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Solla Marandha Kathai

2026-05-07T06:08:02Z

CarlNorfleet88: starting stub.

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Solla Marandha Kadhai.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Thangar Bachan]]
| screenplay = Thangar Bachan
| based_on = {{based on|''Thalaikeezh Vigithangal''|[[Nanjil Nadan]]}}
| producer = Meena Panju Arunchalam
| starring = {{ubl|[[Cheran (director)|Cheran]]|[[Rathi Arumugam|Rathi]]}}
| cinematography = Thangar Bachan
| editing = K. R. Gowrishankar
| music = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| studio = P. A. Art Productions
| distributor = Chandra Sekar
| released = {{Film date|2002|11|04|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Solla Marandha Kathai''''' ({{translation|The story that was forgotten to be told}}) is a 2002 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] written and directed by [[Thangar Bachan]]. The film stars [[Cheran (director)|Cheran]] and [[Rathi Arumugam|Rathi]]. It is based on [[Nanjil Nadan]]'s novel ''Thalaikeezh Vigithangal''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 December 2010 |title=Sahitya Akademi award for Nanjil Nadan |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/Sahitya-Akademi-award-for-Nanjil-Nadan/article15600756.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240429092412/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/Sahitya-Akademi-award-for-Nanjil-Nadan/article15600756.ece |archive-date=29 April 2024 |access-date=29 April 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref> The film was released on 4 November 2002.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Solla Marantha Kathai / சொல்ல மறந்த கதை |url=https://screen4screen.com/movies/solla-marantha-kathai |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240429093839/https://screen4screen.com/movies/solla-marantha-kathai |archive-date=29 April 2024 |access-date=29 April 2024 |website=Screen 4 Screen}}</ref>

== Plot ==
In [[Thiyagavalli]], Sivadhanu is an unemployed post-graduate and is the eldest son of a poor family. He has the responsibility of marrying his sister Lakshmi and taking care of his two younger brothers. Once, Chokkalingam, a rich businessman in [[Mayavaram]] notices Sivadhanu at the market while waiting for Chidambaram Mudhaliar. Impressed with his genuineness and enthusiasm, he inquires Mudhaliar about Sivadhanu. Though being rich he approaches Sivadhanu's family to marry Sivadhanu to his elder daughter Parvathi and make the son-in-law look after his businesses. Though Sivadhanu does not like the idea of living in Chokkalingam's house after marriage, Mudhaliar convinces Sivadhanu and his family, that his father-in-law is capable of fetching him a job.

Soon after moving into Chokkalingam's house, Sivadhanu feels he is treated as a manservant, his independence is lost, and is made to look after the restaurant of Chokkalingam unwillingly. One day his friend Panneer stumbles upon him and sees Sivadhanu being publicly insulted by Chokkalingam for his decisions. Panneer remarks that the poor should never be married to a rich bride and live at their father-in-law's place because the in-laws will always treat them as inferiors. Sivadhanu also learns that his father-in-law has advised one of his close relatives, [[P. D. Elangovan]] [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|MP]] not to recommend for any government jobs for which Sivadhanu had requested him earlier. When Sivadhanu's brother visits him to inform him about Lakshmi's prospective groom, Sivadhanu's in-laws insult him for their poverty, which Sivadhanu overhears. Unable to bear his brother's humiliation, Sivadhanu returns to his home without telling anyone but is again convinced by Mudhaliar to return to his in-laws' house. Sivadhanu calms Parvathi for leaving her uninformed but is overjoyed to know that an appointment letter from [[NLC India Limited|NLC]] as a geologist has arrived. Despite Chokkalingam's resistance Sivadhanu leaves alone to join the job.

In a few months, Parvathi becomes pregnant while Sivadhanu arranges for Lakshmi's marriage. For that, when Sivadhanu tries to take Parvathi to his home a couple of days before the wedding, her parents refuse to send her citing health reasons. Unreachable and hectic at work, a situation arises where he cannot even visit Parvathi during her delivery, and a girl child is born. After making adequate arrangements in the staff quarters, Sivadhanu asks Parvathi to accompany him to [[Neyveli]], but she again refuses, which annoys him. Seeing Sivadhanu angry with Parvathi, Chokkalingam beats Sivadhanu and throws him out of the house. Unable to recover from the humiliation, he goes home heartbroken. Again Mudhaliar comes to make peace, but now replies how Chokkalingam and his family had humiliated him and his family citing their poverty, and refuses to back to their house.

A few months pass by and Sivadhanu who has been living a lonely life, has requested a transfer to [[Dhanbad]], which makes his family saddened. Sivadhanu's superior and his wife, visit Chokkalingam and request him to send Parvathi along with Sivadhanu but Chokkalingam angrily refuses to send Parvathi and his granddaughter along with them. Parvathi goes against her will and stays with her parents as per her father's advice. Before Sivadhanu leaves for Dhanbad, a situation arises where he has to attend his close friend Pokkiri's wedding which is situated near Parvathi's house. Even as Sivadhanu walks past Parvathi's house, he hears his toddler daughter Madhavi's cry and yearns to see her, but the humiliation makes him unable to stay there anymore, Sivadhanu quickly leaves the wedding. When Parvathi learns that Sivadhanu has come to the wedding, with a change of mind, she runs and reunites with Sivadhanu, now with the determination that it doesn't matter what her father thinks.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Cheran (director)|Cheran]] as Sivadhanu
* [[Rathi Arumugam|Rathi]] as Parvathi, Sivadhanu's wife
* [[Manivannan]] as Chief Engineer
* [[Janagaraj]] as Chidhambaram Mudhaliar
* [[Pyramid Natarajan]] as Chokkalingam, Parvathi's father
* [[Pushpavanam Kuppusamy]] as Pokkiri, Sivadhanu's friend
* [[Kumarimuthu]] as Sadaiyandi
* Kambar Jayaraman as Pachamuthu, Sivadhanu's father
* Sathish Stephen as Sivadhanu's brother
* [[Balu Anand]] as a bride's relative
* [[Yuvarani]] as Manoranjitham, Chief Engineer's wife
* [[Kalairani]] as Sayavarnam, Sivadhanu's mother
* [[Sathyapriya]] as Neelavathi, Parvathi's mother
* Rindhya as Lakshmi, Sivadhanu's sister
* Anuja Reddy as Kalyani
* [[George Maryan]] as Panneer, Sivadhanu's school friend (uncredited)
* [[Appukutty]] as Prabakaran, hotel server (uncredited)
* [[Muthukaalai]] as a fighter in market (uncredited)

;Cameo appearances
* [[Pazha Nedumara]]n as himself
* [[Ki. Rajanarayanan]] as himself<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 May 2021 |title=கி.ரா கதையாக்கத்தில் உருபெற்ற 'ஒருத்தி' |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/tamil/tamil-nadu/sitara/cinema/ki-rajanarayanan-kidai-novel-directed-as-oruthi-movie/tamil-nadu20210519065034618 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013150926/https://www.etvbharat.com/tamil/tamil-nadu/sitara/cinema/ki-rajanarayanan-kidai-novel-directed-as-oruthi-movie/tamil-nadu20210519065034618 |archive-date=13 October 2022 |access-date=21 June 2022 |website=[[ETV Network|ETV Bharat News]] |language=ta}}</ref>
* [[P. D. Elangovan]] as himself
* [[V. Gowthaman]] as a taxi driver
}}

== Production ==
After the critically acclaimed ''[[Azhagi (2002 film)|Azhagi]]'', [[Thangar Bachan]] announced his next project ''Solla Marantha Kadhai''. The director said he chose Cheran because he fitted the bill, adding, "I had also watched Cheran direct his artists in '[[Pandavar Bhoomi]]' for which i was the cinematographer. I was amazed at the expressions he brought to his face, and when i was casting for my film, his was the first name that came to my mind". The film marked the debut of folk-singer Pushpavanam Kuppusamy as an actor. An 80-day shooting schedule was held at locations in [[Cuddalore]], [[Mayiladuthurai]], [[Neyveli]] and [[Chidambaram]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mannath |first=Malini |date=22 August 2002 |title=Solla Marantha Kathai |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/location/skathai.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041116132154/http://www.chennaionline.com/location/skathai.asp |archive-date=16 November 2004 |access-date=12 January 2022 |website=Chennai Online}}</ref>

== Music ==
The music was composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Solla Marandha Kadhai |url=https://gaana.com/album/solla-marandha-kadhai |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181118205612/https://gaana.com/album/solla-marandha-kadhai |archive-date=18 November 2018 |access-date=18 November 2018 |website=[[Gaana (music streaming service)|Gaana]]}}</ref> VigneshRam of ''Nilacharal'' wrote "“Solla marantha kathai” is like feeling a natural southern breeze after being in just cool air-conditioning. No doubt that “Solla marantha kathai” is a “Must Buy” album with mesmerizing music and appreciable decent lyrics".<ref>{{Cite web |last=VigneshRam |title=Solla Marantha Kadhai-Music Review |url=http://www.nilacharal.com/enter/review/smkaudio.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021220000144/http://www.nilacharal.com/enter/review/smkaudio.html |archive-date=20 December 2002 |access-date=3 February 2025 |website=Nilacharal}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Kattula Thalai
| extra1 = [[Vidhu Prathap]]
| length1 = 5:00
| title2 = Gundu Malli
| extra2 = [[Harish Raghavendra]], [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| length2 = 5:10
| title3 = Amma Sonna
| extra3 = [[Vijay Yesudas]], Ilaiyaraaja
| length3 = 5:37
| title4 = Panam Mattum
| extra4 = Ilaiyaraaja
| length4 = 5:20
| title5 = Yaedho Onn
| extra5 = [[Bhavatharini]], [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]]
| length5 = 5:19
| title6 = Jakkamma
| extra6 = [[Mayilsamy]], Ilaiyaraaja
| length6 = 4:08
| total_length = 30:34 
}}

== Critical reception ==
Malathi Rangarajan of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote, "Thankar Bachan's story telling skill stirred you in "Azhagi" but somehow the magic is missing this time".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=15 November 2002 |title=Solla Marandha Kadhai |url=http://hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/11/15/stories/2002111501040202.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030912034731/http://hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/11/15/stories/2002111501040202.htm |archive-date=12 September 2003 |access-date=17 January 2022 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> ''[[Sify]]'' wrote "After that fairy tale Azhagi, Thankar Bachchan's second attempt to produce another whiff of romance with ''Solla Marantha Kathai'' has turned sour. The film is a mushy sentimental hogwash that reminds you of the tearjerkers of 50's and 60's."<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 November 2002 |title=Solla Marantha Kathai |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/solla-marantha-kathai-review-tamil-pcluw5aeghgbd.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181118205723/http://www.sify.com/movies/solla-marantha-kathai-review-tamil-pcluw5aeghgbd.html |archive-date=18 November 2018 |access-date=18 November 2018 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> Malini Mannath of ''Chennai Online'' wrote, "Bachan's second release 'Solla Marantha Kathai' disappoints, coming nowhere near his earlier one, neither in scripting, treatment nor characterisation. It's an oft told tale with nothing fresh or new about it".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mannath |first=Malini |date=24 November 2002 |title=Solla Marantha Kadhai |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov228.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050405150429/http://www.chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov228.asp |archive-date=5 April 2005 |access-date=21 September 2023 |website=Chennai Online}}</ref>

''Cinesouth'' wrote "Though the film proceeds with an air of gloom and with a total lack of concern about the tastes of the young crowd, the director Thangar Bachchaan succeeded in telling us his story realistically without going off-track".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Solla Marantha Kadhai |url=http://cinesouth.com/scopes/reviews/sollam.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021215085527/http://cinesouth.com/scopes/reviews/sollam.shtml |archive-date=15 December 2002 |access-date=29 September 2024 |website=Cinesouth}}</ref> K. N. Vijiyan of ''[[New Straits Times]]'' wrote, "The story unfolds like a teleserial but has its high points which make it worth watching".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vijiyan |first=K. N. |date=30 November 2002 |title=Realistic story proves a winner |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=bsYtAAAAIBAJ&sjid=Z3sFAAAAIBAJ&pg=3742%2C5783453 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240429094011/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=bsYtAAAAIBAJ&sjid=Z3sFAAAAIBAJ&pg=3742%2C5783453 |archive-date=29 April 2024 |access-date=29 September 2024 |work=[[New Straits Times]] |pages=Entertainment 4 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}
*{{Rotten Tomatoes}}
{{Thangar Bachan}}

[[Category:2002 drama films]]
[[Category:2002 films]]
[[Category:2002 Indian films]]
[[Category:2002 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Films based on Tamil novels]]
[[Category:Films directed by Thangar Bachan]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja]]
[[Category:Films set in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Films shot in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Cindy Rodriguez Singh

2026-04-29T20:59:10Z

CarlNorfleet88: Creating Basic Bio Needs Work

{{Short description|American former fugitive and murder suspect}}
{{Use American English|date=February 2026}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox FBI Ten Most Wanted
| name = Cindy Rodriguez Singh
| image = Cindy Rodriguez Singh.webp
|caption=FBI photo of Rodriguez Singh
| charge = [[Capital murder]]
| reward = $250,000
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1985|01|30}}
| birth_place = [[Dallas]], [[Texas]], U.S.
| race = Hispanic
| gender = Female
| spouse = Arshdeep Singh
| children = 10
| added_date = July 1, 2025
| caught_date = August 2025
| number = 537
| alias = Cindy Cecilia Rodriguez<ref name="topten">{{Cite web|url=https://www.fbi.gov/wanted/topten/cindy-rodriguez-singh|title=CINDY RODRIGUEZ SINGH|website=Federal Bureau of Investigation}}</ref>
| status = Captured
}}
'''Cindy Rodriguez Singh''' (born January 30, 1985) is an American former fugitive indicted on charges of murdering her five-year-old son Noel Rodriguez-Alvarez. On July 1, 2025, she was added to the [[FBI Ten Most Wanted Fugitives]] list, wanted for [[capital murder]] and [[unlawful flight]]. Authorities speculated that she may have traveled to either India or Mexico.<ref name="topten"/><ref>{{Cite web |last=Pathak |first=Vibhuti |date=Aug 21, 2025 |title=FBI's 'Top 10 Most Wanted' fugitive Cindy Rodriguez Singh, wanted for son's murder, arrested in India |url=https://www.indiaweekly.biz/cindy-rodriguez-singh-arrested-india/ |access-date=Aug 22, 2025 |website=[[Indiaweekly]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/us-news/who-is-cindy-rodriguez-singh-woman-with-india-links-in-fbi-most-wanted-list-for-killing-son-101751424748543.html|title=Who is Cindy Rodriguez Singh? Woman with India links in FBI most wanted list for killing son|date=July 2, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/world/cindy-rodriguez-singh-indian-fbi-most-wanted-son-murder-10102060/|title=Called 6-year-old son 'possessed': US woman with India ties on FBI's most wanted list|date=July 2, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/us/woman-with-india-link-now-fbis-most-wanted-cindy-rodriguez-singh-accused-of-sons-murder-reward-jumps-to-250000/articleshow/122196105.cms|title=Woman with India link now FBI's most wanted: Cindy Rodriguez Singh accused of son's murder; reward jumps to $250,000|date=July 2, 2025|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India}}</ref>

The [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]] announced her capture on August 20, 2025, in [[New Delhi]], India. She was [[Extradition|extradited]] to the [[United States]] and held in jail on a ten-million-dollar bond.<ref name=":2" />

==Background==
Cindy Rodriguez Singh gave birth to Noel Angel Rodriguez-Alvarez<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Gimbel |first=Annie |date=2023-05-18 |title=Everman building inclusive park in honor of missing 6-year-old Noel Rodriguez-Alvarez |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/texas/news/everman-building-inclusive-park-noel-rodriguez-alvarez/ |access-date= |website=CBS News |language=en-US}}</ref> on February 2, 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Patrick |first=Dan |date=2023-04-18 |title=See Photos Of These 12 Texas Boys Gone Missing in March |url=https://kfox95.com/photos-12-texas-boys-march/ |access-date= |website=[[KAFX-FM]] |language=en}}</ref> Noel was [[Preterm birth|born premature]]<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |date=2025-07-02 |title=Cindy Rodriguez Singh, North Texas woman wanted for the murder of her 6-year-old son, added to FBI's Top Ten Most Wanted |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/texas/news/cindy-rodriguez-singh-wanted-murder-noel-rodriguez-alvarez-fbi-most-wanted-north-texas/ |access-date=2025-08-19 |website=CBS News |language=en-US}}</ref> and had several physical and developmental disabilities, including [[visual impairment]], a [[limp]], [[speech delay]], [[esotropia]] and chronic lung disease, which required regular treatment. Rodriguez Singh reportedly shunned her son as "evil" and "possessed by a demon". She was alleged to have abused Rodriguez-Alvarez by depriving him of water and food to avoid having to change his [[diaper]]. Rodriguez Singh was known to beat her son with a set of keys when she caught him drinking water.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Anglin |first=Dionne |date=2025-08-21 |title=Cindy Rodriguez Singh booked into Tarrant County jail for 6-year-old son's murder |url=https://www.fox4news.com/news/cindy-rodriguez-singh-tarrant-county-jail |access-date=2025-08-23 |website=FOX 4 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

In 2020, Rodriguez Singh was sentenced to a ten-year [[probation]], following a conviction for a repeat offense of [[Driving under the influence|driving while intoxicated]] after she crashed her car into a pole while driving with two of her children.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hartley |first=James |date=November 20, 2023 |title=Owner of home where missing Texas child's family lived says parents are good people |url=https://www.star-telegram.com/news/local/article273699155.html |website=Fort Worth Star-Telegram}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hartley |first=James |date=November 20, 2023 |title=How police could extradite missing Texas boy's parents from India if criminal charges filed |url=https://www.star-telegram.com/news/local/article273781985.html |website=Fort Worth Star-Telegram}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-01 |title=Mom, stepdad of missing Texas boy face child endangerment charge; search continues {{!}} Texarkana Gazette |url=https://www.texarkanagazette.com/news/2023/apr/01/mom-stepdad-of-missing-texas-boy-face-child/ |access-date= |website=Texarkana Gazette |language=en}}</ref> Between 2020 and December 2021, three of her children, including Rodriguez-Alvarez, were put in a foster family before being returned to Rodriguez Singh.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramos |first=Harriet |date=August 22, 2025 |title='A long time coming': Everman community reacts to arrest of missing child's mom |url=https://www.star-telegram.com/news/local/crime/article311799776.html |website=Fort Worth Star-Telegram}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-05 |title=Investigators vet new tips after $25,000 reward offered for Everman mom accused of murdering 6-year-old son - CBS Texas |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/texas/news/investigators-vet-tips-reward-offered-everman-mom-accused-of-murdering-son/ |access-date= |website=CBS News |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Owens |first=Robbie |date=2023-04-12 |title=Foster mom describes 'sweet, lovable' child Noel Rodriguez-Alvarez - CBS Texas |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/texas/news/foster-mom-describes-sweet-lovable-child-noel-rodriguez-alvarez/ |access-date= |website=CBS News |language=en-US}}</ref> Three other children remained with their grandparents.<ref name=":6" />

By fall 2022, Rodriguez-Alvarez had not been entered into compulsory schooling and lapsed scheduled doctor's appointments beginning July 2022. His mother had once asked an acquaintance to "borrow" their child for a medical visit during this time.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Mayes-Osterman |first=Cybele |date=October 31, 2023 |title=Texas mother of missing 6-year-old Noel Rodriguez-Alvarez indicted for murder |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2023/10/31/mother-missing-noel-rodriguez-alvarez-indicted-murder/71392534007/ |access-date= |website=USA TODAY |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Connor |first=Tracy |date=2023-04-06 |title=6-Year-Old Son of Demon-Obsessed Mom Likely Dead, Cops Say |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/search-for-6-year-old-texas-boy-noel-rodriguez-alvarez-now-a-death-investigation/ |access-date= |website=The Daily Beast |language=en}}</ref>

== Murder ==
According to police, Noel Rodriguez-Alvarez was not seen alive since November 2022.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Sentendrey |first=David |date=2023-03-29 |title=Look inside the shed where missing Everman boy, 6 siblings lived |url=https://www.fox4news.com/news/missing-everman-6-year-old-look-inside-the-shed-where-noel-rodriguez-alvarez-6-siblings-lived |access-date= |website=FOX 4 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-20 |title=Mother of Texas child who disappeared in 2022 arrested on murder charge |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/mother-texas-boy-went-missing-2022-arrested-murder-charge-rcna226174 |access-date= |website=NBC News |language=en}}</ref> He had been last spotted in mid-October 2022 while staying at a hospital for the birth of his twin sisters, where he was noted as "appearing unhealthy and malnourished".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-06 |title=Search for missing 6-year-old Texas boy, Noel Rodriguez-Alvarez, now death investigation, police say |url=https://abc13.com/post/texas-news-missing-boy-6-year-old-noel-rodriguez-alvarez-childs-disappearance-now-death-investigation/13096018/ |access-date= |website=ABC13 Houston |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Deliso |first=Meredith |date=April 7, 2023 |title=Missing 6-year-old Texas boy believed to be dead, warrant out for mother's arrest: Police |url=https://abcnews.go.com/US/missing-6-year-texas-boy-believed-dead-warrant/story?id=98413891 |access-date= |website=ABC News |language=en}}</ref> Between November 1–2, 2022, Rodriguez Singh applied for passports for her children, not including Rodriguez-Alvarez.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=DeLatte |first=Tracy |date=2025-03-25 |title=Noel Rodriguez-Alvarez is still missing in Everman; no arrests 2 years later |url=https://www.fox4news.com/news/noel-rodriguez-alvarez-2-years-later |access-date= |website=FOX 4 |language=en-US}}</ref> According to her sister, Rodriguez Singh feared that the [[Texas Department of Family and Protective Services]] would take away her other children, which had occurred before due to her history of drug and alcohol problems.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2023-04-05 |title=Missing Everman 6-year-old's mom claimed she sold him at Fiesta Market, search warrant says |url=https://www.fox29.com/news/noel-rodriguez-alvarez-search-warrant-sold-april-5 |access-date=2025-08-19 |website=FOX 4 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Myers |first=Amanda Lee |title=FBI Most Wanted mom Cindy Singh nabbed in connection with 6-year-old son's death |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2025/08/20/cindy-rodriguez-singh-arrest-texas-noel-alvarez/85749986007/ |access-date=2025-08-24 |website=USA TODAY |language=en-US}}</ref> Shortly before her own disappearance, she had told her mother and brother that she sold her son to another woman on the parking lot of a [[Fiesta Mart]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Coulter |first=Christina |date=2023-11-01 |title=Mom who ditched 'evil' disabled son, then fled country with rest of family slapped with murder charge |url=https://www.foxnews.com/us/mom-who-ditched-evil-disabled-son-then-fled-country-rest-family-slapped-murder-charge |access-date= |website=Fox News |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-12 |title=Foster mom describes 'sweet, lovable' child Noel Rodriguez-Alvarez |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/texas/news/foster-mom-describes-sweet-lovable-child-noel-rodriguez-alvarez/ |access-date= |website=CBS News |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Police worried family 'sold' missing disabled 6-year-old boy before fleeing country |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/crime/missing-noel-amber-alert-texas-b2309235.html |website=The Independent}}</ref>

A [[welfare check]] was conducted at the family home in [[Everman, Texas]], on March 20, 2023.<ref name=":3">{{cite news|url=https://www.fox4news.com/news/cindy-rodriguez-singh-fbi-top-ten-most-wanted-fugitives|title=Missing Everman boy's mom added to FBI's Top Ten Most Wanted Fugitives list|last=DeLatte|first=Tracy|agency=KDFW|date=July 1, 2025|accessdate=July 15, 2025}}</ref> Rodriguez Singh falsely told police that her son was living in Mexico with relatives of his father, who had been deported.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Heinz |first=Frank |date=2023-03-27 |title=Rumors Swirl as Search for Everman Boy Continues; Mother Left For India |url=https://www.nbcdfw.com/news/local/search-for-everman-boy-continues-amid-rumors-mother-may-have-left-for-india/3223934/ |access-date= |website=NBC 5 Dallas-Fort Worth |language=en-US}}</ref> Two days later, on March 22, her husband, Arshdeep Singh, who was the stepfather of Noel,<ref name=":5" /> stole $10,000 from his workplace, $8,000 of which he deposited at a bank. The same day, Rodriguez Singh, Singh, and six of their children drove to [[Dallas Fort Worth International Airport|Dallas Fort Worth Airport]], where they boarded a flight to [[Istanbul]], [[Turkey]]. Authorities believed they have travelled further to [[India]], based on previous internet searches.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nbcdfw.com/news/local/cindy-rodriguez-singh-most-wanted-fbi/3875565/|title='We will not rest,' FBI adds mother of missing Everman boy to Top 10 Most Wanted List|last1=Heinz|first1=Frank|last2=Guerrero|first2=Maria|agency=KSAX-TV|date=July 1, 2025|accessdate=July 15, 2025}}</ref>

On March 25, an [[Amber alert]] was issued for Noel Alvarez-Rodriguez.<ref name=":1" /> On March 30, 2023, a felony [[Search warrant|warrant]] was issued for Cindy and Arshdeep Singh for abandoning and endangering a child.<ref name=":1" /> On October 30, Rodriguez Singh was indicted for capital murder, two counts of injury to a child, and one count of abandoning without the intent to return.<ref name=":0" />

Before the family's disappearance, Rodriguez Singh had commissioned the construction of a concrete patio. Her husband also threw away a carpet, later found to contain traces of human remains, that previously furnished a shed later demolished by the couple. [[Detection dog|Sniffer dogs]] similarly detected human remains at the patio. However, demolition of the patio and a wider search of the area surrounding the home did not find a body.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Anglin |first=Dionne |date=2023-06-09 |title=Missing Everman boy Noel Rodriguez-Alvarez's mother, stepfather seen escaping country in new images |url=https://www.fox4news.com/news/noel-rodriguez-alvarez-mother-stepfather-airport-surveillance |access-date=2025-08-19 |website=FOX 4 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-11 |title=Search for Noel Rodriguez-Alvarez: Investigators say human remains were once in shed |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/texas/news/noel-rodriguez-alvarez-human-remains-everman-patio-rug-cadaver-dogs/ |access-date=2025-08-19 |website=CBS News |language=en-US}}</ref> According to investigations by the Everman police, Rodriguez Singh idolized [[Santa Muerte]] as "the [[patron saint]] that offers protection to the cartel and those kinds of activities." According to Chief Spencer of the Everman police:- "It’s everywhere within the shed. It was everywhere within the home, it was on her vehicle, so it was pretty evident to us she was idolizing and worshiping [Santa Muerte]."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Anglin |first=Dionne |date=2023-04-18 |title=Missing Everman boy's mother worshipped 'Santa Muerte', police say |url=https://www.fox4news.com/news/missing-everman-boy-mother-worshipped-santa-muerte-police-say |access-date=2025-11-20 |website=FOX 4 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Feds search for mother after son she believed was possessed by a demon vanished|url=https://www.local10.com//news/local/2023/04/07/feds-search-for-mother-after-son-she-believed-was-possessed-by-a-demon-vanished/|website=WPLG|date=2023-04-07|access-date=|language=en|first=Andrea|last=Torres}}</ref>

In May 2023, a playground catering to children with severe disabilities in Everman's Clyde Pittman Park was named "Noel Angel Alvarez Playground" after Noel Rodriguez-Alvarez. The Everman City Council replaced his middle name, "Rodriguez", with "Angel" to disassociate this gesture from Cindy.<ref name=":4" /> The new playground is an expansion of an existing facility and was inaugurated on November 20 of the same year.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Battah |first=Hanna |date=2023-11-20 |title=Everman opens inclusive playground in honor of Noel Rodriguez-Alvarez |url=https://www.fox4news.com/news/everman-opens-inclusive-playground-in-honor-of-noel-rodriguez-alvarez |access-date= |website=FOX 4 |language=en-US}}</ref>

On July 1, 2025, she was added to the [[FBI Ten Most Wanted Fugitives]] list, replacing [[Vitel'Homme Innocent]].<ref name=":3" /> On August 20, 2025, it was announced that Rodriguez Singh had been apprehended a few days earlier in [[New Delhi]], India, by local authorities. She was extradited to the United States shortly after her arrest and booked into [[Tarrant County, Texas|Tarrant County]] jail. She is being held on a ten million dollar bond.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Clarridge |first=Emerson |date=August 22, 2025 |title=Without Noel's body, prosecutors face challenges to prove mom killed Everman boy |url=https://www.star-telegram.com/news/local/crime/article311800691.html |website=Fort Worth Star-Telegram}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Thakkar |first=Maitreyee |date=2025-08-21 |title=Cindy Rodriguez Singh, Texas woman on FBI’s most wanted list, arrested; what’s the crime she is accused of |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/international/us/cindy-rodriguez-singh-texas-woman-on-fbis-most-wanted-list-arrested-whats-the-crime-she-is-accused-of/articleshow/123426861.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-10-06 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Anglin |first=Dionne |date=2025-08-25 |title=What's next for Cindy Rodriguez Singh? Case moves forward in Tarrant County after fugitive's capture |url=https://www.fox4news.com/news/whats-next-cindy-rodriguez-singh-case-moves-forward-tarrant-county-after-fugitives-capture |access-date=2025-10-06 |website=FOX 4 |language=en-US}}</ref>

On April 6, 2026, she was found [[incompetent to stand trial]] and is currently being held while undergoing treatment until it is determined that she is capable of assisting in her own defense. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-04-06 |title=Everman mother Cindy Rodriguez Singh ruled Incompetent in capital murder case of missing son |url=https://www.nbcdfw.com/news/local/mother-indicted-in-everman-boys-death-found-incompetent-to-stand-trial/4006022/ |access-date=2026-04-29 |website=NBC 5 Dallas-Fort Worth |language=en-US}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rodriguez Singh, Cindy}}
[[Category:1985 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:American people of Mexican descent]]
[[Category:Fugitives wanted by the United States]]
[[Category:FBI Ten Most Wanted Fugitives]]
[[Category:Fugitives wanted on murder charges]]
[[Category:Filicides in Texas]]
[[Category:People from Dallas]]
[[Category:People from Tarrant County, Texas]]
[[Category:People extradited to the United States]]

1957 Orissa Legislative Assembly election

2026-04-23T07:38:58Z

CarlNorfleet88:

{{Short description|1957 political elections in Orissa, India}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name = 1957 Orissa Legislative Assembly election
| country = India
| type = Legislative
| ongoing = No
| previous_election = 1952 Orissa Legislative Assembly election
| previous_year = 1952
| next_election = 1961 Orissa Legislative Assembly election
| next_year = 1961
| election_date = 1957
| seats_for_election = All 140 seats in the [[Orissa Legislative Assembly]]
| majority_seats = 71
| party1 = Indian National Congress
| image1 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Harekrushna Mahatab 2000 stamp of India.jpg|bSize=130|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=15|oTop=12}}
| leader1 = [[Harekrushna Mahatab]]
| leaders_seat1 = [[Soro Assembly constituency|Soro]]
| seats1 = 56
| seat_change1 = {{decrease}} 11
| popular_vote1 = 16,28,180
| percentage1 = 38.26
| swing1 = {{increase}} 0.39
| party2 = Ganatantra Parishad
| image2 = [[File:RNS-Deo.jpg|100x150px]]
| leader2 = [[Rajendra Narayan Singh Deo]]
| leaders_seat2 = [[Titlagarh Assembly constituency|Titilagarh]]
| seats2 = 51
| seat_change2 = {{increase}} 20
| popular_vote2 = 12,23,014
| percentage2 = 28.74
| swing2 = {{increase}} 8.24
| title = [[Chief Minister of Orissa|CM]]
| before_election = [[Nabakrushna Choudhury]]
| before_party = Indian National Congress
| after_election = [[Harekrushna Mahatab]]
| after_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]+
}}

Elections to the second [[Odisha Legislative Assembly|Orissa Legislative Assembly]] were held in 1957.<ref name="OdishaECI1957"/>

== Constituencies ==
The elections were held for 140 seats of 101 constituencies. Out of 101 constituencies, 62 constituencies were single-membered while 39 constituencies were two-membered. In two-membered constituencies, one seat was open while other was reserved. Out of 39 two-member constituencies, 25 were reserved for [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Caste]] and 14 were reserved for [[Scheduled Tribe]]. Also, 4 single-member constituencies were reserved for Scheduled Tribe. A total of 517 candidates contested for these 140 seats.<ref name="OdishaECI1957"/>

==Political parties==
Three national parties, [[Communist Party of India]], [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] and [[Praja Socialist Party]] along with the state party [[Ganatantra Parishad]] took part in the assembly election.

==Results==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Source: [[Election Commission of India]]<ref name="OdishaECI1957">{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Orrisa_1957.pdf | title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 : To the Legislative Assembly of Orissa | publisher=Election Commission of India | access-date=2015-07-26}}</ref>
! colspan="10" |[[File:India Odisha Legislative Assembly 1957.svg]]
|-
! colspan="4" |Party
! colspan="3" |Popular vote
! colspan="3" |Seats
|-
!Color
!Flag
!Name
!Symbol
!Votes
!%
!±[[Percentage point|pp]]
!Contested
!Won
!+/−
|-
| {{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| [[File:Flag of the Indian National Congress (1931–1971).svg|50x50px]]
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| [[File:A pair of bullocks – the election symbol for the Congress Party in 1952.jpg|50x50px]]
| style="text-align:right;" |1,628,180
| 38.26%
| {{increase}} 0.39
| 140
| 56
| {{decrease}} 11
|-
| {{Party color cell|All India Ganatantra Parishad}}
|
| [[All India Ganatantra Parishad|Ganatantra Parishad]]
| [[File:Indian Election Symbol Bow And Arrow.svg|50x50px]]
| style="text-align:right;" | 1,223,014
| 28.74%
| {{increase}} 8.24
| 109
| 51
| {{increase}} 20
|-
| {{Party color cell|Praja Socialist Party}}
| [[File:Flag of Praja Socialist Party.svg|50x50px]]
| [[Praja Socialist Party]]
| [[File:Indian Election Symbol Hut.png|50x50px]]
| style="text-align:right;" | 322,305
| 10.99%
| {{decrease}} 1.24
| 46
| 11
| {{increase}} 1
|-
| {{Party color cell|Communist Party of India}}
| [[File:CPI-banner.svg|50x50px]]
| [[Communist Party of India]]
| [[File:CPI_symbol.svg|50x50px]]
| style="text-align:right;" | 357,659
| 8.40%
| {{increase}} 2.78
| 43
| 9
| {{increase}} 2
|-
| {{Party color cell|Independent (politician)}}
| -
| [[Independent (politician)|Independents]]
| -
| style="text-align:right;" | 604,652
| 14.21%
| {{decrease}} 8.73
| 171
| 8
| {{decrease}} 16
|- class="sortbottom"
! colspan="4" |Total
!-
!-
!-
!-
!140
!-
|-
| colspan="4" |'''Valid Votes'''
| style="text-align:right;" | '''4,256,013'''
|34.14
! colspan="4" rowspan="6" |
|-
| colspan="4" |Invalid Votes
| style="text-align: right;" |145,456
| -
|-
| colspan="4" |'''Total Votes polled / turnout'''
| style="text-align:right;" | '''4,401,469'''
|'''35.30'''
|-
| colspan="4" |Abstentation
| style="text-align: right;" |8,066,331
|
|-
| colspan="4" |'''Total No. of Votes'''{{efn|1 X single member electors + 2 X double member electors}}
| style="text-align:right;" | '''12,467,800'''
! rowspan="2" |
|-
| colspan="4" |'''Total No. of Electors'''{{efn|single member electors + double member electors}}
| style="text-align:right;" | '''7,983,975'''
|}
{{notelist}}

== Elected members ==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
![[List of districts of Odisha|District]]
!#
!Constituency Name
!Winner
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
| rowspan="12" | [[Koraput district|Koraput]]
| 1
| [[Umerkote Assembly constituency|Omerkote]]
| Radhakrushna Biswas Ray
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2
| [[Nabarangpur Assembly constituency|Nowrangpur]]
| [[Sadashiva Tripathy|Sadasiba Tripathy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[Nabarangpur Assembly constituency|Nowrangpur (SC)]]
| Harijan Miru
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | 3
| [[Jeypore Assembly constituency|Jeypore]]
|Harihar Mishra
| {{Full party name with color|Ganatantra Parishad}}
|-
| [[Jeypore Assembly constituency|Jeypore (SC)]]
|Laichhan Naik
| {{Full party name with color|Ganatantra Parishad}}
|-
| 4
| [[Malkangiri Assembly constituency|Malkangiri]]
|Guru Nayak
| {{Full party name with color|Ganatantra Parishad}}
|-
| 5
| [[Padua Assembly constituency|Padwa]]
|Laxman Gouda
| {{Full party name with color|Ganatantra Parishad}}
|-
| 6
| [[Koraput Assembly constituency|Koraput]]
|Laxmana Pujari
| {{Full party name with color|Ganatantra Parishad}}
|-
| 7
| [[Pottangi Assembly constituency|Pottangi]]
| Mallu Santa
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 8
| [[Rayagada Assembly constituency|Rayagada]]
| Mandangi Kamaya
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | 9
| [[Gunupur Assembly constituency|Gunupur]]
| Naroshimho Patro
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Gunupur Assembly constituency|Gunupur (ST)]]
|Sanyasi Charan Pidikaka
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| rowspan="16" | [[Ganjam district|Ganjam]]
| 10
| [[Paralakhemundi Assembly constituency|Parlakimedi]]
| Nalla Kurma Naikulu
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| 11
| [[Ramagiri Assembly constituency|R. Udaigiri (ST)]]
| Ramachandra Bhoya
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | 12
| [[Digapahandi Assembly constituency|Digapahandi]]
| Raghunath Mahapatra
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Digapahandi Assembly constituency|Digapahandi (SC)]]
| Mohan Naik
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | 13
| [[Berhampur Assembly constituency|Berhampur]]
| Lingaraj Panigrahi
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Berhampur Assembly constituency|Berhampur (SC)]]
| Dandapani Das
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 14
| [[Dura Assembly constituency|Dura]]
| P. Venkat Jagannath Rao
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 15
| [[Chhatrapur Assembly constituency|Chatrapur]]
| Yatiraj Praharaj
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 16
| [[Khalikote Assembly constituency|Khallikote]]
| Narayan Sahu
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| 17
| [[Hinjili Assembly constituency|Hinjili]]
| Brundaban Nayak
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 18
| [[Kodala Assembly constituency|Kodala West]]
| Harihar Das
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 19
| [[Kodala Assembly constituency|Kodala East]]
| Ramchandra Mardaraj Dev
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | 20
| [[Bhanjanagar Assembly constituency|Bhanjanagar]]
| Govinda Pradhan
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| [[Bhanjanagar Assembly constituency|Bhanjanagar (SC)]]
| Suma Naik
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| 21
| [[Aska Assembly constituency|Aska]]
| Harihar Das
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| 22
| [[Surada Assembly constituency|Suruda]]
| [[Biju Patnaik]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| rowspan="4" | [[Kandhamal district|Phulbani]]
| 23
| [[Baliguda Assembly constituency|Balliguda]]
| Lokanath Patra
| {{Full party name with color|Ganatantra Parishad}}
|-
| 24
| [[G. Udayagiri Assembly constituency|G. Udayagiri]]
| Sarangdhar Pradhan
| {{Full party name with color|Ganatantra Parishad}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | 25
| [[Phulbani Assembly constituency|Phulbani]]
| Himansu Sekhar Padhi
| {{Full party name with color|Ganatantra Parishad}}
|-
| [[Phulbani Assembly constituency|Phulbani (SC)]]
| Anirudha Dipa
| {{Full party name with color|Ganatantra Parishad}}
|-
| rowspan="8" | [[Kalahandi district|Kalahandi]]
| rowspan="2" | 26
| [[Bhawanipatna Assembly constituency|Bhawanipatna]]
| Pratap Keshari Deo
| {{Full party name with color|Ganatantra Parishad}}
|-
| [[Bhawanipatna Assembly constituency|Bhawanipatna (ST)]]
| Karunakar Bhoi
| {{Full party name with color|Ganatantra Parishad}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | 27
| [[Kasipur Assembly constituency|Kasipur]]
| Kishore Chandra Deo
| {{Full party name with color|Ganatantra Parishad}}
|-
| [[Kasipur Assembly constituency|Kasipur (SC)]]
| Manikrai Naik
| {{Full party name with color|Ganatantra Parishad}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | 28
| [[Dharmagarh Assembly constituency|Dharamgarh]]
| [[Bira Kesari Deo|Birakeshari Deo]]
| {{Full party name with color|Ganatantra Parishad}}
|-
| [[Dharmagarh Assembly constituency|Dharamgarh (ST)]]
| Janardan Majhi
| {{Full party name with color|Ganatantra Parishad}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | 29
| [[Nuapada Assembly constituency|Nawpara]]
| Anupa Singh Deo
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Nuapada Assembly constituency|Nawpara (ST)]]
| Ghasiram Majhi
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| rowspan="9" | [[Balangir district|Bolangir]]
| rowspan="2" | 30
| [[Titlagarh Assembly constituency|Titilagarh]]
| [[Rajendra Narayan Singh Deo]]
| {{Full party name with color|Ganatantra Parishad}}
|-
| [[Titlagarh Assembly constituency|Titilagarh (SC)]]
| [[Achyutananda Mahananda]]
| {{Full party name with color|Ganatantra Parishad}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | 31
| [[Patnagarh Assembly constituency|Patnagarh]]
| [[Ainthu Sahoo]]
| {{Full party name with color|Ganatantra Parishad}}
|-
| [[Patnagarh Assembly constituency|Patnagarh (ST)]]
| Asharam Bhoi
| {{Full party name with color|Ganatantra Parishad}}
|-
| 32
| [[Loisingha Assembly constituency|Loisingha]]
| Ram Prasad Mishra
| {{Full party name with color|Ganatantra Parishad}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | 33
| [[Bolangir Assembly constituency|Bolangir]]
| Nandakishore Mishra
| {{Full party name with color|Ganatantra Parishad}}
|-
| [[Bolangir Assembly constituency|Bolangir (ST)]]
| Ramesh Chandra Bhoi
| {{Full party name with color|Ganatantra Parishad}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | 34
| [[Sonepur Assembly constituency|Sonepur]]
| Anantaram Nanda
| {{Full party name with color|Ganatantra Parishad}}
|-
| [[Sonepur Assembly constituency|Sonepur (SC)]]
| Daulata Ganda
| {{Full party name with color|Ganatantra Parishad}}
|-
| rowspan="12" |[[Sambalpur district|Sambalpur]]
| rowspan="2" |35
| [[Padampur Assembly constituency|Padampur]]
| L.M.S. Bariha
| {{Full party name with color|Ganatantra Parishad}}
|-
| [[Padampur Assembly constituency|Padampur (ST)]]
| Bir Bikramaditya Singh Bariha
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | 36
| [[Bargarh Assembly constituency|Bargarh]]
| Nikunja Bihari Singh
| {{Full party name with color|Ganatantra Parishad}}
|-
| [[Bargarh Assembly constituency|Bargarh (SC)]]
| Mahananda Bahadur
| {{Full party name with color|Ganatantra Parishad}}
|-
| 37
| [[Bhatli Assembly constituency|Bhatli]]
| Natabar Banchhor
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | 38
| [[Sambalpur Assembly constituency|Sambalpur]]
| Lakshmiprasad Misra
| {{Full party name with color|Ganatantra Parishad}}
|-
| [[Sambalpur Assembly constituency|Sambalpur (SC)]]
| Bhikari Ghasi
| {{Full party name with color|Ganatantra Parishad}}
|-
| 39
| [[Katarbaga Assembly constituency|Katarbaga]]
| Purusottam Panda
| {{Full party name with color|Ganatantra Parishad}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | 40
| [[Deogarh Assembly constituency|Deogarh]]
| Rani Jyotimanjari Debi
| {{Full party name with color|Ganatantra Parishad}}
|-
| [[Deogarh Assembly constituency|Deogarh (ST)]]
| Jayadev Thakur
| {{Full party name with color|Ganatantra Parishad}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | 41
| [[Jharsuguda Assembly constituency|Jharsuguda]]
| Bijoy Kumar Pani
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Jharsuguda Assembly constituency|Jharsuguda (ST)]]
| Manohar Singh Naik
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| rowspan="5" | [[Sundergarh district|Sundergarh]]
| rowspan="2" | 42
| [[Sundargarh Assembly constituency|Sundergarh]]
| Udit Pratap Sekhar Deo
| {{Full party name with color|Ganatantra Parishad}}
|-
| [[Sundargarh Assembly constituency|Sundergarh (ST)]]
| Gangadhar Pradhan
| {{Full party name with color|Ganatantra Parishad}}
|-
| 43
| [[Rajgangpur Assembly constituency|Rajgangpur (ST)]]
| Santi Prakash Oram
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| 44
| [[Bisra Assembly constituency|Bisra (ST)]]
| Nirmala Munda
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| 45
| [[Bonai Assembly constituency|Bonai (ST)]]
| Arjun Naik
| {{Full party name with color|Ganatantra Parishad}}
|-
| rowspan="6" | [[Kendujhar district|Keonjhar]]
| rowspan="2" | 46
| [[Champua Assembly constituency|Champua]]
| Raj Ballabh Mishra
| {{Full party name with color|Ganatantra Parishad}}
|-
| [[Champua Assembly constituency|Champua (ST)]]
| Guru Charan Naik
| {{Full party name with color|Ganatantra Parishad}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | 47
| [[Keonjhar Assembly constituency|Keonjhar]]
| Janardan Bhanj Deo
| {{Full party name with color|Ganatantra Parishad}}
|-
| [[Keonjhar Assembly constituency|Keonjhar (ST)]]
| Krushna Chandra Mahapatro
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | 48
| [[Anandapur Assembly constituency|Anandapur]]
| Upendra Jena
| {{Full party name with color|Ganatantra Parishad}}
|-
| [[Anandapur Assembly constituency|Anandapur (SC)]]
| Bira Kishore Jena
| {{Full party name with color|Ganatantra Parishad}}
|-
| rowspan="8" | [[Dhenkanal district|Dhenkanal]]
| 49
| [[Pallahara Assembly constituency|Pal-lahara]]
| Mrutyunjaya Pal
| {{Full party name with color|Ganatantra Parishad}}
|-
| 50
| [[Talcher Assembly constituency|Talcher]]
| Pabitra Mohan Pradhan
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 51
| [[Kamakhyanagar Assembly constituency|Kamakhyanagar]]
| Ratnaprava Devi
| {{Full party name with color|Ganatantra Parishad}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | 52
| [[Dhenkanal Assembly constituency|Dhenkanal]]
| Shankar Pratap Singh Deo Mahendra Bahadur Raja
| {{Full party name with color|Ganatantra Parishad}}
|-
| [[Dhenkanal Assembly constituency|Dhenkanal (ST)]]
| Kalia Dehuri
| {{Full party name with color|Ganatantra Parishad}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | 53
| [[Angul Assembly constituency|Angul]]
| Kumud Chandra Singh
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[Angul Assembly constituency|Angul (SC)]]
| Narendra Kumar Nayak
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| 54
| [[Athmallik Assembly constituency|Athmallik]]
| Khetra Mohan Panigrahi
| {{Full party name with color|Ganatantra Parishad}}
|-
| rowspan="15" | [[Puri district|Puri]]
| rowspan="2" | 55
| [[Daspalla Assembly constituency|Daspalla]]
| Rajabahadur Kishore Chandra Deo Bhanj
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Daspalla Assembly constituency|Daspalla (SC)]]
| Sridhar Naik
| {{Full party name with color|Ganatantra Parishad}}
|-
| 56
| [[Khandapada Assembly constituency|Khandpara]]
| Raja Saheb Harihar Singh Mardaraj Bhramarabara Roy
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 57
| [[Nayagarh Assembly constituency|Nayagarh]]
| Krushna Chandra Singh Mandhata
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| 58
| [[Ranpur Assembly constituency|Ranpur]]
| Basant Manjari Devi
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 59
| [[Begunia Assembly constituency|Begunia]]
| Satyananda Champatiray
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 60
| [[Khurda Assembly constituency|Khurda]]
| Prananath Pattnaik
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| 61
| [[Bhubaneswar Assembly constituency|Bhubaneswar]]
| Satyapriya Mohanty
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 62
| [[Brahmagiri Assembly constituency|Brahmagiri]]
| [[Padmacharan Samantasinhar|Padma Charan Samantasinghar]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 63
| [[Puri Assembly constituency|Puri]]
| Harihar Bahinipati
| {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
| 64
| [[Satyabadi Assembly constituency|Satyabadi]]
| Nilakantha Das
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | 65
| [[Pipili Assembly constituency|Pipili]]
| Ram Chandra Patnaik
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[Pipili Assembly constituency|Pipili (SC)]]
| Gopinath Bhoi
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | 66
| [[Kakatpur Assembly constituency|Kakatpur]]
| Mohan Das
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| [[Kakatpur Assembly constituency|Kakatpur (SC)]]
| Bharat Das
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| rowspan="24" | [[Cuttack district|Cuttack]]
| 67
| [[Banki Assembly constituency|Banki]] || Jogesh Chandra Rout
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 68
| [[Baramba Assembly constituency|Baramba]]
| [[Kanaklata Devi|Rani Saheba Kanaklata Devi]]
| {{Full party name with color|Ganatantra Parishad}}
|-
| 69
| [[Athagarh Assembly constituency|Athgarh]]
| [[Radhanath Rath]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 70
| [[Cuttack City Assembly constituency|Cuttack City]]
| [[Biren Mitra]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | 71
| [[Cuttack Sadar Assembly constituency|Cuttack Sadar]]
| Raj Krushna Bose
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Cuttack Sadar Assembly constituency|Cuttack Sadar (SC)]]
| Purnananda Samal
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | 72
| [[Jagatsinghpur Assembly constituency|Jagatsinghpur]]
| Nilamani Pradhan
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Jagatsinghpur Assembly constituency|Jagatsinghpur (SC)]]
| Kanduri Charan Mallik
| {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | 73
| [[Salipur Assembly constituency|Salepur (SC)]]
| Pradipta Kishore Das
| {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
| [[Salipur Assembly constituency|Salepur]]
| Baidhar Behera
| {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
| 74
| [[Balikuda-Erasama Assembly constituency|Balikuda]]
| Baikunthanath Mohanty
| {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
| 75
| [[Ersama Assembly constituency|Ersama]]
| [[Lokanath Choudhary|Lokanath Choudhury]]
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| 76
| [[Tirtol Assembly constituency|Tirtol]]
| Nishamani Khuntia
| {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
| 77
| [[Patkura Assembly constituency|Patkura]]
| Lokanath Mishra
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 78
| [[Rajanagar Assembly constituency|Rajnagar]]
| Ananta Charan Tripathy
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| 79
| [[Aul Assembly constituency|Aul]]
| Raja Sailendra Narayan Bhanja Deo
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | 80
| [[Kendrapara Assembly constituency|Kendrapara]]
| Dinabandhu Sahoo
| {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
| [[Kendrapara Assembly constituency|Kendrapara (SC)]]
| Prahlad Mallik
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 81
| [[Binjharpur Assembly constituency|Binjharpur]]
| [[Banka Behary Das|Banka Behari Das]]
| {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
| 82
| [[Barchana Assembly constituency|Barchana]]
| Jadumani Mangaraj
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | 83
| [[Dharmasala Assembly constituency|Dharmasala]]
| Madan Mohan Patnaik
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Dharmasala Assembly constituency|Dharmasala (SC)]]
| Mayadhar Singh
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | 84
| [[Jajpur Assembly constituency|Jajpur]]
| Gadadhar Dutta
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Jajpur Assembly constituency|Jajpur (SC)]]
| Santanu Kumar Das
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| rowspan="11" | [[Balasore district|Balasore]]
| 85
| [[Dhamnagar Assembly constituency|Dhamnagar]]
| [[Muralidhar Jena]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | 86
| [[Chandabali Assembly constituency|Chandbali]]
| [[Nilamani Routray]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Chandabali Assembly constituency|Chandbali (SC)]]
| Nanda Kishore Jena
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 87
| [[Bhadrak Assembly constituency|Bhadrak]]
| [[Nityananda Mahapatra]]
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | 88
| [[Soro Assembly constituency|Soro]]
| [[Harekrushna Mahatab]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Soro Assembly constituency|Soro (SC)]]
| Chaitanya Prasad Sethi
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 89
| [[Nilgiri Assembly constituency|Nilgiri]]
| Nilambar Das
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 90
| [[Balasore Assembly constituency|Balasore]]
| Rabindra Mohan Das
| {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
| 91
| [[Basta Assembly constituency|Basta]]
| Akshaya Narayana Praharaja
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 92
| [[Bhograi Assembly constituency|Bhograi]]
| Durga Sankar Das
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 93
| [[Jaleswar, Odisha Assembly constituency|Jaleswar]]
| Prasanna Kumar Paul
| {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
| rowspan="10" | [[Mayurbhanj district|Mayurbhanj]]
| rowspan="2" | 94
| [[Baisinga Assembly constituency|Baisinga]]
| Prasanna Kumar Dash
| {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
| [[Baisinga Assembly constituency|Baisinga (SC)]]
| Panchanan Das
| {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
| 95
| [[Udala Assembly constituency|Udala]]
| [[Manmohan Tudu]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 96
| [[Karanjia Assembly constituency|Karanjia]]
| Lal Saheb Nalini Chandra Bhanj Deo
| {{Full party name with color|Ganatantra Parishad}}
|-
| 97
| [[Jashipur Assembly constituency|Jashipur]]
| Mochiram Tiriya
| {{Full party name with color|Ganatantra Parishad}}
|-
| 98
| [[Rairangpur Assembly constituency|Rairangpur]]
| Haradeb Triya
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| 99
| [[Bahalda Assembly constituency|Bahalda]]
| Sundar Mohan Hemrom
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| 100
| [[Bangriposi Assembly constituency|Bangiriposi]]
| Radhamohan Nayak
| {{Full party name with color|Ganatantra Parishad}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | 101
| [[Baripada Assembly constituency|Baripada]]
| Harihar Mohanty
| {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
| [[Baripada Assembly constituency|Baripada (ST)]]
| Samai Majhi
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|}

== Govt Formation ==
[[Harekrushna Mahatab]] led Congress party emerged as the single largest party by winning 40% of the seats. On 29 May 1957, Shri Mahtab formed a minority govt. with the assurance of support from Jharkhand Party, Communist Party of India, and several Independent MLAs. In May 1959, for the first time in the state, A [[Coalition government|Coalition]] govt was formed when opposition led by [[All India Ganatantra Parishad|Ganatantra Parishad]] joined in to give stable administration to the state. However, This ministry fell in 1961 over disagreement regarding the coalition in Congress party. For the first time in the state, President's rule was imposed & early elections were called.<ref name="OdishaECI1957" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Das|first=Dr. Sthitaprajna|last2=Panigrahi|first2=Puspalata|date=14 July 2024|title=A study on the state legislative assembly elections in Odisha (1952-2024)|url=https://www.journalofpoliticalscience.com/uploads/archives/6-2-1-681.pdf|journal=International Journal of Political Science and Governance|volume=6|issue=2|pages=28–33|via=E-ISSN: 2664-603X, P-ISSN: 2664-6021}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[1957 elections in India]]
* [[1961 Orissa Legislative Assembly election]]
* [[1952 Orissa Legislative Assembly election]]
* [[Odisha Legislative Assembly|Orissa Legislative Assembly]]
* [[2nd Orissa Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Odisha elections}}

[[Category:State Assembly elections in Odisha]]
[[Category:1957 State Assembly elections in India|Odisha]]
[[Category:1950s in Orissa]]

Viresh Borkar

2026-04-22T02:31:20Z

CarlNorfleet88: starting details

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1993)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Viresh Borkar
| birth_name = Viresh Mukesh Borkar
| caption = Borkar in [[Swindon]], UK, in 2026
| image = Viresh Borkar UK.jpg
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1993|6|29|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Neura, Goa]], India
| office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of [[Goa Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[St. Andre (Goa Assembly constituency)|St. Andre]]
| majority = 5,395 (33.4%)
| term_start = 10 March 2022
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[Francisco Silveira]]
| office2 = [[Revolutionary Goans Party|President of Revolutionary Goans Party]]
| term_start2 = 24 November 2021<ref name="registration">{{Cite web|title=Contribution Report of Revolutionary Goans Party|url= https://www.eci.gov.in/eci-backend/public//pdf/report/October/1760615501.pdf|website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
| predecessor2 = ''Office established''
| term_end2 = 10 March 2022
| successor2 = [[Manoj Parab]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rgpofficial.org/team/|title=Meet the visionary minds behind Revolutionary Goan Party|date=12 July 2023|access-date=26 February 2026|archive-date=31 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731084257/https://rgpofficial.org/team/|url-status=live}}</ref>
| party = [[Revolutionary Goans Party]] (since 2021)
| other_party = [[Aam Aadmi Party]] (2017–2017)
| education = [[Higher Secondary School Certificate]]
| occupation = {{hlist|Politician|activist|businessman}}
| website = {{URL|facebook.com/vireshborkar8899}}
| committees = {{flatlist|
* Government Assurances
* Public Undertakings
* Rules
* Business Advisory
* Public Accounts
* River Mhadei
* Public Universities}}
}}

'''Viresh Mukesh Borkar''' (born 29 June 1993) is an Indian politician, activist, and businessman who has served as a member of the [[Goa Legislative Assembly]], representing the [[St. Andre Assembly constituency|St. Andre constituency]] since 2022. He is an [[Senior management|executive]] member of the [[Revolutionary Goans Party]] (RGP), of which he was a founding member during its time as a [[non-governmental organization]] while serving as its [[President (corporate title)|president]].

==Early life==
Viresh Mukesh Borkar was born on 29 July 1993<ref name=":2" /> in [[Neura, Goa]], to Mukesh Dattaram Borkar, a farmer, into a [[Bhandari (caste)|Bhandari]] family.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=goanews.com |date=2022-04-09 |title=Kejri's 'Bhandari' bubble bursts, community votes beyond caste across Goa |url=https://goanews.com/kejris-bhandari-bubble-bursts-community-votes-beyond-caste-across-goa/ |access-date=2026-02-23 |website=goanews.com |language=en-US |archive-date=24 February 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260224005334/https://goanews.com/kejris-bhandari-bubble-bursts-community-votes-beyond-caste-across-goa/ |url-status=live }}</ref> He has an older brother, Nitesh, an [[Automobile engineering|automobile engineer]]-turned-farmer,<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Aranha |first=Jovita |title=Engineer-Turned-Farmer Grows Yellow Watermelons, Takes Goa By Storm |url=https://thebetterindia.com/216349/goa-engineer-organic-farming-yellow-watermelon-profit-innovative-india-jov30/ |access-date=2026-02-22 |website=thebetterindia.com |language=en |archive-date=26 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230926050728/https://www.thebetterindia.com/216349/goa-engineer-organic-farming-yellow-watermelon-profit-innovative-india-jov30/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and a younger brother, Saiesh.<ref>{{Cite web |title="GUILTY SHOULD BE PUNISHED, EVEN IF ITS MY BROTHER" |url=https://www.prudentmedia.in/politics/guilty-should-be-punished-even-if-its-my-brother/27843.html |access-date=2026-02-22 |website=www.prudentmedia.in |language=en}}</ref> Borkar completed his [[Higher Secondary School Certificate]] in 2010 from Father Agnel's Higher Secondary School, Goa.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Viresh Mukesh Borkar(Revolutionary Goans Party):Constituency- ST. ANDRE(NORTH GOA) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/goa2022/candidate.php?candidate_id=199 |access-date=2022-07-24 |website=myneta.info |archive-date=12 December 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251212183303/https://myneta.info/goa2022/candidate.php?candidate_id=199 |url-status=live }}</ref> Later, he dropped out of a computer diploma course and took up courses in agriculture and farming.<ref name=":0" />

His grandfather, Dattaram Pandhari Borkar, was a first-generation farmer<ref name=":3" /> and [[Freedom fighters in goa|freedom fighter]] who inspired Borkar to follow in his footsteps. In his teenage years, Borkar aspired to pursue a career in business with the aim of achieving a comfortable standard of living.<ref name=":0" />

==Political career==
Borkar is a former member of the [[Aam Aadmi Party]] (AAP). He joined as a volunteer before the [[2017 Goa Legislative Assembly election]]s, where he met future [[Revolutionary Goans Party]] (RGP) founder [[Manoj Parab]] and future RGP general secretary Vishvesh Naik. He subsequently left within a few months, as he was unhappy with the party’s policies.<ref name=":0" /> Together with Manoj, Vishvesh, and others, he formed the [[NGO]] Revolutionary Goans on 3 March 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-14 |title=Politics of Revolutionary Goans Party | work=The Navhind Times |url=https://www.navhindtimes.in/2022/03/14/opinions/opinion/politics-of-revolutionary-goans-party/ |access-date=2023-11-28 |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-11-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129072012/https://www.navhindtimes.in/2022/03/14/opinions/opinion/politics-of-revolutionary-goans-party}}</ref>

In his electoral debut at the [[2022 Goa Legislative Assembly election]]s, Borkar won the RGP's first seat in the assembly by defeating four-time [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] and former sports minister [[Francisco Silveira]] of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] by a margin of 76 votes. He became the youngest legislator (28) to be elected to the assembly since [[Mauvin Godinho]] (25) and Victor Gonsalves (27) were elected in 1989.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Inspired by freedom fighter grandfather, Viresh Borkar chose revolutionary path |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/inspired-by-freedom-fighter-grandfather-viresh-borkar-chose-revolutionary-path/articleshow/90313648.cms |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=19 March 2022 |access-date=27 March 2022 |archive-date=13 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230813124345/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/inspired-by-freedom-fighter-grandfather-viresh-borkar-chose-revolutionary-path/articleshow/90313648.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

Borkar claimed he won the election without relying on [[Electoral fraud|money power]]. He was also the only MLA with a net worth of just {{INRConvert|8|l|year=2022}}, while all other legislators were ''[[crore]]patis'' (millionaires).<ref name=":0" /> He drew significant support from voters in the [[Goan Catholic|Catholic]] community.<ref name=":4" /> Borkar is a strong advocate for native [[Goan]] rights, which align with many of his party’s core policies. He has advocated for issues such as [[Land grabbing|illegal land conversions]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-07 |title=Bambolim project under fire as MLA Viresh Borkar exposes alleged corruption and illegal construction – 7 August 2025 {{!}} O Heraldo |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/goa/bambolim-project-under-fire-as-mla-viresh-borkar-exposes-alleged-corruption-and-illegal-construction/17665/ |access-date=2026-02-23 |language=en-US}}</ref> road conditions,<ref>{{Cite web |title=MLA raises alarm over bad roads in Bardez; CM vows urgent repairs |url=https://www.thegoan.net/goa-news/mla-raises-alarm-over-bad-roads-in-bardez-cm-vows-urgent-repairs/134006.html |access-date=2026-02-23 |website=The Goan EveryDay |language=en}}</ref> migrant-related concerns,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-16 |title='Migrants are the problem': In Goa, radical party that made inroads during Assembly polls prepares Lok Sabha pitch |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/migrants-are-problem-radical-goa-partys-lok-sabha-election-pitch-9164217/ |access-date=2026-02-23 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=23 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240623072754/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/migrants-are-problem-radical-goa-partys-lok-sabha-election-pitch-9164217/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and the lack of basic amenities within his constituency.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What I did in 3 years, Silveira didn't do in 20 years: Borkar |url=https://www.thegoan.net/goa-news/what-i-did-in-3-years-silveira-didnt-do-in-20-years-borkar/133090.html |access-date=2026-02-23 |website=The Goan EveryDay |language=en |archive-date=15 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250715212334/https://www.thegoan.net/goa-news/what-i-did-in-3-years-silveira-didnt-do-in-20-years-borkar/133090.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Evictions from the House and international travel===
Borkar first came to the limelight with his introduction of the [[Revolutionary Goans Party#Person of Goan Origin Bill 2019|POGO (Person of Goan Origin) Bill]] during an Assembly session, which had been one of his party’s core issues prior to the elections.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-12-08 |title=RG promises to pass POGO bill in the assembly – 8 December 2021 {{!}} O Heraldo |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/goa/rg-promises-to-pass-pogo-bill-in-the-assembly/328754/ |access-date=2026-02-24 |language=en-US}}</ref> He initially issued a notice in July 2022; however, the [[Government of Goa]] deemed it unconstitutional.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Govt dumps POGO bill after Law Dept terms it as unconstitutional |url=https://www.thegoan.net/goa-news/govt-dumps-pogo-bill-after-law-dept-terms-it-as-unconstitutional/86837.html |access-date=2026-02-24 |website=The Goan EveryDay |language=en |archive-date=23 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220723063100/https://www.thegoan.net/goa-news/govt-dumps-pogo-bill-after-law-dept-terms-it-as-unconstitutional/86837.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-03 |title=RG’s lone MLA to introduce POGO Bill in Assembly session starting July 11 – 3 July 2022 {{!}} O Heraldo |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/goa/rgs-lone-mla-to-introduce-pogo-bill-in-assembly-session-starting-july-11/322778/ |access-date=2026-02-24 |language=en-US}}</ref>
In July 2025, Borkar moved the [[private member’s bill]] again during the Monsoon Assembly session, where it was rejected by members of the ruling party. He was later evicted from the House for seeking a definition of "Goan origin".<ref>{{Cite news |title=Viresh Borkar evicted from House after ruckus over Goan origin resolution |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/viresh-borkar-evicted-from-house-after-ruckus-over-goan-origin-resolution/amp_articleshow/122911854.cms |access-date=2026-02-24 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2 August 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250802030951/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/viresh-borkar-evicted-from-house-after-ruckus-over-goan-origin-resolution/amp_articleshow/122911854.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2023, Borkar was marshaled out of the House by the then Speaker of the Goa Legislative Assembly, [[Ramesh Tawadkar]], for protesting over the [[Mahadayi Water Disputes Tribunal|River Mhadei issue]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-01-20 |title=Viresh Borkar escorted out of House |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/viresh-escorted-out-of-house/articleshow/97149297.cms |access-date=2026-02-25 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=25 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230125161005/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/viresh-escorted-out-of-house/articleshow/97149297.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

In January 2026, Borkar undertook an international study tour to the United Kingdom. The tour also served as an outreach effort to thank his Goan voters and to introduce his party to the [[Goans#Geographical distribution|Goan diaspora]]. He visited areas with a significant Goan population, including [[Swindon]], [[Bridgwater]], [[Southall]], [[Hounslow]], [[Wembley]], and Scotland. In Swindon, he notably visited [[Swindon Borough Council]] and Swindon Central Library.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Borkar in UK to build party support among Goans |url=https://www.thegoan.net/global-goenkar/borkar-in-uk-to-build-party-support-among-goans/142383.html |access-date=2026-02-25 |website=The Goan EveryDay |language=en}}</ref>

===2026 indefinite hunger strike===
In February 2026, Borkar led a protest opposing the conversion of {{Convert|84,000|sqm}} of land in Palem-[[Siridao]] village in his constituency from a non-settlement zone to a settlement zone under the provisions of Section 39-A by the Town and Country Planning (TCP) Department.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2026-02-21 |title=Cops drag Goa MLA out of govt office after overnight stir; TCP minister Vishwajit Rane calls protesters 'blackmailers' |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/goa/cops-drag-goa-mla-out-of-govt-office-after-overnight-stir-tcp-minister-vishwajit-rane-calls-protesters-blackmailers-3906816 |access-date=2026-02-26 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> The protest soon grew, with other opposition leaders and common people supporting Borkar's demands that the provisions of Section 39-A of the TCP Act be scrapped permanently.<ref name=":6">{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=2026-02-24 |title=Protest against land use rules: Goa MLA Viresh Borkar's health deteriorates, hospitalised |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/goa/protest-against-land-use-rules-goa-mla-viresh-borkars-health-deteriorates-hospitalised/article70669967.ece |access-date=2026-02-28 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Among those who supported Borkar were fellow opposition legislators [[Yuri Alemao]], [[Vijai Sardesai]], [[Carlos Alvares Ferreira]], [[Altone D'Costa]], [[Venzy Viegas]], and [[Cruz Silva]];<ref name=":6"/> environmentalists [[Claude Alvares]] and [[Norma Alvares]];<ref>{{Cite web |title=MLA ends hunger strike after TCP suspends St Andre zone changes |url=https://www.thegoan.net/goa-news/mla-ends-hunger-strike-after-tcp-suspends-st-andre-zone-changes/144150.html |access-date=2026-02-28 |website=The Goan EveryDay |language=en}}</ref> and activists and politicians such as [[Manoj Parab]], among others.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-02-28 |title=FIR Filed Against LoP Yuri Alemao, MLAs And Activists Over Dona Paula Protest - Goemkarponn - Goa News |url=https://goemkarponn.com/fir-filed-against-lop-yuri-alemao-mlas-and-activists-over-dona-paula-protest/ |access-date=2026-02-28 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite news |title='No more 39A': Thousands gather outside Rane houses with one voice |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/no-more-39a-thousands-gather-outside-rane-houses-with-one-voice/amp_articleshow/128727486.cms |access-date=2026-02-28 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==Personal life==
In April 2020, Borkar, then a member of the [[NGO]] Revolutionary Goans (RG), had his [[Mahindra Thar]] set on fire by unknown individuals. He subsequently filed a complaint at the [[Pernem]] Police Station.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-04-16 |title=Jeep ‘set on’ fire, destroyed – 16 April 2020 {{!}} O Heraldo |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/goa/jeep-set-on-fire-destroyed/204008/ |access-date=2026-02-23 |language=en-US}}</ref>

Borkar resides in Wada Bhat, [[Neura, Goa]].<ref name=":2" />

==Positions held==
* Member of the Committee on Government Assurances (19 January 2023 – present)
* Member of the Committee on Public Undertakings (19 January 2023 – present)
* Member of the Rules Committee (31 May 2022 – present)
* Member of the Budget Committee (31 May 2022 – 24 May 2025)
* Member of the Business Advisory Committee (30 March 2022 – present)
* Member of the Public Accounts Committee
* Member of the House Committee to Study Issues Related To River Mhadei (24 Jan 2023 – present)
* Member of the Select Committee to Study the Goa Public Universities Bill, 2025 (Bill No. 34 of 2025) (25 September 2025 – present)<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Viresh Borkar Personal details |url=https://www.goavidhansabha.gov.in/member_detail.php?mem_id=257 |access-date=2023-08-01 |website=[[Government of Goa]] |archive-date=14 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230814141056/https://www.goavidhansabha.gov.in/member_detail.php?mem_id=257 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Borkar, Viresh}}
[[Category:1993 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Goa MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:Former members of Aam Aadmi Party]]
[[Category:Politicians from North Goa district]]

Prabhu Dayal Singh

2026-04-20T08:35:09Z

CarlNorfleet88: Added a biography basic info

{{Short description|Former member of Bihar Legislative Assembly}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name =
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] (MLA) of [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start1 = 1990
| term_end1 = 1995
| predecessor1 =
| successor1 =
| term_start = 1985
| term_end = 1990
| term_start2 = 2000
| term_end2 = 2005
| predecessor =
| successor =
| constituency1 = [[Mirganj Assembly constituency]]
| constituency = [[Mirganj Assembly constituency]]
| constituency2 = [[Mirganj Assembly constituency]]
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| resting_place =
| birth_name =
| father =
| party = [[Janata Dal (United)]]
| other_party = [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]] [[Indian National Congress]] [[Samata Party]]
| relations = [[Rajesh Singh Kushwaha]] (nephew)
| children =
| alma_mater =
| occupation =
| profession = Politician
}}
'''Prabhu Dayal Singh''' was an Indian politician from [[Bihar]], who served as member of [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]] for three terms from erstwhile [[Mirganj Assembly constituency]] in Gopalganj district of Bihar. Singh was a member of [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]] led by [[Lalu Prasad Yadav]] and was considered as a trusted aide of Yadav's brother-in-law [[Subhash Prasad Yadav]]. Singh had also served as member of other political parties which included [[Indian National Congress]] and [[Samata Party]].<ref name=Telegraph>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/laloo-caught-in-three-way-ticket-tussle/cid/916602|title=LALOO CAUGHT IN THREE-WAY TICKET TUSSLE |website=The Telegraph|accessdate=4 May 2024|quote= The argument of Prabhu Dayal, a Koiri leader, is that he could win the seat on the strength of Koiri votes. There are about 1.75 lakh Koiri voters in the constituency, which borders Uttar Pradesh. }}</ref>

==Political career==
Prabhu Dayal Singh belonged to Gopalganj district of Bihar and he represented [[Mirganj Assembly constituency]], which is known as [[Hathua Assembly constituency]] from 2010 onwards. Singh belonged to [[Koeri]] caste and was believed to have significant hold over his community in this constituency, which has significant population of his castemen.<ref name=Telegraph/> He first won the 1985 Bihar Assembly election from this constituency on the symbol of [[Indian National Congress]]. Which was followed by his second victory in 1990 Bihar Assembly election as independent candidate. In 1985, he defeated Rajmangal Mishra of [[Janata Dal]], while in 1990, he defeated [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] candidate Vishwanath Singh. For 1995 Bihar Assembly elections, Singh was fielded as the candidate of Indian National Congress but was defeated this time by CPI(M)'s Vishwanath Singh. However, he was able to retain this seat again in 2000 Bihar Assembly election, when he won for the third term. This time he was elected on the symbol of [[Samata Party]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aajtak.in/elections/bihar-assembly-elections/story/rjd-lalu-prasad-yadav-hathua-gopalganj-hathua-assembly-rjd-tstb-1141298-2020-10-06|title=लालू प्रसाद यादव के पैतृक गांव की इस सीट कभी नहीं जीता RJD का उम्मीदवार, अब जेडीयू का है दबदबा|website=Aajtak|date=6 October 2020 |accessdate=4 May 2024|archive-date=2023-02-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230221163348/https://www.aajtak.in/elections/bihar-assembly-elections/story/rjd-lalu-prasad-yadav-hathua-gopalganj-hathua-assembly-rjd-tstb-1141298-2020-10-06|url-status=live}}</ref>

Singh also contested [[Lok Sabha]] election in 2004. He was fielded from [[Gopalganj Lok Sabha constituency]] before it was reserved for the [[Schedule Castes]]. He contested this election against [[Sadhu Yadav]], the brother-in-law of [[Lalu Prasad Yadav]] on the symbol of [[Janata Dal (United)]]. However, he was defeated.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-elections/bihar/news/caste-arithmetic-at-play-as-jdu-rjd-set-to-slug-it-out-in-gopalganj/articleshow/69257287.cms|title=Caste arithmetic at play as JD(U), RJD set to slug it out in Gopalganj|website=The Times of India|date=10 May 2019 |accessdate=4 May 2024|archive-date=4 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240504081745/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-elections/bihar/news/caste-arithmetic-at-play-as-jdu-rjd-set-to-slug-it-out-in-gopalganj/articleshow/69257287.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

He died in 2008 after prolonged illness.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/patna/three-time-mla-dead/story-GU0jzis7joFDG9nWjJJx2I.html|title=Three-time MLA dead|website=Hindustan Times|accessdate=4 May 2024|archive-date=4 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240504081905/https://www.hindustantimes.com/patna/three-time-mla-dead/story-GU0jzis7joFDG9nWjJJx2I.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Singh's nephew [[Rajesh Singh Kushwaha]] is a member of [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]] and he has served as district unit president of RJD for Gopalganj. In 2020 Bihar Assembly election, he defeated [[Ramsewak Singh Kushwaha]] of Janata Dal (United), a four-time MLA from Mirganj-Hathua Assembly constituency, to become a legislator for the first time.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jansatta.com/rajya/bihar-election-2020-lalu-prasad-yadav-hathua-assembly-seat-rjd-vs-jdu-nitish-kumar/1532971/|title=Bihar Election: लालू के 'घर' में ही अब तक एक बार भी नहीं जीत सका है राजद, 35 साल से जीत के इंतजार में कांग्रेस|website=Jansatta|date=October 2020 |access-date=2024-05-04|archive-date=2022-08-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220820070906/https://www.jansatta.com/rajya/bihar-election-2020-lalu-prasad-yadav-hathua-assembly-seat-rjd-vs-jdu-nitish-kumar/1532971/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.etvbharat.com/hindi/bihar/state/gopalganj/lalu-prasad-yadav-village-fulwariya-in-goplaganj/bh20201018060133277|title=ग्राउंड रिपोर्ट: लालू के पैतृक गांव पहुंचा ईटीवी भारत, यहां हर चेहरा दिखा उदास|date=18 October 2020 |access-date=2024-05-04|archive-date=2020-11-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101001800/https://www.etvbharat.com/hindi/bihar/state/gopalganj/lalu-prasad-yadav-village-fulwariya-in-goplaganj/bh20201018060133277|url-status=live}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Yogendra Singh Kushwaha]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Bihar MLAs 1985–1990]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 1990–1995]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2000–2005]]
[[Category:People from Gopalganj district, India]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Bihar]]
[[Category:Rashtriya Janata Dal politicians]]
[[Category:Samata Party politicians]]
[[Category:2008 deaths]]
[[Category:Janata Dal (United) politicians]]

Pendurthi Assembly constituency

2026-04-17T00:47:29Z

CarlNorfleet88: Added a article needs work!

