'''Shantichitra''' (born 24 April 1978) is an Indian academic and author, known for her 2016 novel, [[The Fractals]]. Which was republished by Notionpress in the year 2018. Her second novel is 'Lonely Marriages'which was also published in the year 2018 marks a special place for her in the genre of novels . Apart from writing novels she has written numerous short stories for newspapers and magazines and has published research papers on various literary and other critical fields such as [[phenomenology (philosophy)|phenomenology]] and [[existentialism]].

Since 2012 she is the Head of the English Department at [[SRM Institute of Science and Technology]], Chennai.

==Early life and education==
Shantichitra was born to a former RAW agent in Chennai. Due to her father's job transfers, she spent a part of her childhood in Nagaland and she was then brought up to Delhi where she completed her schooling. Having travelled to several parts of India, her interests in cultures and psychology emerged. She moved back to Chennai and pursued a career in higher education. She decided to study Counselling and Psychotherapy after her post graduation qualification in literature from Holy Cross [[Bharathidasan University]] in 2002.

She completed her doctorate in English literature at Bishop Heber College, [[Bharathidasan University]] in 2011.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.srmuniv.ac.in/sites/default/files/downloads/srujanlok.pdf |title=???? 2016 |website=[[SRM Institute of Science and Technology|SRM University]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160530200709/http://www.srmuniv.ac.in/sites/default/files/downloads/srujanlok.pdf |archive-date=30 May 2016}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Shantichitra is the sister of Tamil film actor [[Karunakaran (actor)|Karunakaran]].

==Professional life==
She worked as a literature teacher for several years before turning her hand into fiction. She has been serving the post of Head of the English Department at [[SRM Institute of Science and Technology]] since August 2012.<ref name=srm>[http://www.srmuniv.ac.in/content/k-shantichitra Dr. K. Shantichitra] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190409180446/http://www.srmuniv.ac.in/content/k-shantichitra |date=9 April 2019 }}, SRM University, Retrieved 24 April 2016</ref>

==Achievements==
She was awarded with first place in M.Phil. at Bishop Heber college.<ref name=srm/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}

[[Category:1978 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian women novelists]]
[[Category:Writers from Chennai]]

Ankur (film)

2026-02-23T08:31:57Z

CarlotaMacadam7: Made A Stub Added Tags!

{{short description|1974 film by Shyam Benegal}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Ankur: The Seedling
|native_name =
| image = Ankur film poster.gif
| caption = Film poster
| director = [[Shyam Benegal]]
| producer = Lalit M. Bijlani, Freni Variava; Blaze Film Enterprises
| writer = Shyam Benegal ''(Screenplay)'' [[Satyadev Dubey]] ''(Dialogue)''
| starring = [[Anant Nag]] [[Shabana Azmi]] [[Sadhu Meher]] [[Priya Tendulkar]] Kader Ali Beg [[Dalip Tahil]]
| music = [[Vanraj Bhatia]]
| cinematography = [[Govind Nihalani]] Kamath Ghanekar<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080516205015/http://movies.nytimes.com/movie/144218/Ankur/overview Ankur (1974) - Cast and Credits] ''[[The New York Times]]''.</ref>
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1974|09|24}}
| runtime = 125 minutes
| country = India
| language = Dakhani
}}
'''Ankur''' (English: ''The Seedling'') is a 1974 Indian [[Hindi|Hindi-language]] [[drama film]] directed by [[Shyam Benegal]] in his directorial debut<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bureau |first=The Hindu |date=2024-12-24 |title=From ‘Ankur’ to ‘Kalyug’, the best films of Shyam Benegal |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/from-ankur-to-kalyug-the-best-films-of-shyam-benegal/article69021607.ece |access-date=2026-02-22 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>. The film features [[Anant Nag]] and [[Shabana Azmi]], both in their acting debuts<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-03-06 |title=Ankur (1974) {{!}} Art House Cinema |url=https://www.arthousecinema.in/2014/03/ankur-1974/ |access-date=2026-02-22 |language=en-US}}</ref>. Though Shabana Azmi had acted in other films as well, ''Ankur'' was her first release.<ref>[http://www.asiasource.org/news/special_reports/azmi.cfm Shabana Azmi interview] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070202070430/http://www.asiasource.org/news/special_reports/azmi.cfm |date=2 February 2007 }}</ref>

Like later Benegal's films, ''Ankur'' belongs to the genre of Indian art films, or more precisely, Indian [[parallel cinema]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/opinion-entertainment/parallel-cinema-movies-6375603/|title=Our ultimate guide to the 1970-80s parallel cinema gems|work=The Indian Express|date=5 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/films/story/19760415-a-case-for-the-parallel-cinema-819111-2015-04-03|title=A case for the parallel cinema|publisher=India Today|date=3 April 2015}}</ref> The plot is based on a true story that occurred in [[Hyderabad district (India)|Hyderabad]], apparently in the 1950s.<ref name="redhot">{{cite web
|publisher=Red Hot Country
|work=Bollywood Films
|url=http://www.redhotcurry.com/entertainment/films/bollywood/ankur.htm
|title=Ankur
|url-status=dead
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061021153316/http://www.redhotcurry.com/entertainment/films/bollywood/ankur.htm
|archivedate=21 October 2006
}}
</ref> The film was shot in Hyderabad.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/ankur-1974/article3918198.ece|title=Blast from the Past, Ankur (1974)|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=20 September 2012}}</ref> and filmed almost entirely on location.

''Ankur'' won three [[National Film Awards]] and 43 other prizes, both in [[India]] and abroad. It was nominated for the [[Golden Bear]] at the [[24th Berlin International Film Festival]].

This film includes one [[flagellation|whipping]] scene and more [[profanity]] than is usually found in Indian films.

==Plot==
''Ankur'' analyzes [[human behaviour]] in general and heavily stresses [[characterisation]] (though the story is not fictional).

Lakshmi lives in a village with her husband Kishtayya, a [[deaf-mute]] [[alcoholism|alcoholic]] [[pottery|potter]] who communicates using [[gesture]]s. The couple is poor and belongs to the lowly [[Dalit]] caste. Lakshmi attends a village festival and prays faithfully to the Goddess, stating that her only desire in life is to have a child.

Surya, the son of the village [[landlord]], had just finished his studies in the nearby city of [[Hyderabad (India)|Hyderabad]] and arrives back home. Surya's father has a [[mistress (lover)|mistress]] named Kaushalya with whom he has an [[illegitimacy|illegitimate]] son named Pratap. Surya's father claims to have given Kaushalya "the best land in the village", a gift which serves as both a token of his affection and also keeps Kaushalya quiet and satisfied. Surya is forced by his father into a [[child marriage]] with the underaged Saru and begins to feel extremely [[sexual frustration|sexually frustrated]] due to the fact that they cannot have sex until Saru reaches [[puberty]].

Surya reluctantly takes over the administrative responsibilities of his share of land in the village. Alone, he moves into a different, older house, and Lakshmi and Kishtayya are sent as his [[servant]]s. Not long after his arrival, he begins to exert his authority by introducing a number of different laws and measures, many of which are controversial among the village people. Almost immediately, Surya starts to form an attraction towards Lakshmi and gives her the task of cooking his meals and serving him tea. This does not sit well with the village priest, a man who traditionally delivers food to the landowner, though at a higher price than Lakshmi asks.

Surya also hires Kishtayya to ride his [[bullock cart]] and run his errands. The following day, he has Kishtayya collect [[fertilizer]] from the landlord's house. Surya then uses Kishtayya's absence to [[flirting|flirt]] with Lakshmi, but she fails to reciprocate. In the meantime, the villagers have begun to gossip, and many (most notably the overseer, Police Officer Patel Sheikh Chand) believe that Surya has already slept with Lakshmi, and will act in the same way that his father did: try to conceal the scandal by giving his mistress a vast plot of land.

Kishtayya is caught stealing [[palm wine|toddy]], after which he is publicly humiliated, and he decides to leave the village due to the embarrassment. In his absence, Surya and Lakshmi sleep together. Some time later, Saru arrives at the village in order to live with her husband. She does not approve of Lakshmi's presence, partly because Lakshmi is a Dalit and partly because Saru has heard the villagers' [[Rumor|rumours]]. The next morning, Lakshmi has [[morning sickness]], and Saru [[termination of employment|fires]] her, claiming that she is too sick to work.

Many days go by, and eventually Kishtayya returns, having cured himself of his alcoholism and made some money. Lakshmi is overwhelmed with a feeling of [[guilt (emotion)|guilt]], because she believes that she has betrayed her husband. On discovering Lakshmi's [[pregnancy]], he salutes the village goddess at her temple, acknowledging that his wife's wish has been granted. He then decides to return to work and hopefully ride the bullock cart once again for Surya. Surya sees Kishtayya and mistakenly believes that Kishtayya is seeking [[revenge]] from him due to his infidelity with Lakshmi.

Surya orders three men to grab hold of Kishtayya and then proceeds to [[flagellation|whip]] him with a rope used for [[lynching]]. The commotion attracts others, including Sheikh Chand and Pratap, to the scene, and Lakshmi rushes to defend her husband. She angrily [[curse]]s Surya, then slowly returns home with Kishtayya. In the final scene, after the others have left, a young child throws a stone at Surya's glass window and runs away.

==Cast==
* [[Anant Nag]] as Surya
* [[Shabana Azmi]] as Lakshmi
* Mirza Qadir Ali Baig as Surya's father
* Prafullata Natu as Surya's mother
* [[Priya Tendulkar]] as Saru
* [[Sadhu Meher]] as Kishtaya
* [[Dalip Tahil]]
* Agha Mohammed Hussain as Sheik Chand

==Production==
Anant Nag was introduced by Benegal in Hindi films after his higher education in Mumbai. [[Shabana Azmi]], a fresh graduate from [[Film and Television Institute of India]], [[Pune]] (FTII), was not the first choice for the role of Lakshmi. Benegal had earlier approached [[Waheeda Rehman]], [[Anju Mahendru]], and [[Sharada (actress)|Sharada]], all of whom had refused his offer. Thereafter, he chose Shabana Azmi; he had to alter the script a bit to suit the younger-looking Lakshmi.<ref>[http://www.upperstall.com/films/1973/ankur Ankur Review] ''Upperstall.com''.</ref>

==Music==
Being an Indian art film, ''Ankur'' is a "straight" feature without musical sequences. However, Surya plays parts of two records over the course of the film. The first recording consists of the third stanza of the song "Yahi To Hai Woh" by Mohd. Rafi from ''Solvan Saal'' (1958). The fourth stanza is then played in the background while Surya talks to Lakshmi.

The film also includes several scenes in which villagers sing folk songs, mostly in [[Telugu language|Telugu]].

==Reception==
The film was both a commercial and critical success. The film's producer, Lalit M. Bijlani, who produced the film for just five lakhs rupees, went on to make one crore with its release.<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20110716112132/http://www.southasiancinema.com/reviews.htm Benegal, Nihalani & Mirza]}} www.southasiancinema.com.</ref> {{Rotten Tomatoes prose|score=100|count=8|average=8|ref=yes}}

The ''[[The Independent|Independent]]'' noted "the deeply impressive lead performance by Shabana Azmi demonstrates Ankur as one of the most mature and compelling films the Indian cinema has to offer".<ref>[http://www.cinematical.com/2007/09/07/rvbs-after-images-ankur-1974-by-shyam-benegal/ Ankur 1974 Review]</ref> For the ''[[Time Out (company)|Time Out]]'' reviewer, the film "recalled the modest realism of [[Satyajit Ray]]".<ref>[http://www.timeout.com/film/chicago/reviews/78024/the-seedling.html Ankur (1974) Review] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607051810/http://www.timeout.com/film/chicago/reviews/78024/the-seedling.html |date=7 June 2011 }} ''[[Time Out (company)|Time Out]]''.</ref>

==Awards==
* 1975 [[National Film Award for Second Best Feature Film]]: [[Shyam Benegal]]
* 1975 [[National Film Award for Best Actor]]: [[Sadhu Meher]]
* 1975 [[National Film Award for Best Actress]]: [[Shabana Azmi]]
* 1974: [[24th Berlin International Film Festival|Berlin International Film Festival]]: [[Golden Berlin Bear]]: nominated<ref>[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0071145/awards Ankur - Awards] ''[[Internet Movie Database]]''.</ref>

==See also==
* [[Muslim culture of Hyderabad]] (for more examples of Dakhani)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id=0071145|title=Ankur}}
* [https://onlinewatchmovies.blogspot.com/2008/07/ankur-1974-hindi-movie-watch-online.html Excerpts of ''Ankur'']

{{National Film Award Second Best Feature Film}}
{{Shyam Benegal}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ankur (Film)}}
[[Category:1974 films]]
[[Category:1974 drama films]]
[[Category:1974 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Indian films based on actual events]]
[[Category:Films featuring a Best Actress National Award–winning performance]]
[[Category:Films directed by Shyam Benegal]]
[[Category:Films featuring a Best Actor National Award–winning performance]]
[[Category:Indian feudalism]]
[[Category:Films set in Telangana]]
[[Category:Films about the caste system in India]]
[[Category:Films about women in India]]
[[Category:Films shot in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Second Best Feature Film National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Films set in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Films about interclass romance]]
[[Category:Films about landlords]]
[[Category:Urdu-language Indian films]]
[[Category:1970s Urdu-language films]]

Bhensrodgarh Wildlife Sanctuary

2026-02-22T17:06:02Z

CarlotaMacadam7: Made First Entry and Citations!

{{Short description|Protected wetland in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox protected area
| name = Bhensrodgarh Wildlife Sanctuary
| iucn_category = IV
| image =
| image_caption =
| map = Rajasthan#India
| relief = 1
| mapframe = Yes
| map_width =
| label = Bhensrodgarh Wildlife Sanctuary
| label_position = right
| location = [[Chittorgarh district]], [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]
| nearest_city = [[Chittorgarh]], Rajasthan
| coordinates = {{coord|24.8639|75.5264|format=dms|region:IN_dim:20000|display=inline,title}}
| area_km2 = 201.4
| established = 1983
| website =
| visitation_num =
| visitation_year =
| governing_body = Rajasthan State Forest Department
}}
'''Bhensrodgarh Wildlife Sanctuary''' or '''Bhainsrodgarh Wildlife Sanctuary''' is a [[List of wildlife sanctuaries of India|wildlife sanctuary]] situated in the [[Chittorgarh district]] in the Indian state of [[Rajasthan]]. It covers an area of {{convert|201.40|km2|mi2}}.<ref>{{Cite web |title=National Parks and Sanctuaries in Rajasthan |url=https://forest.rajasthan.gov.in/content/raj/forest/en/resources/forest-statistics/general-introduction1/national-parks-and-sanctuaries-in-rajasthan.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241126141656/https://forest.rajasthan.gov.in/content/raj/forest/en/resources/forest-statistics/general-introduction1/national-parks-and-sanctuaries-in-rajasthan.html |archive-date=2024-11-26 |access-date=2024-12-18 |website=forest.rajasthan.gov.in |language=en}}</ref> It was established in 1983.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chouhan |first=T. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OGAsEAAAQBAJ&dq=bhainsrorgarh+1983&pg=PA231 |title=Geography of Rajasthan |date=2020-02-12 |publisher=Scientific Publishers |isbn=978-93-89184-29-7 |pages=231 |language=en}}</ref>

== Wildlife ==
The sanctuary is situated on the catchment area of [[Chambal River|Chambal river]]. The Rehabilitation centre in the sanctuary hosts [[Panthera pardus tulliana|panthers]], [[hyena]]s, [[Jackal|jackals]], [[rabbit]], [[sambar deer]], [[Wildcat|wild cat]], [[scorpion]], grave scorpion, [[nilgai]], [[wild boar]] etc. The Crocodile Point which is part of the Rehabilitation centre hosts [[Crocodile|Crocodiles]] which is a major tourist attraction.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-10-19 |title=पर्यटकों के लिए खुशखबरी: भैंसरोडगढ़ अभयारण्य में मिलेगा जंगल सफारी का मौका, खुले वाहनों में नजदीक से देख सकेंगे वन्यजीव {{!}} Jungle Safari Will begin in Bhainsrorgarh Wildlife Sanctuary |url=https://www.patrika.com/kota-news/jungle-safari-will-begin-in-bhainsrorgarh-wildlife-sanctuary-5243756 |access-date=2024-12-18 |website=Patrika News |language=hi}}</ref>

According to the wildlife department, the sanctuary currently hosts a population of 10 otters, a significant decline compared to their numbers in the 1970s.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-11-02 |title=चंबल में फिर दिखा उदबिलाव का जलवा, 2 परिवार के 10 सदस्यों ने बाढ़ से संघर्ष कर कायम रखा अपना वजूद {{!}} Beaver in Chambal Wild Life Sanctuary |url=https://www.patrika.com/kota-news/beaver-in-chambal-wild-life-sanctuary-5303870?amp=1 |access-date=2024-12-18 |website=Patrika News |language=hi}}</ref> There were 10 leopards in the sanctuary according to the 2010 wildlife census. There are 21 villages located inside the sanctuary.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Sharma |first1=B. K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VU69BAAAQBAJ&dq=Bhainsrodgarh+Wildlife+Sanctuary&pg=PA472 |title=Faunal Heritage of Rajasthan, India: General Background and Ecology of Vertebrates |last2=Kulshreshtha |first2=Seema |last3=Rahmani |first3=Asad R. |date=2013-09-14 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=978-1-4614-0800-0 |pages=472 |language=en}}</ref>

In 2024, it was designated as the second home for Cheetah under the [[Cheetah reintroduction in India|Cheetah Reintroduction plan]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-01-26 |title=Bhainsrorgarh sanctuary to be 2nd home of cheetahs |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhopal/bhainsrorgarh-sanctuary-to-be-2nd-home-of-cheetahs/articleshow/97266395.cms |access-date=2024-12-18 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Chittorgarh district]]
[[Category:Wildlife sanctuaries in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Chittorgarh district]]

{{Udaipurdivision-geo-stub}}
{{India-protected-area-stub}}

Kushinagar Lok Sabha constituency

2026-02-19T02:46:03Z

CarlotaMacadam7:

{{short description|Lok Sabha Constituency in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
| name = Kushinagar {{Small|UP-65}}
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| mp = [[Vijay Kumar Dubey]]
| party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general elections|2024]]
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok Sabha constituencies/2019/Uttar Pradesh/Kushi Nagar.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Kushinagar Lok Sabha constituency
| assembly_cons = [[Khadda Assembly constituency|Khadda]] [[Padrauna Assembly constituency|Padrauna]] [[Kushinagar Assembly constituency|Kushinagar]] [[Hata Assembly constituency|Hata]] [[Ramkola Assembly constituency|Ramkola]]
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image = Vijay Kumar Dubey.jpg
| established = 2008- Present
}}
'''Kushinagar Lok Sabha constituency''' is one of the 80 [[Lok Sabha]] (parliamentary) constituencies in [[Uttar Pradesh]] state in [[India]]. This constituency was created in 2008 as part of the [[Electoral boundary delimitation|delimitation]] of parliamentary constituencies, based on the recommendations of the [[Delimitation Commission of India]] constituted in 2002.

==Assembly segments==
Presently, Kushinagar Lok Sabha constituency comprises Five [[Vidhan Sabha]] (legislative assembly) segments. These are:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/065_PC_Statistics_English.aspx|title=Information and Statistics-Parliamentary Constituencies-65-Kushi Nagar|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Uttar Pradesh website}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! No
! Name
! District
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
! colspan="2" |2024 Lead
|-
|329
|[[Khadda Assembly constituency|Khadda]]
| rowspan="5" |[[Kushinagar district|Kushinagar]]
|Vivek Anand Pandey
|{{party name with color|NISHAD Party}}
|{{party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}
|-
|330
|[[Padrauna Assembly constituency|Padrauna]]
|Manish Jaiswal
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=4}}
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=4}}
|-
|333
|[[Kushinagar Assembly constituency|Kushinagar]]
|[[Panchanand Pathak]]
|-
|334
|[[Hata Assembly constituency|Hata]]
|Mohan Verma
|-
|335
|[[Ramkola Assembly constituency|Ramkola]] (SC)
|Vinay Prakash Gond
|}
Ramkola, Hata and Padrauna assembly segments were earlier in erstwhile [[Padrauna Lok Sabha constituency]].

==Members of Parliament==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member!! colspan="2" |Party
|-
| colspan="4" |{{center|''Till 2009 : Constituency did not exist''}}
|-
| [[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
| [[Ratanjit Pratap Narain Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Indian general election, 2014|2014]]
| [[Rajesh Pandey]]
|rowspan="3"style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| rowspan="3"|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| [[Indian general election, 2019|2019]]
|rowspan="2" | [[Vijay Kumar Dubey|Vijay Dubey]]
|-
| [[Indian general election, 2024|2024]]
|}

==Election results==
===2024===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general elections]]: [[Kushinagar]]<ref name="Kushi Nagar Constituency Lok Sabha Election Results 2014- 2024">{{cite news |title=Kushi Nagar Constituency Lok Sabha Election Results 2014- 2024 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-constituencies/uttar-pradesh/kushi-nagar |access-date=23 June 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250623180207/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-constituencies/uttar-pradesh/kushi-nagar |archive-date=23 June 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Kushi Nagar">{{cite news |title=2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Kushi Nagar |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S2465.htm |access-date=23 June 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250623180134/https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S2465.htm |archive-date=23 June 2025 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Vijay Kumar Dubey]]
|votes = 5,16,345
|percentage = 47.79
|change ={{decrease}}8.90 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Ajay Pratap Singh
|votes = 4,34,555
|percentage = 40.22
|change ={{increase}}15.58 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Subh Narayan Chauhan
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 67,208
|percentage = 6.22
|change ={{increase}}6.22 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = None of the Above
|party = None of the above
|votes = 9,782
|percentage = 0.91
|change ={{increase}}0.12 }}
{{Election box majority|
|votes =81,790
|percentage = 7.57
|change ={{decrease}}24.48 }}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 10,80,483
|percentage =57.62
|change ={{decrease}}2.17 }}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2019===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: [[Kushinagar]] }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Vijay Kumar Dubey]]
|votes = 5,97,039
|percentage = 56.69
|change = {{increase}}17.76
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = N.P. Kushwaha
|votes = 2,59,479
|percentage = 24.64
|change = {{increase}}12.93
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Ratanjit Pratap Narain Singh]]
|votes = 1,46,151
|percentage = 13.88
|change = {{decrease}}16.05
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|party = ADUP
|candidate = Amiruddin
|votes = 8,541
|percentage = 0.81
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Rajiv
|party = Suheldev Bharatiya Samaj Party
|votes = 8,454
|percentage = 0.80
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = 8,297
|percentage = 0.79
|change = {{decrease}}0.27
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 3,37,560
|percentage = 32.05
|change = {{increase}}23.05
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 10,53,309
|percentage = 59.79
|change = {{increase}}3.23
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing = {{increase}}17.76
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: [[Kushinagar]] }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Rajesh Pandey]]
|votes = 3,70,051
|percentage = 38.93
|change = {{increase}}16.74
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Ratanjit Pratap Narain Singh]]
|votes = 2,84,511
|percentage = 29.93
|change = {{decrease}}0.70
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Dr. Sangam Mishra
|votes = 1,32,881
|percentage = 13.98
|change = {{decrease}}13.77
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Radhe Shyam Singh
|votes = 1,11,256
|percentage = 11.71
|change = {{increase}}4.16
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Kashim Ali
|party = Peace Party of India
|votes = 9,024
|percentage = 0.95
|change = {{increase}}0.95
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = 10,102
|percentage = 1.06
|change = {{increase}}1.06
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 85,540
|percentage = 9.00
|change = {{increase}}6.12
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 9,50,792
|percentage = 56.56
|change = {{increase}}5.72
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing = {{increase}}8.30
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2009===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general elections]]: [[Kushinagar]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Ratanjit Pratap Narain Singh]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 2,23,954
|percentage = 30.63
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Swami Prasad Maurya]]
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 2,02,860
|percentage = 27.75
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Vijay Kumar Dubey]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 1,62,189
|percentage = 22.19
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Bramha Shanker Tripathi
|party = Samajwadi Party
|votes = 55,223
|percentage = 7.55
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Kishor Kumar
|party = Indian Peace Party
|votes = 18,726
|percentage = 2.56
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Jangi
|party = Suheldev Bhartiya Samaj Party
|votes = 13,534
|percentage = 1.85
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 21,094
|percentage = 2.88
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 7,31,275
|percentage = 50.84
|change =
}}
{{Election box new seat win|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Padrauna Lok Sabha constituency]]
* [[Kushinagar district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Uttar Pradesh}}
{{Gorakhpur division topics}}

{{Coord|26.9|83.98|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kushi Nagar Lok Sabha constituency}}
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Kushinagar district]]

Ranjay Ray Choudhury

2026-02-10T02:56:13Z

CarlotaMacadam7: Stub

{{Short description|Indian film director, photographer and artist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Ranjay Ray Choudhury
| image = 
| imagesize = 200px
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1979|01|14}}
| birth_place = [[Kolkata]], India
| occupation = director Producer Photographer
| television =
| notable_works = ''[[The Play (film)|The Play]]''
|years_active = 2000–present
|website = http://www.ranjayraychoudhury.com/
}}

'''Ranjay Ray Choudhury''' ({{langx|bn|রণজয় রায় চৌধুরী}}) commonly known as '''Ranjay RC''' is a film director, photographer and artist. He debuted his directorial venture with 2013 Bengali film ''[[The Play (film)|The Play]]''.<ref>{{cite web|title=THE PLAY: A Mystery Murder Thriller Bengali Movie – Preview, Story, Poster, Trailer|url=http://www.washingtonbanglaradio.com/content/34659013-play-mystery-murder-thriller-bengali-movie-preview-story-poster-trailer-wallpaper-w|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130306004311/http://www.washingtonbanglaradio.com/content/34659013-play-mystery-murder-thriller-bengali-movie-preview-story-poster-trailer-wallpaper-w|url-status=usurped|archive-date=6 March 2013|accessdate=3 February 2013}}</ref>

==Career==
Ranjay started his career as an artist and has presented solo painting exhibitions on ''Mahanayak [[Uttam Kumar]]'' (2004)<ref>{{cite web|title=Time out / Art|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1040726/asp/calcutta/story_3537688.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040823113500/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1040726/asp/calcutta/story_3537688.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 August 2004|publisher=The Telegraph|accessdate=26 July 2004}}</ref> and ''[[Michael Jackson]]'' (2009)<ref>{{cite web|title=Timeout/Verse on canvas|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1090904/jsp/calcutta/story_11449510.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140307022522/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1090904/jsp/calcutta/story_11449510.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 March 2014|publisher=The Telegraph|accessdate=4 September 2009}}</ref> at [[Academy of Fine Arts]], Kolkata. At 2010 he shifted to direction with a short film ''32 Canal Street''.<ref>{{cite web|last=Chatterjee|first=Soma.A|title=Unravelling the mystery|url=http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/story_print.php?storyId=1041894|publisher=Express India|accessdate=7 December 2012}}</ref> His first venture of a full-length feature film is the Bengali film ''[[The Play (film)|The Play]]'' in 2013. He also wrote the story and screenplay of this film.<ref>{{cite web|last=Ghosh|first=Madhusree|title=I did not compromise on my vision: Ranjay It took the director two years to realize his big dream|url=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/ml.asp?Ref=VE9JS00vMjAxMy8xMS8zMCNBcjAzNjAy|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140306142255/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/ml.asp?Ref=VE9JS00vMjAxMy8xMS8zMCNBcjAzNjAy|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 March 2014|accessdate=30 November 2013}}</ref> The film features [[Rajesh Sharma (actor)|Rajesh Sharma]], [[Indrasish Roy]], [[Mumtaz Sorcar]], Rajdeep Gupta and Sampurna Chakraborty in the lead roles.<ref>{{cite web|last=Ghosh|first=Debatri|title=Crime,Thriller|url=https://www.ebela.in/paper/16-9-25@02@2013.html|publisher=Ebela|accessdate=25 February 2013}}</ref> The music and the background score of ''The Play'' has been composed by [[Joy Sarkar]].<ref>{{cite web|title="The Play" Bangla Movie: Characters and Story Preview from Dubbing Studio|url=http://www.washingtonbanglaradio.com/content/44688113-play-bangla-movie-characters-and-story-preview-dubbing-studio|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130404085411/http://www.washingtonbanglaradio.com/content/44688113-play-bangla-movie-characters-and-story-preview-dubbing-studio|url-status=usurped|archive-date=4 April 2013|publisher=washingtonbanglaradio|accessdate=4 January 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=New Kolkata Bangla Movie 'The Play' music Launched; "Music to be the film's USP", says music director Joy Sarkar|url=http://www.washingtonbanglaradio.com/content/114850513-new-kolkata-bangla-movie-play-music-launched-music-be-film-s-usp-says-music-direct|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131121012108/http://www.washingtonbanglaradio.com/content/114850513-new-kolkata-bangla-movie-play-music-launched-music-be-film-s-usp-says-music-direct|url-status=usurped|archive-date=21 November 2013|accessdate=2013-11-18}}</ref> The film revolves around a theatre group where the entire theatre group is devastated by a series of murders.<ref>{{cite web|title='The Play' centres round English theatre in Kolkata: Mumtaj|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/the-play-centres-round-english-theatre-in-kolkata-mumtaj-113050201114_1.html|publisher=Business Standard|accessdate=2 May 2013}}</ref> The filming began in December 2012 and was wrapped up by January 2013. The film was released on 6 December 2013.<ref>{{cite web|last=Ghosh|first=Madhusree|title=Tolly stars play it up|url=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Scripting/ArticleWin.asp?From=Archive&Source=Page&Skin=pastissues2&BaseHref=TOIKM/2013/12/09&PageLabel=24&EntityId=Ar02400&ViewMode=HTML|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140306142015/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Scripting/ArticleWin.asp?From=Archive&Source=Page&Skin=pastissues2&BaseHref=TOIKM/2013/12/09&PageLabel=24&EntityId=Ar02400&ViewMode=HTML|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 March 2014|publisher=Times of India|accessdate=9 December 2013}}</ref>

==Filmography==
*2013: ''[[The Play (film)|The Play]]'' || Director

==Videography==
*2014: ''[[Dhana Dhanya Pushpa Bhara (Music Video)|Dhana Dhanya Pushpa Bhara]]'' || Director, Cinematographer
*2015: ''[[I for Independence]]'' || Director, Cinematographer
*2015: ''[[Kotha (Music Video)|Kotha]]'' || Director, Cinematographer
*2016: ''[[Khabor Diyo Hothat kanna Pele (Music Video)|Khabor Diyo Hothat kanna Pele]]'' || Director, Cinematographer
*2016: ''[[Dhaka TO Kolkata (Music Video)|Dhaka TO Kolkata]]'' || Cinematographer
*2016: ''[[Maya (Music Video)|Maya]]'' || Director, Cinematographer
*2017: ''[[Dhulo Hawa Jhare (Music Video)|Dhulo Hawa Jhare]]'' || Director, Cinematographer
*2017: ''[[Du Haath Barie (Music Video)|Du Haath Barie]]'' || Director, Cinematographer
*2017: ''[[Be My Guide (Music Video)|Be My Guide]]'' || Director, Cinematographer
*2017: ''[[Eki Labonye (Music Video)|Eki Labonye]]'' || Cinematographer
*2017: ''[[Krishna Preme (Music Video)|Krishna Preme]]'' || Director, Cinematographer
*2017: ''[[Dosar Rabindranath (Music Video)|Dosar Rabindranath]]'' || Director, Cinematographer
*2018: ''[[O Je Manena Mana (Music Video)|O Je Manena Mana]]'' || Director, Cinematographer
*2018: ''[[Mor Bina (Music Video)|Mor Bina]]'' || Cinematographer
*2018: ''[[Aaro Dao Praan (Music Video)|Aaro Dao Praan]]'' || Cinematographer
*2018: ''[[BHILAI ANTHEM (Music Video)|BHILAI ANTHEM]]'' || Director, Cinematographer
*2018: ''[[Syian Sadan (Music Video)|Syian Sadan]]'' || Director, Cinematographer
*2018: ''[[Bum Chik Chik Bum (Music Video)|Bum Chik Chik Bum]]'' || Director, Cinematographer