{{Short description|Constituency of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Pendurthi
| map_image = Legislative Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh (31-Pendurthi highlighted).png
| map_caption = Location of Pendurthi Assembly constituency within Andhra Pradesh
| mla = [[Panchakarla Ramesh Babu]]
| party = {{Party index link|Janasena Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| state = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| district = *[[Visakhapatnam district|Visakhapatnam]] (partially)
*[[Anakapalli district|Anakapalli]] (partially)
| loksabha_cons = [[Anakapalli Lok Sabha constituency|Anakapalli]]
| reservation = None
| constituency_no = 31
| established = 1978
| electors = 307056
| type = SLA
}}

'''Pendurthi Assembly constituency''' is a constituency partially in [[Visakhapatnam district]] and [[Anakapalli district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]] that elects representatives to the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceoandhra.nic.in/ceoap_new/ceo/documents/Electors_Summary%20_25.03.2019.pdf|title=Electors Summary|date=25 May 2019|website=Chief Electoral Officer, Andhra Pradesh|access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref> It is one of the seven assembly segments of [[Anakapalli Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name="constituencies">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|date=17 December 2018|website=The Election Commission of India|pages=18, 30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003220916/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|archive-date=3 October 2018|url-status=dead|access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref>

[[Panchakarla Ramesh Babu]] is the current [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] of the constituency, having won the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Jana Sena Party]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Assembly Election 2019 |url=http://results.eci.gov.in/ac/en/constituencywise/ConstituencywiseS011.htm |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=24 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190524074223/http://results.eci.gov.in/ac/en/constituencywise/ConstituencywiseS011.htm |archive-date=24 May 2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref> As of 2019, there are a total of 268,532 electors in the constituency.<ref name="electors">{{cite web|url=http://ceoandhra.nic.in/ceoap_new/ceo/documents/Electors_Summary%20_25.03.2019.pdf|title=Electors Summary|date=25 May 2019|website=Chief Electoral Officer, Andhra Pradesh|access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref>{{update after|2024|7}} The constituency was established in 1978, as per the ''Delimitation Orders (1978)''.

== Mandals ==

The four mandals that form the assembly constituency are:<ref name="constituencies" />

{{srn}}
{|class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash"
!Mandal
|-
| [[Pedagantyada]] (excluding areas included in Gajuwaka(GVMC)), Visakhapatnam dist
|-
| [[Parawada]], Anakapalle dist
|-
| [[Sabbavaram]], Anakapalle dist
|-
| [[Pendurthi]], Visakhaptnam dist
|}

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Member
! colspan="2" | Political party
|-
| [[1978 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
| Gudivada Appanna
| rowspan=2 style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}" |
| rowspan=2| [[Indian National Congress (I)]]
|-
| 1980 by-election
| [[Dronamraju Satyanarayana]]
|-
| [[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1983]]
| [[P. Appalanarasimham]]
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| Alla Rama Chandra Rao
|-
| [[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
| [[Gudivada Gurunadha Rao]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1994]]
| M. Anjaneyulu
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| [[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
| [[P. G. V. R. Naidu]]
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
| [[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
| Tippala Gurumurthy Reddy
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
| [[Panchakarla Ramesh Babu]]
| {{Full party name with color|Praja Rajyam Party}}
|-
| [[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
| [[Bandaru Satyanarayana Murthy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
| [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
| [[Annamreddy Adeep Raj]]
| {{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|-
|[[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|Panchakarla Ramesh Babu
|{{Full party name with color|Janasena Party}}
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2024 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Pendurthi<ref name="2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election Results - Pendurthi">{{cite news |title=2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election Results - Pendurthi |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S0131.htm |access-date=16 April 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250416174358/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S0131.htm |archive-date=16 April 2025 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Janasena Party|candidate= [[Panchakarla Ramesh Babu]]
|votes=149,611|percentage=65.01|change={{up}}55.22}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=YSR Congress Party|candidate=[[Annamreddy Adeep Raj]]|votes=67,741|percentage=29.43|change={{down}}20.36}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Bhagat Piridi|votes=4,224|percentage=1.84|change={{up}}0.90}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|votes = 2,834
|percentage = 1.23
|change = {{down}}0.67
}}
{{Election box majority||votes=81,870|percentage=35.37|change={{up}}18.46}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=2,30,144|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner =Janasena Party
|loser = YSR Congress Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2019 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Pendurthi<ref name="Pendurthi Constituency Election Results 2024">{{cite news |title=Pendurthi Constituency Election Results 2024 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/andhra-pradesh/constituency-show/pendurthi |accessdate=23 April 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=4 June 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250423130917/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/andhra-pradesh/constituency-show/pendurthi |archivedate=23 April 2025 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=YSR Congress Party|candidate=[[Annamreddy Adeep Raj ]]|votes=99,759|percentage=49.79|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=[[Bandaru Satyanarayana Murthy]]|votes=70,899|percentage=35.38|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Janasena Party|candidate=Chintalapudi Venkataramaiah |votes=19,626|percentage=9.79|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=28,860|percentage=16.91|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = YSRCP
|loser =Telugu Desam Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2014 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Pendurthi}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[Bandaru Satyanarayana Murthy]]
|votes = 94,531
|percentage = 51.87
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = YSR Congress Party
|candidate = Gandi babji
|votes = 75,883
|percentage = 41.64
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 18,648
|percentage = 10.23
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 182,248
|percentage = 78.26
|change = +2.79
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser = Praja Rajyam Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2009 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Pendurthi}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Praja Rajyam Party
|candidate = [[Panchakarla Ramesh Babu]]
|votes = 51,700
|percentage = 32.99
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Gandi Babji
|votes = 48,428
|percentage = 30.91
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[Bandaru Satyanarayana Murthy]]
|votes = 43,461
|percentage = 27.74
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 3,272
|percentage = 2.08
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 156,695
|percentage = 75.47
|change = +16.68
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Praja Rajyam Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2004 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Pendurthi}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Tippala Gurumurthy Reddy
|votes = 132,609
|percentage = 52.60
|change = +11.08
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = Gudivada Nagamani
|votes = 114,459
|percentage = 45.40
|change = -6.56
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 18,150
|percentage = 7.20
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 252,118
|percentage = 58.79
|change = -1.18
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Telugu Desam Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1999 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Pendurthi}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[P. G. V. R. Naidu]]
|votes = 117,411
|percentage = 52.0
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Dronamraju Srinivasa Rao
|votes = 93,822
|percentage = 41.5
|change = {{increase}}5.2
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = M. Anjaneyulu (incumbent)
|votes = 11,750
|percentage = 5.2
|change = {{decrease}}48.5
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Rashtriya Mazdoor Ekta Party
|candidate = Mamidi Somi Naidu
|votes = 1,005
|percentage = 0.4
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Natural Law Party
|candidate = Karri Chaya Devi
|votes = 544
|percentage = 0.2
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Boni Satyam
|votes = 487
|percentage = 0.2
|change ={{decrease}}2.3
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = Prsadamma Nunna Deva
|votes = 374
|percentage = 0.2
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Shiv Sena
|candidate = Amarapini Srinivasa Rao
|votes = 364
|percentage = 0.2
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = Kaila Vidya Sagar
|votes = 228
|percentage = 0.1
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 23,589
|percentage = 10.1
|change = {{decrease}}7
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 232,818
|percentage = 61.8
|change = {{decrease}}1.5
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser = Communist Party of India

|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1994 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Pendurthi}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = M. Anjaneyulu
|votes = 95,408
|percentage = 53.7
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Dronamraju Srinivasa Rao
|votes = 64,421
|percentage = 36.3
|change = {{decrease}}17
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = P.V. Chalapathi Rao
|votes = 10,063
|percentage = 5.7
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Pampana Arjunarao
|votes = 4,414
|percentage = 2.5
|change = {{increase}}1.9
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = P.R.S. Apprao
|votes = 2,401
|percentage = 1.4
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = Wesli Prameelababu
|votes = 531
|percentage = 0.3
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = National Students Party
|candidate = Mamidi Sominaidu
|votes = 493
|percentage = 0.3
|change = {{steady}}0.0
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 30,987
|percentage = 17.1
|change = {{increase}}8.5
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 181,400
|percentage = 63.3
|change = {{decrease}}4.3
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Communist Party of India
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1989 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Pendurthi}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Gudivada Gurunadha Rao]]
|votes = 83,380
|percentage = 53.3
|change = {{increase}}8.3
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = Palla Simhachalam
|votes = 69,477
|percentage = 44.5
|change = {{decrease}}9.2
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = Jagupalli Apparao
|votes = 1,011
|percentage = 0.7
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Nattala Baburao
|votes = 961
|percentage = 0.6
|change = {{increase}}1.9
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Marxist Communist Party of India (S.S. Srivastava)
|candidate = Sudarayya Patrudu Maji
|votes = 602
|percentage = 0.4
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = Bhogavilli Nageswararao
|votes = 468
|percentage = 0.3
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = Mamidi Sominaidu
|votes = 418
|percentage = 0.3
|change = {{steady}}0.0
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 13903
|percentage = 8.6
|change = {{steady}}0.0
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 161,539
|percentage = 67.6
|change = {{increase}}5.4
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Telugu Desam Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1985 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Pendurthi}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = Alla Rama Chandra Rao
|votes = 56,498
|percentage = 53.7
|change = {{decrease}}7.1
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Gudivada Gurunadha Rao]]
|votes = 47,289
|percentage = 45.0
|change = {{increase}}22.7
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = G. K. Prasad
|votes = 825
|percentage = 0.8
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = Manidi Somu Naidu
|votes = 362
|percentage = 0.3
|change = {{increase}}0.1
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = N. R. K. Raju
|votes = 154
|percentage = 0.2
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 9,209
|percentage = 8.6
|change = {{decrease}}28.8
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 107,088
|percentage = 62.2
|change = {{increase}}0.7
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1983 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Pendurthi}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[Pethakamsetti Appala Narasimham]]
|votes = 51,019
|percentage = 60.8
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Dronamraju Satyanarayana]] (incumbent)
|votes = 18,736
|percentage = 22.3
|change = {{decrease}}10.7
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Gangadhara Reddi Sabbilla
|votes = 10,342
|percentage = 12.3
|change = {{decrease}}3
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Appalaramiah Kadiala
|votes = 2,135
|percentage = 2.5
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = Kolusu China Apparao
|votes = 511
|percentage = 0.6
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = Guntakala Narasimha Murthy
|votes = 398
|percentage = 0.5
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = Nakkana Apparao
|votes = 323
|percentage = 0.4
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = Muthy Yelangisatyanarayana
|votes = 299
|percentage = 0.4
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = Mamidi Somunaidy
|votes = 194
|percentage = 0.2
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 32,283
|percentage = 37.4
|change = {{increase}} 29.72
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 86,382
|percentage = 61.5
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser = Indian National Congress (I)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1980 By-Election ===
{{Election box begin | title= 1980 Pendurthi By-Election}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress (I)
|candidate = [[Dronamraju Satyanarayana]]
|votes = 23,687
|percentage = 33
|change = {{decrease}}8.5
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = Palla Simhachalam
|votes = 18,1725
|percentage = 25.32
|change = {{decrease}}9.2
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Gangadhara Reddi Sabbilla
|votes = 10,981
|percentage = 15.3
|change = {{decrease}}11.7
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = P.Sanyasirao
|votes = 7,755
|percentage = 10.8
|change = {{decrease}}13.1
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = S.Mummana
|votes = 7,383
|percentage = 10.29
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Janata Party
|candidate = Y.Tatatikonda
|votes = 3,079
|percentage = 4.29
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = S.Apparao
|votes = 723
|percentage = 1.01
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 5,515
|percentage = 7.68
|change = {{decrease}}6.12
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 71,780
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress (I)
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1978 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1978 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Pendurthi}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress (I)
|candidate = Gudivada Appanna
|votes = 28,895
|percentage = 41.5
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Gangadhara Reddi Sabbella
|votes = 18,848
|percentage = 27
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = Pothina Sanyasi Rao
|votes = 16,678
|percentage = 23.9
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = Gurumurthy Reddy Gorusu
|votes = 2,998
|percentage = 4.3
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = Suryanarayana Jeenapati
|votes = 968
|percentage = 1.4
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = Kotni Satyanarayana
|votes = 769
|percentage = 1.1
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = Bonu Lakshmana Rao
|votes = 558
|percentage = 0.8
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 10,047
|percentage = 13.8
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 72,547
|percentage = 70.9
|change =
}}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress (I) |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

== See also ==
* [[List of constituencies of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Coord|17.81|83.21|display=title}}
{{Anakapalli district}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh}}
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Anakapalli district]]
[[Category:Politics of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1978]]
[[Category:1978 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]

Park Town Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:49:27Z

CarlNorfleet88: Added a location initial version

{{Short description|Former constituency in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = SLA
| map_image =
| established = 1967
| district = [[Chennai district|Chennai]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Chennai Central (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chennai Central]]
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| party = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
| mla = [[T. Malaravan]]
| name = Park Town
| electors = 117,018
| reservation = None
| abolished = 2008
}}
'''Park Town''' was the legislative assembly, that includes the city, [[Chennai]]. Park Town Assembly constituency was part of [[Chennai Central (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chennai Central]] parliamentary constituency until 2008.

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Assembly
! Duration
! Winner
! colspan="2" | Party
|-
| [[1967 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|Fourth]]
| 1967–71
|rowspan=2| [[H. V. Hande]]
| {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1971 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|Fifth]]
| 1971–77
|-
| [[1977 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|Sixth]]
| 1977–80
| T. S. Nallathambi
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[1980 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|Seventh]]
| 1980–84
| [[N. V. N. Somu]]
|-
| [[1984 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|Eighth]]
| 1984–89
| [[K. Anbazhagan]]
|-
| [[1989 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|Ninth]]
| 1989–91
| [[A. Rahman Khan]]
|-
| [[1991 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|Tenth]]
| 1991–96
| U. Baluraman
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1996 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|Eleventh]]
| 1996–01
| [[T. Rajender]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[2001 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|Twelfth]]
| 2001–06
| S. G. Vinayakamurthi
| {{Full party name with color|Tamil Maanila Congress}}
|-
| [[2006 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|Thirteenth]]
| 2006–11
| K. Srinivasan
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|}

==Election results==
{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[#2006|2006]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|47.06}}
{{bar percent|[[#2001|2001]]|{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress}}|51.40}}
{{bar percent|[[#1996|1996]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|68.43}}
{{bar percent|[[#1991|1991]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|55.05}}
{{bar percent|[[#1989|1989]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|49.25}}
{{bar percent|[[#1984|1984]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|50.89}}
{{bar percent|[[#1980|1980]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|55.94}}
{{bar percent|[[#1977|1977]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|32.78}}
{{bar percent|[[#1971|1971]]|{{party color|Swatantra Party}}|54.70}}
{{bar percent|[[#1967|1967]]|{{party color|Swatantra Party}}|51.57}}
}}

===2006===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Park Town<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = 2006 Election Statistical Report | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf | access-date = 12 May 2006 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007200819/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf | archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=K. Srinivasan |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=34,314 |percentage=47.06% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[A. Rahman Khan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=27,957 |percentage=38.34% |change=-3.13% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Bala Subramanian |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=5,300 |percentage=7.27% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. Kantilal |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=3,621 |percentage=4.97% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Harikrishnan |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=446 |percentage=0.61% |change=-1.29% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. R. Srinivasamoorthy |party=TNJC |votes=278 |percentage=0.38% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Venkatesan |party=Independent politician |votes=237 |percentage=0.33% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Vijayaragavan |party=Independent politician |votes=141 |percentage=0.19% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. Panneerselvam |party=Independent politician |votes=129 |percentage=0.18% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. R. Nagarajan |party=Independent politician |votes=117 |percentage=0.16% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. N. Yuvakumar |party=Independent politician |votes=85 |percentage=0.12% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,357 |percentage=8.72% |change=-1.20% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=72,915 |percentage=62.31% |change= 16.45% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 117,018 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Tamil Maanila Congress |swing= -4.34% }}
{{Election box end}}

===2001===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Park Town<ref>{{cite web |title = Statistical Report on General Election 2001 |url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf |date = 12 May 2001 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006173934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=S. G. Vinayakamurthi |party=Tamil Maanila Congress |votes=33,031 |percentage=51.40% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[T. Rajendar]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=26,654 |percentage=41.47% |change=-26.96% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. Nanmaran |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=1,590 |percentage=2.47% |change=-0.01% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=E. Murugan |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,220 |percentage=1.90% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Pe. Govindaswamy |party=Janata Dal (Secular) |votes=728 |percentage=1.13% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. V. Rajendhran |party=Independent politician |votes=400 |percentage=0.62% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. P. Durai |party=Independent politician |votes=165 |percentage=0.26% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. A. Damodaran |party=Independent politician |votes=141 |percentage=0.22% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. Rajendran |party=Independent politician |votes=138 |percentage=0.21% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Thulasi |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=103 |percentage=0.16% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=D. Thangaraj |party=Independent politician |votes=98 |percentage=0.15% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,377 |percentage=9.92% |change=-35.34% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=64,268 |percentage=45.86% |change= -12.85% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 140,145 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Tamil Maanila Congress |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -17.04% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1996===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Park Town<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = 1996 Election Statistical Report | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007221700/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf | archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[T. Rajendar]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=44,565 |percentage=68.43% |change=30.64% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. V. Shankar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=15,086 |percentage=23.17% |change=-31.88% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=L. Sundaram |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=2,183 |percentage=3.35% |change=-1.76% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Kootharasan |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=1,620 |percentage=2.49% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=U. Balaraman |party=All India Indira Congress (Tiwari) |votes=1,105 |percentage=1.70% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. K. Krishnadoss |party=Independent politician |votes=99 |percentage=0.15% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. K. Babu |party=Independent politician |votes=69 |percentage=0.11% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Jaya |party=Independent politician |votes=68 |percentage=0.10% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=E. Murugan |party=Independent politician |votes=56 |percentage=0.09% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate|candidate=K. Radhakrishnan |party=BMC |votes=52 |percentage=0.08% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. R. K. Sundaram |party=Independent politician |votes=49 |percentage=0.08% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=29,479 |percentage=45.27% |change=28.01% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=65,124 |percentage=58.71% |change= 3.88% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 113,516 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 13.38% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1991===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Park Town<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1991 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007161404/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf | archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=U. Balaraman |party=Indian National Congress |votes=37,747 |percentage=55.05% |change=35.02% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[A. Rahman Khan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=25,912 |percentage=37.79% |change=-11.46% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. Kantilal |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=3,507 |percentage=5.11% |change=1.11% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Elumalai (Choolai) |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=437 |percentage=0.64% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Meerankhan |party=Janata Party |votes=217 |percentage=0.32% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Selvarajan |party=Independent politician |votes=129 |percentage=0.19% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Kannan |party=Aam Aadmi Party |votes=101 |percentage=0.15% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Radhakrishnan |party=Tharasu Makkal Mandram |votes=85 |percentage=0.12% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. R. Balasundaram |party=Independent politician |votes=78 |percentage=0.11% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=D. Ravi |party=Independent politician |votes=64 |percentage=0.09% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Sudhakar |party=Independent politician |votes=62 |percentage=0.09% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=11,835 |percentage=17.26% |change=-9.49% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=68,571 |percentage=54.83% |change= -12.77% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 127,309 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 5.80% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1989===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Park Town<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1989 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006153620/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf | archive-date = 6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[A. Rahman Khan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=37,083 |percentage=49.25% |change=-1.64% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Babuji Gautam |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=16,940 |percentage=22.50% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. G. Vinayagamurthi |party=Indian National Congress |votes=15,080 |percentage=20.03% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. Kantilal |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=3,014 |percentage=4.00% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. G. Gurusamy M Devar |party=Independent politician |votes=2,001 |percentage=2.66% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Chandrasekaran |party=Independent politician |votes=223 |percentage=0.30% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. R. Sambandam |party=Indian Congress (Socialist) – Sarat Chandra Sinha |votes=168 |percentage=0.22% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Nanmull Jain |party=Independent politician |votes=111 |percentage=0.15% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=B. Manak Chand Nahar |party=Independent politician |votes=105 |percentage=0.14% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. Sama Rao |party=Independent politician |votes=102 |percentage=0.14% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. Umapathy |party=Independent politician |votes=93 |percentage=0.12% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=20,143 |percentage=26.75% |change=22.78% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=75,296 |percentage=67.60% |change= 3.81% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 113,205 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -1.64% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1984===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Park Town<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1984 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121208/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf | archive-date = 17 January 2012}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. Anbazhagan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=37,540 |percentage=50.89% |change=-5.05% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Jothi |party=Independent politician |votes=34,613 |percentage=46.92% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Patil M. Bachubhai |party=Independent politician |votes=548 |percentage=0.74% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. S. Mani |party=Independent politician |votes=314 |percentage=0.43% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Jagajothi |party=Independent politician |votes=236 |percentage=0.32% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Mohamed Bilal |party=Independent politician |votes=201 |percentage=0.27% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. S. Elango Alias Manoharan |party=Independent politician |votes=169 |percentage=0.23% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Murali |party=Independent politician |votes=149 |percentage=0.20% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,927 |percentage=3.97% |change=-17.91% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=73,770 |percentage=63.79% |change= 6.67% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 119,597 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -5.05% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1980===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Park Town<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1980 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006231656/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf | archive-date = 6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[N. V. N. Somu]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=38,095 |percentage=55.94% |change=23.16% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Lalchand Daga |party=Gandhi Kamaraj National Congress |votes=23,197 |percentage=34.06% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Arumugha Naicker |party=Janata Party |votes=6,556 |percentage=9.63% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Nahar Manakchand |party=Independent politician |votes=146 |percentage=0.21% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. Jagajothi Alias Govindarajulu |party=Independent politician |votes=104 |percentage=0.15% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=14,898 |percentage=21.88% |change=17.16% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=68,098 |percentage=57.11% |change= 9.58% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 120,797 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 23.16% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1977===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Park Town<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1977 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007141448/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf | archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=T. S. Nallathambi |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=22,433 |percentage=32.78% |change=-12.51% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. G. Bhuvaneshwari |party=Janata Party |votes=19,207 |percentage=28.07% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=B. Ramabadhran |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=18,598 |percentage=27.18% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Kuppuswamy |party=Indian National Congress |votes=7,429 |percentage=10.86% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. Govindaragulu Alias Jagagothi |party=Independent politician |votes=393 |percentage=0.57% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Likmichnad Saklecha |party=Independent politician |votes=213 |percentage=0.31% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Arputhraj |party=Independent politician |votes=153 |percentage=0.22% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,226 |percentage=4.71% |change=-4.69% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=68,426 |percentage=47.53% |change= -20.63% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 145,578 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Swatantra Party |swing= -21.92% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1971===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Park Town<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1971 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006131227/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | archive-date = 6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. Ethirajan]] |party=Swatantra Party |votes=30,743 |percentage=54.70% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[A. V. P. Asaithambi]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=25,456 |percentage=45.30% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,287 |percentage=9.41% |change=4.67% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=56,199 |percentage=68.17% |change= -7.75% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 85,813 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Swatantra Party |loser=Swatantra Party |swing= 3.13% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1967===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Park Town<ref>{{Cite web| last = Election Commission of India|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf |title= Statistical Report on General Election 1967 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320175222/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf |archive-date=20 March 2012 |access-date= 19 April 2009}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[H. V. Hande]] |party=Swatantra Party |votes=29,144 |percentage=51.57% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. N. Anandanayaki |party=Indian National Congress |votes=26,465 |percentage=46.83% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. C. Kalyanasundaram |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes=384 |percentage=0.68% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Ariyasankaran |party=Independent politician |votes=325 |percentage=0.58% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Thanikachalam |party=Independent politician |votes=191 |percentage=0.34% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,679 |percentage=4.74% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=56,509 |percentage=75.92% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 76,470 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Swatantra Party |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp|title= Statistical reports of assembly elections|accessdate= 8 July 2010|publisher= Election Commission of India|url-status= dead|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp|archivedate= 5 October 2010}}

{{Defunct assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}
{{coord|13.08|80.28|display=title}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Chennai district]]
[[Category:Politics of Chennai]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Madras State]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]
[[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]

Agra Cantonment Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:38:28Z

CarlNorfleet88: put up a page and citations.

{{Short description|Constituency of the Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Agra Cantonment
| constituency_no = 87
| map_image = 87-Agra Cantonment.svg
| established = 1967
| type= SLA
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| district = [[Agra district|Agra]]
| reservation = SC
| mla = [[Girraj Singh Dharmesh]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| electors = 4,45,265 (2019)
}}
'''Agra Cantonment '''(a.k.a. '''Agra Cantt.''') is one of the 403 constituencies of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]], [[India]]. It is a part of the [[Agra district]] and one of the five assembly constituencies in the [[Agra Lok Sabha constituency]]. First assembly elections in the Agra Cantonment assembly constituency were conducted in 1967, and the extant and serial number of this constituency was last defined in "Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008".<ref name="Uttar Pradesh Delimitation Old & New, 2008">{{cite news|title= Uttar Pradesh Delimitation Old & New, 2008|publisher= [[Chief Electoral Officer of Uttar Pradesh]]|access-date= 12 November 2016|url= http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/Instructions/delimitation_Old_New.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20111113181505/http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/Instructions/delimitation_Old_New.pdf|archive-date= 13 November 2011|url-status= dead|df= dmy-all}}</ref><ref name=" Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 ">{{cite news|title= Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] official website|access-date=12 November 2016|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf}}</ref> [[Voter-verified paper audit trail|VVPAT]] facility with EVMs will arrive in the 2017 U.P assembly polls.<ref name="election2016">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bareilly/Machines-to-rule-out-fraud-confusion-at-upcoming-UP-polls/articleshow/55946986.cms|title=Machines to rule out fraud, confusion at upcoming UP polls|newspaper=The Times of India |date=13 December 2016 }}</ref>

==Wards / Areas==

Agra Cantt. assembly constituency comprises "Agra CB" and Ward numbers 2, 3, 6, 7, 13, 14, 16, 20, 21, 24, 34, 40, 46, 47, 50, 52, 53, 54, 60, 65 & 68 in Agra municipal corporation.<ref name=" Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 "/>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Election
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|1967<ref name="election1967">{{Cite web |title=STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1967 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF UTTAR PRADESH |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201967%20.pdf |access-date=2017-08-25 |website=Eci.nic.in}}</ref>
|H.H.N.A.A.H. Babu
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
|1969<ref name="election1969">{{Cite web |title=STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1969 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF UTTAR PRADESH |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1969/Statistical%20Report%201969%20Uttar%20Pradesh.pdf |access-date=2017-08-25 |website=Eci.nic.in}}</ref>
|Deoki Nandan Bibav
|-
|1974<ref name="election1974">{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1974/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201974.pdf|title=STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1974 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF UTTAR PRADESH|website=Eci.nic.in|access-date=2017-08-25}}</ref>
|rowspan=4|Krishna Vir Singh Kaushal
|-
|1977<ref name="election1977">{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201977.pdf|title=STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1977 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF UTTAR PRADESH|website=Eci.nic.in}}</ref>
|-
|1980<ref name="election1980">{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201980.pdf|title=STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1980 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF UTTAR PRADESH|website=Eci.nic.in}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)|dab=y}}
|-
|1985<ref name="election1985">{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201985.pdf|title=STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1985 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF UTTAR PRADESH|website=Eci.nic.in}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|1989<ref name="election1989">{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report_%20UP_1989.pdf|title=STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1989 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF UTTAR PRADESH|website=Eci.nic.in}}</ref>
|rowspan=2|[[Hardwar Dubey]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=4}}
|-
|[[1991 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1991]]<ref name="election1991">{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/Stat_Rep_UP_91.pdf|title=STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1991 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF UTTAR PRADESH|website=Eci.nic.in}}</ref>
|-
|[[1993 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]<ref name="election1993">{{Cite web |title=STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1993 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF UTTAR PRADESH |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/StatisticalReport_UP_1993.pdf |website=Eci.nic.in}}</ref>
|Ramesh Kant Lawania
|-
|[[1996 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1996]]<ref name="election1996">{{Cite web |title=STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1996 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF UTTAR PRADESH |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-UP96.pdf |website=Eci.nic.in}}</ref>
|Kesho Mehra
|-
|[[2002 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2002]]<ref name="election2002">{{Cite web |title=STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 2002 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF UTTAR PRADESH |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/Stat_rep_UP_2002.pdf |website=Eci.nic.in}}</ref>
|Mohammad Basheer
|{{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[2007 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2007]]<ref name="election2007">{{Cite web |title=STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 2007 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF UTTAR PRADESH |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2007/StatReport_AS_2007_UTTAR_PRADESH.pdf |website=Eci.nic.in}}</ref>
|Zulfikar Ahmed Bhutto
|-
|[[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012]]<ref name="election2012">{{Cite web |title=STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 2012 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF UTTAR PRADESH |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2012/Stats_Report_UP2012.pdf |website=Eci.nic.in}}</ref>
|[[Gutiyari Lal Duwesh]]
|-
|[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
|rowspan=2|[[Girraj Singh Dharmesh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|}

== Election results ==

=== 2022 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Agra Cantonment<ref name="election2022">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14185-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2022/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 2022 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=4 March 2023}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Girraj Singh Dharmesh]]
|votes = {{formatnum:117796}}
|percentage = 46.78
|change = +2.01
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Kunwar Chand Vakil
|votes = {{formatnum:69099}}
|percentage = 27.44
|change = +1.85
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Bhartendra Arun
|votes = {{formatnum:54409}}
|percentage = 21.61
|change = -4.83
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Sikandar Singh Valmiki
|votes = {{formatnum:5590}}
|percentage = 2.22
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1420}}
|percentage = 0.56
|change = +0.09
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:48697}}
|percentage = 19.34
|change = +1.01
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:251816}}
|percentage = 53.9
|change = -5.23
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Agra Cantonment]]<ref name="2017 Election Results">{{cite web|url=http://www.india.com/news/india/agra-election-results-2017-live-who-is-winning-from-etmadpur-fatehpur-sikri-kheragarh-and-other-constituencies-1893650/|title=Who won from Etmadpur, Fatehpur Sikri, Kheragarh and other constituencies|last=Chauhan|first=Shubchang|date=12 March 2017|website=India.com|publisher=India WebPortal|access-date=26 June 2017}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Girraj Singh Dharmesh]]
|votes = {{formatnum:113178}}
|percentage = 44.77
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = [[Gutiyari Lal Duwesh]]
|votes = {{formatnum:66853}}
|percentage = 26.44
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Mamata Kaudan
|votes = {{formatnum:64683}}
|percentage = 25.59
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1185}}
|percentage = 0.47
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:46325}}
|percentage = 18.33
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:252816}}
|percentage = 59.13
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Bahujan Samaj Party
|swing = -
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2012===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Agra Cantonment]]<ref name="election2012"/>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = [[Gutiyari Lal Duwesh]]
|votes = 67,786
|percentage = 32.47
|change = -
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Girraj Singh Dharmesh]]
|votes = 61,371
|percentage = 29.40
|change = -
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Chander Sen
|votes = 44,684
|percentage = 21.89
|change = -
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party =
|candidate = Remainder thirteen candidates
|votes = 33,898
|percentage = 16.24
|change = -
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 6,415
|percentage = 3.07
|change = -
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 208,739
|percentage = 54.44
|change = -
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bahujan Samaj Party
|swing = -
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Politics}}
*[[Agra district]]
*[[Agra (Graduates constituency)]]
*[[Agra Lok Sabha constituency]]
*[[List of constituencies of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Election results of Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/92-uttar-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Agra]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Agra district]]

Cricket

2026-04-15T10:50:21Z

CarlNorfleet88: updated information and updated info for clarity

{{Short description|Team sport played with a bat and ball}}
{{About|the sport|the insect|Cricket (insect)|other uses}}
{{Redirect|Cricketer}}
{{Distinguish|Croquet}}
{{pp-move}}
{{protection padlock|small=yes}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}
{{Infobox sport
| name = Cricket
| image = Pollock to Hussey.jpg
| nickname = ''The Gentlemen's Game''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sensharma |first=Agastya |date=4 January 2024 |title=Cricket: A Gentleman's Game |url=https://www.theavmtheory.com/post/cricket-a-gentleman-s-game |access-date=11 September 2024 |website=The AVM Theory |language=en}}</ref>
| imagesize = 300 px
| caption = {{Longitem|[[Shaun Pollock]] of [[South Africa cricket team|South Africa]] bowls to [[Michael Hussey]] of [[Australia cricket team|Australia]] during the 2005 [[Boxing Day Test]] match at the [[Melbourne Cricket Ground]].}}
| union = [[International Cricket Council]]
| first = 16th century; [[South East England]]
| registered =
| clubs =
| contact = [[Contact sport#Non-contact|No]]
| team = 11 players per side ([[Substitute (cricket)|substitutes]] permitted in some circumstances)
| mgender = No, separate competitions
| type = [[Team sport]], [[bat-and-ball games|bat-and-ball]]
| ball = [[Cricket ball]], [[cricket bat]], [[wicket]] ([[Stump (cricket)|stumps]], [[Bail (cricket)|bails]]), [[Cricket clothing and equipment|protective equipment]]
| venue = [[Cricket field]]
| glossary = [[Glossary of cricket terms]]
| region = Worldwide (most popular in [[Commonwealth of Nations|the Commonwealth]])
| olympic = [[Cricket at the 1900 Summer Olympics|1900]], ''[[Cricket at the 2028 Summer Olympics|2028]]''
}}
{{Cricket sidebar |expanded=all}}

'''Cricket''' is a [[Bat-and-ball games|bat-and-ball game]] that is played between two [[Sports team|teams]] of eleven players on a [[cricket field|field]], at the centre of which is a {{convert|22|yds|m ft|adj=on|abbr=off}} [[cricket pitch|pitch]] with a [[wicket]] at each end, each comprising two [[Bail (cricket)|bails]] (small sticks) balanced on three [[stump (cricket)|stumps]]. Two players from the [[Batting (cricket)|batting]] team, the striker and nonstriker, stand in front of either wicket holding [[Cricket bat|bats]], while one player from the [[Fielding (cricket)|fielding]] team, the bowler, [[Bowling (cricket)|bowls]] the [[Cricket ball|ball]] toward the striker's wicket from the opposite end of the pitch. The striker's goal is to hit the bowled ball with the bat and then switch places with the [[nonstriker]], with the batting team scoring one [[Run (cricket)|run]] for each of these swaps. Runs are also scored when the ball reaches the [[Boundary (cricket)|boundary]] of the field or when the ball is bowled [[Illegal delivery (cricket)|illegally]].

The fielding team aims to prevent runs by [[Dismissal (cricket)|dismissing]] batters (so they are "out"). Dismissal can occur in various ways, including being [[bowled]] (when the ball hits the striker's wicket and dislodges the bails), and by the fielding side either [[Caught|catching]] the ball after it is hit by the bat but before it hits the ground, or hitting a wicket with the ball [[Run out|before]] a batter can cross the [[crease (cricket)|crease line]] in front of the wicket. When ten batters have been dismissed, the [[innings]] (playing phase) ends and the teams swap roles. [[Forms of cricket]] range from traditional [[Test cricket|Test matches]] played over five days to the newer [[Twenty20]] format (also known as ''T20''), in which each team bats for a single innings of 20 [[Over (cricket)|overs]] (each "over" being a set of 6 fair opportunities for the batting team to score) and the game generally lasts three to four hours.

Traditionally, cricketers play in all-white [[Cricket clothing and equipment|kit]], but in [[limited overs cricket]], they wear club or team colours. In addition to the basic kit, some players wear protective gear to prevent injury caused by the ball, which is a hard, solid spheroid made of compressed [[leather]] with a slightly raised sewn seam enclosing a [[cork (material)|cork]] core layered with tightly wound string.

The earliest known definite reference to cricket is to it being played in [[South East England]] in the mid-16th century. It spread globally with the expansion of the [[British Empire]], with the first international matches in the second half of the 19th century. The game's governing body is the [[International Cricket Council]] (ICC), which has over 100 members, twelve of which are [[List of International Cricket Council members|full members]] who play Test matches. The game's rules, the ''[[Laws of Cricket]]'', are maintained by [[Marylebone Cricket Club]] (MCC) in [[London]]. The sport is primarily played in [[India]], [[Pakistan]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Sri Lanka]], [[Afghanistan]], [[Australia]], [[New Zealand]], [[England]] and [[Wales]], [[South Africa]] and the [[West Indies]].<ref name=":0">{{cite web |date=27 June 2018 |title=ICC survey reveals over a billion fans – 90% in subcontinent |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/icc-survey-reveals-over-a-billion-fans-90-in-subcontinent-1150473 |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]}}</ref>

While cricket has traditionally been played largely by men, [[women's cricket]] has experienced significant growth in the 21st century.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Surana |first1=Aryan |date=1 September 2024 |title=The Rise of Women's Cricket |url=https://www.guerillacricket.com/74267,the-rise-of-womens-cricket |work=Guerilla Cricket}}</ref>

The most successful side playing [[international cricket]] is [[Australia national cricket team|Australia]], which has won eight [[One Day International]] trophies, including six [[Cricket World Cup|World Cups]], more than any other country, and has been the [[ICC Men's Test Team Rankings|top-rated Test side]] more than any other country.<ref>{{cite web|title=ICC Test Rankings: Australia|url=http://www.icc-cricket.com/match_zone/historical_ranking.php|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107124239/http://www.icc-cricket.com/match_zone/historical_ranking.php |archive-date=7 November 2012 }} Retrieved 1-December-2024</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=List of ICC trophies Australia have won? ODI World Cup, WTC, Champions Trophy and more|url=https://www.sportingnews.com/in/cricket/news/icc-trophies-australia-won-world-cup-wtc-champions-trophy/jwrh7yvher4mddwgrtqu0wvv|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230611121107/https://www.sportingnews.com/in/cricket/news/icc-trophies-australia-won-world-cup-wtc-champions-trophy/jwrh7yvher4mddwgrtqu0wvv |archive-date=11 June 2023 }} Retrieved 1-December-2024</ref>

==History==
{{main|History of cricket}}

===Origins===
{{main|History of cricket to 1725}}
[[File:Cantigas de Santa María - Xogo da pelota.jpg|thumb|A medieval "club ball" game involving an underarm bowl towards a batter. Ball catchers are shown positioning themselves to catch a ball. Detail from the ''[[Cantigas de Santa Maria|Canticles of Holy Mary]]'', 13th century.]]
Cricket is one of many games in the "club ball" sphere that involve hitting a ball with a hand-held implement. Others include [[baseball]] (which shares many [[Comparison of baseball and cricket|similarities]] with cricket, both belonging in the more specific [[bat-and-ball games]] category<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cricket, baseball, rounders and softball: What's the difference?|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/articles/2HdVkSClhXdp5CsD3JJ093T/cricket-baseball-rounders-and-softball-what-s-the-difference|access-date=5 September 2020|website=BBC}}</ref>), [[golf]], [[hockey]], [[tennis]], [[squash (sport)|squash]], [[badminton]] and [[table tennis]].<ref name="JM17">Major (2007), p. 17.</ref> In cricket's case, a key difference is the existence of a solid target structure, the wicket (originally, it is thought, a "[[wicket gate]]" through which sheep were herded), that the batter must defend.<ref name="BWC1">Barclays (1986), p. 1.</ref> The cricket historian [[Harry Altham]] identified three "groups" of "club ball" games: the "hockey group", in which the ball is driven to and from between two targets (the goals); the "golf group", in which the ball is driven towards an undefended target (the hole); and the "cricket group", in which "the ball is aimed at a mark (the wicket) and driven away from it".<ref name="HSA19">Altham (1962), pp. 19–20.</ref>

It is generally believed that cricket originated as a [[children's game]] in the south-eastern counties of England, sometime during the [[England in the Middle Ages|medieval period]].<ref name="BWC1"/> Although there are claims for prior dates, the earliest definite reference to cricket being played comes from evidence given at a court case in [[Guildford]] in January 1597 ([[Old Style and New Style dates|Old Style]], equating to January 1598 in the modern calendar). The case concerned ownership of a certain plot of land, and the court heard the testimony of a 59-year-old [[coroner]], [[John Derrick (coroner)|John Derrick]], who gave witness that:<ref name="HSA21">Altham (1962), p. 21.</ref><ref name="DU3">Underdown (2000), p. 3.</ref><ref name="JM19">Major (2007), p. 19.</ref>

{{blockquote|Being a scholler in the [[Royal Grammar School, Guildford|ffree schoole of Guldeford]] hee and diverse of his fellows did runne and play there at creckett and other plaies.}}

Given Derrick's age, it was about half a century earlier when he was at school, and so it is certain that cricket was being played {{Circa|1550}} by boys in [[Surrey]].<ref name="JM19"/> The view that it was originally a children's game is reinforced by [[Randle Cotgrave]]'s 1611 English-[[French language|French]] dictionary in which he defined the noun "''crosse''{{-"}} as "the crooked staff wherewith boys play at cricket", and the verb form "''crosser''{{-"}} as "to play at cricket".<ref name="HSA22">Altham (1962), p. 22.</ref><ref name="JM31">Major (2007), p. 31.</ref>

One possible source for the sport's name is the [[Old English language|Old English]] word "''cryce''{{-"}} (or "''cricc''{{-"}}) meaning a crutch or staff. In [[Samuel Johnson]]'s ''Dictionary'', he derived cricket from "''cryce'', Saxon, a stick".<ref name="HSA21"/> In [[Old French]], the word "''criquet''{{-"}} seems to have meant a kind of club or stick.<ref name="DB3">Birley (1999), p. 3.</ref> Given the strong medieval trade connections between south-east England and the [[County of Flanders]] when the latter belonged to the [[Duchy of Burgundy]], the name may have been derived from the [[Middle Dutch]] (in use in Flanders at the time) "''krick''{{-"}}(''-e''), meaning a stick (crook).<ref name="DB3"/> Another possible source is the Middle Dutch word "''krickstoel''{{-"}}, meaning a long low stool used for kneeling in church that resembled the long low [[wicket]] with two [[stump (cricket)|stumps]] used in early cricket.<ref>Bowen (1970), p. 33.</ref> According to Heiner Gillmeister, a European language expert of [[Bonn University]], "cricket" derives from the Middle Dutch phrase for hockey, "''met de (krik ket)sen''" ("with the stick chase").<ref name="17CGC">{{cite web |url=http://www.la84foundation.org/SportsLibrary/SportsHistorian/2000/sh201e.pdf |last=Terry |first=David |title=The Seventeenth Century Game of Cricket: A Reconstruction of the Game |work=The Sports Historian, No. 20 |publisher=The British Society of Sports History |location=London |year=2000 |pages=33–43 |access-date=2 May 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090621011709/http://www.la84foundation.org/SportsLibrary/SportsHistorian/2000/sh201e.pdf |archive-date=21 June 2009 }}</ref> Gillmeister has suggested that not only the name but also the sport itself may be of Flemish origin.<ref name="17CGC"/>

===Growth of amateur and professional cricket in England===
[[File:Historical cricket bat art.jpg|thumb|right|Evolution of the cricket bat. The original "[[hockey stick]]" (left) evolved into the straight bat from {{circa|1760}}, when [[pitched delivery bowling]] began.]]
Although the main object of the game has always been to score the most [[run (cricket)|runs]], the early form of cricket differed from the modern game in certain key technical aspects; the North American variant of cricket known as [[wicket (sport)|wicket]] retained many of these aspects.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Hardman|first=Ray|title=Before There Was Baseball, There Was Wicket|url=https://www.wnpr.org/post/there-was-baseball-there-was-wicket|access-date=5 September 2020|website=www.wnpr.org|date=31 October 2013|language=en}}</ref> The [[cricket ball|ball]] was [[underarm bowling|bowled underarm]] by the [[bowling (cricket)|bowler]] and along the ground towards a [[batting (cricket)|batter]] armed with a [[cricket bat|bat]] that in shape resembled a [[hockey stick]]; the batter defended a low, two-stump [[wicket]]; and runs were called notches because the [[scoring (cricket)|scorers]] recorded them by notching tally sticks.<ref name="DB9">Birley (1999), p. 9.</ref><ref name="BWC2">Barclays (1986), pp. 1–2.</ref><ref name="JM21">Major (2007), pp. 21–22.</ref>

In 1611, the year [[Randle Cotgrave|Cotgrave]]'s dictionary was published, [[ecclesiastical court]] records at [[Sidlesham]] in [[Sussex]] state that two parishioners, Bartholomew Wyatt and Richard Latter, failed to attend church on [[Easter Sunday]] because they were playing cricket. They were fined 12[[Penny (British pre-decimal coin)|d]] each and ordered to do [[penance]].<ref>McCann (2004), p. xxxi.</ref> This is the earliest mention of adult participation in cricket and it was around the same time that the earliest known organised inter-parish or [[village cricket|village]] match was played, at [[Chevening, Kent]].<ref name="HSA21"/><ref name="DU4">Underdown (2000), p. 4.</ref> In 1624, a player called [[Jasper Vinall]] died after he was accidentally struck on the head during a match between two parish teams in Sussex.<ref>McCann (2004), pp. xxxiii–xxxiv.</ref>

Cricket remained a low-key local pursuit for much of the 17th century.<ref name="JM31" /> It is known, through numerous references found in the records of ecclesiastical court cases, to have been proscribed at times by the [[Puritans]] before and during the [[Commonwealth of England|Commonwealth]].<ref>McCann (2004), pp. xxxi–xli.</ref><ref name="DU11">Underdown (2000), pp. 11–15.</ref> The problem was nearly always the issue of Sunday play, as the Puritans considered cricket to be "profane" if played on the [[Sabbath]], especially if large crowds or [[Sport gambling|gambling]] were involved.<ref name="DB7">Birley (1999), pp. 7–8.</ref><ref name="JM23">Major (2007), p. 23.</ref>

According to the social historian [[Derek Birley]], there was a "great upsurge of sport after the [[English Restoration|Restoration]]" in 1660.<ref name="DB11">Birley (1999), p. 11.</ref> Several members of the court of King [[Charles II of England, Scotland and Ireland|Charles II]] took a strong interest in cricket during that era.<ref>"A Pictorial History of Cricket", by Brown, Bison Books, London, 1988</ref> Gambling on sport became a problem significant enough for [[Parliament of the United Kingdom|Parliament]] to pass the 1664 Gambling Act, limiting stakes to [[Pound sterling|£]]100, which was, in any case, a colossal sum exceeding the annual income of 99% of the population.<ref name="DB11"/> Along with [[horse racing]], as well as [[prizefighting]] and other types of [[blood sport]], cricket was perceived to be a gambling sport.<ref>Birley (1999), pp. 11–13.</ref> Rich patrons made matches for high stakes, forming teams in which they engaged the first professional players.<ref name="RW10">Webber (1960), p. 10.</ref> By the end of the century, cricket had developed into a major sport that was spreading throughout England and was already being taken abroad by English mariners and colonisers{{Em dash}}the earliest reference to cricket overseas is dated 1676.<ref>Haygarth (1862), p. vi.</ref> A 1697 newspaper report survives of "a great cricket match" played in Sussex "for fifty guineas apiece", the earliest known contest that is generally considered a [[first-class cricket|First Class]] match.<ref>McCann (2004), p. xli.</ref><ref>Major (2007), page 36.</ref>

The patrons and other players from the [[gentry]] began to classify themselves as "[[Amateur status in first-class cricket|amateurs]]"<ref name="amateur" group="fn">The term "amateur" in this context does not mean someone who played cricket in his spare time. Many amateurs in [[first-class cricket]] were full-time players during the cricket season. Some of the game's greatest players, including [[W. G. Grace]], held amateur status.</ref> to establish a clear distinction from the professionals, who were invariably members of the [[working class]], even to the point of having separate changing and dining facilities.<ref>Major (2007), pp. 268–269.</ref> The gentry, including such high-ranking nobles as the [[Duke of Richmond|Dukes of Richmond]], exerted their honour code of ''[[noblesse oblige]]'' to claim rights of leadership in any sporting contests they took part in, especially as it was necessary for them to play alongside their "social inferiors" if they were to win their bets.<ref name="DB19">Birley (1999), p. 19.</ref> In time, a perception took hold that the typical amateur who played in first-class cricket, until 1962 when amateurism was abolished, was someone with a [[Public school (United Kingdom)|public school]] education who had then gone to one of [[University of Cambridge|Cambridge]] or [[University of Oxford|Oxford University]]. Society insisted that such people were "officers and gentlemen" whose destiny was to provide leadership.<ref name="CW23">Williams (2012), p. 23.</ref> In a purely financial sense, the cricketing amateur would theoretically claim expenses for playing while his professional counterpart played under contract and was paid a wage or match fee; in practice, many amateurs claimed more than actual expenditure, and the derisive term "shamateur" was coined to describe the practice.<ref>Williams (2012), pp. 94–95.</ref><ref name="DB146">Birley (1999), p. 146.</ref>

===English cricket in the 18th and 19th centuries===
[[File:Francis Cotes - The young cricketer (1768).jpg|thumb|upright|''[[The Young Cricketer]]'' ([[Francis Cotes]], 1768)]]
The game underwent major development in the 18th century to become England's [[national sport]].<ref>"The Pictorial History of Cricket", by Ashley Brown, Bison Books, London, 1988</ref> Its success was underwritten by the twin necessities of patronage and betting.<ref>Birley (1999), pp. 14–16.</ref> Cricket was prominent in [[London]] as early as 1707 and, in the middle years of the century, large crowds flocked to matches on the [[Artillery Ground]] in [[Finsbury]].{{citation needed|date=September 2017}} The [[single wicket cricket|single wicket]] form of the sport attracted huge crowds and wagers to match, its popularity peaking in the [[1748 English cricket season|1748 season]].<ref name="ASW">{{cite web |url=http://stats.acscricket.com/Cricket/1900/index.html#10 |last=Ashley-Cooper |first=F. S. |author-link=F. S. Ashley-Cooper |title=At the Sign of the Wicket: Cricket 1742–1751 |work=[[Cricket: A Weekly Record of the Game]] |publisher=[[Association of Cricket Statisticians and Historians|ACS]] |location=Cardiff |year=1900 |pages=4–85 |access-date=8 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908201316/http://stats.acscricket.com/Cricket/1900/index.html#10 |archive-date=8 September 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Bowling underwent an evolution around 1760 when bowlers began to [[Pitched delivery bowling|pitch (bounce) the ball]] instead of rolling or skimming it towards the batter. This caused a revolution in bat design because, to deal with the bouncing ball, it was necessary to introduce the modern straight bat in place of the old "hockey stick" shape.<ref>Nyren (1833), pp. 153–154.</ref>{{citation needed|date=September 2017}}

The [[Hambledon Club]] was founded in the 1760s and, for the next twenty years until the formation of [[Marylebone Cricket Club]] (MCC) and the opening of [[Lord's Old Ground]] in 1787, Hambledon was both the game's greatest club and its focal point.{{citation needed|date=September 2017}} MCC quickly became the sport's premier club and the custodian of the ''[[Laws of Cricket]]''. New Laws introduced in the latter part of the 18th century include the three-stump wicket and [[leg before wicket]] (lbw).<ref name="WCA63">{{cite book |last=Wisden |article=Evolution of the Laws of Cricket |title=Wisden Cricketers' Almanack, 100th edition |edition=1963 |publisher=Sporting Handbooks Ltd |location=London |pages=184–187}}</ref>

The 19th century saw [[underarm bowling]] superseded by first [[roundarm bowling|roundarm]] and then [[overarm bowling]]. Both developments were controversial.<ref>Birley (1999), pp. 64–67, 97–101.</ref> Organisation of the game at county level led to the creation of the [[County cricket club|county clubs]], starting with [[Sussex County Cricket Club|Sussex]] in 1839.<ref>Barclays (1986), p. 456.</ref> In December 1889, the eight leading county clubs formed the official [[County Championship]], which began in 1890.<ref name="AMCS">{{cite web |url=http://stats.acscricket.com/Cricket/1889/index.html#523/z |title=Annual Meeting of County Secretaries – the programme for 1890 |work=[[Cricket: A Weekly Record of the Game]] |publisher=[[Association of Cricket Statisticians and Historians|ACS]] |location=Cardiff |year=1889 |pages=478–479 |access-date=3 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908020352/http://stats.acscricket.com/Cricket/1889/index.html#523/z |archive-date=8 September 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
[[File:First photo of a cricket match by Roger Fenton.jpg|thumb|The first recorded photo of a cricket match taken on 25 July 1857 by [[Roger Fenton]]]]
The most famous player of the 19th century was [[W. G. Grace]], who started his long and influential career in 1865. It was especially during the career of Grace that the distinction between amateurs and professionals became blurred by the existence of players like him who were nominally amateur but, in terms of their financial gain, ''de facto'' professional. Grace himself was said to have been paid more money for playing cricket than any professional.{{citation needed|date=September 2017}}

The last two decades before the [[World War I|First World War]] have been called the "[[Golden Age of cricket]]". It is a nostalgic name prompted by the collective sense of loss resulting from the war, but the period did produce some great players and memorable matches, especially as organised competition at county and [[Test cricket|Test level]] developed.<ref>{{cite book |last=Frith |first=David |author-link=David Frith |title=The Golden Age of Cricket: 1890–1914 |year=1978 |publisher=Lutterworth Press |location=Guildford |isbn=0-7188-7022-0}}</ref>

===Cricket becomes an international sport===
[[File:England in North America 1859.jpg|thumb|right|The first English team to tour overseas, on board ship to North America, 1859]]
Meanwhile, the [[British Empire]] had been instrumental in spreading the game overseas, and by the middle of the 19th century it had become well established in [[Australia]], the [[Caribbean]], [[British India]] (which also includes present-day [[Pakistan]] and [[Bangladesh]]), [[New Zealand]], [[North America]] and [[South Africa]].<ref>Barclays (1986), pp. 62, 78, 87, 99, 113, 127 & 131.</ref> In 1844, the [[United States v Canada (1844)|first international match]] took place between what were essentially club teams,<ref name="NYH-25-09-1844">{{cite news |date=25 September 1844 |title=Grand Cricket Match for 1,000 Dollars, between the Players of Canada, and the St. George's Club of this City |url=https://www.newspaperarchive.com/us/new-york/new-york/new-york-herald/1844/09-25/page-2 |url-access=subscription |newspaper=[[New York Herald|The New York Herald]] |volume=10 |issue=265#3865 |page=2 |via=Newspaperarchive.com}}</ref> from the [[United States national cricket team|United States]] and [[Canada national cricket team|Canada]], in [[New York City|New York]]; Canada won.<ref>{{cite web |last=Utathya |first=Nag |date=25 December 2024 |title=Cricket in the USA |url=https://www.olympics.com/en/news/cricket-in-america-usa-history |publisher=IOC |website=Olympics |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251007005921/https://www.olympics.com/en/news/cricket-in-america-usa-history |archive-date=7 October 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>"The Pictorial History of Cricket", by Ashley Brown, 1988, London, Bison Books</ref> In 1859, a team of English players went to North America on [[English cricket team in North America in 1859|the first overseas tour]].<ref>Birley (1999), pp. 96–97.</ref>

In 1862, an English team made the first tour of Australia.<ref>Birley (1999), p. 97.</ref> The first Australian team to travel overseas consisted of [[Indigenous Australians|Aboriginal]] [[Stockman (Australia)|stockmen]] who [[Australian Aboriginal cricket team in England in 1868|toured England in 1868]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nma.gov.au/collections/collection_interactives/cricketing_journeys/cricket_html/the_australian_eleven/the_australian_eleven_the_first_australian_team |title=The Australian Eleven: The first Australian team |publisher=National Museum of Australia |access-date=30 December 2014 |archive-date=8 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180908065539/http://www.nma.gov.au/collections/collection_interactives/cricketing_journeys/cricket_html/the_australian_eleven/the_australian_eleven_the_first_australian_team |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In 1876–77, an [[England cricket team|England team]] took part in what was retrospectively recognised as the first-ever [[Test cricket|Test match]] at the [[Melbourne Cricket Ground]] against [[Australia national cricket team|Australia]].<ref>Reg Hayter, "The Centenary Test Match", ''[[Wisden Cricketers' Almanack|Wisden]]'' 1978, pp. 130–32.</ref> The rivalry between England and Australia gave birth to [[The Ashes]] in 1882, which remains Test cricket's most famous contest.<ref>{{cite book |first=Wendy |last=Lewis |author-link=Wendy Lewis |author2=Simon Balderstone |author3=John Bowan |name-list-style=amp |title=Events That Shaped Australia |page=75 |publisher=New Holland |year=2006 |isbn=978-1-74110-492-9}}</ref> Test cricket began to expand in 1888–89 when [[South Africa national cricket team|South Africa]] played England.<ref>Brown, 1988</ref>

===Cricket in the 20th century===
[[File:Bradman&Bat.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Don Bradman]] of [[Australia national cricket team|Australia]] had a record Test [[batting average]] of 99.94.]]
The inter-war years were dominated by [[Australia national cricket team|Australia]]'s [[Don Bradman]], statistically the greatest Test batter of all time. To curb his dominance, England employed [[bodyline]] tactics during the [[English cricket team in Australia in 1932–33|1932–33 Ashes series]]. These involved bowling at the body of the batter and setting a field, resulting in batters having to choose between being hit or risk getting out. This series moved cricket from a game to a matter of [[National sport|national importance]], with diplomatic cables being passed between the two countries over the incident.<ref>{{cite web |date=16 January 2013 |title=Bodyline: 80 years of cricket's greatest controversy |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-nottinghamshire-21013615 |access-date=31 March 2024 |work=BBC}}</ref>

During this time, the number of Test nations continued to grow, with the [[West Indies Cricket Team|West Indies]], [[New Zealand Cricket Team|New Zealand]] and [[Indian Cricket Team|India]] being admitted as full Test members within a four-year period from 1928 to 1932.

An enforced break during the [[Second World War]] stopped Test Cricket for a time, although the [[Partition of India]] caused [[Pakistan Cricket Team|Pakistan]] to gain Test status in 1952. As teams began to travel more, the game quickly grew from 500 tests in 84 years to 1000 within the next 23.

Cricket entered a new era in 1963 when English counties introduced the [[limited overs cricket|limited overs]] variant.<ref>{{cite book |last=Wisden |article=One-Day Knockout Competition, 1963 |title=Wisden Cricketers' Almanack, 100th edition |edition=1963 |publisher=Sporting Handbooks Ltd |location=London |pages=1074–1076}}</ref> As it was sure to produce a result, limited overs cricket was lucrative, and the number of matches increased.<ref>Barclays (1986), pp. 495–496.</ref> The first [[Limited Overs International]] was played in 1971, and the governing [[International Cricket Council]] (ICC), seeing its potential, staged the first limited overs [[Cricket World Cup]] in [[1975 Cricket World Cup|1975]].<ref>Barclays (1986), pp. 496–497.</ref>

[[Sri Lankan Cricket Team|Sri Lanka]] joined the ranks in 1982. Meanwhile, South Africa was banned by the ICC due to [[apartheid]] from 1970 until 1992. 1992 also brought about the introduction of the [[Zimbabwe Cricket Team|Zimbabwe team]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Test Cricket |url=https://www.britannica.com/sports/cricket-sport/Test-matches |access-date=31 March 2024 |encyclopedia=Britannica}}</ref>

===Cricket in the 21st century ===
[[File:SRH fans while an ipl match.jpg|thumb|200x200px|The [[Indian Premier League]] (IPL) was launched in 2008. It has become one of the richest sports leagues in the world, and has greatly increased the importance of T20 cricket and franchise leagues.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ronay |first=Barney |date=8 April 2023 |title=The Indian Premier League is a brilliant thing – but is killing Test cricket |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/blog/2023/apr/08/the-indian-premier-league-is-a-brilliant-thing-but-is-killing-test-cricket |access-date=6 August 2024 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>]]
The 21st century brought with it the [[Bangladesh Cricket Team|Bangladesh Team]], who made their Test debut in 2000. The game itself also grew, with a new format made up of 20-over innings being created. This format, called [[T20 cricket]], quickly became a highly popular format, putting the longer formats at risk. The new shorter format also introduced [[Franchise (sport)|franchise]] cricket, with new tournaments like the Indian Premier League and the Australian [[Big Bash League]]. The ICC has selected the T20 format as cricket's growth format, and has introduced a [[Men's T20 World Cup|T20 World Cup]] which is played every two years;<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 November 2021 |title=Two-year T20 World Cup cycle important for growth of cricket: ICC |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/two-year-t20-world-cup-cycle-important-for-growth-of-cricket-icc-7636067/ |access-date=6 August 2024 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> T20 cricket has also been increasingly accepted into major events such as the [[Asian Games]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 October 2023 |title=T20 cricket confirmed as one of five new sports at LA28 |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/cricket-at-la28-cricket-confirmed-as-one-of-five-new-sports-at-la28-1403570 |access-date=6 August 2024 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref> The resultant growth has seen cricket's fanbase cross one billion people, with [[Cricket in South Asia|90% of them]] in South Asia.<ref name=":0" /> T20's success has also spawned even [[Short form cricket|shorter formats]], such as [[T10 cricket|10-over cricket]] (T10) and [[100-ball cricket]], though not without controversy.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Thirty-two predictions for the future of Twenty20 cricket |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/cricket/twenty20-cricket-future-revolution-icc-tim-wigmore-freddie-wilde-a9179116.html |work=[[The Independent]]}}</ref>

Outside factors have also taken their toll on cricket. For example, the [[2008 Mumbai attacks]] led India and Pakistan to suspend their [[India–Pakistan cricket rivalry|bilateral series]] indefinitely. The [[2009 attack on the Sri Lanka national cricket team|2009 attack on the Sri Lankan team]] during their tour of Pakistan led to Pakistan being unable to host matches until 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2019/11/14/sport/pakistan-test-cricket-return-2009-terrorist-attack-spt-intl/index.html|title=Pakistan to play first Test at home since 2009 terror attack|author=Ben Morse, for|website=CNN|date=14 November 2019 |access-date=11 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=T20 Cricket|website=Britannica|date=8 March 2024 |url=https://www.britannica.com/sports/Twenty20-cricket |access-date=31 March 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Mumbai fallout: India cancels cricket tour|website=NBC|date=18 December 2008 |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna28298820 |access-date=31 March 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=When Bangladesh made their Test cricket debut |url=https://www.cricketcountry.com/articles/when-bangladesh-made-their-test-cricket-debut-19521/ |access-date=31 March 2024 |work=Cricket County|date=10 November 2012 }}</ref>

In 2017, [[Afghanistan national cricket team|Afghanistan]] and [[Ireland cricket team|Ireland]] became the 11th and 12th Test nations.<ref>{{cite news |title=Afghanistan, Ireland get Test status |work=ESPNcricinfo |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/afghanistan-ireland-get-test-status-1105347 |access-date=2 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/cricket/40364481 |title=Ireland & Afghanistan awarded Test status by International Cricket Council |date=2017 |work=BBC Sport |access-date=2 July 2017}}</ref>

==Laws and gameplay==
{{main|Laws of Cricket}}
[[File:cricket field parts.svg|right|thumb|upright=0.9|A typical [[cricket field]]]]
In cricket, the rules of the game are codified in ''[[The Laws of Cricket]]'' (hereinafter called "the Laws"), which has a global remit. There are 42 Laws (always written with a capital "L"). The earliest known version of the code was drafted in 1744, and since 1788, it has been owned and maintained by its custodian, the [[Marylebone Cricket Club]] (MCC) in [[London]].<ref name=Laws>{{cite web |url=https://www.lords.org/mcc/laws-of-cricket/laws/ |title=Laws |work=Laws of Cricket |publisher=MCC |access-date=4 July 2017}}</ref>

===Playing area===
{{main|Cricket field|Cricket pitch|Crease (cricket)|Wicket}}
Cricket is a [[bat-and-ball games|bat-and-ball game]] played on a [[cricket field]] (see image of cricket pitch and creases) between two teams of eleven players each.<ref name=Law1>{{cite web |url=https://www.lords.org/mcc/laws-of-cricket/laws/law-1-the-players/ |title=Law 1 – Players |work=Laws of Cricket |publisher=MCC |access-date=1 July 2017}}</ref> The field is usually circular or oval in shape, and the edge of the playing area is marked by a [[boundary (cricket)|boundary]], which may be a fence, part of the stands, a rope, a painted line, or a combination of these; the boundary must if possible be marked along its entire length.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.lords.org/mcc/laws-of-cricket/laws/law-19-boundaries/ |title=Law 19 – Boundaries |work=Laws of Cricket |publisher=MCC |access-date=3 July 2017}}</ref>

In the approximate centre of the field is a rectangular [[cricket pitch|pitch]] (see image, below) on which a wooden target called a [[wicket]] is sited at each end; the wickets are placed {{convert|22|yd}} apart.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.lords.org/mcc/laws-of-cricket/laws/law-7-the-pitch/ |title=Law 7 – The pitch |work=Laws of Cricket |publisher=MCC |access-date=3 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170703104152/https://www.lords.org/mcc/laws-of-cricket/laws/law-7-the-pitch/ |archive-date=3 July 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The pitch is a flat surface {{convert|10|ft|m}} wide, with very short grass that tends to be worn away as the game progresses (cricket can also be played on artificial surfaces, notably matting). Each wicket is made of three wooden [[stump (cricket)|stumps]] topped by two [[bail (cricket)|bails]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.lords.org/mcc/laws-of-cricket/laws/law-8-the-wickets/ |title=Law 8 – The wickets |work=Laws of Cricket |publisher=MCC |access-date=3 July 2017}}</ref>

[[File:Cricket pitch.svg|thumb|upright=3.4|center|Cricket pitch and creases]]
As illustrated, the pitch is marked at each end with four white painted lines: a [[Crease (cricket)#Bowling crease|bowling crease]], a [[Crease (cricket)#Popping crease|popping crease]] and two [[Crease (cricket)#Return crease|return creases]]. The three stumps are aligned centrally on the bowling crease, which is eight feet eight inches long. The popping crease is drawn four feet in front of the bowling crease and parallel to it; although it is drawn as a {{Convert|12|ft|abbr=on}} line (six feet on either side of the wicket), it is, in fact, unlimited in length. The return creases are drawn at right angles to the popping crease so that they intersect the ends of the bowling crease; each return crease is drawn as an {{Convert|8|ft|abbr=on}} line, so that it extends four feet behind the bowling crease, but is also, in fact, unlimited in length.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.lords.org/mcc/laws-of-cricket/laws/law-9-bowling-popping-and-return-creases/ |title=Law 9 – The bowling, popping and return creases |work=Laws of Cricket |publisher=MCC |access-date=3 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170703094104/https://www.lords.org/mcc/laws-of-cricket/laws/law-9-bowling-popping-and-return-creases/ |archive-date=3 July 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Match structure===
{{main|Innings}}

Before a match begins, the team [[captain (cricket)|captains]] (who are also players) [[toss (cricket)|toss a coin]] to decide which team will [[Batting (cricket)|bat]] first and so take the first [[innings]].<ref name="inns" /> "Innings" is the term used for each phase of play in the match.<ref name="inns">{{cite web |url=https://www.lords.org/mcc/laws-of-cricket/laws/law-12-innings/ |title=Law 12 – Innings |work=Laws of Cricket |publisher=MCC |access-date=2 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170702074358/https://www.lords.org/mcc/laws-of-cricket/laws/law-12-innings/ |archive-date=2 July 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref> In each innings, one team bats, attempting to [[scoring (cricket)|score]] [[run (cricket)|runs]], while the other team [[bowling (cricket)|bowls]] and [[fielding (cricket)|fields]] the [[cricket ball|ball]], attempting to restrict the scoring and [[dismissal (cricket)|dismiss]] the batters.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.lords.org/mcc/laws-of-cricket/laws/law-18-scoring-runs/ |title=Law 18 – Scoring runs |work=Laws of Cricket |publisher=MCC |access-date=2 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.lords.org/mcc/laws-of-cricket/laws/law-27-appeals/ |title=Law 27 – Appeals |work=Laws of Cricket |publisher=MCC |access-date=2 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170703084014/https://www.lords.org/mcc/laws-of-cricket/laws/law-27-appeals/ |archive-date=3 July 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> When the first innings ends, the teams change roles; there can be two to four innings depending upon the type of match. A match with four scheduled innings is played over three to five days; a match with two scheduled innings is usually completed in a single day.<ref name="inns" /> During an innings, all eleven members of the fielding team take the field, but usually only two members of the batting team are on the field at any given time.{{Efn|The exception to this is if a batter has any type of illness or injury restricting their ability to run; in this case, the batter is allowed a [[Runner (cricket)|runner]] who can run between the wickets when the batter hits a scoring run or runs,<ref name="Law25">{{cite web|title=LAW 25 BATTER'S INNINGS; RUNNERS {{!}} MCC|url=https://www.lords.org/mcc/laws/batsman-s-innings;-runners|url-status=live|access-date=5 January 2020|website=www.lords.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190608183206/https://www.lords.org/mcc/laws/batsman-s-innings;-runners |archive-date=8 June 2019 }}</ref> though this does not apply in international cricket.<ref name=ICCTestPlayCond>{{Cite web|url=https://icc-static-files.s3.amazonaws.com/ICC/document/2019/09/02/9182955c-04a4-4fa0-a2b6-f5908f02a51d/ICC-Test-Match-Playing-Conditions-Final-1-September-2019.pdf|title=ICC Test Match Playing Conditions|date=1 September 2019|publisher=ICC|access-date=5 January 2020|archive-date=3 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190903140826/https://icc-static-files.s3.amazonaws.com/ICC/document/2019/09/02/9182955c-04a4-4fa0-a2b6-f5908f02a51d/ICC-Test-Match-Playing-Conditions-Final-1-September-2019.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>}} The order of batters is usually announced just before the match, but it can be varied.<ref name="Law1" />

The main objective of each team is to score more runs than their opponents, but in some forms of cricket, it is also necessary to dismiss all but one of the opposition batters (making their team 'all out') in their final innings in order to win the match, which would otherwise be [[result (cricket)#Draw|drawn]] (not ending with a winner or tie.)<ref name="result">{{cite web |title=Law 21 – The result |url=https://www.lords.org/mcc/laws-of-cricket/laws/law-21-the-result/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170115221857/https://www.lords.org/mcc/laws-of-cricket/laws/law-21-the-result/ |archive-date=15 January 2017 |access-date=2 July 2017 |work=Laws of Cricket |publisher=MCC}}</ref>

===Clothing and equipment===
{{main|Cricket clothing and equipment}}

[[File:WGGrace.jpg|thumb|upright|right|English cricketer [[W. G. Grace]] "taking guard" in 1883. His pads and bat are very similar to those used today. The gloves have evolved somewhat. Many modern players use more defensive equipment than were available to Grace, most notably helmets and arm guards.]]
The [[wicket-keeper]] (a specialised fielder behind the batter) and the batters wear protective gear because of the hardness of the ball, which can be delivered at speeds of more than {{convert|145|km/h|mph}} and presents a major health and safety concern. Protective clothing includes [[batting pads|pads]] (designed to protect the knees and shins), [[batting gloves]] or [[wicket-keeper's gloves]] for the hands, a [[helmet (cricket)|safety helmet]] for the head, and a [[box (cricket)|box]] for male players inside the trousers (to protect the [[crotch]] area).<ref name="AppD">{{cite web |url=https://www.lords.org/mcc/laws-of-cricket/laws/appendix-d/ |title=Appendix D |work=Laws of Cricket |publisher=MCC |access-date=7 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170702064301/https://www.lords.org/mcc/laws-of-cricket/laws/appendix-d/ |archive-date=2 July 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Some batters wear additional padding inside their shirts and trousers such as thigh pads, arm pads, rib protectors and shoulder pads. The only fielders allowed to wear protective gear are those in positions very close to the batter (i.e., if they are alongside or in front of him), but they cannot wear gloves or external leg guards.<ref name="Law41" />

Subject to certain variations, on-field clothing generally includes a collared shirt with short or long sleeves; long trousers; woolen pullover (if needed); [[cricket cap]] (for fielding) or a safety helmet; and spiked shoes or boots to increase traction. The [[Cricket kits|kit]] is traditionally all white, and this remains the case in Test and first-class cricket, but in limited overs cricket, team colours are now worn instead.<ref>Birley (1999), p. 343.</ref>

====Bat and ball====
{{main|Cricket bat|Cricket ball}}

{{multiple image
| footer = The three types of [[cricket ball]]s used in international matches, all of the same size:
i) A new white ball. White balls are mainly used in [[limited overs cricket]], especially in matches played at night, under [[floodlights]] (left). 
ii) A new red ball. Red balls are used in day [[Test cricket]], [[first-class cricket]] and some other forms of cricket (center).
iii) A used pink ball. Pink balls are used in [[Day/night cricket|day/night Test cricket]] (right).
| image1 = Cricket ball white (2025) 01 (cropped).jpg
| alt1 = New white ball
| width1 = 150
| width2 = 150
| image2 = Cricket Ball (27343391052) cropped.jpg
| alt2 = New red ball
| image3 = Cricket ball at Church Times Cricket Cup final 2019 (cropped).jpg
| alt3 = Used pink ball
| width3 = 150
}}

The essence of the sport is that a [[bowling (cricket)|bowler]] [[delivery (cricket)|delivers]] (i.e., bowls) the [[cricket ball|ball]] from their end of the [[cricket pitch|pitch]] towards the [[batting (cricket)|batter]] who, armed with a [[cricket bat|bat]], is "on strike" at the other end (see next sub-section: ''[[Cricket#Basic gameplay: bowler to batter|Basic gameplay]]'').

The [[cricket bat|bat]] is made of wood, usually ''[[Salix alba]]'' (white willow), and has the shape of a blade topped by a cylindrical handle. The blade must not be more than {{convert|4.25|in|cm}} wide and the total length of the bat not more than {{convert|38|in|cm}}. There is no standard for the weight, which is usually between 2 lb 7 oz and 3 lb (1.1 and 1.4 kg).<ref name="Law6">{{cite web |url=https://www.lords.org/mcc/laws-of-cricket/laws/law-6-the-bat/ |title=Law 6 – The bat |work=Laws of Cricket |publisher=MCC |access-date=4 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170703114233/https://www.lords.org/mcc/laws-of-cricket/laws/law-6-the-bat/ |archive-date=3 July 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.lords.org/mcc/laws-of-cricket/laws/appendix-e-the-bat/ |title=Appendix E – The bat |work=Laws of Cricket |publisher=MCC |access-date=4 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170703063903/https://www.lords.org/mcc/laws-of-cricket/laws/appendix-e-the-bat/ |archive-date=3 July 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The [[cricket ball|ball]] is a hard leather-seamed [[spheroid]], with a circumference of {{convert|9|in|cm}}. The ball has a "seam": six rows of stitches attaching the leather shell of the ball to the string and cork interior. The seam on a new ball is prominent and helps the bowler propel it in a less predictable manner. During matches, the quality of the ball deteriorates to a point where it is no longer usable; during the course of this deterioration, its behaviour in flight will change and can influence the outcome of the match. Players will, therefore, attempt to modify the ball's behaviour by modifying its physical properties. Polishing the ball and wetting it with sweat or saliva was legal, even when the polishing was deliberately done on one side only to increase the ball's [[swing bowling|swing through the air]]. The use of saliva has since been made illegal due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=20 September 2022 |title=Saliva ban made permanent as ICC announces changes to playing conditions |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/cricket/saliva-ban-made-permanent-as-icc-announces-changes-to-playing-conditions/article65913273.ece |access-date=5 April 2024 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The acts of rubbing other substances into the ball, scratching the surface or picking at the seams constitute illegal [[ball tampering]].<ref name="Law5">{{cite web |url=https://www.lords.org/mcc/laws-of-cricket/laws/law-5-the-ball/ |title=Law 5 – The ball |work=Laws of Cricket |publisher=MCC |access-date=4 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170702052655/https://www.lords.org/mcc/laws-of-cricket/laws/law-5-the-ball/ |archive-date=2 July 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Player roles===

==== Basic gameplay: bowler to batter ====
During normal play, thirteen players and two [[umpire (cricket)|umpires]] are on the field. Two of the players are [[Batting (cricket)|batters]] and the rest are all eleven members of the [[Fielding (cricket)|fielding]] team. The other nine players in the batting team are off the field in the [[cricket pavilion|pavilion]]. The image with overlay below shows what is happening when a ball is being bowled and which of the personnel are on or close to the [[Cricket pitch|pitch]].<ref>The photo was taken during an international match between [[Australia national cricket team|Australia]] and [[Sri Lanka national cricket team|Sri Lanka]]; [[Muttiah Muralitharan]] of Sri Lanka is bowling to Australian batter [[Adam Gilchrist]].</ref>
{{overlay
|image=Muralitharan bowling to Adam Gilchrist.jpg
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|height=340
|grid=no
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|overlay4=Bowler|overlay4left=155|overlay4top=55|overlay4tip=Bowler, Muttiah Muralitharan|overlay4link=Bowling (cricket)
|overlay5=Ball|overlay5left=230|overlay5top=75|overlay5tip=White cricket ball in flight|overlay5link=Cricket ball
|overlay6=Pitch|overlay6left=235|overlay6top=165|overlay6tip=Cricket pitch, the whole area paler in colour|overlay6link=Cricket pitch
|overlay7=Popping crease|overlay7left=295|overlay7top=105|overlay7tip=Batting or popping crease|overlay7link=Crease (cricket)
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}}

In the photo, the two batters (3 and 8, wearing yellow) have taken position at each end of the pitch (6). Three members of the fielding team (4, 10 and 11, wearing dark blue) are in shot. One of the two umpires (1, wearing white hat) is stationed behind the [[wicket]] (2) at the [[bowling (cricket)|bowler]]'s (4) end of the pitch. The bowler (4) is [[delivery (cricket)|bowling]] the [[cricket ball|ball]] (5) from his end of the pitch to the batter (8) at the other end who is called the "striker". The other batter (3) at the bowling end is called the "non-striker". The [[wicket-keeper]] (10), who is a specialist, is positioned behind the striker's wicket (9), and behind him stands one of the fielders in a position called "[[Fielding (cricket)#Catching positions|first slip]]" (11). While the bowler and the first slip are wearing conventional kit only, the two batters and the wicket-keeper are wearing protective gear, including safety helmets, padded gloves and leg guards (pads). The wicket-keeper is the only fielding player able to wear protective gloves.

While the umpire (1) in shot stands at the bowler's end of the pitch, his colleague stands in the outfield, usually in or near the fielding position called "[[square leg]]", so that he is in line with the [[popping crease]] (7) at the striker's end of the pitch. The bowling crease (not numbered) is the one on which the wicket is located between the return creases (12). The bowler (4) intends to hit the wicket (9) with the ball (5) or at least prevent the striker (8) from scoring [[run (cricket)|runs]]. The striker (8) intends, by using his bat, to defend his wicket and, if possible, hit the ball away from the pitch in order to score runs.