==Documentary Film==
*2017: ''[[Ashoka Chakra Karnataka]]'' || Director, Cinematographer

==Short films==
*2015: ''[[I for Independence]]'' || Direction || Cinematographer
*2017: ''[[mayera mitha kotha bole|#mayera mitha kotha bole]]'' || Cinematographer
*2017: ''[[Baba'ra thaake..ei bhaabe..nisshobde..]]'' || Cinematographer
*2017: ''[[Uma (2017 film)|Uma]]'' || Cinematographer
*2018: ''[[Ek bachchan e bohu bachchan]]'' || Direction || Cinematographer
*2019: ''[[50 takar chobi]]'' || Direction || Cinematographer
*2019: ''[[Cold Coffee (film)|Cold Coffee]]'' || Direction || Cinematographer
*2020: ''[[Matri (film)|Matri]]'' || Direction || Cinematographer
*2021: ''[[Vidyang Dehi]]'' || Direction || Cinematographer

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{IMDb name|5762846| Ranjay Ray Chowdhury}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Choudhury, Ranjay Ray}}
[[Category:1979 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Film directors from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Bengali film directors]]
[[Category:Bengali male artists]]

Northern Light Infantry Regiment

2026-02-07T20:34:27Z

CarlotaMacadam7: minor reworked layout per standard format also and corrected details for clarity

{{Short description|Infantry regiment of the Pakistan Army}}
{{Infobox military unit
| unit_name = Northern Light Infantry Regiment
| image = File:Badge of Northern Light Infantry.jpg
| image_size = 240px
| caption = Regimental cap badge of the NLI.
| dates = 1975–present (originally founded in 1913 as the [[Gilgit Scouts]] in [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[British Raj|British India]])
| country = {{flag|Pakistan}}
| allegiance =
| branch = {{Army|PAK}}
| type = [[Light infantry]]
| role = [[Mountain warfare]]
| size = [[Northern Light Infantry Regiment#Units|18 battalions]]
| command_structure =
| garrison = [[Gilgit|Gilgit, Pakistan]]
| garrison_label = Headquarters
| nickname =
| patron =
| motto =
| colors = {{legend2|#00401A|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}{{legend2|#FFFFFF|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}{{legend2|#00BFFF|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
| colors_label = Colours
| march =
| mascot =
| equipment =
| equipment_label =
| battles = {{collapsible list
| titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal;
| title = ''See list''
|'''[[British Indian Army|Colonial Battles]]'''
*{{small|[[Hunza–Nagar Campaign]]}}
|'''[[Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts|Indo-Pakistani Wars and Conflicts]]'''
*{{small|[[Kashmir conflict|Kashmir conflict (1947–present)]]}}
*{{small|[[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948|First Indo−Pakistani War]]}}
*{{small|[[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965|Second Indo−Pakistani War]]}}
*{{small|[[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971|Third Indo−Pakistani War]]}}
*{{small|[[Siachen conflict|Siachen conflict (1984–2003)]]}}
*{{small|[[Kargil War|1999 Kargil War]]}}
|'''[[List of wars involving Pakistan|Secondary Operations]]'''
*{{small|[[Soviet–Afghan War]]}}
**{{small|[[Operation Cyclone]]}}
**{{small|[[Spillover of Soviet - Afghan war in Pakistan]]}}
}}
| anniversaries =
| decorations =
| battle_honours = 
| commander1 = {{flagicon image|Flag of the Chief of the Army Staff (Pakistan).svg|size=24px}} [[Field marshal (Pakistan)|Field Marshal]] [[Asim Munir (general)|Syed Asim Munir Ahmad Shah]]
| commander1_label = [[Chief of Army Staff (Pakistan)|Chief of Army Staff]]
| commander2 = {{flagicon image|Flag of the Pakistani Army.svg|size=24px}} [[Lieutenant general|Lt. Gen.]] Anwar Ali Haider
| commander2_label = [[Colonel Commandant]]
| commander3 = [[File:PA NLI.png|150px]]
| commander3_label = Regimental Flag
| identification_symbol =
| identification_symbol_label =
| identification_symbol_2 =
| identification_symbol_2_label =
| identification_symbol_3 =
| identification_symbol_3_label =
| identification_symbol_4 =
| identification_symbol_4_label = 
| aircraft_attack =
| aircraft_bomber =
| aircraft_electronic =
| aircraft_fighter =
| aircraft_interceptor =
| aircraft_patrol =
| aircraft_recon =
| aircraft_trainer =
| aircraft_transport =
}}

The '''Northern Light Infantry Regiment''' ('''NLI''') is a [[light infantry]] [[regiment]] in the [[Pakistan Army]], based and currently headquartered in [[Gilgit]], [[Pakistan]]. Along with other forces of the [[Pakistan Armed Forces|Pakistani military]], the NLI has the primary responsibility of conducting ground operations in the interest of defending the strategically-important territory of [[Gilgit-Baltistan|Gilgit−Baltistan]], a Pakistani-controlled region that constitutes part of [[Kashmir]], which has been [[Kashmir conflict|disputed]] between Pakistan and [[India]] since 1947. The NLI draws a majority of its recruits from native [[tribe]]s present in the nearby mountainous areas who are reportedly less prone to altitude sickness and the cold temperatures that characterize [[Mountain warfare|high-altitude mountain warfare]], allowing the regiment to conduct its duties optimally.<ref name="global security"/>{{better source needed|date=November 2020}}

The Northern Light Infantry is best known for the extensive assistance and training it provided to the [[Islamic Unity of Afghanistan Mujahideen|Afghan mujahideen]] (with backing from the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] and [[Inter-Services Intelligence|ISI]]) during the [[Soviet–Afghan War]].<ref name="Murphy2013">{{citation|last=Murphy|first=Eamon|title=The Making of Terrorism in Pakistan: Historical and Social Roots of Extremism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=19mPVOBZ_9YC&pg=PA127|year=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-56526-4|pages=127–}}</ref>

==Formation==
{{Further|Gilgit Scouts}}
The Northern Light Infantry has its origins in the [[Gilgit Scouts]] raised by [[British Raj|British India]] in 1913 for defending the [[princely state]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]]'s northern frontier. The Scouts, along with rebels in the [[Jammu and Kashmir Rifles|Jammu and Kashmir State Forces]], fought for [[Dominion of Pakistan|Pakistan]] on the northern front of the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948|First Kashmir War]], conquering important points of interest such as [[Skardu]], [[Kargil]] and [[Drass, Ladakh|Drass]] (the latter two were subsequently captured by the [[Indian Army]]). In 1949, the Gilgit Scouts were split into two forces, with the wing under the original name 'Gilgit Scouts' designated for internal security operations, and a second wing, named the 'Northern Scouts', designated for major external operations. In 1964, the Northern Scouts were further bifurcated with the raising of the 'Karakoram Scouts' based in Skardu. All three forces were brought together again in 1975, under the banner of the [[Northern Light Infantry]] (then a paramilitary force). Following the 1999 [[Kargil War]] with India, where the Northern Light Infantry saw extensive combat, the force was converted into a regular [[regiment]] of the [[Pakistan Army]].<ref name=NLI>[https://www.pakistanarmy.gov.pk/AWPReview/TextContent.aspx?pId=162 Northern Light Infantry Regiment (NLI)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180325234959/https://www.pakistanarmy.gov.pk/AWPReview/TextContent.aspx?pId=162 |date=2018-03-25 }}, Pakistan Army, retrieved 25 March 2018.</ref><ref name="GB Scouts">[http://www.gilgitbaltistanscouts.gov.pk/gbs%20history.htm History of Gilgit Baltistan Scouts], Gilgit Baltistan Scouts, retrieved 6 April 2018.</ref><ref>{{citation |last=Snedden |first=Christopher |title=Understanding Kashmir and Kashmiris |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s5KMCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA255 |year=2015 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-1-84904-342-7 |ref={{sfnref|Snedden, Understanding Kashmir and Kashmiris|2015}} |page=255}}</ref>

A new paramilitary force was created in 2003 under the name [[Gilgit−Baltistan Scouts]] to fill the internal security role of the former Gilgit Scouts.<ref name="GB Scouts"/>

==Status and composition==
{{unreferenced section|date=December 2016}}
Upon its founding, the Northern Light Infantry regiment was to function as a [[Civil Armed Forces|paramilitary force]], at par with the [[Pakistan Rangers]] and [[Frontier Corps]], under the jurisdiction of the [[Ministry of Interior (Pakistan)|Ministry of Interior]] and commanded by regular [[Pakistan Army]] officers. In 1967 and 1970, two battalions of the NLI were airlifted and deployed to [[Karachi]], [[Sindh]], for internal security duties such as riot control and aiding civil authorities during an [[Elections in Pakistan|election-related]] period of violence. The regiment's performance during this time earned them a commendation from [[Ayub Khan (general)|Field Marshal Ayub Khan]].

By 1998, the NLI consisted of 13 battalions commanded by a [[Major general|Major-General]] of the Pakistan Army under the designation of [[Inspector general|Inspector-General]] of the NLI, whose office was the Inspectorate-General of NLI reporting to the [[X Corps (Pakistan)|GOC, X Corps]] as well as the Pakistani Interior Minister.

== Notable operations ==

=== First Kashmir war (1947–1948) ===
{{Further|First Kashmir war}}
Muhammad Baber Khan, the Honorary Captain, fought in the 1947–1948 Kashmir War. The [[British government of India|British government]] gave the [[Hari Singh|Maharaja of Kashmir]] control over Gilgit Agency upon partition. At Gilgit, Brigadier Ghansara Singh arrived to assume the role of Governor. Major General H L Scott, the [[Kashmir conflict|Kashmiri]] chief of military staff, later joined as well. The [[Gilgit Scouts]], who were all Muslim, supported [[Pakistan|Pakistan's]] entry. Honorary Captain Muhammad Baber Khan convened a meeting of [[Gilgit Scouts|Gilgit scouts]] junior commissioned officers in the junior commissioned officers' mess on October 31, 1947, in the afternoon. At this meeting, it was resolved to overthrow the [[Dogra dynasty|dogra rule]].

The governor gave himself up on November 1, 1947. The Muslim company of Captain Hassan Khan's 6 Jammu Kahmir infantry battalion, which was traveling from [[Bunji, Pakistan|Bunji]] to [[Gilgit]], joined the scouts as well. The scouts set Partab Bridge on fire and attacked, destroying the dogra check post. After deserting, the Sikh and dogra components were apprehended. Consequently, 27000 square miles were freed from Dogra Raj. Major Muhammad Tufail Shaheed (Nishan-i-Haider), Honorary Captain Muhammad Baber Khan of the 1st Northern Light Infantory Regiment, who was instrumental in the 1947 fight of liberation from [[Dogra dynasty|Dogra Raj]], was then assigned as the force's commander.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Northern Light Infantry Regiment (NLI) – Pakistan Army |url=https://pakarmy.com.pk/northern-light-infantry-regiment/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240108161941/https://pakarmy.com.pk/northern-light-infantry-regiment/ |archive-date=2024-01-08 |access-date=2024-01-08 |website=pakarmy.com. |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Northern Light Infantry Regiment |url=https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/pakistan/rgt-nli.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240108163506/https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/pakistan/rgt-nli.htm |archive-date=2024-01-08 |access-date=2024-01-08 |website=www.globalsecurity.org}}</ref>

=== Soviet-Afghan War (1979–1989) ===
{{Further|Soviet–Afghan War}}Following the [[Soviet Union]]'s invasion of [[Democratic Republic of Afghanistan|Afghanistan]] in 1979, the [[United States]], [[United Kingdom]], [[Pakistan]] and [[Israel]] launched [[Operation Cyclone]], in which they financed and armed the [[Islamic Unity of Afghanistan Mujahideen|Afghan mujahideen]] to prevent Afghanistan from becoming a [[Soviet satellite state]] and subsequently threaten Pakistan (a [[Western Bloc|U.S. ally]] in the [[Cold War]]). Here, with primarily [[Saudi Arabia]]n and American financing, the Northern Light Infantry trained Afghan mujahideen fighters in [[Gilgit-Baltistan|Gilgit−Baltistan]] before sending them back to Afghanistan with [[State of the art|state-of-the-art]] armaments to fight the [[Soviet Armed Forces|Soviet military]].

===Siachen Glacier Conflict (1984–2003)===
{{Further|Siachen Conflict}}
[[India]]'s 1984 [[Operation Meghdoot|seizure]] of the [[Siachen Glacier]] (an area of [[Kashmir]] that was uninhabited and not controlled by any parties to the [[Kashmir conflict]]) resulted renewed high-level tensions with [[Pakistan]] until a mutual ceasefire agreement was brought into effect in 2003. During this period of intermittent fighting in the [[Siachen conflict]], the NLI's [[1st Battalion, Northern Light Infantry Regiment|1st battalion]] performed defence and support work.<ref name="global security">{{cite web|url=https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/pakistan/rgt-nli.htm|title=Northern Light Infantry|work=Global Security|access-date=17 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pakistanarmy.gov.pk/AWPReview/TextContent8e6a.html|title=Northern Light Infantry|access-date=20 June 2017|work=Pakistan Army Website|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180701194342/https://www.pakistanarmy.gov.pk/AWPReview/TextContent8e6a.html|archive-date=1 July 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Kargil War (1999)===
{{Further|Kargil War}}In May 1999, Pakistan began operations to occupy key Indian forward posts along the [[Line of Control|Line of Control (LoC)]], sparking the [[Kargil War]]. Initially [[Pakistan Army]] denied any involvement in the war.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2019-07-26|title=Kargil: The forgotten victims of the world's highest war|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-49101016|access-date=2021-04-05}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kamath|first=P.M.|date=2000|title=Pakistan after the Kargil Crisis : Implications for India|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41960891|journal=Indian Journal of Asian Affairs|volume=13|issue=1/2|pages=123–132|jstor=41960891|issn=0970-6402}}</ref> However, later on, it was reported that the [[Pakistan Army]] had launched forces exclusively from the Northern Light Infantry during this conflict. These included the [[5th Battalion, Northern Light Infantry Regiment|5th]], [[6th Battalion, Northern Light Infantry Regiment|6th]], [[8th Battalion, Northern Light Infantry Regiment|8th]] and [[12th Battalion, Northern Light Infantry Regiment|12th]] battalions in full strength and some elements of the [[3rd Battalion, Northern Light Infantry Regiment|3rd]], [[4th Battalion, Northern Light Infantry Regiment|4th]], [[7th Battalion, Northern Light Infantry Regiment|7th]] and [[11th Battalion, Northern Light Infantry Regiment|11th]] battalions with the paramilitary [[Chitral Scouts|Chitral]] and [[Bajaur Scouts]], both of the [[Frontier Corps]], deployed for [[Military logistics|logistical support]].<ref name="global security" />

Massive Indian counterattack coupled with heavy diplomatic pressure from the [[United States]] forced Pakistan to begin a withdrawal after months of intense fighting in what was an ignominious defeat for Pakistan. Also, Pakistani casualties during this conflict, like those of other Indo−Pakistani conflicts and true to well known Pakistani character, remain disputed and unconfirmed.
At least hundred dead Pakistani soldiers were given respectful burial by Indian Army as Pakistan Army had disowned its own dead soldiers. International sources (such as those from the [[United States Department of Defense|U.S. Department of Defense]]) place Pakistani casualties at around 700+. After 11 years, Pakistan officially reported that around 453 of its soldiers were killed during the conflict.<ref name="HT_Times_26_July_2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/kargil-vijay-diwas-day-to-mark-india-s-victory-in-1999-conflict-against-pakistan/story-x2cUNDgKxoQPxrzKEmoK4J.html|title=Kargil Vijay Diwas: Day to mark India's victory in 1999 conflict against Pakistan|date=26 July 2011|newspaper=Hindustan Times}}</ref> PM [[Nawaz Sharif]] and some other sources placed the Pakistani casualties figure from 2,700 to 4,000 personnel.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/2003/08/17/stories/2003081702900800.htm|title=Over 4,000 soldiers killed in Kargil: Sharif|work=The Hindu|date=3 October 2003|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031003114303/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/2003/08/17/stories/2003081702900800.htm|archive-date=2003-10-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Khan|first=M. Ilyas|date=2019-07-26|title=The forgotten victims of the world's highest war|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-49101016|access-date=2020-08-03}}</ref><ref name="Tavares2006">{{cite book|last1=Tavares|first1=Rodrigo|title=Understanding Regional Peace and Security|date=2006|publisher=Göteborg University|isbn=978-9187380679|page=297|quote=the US State Department quoted the Pakistani military casualties at 700, whereas Indian sources reported the Pakistani casualties to be 1000+. According to the then PM Nawaz Sharif (quoted in Gulf News, February 2002), the entire Northern Light Infantry of Pakistan was wiped out during the conflict claiming 2,700 lives.}}</ref><ref name=pib>{{cite web|last=Chakraborty|first=A. K.|title=Kargil War Brings into Sharp Focus India's Commitment to Peace|url=http://pib.nic.in/feature/feyr2000/fjul2000/f210720001.html|publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]], Government of India|access-date=23 May 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://164.100.24.208/lsq/quest.asp?qref=51302|title=Breakdown of casualties into Officers, JCOs, and Other Ranks|work=[[Parliament of India]] Website|access-date=20 May 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081202045832/http://164.100.24.208/lsq/quest.asp?qref=51302|archive-date=2 December 2008}}</ref><ref name="rollofhonor">{{cite web|url=http://www.indianarmy.nic.in/martyrs/home.jsp?operation=28&hidrecord=10&FormBugs_Page=1#Form|title=Complete Roll of Honour of Indian Army's Killed in Action during Op Vijay|work=Indian Army|access-date=20 May 2009 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071222013826/http://www.indianarmy.nic.in/martyrs/home.jsp?operation=28&hidrecord=10&FormBugs_Page=1#Form |archive-date = 22 December 2007}}</ref><ref name="toi">{{Cite news|title=Pak lost 2,700 men in Kargil war: Sharif|work=[[The Times of India]]|agency=Press Trust of India|publication-date=6 July 2006|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/pakistan/Pak-lost-2700-men-in-Kargil-war-Sharif/articleshow/1711896.cms|access-date=26 October 2017}}</ref>

===Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (2004–present)===
{{Further|Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa}}
The regiment has been taking part in counter-insurgency operations in [[North-West Pakistan]]. On 12 June 2013, the commanding officer of the 11th NLI battalion was killed in an [[Improvised explosive device|IED]] attack during a [[Operation Rah-e-Shahadat|military operation]] in [[Tirah Valley]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Shinwari|first=Ibrahim|date=13 June 2013|title=Army officer killed in Tirah valley blast|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1017883/army-officer-killed-in-tirah-valley-blast|url-status=live|work=Dawn|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130710155017/https://www.dawn.com/news/1017883/army-officer-killed-in-tirah-valley-blast|archive-date=10 July 2013|access-date=16 June 2013}}</ref> Captain Muhammad Faraz Ilyas Shaheed who received a commission in the Northern Light Infantry of Pakistan Army in 2020, was killed in an IED blast in the [[Kurram District]] on 18 June, 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=BR Web |date=2024-06-21 |title=Five soldiers martyred in Kurram IED blast: ISPR |url=https://www.brecorder.com/news/40309258 |access-date=2025-09-10 |website=Brecorder |language=en}}</ref>

===Insurgency in Balochistan (2003–present)===
{{Further|Insurgency in Balochistan}}
According to some sources, NLI regiments have been posted and involved in [[Counterinsurgency|counter insurgency]] operations in [[Balochistan, Pakistan|Balochistan]] against [[Baloch Nationalism|Baloch separatist groups]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pakistan: 13 Security Personnel Killed by Unidentified Men in Balochistan |url=https://www.news18.com/world/pakistan-13-security-personnel-killed-by-unidentified-men-in-balochistan-8647443.html |access-date=2025-09-10 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-11-12 |title=Pakistan: BLA Blowback In Baluchistan ? Analysis |url=https://www.eurasiareview.com/12112024-pakistan-bla-blowback-in-baluchistan-analysis/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250524211104/https://www.eurasiareview.com/12112024-pakistan-bla-blowback-in-baluchistan-analysis/ |archive-date=2025-05-24 |access-date=2025-09-10 |work=Eurasia Review |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Units==
* 1st Battalion (Victors)
* 2nd Battalion (Liberators)
* 3rd Battalion (Mountain Warriors)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://pcp.gov.pk/SiteImage/Downloads/Issue-24%20Dated%2016-06-2021.pdf |title=The Gazette of Pakistan. Part II. |page=243 |publisher=Government of Pakistan |date=16 June 2021 |access-date=16 December 2022}}</ref>
* 4th Battalion (The Hill Panthers)
* 5th Battalion (Defenders of K2)(Proud Five)
* 6th Battalion (Sikkis Saifullah)<ref>{{cite news |author= |date=2 May 2018 |title=Martyrs of 2012 Gayari avalanche honoured in Siachen |url=https://www.geo.tv/latest/193779-ceremony-held-in-gayari-to-pay-tribute-to-martyrs-ispr |publisher=[[Geo News]] |access-date=11 December 2022}}</ref>
* 7th Battalion (Indus Guards)
* 8th Battalion (Koh Shikan)
* 9th Battalion (Barqdam Battalion)
* 10th Battalion (The Snow Leopards)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2375968/untold-tales-from-the-battlefront |title=Untold tales from the battlefront |quote=The 10th Northern Light Infantry is tasked |first=Naveed |last=Hussain |publisher=[[The Express Tribune]] |access-date=11 December 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pcp.gov.pk/SiteImage/Downloads/Issue-1%20Dated%2001-01-2020.pdf |title=The Gazette of Pakistan. Part II. |page=1 |publisher=Government of Pakistan |date=1 January 2020 |access-date=16 December 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pakistangulfeconomist.com/2017/03/27/pakistan/ |title=In the news: Pakistan: India's Modi greets PM on Pakistan Day |publisher=Pakistan & Gulf Economist |author= |date=27 March 2017}}</ref>
* 11th Battalion (Skarchin)
* 12th Battalion (Haideran Haideran)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hilal.gov.pk/eng-article/detail/MTI3OQ==.html |title=Spirits Rekindled – Joint Staff Pakistan Day Parade - 2015 |last=Tariq |first=Sardar Muhammad |first2=Asif Jehangir |last2=Raja |website=Hilal: The Pakistan Armed Forces Magazine |access-date=9 December 2022}}</ref>
* 13th Battalion (Shingo Tigers)
* 14th Battalion (Shujan Battalion)<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.hilal.gov.pk/eng-article/detail/MzE1Mg==.html |title= Long Live Pakistan: Joint Services Pakistan Day Parade 23rd March 2019 |last=Iqbal |first=M. Javed |website=Hilal: The Pakistan Armed Forces Magazine |access-date=9 December 2022}}</ref><ref name=gazette20201216>{{cite web |url=http://pcp.gov.pk/SiteImage/Downloads/Issue-51%20Dated%2016-12-2020.pdf |title=The Gazette of Pakistan. Part II. |publisher=Government of Pakistan |date=16 December 2020 |access-date=12 December 2022}}</ref>{{rp|601}}
* 15th Battalion (The First)
* 16th Battalion
* 17th Battalion (Sekinchan battalion)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://pcp.gov.pk/SiteImage/Downloads/Issue-4%20Dated%2027-01-2021.pdf |title=The Gazette of Pakistan. Part II. |publisher=Government of Pakistan |date=27 January 2021 |page=21 |access-date=13 December 2022}}</ref>
* 18th Battalion (Al Azb)

==See also==
* [[Kashmir conflict]]
** [[Siachen conflict|Siachen conflict (1984-2003)]]
** [[Kargil War]]
* [[Soviet–Afghan War|Soviet-Afghan War]]
** [[Operation Cyclone]]
* [[Gilgit-Baltistan Scouts]]
* [[Ladakh Scouts]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite web|title=Northern Light Infantry|url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/pakistan/rgt-nli.htm|website=Globalsecurity.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304054556/http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/pakistan/rgt-nli.htm|archive-date=4 March 2016}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20180701194342/https://www.pakistanarmy.gov.pk/AWPReview/TextContent8e6a.html Northern Light Infantry - Pakistan Army website]

{{Pakistan Infantry Regiments}}

[[Category:Infantry regiments of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Mountain units and formations]]
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1999]]
[[Category:Military in Gilgit-Baltistan]]

Gaya Lok Sabha constituency

2026-02-06T19:18:10Z

CarlotaMacadam7:

{{short description|Lok Sabha constituency in Bihar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Gaya
| type = LS
| constituency_no = 38
| state = [[Bihar]]
| established = 1957
| electors = 17,54,390
| reservation = SC
| incumbent_image = Jitan Ram Manjhi June 2024 cropped.jpg
| assembly_cons = [[Sherghati (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sherghati]] [[Barachatti (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Barachatti]] [[Bodh Gaya (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bodh Gaya]] [[Gaya Town (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Gaya Town]] [[Belaganj (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Belaganj]] [[Wazirganj (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Wazirganj]]
| mp = [[Jitan Ram Manjhi]] {{Small|[[Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises|Union Minister of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises]]}}
| party = {{Party index link|Hindustani Awam Morcha}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general election in Bihar|2024]]
| preceded_by = [[Vijay Kumar Manjhi]], [[File:Janata Dal (United) Flag.svg|20px]] {{Party index link|Janata Dal (United)}}
}}

'''Gaya Lok Sabha constituency''' is one of the 40 [[Lok Sabha]] (lower house of the [[Parliament of India|Indian parliament]]) [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha|constituencies]] in the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Bihar]]. In the [[2024 Indian general election in Bihar|2024 Indian general election]], [[Jitan Ram Manjhi]] secured this constituency by defeating [[Kumar Sarvjeet]] of [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/ConstituencywiseS0438.htm|title=Result 2024 Gaya|website=Election Commission of India}}</ref>

==Assembly segments==
Currently, the Gaya Lok Sabha constituency comprises the following six [[Vidhan Sabha]] (legislative assembly) segments:

{| class="wikitable"
!#
!Name
!District
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
! colspan="2" |2024 lead
|-
|226
|[[Sherghati (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sherghati]]
| rowspan="6" |[[Gaya district|Gaya]]
|Uday Kumar Singh
|style="background-color: {{party color|Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)}}" |
|[[Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)|LJP(RV)]]
|{{party name with color|Hindustani Awam Morcha|rowspan=4}}
|-
|228
|[[Barachatti (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Barachatti]] (SC)
|[[Jyoti Devi]]
|{{party name with color|Hindustani Awam Morcha}}
|-
|229
|[[Bodh Gaya (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bodh Gaya]] (SC)
|[[Kumar Sarvjeet]]
|{{party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
|-
|230
|[[Gaya Town (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Gaya Town]]
|[[Prem Kumar (politician)|Prem Kumar]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|232
|[[Belaganj (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Belaganj]]
|[[Manorama Devi]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JD(U)]]
|{{party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
|-
|234
|[[Wazirganj (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Wazirganj]]
|[[Birendra Singh]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{party name with color|Hindustani Awam Morcha}}
|-
|}

== Members of Parliament ==
The following is the list of the [[Member of Parliament (India)|MPs]] elected from this Lok Sabha constituency:<ref>[http://archive.eci.gov.in/GE2004/States/index_fs.htm "Election Commission of India"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090131061850/http://archive.eci.gov.in/GE2004/States/index_fs.htm |date=January 31, 2009 }}</ref><ref>[http://164.100.47.134/newls/lokprev.aspx "Lok Sabha Former Members"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080616190202/http://164.100.47.134/newls/lokprev.aspx |date=June 16, 2008 }}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Name
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1957 Indian general election|1957]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Brajeshwar Prasad]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[1962 Indian general election|1962]]
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1967|1967]]
|[[Ram Dhani Das]]
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1971|1971]]
| rowspan="2" |Ishwar Chaudhary
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1977|1977]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1980|1980]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Ramswaroop Ram]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1984|1984]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1989|1989]]
|Ishwar Chaudhary
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1991|1991]]
|Rajesh Kumar
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
|[[Bhagwati Devi]]
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1998|1998]]
|[[Krishna Kumar Choudhary]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1999|1999]]
|[[Ramji Manjhi]]
|-
|[[Indian general election, 2004|2004]]
|[[Rajesh Kumar Manjhi]]
|{{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[Indian general election, 2009|2009]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Hari Manjhi]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[Indian general election, 2014|2014]]
|-
|[[Indian general election, 2019|2019]]
|[[Vijay Kumar Manjhi|Vijay Manjhi]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (United)|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[Indian general election, 2024|2024]]
|[[Jitan Ram Manjhi]]
|{{Full party name with color|Hindustani Awam Morcha}}
|}

==Election results==
===2024 Lok Sabha===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general elections]]: [[Gaya, India|Gaya]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate=[[Jitan Ram Manjhi]]|party=Hindustani Awam Morcha|vote=|votes=4,94,960|percentage=51.36|change=+18.50}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Kumar Sarvjeet]]|party=Rashtriya Janata Dal|votes=3,93,148|percentage=40.80|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = None of the above
|party = None of the above
|votes = 17,288
|percentage = 1.79
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority||votes=1,01,812|percentage=10.56|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=9,64,870|percentage=52.98|change=-3.20}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Hindustani Awam Morcha
|loser = Janata Dal (United)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2019 Lok Sabha===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: [[Gaya, India|Gaya]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Vijay Kumar Manjhi|Vijay Manjhi]]
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|votes = 4,67,007
|percentage = 48.79
|change = +32.51
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Jitan Ram Manjhi]]
|party = Hindustani Awam Morcha
|votes = 3,14,581
|percentage = 32.86
|change = +32.86
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = None of the above
|party = None of the above
|votes = 30,030
|percentage = 3.14
|change = +0.78
}}
{{Election box candidate |
|party = JDR
|candidate = Vijay Kumar Chaudhari
|votes = 23,462
|percentage = 2.45
|change = +2.45
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Shiv Shankar
|party = Ambedkarite Party of India
|votes = 20,464
|percentage = 2.14
|change = +2.14
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes =1,52,426
|percentage = 15.93
|change = +1.66
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes =9,57,654
|percentage = 56.18
|change = +2.26
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Janata Dal (United)
|loser=Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2014 Lok Sabha===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: [[Gaya, India|Gaya]]<ref>{{cite web |url= http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS0438.htm?ac=38 |title=ELECTION COMMISSION OF INDIA, GENERAL ELECTION TO LOK SABHA TRENDS & RESULT 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2014/33%20-%20Constituency%20wise%20detailed%20result.pdf | title=General Election of India 2014, Constituencywise detail result|publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=2015-09-23 |page=59}}</ref><ref name=web-arch-turnout>{{cite web|title=Parliamentary Constituency wise Turnout for General Election - 2014 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/GE2014/PC_WISE_TURNOUT.htm |publisher=ECI New Delhi |access-date=2015-09-23 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606003137/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/GE2014/PC_WISE_TURNOUT.htm |archive-date=June 6, 2014 }}</ref> }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Hari Manjhi]]
|votes = 3,26,230
|percentage = 40.30
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Ramji Manjhi
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|votes = 2,10,726
|percentage = 26.03
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Jitan Ram Manjhi]]
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|votes = 1,31,828
|percentage = 16.28
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Ashok Kumar
|party = Jharkhand Mukti Morcha
|votes = 36,863
|percentage = 4.55
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate |
|candidate = Dr. Dev Kumar Choudhary
|party = [[Independent politician|IND]]
|votes = 19,651
|percentage = 2.43
|change = +2.43
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes =1,15,504
|percentage = 14.27
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 8,09,587
|percentage = 53.92
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Gaya district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.indiaelections2014.info/parliament/2019/states/bihar/gaya/lok_sabha_parliamentary_election_2019_dates.html Gaya lok sabha constituency election 2019 date and schedule]

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Bihar}}
{{Magadh Division topics}}

{{coord|24.80|84.99|display=title}}

{{Bihar elections}}

[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Bihar]]
[[Category:Politics of Gaya district]]

Amit Khan

2026-02-05T02:43:24Z

CarlotaMacadam7: slightly add information per sources also and improved wording based on references

{{Short description|Indian author (born 1972)}}
{{Promotional|date=October 2023}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Amit Khan
| image = Amit Khan Author.jpg
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1972|03|3|df=y}}
| occupation = {{hlist|Writer|Screenwriter|Director|Novelist}}
| notable_works = Commander Karan Saxena series, Reeta Sanyal series, Night Club, Garam Chhuri, Bicchoo Ka Khel and many more.
| birth_place = [[Pilkhuwa]], [[Ghaziabad District]]
| genre = {{hlist|Suspense|Thriller|Romance}}
| years_active = 1984–present
| nationality = Indian
}}

'''Amit Khan''' (born 3 March 1972) is an Indian author, screenwriter and director.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2022-08-21 |title=Amit Khan: Today, makers want writers who have a vision to direct |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/amit-khan-today-makers-want-writers-who-have-a-vision-to-direct-101661087512302.html |access-date=2023-09-23 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Amit Khan |url=https://penguin.co.in/book_author/amit-khan/ |access-date=2023-09-23 |website=Penguin Random House India |language=en-US}}</ref> His novels are also available in English, Punjabi and Marathi language.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-17 |title=क्राइम और थ्रिलर से भरपूर अमित खान का उपन्यास 'नाइट क्लब' अब पंजाबी में भी |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/literature/amit-khan-crime-fiction-novel-night-club-in-punjabi-language-white-crow-publishers-amritsar-punjabi-utsav-5396637.html |access-date=2023-09-24 |website=News18 हिंदी |language=hi}}</ref>

He is the creator of ‘Commander Karan Saxena’, a character in the world of Hindi novels. He wrote 58 novels in this series.<ref name=":2" /> An audio drama series based on this is available on Spotify where audiences can listen to the Commander Karan Saxena's series. In the audio series Indian actor [[Sonu Sood]] is the voice of Commander Karan Saxena.{{Citation needed|date=September 2023}}

A web series, "Bicchoo ka Khel", based on his novel was produced by [[Ekta Kapoor]]. Web series and films are being created on his stories.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2020-12-01 |title=Amit Khan's novel goes into reprinting post the show's success |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/web-series/article/Bicchoo-Ka-Khel-novel-writer-Amit-Khans-book-goes-into-reprinting-post-the-shows-success-23121211 |access-date=2023-09-23 |website=Mid-day |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-11-30 |title=बिच्छू का खेल को लेकर बेहद उत्साहित हैं लेखक अमित खान |url=https://www.navodayatimes.in/news/khabre/writer-amit-khan-is-very-excited-about-bichchu-ka-khel-rkdsnt/163250/ |access-date=2023-09-23 |website=www.navodayatimes.in |language=hindi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-11-30 |title='Bicchoo Ka Khel' उपन्यास के लेखक अमित खान इन दिनों एक खास वजह से है काफ़ी खुश! {{!}} Bicchoo Ka Khel novel to reprint again, writer feels happy |url=https://www.patrika.com/tv-news/bicchoo-ka-khel-novel-to-reprint-again-writer-feels-happy-6547598/ |access-date=2023-09-23 |website=Patrika News |language=hi-IN}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Amit Khan was born on 3 March 1972, in [[Pilkhuva (Ghaziabad)|Pilkhuwa]], Ghaziabad district. From a young age, he was passionate about [[reading]] and writing, and he actively participated in debate competitions in school. Childhood stories of great personalities had a profound impact on his life. This is why, at the age of 12, his first published story was based on the life of American President George Washington. He had his first novel published at the age of just 15. By the time he was in 10th grade, many of his stories had already been published in prominent newspapers across the country. He went on to write numerous stories for Diamond Comics as well.<ref name=":0" />

Currently, he resides in [[Mumbai]] and is actively involved in the [[Hindi film industry]].<ref name=":2" />

== Series ==
Amit Khan has written several novels, with the most popular being the Commander Karan Saxena Series. He has written a total of 58 novels in this series.<ref name=":2" /> There is an audio drama series based on it available on Spotify, where audiences can enjoy the adventures of Commander Karan Saxena. In the audio series, the beloved Indian superstar, [[Sonu Sood]] is voice of Commander Karan Saxena. Additionally, there are plans to create a web series based on this series in the near future.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Khan |first=Amit |date=2022-08-08 |title=Sonu Sood brings 'Commander Karan Saxena' to life in Spotify's latest podcast, The audio action series, exclusively available on Spotify, is based on author Amit Khan's much-loved books and will launch on Independence Day! |url=https://globalprimenews.com/ |access-date=2023-09-23 |website=Global Prime News |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=अमित खान की पॉडकास्ट सीरीज 'कमांडर करण सक्सेना' को सोनू सूद ने दी आवाज |url=https://www.hindusthansamachar.in/Encyc/2022/8/19/AUTHOR-AMIT-KHAN-NEW-AUDIO-SERIES.php |access-date=2023-09-23 |website=www.hindusthansamachar.in |language=en}}</ref>

The Reeta Sanyal series is another highly successful series written by Amit Khan. So far 22 novels have been published in this series. Reeta Sanyal is a criminal lawyer who solves murder mysteries.<ref>{{Cite web |last=comixtream |date=2023-09-01 |title=Dimag ki Karigari (Rita Sanyal Series) Amit Khan Hindi Novel Pdf |url=https://www.comixtream.com/free-download-dimag-ki-karigari-rita-sanyal-series-amit-khan-hindi-novel-pdf/ |access-date=2023-09-23 |website=Comixtream}}</ref>

The Godfather series is also one of the popular series. In this series, Amit Khan has created a fictional underworld within Goa. The boss of this underworld is Bakhtavar Singh, also known as the godfather, who becomes the voice of every weak and oppressed person, taking up arms for them.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Khan |first=Amit |url=https://www.amazon.in/Paap-ki-Duniya-Godfather-Hindi-ebook/dp/B09WCG4CT1 |title=Paap ki Duniya |last2=Khan |first2=Amit |date=2022-03-22 |publisher=Book Cafe Publication |language=Hindi}}</ref>

Amit Khan has written four novels in the Sheetal Rajput series so far. Sheetal Rajput is a contract killer, and the novels in this series are filled with murder mysteries.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sheetal Rajput |url=http://www.amazon.in/-/dp/B09ZNW2CQK?ref=dbs_m_mng_rwt_0000_share |access-date=2023-09-23 |website=www.amazon.in |language=en-in}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
[[Sunny Deol]] starrer [[Karz: The Burden of Truth|Karz – The Burden of Truth]] (As an additional screenplay writer).{{Citation needed|date=October 2023}}

[[Arbaaz Khan|Arbaz Khan]], Manjari Fadnavis starrer – [[Nirdosh]] (As a writer and creative director).{{Citation needed|date=October 2023}}

[[Makarand Deshpande|Makrand Deshpande]], [[Sanjay Mishra (actor)|Sanjay Mishra]] starrer – Objection My God (As a writer and director). In [[Nashik]] [[International film festival]], the film ''Objection My God'' won the awards for best debut director, best story, screenplay and best noteworthy film.{{Citation needed|date=September 2023}}

Hindi web series "[[Bicchoo Ka Khel]]" produced by [[Ekta Kapoor]] ([[ALTBalaji|ALT Balaji]] and [[ZEE5]]) was also based on Amit Khan's novel "Bicchoo Ka Khel".<ref name=":4" />

Bellamkonda Sai Sreenivas and Anupama Parmeswaran starrer – Gumnaam – A Psycho Thriller, (As a Creative Director, editor, Dialogue and Lyrics Writer), Produced by [[Pen Studios]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bellamkonda Sreenivas's psychological thriller 'Gumnaam' to release digitally in Hindi on September 7 |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/bellamkonda-sreenivass-psychological-thriller-gumnaam-to-release-digitally-in-hindi-on-september-7 |access-date=2023-09-24 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-09 |title=ZEE5 announces the World Digital Premiere of the Hindi crime thriller – Gumnaam |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/web-series/article/zee5-announces-the-world-digital-premiere-of-the-hindi-crime-thriller--gumnaam-on-7th-september-23244986 |access-date=2023-09-24 |website=Mid-day |language=en}}</ref>

Apart from this, films and web series are being made based on his 6 novels.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-19 |title=Conversation with Author Amit Khan : Nayika हर लड़की को पढ़नी क्यों जरूरी है? Books for Web Series{{!}} |url=https://www.abplive.com/uncut/bin-manga-gyan-conversation-with-author-amit-khan-nayika-why-is-it-important-for-every-girl-to-read-books-for-web-series-2241826 |access-date=2023-09-24 |website=www.abplive.com |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/person/amit-khan/1047047|title=Amit Khan - Movies, Biography, News, Age & Photos | BookMyShow}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/uttar-pradesh/meerut/news/suspense-is-necessary-in-the-books-of-suspense-writer-that-is-why-suspense-in-my-name-too-amit-khan-131001503.html|title=मेरठ पहुंचे लेखर अमित खान: सस्पेंस राइटर की किताबों में सस्पेंस रहना जरूरी है, इसी वजह से मेरे नाम में भी सस्पेंस : अमित खान|date=March 4, 2023|website=Dainik Bhaskar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-22 |title=Commander Karan Saxena with Sonu Sood: Talk With Writer, Novelist Amit Khan {{!}} Spotify Podcast – LoudIndiaTv |url=https://loudindia.tv/episode/commander-karan-saxena-with-sonu-sood-talk-with-writer-novelist-amit-khan-spotify-podcast/ |access-date=2023-09-24 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-20 |title=क्यों लिखी जा रही हैं 'खूनी' कहानियां...? स्क्रीन राइटर अमित खान बोले- लोग पसंद कर रहे हैं |url=https://www.aajtak.in/literature/sahiya-aaj-tak/story/why-khooni-kahaniyan-written-screen-writer-amit-khan-said-people-like-them-sahitya-aajtak-2022-lcla-1579745-2022-11-20 |access-date=2023-09-24 |website=आज तक |language=hi}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khan, Amit}}
[[Category:Indian film directors]]
[[Category:1972 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Gommateshwara statue, Karkala

2026-02-03T20:21:47Z

CarlotaMacadam7: created the entry v1...

{{short description|Monolithic statue of Bahubali in Karnataka}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2021}}
{{Infobox religious building
| name = Gommateshwara (Bahubali)
| native_name = ''ಗೊಮ್ಮಟೇಶ್ವರ ಪ್ರತಿಮೆ ಕಾರ್ಕಳ '''
| native_name_lang = kn
| religious_affiliation = [[Jainism]]
| image = File:Gomateshwara Statue, Karkala.jpg
| alt = Gommateshwara statue ಗೊಮ್ಮಟೇಶ್ವರ
| caption = The monolithic statue of [[Bahubali]]
| map_type = India#Karnataka
| coordinates = {{coord|13|12|13.6|N|75|00|20|E|region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| location = [[Karkala]], [[Karnataka]]
| deity = [[Bahubali]]
| creator = Veera Pandya Bhairarasa Wodeyar
| festivals = [[Mahavir Jayanti]], [[Das Lakshana]]
| established = 1432 C.E.
| website =
| governing_body = Karkala Jain Math
| height_max = {{convert|42|ft}}
| temple_quantity = 18
}}

'''Gommateshwara statue, Karkala''' (ಗೊಮ್ಮಟೇಶ್ವರ ಪ್ರತಿಮೆ ಕಾರ್ಕಳ) is located at [[Karkala]] in the Indian state of [[Karnataka]]. It is the second tallest statue of [[Bahubali]] in the world with the largest statue located at [[Gommateshwara statue|Shravanabelagola]].

== History ==
Gommateshwara statue at Karkala was built in 1432 CE by '''Veera Pandya Bhairarasa Wodeyar''' of [[Santara dynasty]] on advice from Lalitakirti, the [[Bhattaraka]] of Karkala [[Matha#Matha in Jainism|Jain Matha]].{{sfn|Zimmer|1953|p=213}}{{sfn|Dundas|2002|p=129}}{{sfn|Rice|1982|p=19}}{{sfn|Singh|Mishra|2007|p=114}}{{sfn|ASI}} The statue was inspired from the larger [[Gommateshwara statue]] at [[Shravanabelagola]] built in 983 CE.{{sfn|Abram|Edwards|2004|p=252}}

'Kalkuda' was a great sculptor who built the Gommateshwara statue in Karkala. After he completed building beautiful temples and monumental statues, the ruler of Karkala cut off his left arm and right leg so that he could not create such beautiful sculptures for any other king.

''Karkala Gommatesvara Charitre'', composed by Chadura Chandrama in 1686 CE, is poem describing the mahamastakabhisheka at Karkala.{{sfn|Reddy|2022|p=231}}

== Statue ==
The idol of Lord [[Bahubali]], carved out of a single rock of granite,{{sfn|Sangave|1981|p=90}} is {{convert|42|ft}} tall,{{sfn|Jain|2021|p=38}} {{convert|10.33|ft}} wide and is said to be the second tallest statue of [[Bahubali]] in the world.{{sfn|Dalal|2014|p=246}}{{sfn|Singh|Mishra|2007|p=114}}{{sfn|Chugh|2016|p=378}} The idol is placed on a {{convert|5|ft}} pedestal and enclosed by cloistered [[prakaram]]. In the entrance room, a few sculptures of [[Tirthankara]]s are displayed. In front of the temple is a [[manastambha]] with image of [[Yaksha]] within a niche. The statue is depicted in [[kayotsarga]] posture with curly hair ringlets, large ears and palms stretching up to knees.{{sfn|ASI}} The idol weighs over 80 tonnes.{{sfn|Balfour|1885|p=146}}{{sfn|Pinto|2015}} It is located {{convert|300|feet}} above sea level.{{sfn|Sangave|1981|p=89}}

Gommateshwara statue at Shravanabelagola, [[Dharmasthala]], [[Venur]], [[Gommatagiri]] along with the one in Karkala are the five monolithic statues of Bahubali in Karnataka.{{sfn|Chugh|2016|p=378}} The monolithic colossal statues of Bahubali at Shravanabelagola, Karkala and Venur are considered as wonder of the world.{{sfn|Sangave|1981|p=90}}

== Mahamastakabhisheka ==
{{Main|Mahamastakabhisheka}}
Mahamastakabhisheka is organised every 12 years. As the ''Mahamastakabhisheka'' begins, consecrated water is sprinkled onto the participants by devotees carrying 1,008 specially prepared vessels ([[Kalasha]]s). The statue is then bathed and anointed with libations such as milk, sugarcane juice, and [[saffron]] paste, and sprinkled with powders of [[sandalwood]], [[turmeric]], and [[vermilion]]. The event has been attended by multiple political personalities including [[D. B. Chandregowda]] & [[V. S. Ramadevi]] in 2002, [[Vajubhai Vala]] in 2015.{{sfn|Prabhu|2015}}{{sfn|TNN|2002}}

== Other temples ==
Neighbouring areas have 18 Jain [[Basadi]]s including [[Chaturmukha Basadi|Chaturmukha Basadi, Karkala]], and [[Kere Basadi]], [[Anekere]]. [[Moodabidri]] is another important Jain centre near Karkala.

== See also ==
* [[Kumbhoj]]
* [[Statue of Ahimsa]]
* [[Navagraha Jain Temple]]

== References ==
=== Citations ===
{{reflist|23em}}

=== Bibliography ===
==== Books ====
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite book | last1=Abram | first1=David | last2=Edwards | first2=Nick | title=The Rough Guide to South India | url={{Google books|sEhJBfbhTAAC|page=252|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} | series=The Rough Guides Series | publisher=[[Rough Guides]] | year=2004 | isbn=9781843531036 }}
* {{cite book | last=Balfour | first=Edward | author-link=Edward Balfour | url={{Google books|XCE_AQAAMAAJ|page=146|plainurl=yes}} |title=The Cyclopædia of India and of Eastern and Southern Asia: Commercial, Industrial and Scientific, Products of the Mineral, Vegetable, and Animal Kingdoms, Useful Arts and Manufactures | volume=1 |publisher=[[Bernard Quaritch]] |date=1885 }}
* {{cite book | last=Chugh | first=Lalit | title=Karnataka's Rich Heritage - Art and Architecture | url={{Google books|JpnoCwAAQBAJ|pg=PT378|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} | edition= From Prehistoric Times to the Hoysala Period | publisher=[[Notion Press]] | location=[[Chennai]] | year=2016 | isbn=978-93-5206-825-8 }}
* {{cite book | last=Dalal | first=Roshen | author-link=Roshen Dalal | title=The Religions of India: A Concise Guide to Nine Major Faiths | volume=8 | edition=1st | url={{Google books|87k0AwAAQBAJ|pg=PT246|plainurl=yes}} | year=2014 | orig-year=2006 | publisher=[[Penguin Books]] | location=[[London]] | isbn=9788184753967 }}
* {{cite book |last=Dundas |first=Paul |author-link=Paul Dundas |title=The Jains |url={{Google books|X8iAAgAAQBAJ|page=129|plainurl=yes}} |edition=2nd |date=2002 |orig-year=1992 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-0-415-26605-5 |location=London and New York }}
* {{cite book | last=Jain | first=Kajri | title=Gods in the Time of Democracy | url={{Google books|MaIREAAAQBAJ|pg=SA3-PA38|plainurl=yes}} | date=8 January 2021 | publisher=[[Duke University Press]] | location=[[Durham, North Carolina]] | isbn=9781478012887 }}
* {{cite book | last=Sangave | first=Vilas Adinath | author-link=Vilas Adinath Sangave | title=The Sacred Shravanabelagola (A Socio-Religious Study) | volume=8 | edition=1st | url={{Google books|nZ3S6CW5KKQC|page=89|plainurl=yes}} | year=1981 | publisher=[[Bharatiya Jnanpith]] | location=[[New Delhi]] }}
* {{cite book | last1=Singh | first1=N.K. | last2=Mishra | first2=A.P. | url={{Google books|ZgNHE-48jNcC|page=114|plainurl=yes}} | title=Encyclopaedia of Oriental Philosophy: Jainism | volume=7 | edition=1st | publisher=Global vision publishing house | location=[[Delhi]] | year=2007 | isbn=978-8182200715 }}
* {{cite book |last=Reddy |first=Pedarapu Chenna |author-link=P. Chenna Reddy |title=Nagabharana: Recent Trends in Jainism Studies |url={{Google books|kfNgEAAAQBAJ|page=231 |keywords= |text= |plainurl=yes}} |year=2022 |publisher=Blue Rose Publishers |isbn=978-93-56114-46-3 }}
* {{cite book | last=Rice | first=Edward P. | title=A History of Kannada Literature | url={{Google books|2fhCH-NRatUC|page=19|plainurl=yes}} | year=1982 | publisher=[[Asian Educational Services]] | edition=2nd | location=[[New Delhi]] | isbn=9788120600638 }}
* {{cite book |last=Zimmer |first=Heinrich |author-link=Heinrich Zimmer |editor-last=Campbell |editor-first=Joseph |editor-link=Joseph Campbell |title=Philosophies Of India |year=1953 |orig-year=1951 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=London|url={{Google books|rTtjhAp0taAC|page=213|plainurl=yes}} |isbn=978-81-208-0739-6 }}
{{refend}}

==== Web ====
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite news | last=Prabhu | first=Ganesh |title=Bahubali abhisheka from today |url=http://thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/bahubali-abhisheka-from-today/article6806743.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=21 January 2015 }}
* {{cite news |last=Pinto |first=Stanley |title=12-year wait ends, all eyes on 42-ft-tall Karkala Bahubali |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/12-year-wait-ends-all-eyes-on-42-ft-tall-Karkala-Bahubali/articleshow/45964077.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=21 January 2015 |agency=[[Times News Network]] |location=[[Mangaluru]] }}
* {{cite news | author=TNN |title=Devotees throng for Mahamastakabhisheka |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/devotees-throng-for-mahamastakabhisheka/articleshow/1995844.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=24 February 2002 |agency=[[Times News Network]] |location=[[Mangaluru]] }}
* {{cite web | author=ASI | url=http://asibengalurucircle.in/jain-statue-gomateswara-karkala | title=Jain Statue of Gomateswara, Karkala | work=[[Archaeological Survey of India]] | access-date=19 July 2021 | archive-date=18 July 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210718193505/http://asibengalurucircle.in/jain-statue-gomateswara-karkala | url-status=dead }}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
* {{commons category-inline|Jaina statue of Gomateswara, Karkala}}

{{Jain temples}}
{{Jainism Topics}}

[[Category:Jain rock-cut architecture]]
[[Category:Jain pilgrimage sites]]
[[Category:Monoliths]]
[[Category:Colossal Jain statues in India]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Karnataka]]
[[Category:15th-century sculptures]]

V. P. Singh ministry

2026-01-24T12:51:34Z

CarlotaMacadam7:

{{Short description|Union Council of Ministers headed by V.P Singh}}
{{More citations needed|date=November 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox government cabinet
|cabinet_name = V. P. Singh ministry
|cabinet_type=ministry
|cabinet_number = 14th
|jurisdiction = the [[Republic of India]]
|incumbent =
| flag = Flag of India.svg
| flag_border = true
|image = V. P. Singh (cropped).jpg
|image_size =
|caption = Vishwanath Pratap Singh
|date_formed = {{Start date|df=yes|1989|12|02}}
|date_dissolved = {{Start date|df=yes|1990|11|10}}
|government_head = [[Vishwanath Pratap Singh]]
|government_head_history =
|deputy_government_head =
|state_head = [[R. Venkataraman]]
|members_number =
|former_members_number =
|total_number =
|political_party = [[Janata Dal]] ([[National Front (India)|National Front]]) (Supported by [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] 85/543 MPs).
|legislature_status = [[Coalition government|Coalition]]
|election = [[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
|last_election =
|legislature_term = {{Age in months|1989|12|02|1990|11|10}} months<ref>{{cite news |last=Hazarika |first=Sanjoy |title=Rival of Singh Becomes India Premier |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/11/10/world/rival-of-singh-becomes-india-premier.html?pagewanted=1 |work=The New York Times |date=10 November 1990 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20251127143923/https://www.nytimes.com/1990/11/10/world/rival-of-singh-becomes-india-premier.html |archive-date=27 November 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|budget =
|opposition_cabinet =
|opposition_party = [[Indian National Congress (Indira)]] (Congress alliance)
|opposition_leader = [[Rajiv Gandhi]] (lok sabha) [[P. Shiv Shankar]] (rajya sabha)
|incoming_formation =
|outgoing_formation =
|previous = [[Second Rajiv Gandhi ministry]]
|successor = [[Chandra Shekhar ministry]]
}}

'''Vishwanath Pratap Singh''' was sworn in as [[Prime Minister of India]] on 2 December 1989. His initial ministry consisted of the following Cabinet ministers and their departments. The Cabinet was functional from 2 December 1989 to 10 November 1990.

==Council of Ministers==
===Cabinet Ministers===
{{Cabinet table start|hiderefcol=y}}
!Remarks
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Minister of Defence (India)|Minister of Defence]] [[Minister of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions]] [[Ministry of Science and Technology (India)|Minister of Science and Technology]] [[Department of Atomic Energy]] [[Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology|Department of Electronics]] [[Ministry of Earth Sciences|Department of Ocean Development]] [[Department of Space]] And also in-charge of all other important portfolios and policy issues not allocated to any Minister.
| minister1 = [[V. P. Singh]]
| minister1_termstart = 2 December 1989
| minister1_termend = 10 November 1990
| minister1_party = Janata Dal
| minister1_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Deputy Prime Minister of India|Deputy Prime Minister]]
| minister1 = [[Devi Lal]]
| minister1_termstart = 2 December 1989
| minister1_termend = 1 August 1990
| minister1_party = Janata Dal
| minister1_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Minister of Agriculture (India)|Minister of Agriculture]]
| minister1 = [[Devi Lal]]
| minister1_termstart = 2 December 1989
| minister1_termend = 1 August 1990
| minister1_party = Janata Dal
| minister1_ref =  
| minister2 = [[V. P. Singh]]
| minister2_termstart = 1 August 1990
| minister2_termend = 10 November 1990
| minister2_party = Janata Dal
| minister2_ref = {{small|Prime Minister was responsible.}}
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Minister of Finance (India)|Minister of Finance]]
| minister1 = [[Madhu Dandavate]]
| minister1_termstart = 5 December 1989
| minister1_termend = 10 November 1990
| minister1_party = Janata Dal
| minister1_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Minister of External Affairs (India)|Minister of External Affairs]]
| minister1 = [[Inder Kumar Gujral]]
| minister1_termstart = 6 December 1989
| minister1_termend = 10 November 1990
| minister1_party = Janata Dal
| minister1_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|Minister of Home Affairs]]
| minister1 = [[Mufti Mohammad Sayeed]]
| minister1_termstart = 6 December 1989
| minister1_termend = 10 November 1990
| minister1_party = Janata Dal
| minister1_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Minister of Railways (India)|Minister of Railways]]
| minister1 = [[George Fernandes]]
| minister1_termstart = 6 December 1989
| minister1_termend = 10 November 1990
| minister1_party = Janata Dal
| minister1_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)|Minister of Industry]]
| minister1 = [[Ajit Singh (politician, born 1939)|Ajit Singh]]
| minister1_termstart = 6 December 1989
| minister1_termend = 10 November 1990
| minister1_party = Janata Dal
| minister1_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas|Minister of Petroleum and Chemicals]]
| minister1 = [[M. S. Gurupadaswamy]]
| minister1_termstart = 6 December 1989
| minister1_termend = 10 November 1990
| minister1_party = Janata Dal
| minister1_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)|Minister of Commerce]] [[Ministry of Tourism (India)|Minister of Tourism]]
| minister1 = [[Arun Nehru]]
| minister1_termstart = 6 December 1989
| minister1_termend = 10 November 1990
| minister1_party = Janata Dal
| minister1_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Food Processing Industries|Minister of Food Processing Industries]] [[Ministry of Textiles (India)|Minister of Textiles]]
| minister1 = [[Sharad Yadav]]
| minister1_termstart = 6 December 1989
| minister1_termend = 10 November 1990
| minister1_party = Janata Dal
| minister1_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Environment and Forests (India)|Minister of Environment and Forests]]
| minister1 = [[V. P. Singh]]
| minister1_termstart = 2 December 1989
| minister1_termend = 23 April 1990
| minister1_party = Janata Dal
| minister1_ref = {{small|Prime Minister was responsible.}}
| minister2 = [[Nilamani Routray]]
| minister2_termstart = 23 April 1990
| minister2_termend = 10 November 1990
| minister2_party = Janata Dal
| minister2_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (India)|Minister of Health and Family Welfare]]
| minister1 = [[Nilamani Routray]]
| minister1_termstart = 6 December 1989
| minister1_termend = 23 April 1990
| minister1_party = Janata Dal
| minister1_ref =  
| minister2 = [[Rasheed Masood]]
| minister2_termstart = 23 April 1990
| minister2_termend = 10 November 1990
| minister2_party = Janata Dal
| minister2_ref = {{small|Minister of State (I/C) was responsible.}}
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Power (India)|Minister of Energy]] [[Ministry of Civil Aviation (India)|Minister of Civil Aviation]]
| minister1 = [[Arif Mohammad Khan]]
| minister1_termstart = 6 December 1989
| minister1_termend = 10 November 1990
| minister1_party = Janata Dal
| minister1_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Labour and Employment (India)|Minister of Labour]] [[Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment|Minister of Welfare]]
| minister1 = [[Ram Vilas Paswan]]
| minister1_termstart = 6 December 1989
| minister1_termend = 10 November 1990
| minister1_party = Janata Dal
| minister1_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Surface Transport (India)|Minister of Surface Transport]]
| minister1 = [[K. P. Unnikrishnan]]
| minister1_termstart = 6 December 1989
| minister1_termend = 10 November 1990
| minister1_party = Janata Dal
| minister1_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Communications (India)|Minister of Communications]]
| minister1 = [[K. P. Unnikrishnan]]
| minister1_termstart = 6 December 1989
| minister1_termend = 23 April 1990
| minister1_party = Janata Dal
| minister1_ref =  
| minister2 = [[Janeshwar Mishra]]
| minister2_termstart = 23 April 1990
| minister2_termend = 10 November 1990
| minister2_party = Janata Dal
| minister2_ref = {{small|Minister of State (I/C) was responsible.}}
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Steel (India)|Minister of Steel and Mines]] [[Minister of Law and Justice (India)|Minister of Law and Justice]]
| minister1 = [[Dinesh Goswami]]
| minister1_termstart = 6 December 1989
| minister1_termend = 10 November 1990
| minister1_party = Asom Gana Parishad
| minister1_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Urban Development (India)|Minister of Urban Development]]
| minister1 = [[Murasoli Maran]]
| minister1_termstart = 6 December 1989
| minister1_termend = 10 November 1990
| minister1_party = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
| minister1_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Minister of Information and Broadcasting]]
| minister1 = [[P. Upendra]]
| minister1_termstart = 6 December 1989
| minister1_termend = 10 November 1990
| minister1_party = Telugu Desam Party
| minister1_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution|Minister of Food and Civil Supplies]]
| minister1 = [[Nathuram Mirdha]]
| minister1_termstart = 8 December 1989
| minister1_termend = 10 November 1990
| minister1_party = Janata Dal
| minister1_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Minister of Kashmir Affairs]]
| minister1 = [[George Fernandes]]
| minister1_termstart = 13 March 1990
| minister1_termend = 30 May 1990
| minister1_party = Janata Dal
| minister1_ref =  
}}
{{Cabinet table end}}

===Ministers of State (Independent Charge)===
{{Cabinet table start|hiderefcol=y}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Water Resources, River Development and Ganga Rejuvenation|Minister of State (Independent Charge) of Water Resources]]
| minister1 = [[Manubhai Kotadia]]
| minister1_termstart = 6 December 1989
| minister1_termend = 5 November 1990
| minister1_party = Janata Dal
}}
{{Cabinet table end}}