Some players are skilled in both batting and bowling, so are termed [[all-rounder]]s. Bowlers are classified according to their style and speed, generally as [[fast bowling|fast bowlers]], [[seam bowling|seam bowlers]] or [[spin bowling|spinners]]. Batters are classified according to whether they are right-handed or left-handed, with [[Switch hit|switch-hitting]] uncommon and largely utilised as a tactic, where a batter changes stance shortly before the bowler releases the ball.<ref>{{cite web |title=Maxwell launches strong defence of 'unfair' switch hit |url=https://www.cricket.com.au/news/3306597 |access-date=11 January 2025 |publisher=[[Cricket Australia]]}}</ref>

=====Overs=====
{{main|Over (cricket)}}

The Laws state that, throughout an innings, "the ball shall be bowled from each end alternately in overs of 6 balls".<ref name="Law22">{{cite web |title=Law 22 – The over |url=https://www.lords.org/mcc/laws-of-cricket/laws/law-22-the-over/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170702061242/https://www.lords.org/mcc/laws-of-cricket/laws/law-22-the-over/ |archive-date=2 July 2017 |access-date=4 July 2017 |work=Laws of Cricket |publisher=MCC}}</ref> The name "over" came about because the umpire calls "Over!" when six legal balls (deliveries) have been bowled. At this point, another bowler is deployed at the other end, and the fielding side changes ends while the batters do not. A bowler cannot bowl two successive overs, although a bowler can (and usually does) bowl alternate overs, from the same end, for several overs which are termed a "spell"; if the captain wants a bowler to "change ends", another bowler must temporarily fill in so that the change is not immediate. The batters do not change ends at the end of the over, and so the one who was non-striker is now the striker and vice versa. The umpires also change positions so that the one who was at "[[square leg]]" now stands behind the wicket at the nonstriker's end and vice versa.<ref name="Law22" />

====Fielding====
{{main|Fielding (cricket)}}

[[File:Cricket fielding positions2.svg|thumb|upright=1.1|[[Fielding positions in cricket]] for a right-handed batter]]
Of the eleven fielders, three are in shot in the image above. The other eight are elsewhere on the field, their positions determined on a tactical basis by the captain or the bowler. Fielders often change position between deliveries, again as directed by the captain or bowler.<ref name="Law41">{{cite web |url=https://www.lords.org/mcc/laws-of-cricket/laws/law-41-the-fielder/ |title=Law 41 – The fielder |work=Laws of Cricket |publisher=MCC |access-date=7 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170702064305/https://www.lords.org/mcc/laws-of-cricket/laws/law-41-the-fielder/ |archive-date=2 July 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

If a fielder is injured or becomes ill during a match, a [[substitute (cricket)|substitute]] is allowed to field instead of the aforementioned fielder, but the substitute cannot bowl or act as a captain, except in the case of concussion substitutes in international cricket.<ref name="ICCTestPlayCond" /> The substitute leaves the field when the injured player is fit to return.<ref name="Law2">{{cite web |url=https://www.lords.org/mcc/laws-of-cricket/laws/law-2-substitutes-and-runners-batsman-or-fielder-leaving-the-field-batsman-retiring-or-batsman-commencing-innings/ |title=Law 2 – Substitutes, etc. |work=Laws of Cricket |publisher=MCC |access-date=7 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170702043645/https://www.lords.org/mcc/laws-of-cricket/laws/law-2-substitutes-and-runners-batsman-or-fielder-leaving-the-field-batsman-retiring-or-batsman-commencing-innings/ |archive-date=2 July 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The ''Laws of Cricket'' were updated in 2017 to allow substitutes to act as wicket-keepers.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Marylebone Cricket Club|title=Summary of changes to the Laws of Cricket 2017 Code|url=https://www.lords.org/assets/2017-Law-Changes-Summary-Paper.pdf|website=Lords the Home of Cricket|access-date=4 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170627233220/https://www.lords.org/assets/2017-Law-Changes-Summary-Paper.pdf|archive-date=27 June 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>

====Batting and scoring====
{{main|Batting (cricket)|Run (cricket)|Extra (cricket)}}

[[File:cricket shots.svg|thumb|left|upright|The directions in which a right-handed batter, facing down the page, intends to send the ball when playing various cricketing shots. The diagram for a [[left-handed]] batter is a [[mirror image]] of this one.]]
Batters take turns to bat via a [[batting order (cricket)|batting order]] which is decided beforehand by the team captain and presented to the umpires, though the order remains flexible when the captain officially nominates the team.<ref name="Law1" /> Substitute batters are generally not allowed,<ref name="Law2" /> except in the case of concussion substitutes in international cricket.<ref name="ICCTestPlayCond" />

In order to begin batting the batter first adopts a batting stance. Standardly, this involves adopting a slight crouch with the feet pointing across the front of the wicket, looking in the direction of the bowler, and holding the bat so it passes over the feet and so its tip can rest on the ground near to the toes of the back foot.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cricketweb.net/grip-stance-back-lift/ |title=Grip, Stance, Back-Lift |access-date=12 October 2019}}</ref>

A skilled batter can use a wide array of "shots" or "strokes" in both defensive and attacking mode. The idea is to hit the ball to the best effect with the flat surface of the bat's blade. If the ball touches the side of the bat, it is called an "[[Edge (cricket)|edge]]". The batter does not have to play a shot and can allow the ball to go through to the [[wicket-keeper]]. Equally, the batter does not have to attempt a run when hitting the ball with their bat. Batters do not always seek to hit the ball as hard as possible, and a good player can score runs by simply making a deft stroke with a turn of the wrists, or by simply "blocking" the ball but directing it away from fielders so that the player has time to take a run. A wide variety of shots are played, the batter's repertoire including strokes named according to the style of swing and the direction aimed: e.g., "[[cut (cricket)|cut]]", "drive", "hook", and "pull".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theyogicjournal.com/pdf/2017/vol2issue2/PartB/2-2-4-313.pdf|title=Relationship of selected biomechanical variables with the performance of cricket players in cover drive shot |date=10 June 2017 |author=Pratibha Dhake|website=theyogicjournal.com |publisher=ISSN: 2456-4419|access-date=26 August 2025 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250826034540/https://www.theyogicjournal.com/pdf/2017/vol2issue2/PartB/2-2-4-313.pdf|archive-date=26 August 2025 }}</ref>

[[File:Master Blaster at work.jpg|right|thumb|[[Sachin Tendulkar]] is the only player to have scored one hundred international [[Century (cricket)|centuries]].]]

The batter on strike (i.e., the "striker") must prevent the ball from hitting the wicket and try to score [[Run (cricket)|runs]] by hitting the ball with their bat so that the batter and their partner have time to switch places, with each of them running from one end of the pitch to the other before the fielding side can return the ball and attempt a [[run out]] (throwing the ball at one of the wickets before the run is scored.) To register a run, both runners must touch the [[Batter's ground|ground]] behind the popping crease with either their bats or their bodies (the batters carry their bats as they run) before a fielder can throw the ball at the nearby wicket. Each completed run increments the score of both the team and the striker.<ref name="Law18">{{cite web |url=https://www.lords.org/mcc/laws-of-cricket/laws/law-18-scoring-runs/ |title=Law 18 – Scoring runs |work=Laws of Cricket |publisher=MCC |access-date=7 July 2017}}</ref>

The decision to attempt a run is ideally made by the batter who has the better view of the ball's progress, and this is communicated by calling, usually "yes", "no" or "wait". More than one run can be scored from a single hit. Hits worth one to three runs are common, but the size of the field is such that it is usually difficult to run four or more.<ref name="Law18" /> To compensate for this, hits that [[Boundary (scoring)|reach the boundary]] of the field are automatically awarded four runs if the ball touches the ground ''en route'' to the boundary or six runs if the ball clears the boundary without touching the ground within the boundary. In these cases the batters do not need to run.<ref name="Law19">{{cite web |url=https://www.lords.org/mcc/laws-of-cricket/laws/law-19-boundaries/ |title=Law 19 – Boundaries |work=Laws of Cricket |publisher=MCC |access-date=7 July 2017}}</ref> Hits for five are unusual and generally rely on the help of "overthrows" by a fielder returning the ball.
[[File:Cambridge University CC v MCC at Cambridge, England 018.jpg|left|thumb|180x180px|Batters attempting a run while a fielder awaits a throw.]]
If an odd number of runs is scored by the striker, the two batters have changed ends, and the one who was non-striker is now the striker. Only the striker can score individual runs, but all runs are added to the team's total.<ref name="Law18" />

Additional runs can be gained by the batting team as [[extra (cricket)|extras]] (called "sundries" in Australia) due to errors made by the fielding side. This is achieved in four ways: [[no-ball]], a penalty of one extra conceded by the bowler if they break the rules (often by failing to bowl the ball before their front foot passes the popping crease at their end);<ref name="Law24">{{cite web |url=https://www.lords.org/mcc/laws-of-cricket/laws/law-24-no-ball/ |title=Law 24 – No ball |work=Laws of Cricket |publisher=MCC |access-date=7 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170703092552/https://www.lords.org/mcc/laws-of-cricket/laws/law-24-no-ball |archive-date=3 July 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[wide (cricket)|wide]], a penalty of one extra conceded by the bowler if they bowl so that the ball is out of the batter's reach;<ref name="Law25a">{{cite web |url=https://www.lords.org/mcc/laws-of-cricket/laws/law-25-wide-ball/ |title=Law 25 – Wide ball |work=Laws of Cricket |publisher=MCC |access-date=7 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170702061246/https://www.lords.org/mcc/laws-of-cricket/laws/law-25-wide-ball/ |archive-date=2 July 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[bye (cricket)|bye]], an extra awarded if the batter misses the ball and it goes past the wicket-keeper and gives the batters time to run in the conventional way;<ref name="Law26">{{cite web |url=https://www.lords.org/mcc/laws-of-cricket/laws/law-26-bye-and-leg-bye/ |title=Law 26 – Bye and Leg bye |work=Laws of Cricket |publisher=MCC |access-date=7 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170703085522/https://www.lords.org/mcc/laws-of-cricket/laws/law-26-bye-and-leg-bye/ |archive-date=3 July 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and [[leg bye]], as for a bye except that the ball has hit the batter's body, though not their bat.<ref name="Law26" /> If the bowler has bowled an illegal delivery (i.e., a no-ball or a wide), the bowler's team incurs an additional penalty because that ball (i.e., delivery) has to be bowled again, and hence the batting side has the opportunity to score more runs from this extra ball. In addition, the ways in which the batters can be dismissed on an illegal delivery greatly narrow down; in the case of a no-ball, which is the more egregious type of illegal delivery, the only common way in which the batters can be dismissed is by being run out.<ref name="Law24" /><ref name="Law25a" />

==== Dismissals ====
{{Main|Dismissal (cricket)}}
[[File:Cricket Umpire dismissal.jpg|thumb|The umpire signaling a dismissal]]
There are nine ways in which a batter can be dismissed: five relatively common and four extremely rare. When a batter is dismissed, they are said to have 'lost their wicket', and are barred from batting again in that inning; their team is also said to have 'lost a wicket'. Once a team has lost 10 wickets, its innings is over.
{{Multiple images
| image1 = Cricketer bowled.jpg
| footer = Most common dismissals involve the wickets, such as when the ball is bowled at the striker's wicket.
| align = left
}}

The common forms of dismissal are:

*[[bowled]] – when the striker fails to prevent a delivery from hitting their wicket<ref name="Law30">{{cite web |title=Law 30 – Bowled |url=https://www.lords.org/mcc/laws-of-cricket/laws/law-30-bowled/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170703094114/https://www.lords.org/mcc/laws-of-cricket/laws/law-30-bowled/ |archive-date=3 July 2017 |access-date=6 July 2017 |work=Laws of Cricket |publisher=MCC}}</ref>
*[[caught]] – when a ball struck by the bat is caught by a fielder before it hits the ground<ref name="Law32">{{cite web |title=Law 32 – Caught |url=https://www.lords.org/mcc/laws-of-cricket/laws/law-32-caught-1/ |access-date=6 July 2017 |work=Laws of Cricket |publisher=MCC}}</ref>
*[[leg before wicket]] – when the striker's body 'unfairly' prevents a delivery from hitting the wicket<ref name="Law36">{{cite web |title=Law 36 – Leg before wicket |url=https://www.lords.org/mcc/laws-of-cricket/laws/law-36-leg-before-wicket/ |access-date=6 July 2017 |work=Laws of Cricket |publisher=MCC}}</ref>
*[[run out]] – generally when the ball is thrown at a wicket by a fielder while the batters are running between the wickets<ref name="Law38">{{cite web |title=Law 38 – Run out |url=https://www.lords.org/mcc/laws-of-cricket/laws/law-38-run-out/ |access-date=6 July 2017 |work=Laws of Cricket |publisher=MCC}}</ref>
*[[stumped]] – a special type of run out involving the wicket-keeper and striker<ref name="Law39">{{cite web |title=Law 39 – Stumped |url=https://www.lords.org/mcc/laws-of-cricket/laws/law-39-stumped/ |access-date=6 July 2017 |work=Laws of Cricket |publisher=MCC}}</ref>

Rare methods are:
*[[hit wicket]] – a striker hitting their own wicket<ref name="Law35">{{cite web |title=Law 35 – Hit wicket |url=https://www.lords.org/mcc/laws-of-cricket/laws/law-35-hit-wicket/ |access-date=6 July 2017 |work=Laws of Cricket |publisher=MCC}}</ref>
*[[hit the ball twice]]<ref name="Law34">{{cite web |title=Law 34 – Hit the ball twice |url=https://www.lords.org/mcc/laws-of-cricket/laws/law-34-hit-the-ball-twice/ |access-date=6 July 2017 |work=Laws of Cricket |publisher=MCC}}</ref>
*[[obstructing the field]]<ref name="Law37">{{cite web |title=Law 37 – Obstructing the field |url=https://www.lords.org/mcc/laws-of-cricket/laws/law-37-obstructing-the-field/ |access-date=6 July 2017 |work=Laws of Cricket |publisher=MCC}}</ref>
*[[timed out]] – a batter failing to enter the field in a timely manner<ref name="Law31">{{cite web |title=Law 31 – Timed out |url=https://www.lords.org/mcc/laws-of-cricket/laws/law-31-timed-out-1/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170703092548/https://www.lords.org/mcc/laws-of-cricket/laws/law-31-timed-out-1/ |archive-date=3 July 2017 |access-date=6 July 2017 |work=Laws of Cricket |publisher=MCC}}</ref>

The Laws state that the fielding team, usually the bowler in practice, must appeal for a dismissal before the umpire can give their decision. If the batter is out, the umpire raises a forefinger and says "Out!"; otherwise, the umpire will shake their head and say "Not out".<ref name="Law27">{{cite web |title=Law 27 – Appeals |url=https://www.lords.org/mcc/laws-of-cricket/laws/law-27-appeals/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170703084014/https://www.lords.org/mcc/laws-of-cricket/laws/law-27-appeals/ |archive-date=3 July 2017 |access-date=6 July 2017 |work=Laws of Cricket |publisher=MCC}}</ref> There is, effectively, a tenth method of dismissal, [[retired out]] (self-dismissal – generally permanent except in cases of injury), which is not an on-field dismissal as such but rather a retrospective one for which no fielder is credited.<ref name="Law2RO">{{cite web |title=Law 2 – Section 9: Batsman retiring |url=https://www.lords.org/mcc/laws-of-cricket/laws/law-2-substitutes-and-runners-batsman-or-fielder-leaving-the-field-batsman-retiring-or-batsman-commencing-innings/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170702043645/https://www.lords.org/mcc/laws-of-cricket/laws/law-2-substitutes-and-runners-batsman-or-fielder-leaving-the-field-batsman-retiring-or-batsman-commencing-innings/ |archive-date=2 July 2017 |access-date=18 July 2017 |publisher=MCC}}</ref>

====Bowling====
{{main|Bowling (cricket)}}
[[File:Darren Gough bowling.jpg|left|thumb|174x174px|Bowlers generate momentum by running, and then release the ball upon reaching their "delivery stride".]]
{{Bowling techniques sidebar |expanded=all}}

Most bowlers are considered specialists in that they are selected for the team because of their skill as a bowler, although some are all-rounders, and even specialist batters bowl occasionally. These specialists bowl "spells" that are generally 4 to 8 overs long in order not to physically exhaust the bowler, cause muscle strain and stress the skeleton. The rules prevent a single bowler from bowling consecutive overs, resulting in at least two bowlers alternating each over. If the captain wants a bowler to "change ends", another bowler must temporarily fill in so that the change is not immediate.<ref name="Law22" /> The action of bowling the ball is akin to throwing, with the caveat that a bowler's elbow extension is almost entirely restricted, resulting in most bowlers maintaining a straight arm when releasing the ball during their delivery stride. Additionally, while the bowler is not required to pitch (bounce) the ball, a full toss (non-bouncing) delivery that reaches the striker above waist height is penalised as a [[no-ball]].

A bowler reaches their delivery stride by means of a "run-up", and an over is deemed to have begun when the bowler starts their run-up for the first delivery of that over, the ball then being "in play".<ref name="Law22" /> Fast bowlers, or pacemen, need momentum, taking a lengthy run up, while bowlers with a slow delivery take no more than a couple of steps before bowling. The fastest bowlers can deliver the ball at a speed of over {{convert|145|km/h|mph}}, and they sometimes rely on sheer speed to try to defeat the batter, who is forced to react very quickly.<ref name="pace">{{cite web |title=Types of fast bowling |url=http://www.talkcricket.co.uk/guides/types_of_fast_bowling.html |access-date=6 July 2017 |work=TalkCricket}}</ref> Other fast bowlers rely on a mixture of speed and guile by making the ball [[seam bowling|seam]] or [[swing bowling|swing]] (i.e., curve) in flight. This type of delivery can deceive a batter into miscuing their shot, for example, so that the ball just touches the edge of the bat and can then be "caught behind" by the wicket-keeper or a slip fielder.<ref name="pace" /> At the other end of the bowling scale is the [[Spin bowling|spin bowler]], who bowls at a relatively slow pace and relies entirely on guile to deceive the batter. A spinner will often "buy their wicket" by "tossing one up" (in a slower, steeper [[Parabolic trajectory|parabolic]] path) to lure the batter into making a poor shot. The batter has to be very wary of such deliveries, as the batter is often "flighted" or spun so that the ball will not behave quite as the batter expects it to, and the batter could be "trapped" into getting themself out. Accidental full toss deliveries can also get wickets, as the failure of the ball to bounce can surprise a batsman or induce a poor stroke in an effort to punish the poor delivery with a boundary hit.<ref name="spin">{{cite web |title=Spin bowling |url=http://www.talkcricket.co.uk/guides/cricket_skills_spin_bowling.html |access-date=6 July 2017 |work=TalkCricket}}</ref> In between the pacemen and the spinners are the medium-paced seamers, who rely on persistent accuracy to try to contain the rate of scoring and wear down the batter's concentration.<ref name="pace" />

====Specialist roles====
{{main|Captain (cricket)|Wicket-keeper}}
[[File:Southgate CC v Stanmore CC at Walker Cricket Ground, Southgate, London 22.jpg|thumb|The wicket-keeper has gloves to receive deliveries that the striker fails to hit. He may also elect to wear protection such as leg guards and a helmet]]
The captain is often the most experienced player in the team, certainly the most tactically astute, and can possess any of the main skillsets as a batter, a bowler or a wicket-keeper. Within the Laws, the captain has certain responsibilities in terms of nominating their players to the umpires before the match and ensuring that the captain's players conduct themselves "within the spirit and traditions of the game as well as within the Laws".<ref name="Law1" />

The wicket-keeper (sometimes called simply the "keeper") is a specialist fielder subject to various rules within the Laws about their equipment and demeanour. The wicket-keeper is the only member of the fielding side who can effect a [[stumped|stumping]] and is the only one permitted to wear gloves and external leg guards.<ref name="Law40">{{cite web |url=https://www.lords.org/mcc/laws-of-cricket/laws/law-40-the-wicket-keeper/ |title=Law 40 – The wicket-keeper |work=Laws of Cricket |publisher=MCC |access-date=4 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170416223531/https://www.lords.org/mcc/laws-of-cricket/laws/law-40-the-wicket-keeper/ |archive-date=16 April 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Depending on their primary skills, the other ten players in the team tend to be classified as specialist batters or specialist bowlers. Generally, a team will include five or six specialist batters, and four or five specialist bowlers, plus the wicket-keeper.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.talkcricket.co.uk/guides/bowling_strategy.html |title=Bowling Strategy |work=TalkCricket |access-date=7 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.talkcricket.co.uk/guides/cricket_batting_strategy.html |title=Batting Strategy |work=TalkCricket |access-date=7 July 2017}}</ref>

=== Match closure ===
{{main|Result (cricket)}}
[[File:Southgate CC v Stanmore CC at Walker Cricket Ground, Southgate, London 11.jpg|thumb|Match results are sometimes determined by a final dismissal, either because the batting team's last wicket falls, or in a limited-overs match, the chance to score is denied on the final delivery.]]
There are a number of ways that a cricket match can end and its result be described, depending on whether the team batting first or last wins as well as the format of the game.

If the team batting last is 'all out' having scored fewer runs than their opponents, they are said to have "lost by ''n'' runs" (where ''n'' is the difference between the aggregate number of runs scored by the teams). If the team that bats last scores enough runs to win, it is said to have "won by ''n'' wickets", where ''n'' is the number of wickets left to fall (batters yet to be dismissed) until the team would have been all out. For example, a team that passes its opponents' total having lost six wickets (i.e., six of their batters have been dismissed) wins the match "by four wickets", since the team would only have been prevented from scoring the winning runs if four more of its batters had been dismissed, which would have resulted in all but one of its eleven batters being dismissed.<ref name="result" />

In a two-innings-a-side match, one team's combined first and second innings total may be less than the other side's first innings total. The team with the greater score is then said to have "won by an innings and ''n'' runs" and does not need to bat again: ''n'' is the difference between the two teams' aggregate scores. If the team batting last is all out and both sides have scored the same number of runs, then the match is a [[Result (cricket)#Tie|tie]]; this result is quite rare in matches of two innings a side with only 62 happening in [[first-class cricket|first-class matches]] from the earliest known instance in 1741 until January 2017. In the [[Test cricket|traditional form]] of the game, if the time allotted for the match expires before either side can win, then the game is declared a [[result (cricket)#Draw|draw]].<ref name="result" />

If the match has only a single innings per side, then usually a maximum number of overs applies to each innings. Such a match is called a "[[Limited overs cricket|limited overs]]" or "one-day" match, and the side scoring more runs wins regardless of the number of wickets lost, so that a draw cannot occur. In some cases, ties are broken by having each team bat for a one-over innings known as a [[Super Over]]; subsequent Super Overs may be played if the first Super Over ends in a tie. If this kind of match is temporarily interrupted by bad weather, then a complex mathematical formula, known as the [[Duckworth–Lewis–Stern method|Duckworth–Lewis–Stern (DLS) method]] after its developers, is often used to recalculate a new target score. A one-day match can also be declared a "no-result" if fewer than a previously agreed number of overs have been bowled by either team, in circumstances that make normal resumption of play impossible, for example, wet weather.<ref name="result" />

In all forms of cricket, the umpires can abandon the match if bad light or rain makes it impossible to continue.<ref name="Law3">{{cite web |title=Law 3 – The umpires |url=https://www.lords.org/mcc/laws-of-cricket/laws/law-3-the-umpires/ |access-date=4 July 2017 |work=Laws of Cricket |publisher=MCC}}</ref> There have been instances of entire matches, even [[Test cricket|Test matches]] scheduled to be played over five days, being lost to bad weather without a ball being bowled, for example, the third Test of the 1970/71 series in Australia.<ref>{{cite web |title=Australia v England, 3rd Test, 1970/71 |url=http://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Scorecards/31/31362.html |access-date=4 July 2017 |publisher=CricketArchive}}</ref>

====Innings====
{{main|Innings}}
[[File:Highgate Cricket Club manual scoreboard detail at Crouch End, London 1.jpg|thumb|185x185px|The final innings of the match generally ends when the batting team either scores the winning runs (known as reaching its target score) or runs out of "resources" (either losing 10 wickets or running out of time/overs to bat) and thus can not win.]]
The innings (ending with 's' in both singular and plural form) is the term used for each phase of play during a match. Depending on the type of match being played, each team has either one or two innings. Sometimes all eleven members of the batting side take a turn to bat but, for various reasons, an innings can end before they have all done so. The innings terminates if the batting team is "all out", a term defined by the Laws: "At the [[dismissal (cricket)|fall of a wicket]] or the retirement of a batter, further balls remain to be bowled but no further batter is available to come in".<ref name="inns" /> In this situation, one of the batters has not been dismissed and is termed [[not out]]; this is because he has no partners left and there must always be two active batters while the innings is in progress.

An innings may end early while there are still two not out batters:<ref name="inns" />
* the batting team's [[captain (cricket)|captain]] [[Declaration and forfeiture|may declare the innings closed]], even though some of the captain's players have not had a turn to bat: this is a tactical decision by the captain, usually because the captain believes that their team have scored sufficient runs and need time to dismiss the opposition in their innings
* the set number of [[over (cricket)|overs]] (i.e., in a limited overs match) have been bowled
* the match has ended prematurely due to bad weather or running out of time
* in the final innings of the match, the batting side has reached its target (i.e., scored more runs than the opposition) and won the game.

===Umpires and scorers===
{{main|Umpire (cricket)|Scoring (cricket)|Cricket statistics}}
[[File:Cricket Umpire.jpg|thumb|right|An umpire signals a decision to the scorers.]]
[[File:Adelaide Scoreboard1206.jpg|thumb|250x250px|left|The [[Adelaide Oval]] cricket scoreboard during an [[The Ashes|Ashes Test]] in Australia]]
The game on the field is regulated by the two [[umpire (cricket)|umpires]], one of whom stands behind the wicket at the bowler's end and the other in a position called "square leg", which is about {{Convert|15–20|m|ft|abbr=on}} away from the batter on strike and in line with the popping crease on which that umpire is taking guard. The umpires have several responsibilities, including adjudication on whether a ball has been correctly bowled (i.e., not a [[no-ball]] or a [[wide (cricket)|wide]]); when a run is scored; whether a batter is out (the fielding side must first [[appeal (cricket)|appeal]] to the umpire, usually with the phrase "How's that?" or "Howzat?"); when intervals start and end; and the suitability of the pitch, field and weather for playing the game. The umpires are authorised to interrupt or even abandon a match due to circumstances likely to endanger the players, such as a damp pitch or deterioration of the light.<ref name=Law3/>

Off the field in televised matches, there is usually a [[third umpire]] who can make decisions on certain incidents with the aid of video evidence. The third umpire is mandatory under the playing conditions for [[Test cricket|Test]] and [[Limited Overs International]] matches played between two ICC full member countries. These matches also have a [[match referee]] whose job is to ensure that play is within the Laws and the spirit of the game.<ref name=Law3/>

The match details, including runs and dismissals, are recorded by two official [[scoring (cricket)|scorers]], one representing each team. The scorers are directed by the hand signals of an umpire (see image, right). For example, the umpire raises a forefinger to signal that the batter is out (has been dismissed); the umpire raises both arms above their head if the batter has hit the ball for six runs. The scorers are required by the Laws to record all runs scored, wickets taken, and overs bowled; in practice, they also note significant amounts of additional data relating to the game.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.lords.org/mcc/laws-of-cricket/laws/law-4-the-scorers/ |title=Law 4 – The scorers |work=Laws of Cricket |publisher=MCC |access-date=4 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170702065817/https://www.lords.org/mcc/laws-of-cricket/laws/law-4-the-scorers/ |archive-date=2 July 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

A match's [[Cricket statistics|statistics]] are summarised on a [[Cricket scorecard|scorecard]]. Prior to the popularisation of scorecards, most scoring was done by men sitting on vantage points cuttings notches on [[tally stick]]s, and runs were originally called notches.<ref>Bowen (1970), p. 57.</ref> According to historian [[Rowland Bowen]], the earliest known scorecard templates were introduced in 1776 by T. Pratt of [[Sevenoaks]] and soon came into general use.<ref>Bowen (1970), p. 266.</ref> It is believed that scorecards were printed and sold at [[Lord's]] for the first time in 1846.<ref>Bowen (1970), p. 274.</ref>

Scores are displayed differently depending on location, although it is standard to show how many wickets have been lost and how many runs a team has made. Within Australia, the format is Wickets/Runs, while in the rest of the world, the format is Runs/Wickets. For example, a score of 125 runs with 4 wickets lost would be displayed as 4/125 or 125/4, respectively.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cricket365.com/dan-liebke/cricket-greatest-sport-1-australian-reverse-score-antics |website=Cricket365 |issue=1 |access-date=29 March 2024 |title=Why Cricket is the Greatest Sport, : Australian reverse-score antics |date=24 January 2019 }}</ref>

===Spirit of the Game===
{{main|Laws of Cricket}}
Besides observing the Laws, cricketers must respect the "Spirit of Cricket", a concept encompassing [[sportsmanship]], fair play and mutual respect. This spirit has long been considered an integral part of the sport but is only nebulously defined. Amidst concern that the spirit was weakening, in 2000, a Preamble was added to the Laws instructing all participants to play within the spirit of the game. The Preamble was last updated in 2017, now opening with the line:<ref name=preamble>{{cite web |url=https://www.lords.org/mcc/laws-of-cricket/preamble-to-the-laws/ |title=Preamble to the Laws |work=Laws of Cricket |publisher=MCC |access-date=4 June 2020}}</ref>
{{blockquote|Cricket owes much of its appeal and enjoyment to the fact that it should be played not only according to the Laws, but also within the Spirit of Cricket.}}

The Preamble is a short statement intended to emphasise the "positive behaviours that make cricket an exciting game that encourages leadership, friendship, and teamwork".<ref name=2017_changes>{{cite web |url=https://www.lords.org/assets/2017-Law-Changes-Summary-Paper.pdf |title=Summary of changes to the Laws of Cricket 2017 Code |work=Laws of Cricket |publisher=MCC |access-date=10 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170627233220/https://www.lords.org/assets/2017-Law-Changes-Summary-Paper.pdf |archive-date=27 June 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Its second line states that, "the major responsibility for ensuring fair play rests with the captains, but extends to all players, match officials and, especially in [[Youth cricket|junior cricket]], teachers, coaches and parents".<ref name=preamble/>

The umpires are the sole judges of fair and unfair play. They are required under the Laws to intervene in case of dangerous or unfair play or in cases of unacceptable conduct by a player.

Previous versions of the Spirit identified actions that were deemed contrary (for example, appealing knowing that the batter is not out), but all specifics are now covered in the ''Laws of Cricket'', the relevant governing playing regulations and disciplinary codes, or left to the judgement of the umpires, captains, their clubs and governing bodies. The terse expression of the Spirit of Cricket now avoids trying to enumerate the diverse cultural conventions that exist in the detail of sportsmanship, or its absence.{{Clarify|date=October 2025}}

==Women's cricket==
{{main|Women's cricket}}
[[File:Mithali Raj Truro 2012.jpg|right|thumb|[[Mithali Raj]] of India is the highest run scorer in women's international cricket. ]]
Women's cricket was first recorded in [[Surrey]] in 1745.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/about/cricket/history-of-cricket/early-cricket |title=ICC History of Cricket (pre-1799) |publisher=ICC |access-date=7 July 2017}}</ref> International development began at the start of the 20th century, and the first Test match was played between [[Australia Women cricket team|Australia]] and [[England women's cricket team|England]] in December 1934.<ref name=ICC20C>{{cite web |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/about/cricket/history-of-cricket/20th-century |title=ICC History of Cricket (20th century) |publisher=ICC |access-date=7 July 2017}}</ref> The following year, [[New Zealand Womens cricket team|New Zealand]] joined them, and in 2007 [[Netherlands women cricket team|Netherland]] became the tenth women's Test nation when they made their debut against [[South Africa women cricket team|South Africa]]. In 1958, the International Women's Cricket Council was founded (it merged with the ICC in 2005).<ref name=ICC20C/> In 1973, the first Cricket World Cup of any kind took place when a Women's World Cup was held in England.<ref name=ICC20C/> In 2005, the [[International Women's Cricket Council]] was merged with the International Cricket Council (ICC) to form one unified body to help manage and develop cricket. The ICC Women's Rankings were launched on 1 October 2015 covering all three formats of women's cricket. In October 2018 following the ICC's decision to award T20 International status to all members, the Women's rankings were split into separate [[One Day International|ODI]] (for Full Members) and T20I lists.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/media-releases/877811|title=ICC Launches Global Women's T20I Team Rankings|access-date=12 October 2018|language=en}}</ref>

==Governance==
{{main|International Cricket Council}}
[[File:International Cricket Council members (by status) Current.svg|thumb|upright=1.5|[[International Cricket Council|ICC]] member nations. The (highest level) Test playing nations are shown in red; the associate member nations are shown in orange, with those with [[One Day International|ODI status]] in a darker shade; suspended or former members are shown in dark grey.]]

The [[International Cricket Council]] (ICC), which has its headquarters in [[Dubai]], is the global governing body of cricket. It was founded as the Imperial Cricket Conference in 1909 by representatives from England, Australia and South Africa, renamed the International Cricket Conference in 1965 and took up its current name in 1989.<ref name=ICC20C/> The ICC in 2017 has 105 member nations, twelve of which hold full membership and can play [[Test cricket]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/about |title=About the ICC |publisher=ICC |access-date=7 July 2017}}</ref> The ICC is responsible for the organisation and governance of cricket's major international tournaments, notably the men's and women's versions of the [[Cricket World Cup]]. It also appoints the umpires and referees that officiate at all sanctioned Test matches, Limited Overs Internationals and Twenty20 Internationals.

Each member nation has a national cricket board which regulates cricket matches played in its country, selects the national squad, and organises home and away tours for the national team.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ecb.co.uk/about-us/about-the-ecb |title=About the England and Wales Cricket Board |website=ECB |access-date=7 July 2017}}</ref> In the West Indies, which for cricket purposes is a federation of nations, these matters are addressed by [[Cricket West Indies]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cricketwestindies.org/ |title=Cricket West Indies |publisher=Cricket West Indies |access-date=7 July 2017}}</ref>

The table below lists the ICC full members and their national cricket boards:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.icc-cricket.com/team-rankings |title=ICC Rankings |website=International Cricket Council |publisher=ICC Development (International) Limited |access-date=9 February 2016 |archive-date=7 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160707201109/http://www.icc-cricket.com/team-rankings |url-status=dead }}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Cricket governing bodies
|-
! scope="col" | Nation
! scope="col" | Governing body
! scope="col" data-sort-type="date" | Full Member since<ref name="A Brief History...">{{cite web |url=http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/ci-icc/content/current/story/209608.html |title=A brief history ... |work=Cricinfo |date=18 May 2005 |access-date=2 May 2008 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | {{Flag|Afghanistan|2013}}
| [[Afghanistan Cricket Board]]
| 22 June 2017
|-
! scope="row" | {{Flag|Australia}}
| [[Cricket Australia]]
| 15 July 1909
|-
! scope="row" | {{Flag|Bangladesh}}
| [[Bangladesh Cricket Board]]
| 26 June 2000
|-
! scope="row" | {{Flag|England}}
{{Flag|Wales}}
| [[England and Wales Cricket Board]]
| 15 July 1909
|-
! scope="row" | {{Flag|India}}
| [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]]
| 31 May 1926
|-
! scope="row" | {{Flag|Ireland|cricket}}
| [[Cricket Ireland]]
| 22 June 2017
|-
! scope="row" | {{Flag|New Zealand}}
| [[New Zealand Cricket]]
| 31 May 1926
|-
! scope="row" | {{Flag|Pakistan}}
| [[Pakistan Cricket Board]]
| 28 July 1952
|-
! scope="row" | {{Flag|South Africa}}
| [[Cricket South Africa]]
| 15 July 1909
|-
! scope="row" | {{Flag|Sri Lanka}}
| [[Sri Lanka Cricket]]
| 21 July 1981
|-
! scope="row" | {{Flag|West Indies}}
| [[Cricket West Indies]]
| 31 May 1926
|-
! scope="row" | {{Flag|Zimbabwe}}
| [[Zimbabwe Cricket]]
| 6 July 1992
|}

==Forms of cricket==
{{main|Forms of cricket}}
[[File:England vs South Africa.jpg|thumb|A [[Test cricket|Test match]] between South Africa and England in January 2005. The men wearing black trousers are the [[umpire (cricket)|umpires]]. Teams in Test cricket, [[first-class cricket]] and [[club cricket]] wear traditional white uniforms and use red [[cricket ball]]s.]]
Cricket is a multifaceted sport with multiple formats that can effectively be divided into [[first-class cricket]], [[limited overs cricket]], and historically, [[single wicket cricket]].

The highest standard is [[Test cricket]] (always written with a capital "T") which is in effect the international version of first-class cricket and is restricted to teams representing the twelve countries that are full members of the ICC (see above). Although the term "Test match" was not coined until much later, Test cricket is deemed to have begun with two matches between [[Australia national cricket team|Australia]] and [[England national cricket team|England]] in the [[1876-77 Australian cricket season|1876–77 Australian season]]; since 1882, most Test series between England and Australia have been played for a trophy known as [[The Ashes]]. The term "first-class", in general usage, is applied to top-level domestic cricket. Test matches are played over five days and first-class over three to four days; in all of these matches, the teams are allotted two innings each and the [[Draw (cricket)|draw]] is a valid result.<ref>{{cite book |title=Dictionary of Cricket |last=Rundell |first=Michael |year=2006 |publisher=A&C Black Publishers Ltd |location=London |isbn=978-0-7136-7915-1 |page=336 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6Vu9cih3u1kC&q=%22dictionary%20of%20cricket%22%20test&pg=PT336 |access-date=17 October 2011}}</ref>

Limited overs cricket is always scheduled for completion in a single day, and the teams are allotted one innings each. There are two main types: [[List A cricket|List A]] which normally allows fifty overs per team; and [[Twenty20]] in which the teams have twenty overs each. Both of the limited overs forms are played internationally as [[Limited Overs International]]s (LOI) and [[Twenty20 International]]s (T20I). List A was introduced in England in the 1963 season as a knockout cup contested by the first-class county clubs. In 1969, a national league competition was established. The concept was gradually introduced to the other leading cricket countries and the first limited overs international was played in 1971. In 1975, the first [[Cricket World Cup]] took place in England. Twenty20 is a new variant of limited overs itself with the purpose being to complete the match within about three to four hours, usually in an evening session. The first [[Twenty20 World Championship]] was held in 2007. In addition, a few full-member cricket boards have decided to start leagues that are played in the [[T10 cricket|T10 format]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=CPL to launch inaugural T10 tournament 'The 6ixty' in August |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/cpl-to-launch-inaugural-t10-tournament-the-6ixty-in-august-1320902 |access-date=8 December 2022 |website=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=SportsCafe |date=21 November 2022 |title=Sri Lanka becomes first full-member cricket nation to introduce T10 League |url=https://sportscafe.in/cricket/articles/2022/nov/21/sri-lanka-becomes-first-full-member-cricket-nation-to-introduce-t-10-league |access-date=8 December 2022 |website=SportsCafe.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ZC to launch six-team T10 tournament in March 2023 |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/zimbabwe-cricket-launches-six-team-t10-tournament-in-march-2023-1348496 |access-date=8 December 2022 |website=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=T10 League Plans Expansion To Five Locations After Thumbs Up From 2 ICC Full Members {{!}} Cricket News |url=https://sports.ndtv.com/cricket/t10-league-plans-expansion-to-five-locations-after-thumbs-up-from-2-icc-full-members-3554950 |access-date=8 December 2022 |website=NDTVSports.com |language=en}}</ref> in which games are intended to last approximately 90 minutes.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Quint |first=The |date=25 January 2021 |title=Explained: Everything You Need to Know About Cricket's T10 League |url=https://www.thequint.com/sports/cricket/explainer-t10-league-rules-teams-and-players |access-date=8 December 2022 |website=TheQuint |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Abu Dhabi T10 cricket league eyes global expansion |url=https://www.gulftoday.ae/sport/2022/12/07/abu-dhabi-t10-cricket-league-eyes-global-expansion |access-date=8 December 2022 |website=www.gulftoday.ae|date=7 December 2022 }}</ref> Most recently, in 2021, the England and Wales Cricket Board (ECB) introduced a new league featuring a hundred-ball tournament, known as [[The Hundred (cricket)|The Hundred]].<ref>{{cite web |title=The Hundred timeline: How the ECB's new format came about |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/the-hundred-2021-the-hundred-timeline-how-the-ecb-s-new-format-came-about-1270291|access-date=30 March 2024 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> Limited overs matches cannot be drawn, although a [[Tie (cricket)|tie]] is possible and an unfinished match is a "[[No-result|no result]]".<ref>{{cite web |title=ICC clarification of limited overs |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/icc-clarifies-what-counts-and-what-doesn-t-255055 |access-date=8 July 2017 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=12 March 2016 |title=The first official T20 |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/blogs/content/story/980687.html |access-date=8 July 2017 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>

Single wicket was popular in the 18th and 19th centuries, and its matches were generally considered top-class. In this form, although each team may have from one to six players, there is only one batter in at a time, and that batter must face every delivery bowled while their innings lasts. Single wicket has rarely been played since limited overs cricket began. Matches tended to have two innings per team like a full first-class one and they could end in a draw.<ref>Major (2007), pp. 155–167 & 404–410.</ref>

==Competitions==
[[File:Cricket in Kerava IMG 8904 C.JPG|thumb|Cricket match in [[Kerava|Kerava, Finland]], 2011]]
Cricket is played at both the international and domestic level. There is one major international championship per format, and top-level domestic competitions mirror the three main international formats. There are now a number of [[T20 leagues]], which have spawned a "T20 freelancer" phenomenon.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The T20 Revolution – The Freelancers|url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/107424/the-t20-revolution-the-freelancers|access-date=9 September 2020|website=Cricbuzz|language=en}}</ref>

===International competitions===
{{main|International cricket}}

Most international matches are played as parts of 'tours', when one nation travels to another for a number of weeks or months, and plays a number of matches of various sorts against the host nation. Sometimes a [[Test cricket#Perpetual trophies|perpetual trophy]] is awarded to the winner of the Test series, the most famous of which is [[The Ashes]].

The ICC also organises competitions that are for several countries at once, including the [[ICC Men's Cricket World Cup]], [[ICC T20 World Cup]] and [[ICC Champions Trophy]]. A league competition for Test matches played as part of normal tours, the [[World Test Championship|ICC World Test Championship]], had been proposed several times, and its [[2019–21 ICC World Test Championship|first instance]] began in 2019. A league competition for [[One Day International|ODIs]], the [[ICC Cricket World Cup Super League]], began in August 2020 and lasted only for one edition. The ICC maintains [[ICC Test Championship|Test rankings]], [[ICC ODI Championship|ODI rankings]] and [[ICC T20I Championship|T20 rankings]] systems for the countries which play these forms of cricket.

Competitions for member nations of the ICC with [[List of International Cricket Council members#Associate members|Associate status]] include the [[ICC Intercontinental Cup]], for first-class cricket matches, and the [[World Cricket League]] for one-day matches, the final matches of which now also serve as the [[ICC World Cup Qualifier]].

The game's only appearance in an [[Olympic Games]] was the [[Cricket at the 1900 Summer Olympics|1900 Olympics]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The ignorant Olympians |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/the-ignorant-olympians-134962 |access-date=11 July 2023 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref> However, it is scheduled to make a return, with the [[Twenty20|T20]] format of the game, in the [[2028 Summer Olympics]] in Los Angeles.<ref>{{Cite news |title=IOC approves Cricket for 2028 Los Angeles Olympics|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/sports/ioc-approves-cricket-for-2028-los-angeles-olympics/articleshow/104397486.cms?from=mdr|access-date=14 October 2023 |website=The Economic Times| date=13 October 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=International Olympic Committee approves cricket and four other sports for 2028 Games in Los Angeles |url=https://www.skysports.com/cricket/news/15234/12985395/international-olympic-committee-approves-cricket-and-four-other-sports-for-2028-games-in-los-angeles |work=Sky Sports |date=16 October 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

===National competitions===
{{see also|Category:Domestic cricket competitions}}
[[File:Yorkshire-CCC-1895.jpg|right|thumb|[[Yorkshire County Cricket Club]] in 1895. The team first won the County Championship in 1893.]]

====First-class====
{{main|List of current first-class cricket teams}}
First-class cricket in England is played for the most part by the 18 county clubs which contest the [[County Championship]]. The concept of a [[Champion County|champion county]] has existed since the 18th century but the official competition was not established until 1890.<ref name="AMCS"/> The most successful club has been [[Yorkshire County Cricket Club|Yorkshire]], who had won 32 official titles (plus one shared) as of 2019.<ref>{{cite book |last=Playfair |title=Playfair Cricket Annual (70th edition) |edition=2017 |editor-last=Marshall |editor-first=Ian |publisher=Headline |page=216 |location=London}}</ref>

Australia established its national first-class championship in 1892–93 when the [[Sheffield Shield]] was introduced. In Australia, the first-class teams represent the various states.<ref name="CH175">Harte, p. 175.</ref> [[New South Wales cricket team|New South Wales]] has the highest number of titles.

The other ICC full members have national championship trophies called the [[Ahmad Shah Abdali 4-day Tournament]] (Afghanistan); the [[National Cricket League]] (Bangladesh); the [[Ranji Trophy]] (India); the [[Inter-Provincial Championship]] (Ireland); the [[Plunket Shield]] (New Zealand); the [[Quaid-e-Azam Trophy]] (Pakistan); the [[Sunfoil Series|Currie Cup]] (South Africa); the [[Premier Trophy]] (Sri Lanka); the [[Regional Four Day Competition|Shell Shield]] (West Indies); and the [[Logan Cup]] (Zimbabwe).

====Limited overs====
{{main|List of Twenty20 cricket competitions|T10 leagues|The Hundred (cricket){{!}}The Hundred}}

====Other====
{{see also|Minor Counties Cricket Championship|Second XI Championship}}

===Club and school cricket===
{{Main|Village cricket|Club cricket|Schools cricket}}

The world's earliest known cricket match was a [[village cricket]] meeting in [[Kent]] which has been deduced from a 1640 court case recording a "cricketing" of "the Weald and the Upland" versus "the Chalk Hill" at [[Chevening]] "about thirty years since" (i.e., {{circa|1611}}). Inter-parish contests became popular in the first half of the 17th century and continued to develop through the 18th with the first local leagues being founded in the second half of the 19th.<ref name="DU4"/>

At the grassroots level, local [[club cricket]] is essentially an amateur pastime for those involved but still usually involves teams playing in competitions at weekends or in the evening. [[Schools cricket]], first known in southern England in the 17th century, has a similar scenario and both are widely played in the countries where cricket is popular.<ref>Birley (1999), pp. 9–10.</ref> Although there can be variations in game format, compared with professional cricket, the Laws are always observed and club/school matches are therefore formal and competitive events.<ref>Birley (1999), pp. 151–152.</ref> The sport has numerous informal variants such as [[French cricket]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.topendsports.com/sport/cricket/french.htm |title=Rules of French Cricket |publisher=topend sports |access-date=8 July 2017}}</ref>

<gallery widths=200 heights=160>
File:Y.M.C.A. women playing cricket, Sydney University, R. Donaldson, 23 April 1941.jpg|Y.M.C.A. women playing cricket as part of 'sports for troops', [[Sydney University]], 23 April 1941
File:The Old Baltimore Cricket Club, Image 2 (1927).png|The Old Baltimore Cricket Club, 1927
</gallery>

=== Rivalries ===
{{main|:Category:Cricket rivalries}}

==Culture==
{{main|:Category:Cricket culture}}

===Influence on everyday life===
{{Multiple image
| image1 = Street Cricket in India (edited).jpg
| image2 = Jugando la Plaquita.JPG
| total_width = 400
| caption1 = [[Street cricket]] being played in a village in the Himalayas of India
| caption2 = [[Plaquita]], a game similar to cricket, being played in the Dominican Republic
}}
Cricket has had a broad impact on popular culture, both in the [[Commonwealth of Nations]] and elsewhere. It has, for example, influenced the [[lexicon]] of these nations, especially the English language, with various phrases such as "that's not cricket" (that's unfair), "had a good [[Innings#Usage outside of cricket|innings]]" (lived a long life), and "[[sticky wicket]]". "On a sticky wicket" (''aka'' "sticky dog" or "glue pot")<ref>{{Cite book |last=Green |first=Jonathon |title=Dictionary of Jargon |publisher=Routledge |year=1987 |isbn=9780710099198 |page=[https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofjarg00jona/page/528 528] |url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofjarg00jona/page/528 }}</ref> is a [[metaphor]]<ref name="CalliesKeller2011">{{cite book |author1=Marcus Callies |author2=Wolfram R. Keller |author3=Astrid Lohöfer |title=Bi-directionality in the Cognitive Sciences: Avenues, Challenges, and Limitations |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SC3cBXfj4UcC&pg=PA73 |year=2011 |publisher=John Benjamins Publishing |isbn=978-90-272-2384-5 |pages=73–}}</ref> used to describe a difficult circumstance. It originated as a term for difficult batting conditions in cricket, caused by a damp and soft pitch.<ref name="Hendrickson2001">{{cite book |author=Robert Hendrickson |title=World English: From Aloha to Zed |url=https://archive.org/details/worldenglishfrom00hend |url-access=registration |year= 2001 |publisher=Wiley |isbn=978-0-471-34518-3}}</ref>

===In the arts and popular culture===
{{see also|Cricket in fiction|Cricket in film and television|Cricket poetry}}
Cricket is the subject of works by noted English poets, including [[William Blake]] and [[Lord Byron]].<ref name=art>Smart, Alastair (20 July 2013). [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/art/art-features/10191131/The-art-of-cricket-Enough-to-leave-you-stumped.html "The art of cricket: Enough to leave you stumped"], ''The Telegraph''. Retrieved 12 March 2016.</ref> ''[[Beyond a Boundary]]'' (1963), written by Trinidadian [[C. L. R. James]], is often named the best book on any sport ever written.<ref>Rosengarten, Frank (2007). ''Urbane Revolutionary: C. L. R. James and the Struggle for a New Society''. University Press of Mississippi, {{ISBN|87-7289-096-7}} p. 134</ref>

In the visual arts, notable cricket paintings include [[Albert Chevallier Tayler]]'s ''[[Kent vs Lancashire at Canterbury]]'' (1907) and [[Russell Drysdale]]'s ''[[The cricketers (Drysdale)|The cricketers]]'' (1948), which has been called "possibly the most famous Australian painting of the 20th century."<ref name="Meacham">{{cite news |url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/entertainment/arts/montmartre-with-eucalypts/2009/06/05/1243708612484.html |title=Montmartre, with eucalypts |last=Meacham |first=Steve |date=6 June 2009 |work=Sydney Morning Herald |publisher=Fairfax |access-date=31 August 2009}}</ref> French [[impressionism|impressionist]] [[Camille Pissarro]] painted cricket on a visit to England in the 1890s.<ref name=art/> [[Francis Bacon (artist)|Francis Bacon]], an avid cricket fan, captured a batter in motion.<ref name=art/> [[Caribbean]] artist [[Wendy Nanan]]'s cricket images<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/picture_gallery/07/in_pictures_caribbean_cricket_art/html/1.stm |work=BBC News |title=Caribbean cricket art, in the middle |access-date=11 June 2016}}</ref> are featured in a limited edition first day cover for [[Royal Mail]]'s "World of Invention" stamp issue, which celebrated the London Cricket Conference 1–3 March 2007, first international workshop of its kind and part of the celebrations leading up to the 2007 [[Cricket World Cup]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bletchleycovers.com/ |title=Cricket: Dawn of a New World |date=March 2007 |publisher=Bletchley Park Post Office |access-date=11 June 2016 |archive-date=16 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160716041103/http://www.bletchleycovers.com/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In music, many [[Calypso music|calypsos]] make reference to the Sport of Cricket. See [[List of calypso songs about cricket]].

===Influence on other sports===
[[File:William Handcock Tom Wills.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Tom Wills]], cricketer and co-founder of [[Australian football]]]]

Cricket has close historical ties with [[Australian rules football]] and many players have [[List of Australian rules footballers and cricketers|competed at top levels in both sports]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Blainey |first=Geoffrey |title=A Game of Our Own: The Origins of Australian Football |publisher=Black Inc. |year=2010 |page=186 |isbn=978-1-86395-347-4}}</ref> In 1858, prominent Australian cricketer [[Tom Wills]] called for the formation of a "foot-ball club" with "a code of laws" to keep cricketers fit during the off-season. The [[Melbourne Football Club]] was founded the following year, and Wills and three other members codified the first laws of the game.<ref>{{cite book |last=de Moore |first=Greg |title=Tom Wills: His Spectacular Rise and Tragic Fall |publisher=Allen & Unwin |year=2008 |pages=77, 93–94 |isbn=978-1-74175-499-5}}</ref> It is typically played on [[Australian rules football playing field|modified cricket fields]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Hess |first=Rob |title=A National Game: The History of Australian Rules Football |publisher=Viking |year=2008 |page=44 |isbn=978-0-670-07089-3}}</ref>

[[File:1876boxscore.jpg|left|thumb|An 1876 baseball box score]]

In England, a number of [[association football]] clubs owe their origins to cricketers who sought to play football as a means of keeping fit during the winter months. [[Derby County F. C.|Derby County]] was founded as a branch of the [[Derbyshire County Cricket Club]] in 1884;<ref>Goldstein, p. 184.</ref> [[Aston Villa F. C.|Aston Villa]] (1874) and [[Everton F. C.|Everton]] (1876) were both founded by members of church cricket teams.<ref>Goldstein, pp. 15 & 184.</ref> [[Sheffield United F. C.|Sheffield United]]'s [[Bramall Lane]] ground was, from 1854, the home of the [[Sheffield Cricket Club]], and then of [[Yorkshire County Cricket Club|Yorkshire]]; it was not used for football until 1862 and was shared by Yorkshire and Sheffield United from 1889 to 1973.<ref>Goldstein, p. 458.</ref>

In the late 19th century, a former cricketer, English-born [[Henry Chadwick (writer)|Henry Chadwick]] of [[Brooklyn]], [[New York City|New York]], was credited with devising the baseball [[box score (baseball)|box score]]<ref>His Hall of Fame plaque states, in part: "Inventor of the box score. Author of the first rule-book ... Chairman of rules committee in first nationwide baseball organization." Lederer, Rich. ''By the Numbers: Computer technology has deepened fans' passion with the game's statistics. Memories and Dreams'' (Vol. 33, No. 6; Winter 2011[–2012], pp. 32–34). [[National Baseball Hall of Fame]] official magazine.</ref> (which he adapted from the cricket scorecard) for reporting game events. The first box score appeared in an 1859 issue of the ''[[New York Clipper|Clipper]]''.<ref name=NPR>{{cite web |last=Pesca |first=Mike |title=The Man Who Made Baseball's Box Score a Hit |url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=106891539 |publisher=[[National Public Radio]] |access-date=8 March 2014 |date=30 July 2009}}</ref> The statistical record is so central to the game's "historical essence" that Chadwick is sometimes referred to as "the Father of Baseball" because he facilitated the popularity of the sport in its early days.<ref name=Myth>{{cite news |last1=Arango |first1=Tim |title=Myth of baseball's creation endures, with a prominent fan |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/13/sports/baseball/13doubleday.html |access-date=8 November 2014 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=12 November 2010}}</ref>

The influence of cricket and other [[Sport in British India|English sports in British India]] resulted in the [[Traditional games of South Asia|local sports]] becoming standardised by the 1920s.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Love |first1=Adam |last2=Dzikus |first2=Lars |date=26 February 2020 |title=How India came to love cricket, favored sport of its colonial British rulers |url=https://theconversation.com/how-india-came-to-love-cricket-favored-sport-of-its-colonial-british-rulers-132302 |access-date=1 October 2024 |website=The Conversation |language=en-US}}</ref> The 21st century success of the [[Indian Premier League]] also inspired the growth of other sports leagues in India,<ref>{{Cite web |title=From Handball To Panja, Why Sports Leagues Are Taking Off In India |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/take-one-big-story-of-the-day/from-handball-to-panja-why-sports-leagues-are-taking-off-in-india/86315/1 |access-date=30 September 2024 |website=Forbes India |language=en}}</ref> with some of the native sports being further modernised, as with the popular [[Pro Kabaddi League]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=The end of cricket's Indian monopoly |url=https://www.economist.com/asia/2024/04/04/the-end-of-crickets-indian-monopoly |access-date=30 September 2024 |newspaper=The Economist |issn=0013-0613}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|left=yes|Cricket|Sports}}
* [[Glossary of cricket terms]]
* [[Willow and Stumpy]]

'''Related sports'''
* [[Baseball]]
** [[Comparison of baseball and cricket]]
* [[Stoolball]]
* [[Street cricket]]

==Footnotes==
<references group="fn" />{{Notelist}}

== Citations ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Sources ==
{{Refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite book |last=Altham |first=H. S. |author-link=Harry Altham |title=A History of Cricket, Volume 1 (to 1914) |year=1962 |publisher=George Allen & Unwin |location=London}}
* {{cite book |last=Ashley-Cooper |first=F. S. |author-link=F. S. Ashley-Cooper |title=At the Sign of the Wicket: Cricket 1742–1751 |year=1900 |series=Cricket: A Weekly Record of the Game |publisher=Cricket Magazine |location=London |oclc=28863559}}
* {{cite book |last=Barclays |title=Barclays World of Cricket |editor-last=Swanton |editor-first=E. W. |editor-link=E. W. Swanton |publisher=Willow Books |location=London |year=1986 |isbn=0-00-218193-2}}
* {{cite book |last=Birley |first=Derek |author-link=Derek Birley |title=A Social History of English Cricket |year=1999 |publisher=Aurum Press Ltd |location=London |isbn=1-85410-710-0}}
* {{cite book |last=Bowen |first=Rowland |author-link=Rowland Bowen |title=Cricket: A History of its Growth and Development |year=1970 |publisher=Eyre & Spottiswoode |location=London |isbn=0-413-27860-3}}
* {{cite book |title=The Rough Guide to English Football (2000–2001) |last=Goldstein |first=Dan |publisher=Rough Guides |location=London |date=2000 |isbn=1-85828-557-7 |url=https://archive.org/details/roughguidetoengl00dang }}
* {{cite book |last=Harte |first=Chris |title=A History of Australian Cricket |year=1993 |publisher=Andre Deutsch |location=London |page=175 |isbn=0-233-98825-4}}
* {{cite book |last=Haygarth |first=Arthur |author-link=Arthur Haygarth |title=Frederick Lillywhite's Cricket Scores & Biographies, Volume 1 (1744–1826) |year=1862 |publisher=Frederick Lillywhite |location=London}}
* {{cite book |last=Major |first=John |author-link=John Major |title=More Than A Game |year=2007 |publisher=HarperCollins |location=London |isbn=978-0-00-718364-7}}
* {{cite book |last=McCann |first=Tim |author-link=Timothy J. McCann |title=Sussex Cricket in the Eighteenth Century |year=2004 |publisher=Sussex Record Society |location=Lewes |isbn=0-85445-055-6}}
* {{cite book |last=Nyren |first=John |author-link=John Nyren |title=The Cricketers of my Time |orig-year=First published 1833 |editor=Ashley Mote |year=1998 |publisher=Robson Books |location=London |isbn=1-86105-168-9}}
* {{cite book |last=Underdown |first=David |author-link=David Underdown |title=Start of Play |year=2000 |publisher=Allen Lane |location=London |isbn=0-713-99330-8}}
* {{cite book |last=Webber |first=Roy |author-link=Roy Webber |title=The Phoenix History of Cricket |year=1960 |publisher=Phoenix House Ltd |location=London}}
* {{cite book |last=Williams |first=Charles |author-link=Charles Williams, Baron Williams of Elvel |title=Gentlemen & Players – The Death of Amateurism in Cricket |year=2012 |publisher=Weidenfeld & Nicolson |location=London |isbn=978-0-7538-2927-1}}
{{Refend}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |last=Guha |first=Ramachandra |author-link=Ramachandra Guha |year=2002 |title=A Corner of a Foreign Field: The Indian History of a British Sport |location=London |publisher=Picador |isbn=0-330-49117-2 |oclc=255899689}}

==External links==
{{Sister project links|c=Category:Cricket|voy=Cricket|d=Q5375|wikt=cricket|m=no|mw=no|species=no|n=Category:Cricket}}
* [http://www.icc-cricket.com/ International Cricket Council (ICC)]
* [http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/index.html ESPNcricinfo]

{{Navboxes
|title=Articles relating to Cricket
|list1=
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[[Category:Cricket| ]]
[[Category:Ball and bat games]]
[[Category:Former Summer Olympic sports]]
[[Category:Sports originating in England]]
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G2 (film)

2026-04-14T04:00:46Z

CarlNorfleet88:

{{Short description|Upcoming Indian film by Adivi Sesh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = G2
| image = G2 (film) poster.jpeg
| alt = 
| caption = Poster with previous release date
| director = Vinay Kumar Sirigineedi
| producer = {{plainlist|
* T. G. Vishwa Prasad
* Abhishek Agarwal
}}
| writer = [[Adivi Sesh]] 
Vinay Kumar Sirigineedi
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* Adivi Sesh
* [[Emraan Hashmi]]
* [[Wamiqa Gabbi]]
* [[Madhu Shalini]]
}}
| cinematography = Azeem Mohammad
| editing = Kodati Pavan Kalyan<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kiran Kumar |first1=Aasha |title='Major' editors Vinay Kumar Sirigineedi and Kodati Pavan Kalyan |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/major-editors-vinay-kumar-sirigineedi-and-kodati-pavan-kalyan-talk-about-the-films-success-and-much-more-behindthecamera/articleshow/92630600.cms |website=The Times of India |date=3 July 2022 |access-date=19 August 2024}}</ref>
| music = [[Sricharan Pakala]] Ariyan Mehedi
| studio = {{ubl|People Media Factory|Abhishek Agarwal Arts|AK Entertainments}}
| distributor = [[AA Films]] DJ Fluke Production
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget = ₹100 crore
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2026}}
}}

'''''G2''''' is an upcoming Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[spy film|spy]] [[action thriller film]] directed by Vinay Kumar Sirigineedi in his directorial debut. It is a sequel to ''[[Goodachari]]'' (2018), with [[Adivi Sesh]] reprising his role. The film also stars [[Emraan Hashmi]], [[Wamiqa Gabbi]] and [[Madhu Shalini]].

The project was officially announced by Sesh in December 2018. However, due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India|COVID-19 pandemic]], the film faced delays. Shooting commenced in December 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 December 2023 |title=Goodachari 2: Adivi Sesh begins shooting in Hyderabad, calls it massive |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/regional-cinema/goodachari-2-adivi-sesh-begins-shooting-in-hyderabad-calls-it-massive-2023-12-11-906828 |access-date=12 December 2023 |website=indiatvnews.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=FC |first=Team |date=11 December 2023 |title=Adivi Sesh starrer Goodachari 2 Commences Shooting |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/news/adivi-sesh-starrer-goodachari-2-commences-shooting |access-date=12 December 2023 |website=[[Film Companion]]}}</ref> The film is being made on a budget of {{Indian Rupee}}100 [[crore]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 August 2024 |title=G2: Adivi Sesh, Emraan Hashmi starrer to be mounted on a massive budget of Rs. 250 Crore |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/south-cinema/g2-adivi-sesh-emraan-hashmi-starrer-mounted-massive-budget-rs-100-crore/ |access-date=30 August 2024 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |language=en}}</ref>

==Synopsis==
''G2'' continues the story of an Indian spy on an overseas mission to fight for his country.

==Cast==
* [[Adivi Sesh]] as Agent M. Gopi / M. Arjun Kumar alias Agent Gopi 116
* [[Emraan Hashmi]] as Vijay Saxena
*[[Wamiqa Gabbi]] as Mahalakshmi Naagin<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ramachandran |first1=Naman |title=Adivi Sesh Joined by Wamiqa Gabbi in Indian Spy Thriller Sequel 'G2' (EXCLUSIVE) |url=https://variety.com/2025/film/news/adivi-sesh-wamiqa-gabbi-g2-goodachari-1236266792/ |website=Variety |date=7 January 2025}}</ref>
* [[Madhu Shalini]] as Agent Leena Rajan
* Supriya Yarlagadda as Nadiya Qureshi
* [[Prakash Raj]] as Satya
* [[Jisshu Sengupta]] as Capt. Nagappa

==Production==
[[Adivi Sesh]] first announced plans for a sequel to ''[[Goodachari]]'' on his birthday in December 2018, with initial plans for Rahul Pakala to direct.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 December 2018 |title=Adivi Sesh announces Goodachari 2 on his birthday |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/adivi-sesh-announces-goodachari-2-on-his-birthday-5497319/ |access-date= |website=The Indian Express }}</ref> The sequel was delayed by [[COVID-19 pandemic]], and in April 2020, Sesh confirmed he was writing the script for Goodachari 2.<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 April 2020 |title=Amid Covid-19 lockdown, actor-writer Adivi Sesh is busy scripting Goodachari 2, editing Major |work=Hindustan Times |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/amid-covid-19-lockdown-actor-writer-adivi-sesh-is-busy-scripting-goodachari-2-editing-major/story-COXQTB7UKZllG1nT2iZHyK.html |access-date=29 January 2021}}</ref> In June 2022, Sesh stated that script work is yet to be finished, and he confirmed that the sequel would be a continuation of the first part.{{Citation needed|date=October 2025}}

The sequel, ''G2'', was officially announced by Sesh on 29 December 2022,<ref>{{Cite web |title=First Look of Adivi Sesh's Pan India Project 'Goodachari 2' Out; Vinay Kumar Sirigineedi To Direct |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/first-look-of-adivi-sesh-s-pan-india-project-goodachari-2-out-vinay-kumar-sirigineedi-to-direct-news-252159 |access-date=9 January 2023 |website=outlookindia.com |date=9 January 2023}}</ref> with Vinay Kumar Sirigineedi now directing. The film is produced by TG Vishwa Prasad and Abhishek Agarwal.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 December 2022 |title=Goodachari 2 Teaser: Adivi Sesh announces his most awaited film. All details here |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/new-updates/goodachari-2-teaser-adivi-sesh-announces-his-most-awaited-film-all-details-here/articleshow/96597832.cms |access-date=29 December 2022 |website=The Economic Times}}</ref> In January 2023, Abhishek Agarwal Arts unveiled the first look of ''G2'', confirming it as a [[Pan-Indian film]]. Adivi Sesh, who is also the screenwriter for the film, shared updates on the script's progress in April 2020. While filming was underway, [[Emraan Hashmi]] was announced as part of the cast in a main role in February 2024.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Keshri |first1=Shweta |title=Adivi Sesh welcomes Emraan Hashmi to ''Goodachari 2'' universe: 'Can't wait to work' |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/adivi-sesh-welcomes-emraan-hashmi-to-goodachari-2-universe-2502489-2024-02-15 |work=[[India Today]] |date=15 February 2024}}</ref>

Filming is planned in [[India]], the [[United Arab Emirates]] and [[Europe]]. Principal photography began in December 2023.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Nadadhur |first1=Srivathsan |title=Goodachari 2 - Adivi Sesh begins filming for the thriller at a five-floor glass set in Hyderabad |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/goodachari-2-adivi-sesh-begins-filing-for-the-thriller-at-a-five-floor-glass-set-in-hyderabad/46e9d1561a147 |website=[[OTTPlay]] |publisher=[[HT Media]] |date=11 December 2023}}</ref>

== Release ==
''G2'' was scheduled to be released in theatres on 1 May 2026.<ref>{{cite web |title='G2' First Look Out: Adivi Sesh, Emraan Hashmi and Wamiqa Gabbi feature in high-octane action spy thriller; set for grand release in 2026 |date=4 August 2025 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/adivi-seshs-spy-saga-returns-g2-set-for-a-grand-release-on-may-1-2026/articleshow/123096350.cms |website=The Times of India |access-date=5 August 2025}}</ref><ref name="Adivi Sesh’s ‘G2,’ co-starring Wamiqa Gabbi, gets a release date">{{cite news |title=Adivi Sesh's 'G2,' co-starring Wamiqa Gabbi, gets a release date |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/adivi-seshs-g2-co-starring-wamiqa-gabbi-gets-a-release-date/article69893609.ece |access-date=6 August 2025 |work=The Hindu |date=4 August 2025 |language=en-IN}}</ref> During the shoot of some action sequences of ''[[Dacoit: A Love Story]]'', Sesh had a [[Posterior cruciate ligament injury|PCL tear]] and was unable to complete the shoot for ''G2'' within the expected time. Hence, the release is being postponed to the end of 2026.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FyI2VyQe9CY&t=2276s |title=Adivi Sesh Interview With Baradwaj Rangan {{!}} Dacoit {{!}} Mrunal Thakur {{!}} Conversation |date=2026-04-04 |last=Galatta Plus |access-date=2026-04-09 |via=YouTube}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt11306406}}

[[Category:2026 Indian films]]
[[Category:2026 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Indian spy thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Films shot in the United Arab Emirates]]
[[Category:Films shot in France]]
[[Category:Films shot in Poland]]
[[Category:Films shot in Hungary]]
[[Category:Films shot in Switzerland]]
[[Category:Films shot in Italy]]
[[Category:Unreleased Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Indian spy action films]]
[[Category:Indian sequel films]]
[[Category:Films about the Research & Analysis Wing]]
[[Category:Films postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic]]
[[Category:People Media Factory films]]
[[Category:Upcoming films]]

Priscilla Jana

2026-04-11T19:57:15Z

CarlNorfleet88: Added the details needs work!

{{Short description|South African human rights lawyer (1943–2020)}}
{{Good article}}
{{Use South African English|date=December 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Priscilla Jana
| image = Priscilla Jana.jpeg
| party = [[African National Congress]]
| office1 = Member of the [[National Assembly of South Africa]]
| term_start1 = 9 May 1994
| term_end1 = June 1999
| birth_name = Devikarani Priscilla Sewpal
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1943|12|5}}
| birth_place = [[Westville, KwaZulu-Natal|Westville]], [[Natal (province)|Natal]], Union of South Africa
| death_date = {{death date and age|2020|10|10|1943|12|5|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Pretoria]], South Africa
| alma_mater = [[Sophia College for Women]]; [[University of South Africa]]
| occupation = Human rights lawyer
| known_for = Anti-apartheid activism; Lawyer for leading anti-apartheid leaders including [[Nelson Mandela]], [[Winnie Madikizela-Mandela]], [[Desmond Tutu]], and [[Steve Biko]]
| spouse = {{ubl
| {{marriage|Reg Jana|1964|1989|end=div}}
| {{marriage|Reagan Jacobus|end=div}}
}}
}}
'''Devikarani Priscilla Sewpal Jana''' (5{{nbsp}}December 1943{{snd}}10{{nbsp}}October 2020) was a South African human rights lawyer, politician and diplomat. As a member of the [[African National Congress|African National Congress (ANC)]] during the anti-apartheid movement, she participated in both legal activism as well as in the underground [[Anti-Apartheid Movement|movement to end apartheid]]. She represented many significant figures in the movement, including South African president [[Nelson Mandela]], [[Winnie Madikizela-Mandela]], [[Steve Biko]], [[Govan Mbeki]], [[Walter Sisulu]], and Archbishop [[Desmond Tutu]]. Jana was one of the very few South Africans who had access to political prisoners, including Mandela, in the maximum security [[Maximum Security Prison, Robben Island|Robben Island]] prison, and served as an emissary for coded messages between the political prisoners and the ANC leadership.

Jana's activism made her subject to violent harassment and an eventual [[banning order]]. Following the advent of full democracy in South Africa, she became a lawmaker and served as a [[Parliament of South Africa|Member of Parliament]] with the ANC between 1994 and 1999. She was also an ambassador of the [[South African government]] to the Netherlands and Ireland, and a commissioner with the [[South African Human Rights Commission]]. She was a member of the justice committee that was responsible for the roll-out of the [[Truth and Reconciliation Commission (South Africa)|South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission.]]