===Ministers of State===
{{Cabinet table start|hiderefcol=y}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Environment and Forests (India)|Minister of State in the Ministry of Environment and Forests]]
| minister1 = [[Maneka Gandhi]]
| minister1_termstart = 6 December 1989
| minister1_termend = 6 November 1990
| minister1_party = Janata Dal
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Science and Technology (India)|Minister of State in the Ministry of Science and Technology]]
| minister1 = [[M. G. K. Menon]]
| minister1_termstart = 18 December 1989
| minister1_termend = 10 November 1990
| minister1_party = Janata Dal
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Department of Atomic Energy|Minister of State in the Department of Atomic Energy]] [[Ministry of Science and Technology (India)|Minister of State in the Department of Electronics]] [[Department of Space|Minister of State in the Department of Space]] [[Ministry of Earth Sciences|Minister of State in the Department of Ocean Development]]
| minister1 = [[M. G. K. Menon]]
| minister1_termstart = 25 December 1989
| minister1_termend = 10 November 1990
| minister1_party = Janata Dal
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Planning (India)|Minister of State in the Ministry of Programme Implementation]]
| minister1 = [[Maneka Gandhi]]
| minister1_termstart = 20 January 1990
| minister1_termend = 23 April 1990
| minister1_party = Janata Dal
| minister2 = [[Bhagey Gobardhan]]
| minister2_termstart = 23 April 1990
| minister2_termend = 10 November 1990
| minister2_party = Janata Dal
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Education (India)|Minister of State in the Ministry of Human Resource Development]]
| minister1 = [[M. G. K. Menon]] {{small|(Education)}}
| minister1_termstart = 20 January 1990
| minister1_termend = 23 April 1990
| minister1_party = Janata Dal
| minister2 = [[Chimanbhai Mehta]]
| minister2_termstart = 23 April 1990
| minister2_termend = 10 November 1990
| minister2_party = Janata Dal
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Minister of Defence (India)|Minister of State in the Ministry of Defence]]
| minister1 = [[Raja Ramanna]]
| minister1_termstart = 20 January 1990
| minister1_termend = 10 November 1990
| minister1_party = Janata Dal
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Agriculture (India)|Minister of State in the Ministry of Agriculture]]
| minister1 = [[Nitish Kumar]] {{small|(Agriculture and Cooperation)}}
| minister1_termstart = 23 April 1990
| minister1_termend = 10 November 1990
| minister1_party = Janata Dal
| minister2 = [[Upendra Nath Verma]] {{small|(Rural Development)}}
| minister2_termstart = 23 April 1990
| minister2_termend = 10 November 1990
| minister2_party = Janata Dal
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|Minister of State in the Ministry of Home Affairs]]
| minister1 = [[Subodh Kant Sahay]]
| minister1_termstart = 23 April 1990
| minister1_termend = 5 November 1990
| minister1_party = Janata Dal
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)|Minister of State in the Ministry of Industry]]
| minister1 = [[Srikant Kumar Jena]] {{small|(Small Scale Industries and Agro and Rural Industries)}}
| minister1_termstart = 23 April 1990
| minister1_termend = 10 November 1990
| minister1_party = Janata Dal
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs (India)|Minister of State in the Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs]] [[Ministry of Tourism (India)|Minister of State in the Ministry of Tourism]]
| minister1 = [[Satya Pal Malik]]
| minister1_termstart = 23 April 1990
| minister1_termend = 10 November 1990
| minister1_party = Janata Dal
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Minister of External Affairs (India)|Minister of State in the Ministry of External Affairs]]
| minister1 = [[Hari Kishore Singh]]
| minister1_termstart = 23 April 1990
| minister1_termend = 10 November 1990
| minister1_party = Janata Dal
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas (India)|Minister of State in the Ministry of Petroleum and Chemicals]]
| minister1 = [[Bhajaman Behara]]
| minister1_termstart = 23 April 1990
| minister1_termend = 10 November 1990
| minister1_party = Janata Dal
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution|Minister of State in the Ministry of Food and Civil Supplies]]
| minister1 = [[Ram Pujan Patel]]
| minister1_termstart = 23 April 1990
| minister1_termend = 10 November 1990
| minister1_party = Janata Dal
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)|Minister of State in the Ministry of Commerce]]
| minister1 = [[w:ml:അരങ്ങിൽ ശ്രീധരൻ|Arangil Shreedharan]]
| minister1_termstart = 23 April 1990
| minister1_termend = 10 November 1990
| minister1_party = Janata Dal
}}
{{Cabinet table end}}

===Deputy Ministers===
{{Cabinet table start|hiderefcol=y}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Education (India)|Deputy Minister in the Ministry of Human Resource Development]]
| minister1 = [[Bhakta Charan Das]] {{small|(Youth Affairs and Sports)}}
| minister1_termstart = 23 April 1990
| minister1_termend = 5 November 1990
| minister1_party = Janata Dal
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment|Deputy Minister in the Ministry of Welfare]]
| minister1 = [[Bhakta Charan Das]] {{small|(Women and Child Development)}}
| minister1_termstart = 23 April 1990
| minister1_termend = 5 November 1990
| minister1_party = Janata Dal
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs (India)|Deputy Minister in the Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs]]
| minister1 = [[Jagdeep Dhankhar]]
| minister1_termstart = 23 April 1990
| minister1_termend = 5 November 1990
| minister1_party = Janata Dal
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Finance (India)|Deputy Minister in the Ministry of Finance]]
| minister1 = [[Anil Shastri]]
| minister1_termstart = 23 April 1990
| minister1_termend = 10 November 1990
| minister1_party = Janata Dal
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Railways (India)|Deputy Minister in the Ministry of Railways]]
| minister1 = [[Ajay Singh (diplomat)|Ajay Singh]]
| minister1_termstart = 23 April 1990
| minister1_termend = 10 November 1990
| minister1_party = Janata Dal
}}
{{Cabinet table end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Indian federal ministries}}

[[Category:Indian union ministries]]
[[Category:1989 establishments in India]]
[[Category:V. P. Singh administration]]
[[Category:1990 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Cabinets established in 1989]]
[[Category:Cabinets disestablished in 1990]]
[[Category:Janata Dal]]
[[Category:Telugu Desam Party]]
[[Category:Asom Gana Parishad]]
[[Category:Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
[[Category:Indian ministries established in 1989]]
[[Category:Indian ministries disestablished in 1990]]

51 Special Action Group

2026-01-22T11:22:19Z

CarlotaMacadam7: fix structure as per guidelines and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|Indian counter-terrorism unit}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{one source|date=December 2012}}
{{more footnotes|date=June 2020}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox law enforcement agency
| agencyname = 51 Special Action Group
| nativename = 51 SAG
| nativenamea =
| nativenamer =
| commonname = Top Men Team
| patch =
| patchcaption =
| logo =
| logocaption =
| badge =
| badgecaption =
| flag =
| flagcaption =
| imagesize =
| motto = ''Sahas Ki Vijay''
| mottotranslated = Bravery Wins
| mission =
| formed = 1985, 15 December
| preceding1 =
| employees = The officers and troops come from various units of Army, trained in various commando courses.
| volunteers =
| budget =
| country = India
| federal = Yes
| map =
| mapcaption =
| sizearea =
| sizepopulation =
| legaljuris =
| governingbody = Ministry of Home Affairs (India)
| governingbodyscnd =
| constitution1 = National Security Guard Act, 1985
| restriction =
| overviewtype =
| overviewbody =
| headquarters = [[New Delhi]], India
| hqlocmap =
| hqlocleft =
| hqloctop =
| hqlocmappoptitle =
| sworntype =
| sworn =
| unsworntype =
| unsworn =
| electeetype =
| minister1name =
| minister1pfo =
| chief1name = Colonel Himanshu Thakran from NAGA Regiment
| chief1position = [[Group Commander]]
| parentagency = [[National Security Guard]]
| unittype =
| unitname =
| officetype =
| officename =
| stationtype =
| stations =
| lockuptype =
| lockups =
| vehicle1type =
| vehicles1 =
| boat1type =
| boats1 =
| aircraft1type =
| aircraft1 =
| animal1type =
| animals1 =
| person1name =
| person1reason =
| person1type =
| programme1 =
| activity1name = [[Operation Black Thunder]]
| activity2name = Operation Snow Storm
| activity3name = Operation Mouse Trap
| activity4name = [[2008 Mumbai attacks|Operation Black Tornado]]
| activity5name = [[1988 Maldives coup d'état|Operation Cactus]]
| speciality1 =
| activitytype =
| anniversary1 =
| award1 =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

The '''51 Special Action Group''' is a special response unit of the [[National Security Guard]] (NSG) of India. It was raised by the Cabinet Secretariat under the '''National Security Guard Act of 1985.'''<ref>{{Cite web|date=24 August 2020|title=Army Chief honours 51 special action group of the national security guards|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/army-chief-honours-51-special-action-group-of-the-national-security-guards/articleshow/77725700.cms|url-status=live|access-date=2021-04-13|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200825194448/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/army-chief-honours-51-special-action-group-of-the-national-security-guards/articleshow/77725700.cms |archive-date=25 August 2020 }}</ref>

The Special Action Group (SAG) comprises 54% of the National Security Guard. The 51 SAG forms the offensive arm, with personnel drawn from the Indian Army. The 51 SAG is tasked with [[counterterrorism]] operations, while the 52 SAG is trained and equipped for [[hostage rescue]] operations.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sabarwal|first=Harshit|date=24 August 2020|title=Army Chief honours 51 SAG of the National Security Guard|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/army-chief-honours-51-sag-of-the-national-security-guard/story-zIP0HgQLebTtPOxVxJzBoI.html|url-status=live|access-date=2021-04-13|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200824165242/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/army-chief-honours-51-sag-of-the-national-security-guard/story-zIP0HgQLebTtPOxVxJzBoI.html |archive-date=24 August 2020 }}</ref>

==Mission==
51 Special Action Group's mission is part of the NSG's overall mission to neutralize specific terrorist threats in vital installations or any given area, handle hijack situations involving piracy in the air and on the land, engage and neutralize terrorists in specific situations, and to rescue hostages in kidnap situations.

==Composition==
The unit is the smallest combat unit in the SAG counter-terrorist operations, and is called a ''hit''. It has five members: two pairs, or partners and a [[technical support]] member. Four ''hits'' make a ''team'' which is under the command of a captain/team commander. The number of hits used for an intervention job depends on its complexity and the magnitude of the operation.

Recently, operational hubs have been raised in Metro cities: [[Mumbai]], [[Chennai]], [[Hyderabad]], [[Kolkata]] and [[Gandhinagar]], apart from its headquarters at [[Manesar]] ([[Haryana]]), near the capital [[New Delhi]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Gujarat gets new NSG hub; fifth in the country|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/gujarat-gets-new-nsg-hub-fifth-in-the-country/articleshow/58095713.cms|access-date=2021-04-13}}</ref>

==Equipment==
*[[HK MP5]] and its variants such as the [[MP5SD3]], [[MP5SD6]], [[MP5K]], and [[MP5-N]]
*[[Glock 19]]
*[[SIG Sauer P226]]
*[[SIG SG 550#Variants|SIG SG 550 and its variants]]
*[[Beretta 92]]
*[[Franchi SPAS-15]] 12 gauge combat shotgun
*[[PSG-1]] sniper rifle
*[[MSG-90]] sniper rifle

==Operation Black Tornado==
During the 26/11 Mumbai attacks, the National Security Guard’s 51 Special Action Group conducted Operation Black Tornado, a multi-site counter-terrorism mission targeting locations including the Taj Mahal Palace Hotel, Oberoi Trident, and Nariman House. The deployment faced delays and was hindered by limited intelligence, lack of building layouts, and poor coordination. Tactical challenges included a failed helicopter insertion and reliance on media for situational updates. The operation lasted nearly 60 hours, resulting in casualties and highlighting systemic issues in preparedness and inter-agency communication.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-11-23 |title=Revisiting the NSG operations: what worked and what didn't |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/revisiting-the-nsg-operations-what-worked-and-what-didn-t/story-gLNfQU89EIyZxUxQH9780L.html |access-date=2025-09-01 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

== Operation Cactus ==
'''Operation Cactus''', carried out on 3 November 1988, was a military response by India to a coup attempt in the Maldives. Armed rebels from the People's Liberation Organisation of Tamil Eelam (PLOTE) had taken control of key government sites in Malé. Following a request from the Maldivian government, Indian forces—including paratroopers, naval vessels, and air support—were deployed to secure the area and assist in restoring administrative control. The operation was completed within hours and involved coordination across multiple branches of the Indian military.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Rishabh |date=2024-01-12 |title=Operation Cactus: When India deployed all three forces to protect Maldives |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/history-of-it/story/operation-cactus-when-india-deployed-all-three-forces-to-protect-maldives-2487627-2024-01-12 |access-date=2025-09-01 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=51 SAG |title=51 SAG Doc |url=https://www.usiofindia.org/pdf/Oct-Dec%202016-77-84.pdf}}</ref>

== Operation Dhangu ==
The Army justified the deployment of 51 SAG (NSG) in the operation against the six terrorists at the Pathankot airbase, saying that the three service chiefs had taken the call jointly so that the elite combat force could deal with any hostage crisis in the airbase which had around 3,000 family members of IAF personnel and 23 trainees from four foreign countries at the time of the attack. Commander of the Army's Western Command Lt Gen K J Singh said the 51 SAG (NSG) was deployed as it is a force specially trained to deal with a hostage crisis. Apart from family members, 23 trainees from Afghanistan, Nigeria, Sri Lanka and Myanmar were at the airbase when terrorists struck. Singh said the strategic forward airbase of the IAF at Pathankot remained fully functional all through the 'Operation Dhangu', the codename given to the mission to eliminate the terrorists. On 3 January, when two terrorists had entered the barracks inside the airbase, six IAF personnel were stuck on the first floor of the building, Lt Gen Singh said. The commandos rappelled down to the building roof, broke the window on the first floor and evacuated IAF men. Thereafter the building was demolished with the help of IEDs to neutralise the terrorists.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 January 2016 |title=How NSG commandos neutralized the terrorists at Pathankot Air Force base |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/how-nsg-commandos-neutralized-the-terrorists-at-pathankot-air-force-base/articleshow/50455945.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160106002011/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/How-NSG-commandos-neutralized-the-terrorists-at-Pathankot-Air-Force-base/articleshow/50455945.cms |archive-date=6 January 2016 |access-date=2021-04-13 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sura |first=Ajay |date=7 January 2016 |title=Pathankot attack: How 'Operation Dhangu' was won |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/pathankot-attack-how-operation-dhangu-was-won/articleshow/50476559.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160108213136/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Pathankot-attack-How-Operation-Dhangu-was-won/articleshow/50476559.cms |archive-date=8 January 2016 |access-date=2021-04-13 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

== Other Operations ==
Though it is not possible to narrate all the operations carried out by NSG but the summary of important surgical operations carried out by NSG (51 SAG) are given below:

*'''Operation Mouse Trap''' – Commandos were deployed in District Taran Taaran (Punjab). More than 25 militants were killed and a large number of weapons & ammunition were recovered.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Mohan|first=Vijay|date=7 February 2006|title=Surprise was key element of Operation Mouse Trap|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2006/20060208/punjab1.htm|url-status=live|access-date=2021-04-13|website=The Tribune|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060214104441/http://www.tribuneindia.com:80/2006/20060208/punjab1.htm |archive-date=14 February 2006 }}</ref>
*'''Operation Agni Baan''' – Punjab terrorists were holed up inside a house in Baroda. 2 terrorists were killed and their weapons recovered.
*'''Operation Ghost Buste'''r – 51 SAG was deployed with SIT for search and strike missions after the assassination of Rajiv Gandhi.
*'''Operation Sudarshan''' – 51 SAG was deployed at Ayodhya during [[Demolition of the Babri Masjid]]
*'''Operation Winter Storm''' – 51 SAG along with supporting elements were moved on 27 Oct 93 to Srinagar to flush out militants from Hazratbal Shrine. Operations were called off after a prolonged siege of almost a month though the final preparations for assault had been made.
*'''Operation Vajrashakti in Akshardham Temple''' – 51 SAG was flown to rescue hostages held by terrorist in Akshardham Temple Gandhinagar. This was the first operation in which two commandos of 51 SAG attained martyrdom. All the militants were killed with no casualties to hostages & damage to the temple.<ref>{{Cite web|title=2002 Akshardham temple attack accused Yasin Butt arrested from Jammu & Kashmir by Gujarat ATS|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/2002-akshardham-temple-attack-accused-yasin-butt-arrested-from-jammu-kashmir-by-gujarat-ats/459744|url-status=live|access-date=2021-04-13|website=Times Now News|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190726204324/https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/2002-akshardham-temple-attack-accused-yasin-butt-arrested-from-jammu-kashmir-by-gujarat-ats/459744 |archive-date=26 July 2019 }}</ref>
*'''Operation Trident and Cyclone''' – Recently held operations to flush out the terrorists and rescue hostages post multiple attacks across Mumbai. [[Major Sandeep Unnikrishnan]] & [[Havaldar Gajender Singh]] made their supreme sacrifice while combating the terrorists.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Operation Black Tornado: How NSG commandoes ended the siege of Mumbai|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/operation-black-tornado-how-nsg-commandoes-ended-the-siege-of-mumbai/687044|url-status=live|access-date=2021-04-13|website=Times Now News|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201126111842/https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/operation-black-tornado-how-nsg-commandoes-ended-the-siege-of-mumbai/687044 |archive-date=26 November 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Krishnan|first=Raghu|date=2020-11-25|title=Let us remember not just the horror of 26/11 but the heroes|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/blogs/andwordsisallihave/let-us-remember-not-just-the-horror-of-26-11-but-the-heroes/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-04-13|website=Economic Times Blog|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201125081640/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/blogs/andwordsisallihave/let-us-remember-not-just-the-horror-of-26-11-but-the-heroes/ |archive-date=25 November 2020 }}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Special Forces of India]]
* [[Special Frontier Force]]
* [[Commando Battalion for Resolute Action|COBRA commandos]]
* [[Special Protection Group]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Law enforcement in India}}

[[Category:Special forces of India]]
[[Category:Specialist law enforcement agencies of India]]

INS Prachand

2026-01-20T18:20:28Z

CarlotaMacadam7: Stub!

{{Short description|Chamak-class missile boat of the Indian Navy}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox ship
|section1={{Infobox ship/image
|image=
|image_caption=
}}

|section2={{Infobox ship/career
|hide_header=
|country= India
|flag= {{shipboxflag|India|naval}}
|name= INS ''Prachand''
|namesake=
|ordered=
|builder=
|laid_down=
|launched=
|acquired=
|commissioned= 17 February 1976
|decommissioned= 29 December 1999
|in_service=
|out_of_service=
|struck=
|reinstated=
|honours=
|fate=
|status=
|notes=
}}

|section3={{Infobox ship/characteristics
|hide_header=
|header_caption=
|class= {{sclass|Chamak|missile boat}}
|displacement= 245 tons (full load)<ref name=in-chamak>{{cite web|url=http://indiannavy.nic.in/missile_chamak.htm |title=Surface Ships of Indian Navy |accessdate=2012-04-24 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090619082432/http://indiannavy.nic.in/missile_chamak.htm |archivedate=2009-06-19 }}</ref>
|length= {{cvt|38.6|m|ftin}}
|beam= {{cvt|7.6|m|ftin}}
|draught=
|draft=
|propulsion=
|speed= + {{convert|37|kn|lk=in}}
|range=
|complement= 30
|sensors=
|armament=*4 × [[SS-N-2]]A Styx [[anti-ship missile]]s
*1 × [[SA-N-5]] [[surface-to-air missile]]
*2 × AK-230 30 mm guns
|armor=
|aircraft=
|aircraft_facilities=
|notes=
}}
}}

'''INS ''Prachand'' (K90)''' (''Intense'')<ref>https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1</ref> was a {{sclass|Chamak|missile boat}} of the [[Indian Navy]].<ref name=in-chamak/><ref name=br-osa-II>{{cite web|url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/NAVY/Ships/Past/89-Osa-II-Class.html |title=Bharat-Rakshak.com :: NAVY - Osa II Class |accessdate=2009-08-10 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100209025043/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/NAVY/Ships/Past/89-Osa-II-Class.html |archivedate=2010-02-09 }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Chamak-class missile boat}}
{{Mil-ship-stub}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Prachand (K90)}}
[[Category:Chamak-class missile boats]]
[[Category:1976 ships]]

Digital Personal Data Protection Rules, 2025

2026-01-20T15:45:54Z

CarlotaMacadam7: created first stub initial version

{{Short description|Digital Personal Data Protection rules in India}}
{{Infobox legislation
| short_title = Digital Personal Data Protection Rules, 2025
| legislature = Government of India
| long_title =
| territorial_extent = India
| date_notified = 14 November 2025
| administered_by = Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology
| status = in force
}}

The '''Digital Personal Data Protection Rules, 2025''' (commonly known as '''DPDP Rules, 2025''') is a subordinate legislation notified by the Government of India under the [[Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023]] (DPDP Act, 2023). The rules provide detailed operational requirements for implementation of the Act, specifying obligations of data fiduciaries and procedures for data principals, breach reporting, cross-border transfers and the functioning of the Data Protection Board of India.<ref>{{cite web |title=Digital Personal Data Protection (DPDP) Rules, 2025 – Press Release |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetailm.aspx?PRID=2190014 |website=Press Information Bureau |date=14 November 2025 |access-date=14 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-11-15 |title=From prompt data breach reporting to annual audits, DPDP rules set firm obligations for cos |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/company/corporate-trends/from-prompt-data-breach-reporting-to-annual-audits-dpdp-rules-set-firm-obligations-for-cos/articleshow/125342553.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-11-15 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Deep |first=Aroon |date=2025-11-14 |title=Digital Personal Data Protection Act notified after two years, RTI Act amended |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/digital-personal-data-protection-act-notified-after-two-years-rti-act-amended/article70278698.ece |access-date=2025-11-15 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Summary ==
The rules set out practical steps for consent collection, notice requirements, breach notification, record-keeping, and special protections (for children and persons with disabilities). They also define timelines for phased compliance and provide details on the constitution and powers of the [[Data Protection Board of India]] envisaged under the DPDP Act, 2023. The notification of the Rules followed public and stakeholder consultations and was presented as the final step to operationalize India’s data-protection framework.

== Background ==
The [[Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023]] established the legal framework for personal data protection in India but delegated many technical and procedural requirements to subordinate rules. After stakeholder consultations and draft releases, the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY) finalized the Rules and notified them on 14 November 2025.<ref name="pib" />

== Key provisions ==
The key elements of the Rules include:

* '''Consent and notice''' — Data fiduciaries must provide clear and concise privacy notices that specify purpose(s) of processing, categories of data processed, retention periods, and mechanisms to withdraw consent. Consent requirements emphasise informed, unambiguous and freely given consent for processing personal data.<ref>{{cite web |title=DPDP Rules 2025: key points |url=https://www.livelaw.in/top-stories/digital-personal-data-protection-rules-2025-notified-309928 |website=LiveLaw |date=14 November 2025 |access-date=14 November 2025}}</ref>
* '''Data breach notification''' — Fiduciaries are required to notify the Data Protection Board and affected data principals of personal data breaches within specified timelines, and to provide details about the nature of the breach and mitigation steps taken.<ref>{{cite web |title=India strengthens privacy law with new data collection rules |url=https://www.reuters.com/sustainability/boards-policy-regulation/india-strengthens-privacy-law-with-new-data-collection-rules-2025-11-14/ |website=Reuters |date=14 November 2025 |access-date=14 November 2025}}</ref>
* '''Special categories and vulnerable groups''' — The Rules provide enhanced protections for children's data (verifiable guardian consent for certain processing) and for persons with disabilities, including guidelines for obtaining lawful guardian oversight where appropriate.<ref>{{cite web |title=DPDP Rules: protections for children and persons with disabilities |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetailm.aspx?PRID=2190014 |website=Press Information Bureau |date=14 November 2025 |access-date=14 November 2025}}</ref>
* '''Cross-border data transfer''' — The Rules set out conditions and safeguards for transfer of personal data outside India; the Central Government retains power to specify countries or mechanisms for permitted transfers.<ref>{{cite web |title=DPDP Rules: cross-border transfers |url=https://www.scconline.com/blog/post/2025/11/14/meity-notified-digital-personal-data-protection-rules-2025/ |website=SCC Online |date=14 November 2025 |access-date=14 November 2025}}</ref>
* '''Data Protection Board of India''' — The Rules detail the composition, appointment process and functioning (including digital-first proceedings) of the Data Protection Board of India envisaged under the DPDP Act, 2023.<ref>{{cite web |title=Digital Personal Data Protection (DPDP) Rules, 2025 – Press Release |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetailm.aspx?PRID=2190014 |website=Press Information Bureau |date=14 November 2025 |access-date=14 November 2025}}</ref>
* '''Phased compliance''' — Certain operational provisions are subject to phased implementation to allow businesses (including startups and small enterprises) to adapt to new compliance requirements.<ref>{{cite web |title=MeitY notifies DPDP Rules, 2025 |url=https://www.scconline.com/blog/post/2025/11/14/meity-notified-digital-personal-data-protection-rules-2025/ |website=SCC Online |date=14 November 2025 |access-date=14 November 2025}}</ref>

== Implementation timeline ==
{| class="wikitable"
! Date !! Event
|-
| 14 November 2025 || Digital Personal Data Protection Rules, 2025 notified by MeitY.<ref name="pib" />
|-
| 14 November 2025 || Immediate effect for certain procedural provisions; phased compliance dates for others specified in the Rules.<ref>{{cite web |title=MeitY notifies DPDP Rules, 2025 |url=https://www.scconline.com/blog/post/2025/11/14/meity-notified-digital-personal-data-protection-rules-2025/ |website=SCC Online |date=14 November 2025 |access-date=14 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Deep |first=Aroon |date=2025-11-15 |title=What are the Digital Personal Data Protection Rules and when do they apply? |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/technology/what-are-the-digital-personal-data-protection-rules-and-when-do-they-apply/article70283392.ece |access-date=2025-11-15 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|}

== See also ==
* [[Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023]]
* [[General Data Protection Regulation]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External Sources ==
[https://www.meity.gov.in/static/uploads/2025/11/53450e6e5dc0bfa85ebd78686cadad39.pdf Text of the Rules published by the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology]
[[Category:2025 in Indian law]]
[[Category:Data protection]]

Jansenia rugosiceps

2025-12-27T18:10:46Z

CarlotaMacadam7: Stub!

{{Short description|Species of tiger beetle}}
{{speciesbox
| image = Tiger beetle1.jpg
| genus= Jansenia
| species= rugosiceps
| authority = ([[Maximilien Chaudoir|Chaudoir]], 1865)
| synonyms = ''Cicindela rugosiceps'' Chaudoir, 1865
}}

'''''Jansenia rugosiceps''''' is a species of [[tiger beetle]] found in southern India.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Chaudoir |first1=M. de |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/230992 |title=Catalogue de la collection de Cicindélètes de M. le baron de Chaudoir |last2=Chaudoir |first2=M. de |date=1865 |publisher=Impr. J. Nys |location=Bruxelles |pages=57 |language=la}}</ref><ref name=GBIF/><ref name="Acciavatti and Pearson 1989"/> They are found mainly on rocks and boulders on hills in scrub forest. They measure {{convert|11|-|12|mm|abbr=on}} in length.<ref name="Acciavatti and Pearson 1989">{{cite journal| pages=77–353 [223–224] | journal=Annals of Carnegie Museum| volume=58| year=1989| author1=Acciavatti, R.E.| author2=Pearson, D.L.| title=The tiger beetle genus ''Cicindela'' (Coleoptera. Insecta) from the Indian subcontinent | doi=10.5962/p.215810| bibcode=1989AnCM...58...77A|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/52514231 | doi-access=free}}</ref> An examination of pygidial gland chemical defenses found that the species does not produce significant benzaldehyde unlike many other tiger beetle species.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Pearson|first1=David L.|last2=Blum|first2=Murray S.|last3=Jones|first3=Tappey H.|last4=Fales|first4=Henry M.|last5=Gonda|first5=E.|last6=White|first6=B. R.|date=1988|title=Historical Perspective and the Interpretation of Ecological Patterns: Defensive Compounds of Tiger Beetles (Coleoptera: Cicindelidae)|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2461990|journal=The American Naturalist|volume=132|issue=3|pages=404–416|doi=10.1086/284860|jstor=2461990|bibcode=1988ANat..132..404P |s2cid=84269460 |url-access=subscription}}</ref>

== References ==
<references>

<ref name=GBIF>{{GBIF |id=7531638 |taxon=''Jansenia rugosiceps'' (Chaudoir, 1865) |access-date=2 January 2023}}</ref>

</references>

== External links ==
* [http://www.gorodinski.ru/view_cicindelidae.php?id_cicindela=61 Image]

{{taxonbar|from = Q13372866}}

[[Category:Cicindelidae]]
[[Category:Beetles of Asia]]
[[Category:Endemic arthropods of India]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Maximilien Chaudoir]]
[[Category:Beetles described in 1865]]

{{Cicindelidae-stub}}

Appemidi Mango

2025-12-26T22:36:59Z

CarlotaMacadam7: Made First Post Initial Version

{{Short description|Mango cultivar from Karnataka, India}}
{{Infobox cultivar
| name = ''Mangifera'' 'Appemidi'
| image = APPEMIDI1.jpg
| image_caption =
| genus = ''[[Mangifera]]''
| species = ''[[Mangifera indica]]''
| cultivar = 'Appemidi'
| origin = [[India]]
}}
The ''''Appemidi' mango''', is a [[mango]] [[cultivar]] primarily grown in [[Malenadu | Malenadu region]] of [[Karnataka]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kole |first1=Chittaranjan |title=The Mango Genome |date=27 March 2021 |publisher=Springer Nature |isbn=978-3-030-47829-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KRomEAAAQBAJ&dq=Appemidi+Mango&pg=PA116 |access-date=7 November 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=B.P |first1=Darshan Devaiah |title=IIHR to hold exclusive 'appe midi' fair where 100 varieties to be on display |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/iihr-to-hold-exclusive-appe-midi-fair-where-100-varieties-to-be-on-display/article66703336.ece |access-date=3 October 2024 |work=The Hindu |date=5 April 2023 |language=en-IN}}</ref> Appe midi is the variation of the same name. Appemidi varieties include Ananta Bhattana, Kanchappa, and Karnakundala. <ref>{{cite news |last1=Sen |first1=Piyali |title=10 Indian Mangoes With GI Tags |url=https://www.outlooktraveller.com/explore/food-and-drink/10-indian-mangoes-with-gi-tags |access-date=3 October 2024 |work=Outlook Traveller |date=11 June 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Revival of scarce mango variety on track |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hubballi/revival-of-scarce-mango-variety-on-track/articleshow/7613477.cms |access-date=3 October 2024 |work=The Times of India |date=2 March 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=April 12, 2022 |title=In a pickle |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/in-a-pickle/articleshow/90786041.cms |access-date=3 October 2024 |work=Bangalore Mirror |language=en}}</ref>

==Name==
The word "Appe midi", translating to "Tender Mango" in the [[Kannada language]], is the king of all tender mangoes for its use in the [[South Asian pickle]] industry.<ref>{{cite web |title=Appemidi Brochure |page=2 |url=https://www.iihr.res.in/sites/default/files/Appemidi%20brochure.pdf |access-date=3 October 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Sthapit |first1=Bhuwon |last2=Lamers |first2=Hugo |last3=Rao |first3=Ramanatha |last4=Bailey |first4=Arwen |title=Tropical Fruit Tree Diversity: Good practices for in situ and on-farm conservation |date=12 May 2016 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-63622-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TNgmDAAAQBAJ&dq=Appemidi+Mango&pg=PR14 |access-date=7 November 2024 |language=en}}</ref> Appemidi mangoes, grown along the riverbeds of the [[Aghanashini River|Aghanashini]], [[Bedthi River|Bedti]], and [[Sharavati]], are celebrated for their exceptional suitability in making mouthwatering pickles known popularly as 'Appe midi Uppinakayi'.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Agrawal |first1=Chitra |title=Vibrant India: Fresh Vegetarian Recipes from Bangalore to Brooklyn [A Cookbook] |date=21 March 2017 |publisher=Clarkson Potter/Ten Speed |isbn=978-1-60774-735-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M1ZcDAAAQBAJ&dq=uppinakayi+pickle&pg=PA185 |access-date=7 November 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Karnataka State Gazetteer: Uttara Kannada |date=1985 |publisher=Director of Print, Stationery and Publications at the Government Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RiMLAQAAIAAJ&q=Appemidi+Mango |access-date=7 November 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Kalamkar |first1=Dr S. S. |last2=Sharma |first2=Dr Hemant |title=Emerging Global Economic Situation: Impact on Trade and Agribusiness in India |date=17 December 2019 |publisher=Allied Publishers |isbn=978-81-943444-6-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-TlTEAAAQBAJ&dq=Appemidi+Mango&pg=PA465 |access-date=7 November 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

==Description==
The mango is found in the wild and is small in size and pulpy. It is known for its taste, aroma and shelf life.<ref>{{cite news |date=December 12, 2015 |last=Chetan |first=R. |title=Looking into the Appe Midi mango mystery |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/looking-into-the-appe-midi-mango-mystery/articleshow/50144168.cms |access-date=3 October 2024 |work=Bangalore Mirror |language=en}}</ref>

==Geographical indication==
It was awarded the [[List of geographical indications in India|Geographical Indication]] status tag from the [[Geographical Indication Registry (India)|Geographical Indications Registry]] under the [[Government of India|Union Government of India]] on 4 September 2009 (valid until 3 September 2029).

Department of Horticulture from [[Bengaluru]] proposed the GI registration of the Appemidi mango. After filing the application in 2009, the fruit was granted the GI tag in 2009 by the Geographical Indication Registry in [[Chennai]], making the name "Appemidi" exclusive to the mangoes grown in the region. It thus became the first mango variety in Karnataka (before [[Kari Ishad]] mango) to earn the GI tag.<ref>{{cite web |title=Geographical Indications Intellectual Property India |url=https://search.ipindia.gov.in/GIRPublic/Application/Details/132 |website=Official website of Intellectual Property India |access-date=3 October 2024}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of mango cultivars]]
* [[List of Geographical Indications in India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Mangoes}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Appemidi (Mango)}}
[[Category:Mango cultivars]]
[[Category:Mango cultivars of India]]
[[Category:GI-Tagged Mangoes of India]]
[[Category:Economy of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Agriculture in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Geographical indications in Karnataka]]

Gobi Arts and Science College

2025-12-22T15:46:37Z

CarlotaMacadam7: General improvements to article content

{{Short description|Post graduate research institute in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2018}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Gobi Arts and Science College
| native_name = Gobi Arts
| image_name = Gobi Arts.jpg
| image_size = 125px
| image_alt =
| caption = Official Seal
| latin_name =
| motto = Arivu, Olukkam, Uyarvu
| motto_lang = Ta
| mottoeng = Knowledge, Righteousness and Growth
| established = 1968
| type = Autonomous - Government-aided
| president = Thiru.J.Balamurugan
| principal = Dr.P Narendran
| city = [[Gobichettipalayam]]
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| country = [[India]]
| campus = 45 acres
| affiliations = [[Bharathiar University]]
| website = http://www.gascgobi.ac.in/
| logo = Gobi Arts.jpg
}}

'''Gobi Arts and Science College''' ('''Gobi Arts College''') is an autonomous institution affiliated to [[Bharathiar University]] located in [[Gobichettipalayam]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://kalvimalar.dinamalar.com/ViewProfile.asp?id=622|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160604114818/http://kalvimalar.dinamalar.com/ViewProfile.asp?id=622|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 June 2016|title=Gobi Arts and Science College Profile|work=[[Dinamalar]]|access-date=15 May 2016}}</ref> It was founded in 1968 by [[K. M. Ramaswamy Gounder]].

==History ==
The college was established in 1968 affiliated to [[Madras University]], [[Chennai]]. Later, the college became affiliated to [[Bharathiar University]], [[Coimbatore]]. It is a co-educational grant-in-aid institution managed by the Gobi Arts College Council, registered on 25.8.1967 under the Societies Registration Act, XXI of 1860. The college was started with the objective of opening the doors of higher education to the poor and meritorious students who are mostly first generation students coming from agricultural families.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://gobiartscollege.org/origin.asp |title=Gobi Arts and Science College |work=Gobi Arts |access-date=15 May 2016 |url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309205034/http://www.gobiartscollege.org/origin.asp |archivedate=9 March 2012 |df= }}</ref>

==Courses ==
* ''Twenty'' undergraduate courses
* ''Sixteen'' postgraduate programmes
* M.Phil. and Ph.D. programmes

==Vision==
Social and Economic upliftment of the people of this area through value based quality education. Committed to serve the society with humility and trust, devoid of exploitation; to impart value based higher education, particularly to the socially and economically deprived sections of this area; to make the students of this institution worthy citizens of our glorious motherland.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://gobiartscollege.org/mission.asp |title=Mission of Gobi Arts and Science College |work=Gobi Arts |access-date=15 May 2016 |url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130813171523/http://www.gobiartscollege.org/mission.asp |archivedate=13 August 2013 |df= }}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Gobichettipalayam]]
* [[Bharathiar University]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Universities and colleges in Erode district]]
[[Category:Education in Gobichettipalayam]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 1968]]
[[Category:1968 establishments in Madras State]]
[[Category:Colleges affiliated to Bharathiar University]]

Jayadevi Jangamshetti

2025-12-18T08:53:15Z

CarlotaMacadam7: Creating

{{more citations needed|date=August 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Dr. Jayadevi Jangamashetti
| image =
| caption =
| image_size =
| alias =
| birth_name = Jayadevi Jangamashetti
| birth_place = [[Raichur]], [[Karnataka]], India
| genre = [[Hindustani classical Vocal]], Semi Classical singer, light music, [[Playback singer]]
| occupation = [[Hindustani Vocalist]], [[Assistant professor, dept of music and fine arts, Central University of Karnataka, Kalburgi]]
}}

'''Dr. Jayadevi Jangamashetti''' is an Indian singer.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kannadauniversity.org/english/wp-content/uploads/2019/pdf/fine-arts/Dr%20Jayadevi%20Jangamashetti.pdf |title=Dr. Jayadevi Jangamashetti|work=Kannada University, Hampi Vidyaranya - 583276. Hospete }}</ref> She is a [[Hindustani classical music]] [[vocalist]] of Jaipur Gwaliar gharana. Dr. Jayadevi is the first female film music director of [[Kannada]] cinema - ''[[Raag Bhairavi]]'', which is based on Hindustani classical music. The film was released in 2019.

==Early life and training==
Born in [[Raichur]] into a family with strong interest in musical art, Jayadevi started her early classical training under the guidance of Pt. Panchakshari swami mattigatti (Disciple of Dr Mallikarjun Mansur) for more than six years. Vidushi Smt. Jayashree Patnekar and Pt. Rajashekhar Mansoor, son of Great legend Dr Mallikarjuna Mansoor, also taught her.

==Education==
Dr. Jayadevi holds a [[Master's degree]] in [[Music]] and earned a [[PhD|doctorate]] for the research of 'Vachana singing heritage' from the [[Karnataka University Dharwad]]. She has completed Vidwat, Visharada.{{Citation needed|reason=Reliable source needed for the whole sentence|date=October 2022}}

==Performing career==
Dr.Jayadevi has published a book on Vachana sangeeta Ratna Pt. Siddharama Jambaladinni (Disciple of Pandit Panchakshari Gawaii ji and Dr Mallikarjun Mansur) who was a renowned vocalist, and published her PhD thesis as a Kedillavagi Haaduve. Dr Jayadevi has been on concert tours to every part of the country and frequently performs at prestigious music conferences around the state, including [[Maharashtra]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Kerala]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Delhi]], [[Puducherry (union territory)|Pandichery]] and [[Muscat]], [[Bahrain]], and [[Dubai]].

A few of the concerts included:
#DR Mallikarjun Mansur Rashtreeya Sangeetotsav Dharwad
#Vishwa Kannada sammealana, Belagavi
#Rajguru National Music Festival, Dharwad
#Horanadu Kannadigara, Sangeethothsava, Pondicherry
#V.K. Gokak's centenary celebration, Kendra saahitya Academy, New Delhi
Dr Jayadevi has been nominated as Syndicate member of Karnataka Rajya Dr. Gangubai Hangal Music and Performing arts [[University of Mysore|University Mysore]] (Governor's Nominee. Dated : 16-09-2017 for 3 years Duration). She works as an assistant professor in the Music and Fine Arts Department at [[Central University of Karnataka]].

== Discography ==
CD's Released
*Sri Siddalingeshwara vaani Yadiyur Vachana Gayana
*Bhakti Beladingalu ~Vachana Gayana by Akash Audio
*Raaga ranga~ classical music by [[Lahari Audio company]]
* SurSunaad~ Classical Vocal By Lahari Audio company
*Sunari Sakhi ~ Classical Vocal By Lahari Audio company
*Raaga Tarangini ~ Classical Vocal By Lahari Audio company
*Godhooli ~Classical singing
*Guruve Namo ~Vachana Gayana by Lahari Audio company
*Harinama Smarane~Dasa Avni by Lahari audio company
*Suno Bhayi Sadho ~ Bhajans by Lahari audio company
*Devotional songs on Gurudatta by Nisarga Audio
*MSIL, [[Dharwad]] composed by Sri. Nimbargi
*MSIL, [[Mysore]] composed by Sri. Upadhyaya
*Jeevana gnanadinda muktiyo~ Madara Channayya Vachans by Lahari audio company, Bangalore
*Akkamahadevi Suprabhata~Akkana Balaga Udutadi
*Raaga bhairavi cinema audio..Lahari Recording company, Bangalore

Book's Published
*Vachana Sangeeta Ratna:Pt.Siddrama Jambaldini-a research work on music 2012
*Kedillavagi Haaduve-a research work on Vachanna Gaayana tradition 2015
*Bayala Naadava Hadidu:a research work on Hindustani classical music tradition-2017
*Geeta Matemba jyothi:a research work 2018
*Ulava Naadada Charana:a research work on musicology 2021

== Awards ==
#Mallikarjun Mansur Rashtriya Samman - Youth Award<ref name=Jayadevi>[http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/ustad-amjad-ali-khan-selected-for-mallikarjun-mansur-rashtriya-samman/article2710513.ece Youth Award] The Hindu - English Daily official website. Dated 13 December 2011.</ref>
#Ramanashri Award for Vachana Gayana
#Cultural Guru Award by Govt. of Karnataka Bala Vikasa Academy
#State level Amma Award<ref name=Jayadevi2>[http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/amma-awards-presented/article5398205.ece Amma Award] The Hindu - English Daily official website. Dated 28 December 2013</ref>
# Bharat Ratna Bismilla Khan Yuva Puraskara Chennai
# Karnataka sangeeta Nrutya(govt.of Karnataka) academy's book award.. for the ULIVA NAADADA CHARANA -A research book on musicology...Rs.25000/-Cash and memento...
# Dr.Nanda patil endowment award for Vachana gaayana...by Karnataka vidyavardhaka Sangha Dharawad
# karnataka state film award for best play back singer -2019.Government of Karnataka (kannada movie -Raaga bairavi )
# Samskruti sangama award for life time achievement, in hindustani classical music-2024 (Dr. C. Somashekhar-srimati N. Sarvamangala sahitya seva pratishtana, Bangalore)

==References==
{{Reflist}}
* [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Female Playback Singer]]

==External links==
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UzBoQkJ9UpY Musical tribute to Shanthadevi Kanavi on 80th birthday]
{{authority control}}
* https://www.udayavani.com/english-news/state-film-awards-2019-karnataka-state-film-awards-here-is-the-complete-list
*https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/karnataka-state-film-awards-2019-sudeep-anupama-gowda-adjudged-best-actors/article69127605.ece

[[Category:Hindustani singers]]
[[Category:Singers from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Indian women classical singers]]
[[Category:People from Raichur]]
[[Category:People from Dharwad]]
[[Category:Women Hindustani musicians]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women singers]]
[[Category:Women musicians from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Karnataka State Film Award winners]]

Seetha Raman

2025-12-16T08:18:43Z

CarlotaMacadam7: started new article

{{Short description|Tamil-language Indian TV series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| image = SeethaRaman.jpg
| image_size =
| native_name =
| director = Brahma G. Dev
| writer = '''Dialogues''' Selvam Subbaiah K. Kandaswamy
| based_on =
| creator =
| genre = {{ubl|
* [[Romance film|Romance]]
* [[Comedy film|Comedy]]
* [[Drama (film and television)|Drama]]
}}
| editor =
| cinematography =
| screenplay =
| starring = {{ubl|
* [[Sri Priyanka]]
* [[Jay D'Souza]]
* [[Reshma Pasupuleti]]
}}
| executive_producer = Faisal Saleem C.S
| producer = Xavier Britto
| num_seasons =
| num_episodes = 352
| language = Tamil
| country = [[India]]
| opentheme = "Seetha Kalyana..." sung by Sindhuri Vishal
| theme_music_composer = [[Vishal Chandrashekhar]]
| network = [[Zee Tamil]]
| company = Esthell Entertainers
| runtime = 22 minutes
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2023|2|20|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{end date|2024|5|4|df=y}}
}}

'''''Seetha Raman''''' is an Indian [[Tamil language]] television series which aired on ''[[Zee Tamil]]'' from 20 February 2023.<ref>{{cite web |title=New TV serial 'Seetharaman' to be launched soon; deets inside|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/new-tv-serial-seetharaman-to-be-launched-soon-deets-inside/articleshow/97518778.cms|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=February 2023 }}</ref> [[Sri Priyanka]] and [[Jay D'Souza]] play the titular roles with [[Reshma Pasupuleti]] in a pivotal role.<ref>{{cite web |title=Priyanka Nalkari Is All Set To Appear In Her New TV Show Seetharaman, Check Promo|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/priyanka-nalkari-is-all-set-to-appear-in-her-new-tv-show-seetharaman-check-promo-6990337.html|website=[[News18]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title='நினைத்தாலே இனிக்கும்' நேரத்தில் ஒளிபரப்பாகும் 'சீதா ராமன்'!|url=https://www.dinamani.com/cinema/cinema-news/2023/feb/13/zee-tamil-new-serial-seetha-raman-telecaste-time-replace-ninaithale-inikkum-4000246.html|website=Dinamani.com|date=13 February 2023 |language=ta}}</ref>
==Cast==
===Main===
* [[Priyanka Nalkari]] (February–July 2023) as Seetha<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-05-16 |title=Actress Priyanka Nalkari quits Tamil daily soap 'Seetha Raman' |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/actress-priyanka-nalkari-quits-tamil-daily-soap-seetha-raman/articleshow/100270116.cms |access-date=2023-05-17 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
* [[Sri Priyanka]] (July 2023–2024) as Seetha
* [[Jay D'Souza]] as Ram
* [[Reshma Pasupuleti]]<ref>{{cite web |title=அடேங்கப்பா.. பிரியங்கா, ரேஷ்மா சம்பளம் என்ன கேட்டீங்களா?|url=https://tamil.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/seetha-raman-serial-actress-priyanka-and-reshma-salary-details-131676436614317.html|website=Hindustan Times Tamil|language=ta}}</ref> as Mahalakshmi / Nancy

===Recurring===
* [[Rani (Tamil actress)|Rani]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Rani announces her exit from TV show Sitaraman; will Rekha Krishappa play Archana?|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/rani-announces-her-exit-from-tv-show-sitaraman-will-rekha-krishappa-play-archana/articleshow/98729529.cms|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=17 March 2023 }}</ref> / Rekha Krishnappa as Archana and Kalpana
* Akshitha Bopaiah as Madhumitha
* R. Shyam as Surya
* Prabhakaran Chandran as Sethupathy
* Prakash Rajan as Subash Chandra Bose
* Yadhavi as Meera
* Hari Krishnan as Durai
* Maanas Chavali as Sathyan
* [[Saakshi Siva]] as Rajasekhar
* [[Vinodhini]] as Uma Maheswari
* Nancy as Anjali
* Sreepriya as Sathya
* Aiswarya Rajesh as Priya
* Egavalli as Swapna
* Meena Sellamuthu as Poornima
* Subha Geetha as Malini

===Cameo appearance===
* [[Senthil Kumar]]<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/tv-actor-mirchi-senthil-to-make-a-cameo-appearance-in-the-show-sitha-raman/articleshow/103624466.cms| title=TV actor Mirchi Senthil to make a cameo appearance in the show 'Sitha Raman'| website=[[The Times of India]] | date=13 September 2023}}</ref> as Shanmugam (Episode–172)
* [[Deepa Shankar]] as Sevappi (2024)

==Production==
===Casting===
Telugu actress [[Priyanka Nalkari]] initially played Seetha, the female lead role.<ref>{{cite web |title=சீதா இங்கே.. ராமன் எங்கே? ரோஜா நாயகியின் புதிய சீரியல் ப்ரமோ வைரல்|url=https://tamil.indianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil-serial-seetha-raman-zee-tamil-actress-priyanka-nalkari-new-serial-587269/|website=Indian Express|language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=ஜீ தமிழுக்கு தாவிய சன் டிவி நடிகை|url=https://www.instanews.city/cinema/sun-tv-actress-zee-tamil-roja-serial-priyanka-nalkari-next-serial-1192664|website=www.instanews.city|language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Priyanka Nalkari Doing Lead Role in Zee Tamil Serial Seetharaman|url=https://www.indiantvinfo.com/seetharaman-serial-zee-tamil-cast/|website=www.indiantvinfo.com |date=13 February 2023 }}</ref> Due to her marriage situations she had to stay abroad, so she quit the series in June 2023, then Sree Nidhi was approached to play the role but the team finalized Tamil film actress [[Sri Priyanka]] for the role of Seetha.<ref>{{cite web |title=சினிமாவை துரத்தும் சீரியல்கள்.. ரோஜா பிரியங்கா நடிக்கும் புதிய சீரியல் 'சீதா ராமன்'!|url=https://tamil.news18.com/news/entertainment/television-priyanka-nalkari-new-serial-seetharaman-on-zee-tamil-883698.html|website=News18|date=2 February 2023 |language=ta}}</ref> [[Jay D'Souza]], plays the male lead as Ram alongside her. Actress [[Rani (Tamil actress)|Rani]]<ref>{{cite web |title=சீரியலுக்கு வரும் நாட்டாமை பட டீச்சர்... கேரக்டர் இதுதானாம்.. இனி ரசிகர்களுக்கு கொண்டாட்டம் தான்|url=https://tamil.oneindia.com/television/nattamai-film-teacher-raksha-to-debut-in-zee-tamil-seetharamam-serial-495996.html|website=One India|date=26 January 2023 |language=ta}}</ref> initially played the supporting role as Archana, but later Rekha Krishnappa replaced her in that role and [[Reshma Pasupuleti]], who rose to fame through ''[[Baakiyalakshmi]]'' joined the cast to play the pivotal role as Ram's stepmother.<ref>{{cite web |title=குக் வித் கோமாளி நிகழ்ச்சியில் சீரியல் நடிகை… ஜீ தமிழ் சீரியலில் ரோஜா பிரபலம் : டாப் 5 சீரியல்|url=https://tamil.indianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil-serial-baakiyalakshmi-radhika-leave-and-priyanka-in-zee-tamil-579446/|website=Indian Express|language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=நடிகை ரேஷ்மா இப்போது சீதா ராமன் தொடரில் |url=https://www.dinamani.com/cinema/cinema-news/2023/feb/06/actress-reshma-pasupuleti-baakiyalakshmi-serial-for-zee-tamil-seetha-raman-3996325.html|website=www.dinamani.com|date=6 February 2023 |language=ta}}</ref> [[Saakshi Siva]] and [[Vinodhini]] play the roles of Seetha's father and mother respectively.

In end of August, actor Syed Saif was cast as Vishal, who played a negative role.<ref>{{cite web |title=Television actor Syed Saif joins the cast of Sitha Raman|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/television-actor-syed-saif-joins-the-cast-of-sitha-raman/articleshow/102720467.cms|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=14 August 2023 }}</ref> In October, Naresh, a newcomer to the industry, joined the serial.<ref>{{cite web |title=Television actor Naresh joins the cast of Sitha Raman|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/television-actor-naresh-joins-the-cast-of-sitha-raman/articleshow/104059799.cms|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=30 September 2023 }}</ref> In end of 16 April 2024, actor Amruthkalam was cast as Anpu.<ref>{{cite web |title=Deivam Thandha Poove fame actor Amruthkalam joins 'Sitha Raman'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/deivam-thandha-poove-fame-actor-amruthkalam-joins-sitha-raman/articleshow/109314879.cms|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=15 April 2024 }}</ref> In the same month, actress [[Deepa Shankar]] was cast as Sigappi and Sankavi was cast as Sigappi's daughter.<ref>{{cite web |title=Cooku With Comali fame actress Deepa Shankar joins 'Sitha Raman'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/cooku-with-comali-fame-actress-deepa-shankar-joins-sitha-raman/articleshow/109522807.cms|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=23 April 2024 }}</ref>

===Release===
The first promo was unveiled on 31 January 2023, featuring Nalkari and revealing the title name. The second promo was unveiled on 3 February 2023, featuring Nalkari, Jay D’Souza, Reshma Pasupuleti and Akshitha Bopaiah and revealing the plot through a 2-minute song. The show started airing on [[Zee Tamil]] on 20 February 2023, replacing ''[[Ninaithale Inikkum (2021 TV series)|Ninaithale Inikkum]]''’s time slot.<ref>{{cite web |title=ப்ரைம் டைம்-க்கு வந்த சீதா ராமன்… முக்கிய சீரியல் நேரம் மாற்றம் : ஜீ தமிழ் புதிய அப்டேட்|url=https://tamil.indianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil-serial-zee-tamil-new-sita-raman-telecaste-on-prime-time-593559/|website=Indian Express|language=ta}}</ref>

==Adaptations==
{| class="wikitable" style="margin-right: 0;"
|- style="color:white"
! style="background:#7b0c0c; "| Language
! style="background:#7b0c0c; "| Title
! style="background:#7b0c0c; "| Original release
! style="background:#7b0c0c; "| Network(s)
! style="background:#7b0c0c; "| Last aired
! style="background:#7b0c0c; "| Notes
|-
|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|''Seetha Raman'' சீதா ராமன்
|20 February 2023
|[[Zee Tamil]]
|4 May 2024
|Original
|-
|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|''Seethe Ramudi Katnam'' సీతే రాముడి కట్నం
|2 October 2023
|[[Zee Telugu]]
|10 May 2025
|rowspan="2"|Remake
|-
|[[Kannada]]
|''[[Brahmagantu]]'' ಬ್ರಹ್ಮಗಂತು
|17 June 2024
|[[Zee Kannada]]
|Ongoing
|}

==Awards==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
! Award !! Category !! Recipient !! Role
|-
| rowspan="3"| Zee Tamil Kudumbam Viruthugal 2023<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.medianews4u.com/diwali-arrives-early-with-zee-tamil-kudumbam-viruthugal/| title= Diwali arrives early with Zee Tamil.| website=www.medianews4u.com| date=4 November 2023}}</ref>
| Most Promising Actor Female
| [[Sri Priyanka]]
| Seetha
|-
| Most Promising Actor Male
| [[Jay D'Souza]]
| Ram
|-
| Favourite Villi - Villain
| [[Reshma Pasupuleti]]
| Mahalakshmi
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.zee5.com/global/tv-shows/details/seetha-raman/0-6-4z5310530 ''Seetha Raman''] at [[ZEE5]]
* {{IMDb title|30297264}}

{{Zee Tamil shows}}
[[Category:Zee Tamil original programming]]
[[Category:2023 Tamil-language television series debuts]]
[[Category:Tamil-language television shows]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Tamil-language romance television series]]
[[Category:Tamil-language melodrama television series]]
[[Category:2024 Tamil-language television series endings]]

Places of worship in Cherupuzha

2025-11-13T19:30:14Z

CarlotaMacadam7: Redirect page

#REDIRECT [[Cherupuzha, Kannur]]

Arindam

2025-11-05T02:50:55Z

CarlotaMacadam7: Made Basic Stub Needs Work

{{one source|date=June 2025}}
'''Arindam''' is an Indian male given name.

==Etymology==
Power of god is Sanskrit for ''the man who has won all his enemies'' or ''Destroyer of enemies''. It is the 2,255,512th most widely held last name worldwide.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://forebears.io/surnames/arindam |title=Arindam Surname Origin, Meaning & Last Name History |website=forebears.io |access-date=25 June 2025}}</ref>

In [[East India|Eastern]] part of [[India]], Arindam is a popular name among the Bengali and the Assamese folks.
In [[Bengali language|Bengali]], it is pronounced as "Awe-Reen-Daum".

==People==
*[[Arindam Bagchi]], Indian diplomat
*[[Arindam Banik]] (born 1958), businessman
*[[Arindam Bhattacharya (disambiguation)|Arindam Bhattacharya]], several people
*[[Arindam Chakrabarti]], Indian philosopher
*[[Arindam Chaudhuri]], Indian national
*[[Arindam Das]] (born 1981), Indian cricketer
*[[Arindam Ghosh (disambiguation)|Arindam Ghosh]], several people
*[[Arindam Guin]], Indian politician and member of Trinamool Congress
*[[Arindam Lodh]] (born 1963), Indian Judge
*[[Arindam Mukherjee]] (born 1974), Indian photojournalist who works in print media
*[[Arindam Roy]], politician and actor who works predominantly in Odia cinema
*[[Arindam Sil]] (born 1964), Indian actor, film director, and line producer
*[[Arindam Sinha]] (born 1965), Indian judge
*[[Arindam Malakar]] (born 1987), Water Scientist

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Given name}}

[[Category:Indian given names]]
[[Category:Hindu given names]]
[[Category:Sanskrit-language names]]

NSE co-location scam

2025-10-03T17:16:32Z

CarlotaMacadam7: put up info - done

{{Short description|Indian stock exchange scam}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}
{{Unreliable sources|date=August 2020}}
{{Financial risk types}}
The '''NSE co-location scam''' relates to the [[market manipulation]] at the [[National Stock Exchange of India]], India's leading stock exchange. Allegedly select players obtained market price information ahead of the rest of the market, enabling them to [[Front running|front run]] the rest of the market,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bloombergquint.com/law-and-policy/2018/08/17/top-nse-officials-facilitated-co-location-fraud-says-sebi-show-cause-notice#gs.p2XdU6U|title=Top NSE Officials 'Facilitated' Co-Location Fraud, Says SEBI Show-Cause Notice|date=2018-08-18}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.moneylife.in/article/nse-whistleblowers-4th-letter-alleges-rigging-of-currency-market-manipulation-at-nse/54990.html|title=NSE whistleblower's 4th letter alleges rigging of currency market; manipulation at NSE|date=2018-08-10}}</ref> possibly breaching the NSE's purpose of [[Demutualization|demutualisation]] exchange governance and its robust transparency-based mechanism.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/opinion/should-nse-be-allowed-to-file-consent-terms-118082000017_1.html|title=Should NSE be allowed to file 'Consent Terms'?|date=2018-08-20|newspaper=[[Business Standard]] India|last1=Basu|first1=Debashis}}</ref> The alleged connivance of insiders by rigging NSE's [[Algorithmic trading|algo-trading]] and use of co-located servers ensured substantial profits to a set of brokers.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/nse-moves-sebi-to-settle-co-location-scam/articleshow/59690660.cms|date=2017-07-21|title=NSE moves Sebi to settle co-location scam}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/co-location-case-i-t-dept-conducts-searches-on-nse-brokers/articleshow/61672114.cms|date=2017-06-21|title=Co-location case: I-T dept conducts searches on NSE brokers|publisher=[[The Times of India]].com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://m.dailyhunt.in/news/india/english/financial+chronicle-epaper-finance/letters+from+a+whistle+blower+to+sebi+on+nse+rot-newsid-73928653|date=2015-09-27|title=Letters from a whistle-blower to SEBI on NSE rot}}</ref> This widespread market fraud came to light when markets' regulator, the [[Securities and Exchange Board of India]] (SEBI), received the first anonymous complaint through a [[Whistleblower|whistle-blower]]'s letter in January 2015.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.moneylife.in/article/algo-scam-sebirsquos-show-cause-notice-to-nse-14-an-escape-route/50679.html|date=2017-06-06|title=Algo Scam: SEBI's Show-cause Notice to NSE 14 an Escape Route?|publisher=moneylife.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/moneylife%E2%80%99s-nse-expose-why-battle-against-stock-exchange-not-just-their-own-33874|date=2015-11-01|title=Moneylife's NSE Expose: Why the battle against the stock exchange is not just their own|publisher=thenewsminute.com}}</ref> The whistle-blower alleged that trading members were able to capitalise on advance knowledge by colluding with some exchange officials. The overall default amount through NSE's [[high-frequency trading]] (HFT) is estimated to be ₹500 billion over five years.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.sundayguardianlive.com/investigation/11764-why-income-tax-officers-are-zeroing-ajay-shah|date=2017-11-26|title=Why Income Tax officers are zeroing in on Ajay Shah|publisher=sundayguardanlive}}</ref>

The NSE co-location case is under investigation by the [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] (CBI), the [[Securities and Exchange Board of India]] (SEBI) and the [[Income Tax Department]] who are probing the involvement of NSE and SEBI officials, as well as NSE's former and current executives and brokerages.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/market/sebi-finds-lapses-at-nse-in-co-location-case-issues-show-cause-notices-to-related-parties/1232454/|date=2018-07-05|title=Sebi finds lapses at NSE in co-location case, issues show-cause notices to related parties|publisher=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/markets/sebi-finds-lapses-at-nse-in-co-location-case-issues-show-cause-notices-118070500409_1.html |date=2018-07-05|title=Sebi finds lapses at NSE in co-location case, issues show-cause notices|publisher=Business Standard}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/markets/i-t-dept-suspects-money-laundering-by-opg-securities-117112001061_1.html|date=2017-11-21|title=I-T dept brings in ED to check money trail in NSE co-location case|publisher=Business Standard}}</ref>

In 2019, the Madras High Court issued a notice to SEBI, MCA, ED in response to a Public Interest Litigation (PIL) filed by the Chennai Financial Markets and Accountability (CFMA).<ref>{{cite web | title=Madras HC issues notice to SEBI, MCA, ED in NSE co-location case | website=Moneylife NEWS & VIEWS | date=10 October 2019 | url=https://www.moneylife.in/article/madras-hc-issues-notice-to-sebi-mca-ed-in-nse-colocation-case/58369.html | access-date=3 October 2025}}</ref>

==Background==
In January 2010, the NSE began offering a [[Colocation centre|co-location]] facility to members. Members could place their servers in the Exchange's premises in return for a fee. This allowed them faster access to the buy and sell orders being disseminated by the exchange's trading engine.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bloombergquint.com/business/nse-earns-over-a-third-of-revenue-from-hft-service-amid-probe#gs.O3znSK8|date=2018-05-25|title=NSE Earns Over A Third Of Revenue From Co-Location Service Amid Probe|publisher=Bloomberg}}</ref> The term 'co-location' means 'a setup wherein the broker's computer is located in the same area as the stock exchange's server.'<ref>{{cite news| url= https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/sebi-sends-fresh-notices-to-nse-key-officials/articleshow/64864605.cms| title= Sebi sends fresh notices to NSE, key officials}}</ref> In addition, [[High-frequency trading]] (HFT) or [[algorithmic trading]] refers to the use of electronic systems, which can potentially execute thousands of orders on the stock exchange in less than a second. Also, retail investors monitoring prices are subject to a delay as compared to the tick-by-tick data broadcast a user receives in a co-location facility.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.livemint.com/Money/fK2Uiuoal9lzOuTFP2E7DK/Sebi-looking-at-ways-to-limit-algo-trading-colocation-bene.html|date=2016-04-13|title=Sebi looking at ways to limit algo trading, co-location benefits|publisher=Live Mint}}</ref> Unusually, the SEBI did not put out a discussion paper to collect market feedback before permitting to proceed with the facility. There are no public records on HFT executed on the NSE.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.moneylife.in/article/nse-started-tick-by-tick-service-illegally-in-2010-while-sebi-looked-the-other-way/55096.html|date=2018-08-23|title=NSE Started Tick-by-Tick Service Illegally in 2010 While SEBI Looked the Other Way|publisher=Money Life}}</ref> SEBI needs to consult with Technical Advisory Committee (TAC) for such market developments.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.moneylife.in/article/nse-started-tick-by-tick-service-illegally-in-2010-while-sebi-looked-the-other-way/55096.html| title= NSE Started Tick-by-Tick Service Illegally in 2010 While SEBI Looked the Other Way}}</ref> However, no notification was received from SEBI in regard to it approving for all exchanges. During that time, the managing director of the NSE was Ravi Narain and [[C. B. Bhave]] was the chairman of SEBI.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.moneylife.in/article/nse-started-tick-by-tick-service-illegally-in-2010-while-sebi-looked-the-other-way/55096.html| title= NSE Started Tick-by-Tick Service Illegally in 2010 While SEBI Looked the Other Way}}</ref> It is mentioned in passing in the NSE's 2009-10 annual report statement: "In keeping with global trends, the exchange has provided members a co-location facility for low latency high frequency trading. The Co-location data center is an international standard, state of the art, highly robust, resilient and secure infrastructure."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nseindia.com/global/content/about_us/NSEIL_Annual_Report_2011.pdf|title=NSEIL Annual Report|date=2011-04-26|website=nseindia.com}}</ref>