==Early life==
Devikarani Priscilla Sewpal was born 5 December 1943, in [[Westville, KwaZulu-Natal|Westville, Natal]] (now called [[KwaZulu-Natal]]) near the port city of [[Durban]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Renowned Indian-origin South African human rights lawyer Priscilla Jana passes away |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/world/renowned-indian-origin-south-african-human-rights-lawyer-priscilla-jana-passes-away-154291 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201014044821/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/world/renowned-indian-origin-south-african-human-rights-lawyer-priscilla-jana-passes-away-154291 |archive-date=14 October 2020 |access-date=11 October 2020 |website=India Tribune |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Shoba-2020">{{Cite web |last=Shoba |first=Sandisiwe |date=11 October 2020 |title=Obituary 1943–2020: In memory of human rights lawyer Priscilla Jana |url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-10-11-in-memory-of-human-rights-lawyer-priscilla-jana-1943-2020/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201013200940/https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-10-11-in-memory-of-human-rights-lawyer-priscilla-jana-1943-2020/ |archive-date=13 October 2020 |access-date=11 October 2020 |website=Daily Maverick |language=en}}</ref> She was the second child amongst three children to Hansrani Sewpal and Hansraj Sewpal. Jana's parents were middle-class Indian immigrants with her father being a high school teacher.<ref name="Cowell-2020">{{Cite news |last=Cowell |first=Alan |date=24 November 2020 |title=Priscilla Jana, Lawyer Who Battled Apartheid, Is Dead at 76 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/24/world/africa/priscilla-jana-dead.html |work=The New York Times}}</ref> Her father's challenging of social injustices ranging from [[apartheid]] to the [[Caste system in India|Indian caste system based discrimination]], was an early influence on her.<ref name="SA-History" />

She first joined the [[Pietermaritzburg Girls' High School]], where she organized a walkout as a part of a national potato boycott in 1958 protesting the treatment of [[Ethnic groups in South Africa|Black]] farmers.<ref name="The Guardian-2020" /><ref name="Jones-2016" /> She began her high school in [[Durban]] in 1960 and went to India on a [[Government of India]] scholarship to study medicine at the [[Sophia College for Women]] in Bombay (now [[Mumbai]]). Upon returning to South Africa, she started her Bachelor of Laws Degree at the University of South Africa (UNISA) in 1974, but transferred over to the University College for Indians on [[Salisbury Island, Durban]], where she was the only woman student in the class.<ref name="SA-History" /> Her pursuit of a law degree was against the initial wishes of her parents who had wanted her to become a physician instead.<ref name="Shoba-2020" /><ref name="Cowell-2020" />

She grew up at a time when neighborhoods, schools, and all public facilities, were segregated by racial profile. Writing in her memoir, ''[[Fighting for Mandela]]'', she recollects a meeting with [[Internal resistance to apartheid|anti-apartheid]] activist [[Steve Biko]] when she was 26 that helped solidify the notion of identity in her mind. The meeting, she says, helped make clear in her mind that one "didn't have to be African to call yourself a Black." That notion helped her find solidarity in a group. She writes, "I had found solidarity. At last, I knew where I belonged."<ref name="Cowell-2020" />

==Career==

===Early years===
After her graduation in 1974, she joined the law firm of [[Ismail Ayob]], a lawyer of Indian origin. The firm's clients included many in the anti-apartheid movement, including [[Nelson Mandela]].<ref name="Cowell-2020" /> In 1977, she went on her first of what would be many trips to [[Robben Island Maximum Security Prison|Robben Island]] to meet Mandela. She would later write, "At one time I represented every [[political prisoner]] on Robben Island."<ref name="Cowell-2020" />

Visiting Mandela at [[Robben Island Maximum Security Prison|Robben Island]] in 1977 as a solicitor needing his signatures, Jana became the first woman to hug Mandela in 13 years of imprisonment.<ref name="The Guardian-2020" /> At the time, even Mandela's wife [[Winnie Madikizela-Mandela]] could only see him through a glass panel.<ref name="The Guardian-2020" /> Jana became Mandela's personal attorney and her access allowed her to pass coded messages from the ANC organization to Mandela, while joking and teasing.<ref name="The Guardian-2020">{{Cite web |date=5 November 2020 |title=Priscilla Jana obituary {{!}} Pat Devereaux |url=http://www.theguardian.com/global/2020/nov/05/priscilla-jana-obituary |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124131746/https://www.theguardian.com/global/2020/nov/05/priscilla-jana-obituary |archive-date=24 November 2020 |access-date=25 November 2020 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}</ref> As one of the very few South Africans who had access to Mandela during his imprisonment in the island, she also carried back coded messages from Mandela and the other political prisoners to the ANC leadership, including President [[Oliver Tambo]].<ref name="SA-History" />

As an articled clerk, she represented the members of [[Soweto]] Students' representative council, against state brutality, following the [[1976 Soweto Uprising]].<ref name="The Guardian-2020" />

In one of her high-profile cases from this time she defended a 22-year-old activist and [[UMkhonto we Sizwe|UMkhonto we Sizwe (MK)]] member, [[Solomon Mahlangu]], who was eventually convicted under the [[Terrorism Act, 1967]] for the murder of two white people. Mahlangu was sentenced to death and subsequently hanged, due to prevailing common purpose laws that judged perceived complicity as harshly as the crime itself. The case generated global outrage. Jana was one of the last of Mahlangu's supporters to see him on the night prior to his execution, and came back carrying a message to carry on with the fight for freedom. His last message conveyed through her went on to be a rallying cry for his supporters, "Tell my people that I love them. They must continue the fight. My blood will nourish the tree that bears the fruits of freedom."<ref name="Cowell-2020" /><ref name="The Guardian-2020" />

In 1979, Jana opened her own law practice, focusing on civil liberties and human rights cases.<ref name="Shoba-2020" /> However, very soon in 1980, she was handed a [[banning order]] under the [[Suppression of Communism Act, 1950]] for five years, imposing an overnight curfew on her and limiting her to meeting with only one person, as well as limiting her public speeches.<ref name="Cowell-2020" /><ref name="SA-History">{{Cite web |title=Devikarani Priscilla Jana {{!}} South African History Online |url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/devikarani-priscilla-jana |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201207041905/https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/devikarani-priscilla-jana |archive-date=7 December 2020 |access-date=25 November 2020 |website=www.sahistory.org.za}}</ref>

During this time Jana also joined the underground cell of the African National Congress, [[UMkhonto we Sizwe]], which was led by future South African President, [[Thabo Mbeki]], from London, to whom Jana used to report.<ref>{{Cite web |title='Mandela must be turning in his grave' – Priscilla Jana |url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/sunday-times/opinion-and-analysis/2016-04-24-mandela-must-be-turning-in-his-grave-priscilla-jana/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201210125355/https://www.timeslive.co.za/sunday-times/opinion-and-analysis/2016-04-24-mandela-must-be-turning-in-his-grave-priscilla-jana/ |archive-date=10 December 2020 |access-date=28 November 2020 |website=TimesLIVE |language=en-ZA}}</ref><ref name="SA-History" /> The cell had as its members [[Jackie Selebi]], [[Beyers Naudé]], and Cedric Mayson.<ref name="SA-History" />

===Opposing apartheid===
Through her career, Jana represented many leaders of the [[Internal resistance to apartheid|anti-apartheid]] movement, including South African president [[Nelson Mandela]], [[Winnie Madikizela-Mandela]], [[Steve Biko]], Ebrahim Ebrahim, [[Ahmed Kathrada]], [[Solomon Mahlangu]], [[Govan Mbeki]], [[Walter Sisulu]], and Archbishop [[Desmond Tutu]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hassen |first=Fakir |date=11 October 2020 |title=Renowned Indian-origin South African human rights lawyer Priscilla Jana passes away |url=https://in.news.yahoo.com/renowned-indian-origin-south-african-124541003.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201014045810/https://in.news.yahoo.com/renowned-indian-origin-south-african-124541003.html |archive-date=14 October 2020 |access-date=11 October 2020 |website=Yahoo! News |language=en-IN}}</ref>

She started off by representing [[Nelson Mandela]] and [[Winnie Madikizela-Mandela]] as their lawyer in the mid-1970s. She had gotten to know the couple when Mandela was serving imprisoned at the [[Robben Island Maximum Security Prison|Robben Island prison.]]<ref name="Cowell-2020" /> This was around the same time that Madikizela-Mandela had been arrested and detained in solitary confinement before being relegated to a segregated Black township in the [[Orange Free State (province)|Orange Free State]]. Racially motivated laws of the time meant that as a person of Indian origin, Jana was not allowed to stay overnight while visiting her client.<ref name="Cowell-2020" /> She continued to remain connected with Madikizela-Mandela as she was released from [[Brandfort]] and began to appeal to more radical and younger protesters who took to more radical forms of protest in taking on authorities.<ref name="Cowell-2020" />

At the same time, Jana took exception when Madikizela-Mandela was sentenced to prison for kidnapping of a young boy, Stompie Moeketsi, noting that this action had resulted in the anti-apartheid movement being drawn into this matter and being tarnished in the process.<ref name="Cowell-2020" /> She went on to raise this objection with Mandela when he was released from prison. She also expressed her own radical side when she faulted Mandela for forgiving his former opponents upon being released from prison.<ref name="Cowell-2020" />

Jana was targeted by state agents in the mid-1980s, with her home bombed with [[Molotov cocktail]] attacks. Her offices were periodically raided, with files and documents often rummaged through in an effort to intimidate her.<ref name="Jones-2016" /> But, these actions did not deter her. She took on activist client [[Popo Molefe]] and his wife Phinda Molefe's baby girl, Albertina, when the mother left her behind in Jana's office in despair.<ref name="The Guardian-2020" /><ref name="Jones-2016" /> Many years later, in 2001, Jana officially adopted Albertina.<ref name="The Guardian-2020" />

Jana also represented the poet [[Benjamin Moloise]], who was condemned to death by hanging for the killing of a policeman in 1982. Her efforts had helped mobilize global attention and subsequent calls from global organizations and governments asking the then-South African government to grant clemency. Jana was with Moloise's elderly mother on a vigil in 1985 when the elder Moloise's house was surrounded by soldiers and tear-gassed.<ref name="Rule-1985">{{Cite news |last=Rule |first=Sheila |date=18 October 1985 |title=Poet's Mother Is Target |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/10/18/world/poet-s-mother-is-target.html |work=The New York Times}}</ref> An earlier request by her for a retrial had been turned down by the South African government.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Cowell |first=Alan |date=16 October 1985 |title=PRETORIA REFUSES POET A NEW TRIAL |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/10/16/world/pretoria-refuses-poet-a-new-trial.html |work=The New York Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Rule |first=Sheila |date=19 August 1985 |title=SCATTERED UNREST IN SOUTH AFRICA |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/08/19/world/scattered-unrest-in-south-africa.html |work=The New York Times}}</ref> Moloise was executed in October 1985, at the age of 30.<ref name="Rule-1985" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Says |first=Mehadihasan |date=18 October 2011 |title=ExecutedToday.com » 1985: Benjamin Moloise, revolutionary poet |url=http://www.executedtoday.com/2011/10/18/1985-benjamin-moloise-revolutionary-poet/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129104324/https://www.executedtoday.com/2011/10/18/1985-benjamin-moloise-revolutionary-poet/ |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=28 November 2020 |language=en}}</ref>

Representing [[Govan Mbeki]], former national chairman of the [[African National Congress]], Jana helped secure his release from the [[Maximum Security Prison, Robben Island|Robben Island]] prison in 1987, after serving 23 years of a life sentence. The release of the 77-year-old came with severe restrictions including geographical limits for him to remain within the [[Port Elizabeth]] region. This release was regarded as a "trial run" for the eventual release of Nelson Mandela from the same prison.<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 December 1987 |title=South Africa Restricts a Freed Dissident |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/12/12/world/south-africa-restricts-a-freed-dissident.html |work=The New York Times}}</ref>

Jana was also a part of the [[Black Consciousness Movement]] that opposed movements to ensure multiracialism in the [[African National Congress]]. In a high-profile case, she took on the South African Medical and Dental Council in 1984 to prove that two doctors who were providing care to anti-apartheid activist and Black Consciousness Movement leader [[Steve Biko]], had acted improperly when Biko died in custody in 1977.<ref name="Cowell-2020" /><ref name="SAHRC-20">{{Cite web |title=Tributes pour in for the 'people's lawyer' Priscilla Jana |url=https://www.sahrc.org.za/index.php/sahrc-media/news/item/2480-tributes-pour-in-for-the-people-s-lawyer-priscilla-jana |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201209094536/https://www.sahrc.org.za/index.php/sahrc-media/news/item/2480-tributes-pour-in-for-the-people-s-lawyer-priscilla-jana |archive-date=9 December 2020 |access-date=28 November 2020 |website=www.sahrc.org.za |language=en-gb}}</ref> The case ended up finding the two white doctors guilty in 1985.<ref name="Cowell-2020" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Rule |first=Sheila |date=17 October 1985 |title=PRETORIA DOCTOR LOSES HIS LICENSE |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/10/17/world/pretoria-doctor-loses-his-license.html |work=The New York Times}}</ref> She was also an activist member of the Democratic Women's Movement, and issued calls for boycott of the apartheid elections and the creation of a new apartheid constitution, in August 1985. Participating in the campaign to boycott the elections, she had said, "Anybody, Colored or Indian, who participates in the new constitution will be as guilty as the perpetrators of this crime against the people. He who participates is a traitor."<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mbeki |first=Thabo |date=1985 |title=The Struggle Inside South Africa |journal=Africa Report |volume=30 |issue=1 |page=59 |id={{ProQuest|1304058711}}}}</ref>

In this period, Jana was a part of a collective of legal challengers who battled civil and human rights cases across the country to end apartheid and usher democracy into the country.<ref name="Cowell-2020" /> At a time when most legal activists saw their role within the bounds of the legal system, Jana often crossed over into being a radical activist. While she worked as lawyer on human rights cases, she would be seen working at nights with underground activists on more violent means to combat apartheid, including having carried [[AK-47]]s in the boot of her car from [[Soweto]] on behalf of an underground client, to prevent their confiscation.<ref name="Cowell-2020" /><ref name="The Guardian-2020" /> Through this period, she was also a member of [[Black People's Convention]] and the Anti-Constitutional Committee and Federation of Transvaal Women.<ref name="SAHRC-20" />

===Later years===
With the advent of democracy and the [[African National Congress|African National Congress (ANC)]] in power in 1994, Jana joined as an ANC lawmaker, and served as a [[Parliament of South Africa|Member of Parliament]] between 1994 and 1999.<ref name="News24-2020">{{Cite web |date=10 October 2020 |title=Human rights lawyer Priscilla Jana has died |url=https://www.news24.com/news24/southafrica/news/human-rights-lawyer-priscilla-jana-dies-20201010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011184540/https://www.news24.com/news24/southafrica/news/human-rights-lawyer-priscilla-jana-dies-20201010 |archive-date=11 October 2020 |access-date=12 October 2020 |website=News24 |language=en}}</ref> She represented [[Krugersdorp]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 July 1997 |title=ANC Constituency Offices |url=http://www.anc.org.za/lists/conoff.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19970708143021/http://www.anc.org.za/lists/conoff.html |archive-date=8 July 1997 |access-date=1 December 2020}}</ref> She had also been a member of the South African Law Commission, and a member of the Presidential Advisory Committee.<ref name="The New Indian Express-2020" /> She was a member of the justice committee that was responsible for the roll-out of the [[Truth and Reconciliation Commission (South Africa)|Truth and Reconciliation Commission.]]<ref name="The Guardian-2020" /> Jana was also a contributor to President [[Thabo Mbeki]]'s ''Millennium Africa Recovery Programme (MAP),'' which represented a pan-African initiative to set Africa on a path to sustainable development and growth, and actions to eradicate poverty. Writing in a paper titled ''African Renaissance and the Millennium Action Plan'', Jana described the framework as bringing together Africa's resources, across a combination of mineral and material, bio-diversity, cultural, and human resources, to deliver on continent-wide development goals.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bongmba |first=Elias K. |date=2004 |title=Reflections on Thabo Mbekis African Renaissance |journal=Journal of Southern African Studies |volume=30 |issue=2 |pages=291–316 |doi=10.1080/0305707042000215374 |jstor=4133837 |s2cid=143254122}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hensbroek |first=Pieter Boele van |date=2002 |title=African Renaissance and Ubuntu |url=https://hdl.handle.net/11370/73b9756a-8f77-4f5d-a8d7-88a83042062b |hdl-access=free |website=University of Groningen |hdl=11370/73b9756a-8f77-4f5d-a8d7-88a83042062b}}</ref>

She also went on to serve as South Africa's ambassador to the Netherlands from 2001 to 2005 and as the ambassador to Ireland from 2006 to 2011, serving as a diplomat for a total of nine years.<ref name="News24-2020" /><ref name="SA-History" /> She took charge as the commissioner and deputy chair person of the [[South African Human Rights Commission|South African Human Rights Commission (SAHRC)]] in 2017.<ref name="News24-2020" /><ref name="SAHRC-20" />

She was the recipient of a lifetime achievement award at the Woza Awards in 2017, an award established to identify and recognize women in the legal fraternity.<ref name="The New Indian Express-2020">{{Cite web |date=11 October 2020 |title=Renowned Indian-origin South African human rights lawyer Priscilla Jana passes away |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/world/2020/oct/11/renowned-indian-origin-south-african-human-rights-lawyer-priscilla-jana-passes-away-2208906.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201016223839/https://www.newindianexpress.com/world/2020/oct/11/renowned-indian-origin-south-african-human-rights-lawyer-priscilla-jana-passes-away-2208906.html |archive-date=16 October 2020 |access-date=25 November 2020 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Jana (then Sewpal) met her husband Reg Jana, who was a South African student studying in India, when she was studying medicine at the [[Sophia College for Women]] in Bombay. Writing in her memoir about life after her wedding, she speaks about her husband's large family and traditional expectations from the daughter-in-law of the family as a cause for differences between them.<ref name="Jones-2016">{{Cite book |last=Jones |first=Barbara |title=Fighting For Mandela - The Explosive Autobiography of The Woman Who Helped to Destroy Apartheid |last2=Jana |first2=Priscilla |date=2016 |publisher=Metro Publishing |isbn=978-1-78606-064-8}}{{page needed|date=July 2023}}</ref> While Reg would continue to be with her during her struggles, his multiple affairs during this period led Jana to seek a divorce. She writes of the banning order being a cause for great stress and ruining her life and marriage.<ref name="Jones-2016" /> Their marriage ended in a divorce in 1989. However, she kept the last name.<ref name="The Guardian-2020" /> She then married Reagan Jacobus, a self-made lawyer, with that marriage leading to a divorce in the mid-1990s.<ref name="Cowell-2020" /> In 2001, she adopted her foster-daughter Albertina Jana Molefe, who was the daughter of an activist client, [[Popo Molefe]]. At the same time she also adopted her brother's son, Shivesh Sewpal.<ref name="The Guardian-2020" />

Jana died on 10 October 2020 in a care home in [[Pretoria]] at the age of 76. The cause for her death was not specified.<ref name="Cowell-2020" /> She is survived by a daughter, Alberta Jana Molefe, and a son, Shivesh Sewpal.<ref name="Cowell-2020" /> In a statement, the [[African National Congress]], calling attention to her sacrifices for the anti-apartheid liberation movement, stated, "at a time when she could have chosen to selfishly pursue personal wealth and material advancement. Instead, she understood her career as a calling, to serve the people of South Africa, especially the poor and powerless."<ref name="The New Indian Express-2020" />

==Book==
* {{Cite book |last=Jones |first=Barbara |title=Fighting For Mandela - The Explosive Autobiography of The Woman Who Helped to Destroy Apartheid |last2=Jana |first2=Priscilla |date=2016 |publisher=Metro Publishing |isbn=978-1-78606-064-8}}{{page needed|date=July 2023}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jana, Priscilla}}
[[Category:1943 births]]
[[Category:2020 deaths]]
[[Category:South African human rights activists]]
[[Category:South African women lawyers]]
[[Category:Women ambassadors of South Africa]]
[[Category:South African anti-apartheid activists]]
[[Category:People from eThekwini Metropolitan Municipality]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of South Africa to the Netherlands]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of South Africa to Ireland]]
[[Category:Sophia College for Women alumni]]
[[Category:South African women civil rights activists]]
[[Category:South African civil rights activists]]
[[Category:Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in South Africa]]
[[Category:South African people of Indian descent]]
[[Category:20th-century South African lawyers]]
[[Category:20th-century South African women lawyers]]
[[Category:Members of the National Assembly of South Africa 1994–1999]]

Amit Pachori

2026-04-08T12:41:28Z

CarlNorfleet88:

{{Short description|Indian television actor}}
{{More citations needed|date=April 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Amit Pachori
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1985|08|20|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Indore]], Madhya Pradesh, India
| citizenship = India
| education = Cristian University, Lucknow<ref>{{Cite web |title=अनुपमा के मोहित हैं इतने पढ़े-लिखे |url=https://www.abplive.com/web-stories/anupamaa-fame-mohit-aka-amit-pachori-education-details-know-here-2318952 |access-date=2024-02-19 |website=www.abplive.com |language=hi}}</ref>
| alma_mater =
| occupation = Actor
| years_active = 1997–present
| known_for = ''[[Om Namah Shivay (1997 TV series)|Om Namah Shivay]]'' ''[[Supercops vs Supervillains]]''
| notable_works = ''[[Ramayan (2008 TV series)|Ramayan]]'' ''[[Jhansi Ki Rani (2009 TV series)|Ek Veer Stree Ki Kahani... Jhansi Ki Rani]]'' ''[[Crime Alert]]''
| spouse = {{marriage|Simran Pachori|2007}}
| children = 1
}}

'''Amit Pachori''' is an Indian television and film actor. He is best known for playing [[Tatya Tope]] in ''[[Jhansi Ki Rani (2009 TV series)|Ek Veer Stree Ki Kahani... Jhansi Ki Rani]]'', [[Vishnu]] in ''[[Om Namah Shivay (1997 TV series)|Om Namah Shivay]]'' and Supercop Ranveer in ''[[SuperCops Vs Super Villains]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-12 |title=Amit Pachori: The real challenge lies in striking the right balance in life |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/amit-pachori-the-real-challenge-lies-in-striking-the-right-balance-in-life-101678623753599.html |access-date=2024-02-19 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Anupamaa actor Amit Pachori opens up about his character Mohit who 'will fall in love with Kavya' |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/television/report-anupamaa-actor-amit-pachori-opens-up-about-his-character-mohit-who-will-fall-in-love-with-kavya-3022342 |access-date=2024-02-19 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==
Amit made his television debut as Shiva in mythology show ''[[Krishna (TV series)|Krishna]]'' in 1993''.'' In 2012, he became popular playing the character of [[Tatya Tope]] in the TV serial ''[[Ek Veer Stree Ki Kahaani – Jhansi Ki Rani]]'' and Ranveer in ''[[SuperCops Vs Super Villains]].''<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Get ready for some 'super' action on Shapath with Amit Pachori |url=https://english.newsnationtv.com/exclusive/news/get-ready-for-some-super-action-on-ishapathi-with-amit-pachori-12218.html |access-date=2024-02-19 |website=News Nation English |language=en}}</ref>

In 2006, he played Amit in [[CID (Indian TV series)|''C.I.D'']] of [[Sony Entertainment Television|Sony TV]]. He also Played Vibhore and SuryaKiran in crime television series [[Adaalat (TV series)|''Adaalat'']].<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=2013-01-24 |title=Vishal Malhotra, Amit Pachori & Priya Shinde in Adaalat |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/vishal-malhotra-amit-pachori-priya-shinde-in-adaalat/articleshow/18167164.cms |access-date=2024-02-19 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

He has acted in many mythology television series such as [[Vishnu Puran (TV series)|''Vishnu Puran'']], [[Ramayan (2002 TV series)|''Ramayan'']], ''[[Dwarkadheesh Bhagwan Shree Krishn]]'', ''[[Jai Hanuman – Sankatmochan Naam Tiharo|Jai Hanuman – Sankat Mochan Naam Tiharo]]'', ''[[Shrimad Bhagwat Mahapuran]]'', and many more.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-05 |title=Vishnu Puran serial cast: List of actors who play Prahlad, Dhruv and other major roles in serial on DD Bharati |url=https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/telly-talk/serials/article/vishnu-puran-serial-cast-list-of-actors-who-play-key-roles-in-br-chopras-television-serial-on-doordarshan/592137 |access-date=2024-02-19 |website=zoomtv |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

He has acted in Many Indian Historical Television series such as ''[[Dharti Ka Veer Yodha Prithviraj Chauhan]]'', ''[[Ek Veer Stree Ki Kahaani – Jhansi Ki Rani]]'', ''[[Swaraj (TV series)|Swaraj]]'' etc.

In 2019 he hosted the crime dramatisation series ''[[Crime Alert]]''.

In 2023, he played the character of Mohit in the television series ''[[Anupamaa]]''<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-02-15 |title=Exclusive- Madalsa Sharma is the best co-star I have worked with: Anupamaa actor Amit Pachori |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-madalsa-sharma-is-the-best-co-star-i-have-worked-with-anupamaa-actor-amit-pachori/articleshow/97948627.cms |access-date=2024-02-19 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> and Tarun Shukla in the television series ''[[Dhruv Tara – Samay Sadi Se Pare|Dhruv Tara]]''.

Amit made his film debut with the film ''[[Aag Aandhi Aur Toofan]]'' in 1994''.'' He has acted in 100+ b grade Hindi Films such as ''Angoor'', ''Murde Ki Maut'', ''Heerabai'', etc.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=बी ग्रेड फिल्मों में काम कर चुके हैं टीवी के ये मशहूर सितारे, फिर बड़ा मौका मिलते ही बनाई दूरी |url=https://www.amarujala.com/photo-gallery/entertainment/tv-stars-who-did-b-grade-adult-films-urvashi-dholakia-disha-vakani-shweta-tiwari-amit-pachori-samir-kochhar-2023-12-18 |access-date=2024-02-19 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{{Incomplete list|date=February 2024}}
=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
!Notes
!Ref
|-
|1993–1997
|[[Krishna (TV series)|''Krishna'']]
|[[Shiva]]
|
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|1997
|''[[Om Namah Shivay (1997 TV series)|Om Namah Shivay]]''
|[[Vishnu]]
|
|
|-
|''[[Jai Hanuman (1997 TV series)|Jai Hanuman]]''
|[[Angada]]
|
|
|-
|2000–2003
|''[[Shree Ganesh]]''
|[[Indra]]
|
|
|-
|2001–2002
|''[[Vishnu Puran (TV series)|Vishnu Puran]]''
|[[Lakshmana]]
|
|<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2020-05-15 |title=Vishnu Puran: TV पर एक बार फिर से प्रसारित हो रहा विष्णु पुराण, जानिए किस एक्टर ने निभाया था कौन सा रोल |url=https://www.timesnowhindi.com/entertainment/television/article/vishu-puran-dd-bharti-b-r-chopra-vishnu-puran-full-serial-cast-name/293498 |access-date=2024-02-19 |website=timesnowhindi |language=hi}}</ref>
|-
|2002
|''[[Ramayan (2002 TV series)|Ramayan]]''
|[[Shatrughna]]
|
|
|-
|2004
|''[[Raat Hone Ko Hai]]''
|
|Story 31: Jaanwar
|
|-
|2006
|''[[Viraasat (2006 TV series)|Viraasat]]''
|Inspector Vishal Deshmukh
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2007
|[[Raavan (TV series)|''Raavan'']]
|[[Hanuman]]
|
|
|-
|''[[Dharti Ka Veer Yodha Prithviraj Chauhan]]''
|Sikandar
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2008
|''[[Ramayan (2008 TV series)|Ramayan]]''
|[[Shiva]]
|
|
|-
|''[[Arslaan]]''
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2009
|''[[Ek Veer Stree Ki Kahaani – Jhansi Ki Rani]]''
|[[Tatya Tope]]
|
|
|-
|''[[Jo Ishq Ki Marzi Woh Rab Ki Marzi]]''
|Balveer
|
|
|-
|''[[Pehchaan (2009 TV series)|Pehchaan]]''
|
|
|
|-
|2010
|''[[Mahima Shani Dev Ki]]''
|Mahadev
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2011
|''[[Piya Ka Ghar Pyaara Lage]]''
|Angad
|
|
|-
|[[Dwarkadheesh Bhagwan Shree Krishn – Sarvkala Sampann|''Dwarkadheesh Bhagwan Shree Krishna'']]
|[[Duryodhana]]
|
|
|-
|2006, 2011
|''[[CID (Indian TV series)|CID]]''
|Amit
|
|
|-
|2011–2012
|''[[Veer Shivaji]]''
|[[Netaji Palkar]]
|
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |2012
|''[[Savdhaan India|Savdhaan India : Crime Alert]]''
|
|
|
|-
|''[[Fear Files: Darr Ki Sacchi Tasvirein]]''
|Episodic Role
|
|
|-
|''[[Ramleela – Ajay Devgn Ke Saath]]''
|[[Vibhishana]]
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2012-10-18 |title=Sanjeeda Sheikh and Amit Pachori joins Ram Leela |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/sanjeeda-sheikh-and-amit-pachori-joins-ram-leela/articleshow/16862129.cms |access-date=2024-02-19 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|[[Ramayan (2012 TV series)|''Ramayan'']]
|[[Parashurama]]
|
|{{cn|date=April 2024}}
|-
|''[[Ghar ki beti kanya]]''
|[[Vikas]]
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2012, 2013
| rowspan="2" |''[[Adaalat (TV series)|Adaalat]]''
|Vibhore, SuryaKiran
|
|<ref name=":2" />
|-
|Bhaskar Chaubey
|
|
|-
|2013–2016, 2017
|''[[SuperCops Vs Super Villains]]''
|Supercop Ranveer
|
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
|2013
|''[[Sankat Mochan Hanumaan]]''
|[[Indrajit]]
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2017
|''[[Jaat Ki Jugni]]''
|Bhim Singh Ahlawat
|
|
|-
|''[[Crime Alert]]''
|Host
|
|
|-
|2018
|''[[Shrimad Bhagwat Mahapuran]]''
|[[Vishnu]]
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2022
|''[[Jai Hanuman – Sankatmochan Naam Tiharo]]''
|[[Vibhishana]]
|
|
|-
|''[[Swaraj (TV series)|Swaraj]]''
|[[Puli Thevar]]
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2023
|''[[Dhruv Tara – Samay Sadi Se Pare]]''
|Tarun Shukla
|
|
|-
|''[[Anupamaa]]''
|Mohit
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-09 |title=Anupamaa Exclusive! Mohit to fall in love with Kavya: Amit Pachori spills the beans about upcoming twist |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/anupamaa-exclusive-mohit-to-fall-in-love-with-kavya-amit-pachori-spills-the-beans-about-upcoming-twist-article-97772970 |access-date=2024-02-19 |website=TimesNow |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Anupamaa actor Amit Pachori opens up about his character Mohit who 'will fall in love with Kavya' |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/television/report-anupamaa-actor-amit-pachori-opens-up-about-his-character-mohit-who-will-fall-in-love-with-kavya-3022342 |access-date=2024-04-04 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan = "2" | 2023–2024
|''[[Baatein Kuch Ankahee Si]]''
|Indraneel Sarkar
|
|<ref>{{cite web |last=Pillay |first=Neolin |date=2023-10-17 |title=New Character Alert: Amit Pachori Set to Make a Dramatic Entry in Baatein Kuch Ankahee Si |url=https://urbanasian.com/entertainment/indian-tv-news/2023/10/new-character-alert-amit-pachori-set-to-make-a-dramatic-entry-in-baatein-kuch-ankahee-si/ |access-date=2024-02-19 |website=Urban Asian |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Karmadhikari Shanidev]]''
| Bhagwan [[Shiva | Shiv]]
|
|
|-
| rowspan = "2" | 2024
| ''[[Wagle Ki Duniya – Nayi Peedhi Naye Kissey]]''
|Colonel Ashish Singh
|Guest role ep 982
|<ref>{{cite web |last=Rajesh |first=Author: Srividya |date=2024-04-05 |title=Exclusive: Amit Pachori to enter Sony SAB show Wagle Ki Duniya |url=https://www.iwmbuzz.com/television/news/exclusive-amit-pachori-to-enter-sony-sab-show-wagle-ki-duniya/2024/04/05 |access-date=2024-04-21 |website=IWMBuzz |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Lakshmi Narayan – Sukh Samarthya Santulan]]''
| Hayagrivasura
|
|
|-
| 2024–2025
| ''[[Tenali Rama (TV series) | Tenali Rama]]''
| Mahamantri [[Timmarusu]]
|
|
|-
|2024
| ''[[Shiv Shakti – Tap Tyaag Tandav]]''
| Mangala
|
|
|-
|2025– present
|''[[Kakabhushundi Ramayan – Anasuni Kathayein|Kakbhushundi Ramayan – Anasuni Kathayein]]''
|[[Vali (Ramayana)|Vali]] / [[Sugriva]]
|
|
|}

===Web series===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
!Notes
!Ref
|-
|2022
|''Ishqiyapa''
|Arjun
|Mini series
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=C. P. |date=2022-11-26 |title=Ishqiyapa Part 2 Ullu Web Series Episodes Online: Cast {{!}} Trailer {{!}} Release Date |url=https://www.newznew.com/ishqiyapa-part-2-ullu-web-series-episodes-online-cast-trailer-release-date/ |access-date=2024-02-19 |website=NewZNew |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|2023
|[[Paurashpur|''Paurashpur 2'']]
|Veer Bhanu
|
|
|}

=== Films ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
!Notes
!Ref
|-
|1994
|''[[Aag Aandhi Aur Toofan]]''
|
|
|<ref name=":3" />
|-
|1997
|''[[Kamsin: The Untouched]]''
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |1999
|''[[Poonam Ki Raat]]''
|
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-10 |title=TV stars who did B-grade movies |url=https://www.bollywoodlife.com/webstories/tv/disha-vakani-anup-soni-and-more-top-10-tv-stars-who-acted-in-b-grade-movies-2429398/ |access-date=2024-02-19 |website=bollywoodlife.com}}</ref>
|-
|[[Prem Shastra|''Prem Shashtra'']]
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |2000
|''[[Daku Ganga Jamuna]]''
|
|
| rowspan="4" |<ref name=":3" />
|-
|''Kharidaar''
|Raj Purohit
|
|-
|''Bhai Takur''
|Krishna
|
|-
|''[[Bhayanak Maut]]''
|Amit
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |2001
|''[[Junglee Tarzan]]''
|
|
|
|-
|[[Khatron Ke Khiladi (2001 film)|''Khatron Ke Khiladi'']]
|Sanjay Pratap Singh
|
|
|-
|''[[Rupa Rani Ramkali]]''
|
|
|
|-
|''[[Shaheed-E-Kargil]]''
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2002
|''[[Duplicate Sholay]]''
|Jay / Shahenshah
|
|
|-
|''Jeene Nahin Doongi''
|
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Jeene Nahi Doongi film starring Dharmendra, Amit Pachori, Shakti Kapoor |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/mumbai/movies/jeene-nahin-doongi/IEMV004503 |access-date=2024-02-18 |work=bookmyshow}}</ref>
|-
|''Zindagi aur Maut''
|Amit
|
|-
|2003
|[[Dangerous Night (film)|''Dangerous Night'']]
|
|
|
|-
|2005
|''Angoor''
|Vicky
|
| rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=2024-03-06 |title=Amit Pachori in Hindi Films – Bollywood Hungama |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebrity/amit-pachori/ |access-date=2024-02-19 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2007
|''Gabbar Singh''
|Vijay
|
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{imdb name|0655368}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pachori, Amit}}
[[Category:1985 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Mumbai]]

Maziruddin Ahmed

2026-03-31T17:09:09Z

CarlNorfleet88: started a details

{{Short description|West Bengal politician}}{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Maziruddin Ahmed
| image = Maziruddin Ahmed.jpg
| office = Member of [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start1 = 1952
| term_end1 = 1962
| predecessor1 = ''Constituency established''
| successor1 = ''Constituency abolished''
| constituency1 = [[Cooch Behar Dakshin Assembly constituency|Cooch Behar]]
| birth_date = {{birth date text|December 1898}}
| birth_place = [[Cooch Behar State]]
| death_place =
| death_date =
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| alma_mater = [[Department of Law, University of Calcutta|University Law College]]
| education = [[Acharya Brojendra Nath Seal College|Victoria College]] [[Jenkins School]]
| relatives = [[Abbasuddin Ahmed]] (nephew) [[Mustafa Kamal (judge)|Mustafa Kamal]] (grandnewphew)
| children =
}}
'''Maziruddin Ahmed''' (born December 1898) is an Indian politician belonging to the [[Indian National Congress]]. He was the MLA of [[Cooch Behar Dakshin Assembly constituency|Cooch Behar Assembly constituency]] in the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]].

==Early life and education==
Ahmed was born in December 1898 to a [[Bengalis|Bengali]] family of [[Muslim]] [[Nashya Shaikh]]s in the village of [[Balarampur, Koch Bihar|Balarampur]], then part of the [[princely state]] of [[Cooch Behar State|Cooch Behar]] (now [[Cooch Behar district]], [[West Bengal]]). He was the son of Kalimuddin Ahmed. They were seven brothers and one sister (Khuki). Notable among the brothers are Dr. Fazlur Rahman, Ali Zafar Ahmed (lawyer), Wasequddin and Abdul Jabbar Ahmed.

His elder brother Ali Zafar Ahmed's son is the renowned Bengali folk singer, music director, and composer [[Abbasuddin Ahmed]] (Pride of Performance (1960), Shilpakala Academy Award (posthumously in 1979) and Swadhinata Puraskar (1981)) and grandson is the 9th Chief Justice of Bangladesh, [[Mustafa Kamal (judge)|Mustafa Kamal]].

Ahmed studied at the [[Jenkins School]] and then at the [[Acharya Brojendra Nath Seal College|Victoria College]], both located within Cooch Behar. He then proceeded to study at the [[Department of Law, University of Calcutta|University Law College]] in [[Calcutta]], where he graduated with a [[Bachelor of Laws]] degree.<ref name="bio">{{cite book|title=Who's Who in India|page=71|publisher=West Bengal Legislative Assembly Secretariat|year=1957}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Ahmed married Azizatunnesa, daughter of legal practitioner Abdul Aziz Pradhan.<ref name=bio/>

==Career==
Ahmed served various roles within the [[Cooch Behar State]]. He was the vice chairman of the [[Cooch Behar|Cooch Behar municipality]], and later became its commissioner. He also served as a member of the Cooch Behar District Minority Board, North Bengal Flood Control Advisory Committee and Regional Transport Authority. Aside from that, Ahmed was a member of the governing body of [[Acharya Brojendra Nath Seal College|Victoria College]], president of the Gunjabari Women's Society.<ref name=bio/>

Ahmed was a member of the [[Cooch Behar Legislative Council]]. He successfully contested in the [[1952 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]] where he ran as an [[Indian National Congress]] candidate for the [[Cooch Behar Dakshin Assembly constituency|Cooch Behar Assembly constituency]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.latestly.com/elections/assembly-elections/west-bengal/1951/cooch-behar/maziruddin-ahmed/|title=Maziruddin Ahmed|website=Latestly|access-date=9 May 2024}}</ref> Ahmed supported a resolution for the separation of Cooch Behar (including Jalpaiguri and Darjeeling districts) from West Bengal, citing cultural differences and support from nearly one million inhabitants in the district.<ref>{{cite book|title=History of All India Gurkha League, 1943-1949|pages=89–90|year=1987|author1=Singh, Kirpal|author2=Singh, Nahar|publisher=Nirmal Publishers & Distributors|isbn= 9788171560820}}</ref> He also supported the mass [[cultivation of tobacco]] in Cooch Behar to improve the local [[standard of living]].<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Indian Tobacco Quarterly|page=45|year=1955|publisher=Indian Central Tobacco Committee|volume=5-7}}</ref> Ahmed was re-elected from the same constituency at the [[1957 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.latestly.com/elections/assembly-elections/west-bengal/1957/cooch-behar/maziruddin-ahmed/|title=Maziruddin Ahmed|website=Latestly|access-date=9 May 2024}}</ref> The constituency was split into North and South for the [[1962 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]. Ahmed ran for the [[Cooch Behar Uttar Assembly constituency|Cooch Behar North]] constituency, and lost to [[All India Forward Bloc|Forward Bloc]] candidate [[Sunil Dasgupta]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.latestly.com/elections/assembly-elections/west-bengal/1962/cooch-behar-north/|title=Maziruddin Ahmed, 1962|website=Latestly|access-date=9 May 2024}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{WestBengal-INC-politician-stub}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ahmed, Maziruddin}}
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 1951–1957]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 1957–1962]]
[[Category:20th-century Bengali people]]
[[Category:People from Cooch Behar district]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:Bengali Muslims]]
[[Category:Indian Sunni Muslims]]
[[Category:1898 births]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:Year of death missing]]

Arya Group Of Colleges

2026-03-30T19:51:22Z

CarlNorfleet88: put up first article v1

{{Short description|Engineering colleges in Rajasthan, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Arya Group Of Colleges, Jaipur
| image_name = Arya_College_Entrance.jpg
| image_size = 250px
| image_alt = Arya Group Of Colleges, Jaipur
| native_name = Arya Main Campus, Jaipur
| established = 2000
| motto = Excellence in Education
| sports_nickname = Arya Main Campus
| type = [[Private university|Private]]
[[College]]
| founder = T.K. Agarwal
| chairman = Dr. Arvind Agrawal
| vice_president = Dr. Puja Agarwal
| address = SP-40, Arya Main Campus Rd, RIICO Industrial Area, Kukas, Rajasthan 302028
| city = [[Jaipur]]
| faculty = 250+ Faculty 60+ PhDs 22% female
| students = ~6000 Students 
(~4000 in [[Bachelor of Technology|Btech]])
 (~120 in [[Master of Business Administration|MBA]])
 (~500 in [[Bachelor of Pharmacy|B.Pharma]])
 (~120 in [[Diploma in Pharmacy|D.Pharma]])
 (~400 in [[Graduation|Graduation Courses]])
 (~36 in [[Master of Engineering|M.Tech]])
(~30 in [[Master of Pharmacy|Mpharma]])
| state = [[Rajasthan]]
| country = India
| coor = {{coord|27.0310|N|75.8940|E|type:edu_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| mapframe = yes
| pushpin_map = India Rajasthan#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location of Kukas, Jaipur in [[Rajasthan]]##Location of Jaipur in India
| colors = {{color box|Red}}{{color box|White}}{{color box|Blue}}{{color box|Yellow}} Red, White, Blue, Yellow
| campus = Urban, 25 acres
| accreditation = [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council|NAAC]],[[National Board of Accreditation|NBA]]
| affiliations = [[Rajasthan Technical University]],<ref name="ARYA">{{cite web| url=http://www.aryacollege.org |title=Arya Main Campus is AICTE Approved|publisher=Arya Main Campus, Jaipur }}</ref> [[Pharmacy Council of India]], [[University of Rajasthan]], [[All India Council for Technical Education]]
| website = {{URL|http://www.aryacollege.org}}
| logo =
| logo_upright = 1.2
| logo_alt = Logo of Arya Main Campus
}}

'''Arya Group Of Colleges'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aryacollege.org|title=Arya Group Of Colleges}}</ref> is a group of four private [[Engineering college|Engineering Colleges]] located in [[Jaipur]], [[Rajasthan]], India. It focuses primarily on higher education and research in engineering and technology. It has grown to five colleges from one catering to education in [[Engineering and Technology History Wiki|engineering, research & technology]] and pharmacy and with two established campuses at [[Kukas]] and Ajmer Road with over 15 [[Academic degree|academic]] departments and campus size over 25 acres.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2022-04-12 |title=Arya Main Campus - a premium institute that handholds aspiring students |url=https://www.orissapost.com/arya-college-a-premium-institute-that-handholds-aspiring-students/ |access-date=2022-05-21 |website=Odisha News, Odisha Latest news, Odisha Daily - OrissaPOST |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Government of India, All India Council for Technical Education {{!}}|url=https://www.aicte-india.org/|access-date=2021-07-04|website=www.aicte-india.org}}</ref>

The college offers undergraduate and postgraduate programs in various disciplines such as engineering, management, computer applications, and commerce.{{citation needed|date=April 2024}} The college is affiliated with Rajasthan Technical University (RTU) and is approved by the All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE).{{citation needed|date=April 2024}}

Arya Main Campus is equipped with classrooms, libraries, [[computer lab]]s, and sports facilities. The college has a placement cell that organizes [[campus placement]]s, [[internship]]s, and industrial visits.{{citation needed|date=April 2024}}

==History==
Arya Main Campus was founded under the aegis of "All India Arya Samajis Society" for Higher & Technical Education in the year 1999 by the Founder and Chairman Er. Shri T.K. Agarwal, A Visionary, from [[IIT Roorkee|Roorkee University]], always believed that "Engineers Build The Nation!" He established the first Private Engineering College in Rajasthan, which led to the establishment of over 150 Private Engineering Colleges & his efforts developed Rajasthan state into An IT Hub of North India. The first college was established in 2000.<ref name=":0" /> During this period, the transformation from one engineering college to a group was backed by Dr. Arvind Agarwal, Group Chairman.<ref name=":0" /> The Arya Main Campus has its campuses extended at two ends of Jaipur.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Arya Main Campus Promotes Higher Education And Research In Engineering And Technology |url=http://businessworld.inhttps//www.businessworld.in/article/Arya-College-Promotes-Higher-Education-And-Research-In-Engineering-And-Technology/13-04-2022-425325 |access-date=2022-05-21 |website=BW Businessworld |language=en}}</ref>

Arya Main Campus was the first college to establish a [[robotics]] lab in [[North India]].<ref name=":4" /> The Group has private residential facilities.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" />

== Ranking and affiliations ==
Arya Main Campus is affiliated with Rajasthan Technical University, Kota. RTU<ref>{{Cite web |title=List of Affiliated College 2022-23 |url=https://www.rtu.ac.in/index/Adminpanel/Images/Media/List%20of%20Affiliated%20College%202022-23_compressed.pdf |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250917195607/https://www.rtu.ac.in/index/Adminpanel/Images/Media/List%20of%20Affiliated%20College%202022-23_compressed.pdf |archive-date=2025-09-17 |access-date=2026-02-26 |website=www.rtu.ac.in}}</ref> is a government and technical and research-based university that provides affiliation to colleges. Arya Main Campus is ranked A by Rajasthan Technical University (RTU).<ref name="rtu.ac.in">{{Cite web |title=Award of QIV for session 2021-22 |url=https://www.rtu.ac.in/index/Adminpanel/Images/Media/Award%20of%20QIV%20for%20session%202021-22.pdf |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20240115064715/https://www.rtu.ac.in/index/Adminpanel/Images/Media/Award%20of%20QIV%20for%20session%202021-22.pdf |archive-date=2024-01-15 |access-date=2026-02-26 |website=www.rtu.ac.in}}</ref>

It is an NAAC-accredited college<ref>{{Cite web |title=Iiqa Report |url=https://assessmentonline.naac.gov.in/public/index.php/iiqa_report/eyJpdiI6ImZuS2lGT29iTHFSRU12bjZiMTBHK2c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiYUxqSkxPS3NoVXVOSFJCNkFvd2E4Zz09IiwibWFjIjoiY2VlMjZkN2ZjN2E5OGExMzQ0NzdhM2Q2NmUyNDZhNmQ2YzkyOTNmZDM2YjAzM2MwNTRlYzIxODU1ZDk0MjZiYSIsInRhZyI6IiJ9}}</ref> and AICTE-approved engineering program. Its four engineering branches are accredited by NATIONAL ASSESSMENT AND ACCREDITATION COUNCIL ([[National Assessment and Accreditation Council|NAAC]]).{{cn|date=July 2025}}

=== QIV ranking and Awards ===
According to the [[Rajasthan Technical University|RTU]] QIV rankings, Arya Institute of Engineering and Technology has achieved a rank of 6,<ref name="rtu.ac.in"/> with a Quality Index value of 801.Arya Institute met academic standards, [[infrastructure]], faculty expertise, and overall performance, to its position in the rankings.

== Foundation ==
Arya Main Campus Jaipur was founded in 1999.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |date=2022-02-08 |title=छात्रों के लिए एक बेहतरीन विकल्प के तौर पर सामने आया आर्य कॉलेज |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/uttar-pradesh/barabanki-arya-college-emerged-as-a-great-option-for-students-4182102.html |access-date=2022-05-21 |website=News18 हिंदी |language=hi}}</ref>

==Constituent colleges==
[[File:Arya_College.jpg|thumb|The Arya Main Campus College Jaipur, AIET Main Campus
|left|alt=A drawing of the Arya_College_Jaipur|upright=1.5]]

The college is spread over 25 [[acre]]s of land, in the laps of [[Aravalli Range|Aravali hills]].{{Citation needed|date=May 2023}}

Arya Group of Colleges has four main colleges or you can say pillars that provide education in multiple educational sections such as Engineering, Pharmacy, Research, Science, and Technology.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Arya group of colleges delivers higher educational breakthroughs through value expansion |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/education/arya-group-of-colleges-delivers-higher-educational-breakthroughs-through-value-expansion |access-date=2023-05-11 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref>
* AIET - Arya Institute of Engineering & Technology is shortly known as AIET. It is approved by [[All India Council for Technical Education|AICTE]] and [[Rajasthan Technical University]], [[Kota, Rajasthan|Kota]], [[Rajasthan]]. The campus has all the facilities that can create a surrounding that helps students to concentrate on their studies. Arya Institute of Engineering & Technology offered various engineering and management programs at both UG and PG levels such as BTech, MTech, and MBA, and also some certifications courses. Courses offered by AIET are [[Electronic and Communication Engineering]], [[Computer science engineering|Computer Science Engineering]], [[Information technology|Information Technology]], [[Electrical engineering|Electrical Engineering]], [[Mechanical engineering|Mechanical Engineering]], [[Artificial intelligence|Artificial Intelligence]] & [[Data science|Data Science]], MTech in Computer Science Engineering and [[Master of Business Administration|MBA]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=ARYA Institute of Engineering & Technology |url=https://www.aryainstitutejpr.com/ |access-date=2023-05-11 |website=www.aryainstitutejpr.com}}</ref>
* ACP - Arya College of Pharmacy <ref name=":3" /> is one of the parts of the Arya Group of Colleges. It is one of the best pharmacy colleges in Jaipur, Rajasthan. ACP offers various pharmacy courses such as [[Diploma]] in Pharmacy, Bachelor in Pharmacy and Master in Pharmacy.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arya College of Pharmacy, Jaipur, Jaipur Infrastructure, and Facilities - Edugraph |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/edugraph/colleges/arya-college-of-pharmacy-jaipur-acpj/infrastructure/1491 |access-date=2023-05-11 |website=www.telegraphindia.com |language=en}}</ref>
* APGC - Arya PG College is a college of Higher Education Established in the Year 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arya PG College Jaipur{{!}} Best B.Sc {{!}}BBA {{!}}BA College in jaipur |url=https://www.aryapgcollege.org/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170606150348/http://aryapgcollege.org/ |url-status=usurped |archive-date=6 June 2017 |access-date=2023-05-11 |website=www.aryapgcollege.org}}</ref>

== Facilities ==
The college offers a wide range of [[Amenity|amenities]] to ensure that students have a comfortable and productive [[learning environment]].{{cn|date=July 2025}}

===Medical facilities===

In addition, the college organises regular [[Physical examination|health check-up]] camps on the campus to examine the health of students and staff members. Each hostel is provided with necessary first aid facilities, and [[physician]]s are available in close proximity to the college and [[hostel]]s for consultancy.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Press Trust Of India|url=https://www.ptinews.com/pti/arya-group-of-college-is-enhancing-the-quality-of-education-in-students/59725.html|website=www.ptinews.com|access-date=2026-01-30|language=en|first=|last=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=PR |first=ANI |date=2023-01-27 |title=Arya Group of College is Enhancing the Quality of Education in Students |url=https://theprint.in/ani-press-releases/arya-group-of-college-is-enhancing-the-quality-of-education-in-students/1338165/ |access-date=2023-05-11 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Student life ==
[[File:Arya_College_Library.jpg|thumb|The Arya Main Campus Jaipur, College Library
|alt=A drawing of the Arya_College_Jaipur|upright=1.245]]
Arya Main Campus<ref>{{Cite web |title=Exploring the Innovative R&D Robotics Lab at Arya Main Campus Jaipur |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/business/business/exploring-the-innovative-rampd-robotics-lab-at-arya-college-jaipur20230316141241/ |access-date=2023-03-28 |website=ANI News |language=en}}</ref> provides on-campus residential facilities to its students, researchers and staff. The students are given sports facilities for indoor as well as outdoor games, including yoga, running tracks, tennis court, cricket, hockey, football, volleyball, basketball, badminton, table tennis, carom, chess and a fully equipped gym.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2022-03-03 |title=Arya group of colleges creates an enchanting environment |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2022/state-editions/arya-group-of--colleges-creates-an-enchanting-environment.html |access-date=2022-05-21 |website=The Pioneer |language=en}}</ref>

The campus has five [[hostel]]s. The campus also has a guest house for parents and guests. Every hostel has mess halls. The campus has a café called Arya Café.<ref name=":4" />

Annual Sports Day is held at the campus every year and from time to time, inter hostel matches are also held.<ref name=":4" />

Annual Technical Festivals, Cultural Festivals, Sports Festivals are also held. There are regular workshops on ethical hacking, web programming and various other essential topics.<ref name=":4" /> Students are exposed to international teaching from the first year through webinars and lectures from professors. Cultural activities at old age homes, plantation programs etc., are regularly offered to the students.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Network |first=Post News |date=2022-04-12 |title=Arya Main Campus - a premium institute that handholds aspiring students - OrissaPOST |url=https://www.orissapost.com/arya-college-a-premium-institute-that-handholds-aspiring-students/ |access-date=2023-05-11 |website=Odisha News, Odisha Latest news, Odisha Daily - OrissaPOST |language=en-US}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Arya Main Campus Jaipur}}
[[Category:Education in Jaipur]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Jaipur]]
[[Category:All India Council for Technical Education]]
[[Category:Engineering colleges in Jaipur]]
[[Category:Engineering colleges in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 2000]]
[[Category:2000 establishments in India]]
[[Category:2000 establishments in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Jaipur]]

Dwayne Johnson

2026-03-29T14:25:15Z

CarlNorfleet88: minor improved citations for accuracy and updated info per sources

{{Short description|American actor and professional wrestler (born 1972)}}
{{distinguish|Dewayne Johnson|Duane Johnson|Wayne Johnson (disambiguation){{!}}Wayne Johnson}}
{{Pp-blp|small=yes}}
{{Use American English|date=November 2024}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=December 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Dwayne Johnson
| image = Dwayne Johnson-1764 (cropped).jpg
| caption = Johnson in 2025
| birth_name = Dwayne Douglas Johnson
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1972|5|2}}
| birth_place = [[Hayward, California]], U.S.
| father = [[Rocky Johnson]]
| citizenship = {{hlist|United States|Canada}}
| education = [[University of Miami]] ([[Bachelor of General Studies|BGS]])
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor|producer|professional wrestler}}
| alias = Dwayne "The Rock" Johnson
| years_active = 1996–present
| works = [[Dwayne Johnson filmography|Filmography]]
| spouse = {{unbulleted list|{{marriage|[[Dany Garcia]]|1997|2008|end=divorced}}|{{marriage|Lauren Hashian|2019}}}}
| children = 3, including [[Ava (wrestler)|Simone]]
| relatives = [[Anoaʻi family]]
| module = {{Infobox professional wrestler|child=yes
| names = {{ubl|Flex Kavana|Rocky Maivia|'''The Rock'''<ref name="slam"/>}}
| height = 6 ft 5 in<ref name="wwebio" /><ref name="ESPN"/>
| weight = 260 lb<ref name="wwebio">{{cite web |title=Dwayne "The Rock" Johnson |url=https://www.wwe.com/superstars/the-rock |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911220018/https://www.wwe.com/superstars/the-rock |archive-date=September 11, 2016 |access-date=March 9, 2012 |publisher=[[WWE]]}}</ref><ref name="ESPN"/>
| billed = [[Miami, Florida]]<ref name="wwebio"/><ref name="ESPN"/>
| trainer = {{ubl|[[Pat Patterson]]<ref name="cagematch">{{cite web |title=The Rock |url=https://www.cagematch.net/?id=2&nr=960&name=The+Rock |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240126060430/https://www.cagematch.net/?id=2&nr=960&name=The%20Rock |archive-date=January 26, 2024 |access-date=January 26, 2024 |publisher=Cagematch}}</ref>|Rocky Johnson<ref name="slam"/>|[[Tom Prichard]]<ref name="Dworkis"/>}}
| debut = March 10, 1996<ref name="cagematch"/>
}}
| signature = DwayneTheRockJohnson2.svg
}}
'''Dwayne Douglas Johnson''' (born May 2, 1972), also known by his [[ring name]] "'''The Rock'''", is an American actor and [[professional wrestler]]. He is signed to [[WWE]], where he performs on a part-time basis. Widely regarded as one of the greatest professional wrestlers of all time,<ref name="great2">{{cite web |title=The Greatest Professional Wrestlers of All Time |url=http://www.ugo.com/tv/ugos-top-50-wrestlers-of-all-time?page=10 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104005228/http://www.ugo.com/tv/ugos-top-50-wrestlers-of-all-time?page=10 |archive-date=November 4, 2013 |access-date=July 21, 2018 |publisher=UGO}}</ref><ref name="great3">{{cite web |title=The Top 100 Pro Wrestlers of All time Reviewed in Wrestling Perspective |url=http://wrestlingperspective.com/100wrestlers.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040921081302/http://wrestlingperspective.com/100wrestlers.html |archive-date=September 21, 2004 |access-date=November 14, 2011 |publisher=Wrestling Perspective}}</ref> Johnson was integral to the development and success of the [[WWE|World Wrestling Federation]] (WWF, now WWE) during the [[Attitude Era]]. He wrestled for the WWF full-time for eight years before pursuing an acting career. [[Dwayne Johnson filmography|His films]] have grossed over {{US$|11.4 billion|long=no}} worldwide,<ref>{{cite web |title=Dwayne Johnson - Box Office |url=https://m.the-numbers.com/person/72720401-Dwayne-Johnson}}</ref> making him one of the world's [[List of highest grossing actors|highest-grossing actors of all time]].<ref>{{cite web |title=People Index |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/people/?view=Actor&sort=sumgross&p=.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190627001804/https://www.boxofficemojo.com/people/?view=Actor&sort=sumgross&p=.htm |archive-date=June 27, 2019 |access-date=September 11, 2019 |website=[[Box Office Mojo]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Robehmed |first1=Natalie |date=August 25, 2016 |title=The World's Highest-Paid Actors 2016: The Rock Leads With Knockout $64.5 Million Year |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/natalierobehmed/2016/08/25/the-worlds-highest-paid-actors-2016-the-rock-leads-with-knockout-64-5-million-year/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160825164204/https://www.forbes.com/sites/natalierobehmed/2016/08/25/the-worlds-highest-paid-actors-2016-the-rock-leads-with-knockout-64-5-million-year/ |archive-date=August 25, 2016 |access-date=August 27, 2016 |work=[[Forbes]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=May 3, 2017 |title=Some Lesser-Known Truths About Academe |url=https://www.chronicle.com/article/some-lesser-known-truths-about-academe/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230124223906/https://www.chronicle.com/article/some-lesser-known-truths-about-academe/ |archive-date=January 24, 2023 |access-date=January 24, 2023 |quote="Asking a professor whether you should pursue a Ph.D. is a little like asking The Rock — aka Dwayne Douglas Johnson, the world's highest-paid actor last year — whether you should become an actor"}}</ref> He is a co-owner of the [[United Football League (2024)|United Football League]],<ref name="newowners">{{cite news |date=August 2, 2020 |title=The Rock Buys The XFL for $15 Million |url=https://www.ringsidenews.com/2020/08/03/the-rock-buys-the-xfl-for-15-million/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220205212050/https://www.ringsidenews.com/2020/08/03/the-rock-buys-the-xfl-for-15-million/ |archive-date=February 5, 2022 |access-date=August 2, 2020 |website=RingsideNews.com}}</ref><ref name="newxflowners">{{cite news |last=Kerr |first=Jeff |date=August 2, 2020 |title=Dwayne 'The Rock' Johnson buys XFL for $15 million with partner Redbird Capital, per report |url=https://www.cbssports.com/nfl/news/dwayne-the-rock-johnson-buys-xfl-for-15-million-with-partner-redbird-capital-per-report/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230316032149/https://www.cbssports.com/nfl/news/dwayne-the-rock-johnson-buys-xfl-for-15-million-with-partners-redbird-capital-and-dany-garcia/ |archive-date=March 16, 2023 |access-date=August 2, 2020 |work=CBS Sports}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Earl |first=William |date=February 21, 2022 |title=Dwayne Johnson's XFL Sets Football R&D Pact With NFL |url=https://variety.com/2022/tv/news/dwayne-johnson-xfl-nfl-football-pact-1235186924/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240205212716/https://variety.com/2022/tv/news/dwayne-johnson-xfl-nfl-football-pact-1235186924/ |archive-date=February 5, 2024 |access-date=March 28, 2023 |website=Variety}}</ref> a member of the board of directors of [[TKO Group Holdings]]—the parent company of [[UFC]] and WWE<ref name="espntko"/><ref name="cnntko">{{cite news |last=Valinsky |first=Jordan |date=January 23, 2024 |title=Dwayne 'The Rock' Johnson scores mega payday to join the WWE's board |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2024/01/23/media/the-rock-tko-board/index.html |access-date=January 23, 2024 |website=CNN}}</ref><ref name="brtko">{{cite news |last=Chiari |first=Mike |date=January 23, 2024 |title=The Rock Becomes Board Member of WWE's Parent Company TKO, Obtains Trademark to Name |url=https://bleacherreport.com/articles/10106255-the-rock-becomes-board-member-of-wwes-parent-company-tko-obtains-trademark-to-name |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240123215945/https://bleacherreport.com/articles/10106255-the-rock-becomes-board-member-of-wwes-parent-company-tko-obtains-trademark-to-name |archive-date=January 23, 2024 |access-date=January 23, 2024 |website=Bleacher Report}}</ref>—and co-founder of [[Seven Bucks Productions]].<ref name="Deadline Hollywood">{{cite web |last1=Busch |first1=Anita |date=June 7, 2017 |title=Hiram Garcia Named President of Production at Seven Bucks Prods. |url=https://deadline.com/2017/06/hiram-garcia-president-of-production-dwayne-johnson-dany-garcia-production-company-seven-bucks-1202109017/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190811154459/https://deadline.com/2017/06/hiram-garcia-president-of-production-dwayne-johnson-dany-garcia-production-company-seven-bucks-1202109017/ |archive-date=August 11, 2019 |access-date=April 19, 2019 |website=Deadline}}</ref>

After accepting an athletic scholarship to play [[American football|football]] at the [[University of Miami]], Johnson was a member of the [[1991 Miami Hurricanes football team|1991 national championship team]] but was largely a backup player.<ref name="mcall.com">[https://www.mcall.com/news/local/mc-nws-ex-bethlehem-resident-dwayne-johnson-named-most-likable-20210105-5c4gr2onyraypkmzgno6ir7beq-story.html "Suspension at Freedom High took Dwayne "The Rock" Johnson from troubled teen to one of world's 'most likable people',"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116194443/https://www.mcall.com/news/local/mc-nws-ex-bethlehem-resident-dwayne-johnson-named-most-likable-20210105-5c4gr2onyraypkmzgno6ir7beq-story.html |date=January 16, 2023 }} ''The Morning Call'', January 4, 2021</ref> Despite aspirations to play professional football, he went undrafted in the [[1995 NFL draft]], and briefly signed with the [[Calgary Stampeders]] before being cut in his first season.<ref>{{cite news |title=20 Surprising Facts About Dwayne 'The Rock' Johnson |url=http://www.hollywood.com/celebrities/things-you-didnt-know-about-the-rock-60361722/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150826193854/http://www.hollywood.com/celebrities/things-you-didnt-know-about-the-rock-60361722/ |archive-date=August 26, 2015 |access-date=August 27, 2015 |work=Hollywood.com}}</ref> In 1996, [[Rocky Johnson|his father]] assisted in helping him secure a contract with the WWF.<ref name="slam"/> Johnson quickly rose to global prominence, aided by a [[Gimmick (professional wrestling)|gimmick]] he employed as a charismatic [[trash talk]]er. Johnson left the WWE in 2004; he returned in 2011 as a part-time performer until 2013 and made sporadic appearances until his retirement in 2019;<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cloete |first=Faden |date=February 15, 2024 |title=Tragic Details About The Rock |url=https://www.wrestlinginc.com/1518392/tragic-details-the-rock-dwyane-johnson/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240330053348/https://www.wrestlinginc.com/1518392/tragic-details-the-rock-dwyane-johnson/ |archive-date=March 30, 2024 |access-date=March 30, 2024 |website=Wrestling Inc.}}</ref> in 2023, he returned once again on a part-time basis. A 10-time [[Professional wrestling championship#World championships|world champion]]—including the promotion's first of African descent<ref name="great1">{{cite web |last=Dee |first=Johnny |date=May 22, 2015 |title=Dwayne Johnson |url=https://www.theguardian.com/culture/picture/2015/may/22/dwayne-the-rock-johnsoninfographic |access-date=September 28, 2016 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref>—he is also a two-time [[WWE Intercontinental Championship|Intercontinental Champion]], a five-time [[World Tag Team Championship (WWE, 1971–2010)|Tag Team Champion]], the [[2000 Royal Rumble]] winner, and WWE's sixth [[Triple Crown (professional wrestling)|Triple Crown]] champion. Johnson headlined multiple [[pay-per-view|pay-per-view events]], including WWE's flagship event [[WrestleMania]] six times ([[WrestleMania XV|15]], [[WrestleMania 2000|16]], [[WrestleMania X-Seven|17]], [[WrestleMania XXVIII|28]], [[WrestleMania 29|29]], and [[WrestleMania XL|40 – Night 1]]) which includes the most-bought professional wrestling pay-per-view (WrestleMania 28) and main evented the most-watched episodes of WWE's flagship television series (''[[WWE Raw|Raw]]'' and ''[[SmackDown]]'').<ref>{{cite web |last1=Castillo |first1=Alfonso |date=April 16, 2019 |title=WWE: WrestleMania sets new PPV record |url=https://www.newsday.com/sports/pro-wrestling/wwe-wrestlemania-28-sets-pay-per-view-record-with-1-3-million-buys-1.3664926 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220207214540/https://www.newsday.com/sports/pro-wrestling/wwe-wrestlemania-28-sets-pay-per-view-record-with-1-3-million-buys-1.3664926 |archive-date=February 7, 2022 |access-date=April 19, 2019 |website=Newsday}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Oestriecher |first=Blake |title=WWE Isn't Bringing Back The Attitude Era, But An Edgier Product Can't Hurt |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/blakeoestriecher/2019/02/01/wwe-isnt-bringing-back-the-attitude-era-but-an-edgier-product-cant-hurt/ |access-date=April 19, 2019 |website=Forbes}}</ref>

Johnson's first film role was in ''[[The Mummy Returns]]'' (2001). The next year, he played his first leading role in the action fantasy film ''[[The Scorpion King]]''. He has since starred in family films ''[[The Game Plan (film)|The Game Plan]]'' (2007), ''[[Race to Witch Mountain]]'' (2009), ''[[Tooth Fairy (2010 film)|Tooth Fairy]]'' (2010), ''[[Jumanji: Welcome to the Jungle]]'' (2017), ''[[Jumanji: The Next Level]]'' (2019), and ''[[Jungle Cruise (film)|Jungle Cruise]]'' (2021), and the action films ''[[Journey 2: The Mysterious Island]]'' (2012), ''[[G.I. Joe: Retaliation]]'' (2013), ''[[Hercules (2014 film)|Hercules]]'' (2014), ''[[Skyscraper (2018 film)|Skyscraper]]'' (2018), ''[[San Andreas (film)|San Andreas]]'' (2015) and ''[[Rampage (2018 film)|Rampage]]'' (2018). He also starred in the action comedy films ''[[Get Smart (film)|Get Smart]]'' (2008), ''[[Central Intelligence]]'' (2016), ''[[Baywatch (film)|Baywatch]]'' (2017), and ''[[Red Notice (film)|Red Notice]]'' (2021). His role as [[Luke Hobbs]] in the ''[[Fast & Furious]]'' films, beginning with ''[[Fast Five]]'' (2011), helped the franchise become one of the [[List of highest-grossing films#Highest-grossing franchises and film series|highest-grossing in film]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Lynch |first=John |date=March 20, 2018 |title=The 23 most successful movie franchises of all time |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/most-successful-movie-franchises-of-all-time-at-box-office-2018-3 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230125051647/https://www.businessinsider.com/most-successful-movie-franchises-of-all-time-at-box-office-2018-3 |archive-date=January 25, 2023 |access-date=April 19, 2019 |website=Business Insider}}</ref> He joined the [[DC Extended Universe]] by playing [[Black Adam|the title role]] in ''[[Black Adam (film)|Black Adam]]'' (2022).<ref>{{cite web |date=October 13, 2022 |title=Dwayne Johnson, 'Black Adam' Cast on Film's 15-Year Journey and Hopes for DCEU's Future |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/dwayne-johnson-black-adam-15-year-journey-dceu-future-1235240726/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230519113118/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/dwayne-johnson-black-adam-15-year-journey-dceu-future-1235240726/ |archive-date=May 19, 2023 |accessdate=May 19, 2023 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref> He has also voiced [[Maui (Moana)|Maui]] in the [[Walt Disney Animation Studios|Disney]] animated film ''[[Moana (2016 film)|Moana]]'' (2016), and its sequel ''[[Moana 2]]'' (2024), and will reprise the role in the [[Moana (2026 film)|2026 live-action remake]]. He received critical praise for his dramatic turn as [[Mixed martial arts|MMA]] fighter [[Mark Kerr (fighter)|Mark Kerr]] in the sports biopic [[The Smashing Machine (2025 film)|''The Smashing Machine'']] (2025).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-01 |title=The Smashing Machine review: Dwayne 'The Rock' Johnson is Oscar-worthy in his new film |url=https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20250901-the-smashing-machine-review |access-date=2026-01-07 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hassan |first=Alize |date=2025-09-03 |title=Dwayne Johnson's acclaimed Venice role in 'The Smashing Machine' sparks Oscar discussion |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2564854/dwayne-johnsons-acclaimed-venice-role-in-the-smashing-machine-sparks-oscar-discussion?amp=1 |access-date=2026-01-07 |website=The Express Tribune |language=en}}</ref>

Johnson produced and starred in the [[HBO]] comedy-drama series ''[[Ballers]]'' (2015–2019)<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Kissell |first1=Rick |date=August 25, 2015 |title=Ratings: 'Ballers' Ends First Season as HBO's Most-Watched Comedy in Six Years |url=https://variety.com/2015/tv/news/ratings-ballers-hbos-most-watched-comedy-in-six-years-1201577098/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221003220307/https://variety.com/2015/tv/news/ratings-ballers-hbos-most-watched-comedy-in-six-years-1201577098/ |archive-date=October 3, 2022 |access-date=November 19, 2019}}</ref> and the autobiographical sitcom ''[[Young Rock]]'' (2021–2023). His autobiography, ''The Rock Says'', was released in 2000 and was a [[The New York Times Best Seller list|''New York Times'' bestseller]].<ref name="bestseller">{{cite news |title=Best Sellers Plus |url=https://www.nytimes.com/books/00/02/13/bsp/nonfictioncompare.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130227193400/http://www.nytimes.com/books/00/02/13/bsp/nonfictioncompare.html |archive-date=February 27, 2013 |access-date=August 28, 2012 |newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=November 12, 2016 |title=Bulletin with Newsweek |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WMIxAQAAIAAJ&q=the%20rock%20biggest%20star%20wwe |access-date=November 12, 2016 |publisher=J. Haynes and J.F. Archibald |via=Google Books}}</ref> In 2016 and 2019, ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' named him as one of the world's [[Time 100|most influential people]].<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Berg |first=Peter |author-link=Peter Berg |date=April 21, 2016 |title=The World's 100 Most Influential People: Dwayne Johnson |url=http://time.com/4299718/dwayne-johnson-2016-time-100/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220317162322/https://time.com/4299718/dwayne-johnson-2016-time-100/ |archive-date=March 17, 2022 |access-date=May 22, 2016 |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]}}</ref><ref name="usatoday.com">{{cite web |last=Jensen |first=Erin |date=April 17, 2019 |title=Dwayne Johnson, Taylor Swift, Gayle King, more cover Time's 100 most influential people issue |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/people/2019/04/17/taylor-swift-dwayne-johnson-cover-times-most-influential-people-issue/3484216002/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190417120913/https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/people/2019/04/17/taylor-swift-dwayne-johnson-cover-times-most-influential-people-issue/3484216002/ |archive-date=April 17, 2019 |access-date=April 19, 2019 |website=USA Today}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
[[File:Freedom High School Gym (Bethlehem, Pennsylvania - 2008).jpg|thumb|As a senior at [[Freedom High School (Pennsylvania)|Freedom High School]] in [[Bethlehem Township, Pennsylvania]], Johnson was a member of the school's [[High school football|football]], track and field, and [[Scholastic wrestling|wrestling]] teams when, he says, his "thought process started to change. That's when I started thinking about goals and what I wanted to accomplish."]]
Johnson was born in [[Hayward, California]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Dwayne Johnson |url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/dwayne-johnson/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200607094250/https://www.forbes.com/profile/dwayne-johnson/ |archive-date=June 7, 2020 |access-date=December 18, 2017 |work=[[Forbes]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Barney |first=Chuck |date=January 27, 2021 |title=Sorry, Hayward, Johnson's TV show skips his time in the Bay Area |url=https://www.mercurynews.com/2021/01/26/sorry-hayward-dwayne-johnsons-show-skips-over-his-time-in-the-bay-area/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231231221012/https://www.mercurynews.com/2021/01/26/sorry-hayward-dwayne-johnsons-show-skips-over-his-time-in-the-bay-area/ |archive-date=December 31, 2023 |access-date=December 31, 2023 |website=The Mercury News}}</ref> on May 2, 1972,<ref>{{cite web |title=Dwayne Johnson Biography: Film Actor, Athlete (1972–) |url=http://www.biography.com/people/dwayne-johnson-11818916 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171213142522/https://www.biography.com/people/dwayne-johnson-11818916 |archive-date=December 13, 2017 |access-date=December 12, 2017 |publisher=[[Biography.com]] ([[FYI (TV network)|FYI]] / [[A&E Networks]])}}</ref> the son of former professional wrestler [[Rocky Johnson]] (born Wayde Douglas Bowles)<ref name="islandconnections">{{cite web |author=Morgan, Kaya |title=Dwayne Johnson – How The Rock Transformed from Pro Wrestler to Bankable Movie Star |url=http://www.islandconnections.com/edit/dwayne_johnson.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170829034426/http://www.islandconnections.com/edit/dwayne_johnson.htm |archive-date=August 29, 2017 |access-date=December 29, 2006 |publisher=Island Connections}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Levenson |first1=Michael |date=January 15, 2020 |title=Rocky Johnson, Professional Wrestler and Father of Dwayne (the Rock) Johnson, Dies at 75 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/15/sports/rocky-johnson-dead.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200116033004/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/15/sports/rocky-johnson-dead.html |archive-date=January 16, 2020 |access-date=January 16, 2020 |work=The New York Times}}</ref> and Mataniufeagaimaleata "Ata" Fitisemanu ({{née|Maivia}}).<ref name="rockyjohnsonbio">{{cite web |title=Rocky Johnson: Hall of Fame |url=http://www.wwe.com/superstars/rockyjohnson |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517102539/http://www.wwe.com/superstars/rockyjohnson |archive-date=May 17, 2017 |access-date=March 31, 2011 |publisher=[[World Wrestling Entertainment]]}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=What is The Rock's mother's real name? It's not Ata Johnson |year=2023 |url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/wwe/what-the-rock-s-mother-s-real-name-it-s-ata-johnson |access-date=December 11, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231211183011/https://www.sportskeeda.com/wwe/what-the-rock-s-mother-s-real-name-it-s-ata-johnson |archive-date=December 11, 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Growing up, he briefly lived in [[Grey Lynn]] in [[Auckland]], New Zealand, with his mother's family,<ref name="m&cbio">{{cite web |title=Actors – The Rock |url=http://www.monstersandcritics.com/people/archive/peoplearchive.php/The_Rock/biog |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080514174901/http://www.monstersandcritics.com/people/archive/peoplearchive.php/The_Rock/biog |archive-date=May 14, 2008 |access-date=April 21, 2008 |publisher=Monsters&Critics}}</ref> where he played [[Rugby union|rugby]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 17, 2016 |title=Dwayne 'The Rock' Johnson: Rugby's the toughest sport I ever played |url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/sport/rugby/79022967/dwayne-the-rock-johnson-rugbys-the-toughest-sport-i-ever-played |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715005509/https://www.stuff.co.nz/sport/rugby/79022967/dwayne-the-rock-johnson-rugbys-the-toughest-sport-i-ever-played |archive-date=July 15, 2020 |access-date=July 14, 2020 |website=Stuff}}</ref> and attended Richmond Road Primary School before returning to the U.S.<ref name="m&cbio" />

[[File:Rocky Johnson, circa 1983 02.jpg|thumb|left|upright=.5|Dwayne's father, [[Rocky Johnson]]]]
Johnson's father was a [[Black Nova Scotian]] with a small amount of Irish ancestry,<ref>{{cite web |date=May 2, 2018 |title=Dwayne "The Rock" Johnson's Irish heritage revealed |url=https://www.irishpost.com/entertainment/dwayne-johnson-irish-heritage-revealed-154204 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127202559/https://www.irishpost.com/entertainment/dwayne-johnson-irish-heritage-revealed-154204 |archive-date=January 27, 2021 |access-date=January 19, 2021 |website=Irishpost.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Entertainment.ie |title=Watch: We chat to Dwayne Johnson about Hercules, getting ripped and his Irish roots |url=http://entertainment.ie/cinema/news/Watch-We-chat-to-Dwayne-Johnson-about-Hercules-getting-ripped-and-his-Irish-roots/274428.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171229052412/http://entertainment.ie/cinema/news/Watch-We-chat-to-Dwayne-Johnson-about-Hercules-getting-ripped-and-his-Irish-roots/274428.htm |archive-date=December 29, 2017 |access-date=December 28, 2017 |website=Entertainment.ie}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Tattrie |first1=Jon |author1-link=Jon Tattrie |date=February 18, 2022 |title='How am I related to The Rock?' Nova Scotia boy's question sparks museum exhibit |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/nova-scotia/dwayne-the-rock-johnson-amherst-nova-scotia-family-history-1.6352097 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240420023548/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/nova-scotia/dwayne-the-rock-johnson-amherst-nova-scotia-family-history-1.6352097 |archive-date=April 20, 2024 |access-date=April 20, 2024 |website=[[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]] |publisher=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation}}</ref> and his mother is [[Samoa]]n.<ref>{{cite magazine |date=October 25, 2023 |title=Museum Corrects Dwayne Johnson Wax Figure Skin Tone: 'We Just Made an Honest Mistake' |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/tv-movies/tv-movie-news/dwayne-johnson-the-rock-wax-figure-skin-tone-updated-paris-museum-1234862090/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030010159/https://www.rollingstone.com/tv-movies/tv-movie-news/dwayne-johnson-the-rock-wax-figure-skin-tone-updated-paris-museum-1234862090/ |archive-date=October 30, 2023 |magazine=Rolling Stone}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=October 23, 2023 |title=The Rock urges skin tone change to wax figure in Paris museum |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/newsbeat-67193578 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231026191526/https://www.bbc.com/news/newsbeat-67193578 |archive-date=October 26, 2023 |website=BBC}}</ref><ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1108202967671496704 |user=TheRock |title=I identify as exactly what I am - both. Equally proud. Black/Samoan. |author=Dwayne Johnson |date=March 19, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210530232035/https://twitter.com/TheRock/status/1108202967671496704 |archive-date=May 30, 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> His father and [[Tony Atlas]] were the first black [[tag team champions]] in [[WWE]] history, in 1983.<ref>{{cite web |title=Superstars |url=http://www.wwe.com/superstars/halloffame/inductees/rockyjohnson/bio/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200116015443/https://www.wwe.com/superstars/halloffame/inductees/rockyjohnson/bio |archive-date=January 16, 2020 |access-date=November 12, 2016 |website=Wwe.com}}</ref><ref name="Solomon">{{Cite book |last=Solomon |first=Brian |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WrFWKBBQzAAC |title=WWE Legends |publisher=Simon and Schuster |year=2006 |isbn=0-7434-9033-9 |pages=146}}</ref> Johnson's uncle Ricky was also a wrestler.<ref>{{cite web |author=Oliver, Greg |date=December 7, 2015 |title=Mat Matters: Here you go, Ricky Johnson |url=https://slamwrestling.net/index.php/2015/12/07/mat-matters-here-you-go-ricky-johnson/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240903125759/https://slamwrestling.net/index.php/2015/12/07/mat-matters-here-you-go-ricky-johnson/ |archive-date=September 3, 2024 |access-date=September 3, 2024 |work=SLAM! Wrestling |publisher=[[Canoe.com]]}}</ref> His mother is the adopted daughter of [[Peter Maivia]], who was also a professional wrestler.<ref name="tsom">{{cite news |last=Young |first=Graham |date=April 10, 2010 |title=The Rock's on a roll in Hollywood |url=http://www.birminghampost.net/life-leisure-birmingham-guide/postfeatures/2009/04/10/the-rock-s-on-a-roll-in-hollywood-65233-23360885/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101223202537/http://www.birminghampost.net/life-leisure-birmingham-guide/postfeatures/2009/04/10/the-rock-s-on-a-roll-in-hollywood-65233-23360885/ |archive-date=December 23, 2010 |access-date=November 10, 2010 |newspaper=The Birmingham Post}}</ref> Johnson's maternal grandmother [[Lia Maivia|Lia]] was one of the first female [[Glossary of professional wrestling terms#Promoter|pro wrestling promoters]], taking over [[Polynesian Pacific Pro Wrestling]] after her husband's death in 1982 and managing it until 1988.<ref name="mh">{{cite news |last=Brecher |first=Elinor J. |date=October 25, 2008 |title=Grandmother of 'The Rock,' promoter |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/116046769/obituary-for-leah-maivia/ |newspaper=[[The Miami Herald]]}}</ref><ref name="yahoo">{{cite web |last=Crow |first=Jonathan |date=March 12, 2008 |title=Through The Years – Dwayne 'Not Just The Rock' Johnson |url=https://movies.yahoo.com/feature/through-the-years-the-rock.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090316064529/http://movies.yahoo.com/feature/through-the-years-the-rock.html |archive-date=March 16, 2009 |access-date=March 13, 2009 |publisher=Yahoo Movies}}</ref> Through his maternal grandfather Maivia, Johnson is a non-blood relative of the [[Anoaʻi wrestling family]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hall of Fame: High Chief Peter Maivia |url=http://www.wwe.com/superstars/halloffame/inductees/petermaivia/bio/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100220124422/http://www.wwe.com/superstars/halloffame/inductees/petermaivia/bio/ |archive-date=February 20, 2010 |access-date=February 16, 2010 |work=WWE |publisher=[[WWE]] |quote=Maivia, born in Samoa in the 1930s, was a "blood brother" of the Anoaʻi family.}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=The Anoaʻi family wrestling dynasty: photos |newspaper=[[WWE]] |url=http://www.wwe.com/inside/anoai-family-photos |access-date=November 29, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151205182030/http://www.wwe.com/inside/anoai-family-photos |archive-date=December 5, 2015 |url-status=live |quote=High Chief Peter Maivia, The Rock's grandfather, was "blood brothers" with The Wild Samoans' father, Amituanai Anoaʻi.}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Sonny |first=Julian |title=Samoan Strength: The Rock's Family Tree Is A Wrestling Dynasty |date=November 16, 2015 |newspaper=[[Elite Daily]] |url=http://elitedaily.com/sports/the-rock-family-tree-infographic/1282191/ |access-date=November 29, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151128051153/http://elitedaily.com/sports/the-rock-family-tree-infographic/1282191/ |archive-date=November 28, 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Pockross |first=Adam |title=The Rock's Grandfather Was a Bond Villain: Could It Be Another Family Business? |date=March 27, 2013 |newspaper=[[Yahoo! Movies]] |url=https://www.yahoo.com/movies/bp/rock-grandfather-bond-villain-could-another-family-business-005014491.html |access-date=November 29, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170215021355/https://www.yahoo.com/movies/bp/rock-grandfather-bond-villain-could-another-family-business-005014491.html |archive-date=February 15, 2017 |url-status=live |quote=the "High Chief" is most often remembered as a prominent member of one of the greatest families in all of professional wrestling: the Anoaʻi/Maivia family of Samoans.}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Wrestler 'Umaga' Edward Fatu dies of heart attack, friend says |date=December 5, 2009 |newspaper=[[CNN]] |url=http://www.cnn.com/2009/US/12/04/umaga.eddie.fatu/index.html |access-date=November 29, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190615031241/http://www.cnn.com/2009/US/12/04/umaga.eddie.fatu/index.html |archive-date=June 15, 2019 |url-status=live |quote=[...]was a member of the famous Anoaʻi wrestling family, which includes cousin Dwayne "The Rock" Johnson, his two uncles, who wrestled as The Wild Samoans in the 1980s, and brothers, Sam "Tonga Kid" and Solofa Jr. "Rikishi," according to Wrestlers Rescue, a support group for retired professional wrestlers.}}</ref> In 2008, he inducted his father and grandfather into the [[WWE Hall of Fame]].<ref>{{cite web |date=February 25, 2008 |title=Johnson Family Reunion |url=http://www.wwe.com/superstars/halloffame/articles/rockathof |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304191537/http://www.wwe.com/superstars/halloffame/articles/rockathof |archive-date=March 4, 2009 |access-date=March 4, 2009 |publisher=WWE}}</ref>