The whistle-blower's letter that was addressed to SEBI and copied to the leading financial magazine, ''Moneylife''. clearly stated that:<blockquote>when the co-location was started by NSE it took some time for the more enterprising to figure out what was happening in the system. By the end of the year, smart people had all figured out the way to game the system lay in being the first one to connect to the server and preferably the server, which was fastest.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.moneylife.in/article/blowing-the-whistle-on-manipulation-in-nse/42337.html|date=2015-06-19|title=Blowing the Whistle on Manipulation in NSE|publisher=Moneylife}}</ref></blockquote> The co-location case was initiated when certain members associated with HFT allegedly teamed up and worked in coalition for about four years, i.e. 2010- 2014 overriding rules and regulations set in place by SEBI, the market regulator.<ref name = "NSE3">{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/probe-into-allegations-against-nse-for-favouring-clients-turning-out-to-be-a-farcical-drama/articleshow/59328132.cms |date=2017-06-27|title=Probe into allegations against NSE for 'favouring clients' turning out to be a farcical drama|publisher=etmarkets.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/markets/co-location-case-cbi-names-nse-sebi-officials-opg-securities/article24039742.ece|date=2018-05-30|title=Co-location case: CBI names NSE, SEBI officials, OPG Securities
|publisher=Business Line}}</ref> According to an unnamed individual familiar with SEBI's investigation: "Access to co-location facilities and HFT trading gave the select brokers differential advantage such as display of market data, viewing order book prior to order execution."<ref name = "NSE1">{{cite news|url=https://www.livemint.com/Money/fK2Uiuoal9lzOuTFP2E7DK/Sebi-looking-at-ways-to-limit-algo-trading-colocation-bene.html|date=2016-04-13|title=Sebi looking at ways to limit algo trading, co-location benefits
|publisher=LiveMint}}</ref>

==Resignations at NSE==
''[[The Economic Times]]'' first reported that on 22 May 2017, SEBI issued [[show cause]] notices to the exchange and fourteen individuals, including former managing directors [[Chitra Ramakrishna]] and Ravi Narain.<ref name = "NSE1" /><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/sebi-sends-show-cause-notices-to-nse-ex-mds/articleshow/64862154.cms|date=2018-07-05|title=Sebi sends show-cause notices to NSE, ex-MDs |publisher=Times Of India}}</ref> Notices have been sent to Ravi Narain, vice-chairman of NSE, who was serving as chief executive officer (CEO) and managing director (MD) at the exchange during the period when the alleged violations took place. Other officials include Ravi Varanasi, who was the chief of NSE's business development vertical and was heading the surveillance department of the exchange during this period, and Suprabhat Lala, chief of regulation and head of the trading division during 2010–13. Among other officials who received show cause notices were former technology heads — Ravi Apte, and Umesh Jain, and former chief operating officer Subramanian Anand. NSE vice-chairman Ravi Narain had put in his papers on 2 June 2017, amid regulators intensifying their probe into the alleged lapses in high frequency trading.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/markets/ravi-narain-quits-as-nse-vice-chairman/article18708349.ece|date=2017-06-12|title=Ravi Narain quits as NSE vice-chairman|work=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/sebi-sends-fresh-notices-to-nse-key-officials/articleshow/64864605.cms|title=Sebi sends fresh notices to NSE, key officials|date=2018-07-05|publisher=Economic Times}}</ref> Chitra Ramakrishna, MD and CEO resigned from the exchange in December 2016. The media reported that Chitra's resignation the result of two governance-related issues at NSE. One was the loss of confidence in the NSE top management due to the colocation controversy. The second was the controversy surrounding a high-ranking official at NSE, Anand Subramanian, who was re-designated on 1 April 2015 as Group Operating Officer and Advisor to the MD. This appointment happened after communication from the NSE, MD and the CEO's office bypassing the Human Resources department.<ref name = "NSE3" /> Complaints regarding this appointment, and Subramanian's high salary, reached the board prompting it to examine the appointment process. This led to Subramanian leaving the exchange in October 2016.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/behind-the-professional-veil-of-national-stock-exchange/articleshow/56192096.cms|title=Behind the professional veil of National Stock Exchange|newspaper=The Economic Times |date=27 December 2016|last1=Narayanan |first1=Dinesh }}</ref> Both Mr. Narain and Ms. Ramakrishna were part of the NSE's founding team, having joined the bourse in 1994.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1170603/jsp/business/story_154859.jsp|title=NSE probe prompts key man to quit|website= [[The Telegraph (Calcutta)|The Telegraph]]|date=2017-06-03}}{{dead link|date=February 2023|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

After receiving show cause notices from SEBI, 12 out of 14 high-profile current and former top executives of NSE including Ravi Narain and Chitra Ramakrishna filed an application with SEBI to settle the co-location issue under [[Consent (criminal law)|consent]] mechanism in July 2017.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/former-and-current-nse-executives-opt-for-consent-mode-to-settle-co-location-case/articleshow/60833992.cms|title=Former and current NSE executives opt for consent mode to settle co-location case|website= etmarkets.com|date=Sep 26, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/business/market/consent-mechanism-nse-sebi-to-work-for-early-settlement-4760234/|title=Consent mechanism: NSE, Sebi to work for early settlement|website= indianexpress.com|date=July 21, 2017}}</ref> The consent process is an alternative dispute resolution mechanism, allows an alleged wrongdoer to settle a pending issue by accepting a penal action without admitting or denying the guilt.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/markets/12-nse-officials-file-for-consent-settlement-on-co-location-issue/article22093049.ece1|title=12 NSE officials file for consent settlement on co-location issue|website=Business Line|date=2017-08-09}}</ref> During this period, in July 2017, Vikram Limaye took charge as MD and CEO of the NSE. He gave assurances that he would approach SEBI for a settlement of the co-location issue and would find the underlying cause of this issue.<ref name = "NSE8">{{cite news|url= https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/markets/limaye-takes-over-as-nse-chief-insists-he-will-get-to-the-bottom-of-colocation-issue/article9773647.ece|title= Limaye takes over as NSE chief, insists he will get to the bottom of co-location issue|website=The Hindu|date= July 17, 2017}}</ref> However, a consent application filed by the exchange was later returned in March 2018 after the CBI investigation gathered momentum.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.moneylife.in/article/nse-algo-scam-cbi-steps-in-where-sebi-was-pussyfooting/54193.html|title= NSE Algo Scam: CBI Steps in Where SEBI Was Pussyfooting|website= moneylife.in|date= 31 May 2018}}</ref><ref name = "NSE3" /><ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.business-standard.com/article/markets/sebi-finds-lapses-at-nse-in-co-location-case-issues-show-cause-notices-118070500409_1.html|title= Sebi finds lapses at NSE in co-location case, issues show-cause notices|date=2018-07-05|website= [[Business Standard]]}}</ref>

==Role of Ajay Shah==
Other unidentified officials of the NSE and stock market regulator SEBI are under suspicion as well to allow the illegal activity to continue for years.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/cbi-books-stock-broker-for-manipulating-nse-system/articleshow/64389038.cms|title=Co-location case: CBI books stock broker & NSE, NIPFP, Sebi officials}}</ref> Ajay Shah played a key role in the exploitation of NSE TBT architecture. The probe agency has detected that Ajay Shah had allegedly collected NSE trade data in 2005-06 under the garb of doing research and passed the data to a company that prepared algos.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/cbi-books-stock-broker-for-manipulating-nse-system/articleshow/64389038.cms|title=Co-location case: CBI books stock broker & NSE, NIPFP, Sebi officials}}</ref>
The scam was exposed in 2015, when a whistleblower sent a letter to SEBI alleging that NSE provided preferential access to a few high-frequency traders and brokers to the exchange's trading platform. Consequently, the regulatory body initiated an investigation into the matter.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/two-sebi-officials-to-handle-nse-co-location-case/articleshow/66470508.cms|title= Co-location case: CBI books stock broker & NSE, NIPFP, Sebi officials}}</ref>
SEBI found that Shah had officially entered into a data-sharing agreement with the NSE after 2012. Prior to this, he and his wife, Susan Thomas got the information from the exchange informally as researchers. Although Chitra Ramkrishna and other top NSE executives clearly denied that they shared data with Shah in his personal capacity, Shah told SEBI that he and his wife were signatories to a data-sharing agreement with the NSE. Also, prior to the contract, the data flow was to Ajay Shah and Susan Thomas.<ref name="thehindubusinessline.com">{{cite news|url= https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/markets/algo-trading-scam-and-ajay-shahs-nse-links/article24584648.ece|title=Algo trading scam and Ajay Shah's NSE links}}</ref>
Ravi Apte, the Chief Technology Officer of NSE told SEBI that he had facilitated the transfer of data to Shah under the impression that an agreement was signed between Shah and NSE. Further, he stated that the data transfer was requested by Ravi Narain, former MD, and Ramkrishna.<ref name="thehindubusinessline.com"/>

SEBI's internal team has already concluded its investigation on the case and submitted its report. In July last year,{{clarify|What year?|date=August 2022}} SEBI issued show cause notices to NSE, some of the former and current senior NSE officials, brokers, services providers and Ajay Shah.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/two-sebi-officials-to-handle-nse-co-location-case/articleshow/66470508.cms|title=Two Sebi officials to handle NSE co-location case}}</ref>

The role of Ajay Shah, Susan Thomas and the entire co-location scandal has been exposed in detail by journalist Palak Shah in his book ‘The Market Mafia<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-11-28|title=Notion Press Presents Market Mafia by Palak Shah|url=https://notionpress.com/blog/market-mafia/|access-date=2021-02-22|website=Inside Notion Press - Self Publishing Blog|language=en-US}}</ref>’.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-11-21|title=Stock market mafia and NSE scandal|url=https://www.sundayguardianlive.com/news/stock-market-mafia-nse-scandal|access-date=2021-02-22|website=The Sunday Guardian Live|language=en-US}}</ref>

==The Brokers-NSE Nexus==
The brokers-NSE nexus came to the forefront with the co-location scandal. The broker entity to receive maximum benefit in the scandal was OPG Securities, which was provided multiple login IPs and allowed access from the secondary servers.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bloombergquint.com/markets/2018/05/30/cbi-books-stock-broker-opg-securities-for-manipulating-nse-system#gs.56fqbsY|title=NSE Co-Location Case: CBI Books OPG Securities Owner, Others For Manipulating NSE System|date=2018-05-30}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.moneylife.in/article/algo-scam-sebirsquos-show-cause-notice-to-nse-14-an-escape-route/50679.html|title=Algo Scam: SEBI's Show-cause Notice to NSE 14 an Escape Route?|date=2017-06-06}}</ref> Due to favourable access, OPG Securities and other entities benefited instead of other brokers and their clients. Other firms on the list of 22 brokers who repeatedly logged in early on the NSE servers include: Alpha Grep, SMC Global, Barclays Securities, Kredent, Pace, Religare Securities, NYCE, Motilal Oswal, Kotak Securities, DE Shaw, Crimson, Advent, Mansukh Stock Brokers, JM Global, AB Financial, Indus Broking and Quant Broking.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/markets/nse-co-location-case-sebi-heat-now-on-brokers-who-logged-in-first-repeatedly-2410971.html|title=NSE co-location case: SEBI heat now on brokers who logged in first repeatedly|date=2017-10-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/companies/nse-co-location-audit-3-brokers-misused-secondary-server-and-ignored-exchange-notification-2782961.html|title=NSE co-location audit: 3 brokers misused secondary server and ignored exchange warning|date=2018-08-01}}</ref>
According to the forensic audit reports by EY India, Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu LLP & ISB, 62 brokerages have enjoyed preferential access though NSE's HFT platform and at present SEBI has only served the SCNs to 3 firms namely- OPG securities, its associate firm-GKN securities and Way2Wealth.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.livemint.com/Money/Fb3n7pMOr0eKZOoHoaB0kK/NSE-algo-trading-case-62-broking-firms-may-had-preferential.html|title=NSE algo trading case: 62 broking firms may have had preferential access to NSE servers|date=2019-01-11}}</ref> The CBI investigation revealed that 90% of the time OPG securities, in collusion with unknown officials of the NSE, was first to access the NSE servers.<ref name="sundayguardianlive.com">{{cite web | url=https://www.sundayguardianlive.com/news/ajay-shah-cambridge-analytica-style-mastermind-financial-markets | title=Ajay Shah: Cambridge Analytica-style mastermind of financial markets| date=2018-06-09}}</ref> SEBI's TAC report also revealed that OPG securities was given access using the co-location facility during 2010-2014 that enabled it to log in to the NSE server before any other entity and receive data before any other broker in the market.<ref name = "FIR">{{cite web|url=http://cbi.gov.in/firs/2018/2018_pdf/2018_ac1_firs/RC2162018A0011.pdf|title= First Information Report|date=2018-05-28}}</ref><ref name = "NSE4">{{cite web | url=https://www.firstpost.com/business/nse-crisis-will-sebi-initiate-a-deeper-probe-in-to-the-alleged-unfair-trade-practices-3530199.html | title=NSE crisis: Will Sebi initiate a deeper probe into the alleged unfair trade practices?| date=8 June 2017}}</ref> SEBI has alleged in its show-cause notice that the firm has earned close to ₹ 250 million in profit.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bloombergquint.com/markets/2018/08/21/sebi-co-location-probe-how-much-opg-gained-with-first-access-to-nses-server#gs.DfFpag8|title=SEBI Co-Location Probe: How Much OPG Gained With First Access To NSE's Server|date=2018-08-21}}</ref>

According to the whistle-blower, OPG Securities alone had trades worth over ₹60 billion on the NSE using co-location.<ref name = "TAC report">[https://relaysblog.files.wordpress.com/2017/09/rs-50000-cr-hft-mafia-scandal.pdf Much–Suppressed by NSE: Sebi's TAC Report]</ref> In addition, the exchange's "order book" was exported to FIIs and FPIs, helping them make illegal gains in the stock market.<ref name="mydigitalfc.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.mydigitalfc.com/companies-and-markets/letters-whistle-blower-sebi-nse-rot|title=Letters from a whistle-blower to SEBI on NSE rot|date=2018-09-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sundayguardianlive.com/investigation/11764-why-income-tax-officers-are-zeroing-ajay-shah|title=Why Income Tax officers are zeroing in on Ajay Shah|date=2017-11-26}}</ref> While OPG Securities used the base technology, Omnesys Technologies provided the trading software. Whistle-blower Ken Fong's letter points to Bangalore-based, front-end technology provider Omnesys, a company that sold trading software to NSE's members and is said to have benefited, legitimately, from its ability to connect ahead of others to the exchange's servers. The whistle-blower states Omnesys was so sure of the early bird strategy that it had profit-sharing arrangements with clients.<ref name="mydigitalfc.com"/> Omnesys gave the technology to NSE members on a profit-sharing basis and the NSE's wholly owned subsidiary secured 26 per cent stake in Omnesys at a huge discount.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nseindia.com/global/content/about_us/NSEIL_Annual_Report_2015.pdf|title=National Stock Exchange of India Limited Twenty-Thirds Annual Report (2014-2015)|date=2015}}</ref> Chitra Ramakrishna, NSE's then-deputy managing director, was sitting on the board of Omnesys technologies according to documents from the registrar of companies.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/why-is-nse-bogged-in-negatives-maybe-it-needs-to-put-protocol-first/articleshow/57908993.cms|title=Why is NSE bogged in negatives? Maybe it needs to put protocol first|newspaper=The Economic Times |date=2017-05-30|last1=Narayanan |first1=Dinesh }}</ref> As the whistle-blower mentioned in his first letter dated, 14 January 2015, Omnesys was the market leader with its DMA product being highly popular on the institutional desk. This is important since the NSE was the second largest shareholder of Omnesys and worked closely with them for several years.<ref name="moneylife.in">{{cite web|url=https://www.moneylife.in/article/blowing-the-whistle-on-manipulation-in-nse/42337.html|title=Blowing the Whistle on Manipulation in NSE|date=2015-06-19}}</ref>

==Action by Agencies against perpetrators==

===SEBI Action===
In November 2015, the whistle-blower's letter referred to SEBI's technical advisory committee (TAC) report that concluded in March 2016, that NSE systems were prone to 'manipulation' and thus recommended an investigation.<ref name = "FIR" /> This was when SEBI directed the new NSE board to conduct a forensic audit of its systems and deposit revenue from co-location trading in an escrow account.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.livemint.com/Money/DBJrjsgvbqWNdrcnmFQQGO/Sebi-examining-NSE-directors-role-in-algotrading-investiga.html | title=Sebi examining NSE directors' role in algo-trading investigation| date=2017-05-28}}</ref> This was a blow to NSE's plans of going public as the co-location server facility stream accounted for nearly 35–40 per cent of the NSE's core revenues.<ref name = "NSE4" /> The NSE added public interest directors to its board. They include: Ashok Chawla, former finance secretary; Naved Masood, former secretary in the Ministry of Corporate Affairs; TV Mohandas Pai, chairman of Manipal Global Education Services; Dinesh Kanabar, former deputy CEO of KPMG in India, and Dharmishta Raval, former SEBI executive director.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Article.aspx?eid=31818&articlexml=In-Second-High-Profile-Exit-Narain-Walks-Away-03062017001057 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181016165801/http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Article.aspx?eid=31818&articlexml=In-Second-High-Profile-Exit-Narain-Walks-Away-03062017001057 | url-status=dead | archive-date=16 October 2018 | title=The Times Group}}</ref> The board then appointed Deloitte to conduct a forensic inquiry. The Deloitte report, submitted to SEBI on 23 December 2016, found that the exchange's tick-by-tick (TBT) system was prone to manipulation and restated the findings by the SEBI panel that some stock brokers obtained preferential access to servers.<ref>{{Cite news | url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/opinion/should-nse-be-allowed-to-file-consent-terms-118082000017_1.html | title=Should NSE be allowed to file 'Consent Terms'?| newspaper=Business Standard India| date=2018-08-19| last1=Basu| first1=Debashis}}</ref> The NSE also admitted this in its draft prospectus.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.mydigitalfc.com/companies-and-markets/letters-whistle-blower-sebi-nse-rot | title=Letters from a whistle-blower to SEBI on NSE rot | mydigitalfc| date=27 September 2017}}</ref> In a written reply, Minister of State for Finance, Arjun Meghwal told the Lok Sabha in 2016: "The architecture of NSE with respect to dissemination of tick-by-tick through transmission control protocol (TCP) or internet protocol (IP) was prone to manipulation or [[market abuse]]. And this system has been discontinued by NSE from 3 December 2016."<ref name = "NSE4" /> SEBI's action was to nudge the NSE into conducting investigations by two big global consulting firms, Deloitte and Ernst & Young, despite the fact that both had a potential conflict of interest, having handled major projects or consulting assignments for the course. Ravi Narain, as MD and CEO of the NSE, was also the head of the sub-committee which chose Deloitte for the forensic audit of NSE, despite being fully aware that Deloitte was working on a large project for NSE's disaster recovery center (DRC). This was a clear case of conflict of interest.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.outlookbusiness.com/the-big-story/lead-story/perilous-monopoly-3810 | title=Perilous Monopoly | Outlook Business| date=14 September 2017}}</ref><ref name = "NSE4" /> In July 2018, SEBI issued a second show-cause notice to the NSE, many of its former and existing executives, and senior officials alleged to have violated the SEBI Act, Securities Contracts (Regulation) Act, 1956, and Prohibition of Fraudulent and Unfair Trade Practices and broker regulations.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.bloombergquint.com/markets/2018/07/04/nse-gets-second-show-cause-notice-from-regulator-in-co-location-probe | title=NSE Gets Second Show-Cause Notice from SEBI in Co-Location Probe| date=4 July 2018}}</ref> The notice comes even as the CBI has booked brokers and unidentified officials at the NSE and SEBI for preferential access through the co-location service.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/markets/co-location-case-cbi-names-nse-sebi-officials-opg-securities/article24039742.ece | title=Co-location case: CBI names NSE, SEBI officials, OPG Securities| date=30 May 2018}}</ref><ref name="thehindu.com">{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/cbi-books-stock-broker-for-illegal-nse-access/article24039051.ece|title=CBI books stockbroker for illegal NSE access|newspaper=The Hindu|date=2018-05-30|last1=Pandey|first1=Devesh K.}}</ref>

On 30 April 2019, SEBI passed its orders against the entities involved with the co-location scam.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/sebi-passes-five-orders-in-nse-co-location-case-column-market-watch-119050200199_1.html|title=SEBI passes five orders in NSE co-location case (Column: Market Watch)}}</ref> SEBI directed NSE to pay ₹6.25 billion with an interest rate of 12% worth over ₹10 billion and also barred the NSE from raising money on the securities market directly or indirectly for six months.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.firstpost.com/business/co-location-case-sebi-directs-nse-to-pay-over-rs-687-cr-slaps-ban-on-exchange-officials-brokers-6548541.html|title=Co-location case: Sebi directs NSE to pay over Rs 687 cr, slaps ban on exchange officials, brokers}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.livemint.com/market/stock-market-news/colocation-scam-sebi-bars-nse-from-accessing-capital-markets-for-6-months-1556637874470.html|title=Sebi finds NSE guilty of lapses in algo trade case}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/markets/stock-markets/co-location-case-sebi-directs-nse-to-pay-over-625-cr/article26994509.ece|title=NSE found guilty in co-location scam; asked to pay ₹1,000-cr fine}}</ref>

It also asked two former NSE chief executive officers, Ravi Narain and Chitra Ramakrishna, to disgorge 25% of their salaries drawn during a certain period. Narain and Ramakrishna have been also prohibited from associating with a listed company or a Market Infrastructure Institution or any other market intermediary for a period of five years.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.livemint.com/market/stock-market-news/colocation-scam-sebi-bars-nse-from-accessing-capital-markets-for-6-months-1556637874470.html
|title=Sebi finds NSE guilty of lapses in algo trade case}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/sebi-bars-nse-from-securities-market-for-6-months-in-co-location-case/articleshow/69117458.cms
|title=Sebi bars NSE from accessing securities market for 6 months in co-location case}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/market/stocks/co-location-case-nse-to-disgorge-rs-624-89-crore-with-12-interest-from-april-1-2014-3139441.htm|title=Co-location case: Sebi directs NSE to disgorge Rs 624.89 crore with 12% interest; bars exchange from securities market for 6 months}}</ref>

SEBI also barred Ajay Shah, Infotech Financials’ two directors- Sunita Thomas and Krishna Dagli and Suprabhat Lala from being associated with any entities recognized by the markets regulator for a period of two years.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/co-location-case-sebi-bars-ajay-shah-others-from-association-with-all-sebi-recognised-entities-for-2-years-3917101.html
|title=Co-location case: SEBI bars Ajay Shah, others from association with all SEBI-recognised entities for 2 years}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.zeebiz.com/india/news-sebi-directs-nse-to-take-legal-action-on-infotech-financial-3-others-for-misusing-exchange-data-97042
|title=Sebi directs NSE to take legal action on Infotech Financial, 3 others for misusing exchange data}}</ref>

Similarly, OPG Securities Limited and its Directors was found to have made an unfair gain of ₹157 million which is to be disgorged with interest of 12% from 7 April 2014. The broking firm is barred from capital markets for a period of five years.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/nse-co-location-case-sebi-bars-opg-from-securities-market-for-5-yrs-asks-co-directors-to-disgorge-rs-15-57cr-3917021.html
|title=NSE co-location case: SEBI bars OPG from securities market for 5 yrs; asks co, directors to disgorge Rs 15.57cr}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/nse-co-location-case-sebi-bars-opg-securities-3-directors-from-markets-for-5-years-119043001402_1.html|title=NSE co-location case : Sebi bars OPG Securities, 3 directors from markets for 5 years}}</ref>

The Securities Appellate Tribunal (SAT) has given a four-week timeline to eight NSE officials including past CEO Chitra Ramakrishna, to file rejoinders in their pleas against SEBI penalising them in the co-location case. These officials have challenged the order at the SAT on 21 May.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/markets/sat-gives-4-weeks-more-to-nse-others-in-co-location-case-4449101.html|title=SAT gives 4 weeks more to NSE, others in co-location case}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/sat-gives-4-weeks-more-to-nse-others-in-co-location-case-119091800457_1.html|title=SAT gives four weeks to NSE, ex-officials to file reply in co-location case}}</ref>

On 16 January 2020, SEBI exonerated 9 former and current officials accused in the case. It said that based on the evidence available, it cannot be stated that these officials were involved in any wrongdoing.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/sebi-exonerates-9-former-current-nse-officials-in-co-location-case/articleshow/73303960.cms|title=Sebi exonerates 9 former, current NSE officials in co-location case}}</ref>

On 10 February 2021 SEBI Imposes Rs1 Crore Penalty on NSE, Rs 25 Lakh Each on Ravi Narain, Chitra Ramakrishna.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.moneylife.in/article/nse-algo-scam-sebi-imposes-rs1-crore-penalty-on-nse-rs25-lakh-each-on-ravi-narain-chitra-ramakrishna/62917.html?from=mdr|title=SEBI Imposes Rs1 Crore Penalty on NSE, Rs 25 Lakh Each on Ravi Narain, Chitra Ramakrishna}}</ref>

On 1 February 2022, the dean of the SEBI-managed National Institute of Securities Markets (NISM), V R Narasimhan, is said to resign soon. Narasimhan is the former chief regulatory officer of the NSE, and his employment at NISM has sparked controversy as SEBI found him guilty of failures in duty while at the NSE and penalised him Rs. 6 lakh in a recent order involving Chitra Ramkrishna.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shah |first=Palak |date=23 February 2022 |title=V R Narasimhan to step down as Dean of NISM |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/markets/v-r-narasimhan-to-step-down-as-dean-of-nism/article65078358.ece |website=The Hindu Business Line}}</ref> On June 29, 2022, Chitra Ramkrishna was fined 5 crore by SEBI<ref>{{Cite news |title=Dark Fibre Case: Sebi fines NSE, Chitra Ramkrishna, others |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/sebi-imposes-rs-7-cr-fine-on-nse-rs-5-cr-each-on-ramkrishna-narain-in-dark-fibre-case/articleshow/92538741.cms |access-date=2022-07-28}}</ref> for her part in disregarding the unauthorised installation of black fibre connections to the exchange's co-location trading engines.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-29 |title=Illegal use of dark fibre links: SEBI penalises NSE, Chitra, 16 others |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/markets/illegal-use-of-dark-fibre-links-to-nse-co-lo-sebi-fines-18-entities-including-chitra-ramkrishna/article65582324.ece |access-date=2022-07-28 |website=www.thehindubusinessline.com |language=en}}</ref>

On 22 June 2022, OPG Securities MD Sanjay Gupta was arrested in NSE co-location case.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rajput |first=Rashmi |title=OPG Securities MD Sanjay Gupta arrested in NSE co-location case |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/opg-securities-md-sanjay-gupta-arrested-in-nse-co-location-case/articleshow/92373882.cms |access-date=2022-08-18}}</ref>

On 18 July 2022, the appointment of Ashishkumar Chauhan as the new Managing Director and CEO of the National Stock Market (NSE), the nation's main stock exchange, has been accepted by the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI).<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 July 2022 |title=Ashishkumar Chauhan set to become NSE MD, CEO; Sebi clears his appointment |pages=1 |work=The Indian Express |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/business/ashishkumar-chauhan-set-to-become-nse-md-ceo-sebi-clears-his-appointment-8035272/ |access-date=19 July 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Nair |first=Santosh |date=18 July 2022 |title=NSE undisputed leader, but new boss Ashish Chauhan has problems to fix |pages=1 |work=Money Control |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/markets/nse-undisputed-leader-but-new-boss-ashish-chauhan-has-problems-to-fix-8842001.html |access-date=19 July 2022}}</ref>

On 30 August 2022, former NSE CEO Chitra Ramkrishna's bail application in a money laundering case was denied.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-29 |title=Former NSE CEO Chitra Ramkrishna's bail plea dismissed in money laundering case |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/nse-co-location-scam-bail-plea-chitra-ramakrishna-8118181/ |access-date=2022-09-08 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> The Enforcement Directorate (ED) in Delhi has detained Ravi Narain, the former CEO of the National Stock Exchange (NSE), in a phone tapping case, on 30 August 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shah |first=Palak |date=2022-09-06 |title=Former NSE boss Ravi Narain arrested in phone tapping case |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/markets/former-nse-boss-ravi-narain-arrested-in-phone-tapping-case/article65858841.ece |access-date=2022-09-08 |website=www.thehindubusinessline.com |language=en}}</ref>

On 28 September 2022, in the phone tapping case, the Delhi High Court granted statutory bail to former NSE CEO and MD Chitra Ramkrishna and Anand Subramanian.<ref>{{Cite news |title=chitra ramkrishna: Delhi Court grants statutory bail to former NSE CEO & MD Chitra Ramkrishna, Anand Subramanian in phone tapping case |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/delhi-court-grants-statutory-bail-to-former-nse-ceo-chitra-ramkrishna-and-anand-subramanian-in-phone-tapping-case/articleshow/94497897.cms |access-date=2022-10-01 |website=[[The Economic Times]]|date=28 September 2022 }}</ref>

On 1 November 2022, the ED argued against Chitra Ramkrishna's bail in the Delhi High Court, saying that she was the "mastermind" behind the criminal conspiracy involving the alleged illegal phone tapping of NSE employees and that the money laundering case was related to this.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-02 |title='NSE Scam Call Interception Processed through Chitra Ramkrishna': ED Objects to Bail Plea |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/nse-scam-call-interception-processed-through-chitra-ramkrishna-ed-tells-delhi-hc-6294793.html |access-date=2022-11-18 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=NSE phone tapping case: Chitra Ramkrishna mastermind behind conspiracy, ED tells HC while opposing bail |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/nse-phone-tapping-case-chitra-ramkrishna-mastermind-behind-conspiracy-ed-tells-hc-while-opposing-bail/articleshow/95235587.cms |access-date=2022-11-18}}</ref>

===Raid conducted by Income Tax department===
In November 2017, the Income Tax Department (I-T) raided the premises of top former and serving officials of the NSE and its brokers. The I-T Department seized ₹110 million cash from the Delhi residence of Sanjay Gupta, promoter of OPG securities. Officials of the I-T also raided more than 50 OPG group premises in Mumbai, Delhi and Kolkata. Along with cash, some laptops, storage devices and confidential documents were also seized.<ref>{{cite news | url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/i-t-dept-seizes-rs-11-crore-cash-in-raids-related-to-nse-co-location-case/articleshow/61691871.cms | title=I-T dept seizes Rs.11 crore cash in raids related to NSE co-location case - Times of India| website=[[The Times of India]]| date=17 November 2017}}</ref> I-T officials also disclosed that they have gathered reconstructed order books with cash being transmitted to tax havens (preferred by FIIs) like Cyprus, the British Virgin Islands, Mauritius, and Hong Kong — wherever OPG securities had access.<ref name="https">{{cite web | url=https://www.sundayguardianlive.com/investigation/11764-why-income-tax-officers-are-zeroing-ajay-shah?curator=alphaideas | title=Why Income Tax officers are zeroing in on Ajay Shah| date=2017-11-26}}</ref><ref name = "NSE4" />
The I-T raid was conducted two days after the NSE submitted reports from forensic auditors EY and the Indian School of Business (ISB) to SEBI. Surprisingly, in their reports, both EY and the ISB exonerated the exchange and its officials.<ref>{{Cite news | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/it-raids-on-former-current-nse-officials-even-as-forensic-auditors-give-clean-chit/articleshow/61671549.cms | title=I-T raids on former, current NSE officials even as forensic auditors give clean chit| newspaper=The Economic Times| date=2017-11-16| last1=Narayanan| first1=Dinesh}}</ref>

===CBI action===
On 28 May 2018, the Central Bureau of Investigation filed nine-page first information report (FIR) a year after the second whistle- blower, calling himself Jaime Jones, made serious allegations in a letter to the SEBI chairman.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite web | url=https://www.moneylife.in/article/nse-algo-scam-cbi-steps-in-where-sebi-was-pussyfooting/54193.html | title=NSE Algo Scam: CBI Steps in Where SEBI Was Pussyfooting}}</ref> CBI booked the case against individuals for entering into criminal conspiracy, attempting to give and receive bribes, abuse of their official position, unfair access to TBT servers of the NSE for wrongful gain, manipulating the NSE server, and for destroying electronic evidence. CBI has also alleged that Sanjay Gupta and his brother-in-law, were illegally trading in Dubai, Ghana, Singapore, Hong Kong and China through his firm.<ref name = "FIR" /><ref name="thehindu.com"/> After filing this case, CBI teams also conducted raids at multiple locations in Delhi, Mumbai and Bangalore.<ref name = "NSE5">{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/cbi-books-stock-broker-for-manipulating-nse-system/articleshow/64389164.cms | title=CBI books stock broker for manipulating NSE system - Times of India| website=[[The Times of India]]| date=30 May 2018}}</ref> M. Damodaran, former SEBI chairman made a statement saying, "Having seen reports of the CBI registering a case in connection with NSE's co-location issue, I hope SEBI's dealing with the matter is proceeding at the desired pace. It is important for regulatory credibility that SEBI takes effective action immediately. Since an Exchange is a first-level regulator, it must measure up, and be seen as measuring up, to the highest levels of governance. Failing that, SEBI must take quick corrective action."<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

The CBI gave assurance to Delhi High Court that it will probe all the key accused pertaining to this scam regardless of their level in the hierarchy.<ref>{{ cite news | url= https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/nse-co-location-scam-cbi-to-go-after-the-high-and-mighty/article27210372.ece | title= NSE co-location scam: CBI to go after the high and mighty}}</ref><ref>{{ cite news | url= https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/nse-co-location-scam-cbi-informs-hc-it-has-broadened-scope-of-investigation-119052201470_1.html | title= NSE co-location scam: CBI informs HC it has broadened scope of investigation}}</ref> CBI also said it would examine all the aspects mentioned in the petition and not limit itself to the FIR.<ref>{{ cite news | url= https://www.ndtv.com/business/probing-larger-conspiracy-in-nse-co-location-scam-cbi-tells-delhi-high-court-2041469 | title= Probing Larger Conspiracy In NSE Co-Location Scam, CBI Tells Delhi High Court}}</ref><ref>{{ cite news | url= https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/nse-co-location-scam-cbi-may-expand-scope-of-probe-beyond-fir/articleshow/69444221.cms | title= NSE co-location scam: CBI may expand scope of probe beyond FIR}}</ref>

On 25 February, the CBI detained Anand Subramanian, the former group operating officer of the National Stock Exchange, after broadening its three-year investigation into the exchange's co-location scam in light of "new facts" revealed in a damning Sebi report, officials said on Friday. They claimed Subramanian was apprehended late Thursday night.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pandey |first=Devesh K |date=February 25, 2022 |title=CBI arrests NSE's former group operating officer Anand Subramanian |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/cbi-arrests-nses-former-group-operating-officer-anand-subramanian/article65083184.ece}}</ref>

Officials say he was questioned for days in Chennai before the agency decided to arrest him. The Securities and Exchange Board of India (Sebi) has charged former NSE CEO Chitra Ramkrishna <ref>{{Cite web |title=ED arrests ex-NSE MD Chitra Ramakrishnan in phone tapping case, get her 4-day custody from court - ET BFSI |url=https://bfsi.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/industry/ed-arrests-ex-nse-md-chitra-ramakrishnan-in-phone-tapping-case-get-her-4-day-custody-from-court/92878395 |access-date=2022-08-05 |website=ETBFSI.com |language=en}}</ref> and others with alleged governance violations in Subramanian's appointment as chief strategy advisor and subsequent re-designation as group operating officer and MD advisor.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Somendra |date=25 February 2022 |title=NSE co-location case: Anand Subramanian arrested by CBI |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/mumbai/nse-scam-anand-subramanian-arrested-by-cbi}}</ref>

Ramkrishna has been fined Rs 3 crore by the Securities and Exchange Board of India (Sebi).<ref>{{Cite news |last=Selvaraj |first=A |date=25 February 2022 |title=CBI arrests Anand Subramanian in NS |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/89817158.cms |work=The Times of India}}</ref> Sebi levied penalties of Rs 11 crore on eight businesses, including the National Stock Exchange (NSE) and its previous chiefs Chitra Ramkrishna and Ravi Narain, in the case involving software related to algorithmic trading.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Sebi fines Rs 11 cr on NSE, others in algo trading case |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/sebi-fines-rs-11-cr-on-nse-others-in-algo-trading-case/articleshow/92579724.cms |access-date=2022-08-05}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=June 30, 2022 |title=Sebi fines Rs 11 crore on NSE, 7 others in algo trade software case |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/sebi-fines-rs-11-crore-on-nse-7-others-in-algo-trade-software-case/articleshow/92581576.cms |access-date=2022-08-05 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=May 30, 2022 |title=Sebi slaps Rs 3 lakh fine on Share India Securities in NSE co-location case - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/sebi-slaps-rs-3-lakh-fine-on-share-india-securities-in-nse-co-location-case/articleshow/91899542.cms |access-date=2022-08-18 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

On 15 March 2022, Chitra Ramkrishna, the ex-MD of the NSE, has been placed in judicial detention till 28 March. The judge also stated that she is not a VIP and would not be given preferential treatment while in custody.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mohan J |first=Anand |date=March 15, 2022 |title=NSE scandal: Ex-MD Chitra Ramkrishna sent to judicial custody till March 28 |work=The Indian Express |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/nse-scandal-former-md-chitra-ramkrishna-sent-to-judicial-custody-7819099/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=March 14, 2022 |title=NSE co-location case: CBI court sends Chitra Ramkrishna to jail for 14 days |work=Business Standard}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Das |first=Usha |date=March 15, 2022 |title='Not a VIP': Ex-NSE CEO sent to Tihar for 14 Days |work=Times of India}}</ref>

After inquiring at least three times about former Mumbai Police Commissioner Sanjay Pandey in connection with the National Stock Exchange (NSE) Co-Location scam,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-05 |title=NSE co-location case: Ex-Mumbai top cop appears before ED in Delhi |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/nse-co-location-case-ex-mumbai-top-cop-appears-before-ed-in-delhi-101657012526167.html |access-date=2022-07-28 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> the Enforcement Directive (ED) arrested him on 18 July 2022 in connection with the suspected phone-tapping of NSE employees.<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 July 2022 |title=NSE co-location scam: ED arrests former Mumbai Police Commissioner Sanjay Pandey |pages=1 |work=The Indian Express |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/nse-co-location-scam-ed-arrests-former-mumbai-police-commissioner-sanjay-pandey-8039750/ |access-date=20 July 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=20 July 2022 |title=ED arrests ex-Mumbai Police chief Sanjay Pandey in NSE co-location case |pages=1 |work=Money Control |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/markets/ed-arrests-ex-mumbai-police-chief-sanjay-pandey-in-nse-co-location-case-8852511.html |access-date=20 July 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=21 July 2022 |title=ED gets 9-day remand of former Mumbai police commissioner Sanjay Pandey in NSE scam case |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/ed-gets-9-day-remand-of-former-mumbai-police-commissioner-sanjay-pandey-in-nse-scam-case/articleshow/93017673.cms |website=The Times of India}}</ref>

On 18 July 2022, the Delhi Court prolonged Chitra Ramakrishna's remand by four days in a money laundering case involving suspected phone tapping and spying of stock exchange staff.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chauhan |first=Neeraj |date=20 July 2022 |title=Phones of NSE employees tapped since 1997: ED seeks five-day custody of former MD Chitra Ramkrishna |pages=1 |work=Hindustan Times |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/phones-of-nse-employees-tapped-since-1997-ed-seeks-five-day-custody-of-former-md-chitra-ramkrishna-101658170978636.html |access-date=20 July 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=20 July 2022 |title=Money laundering case: Delhi Court extends former NSE chief Chitra Ramakrishna's remand by 4 days1 |pages=1 |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/delhi-court-extends-4-days-remand-of-former-nse-chief-chitra-ramakrishna/articleshow/92954948.cms |access-date=20 July 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Rajput |first=Rashmi |title=Ex-chief of NSE Chitra Ramkrishna identified phones to be tapped, finds CBI probe |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/ex-chief-of-nse-chitra-ramkrishna-identified-phones-to-be-tapped-finds-cbi-probe/articleshow/92964613.cms |access-date=2022-08-05}}</ref>

The Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) arrested former Mumbai Police Commissioner Sanjay Pandey on 24 September 2022, in connection with an alleged case of illegal phone tapping on NSE employees.<ref>{{Cite web |date=Sep 24, 2022 |title=NSE phone tapping case: CBI arrests former Mumbai police commissioner {{!}} India News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/nse-phone-tapping-case-cbi-arrests-former-mumbai-police-commissioner/articleshow/94420653.cms |access-date=2022-09-27 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

===Madras High Court===
The Madras High Court has issued the notices to the SEBI, the Ministry of Corporate Affairs (MCA), the CBI, the Enforcement Directorate (ED) and the NSE. This action was taken as HC has admitted a PIL filed by the Chennai Financial Markets and Accountability (CFMA). The court has given the time to respond to the notices till 11 November.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/madras-hc-issues-notice-to-sebi-mca-ed-in-nse-co-location-case/articleshow/71521014.cms|title=Madras HC issues notice to SEBI, MCA, ED in NSE co-location case}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.livemint.com/industry/banking/nse-co-location-case-madras-hc-issues-notice-to-sebi-mca-ed-11570702912654.html|title=NSE co-location case: Madras HC issues notice to Sebi, MCA, ED}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/madras-hc-issues-notice-to-sebi-mca-ed-in-nse-colocation-case/1637483|title=Madras HC issues notice to SEBI, MCA, ED in NSE co-location case}}</ref>

The petition stated that NSE violated the fundamental objective and gave illegal preferential access to certain trade members to access NSE trade data at the cost of the entire securities market and SEBI has not taken any effective actions to unearth the scam.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://dailyworld.in/madras-hc-issues-notice-to-sebi-mca-ed-in-nse-co-location-case/|title=Madras HC issues notice to SEBI, MCA, ED in NSE co-location case}}</ref><ref name="ianslive.in">{{cite news|url=http://www.ianslive.in/index.php?param=news/-639703|title=Madras HC issues notice to SEBI, MCA, ED in NSE co-location case}}</ref>

In August 2018, the Madras High Court issued notice to SEBI seeking appropriate action against NSE employees for the alleged fraud in co-location services and directed SEBI to file its response.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/madras-high-court-puts-sebi-on-notice-in-multicrore-stock-trading-scam/articleshow/65457187.cms | title=Madras high court puts Sebi on notice in multicrore stock trading scam - Times of India| website=[[The Times of India]]| date=19 August 2018}}</ref> After NSE launched its TBT in co-location, BSE sent a note to SEBI emphasising the need for a fair regulatory framework. However, SEBI ignored it.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.moneylife.in/article/nse-started-tick-by-tick-service-illegally-in-2010-while-sebi-looked-the-other-way/55096.html| title= NSE Started Tick-by-Tick Service Illegally in 2010 While SEBI Looked the Other Way}}</ref>

==NSE vs. Moneylife Case==

On 8 July 2015, Sucheta Dalal wrote an article on ''Moneylife''{{’}}s portal alleging that certain NSE officials were leaking sensitive data related to HFT or co-location to a select set of market participants so that could trade faster than their competitors.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/moneylife%E2%80%99s-nse-expose-why-battle-against-stock-exchange-not-just-their-own-33874|title=Moneylife's NSE Expose|date=2015-09-01}}</ref> The article was based on an alleged complaint made to SEBI in January by an official of a Singapore-based hedge fund. The whistle-blower's first letter came from Singapore and was addressed to BK Gupta, deputy general manager of SEBI, and dated 14 January 2015. It was copied to Sucheta Dalal from ''Moneylife''.<ref name="moneylife.in"/> The co-location scandal came to light when the NSE filed a defamation suit on 21 July 2015, claiming damages of ₹1 billion in the Bombay High Court against ''Moneylife'', to stop the publication and circulation of the article. However, the court dismissed the case and asked the NSE to pay ₹150,000 each to journalists Debashis Basu and Sucheta Dalal. The court also imposed a penalty of ₹4.7 million on the NSE to be paid in the form of a donation to [[Masina Hospital]] and [[Tata Memorial Centre|Tata Memorial Hospital]] in Mumbai. The court also ordered SEBI to investigate the charges levelled by the whistle-blower.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.moneylife.in/article/nse-withdraws-its-rs100-crore-defamation-suit-against-moneylife-pays-rs50-lakh-as-cost-and-penalty/51608.html|title=NSE withdraws its Rs100 crore defamation suit against Moneylife, pays Rs50 lakh as cost and penalty|date=2017-09-12}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

{{Alleged scams in India}}
{{Corporate scandals}}
{{Corruption in India}}
{{Scams and confidence tricks}}
{{Financial services in India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:NSE co-location scam}}
[[Category:21st-century scandals]]
[[Category:Cover-ups]]
[[Category:2010 in India]]
[[Category:Corporate crime]]
[[Category:Corruption in India]]
[[Category:Corporate scandals]]
[[Category:Criminal investigation]]
[[Category:Confidence tricks]]
[[Category:Stock market crashes]]
[[Category:Deception]]
[[Category:Financial scandals]]
[[Category:Finance fraud]]
[[Category:Economic history of India (1947–present)]]
[[Category:2010 in Indian economy]]
[[Category:2010 in Indian politics]]
[[Category:2010 scandals]]
[[Category:Crime in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Scandals in India]]
[[Category:National Stock Exchange of India]]

Nighoj

2025-09-28T10:30:55Z

CarlotaMacadam7: New

{{short description|Village in Maharashtra}}
{{More citations needed|date=September 2012}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Nighoj
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Maharashtra#India3
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Maharashtra, India
| coordinates = {{coord|18|57|35|N|074|16|37|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Ahmadnagar district|Ahmadnagar]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Taluka]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Parner taluka|Parner]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body = Village panchayat
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 13600
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank_info_sec1 = [[Ahmednagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ahmednagar]]
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Parner (Maharashtra Assembly constituency)|Parner]]
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 414 306
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 02488
| registration_plate = [[Vehicle registration plates of India|MH]]-16, [[Vehicle registration plates of India|MH]]-17
| blank_name_sec2 = Nearest towns
| blank_info_sec2 = [[Parner]], [[Shirur, Maharashtra|Shirur]], [[Alkuti]]
| website =
| footnotes =
| official_name =
}}
[[File:Nighoj potoles river.jpg|thumb|Potholes in Nighoj river]]
'''Nighoj''' is a village in [[Ahmednagar District]], [[Maharashtra]], India. It is about 90 km away from [[Pune]] and had naturally created potholes ([[tinaja]]s) on the riverbed of the [[Kukadi River]].<ref name="Gunaji">{{Cite book|author=Gunaji, Milind|year=2010|title=Offbeat Tracks in Maharashtra|edition=second|location=Mumbai, India|publisher=Popular Prakashan|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=KHA9SzLMj3EC&pg=PA231 231]|isbn=978-81-7991-578-3}}</ref>

Geologists indicate that formerly there was greater rainfall in the area and that the Kukadi River flowed out from the highlands, scouring the [[bedrock]] and forming the potholes and the gorge.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Babar, Md.|year=2005|chapter=8. Hydrogeomorphology of Landforms|title=Hydrogeomorphology: Fundamentals, Applications and Techniques|location=New Delhi|publisher=New India Publishing Agency|pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=HetiC6uWB2kC&pg=PA149 149–150]|isbn=978-81-89422-01-1}}</ref>

==Religion==
{{Cleanup|date=May 2021|reason=Poor grammar and undefined terminology.|section}}
The majority of the population in Nighoj is [[Hindu]], but there are also [[Muslims]]. There are several [[temples]] in the village, one of which, the Malaganga temple, is located on the bank of the gorge on the old river-bed itself.<ref name="Gunaji" />

==See also==
* [[Parner tehsil]]
* [[List of Villages in Parner Tehsil]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Nighoj}}
* {{Cite web|title=Amazing Maharashtra: Nighoj Moon Land|url=http://www.amazingmaharashtra.com/2013/01/nighoj-moon-land.html}}
{{Clear}}

{{Parner taluka topics}}

[[Category:Villages in Ahmednagar district]]
[[Category:Villages in Parner taluka]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Ahmednagar district]]

Nityayoga

2025-09-24T23:40:31Z

CarlotaMacadam7: Done...

{{Short description|Period of time in Indian astronomy}}
[[File:Nityayoga.webm|thumb|Orbital simulation illustrating the calculation of nityayoga]]In Indian astronomy, '''''yoga''''' (also called '''''nityayoga''''') is a period of time, of varying lengths, during which the sum of the [[nirayana system|''nirayana'']] longitudes of the Sun and the Moon increases by an amount of 13 degrees 20 minutes (or, equivalently, 800 minutes).<ref>{{cite book |last1=S. Balachandra Rao |title=Indian Astronomy: An Introduction |date=2000 |publisher=Universities Press |location=Hyderabad |isbn=81 7371 205 0 |page=68 |url=https://archive.org/details/indianastronomyanintroductionbalachandraraos._425_y/page/67/mode/2up?view=theater |access-date=1 January 2024}}</ref> While considering the sum, when the sum is 360 degrees or more, then 360 degrees is subtracted from the sum to make the sum an angle between 0 degree and 360 minutes. Consider a moment T1 when the sum of the longitudes of the Sun and the Moon is 0 degree and let T2 be the next immediate moment when the sum of the longitudes of the Sun and the Moon is 13 degree 20 minutes. The duration of time between the moments T1 and T2 is the first ''yoga''. Similarly, let the next immediate moment when the sum of the longitudes of the Sun and Moon is 26 degrees 40 minutes. The duration of time between the moments T2 and T3 is the second ''yoga''. The third, fourth and higher ''yoga''-s are defined in a similar way. Since 27 X 13 degrees 20 minutes = 360 degrees, at the end-moment of the 27th ''yoga'', the sum of the ''nirayana'' longitudes of the Sun and Moon would be 0 degree. The numbering of the ''yoga''-s then starts afresh from that point. It appears that the astronomical ''yoga''-s are in no way related to any astronomical phenomena.<ref>{{cite web |title=The astronomical definition of Yoga |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/the-skanda-purana/d/doc365983.html |website=www.wisdomlib.org |access-date=1 January 2024}}</ref> S. B. Dikshit in his ''Bhāratīya Jyotiṣ Śāstra'' observes: "It is not known what planetary position in the sky is indicated by ''yoga'', and it is useful only in astrology."<ref name="Dikshit">{{cite book |last1=Sankar Balakrishna Dikshit |title=English translation of "Bharatiya Jyotish Shastra" (History of Indian Astronomy) Part II |date=1981 |publisher=India Metereological Department, Govt of India |location=Kolkota |page=277 - 279 |url=https://archive.org/details/BharatiyaJyotishSastra2/page/276/mode/2up?view=theater |access-date=3 January 2024}} (Translated by R. V. Vaidya from Marathi originally published in 1896.)</ref>

{{confuse|yoga (Hindu astrology)}}
In Indian astrology, the term ''yoga'' has been used to indicate luni-solar distances and planetary situations, associations, and combinations. When one planet or house is related to another by placement, aspect or conjunction in a particular way then it is said that the planets and houses are in a particular ''yoga''.

In the traditional Indian calendars or almanacs, that is in ''Pañcāṅg''-s, ''Yoga'' or ''Nityayoga'' is one of the five elements or organs or limbs that constitute the ''Pañcāṅg''-s, the "five organs" in the literary meaning of the term ''Pañcāṅg''. The other four elements are ''[[Nakshatra|Nakṣatra]]'', ''[[Tithi]]'', ''[[Names of the days of the week|Vāra]]'' and ''Karaṇa''.

==Names==

The names of the 27 ''nitayoga'' are:

{{columns-list|colwidth=20em|
# ''Viṣkaṃbha'' (Support or obstacle)
# ''Prīti'' (Kindness, fondness)
# ''Āyuṣmān'' (Long lived)
# ''Saubhāgya'' (Good fortune)
# ''Śobhana'' (Prosperity, splendor)
# ''Atigaṇḑa'' (Having large cheeks or temples)
# ''Sukarmā'' (Virtuous)
# ''Dhṛti'' (Courage, determination)
# ''Śūla'' (Spear, pike)
# ''Gaṇḑa'' (Spot, mark, pimple)
# ''Vṛddhi'' (Growth)
# ''Dhruva'' (Unchangeable, constant)
# ''Vyāghāta'' (Hindrance, defeat)
# ''Harṣaṇa'' (Thrilling)
# ''Vajra'' (Diamond, thunderbolt)
# ''Siddhi'' (Success)
# ''Vyātīpāta'' (Calamity)
# ''Varīyān'' (Very welcome)
# ''Parigha'' (Obstacle)
# ''Śiva'' (Benign, gracious)
# ''Siddha'' (Accomplished)
# ''Sādhya'' (Amenable)
# ''Śubha'' (Auspicious)
# ''Śukla'' (White substance)
# ''Brahma'' (Supreme spirit, priest)
# ''Indra'' (Chief)
# ''Vaidhṛta'' (Great calamity)
}}

==History of the ''yoga'' concept==

''Nityayoga'' or ''yoga'' has a prominent place in traditional Indian almanac known as ''Pañcāṅg''. It is one of the five elements that constitutes the ''pañcāṅg''-s, that is, the five elements that define a ''Pañcāṅg''. However, the ''yoga''-s entered the ''Pañcāṅg'' calculations only several centuries after the other four elements became parts of the Indian alamanac. ''[[Pancha-siddhantika]]'', a text on astronomy composed around 505 CE by [[Varāhamihira]] gives the methods of calculating ''nakṣatra''-s and ''tithi''-s but does not give any method for calculating ''yoga''-s. Similarly, ''[[Bṛhat Saṃhitā]]'', a work on astrology also by Varāhamihira has long discussions on the effects of ''nakṣatra''-s but is silent on the effects of ''yoga''-s. These facts indicate that the concept of ''yoga''-s did not exist at the time of Varāhamihira. The currently available ''[[Brāhmasphuṭasiddhānta]]'' composed by [[Brahmagupta]] in c.628 CE has just one verse containing a reference to ''yoga'', but all internal evidences point to the possibility of the verse being a much later interpolation. ''[[Khaṇḍakhādyaka]]'', another treatise composed by Brahmagupta in c.665 CE has a couplet of verses referring to ''yoga''. These verses have also been determined as later interpolations. All these point to the fact that the concept of ''yoga'' in astronomy arose post Brahmagupta. [[Lalla]] (c. 720–790 CE) in his ''Śiṣyadhīvṛddhidatantra'' mentions the ''yoga''-s in detail. ''[[Surya Siddhanta]]'', the founding text of the ''Saura-pakṣa'' in Indian astronomy, of undetermined authorship believed to have been composed in the 4th-5th century CE but again believed to have undergone a substantial revision in around 800 CE presents the list of all the 27 ''yoga''-s as they are used in modern ''Pañcāṅg''-s and also methods of calculating the ''yoga''-s. All these evidences suggest that the concept of ''yoga'' arose sometime around 700 CE and became an integral part of the ''Pañcāṅg''-s only after around 700 CE.<ref name="Dikshit"/>

==On the origin of the concept of ''yoga''==

The word ''vyātīpāta'' occurs in two verses in ''Brāhmasphuṭasiddhānta'', but from the context of the occurrence of the word, it is clear that it is not referring to the ''vyātīpāta'' that occurs as the 17th ''yoga'' in the list of 27 ''yoga''-s. It is referring to one of two ''mahāpāta''-s which occur when the Sun and the Moon are in parallel declination and this happens when the sum of the longitudes of the Sun and Moon is 180°. There are two moments in every lunar month when this happens. One of them is called the ''vyātīpāta'' and other ''vaidhṛti''. In order to find these ''mahāpāta''-s one has find the sum of the longitudes of the Sun and the Moon. This must have led to the idea of finding ''yoga''-s by finding the sum of longitudes just as ''tithi'' is determined by the difference of longitudes.<ref name="Dikshit"/>

There is another theory regarding the origin of the ''yoga'' concept in Indian astronomy. According this view, the astronomical ''yoga'' came into being in attempts to predict the phenomena of eclipses.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Shakti Dhara Sharma |title=Development of Pancanga from vedic times upto the present |journal=Bulletin of the Astronomical Society of India |date=1998 |volume=26 |pages=75–90 |url=https://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu//full/1998BASI...26...75S/0000075.000.html |access-date=1 January 2024}}</ref>

==Determination of ''Yoga''==

Robert Sewell's ''The Indian Calendar'' contains a section which explains in meticulous detail how the ''Yoga'' at sunrise on a day specified by a date in the Common Era can be determined. The procedure also explains how to find how much time has elapsed at the moment of sunrise since the beginning of the ''Yoga''.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Robert Sewell and Sankara Balakrishna Dikshit |title=The Indian Calendar |date=1896 |publisher=Swan Sonnenschein & Co. |location=London |page=3 |url=https://archive.org/details/indiancalendarwithtablesofconversionrobertsewellsankarabalkrishnadikshit_587_x/page/n17/mode/2up?view=theater |access-date=1 January 2024}}</ref>

==Lengths of ''Yoga''-s==

The lengths of the various ''yoga''-s varies from ''yoga'' to ''yoga''. The following table gives the mean length, the greatest length and the least length of the ''yoga''-s.<ref name="Sewell">{{cite book |last1=Robert Sewell and Sankara Balakrishna Dikshit |title=The Indian Calendar |date=1896 |publisher=Swan Sonnenschein & Co. |location=London |page=97 |url=https://archive.org/details/indiancalendarwithtablesofconversionrobertsewellsankarabalkrishnadikshit_587_x/page/n111/mode/2up?view=theater |access-date=1 January 2024}}</ref> It follows that the total length of a ''yoga''-cycle consisting of 27 ''yoga''-s is 26 days 10 hours 12 minutes 47 seconds.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Lengths of ''Yoga''-s
|-
! !! Hours !! Minutes !! Seconds
|-
| '''Mean''' || 22 || 35 || 44.7
|-
| '''Greatest''' || 24 || 36 || 24
|-
| '''Least''' || 20 || 52 || 58
|}

==A different system of ''yoga''-s==

There is a different system of ''yoga''-s in use in India. This system consists of 28 ''yoga''-s, in contrast to 27 ''yoga''-s in the system already explained, and the names and the rules for the determination of these ''yoga''-s are different from the ones given earlier. In this system, the succession of the ''yoga''-s depends the day of the week. Hence it has absolutely no connection whatsoever with any astronomical phenomena as the week has no definable relation to the motion of the moon or the sun. This system of ''yoga''-s do not find any mention in ''[[Surya Siddhanta|Sūrya-sddhānta]]''. In some Hindu calendars ''yoga''-s of this system are also given for each day of the month. But these yogas are only of astrological interest.

The names as well as the rules for the determination of the 28 ''yoga''-s as given in [[Shripati|Śrīpati]]'s ''Jyotiṡa Ratnamāla'' are given below.<ref name="Burgess">{{cite journal |last1=Ebenezer Burgess |title=Translation of the Sûrya-Siddhânta |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |date=1858 |volume=6 |pages=141-498 |url=https://archive.org/details/suryasiddhantaebenzerburgess1858_349_t/page/431/mode/2up?view=theater |access-date=25 January 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=H. T. Colebrooke |title=Miscellaneous Essays Vol. II |date=1872 |publisher=Higginbotham & Co. |page=363 |url=https://archive.org/details/ColebrookeMiscEssays1872V2_201809/page/n373/mode/2up?view=theater |access-date=25 January 2024}}</ref>

=== Names of the 28 ''yoga''-s in the different system===

{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
# ''Ānanda''
# ''Kāladaṇḍa''
# ''Dhūmra''
# ''Prajāpati''
# ''Saumya''
# ''Dhvānkṣa''
# ''Dhvaja''
# ''Śrīvatsa''
# ''Vajra''
# ''Mudgara''
# ''Chattra''
# ''Maitra''
# ''Mānasa''
# ''Padma''
# ''Lambaka''
# ''Utpāta''
# ''Mrtyu''
# ''Kāṇa''
# ''Siddhi''
# ''Śubha''
# ''Amṛta''
# ''Musala''
# ''Gada''
# ''Mātaṅga''
# ''Rākṣasa''
# ''Cara''
# ''Sthira''
# ''Pravardha''
}}

=== Rule for assigning the ''yoga''-s in the different system===

The rule assumes a cycle of 28 ''[[List of Nakshatras|nakṣatra]]''-s which includes the 28th ''nakṣatra'', namely, ''Abhijit''. The 28 ''yoga''-s are assigned as follows:<ref name="Burgess"/>

* If on a day, if the week day is Sunday and the ''nakṣatra'' is ''Aśvinī'', the ''yoga'' is ''Ānanda'', if the ''nakṣatra'' is ''Bharaṇī'' the ''yoga'' is ''Kāladaṇḍa'', and so on.
* If on a day, if the week day is Monday and the ''nakṣatra'' is ''Mṛgaśīrṣa'', the ''yoga'' is ''Ānanda'', if the ''nakṣatra'' is ''Ārdrā'' the ''yoga'' is ''Kāladaṇḍa'', and so on.
* If on a day, if the week day is Tuesday and the ''nakṣatra'' is ''Āśleṣa'', the ''yoga'' is ''Ānanda'', if the ''nakṣatra'' is ''Magha'' the ''yoga'' is ''Kāladaṇḍa'', and so on.
* If on a day, if the week day is Wednesday and the ''nakṣatra'' is ''Hasta'', the ''yoga'' is ''Ānanda'', if the ''nakṣatra'' is ''Citra'' the ''yoga'' is ''Kāladaṇḍa'', and so on.
* If on a day, if the week day is Thursday and the ''nakṣatra'' is ''Anurādha'', the ''yoga'' is ''Ānanda'', if the ''nakṣatra'' is ''Jyeṣtha'' the ''yoga'' is ''Kāladaṇḍa'', and so on.
* If on a day, if the week day is Friday and the ''nakṣatra'' is ''Uttara-āṣādha'', the ''yoga'' is ''Ānanda'', if the ''nakṣatra'' is ''Śrāvaṇa'' the ''yoga'' is ''Kāladaṇḍa'', and so on.
* If on a day, if the week day is Saturday and the ''nakṣatra'' is ''Śatabhiṣaj'', the ''yoga'' is ''Ānanda'', if the ''nakṣatra'' is ''Pūrva-bhādrapada'' the ''yoga'' is ''Kāladaṇḍa'', and so on.