Johnson attended Montclaire Elementary School in [[Charlotte, North Carolina]], and then moved to [[Hamden, Connecticut]], where he attended Shepherd Glen Elementary School and then Hamden Middle School.<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1137049609610571776 |user=TheRock |title=Wow check out my 8yr old AFRO!! I loved Montclaire Elementary!! Had my first crush (see what you could've had Eve??!) and was bullied by a punk and waited for him after school and punched him in the face. End of that, bs. Big love to all the kids and staff. #CharlotteNC |first=Dwayne |last=Johnson |date=June 7, 2019}}</ref><ref>[http://www.nhregister.com/news/article/NEW-HAVEN-200-Introducing-a-summer-series-11511479.php "NEW HAVEN 200: Introducing a summer series looking back on two centuries of sports"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222052100/http://www.nhregister.com/news/article/NEW-HAVEN-200-Introducing-a-summer-series-11511479.php |date=December 22, 2017 }}, Chip Malafronte, [[New Haven Register]], June 23, 2012</ref> He attended [[President William McKinley High School]] in [[Honolulu]] and then [[Glencliff High School]] and [[McGavock High School]], both in [[Nashville, Tennessee]], and then [[Freedom High School (Pennsylvania)|Freedom High School]] in [[Bethlehem Township, Pennsylvania]], in the [[Lehigh Valley]] region of the state, where he graduated in 1990.<ref>{{cite web |title='The Rock' remembers Nashville past |url=https://www.tennessean.com/story/entertainment/2015/08/09/rock-remembers-nashville-past/31370895/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230930111917/https://www.tennessean.com/story/entertainment/2015/08/09/rock-remembers-nashville-past/31370895/ |archive-date=September 30, 2023 |access-date=April 19, 2019 |website=The Tennessean}}</ref>

At Freedom High School, Johnson initially struggled and was drawn into a culture of conflict and petty crime. By age 17, he had been arrested several times for fighting, theft, and [[check fraud]], and was suspended two weeks for fighting.<ref>{{cite web |title=Dwayne Johnson talks past arrest and theft ring |url=https://www.azcentral.com/story/entertainment/people/2014/09/17/dwayne-johnson-past-arrest-theft-ring/15761517/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412193700/https://www.azcentral.com/story/entertainment/people/2014/09/17/dwayne-johnson-past-arrest-theft-ring/15761517/ |archive-date=April 12, 2019 |access-date=April 19, 2019 |website=azcentral}}</ref> An article in the local newspaper labeled him "a troubled teenager with a history of run-ins with police". But Freedom High School football coach Jody Cwik saw athletic potential in Johnson, and recruited him to join the school's football team, where he played [[defensive tackle]], an experience that proved to be a significant personal transformation for Johnson. "My thought process started to change. That's when I started thinking about goals and what I wanted to accomplish", he has since said about his high school football experience.<ref name="mcall.com"/> In addition to playing football, Johnson also was a member of Freedom High School's track and field and [[Scholastic wrestling|wrestling]] teams.<ref name="islandconnections" />

By his senior year at Freedom High School, Johnson had played only two years of football, but was offered a full athletic scholarship from the [[University of Miami]], whose [[Miami Hurricanes football|football program]] was beginning to emerge as one of the nation's top-level [[NCAA Division I]] teams.<ref name="mcall.com" />

==Football career==
{{Infobox college football player
| name = Dwayne Johnson
| image =
| caption =
| currentnumber = 94
| currentposition = [[Defensive tackle]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| heightft = 6
| heightin = 5
| weight = 253
| highschool = [[Freedom High School (Pennsylvania)|Freedom High School]] ([[Bethlehem, Pennsylvania]])
|pastschools=
* [[University of Miami|Miami (FL)]] (1990–1994)
| teams=
*[[Calgary Stampeders]] ({{CFL Year|1995}})*
| highlights =
* [[College football national championships in NCAA Division I FBS|National champion]] ([[1991 Miami Hurricanes football team|1991]])
}}
===College career===
As he did in high school, Johnson continued to play defensive tackle at the [[University of Miami]], where he was a member of the [[1991 Miami Hurricanes football team|Miami Hurricanes 1991 team]], which won that year's national championship.<ref name="miamihurricanes">{{cite web |author=Morgan, Kaya |title=University of Miami Famous Alumni |url=http://www.ncaaticketsnow.com/miami-tickets.asp |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061209124650/http://www.ncaaticketsnow.com/miami-tickets.asp |archive-date=December 9, 2006 |access-date=December 29, 2006 |publisher=NCAA Tickets Now}}</ref><ref name="islandconnections"/> Despite playing four years there, however, Johnson found himself behind elite players on the depth chart, including future [[NFL]] star and [[Pro Football Hall of Fame]] inductee [[Warren Sapp]], and appeared mostly in backup roles.<ref>{{cite magazine |title=How football helped transform Dwayne Johnson into Hollywood's biggest star |url=https://www.si.com/tech-media/2016/11/30/dwayne-johnson-the-rock-nfl-wrestling-hollywood-star |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190413061347/https://www.si.com/tech-media/2016/11/30/dwayne-johnson-the-rock-nfl-wrestling-hollywood-star |archive-date=April 13, 2019 |access-date=April 19, 2019 |magazine=Sports Illustrated}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=December 11, 2012 |title=How good was The Rock at football? |url=https://www.espn.com/blog/playbook/fandom/post/_/id/15186/how-good-was-the-rock-at-football |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210120103206/https://www.espn.com/blog/playbook/fandom/post/_/id/15186/how-good-was-the-rock-at-football |archive-date=January 20, 2021 |access-date=January 3, 2021 |website=ESPN}}</ref> In his time at Miami, Johnson played in 39 games with one start. He recorded 4.5 sacks and 77 tackles.<ref name=":1" />

In 1995, Johnson graduated with a [[Bachelor of General Studies]] and a dual major in [[criminology]] and [[physiology]].<ref name="ESPN"/> He was also one of the university's most prolific student speakers in the [[Miami metropolitan area|Miami-area]] community, frequently delivering positive messages about his own struggles and encouraging students to remain in school and avoid the dangers of drug use.<ref>{{cite news |date=August 27, 1994 |title=Johnson is used to wrestling with misconceptions |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-palm-beach-post-johnson-is-used-to-w/157298098/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241127203943/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-palm-beach-post-johnson-is-used-to-w/157298098/ |archive-date=November 27, 2024 |access-date=October 17, 2024 |work=[[The Palm Beach Post]]}}</ref>

===Canadian Football League===
After graduating, Johnson was signed by the [[Calgary Stampeders]] of the [[Canadian Football League]]. Calgary moved him from defensive tackle to [[linebacker]]. He was assigned to Calgary's practice roster, but was cut two months into [[1995 Calgary Stampeders season|Calgary's 1995 season]].<ref name="islandconnections" /><ref>{{cite news |last=Cryderman |first=Kelly |date=September 15, 2017 |title=Rising from rock bottom |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/alberta/dwayne-johnson-the-rock-calgary-stampeders/article36282340/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171205213407/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/alberta/dwayne-johnson-the-rock-calgary-stampeders/article36282340/ |archive-date=December 5, 2017 |access-date=May 24, 2019 |work=The Globe and Mail}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Johnson |first=George |date=September 18, 2014 |title=Johnson: Stamps could party like it's 1995 |url=https://calgaryherald.com/sports/Johnson+Stamps+could+party+like+1995/8935342/story.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141224005351/http://www.calgaryherald.com/sports/Johnson+Stamps+could+party+like+1995/8935342/story.html |archive-date=December 24, 2014 |access-date=December 5, 2014 |work=Calgary Herald}}</ref>

==Professional wrestling career==
=== Early career (1996) ===
{{Professional wrestling sidebar}}
After being cut by Calgary, Johnson began his [[professional wrestling]] career the next year, in 1996.<ref name="islandconnections" /> Veteran wrestler [[Pat Patterson]] secured several tryout matches for Johnson with the [[World Wrestling Federation]] (WWF) in 1996. Wrestling at first under his real name, Johnson defeated [[The Brooklyn Brawler]] at a [[house show]] on March 10<ref name="rocksays">{{cite book |author=The Rock |url=https://archive.org/details/rocksaysmostelec00john/page/186 |title=The Rock Says... |last2=Layden |first2=Joe |publisher=Harper Entertainment |year=2000 |isbn=0-06-039298-3}}</ref>{{rp|pp=186–189}} and lost matches to [[Chris Candido]] and [[Owen Hart]].<ref name="m&cbio" /> After wrestling at [[Jerry Lawler]]'s [[United States Wrestling Association]] under the name Flex Kavana and winning the [[USWA World Tag Team Championship|USWA tag team championship]] twice with his partner [[Bart Sawyer]] in the summer of 1996, Johnson was signed to a WWF contract. He received additional training from [[Tom Prichard]], alongside [[Achim Albrecht|Brakkus]] and [[Mark Henry]].<ref name="Dworkis">{{cite web |author=Dworkis, Michael |title=Dr. Tom Prichard: The Doctor of Talent |url=http://www.michaeldworkis.com/TheCage/WWE/DrTom.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103141618/http://www.michaeldworkis.com/TheCage/WWE/DrTom.htm |archive-date=November 3, 2013 |access-date=September 25, 2012 |publisher=MichaelDworkis.com}}</ref><ref name="m&cbio" />

=== World Wrestling Federation / World Wrestling Entertainment ===
==== Intercontinental Champion (1996–1997) ====
Johnson made his WWF debut as Rocky Maivia, a combination of his father and grandfather's ring names, although announcers acknowledged his real name.<ref>{{cite episode |title=Marc Mero, Rocky Maivia, Jake Roberts, and The Stalker vs. Crush, Jerry Lawler, Hunter Hearst Helmsley, and Goldust |series=[[Survivor Series (1996)]] |airdate=November 17, 1996 |credits=World Wrestling Federation}}</ref> He was initially reluctant to take this ring name but was persuaded by [[Vince McMahon]] and [[Jim Ross]].<ref name="yahoo" />{{r |rocksays |p=146}} He was given the nickname "The Blue Chipper", and to play up his lineage, he was hyped as the WWF's first third-generation wrestler.<ref name="wwebio" /> A clean-cut [[Face (professional wrestling)|face]] character, Maivia was [[Push (professional wrestling)|pushed]] heavily from the start despite his wrestling inexperience. He debuted on ''[[Monday Night Raw]]'' as a member of [[Marc Mero]]'s entourage on November 4, 1996.<ref>{{cite episode |title=Episode 183 |series=WWF Monday Night Raw |series-link=WWE Raw |network=[[USA Network]] |airdate=November 4, 1996 |minutes=4:15}}</ref> His first match came at [[Survivor Series (1996)|Survivor Series]] on November 17, in an [[Elimination tag team match|eight-man elimination tag match]]; he was the sole survivor and eliminated the final two members of the opposing team, [[Brian Adams (wrestler)|Crush]] and [[Goldust]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Survivor Series 1996 official results |url=http://www.wwe.com/shows/survivorseries/history/1996/results/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071211021831/http://www.wwe.com/shows/survivorseries/history/1996/results/ |archive-date=December 11, 2007 |access-date=March 19, 2008 |publisher=[[World Wrestling Entertainment]]}}</ref> On February 13, 1997, he won the [[WWE Intercontinental Championship|Intercontinental Championship]] from [[Hunter Hearst Helmsley]] on a Thursday edition of ''Monday Night Raw''.<ref>{{cite web |title=WWF Thursday Raw: February 13, 1997 |url=http://www.otherarena.com/htm/cgi-bin/history.cgi?1997/raw021397 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061026201823/http://www.otherarena.com/htm/cgi-bin/history.cgi?1997%2Fraw021397 |archive-date=October 26, 2006 |access-date=March 19, 2008 |publisher=The Other Arena}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Rocky Maivia's first Intercontinental Championship reign |url=http://www.wwe.com/inside/titlehistory/intercontinental/322532 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070410102450/http://www.wwe.com/inside/titlehistory/intercontinental/322532 |archive-date=April 10, 2007 |access-date=March 19, 2008 |publisher=[[World Wrestling Entertainment]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite episode |title=[[WWF Monday Night Raw]] |series=WWF Television |network=[[USA Network]] |airdate=March 31, 1997 |quote=The camera goes backstage after Steve Austin's in-ring interview, and Jim Ross says: "There, you see The Rock."}}</ref> Maivia then successfully defended the title against Helmsley at [[In Your House 13: Final Four]] on February 16.

Johnson's first [[WrestleMania]] match came at [[WrestleMania 13]] on March 23, where he was victorious in his Intercontinental Championship defense against [[Rikishi (wrestler)|The Sultan]]. WWF fans started to reject his character and push from the company.<ref name="MondayNightWars01-12">{{cite AV media |title=Monday Night War S01 E12:The War Gets Electrified |publisher=WWE}}</ref> He defeated [[Bret Hart]] by disqualification in a title defense on the March 31 episode of ''Raw is War''.<ref>{{cite web |last=Cawthon |first=Graham |date=January 16, 2023 |title=Ring Results: 1997 |url=http://thehistoryofwwe.com/97.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230102180618/http://thehistoryofwwe.com/97.htm |archive-date=January 2, 2023 |access-date=January 2, 2023 |publisher=The History of WWE}}</ref> Behind the scenes, Hart mentored Johnson for his first year in WWF<ref>{{cite web |author=Oliver, Greg |author-link=Greg Oliver |date=February 24, 1998 |title=A piece of The Rock |url=http://www.canoe.com/SlamWrestlingArchive/feb24_rocky.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19991011034221/http://www.canoe.com/SlamWrestlingArchive/feb24_rocky.html |archive-date=October 11, 1999 |access-date=August 26, 2018 |work=Slam! Wrestling |publisher=[[Canadian Online Explorer]]}}</ref> and refused to be booked to take the title from him.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Hart |first1=Bret |title=Hitman: My Real Life in the Cartoon World of Wrestling |title-link=Hitman: My Real Life in the Cartoon World of Wrestling |publisher=[[Random House Canada]] (Canada), [[Grand Central Publishing]] (US) |year=2007 |isbn=9780307355676 |page=420 |ref={{harvid|Hart, Bret|2007}} |no-pp=y}} {{ISBN|978-0-307-35567-6}} (Canada) {{ISBN|978-0-446-53972-2}} (US)</ref> On April 20, at [[In Your House 14: Revenge of the 'Taker]], he lost to [[Savio Vega]] by countout but retained the title. Audiences became increasingly hostile toward Maivia, with chants of "die, Rocky, die" and "Rocky sucks" being heard during his matches.<ref name="slam">{{cite web |last=Milner |first=John |title=The Rock Bio |url=http://slam.canoe.com/Slam/Wrestling/Bios/rock.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150519192214/http://slam.canoe.com/Slam/Wrestling/Bios/rock.html |archive-date=May 19, 2015 |access-date=April 13, 2008 |work=Slam! Sports |publisher=[[Canadian Online Explorer]]}}</ref><ref name="yahoo"/>

After losing the Intercontinental Championship to [[Owen Hart]] on the April 28 episode of ''Raw Is War'',<ref>{{cite web |title=WWF Raw: April 28, 1997 |url=http://www.otherarena.com/htm/cgi-bin/history.cgi?1997/raw042897 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061026201852/http://www.otherarena.com/htm/cgi-bin/history.cgi?1997%2Fraw042897 |archive-date=October 26, 2006 |access-date=March 18, 2008 |publisher=The Other Arena}}</ref> Maivia suffered a legitimate knee injury in a match against [[Mick Foley|Mankind]] in June and spent several months recovering.<ref name="slam" />

==== Nation of Domination (1997–1998) ====
{{see also|Nation of Domination}}
Upon returning in August, Maivia turned [[Heel (professional wrestling)|heel]] by lashing out at fans who had been booing him and joining [[Faarooq]], [[D'Lo Brown]] and [[Charles Wright (wrestler)|Kama]] in the [[Professional wrestling stable|stable]] called the [[Nation of Domination]].<ref name="nation">{{cite web |title=Nation of Domination Profile |url=http://www.onlineworldofwrestling.com/profiles/n/nation-of-domination.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120307074516/http://www.onlineworldofwrestling.com/profiles/n/nation-of-domination.html |archive-date=March 7, 2012 |access-date=March 19, 2008 |publisher=Online World of Wrestling}}</ref> He then refused to acknowledge the Rocky Maivia name, instead referring to himself in the third person as The Rock, though he would still be billed as "The Rock" Rocky Maivia until 1998. The Rock would then regularly insult the audience, WWF performers, and interviewers in his [[Promos (professional wrestling)|promos]].<ref name="nation" />

At [[D-Generation X: In Your House]] on December 7, [[Stone Cold Steve Austin]] defeated The Rock in under six minutes to retain the Intercontinental Championship.<ref>{{cite web |title=In Your House 19: D-Generation X results |url=http://www.onlineworldofwrestling.com/results/wweppv/inyourhouse19.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514225935/http://www.onlineworldofwrestling.com/results/wweppv/inyourhouse19.html |archive-date=May 14, 2011 |access-date=March 19, 2008 |publisher=Online World of Wrestling}}</ref> The next night on ''Raw Is War'', Austin was ordered by [[Mr. McMahon]] to defend the title in a rematch, but forfeited it to The Rock instead, handing him the title belt before hitting him with the ''[[Stone Cold Stunner]]''.<ref>{{cite web |title=WWF Raw: December 8, 1997 |url=http://www.otherarena.com/htm/cgi-bin/history.cgi?1997/raw120897 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061026202130/http://www.otherarena.com/htm/cgi-bin/history.cgi?1997%2Fraw120897 |archive-date=October 26, 2006 |access-date=March 19, 2008 |publisher=The Other Arena}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Rock's second Intercontinental Championship reign |url=http://www.wwe.com/inside/titlehistory/intercontinental/322552 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070428234605/http://www.wwe.com/inside/titlehistory/intercontinental/322552 |archive-date=April 28, 2007 |access-date=March 19, 2008 |publisher=[[World Wrestling Entertainment]]}}</ref> The Rock feuded with Austin and [[Ken Shamrock]] through the end of 1997 and beginning of 1998.<ref>{{cite web |title=Royal Rumble 1998 official results |url=http://www.wwe.com/shows/royalrumble/history/198811511/results/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110501114652/http://www.wwe.com/shows/royalrumble/history/198811511/results/ |archive-date=May 1, 2011 |access-date=March 19, 2008 |publisher=[[World Wrestling Entertainment]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=WrestleMania XIV official results |url=http://www.wwe.com/shows/wrestlemania/history/wm14/results/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080313110737/http://www.wwe.com/shows/wrestlemania/history/wm14/results/ |archive-date=March 13, 2008 |access-date=March 19, 2008 |publisher=[[World Wrestling Entertainment]]}}</ref> On January 19, 1998, at the [[Royal Rumble (1998)|Royal Rumble]], The Rock defeated Shamrock by disqualification to retain the Intercontinental Championship. Later that night, The Rock entered the Royal Rumble match and lasted until the final two before he was eliminated by Stone Cold Steve Austin. On March 29, at [[WrestleMania XIV]], The Rock defeated Shamrock by disqualification once again to retain the title. The next night, on ''Raw is War'', The Rock debuted a new Intercontinental Championship design and would later overthrow Faarooq as leader of the Nation of Domination to spark a feud between the two. He then successfully defended the Intercontinental Championship against Faarooq at [[Over the Edge: In Your House]] on May 31. The stable would then refer to themselves as simply "The Nation".<ref>{{cite web |title=In Your House 22: Over the Edge 1998 results |url=http://www.onlineworldofwrestling.com/results/wweppv/inyourhouse22.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205170956/http://www.onlineworldofwrestling.com/results/wweppv/inyourhouse22.html |archive-date=February 5, 2012 |access-date=March 19, 2008 |publisher=Online World of Wrestling}}</ref>

The Rock and the Nation then feuded with [[Triple H]] and [[D-Generation X]] (DX), with the two stable leaders first meeting in the quarter-final of the [[King of the Ring (1998)#King of the Ring bracket|1998]] [[King of the Ring tournament]], which The Rock won. At [[King of the Ring (1998)|King of the Ring]] on June 28, The Rock defeated [[Dan Severn]] in the semi-final match and lost to rival Ken Shamrock in the final. The Rock then resumed his feud with Triple H, as the two had a [[two out of three falls match]] at [[Fully Loaded: In Your House]] on July 26 for the Intercontinental Championship, which The Rock retained in controversial fashion.<ref>{{cite web |title=In Your House 23: Fully Loaded 1998 results |url=http://www.onlineworldofwrestling.com/results/wweppv/inyourhouse23.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905200036/http://www.onlineworldofwrestling.com/results/wweppv/inyourhouse23.html |archive-date=September 5, 2015 |access-date=March 19, 2008 |publisher=Online World of Wrestling}}</ref> This led to a [[ladder match]] at [[SummerSlam (1998)|SummerSlam]] on August 30, where The Rock lost the title to Triple H.<ref>{{cite web |title=SummerSlam 1998 official results |url=http://www.wwe.com/shows/summerslam/history/1998/results/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070620164459/http://www.wwe.com/shows/summerslam/history/1998/results/ |archive-date=June 20, 2007 |access-date=March 19, 2008 |publisher=[[World Wrestling Entertainment]]}}</ref>

In the latter half of 1998, The Rock saw a big uptick in fan support. The Rock also started consolidating his famous persona during this time, which would last until 2000.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Germany |first=Kevin |title=Video Tributes: 10 Things to Love About WWE Legend Dwayne "The Rock" Johnson |url=https://bleacherreport.com/articles/791462-video-tributes-ten-things-to-love-about-wwe-legend-dwayne-the-rock-johnson |website=Bleacher Report}}</ref> The Rock's popularity caused him to be booked in a feud with fellow Nation members [[Mark Henry]] and D'Lo Brown, turning [[Face (professional wrestling)|babyface]] in the process. Henry defeated The Rock at [[Judgment Day: In Your House]] on October 18 after interference from Brown, effectively breaking up the stable.<ref>{{cite web |title=In Your House 24: Breakdown 1998 results |url=http://www.onlineworldofwrestling.com/results/wweppv/breakdown98.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514225942/http://www.onlineworldofwrestling.com/results/wweppv/breakdown98.html |archive-date=May 14, 2011 |access-date=March 19, 2008 |publisher=Online World of Wrestling}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=In Your House 25: Judgment Day 1998 results |url=http://www.onlineworldofwrestling.com/results/wweppv/judgementday98.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100128011334/http://www.onlineworldofwrestling.com/results/wweppv/judgementday98.html |archive-date=January 28, 2010 |access-date=March 19, 2008 |publisher=Online World of Wrestling}}</ref>

==== WWF Champion and rise to superstardom (1998–2000) ====
{{See also|The Corporation (professional wrestling)|l1=The Corporation|Rock 'n' Sock Connection}}
[[File:WWE - Sheffield 020499 (49) b.jpg|thumb|upright=1|As part of [[The Corporation (professional wrestling)|The Corporation]], The Rock feuded with [[Stone Cold Steve Austin]] and stole Austin's personalized [[WWF Championship]] "Smoking Skull" belt.]]
The Rock was then entered into the "Deadly Game" tournament for the vacant WWF Championship. The finals occurred at [[Survivor Series (1998)|Survivor Series]] on November 15, where The Rock defeated Vince McMahon's associate, [[Mick Foley|Mankind]], to win his first WWF Championship.<ref name="rock1wwe">{{cite web |title=The Rock's first WWE Championship reign |url=http://www.wwe.com/inside/titlehistory/wwechampionship/3044541401 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080313105504/http://www.wwe.com/inside/titlehistory/wwechampionship/3044541401 |archive-date=March 13, 2008 |access-date=March 19, 2008 |publisher=WWE}}</ref><ref name="Survivor Series – Rock vs Mankind">{{cite web |title=The Rock def. Mankind to become new WWE Champion |url=http://www.wwe.com/shows/survivorseries/history/1998/mainevent/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080224064736/http://www.wwe.com/shows/survivorseries/history/1998/mainevent/ |archive-date=February 24, 2008 |access-date=March 19, 2008 |publisher=WWE}}</ref> A "double turn" then occurred as The Rock turned heel again after allying with Vince and [[Shane McMahon]] as the crown jewel of their stable, The Corporation, after the McMahons betrayed Mankind.<ref name="rock1wwe"/><ref name="corporation">{{cite web |title=The Corporation Profile |url=http://www.onlineworldofwrestling.com/profiles/c/corporation.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514225923/http://www.onlineworldofwrestling.com/profiles/c/corporation.html |archive-date=May 14, 2011 |access-date=March 19, 2008 |publisher=Online World of Wrestling}}</ref> On December 13, at the pay-per-view named after him, [[Rock Bottom: In Your House]], The Rock had a rematch with Mankind for the WWF Championship. Mankind appeared to win the match when The Rock passed out to the Mandible Claw submission move, but Vince McMahon ruled that since The Rock did not tap out, he retained his title.<ref name="corporation" /><ref>{{cite web |title=In Your House 26: Rock Bottom results |url=http://www.onlineworldofwrestling.com/results/wweppv/rockbottom98.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220107061306/https://www.onlineworldofwrestling.com/results/wweppv/rockbottom98.html |archive-date=January 7, 2022 |access-date=March 19, 2008 |publisher=Online World of Wrestling}}</ref>

In the main event of the January 4, 1999, episode of ''Raw Is War'', Mankind defeated The Rock for the championship after interference from Stone Cold Steve Austin.<ref>{{cite web |title="Stone Cold" Helps Mankind Win the Big One |url=https://www.wwe.com/videos/stone-cold-helps-mankind-win-the-big-one-raw-january-4-1999 |access-date=January 2, 2023 |publisher=WWE}}</ref> Then at the [[Royal Rumble (1999)|Royal Rumble]] on January 24, The Rock regained the title in an [["I Quit" match]], a type of submission match that only ends if one of the combatants says "I quit" on a microphone. Intended to show a vicious streak in The Rock's character, The Rock hit Mankind in the head with a steel chair 11 times instead of the scripted five, five shots already being risky (most wrestling matches in the Attitude Era involving steel chairs had at most 2 or 3 shots to the head). After the fifth shot, Mankind was still ringside instead of two-thirds up the entrance ramp where he was supposed to be, and after the eleventh shot, which knocked Mankind out, a recording of Mankind saying "I Quit" from an earlier interview was played over the public address system.<ref>{{cite web |title=Royal Rumble 1999 official results |url=http://www.wwe.com/shows/royalrumble/history/19881143/results/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060112160248/http://www.wwe.com/shows/royalrumble/history/19881143/results/ |archive-date=January 12, 2006 |access-date=March 19, 2008 |publisher=WWE}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Rock's second WWE Championship reign |url=http://www.wwe.com/inside/titlehistory/wwechampionship/3044541412 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080309231225/http://www.wwe.com/inside/titlehistory/wwechampionship/3044541412 |archive-date=March 9, 2008 |access-date=March 19, 2008 |publisher=WWE}}</ref> On January 31, during an episode of ''[[Sunday Night Heat]]'', The Rock and Mankind participated in an [[Empty Arena match]], a match that took place in an arena with 22,000 empty seats where any part of the facility could be used to contest the match. After 20 minutes of chaotic brawling in the ring, the stands, a kitchen, the catering area, an office, the arena corridors and finally a basement loading area, Mankind pinned The Rock using a [[forklift truck]] to win the WWF Championship. The two faced off again, at [[St. Valentine's Day Massacre: In Your House]] on February 14, in a Last Man Standing match which ended in a draw, meaning Mankind retained the title. Their feud ended on the February 15 ''Raw Is War'', when The Rock won his third WWF Championship in a Ladder Match after a debuting [[Big Show]] interfered on his behalf.<ref>{{cite web |title=Monday Night Raw: February 15, 1999 |url=http://www.otherarena.com/htm/cgi-bin/history.cgi?1999/raw021599 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061026204143/http://www.otherarena.com/htm/cgi-bin/history.cgi?1999%2Fraw021599 |archive-date=October 26, 2006 |access-date=March 19, 2008 |publisher=The Other Arena}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Rock's third WWE Championship reign |url=http://www.wwe.com/inside/titlehistory/wwechampionship/30445414121 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080327050913/http://www.wwe.com/inside/titlehistory/wwechampionship/30445414121 |archive-date=March 27, 2008 |access-date=March 19, 2008 |publisher=WWE}}</ref> The Rock then lost the WWF Championship to Stone Cold Steve Austin at [[WrestleMania XV]] on March 28.<ref name=":2">{{cite web |title=Stone Cold vs. The Rock for the WWE Championship |url=http://www.wwe.com/shows/wrestlemania/history/wm15/mainevent/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080223191232/http://www.wwe.com/shows/wrestlemania/history/wm15/mainevent/ |archive-date=February 23, 2008 |access-date=March 19, 2008 |publisher=WWE}}</ref>
[[File:WWE - London 6+70500 (22) b.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1|The Rock's popularity was fueled by his charisma and speaking abilities, which led to many catchphrases and merchandising opportunities.]]
The Rock's popularity continued to grow and audiences still cheered for him even though he was a heel. The Rock then lost the title rematch against Stone Cold Steve Austin at [[Backlash: In Your House]] on April 25.<ref>{{cite web |title=WWE Champion Stone Cold Steve Austin def. The Rock |url=http://www.wwe.com/shows/backlash/history/backlash1999/mainevent/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080221164543/http://www.wwe.com/shows/backlash/history/backlash1999/mainevent/ |archive-date=February 21, 2008 |access-date=March 19, 2008 |publisher=WWE}}</ref> The next night on ''Raw is War'', The Rock was fired from The Corporation after he was betrayed by Shane McMahon, turning him face again and starting a feud with Triple H, [[The Undertaker]] and [[The Corporate Ministry]]. On April 29, 1999, WWF aired the pilot episode of ''[[SmackDown!]]'', a term derived from one of The Rock's catchphrases. In the episode, The Rock continued his feud with The Corporate Ministry. This led to a match with Triple H, at [[Over the Edge (1999)|Over the Edge]] on May 23, which The Rock won,<ref>{{cite web |title=Over the Edge 1999 results |url=http://www.onlineworldofwrestling.com/results/wweppv/overtheedge99.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080120002030/http://www.onlineworldofwrestling.com/results/wweppv/overtheedge99.html |archive-date=January 20, 2008 |access-date=March 19, 2008 |publisher=Online World of Wrestling}}</ref> and a match for the WWF Championship against The Undertaker, at [[King of the Ring (1999)|King of the Ring]] on June 27, which The Rock lost.<ref>{{cite web |title=King of the Ring 1999 results |url=http://www.onlineworldofwrestling.com/results/wweppv/kingofthering99.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080217032104/http://www.onlineworldofwrestling.com/results/wweppv/kingofthering99.html |archive-date=February 17, 2008 |access-date=March 19, 2008 |publisher=Online World of Wrestling}}</ref> The Rock then lost a number one contender's match to Triple H, at [[Fully Loaded (1999)|Fully Loaded]] on July 25, after interference from [[Monty Sopp|"Mr. Ass" Billy Gunn]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Fully Loaded 1999 results |url=http://www.onlineworldofwrestling.com/results/wweppv/fullyloaded99.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220207222429/https://www.onlineworldofwrestling.com/results/wweppv/fullyloaded99.html |archive-date=February 7, 2022 |access-date=March 19, 2008 |publisher=Online World of Wrestling}}</ref> The Rock then defeated Gunn in a Kiss My Ass match at [[SummerSlam (1999)|SummerSlam]] on August 22. The Rock was also given the privilege of having his own signature match, like The Undertaker with the Buried Alive match, Kane with the Inferno Match and Mankind with the Boiler Room Brawl: the Brahma Bullrope match, a variant of a [[strap match]] was a normal singles match where the components are tied together with a rope used for cattle farming, and the rope and its attached cowbell could both be used as weapons. The Rock contested this match twice, both times in Texas (vs. Triple H in Dallas, and vs. [[Al Snow]] in Houston).<ref>{{cite web |title=SummerSlam 1999 official results |url=http://www.wwe.com/shows/summerslam/history/1999/results/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070620173807/http://www.wwe.com/shows/summerslam/history/1999/results/ |archive-date=June 20, 2007 |access-date=March 19, 2008 |publisher=WWE}}</ref>

Shortly after SummerSlam, The Rock began teaming with former opponent Mankind and the two became known as [[the Rock 'n' Sock Connection]].<ref name="Aug40-99">{{cite web |date=August 30, 1999 |title=WWE Raw Results – August 30, 1999 |url=http://www.onlineworldofwrestling.com/results/raw/_1999/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080607173232/http://www.onlineworldofwrestling.com/results/raw/_1999/ |archive-date=June 7, 2008 |access-date=May 4, 2008 |publisher=Online World of Wrestling}}</ref> They became [[WWF Tag Team Champions]] for the first time after defeating The Undertaker and Big Show for the titles on the August 30 episode of ''Raw is War''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rock 'n' Sock Connection's first World Tag Team Championship reign |url=http://www.wwe.com/inside/titlehistory/worldtagteam/304454132135 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080325074122/http://www.wwe.com/inside/titlehistory/worldtagteam/304454132135 |archive-date=March 25, 2008 |access-date=March 19, 2008 |publisher=WWE}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Rock 'n' Sock Connection's third World Tag Team Championship reign |url=http://www.wwe.com/inside/titlehistory/worldtagteam/3044541321116 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070224220518/http://www.wwe.com/inside/titlehistory/worldtagteam/3044541321116 |archive-date=February 24, 2007 |access-date=March 19, 2007 |publisher=WWE}}</ref> The two performed a number of critically acclaimed comedic skits together, including one called "This Is Your Life", which saw Mankind bring parody versions of people from The Rock's past on television, such as his high school girlfriend and his high school football coach, only to have The Rock insult them. The segment earned an 8.4 [[Nielsen rating]], one of the highest ratings ever for a ''Raw'' segment.<ref>{{cite web |author=Christopher Robin Zimmerman |title=Slashwrestling RAW report – with ratings |url=http://slashwrestling.com/raw/990927.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061102112807/http://slashwrestling.com/raw/990927.html |archive-date=November 2, 2006 |access-date=January 13, 2007}}</ref> The two lost the titles back to The Undertaker and Big Show on the September 9 episode of ''SmackDown!'' and won them back from them on the September 20 episode of ''Raw is War''.<ref>{{cite web |date=October 13, 2005 |title=WWE: Inside WWE > Title History > World Tag Team > 19990909 – Undertaker & Big Show |url=http://www.wwe.com/inside/titlehistory/worldtagteam/304454132126 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051013101134/http://www.wwe.com/inside/titlehistory/worldtagteam/304454132126 |archive-date=October 13, 2005 |access-date=April 19, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=November 27, 2005 |title=WWE: Inside WWE > Title History > World Tag Team > 19990920 – Mankind & The Rock |url=http://www.wwe.com/inside/titlehistory/worldtagteam/304454132117 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051127181916/http://www.wwe.com/inside/titlehistory/worldtagteam/304454132117 |archive-date=November 27, 2005 |access-date=April 19, 2019}}</ref> The Rock and Mankind then lost the titles to [[The New Age Outlaws]] on the very next episode of ''SmackDown!''.<ref>{{cite web |date=November 23, 2005 |title=WWE: Inside WWE > Title History > World Tag Team > 19990923 – New Age Outlaws |url=http://www.wwe.com/inside/titlehistory/worldtagteam/30445413218 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051123031447/http://www.wwe.com/inside/titlehistory/worldtagteam/30445413218 |archive-date=November 23, 2005 |access-date=April 19, 2019}}</ref> The Rock and Mankind would win the WWF Tag Team Championship for the third and final time after beating the New Age Outlaws on the October 14 episode of ''SmackDown!'' before losing the titles to [[The Holly Cousins]] on the October 18 episode of ''Raw is War''.<ref>{{cite web |date=November 28, 2005 |title=WWE: Inside WWE > Title History > World Tag Team > 19991014 – Mankind & The Rock |url=http://www.wwe.com/inside/titlehistory/worldtagteam/3044541321116 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051128114939/http://www.wwe.com/inside/titlehistory/worldtagteam/3044541321116 |archive-date=November 28, 2005 |access-date=April 19, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=December 30, 2005 |title=WWE: Inside WWE > Title History > World Tag Team > 19991018 – Crash & Hardcore Holly |url=http://www.wwe.com/inside/titlehistory/worldtagteam/30445413211115 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051230211555/http://www.wwe.com/inside/titlehistory/worldtagteam/30445413211115 |archive-date=December 30, 2005 |access-date=April 19, 2019}}</ref>

At the [[Royal Rumble (2000)|Royal Rumble]] on January 23, 2000, The Rock entered the [[Royal Rumble match]] and was one of the final two remaining, along with Big Show. In an attempt at a "false finish", Big Show intended to throw The Rock over the top rope in a running [[powerslam]]-like position, before The Rock countered the move on the ring apron, sending Big Show to the floor before reentering the ring as the winner.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Rock (No. 24) wins the Royal Rumble Match |url=http://www.wwe.com/shows/royalrumble/history/198811411/mainevent/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060117061721/http://www.wwe.com/shows/royalrumble/history/198811411/mainevent/ |archive-date=January 17, 2006 |access-date=March 20, 2008 |publisher=[[World Wrestling Entertainment]]}}</ref> But The Rock's feet accidentally hit the floor during the reversal attempt, though those watching the event on television did not see that. This was played up in the storyline as Big Show provided additional video footage showing it and claimed to be the rightful winner. The Rock's number one contendership for the WWF Championship was then put on the line against Big Show at [[No Way Out (2000)|No Way Out]] on February 27, which Big Show won after Shane McMahon interfered.<ref>{{cite web |title=No Way Out 2000 official results |url=http://www.wwe.com/shows/nowayout/history/2000/results/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080319121436/http://www.wwe.com/shows/nowayout/history/2000/results/ |archive-date=March 19, 2008 |access-date=March 20, 2008 |publisher=[[World Wrestling Entertainment]]}}</ref> The Rock then defeated Big Show on the March 13 episode of ''Raw Is War'', to regain the right to face the WWF Champion, Triple H, at [[WrestleMania 2000]] on April 2, in a [[Professional wrestling match types#Basic elimination matches|Fatal Four-way elimination match]], also including Big Show and Mick Foley.<ref name="raw00">{{cite web |title=Raw 2000 results |url=http://www.onlineworldofwrestling.com/results/raw/_2000/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080607173238/http://www.onlineworldofwrestling.com/results/raw/_2000/ |archive-date=June 7, 2008 |access-date=March 20, 2008 |publisher=Online World of Wrestling}}</ref><ref name="wrestlemania00">{{cite web |title=WrestleMania 2000 official results |url=http://www.wwe.com/shows/wrestlemania/history/wm16/results/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080309233852/http://www.wwe.com/shows/wrestlemania/history/wm16/results/ |archive-date=March 9, 2008 |access-date=March 20, 2008 |publisher=[[World Wrestling Entertainment]]}}</ref> Each wrestler had a McMahon in his corner: Triple H had his wife, [[Stephanie McMahon|Stephanie]], Foley had [[Linda McMahon|Linda]], The Rock had Vince and Big Show had Shane.<ref name="wrestlemania00" /><ref name="wrestlemania00event">{{cite web |title=Triple H w/ Stephanie McMahon vs. Mick Foley w/ Linda McMahon vs. Big Show w/ Shane McMahon vs. The Rock w/ Mr. McMahon |url=http://www.wwe.com/shows/wrestlemania/history/wm16/mainevent/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080221171738/http://www.wwe.com/shows/wrestlemania/history/wm16/mainevent/ |archive-date=February 21, 2008 |access-date=March 20, 2008 |publisher=[[World Wrestling Entertainment]]}}</ref> The Rock lasted until the final two but was eliminated by Triple H after Vince betrayed him by hitting him with a chair.<ref name="wrestlemania00event" /><ref name="oww-wrestlemania00">{{cite web |title=WrestleMania 2000 results |url=http://www.onlineworldofwrestling.com/results/wweppv/wrestlemania16/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090218001433/http://www.onlineworldofwrestling.com/results/wweppv/wrestlemania16/ |archive-date=February 18, 2009 |access-date=March 20, 2008 |publisher=Online World of Wrestling}}</ref>

Due to his image at the time, a ''[[Magic: The Gathering]]'' deck archetype was named after him.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IzGjBLuSgLc |title=Where Did The Deck Name "The Rock" Come From? {{!}} MTG #Shorts |date=August 17, 2021 |last=Olive |first=Saffron |publisher=MTGGoldfish |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/IzGjBLuSgLc |archive-date=December 11, 2021 |url-status=live}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

==== Record-breaking world champion (2000–2002) ====
[[File:Therockaswwfchampion b.jpg|thumb|upright=1|The Rock as the WWF Champion in 2000]]
In the following weeks, The Rock continued his feud with Triple H and eventually won his fourth WWF Championship, which he won on April 30, at [[Backlash (2000)|Backlash]], after Stone Cold Steve Austin intervened on his behalf.<ref name="backlash00">{{cite web |title=The Rock defeats Triple H to become new WWE Champion |url=http://www.wwe.com/shows/backlash/history/backlash2000/mainevent/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080219071938/http://www.wwe.com/shows/backlash/history/backlash2000/mainevent/ |archive-date=February 19, 2008 |access-date=March 20, 2008 |publisher=[[World Wrestling Entertainment]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Rock's fourth WWE Championship reign |url=http://www.wwe.com/inside/titlehistory/wwechampionship/304454141111 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080331191439/http://www.wwe.com/inside/titlehistory/wwechampionship/304454141111 |archive-date=March 31, 2008 |access-date=March 21, 2008 |publisher=[[World Wrestling Entertainment]]}}</ref> The following night on ''Raw is War'', The Rock successfully defended his title against Shane McMahon in a Steel Cage match. On May 21, at [[WWF Judgment Day (2000)|Judgment Day]], The Rock faced Triple H in an [[Iron Man match]] with [[Shawn Michaels]] as the special guest referee.<ref name="judgmentday00main">{{cite web |title=The Rock vs. Triple H in a 60-Minute WWE Iron Man Match for the WWE Championship |url=http://www.wwe.com/shows/judgmentday/history/judgmentday2000/mainevent/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080224054925/http://www.wwe.com/shows/judgmentday/history/judgmentday2000/mainevent/ |archive-date=February 24, 2008 |access-date=March 20, 2008 |publisher=[[World Wrestling Entertainment]]}}</ref> With the score tied at five falls each, and with seconds left on the time limit, The Rock was disqualified when The Undertaker attacked Triple H, thus giving Triple H the 6–5 win and the title.<ref name="judgmentday00main" /><ref name="rawmay2000">{{cite web |title=Raw results – May 22, 2000 |url=http://www.lordsofpain.net/reports/raw/raw5-22-00.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071219025907/http://www.lordsofpain.net/reports/raw/raw5-22-00.html |archive-date=December 19, 2007 |access-date=March 20, 2008 |publisher=Lords of Pain}}</ref> The Rock won the WWF Championship for a fifth time at [[King of the Ring (2000)|King of the Ring]] on June 25 by scoring the winning pin in a six-man tag team match, teaming with [[Kane (wrestler)|Kane]] and The Undertaker against Shane McMahon, Triple H and Vince McMahon, whom he pinned.<ref name="kingofthering00">{{cite web |title=King of the Ring 2000 results |url=http://www.onlineworldofwrestling.com/results/wweppv/kingofthering00.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080216070305/http://www.onlineworldofwrestling.com/results/wweppv/kingofthering00.html |archive-date=February 16, 2008 |access-date=March 20, 2008 |publisher=Online World of Wrestling}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Rock's fifth WWE Championship reign |url=http://www.wwe.com/inside/titlehistory/wwechampionship/304454140 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080224032006/http://www.wwe.com/inside/titlehistory/wwechampionship/304454140 |archive-date=February 24, 2008 |access-date=March 21, 2008 |publisher=[[World Wrestling Entertainment]]}}</ref> The Rock successfully defended the championship against [[Chris Benoit]] on July 23 at [[Fully Loaded (2000)|Fully Loaded]]. The next month, he successfully defended his title against [[Kurt Angle]] and Triple H at [[SummerSlam (2000)|SummerSlam]] on August 27. The Rock had another successful title defense against Benoit, Kane and The Undertaker on September 24 at [[Unforgiven (2000)|Unforgiven]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Rock: Profile & Match Listing – Internet Wrestling Database (IWD) |url=http://profightdb.com/wrestlers/the-rock-229.html?title=263 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220221225015/http://www.profightdb.com/wrestlers/the-rock-229.html?title=263 |archive-date=February 21, 2022 |access-date=November 22, 2012 |website=profightdb.com}}</ref>

The Rock then lost the WWF Championship to Kurt Angle at [[No Mercy (2000)|No Mercy]] on October 22, 2000.<ref name="nomercy00">{{cite web |title=The Rock vs. Kurt Angle for the WWE Championship |url=http://www.wwe.com/shows/nomercy/history/2000/mainevent/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080219054407/http://www.wwe.com/shows/nomercy/history/2000/mainevent/ |archive-date=February 19, 2008 |access-date=March 21, 2008 |publisher=[[World Wrestling Entertainment]]}}</ref> The next month, The Rock feuded with [[Solofa Fatu|Rikishi]] and defeated him at [[Survivor Series (2000)|Survivor Series]] on November 19.<ref name="survivorseries00">{{cite web |title=Survivor Series 2000 official results |url=http://www.wwe.com/shows/survivorseries/history/2000/results/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080224051027/http://www.wwe.com/shows/survivorseries/history/2000/results/ |archive-date=February 24, 2008 |access-date=March 20, 2008 |publisher=[[World Wrestling Entertainment]]}}</ref> The Rock wrestled a six-man [[Hell in a Cell]] match for the WWF Championship at [[Armageddon (2000)|Armageddon]] on December 10, which Angle won to retain the title.<ref name="armageddon00">{{cite web |title=Six-Man Hell in a Cell Match for the WWE Championship |url=http://www.wwe.com/shows/armageddon/history/2000/mainevent/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080224001810/http://www.wwe.com/shows/armageddon/history/2000/mainevent/ |archive-date=February 24, 2008 |access-date=March 21, 2008 |publisher=[[World Wrestling Entertainment]]}}</ref> On the December 18 episode of ''Raw is War'', The Rock won the WWF Tag Team Championship with The Undertaker, defeating [[Edge and Christian]], before losing the titles back to Edge and Christian the next night at a ''[[SmackDown!]]'' taping.<ref name="nowayout03">{{cite web |title=Undertaker and Rock's first World Tag Team Championship reign |url=http://www.wwe.com/inside/titlehistory/worldtagteam/304454132112212 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080319100130/http://www.wwe.com/inside/titlehistory/worldtagteam/304454132112212 |archive-date=March 19, 2008 |access-date=March 21, 2008 |publisher=[[World Wrestling Entertainment]]}}</ref> The Rock continued to feud with Angle over the WWF Championship, culminating at [[No Way Out (2001)|No Way Out]] on February 25, 2001, where he pinned Angle to win the WWF Championship for a sixth time.<ref name="nowayout01">{{cite web |title=Kurt Angle vs. The Rock for the WWE Championship |url=http://www.wwe.com/shows/nowayout/history/2001/mainevent/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080319113212/http://www.wwe.com/shows/nowayout/history/2001/mainevent/ |archive-date=March 19, 2008 |access-date=March 21, 2008 |publisher=[[World Wrestling Entertainment]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Rock's sixth WWE Championship reign |url=http://www.wwe.com/inside/titlehistory/wwechampionship/304454141121 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080331201241/http://www.wwe.com/inside/titlehistory/wwechampionship/304454141121 |archive-date=March 31, 2008 |access-date=March 21, 2008 |publisher=[[World Wrestling Entertainment]]}}</ref> The Rock then feuded with the [[Royal Rumble (2001)|Royal Rumble]] winner, Stone Cold Steve Austin, whom he lost the title to at [[WrestleMania X-Seven]] on April 1 after Austin allied with Vince McMahon, who interfered on his behalf.<ref name=":2" /> On the next night's ''Raw is War'', during a steel cage title rematch, Triple H attacked The Rock, allying with McMahon and Austin and helping Austin retain the championship.<ref>{{cite web |title=WWF Raw: April 2, 2001 |url=http://www.otherarena.com/htm/cgi-bin/history.cgi?2001/raw040201 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060115131945/http://www.otherarena.com/htm/cgi-bin/history.cgi?2001%2Fraw040201 |archive-date=January 15, 2006 |access-date=March 21, 2008 |publisher=The Other Arena}}</ref> Austin and Triple H then formed a tag team called [[The Power Trip]],<ref>{{cite web |title=The Power Trip Profile |url=http://www.onlineworldofwrestling.com/profiles/p/power-trip.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120101015950/http://www.onlineworldofwrestling.com/profiles/p/power-trip.html |archive-date=January 1, 2012 |access-date=April 13, 2008 |publisher=Online World of Wrestling}}</ref> while The Rock was indefinitely suspended in storyline. Johnson used this time off to act in ''[[The Scorpion King]]''.

[[File:WWF RAW 2001-10-15 The Rock at ringside b.jpg|left|thumb|upright=1|The Rock taunting [[Rob Van Dam]] at ringside at ''[[WWF Raw]]'', October 2001]]
The Rock returned in late July when the WWF was feuding with rival promotions [[World Championship Wrestling]] (WCW) and [[Extreme Championship Wrestling]] (ECW) during what is known as [[The Invasion (professional wrestling)|The Invasion]] storyline. In reality, WCW was purchased by Vince McMahon and the WWF, and ECW had gone out of business in early 2001. Many former WCW and ECW wrestlers were then brought onto WWF television and formed [[The Alliance (professional wrestling)|The Alliance]] to compete with the WWF in storyline. The Alliance and Vince McMahon then both attempted to persuade The Rock to join their team. The Rock then aligned with McMahon and the WWF. The next month, The Rock defeated [[Booker T (wrestler)|Booker T]] at [[SummerSlam (2001)|SummerSlam]] on August 19 to win the [[WCW Championship]] for the first time.<ref name="summerslam01">{{cite web |title=The Rock vs. Booker T w/Shane McMahon for the WCW Championship |url=http://www.wwe.com/shows/summerslam/history/2001/mainevent/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070621123202/http://www.wwe.com/shows/summerslam/history/2001/mainevent/ |archive-date=June 21, 2007 |access-date=March 21, 2008 |publisher=WWE}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Rock's first WCW Championship reign |url=http://www.wwe.com/inside/titlehistory/wcwchampionship/304454110223 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080331155507/http://www.wwe.com/inside/titlehistory/wcwchampionship/304454110223 |archive-date=March 31, 2008 |access-date=March 21, 2008 |publisher=WWE}}</ref> The Rock later lost the title to [[Chris Jericho]] at [[No Mercy (2001)|No Mercy]] on October 21.<ref name="nomercy01">{{cite web |title=No Mercy 2001 official results |url=http://www.wwe.com/shows/nomercy/history/2001/results/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080224055025/http://www.wwe.com/shows/nomercy/history/2001/results/ |archive-date=February 24, 2008 |access-date=March 21, 2008 |publisher=WWE}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Chris Jericho and The Rock's first World Tag Team Championship reign |url=http://www.wwe.com/inside/titlehistory/worldtagteam/3044541321134 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080311084859/http://www.wwe.com/inside/titlehistory/worldtagteam/3044541321134 |archive-date=March 11, 2008 |access-date=March 21, 2008 |publisher=WWE}}</ref> The next night on ''Raw'', The Rock teamed with Jericho to win the WWF Tag Team Championship from [[The Dudley Boyz]]. The Rock and Jericho then lost the tag titles to Booker T and Test on the November 1, 2001, episode of ''SmackDown!''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Rock: Profile & Match Listing – Internet Wrestling Database (IWD) |url=http://profightdb.com/wrestlers/the-rock-229.html?title=261 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220221231948/http://www.profightdb.com/wrestlers/the-rock-229.html?title=261 |archive-date=February 21, 2022 |access-date=November 22, 2012 |website=profightdb.com}}</ref> The Rock defeated Jericho on the November 5 episode of ''Raw'' for his second WCW Championship.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Rock's second WCW Championship reign |url=http://www.wwe.com/inside/titlehistory/wcwchampionship/30445411028 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080221192855/http://www.wwe.com/inside/titlehistory/wcwchampionship/30445411028 |archive-date=February 21, 2008 |access-date=March 21, 2008 |publisher=WWE}}</ref>

As part of the WWF's battle against The Alliance, The Rock wrestled in a "winner takes all" five-on-five elimination tag team match at [[Survivor Series (2001)|Survivor Series]] on November 18 where the losing team's company would be dissolved in storyline. The Rock was a member of Team WWF along with Chris Jericho, The Undertaker, Kane, and Big Show. The Alliance's team consisted of Stone Cold Steve Austin, Kurt Angle, Booker T, [[Rob Van Dam]], and Shane McMahon. In the end, it came down to a one-on-one between The Rock and Stone Cold Steve Austin. The Rock seemed to have the upper hand, until his teammate Jericho entered the ring and attacked The Rock. Austin tried to capitalize on this by pinning The Rock, but Kurt Angle revealed his true allegiance by attacking Austin. The Rock then pinned Austin, giving Team WWF the victory and forcing The Alliance to disband. The Rock's WCW Championship was renamed the unbranded "World Championship" following the Alliance's loss.<ref name="survivorseries01">{{cite web |title=The Rock, Chris Jericho, Big Show, Kane & Undertaker def. Stone Cold Steve Austin, Kurt Angle, Shane McMahon, Booker T & Rob Van Dam; Sole Survivor: The Rock |url=http://www.wwe.com/shows/survivorseries/history/2001/mainevent/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080224064801/http://www.wwe.com/shows/survivorseries/history/2001/mainevent/ |archive-date=February 24, 2008 |access-date=March 21, 2008 |publisher=WWE}}</ref> At the next pay-per-view, [[Vengeance (2001)|Vengeance]] on December 9, The Rock lost the World Championship to Jericho, who would then unify the WWF and World titles later that night.<ref name="vengeance01">{{cite web |title=Vengeance 2001 official results |url=http://www.wwe.com/shows/vengeance/history/vengeance2001/results/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080224065720/http://www.wwe.com/shows/vengeance/history/vengeance2001/results/ |archive-date=February 24, 2008 |access-date=March 21, 2008 |work=WWE}}</ref> The Rock then unsuccessfully challenged Jericho for the now [[Undisputed WWF Championship]] at [[Royal Rumble (2002)|Royal Rumble]] on January 20, 2002.<ref name="royalrumble02">{{cite web |title=Royal Rumble 2002 official results |url=http://www.wwe.com/shows/royalrumble/history/198811413/results/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171122185729/http://www.wwe.com/shows/royalrumble/history/198811413/results |archive-date=November 22, 2017 |access-date=March 21, 2008 |publisher=WWE}}</ref>

[[File:Rockwrestling b.jpg|thumb|upright=1|The Rock doing his signature pose before wrestling [[Hulk Hogan]] (bottom right) at [[WrestleMania X8]], March 2002]]
At the next pay-per-view, [[No Way Out (2002)|No Way Out]] on February 17, The Rock defeated The Undertaker in a singles match. No Way Out also saw the WWF debut of the famed WCW faction [[New World Order (professional wrestling)|New World Order]] (nWo), which at the time consisted of [["Hollywood" Hulk Hogan]], [[Kevin Nash]], and [[Scott Hall]].<ref name="nowayout02">{{cite web |title=No Way Out 2002 official results |url=http://www.wwe.com/shows/nowayout/history/2002/results/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080309220538/http://www.wwe.com/shows/nowayout/history/2002/results/ |archive-date=March 9, 2008 |access-date=March 21, 2008 |publisher=WWE |quote=The Rock def. Undertaker}}</ref> This later led to a match between The Rock and Hogan at [[WrestleMania X8]] on March 17. The match was billed as "icon versus icon", with both men representing the top tier of two generations of wrestling; ultimately The Rock pinned Hogan at WrestleMania X8 to win the match.<ref name="wmx8">{{cite web |title=WrestleMania X8 official results |url=http://www.wwe.com/shows/wrestlemania/history/wm18/results/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080311090004/http://www.wwe.com/shows/wrestlemania/history/wm18/results/ |archive-date=March 11, 2008 |access-date=March 21, 2008 |publisher=WWE}}</ref> Despite The Rock portraying a heroic character and Hogan a villain, a portion of the crowd attending the [[SkyDome]] was rooting heavily for Hogan.<ref>{{cite web |last=Gramlich |first=Chris |title=WrestleMania X8 results |url=http://slam.canoe.ca/SlamWrestlingWM18/mar18_wmgramlich-can.html |access-date=March 2, 2008 |publisher=SLAM! Sports}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=WrestleMania X8 results |url=http://slam.canoe.ca/SlamWrestlingWM18/mar18_wrestlemania-can.html |access-date=March 2, 2008 |publisher=SLAM! Sports}}</ref> In an interview in 2013, Hogan said he and The Rock changed the style of the match on the fly based on the crowd's response.<ref>{{cite web |date=March 20, 2013 |title=Hulk Hogan: I Changed Rock Match On The Fly |url=http://www.fightingspiritmagazine.co.uk/art/news/263/hulk-hogan-i-changed-rock-match-on-the-fly |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130325001711/http://www.fightingspiritmagazine.co.uk/art/news/263/hulk-hogan-i-changed-rock-match-on-the-fly |archive-date=March 25, 2013 |access-date=April 26, 2013 |work=[[Fighting Spirit Magazine]]}}</ref> After the introduction of the first-ever [[WWE brand extension|brand extension]], the WWF held a "[[2002 WWF draft lottery|draft lottery]]" on the March 25, 2002, episode of ''Raw''. The Rock was the number one overall pick, going to the [[SmackDown (WWE brand)|SmackDown!]] brand before taking a sabbatical from wrestling.<ref>{{cite web |date=March 17, 2002 |title=WrestleMania 18 review |url=http://www.gerweck.net/wrestlemania18.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080324113713/http://www.gerweck.net/wrestlemania18.htm |archive-date=March 24, 2008 |access-date=April 16, 2008 |publisher=Gerweck.net}}</ref>

The Rock made a surprise return on a June episode of ''Raw'' before going to his assigned brand of SmackDown!. There, The Rock was named the number one contender for the WWE Undisputed Championship, which he won for a record-setting seventh time at [[Vengeance (2002)|Vengeance]] on July 21, by defeating Kurt Angle and then-champion The Undertaker in a Triple Threat match.<ref name="rockwwe7">{{cite web |title=The Rock's seventh WWE Championship reign |url=http://www.wwe.com/inside/titlehistory/wwechampionship/304454141122 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080311084919/http://www.wwe.com/inside/titlehistory/wwechampionship/304454141122 |archive-date=March 11, 2008 |access-date=March 21, 2008 |publisher=WWE}}</ref><ref name="vengeance02">{{cite web |title=The Rock defeats Undertaker and Kurt Angle in a triple threat match to become WWE Champion |url=http://www.wwe.com/shows/vengeance/history/vengeance2002/mainevent/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080224010913/http://www.wwe.com/shows/vengeance/history/vengeance2002/mainevent/ |archive-date=February 24, 2008 |access-date=March 21, 2008 |work=WWE}}</ref> The Rock successfully defended the title at the [[WWE in Australia#WWE Global Warning Tour: Melbourne|Global Warning]] event on August 10 against Triple H and [[Brock Lesnar]] after pinning Triple H.<ref>{{cite web |title=Global Warming results |url=http://www.onlineworldofwrestling.com/results/liveevent/020810s.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180828193410/http://www.onlineworldofwrestling.com/results/liveevent/020810s.html |archive-date=August 28, 2018 |access-date=March 21, 2008 |publisher=Online World of Wrestling}}</ref> On August 25, at [[SummerSlam (2002)|SummerSlam]], The Rock lost the WWE Undisputed Championship to Lesnar along with the record for the youngest WWE Champion, which he had set in 1998.<ref name="summerslam02">{{cite web |title=Brock Lesnar w/Paul Heyman vs. The Rock for the Undisputed Championship |url=http://www.wwe.com/shows/summerslam/history/2002/mainevent/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070526181034/http://www.wwe.com/shows/summerslam/history/2002/mainevent/ |archive-date=May 26, 2007 |access-date=March 21, 2008 |publisher=WWE}}</ref> In 2018, writing for ''[[ESPN.com]]'', Sean Coyle noted in a retrospective review of the event, that following his victory over Hulk Hogan at WrestleMania X8, The Rock "started to see a dip in fan support" and "that dip turned into a plunge" by the time The Rock had his match with Lesnar at SummerSlam because fans knew he was leaving WWE to pursue an acting career,<ref>{{cite web |last1=Coyle |first1=Sean |date=August 8, 2017 |title=SummerSlam 2002: A look back at a landscape-shifting moment in WWE history |url=https://www.espn.com/wwe/story/_/id/20286399/look-back-landscape-shifting-moment-wwe-history |access-date=December 2, 2018 |website=[[ESPN.com]] |publisher=[[ESPN Inc.]]}}</ref> as evidenced by the negative crowd response during his match with Lesnar.<ref>{{cite web |last=Scaia |first=Rick |date=August 25, 2002 |title=WWE SummerSlam |url=http://www.oowrestling.com/recaps/ppv/20020825.shtml |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080609224551/http://www.oowrestling.com/recaps/ppv/20020825.shtml |archive-date=June 9, 2008 |access-date=January 23, 2008 |publisher=Online Onslaught}}</ref> After SummerSlam ended, The Rock was visibly angry at the crowd reaction. When he tried to do a post-show speech for the crowd, the fans booed him. He eventually cut a short promo, declaring that "sing-along with The Rock is over!"<ref>{{cite web |title=WWE SummerSlam 2002 |url=http://www.onlineworldofwrestling.com/results/wwe/wweppv/summerslam/summerslam02/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220221231954/https://www.onlineworldofwrestling.com/results/wwe/wweppv/summerslam/summerslam02/ |archive-date=February 21, 2022 |access-date=December 2, 2018 |publisher=Online World of Wrestling}}</ref> The Rock then took time off to kickstart his acting career.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Johnson |first1=Vaughn |date=July 3, 2014 |title=Throwback Thursday: Looking back at WWE Summerslam 2002 |url=http://www2.philly.com/philly/blogs/the-squared-circle/Throwback-Thursday-Looking-back-at-WWE-Summerslam-2002.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190110233412/http://www.philly.com/philly/blogs/the-squared-circle/Throwback-Thursday-Looking-back-at-WWE-Summerslam-2002.html |archive-date=January 10, 2019 |access-date=December 2, 2018 |work=[[Philly.com]]}}</ref>

==== Hollywood Rock (2003) ====
[[File:Rockaustinxix b.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1|The Rock defeated [[Stone Cold Steve Austin]] (left) in Austin's final match at [[WrestleMania XIX]] in March 2003.]]
The Rock returned on the January 30, 2003, episode of ''SmackDown!'' to set up another match with Hulk Hogan at [[No Way Out (2003)|No Way Out]] on February 23.<ref>{{cite web |date=January 30, 2003 |title=WWE SmackDown! Results – January 30, 2003 |url=http://www.onlineworldofwrestling.com/results/smackdown/030130.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180823210316/http://www.onlineworldofwrestling.com/results/smackdown/030130.html |archive-date=August 23, 2018 |access-date=May 2, 2008 |publisher=Online World of Wrestling}}</ref> Because of negative fan reaction during previous matches as a result of his budding acting career, The Rock turned heel. He also started a new persona that has been called ''Hollywood Rock'', with a new look and a shaved head.<ref>{{Cite web |date=February 13, 2021 |title=Every Version Of The Rock, Ranked |url=https://www.thesportster.com/wrestling/the-rock-wwe-phases-dwayne-johnson-versions/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124162806/https://www.thesportster.com/wrestling/the-rock-wwe-phases-dwayne-johnson-versions/ |archive-date=January 24, 2022 |access-date=January 24, 2022 |website=TheSportster}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=July 12, 2021 |title=WWE Ruthless Aggression Review: Hollywood Rock – TJR Wrestling |url=https://tjrwrestling.net/review/wwe-ruthless-aggression-hollywood-rock/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124162802/https://tjrwrestling.net/review/wwe-ruthless-aggression-hollywood-rock/ |archive-date=January 24, 2022 |access-date=January 24, 2022 |website=tjrwrestling.net}}</ref> The Rock defeated Hogan at No Way Out before moving to the [[Raw (WWE brand)|Raw]] brand.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web |title=The Rock vs. Hulk Hogan |url=http://www.wwe.com/shows/nowayout/history/2003/mainevent/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080219180229/http://www.wwe.com/shows/nowayout/history/2003/mainevent/ |archive-date=February 19, 2008 |access-date=March 21, 2008 |publisher=WWE}}</ref> There, The Rock had various small feuds, including one with [[Gregory Helms|The Hurricane]].<ref>{{cite web |date=February 24, 2003 |title=WWE Raw Results – February 24, 2003 |url=http://www.onlineworldofwrestling.com/results/raw/030224.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180102114330/http://www.onlineworldofwrestling.com/results/raw/030224.html |archive-date=January 2, 2018 |access-date=May 2, 2008 |publisher=Online World of Wrestling}}</ref> The Rock also began performing "Rock Concerts", segments in which he played the guitar and mocked WWE performers and fans in song.<ref name="mar24-03">{{cite web |title=RAW results – March 24, 2003 |url=http://www.onlineworldofwrestling.com/results/raw/030324.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151106224121/http://www.onlineworldofwrestling.com/results/raw/030324.html |archive-date=November 6, 2015 |access-date=March 21, 2008 |publisher=Online World of Wrestling}}</ref>

After failing to win a number one contendership for the [[World Heavyweight Championship (WWE, 2002–2013)|World Heavyweight Championship]], The Rock went into another program with Stone Cold Steve Austin. This led to a match at [[WrestleMania XIX]] on March 30, which called back to their previous two WrestleMania encounters, both of which Austin had won.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Woodward |first=Hamish |date=January 4, 2023 |title=Ranking Every Steve Austin vs The Rock Match At Wrestlemania (Worst To Best) |url=https://atletifo.com/wrestling/wwe/the-rock-vs-steve-austin/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230127225922/https://atletifo.com/wrestling/wwe/the-rock-vs-steve-austin/ |archive-date=January 27, 2023 |access-date=January 27, 2023}}</ref> The Rock won after delivering three consecutive ''Rock Bottoms'', ending their long-running rivalry in what turned out to be Austin's final match, until [[WrestleMania 38]].<ref name="slam" /><ref name="wm19">{{cite web |date=April 17, 2002 |title=WrestleMania XIX official results |url=http://www.wwe.com/shows/wrestlemania/history/wm19/results/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130709133741/http://www.wwe.com/shows/wrestlemania/19 |archive-date=July 9, 2013 |access-date=March 21, 2008 |publisher=WWE}}</ref> The next night, ''Raw'' was billed as "The Rock Appreciation Night", in honor of The Rock's victory over Austin. That night, The Rock was attacked by a debuting [[Bill Goldberg|Goldberg]].<ref name="RAWWM">{{cite web |last=Moore |first=Wesley |title=WWE Raw (March 31, 2003) Results |url=http://www.wrestleview.com/news/1049212077.shtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220221231947/http://www.wrestleview.com/news/1049212077.shtml |archive-date=February 21, 2022 |access-date=March 9, 2008 |publisher=WrestleView}}</ref> At [[Backlash (2003)|Backlash]] on April 27, Goldberg defeated The Rock, who then briefly left WWE to film ''[[Walking Tall (2004 film)|Walking Tall]]''.<ref name="slam" /><ref name="backlash03">{{cite web |title=Goldberg defeats The Rock |url=http://www.wwe.com/shows/backlash/history/backlash2003/mainevent/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080224033134/http://www.wwe.com/shows/backlash/history/backlash2003/mainevent/ |archive-date=February 24, 2008 |access-date=March 21, 2008 |publisher=WWE}}</ref>

==== Final feuds and departure (2003–2004) ====
On the June 2 episode of ''Raw'', The Rock joined the Highlight Reel and attacked [[Christian (wrestler)|Christian]] and [[Chris Jericho]] with [[Booker T (wrestler)|Booker T]], turning face once again.<ref name="Jun02-03">{{cite web |last=Tylwalk |first=Nick |title=Raw: Rock-ing and rolling in San Diego |url=http://slam.canoe.com/Slam/Wrestling/2003/06/03/102478.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170723162842/http://slam.canoe.com/Slam/Wrestling/2003/06/03/102478.html |archive-date=July 23, 2017 |access-date=May 2, 2008 |publisher=Slam! Sports}}</ref> The Rock would later return on the December 8 episode of ''Raw'' to help Mick Foley against [[La Résistance (professional wrestling)|La Résistance]]. In 2004, The Rock aided Mick Foley in his feud against [[Evolution (professional wrestling)|Evolution]],<ref name="wwebio" /><ref name="slam" /><ref>{{cite web |title=RAW results – March 8, 2004 |url=http://www.onlineworldofwrestling.com/results/raw/040308.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220105080322/https://www.onlineworldofwrestling.com/results/raw/040308.html |archive-date=January 5, 2022 |access-date=March 21, 2008 |publisher=Online World of Wrestling}}</ref> leading to a reunion of the Rock 'n' Sock Connection. They lost against [[Ric Flair]], [[Randy Orton]], and [[Dave Bautista|Batista]] in a [[handicap match]] at [[WrestleMania XX]] on March 14, 2004, when Orton pinned Foley after an ''[[Cutter (professional wrestling)|RKO]]''.<ref name="slam" /><ref name="wmxx">{{cite web |title=WrestleMania XX official results |url=http://wwe.com/shows/wrestlemania/history/wm20/results/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080319101057/http://www.wwe.com/shows/wrestlemania/history/wm20/results/ |archive-date=March 19, 2008 |access-date=March 21, 2008 |publisher=WWE}}</ref> This was Johnson's final wrestling match until November 2011. The Rock appeared in WWE sporadically following WrestleMania XX. He made returns to provide support for [[Nick Dinsmore|Eugene]] against [[Jonathan Coachman]] and made a cameo in his hometown of Miami, where he confronted [[Randy Orton]].<ref name="slam" /> On the August 23 episode of ''Raw'', he hosted a pie-eating contest, as part of the [[WWE Diva Search]], and ended the segment by giving Coachman a ''People's Elbow''.<ref name="slam" /> The Rock's contract with WWE then ended and he started his full-time acting career.<ref>{{cite web |date=March 30, 2008 |title=The Great One, The Rock-A Biography |url=http://www.rootzoo.com/articles/view/Pro-Wrestling/WWE/The-Great-OneThe-Rock-A-Biography_3277 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080614095053/http://www.rootzoo.com/articles/view/Pro-Wrestling/WWE/The-Great-OneThe-Rock-A-Biography_3277 |archive-date=June 14, 2008 |access-date=April 13, 2008 |website=RootZoo.com}}</ref>

==== Non-wrestling appearances (2007–2009) ====
On March 12, 2007, the Rock appeared on a [[WWE]] show after nearly three years, via a pre-taped promo shown during ''Raw''. He correctly predicted that [[Bobby Lashley]] would defeat [[Umaga (wrestler)|Umaga]] at [[WrestleMania 23]] in [[Donald Trump]]'s and Vince McMahon's "Battle of the Billionaires" Hair vs. Hair match.<ref>{{cite web |last=Starr |first=Noah |date=March 5, 2007 |title=Billion dollar burn |url=http://www.wwe.com/shows/raw/archive/03122007/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070630180834/http://www.wwe.com/shows/raw/archive/03122007/ |archive-date=June 30, 2007 |access-date=March 21, 2008 |publisher=WWE}}</ref> On March 29, 2008, Johnson inducted his father [[Rocky Johnson]] and grandfather [[Peter Maivia]] into the [[WWE Hall of Fame]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Be a part of the 2008 WWE Hall of Fame Induction Ceremony |url=http://www.wwe.com/superstars/halloffame/articles/hoffacts |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102200851/http://www.wwe.com/superstars/halloffame/articles/hoffacts |archive-date=November 2, 2012 |access-date=April 1, 2008 |publisher=WWE}}</ref> His next appearance was through a pre-taped promo on October 2, 2009, during the ''[[List of WWE SmackDown special episodes|Decade of SmackDown]]''.<ref>{{cite web |last=Bishop |first=Matt |date=October 2, 2009 |title=Smackdown: A decade of memories |url=http://slam.canoe.com/Slam/Wrestling/2009/10/02/11248986.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160107141105/http://slam.canoe.com/Slam/Wrestling/2009/10/02/11248986.html |archive-date=January 7, 2016 |work=Slam! Sports |publisher=[[Canadian Online Explorer]]}}</ref>

===Independent circuit (2009)===
On September 30, 2009, the Rock appeared at a [[World Xtreme Wrestling]] (WXW) show to support the professional wrestling debut of [[Sarona Snuka]], the daughter of his longtime friend and mentor [[Jimmy Snuka]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Martin |first=Adam |date=September 30, 2009 |title=Video: Dwayne Johnson at WXW |url=http://www.wrestleview.com/news2009/1254334057.php?style=dark |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091004081734/http://www.wrestleview.com/news2009/1254334057.php?style=dark |archive-date=October 4, 2009 |access-date=September 30, 2009 |publisher=Wrestle View}}</ref>

=== Return to WWE ===
==== Feud with John Cena (2011–2013) ====
[[File:The rock en WM !!!!.jpg|thumb|upright=1|The Rock in the ring as [[WrestleMania XXVII]] host, April 2011]]
On February 14, 2011, the Rock was announced as the host of [[WrestleMania XXVII]] on April 3, 2011, appearing live on ''Raw''. During a lengthy promo, he addressed the fans and started a feud with [[John Cena]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Konuwa |first=Alfred |title=John Cena's Fruity Pebbles, Cookie Puss and Other Unflattering WWE Nicknames |url=https://bleacherreport.com/articles/1512427-john-cenas-fruity-pebbles-cookiepuss-and-other-unflattering-wwe-nicknames |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230125042626/https://bleacherreport.com/articles/1512427-john-cenas-fruity-pebbles-cookiepuss-and-other-unflattering-wwe-nicknames |archive-date=January 25, 2023 |access-date=July 15, 2019 |website=Bleacher Report}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Bishop |first=Matt |date=February 15, 2011 |title=Raw: Finally, The Rock has returned to WWE |url=http://slam.canoe.com/Slam/Wrestling/2011/02/15/17278316.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016212345/http://slam.canoe.com/Slam/Wrestling/2011/02/15/17278316.html |archive-date=October 16, 2015 |access-date=February 15, 2011 |work=Slam! Sports |publisher=[[Canadian Online Explorer]]}}</ref> After numerous appearances via satellite, the Rock appeared live on the ''Raw'' before WrestleMania XXVII to confront Cena. After he and Cena exchanged insults, [[The Miz]] and [[Alex Riley]] appeared and attacked the Rock; he fended off Miz and Riley, only for Cena to blindside him with an ''[[Fireman's carry takeover|Attitude Adjustment]]''.<ref>{{cite web |last=Plummer |first=Dale |date=March 28, 2011 |title=Raw: One last push toward Wrestlemania |url=http://slam.canoe.ca/Slam/Wrestling/2011/03/28/17788296.html |access-date=April 4, 2012 |work=Slam! Sports |publisher=[[Canadian Online Explorer]]}}</ref>

[[File:Rock and Cena shake hands.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1|The Rock and [[John Cena]] (left) on ''[[WWE Raw|Raw]]'', agreeing to a match at [[WrestleMania XXVIII]] one year in advance]]
On April 3, at WrestleMania XXVII, the Rock opened the show by cutting a promo. After appearing in numerous backstage segments, the Rock came to ringside to restart the [[main event]] between Cena and the Miz as a No Disqualification match, after it had ended in a double countout. As revenge for the ''Attitude Adjustment'' Cena had given him on ''Raw'', the Rock hit Cena with the ''Rock Bottom'', allowing the Miz to pin him and retain the WWE Championship. After the match, the Rock attacked the Miz and hit him with the ''People's Elbow''.<ref>{{cite web |last=Bishop |first=Matt |date=April 3, 2011 |title=The Rock costs Cena retained the championship at WrestleMania XXVII |url=http://slam.canoe.com/Slam/Wrestling/WrestleMania27/2011/04/03/17863646.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016212345/http://slam.canoe.com/Slam/Wrestling/WrestleMania27/2011/04/03/17863646.html |archive-date=October 16, 2015 |access-date=April 4, 2011 |work=Slam! Sports |publisher=[[Canadian Online Explorer]]}}</ref> The next night on ''Raw'', the Rock and Cena agreed to a match at [[WrestleMania XXVIII]] the next year. They then worked together to fend off an attack by [[The Corre]], which at the time consisted of [[Wade Barrett]], [[Heath Slater]], [[Justin Gabriel]], and [[Ezekiel Jackson]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Caldwell |first=James |date=April 4, 2011 |title=Caldwell's WWE Raw results 4/4: Ongoing "virtual time" coverage of live Raw – The Rock & Austin live, fall-out from WrestleMania 27, Sin Cara debut |url=http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/wwerawreport/article_49042.shtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110408123358/http://www.pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/wwerawreport/article_49042.shtml |archive-date=April 8, 2011 |access-date=April 8, 2011 |work=Pro Wrestling Torch}}</ref>

The Rock appeared live on ''Raw'' in his hometown of Miami to celebrate his 39th birthday.<ref>{{cite web |last=Plummer |first=Dale |date=May 2, 2011 |title=Raw: Happy Birthday Rock |url=http://slam.canoe.com/Slam/Wrestling/2011/05/02/18095156.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150723040347/http://slam.canoe.com/Slam/Wrestling/2011/05/02/18095156.html |archive-date=July 23, 2015 |access-date=May 3, 2011 |work=Slam! Sports |publisher=[[Canadian Online Explorer]]}}</ref> On September 16, WWE announced the Rock would wrestle in a traditional 5-on-5 Survivor Series tag team match, teaming with Cena at [[Survivor Series (2011)|Survivor Series]] in November.<ref>{{cite web |date=September 16, 2011 |title=The Rock to appear in Survivor Series tag team match |url=http://www.wwe.com/shows/survivorseries/2011/the-rock-to-appear-at-survivor-series |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111221043527/http://www.wwe.com/shows/survivorseries/2011/the-rock-to-appear-at-survivor-series |archive-date=December 21, 2011 |access-date=December 29, 2011 |publisher=[[WWE]]}}</ref> But on the October 24 episode of ''Raw SuperShow'', Cena instead suggested the Rock be his partner in a standard tag team match against The Miz and [[R-Truth]], a team called [[Awesome Truth]],<ref>{{cite web |last=Stephens |first=David |title=Raw Results – 10/24/11 |url=http://www.wrestleview.com/viewnews.php?id=1319512277 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120126183912/http://www.wrestleview.com/viewnews.php?id=1319512277 |archive-date=January 26, 2012 |access-date=April 14, 2012 |publisher=Wrestleview}}</ref> which Rock agreed to the next week.<ref>{{cite web |last=Stephens |first=David |title=Raw Results – 10/31/11 |url=http://www.wrestleview.com/viewnews.php?id=1320118468 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120207082859/http://www.wrestleview.com/viewnews.php?id=1320118468 |archive-date=February 7, 2012 |access-date=April 14, 2012 |publisher=Wrestleview}}</ref> On November 14, during the special ''Raw Gets Rocked'', the Rock appeared live, delivering ''Rock Bottom''s to Mick Foley, who had been hosting a "This Is Your Life"-style segment for Cena, and later both members of Awesome Truth.<ref>{{cite web |last=Stephens |first=David |title=Raw Results – 11/14/11 |url=http://www.wrestleview.com/viewnews.php?id=1321330953 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120115034408/http://www.wrestleview.com/viewnews.php?id=1321330953 |archive-date=January 15, 2012 |access-date=April 13, 2012 |publisher=Wrestleview}}</ref> The Rock and Cena defeated Awesome Truth on November 20 at Survivor Series, when the Rock pinned The Miz. After the match, the Rock gave Cena a ''Rock Bottom''.<ref>{{cite web |last=Martin |first=Adam |title=WWE Survivor Series: The Rock and John Cena vs. The Miz and R-Truth |url=http://www.wrestleview.com/pbp/317.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103170248/http://www.wrestleview.com/pbp/317.php |archive-date=November 3, 2013 |access-date=April 14, 2012 |publisher=Wrestleview}}</ref>

[[File:The Rock celebrating Wrestlemania 28 b.jpg|thumb|upright=1|The Rock celebrating his victory at [[WrestleMania XXVIII]], April 2012]]
Leading up to WrestleMania, the Rock and Cena had several verbal confrontations on ''Raw SuperShow''.<ref>{{cite web |last=Caldwell |first=James |title=Caldwell's WWE Raw Results 2/27: Ongoing "virtual-time" coverage of live Raw – The Rock returns to Raw, WM28 hype |url=http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/wwerawreport/article_58604.shtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120401085448/http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/wwerawreport/article_58604.shtml |archive-date=April 1, 2012 |access-date=April 14, 2012 |work=Pro Wrestling Torch}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Caldwell |first=James |title=Caldwell's WWE Raw Results 3/12: Complete "virtual-time" coverage of live Raw – Rock Concert vs. Cena Rap, Taker returns |url=http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/wwerawreport/article_59046.shtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120415074042/http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/wwerawreport/article_59046.shtml |archive-date=April 15, 2012 |access-date=April 14, 2012 |work=Pro Wrestling Torch}}</ref> On the March 12, 2012, episode of ''Raw SuperShow'', the Rock hosted his first "Rock Concert" segment since 2004, mocking Cena in his songs.<ref name="pwtorch-3/26">{{cite web |last=Caldwell |first=James |title=Caldwell's WWE Raw Results 3/26: Ongoing "virtual-time" coverage of live Raw – final WM28 hype, Cena-Rock & Hunter-HBK confrontation |url=http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/wwerawreport/article_59548.shtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120330200744/http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/wwerawreport/article_59548.shtml |archive-date=March 30, 2012 |access-date=April 14, 2012 |work=Pro Wrestling Torch}}</ref> On April 1, at WrestleMania XXVIII, the Rock defeated Cena in the main event after countering Cena's attempt at a ''People's Elbow'' into a ''Rock Bottom'' and pinning Cena.<ref>{{cite web |last=Caldwell |first=James |title=Caldwell's WWE WrestleMania 28 PPV Report 4/1: Ongoing "virtual time" coverage of live PPV – Rock-Cena, Taker-Hunter, Punk-Jericho |url=http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/wweppvs/article_59831.shtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330170241/https://www.pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/wweppvs/article_59831.shtml |archive-date=March 30, 2019 |access-date=April 2, 2012 |work=Pro Wrestling Torch}}</ref> This event broke the record for biggest professional wrestling pay-per-view buyrate. The following night on ''Raw SuperShow'', the Rock praised Cena, calling their match "an honor". He then vowed to once again become WWE Champion.<ref name="pwtorch-3/26" />

On July 23, at ''[[Raw 1000]]'', the Rock announced he would wrestle for the WWE Championship at the [[Royal Rumble (2013)|Royal Rumble]] pay-per-view.<ref>{{cite web |last=Caldwell |first=James |title=Caldwell's WWE Raw Results 7/23: Complete "virtual-time" coverage of live Raw No. 999 – WWE recognizes 1,000 episodes, WWE Title match, Lesnar, Rock, DX, wedding |url=http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/wwerawreport/article_63621.shtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306062051/http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/wwerawreport/article_63621.shtml |archive-date=March 6, 2016 |access-date=July 29, 2012 |work=Pro Wrestling Torch}}</ref> At the event, the Rock defeated Punk to win the title.<ref>{{cite web |last=Caldwell |first=James |title=Caldwell's WWE Royal Rumble PPV Results 1/27: Complete "virtual-time" coverage of Punk vs. Rock, 30-man Rumble |url=http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/wweppvs/article_68181.shtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170809171417/http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/wweppvs/article_68181.shtml |archive-date=August 9, 2017 |access-date=February 18, 2013 |work=Pro Wrestling Torch}}</ref> Punk received a title rematch with the Rock, at [[Elimination Chamber (2013)|Elimination Chamber]], where he retained the championship.<ref>{{cite web |last=Caldwell |first=James |title=WWE News: Chamber PPV results & notes – WM29 main event set, World Title match set, Shield big win, more |url=http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/WWE_News_3/article_68728.shtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170623100250/http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/WWE_News_3/article_68728.shtml |archive-date=June 23, 2017 |access-date=February 18, 2013 |work=Pro Wrestling Torch}}</ref> The following night on ''Raw'', the Rock unveiled a new WWE Championship design, with a different center plate and removable customizable side-plates which had his "Brahma Bull" logo.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rock unveiled the new WWE Title |url=http://www.wwe.com/shows/raw/2013-02-18/wwe-raw-results-26092607/page-13 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220511000614/https://www.wwe.com/shows/raw/2013-02-18/wwe-raw-results-26092607/page-13 |archive-date=May 11, 2022 |access-date=February 18, 2013 |work=WWE}}</ref> The Rock then resumed his rivalry with John Cena, who won that year's Royal Rumble to set up a rematch of the previous WrestleMania match between the two at [[WrestleMania 29]], only this time with the WWE Championship on the line.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Caldwell's WWE Raw Results 3/4: Complete "virtual-time" coverage of live "Old-School Raw" – Taker returns, Rock-Cena in-ring confrontation, WM29 hype, more |url=https://www.pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/wwerawreport/article_69088.shtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926122510/https://www.pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/wwerawreport/article_69088.shtml |archive-date=September 26, 2018 |access-date=July 15, 2019 |website=Pwtorch.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Caldwell's WWE Raw Results 3/25: Complete "virtual-time" coverage of live Raw – Rock returns for Q&A debate with Cena, Hunter punts Barrett, latest WM29 hype |url=https://www.pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/wwerawreport/article_69509.shtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403010103/https://www.pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/wwerawreport/article_69509.shtml |archive-date=April 3, 2019 |access-date=July 15, 2019 |website=Pwtorch.com}}</ref>

On April 7, at WrestleMania 29, the Rock lost the WWE Championship to Cena, ending his reign at 70 days.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Caldwell's WWE Wrestlemania 29 PPV Results: Complete "virtual-time" coverage of live PPV from MetLife Stadium – Rock-Cena II, Taker-Punk, Lesnar-Hunter, more |url=https://www.pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/wweppvs/article_69830.shtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403010032/https://www.pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/wweppvs/article_69830.shtml |archive-date=April 3, 2019 |access-date=July 15, 2019 |website=Pwtorch.com}}</ref> Despite being advertised for ''Raw'' after WrestleMania, where it was stated that the Rock was still entitled a rematch for the WWE Championship,<ref>{{cite web |last=Caldwell |first=James |title=Caldwell's WWE Raw Results 4/8: Complete "virtual-time" coverage of live Raw – WM29 fall-out, new World Champ, no Rock, Taker live, crowd takes over |url=http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/wwerawreport/article_69884.shtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403092537/https://www.pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/wwerawreport/article_69884.shtml |archive-date=April 3, 2019 |access-date=August 3, 2013 |work=Pro Wrestling Torch}}</ref> The Rock did not appear because of a real injury sustained during his match with Cena, in which his [[Muscles of the Torso|abdominal]] and [[Adductor muscles of the hip|adductor]] [[tendon]]s tore from his [[Human pelvis#Abdomen|pelvis]].<ref>{{cite web |title=WWE News: New update on Rock's WrestleMania injury |url=http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/WWE_News_3/article_69934.shtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130727013537/http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/WWE_News_3/article_69934.shtml |archive-date=July 27, 2013 |access-date=August 3, 2013 |work=Pro Wrestling Torch}}</ref> Johnson underwent surgery on April 23 to reattach the torn tendons.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 25, 2013 |title=Dwayne 'The Rock' Johnson undergoes successful surgery |url=https://www.news24.com/You/Archive/dwayne-the-rock-johnson-undergoes-successful-surgery-20170728 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190422205210/https://www.news24.com/You/Archive/dwayne-the-rock-johnson-undergoes-successful-surgery-20170728 |archive-date=April 22, 2019 |access-date=April 25, 2019 |website=News24}}</ref>

==== Part-time appearances and first retirement (2014–2023) ====
[[File:WWE 2014-04-06 18-22-41 NEX-6 9458 DxO (13918972796).jpg|thumb|left|upright=1|The Rock (right) confronts [[Hulk Hogan]] at [[WrestleMania XXX]], April 2014.]]
From 2014 to 2023, he appeared on WWE shows, most notably in the opening segment of [[WrestleMania XXX]] with Hulk Hogan and Steve Austin,<ref>{{cite web |last=Meltzer |first=Dave |title=WWE Wrestlemania 30 live coverage & results: The Streak is over, Daniel Bryan's reign begins |url=http://www.f4wonline.com/more/more-top-stories/96-wwe/36326-wrestlemania-live-coverage-from-the-superdome-in-new-orleans |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150701230803/http://www.f4wonline.com/more/more-top-stories/96-wwe/36326-wrestlemania-live-coverage-from-the-superdome-in-new-orleans |archive-date=July 1, 2015 |access-date=April 10, 2014 |work=[[Wrestling Observer]]}}</ref> at [[WrestleMania 31]], alongside [[Ronda Rousey]], getting into an in-ring altercation with [[Triple H]] and [[Stephanie McMahon]],<ref>{{cite web |last1=Powell |first1=John |title=WrestleMania 31 the best Mania ever |url=http://slam.canoe.com/Slam/Wrestling/PPVReports/2015/03/26/22309101.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150704201205/http://slam.canoe.com/Slam/Wrestling/PPVReports/2015/03/26/22309101.html |archive-date=July 4, 2015 |access-date=March 30, 2015 |work=Slam! Wrestling |publisher=[[Canadian Online Explorer]]}}</ref> and at [[WrestleMania 32]], where he defeated [[Erick Rowan]] in [[glossary of professional wrestling terms#squash|six seconds]], which set the record for the fastest win in WrestleMania history.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Caldwell |first1=James |title=4/3 WrestleMania 32 PPV Results – CALDWELL'S Complete Live Report on Main PPV |url=http://www.pwtorch.com/site/2016/04/03/wm32liveresults/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404040347/http://www.pwtorch.com/site/2016/04/03/wm32liveresults/ |archive-date=April 4, 2016 |access-date=April 3, 2016 |publisher=Pro Wrestling Torch}}</ref> In 2015, he also appeared at the [[2015 Royal Rumble]] event, where he helped his relative [[Roman Reigns]] to win the Royal Rumble match.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Scherer |first1=Dave |title=How and why everything went so badly wrong for WWE last night at the Rumble |url=http://www.pwinsider.com/ViewArticle.php?id=91127 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150430000021/http://www.pwinsider.com/ViewArticle.php?id=91127 |archive-date=April 30, 2015 |access-date=January 27, 2015 |website=PWInsider.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Rock's role, crowd response to Rumble winner, Bully Ray returns & other surprise entrants, more |url=http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/WWE_News_3/article_82942.shtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150127230646/http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/WWE_News_3/article_82942.shtml |archive-date=January 27, 2015 |access-date=January 26, 2015 |website=PWTorch.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Schwartz |first1=Nick |title=Daniel Bryan was eliminated early from the Royal Rumble and fans are furious |url=http://ftw.usatoday.com/2015/01/wwe-daniel-bryant-royal-rumble-eliminated-reaction |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150126100348/http://ftw.usatoday.com/2015/01/wwe-daniel-bryant-royal-rumble-eliminated-reaction |archive-date=January 26, 2015 |access-date=January 26, 2015 |newspaper=[[USA Today]]}}</ref>
[[File:The Wyatt Family confronts The Rock at WrestleMania 32.jpg|thumb|upright=1|[[The Wyatt Family]] confronting the Rock at [[WrestleMania 32]], April 2016]]

He also appeared on episodes of ''Raw'' and ''SmackDown''.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Caldwell |first1=James |title=Raw News: Rock surprise return, Reigns non-live return, Edge back on TV, Lesnar MIA, next week's Raw guest star, more |url=http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/WWE_News_3/article_81098.shtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141007072045/http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/WWE_News_3/article_81098.shtml |archive-date=October 7, 2014 |access-date=October 7, 2014 |website=PWTorch.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Tedesco |first1=Mike |date=January 26, 2016 |title=WWE Raw Results – 1/25/16 (The Rock, Fastlane main event) |url=https://www.wrestleview.com/wwe-raw-results/57562-wwe-raw-results-1-25-16-live-results-from-miami/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160127204619/https://www.wrestleview.com/wwe-wrestling-results/wwe-raw-results/57562-wwe-raw-results-1-25-16-live-results-from-miami |archive-date=January 27, 2016 |access-date=April 29, 2019 |website=WrestleView.com}}</ref><ref name="SmackDown20th">{{cite web |last1=Powell |first1=Jason |date=October 4, 2019 |title=10/04 WWE Friday Night Smackdown results: Powell's review of The Rock's return, Kofi Kingston vs. Brock Lesnar for the WWE Championship, Kevin Owens vs. Shane McMahon in a career vs. career ladder match, Becky Lynch and Charlotte Flair vs. Sasha Banks and Bayley |url=https://prowrestling.net/site/2019/10/04/10-04-wwe-friday-night-smackdown-results-powells-review-of-the-rocks-return-kofi-kingston-vs-brock-lesnar-for-the-wwe-championship-kevin-owens-vs-shane-mcmahon-in-a-career-vs-career-ladder-m/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191006060619/https://prowrestling.net/site/2019/10/04/10-04-wwe-friday-night-smackdown-results-powells-review-of-the-rocks-return-kofi-kingston-vs-brock-lesnar-for-the-wwe-championship-kevin-owens-vs-shane-mcmahon-in-a-career-vs-career-ladder-m/ |archive-date=October 6, 2019 |access-date=October 4, 2019 |work=Pro Wrestling Dot Net}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Mahjouri |first=Shakiel |date=September 16, 2023 |title=The Rock surprises with return to WWE SmackDown in segments with John Cena, Pat McAfee |url=https://www.cbssports.com/wwe/news/watch-the-rock-surprises-with-return-to-wwe-smackdown-in-segments-with-john-cena-pat-mcafee/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230919032557/https://www.cbssports.com/wwe/news/watch-the-rock-surprises-with-return-to-wwe-smackdown-in-segments-with-john-cena-pat-mcafee/ |archive-date=September 19, 2023 |access-date=September 16, 2023 |website=CBSSports.com}}</ref> On August 3, 2019, the Rock officially announced his retirement from professional wrestling.<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Ellis |first1=Philip |date=August 3, 2019 |title=The Rock Just Announced His Official Retirement From Wrestling |url=https://www.menshealth.com/entertainment/a28597187/the-rock-wwe-wrestling-retirement/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129081223/https://www.menshealth.com/entertainment/a28597187/the-rock-wwe-wrestling-retirement/ |archive-date=November 29, 2020 |access-date=September 1, 2019 |magazine=[[Men's Health]]}}</ref>

==== The Final Boss (2024–present) ====
{{See also|The Bloodline (professional wrestling)|l1=The Bloodline}}
[[File:The Rock and Roman reigns and Seth Rollins at WMXL (cropped) b.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1|The Rock and [[Roman Reigns]] face to face with [[Cody Rhodes]] and [[Seth "Freakin" Rollins]] at [[WrestleMania XL]], April 2024]]
The Rock made his return to WWE on the [[WWE Day 1 (2024)|Day 1]] edition of ''Raw'' on January 1, 2024.<ref>{{cite web |last=Thompson |first=Andrew |date=January 1, 2024 |title=Dwayne 'The Rock' Johnson appears on Day 1 WWE Raw, asks crowd if he should sit at the 'head of the table' |url=https://www.postwrestling.com/2024/01/01/dwayne-the-rock-johnson-appears-on-day-1-wwe-raw-asks-crowd-if-he-should-sit-at-the-head-of-the-table/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240205085955/https://www.postwrestling.com/2024/01/01/dwayne-the-rock-johnson-appears-on-day-1-wwe-raw-asks-crowd-if-he-should-sit-at-the-head-of-the-table/ |archive-date=February 5, 2024 |access-date=February 5, 2024 |work=[[POST Wrestling]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Boone |first=Matt |date=January 2, 2024 |title=Dwayne 'The Rock' Johnson Makes Surprise Return At WWE Raw: Day 1 |url=https://wrestlingheadlines.com/dwayne-the-rock-johnson-makes-surprise-return-at-wwe-raw-day-1/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240102031832/https://wrestlingheadlines.com/dwayne-the-rock-johnson-makes-surprise-return-at-wwe-raw-day-1/ |archive-date=January 2, 2024 |access-date=January 2, 2024 |website=Wrestling Headlines}}</ref> The Rock also appeared on the February 2 episode of ''SmackDown'', where he confronted WWE Undisputed Champion Roman Reigns after [[Royal Rumble (2024)|Royal Rumble]] winner [[Cody Rhodes]] decided against choosing Reigns as his [[WrestleMania 40]] opponent to allow the Rock to come out of retirement and face Reigns.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Barrasso |first=Justin |date=February 2, 2024 |title=The Rock Returning for WrestleMania |url=https://www.si.com/fannation/wrestling/news/the-rock-returning-for-wrestlemania |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203034032/https://www.si.com/fannation/wrestling/news/the-rock-returning-for-wrestlemania |archive-date=February 3, 2024 |access-date=February 3, 2024 |magazine=Sports Illustrated}}</ref> This was met by intense backlash from fans who wanted Rhodes to face Reigns; so the Rock turned heel and aligned with Reigns.<ref>{{cite web |author1=Solowrestling |date=February 12, 2024 |title=WWE quiere traer de vuelta al personaje 'Hollywood' the Rock |url=https://solowrestling.mundodeportivo.com/new/127613-the-rock-volvera-a-su-personaje-heel-de-hollywood |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240313105535/https://solowrestling.mundodeportivo.com/new/127613-the-rock-volvera-a-su-personaje-heel-de-hollywood |archive-date=March 13, 2024 |access-date=March 13, 2024 |work=Solowrestling}}</ref><ref name="auto2">{{cite web |last=Powell |first=Jason |date=February 8, 2024 |title=WrestleMania XL Kickoff press conference live coverage: Cody Rhodes announces his decision, the Rock, Roman Reigns, Seth Rollins, Rhea Ripley, Bianca Belair, and Triple H appear |url=https://prowrestling.net/site/2024/02/08/wrestlemania-xl-kickoff-press-conference-live-coverage-cody-rhodes-announces-his-decision-the-rock-roman-reigns-seth-rollins-rhea-ripley-bianca-belair-and-triple-h-appear/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240217032828/https://prowrestling.net/site/2024/02/08/wrestlemania-xl-kickoff-press-conference-live-coverage-cody-rhodes-announces-his-decision-the-rock-roman-reigns-seth-rollins-rhea-ripley-bianca-belair-and-triple-h-appear/ |archive-date=February 17, 2024 |access-date=February 8, 2024 |work=Pro Wrestling Dot Net}}</ref>

[[File:The Rock in 2024.jpg|thumb|upright=1|The Rock with "the People's Championship" at the [[WWE Hall of Fame (2024)|2024 WWE Hall of Fame]] induction ceremony in April 2024 ]]
He also debuted a new persona that incorporated facets of his arrogant "[[#Hollywood Rock (2003)|Hollywood Rock]]" incarnation from 2003, such as insulting the audience, wearing gaudy expensive clothes, and entering the arena to a new entrance theme that began with his heroic character's music before transitioning into his "Hollywood Rock" music,<ref>{{cite web |date=February 16, 2024 |title=FULL SEGMENT — Rock and Reigns lay the SmackDown on the WWE Universe: SmackDown, Feb. 16, 2024 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d_IqiDsEldI |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240402222859/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d_IqiDsEldI |archive-date=April 2, 2024 |access-date=February 16, 2024 |work=WWE YouTube}}</ref> being known as "[[Boss (video games)#Final boss|The Final Boss]]".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Beaston |first=Erik |title=WWE Raw Results: Winners, Live Grades, Reaction and Highlights From March 25 |url=https://bleacherreport.com/articles/10114330-wwe-raw-results-winners-live-grades-reaction-and-highlights-from-march-25 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241127213112/https://bleacherreport.com/articles/10114330-wwe-raw-results-winners-live-grades-reaction-and-highlights-from-march-25 |archive-date=November 27, 2024 |access-date=October 14, 2024 |website=Bleacher Report |language=en}}</ref> In the Night 1 main event of [[WrestleMania XL]], The Rock and Reigns defeated Rhodes and Rollins, allowing Rhodes to wrestle for Reign's title under Bloodline Rules.<ref>{{Cite web |title=411MANIA |url=http://411mania.com/wrestling/slimmers-wwe-wrestlemania-xl-night-one-review/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240407044946/https://411mania.com/wrestling/slimmers-wwe-wrestlemania-xl-night-one-review/ |archive-date=April 7, 2024 |access-date=April 7, 2024 |website=Slimmer's WWE WrestleMania 40 Night One Review}}</ref> During the Night 2 main event between Reigns and Rhodes, multiple people interfered on behalf of both men; but Rhodes went on to defeat Reigns for the Undisputed WWE Championship.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rathi |first=Ishaan |date=April 8, 2024 |title=Cody Rhodes Wins Undisputed WWE Championship In Match Filled with Surprises at WrestleMania 40 Sunday |url=https://www.ringsidenews.com/2024/04/07/cody-rhodes-wins-undisputed-wwe-championship-in-match-filled-with-surprises-at-wrestlemania-40-sunday/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240408025749/https://www.ringsidenews.com/2024/04/07/cody-rhodes-wins-undisputed-wwe-championship-in-match-filled-with-surprises-at-wrestlemania-40-sunday/ |archive-date=April 8, 2024 |access-date=April 8, 2024 |website=Ringside News}}</ref> After WrestleMania, the Rock took time off to film the biopic ''[[The Smashing Machine (2025 film)|The Smashing Machine]]''.<ref>{{cite web |date=April 8, 2024 |title=FULL SEGMENT: Cody Rhodes and The Rock's story has just begun: Raw highlights April 8, 2024 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZOqwZwh4wPo |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240409052440/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZOqwZwh4wPo |archive-date=April 9, 2024 |access-date=April 8, 2024 |work=WWE YouTube}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=March 13, 2024 |title=Report: A24's 'The Smashing Machine', Starring the Rock, Set to Begin Filming on May 1 | Fightful News |url=https://www.fightful.com/wrestling/report-a24-s-smashing-machine-starring-rock-set-begin-filming-may-1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240523133812/https://www.fightful.com/wrestling/report-a24-s-smashing-machine-starring-rock-set-begin-filming-may-1 |archive-date=May 23, 2024 |access-date=May 23, 2024}}</ref>

Rock made his return six months later, at [[Bad Blood (2024)|Bad Blood]].<ref name="BadBlood2024">{{cite web |last=Powell |first=Jason |date=October 5, 2024 |title=WWE Bad Blood results: Powell's review of Roman Reigns and Cody Rhodes vs. Solo Sikoa and Jacob Fatu, CM Punk vs. Drew McIntyre in a Hell in a Cell match |url=https://prowrestling.net/site/2024/10/05/wwe-bad-blood-results-powells-review-of-roman-reigns-and-cody-rhodes-vs-solo-sikoa-and-jacob-fatu-cm-punk-vs-drew-mcintyre-in-a-hell-in-a-cell-match/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241006115412/https://prowrestling.net/site/2024/10/05/wwe-bad-blood-results-powells-review-of-roman-reigns-and-cody-rhodes-vs-solo-sikoa-and-jacob-fatu-cm-punk-vs-drew-mcintyre-in-a-hell-in-a-cell-match/ |archive-date=October 6, 2024 |access-date=October 5, 2024 |work=Pro Wrestling Dot Net}}</ref> He also appeared on the [[WWE Raw premiere on Netflix|''Raw'' premiere on Netflix]] on January 6, 2025,<ref name="RawpremiereNetflix">{{cite web |last=Powell |first=Jason |date=January 6, 2025 |title=WWE Raw results (1/6): Powell's live review of the Netflix premiere with CM Punk vs. Seth Rollins, Solo Sikoa vs. Roman Reigns in a Tribal Combat match, The Rock, John Cena, Logan Paul |url=https://prowrestling.net/site/2025/01/06/wwe-raw-results-1-6-powells-live-review-of-the-netflix-premiere-with-cm-punk-vs-seth-rollins-solo-sikoa-vs-roman-reigns-in-a-tribal-combat-match-the-rock-john-cena-logan-paul/ |access-date=January 6, 2025 |work=[[Pro Wrestling Dot Net]]}}</ref> at [[NXT: New Year's Evil (2025)|New Year's Evil]], making his first [[NXT (WWE brand)|NXT]] appearance,<ref>{{Cite web |last=McPherson |first=Chris |date=January 9, 2025 |title=Dwayne Johnson's Special Appearance on WWE NXT Earns Biggest Ratings in Five Years |url=https://collider.com/dwayne-johnson-wwe-nxt-ratings/ |access-date=January 10, 2025 |website=Collider |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Otterson |first=Joe |date=January 8, 2025 |title=NXT's 'New Year's Evil' Draws Show's Biggest Viewership in Five Years |url=https://variety.com/2025/tv/news/nxt-new-years-evil-ratings-cw-1236270377/ |access-date=January 10, 2025 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}</ref> and at [[Elimination Chamber: Toronto]], where he turned John Cena heel and ordered him to attack Rhodes after the latter refused to be his champion.<ref>{{cite web |last=Powell |first=Jason |date=March 1, 2025 |title=WWE Elimination Chamber results: Powell's live review of Cody Rhodes responding to The Rock's offer, two Elimination Chamber matches, Kevin Owens vs. Sami Zayn in an unsanctioned match |url=https://prowrestling.net/site/2025/03/01/wwe-elimination-chamber-results-powells-live-review-of-cody-rhodes-responding-to-the-rocks-offer-two-elimination-chamber-matches-kevin-owens-vs-sami-zayn-in-an-unsanctioned-match/ |access-date=March 1, 2025 |work=[[Pro Wrestling Dot Net]]}}</ref>

== Mainstream crossover ==
[[File:The ROCK b.jpg|thumb|upright=1|The Rock in a 2001 ''[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]]'' photo shoot]]
The Rock appeared on [[Wyclef Jean]]'s 2000 single "[[It Doesn't Matter (Wyclef Jean song)|It Doesn't Matter]]" and in its music video.<ref>{{cite web |last=Nazareth |first=Errol |date=June 7, 2000 |title=Wyclef, The Rock Shoot "It Doesn't Matter" Video |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1429153/20000607/fugees.jhtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080515002434/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1429153/20000607/fugees.jhtml |archive-date=May 15, 2008 |access-date=April 22, 2008 |work=MTV}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=October 2000 |title=Rock On |url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0FCO/is_3_2/ai_65858896?tag=artBody;col1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081009225339/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0FCO/is_3_2/ai_65858896?tag=artBody%3Bcol1 |archive-date=October 9, 2008 |access-date=July 17, 2008 |publisher=Wrestling Digest}}</ref> He also recorded "Pie" with [[Slick Rick]] for ''[[WWF The Music, Vol. 5]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ristic |first=Alex |title=New WWF CD disappoints |url=http://slam.canoe.ca/SlamWrestlingReviews/feb20_wwfvol5-can.html}}</ref> In 1999, Johnson appeared on ''[[That '70s Show]]'' as his father [[Rocky Johnson]]. The next year, he was on ''[[Star Trek: Voyager]]'' as an alien wrestler who used the Rock's moves.<ref>''Star Trek: Voyager'' Tsunkatse</ref> In 2000, he hosted ''[[Saturday Night Live]]'' (SNL) for the first time.<ref name="shining">{{cite news |last=Steve |first=Anderson |date=February 2001 |title=7 Superstars Shining Brightly |url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0FCO/is_5_2/ai_68951382?tag=artBody;col1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080925122845/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0FCO/is_5_2/ai_68951382?tag=artBody%3Bcol1 |archive-date=September 25, 2008 |access-date=July 17, 2008 |publisher=Wrestling Digest}}</ref> Fellow wrestlers [[Triple H]], [[Big Show]], and [[Mick Foley]] also appeared on the show.<ref name="wwebio" /><ref name="cooking">{{cite web |date=May 21, 2000 |title=What 'The Rock' Is Cooking |url=http://corporate.wwe.com/news/2000/2000_03_21.jsp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080323103620/http://corporate.wwe.com/news/2000/2000_03_21.jsp |archive-date=March 23, 2008 |access-date=July 21, 2008 |publisher=WWE Corporate}}</ref> Johnson has said the success of that episode is the reason he began receiving offers from Hollywood studios.<ref>{{cite web |title=Chat with Dwayne ''The Rock'' Johnson! |url=http://proxy.espn.go.com/chat/chatESPN?event_id=17317 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080105102914/http://proxy.espn.go.com/chat/chatESPN?event_id=17317 |archive-date=January 5, 2008 |access-date=April 22, 2008 |work=ESPN}}</ref> He has since hosted SNL four more times.

In 1999, the Rock was listed No. 1 on ''Entertainment Weekly''{{'}}s Top 12 Entertainers of the Year.<ref>{{cite web |title=AmIAnnoying.com – Entertainment Weekly's Top 12 Entertainers of the Year [1999] |url=http://www.amiannoying.com/(S(o1bk3hmqc1llksq0zm0fzg0z))/collection.aspx?collection=10555 |access-date=November 12, 2016 |website=Amiannoying.com}}</ref> In 2000, ''Access Hollywood'' ranked him No. 1 in their list of the Top 10 Celebrities of 2000.<ref>{{cite web |title=PWI Online :: Home |url=http://www.pwi-online.com/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227064313/http://pwi-online.com/// |archive-date=February 27, 2021 |access-date=August 28, 2015 |website=Pwi-online.com}}</ref> That year, Rock was also listed in the [[Forbes Celebrity 100]] and ''People'' Magazine's 25 Most Intriguing People.<ref>{{cite web |title=AmIAnnoying.com – Forbes' Celebrity 100 Power Ranking [2000] |url=http://www.amiannoying.com/(S(o1bk3hmqc1llksq0zm0fzg0z))/collection.aspx?collection=79 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210222123218/https://www.amiannoying.com/%28S%28tejgorogrsnpdhwjnvs4i54y%29%29/collection.aspx?collection=79 |archive-date=February 22, 2021 |access-date=November 12, 2016 |website=Amiannoying.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=AmIAnnoying.com – People Magazine's 25 Most Intriguing People [2000] |url=http://www.amiannoying.com/(S(o1bk3hmqc1llksq0zm0fzg0z))/collection.aspx?collection=107 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210212151747/https://www.amiannoying.com/(S(3lidosu2s2njh0icvuzcwp2z))/collection.aspx?collection=107 |archive-date=February 12, 2021 |access-date=November 12, 2016 |website=Amiannoying.com}}</ref> The Rock was listed on ''Entertainment Weekly''{{'}}s 101 Most Influential People in both 2000 and 2001.<ref>{{cite web |title=AmIAnnoying.com – Entertainment Weekly's 101 Most Influential People [2001] |url=http://www.amiannoying.com/(S(o1bk3hmqc1llksq0zm0fzg0z))/collection.aspx?collection=375 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210222131418/https://www.amiannoying.com/(S(uwd4qkuopipgmbeb3innh3l3))/collection.aspx?collection=375 |archive-date=February 22, 2021 |access-date=November 12, 2016 |website=Amiannoying.com}}</ref> In 2001, he was also listed on E!'s 20 Top Entertainers.<ref>{{cite web |title=AmIAnnoying.com – E!'s 20 Top Entertainers [2001] |url=http://www.amiannoying.com/(S(o1bk3hmqc1llksq0zm0fzg0z))/collection.aspx?collection=1449 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210212140548/https://www.amiannoying.com/%28S%28eo25hkcclaylhtqjgpezpu1w%29%29/collection.aspx?collection=1449 |archive-date=February 12, 2021 |access-date=November 12, 2016 |website=Amiannoying.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=AmIAnnoying.com – Entertainment Weekly's 101 Most Influential People [2000] |url=http://www.amiannoying.com/(S(o1bk3hmqc1llksq0zm0fzg0z))/collection.aspx?collection=374 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210212150455/https://www.amiannoying.com/%28S%28grzfmjrzbzb15upyxhqqxsk2%29%29/collection.aspx?collection=374 |archive-date=February 12, 2021 |access-date=November 12, 2016 |website=Amiannoying.com}}</ref> In 2002, the Rock was listed on E!'s 25 Toughest Stars.<ref>{{cite web |title=AmIAnnoying.com – E!'s 25 Toughest Stars [2002] |url=http://www.amiannoying.com/(S(o1bk3hmqc1llksq0zm0fzg0z))/collection.aspx?collection=1454 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210222102809/https://www.amiannoying.com/%28S%284hzhgxs3ds3f4gh0cp5jii0z%29%29/collection.aspx?collection=1454 |archive-date=February 22, 2021 |access-date=November 12, 2016 |website=Amiannoying.com}}</ref> In 2003, he was listed in VH1's 200 Greatest Pop Culture Icons<ref>{{cite web |title=AmIAnnoying.com – VH-1's 200 Greatest Pop Culture Icons [101–200] |url=http://www.amiannoying.com/(S(o1bk3hmqc1llksq0zm0fzg0z))/collection.aspx?collection=1413 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210222111413/https://www.amiannoying.com/%28S%28l2mg4m3shmdesfemfzjcch1u%29%29/collection.aspx?collection=1413 |archive-date=February 22, 2021 |access-date=November 12, 2016 |website=Amiannoying.com}}</ref> and was No. 7 in ''People'' Magazine's 50 Favorite TV Stars.<ref>{{cite web |title=AmIAnnoying.com – People Magazine's 50 Favorite TV Stars [2003] |url=http://www.amiannoying.com/(S(o1bk3hmqc1llksq0zm0fzg0z))/collection.aspx?collection=1316 |access-date=November 12, 2016 |website=Amiannoying.com}}</ref>

The Rock made a surprise appearance at the official Xbox unveiling during [[Bill Gates]]'s keynote speech at the ongoing [[CES (annual technology trade show)#2001|Consumer Electronics Show in 2001]].<ref>{{cite web |title=CES 2001: The Rock Crashes Bill Gates' CES Keynote Speech |url=http://www.gamespot.com/articles/ces-2001-the-rock-crashes-bill-gates-ces-keynote-speech/1100-2671932/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016212345/http://www.gamespot.com/articles/ces-2001-the-rock-crashes-bill-gates-ces-keynote-speech/1100-2671932/ |archive-date=October 16, 2015 |access-date=August 28, 2015 |work=GameSpot}}</ref> Johnson's motion picture debut was as [[List of characters in The Mummy series#Mathayus (The Scorpion King)|The Scorpion King]] in ''[[The Mummy Returns]]'' (2001).<ref>{{Cite news |date=November 12, 2020 |title=Dwayne Johnson developing 'The Scorpion King' reboot |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/dwayne-johnson-developing-the-scorpion-king-reboot/article33082326.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201118175013/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/dwayne-johnson-developing-the-scorpion-king-reboot/article33082326.ece |archive-date=November 18, 2020 |access-date=March 26, 2021 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The movie broke a two-year record for the highest-grossing single day in film history by earning {{USD|28,594,667|long=no}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Pro Wrestling Illustrated |url=http://www.pwi-online.com/pages/wrestlingframe.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080705145609/http://www.pwi-online.com/pages/wrestlingframe.html |archive-date=July 5, 2008 |access-date=August 28, 2015 |website=Pwi-online.com}}</ref><ref name="wwebio" /><ref name="shining" /> The movie's financial success led to Johnson's first leading role in the spin-off ''[[The Scorpion King]]'' (2002).<ref name="wwebio" /> He received {{USD|5.5 million|long=no}} for the role and ''[[Guinness World Records]]'' named him the record-holder for highest-paid actor in their first leading role.<ref>{{cite web |title=Dwayne Johnson Biography |url=http://www.fandango.com/dwaynejohnson/biographies/p476559 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080204124258/http://www.fandango.com/dwaynejohnson/biographies/p476559 |archive-date=February 4, 2008 |access-date=November 5, 2007 |website=Movies.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Top 25 Hollywood moneymakers: these black powerhouses generate the most green in Tinseltown. |url=http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Top+25+Hollywood+moneymakers:+these+black+powerhouses+generate+the...-a0175876346 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110430052308/http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Top+25+Hollywood+moneymakers:+these+black+powerhouses+generate+the...-a0175876346 |archive-date=April 30, 2011 |access-date=April 22, 2008 |publisher=The Free Library}}</ref>

The Rock has appeared on the covers of many magazines, including ''[[Rolling Stone]]'', ''[[Entertainment Weekly]]'', and ''[[TV Guide]]''.<ref name="RS2018" /><ref>{{cite web |last=Coggan |first=Devan |date=November 30, 2017 |title=Dwayne Johnson sleighs the holidays on EW's new cover |url=https://ew.com/movies/2017/11/30/dwayne-johnson-the-rock-ew-cover/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210926103652/https://ew.com/movies/2017/11/30/dwayne-johnson-the-rock-ew-cover/ |archive-date=September 26, 2021 |access-date=September 26, 2021 |publisher=EW}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=January 27, 2000 |title=WWE announces collector TV Guide editions |url=https://corporate.wwe.com/news/company-news/2000/01-27-2000 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200416032405/https://corporate.wwe.com/news/company-news/2000/01-27-2000 |archive-date=April 16, 2020 |access-date=September 26, 2021 |publisher=WWE}}</ref> He has also appeared in, and been the cover athlete for, several video games.<ref>{{cite web |last=Cook |first=Dave |date=June 25, 2013 |title=WWE 2K14 cover revealed, features The Rock talking smack |url=https://www.vg247.com/2013/06/25/wwe-2k14-cover-revealed-features-the-rock-talking-smack/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180623225155/https://www.vg247.com/2013/06/25/wwe-2k14-cover-revealed-features-the-rock-talking-smack/ |archive-date=June 23, 2018 |access-date=June 23, 2018 |work=[[VG247]]}}</ref> {{As of|2024|10}}, his [[Instagram]] account is the [[List of most-followed Instagram accounts|sixth most-followed in the world]], with over 395 million followers.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Most Followed Instagram Profiles |url=https://www.trackalytics.com/the-most-followed-instagram-profiles/page/1/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200201130332/https://www.trackalytics.com/the-most-followed-instagram-profiles/page/1/ |archive-date=February 1, 2020 |access-date=September 11, 2019 |website=Trackalytics.com}}</ref>

== Legacy in professional wrestling ==
[[File:WWE The Rock's Titantron (8467516524).jpg|thumb|upright=1|Fans watching on as The Rock makes his entrance in 2013]]
The Rock has been listed as one of the all-time greatest professional wrestlers,<ref name="great1"/><ref name="great2"/><ref name="great3"/> as well as one of the top draws in wrestling history. Many have placed the Rock on their "[[Mount Rushmore]] of Pro Wrestling", including Hulk Hogan,<ref>{{cite web |date=April 5, 2013 |title=Hulk Hogan on Which Four Wrestlers Should Be on Wrestling's Mt. Rushmore, Tonight's Q&A, More |url=http://www.wrestlinginc.com/wi/news/2013/0405/561776/hulk-hogan-interview/ |access-date=November 12, 2016 |website=WrestlingInc.com}}</ref> Ric Flair,<ref>{{cite web |date=April 2, 2016 |title=Ric Flair on Who Should Be on Wrestling's Mt. Rushmore, Hulk Hogan's Lawsuit, Origins Of 'Woooo' |url=http://www.wrestlinginc.com/wi/news/2016/0402/609289/ric-flair-on-who-should-be-on-wrestling-mt-rushmore/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161228184933/http://www.wrestlinginc.com/wi/news/2016/0402/609289/ric-flair-on-who-should-be-on-wrestling-mt-rushmore/ |archive-date=December 28, 2016 |access-date=November 12, 2016 |website=WrestlingInc.com}}</ref> and John Cena.<ref>{{cite web |last=Sports Illustrated |date=March 25, 2014 |title=SI Now: John Cena's wrestling Mt. Rushmore |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XZCfrztVeYE |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/XZCfrztVeYE |archive-date=December 11, 2021 |access-date=November 12, 2016 |via=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}</ref> In ''Cable Visions: Television Beyond Broadcasting'', the Rock was described as "for a long time, the WWE's biggest star and probably held the greatest international appeal".<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Banet-Weiser |first1=Sarah |author-link=Sarah Banet-Weiser |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cCwUCgAAQBAJ&q=the%20rock&pg=PA348 |title=Cable Visions: Television Beyond Broadcasting |last2=Chris |first2=Cynthia |last3=Freitas |first3=Anthony |date=2007 |publisher=NYU Press |isbn=9780814799499}}</ref> [[R. D. Reynolds]] stated in his book ''The WrestleCrap Book of Lists'' that the Rock was "the biggest star for WWE from 1999 until 2004".<ref>{{cite book |last=Reynolds |first=R. D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HFBTUhnc9DwC&q=the%20rock%20biggest%20star%20wwe&pg=PA282 |title=The Wrestlecrap Book of Lists! |date=November 16, 2010 |publisher=ECW Press |isbn=9781554902873 |access-date=November 12, 2016 |via=Google Books}}</ref> The Rock's [["I quit" match]] with [[Mick Foley|Mankind]] at the [[1999 Royal Rumble]] event is infamous for its brutality and one of the most popular "I quit" match of all times.<ref>Reilly, Dan (August 25, 2016). [https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/culture-sports/mick-foley-family-man-hardcore-legend-and-reality-show-star-251997/ "Mick Foley: Family Man, Hardcore Legend and Reality Show Star."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230722093121/https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/culture-sports/mick-foley-family-man-hardcore-legend-and-reality-show-star-251997/ |date=July 22, 2023 }} ''[[Rolling Stone]]''. Retrieved July 23, 2023.</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=May 23, 2011 |title=WWE over the Limit thoughts |url=https://www.baltimoresun.com/bs-mtblog-2011-05-wwe_over_the_limit_thoughts-story.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230722093121/https://www.baltimoresun.com/bs-mtblog-2011-05-wwe_over_the_limit_thoughts-story.html |archive-date=July 22, 2023 |access-date=July 22, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=January 7, 2022 |title=WWE Royal Rumble 1999 Review – TJR Wrestling |url=https://tjrwrestling.net/review/wwe-royal-rumble-1999-review/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230722093121/https://tjrwrestling.net/review/wwe-royal-rumble-1999-review/ |archive-date=July 22, 2023 |access-date=July 22, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=411Mania |url=https://411mania.com/wrestling/the-rock-mankind-royal-rumble-1999/}}</ref>

The Rock main-evented the most bought [[pay-per-view]] worldwide in WWE history ([[WrestleMania XXVIII]]),<ref>{{cite web |last=Weakland |first=Russ |date=April 16, 2012 |title=WrestleMania 28 Breaks PPV Records With 1.3 Million Buys |url=http://hollywoodlife.com/2012/04/16/wrestlemania-28-the-rock-john-cena-ppv-buyrate-records/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016212345/http://hollywoodlife.com/2012/04/16/wrestlemania-28-the-rock-john-cena-ppv-buyrate-records/ |archive-date=October 16, 2015 |access-date=August 28, 2015 |work=Hollywood Life}}</ref> the most bought pay-per-view domestically in WWE history ([[WrestleMania X-Seven]]), the highest rated ''[[WWE Raw|Raw]]'' in history,<ref>{{cite web |last=Dilbert |first=Ryan |title=WWE |url=http://bleacherreport.com/articles/1265718-wwe-monday-night-raw-looking-back-at-the-highest-rated-episode-ever |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150901222754/http://bleacherreport.com/articles/1265718-wwe-monday-night-raw-looking-back-at-the-highest-rated-episode-ever |archive-date=September 1, 2015 |access-date=August 28, 2015 |work=Bleacher Report}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Saalbach |first=Axel |title=Wrestlingdata.com – The World's Largest Wrestling Database |url=http://wrestlingdata.com/index.php?befehl=shows&show=19436 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016212345/http://wrestlingdata.com/index.php?befehl=shows&show=19436 |archive-date=October 16, 2015 |access-date=August 28, 2015 |website=Wrestlingdata.com}}</ref> the highest rated ''SmackDown'' in history,<ref>{{cite web |title=Wrestlingdata.com – The World's Largest Wrestling Database |url=https://www.wrestlingdata.com/index.php?befehl=shows&show=19303 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309012339/https://www.wrestlingdata.com/index.php?befehl=shows&show=19303 |archive-date=March 9, 2021 |access-date=April 29, 2019 |work=wrestlingdata.com}}</ref> and was part of the highest rated cable segment in WWE history with Mankind entitled "This is Your Life", in which Mankind would honor the Rock with various gifts and reunions.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Rock: This is Your Life! |url=http://www.wwe.com/videos/playlists/rock-this-is-your-life-playlist |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906141500/http://www.wwe.com/videos/playlists/rock-this-is-your-life-playlist |archive-date=September 6, 2015 |access-date=August 28, 2015 |work=WWE}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bill Banks Talks About the Highest Rated Wrestling Segment |url=https://bleacherreport.com/articles/57902-bill-banks-talks-about-the-highest-rated-wrestling-segment |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211126163759/https://bleacherreport.com/articles/57902-bill-banks-talks-about-the-highest-rated-wrestling-segment |archive-date=November 26, 2021 |access-date=December 3, 2021 |website=[[Bleacher Report]]}}</ref> His return in 2001 had a 7.1 rating, the highest-rated segment of the year. The Rock was also part of the highest-rated match of the 21st century when his WWF Championship defense against [[Shane McMahon]], on May 1, 2000, got an 8.3 rating, making it the highest-rated segment of all time, behind "This Is Your Life". In 2011, the Rock's return to an episode of ''Raw'' generated an average of 4.7 million viewers in the United States, with 7.4 million tuning in during his promo.<ref>{{cite web |title=Detailed RAW Ratings Breakdown on The Rock's Promo (HUGE Number!) |url=http://wrestlechat.net/detailed-raw-ratings-breakdown-on-the-rocks-promo-huge-number/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016212345/http://wrestlechat.net/detailed-raw-ratings-breakdown-on-the-rocks-promo-huge-number/ |archive-date=October 16, 2015 |access-date=August 28, 2015 |work=WrestleChat...It's Where it's At!}}</ref> ''[[Raw 1000]]'' was the highest rated ''Raw'' episode of 2012 and his segment with [[CM Punk]] and [[Daniel Bryan]] was the highest rated segment of the show.<ref>{{cite web |title=Complete Quarter Hour Breakdown From Monday's Raw 1,000 |url=http://411mania.com/wrestling/complete-quarter-hour-breakdown-from-mondays-raw-1000/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016212345/http://411mania.com/wrestling/complete-quarter-hour-breakdown-from-mondays-raw-1000/ |archive-date=October 16, 2015 |access-date=August 28, 2015 |website=411Mania}}</ref> In 2013, the night after the Rock won the [[WWE Championship]], at [[Royal Rumble (2013)|Royal Rumble]], ''Raw'' got its highest rating of that year.<ref>{{cite web |date=December 28, 2012 |title=2013 Ratings – Gerweck.net |url=http://www.gerweck.net/tv-ratings/2013-ratings/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190323144437/https://www.gerweck.net/tv-ratings/2013-ratings/ |archive-date=March 23, 2019 |access-date=August 28, 2015 |website=Gerweck.net}}</ref>

Derived from one of his catchphrases "lay the smackdown", WWE introduced in 1999 its second flagship program, ''[[WWE SmackDown]]'', which became television's second longest-running weekly episodic program in history.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Bacle |first=Ariana |date=April 7, 2015 |title='WWE SmackDown' moves to USA Network |url=https://www.ew.com/article/2015/04/07/usa-network-wwe-smackdown |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150409030726/http://www.ew.com/article/2015/04/07/usa-network-wwe-smackdown |archive-date=April 9, 2015 |access-date=August 28, 2015 |magazine=Entertainment Weekly}}</ref> The term "smackdown" was included in [[Merriam-Webster]] dictionaries in 2007.<ref>{{cite web |date=July 10, 2007 |title=It was a ginormous year for new words |url=http://www.today.com/id/19698856 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131022004020/http://www.today.com/id/19698856 |archive-date=October 22, 2013 |access-date=July 23, 2007 |website=[[Today.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=m-w.com/dictionary/smackdown |url=http://www.m-w.com/dictionary/smackdown |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120509200202/http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/smackdown |archive-date=May 9, 2012 |access-date=July 23, 2007}}</ref> He is also known for popularizing the term "[[wikt:jabroni|jabroni]]", derived from "[[Jobber (professional wrestling)|jobber]]", although it was originally introduced by [[The Iron Sheik]].<ref name="willis2020">{{cite web |last=Willis |first=Jeremy |date=September 1, 2020 |title='Jabroni,' the word made famous by The Rock and The Iron Sheik, gets official dictionary status |url=https://www.espn.com/wwe/story/_/id/29787483/jabroni-word-made-famous-rock-iron-sheik-gets-official-dictionary-status |access-date=February 14, 2023 |website=ESPN}}</ref><ref name="dator2020">{{cite web |last=Dator |first=James |date=September 2, 2020 |title='Jabroni' is now in the dictionary, and it's all thanks to The Rock |url=https://www.sbnation.com/wrestling/21418388/jabroni-dictionary-word-the-rock-dwayne-johnson |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230214212609/https://www.sbnation.com/wrestling/21418388/jabroni-dictionary-word-the-rock-dwayne-johnson |archive-date=February 14, 2023 |access-date=February 14, 2023 |website=SB Nation}}</ref> The Rock holds the record for most ''Raw'' shows main-evented in one year (38 in 2000),<ref>{{cite web |last=Saalbach |first=Axel |title=Wrestlingdata.com – The World's Largest Wrestling Database |url=http://wrestlingdata.com/index.php?befehl=spezbil&bilanz=1&stat=2&reihenfolge=4&jahr=2000 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016212345/http://wrestlingdata.com/index.php?befehl=spezbil&bilanz=1&stat=2&reihenfolge=4&jahr=2000 |archive-date=October 16, 2015 |access-date=August 28, 2015 |website=Wrestlingdata.com}}</ref> most ''SmackDown'' shows main-evented in one year (36 in 2000),<ref>{{cite web |last=Saalbach |first=Axel |title=Wrestlingdata.com – The World's Largest Wrestling Database |url=http://wrestlingdata.com/index.php?befehl=spezbil&bilanz=2&stat=2&reihenfolge=4&jahr=2000 |access-date=August 28, 2015 |website=Wrestlingdata.com}}</ref> and is tied with [[Stone Cold Steve Austin]] (in 2001) for most PPV shows main evented in one year (12 in 2000).<ref>{{cite web |last=Saalbach |first=Axel |title=Wrestlingdata.com |url=http://wrestlingdata.com/index.php?befehl=spezbil&bilanz=4&stat=2&reihenfolge=4&ordnung=1&jahr=2001 |access-date=August 28, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Saalbach |first=Axel |title=Wrestlingdata.com – The World's Largest Wrestling Database |url=http://wrestlingdata.com/index.php?befehl=spezbil&bilanz=4&stat=2&reihenfolge=4&ordnung=1&jahr=2000 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016212345/http://wrestlingdata.com/index.php?befehl=spezbil&bilanz=4&stat=2&reihenfolge=4&ordnung=1&jahr=2000 |archive-date=October 16, 2015 |access-date=August 28, 2015 |website=Wrestlingdata.com}}</ref> The Rock is also one of two wrestlers (the other being The Undertaker) to main event WrestleMania in four different decades: 1990s: [[WrestleMania XV|XV]] (1999); 2000s: [[WrestleMania 2000]] (2000), [[X-Seven]] (2001); 2010s: [[WrestleMania XXVIII|XXVIII]] (2012), [[WrestleMania 29|29]] (2013); 2020s: [[WrestleMania XL|XL]] (2024).

At the [[2021 Survivor Series]], WWE held a 25-man Battle Royal to celebrate the 25th Anniversary of the Rock's WWE debut. The match was won by [[Omos]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Chiari |first1=Mike |title=Omos Wins Battle Royal to Celebrate The Rock at 2021 WWE Survivor Series |url=https://bleacherreport.com/articles/10018708-omos-wins-battle-royal-to-celebrate-the-rock-at-2021-wwe-survivor-series |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211124191516/https://bleacherreport.com/articles/10018708-omos-wins-battle-royal-to-celebrate-the-rock-at-2021-wwe-survivor-series |archive-date=November 24, 2021 |access-date=November 24, 2021 |website=Bleacher Report}}</ref>

== Acting career ==
{{see also|Dwayne Johnson filmography}}
[[File:Dwayne Johnson at the 2009 Tribeca Film Festival.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1|Johnson in April 2009]]

Johnson entered Hollywood and had early success due to his wrestling popularity and noted work ethic. Over his acting career, he became one of the [[List of highest-paid film actors|highest-paid]] and most successful actors in Hollywood.<ref>{{Cite news |title=How The Rock went from failed football player to the highest-paid actor in Hollywood |url=http://www.businessinsider.com/the-rock-career-2016-7 |access-date=June 27, 2018 |work=Business Insider}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Morris |first=Sam |date=July 14, 2016 |title=Dwayne 'The Rock' Johnson is the world's highest paid actor, and rightly so |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2016/jul/13/dwayne-the-rock-johnson-worlds-highest-paid-actor-reasons-why |access-date=June 27, 2018 |website=The Guardian}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Chi |first=Paul |title=The Secret to Dwayne "The Rock" Johnson's Success |url=https://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2017/12/dwayne-the-rock-johnson-kevin-hart-jumanji |access-date=June 27, 2018 |work=HWD}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=The Rock's best advice for success |url=http://fortune.com/2014/10/30/the-rocks-best-advice-for-success/ |access-date=June 27, 2018 |work=Fortune}}</ref>

=== Career beginnings (1999–2010) ===

He began his acting career on television while wrestling. In his first television acting job, in 1999, he portrayed his father [[Rocky Johnson]] in an episode of ''[[That '70s Show]]'' called "That Wrestling Show". Nearly a year later, he appeared in the ''[[Star Trek: Voyager]]'' episode "[[Tsunkatse]]" as an alien wrestler who fought against [[Seven of Nine]]. While Johnson was away from WWE, the company continued to sell "the Rock" merchandise, and he continued to be featured prominently in the opening montages of their television shows.<ref name="m&cbio" />

Johnson made his theatrical debut in ''[[The Mummy Returns]]'' (2001), playing the antagonist Mathayus "The Scorpion King". He reprised this role in the spin-off film ''[[The Scorpion King]]'' (2002), where he starred as the titular character. Johnson was paid {{USD|5.5 million|long=no}} for his leading role, putting him in the [[Guinness World Records]] for the highest salary for a first-time leading man.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Rock cooks up a $124M salary, highest ever for any actor |url=https://www.cnet.com/culture/entertainment/the-rock-cooks-up-124m-salary-highest-ever-for-any-actor/ |accessdate=July 31, 2024 |website=CNET}}</ref> The film was a commercial success and despite mixed reception, Johnson's acting was praised.{{citation needed|date=February 2026}} Film critic [[Roger Ebert]] wrote, "I expect him to become a durable action star".<ref>{{cite web |last=Ebert |first=Roger |author-link=Roger Ebert |date=April 19, 2002 |title=The Scorpion King |url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/the-scorpion-king-2002 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230720182552/https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/the-scorpion-king-2002 |archive-date=July 20, 2023 |access-date=July 13, 2024 |website=[[Chicago Sun-Times]]}} {{Rating|3|4}}</ref>

In the following years, he worked in action films ''[[The Rundown]]'' (2003), and ''[[Walking Tall (2004 film)|Walking Tall]]'' (2004), but these films failed to gain success. He had a supporting role in the comedy ''[[Be Cool]]'' (2005) as a homosexual bodyguard hoping to become an actor,<ref>{{cite web |date=March 3, 2005 |title=Warmed-over Chili not cool |url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/be-cool-2005 |website=Rogerebert.com}}</ref> and was the primary antagonist in the horror film ''[[Doom (film)|Doom]]'' (2005). He also worked in the sports drama ''[[Gridiron Gang]]'' (2006), comedy ''[[Reno 911!: Miami]]'' (2007), and thriller ''[[Southland Tales]]'' (2006). He had further success by playing an arrogant famous American football player in the sports family comedy ''[[The Game Plan (film)|The Game Plan]]'' (2007), Agent 23 in spy action comedy ''[[Get Smart (film)|Get Smart]]'' (2008), a cab driver in the science fiction film ''[[Race to Witch Mountain]]'' (2009), [[Tooth fairy|the title character]] in the fantasy comedy ''[[Tooth Fairy (2010 film)|Tooth Fairy]]'' (2010) and a police officer in buddy cop comedy ''[[The Other Guys]]'' (2010). Johnson returned to action genre in the unsuccessful ''[[Faster (2010 film)|Faster]]'' (2010).

Johnson made his voice acting debut in the 2006 video game ''[[SpyHunter: Nowhere to Run|Spyhunter: Nowhere to Run]]'', originally intended as a tie-in for an unproduced film.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Spy Hunter: Nowhere to Run Review |url=https://www.gamespot.com/reviews/spy-hunter-nowhere-to-run/1900-6157769/ |access-date=March 8, 2025 |website=GameSpot |language=en-US}}</ref> He also voiced [[NASA]] astronaut Chuck in the 2009 animated sci-fi comedy ''[[Planet 51]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |author1=Robert Z. Pearlman |date=November 20, 2009 |title=NASA Recruits 'Planet 51' Actor Dwayne Johnson to Spread Message |url=https://www.space.com/7573-nasa-recruits-planet-51-actor-dwayne-johnson-spread-message.html |access-date=March 8, 2025 |website=Space.com |language=en}}</ref> He presented the [[Academy Award for Best Visual Effects]] at the [[80th Academy Awards]].<ref>{{cite web |date=April 22, 2008 |title=80th Annual Academy Awards Results & Commentary |url=http://www.digitalhit.com/academy/80/winners.shtml |website=DigitalHit.com |quote=Dwayne Johnson a.k.a. The Rock, presents Visual Effects}}</ref>

=== Commercial success (2011–2020) ===
Johnson's first big box-office success came in 2011, portraying Luke Hobbs in ''[[Fast Five]]'' (2011); the film became the [[2011 in film#Highest-grossing films|seventh highest-grossing film of 2011]]. Following this, all of Johnson's projects in the 2010s decade achieved major success and established him as a bankable actor.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tisdale |first=Jerrica |date=December 8, 2019 |title=10 Highest-Grossing Dwayne Johnson Movies |url=https://www.cinemablend.com/news/2485887/10-highest-grossing-dwayne-johnson-movies |access-date=December 3, 2024 |website=CINEMABLEND |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Colbert |first=Stephen M. |date=May 19, 2023 |title=The Rise And Fall Of Dwayne "The Rock" Johnson's Box Office Viagra |url=https://screenrant.com/dwayne-rock-johnson-box-office-hits-flops-reality/ |access-date=December 3, 2024 |website=ScreenRant |language=en}}</ref> He next starred in the box office hit ''[[Journey 2: The Mysterious Island]]'' in 2012. He became known for reinvigorating film franchises after portraying [[Roadblock (G.I. Joe)|Marvin F. Hinton / Roadblock]] in ''[[G.I. Joe: Retaliation]]'' and reprising his role as Luke Hobbs in ''[[Fast & Furious 6]]'' (2013),<ref>{{cite web |date=November 12, 2016 |title=Why Dwayne The Rock Johnson is 'franchise viagra' |url=https://uk.movies.yahoo.com/why-dwayne-the-rock-johnson-is-%E2%80%98franchise-viagra%E2%80%99-102100359.html |website=Yahoo.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite tweet |number=235929285557358592 |user=TheRock |title=3:35am. London. AM cardio starts now.. then breakfast, then hit the weights, then on to set of FAST 6. Let's roll.. #OwnIt |first=Dwayne |last=Johnson |date=August 16, 2012}}</ref> while also starring in true-story films ''[[Pain & Gain]]'' (2013) and ''[[Empire State (2013 film)|Empire State]]'' (2013). That same year, he hosted and produced the [[TNT (American TV network)|TNT]] [[reality competition]] series ''[[The Hero (2013 TV series)|The Hero]]'',<ref name="WrapGilman">{{Cite web |last=Gilman |first=Greg |date=June 6, 2013 |title=How the Rock Went From Action Hero to TNT Reality 'Hero' |url=https://www.thewrap.com/tv/article/how-rock-went-action-hero-tnt-reality-hero-95941/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180820113024/https://www.thewrap.com/tv/article/how-rock-went-action-hero-tnt-reality-hero-95941/ |archive-date=August 20, 2018 |access-date=April 16, 2020 |work=[[The Wrap]]}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{cite web |title=The Hero – official page |url=http://www.tntdrama.com/title/display/?oid=399948 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130118054654/http://www.tntdrama.com/title/display/?oid=399948 |archive-date=January 18, 2013 |publisher=TNT}}</ref> and won the Favorite Male Buttkicker Award at the [[2013 Kids' Choice Awards|2013 Nickelodeon Kid's Choice Awards]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Swift |first=Andy |date=March 24, 2013 |title=Kids' Choice Awards Winners 2013: Kristen Stewart & More — Full List |url=https://hollywoodlife.com/2013/03/23/kids-choice-awards-winners-2013-list-nickelodeon/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301075604/https://hollywoodlife.com/2013/03/23/kids-choice-awards-winners-2013-list-nickelodeon/ |archive-date=March 1, 2021 |access-date=July 15, 2019}}</ref> In May 2013, it was announced that he would executive produce and star in ''[[Ballers]]'',<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Andreeva |first1=Nellie |date=October 21, 2013 |title=John David Washington To Co-Star In HBO's 'Ballers', Robert Hoffman In E!'s 'Songbyrd' |url=https://deadline.com/2013/10/john-david-washington-to-co-star-in-hbos-ballers-robert-hoffman-in-es-songbyrd-616892/}}</ref> an [[HBO]] [[comedy-drama]] series about [[NFL]] players living in Miami.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Andreeva |first1=Nellie |date=May 2, 2013 |title=Dwayne Johnson To Star In & Produce HBO Pilot About Athletes From Steve Levinson & Mark Wahlberg, Peter Berg To Direct |url=https://deadline.com/2013/05/dwayne-johnson-to-star-produce-hbo-pilot-about-athletes-from-steve-levinson-mark-wahlberg-peter-berg-to-direct-488467/}}</ref> By December of that year, ''[[Forbes]]'' named him the top-grossing actor of 2013, with his films bringing in {{USD|1.3 billion|long=no}} worldwide for the year. ''Forbes'' credited the success of ''Fast & Furious 6'', which grossed {{USD|789 million|long=no}} globally, and his frequent acting work as primary reasons for topping the list.<ref>{{cite news |last=Pomerantz |first=Dorothy |date=December 16, 2013 |title=Dwayne Johnson Is The Top-Grossing Actor Of 2013 |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/dorothypomerantz/2013/12/16/dwayne-johnson-is-the-top-grossing-actor-of-2013/ |work=Forbes}}</ref>

Johnson starred as [[Hercules|the title character]] in ''[[Hercules (2014 film)|Hercules]]'' in 2014<ref name="Coming Soon">{{cite web |date=January 17, 2013 |title=Hercules, Starring Dwayne Johnson, to Arrive August 8, 2014 |url=https://www.comingsoon.net/news/movienews.php?id=98951 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141027183149/http://www.comingsoon.net/news/movienews.php?id=98951 |archive-date=October 27, 2014 |access-date=April 16, 2020 |publisher=Coming Soon}}</ref> and hosted another reality series for TNT that same year, entitled ''Wake Up Call'', which saw him "lending a helping hand to everyday people who were facing enormous challenges in their lives" alongside guest experts such as [[Rocco DiSpirito]], [[Jillian Michaels]], and [[Josh Shipp (teen expert)|Josh Shipp]].<ref name="auto">{{cite news |title=TNT Orders Reality Series 'Wake Up Call' from Dwayne 'The Rock' Johnson |url=https://variety.com/2013/tv/news/tnt-orders-reality-series-wake-up-call-from-dwayne-the-rock-johnson-1200758762/ |work=Variety}}</ref> In 2015, Johnson reprised his role as Luke Hobbs in ''[[Furious 7]]''<ref>{{cite tweet |number=365921807393505280 |user=TheRock |title=She rocks my Championship belt better than me! My fam @UFC Champ @RondaRousey joins me in FAST & FURIOUS 7! #BringIt |first=Dwayne |last=Johnson |date=August 9, 2013}}</ref> and starred in the disaster film ''[[San Andreas (film)|San Andreas]]''. In 2016, he co-starred with [[Kevin Hart]] in the action-comedy ''[[Central Intelligence]]'' and had a lead voice role in the Disney animated film ''[[Moana (2016 film)|Moana]]'', in which he voiced [[Maui (Moana)|Maui]]. He reprised his role as Luke Hobbs in ''[[The Fate of the Furious]]'', which was released in 2017. Johnson starred in two other blockbuster movies that year, ''[[Baywatch (film)|Baywatch]]'' and ''[[Jumanji: Welcome to the Jungle]]'' as [[Mitch Buchannon|Mitchell "Mitch" Buchannon]] and [[Dr. Smolder Bravestone]], respectively.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Siegel |first1=Tatiana |last2=Kit |first2=Borys |date=June 23, 2015 |title=Dwayne Johnson to Star in Film Adaptation of 'Rampage' Video Game |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-features/dwayne-johnson-star-film-adaptation-804458/ |access-date=January 31, 2022 |work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref><ref name="comingsoon.net">{{cite news |last1=Evry |first1=Max |date=April 22, 2016 |title=Dwayne Johnson Officially Boards Jumanji Remake |url=https://www.comingsoon.net/movies/news/679261-dwayne-johnson-officially-boards-jumanji-remake |access-date=August 27, 2016 |website=[[ComingSoon.net]]}}</ref> In 2018, he starred in two solo box office hits ''[[Rampage (2018 film)|Rampage]]'' and ''[[Skyscraper (2018 film)|Skyscraper]]''.
[[File:Dwayne Johnson star (Hollywood Walk of Fame stars).jpg|thumb|upright=1|Johnson's star on the [[Hollywood Walk of Fame]] in July 2022]]

Johnson's role within the ''[[Fast & Furious]]'' franchise continued with ''[[Fast & Furious Presents: Hobbs & Shaw]]'', starring alongside co-star [[Jason Statham]]. [[David Leitch]] directed the project from a script co-written by franchise-writer [[Chris Morgan (writer)|Chris Morgan]] and [[Drew Pearce]]. The film began principal photography in September 2018, and was released on July 26, 2019. Johnson reprised his role as Bravestone, in ''[[Jumanji: The Next Level]]''. With the critical and financial success of ''Welcome to the Jungle'', production of the movie began in early 2019, and it was released on December 13, 2019.<ref>{{Cite news |last=N'Duka |first=Amanda |date=April 24, 2018 |title=Sony Dates 'Jumanji' Sequel For December 2019 – CinemaCon |url=https://deadline.com/2018/04/sony-jumanji-sequel-release-date-december-2019-1202375219/ |access-date=June 24, 2018 |work=Deadline}}</ref>

Johnson's films grossed $10.6 billion in the 2010s, making him the decade's sixth-highest-grossing actor and the highest-grossing actor outside the [[Marvel Cinematic Universe]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Barker |first=Stephen |date=December 27, 2020 |title=The 10 Highest Grossing Actors Of The 2010s, Ranked According To Box Office Mojo |url=https://screenrant.com/highest-grossing-actors-2010s-box-office-mojo/ |access-date=February 7, 2025 |website=ScreenRant |language=en}}</ref>

=== Career fluctuations (2021–2024) ===
In 2021, after a year long hiatus, Johnson co-starred with [[Emily Blunt]] in [[Disney]]'s ''[[Jungle Cruise (film)|Jungle Cruise]]'' as Frank Wolff. The film is based on the theme-park ride [[Jungle Cruise|of the same name]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Pedersen |first=Erik |date=August 19, 2015 |title=Dwayne Johnson Guiding 'Jungle Cruise' Pic For Disney |url=https://deadline.com/2015/08/dwayne-johnson-jungle-cruise-movie-disney-1201501768/ |work=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref> [[Jaume Collet-Serra]] directed, with a script by [[Michael Green (writer)|Michael Green]] from a previous one by [[J. D. Payne and Patrick McKay]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Fleming |first=Mike Jr. |date=July 31, 2017 |title=Jaume Collet-Serra To Direct Dwayne Johnson In 'Jungle Cruise': No 'Suicide Squad 2' |url=https://deadline.com/2017/07/dwayne-johnson-jungle-cruise-jaume-collet-serra-director-disney-suicide-squad-2-1202139090/ |work=Deadline Hollywood}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Keene |first=Allison |date=January 30, 2018 |title=Emily Blunt Boards Disney's 'Jungle Cruise' with Dwayne Johnson |url=https://collider.com/emily-blunt-disney-jungle-cruise-dwayne-johnson/ |access-date=January 30, 2018 |website=Collider.com}}</ref> In addition to his work on the film, Johnson assisted with re-designing the titular ride for all Disney theme parks.<ref>{{Cite news |date=April 30, 2017 |title=The Rock's Jungle Cruise Involvement Will Go Beyond The Movie |url=https://www.cinemablend.com/news/1653200/the-rocks-jungle-cruise-involvement-will-go-beyond-the-movie |access-date=June 27, 2018 |website=Cinemablend.com}}</ref> ''Jungle Cruise'' was released on July 30, 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=D'Alessandro |first1=Anthony |date=October 19, 2018 |title=Dwayne Johnson's 'Jungle Cruise' Moves To Summer 2020 |url=https://deadline.com/2018/10/dwayne-johnson-jungle-cruise-disney-july-2020-release-date-change-1202486056/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190407150952/https://deadline.com/2018/10/dwayne-johnson-jungle-cruise-disney-july-2020-release-date-change-1202486056/ |archive-date=April 7, 2019 |access-date=September 2, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=May 11, 2018 |title=Dwayne 'The Rock' Johnson Kicks Off 'Hardcore' Eight-Month Workout Program |url=https://www.inquisitr.com/4896929/dwayne-the-rock-johnson-kicks-off-hardcore-eight-month-workout-program/ |work=The Inquisitr}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Welk |first=Brian |date=April 3, 2020 |title='Black Widow' Moves to November as Other MCU Films Shift Back to 2021, 2022 |url=https://www.thewrap.com/black-widow-moves-to-november-as-other-mcu-films-shift-back-to-2021-2022/ |access-date=April 3, 2020 |website=The Wrap}}</ref> On March 16, 2021, he appeared for the first time as the video game character, The Foundation, in ''[[Fortnite Battle Royale]]''. Johnson was initially uncredited in his role, yet hinted at his involvement through a series of Instagram posts. His involvement was finally confirmed during the Chapter 2 End Event on December 4, 2021, with The Foundation removing his helmet to reveal that he shared Johnson's voice and likeness.<ref>{{cite web |last=Medina |first=Bryan |date=December 5, 2021 |title=Fortnite reveals Dwayne Johnson as "The Foundation" while Spider-Man joins Chapter 3 |url=https://www.marca.com/en/lifestyle/movies/2021/12/05/61ac0b2122601d6b328b4572.html |access-date=December 8, 2021 |website=MARCA}}</ref> He would later reprise his role as The Foundation in 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Phillips |first=Tom |date=2026-03-17 |title=Here's Our First Look at Dwayne Johnson and Bugs Bunny in Fortnite's Next Season |url=https://www.ign.com/articles/heres-our-first-look-at-dwayne-johnson-and-bugs-bunny-in-fortnites-next-season |access-date=2026-03-17 |website=IGN |language=en}}</ref> Also in 2021, Johnson starred in [[Netflix]]'s film ''[[Red Notice (film)|Red Notice]]'', written and directed by [[Rawson Marshall Thurber]]. It is the third time that the two collaborated, after ''Central Intelligence'' and ''Skyscraper''.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Fleming |first1=Mike Jr. |date=July 8, 2019 |title=Netflix Takes 'Red Notice'; Ryan Reynolds Joins Dwayne Johnson & Gal Gadot In Rawson Marshall Thurber-Directed Global Heist Film |url=https://deadline.com/2019/07/dwayne-johnson-gal-gadot-ryan-reynolds-red-notice-netflix-rawson-marshall-thurber-1202643002/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Fritz |first=Ben |date=March 9, 2018 |title=How Much Does Dwayne 'The Rock' Johnson Make for One Movie? |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/how-much-does-dwayne-the-rock-johnson-make-for-one-movie-1520591400 |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]}}</ref> It co-stars [[Gal Gadot]] and [[Ryan Reynolds]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 8, 2018 |title=Dwayne Johnson's 'Red Notice' Pushed Back 5 Months to Fall 2020 |url=https://www.thewrap.com/dwayne-johnsons-red-notice-pushed-back-5-months-fall-2020/}}</ref> Until the released of [[KPop Demon Hunters]] in 2025, it was the most watched film on Netflix of all time.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Top 10 Most Popular Movies on Netflix of All Time - Netflix Tudum |url=https://www.netflix.com/tudum/top10/most-popular |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250211211441/https://www.netflix.com/tudum/top10/most-popular |archive-date=February 11, 2025 |access-date=April 27, 2025 |website=Netflix Tudum |language=en}}</ref>

Johnson voiced [[Krypto the Superdog]] in the animated feature ''[[DC League of Super-Pets|DC League of Super Pets]]'' (2022), which was released theatrically in July and emerged as a success.<ref>{{Cite web |title=DC League of Super Pets (2022) - Financial Information |url=https://www.the-numbers.com/movie/DC-League-of-Super-Pets-(2022)#tab=summary |access-date=December 3, 2024 |website=The Numbers}}</ref> On November 14, 2019, he had announced a late 2021 release date for the superhero ''Black Adam'' film.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gonzalez |first=Sandra |date=November 14, 2019 |title=Dwayne Johnson announces release date for 'Black Adam' superhero film |url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/11/14/entertainment/black-adam-movie-the-rock-trnd/index.html |access-date=December 19, 2019 |website=CNN}}</ref> Production on ''[[Black Adam (film)|Black Adam]]'' began filming in April 2021 and was released on October 21, 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Kroll |first1=Justin |date=February 8, 2019 |title=Seven Bucks Productions' Hiram Garcia on 'Fighting With My Family' and Dwayne Johnson's Work Ethic |url=https://variety.com/2019/film/news/seven-bucks-productions-hiram-garcia-dwayne-johnson-fighting-with-my-family-1203131584/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Joe Anderton |date=April 10, 2021 |title=Dwayne Johnson announces DC's Black Adam has started filming |url=https://www.digitalspy.com/movies/a36083670/dwayne-johnson-dc-black-adam-filming-update/ |access-date=April 10, 2021 |website=Digital Spy}}</ref> He earned {{USD|22.5 million|long=no}} to star in the film and received millions more for producing and promoting it on social media.<ref>{{cite web |last=Lang |first=Brent |date=July 20, 2022 |title=Inside Movie Stars' Salaries: Joaquin Phoenix Nabs $20M for ''Joker 2,'' Tom Cruise Heads to Over $100M and More |url=https://variety.com/2022/film/features/movie-star-salaries-joaquin-phoenix-joker-2-tom-cruise-1235320046/ |access-date=July 21, 2022 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}</ref> However, the anticipated film received mixed to negative reviews and turned out to be a box office disappointment. Following the failure of ''Black Adam'', Johnson's star power came under scrutiny, and his involvement in creative decisions faced criticism.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Brown |first=Jodee |date=March 21, 2023 |title=Black Adam's Failure Was Fueled by Dwayne Johnson's Ego, Claims Hollywood Exec |url=https://www.cbr.com/black-adam-failure-dwayne-johnson-ego/ |access-date=December 3, 2024 |website=CBR |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Ahmed |first1=Tufayel |last2=Jacobs |first2=Eammon |title=Dwayne Johnson's superhero movie 'Black Adam' flopped. Now, he's looking for redemption in WWE. |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/dwayne-johnson-the-rock-wwe-a24-fast-furious-black-adam-2024-1#:~:text=Johnson's%20turn%20as%20antihero%20Black,million%20to%20turn%20a%20profit.&text=Johnson%20spent%20plenty%20of%20time,hierarchy%20in%20the%20DC%20Universe |access-date=December 3, 2024 |website=Business Insider |language=en-US}}</ref>