== See also ==

* [[Nakshatra]]
* [[Karaṇa (pañcāṅga)|Karaṇa]]
* [[Tithi]]
* [[Vāra (astronomy)|Vāra]]
* [[Vyatipāta]]

==References==

{{reflist}}

{{calendars}}
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{{Indian astronomy}}
{{India topics}}
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[[Category:Calendars]]
[[Category:Units of time]]
[[Category:Hindu astronomy|*]]
[[Category:Astronomy in India]]
[[Category:History of astronomy]]

Origin of the Western Ganga Dynasty

2025-08-02T00:44:57Z

CarlotaMacadam7: fix article further

{{Main|Western Ganga Dynasty}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
The '''Western Ganga Dynasty''' ruled large parts of southern [[Karnataka]] from the fourth century CE till the late tenth century CE with their regal capital initially at [[Kolar, Karnataka|Kolar]] (then called as ''Kuvalala'') and later at [[Talakad]] in [[Mysore district]], [[Karnataka]]. The origin of the Ganga clan prior to the fourth century is shrouded in legends and myths. Clarity into their history comes from such contemporaneous writings as ''Chavundaraya Purana'' in Kannada and ''Lokhavibhaga'' in Prakrit and from numerous inscriptions excavated in the [[Mysore district|Mysore]], [[Bangalore district|Bangalore]] and [[Kolar district|Kolar]] districts (southern region of modern Karnataka) and [[Anantapur district]] (of modern [[Andhra Pradesh]]). The Western Gangas played a pivotal role in the development of polity, culture and [[Western Ganga literature|literature]] during their long rule in the region, at times as independent monarchs and at other times as subordinates of their larger neighbors: the [[Badami Chalukyas]] and later the [[Rashtrakutas]] of [[Manyakheta]]. Their patronage to literature in [[Kannada]] and [[Sanskrit]],<ref name="contri">Kamath (2001), pp49-50</ref> their achievements in architecture including the famous monolith of [[Gomateshwara]], their Hindu temples in the southern Karnataka, and their Jain [[Basadi]]'s of [[Shravanabelagola]] and [[Kambadahalli]] are testimony to the rich contribution they made to the region.<ref name="contri1">Kamath (2001), pp50-52</ref>

==Origin==
[[File:Ceiling sculpture1 in Panchakuta Basadi at Kambadahalli.jpg|right|thumb|Roof sculpture, Panchakuta [[Basadi]], [[Kambadahalli]]]]
[[File:Ceiling sculpture4 in Panchakuta Basadi at Kambadahalli.jpg|right|thumb|Roof sculpture, Panchakuta Basadi, Kambadahalli]]
Multiple theories have been proposed by historians regarding the ancestry of the founders of the Western Ganga dynasty (prior to the fourth century). One such theory claims that they were immigrants from northern India and another that they were natives of the southern [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]] region. While the northern origin theory is generally considered legendary in nature, historians such as [[L. K. Ananthakrishna Iyer|L.K Iyer]], [[Burton Stein|Stein]], Adiga, Rice, [[I. K. Sarma|Sarma]] and Kamath have further debated whether the early petty chieftains of the clan (prior to their rise to power) originated from the southern districts of modern Karnataka, [[Kongu Nadu]] region of modern [[Tamil Nadu]] or southern districts of modern Andhra Pradesh.<ref name="stein">{{Cite book|title=Peasant State and Society in Medieval South India|last=Stein|first=Burton|date=1980|publisher=Oxford University Press|pages=318|location=Delhi|isbn=9780195610659|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-4duAAAAMAAJ&q=gangadikaras}}:”Indeed, the very lack lustre of the Ganga rulers who preceded the Cholas and Hoysalas suggests that they were essentially peasant chiefs who neither sought nor managed to break their ties with the dominant peasant folk of the territory. That peasantry still identifies itself with the ancient Ganga designation; they are called, gangadikaras who in 1891 comprised forty-four per cent of the total population of the land-controlling peasantry of Mysore State (i.e. Vokkaligas). Gangadikara is a slight contraction of the term gangavadikara, ‘men of the Ganga country’.”</ref><ref name="Ganga-arasu">{{cite book |author1=L. K. Ananthakrishna Iyer |date=1935|title=The Mysore Tribes And Castes|volume=1 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.209458/page/n187/mode/1up?|location=Mysore|publisher=Mysore University|page=69|oclc=551178895}}:”The Gangadikara seem to be a more recent stratum, whose name reminds us of the Ganga-kings, who ruled in Mysore in the 10th century. We may regard their connections with the former ancient ruling house as very similar to those of the Arasu, the present-day aristocracy of Mysore, with the present- day ruling family. ”</ref><ref name="and">Adiga (2006), pp87-99</ref><ref name="and1">Kamath (2001), p39-40</ref><ref name="and2">Sarma (1992), pp1-5</ref>

Some of their early inscriptions claim that they belonged to the ''Kanvayana'' lineage (''gotra'') and ''Jahnveya'' family (''kula'').<ref name="kula">Adiga (2006), p87</ref> This has prompted historians Rice and Jayaswal to link them to the [[Kanva dynasty]] of [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]] (in modern [[Bihar]] state) implying a northern origin.<ref name="kan">From the Kudlapura inscription, Kudlur inscription and records of Harivarman Ganga from Tanjore (Rice in Adiga 2006, p88)</ref><ref name="kudd">Jayaswal in {{cite web|title=Gangas of Talkad|url=http://www.ourkarnataka.com/states/history/historyofkarnataka11.htm|author=Arthikaje, Mangalore|publisher=1998-2000 OurKarnataka.Com, Inc|access-date=2007-01-18}}</ref> But according to Adiga, this theory has failed to explain the difference of four centuries between the end of the Kanva rule in the north in the first century BCE and the rise of the Ganga dynasty
in the south in the fourth century CE.<ref name="end">Adiga (2006), p88</ref>

Some twelfth century inscriptions issued by their descendants trace their lineage to the kings of [[Ikshvaku]] dynasty of [[Ayodhya]]. They also give legendary accounts of their migration to the south, propitiation of the goddess [[Ganga (goddess)|Ganga]] (from whom the name of the dynasty is claimed to be derived) and the spiritual association of the two early immigrant princes, Dadiga and Madhava to a [[Jain]] preceptor Simhanandi at Perur (now identified as [[Cudappah]], Andhra Pradesh). These princes are said to have later propitiated the goddess [[Padmavati (Jainism)|Padmavathi]] who rewarded them with a kingdom and throne to rule over.<ref name="end"/> According to another legendary account, the goddess Padmavathi gave a sword to the Jain Guru, using which Madhava struck a stone pillar and broke the pillar into two. Hence the Guru is said to have crowned Madhava as the king.<ref name="stone">Kamath (2001), p39</ref>

Historian Krishna Rao has postulated that they were descendants of the [[Andhra Ikshvaku]]s who were the successors of the [[Satavahanas]] in the third century. With the weakening of the Ikshvaku rule following the campaigns of King [[Samudragupta]] into southern India, they may have founded a new kingdom in Perur and later moved to [[Kolar, Karnataka|Kolar]] in modern Karnataka in the fourth century.<ref name="stone" /><ref name="cud1">Krishna Rao in Adiga (2006), p88</ref> However, Adiga rejects this theory and points out that the early Ganga inscriptions themselves are silent on the subject of their descent from the Ikshvakus and any migration from northern India. Mention of the Jain Guru only starts from eighth century records and hence Adiga argues that the theory may have been popularised by Jains to gain royal patronage from the powerful Western Gangas, who from the beginning had been staunch champions of [[Vedic Brahminism]].<ref name="end"/> Robert Sewell and Vishwanath claim the earliest home of the Gangas was the [[Kongu Nadu|Kongu]] region in [[Tamil Nadu]], accepting in toto a twelfth century [[Shimoga]] inscription. They further qualify their reasoning with a seventeenth century chronicle called ''Kongidesarajakkal''. They have identified Perur (the place where the princes supposedly met the Jain guru) as a location in the [[Coimbatore district]] of [[Tamil Nadu]]. This is because some [[Tamil language|Tamil]] inscriptions call them ''Konganiyarasas'' (kings of Kongu region).<ref name="konguregion">Baji and Arokiaswamy in Adiga (2006), p89</ref><ref name="kanga">Robert Sewell and Vishwanatha in {{cite web|title=Gangas of Talkad|url=http://www.ourkarnataka.com/states/history/historyofkarnataka11.htm|author=Arthikaje,Mangalore|publisher=1998-2000 OurKarnataka.Com, Inc|access-date=2007-01-18}}</ref> However Adiga has pointed out that this epithet may have come into use only because the Kongu region came under their control quite early in their rule.<ref name="kal">Adiga (2006), p89</ref>

Adiga and Sarma have pointed out that several Ganga inscriptions from the ninth and tenth centuries call the Gangas, ''Kuvalalapuravaresvara'' (''lit'', "Lord of Kolar") and ''Nandagirinatha'' (''lit'', "Lord of [[Nandi Hills, Karnataka|Nandi Hills]]"), both regions in south eastern Karnataka, when their capital had moved further west into the [[Kaveri River]] valley region of Talakad.<ref name="kuva">Adiga 2006, p93</ref><ref name="kuva1">Sarma (1992), p4</ref> Field surveys and inscriptional studies in the [[Bangalore]]-[[Kolar, Karnataka|Kolar]], [[Mandya]]-[[Mysore]] and [[Tumkur]]-[[Hassan, Karnataka|Hassan]] regions by epigraphists R. Narasimhachar and K.V. Ramesh show they originated from these regions in modern south Karnataka.<ref name="kara">Studies by R. Narasimhachar (Sarma 1992, p2)</ref><ref name="prove">Natives of the Karnataka soil (Ramesh 1984, pp1-2)</ref> It has been noted that the ''[[Vokkaliga#Gangadikara_Vokkaliga|Gangadikara Vokkaligas]]'' form the largest agricultural group in the old Mysore state (south Karnataka) even today. [[Burton Stein]], [[I. M. Muthanna]] and [[L. K. Ananthakrishna Iyer]] feel the rulers were [[Vokkaliga#Gangadikara_Vokkaliga|Gangadikara]] chiefs.<ref name="stein"/><ref name="Ganga-arasu"/><ref name=“Muthanna”>{{cite book |author1=I. M. Muthanna|date=1977|title=Karnataka, History, Administration & Culture |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uCYdAAAAMAAJ&q=Gangadhikaras|location=Carnatic (India)|publisher=Lotus Printers, 1977 |page=46|quote=The Gangavadi Rulers : Between the Kadamba territory and the Pallava kingdom was the land of the Gangas known as Gangavadi , a 96,000 — Province in the southern part of the Karnataka area. The people called the Gangadhikaras formed a large section of the agricultural population . They ruled the greater part of Karnataka from the second century till about the eleventh century.}}</ref> No substantial artefactual data from neighboring southern Andhra Pradesh (Cuddapah, Anathpur, Chittor region ) has been obtained to prove their origin in that location. Also, the earliest epigraph records calling the Ganga kings ''Konganipattam'' (''Kongani'' crown) starts only with the Serugunda inscription of 6th century, during the rule of King Avinita, indicating the conquest of the Kongu region by Avinita. This is proof enough, it is claimed by Sarma, that the Gangas were not natives of the [[Kongu Nadu|Kongu]] region of modern Tamil Nadu either.<ref name="pat">Sarma (1992), p3</ref> All foreign origin theories are based on inscriptions that were inscribed several centuries after their coming to power and since they don't concur with the early Ganga copper plates, historians Adiga, Sheik Ali, R.S. Panchamukhi and Lakshminarayana Rao claim that the ancestors and the founders of the Western Ganga dynasty were natives of the south Karnataka region. Like their contemporaries, the [[Kadambas]] of [[Banavasi]], they too may have taken advantage of the confusion caused by the campaigns of Samudragupta in [[South India]] and created an independent kingdom.<ref name="argue">Adiga and Sheik Ali in Adiga (2006), p89</ref><ref name="argue1">The Gangas were sons of the Soil - R. S. Panchamukhi and Lakshminarayana Rao {{cite web|title=Gangas of Talkad|url=http://www.ourkarnataka.com/states/history/historyofkarnataka11.htm|author=Arthikaje, Mangalore|publisher=1998-2000 OurKarnataka.Com, Inc|access-date=2007-01-18}}</ref>
Adiga claims most of the Western Ganga inscriptions from the early phase of their rule are from their first capital Kolar (and neighbouring regions) indicating this region was their original power base and home.<ref name="kol">Adiga (2006), p93</ref> It was only during the rule of King Harivarman that their rule expanded to include the Paruvi region ([[Hindupur]] taluk in [[Anantapur district]], Andhra Pradesh) and the ''Kulungijya Rajya'' (possibly [[Kunigal]] Taluk, [[Tumkur district]], Karnataka). From inscriptions it is known that the progenitor of the kingdom was King Konganivarman who expanded his kingdom by the force of arms.

There are also theories that during their early rule, multiple Ganga branches may have operated from [[Talakad]] ([[Mysore district]]), [[Kaivara]] ([[Kolar district]]) and Paruvi (Ananthpur district).<ref name="branches">Joveua-dubreuil, Shama Sastri, Srikantha Sastri, Sheik Ali and Adiga in Adiga 2006, pp94-97</ref> The multiple branch theory has been rejected by other historians.<ref name="multi">Krishna Rao, Panchamukhi, Nakshminaraya Rao, K.V. Ramesh in Adiga (2006), p94-97</ref> It however seems clear that from the time of Harivarman and his successor Madhavavarman II, the Gangas had established themselves firmly from Talakad, with the other two possible branches becoming indistinguishable.<ref name="indef">Adiga (2006), p98</ref> It has been suggested that during their early rule from South Karnataka region, they were subordinates of the [[Pallavas]] of [[Kanchi]], though contrary evidences are present in the early inscriptions of King Madhavavarman I.<ref name="pal">Baji in Adiga (2006), p94</ref>

==Notes==
{{Reflist|3}}

==References==
*{{cite book |last= Kamath|first= Suryanath U.|title= A concise history of Karnataka : from pre-historic times to the present|orig-year=1980|year= 2001|publisher= Jupiter books|location= Bangalore|oclc= 7796041 |lccn= 80905179}}
*{{cite book |last= Adiga|first= Malini|title= The Making of Southern Karnataka: Society, Polity and Culture in the early medieval period, AD 400-1030|orig-year=2006|year= 2006|publisher= Orient Longman|location= Chennai|isbn= 81-250-2912-5}}
* Sarma, I.K. [1992] (1992). Temples of the Gangas of Karnataka. New Delhi: Archaeological Survey of India. {{ISBN|0-19-560686-8}}
* Ramesh, K.V. [1984] (1984). Chalukyas of Vatapi. Delhi: Agam Kala Prakashan. {{OCLC|13869730}}. {{OL|3007052M}}. {{LCCN|84900575}}. {{ASIN|B0006EHSP0}}

[[Category:Western Ganga dynasty]]

Naga Hospital Ward

2025-07-21T15:04:40Z

CarlotaMacadam7: put up details - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement

| name = Naga Hospital Ward
| other_name =
| settlement_type = [[Ward (electoral subdivision)|Ward]] under [[Kohima]]
| established_title = Incorporated
| established_date =
| image_skyline =
| imagesize =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map =
| mapsize =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Nagaland
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Nagaland, India
| coordinates = {{coord|25.670065|N|94.096943|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Nagaland]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of urban centres in Nagaland|City]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kohima]]
| parts_type =
| parts_style = para
| p1 =
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| leader_title = Chairman
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| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
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'''Naga Hospital Ward''' is a ward located under [[Nagaland]]'s capital city, [[Kohima]]. The ward falls under the designated Ward No. 10 of the [[Kohima Municipal Council]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kmc.nagaland.gov.in/map.html|title=Map of Kohima/ wards and colonies|publisher=[[Kohima Municipal Council]]|access-date=1 December 2021|archive-date=28 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210728210828/https://kmc.nagaland.gov.in/map.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Education==
'''Educational Institutions in Naga Hospital Ward:'''<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://study4sure.com/institutes/schools/nagaland/kohima/school.php?place=Ward%2010%20-%20Hospital%20Colony|title=Schools in Ward 10|date=10 May 2018|website=Study 4 Sure|access-date=2 December 2021}}</ref>

=== Schools ===
* Assembly of God High School

==See also==
* [[Municipal Wards of Kohima]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://kmc.nagaland.gov.in/map10.html Map of Kohima Ward No. 10]

[[Category:Kohima]]
[[Category:Wards of Kohima]]

{{India-geo-stub}}

R. P. Anand

2025-07-18T14:33:43Z

CarlotaMacadam7: Done...

{{Short description|Legal scholar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}

'''Ram Prakash Anand''' (1933–2011)<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |date=Spring 2011 |title=In Memoriam: Ram Prakash Anand |journal=Trade, Law and Development |volume=III |issue=1 |pages=1–5}}</ref> was an international legal scholar and a pioneer of [[Third World approaches to international law]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Anghie |first=Antony |date=2011-01-01 |title=International Law in a Time of Change: Should International Law Lead or Follow? |url=https://digitalcommons.wcl.american.edu/auilr/vol26/iss5/4 |journal=American University International Law Review |volume=26 |issue=5}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Gathii |first=James Thuo |date=2020 |title=Promise of International Law: A Third World View (Including a TWAIL Bibliography 1996–2019 as an Appendix) |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/proceedings-of-the-asil-annual-meeting/article/abs/promise-of-international-law-a-third-world-view-including-a-twail-bibliography-19962019-as-an-appendix/BEFF0C32DB14AEF552D01B7FE70AD97F |journal=Proceedings of the ASIL Annual Meeting |language=en |volume=114 |pages=165–187 |doi=10.1017/amp.2021.87 |s2cid=232070020 |issn=0272-5037|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

== Education ==
Anand received an LL.M. in [[international law]] with distinction from [[Delhi University]] in 1957.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Anand |first=R. P. |date=1986 |title=Sovereign Equality of States in International Law |journal=Collected Courses of the Hague Academy of International Law}}</ref> He attended [[Yale Law School]] as a Sterling Fellow, receiving an LL.M. in 1962 and a J.S.D. in 1964.<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==

Anand wrote extensively on the law of the sea, international adjudication, the birth of states, and the sovereign equality of states, authoring and editing over 20 books and nearly 100 articles in leading journals of international law.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Lecture Series - Special Panel in Honour of Professor R.P. Anand |url=https://legal.un.org/avl/ls/anandpanel.html# |access-date=2022-09-21 |website=legal.un.org}}</ref> He was invited to give a lecture on "Sovereign Equality of States in International Law" at the prestigious Hague Academy of International Law.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Collected Courses of The Hague Academy of International Law - Recueil des cours |url=https://brill.com/view/serial/RADI |access-date=2022-09-22 |website=Brill |language=en}}</ref> He was elected an Associate Member of the [[Institute of International Law|Institute de Droit International]].<ref>{{Cite journal |date=1987 |title=Institute of International Law: Session of Cairo 1987 |url=https://www.idi-iil.org/app/uploads/2018/06/1990_vol_63-II_Session_de_Saint-Jaques-de-Compostelle.pdf |journal=Yearbook |volume=62 |issue=Part 2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |date=1990 |title=Institute of International Law: Session de Saint-Jacques de Compostelle |url=https://www.idi-iil.org/app/uploads/2018/06/1990_vol_63-II_Session_de_Saint-Jaques-de-Compostelle.pdf |journal=Yearbook |volume=63 |issue=II}}</ref>

He was a pioneer of [[Third World approaches to international law]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Prabhakar |date=2019-10-21 |title=Reading RP Anand in the Post-Colony: Between Resistance and Appropriation |url=https://academic.oup.com/book/35127/chapter/299279475 |language=en |doi=10.1093/oso/9780198849636.003.0014}}</ref><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last1=Anghie |first1=Antony |last2=Chimni |first2=B. S. |date=1 March 2003 |title=Third World Approaches to International Law and Individual Responsibility in Internal Conflicts |url=https://academic.oup.com/chinesejil/article/2/1/77/358083 |journal=Chinese Journal of International Law |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=77–103 |doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.cjilaw.a000480 |via=Oxford Academic|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name=":1" /> later considered to be a scholar of the TWAIL I movement.<ref name=":5" /> In the words of Professor Sornarajah, "[i]t was he who...first identified international law as based on European power and saw the need to rearticulate it to reflect the interests of the newly independent peoples of Asia and Africa."<ref name=":1" /> Professors [[B. S. Chimni]] and [[Antony Anghie]], leading scholars of international law and third-world approaches to international law, have said that Anand's work, in particular his book the ''New States and International Law'', significantly influenced their own scholarship.<ref name=":4" /> Anand's work was regularly reviewed<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bowett |first=D. W. |date=April 1963 |title=Compulsory Jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice. By R. P. Anand. [London: Asia Publishing House. 1961. xv, 292 and (appendix, bibliography and index) 50 pp. 42s. net.] |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0008197300085883/type/journal_article |journal=The Cambridge Law Journal |language=en |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=159–160 |doi=10.1017/S0008197300085883 |s2cid=145588014 |issn=0008-1973|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last=Kamm |first=Thomas A. |date=January 1984 |title=Origin and Development of the Law of the Sea: History of International Law Revisited. By R. P. Anand. The Hague, Boston, London: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1983. Pp. xvi, 249. Index. Dfl.l 15; $49.50. |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/american-journal-of-international-law/article/abs/origin-and-development-of-the-law-of-the-sea-history-of-international-law-revisited-by-r-p-anand-the-hague-boston-london-martinus-nijhoff-publishers-1983-pp-xvi-249-index-dfll-15-4950/A6BA808EF40067ACBBE7E586C0AA2CCC |journal=American Journal of International Law |language=en |volume=78 |issue=1 |pages=274–275 |doi=10.2307/2202378 |jstor=2202378 |issn=0002-9300|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Neher |first=Clark D. |date=May 1985 |title=ASEAN: Identity, Development, and Culture. Edited by R. P. Anand and Purificacion V. Quisumbing. Quezon City and Honolulu: University of the Philippines Law Center and East-West Center Culture Learning Institute, 1982. xxx, 411 pp. $17.50. |journal=The Journal of Asian Studies |language=en |volume=44 |issue=3 |pages=661–662 |doi=10.2307/2056331 |jstor=2056331 |s2cid=162858914 |issn=1752-0401|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last=Stone |first=Julius |date=July 1970 |title=Studies in International Adjudication. By R. P. Anand. Delhi: Vikas Publications; Dobbs Ferry, N. Y.: Oceana Publications, 1969. pp. vii, 298. Index. Rs. 34. |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/american-journal-of-international-law/article/abs/studies-in-international-adjudication-by-r-p-anand-delhi-vikas-publications-dobbs-ferry-n-y-oceana-publications-1969-pp-vii-298-index-rs-34/3684918F240C659579018E69577EAFA5 |journal=American Journal of International Law |language=en |volume=64 |issue=3 |pages=725–726 |doi=10.2307/2199224 |jstor=2199224 |s2cid=145730522 |issn=0002-9300|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite journal |last=Gormley |first=W. Paul |date=May 1976 |title=R.P. Anand, Legal Regime of the Sea-Bed and the Developing Countries, Delhi: Thomson Press, 1975, 287 pp. Rs. 58. |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/netherlands-international-law-review/article/abs/anand-rp-legal-regime-of-the-seabed-and-the-developing-countries-delhi-thomson-press-1975-287-pp-rs-58/0A623AA5C8ECD6048753EECAF1A359AB |journal=Netherlands International Law Review |language=en |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=114–120 |doi=10.1017/S0165070X00016892 |issn=1741-6191|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite journal |last=Glassner |first=Martin Ira |date=April 1979 |title=Legal Régime of the Sea-bed and the Developing Countries. By R. P. Anand [Leiden:A. W. Sijthoff, 1976. 287 pp. 23.25.] - The Law of Territorial Waters of Mid-ocean Archipelagos and Archipelagic States. By Barry Hart Dubner. [The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff. 1976. 122 pp. Dfl. 32.50.] |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/international-and-comparative-law-quarterly/article/abs/legal-regime-of-the-sea-bed-and-the-developing-countries-by-anandr-p-leidena-w-sijthoff-1976-287-pp-2325-the-international-legal-regime-of-artificial-islands-by-papadakisnikos-leidena-w-sijthoff-1977-298-pp-2325-the-law-of-territorial-waters-of-mid-ocean-archipelagos-and-archipelagic-states-by-dubnerbarry-hart-the-hague-martinus-nijhoff-1976-122-pp-dfl-3250/0913953FD9F356F7F47CBFE7C7AC4A03 |journal=International & Comparative Law Quarterly |language=en |volume=28 |issue=2 |pages=315–316 |doi=10.1093/iclqaj/28.2.315 |issn=1471-6895|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name=":10">{{Cite journal |last=Rodière |first=René |date=1977 |title=R.P. Anand, Legal Régime of the Sea-Bed and the Developing Countries |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/ridc_0035-3337_1977_num_29_4_17080 |journal=Revue internationale de droit comparé |volume=29 |issue=4 |pages=831}}</ref><ref name=":11">{{Cite journal |last=Waart |first=P. J. I. M. de |date=December 1987 |title=R.P. Anand, Confrontation or Cooperation?: International Law and the Developing Countries, Banyan Publications, New Delhi1984, XIV + 274 pp. |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/netherlands-international-law-review/article/abs/anandrp-confrontation-or-cooperation-international-law-and-the-developing-countries-banyan-publications-new-delhi1984-xiv-274-pp/28D0C9700E9FDC09A13434159352418E |journal=Netherlands International Law Review |language=en |volume=34 |issue=3 |pages=396–397 |doi=10.1017/S0165070X00010391 |issn=1741-6191|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Gross |first=Leo |date=September 1971 |title=Studies in International Adjudication. By R. P. Anand. (Dehli: Vikas Publications, 1969. Pp. 298. $6.25.) |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/american-political-science-review/article/abs/studies-in-international-adjudication-by-anandr-p-dehli-vikas-publications-1969-pp-298-625/D6C869F0C869818F6FFAB48D24ED6D84 |journal=American Political Science Review |language=en |volume=65 |issue=3 |pages=865–866 |doi=10.2307/1955591 |jstor=1955591 |s2cid=148077103 |issn=0003-0554|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |date=1986–1987 |title=Book Reviews |url=https://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/cjtl25&id=763&div=&collection= |journal=Columbia Journal of Transnational Law |volume=25 |pages=755}}</ref><ref name=":13">{{Cite journal |last=Wooldridge |first=Frank |date=October 1986 |title=International Law and the Developing Countries. By R. P. Anand. [New Delhi: Banyan Publications. 1984: xii and 274 pp.] |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/international-and-comparative-law-quarterly/article/abs/international-law-and-the-developing-countries-by-anandr-p-new-delhi-banyan-publications-1984-xii-and-274-pp/66C97DEE71A53F06EC279D497DB8AEB1 |journal=International & Comparative Law Quarterly |language=en |volume=35 |issue=4 |pages=1003–1004 |doi=10.1093/iclqaj/35.4.1003 |issn=1471-6895|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name=":14">{{Cite journal |last=Nanda |first=Ved P. |date=October 1975 |title=New States and International Law. By R. P. Anand. (Delhi: Vikas Publishing House, 1972. Pp. 116. Index. |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/american-journal-of-international-law/article/abs/new-states-and-international-law-by-anand-r-p-delhi-vikas-publishing-house-1972-pp-116-index/EDBF3E34E44C9087315C008930B72024 |journal=American Journal of International Law |language=en |volume=69 |issue=4 |pages=918 |doi=10.2307/2200655 |jstor=2200655 |issn=0002-9300|url-access=subscription }}</ref> and cited by leading scholars in the field of international law.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Henkin |first=Louis |title=International law : politics and values |date=1995 |publisher=M. Nijhoff |isbn=0-7923-2908-2 |location=Dordrecht |oclc=30473079}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Buck |first=Susan J. |title=The global commons : an introduction |date=1998 |publisher=Island Press |isbn=1-4175-3938-0 |location=Washington, D.C. |oclc=228040024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ragazzi |first=Maurizio |url=https://academic.oup.com/book/3265 |title=The Concept of International Obligations Erga Omnes |date=2000-03-16 |language=en |doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198298700.001.0001|isbn=978-0-19-829870-0 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Schachter |first=Oscar |date=1967–1968 |title=Towards a Theory of International Obligation |url=https://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/vajint8&id=310&div=&collection= |journal=Virginia Journal of International Law |volume=8 |pages=300}}</ref>

In 1973, he was appointed as a consultant to the [[United Nations]] Secretary-General on the Law of the Sea.<ref name=":0" /> He was one of the founders of the [[Asian Society of International Law]]<ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Onuma |first=Yasuaki |date=January 2011 |title=The Asian Society of International Law: Its Birth and Significance |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/asian-journal-of-international-law/article/asian-society-of-international-law-its-birth-and-significance/52ABE97850080B943AD8FB096E9AA39F |journal=Asian Journal of International Law |language=en |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=71–82 |doi=10.1017/S2044251310000317 |s2cid=154591726 |issn=2044-2521}}</ref> and served as president of the [[Indian Society of International Law]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=From Hope to Despair, Sixty Years of the Indian Society of International Law |url=https://thewire.in/law/from-hope-to-despair-sixty-years-of-the-indian-society-of-international-law |access-date=2022-06-20 |website=The Wire}}</ref><ref name=":1" />

In the words of Judge [[Xue Hanqin|Xue Hanquin]] of the [[International Court of Justice]], he was "one of the most prominent international lawyers in India and Asia" who made significant contributions to the improvement and development of international law<ref name=":4" /> At the time of his death, he was a Professor Emeritus of International Law at [[Jawaharlal Nehru University]], New Delhi.<ref name=":1" /> Following his death in 2011, the Asian Society of International Law convened an event to commemorate his life and the impact of his work.<ref name=":4" />

== Publications ==

=== Books ===
* ''New States and International Law'' (1972, 2008)<ref name=":14" />
* ''Studies in International Law and History: An Asian Perspective'' (2004)
* ''International Law and Developing Countries: Confrontation or Cooperation?'' (1987)<ref name=":11" /><ref name=":13" />
* ''Origin and Development of the Law of the Sea'' (1983)<ref name=":6" />
* ''Law of the Sea: Caracas and Beyond'' (1980)
* ''Legal Régime of the Sea-Bed and the Developing Countries'' (1975)<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":9" /><ref name=":10" />
* ''International Courts and Contemporary Conflicts'' (1974)
* ''Asian States and the Development of a Universal International Law'' (1972)
* ''Studies in International Adjudication'' (1969)<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":12" />
* ''Compulsory Jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice'' (1961)

=== Articles ===

* "The Formation of International Organizations and India: A History" (2010)<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Anand |first=R. P. |date=March 2010 |title=The Formation of International Organizations and India: A Historical Study |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0922156509990318/type/journal_article |journal=Leiden Journal of International Law |language=en |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=5–21 |doi=10.1017/S0922156509990318 |s2cid=145293739 |issn=0922-1565|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
* "The United States and the World Court" (1964)<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Anand |first=R.P. |date=July 1964 |title=The United States and the World Court |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/002088176400600302 |journal=International Studies |language=en |volume=6 |issue=3 |pages=254–284 |doi=10.1177/002088176400600302 |s2cid=154007995 |issn=0020-8817|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Anand, R.P.}}
[[Category:1933 births]]
[[Category:2011 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian lawyers]]
[[Category:International law scholars]]
[[Category:Delhi University alumni]]
[[Category:Yale Law School alumni]]