In 2023, Johnson voiced his Moana character Maui in Disney crossover short film ''[[Once Upon a Studio]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Debruge |first=Peter |date=October 16, 2023 |title=Disney Assembles 543 Familiar Cartoon Characters for the First Time in 'Once Upon a Studio' Short |url=https://variety.com/2023/film/features/walt-disney-animation-studios-once-upon-a-studio-short-1235756734/ |access-date=December 3, 2024 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}</ref> In May 2023, Johnson reprised his role as Luke Hobbs in a [[cameo appearance]] during the [[mid-credits scene]] of ''[[Fast X]]''. By the early 2020s, Johnson faced increasing criticism for consistently portraying similar characters, often described as charismatic, larger-than-life figures who are both physically imposing and possess a dry wit. These roles frequently involve action or adventure elements, and the characters tend to be heroic, if sometimes reluctant, protagonists.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Karp |first=Rebekah |date=December 5, 2022 |title=Dwayne Johnson Movies Where He Plays the Same Character |url=https://movieweb.com/dwayne-johnson-movies-same-character/ |access-date=February 22, 2025 |website=MovieWeb |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Proctor |first=Emily |date=June 12, 2022 |title=13 Actors Who Play The Same Character In Every Film, According to Reddit |url=https://screenrant.com/reddit-actors-typecast-play-same-character-every-film/ |access-date=February 22, 2025 |website=ScreenRant |language=en}}</ref>

Johnson has been a member of the [[Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences]] in the Actor's Branch since 2017,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Stedman |first1=Alex |date=June 28, 2017 |title=Academy Invites Record 774 New Members |url=https://variety.com/2017/film/news/academy-new-members-class-of-2017-1202481404/ |access-date=October 7, 2020 |work=Variety}}</ref> in 2024, he presented an award alongside [[Bad Bunny]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dwayne 'The Rock' Johnson Wishes Happy 30th Birthday to 'Brother' Bad Bunny While Presenting at 2024 Oscars |url=https://people.com/oscars-2024-dwayne-the-rock-johnson-wishes-bad-bunny-happy-30th-birthday-8607084 |access-date=March 16, 2024 |website=Peoplemag}}</ref> In November 2024, Johnson reunited with director [[Jake Kasdan]] to star alongside [[Chris Evans (actor)|Chris Evans]], [[Lucy Liu]], and [[J. K. Simmons]], in the Christmas themed action comedy [[Red One (film)|''Red One'']],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Malhotra |first=Rahul |title=With 'Moana 2' and 'Red One', Dwayne Johnson Has Accomplished a Rare Box Office Feat |url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/movies/news/with-moana-2-and-red-one-dwayne-johnson-has-accomplished-a-rare-box-office-feat/ar-AA1v18dP |access-date=December 3, 2024 |website=www.msn.com}}</ref> which didn't fare well both critically and financially.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gearan |first=Hannah |date=January 9, 2025 |title=Dwayne Johnson's 2024 Box Office Flop Gets New Life On Streaming Charts |url=https://screenrant.com/red-one-movie-prime-video-streaming-charts/#:~:text=The%20Movie%20Flopped%20In%20Theaters&text=Red%20One%20is%20now%20doing,Culpa%20Tuya,%20and%20The%20Beekeeper. |access-date=February 7, 2025 |website=ScreenRant |language=en}}</ref> However, it became one of the top streamed movies of 2024 after its release on [[Amazon Prime]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Porter |first=Rick |date=January 27, 2025 |title=The Year of 'Bluey': Kids' Favorite Dominates 2024 Year-End Streaming Chart |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/bluey-bridgerton-2024-year-end-streaming-charts-1236119192/ |access-date=March 1, 2025 |website=The Hollywood Reporter |language=en-US}}</ref> In the same month, he reprised his voice role of [[Maui (Moana)|Maui]] from ''[[Moana (2016 film)|Moana]]'' (2016), in its sequel ''[[Moana 2]]''. Despite receiving mixed reception, the film opened strongly and set several box office records.<ref>{{Cite web |last=McClintock |first=Pamela |date=December 2, 2024 |title='Moana 2' Achieves Demigod Status: All the Box Office Records Broken |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/moana-2-box-office-records-broken-1236074175/ |access-date=December 3, 2024 |website=The Hollywood Reporter |language=en-US}}</ref> It eventually emerged as the [[2024 in film|third highest-grossing film of 2024]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=2024 Worldwide Box Office |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/year/world/2024/ |access-date=December 28, 2024 |website=Box Office Mojo}}</ref>

=== Diversification (2025–present) ===
He was next seen portraying former [[MMA]] fighter [[Mark Kerr (fighter)|Mark Kerr]] in [[Benny Safdie]]'s biographical sports drama ''[[The Smashing Machine (2025 film)|The Smashing Machine]]'' (2025).<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 21, 2024 |title=Dwayne Johnson is completely unrecognizable in new movie role leaving fans shocked |url=https://www.unilad.com/film-and-tv/news/dwayne-johnson-the-rock-the-smashing-machine-unrecognizable-085355-20240521 |access-date=February 22, 2025 |website=UNILAD |language=en}}</ref> Full facial prosthetics and a wig were used to transform Johnson's appearance to resemble Kerr.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Thompson |first=Mary Pat |title=Dwayne 'The Rock' Johnson transforms into Mark Kerr in 'The Smashing Machine' trailer |url=https://abcnews.go.com/culture/story/dwayne-rock-johnson-transforms-mark-kerr-smashing-machine/?id=121281560 |access-date=June 4, 2025 |website=ABC News |language=en}}</ref> When asked about taking on a serious, intimate drama after years of big-budget action and comedy films, Johnson expressed excitement about finally exploring personal struggles on-screen that he had never before addressed. He described the process as both frightening and liberating.<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Canfield |first1=David |date=August 25, 2025 |title=How Dwayne Johnson Transformed Into The Smashing Machine: "I Found It So Scary" |url=https://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/story/smashing-machine-dwayne-johnson-benny-safdie-emily-blunt-exclusive |magazine=Vanity Fair}}</ref> Critics noted that he used the opportunity to pivot his brand and persona toward that of a serious actor.<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 2, 2025 |title=With 'The Smashing Machine,' Dwayne Johnson makes a prestige pivot. Can 'The Rock' be taken seriously? |url=https://www.yahoo.com/entertainment/movies/article/with-the-smashing-machine-dwayne-johnson-makes-a-prestige-pivot-can-the-rock-be-taken-seriously-134513193.html |access-date=October 3, 2025 |website=Yahoo Entertainment |language=en-US}}</ref> The film premiered at the [[82nd Venice International Film Festival]] on September 1, 2025. It received a standing ovation and a [[Golden Lion]] award nomination.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 14, 2025 |title=Biennale Cinema 2025 {{!}} The Smashing Machine |url=https://www.labiennale.org/en/cinema/2025/venezia-82-competition/smashing-machine |access-date=September 4, 2025 |website=La Biennale di Venezia |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Dwayne Johnson breaks down in tears as The Smashing Machine premiere earns emotional 15-minute standing ovation at Venice Film Festival |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/wwe/top-stories/dwayne-johnson-breaks-down-in-tears-as-the-smashing-machine-premiere-earns-emotional-15-minute-standing-ovation-at-venice-film-festival/articleshow/123647563.cms |access-date=September 4, 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The film garnered positive reviews, with Nicholas Barber of the ''[[BBC]]'' describing Johnson's portrayal as "impressively vulnerable."<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 1, 2025 |title=The Smashing Machine review: Dwayne 'The Rock' Johnson is Oscar-worthy in his new film |url=https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20250901-the-smashing-machine-review |access-date=September 4, 2025 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en-GB}}</ref> The performance sparked discussions about a potential Oscar nomination for Johnson.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hassan |first=Alize |date=September 3, 2025 |title=Dwayne Johnson's acclaimed Venice role in 'The Smashing Machine' sparks Oscar discussion |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2564854/dwayne-johnsons-acclaimed-venice-role-in-the-smashing-machine-sparks-oscar-discussion?amp=1 |access-date=September 4, 2025 |website=The Express Tribune |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Dixon |first=Marcus James |date=September 3, 2025 |title='The Smashing Machine' instant Oscar predictions: Dwayne Johnson will rock awards season |url=https://www.goldderby.com/film/2025/the-smashing-machine-oscar-predictions-dwayne-johnson/ |access-date=September 4, 2025 |website=Gold Derby |language=en-US}}</ref> It had its wide release on October 3, 2025, but was met with a poor theatrical response,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rubin |first=Rebecca |date=October 5, 2025 |title=Box Office: Taylor Swift's 'Release Party of a Showgirl' Triumphs With $33 Million, Dwayne Johnson's 'Smashing Machine' Bombs With $6 Million |url=https://variety.com/2025/film/box-office/taylor-swift-release-party-showgirl-box-office-debut-smashing-machine-bombs-1236540485/ |access-date=October 6, 2025 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}</ref> and is understood to be Johnson's lowest grossing opening ever.<ref>{{Cite web |last=D'Alessandro |first=Anthony |date=October 6, 2025 |title=How Dwayne Johnson's 'Smashing Machine' Went Down For The Count As Star's Lowest Opening; Pic Will Bleed Little With $10M-$15M Loss |url=https://deadline.com/2025/10/the-smashing-machine-dwayne-johnson-bombs-box-office-1236571164/ |access-date=October 7, 2025 |website=Deadline |language=en-US}}</ref>

In 2026, he will portray Maui again in the live action adaptation ''[[Moana (2026 film)|Moana]]'' (2026).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Couch |first=Aaron |date=April 5, 2024 |title=Disney Sets 'Toy Story 5,' 'Mandalorian & Grogu' for 2026, Delays Live-Action 'Moana' by a Year |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/disney-sets-toy-story-5-mandalorian-and-grogu-1235867413/ |access-date=February 22, 2025 |website=The Hollywood Reporter |language=en-US}}</ref> In February 2025, Johnson was cast in a crime drama film directed by [[Martin Scorsese]], alongside [[Leonardo DiCaprio]] and [[Emily Blunt]].<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Fleming |first1=Mike Jr. |last2=Kroll |first2=Justin |date=February 20, 2025 |title=Town Says Aloha To A Hawaii-Set 'Goodfellas' Meets 'The Departed': Scorsese, DiCaprio, Dwayne Johnson & Emily Blunt Top Crime Drama Package |url=https://deadline.com/2025/02/scorsese-dicaprio-crime-movie-dwayne-johnson-emily-blunt-1236295098/ |access-date=February 22, 2025 |website=Deadline |language=en-US}}</ref> The film will depict the mafia's influence in [[Hawaii]], with Johnson portraying an aspiring mob boss's rise within the criminal underworld.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Watson |first=Fay |date=March 14, 2025 |title=Dwayne 'The Rock' Johnson breaks his silence on being cast in Martin Scorsese's new movie, calling it the "most creatively inspiring time" of his career |url=https://www.gamesradar.com/entertainment/crime-movies/dwayne-the-rock-johnson-breaks-his-silence-on-being-cast-in-martin-scorseses-new-movie-calling-it-the-most-creatively-inspiring-time-of-his-career/ |access-date=March 15, 2025 |website=gamesradar |language=en}}</ref> He will reteam with Safdie for the film ''Lizard Music'', based on the [[Daniel Pinkwater]] teen novel of the same name.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fleming |first=Mike Jr. |date=September 8, 2025 |title='The Smashing Machine' Duo Benny Safdie & Dwayne Johnson To Reteam On Hot Package 'Lizard Music' – The Dish |url=https://deadline.com/2025/09/benny-safdie-dwayne-johnson-reteam-lizard-music-1236511879/ |access-date=September 22, 2025 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref> In May 2025, it was announced that Johnson would star in a new feature from [[Darren Aronofsky]] called ''Breakthrough''.<ref>{{cite web |last=Grobar |first=Matt |date=May 21, 2025 |title=Dwayne Johnson Reteaming With A24 On Psychological Thriller 'Breakthrough' |url=https://deadline.com/2025/05/dwayne-johnson-joins-breakthrough-thriller-at-a24-1236406725/ |access-date=December 15, 2025 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=D'Addario |first=Daniel |date=December 8, 2025 |title=Brendan Fraser and Dwayne Johnson on Their Life-Changing 'Mummy' Friendship, Loneliness and Learning to Stop Trying So Hard: 'Why Am I Doing This?' |url=https://variety.com/2025/film/news/dwayne-johnson-brendan-fraser-mummy-friendship-1236598846/ |access-date=December 15, 2025}}</ref> In December 2025, it was announced that he would star in a film about movies being directed by [[J.J. Abrams]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Hammond |first=Pete |date=December 15, 2025 |title=Dwayne Johnson On Life-Changing 'Smashing Machine', Final 'Jumanji', Live-Action 'Moana' And Hawaiian Mob Movie With Leo And Marty – Behind The Lens |url=https://deadline.com/video/dwayne-johnson-career-interview-smashing-machine/ |access-date=December 15, 2025}}</ref>

== Producing ==
In 2012, Johnson founded his production company [[Seven Bucks Productions]].<ref name="Deadline Hollywood"/> Though originally attached as producer and star, Johnson will now serve solely as the former on a film adaptation of ''[[The Janson Directive]]''. [[John Cena]] will fill the leading role, with [[Akiva Goldsman]] attached as screenwriter.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kroll |first=Justin |date=April 30, 2018 |title=John Cena to Star in 'Janson Directive' for Dwayne Johnson's Seven Bucks Productions |url=https://variety.com/2018/film/news/john-cena-janson-directive-dwayne-johnson-1202791588/ |access-date=June 27, 2018 |work=Variety}}</ref> Additionally, he will produce and star in a Netflix exclusive film titled ''John Henry & The Statesmen'', as the [[John Henry (folklore)|titular folklore hero]]. The film will be directed by Jake Kasdan, from a script by Kasdan and [[Tom Wheeler (writer)|Tom Wheeler]]. With the first official teaser trailer released in October 2018, the project marks Kasdan's and Johnson's third collaboration, after ''Jumanji: Welcome to the Jungle'' and ''Jumanji: The Next Level''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mancuso |first=Vinnie |date=October 9, 2018 |title=Dwayne Johnson Is "The Man" in Teaser for Netflix's 'John Henry & The Statesmen' |url=https://collider.com/dwayne-johnson-john-henry-trailer-netflix/ |website=[[Collider (website)|Collider]]}}</ref>

In 2019, Johnson produced and appeared as himself in ''[[Fighting with My Family]]'', a comedy drama about [[Saraya Bevis]] and her family, who are also professional wrestlers.<ref>{{cite web |last=Kroll |first=Justin |date=February 14, 2017 |title=Vince Vaughn Joins Dwayne Johnson's 'Fighting With My Family' |url=https://variety.com/2017/film/news/vince-vaughn-dwayne-johnsons-fighting-with-my-family-1201988165/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Goldberg |first=Matt |date=November 14, 2018 |title='Fighting with My Family' Trailer Has The Rock Helping Wrestling Wannabes |url=https://collider.com/fighting-with-my-family-trailer/ |access-date=December 12, 2018 |website=Collider}}</ref> Johnson will co-produce and star in ''The King'', a film about king [[Kamehameha I|Kamehameha Kūnuiākea]], founder and first ruler of the [[Kingdom of Hawaiʻi]]. The project will be directed by [[Robert Zemeckis]] from a script by [[Randall Wallace]]. The movie will be comparable to ''[[Braveheart]]'' in tone, given Wallace's work on both films, and will depict the king's role in resolving the wars among the islands of [[Hawaiʻi]]. ''The King'' was scheduled to begin production in 2020, but was halted by the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Busch |first1=Anita |last2=Fleming |first2=Mike Jr. |date=August 29, 2018 |title=Dwayne Johnson To Play Kamehameha In 'The King;' Robert Zemeckis Directs Script By 'Braveheart's Randall Wallace For Warner Bros & New Line |url=https://deadline.com/2018/08/dwayne-johnson-king-kamehameha-movie-robert-zemeckis-randall-wallace-1202453017/}}</ref> Johnson is also attached to produce/star in a sequel to ''[[Big Trouble in Little China]]'',<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 27, 2018 |title=Dwayne Johnson's 'Big Trouble in Little China' Won't Be a Remake, But a Continuation |url=https://www.slashfilm.com/big-trouble-in-little-china-sequel/ |website=/Film}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Dwayne Johnson Says 'Big Trouble in Little China' Remake Definitely Happening |url=https://www.yahoo.com/entertainment/dwayne-johnson-says-big-trouble-in-little-china-153445647.html |access-date=June 20, 2018}}</ref> as well as project under development with [[Shane Black]] focusing on a new interpretation of [[Doc Savage]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=April 12, 2018 |title=Dwayne Johnson Provides an Update on Shane Black's 'Doc Savage' |url=https://www.slashfilm.com/doc-savage-movie/ |access-date=June 23, 2018 |website=Slashfilm.com}}</ref>

In 2021, his biographical comedy-drama series ''[[Young Rock]]'' began airing on NBC.<ref>{{cite web |last=Yeung |first=Jeff |date=October 4, 2020 |title=Dwayne Johnson Announces Cast of 'Young Rock' |url=https://hypebeast.com/2020/10/dwayne-johnson-nbc-young-rock-cast-reveal |publisher=Hype Beast}}</ref> [[Black Adam (film)|A film centered around]] [[Black Adam|Teth-Adam/Black Adam]], a part of the [[DC Extended Universe]], was announced to be in development in January 2017. Originally cast in the role as early as September 2014 as the antagonist, in a film centered around the superhero [[Shazam (DC Comics)|Billy Batson/Shazam]],<ref>{{cite tweet |number=507189313579122689 |user=TheRock |title="Kneel at his feet or get crushed by his boot." My honor to become.. #BlackAdam #TheAntiHero #DCComics |first=Dwayne |last=Johnson |date=September 3, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=September 3, 2014 |title=Dwayne Johnson to Play Black Adam in New Line's 'Shazam,' Darren Lemke to Script |url=https://variety.com/2014/film/news/dwayne-johnson-to-play-black-adam-in-shazam-darren-lemke-to-script-exclusive-1201294338 |access-date=September 4, 2014 |work=Variety}}</ref> his villainous role for ''[[Shazam! (film)|Shazam!]]'' was reworked into two separate films.<ref>{{cite web |last=Fleming |first=Mike Jr. |date=January 19, 2017 |title=Shazam! To Split Into Two Films: Dwayne Johnson To Star As 'Black Adam' |url=https://deadline.com/2017/01/shazan-dwayne-johnson-black-adam-1201889902/}}</ref> Johnson did not appear in ''Shazam!'', but he served as a producer and his likeness was used through special effects in flashback scenes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 21, 2017 |title=Dwayne Johnson Won't Appear in 'Shazam!,' DC's Geoff Johns Says |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/dwayne-johnson-wont-appear-shazam-dcs-geoff-johns-says-1023348 |website=The Hollywood Reporter}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=May 26, 2015 |title=Dwayne Johnson Hints 'Shazam' Might Release Sooner than Announced |url=https://www.comingsoon.net/movies/news/608405-dwayne-johnson-hints-shazam-might-release-sooner-announced#! |access-date=November 12, 2016 |website=ComingSoon.net}}</ref>

==Business career==
In March 2020, Johnson launched Teremana [[Tequila]], which sold 600,000 nine-litre cases in its first year<ref>{{Cite news |last=de Semlyen |first=Phil |date=January 6, 2022 |title=Dwayne Johnson is breaking all records with his new booze brand |url=https://www.timeout.com/news/dwayne-johnson-is-breaking-all-records-with-his-new-booze-brand-010622 |access-date=November 27, 2022 |work=Time Out}}</ref> and is valued at approximately {{USD|3.5 billion|long=no}}.<ref>{{Cite web |date=February 1, 2024 |title=Dwayne 'The Rock' Johnson Is Expected To Become A Billionaire From His Tequila Brand Valued At Around $3.5 Billion |url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/dwayne-rock-johnson-expected-become-185923185.html |access-date=March 29, 2024 |website=Yahoo Finance}}</ref>

[[File:230513-A-WN705-091 (53006531296) (1).jpg|thumb|Johnson presenting the [[2023 XFL Championship]] trophy]]

In August 2020, Johnson along with several partners and investors—including [[RedBird Capital Partners]]—purchased the [[XFL (2020–2023)|XFL]] for {{USD|15 million|long=no}}. Within months, Johnson announced plans for the relaunch of the league in spring 2022. While the launch was delayed a year, the first games of 2023 kicked off on time.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 1, 2023 |title=Dwayne 'The Rock' Johnson Is Reviving The XFL With $15 million Bet On The Future Of Football |url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/dwayne-rock-johnson-reviving-xfl-224720501.html |access-date=February 2, 2024 |website=Yahoo Finance}}</ref> After a successful 2023 season, the XFL and [[United States Football League]] announced their intent to merge into a single league. On December 31, 2023, it was announced that the new merged league would be called the [[United Football League (2024)|United Football League]] (UFL).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dixon |first=Ed |date=January 2, 2024 |title=XFL and USFL merge to form new UFL spring football league |url=https://www.sportspromedia.com/news/xfl-usfl-merger-ufl-united-football-league-teams-2024-season/ |access-date=February 2, 2024 |website=SportsPro}}</ref> The league would feature 8 teams and start on March 30, 2024. Johnson, along with [[Dany Garcia]], and RedBird Capital Partners own 50% of the UFL together under XFL Properties LLC.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Weprin |first=Alex |date=December 31, 2023 |title=Combined XFL and USFL to be Called UFL, Will Air Games on Fox and ESPN Platforms Starting in 2024 |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/business/business-news/new-football-league-ufl-created-xfl-usfl-merger-2024-launch-1235777227/ |access-date=February 2, 2024 |website=The Hollywood Reporter}}</ref>

On January 23, 2024, Johnson joined the [[TKO Group Holdings]] board of directors. In the process, he obtained full ownership over his trademarked name "The Rock", which was owned by WWE.<ref name="espntko">{{cite web |last=Raimondi |first=Marc |date=January 23, 2024 |title='The Rock' joins UFC, WWE's TKO Group board |url=https://www.espn.com/mma/story/_/id/39368338/the-rock-appointed-ufc-wwe-tko-group-board-directors |access-date=January 23, 2024 |website=ESPN}}</ref><ref name="boardappoint">{{cite news |date=January 23, 2024 |title=TKO Appoints Dwayne Johnson to Board of Directors |url=https://investor.tkogrp.com/news/news-details/2024/TKO-Appoints-Dwayne-Johnson-to-Board-of-Directors/default.aspx |accessdate=January 23, 2024 |publisher=TKO}}</ref><ref name="boardappointment">{{cite news |last=Goldsmith |first=Jill |date=January 23, 2024 |title=Dwayne 'The Rock' Johnson Joins Board Of TKO, Secures Full Ownership Of Trademarked Name |url=https://deadline.com/2024/01/dwayne-the-rock-johnson-joins-tko-board-ownership-trademarked-name-1235801443/ |access-date=January 23, 2024 |publisher=Deadline Hollywood}}</ref> As part of the settlement, Johnson signed a new services and merchandising agreement with WWE.<ref name="boardappoint" /><ref name="boardappointment" /><ref>{{cite news |last=Otterson |first=Joe |date=January 23, 2024 |title=Dwayne Johnson Named Board Member of WWE Parent TKO Group, Granted Full Ownership of 'The Rock' Trademark |url=https://variety.com/2024/tv/news/dwayne-the-rock-johnson-board-member-wwe-tko-group-1235882746/ |accessdate=January 23, 2024 |publisher=Variety}}</ref>

== Other work ==
In 2000, Johnson published his autobiography, ''The Rock Says...'', co-written with Joe Layden. It debuted at No. 1 on [[The New York Times Best Seller list|''The New York Times'' Best Seller list]] and remained on the list for several weeks.<ref name="bestseller" /> In 2013, Johnson hosted and produced the [[TNT (American TV network)|TNT]] reality competition series ''[[The Hero (2013 TV series)|The Hero]]''.<ref name="WrapGilman" /><ref name=":3" /> In 2014, he hosted another TNT reality series, ''Wake Up Call''.<ref name="auto" /> In 2019, Johnson started hosting the [[NBC]] competition series ''[[The Titan Games]]''.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Titan Games |url=https://www.nbc.com/the-titan-games |website=Nbc.com}}</ref>

In March 2016, Johnson partnered with American fitness apparel manufacturer [[Under Armour]] to release "Project Rock".<ref>{{cite news |date=March 3, 2016 |title=Dwayne "The Rock" Johnson Launches "Project Rock," His New Signature Line of Under Armour Gear |url=http://www.mensfitness.com/life/gearandtech/dwayne-rock-johnson-launches-project-rock-his-new-signature-line-under-armour-gear |access-date=November 12, 2016 |website=Mensfitness.com}}</ref> The first item in his partnership with Under Armour, a gym bag, sold out in a couple of days.<ref>{{cite web |last=Menapace |first=Brendan |date=March 22, 2016 |title=Under Armour, Dwayne 'The Rock' Johnson Sell Out of Gym Merch – Promo Marketing |url=http://magazine.promomarketing.com/article/dwayne-the-rock-johnson-teams-up-with-under-armour/ |access-date=November 12, 2016 |website=Promomarketing.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Gustashaw |first=Megan |date=March 4, 2016 |title=The Rock Designed a Gym Bag to Help Guys Everywhere Get Swole |url=https://www.gq.com/story/the-rock-gym-bag-under-armour-workout-gear |access-date=November 12, 2016 |website=Gq.com}}</ref> His second item, a black T-shirt sporting his signature "Brahma bull", sold out after being worn at WrestleMania 32.<ref>{{cite web |last=Sozzi |first=Brian |date=April 8, 2016 |title='The Rock' proves again he can sell tons of Under Armour swag. |url=https://www.thestreet.com/story/13521340/1/the-rock-proves-again-he-can-sell-tons-af-under-armour-swag.html |access-date=November 12, 2016 |website=Thestreet.com}}</ref> Johnson also released an alarm clock app as part of "Project Rock" that received more than one million downloads in its first week of release.<ref>{{cite web |date=May 7, 2016 |title=WWE News: The Rock's Alarm Clock App Breaks 1 Million Downloads, Owen Hart's Birthday Today |url=http://411mania.com/wrestling/wwe-news-the-rocks-alarm-clock-app-breaks-1-million-downloads-owen-harts-birthday-today/ |access-date=November 12, 2016 |website=411mania.com}}</ref> Since then, they have released sneakers, headphones, and other apparel.<ref>{{cite web |title=Project Rock T-Shirts & Gear |url=https://www.underarmour.com/en-us/project-rock/g/32k2 |access-date=April 19, 2019 |website=Under Armour®}}</ref>

In 2016, Johnson started his YouTube channel. His first video, ''The YouTube Factory'', featured online personality [[Lilly Singh]] and several other internet stars.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dry |first=Jude |date=July 18, 2016 |title=The Rock Just Launched a YouTube Channel, And He's Asking Social Media Stars To Help Him Find His Edge |url=https://www.indiewire.com/2016/07/the-rock-new-youtube-channel-lilly-singh-social-media-1201707104/ |access-date=March 26, 2023 |work=[[IndieWire]]}}</ref> In 2019, Johnson announced he would launch a competitive bodybuilding show, "Athleticon", with his business partner and ex-wife, [[Dany Garcia]]. It is set to rival other long-standing bodybuilding shows such as [[Arnold Sports Festival|The Arnold Classic]] and [[Mr. Olympia|Joe Weider's Mr. Olympia]].<ref name="shoshannac">{{Cite web |last=shoshannac |date=September 17, 2019 |title=Athleticon Is Coming to Shake Up the Bodybuilding and Fitness World |url=https://www.bodybuilding.com/content/athleticon-is-coming-to-shake-up-the-bodybuilding-and-fitness-world.html |access-date=October 21, 2019 |website=Bodybuilding.com}}</ref> The show was set to debut in October 2020 in [[Atlanta, Georgia]], but plans were disrupted by the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref name="shoshannac" />

A fan of the rapper [[Tech N9ne]],<ref>{{cite web |date=March 8, 2017 |title=Watch: "The Rock's Ultimate Workout" Features Music From Tech N9ne |url=https://www.strangemusicinc.com/2017/03/tech-n9ne/rocks-ultimate-tech-n9ne/ |website=StrangeMusicInc.com}}</ref> Johnson is featured on the song "[[Face Off (Tech N9ne song)|Face Off]]" from the rapper's 2021 album ''[[Asin9ne]]''.<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Dwayne Johnson makes his rap debut with 'Face Off' — even if fans don't believe it's his first |url=https://ew.com/music/dwayne-johnson-rap-song-face-off-tech-n9ne-video/ |magazine=Entertainment Weekly}}</ref>

==Activism and philanthropy==
===Politics===
As part of WWE's non-partisan "Smackdown Your Vote" campaign aiming to encourage young people to vote,<ref>{{cite web |title=Smackdown Your Vote! Announces New Members, WWF Superstar Kurt Angle Named Honorary Chairman. |url=http://www.allbusiness.com/government/elections-politics-campaigns-elections/6040691-1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511213126/http://www.allbusiness.com/government/elections-politics-campaigns-elections/6040691-1.html |archive-date=May 11, 2011 |access-date=May 27, 2009}}.</ref> Johnson had a speaking role at the [[2000 Republican National Convention]]<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Nwanevu |first=Osita |date=July 19, 2016 |title=Watch the Rock's Very Odd Speech at the 2000 Republican Convention |url=http://www.slate.com/blogs/the_slatest/2016/07/19/the_rock_at_the_2000_republican_national_convention.html |access-date=September 11, 2016 |magazine=The Slate |location=New York City}}</ref> and attended the [[2000 Democratic National Convention]] less than two weeks later.<ref>{{cite news |last=Hubbard |first=Alan |date=October 15, 2000 |title=Rock in the Hardest Place |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/general/rock-in-the-hardest-place-637073.html |access-date=May 27, 2009 |work=The Independent |location=London}}</ref>

Johnson voted for [[Barack Obama]] in [[2008 United States presidential election|2008]] and [[2012 United States presidential election|2012]],<ref name="RS2018">{{cite magazine |last=Eells |first=Josh |date=April 4, 2018 |title=Dwayne Johnson: The Pain and the Passion That Fuel the Rock |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/movies/movie-features/dwayne-johnson-the-pain-and-the-passion-that-fuel-the-rock-630076/ |access-date=March 17, 2021 |magazine=[[Rolling Stone]]}}</ref> but did not vote in [[2016 United States presidential election|2016]],<ref>{{cite web |date=April 5, 2018 |title=Dwayne 'The Rock' Johnson Admits He Didn't Vote for Trump or Hillary in 2016: I Wanted 'Someone Else' |url=https://www.mediaite.com/entertainment/dwayne-the-rock-johnson-admits-he-didnt-vote-for-trump-or-hillary-in-2016-i-wanted-someone-else/ |access-date=April 27, 2019 |website=[[Mediaite]]}}</ref> and was an [[independent voter]] {{as of|2017|lc=y}}.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Sirota |first1=Peggy |last2=Weaver |first2=Caity |date=May 10, 2017 |title=Dwayne Johnson for President! |url=https://www.gq.com/story/dwayne-johnson-for-president-cover |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190611153935/https://www.gq.com/story/dwayne-johnson-for-president-cover |archive-date=June 11, 2019 |access-date=May 12, 2017 |work=[[GQ]]}}</ref> He endorsed [[Joe Biden]] in [[2020 United States presidential election|2020]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mizoguchi |first=Karen |date=September 27, 2020 |title=Dwayne Johnson Endorses Presidential Candidate for First Time, Supports Joe Biden and Kamala Harris |url=https://people.com/politics/dwayne-johnson-endorses-joe-biden-kamala-harris/ |access-date=September 27, 2020 |work=[[People (magazine)|People]]}}</ref> but told [[Fox News]] in an April 2024 interview that he regretted the decision due to it causing "division" and refused to endorse anyone in [[2024 United States presidential election|2024]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharf |first=Zack |date=April 5, 2024 |title=Dwayne Johnson Says Endorsing Biden for President in 2020 Caused Division That 'Tears Me Up in My Guts' and Today's 'Woke Culture' Really 'Bugs Me' |url=https://variety.com/2024/tv/news/dwayne-the-rock-johnson-biden-no-endorsement-2024-election-1235961800/ |access-date=April 5, 2024 |website=Variety}}</ref>

Johnson has expressed interest in running for president, telling ''[[USA Today]]'' in February 2021 that he would "consider a presidential run in the future if that's what the people wanted".<ref>{{cite news |last=Smith |first=Ryan |date=October 25, 2021 |title=Dwayne Johnson Shares 'Honest Feelings' on Running for President |url=https://www.newsweek.com/dwayne-johnson-rock-running-president-republicans-democrats-election-poll-1642097 |access-date=February 4, 2024 |work=Newsweek}}</ref> Following an online poll which found that 46% of Americans would consider voting for Johnson in an election, he told ''[[Today (American TV program)|Today]]'' in April 2021, "I do have that goal to unite our country and I also feel that if this is what the people want, then I will do that".<ref>{{cite news |date=April 12, 2021 |title=The Rock for president? I'll run if the people want it, says Dwayne Johnson |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2021/apr/12/the-rock-dwayne-johnson-white-house-president |access-date=February 4, 2024 |newspaper=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref>

===Charity===
Johnson has worked with the [[Make-A-Wish Foundation]] on a number of occasions.<ref>{{cite web |date=September 15, 2018 |title=Dwayne Johnson Inspired by Make-A-Wish Kids on Disney's 'Jungle Cruise' Set |url=https://comicbook.com/movies/2018/09/16/dwayne-rock-johnson-disney-jungle-cruise-make-a-wish-kids/ |access-date=April 19, 2019 |website=Movies}}</ref> In 2021, Johnson dedicated his [[People's Choice Award]] to an Armenian cancer survivor.<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 8, 2021 |title=There's No Doubt Dwayne Johnson Is the People's Champ After Gifting Award to Make-a-Wish Recipient |url=https://www.eonline.com/news/1311489/theres-no-doubt-dwayne-johnson-is-the-peoples-champ-after-gifting-award-to-make-a-wish-recipient |access-date=August 23, 2025 |website=E! Online}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=This People's Champ Award is for you, Shushan |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/CX4wPgDpJCO/?igsh=NTc4MTIwNjQ2YQ== |access-date=August 23, 2025 |website=www.instagram.com}}</ref>

In 2006, Johnson founded the Dwayne Johnson Rock Foundation, a charity working with at-risk and [[terminally ill]] children.<ref>{{cite web |year=2006 |title=DJ Rock Foundation: Mission Statement |url=http://www.djrockfoundation.org/mission.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080305152513/http://www.djrockfoundation.org/mission.php |archive-date=March 5, 2008 |access-date=June 4, 2007 |publisher=DJ Rock Foundation.org}}</ref> In 2007, he and his then-wife, [[Dany Garcia]], donated {{USD|1 million|long=no}} to the [[University of Miami]] to support the renovation of its football facilities; the university renamed the [[Miami Hurricanes]]' locker room in his honor.<ref>{{cite news |last=Schwartz |first=Nick |title=Miami unveils football locker room dedicated to The Rock |url=http://ftw.usatoday.com/2013/08/miami-dedicates-football-locker-room-to-the-rock |access-date=September 11, 2014 |agency=For The Win}}</ref>

In 2015, actress [[Michelle Trachtenberg]] tagged Johnson in a [[Twitter|tweet]] about an abandoned dog that her local shelter had rescued and named after him, prompting him to donate {{USD|1,500|long=no}} to the [[GoFundMe]] for the dog's lifesaving surgery.<ref>{{cite web |date=December 2, 2015 |title=He's a Pawller! Dwayne Johnson drops $1,500 to save orphaned puppy's life |url=https://www.today.com/news/dwayne-rock-johnson-donates-1-500-save-abandoned-puppys-life-t59286 |access-date=April 19, 2019 |website=TODAY.com}}</ref> In 2017, he donated {{USD|25,000|long=no}} to [[Hurricane Harvey]] relief efforts.<ref>{{cite web |date=August 29, 2017 |title=Dwayne Johnson donates thousands to aid Hurricane Harvey recovery efforts |url=https://abc7.com/2354563/ |access-date=April 19, 2019 |website=ABC7 Los Angeles}}</ref> In 2018, he donated a gym to a military base in [[Marine Corps Base Hawaii|Oahu, Hawaii]].<ref>{{cite web |title=@therock on Instagram: "Cool update on Armed Forces Day. I was able to donate an entire gym to a military base that's very close to my heart." |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/Bi-NSa4l5NS/ |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/instagram/therock/1782920942907265874 |archive-date=December 23, 2021 |access-date=April 19, 2019 |website=Instagram}}{{cbignore}}</ref> After the [[2018 Hawaii floods]], he worked with the nonprofit organization Malama Kauai to help repair flood damage.<ref>{{cite web |date=May 16, 2018 |title='Stay strong, Kauai': 'The Rock' asks for donations for flood-ravaged Kauai |url=http://www.hawaiinewsnow.com/story/38196642/stay-strong-kauai-the-rock-asks-for-donations-for-flood-ravaged-kauai |access-date=April 19, 2019 |website=hawaiinewsnow.com}}</ref>

Johnson made a seven-figure donation to the [[SAG-AFTRA Foundation]] during the [[2023 SAG-AFTRA strike]], which foundation president [[Courtney B. Vance]] cited as the largest single donation that the foundation had ever received from one individual at one time.<ref>{{cite web |last=Jackson |first=Angelique |date=July 24, 2023 |title=Dwayne Johnson Contributes 'Historic' Donation to SAG-AFTRA Foundation Relief Fund, Says President Courtney B. Vance: 'It's a Call to Arms for All of Us' (Exclusive) |url=https://variety.com/2023/film/news/dwayne-johnson-donation-sag-aftra-foundation-strike-relief-fund-1235678671/ |access-date=July 25, 2023 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|variety.com]] |publisher=[[Penske Media Corporation]]}}</ref> The following month, Johnson and [[Oprah Winfrey]] announced the creation of the People's Fund of Maui in response to the [[2023 Hawaii wildfires]] and asked people to donate.<ref name="peoplesfund">{{cite magazine |last=Batey |first=Eve |date=October 8, 2023 |title="I get it": The Rock Understands Why You're Mad That He Asked For Maui Donations |url=https://www.vanityfair.com/style/2023/10/dwayne-the-rock-johnson-maui-fund-apology |access-date=November 3, 2024 |magazine=Vanity Fair}}</ref> They also donated {{USD|5 million|long=no}} each to it.<ref name="peoplesfund" /> The announcement received backlash from fans, who criticized Johnson and Oprah for requesting donations while having [[net worth]]s of {{USD|800 million|long=no}} and {{USD|2.5 billion|long=no}} respectively; Johnson apologized in October.<ref name="peoplesfund" />

==Personal life==
In 2009, Johnson obtained [[Canadian citizenship]] through his father's birth and citizenship there.<ref name="604now">{{Cite news |last=Gill |first=Meagan |date=June 13, 2017 |title=Proud of Canadian roots: Dwayne "The Rock" Johnson holds dual-citizenship |url=https://604now.com/canadian-roots-the-rock-dual-citizenship/ |access-date=July 12, 2019 |work=604 now}}</ref> In 2017, he had the small "Brahma bull" tattoo on his right arm covered with a larger [[Sleeve tattoo|half-sleeve tattoo]] of a bull's skull.<ref>{{Cite web |title=@therock on Instagram: "After approximately 30 hours of tattooing (4 sessions) with my good bud and iconic artist @nikkohurtado, the story of my skull is complete.…" |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/Bb_dn43lA7E/ |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/instagram/therock/1657173472366038724 |archive-date=December 23, 2021 |access-date=June 20, 2018 |website=Instagram}}{{cbignore}}
</ref>

Johnson is a supporter of the [[Samoa national rugby league team]], and publicly pledged his support to the team during the [[2021 Rugby League World Cup]] when the team made the finals for the first time.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Proszenko |first=Adrian |date=November 18, 2022 |title='Make history': The Rock urges Samoa to take World Cup fight to Kangaroos |url=https://www.smh.com.au/sport/nrl/make-history-the-rock-urges-samoa-to-take-world-cup-fight-to-kangaroos-20221118-p5bzeg.html |access-date=November 5, 2023 |website=The Sydney Morning Herald}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=November 19, 2022 |title='This is a big deal': The Rock, NFL star QB deliver epic speeches to Samoa ahead of World Cup final |url=https://www.foxsports.com.au/nrl/nrl-premiership/this-is-a-big-deal-the-rock-delivers-epic-speech-to-samoa-ahead-of-world-cup-final/news-story/5e251863b8f57e8df327dd91141f9a2e |access-date=November 5, 2023 |website=Fox Sports}}</ref>

Johnson has experienced [[Major depressive episode|multiple episodes of depression]], beginning in his college years. He has spoken publicly about the importance of seeking help and being open about mental health struggles, advocating for increased awareness and support.<ref>{{cite news |last=Valdez |first=Jonah |date=May 15, 2023 |title=Dwayne Johnson opens up about his experience with depression |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/movies/story/2023-05-15/dwayne-johnson-depression-mental-health |access-date=May 22, 2024 |newspaper=Los Angeles Times}}</ref>

===Relationships===
Johnson first met [[Dany Garcia]] when they were both [[University of Miami]] students in the early 1990s. They married on May 3, 1997. She is a businesswoman, [[International Fitness and Bodybuilding Federation]] professional bodybuilder, and producer.<ref name="split" /> They have one child, [[Ava (wrestler)|Simone]], a daughter, who was born August 14, 2001, in [[Davie, Florida]].<ref name="split" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=FitzPatrick |first=Hayley |date=August 14, 2019 |title=Dwayne Johnson's heartfelt post to his daughter on her 18th birthday will make you want to call your dad |url=https://goodmorningamerica.com/culture/story/dwayne-johnsons-heartfelt-post-daughter-18th-birthday-make-64965303 |access-date=February 12, 2020 |website=ABC News}}</ref>

In 2003, Johnson got a partial Samoan [[Peʻa]] tattoo on his left side.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tahiti Tatou |url=http://www.tahititatou.com/therock-engl_2.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041010163000/http://www.tahititatou.com/therock-engl_2.html |archive-date=October 10, 2004 |access-date=December 7, 2007}}</ref> In August 2004, in recognition of his service to the [[Samoan people]], and because he is a descendant of Samoan chiefs, Johnson was given the noble title ''Seiuli'', meaning the son of Malietoa [''Alo o Malietoa''], by [[Malietoa Tanumafili II]] during his visit there.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Rock's Royal Homecoming |url=http://www.pacificmagazine.net/issue/2004/10/01/the-rocks-royal-homecoming |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927175415/http://www.pacificmagazine.net/issue/2004/10/01/the-rocks-royal-homecoming |archive-date=September 27, 2007 |access-date=May 13, 2008 |work=Pacific Magazine}}</ref>

On June 1, 2007, Johnson and Garcia announced they were separating amicably.<ref name="split">{{cite magazine |last=Jordan |first=Julie |date=June 1, 2007 |title=Dwayne 'The Rock' Johnson & Wife Split Up |url=https://people.com/celebrity/dwayne-the-rock-johnson-wife-split-up/ |access-date=June 4, 2007 |magazine=[[People (magazine)|People]]}}</ref> The divorce was finalized in May 2008.<ref>{{cite web |last=Finn |first=Natalie |date=May 30, 2008 |title=The Rock's Divorce Solidifies |url=https://www.eonline.com/news/1494/the-rock-s-divorce-solidifies |access-date=September 23, 2020}}</ref>

In 2007, Johnson began dating Lauren Hashian, the daughter of [[Sib Hashian]], the drummer for the band [[Boston (band)|Boston]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hurtado |first=Alexandra |date=April 19, 2021 |title=Meet the Woman Who Got a Rock from Dwayne Johnson, Lauren Hashian |url=https://parade.com/1196322/alexandra-hurtado/dwayne-johnson-wife-lauren-hashian/ |access-date=January 25, 2023 |website=Parade: Entertainment, Recipes, Health, Life, Holidays}}</ref> They met in 2006 while Johnson was filming ''[[The Game Plan (film)|The Game Plan]]''.<ref name="Lauren Hashian 5 things">{{cite web |last=Brow |first=Jason |date=September 17, 2015 |title=Lauren Hashian: 5 Things To Know About The Rock's Pregnant Girlfriend |url=http://hollywoodlife.com/2015/09/17/lauren-hashian-5-things-to-know-about-the-rock-girlfriend-dwayne-johnson/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151012010502/http://hollywoodlife.com/2015/09/17/lauren-hashian-5-things-to-know-about-the-rock-girlfriend-dwayne-johnson/ |archive-date=October 12, 2015 |access-date=October 13, 2015 |work=[[Hollywood Life]]}}</ref> On August 18, 2019, Johnson and Hashian married in Hawaii.<ref>:{{Cite web |title=@therock on Instagram: "We do. August 18th, 2019. Hawaii. Pōmaikaʻi (blessed) @laurenhashianofficial @hhgarcia41" |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/B1V5m7WFfUy/ |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/instagram/therock/2113848963832870194_2113848961492434793 |archive-date=December 23, 2021 |website=Instagram}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=August 19, 2019 |title=Dwayne The Rock Johnson Marries Longtime Partner Laura Hashian in Secret Hawaiian Wedding, See Pics |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/dwayne-the-rock-johnson-marries-longtime-partner-laura-hashian-in-secret-hawaiian-wedding-see-pics-2275743.html |access-date=August 19, 2019 |work=News18}}</ref> They have two daughters, Jasmine and Tiana,<ref>{{Citation |title=Dwayne Johnson's 3 Kids: All About Simone, Jasmine and Tiana |year=2023 |url=https://people.com/parents/all-about-dwayne-johnson-children/ |access-date=December 26, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last=Zauzmer |first=Emily |date=December 17, 2018 |title=Dwayne 'The Rock' Johnson's Daughter Jasmine Turns 3 — See Her Parents' Birthday Tributes |url=https://people.com/parents/dwayne-johnson-the-rock-daughter-jasmine-3rd-birthday-wishes/ |access-date=August 19, 2019 |magazine=[[People (magazine)|People]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Dwayne Johnson's Daughter Tiana Turns 2! 'Sweetest Baby Girl in the Whole World,' Lauren Hashian Says |url=https://people.com/parents/dwayne-johnson-lauren-hashian-daughter-tiana-turns-2/ |website=People}}</ref> and live in Los Angeles. They also maintain a farm in [[Virginia]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=February 7, 2019 |title=One good thing Virginia has going for it this week? The Rock. |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/arts-entertainment/2019/02/07/one-good-thing-virginia-has-going-it-this-week-rock/ |access-date=May 1, 2019 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref> and a home in [[Southwest Ranches, Florida]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wolton |first=Rebbekka |date=October 10, 2018 |title=Taking a look inside The Rock's luxurious $5 million mansion |url=http://www.sportsretriever.com/stories/look-inside-the-rocks-amazing-mansion/ |access-date=April 25, 2019 |website=Sports Retriever}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=The Rock Moves into Southwest Ranches, Orders Big Addition |url=https://miami.curbed.com/2014/10/1/10040852/the-rock-moves-into-55m-southwest-ranches-house-immediately-orders-1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160427134850/http://miami.curbed.com/2014/10/1/10040852/the-rock-moves-into-55m-southwest-ranches-house-immediately-orders-1 |archive-date=April 27, 2016 |access-date=June 23, 2018 |work=Curbed Miami}}</ref> Jasmine and Tiana provided voices for Johnson's 2024 film ''[[Moana 2]]''.<ref>{{cite news |date=November 22, 2024 |title=Dwayne Johnson's reaction over his daughters' work in 'Moana 2' comes to light |url=https://www.geo.tv/latest/575706 |accessdate=November 22, 2024 |publisher=[[Geo News]]}}</ref>

In February 2020, [[WWE]] announced that Johnson's daughter Simone had started training at the [[WWE Performance Center]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Simone Johnson begins training at WWE Performance Center |url=https://www.wwe.com/shows/wwenxt/article/simone-johnson-wwe-performance-center |access-date=February 12, 2020 |website=WWE}}</ref> making her the first fourth-generation WWE wrestler.<ref>{{Cite news |date=February 12, 2020 |title=WWE: The Rock's daughter steps into the ring |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/newsbeat-51471305 |access-date=February 12, 2020 |work=BBC News}}</ref> On May 16, Johnson announced she had signed a contract with WWE,<ref>{{Cite news |date=May 16, 2020 |title=WATCH: The Rock on his daughter, Simone Johnson, joining WWE |url=https://wrestlingnews.co/wwe-news/watch-the-rock-on-his-daughter-simone-johnson-joining-wwe/ |newspaper=Wrestling News}}</ref> and announced in May 2022 that her ring name would be [[Ava Raine]]. She has since been appearing on the [[NXT (WWE brand)|NXT]] brand.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Callas |first1=Brad |date=May 30, 2022 |title=Dwayne 'The Rock' Johnson's Daughter Simone Responds to Backlash Over Her WWE Name |url=https://www.complex.com/sports/dwayne-the-rock-johnson-daughter-simone-responds-backlash-over-her-wwe-name |website=Complex}}</ref>

==Discography==
===Singles===
====As lead artist====
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;"
|+List of singles as lead artist, with selected chart positions
! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:14em;"| Title
! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:1em;"| Year
! colspan="2" scope="col" | Peak chart positions
! scope="col" rowspan="2"| [[List of music recording certifications|Certifications]]
! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:14em;"| Album
|-
! scope="col" style="width:2.5em;font-size:90%;"| [[Billboard Hot 100|US]] <ref name="us">Peaks on the ''Billboard'' Hot 100:
* "You're Welcome": {{cite magazine |last1=Anderson |first1=Trevor |date=December 7, 2016 |title=Thanks to 'Moana,' Dwayne 'The Rock' Johnson Debuts on Hot 100 |url=https://www.billboard.com/pro/dwayne-the-rock-johnson-moana-soundtrack-youre-welcome-hot-100/ |access-date=October 11, 2021 |magazine=Billboard}}</ref>
! scope="col" style="width:2.5em;font-size:90%;"| [[Canadian Hot 100|CAN]] <ref name="can">Peaks on the Canadian Hot 100:
* "You're Welcome": {{cite magazine |title=Chart Search: Dwayne Johnson, CAN, You're Welcome |url=https://www.billboard.com/charts/search?artistname=dwayne+johnson&charttitle=you%27re+welcome&label=&chartcode=CAN&chart_date= |access-date=October 11, 2021 |magazine=Billboard}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| "You're Welcome"
| 2016
| 83 || 85
|
* [[RIAA]]: 6× Platinum<ref name="riaa">{{cite web |title=Gold & Platinum - RIAA |url=https://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/?tab_active=default-award&se=dwayne+johnson#search_section |access-date=October 11, 2021 |website=RIAA |publisher=Recording Industry Association of America}}</ref>
* [[British Phonographic Industry|BPI]]: 3× Platinum<ref name="bpi">{{cite certification|artist=Dwayne Johnson|title=You're Welcome|id=14623-4527-1|access-date=January 14, 2025|region=United Kingdom}}</ref>
| ''[[Moana (soundtrack)|Moana: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack]]''
|}

====As featured artist====
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;"
|+List of singles as featured artist, with selected chart positions
! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:14em;"| Title
! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:1em;"| Year
! colspan="3" scope="col" | Peak chart positions
! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:14em;"| Album
|-
! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"| [[Bubbling Under Hot 100|US Bub.]] <ref>{{cite magazine |title=Tech N9ne Chart History: Bubbling Under Hot 100 |url=https://www.billboard.com/artist/tech-n9ne/chart-history/hbu/ |access-date=October 18, 2021 |magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]}}</ref>
! scope="col" style="width:2.5em;font-size:90%;"| [[Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs|US R&B /HH]] <ref name="ushh">Peaks on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart:
* "It Doesn't Matter": {{cite magazine |title=Wyclef Jean Chart History: Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs |url=https://www.billboard.com/artist/wyclef-jean/chart-history/bsi/ |access-date=October 11, 2021 |magazine=Billboard}}
* "Face Off": {{cite magazine |title=Tech N9ne Chart History: Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs |url=https://www.billboard.com/artist/tech-n9ne/chart-history/can/ |access-date=October 18, 2021 |magazine=Billboard}}</ref>
! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"| [[Canadian Hot 100|CAN]] <ref>{{cite magazine |title=Tech N9ne Chart History: Canadian Hot 100 |url=https://www.billboard.com/artist/tech-n9ne/chart-history/can/ |access-date=October 18, 2021 |magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| "[[It Doesn't Matter (Wyclef Jean song)|It Doesn't Matter]]" {{small|([[Wyclef Jean]] featuring the Rock and [[Melky Sedeck]])}}
| 2000
| — || 80 || —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"It Doesn't Matter" did not enter the [[Canadian Hot 100]], but peaked at number eight on the Hot Canadian Digital Singles chart.<ref name="CANDigital">{{cite magazine |title=Wyclef Jean Chart History: Hot Canadian Digital Song Sales |url=https://www.billboard.com/artist/wyclef-jean/chart-history/cns/ |access-date=October 11, 2021 |magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]}}</ref>}}
| ''[[The Ecleftic: 2 Sides II a Book]]''
|-
! scope="row"| "[[Face Off (Tech N9ne song)|Face Off]]" {{small|([[Tech N9ne]] featuring Joey Cool, [[King Iso]], and Dwayne Johnson)}}<ref name="V-20211008">{{cite web |author=Wagmeister, Elizabeth |date=October 8, 2021 |title=Dwayne 'The Rock' Johnson on his historic rap debut (Exclusive) |url=https://variety.com/2021/music/news/dwayne-johnson-the-rock-tech9-rap-song-face-off-1235084297/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211009043659/https://variety.com/2021/music/news/dwayne-johnson-the-rock-tech9-rap-song-face-off-1235084297/ |archive-date=October 9, 2021 |access-date=October 9, 2021 |work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}</ref>
| 2021
| 4 || 45 || 77
| ''[[Asin9ne]]''
|}

== Championships and accomplishments ==
[[File:WWE Champion The Rock 2013.jpg|thumb|upright=1|180px|The Rock in [[Nashville]] during his eighth and to date last [[WWE Championship]] reign, February 2013]]
[[File:Intercontinental Champion THE ROCK b.jpg|right|upright=1|thumb|180px|The Rock at ''Mayhem in Manchester'' in [[Manchester]], England, during one of his two [[WWE Intercontinental Championship|Intercontinental Championship]] reigns, April 1998]]
* '''''[[Pro Wrestling Illustrated]]'''''
** [[List of Pro Wrestling Illustrated awards#Match of the Year|Match of the Year]] (1999) {{small|vs. [[Mick Foley|Mankind]] in an [["I Quit" match]] at [[Royal Rumble (1999)|Royal Rumble]]}}<ref name="PWI Awards">{{Cite web |title=PWI Awards |url=http://www.pwi-online.com/pages/PWIawards.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160121172943/http://www.pwi-online.com/pages/PWIawards.html |archive-date=January 21, 2016 |access-date=December 4, 2016 |work=[[Pro Wrestling Illustrated]] |publisher=[[Kappa Publishing Group]]}}</ref><ref name="pwimatchofyear">{{cite web |title=Pro Wrestling Illustrated Award Winners – Match of the Year |url=http://www.100megsfree4.com/wiawrestling/pages/pwi/pwimoty.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080415152012/http://www.100megsfree4.com/wiawrestling/pages/pwi/pwimoty.htm |archive-date=April 15, 2008 |access-date=May 12, 2008 |publisher=Wrestling Information Archive}}</ref>
** Match of the Year (2002) {{small|vs. [[Hollywood Hulk Hogan]] at [[WrestleMania X8]]}}<ref name="PWI Awards" /><ref name="pwimatchofyear" />
** [[List of Pro Wrestling Illustrated awards#Most Popular Wrestler of the Year|Most Popular Wrestler of the Year]] (1999, 2000)<ref name="PWI Awards" />
** [[List of Pro Wrestling Illustrated awards#Wrestler of the Year|Wrestler of the Year]] (2000)<ref name="PWI Awards" />
** Ranked No. 2 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the ''[[PWI 500]]'' in 2000<ref>{{cite web |title=Pro Wrestling Illustrated (PWI) 500 for 2000 |url=http://profightdb.com/pwi-500/2000.html |access-date=December 4, 2016 |publisher=Internet Wrestling Database}}</ref>
*'''[[Sports Illustrated]]'''
**Ranked No. 3 of the 20 Greatest WWE Wrestlers Of All Time <ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Pullar III |first1=Sid |date=September 30, 2024 |title=20 Greatest WWE Wrestlers Of All Time |url=https://www.si.com/fannation/wrestling/features/10-greatest-wwe-wrestlers-of-all-time |access-date=November 26, 2024 |magazine=Sports Illustrated}}</ref>
* '''[[United States Wrestling Association]]'''
** [[USWA World Tag Team Championship]] ([[USWA World Tag Team Championship#Title history|2 times]]) – with [[Bart Sawyer]]<ref name="uswatag">{{cite web |title=USWA World Tag Team Title History |url=http://www.solie.org/titlehistories/ttuswa.html |access-date=March 21, 2008 |publisher=Solie's Title Histories}}</ref>
* '''''[[Wrestling Observer Newsletter]]'''''
** [[List of Wrestling Observer Newsletter awards#Best Box Office Draw|Best Box Office Draw]] (2000, 2011, 2012)<ref name="won10">{{cite journal |last=Meltzer |first=Dave |author-link=Dave Meltzer |date=January 26, 2011 |title=Biggest issue of the year: The 2011 Wrestling Observer Newsletter Awards Issue |location=Campbell, CA |pages=1–40 |issn=1083-9593 |periodical=[[Wrestling Observer Newsletter]]}}</ref><ref name="won11">{{cite magazine |last=Meltzer |first=Dave |author-link=Dave Meltzer |date=January 30, 2012 |title=Jan 30 Wrestling Observer Newsletter: Gigantic year-end awards issue, best and worst in all categories plus UFC on FX 1, death of Savannah Jack, ratings, tons and tons of news |magazine=[[Wrestling Observer Newsletter]] |location=Campbell, CA |issn=1083-9593}}</ref><ref name="won12">{{cite magazine |last=Meltzer |first=Dave |author-link=Dave Meltzer |date=January 23, 2013 |title=The 2012 Wrestling Observer Newsletter Annual Awards Issue |url=http://www.f4wonline.com/component/content/article/110-wrestling-observer-newsletter/29425-the-2012-wrestling-observer-newsletter-annual-awards-issue |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200425050241/https://www.f4wonline.com/ |archive-date=April 25, 2020 |access-date=January 24, 2013 |magazine=[[Wrestling Observer Newsletter]] |location=[[Campbell, California]] |issn=1083-9593}}</ref>
** [[List of Wrestling Observer Newsletter awards#Best Gimmick|Best Gimmick]] (1999)<ref name="won10"/>
** [[List of Wrestling Observer Newsletter awards#Best on Interviews|Best on Interviews]] (1999, 2000)<ref name="won10"/>
** [[List of Wrestling Observer Newsletter awards#Most Charismatic|Most Charismatic]] (1999–2002, 2011, 2012, 2024)<ref name="won10"/><ref name="won11" /><ref name="won12" /><ref name="Melz24">{{cite web |last1=Meltzer |first1=Dave |date=February 14, 2025 |title=February 17, 2025 Observer Newsletter: The 2024 Awards issue |url=https://www.f4wonline.com/wrestling-observer-newsletter/february-17-2025-observer-newsletter-the-2024-awards-issue/ |access-date=February 14, 2025 |work=Wrestling Observer Newsletter}}</ref>
** [[List of Wrestling Observer Newsletter awards#Most Improved|Most Improved]] (1998)<ref name="won10"/>
** [[Wrestling Observer Newsletter Hall of Fame]] ([[Wrestling Observer Newsletter Hall of Fame#Inductees|Class of 2007]])<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Wrestling Observer Hall of Fame |url=http://www.pwi-online.com/pages/hallofame.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151112104543/http://www.pwi-online.com/pages/hallofame.html |archive-date=November 12, 2015 |access-date=February 2, 2010 |magazine=Pro Wrestling Illustrated}}</ref>
* '''[[WWE|WWE/World Wrestling Entertainment/Federation]]'''
** [[WWE Championship]]{{efn|The title was named the WWF Championship during The Rock's first six reigns. It was known as the WWE Undisputed Championship during his seventh reign and as the WWE Championship during his eighth.}} ([[List of WWF Champions|8 times]])<ref>{{cite web |date=November 15, 1998 |title=History of WWE World Heavyweight Championship |url=http://www.wwe.com/classics/titlehistory/wwechampionship/ |work=[[WWE]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Rock's eight WWE Championship Reign |url=http://www.wwe.com/classics/titlehistory/wwechampionship/20130127-the-rock |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130131095302/http://www.wwe.com/classics/titlehistory/wwechampionship/20130127-the-rock |archive-date=January 31, 2013 |access-date=January 27, 2013 |publisher=[[WWE]]}}</ref>
** [[WCW Championship]]{{efn|The title was renamed the World Championship during his second reign.}} ([[List of WCW World Heavyweight Champions|2 times]])<ref>{{cite web |title=Rock's first WCW Championship Reign |url=http://www.wwe.com/classics/titlehistory/wcwchampionship/304454110223 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324112235/http://www.wwe.com/classics/titlehistory/wcwchampionship/304454110223 |archive-date=March 24, 2012 |access-date=August 19, 2001 |publisher=[[WWE]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Rock's second WCW Championship Reign |url=http://www.wwe.com/classics/titlehistory/wcwchampionship/30445411028 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324112301/http://www.wwe.com/classics/titlehistory/wcwchampionship/30445411028 |archive-date=March 24, 2012 |access-date=November 5, 2001 |publisher=[[WWE]]}}</ref>
** [[WWF Intercontinental Championship]] ([[List of WWE Intercontinental Champions|2 times]])<ref>{{cite web |title=WWE Intercontinental Championship official title history |url=http://www.wwe.com/inside/titlehistory/intercontinental/ |access-date=March 21, 2008 |publisher=[[WWE]]}}</ref>
** [[WWF Tag Team Championship]] ([[List of World Tag Team Champions (WWE, 1971–2010)|5 times]]) – with [[Mick Foley|Mankind]] (3), [[The Undertaker]] (1), and [[Chris Jericho]] (1)<ref>{{cite web |title=World Tag Team Championship official title history |url=http://www.wwe.com/inside/titlehistory/worldtagteam/ |access-date=March 21, 2008 |publisher=[[WWE]]}}</ref>
** [[Royal Rumble]] ([[Royal Rumble (2000)|2000]])<ref name="wwebio" />
** [[Triple Crown (professional wrestling)|Sixth Triple Crown Champion]]<ref>{{cite web |title=WWE's Triple Crown Champions |url=https://www.wwe.com/classics/wwe-triple-crown#fid-26046467 |access-date=May 8, 2019 |publisher=WWE}}</ref>
** [[List of WWE tournaments#Deadly Games WWF Championship Tournament|Deadly Games WWF Championship Tournament (1998)]]<ref>{{cite web |title=WWF Deadly Game Tournament Brackets |url=http://www.prowrestlinghistory.com/supercards/usa/wwf/titletny.html#world98 |access-date=April 20, 2007 |publisher=Pro Wrestling History}}</ref>
** [[Slammy Award]] (10 times)
*** Best Actor ([[Slammy Award#2014 Slammy Awards|2014]])<ref name="2014 Slammys">{{cite web |last=Laboon |first=Jeff |date=December 8, 2014 |title=2014 Slammy Award winners |url=http://www.wwe.com/shows/raw/2014-12-08/2014-slammy-award-winners |access-date=June 23, 2018 |publisher=[[WWE]]}}</ref>
*** Game Changer of the Year ([[Slammy Award#2011 Slammy Awards|2011]]) – with [[John Cena]]<ref>{{cite web |title=2011 Slammy Award Winners |url=http://www.wwe.com/shows/raw/2011-12-12/2011-slammy-award-winners |access-date=June 23, 2018 |publisher=[[WWE]]}}</ref>
*** Guess Who's Back or: Return of the Year (2011)<ref>{{cite web |title=WWE.com Exclusive Slammy Awards 2011 |url=http://www.wwe.com/shows/raw/2011-12-12/exclusive-slammy-awards-2011 |access-date=June 23, 2018 |publisher=[[WWE]]}}</ref>
*** LOL! Moment of the Year ([[Slammy Award#2012 Slammy Awards|2012]], [[Slammy Award#2013 Slammy Awards|2013]]) – {{small|insulting John Cena using the history of Boston, Massachusetts}}, {{small|Rock Concert on the 20th anniversary episode of ''[[WWE Raw|Raw]]''}}<ref>{{cite web |title=2012 WWE Slammy Awards and WWE.com Slammy Awards winners |url=http://www.wwe.com/shows/raw/2012-12-17/slammy-award-winners |access-date=June 23, 2018 |publisher=[[WWE]]}}</ref><ref name="2013 Slammys">{{cite web |title=2013 Slammy Award winners |url=http://www.wwe.com/shows/raw/2013-12-09/full-slammy-award-winners-2013 |access-date=June 23, 2018 |publisher=[[WWE]]}}</ref>
*** Match of the Year (2013) – {{small|vs. [[John Cena]] for the WWE Championship at [[WrestleMania 29]]}}<ref name="2013 Slammys"/>
*** New Sensation ([[Slammy Award#1997 Slammy Awards|1997]])<ref>{{cite web |title=And the winner is... |url=http://www.wwe.com/inside/news/andthewinneris |access-date=June 23, 2018 |publisher=[[WWE]]}}</ref>
*** "Tell Me You Didn't Just Say That" Insult of the Year (2014) – {{small|insulting [[Rusev (wrestler)|Rusev]] and [[Lana (wrestler)|Lana]]}}<ref name="2014 Slammys"/>
*** "This is Awesome" Moment of the Year ([[2015 Slammy Awards|2015]]) – with [[Ronda Rousey]]<ref>{{cite web |date=December 16, 2015 |title=2015 Slammy Award winners |url=http://www.wwe.com/shows/raw/2015-12-21/2015-slammy-award-winners |access-date=June 23, 2018 |publisher=[[WWE]]}}</ref>
*** Trash Talker of the Year ([[Slammy Award#2024 Slammy Awards|2024]])

== Awards and honors ==
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|-
! scope="col" | Organizations
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Category
! scope="col" | Nominated work
! scope="col" | Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable" |{{Abbr|Ref.|References}}
|-
! scope="row", rowspan=1| [[CinemaCon]]
| align=center| 2012
| Action Star of the Year
| Himself
| {{honored}}
| align=center| <ref>{{cite web |title=Dwayne Johnson To Receive "Cinemacon® Action Star of the Year Award" {{!}} CinemaCon |url=http://cinemacon.com/press-release/dwayne-johnson-to-receive-cinemacon-action-star-of-the-year-award/ |access-date=January 22, 2017 |website=cinemacon.com}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[Golden Globe Awards]]
| align=center | [[83rd Golden Globe Awards|2026]]
| [[Best Actor in a Motion Picture – Drama]]
| ''[[The Smashing Machine (2025 film)|The Smashing Machine]]''
| {{nom}}
| align=center | <ref>{{Cite web |last=Youngs |first=Ian |date=December 8, 2025 |title=Golden Globes: The full list of nominees |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cj0174vlpg3o |access-date=December 8, 2025 |website=[[BBC]]}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row", rowspan=1| [[Hollywood Walk of Fame]]
| align=center| 2017
| [[List of actors with Hollywood Walk of Fame motion picture stars|Motion Picture star]]
| Himself
| {{honored}}
| align=center| <ref>{{cite web |title=Hollywood Walk of Fame |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/dwayne-rock-johnson-goldie-hawn-nsync-hollywood-walk/story?id=40203707 |access-date=June 30, 2016 |work=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]]}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row", rowspan=4| [[Kids' Choice Awards]]
| align=center| [[2013 Kids' Choice Awards|2013]]
| Favorite Male Buttkicker
| ''[[Journey 2: The Mysterious Island]]''
| {{won}}
| align=center| <ref>{{cite magazine |date=March 23, 2013 |title=2013 Kids' Choice Awards: And the winners are... |url=https://ew.com/article/2013/03/23/2013-kids-choice-awards-winners/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200622040035/https://ew.com/article/2013/03/23/2013-kids-choice-awards-winners/ |archive-date=June 22, 2020 |access-date=January 22, 2017 |magazine=Entertainment Weekly}}</ref>
|-
| align=center| [[2017 Kids' Choice Awards|2017]]
| BFF's (shared with [[Kevin Hart]]) 
| ''[[Central Intelligence]]''
| {{won}}
| align=center| <ref>{{cite web |date=March 11, 2017 |title=Kids' Choice Awards: The Winners List |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lists/kids-choice-awards-complete-list-winners-982509 |access-date=April 19, 2019 |website=The Hollywood Reporter}}</ref>
|-
| align=center| [[2018 Kids' Choice Awards|2018]]
| Favorite Movie Actor
| rowspan="1" |''[[Jumanji: Welcome to the Jungle]]''
| {{won}}
| align=center| <ref>{{cite web |date=March 25, 2018 |title=2018 Kids' Choice Awards: Complete List of Winners |url=https://www.eonline.com/news/922952/2018-kids-choice-awards-winners-the-complete-list |access-date=April 19, 2019 |website=E! Online}}</ref>
|-
| align=center| [[2025 Kids' Choice Awards|2025]]
| Favorite Male Animated Voice from a Movie
| ''[[Moana 2]]''
| {{won}}
| align=center| <ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Grein |first=Paul |date=June 21, 2025 |title=Sabrina Carpenter, SZA, Ariana Grande Win Multiple Awards at 2025 Kids' Choice Awards (Full Winners List) |url=https://www.billboard.com/music/awards/2025-kids-choice-awards-winners-list-1236004651/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250622205823/https://www.billboard.com/music/awards/2025-kids-choice-awards-winners-list-1236004651/ |archive-date=June 22, 2025 |access-date=June 23, 2025 |magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row", rowspan=1| [[Mr. Olympia]]
| align=center| 2016
| Icon Award
| Himself
| {{honored}}
| align=center| <ref>{{cite web |date=September 18, 2016 |title=The Rock Receives Mr. Olympia ICON Award, Makes Announcement on Production Deal for 2017 Event |url=http://411mania.com/wrestling/the-rock-receives-mr-olympia-icon-award-makes-announcement-on-production-deal-for-2017-event/ |access-date=January 22, 2017 |website=411Mania}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row", rowspan=1| [[MTV Movie & TV Awards]]
| align=center| [[2019 MTV Movie & TV Awards|2019]]
| [[2019 MTV Movie & TV Awards#Generation Award|MTV Generation Award]]
| Himself
| {{honored}}
| align=center| <ref>{{cite web |date=June 13, 2019 |title=Dwayne Johnson Will Receive MTV's Generation Award |url=https://deadline.com/2019/06/dwayne-therock-johnson-mtv-movie-tv-awards-1202631951/ |access-date=June 19, 2019 |website=Deadline}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row", rowspan=1|''[[Muscle & Fitness]]''
| align=center| 2015
| Man of the Century
| Himself
| {{honored}}
| align=center| <ref>{{cite web |date=December 3, 2015 |title=Muscle & Fitness names The Rock as their 'Man of the Century' |url=https://www.wwe.com/inside/the-rock-muscle-and-fitness-man-of-the-century |access-date=July 14, 2019 |website=WWE.com}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row", rowspan=1| [[NAACP Image Awards]]
| align=center| 2017
| Entertainer of the Year
| Himself
| {{honored}}
| align=center| <ref>{{cite web |date=February 12, 2017 |title=NAACP Image Awards 2017 Winners: The Complete List |url=http://www.eonline.com/ca/news/828560/naacp-image-awards-2017-winners-the-complete-list |access-date=March 10, 2017 |website=E! News}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row", rowspan=1| [[College football national championships in NCAA Division I FBS|NCAA National Championship]]
| align=center| 1991
| Football
| [[1991 Miami Hurricanes football team|Miami Hurricanes]]
| {{won}}
| align=center| <ref>{{cite web |date=October 3, 2014 |title=Dwayne Johnson |url=https://www.si.com/college-football/photos/2014/10/03/miami-hurricane-dwayne-rock-johnson |access-date=October 3, 2014 |publisher=Sports Illustrated}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| [[Palm Springs International Film Festival]]
| align=center|[[37th Palm Springs International Film Festival|2026]]
| Variety Creative Impact in Acting Award
| ''[[The Smashing Machine (2025 film)|The Smashing Machine]]''
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="gen:variety">{{Cite news |author=William Earl |date=December 11, 2025 |title=Dwayne Johnson to Be Honored With Creative Impact in Acting Award From Variety at 2026 Palm Springs Film Festival |url=https://variety.com/2025/biz/news/dwayne-johnson-creative-impact-acting-award-palm-springs-1236606775/ |access-date=December 12, 2025 |work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row", rowspan=1|''[[People Magazine]]''
| align=center| 2016
| [[Sexiest Man Alive]]
| Himself
| {{honored}}
| align=center| <ref>{{cite web |date=November 15, 2016 |title=Dwayne 'The Rock' Johnson Is This Year's Sexiest Man Alive! |url=http://people.com/celebrity/sexiest-man-alive-2016-dwayne-johnson-the-rock/ |access-date=January 22, 2017 |website=People}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row", rowspan=2| [[People's Choice Awards]]
| align=center| [[42nd People's Choice Awards|2016]]
| [[41st People's Choice Awards#Favorite Premium Cable TV Actor|Favorite Premium Cable TV Actor]]
| Himself
| {{won}}
| align=center| <ref name="pepsix">{{cite web |date=January 7, 2016 |title=People's Choice Awards 2016: Full List of Winners |url=http://blog.peopleschoice.com/2016/01/06/peoples-choice-awards-2016-winners/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160107111117/http://blog.peopleschoice.com/2016/01/06/peoples-choice-awards-2016-winners/ |archive-date=January 7, 2016 |access-date=January 22, 2017 |website=People's Choice}}</ref>
|-
| align=center| [[43rd People's Choice Awards|2017]]
| Favorite Premium Series Actor
| Himself
| {{won}}
| align=center| <ref name="auto1">{{cite web |date=January 19, 2017 |title=People's Choice Awards 2017: Full List of Winners |url=http://blog.peopleschoice.com/2017/01/18/peoples-choice-awards-2017-winners/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170120023620/http://blog.peopleschoice.com/2017/01/18/peoples-choice-awards-2017-winners/ |archive-date=January 20, 2017 |access-date=January 19, 2017 |website=People's Choice}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row", rowspan=1| [[Razzie Awards]]
| align=center| [[38th Golden Raspberry Awards|2018]]
| So Rotten You Loved It
| ''[[Baywatch (film)|Baywatch]]''
| {{won}}
| align=center| <ref>{{cite web |last1=Williams |first1=Janice |date=March 5, 2018 |title=The Rock Proudly Accepts 2018 Razzie Award for So-Bad-It's-Good 'Baywatch' Movie |url=http://www.newsweek.com/dwayne-johnson-razzie-award-baywatch-830685 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180621093032/http://www.newsweek.com/dwayne-johnson-razzie-award-baywatch-830685 |archive-date=June 21, 2018 |access-date=March 5, 2018 |website=Newsweek}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row", rowspan=1| [[Shorty Awards]]
| align=center| [[8th Shorty Awards|2016]]
| Best Actor
| Himself
| {{won}}
| align=center| <ref>{{cite web |title=Dwayne Johnson – The Shorty Awards |url=http://shortyawards.com/8th/therock |access-date=April 19, 2019 |website=shortyawards.com}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row", rowspan=1| [[Streamy Awards]]
| align=center| 2023
| Collaboration (shared with [[MrBeast]]) 
| "Surprised he didn't pick rock every time"
| {{won}}
| align=center| <ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Madarang |first=Charisma |date=August 28, 2023 |title=Streamy Awards 2023: The Complete Winners List |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/culture-news/streamy-awards-2023-complete-winners-list-1234811435/ |access-date=August 11, 2025 |magazine=Rolling Stone |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row", rowspan=3| [[Teen Choice Awards]]
| align=center| [[2001 Teen Choice Awards|2001]]
| Choice Movie: Villain
| ''[[The Mummy Returns]]''
| {{won}}
| align=center| <ref>{{cite web |date=October 26, 2001 |title=2001 Teen Choice Awards |url=http://www.hollywood.com/general/2001-teen-choice-awards-57162725/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626162508/http://www.hollywood.com/general/2001-teen-choice-awards-57162725/ |archive-date=June 26, 2015 |access-date=January 22, 2017 |website=Hollywood.com}}</ref>
|-
| align=center| [[2017 Teen Choice Awards|2017]]
| Choice Fantasy Movie Actor
| ''[[Moana (2016 film)|Moana]]''
| {{won}}
| align=center| <ref>{{cite web |date=August 14, 2017 |title=Teen Choice Awards 2017 Winners: The Complete List |url=https://www.eonline.com/news/873075/teen-choice-awards-2017-winners-the-complete-list |access-date=April 19, 2019 |website=E! Online}}</ref>
|-
| align=center| [[2018 Teen Choice Awards|2018]]
| Choice Comedy Movie Actor
| ''[[Jumanji: Welcome to the Jungle]]''
| {{won}}
| align=center| <ref>{{cite web |title=Who won the Teen Choice Awards? See the full winners' list |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/people/2018/08/13/teen-choice-awards-2018-winners-list/974624002/ |access-date=April 19, 2019 |website=USA Today}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row", rowspan=2| [[Time (magazine)|''Time'' Magazine]]
| align=center| 2016
| rowspan=2| [[100 Most Influential People in the World]]
| rowspan=2| Himself
| {{honored}}
| align=center| <ref>{{cite magazine |title=Leonardo DiCaprio, The Rock, Nick Minaj land on TIME 100 list |url=https://ew.com/article/2016/04/21/time-100-2016-leonardo-dicaprio-nick-minaj/ |accessdate=September 7, 2025 |magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]]}}</ref>
|-
| align=center| 2019
| {{honored}}
| align=center| <ref name="usatoday.com" />
|-
! scope="row", rowspan=1| [[1st Armored Division (United States)|United States 1st Armored Division]]
| align=center| 2019
| Tank named in his honor
| Himself
| {{honored}}
| align=center| <ref>{{cite web |date=March 19, 2019 |title=People unfollow 'The Rock' after he posts support of US military |url=https://americanmilitarynews.com/2019/03/people-unfollow-the-rock-after-he-posts-support-of-us-military/ |access-date=March 21, 2019 |website=americanmilitarynews.com}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row", rowspan=1| [[The Walt Disney Company]]
| align=center| 2026
| [[Disney Legends]]
| Himself
| {{honored}}
| align=center| <ref>{{cite web | title=D23 Announces 2026 Disney Legends Award Honorees Spotlighting the Stars, Storytellers, and Leaders Behind Disney's Enduring Legacy | website=The Walt Disney Company | date=2026-03-26 | url=https://thewaltdisneycompany.com/news/disney-legends-2026/ | access-date=2026-03-27}}</ref>
|}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}
{{reflist|group=note}}
{{notelist-ua}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=

<ref name="ESPN">{{cite web |date=August 11, 2016 |title=WWE profile - The Rock |url=https://www.espn.co.uk/wwe/story/_/id/17167315/wwe-profile-page-rock |access-date=February 26, 2024 |website=[[ESPN.co.uk]]}}</ref>

}}

== External links ==
{{Sister project links |wikt=no |commons=Dwayne Johnson |b=no |n=no |q=Dwayne Johnson |s=no |v=no |species=no |display=Dwayne Johnson}}
* {{IMDb name|425005|Dwayne Johnson}}
* {{Instagram|id=therock}}
* {{Professional wrestling profiles}}
* [https://miamihurricanes.com/sports/football/roster/season/1991-92/player/dwayne-johnson/ Dwayne Johnson profile] at [[Miami Hurricanes football]]

{{Navboxes|
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Sundar Singh

2026-03-26T07:44:48Z

CarlNorfleet88: starting a biography

{{Short description|Christian saint from India}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Other people}}
{{Infobox saint
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Sundar Singh
| honorific_suffix =
| image = SadhuSundarSingh.jpg
| imagesize =
| alt =
| caption = Sadhu Sundar Singh
|honorific prefix=[[Saint]]| titles = [[Saint|Sadhu]], Teacher of His Believers
| birth_name = Sundar Singh
| birth_date = 3 September 1889
| birth_place = Ludhiana, Punjab, British India (present-day Punjab, India)
| home_town =
| residence =
| death_date = c. 1929 (aged around 39–40)
| death_place = [[Himalayas]]
| death_cause =
| venerated_in = [[Anglican Communion]]
Several Churches in India
| beatified_date =
| beatified_place =
| beatified_by = [[Church of England]]
| canonized_date =
| canonized_place =
| canonized_by = [[Archbishop of Canterbury ]]
| major_shrine = Churches in India
| feast_day = [[19 June]] ([[Anglican Communion]])
| attributes =
| patronage = Teacher of the Faith
| issues =
| suppressed_date =
| suppressed_by =
| influences =
| influenced =
| tradition = [[High Anglicanism]]
| major_works = [[Preaching]] of [[Jesus Christ]], claimed miracle works
| module =
}}

'''Sadhu Sundar Singh''' (3 September 1889 – 1929, believed) was an Indian [[Christian missionary]].

==Life==

===Early years===
Sundar Singh was birthed into a [[Sikh]]<ref name=CCEL>[https://www.ccel.org/ccel/singh "Sadhu Sundar Singh", CCEL]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sadhu Sundar Singh [1889 – 1929] |date=12 February 2020 |url=https://ourdailybread.org/sadhu-sundar-singh/}}</ref> family in the village of Rampur (near [[Doraha, Ludhiana|Doraha]]), [[Ludhiana district]] ([[Punjab, India|Punjab]]), in [[North India|Northern India]]. Singh's mother took him to sit at the feet of a Hindu [[sadhu]], an [[ascetic]] holy man, who lived in the jungle some miles away, while also sending him to Ewing Christian High School, [[Ludhiana]], to learn English. Singh's mother died when he was fourteen. In anger, he burned a Bible page by page while his friends watched.<ref name=CCEL/> He was also taught the ''[[Bhagavad Gita]]'' at his home.
[[File:Sadhu Sunder Singh Memorial Church.jpg|thumb|300 px|Sadhu Sundar Singh Memorial Church in [[Faridkot, Punjab|Faridkot]], India]]
[[File:Sadhu_Sundar_Singh_CNI_Church_Rupnagar.jpg|thumb|300 px|Sadhu Sundar Singh [[Church of North India|CNI]] Church [[Rupnagar]], India]]

===Conversion to Anglican Christianity===
Singh believed that his religious pursuits and the questioning of Christian priests left him without ultimate meaning. He resolved to kill himself by throwing himself on a railroad track. He asked that whoever is the "true God" would appear before him or else he would kill himself; that very night he had a vision of Jesus. He announced to his father, Sher Singh, that he would be converted into the missionary work of [[Jesus|Jesus Christ]]. His father officially rejected him, and his brother Rajender Singh attempted to poison him. He was poisoned not just once but a number of times. People of that area threw snakes into his house, but he was rescued from mistreatment with the help of a nearby British Christian.<ref>{{cite book|last=Parker|first=Mrs. Arthur|title=Sadhu Sundar Singh: Called of God|location=London|publisher=Fleming H. Revell Company|year=1920|pages=28–29}}</ref>

On his sixteenth birthday, he was publicly [[baptism|baptised]] as a Christian at the parish church in [[Shimla|Simla]],<ref name=CCEL/> in the Himalayan foothills. Prior to this, he had been staying at the Christian Missionary Home at [[Sabathu]], near Simla, serving the [[leprosy]] patients there.

===Life of conversions===
[[File:Sadhu Sundar Singh 1888-1929 (verschollen).jpg|thumb|300 px]]
In October 1906, he set out on his journey as a new Christian, wearing a saffron turban and the saffron robe of a [[sadhu]], an [[ascetic]] devoted to spiritual practice. Singh propagated himself as a sadhu, albeit one within Christianity, because he realised Indians could not be converted unless it was in an Indian way.<ref name=CCEL/>

"I am not worthy to follow in the steps of my Lord", he said, "but, like Him, I want no home, no possessions. Like Him I will belong to the road, sharing the suffering of my people, eating with those who will give me shelter, and telling all men of the love of God."<ref>{{cite book|last=Singh|first=Sundar|title=The Christian Witness of Sadhu Sundar Singh|location=|publisher=Christian Literature Society|year=1989|pages=3}}</ref>

After returning to his home village, where he was given an unexpectedly warm welcome, Sundar Singh traveled northward for his mission of converting through the [[Punjab]], over the Bannihal Pass into [[Kashmir]], and then back through Muslim [[Afghanistan]] and into the [[brigand]]-infested [[North-West Frontier Province|North-West Frontier]] and [[Baluchistan (Chief Commissioner's Province)|Baluchistan]]. He was referred to as "the apostle with the bleeding feet" by the Christian communities of the north. He suffered arrest and stoning for his beliefs, and experienced mystical encounters.

In 1908, he crossed the frontier of [[Tibet]], where he was appalled by the living conditions. He was stoned as he bathed in cold water because it was believed that "holy men never washed."

In 1908 he went to [[Bombay]], hoping to board a ship to visit [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]], but was refused a permit, and had to return to the north.

He concluded during his stay in missions that Western civilisation had become the antithesis of original Christian values. He was disillusioned with the materialism and colonialism of Western society and tried to forge an Indian identity for the Indian church. He lamented that Indian Christians adopted British customs, literature and dress that had nothing to do with Christianity and Christ.

===Formal Christian training===

In December 1909, Singh began training for Christian ministry at the [[Anglican]] college in [[Lahore]]. According to his biographers, he did not form close relationships with fellow students, meeting them only at meal times and designated prayer sessions. He was ostracised for being "different".

Although Singh had been baptised by an [[Anglican]] priest, he was ignorant of the ecclesiastical culture and conventions of Anglicanism. His inability to adapt hindered him from fitting in with the routines of academic study. Much in the college course seemed irrelevant to the [[gospel]] as India needed to hear it. After eight months in the college, Singh left in July 1910.

It has been claimed by his biographers that Singh's withdrawal was due to stipulations laid down by [[Bishop Lefroy]]. As an Anglican priest, Singh was told to discard his sadhu's robe and wear "respectable" European clerical dress, use formal Anglican worship, sing English hymns and not preach outside his parish without permission. As an ardent devotee of Christ who was interested only in spreading his message, he rejected the mixing of Jesus Christ and British culture.

===Converting others===

Stories from those years are astonishing and sometimes incredible and full of miracles which helped in conversion. Indeed, there were those who insisted that they were mystical rather than real happenings. That first year, 1912, he returned with an extraordinary account of finding a three-hundred-year-old [[hermit]] in a mountain cave—the [[Maharishi]] of [[Kailas]], with whom he spent some weeks in deep fellowship.

According to Singh, in a town called Rasar he had been thrown into a dry well full of bones and rotting flesh and left to die, but three days later he was rescued.{{sfn|Parker|1920|pp=64-65}}

{{Christianity in India sidebar|People=Sadhu Sundar Singh}}

The secret missionaries group is alleged to have numbered around 24,000 members across India.<ref>Eric J. Sharpe, ''The Riddle of Sadhu Sundar Singh'' (New Delhi: Intercultural Publications, 2004 {{ISBN|81-85574-60-X}}), p.64.</ref> The origins of this brotherhood were reputed to be linked to one of the [[Magi]] at Christ's nativity and then the second-century AD disciples of the [[Thomas the Apostle|Apostle Thomas]] circulating in India. Nothing was heard of this evangelistic fellowship until [[William Carey (missionary)|William Carey]] began his missionary work in [[Serampore]]. The Maharishi of Kailas experienced ecstatic visions about the secret fellowship that he retold to Sundar Singh, and Singh himself built his spiritual life around visions.<ref>Sharpe, ''Riddle of Sadhu Sundar Singh'', p. 65.</ref>

Whether he won many continuing disciples on these hazardous Tibetan treks is not known. One reason why no one believed his version of this story was because Singh did not keep written records and he was unaccompanied by any other Christian disciples who might have witnessed the events.

===Travels abroad===
[[File:Nathan Söderblom and Sadhu Sundar Sing.png|thumb|Sadhu Sundar Singh with [[Nathan Söderblom]] during a visit to Sweden in 1922.]]
During his twenties, Sundar Singh's gospel work widened greatly, and long before he was thirty, his name and picture were familiar all over the Christian world. He described a struggle with [[Satan]] to retain his [[humility]], but people described him as always human, approachable and humble, with a sense of fun and a love of nature. This character, with his illustrations from ordinary life, gave his [[public speaking|addresses]] great impact. Many people said, "He not only looks like Jesus, he talks like Jesus must have talked." His talks and his personal speech were informed by his habitual early-morning [[meditation]], especially on the [[gospel]]s. In 1918 he made a long tour of South India and [[Ceylon]], and the following year he was invited to [[Burma]], [[British Malaya|Malaya]], China and Japan.

Some of the stories from these tours were as strange as any of his Tibetan adventures. He claimed power over wild things. He claimed even to have power over disease and illness, though he never allowed his presumed healing gifts to be publicised.

For a long time Sundar Singh had wanted to visit [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|Britain]], and the opportunity came when his father, Sher Singh, who was converted too, gave him the money for his fare to Britain. He visited the West twice, travelling to Britain, the United States and Australia in 1920, and to Europe again in 1922. He was welcomed by Christians of many traditions, and his words searched the hearts of people who now faced the aftermath of [[World War I]] and who seemed to evidence a shallow attitude to life. Singh was appalled by what he saw as the [[Economic materialism|materialism]], emptiness and irreligion he found throughout the West, contrasting it with Asia's awareness of God, no matter how limited that might be. Once back in India he continued his gospel-proclamation work, though it was clear that he was getting more physically frail.

===Final trip===
In 1923, Singh made the last of his regular summer visits to Tibet and came back exhausted. His preaching days were apparently over and, in the following years, in his own home or those of his friends in the Simla hills, he gave himself to meditation, fellowship and writing some of the things he had lived to preach.

In 1929, against all his friends' advice, Singh wished to make one last journey to Tibet. He was last seen on 18 April 1929 setting off on this journey. In April he reached [[Kalka]], a small town below [[Shimla|Simla]], a prematurely aged figure in his yellow robe among pilgrims and holy men who were beginning their own trek to one of Hinduism's holy places some miles away. Where he went after that is unknown. Whether he died of exhaustion or reached the mountains remains a mystery.

In the early 1940s, Bishop Augustine Peters, another converted missionary from South India, sought out Singh's brother Rajender, led him to the Christian faith and baptised him in Punjab. Rajender Singh referred to many reputed miracles performed by Singh and people converted to Christ under his ministry.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ANPministry.org |title=Life Message of Bishop Augustine Peters 1930 to 2010 |publisher=Anpministry.org |access-date=2014-05-15}}</ref>

Singh is revered by many as a formative, towering figure in the missionary conversions of the [[Christianity in India|Christians in India]].

===Postmortem prophecies===

[[Apocalyptic literature|Apocalyptic]] prophecies attributed to Singh about the fate of [[Romania]] are famous in that country, but are apocryphal, being written by a medium who said he was channeling Singh's spirit.<ref name="Evenimentul Zilei 2019">{{cite web | first = Radu | last = Ștefănescu | title=Adevărul despre "Profeția lui Sundar Singh". HOROSCOPUL LUI DOM' PROFESOR | website=Evenimentul Zilei | date=15 September 2019 | url=https://evz.ro/adevarul-despre-profetia-lui-sundar-singh-horoscopul-lui-dom-profesor.html | language=ro | access-date=21 September 2019}}</ref>

===Recognition by other Christians===
Singh is respected in the [[Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church]]<ref>Fr. A.K. Cherian. ''The Sacred Lamps of India: Mar Gregorios of Parumala and Sadhu Sundar Singh''. Kottayam: Sophia Books, 2016. https://archive.org/details/SadhuSundarsingStGregorios/page/n22/mode/2up</ref> and the [[Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria|Coptic Church]],<ref>{{Citation|title=The Life Of Sadhu Sundar Singh Part 1|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oYmnXAsObCU |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/oYmnXAsObCU |archive-date=2021-12-21 |url-status=live|language=en|access-date=2021-05-21}}{{cbignore}}</ref> although neither officially recognises him as a saint. He was invited to address the [[Mateer Memorial Church|Mateer Memorial Congregation]] (now the Mateer Memorial CSI Church) when he arrived in Travancore on 12 February 1918.

Sadhu is [[Calendar of saints (Church of England)|remembered]] in the [[Church of England]] with a [[Commemoration (observance)|commemoration]] on [[June 19|19 June]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Calendar|url=https://www.churchofengland.org/prayer-and-worship/worship-texts-and-resources/common-worship/churchs-year/calendar|access-date=2021-03-27|website=The Church of England|language=en}}</ref>

In 2022, Singh's story was dramatised as a two-part broadcast through [[Pacific Garden Mission]]'s ''[[Unshackled!]]'' radio ministry, airing as programs 3725 and 3726.<ref>[https://unshackled.org/program/sundar-singh-pt-1/ "Sundar Singh" Pt 1] and [https://unshackled.org/program/sundar-singh-pt-2/ Pt 2], ''Unshackled!''. Pacific Garden Mission. Retrieved 14 June 2022.</ref>

=== Tendency toward Universalist beliefs ===

In 1925 Sundar wrote, "If the Divine spark in the soul cannot be destroyed, then we need despair of no sinner... Since God created men to have fellowship with Himself, they cannot for ever be separated from Him... After long wandering, and by devious paths, sinful man will at last return to Him in whose Image he was created; for this is his final destiny." In February 1929, in response to questions from theology students in Calcutta, India, he elaborated: "There was punishment, but it was not eternal... Everyone after this life would be given a fair chance of making good, and attaining to the measure of fullness the soul was capable of. This might sometimes take ages."<ref>https://www.tentmaker.org/biographies/singh.htm Retrieved 10 April 2024</ref><ref>https://dcbasia.org/biography/singh-sadhu-sundar 'Sundar Singh was a Christian universalist; he believed that all people would, eventually, attain salvation. Writing in 1925 he argued: “If the Divine spark in the soul cannot be destroyed, then we need despair of no sinner… Since God created men to have fellowship with Himself, they cannot for ever be separated from Him… After long wandering, and by devious paths, sinful man will at last return to Him in whose Image he was created; for this is his final destiny.” (“Sadhu Sundar Singh, a brief biography”, https://www.tentmaker.org/biographies/singh.htm, Accessed September 25, 2008.In 1929, before his final mission, some theology students in Calcutta asked him about the doctrine of eternal punishment. He said: "There was punishment, but it was not eternal," and that "Everyone after this life would be given a fair chance of making good, and attaining to the measure of fullness the soul was capable of. This might sometimes take ages."'</ref>

== In popular culture ==
[[Ken Anderson (filmmaker)|Ken Anderson]] made ''Journey to the Sky'', a 1967 [[Christian film industry|Christian drama film]] which starred Indian actor Manhar Desai (Malcolm Alfredo Desai) in the lead role of Sadhu Sundar Singh.<ref>{{cite news|author=Staff writer|date=6 December 1969|title=Journey to the Sky|page=6|newspaper=[[Intelligencer Journal]]|publisher=[[Lancaster Newspapers]]|type=Ad|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/557969004/|issn=0889-4140}}</ref>

[[Aldous Huxley]] mentions Singh in his book ''[[The Perennial Philosophy]]'', quoting him: "The children of god are very dear but very queer, very nice but very narrow."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Huxley |first=Aldous |title=The Perennial Philosophy |publisher=Fontana Books |year=1959 |edition=2nd |location=United Kingdom |pages=207 |language=English}}</ref>

In [[C. S. Lewis]]' science fiction novel ''[[That Hideous Strength]]'', there is a mention of an Indian Christian mystic who is known as the "Sura,"<ref>{{Cite web |date=1996-06-01 |title=Links in a Golden Chain: C. S. Lewis, George Macdonald, and Sadhu Sundar Singh |url=https://www.discovery.org/a/1023/ |access-date=2024-06-27 |website=Discovery Institute |language=en-US}}</ref> who, like Singh, mysteriously disappears.

==Timeline==
* 1889 – Born at Rampur Kataania, Ludhiana, Punjab
* 1903 – Conversion
* 1904 – Cast out from home
* 1905 – Baptised in Simla; begins life as a [[sadhu]]
* 1907 – Works in leprosy hospital at Sabathu
* 1908 – First visit to Tibet
* 1909 – Enters Divinity College, Lahore, to train for the ministry
* 1911 – Hands back his preacher's license; returns to the sadhu's life
* 1912 – Tours through Northern India and the Buddhist states of the Himalayas
* 1918 to 1922 – Travels worldwide
* 1923 – Turned back from Tibet
* 1925 to 1927 – Quietly spends time writing
* 1927 – Sets out for Tibet but returns due to illness
* 1929 – Final attempt to reach Tibet
* 1972 – Sadhu Sundar Singh Evangelical Association formed

==Writings==
Sundar Singh wrote eight books between 1922 and 1929. His manuscripts were written in [[Urdu]] and later translated into English and other languages.
* ''At the Master's Feet'' (London: Fleming H. Revell, 1922)
* ''Reality and Religion: Meditations on God, Man and Nature'' (London: Macmillan, 1924)
* ''The Search After Reality: Thoughts on Hinduism, Buddhism, Muhammadanism and Christianity'' (London: Macmillan, 1925)
* ''Meditations on Various Aspects of the Spiritual Life'' (London: Macmillan, 1926)
* ''Visions of the Spiritual World'' (London: Macmillan, 1926)
* ''With and Without Christ'' (London: Cassell; New York: Harper & Brothers, 1929)
* ''The Real Life'' (published posthumously; Madras: CLS, 1965)
* ''The Real Pearl'' (published posthumously; Madras: CLS, 1966)

A number of his works were compiled and edited by others:
* ''The Cross Is Heaven: The Life and Writings of Sadhu Sundar Singh'', edited by [[Aiyadurai Jesudasen Appasamy|A. J. Appasamy]] (London: Lutterworth Press, 1956). – A collection of short articles by Sundar Singh.
* ''Life in Abundance'', edited by A. F. Thyagaraju (Madras: CLS, 1980). – This is a collection of transcripts of his sermons, preached in Switzerland in March 1922, as recorded by Alys Goodwin.
* ''The Christian Witness of Sadhu Sundar Singh: A Collection of His Writings'', edited by T. Dayanandan Francis (Madras, India: The Christian Literature Society, 1989).

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Gaebler, Paul. [http://gaebler.info/ahnen/gaebler/sss.htm ''Sadhu Sundar Singh''], Leipzig: 1937 (German).
* [[Perumalla Surya Prakash|Surya Prakash, Perumalla]]. ''The Preaching of Sadhu Sundar Singh: A Homiletic Analysis of Independent Preaching and Personal Christianity'', Bengaluru (Bangalore): Wordmakers, 1991. [https://books.google.com/books?id=XigSHAAACAAJ&dq=perumalla+surya+prakash Google Books. Internet], accessed 30 November 2008.
* [[Perumalla Surya Prakash|Surya Prakash, Perumalla]]. ''Sadhu Sundar Singh's Contribution'', in [[Roger E. Hedlund|Hedlund, Roger E.]] (Edited), ''Christianity is Indian: The Emergence of an Indigenous Community'', Revised edition (New Delhi: ISPCK, 2004), pp. 113–128.
* [[Aiyadurai Jesudasen Appasamy|Appasamy, A. J.]] ''Sundar Singh'' (Cambridge: Lutterworth, 1958).
* Davey, Cyril J. ''The Story of Sadhu Sundar Singh'' (Chicago: Moody Press, 1963); reprinted as ''Sadhu Sundar Singh'' (Bromley: STL Books, 1980).
* Francis, Dayanandan, ed. ''The Christian Witness of Sadhu Sundar Singh'' (Alresford: Christian Literature Society, 1989).
* [[Alec Stevens|Stevens, Alec]]. ''Sadhu Sundar Singh'' (Dover, NJ: [[Calvary Comics]], 2006).
* Streeter, Burnett; and [[Aiyadurai Jesudasen Appasamy|Appasamy, A. J.]] ''The Sadhu: a Study in Mysticism and Practical Religion'' (London: Macmillan, 1921).
* [[Thompson, Phyllis]]. ''Sadhu Sundar Singh'' (Carlisle: Operation Mobilisation, 1992).
* Watson, Janet Lynn. ''The Saffron Robe'' (London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1975).
* Woodbridge, John. ''More Than Conquerors'' (Australia: 1992).
* Benge, Geoff and Janet. ''Sundar Singh: Footprints Over the Mountains'' (''Christian Heroes: Then and Now'' Series).
** Much of the above detail was provided by this book.
* [[Charles Freer Andrews|Andrews, C. F.]] ''Sadhu Sundar Singh: A Personal Memoir'' (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1934).
* [[Joyce Reason|Reasons, Joyce]]. ''The man who disappeared: Sundar Singh of India'' (London: Edinburgh House Press, 1937).
* Daniel, Joshua. ''Sadhu Sundar Singh: He Walked with God'' (Laymens Evangelical Fellowship, 1988). https://lefi.org/library/singh.txt

==External links==
* [http://www.plough.com/ebooks/wisdomofthesadhu.html The Wisdom of the Sadhu free ebook from Plough Publishing in English, Spanish and Russian.]
* [https://archive.org/search.php?query=Sadhu%20Sundar%20Singh%20AND%20collection%3Aopensource Free Ebooks by the Sadhu (Epub, Mobi and txt files) at archive.org]
* [https://docs.google.com/file/d/0B0VNo1LgWPpsa2lPMlVqTFZhTUE/view?pref=2&pli=1 The prophecies of Sundar Singh about New Jerusalem]
* [https://archive.org/search.php?query=sadhu%20sundar%20singh Books by and about Sadhu Sundar Singh at Internet Archive for free to read]
* [https://lefi.org/library/singh.txt Sadhu Sundar Singh – He Walked with God – Biography]

{{Protestant missions to India}}
{{Christianity in Tibet}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Sadhu Sundar}}
[[Category:1889 births]]
[[Category:1929 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Anglicans]]
[[Category:20th-century Christian mystics]]
[[Category:20th-century evangelicals]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:Anglican saints]]
[[Category:Anglican writers]]
[[Category:Converts to Christianity from Sikhism]]
[[Category:Evangelical Anglicans]]
[[Category:Evangelical writers]]
[[Category:Indian Anglicans]]
[[Category:Indian Anglican missionaries]]
[[Category:Indian evangelicals]]
[[Category:Indian male non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:Indian religious writers]]
[[Category:Protestant missionaries in Tibet]]
[[Category:Protestant mystics]]
[[Category:Scholars from Ludhiana]]
[[Category:People from Punjab Province (British India)]]

Lunar lander

2026-03-24T15:17:24Z

CarlNorfleet88: brief added article further and improved wording based on references

{{short description|Spacecraft intended to land on the surface of the Moon}}
{{other uses}}
{{pp-pc1}}

[[File:Apollo 11 Lunar Module Eagle in landing configuration in lunar orbit from the Command and Service Module Columbia.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|[[Apollo Lunar Module]] [[Lunar Module Eagle|''Eagle'']] as seen from [[Apollo command and service module]] [[Command module Columbia|''Columbia'']] during the 1969 [[Apollo 11]] mission]]
A '''lunar lander''' or '''Moon lander''' is a [[Lander (spacecraft)|spacecraft]] designed to [[Moon landing|land on the surface of the Moon]]. As of 2024, the [[Apollo Lunar Module]] is the only lunar lander to have ever been used in human spaceflight, completing six lunar landings from 1969 to 1972 during the [[United States|United States']] [[Apollo program|Apollo Program]]. Several robotic landers have reached the surface, and some have returned [[Moon rock|samples]] to Earth.

The design requirements for these landers depend on factors imposed by the [[payload]], flight rate, propulsive requirements, and configuration constraints.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://space.nss.org/media/Lunar-Bases-conference-2-113-Lander-Stage-Requirements.pdf |title=Lunar Lander Stage Requirements Based on the Civil Needs Data Base |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211001045958/https://space.nss.org/wp-content/uploads/Lunar-Bases-conference-2-113-Lander-Stage-Requirements.pdf |archive-date=2021-10-01 |url-status=dead |first=John A. |last=Mulqueen |publisher=NASA Marshall Space Flight Center |date=1993}}</ref> Other important design factors include overall energy requirements, mission duration, the type of mission operations on the lunar surface, and [[life support system]] if crewed. The relatively high [[gravity]] (higher than all known asteroids, but lower than all Solar System planets) and lack of [[Atmosphere of the Moon|lunar atmosphere]] negates the use of [[aerobraking]], so a lander must use propulsion to decelerate and achieve a [[Soft landing (rocketry)|soft landing]].

==History==


===1958–1976===
The [[Luna programme|Luna program]] was a series of robotic impactors, flybys, orbiters, and landers flown by the [[Soviet Union]] between 1958 and 1976. [[Luna 9]] was the first spacecraft to achieve a soft landing on the Moon on February 3, 1966, after 11 unsuccessful attempts. Three Luna Spacecraft returned lunar soil samples to Earth from 1972 to 1976. Two other Luna spacecraft soft-landed the [[Lunokhod]] robotic lunar rover in 1970 and 1973. Luna achieved a total of seven successful soft-landings out of 27 landing attempts.

The [[United States|United States']] [[Surveyor program]] first soft-landed [[Surveyor 1]] on June 2, 1966, this initial success was followed by four additional successful soft-landings, the last occurring on January 10, 1968. The Surveyor program achieved a total of five successful soft landings out of seven landing attempts through January 10, 1968. [[Surveyor 6]] even did a brief hop off the lunar surface.

The [[Apollo Lunar Module]] was the lunar lander for the United States' [[Apollo program]]. As of 2025, it is the only crewed lunar lander. The Apollo program completed six successful lunar soft-landings from 1969 until 1972; a seventh lunar landing attempt by the Apollo program was aborted when [[Apollo 13]]'s service module suffered explosive venting from its oxygen tanks.

The [[LK (spacecraft)|LK]] lunar module was the lunar lander developed by the Soviet Union as a part of several [[Soviet crewed lunar programs]]. Several LK lunar modules were flown without crew in [[low Earth orbit]], but the LK lunar module never flew to the Moon, as the development of the [[N1 (rocket)|N1 Rocket]] [[Launch vehicle|Launch Vehicle]] required for the lunar flight suffered setbacks (including several launch failures), and after the first human [[Apollo 11|Moon landings]] were achieved by the [[United States]], the Soviet Union cancelled both the N1 Rocket and the LK Lunar Module programs without any further development.

===2013–2023===
The [[Chinese Lunar Exploration Program]] (also known as the Chang'e project) includes robotic lander, rover, and sample-return components; the program realized an initial successful lunar soft-landing with the [[Chang'e 3]] spacecraft on 14 December 2013. As of 2023, the CLEP has achieved three successful soft-landings out of three landing attempts, namely [[Chang'e 3]], [[Chang'e 4]] and [[Chang'e 5]].
Chang'e 4 made history by making humanity's first ever soft-landing on the far side of the Moon.

Israel's [[SpaceIL]] attempted a robotic lunar landing by its [[Beresheet]] lander on 4 April 2019; the attempt failed. As of 2023, SpaceIL has plans for another soft-landing attempt using a follow-up robotic lander named [[Beresheet 2]].

India's [[Chandrayaan Programme]] conducted an unsuccessful robotic lunar soft-landing attempt on 6 September 2019 as part of its [[Chandrayaan-2]] spacecraft with the lander crashing on the Moon's surface.<ref>{{cite web |title=India Admits Its Moon Lander Crashed, Cites Problem with Braking Thrusters |website=[[Space.com]] |url=https://www.space.com/india-admits-moon-lander-crash.html|date=26 November 2019 |access-date=10 January 2024}}</ref> On 23 August 2023, the program's follow-up [[Chandrayaan-3]] lander achieved India's first robotic soft-landing and later conducted a brief hop on 3 September 2023 to test technologies required for Indian lunar [[sample return mission]] called [[Chandrayaan-4]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-04 |title=Chandrayaan-3 lander Vikram comes up with a surprise, makes a 'jump' on the Moon |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/technology/science/chandrayaan-3-lander-vikram-hops-on-moons-surface-says-isro-8923440/ |access-date=2023-10-03 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

Japan's [[ispace (Japanese company)|ispace]] (not to be confused with China's [[i-Space (Chinese company)|i-Space]]) attempted a lunar soft-landing by its [[Hakuto-R Mission 1]] robotic lander on 25 April 2023. The attempt was unsuccessful and the lander crashed into the lunar surface. The company attempted another [[Hakuto-R Mission 2|landing attempt]] in 2025, but that also failed.

Russia's [[Luna-Glob]] program, the successor program to the Soviet Union's [[Luna programme|Luna program]], launched the [[Luna 25]] lunar lander on 10 August 2023; the probe's intended destination was near the lunar south pole, but on 19 August 2023 the lander crashed on the Moon's surface.<ref>{{cite news |title=Luna-25 crashes into moon after orbit maneuver |last=Jones|first=Andrew |url=https://spacenews.com/luna-25-crashes-into-moon-after-orbit-maneuver/ |work=[[SpaceNews]] |date=20 August 2023 |access-date=20 August 2023}}</ref>

Japan's [[Smart Lander for Investigating Moon]] made a successful lunar landing with wrong attitude, bleak signal [[Bandwidth throttling|bandwidth]] and even after losing one of its engines during descent but within {{Convert|100|m|abbr=on}} of its landing spot on 19 January 2024. It carried two small LEV rovers on board deployed separately, just before SLIM's touchdown.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://global.jaxa.jp/press/2023/12/20231205-1_e.html | work=JAXA | title=Moon Landing of the Smart Lander for Investigating Moon (SLIM) }}</ref> Its landing made [[Japan]] the 5th country to soft land on the Moon.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chang |first=Kenneth |date=2024-01-19 |title=Japan Becomes Fifth Country to Land on the Moon |url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2024/01/12/science/japan-moon-landing-slim |work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=According to the telemetry data, SLIM's solar cells are facing west. So if sunlight begins to shine on the lunar surface from the west, there is a possibility of generating power, and we are preparing for recovery. #SLIM can operate with power only from the solar cells. #JAXA |url=https://x.com/SLIM_JAXA/status/1749320575103995954?s=20 |website=X (Formerly Twitter)}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite news |last=Sample |first=Ian |date=2024-01-19 |title=Japan's Slim spacecraft lands on moon but struggles to generate power |url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2024/jan/19/japan-slim-spacecraft-lands-on-moon-but-struggles-to-generate-power |access-date=2024-01-20 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

===2024===
In January 2024, the first mission of the NASA-funded [[Commercial Lunar Payload Services|CLPS]] program, [[Peregrine Mission One]], suffered a fuel leak several hours after launch, resulting in losing the ability to maintain attitude control and charge its battery, thereby preventing it from reaching lunar orbit and precluding a landing attempt.<ref>{{cite news |title=Peregrine lander suffers anomaly after launch |last=Foust|first=Jeff |url=https://spacenews.com/peregrine-lander-suffers-anomaly-after-launch/ |work=[[SpaceNews]] |date=8 January 2024 |access-date=8 January 2024}}</ref> The probe subsequently burnt up in Earth's atmosphere.

The second CLPS probe [[Intuitive_Machines_Nova-C#IM-1 mission|''Odysseus'']] landed successfully on 22 February 2024<ref>{{cite web |last1=Foust |first1=Jeff |title=Intuitive Machines ready for launch of its first lunar lander |url=https://spacenews.com/intuitive-machines-ready-for-launch-of-its-first-lunar-lander/ |website=[[SpaceNews]] |date=13 February 2024 |access-date=14 February 2024}}</ref> on the Moon, marking the United States' first unmanned lunar soft-landing in over 50 years. This mission is the first [[Private spaceflight|private]]-NASA partnership to land on the Moon and the first landing using [[cryogenic]] [[propellant]]s.<ref>[https://www.space.com/spacex-intuitive-machines-nova-c-moon-lander-launch-preparations SpaceX gearing up to launch Intuitive Machines private moon lander in February] Space.com. By Mike Wall. Jan. 31, 2024. Retrieved Feb. 5, 2024. </ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=David |first1=Emillia |title=Odysseus achieves the first US Moon landing since 1972 |url=https://www.theverge.com/2024/2/22/24080498/odysseus-lunar-lander-nasa-moon-intuitive-machines |website=The Verge |date=22 February 2024 |access-date=23 February 2024}}</ref> However, the mission experienced some anomalies, including tipping-over on one side on the lunar surface; an off-nominal initial lunar orbit, a non-functioning landing [[Lidar|LIDAR]] instrument, and apparently low communication [[Bandwidth throttling|bandwidth]].<ref name="JF-23-Feb-2024">{{cite news |title=IM-1 lunar lander tipped over on its side |last=Foust|first=Jeff |url=https://spacenews.com/im-1-lunar-lander-tipped-over-on-its-side/ |work=[[SpaceNews]] |date=23 February 2024 |access-date=23 February 2024}}</ref> Later it was revealed that, though it landed successfully, one of the lander's legs broke upon landing and it tilted up on other side, 18° due to landing on a slope, but the lander survived and payloads are functioning as expected.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-28 |title=NASA, Intuitive Machines Share Images from the Moon, Provide Science Updates – Artemis |url=https://blogs.nasa.gov/artemis/2024/02/28/nasa-intuitive-machines-share-images-from-the-moon-provide-science-updates/ |access-date=2024-02-29 |website=blogs.nasa.gov |language=en-US}}</ref> EagleCam was not ejected prior to landing. It was later ejected on 28 February but partially failed as it returned all types of data, except post IM-1 landing images, the main aim of its mission.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2/3 mission plans and procedures in order to deploy its CubeSat camera system. Despite the team's strong effort, the technical complications ultimately resulted in an inability to capture images of the Odysseus lander. |url=https://x.com/SpaceTechLab/status/1762979276360479156?s=20}}</ref>

China launched [[Chang'e 6]] from China's Hainan Island on 3 May 2024; this mission seeks to conduct the first lunar sample return from the [[far side of the Moon]].<ref name="AJ_FI-20230425">{{cite tweet |author=Andrew Jones |user= AJ_FI |number=1650832520978526208 |title=China's Chang'e-6 sample return mission (a first ever lunar far side sample-return) is scheduled to launch in May 2024, and expected to take 53 days from launch to return module touchdown. Targeting southern area of Apollo basin (~43º S, 154º W) |date=25 April 2023}}</ref> This is China's second lunar sample return mission, the first was successfully completed by [[Chang'e 5]] when it returned 1.731 kg of lunar near side material to the Earth on 16 December 2020.<ref>{{cite web |last=Jones |first=Andrew |url=https://spacenews.com/chinas-change-6-probe-arrives-at-spaceport-for-first-ever-lunar-far-side-sample-mission/ |title=China's Chang'e-6 probe arrives at spaceport for first-ever lunar far side sample mission |work=[[SpaceNews]] |date=10 January 2024 |access-date=10 January 2024}}</ref> The Chang'e 6 lander successfully landed in the South pole-Aitken basin on the lunar far side at 22:23 UTC on 1 June 2024.<ref name="AJ_FI-20240601">{{cite web |last=Jones |first=Andrew |url=https://spacenews.com/change-6-lands-on-far-side-of-the-moon-to-collect-unique-lunar-samples/ |title=Chang'e-6 lands on far side of the moon to collect unique lunar samples |work=[[SpaceNews]] |date=1 June 2024 |access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref> After the completion of sample collection and the placement of the sample on the ascender by the probe's robotic drill and robotic arm, the ascender successfully took off from atop the lander portion of the probe at 23:38 UTC on 3 June 2024.<ref name="Reuters-20240603">{{cite web |last1=Lee |first1=Liz |last2=Baptista | first2=Eduardo | url=https://www.reuters.com/technology/space/chinas-change-6-probe-lifts-off-far-side-moon-2024-06-04/ |title=China's Chang'e-6 lifts off from far side of moon |work=Reuters.com |date=3 June 2024 |access-date=3 June 2024}}</ref><ref name="Xinhua-20240603">{{cite web |last=Huaxia |url=https://english.news.cn/20240604/4f06a149d2914ec8aebc1e9f41c93fea/c.html |title=China's spacecraft takes off from moon with first samples from lunar far side |work=Xinhua.com |date=3 June 2024 |access-date=3 June 2024}}</ref> The ascender docked with the Chang'e 6 service module (the orbiter) in lunar orbit at 06:48 UTC on 6 June 2024 and subsequently completed the transfer of the sample container to the Earth rentry module at 07:24 UTC on the same day.<ref name="AJ-SN-06062024">{{cite web |last=Jones |first=Andrew |url=https://spacenews.com/change-6-spacecraft-dock-in-lunar-orbit-ahead-of-journey-back-to-earth/ |title=Chang'e-6 spacecraft dock in lunar orbit ahead of journey back to Earth |work=[[SpaceNews]] |date=6 June 2024 |access-date=6 June 2024}}</ref> The orbiter then left lunar orbit on 20 June 2024 with the returner, which landed in [[Inner Mongolia]] on 25 June 2024, completing China's lunar far side sample return mission.

===2025===
[[Firefly Aerospace]]'s lunar lander [[Blue Ghost Mission 1]], carrying NASA-sponsored experiments and commercial payloads as a part of [[Commercial Lunar Payload Services]] program to [[Mare Crisium]], was launched on 15 January 2025 on a Falcon 9 launch vehicle with [[Hakuto-R Mission 2]]<ref>{{cite press release |url=https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-selects-firefly-aerospace-for-artemis-commercial-moon-delivery-in-2023 |title=NASA Selects Firefly Aerospace for Artemis Commercial Moon Delivery in 2023 |work=[[NASA]] |date=4 February 2021 |access-date=4 February 2021 |archive-date=4 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204211114/https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-selects-firefly-aerospace-for-artemis-commercial-moon-delivery-in-2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> and successfully landed on 2 March 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Foust |first=Jeff |date=2025-03-02 |title=Firefly's Blue Ghost 1 lands on the moon |url=https://spacenews.com/fireflys-blue-ghost-1-lands-on-the-moon/ |access-date=2025-03-02 |website=SpaceNews |language=en-US}}</ref>

The second mission of the Hakuto-R program by [[ispace Inc.|ispace]], [[Hakuto-R Mission 2]], carrying the RESILIENCE lunar lander and TENACIOUS [[Lunar rover|micro rover]], was launched on 15 January 2025 on a Falcon 9 launch vehicle with [[Blue Ghost M1]] lander.<ref>{{cite web |date=16 November 2023 |title=ispace Announces Mission 2 with Unveiling of Micro Rover Design |url=https://ispace-inc.com/news-en/?p=4954 |access-date=21 November 2023 |work=ispace}}</ref> Landing is expected in [[Mare Frigoris]] around May–June 2025.<ref name="Objectives Announcement">{{cite news |title=ispace Announces SMBC x HAKUTO-R Mission 2 Venture Moon Mission Milestones & Ventures |url=https://ispace-inc.com/news-en/?p=6565 |access-date=12 January 2025 |publisher=ispace, Inc |date=18 December 2024}}</ref> Hakuto-R Mission 2 apparently crashed during its landing attempt on 5 June 2025.<ref name="JF-05062025">{{Cite web |last=Foust |first=Jeff |date=5 June 2025 |title=Second ispace lunar lander presumed lost |url=https://spacenews.com/second-ispace-lunar-lander-presumed-lost/ |access-date=5 June 2025 |website=SpaceNews |language=en-US}}</ref>

[[Intuitive Machines]]'s lunar lander [[IM-2]], carrying NASA-sponsored experiments and commercial rovers ([[Yaoki]], AstroAnt, Micro-Nova and MAPP LV1) and payloads as a part of [[Commercial Lunar Payload Services]] program to [[Mons Mouton]], was launched on 27 February 2025 on a Falcon 9 launch vehicle with [[AstroForge#Odin (Brokkr-2)|Brokkr-2]] and [[Lunar Trailblazer]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 February 2025 |title=Intuitive Machines' IM-2 Lunar Lander Successfully Commissioned and En Route to the Moon |url=https://investors.intuitivemachines.com/news-releases/news-release-details/intuitive-machines-im-2-lunar-lander-successfully-commissioned |access-date=27 February 2025 |website=investors.intuitivemachines.com}}</ref> IM-2 landed on 6 March 2025. The spacecraft was intact after touchdown but resting on its side, thereby complicating its planned science and technology demonstration mission; this outcome is similar to what occurred with the company's IM-1 ''Odysseus'' spacecraft in 2024.<ref name="JF20250306">{{cite web |last1=Foust |first1=Jeff |title=IM-2 lunar lander on its side after touchdown |url=https://spacenews.com/im-2-lunar-lander-touches-down-status-unclear/ |website=[[SpaceNews]] |date=6 March 2025 |access-date=6 March 2025}}</ref> On March 13, Intuitive Machines shared that, like on the IM-1 mission, the ''Athena''<nowiki/>'s [[altimeter]] had failed during landing, leaving its onboard computer without an accurate altitude reading. As a result, the spacecraft struck a plateau, tipped over, and skidded across the lunar surface, rolling once or twice before settling inside the crater. The company's CEO compared it to a baseball player [[Slide (baseball)|sliding]] into a base. During the slide, the spacecraft rolled once or twice, before coming to rest inside the crater. The impact also kicked up [[regolith]] that coated the solar panels in dust, further degrading their performance.<ref name=":1" >{{Cite web |last=Berger |first=Eric |date=2025-03-13 |title=Athena landed in a dark crater where the temperature was minus 280° F |url=https://arstechnica.com/space/2025/03/athena-landed-in-a-dark-crater-where-the-temperature-was-minus-280-f/ |access-date=2025-03-13 |website=Ars Technica |language=en-US}}</ref>

Japan's ispace attempted a lunar soft-landing on 5 June 2025. The attempt to land in [[Mare Frigoris]] (the Sea of Cold), was unsuccessful and the lander, [[Hakuto-R Mission 2]], crashed into the lunar surface.<ref name="AP_01">{{cite web |last1=Dunn |first1=Marcia |title=Private lunar lander from Japan crashes into moon in failed mission |url=https://apnews.com/article/japan-moon-landing-resilience-be77f0a34032ce5a4fc524fe96888bfa |website=AP News |publisher=The Associated Press |language=en |date=5 June 2025}}</ref><ref name="AP_02">{{cite web |last1=Dunn |first1=Marcia |title=Japanese company blames laser tool for its 2nd crash landing on the moon |url=https://apnews.com/article/ispace-japan-moon-landing-crash-3598065a23f036d684ad8cd989791ad4?utm_source=chatgpt.com |website=AP News |publisher=The Associated Press |language=en |date=24 June 2025}}</ref>{{AI-retrieved source|date=March 2026|checked=no}}<ref name="AP_03">{{cite web |last1=Dunn |first1=Marcia |title=NASA spacecraft around the moon photographs the crash site of a Japanese company's lunar lander |url=https://apnews.com/article/ispace-lunar-lander-moon-99765029f85bae58a15fd2231706ec86 |website=AP News |publisher=The Associated Press |language=en |date=20 June 2025}}</ref>

==Landing outcomes==
The following table details the success rates of past and on-going lunar soft-landing attempts by robotic and crewed lunar-landing programs. Landing programs which have not launched any probes are not included in the table; they are added as their initial robotic and/or crewed landers are launched from Earth.

The term '''landing attempt''' as used here includes any mission that was launched with the intent to land on the Moon, including all missions which failed to reach lunar orbit for any reason. A landing attempt by a spacecraft is classified as '''full success''' if it lands intact on the Moon and is situated in its designed orientation/attitude and fully functional, while a '''partial success''' occurs when a spacecraft lands intact on the Moon but its in-situ operations is compromised as a result of the landing process for any reason; a '''failure''' occurs when neither '''full success''' nor '''partial success''' has been achieved by the spacecraft.

{| class="wikitable" style="max-width:1200px; text-align: left;"
! scope="col" | Program
! scope="col" | Country/Orgs.
! scope="col" | Time-span{{efn|"Time-span" in this case begins in the year that the relevant program launched its first lunar landing attempt.}}
! scope="col" | Type
! scope="col" | Landing attempts
! scope="col" | Full success
! scope="col" | Partial success
! scope="col" | Failure
! scope="col" style="width:40%;" | Notes
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align: left;" | [[Luna programme|Luna]]
| {{flagicon|USSR}} [[USSR]]
| 1963–1976
| robotic
! scope="row" | 27
! scope="row" | 7
! scope="row" |
! scope="row" | 20
| Historical program; Luna 25 is part of Luna-Glob
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align: left;" | [[Surveyor program|Surveyor]]
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[NASA]]
| 1966–1968
| robotic
! scope="row" | 7
! scope="row" | 5
! scope="row" |
! scope="row" | 2
| Historical program
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align: left;" | [[Apollo program|Apollo]]
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[NASA]]
| 1969–1972
| {{yes|{{hs|4}}crewed}}
! scope="row" | 7
! scope="row" | 6
! scope="row" |
! scope="row" | 1
| Historical program
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align: left;" | [[Soviet_crewed_lunar_programs#Moon_landing_N1/L3_program |N1/L3]]
| {{flagicon|USSR}} [[USSR]]
| N/A
| {{yes|{{hs|4}}crewed}}
! scope="row" | 0
! scope="row" | 0
! scope="row" |
! scope="row" |
| Historical program; 3 uncrewed T2K [[LK (spacecraft)#Testing|LK]] landers were tested in Earth orbit
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align: left;" | [[Chinese Lunar Exploration Program|Chang'e]]
| {{flagicon|CHN}} [[CNSA]]
| {{Nowrap|2013–present}}
| robotic
! scope="row" | 4
! scope="row" | 4
! scope="row" |
! scope="row" |
| Landers/rovers, sample-returns, future [[ISRU]] Chang'e 6 landed on the far side of the Moon on 1 June 2024 and successfully returned samples to Earth<ref name="AJ_FI-20240601" />
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align: left;" | [[Beresheet]]
| {{flagicon|ISR}} [[spaceIL]]
| 2019–present
| robotic
! scope="row" | 1
! scope="row" | 0
! scope="row" |
! scope="row" | 1
|
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align: left;" | [[Chandrayaan Programme|Chandrayaan]]
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[ISRO]]
| 2019–present
| robotic
! scope="row" | 2
! scope="row" | 1
! scope="row" |
! scope="row" | 1
|
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align: left;" | [[ispace (Japanese company)#Hakuto-R program|Hakuto-R]]
| {{flagicon|JPN}} [[ispace (Japanese company)|ispace]]
| 2022–present
| robotic
! scope="row" | 2
! scope="row" | 0
! scope="row" |
! scope="row" | 2
| Hakuto-R mission 2 landing attempt failed on 5 June 2025<ref name="JF-05062025" />
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align: left;" | [[Luna-Glob]]
| {{flagicon|RUS}} [[Roscosmos]]
| 2023–present
| robotic
! scope="row" | 1
! scope="row" | 0
! scope="row" |
! scope="row" | 1
| Successor to the Soviet Luna programme.
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align: left;" | [[Smart Lander for Investigating Moon|JAXA]]
| {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency|JAXA]]
| 2023–present
| robotic
! scope="row" | 1
! scope="row" | 0
! scope="row" | 1
! scope="row" |
| [[Smart Lander for Investigating Moon|SLIM]] (landed with off-nominal attitude)<ref>{{Cite AV media |title=小型月着陸実証機（SLIM）および小型プローブ（LEV）の月面着陸の結果・成果等の記者会見 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U61i0wN01Uk |access-date=2024-01-25 |via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align: left;" | [[Commercial Lunar Payload Services|CLPS]]
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[NASA]]
| 2024–present
| robotic
! scope="row" | 4
! scope="row" | 1
! scope="row" | 2
! scope="row" | 1
| [[Blue Ghost]] successfully landed in [[Mare Crisium]] on 2 March 2025 [[IM-2]] landed on 6 March 2025 but tipped over<ref name="JF20250306" />
|}

==Proposed landers and research craft==

===Uncrewed===
* [[ESA]] [[Argonaut (lunar lander)|Argonaut]]
* Under the [[Luna-Glob]] program of lunar exploration undertaken by the Russian Federal Space Agency
** [[Luna 27]] "Luna-Resurs 1" – lunar south pole lander
** [[Luna 28]] "Luna-Resurs 2" – lunar south pole lander and sample return
* [[Blue Moon (spacecraft)|Blue Moon Mark 1]], from [[Blue Origin]]
* Under NASA's [[Lunar CATALYST]] program and eligible to bid on [[Commercial Lunar Payload Services]] contracts to support NASA's crewed [[Artemis Program]]:
** XL-1 and XEUS from [[Masten Space Systems]] and [[United Launch Alliance]] (XEUS was dual use as crewed, but cancelled)
** Griffin Lander from [[Astrobotic Technology]]
** MX-1 from [[Moon Express]]
*Under [[Chandrayaan programme]] by [[ISRO]]
**[[Chandrayaan-4|Chandrayaan-4 lander]]
**[[Lunar Polar Exploration Mission|LUPEX lander]]

===Crewed===
{{main|List of crewed lunar landers|Lunar module}}
* [[Altair (spacecraft)|Altair]], a proposed spacecraft for the [[Constellation program]], previously known as the Lunar Surface Access Module
* Under [[NASA]]'s [[Artemis program]], multiple vendors were selected to supply spacecraft for the [[Human Landing System]] role:
** [[Starship HLS]], lunar variant of [[SpaceX Starship]], chosen as the first HLS vendor<ref>{{Cite web|last=Brown|first=Katherine|date=2021-04-16|title=NASA Picks SpaceX to Land Next Americans on Moon|url=http://www.nasa.gov/press-release/as-artemis-moves-forward-nasa-picks-spacex-to-land-next-americans-on-moon|access-date=2021-06-23|website=NASA|archive-date=2021-04-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422144134/https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/as-artemis-moves-forward-nasa-picks-spacex-to-land-next-americans-on-moon/|url-status=live}}</ref>
** [[Blue Moon (spacecraft)#Mark 2|Blue Moon Mark 2]], chosen as the second HLS vendor ([[Blue Origin]])
** [[Integrated Lander Vehicle]], not selected ([[Blue Origin]], [[Lockheed Martin]], [[Northrop Grumman]] and [[Draper Laboratory]])
** [[Lockheed Martin Lunar Lander]] and Mars Precursor, based on [[Orion (spacecraft)|Orion]] technology; partially incorporated into the Integrated Lander Vehicle
** [[Boeing Lunar Lander]], not selected
* As part of the [[Chinese Lunar Exploration Program#Crewed mission phase|crewed mission phase]] of its [[Chinese Lunar Exploration Program]], China has introduced a staged-descent concept for a [[Lanyue|crewed lunar landing]] attempt by 2030. The staged-descent concept would use a propulsion stage to handle most of the deceleration, after which the lander segment would separate and complete the powered descent with a soft-landing on the Moon; the lander would also serve as the ascent vehicle.<ref name=AJ27022023>{{cite news | author=Andrew Jones | title=China unveils lunar lander to put astronauts on the moon | url=https://spacenews.com/china-unveils-lunar-lander-to-put-astronauts-on-the-moon/ | work=spacenews.com | date=27 February 2023 | access-date=24 July 2023}}</ref>

===Research craft (earthbound)===
* Several were produced for the [[Lunar Lander Challenge]], a competition to produce VTVL vehicles with sufficient delta-v to fly from the Moon to orbit
* [[Mighty Eagle]] lander<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/lunarquest/robotic/index.html |title=Robotic Lunar Lander |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111227065456/http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/lunarquest/robotic/index.html |archive-date=2011-12-27 |url-status=dead |publisher=[[NASA]] |date=2010 |access-date=2011-01-10}}</ref>
* Morpheus Lander, part of NASA's [[Project Morpheus]] (results used for [[Lunar CATALYST]])

==Challenges unique to lunar landing==
Landing on any Solar System body comes with challenges unique to that body. The [[Moon]] has relatively high gravity compared to that of asteroids or comets—and some other [[Natural satellite|planetary satellites]]—and no significant atmosphere. Practically, this means that the only method of descent and landing that can provide sufficient thrust with current technology is based on [[Rocket engine|chemical rockets]].<ref name="smad">{{cite book |last1=Wertz |first1=James |last2=Larson |first2=Wiley |title=Space Mission Analysis and Design |date=2003 |publisher=Microcosm Press |location=California |isbn=1-881883-10-8 |edition=3rd}}</ref> In addition, the Moon has a long [[solar day]]. Landers will be in direct sunlight for more than two weeks at a time, and then in complete darkness for another two weeks. This causes significant problems for thermal control.<ref name=Okishio>{{cite journal |last1=Okishio |first1=Shogo |last2=Nagano |first2=Hosei |last3=Ogawa |first3=Hiroyuki |title=A proposal and verification of the lunar overnight method by promoting the heat exchange with regolith |journal=Applied Thermal Engineering |date=December 2015 |volume=91 |issue=5 |pages=1176–1186 |doi=10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2015.08.071 |bibcode=2015AppTE..91.1176O |hdl=2346/64545 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>

===Lack of atmosphere===
{{As of|2019|post=,}} space probes have landed on all three bodies other than Earth that have solid surfaces and atmospheres thick enough to make aerobraking possible: [[Mars]], [[Venus]], and [[Titan (moon)|Saturn's moon Titan]]. These probes were able to leverage the atmospheres of the bodies on which they landed to slow their descent using parachutes, reducing the amount of fuel they were required to carry. This in turn allowed larger payloads to be landed on these bodies for a given amount of fuel. For example, the 900-kg [[Curiosity (rover)|''Curiosity'' rover]] was landed on Mars by [[Mars Science Laboratory|a craft]] having a mass (at the time of Mars atmospheric entry) of 2400 kg,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://spaceflight101.com/msl/msl-landing-special/|title=MSL Landing Special – MSL – Mars Science Laboratory|access-date=2021-10-01|archive-date=2021-02-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226184539/https://spaceflight101.com/msl/msl-landing-special/|url-status=live}}</ref> of which only 390 kg was fuel. In comparison, the much lighter (292 kg) [[Surveyor 3]] landed on the Moon in 1967 using nearly 700 kg of fuel.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1967-035A|title=NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Details|access-date=2019-03-09|archive-date=2019-09-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190904165614/https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1967-035A|url-status=live}}</ref> The lack of an atmosphere, however, removes the need for a Moon lander to have a heat shield and also allows [[aerodynamics]] to be disregarded when designing the craft.

===High gravity===
Although it has much less gravity than Earth, the Moon has sufficiently high gravity that descent must be slowed considerably. This is in contrast to a small asteroid, in which "landing" is more often called "docking" and is a matter of rendezvous and matching velocity more than slowing a rapid descent.

Since rocketry is used for descent and landing, the Moon's gravity necessitates the use of more fuel than is needed for asteroid landing. Indeed, one of the central design constraints for the Apollo program's Moon landing was mass (as more mass requires more fuel to land) required to land and take off from the Moon.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Cole |first1=E.G. |title=Design and Development of the Apollo Three-Man Spacecraft With Two-Man Lunar Excursion Module (LEM) |journal=Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences |volume=134 |issue=1 |date=November 1965 |pages=39–57 |doi=10.1111/j.1749-6632.1965.tb56141.x |bibcode=1965NYASA.134...39C |s2cid=86244382 }}</ref>

===Thermal environment===
The lunar thermal environment is influenced by the length of the lunar day. Temperatures can swing between approximately {{convert|-250|to|120|C|F}} (lunar night to lunar day). These extremes occur for fourteen Earth days each, so thermal control systems must be designed to handle long periods of extreme cold or heat.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hager |first1=P |last2=Klaus |first2=D |last3=Walter |first3=U |title=Characterizing transient thermal interactions between lunar regolith and surface spacecraft |journal=Planetary and Space Science |date=March 2014 |volume=92 |pages=101–116 |doi=10.1016/j.pss.2014.01.011 |bibcode=2014P&SS...92..101H }}</ref> Most spacecraft instruments must be kept within a much stricter range of between {{convert|-40|and|50|C|F}},<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gilmore |first1=D. G. |title=Spacecraft Thermal Control Handbook |date=2003 |publisher=Aerospace Press |location=Segundo, California |isbn=1-884989-11-X |edition=2nd}}</ref> and human comfort requires a range of {{convert|20|to|24|C|F}}. This means that the lander must cool and heat its instruments or crew compartment.

The length of the lunar night makes it difficult to use solar electric power to heat the instruments, and nuclear heaters are often used.<ref name=Okishio/>

==Landing stages==
Achieving a soft landing is the overarching goal of any lunar lander, and distinguishes landers from impactors, which were the first type of spacecraft to reach the surface of the Moon.

All lunar landers require rocket engines for descent. Orbital speed around the Moon can, depending on altitude, exceed 1500 m/s. Spacecraft on impact trajectories can have speeds well in excess of that.<ref name="nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov">{{cite web|url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1966-045A|title=NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Details|access-date=2019-03-08|archive-date=2019-09-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190927153246/https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1966-045A|url-status=live}}</ref> In the vacuum the only way to decelerate from that speed is to use a rocket engine.

The stages of landing can include:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/apollo/missions/apollo11.html|title=Apollo 11 Mission Overview|date=2015-04-17|access-date=2019-03-09|archive-date=2018-02-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180209204039/https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/apollo/missions/apollo11.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://spaceflight101.com/change/change-3/|title=Chang'e 3 – Change|access-date=2021-10-01|archive-date=2021-07-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210725024644/https://spaceflight101.com/change/change-3/|url-status=live}}</ref>

# Descent orbit insertion – the spacecraft enters an orbit favorable for final descent. This stage was not present in the early landing efforts, which did not begin with lunar orbit. Such missions began on a lunar impact trajectory instead.<ref name="nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov"/>
# Descent and braking – the spacecraft fires its engines until it is no longer in orbit. If the engines were to stop firing entirely at this stage the spacecraft would eventually impact the surface. During this stage, the spacecraft uses its rocket engine to reduce overall speed
# Final approach – The spacecraft is nearly at the landing site, and final adjustments for the exact location of touchdown can be made
# Touchdown – the spacecraft achieves soft landing on the Moon

===Touchdown===
Lunar landings typically end with the engine shutting down when the lander is several feet above the lunar surface. The idea is that engine exhaust and lunar [[regolith]] can cause problems if they were to be kicked back from the surface to the spacecraft, and thus the engines cut off just before touchdown. Engineers must ensure that the vehicle is protected enough to ensure that the fall without thrust does not cause damage.

The first soft lunar landing, performed by the Soviet [[Luna 9]] probe, was achieved by first slowing the spacecraft to a suitable speed and altitude, then ejecting a payload containing the scientific experiments. The payload was stopped on the lunar surface using airbags, which provided cushioning as it fell.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1966-006A|title=NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Details|website=nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov|access-date=2019-03-08|archive-date=2017-11-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171120175210/https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1966-006A|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Luna 13]] used a similar method.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.drewexmachina.com/2016/12/24/the-mission-of-luna-13-christmas-1966-on-the-moon/|title=The Mission of Luna 13: Christmas 1966 on the Moon|date=2016-12-24|access-date=2019-03-08|archive-date=2019-03-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190303213956/https://www.drewexmachina.com/2016/12/24/the-mission-of-luna-13-christmas-1966-on-the-moon/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Airbag methods are not typical. For example, NASA's [[Surveyor 1]] probe, launched around the same time as Luna 9, did not use an airbag for final touchdown. Instead, after it arrested its velocity at an altitude of 3.4m it simply fell to the lunar surface. To accommodate the fall the spacecraft was equipped with crushable components that would soften the blow and keep the payload safe.<ref name="nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov"/> More recently, the Chinese [[Chang'e 3]] lander used a similar technique, falling 4m after its engine shut down.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-25356603|title=China puts Jade Rabbit rover on Moon|work=BBC News|date=2013-12-14|last1=Rincon|first1=Paul|access-date=2019-03-08|archive-date=2019-03-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327001052/https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-25356603|url-status=live}}</ref>

Perhaps the most famous lunar landers, those of the [[Apollo Program]], were robust enough to handle the drop once their contact probes detected that landing was imminent. The landing gear was designed to withstand landings with engine cut-out at up to {{Convert|10|ft|m}} of height, though it was intended for descent engine shutdown to commence when one of the {{Convert|67|in|cm|adj=on}} probes touched the surface. During [[Apollo 11]] Neil Armstrong however touched down very gently by firing the engine until touchdown; some later crews shut down the engine before touchdown and felt noticeable bumps on landing, with greater compression of the landing struts.<ref name="ALSJ 1">{{cite web|date=1995|editor-last=Jones|editor-first=Eric M.|title=The First Lunar Landing|url=http://www.hq.nasa.gov/alsj/a11/a11.landing.html|access-date=June 13, 2013|work=Apollo 11 Lunar Surface Journal|publisher=NASA|archive-date=December 27, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161227230604/http://www.hq.nasa.gov/alsj/a11/a11.landing.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://heroicrelics.org/info/lm/lunar-surface-probe.html|title=Lunar Surface Sensing Probes|website=heroicrelics.org|access-date=2019-03-08|archive-date=2019-03-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190316205213/http://heroicrelics.org/info/lm/lunar-surface-probe.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==See also==
* [[List of artificial objects on the Moon]], a list of objects that have been left, landed, or crashed on the Moon
* [[List of crewed lunar lander designs]]
* [[Lunar module]]
*[[Lunar Terrain Vehicle]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Lunar landers}}

[[Category:Exploration of the Moon]]
[[Category:Landers (spacecraft)|Moon]]
[[Category:Soft landings on the Moon|*]]

Indosticta

2026-03-24T06:56:14Z

CarlNorfleet88: Made a entry

{{Short description|Species of damselfly}}
{{Speciesbox
| image = Platysticta deccanensis - male Thommankuth (11).jpg
| image_caption = Male
| image2 = Platysticta deccanensis - female.jpg
| image2_caption = Female
| status = VU
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 20 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Subramanian, K.A. |date=2011 |title=''Indosticta deccanensis'' |volume=2011 |article-number=e.T175200A7121240 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-1.RLTS.T175200A7121240.en |access-date=20 November 2021}}</ref>
| genus = Indosticta
| parent_authority = Bedjanic, 2016
| species = deccanensis
| authority = ([[Frank Fortescue Laidlaw|Laidlaw]], 1915)
| synonyms =
*''Platysticta deccanensis'' {{small|Laidlaw, 1915}}
}}

'''''Indosticta deccanensis''''',<ref name=wol>{{World Odonata List}}</ref><ref name=ifb/> the '''saffron reedtail''',<ref name=ibp/><ref name=ifb/> is a [[damselfly]] species in the [[family (biology)|family]] [[Platystictidae]]. It is [[endemic]] to [[Western Ghats]] in [[India]].<ref name="iucn status 20 November 2021" /><ref name=atlas>{{cite book |last1=K.A. |first1=Subramanian |last2=K.G. |first2=Emiliyamma |last3=R. |first3=Babu |last4=C. |first4=Radhakrishnan |last5=S.S. |first5=Talmale |title=Atlas of Odonata (Insecta) of the Western Ghats, India |date=2018 |publisher=Zoological Survey of India |isbn=978-81-8171-495-4|pages=50–51}}</ref>

This species was previously placed in the genus ''[[Platysticta]]'', but recent [[phylogenetic]] studies has revealed that the genus ''[[Platysticta]]'' is actually confined to [[Sri Lanka]]. For the South Indian species, formerly known as ''Platysticta deccanensis'', morphological and molecular analyses demonstrated that it does not belong to the Sri Lankan clade and a new genus '''''Indosticta''''' is erected to accommodate it.<ref name=Bedjanič>{{cite journal |author = Bedjanič M. |display-authors=etal | title = Taxonomy and molecular phylogeny of the Platystictidae of Sri Lanka (Insecta: Odonata) | journal = [[Zootaxa]] | volume= 4182 | issue= 1| pages = 1–80| year = 2016|doi=10.11646/zootaxa.4182.1.1 |pmid=27811665 | url=http://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.4182.1.1| access-date =2017-03-13| url-access= subscription }}</ref><ref name=ifb/>

==Description and habitat==
It is a medium-sized damselfly with bluish-white face and black-capped brown eyes. Its thorax is [[cinnamon]] brown with a black mid-dorsal carina. Its wings are transparent with yellowish-red [[pterostigma]] framed in black nervures. Abdomen is dark-brown up to segment 7 and segments 8 to 9 are azure blue bordered below with black. Segment 10 is blackish-brown. Anal appendages are black.<ref name="Laidlaw">{{cite journal |last1=Laidlaw |first1=F. F. |title=Notes on Oriental Dragon-Flies in the Indian Museum---Indian Species of the 'Legion' Protoneura |journal=Rec. Indian Mus. |date=1915 |volume=11 |page=388 |url=http://faunaofindia.nic.in/PDFVolumes/records/011/05/0387-0391.pdf |access-date=24 October 2018}}</ref><ref name="Laidlaw2">{{cite journal |last1=Laidlaw |first1=F. F. |title=A list of the Dragonflies Recorded from the Indian Empire with Special Reference to the Collection of the Indian Museum---The Family Agrioninae (2) |journal=Rec. Indian Mus. |date=1917 |volume=13 |page=340 |url=http://faunaofindia.nic.in/PDFVolumes/records/013/06/0321-0348.pdf |access-date=24 October 2018}}</ref><ref name=Fraser/>

Female is similar to the male; but its thorax has a bit dark patches in the dorsum and the sides. There is a narrow ante-humeral pale blue stripe and another similar blue stripe bordering the black area of the mesepimeron. Abdomen is similar to the male; but segment 8 unmarked and segment 9 with a large oval pale blue dorso-lateral spot.<ref name="Laidlaw"/><ref name="Laidlaw2"/><ref name=Fraser/>

It is known to occur close to [[Myristica swamp]]s and streams with dense riparian vegetation. [[Frank Fortescue Laidlaw|Laidlaw]] described it from the [[Kingdom of Cochin]].<ref name="Laidlaw"/> Recent studies have found populations of this species in [[Karnataka]] too.<ref name="iucn status 20 November 2021" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Mehendale |first1=Tejas |last2=Padiyar |first2=Ajith |date=2024-12-31 |title=Northernmost record of the endemic damselfly Indosticta deccanensis (Laidlaw, 1915) (Odonata, Zygoptera, Platystictidae) from Western Ghats, Karnataka, India |url=http://entomon.in/index.php/Entomon/article/view/1345 |journal=Entomon |language=en |volume=49 |issue=4 |pages=549–552 |doi=10.33307/entomon.v49i4.1345 |issn=0377-9335|doi-access=free }}</ref> Commonly found resting on ferns in dark shady spots in forests.<ref name=Fraser>{{cite book|author=C FC Lt. Fraser|author-link=Frederic Charles Fraser|title=The Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma, Odonata Vol. I|publisher=Taylor and Francis|location=Red Lion Court, Fleet Street, London|year=1933|pages=[https://archive.org/details/FraserOdonata1/page/n137 124]–126|url=https://archive.org/details/FraserOdonata1}}</ref><ref name=Fraser-WG>{{cite book|author=C FC Lt. Fraser|author-link=Frederic Charles Fraser|title=A Survey of the Odonate (Dragonfly) Fauna of Western India with Special Remarks on the Genera Macromia and Idionyx and Descriptions of Thirty New Species|publisher=Zoological Survey of India. Volumes (Records)|year=1924|pages=498–499|url=http://faunaofindia.nic.in/PDFVolumes/records/026/05/0423-0522.pdf}}</ref><ref name=ias>{{cite book|last=Subramanian|first=K. A.|title=Dragonflies and Damselflies of Peninsular India - A Field Guide|year=2005|url=http://www.ias.ac.in/Publications/Overview/Dragonflies}}</ref><ref name=ibp>{{cite web
|url=http://indiabiodiversity.org/species/show/228092|title=Platysticta deccanensis Laidlaw, 1915|publisher=India Biodiversity Portal|access-date=2017-03-13}}</ref><ref name=ifb>{{cite web
|url=http://www.indianodonata.org/#!/sp/223/Indosticta-deccanensis|title=Indosticta deccanensis Laidlaw, 1915|publisher=Odonata of India, v. 1.00. Indian Foundation for Butterflies|access-date=2017-03-13}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of odonates of India]]
* [[List of odonata of Kerala]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Wikispecies-inline|Indosticta deccanensis}}

{{Commons category-inline|Indosticta deccanensis}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q2772981}}

[[Category:Platystictidae]]
[[Category:Monotypic Odonata genera]]
[[Category:Insects of India]]
[[Category:Insects described in 1915]]
[[Category:Damselfly genera]]

{{Coenagrionoidea-stub}}

Queeristan

2026-03-19T06:33:34Z

CarlNorfleet88: Added initial info v1

{{Short description|2020 book written by Parmesh Shahani}}
{{Infobox book
|name = Queeristan
|author = [[Parmesh Shahani]]
|language = English
|country = India
|genre =
|publisher = [[Westland Books]]
|media_type =
|cover_artist =
|isbn =
|image = File:Queeristan cover.jpeg
|caption = Cover
|series =
|release_date = 17 August 2020
|pages = 320
|awards =
}}
'''Queeristan''' is a book written by Parmesh Shahani. The book was published in 17 August 2020 by [[Westland Books]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-09-11 |title=Struggle for LGBTQ rights is deeply connected to other social justice movements: Parmesh Shahani on his new book, Queeristan |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/books-and-literature/pamesh-shahani-on-his-new-book-queeristan-6587789/ |access-date=2022-08-29 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=India |first=Vogue |title=Exclusive: In an excerpt from his latest book, Parmesh Shahani talks to Sonam Kapoor Ahuja about labels, LGBTQ inclusion and plurality |url=https://www.vogue.in/culture-and-living/content/exclusive-excerpt-queeristan-parmesh-shahani-talks-to-sonam-kapoor-ahuja-about-labels-lgbtq-inclusion-and-plurality |access-date=2022-08-29 |website=Vogue India |date=September 2020 |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Shahani |first=Parmesh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3XfFzQEACAAJ |title=Queeristan: LGBTQ Inclusion in the Indian Workplace |date=2020 |publisher=Westland Business |isbn=978-93-89648-14-0 |language=en}}</ref>

== Background ==
[[Parmesh Shahani]] is an entrepreneur with experience in Indian corporations, and is also a gay man and advocate for [[LGBTQ people]] in workplaces. The book covers his personal experiences in the workplace, background on [[LGBTQ culture in India|LGBTQ people in India]], and arguments and advice for companies to support and include LGBTQ employees.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 June 2024 |title=Pride Month Special: “Queeristan” & LGBTQ+ Inclusion in Corporate India |url=https://www.frontlist.in/pride-month-special-queeristan-lgbtq-inclusion-in-corporate-india |access-date=2026-03-19 |website=Frontlist |language=en}}</ref>

== Reception ==
''[[Moneycontrol|Moneycontrol Review]]'' write about the book "The author covers various aspects of framing diversity and inclusion policies, finding talent from the LGBTQ community, creating a recruitment process that is LGBTQ friendly, creating an LGBTQ-friendly work culture at the workplace, and how to be an ally, whether you identify as LGBTQ or not."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Book review: Parmesh Shahani's Queeristan makes pitch for queer-friendly workplace |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/trends/book-review-trends/book-review-parmesh-shahanis-queeristan-makes-pitch-for-queer-friendly-workplace-5771511.html |access-date=2022-08-29 |website=Moneycontrol |date=29 August 2020 |language=en}}</ref>

''SheThePeopleTv'' said "Shahani alludes to these practices of tokenism in the book, about how these gestures are empty if changes are not brought about in institutional policies."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Book Review: Queeristan Is A Guide To Building Inclusive Workspaces |url=https://www.shethepeople.tv/home-top-video/book-review-queeristan-parmesh-shahani-inclusive-workspaces/amp/ |access-date=2022-08-29 |website=www.shethepeople.tv |archive-date=2022-08-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220829111239/https://www.shethepeople.tv/home-top-video/book-review-queeristan-parmesh-shahani-inclusive-workspaces/amp/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:2020 non-fiction books]]
[[Category:LGBTQ literature in India]]
[[Category:2020 LGBTQ-related literary works]]
[[Category:Westland Books books]]

Mayur Puri

2026-03-15T18:45:09Z

CarlNorfleet88: started new pg

{{Short description|Indian screenwriter and lyricist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{COI|date=February 2022}}
{{BLP sources|date=July 2015}}
}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Mayur Puri
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Ajmer]], [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]
| occupation = Filmmaker
}}
'''Mayur Puri''' is an Indian screenwriter, lyricist, actor and film-maker working in [[Mumbai]]. His film songwriting and dialogue work includes [[Farah Khan]]-directed films ''[[Om Shanti Om]]'' (2007),<ref name="Om Shanti Om (2007) Yahoo Movies">{{cite web |url=https://www.yahoo.com/movies/film/om-shanti-om |title=Om Shanti Om (2007) Yahoo Movies |publisher=Yahoo |accessdate=18 July 2014 |archive-date=14 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140814052439/https://www.yahoo.com/movies/film/om-shanti-om |url-status=dead }}</ref> and ''[[Happy New Year (2014 film)|Happy New Year]]'' (2014), as well as the 3D dance franchise ''[[ABCD: Any Body Can Dance]]'' and ''[[ABCD: Any Body Can Dance 2]]''.<ref name = "ABCD2 Full Cast & Crew" >{{cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/728759 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140306230845/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/728759 |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 March 2014 |title=ABCD2 Full Cast & Crew |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |accessdate=27 August 2014}}</ref> He directed his first short film, ''Firdaws'', in 2017.

On 17 November 2014, the library of the [[Academy of Motion Picture Arts & Sciences]] selected the screenplay for ''Happy New Year'' for its permanent Core Collection.<ref name = "HNY in Oscar Library">{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/happy-new-year-script-lands-at-oscars-library/article6608192.ece |title=HNY in Oscar Library |work=The Hindu |date=17 November 2014 |accessdate=17 November 2014}}</ref>

Mayur has also worked on the adaptation and translation of several U.S. films and TV shows into Hindi, including ''[[Mowgli: Legend of the Jungle]]'' (2018), ''[[Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales]]'' (2017), ''[[Thor: Ragnarok]]'' (2017), ''[[Maleficent: Mistress of Evil]]'', [[The Lion King (2019 film)|''The Lion King'']] (2019), ''[[Avengers: Endgame]]'' (2019), ''[[Orange Is The New Black]]'' (2013–19), ''[[Jojo Rabbit]]'' (2019), ''[[Spies in Disguise]]'' (2019), and [[Locke & Key (TV series)|''Locke and Key'']] (2020).

==Early life==
Mayur was born in [[Ahmedabad]], Gujarat, where he completed most of his education, earning a master's degree from the University School of Languages and a one-year diploma in dramatics from the Drama Department of [[Gujarat College]].<ref name = "Diploma in Dramatics">{{cite web |url=https://www.livemint.com/Consumer/PBfyf1IVeoXYSDKoj5lk3H/Mayur-Puri-The-man-who-Indianised-Hollywood-this-year.html |title=Mayur Puri: The man who Indianised Hollywood this year |date=17 May 2016 |publisher=Livemint |accessdate=3 January 2024}}</ref>

==Career==
He spent his early years writing and directing for local theatre and television, before moving from Ahmedabad to Mumbai in late 1999, where he began working as chief assistant director to [[Sanjay Gadhvi]] at [[Yash Raj Films]]. They worked on three films together: ''[[Tere Liye (film)|Tere Liye]]'', ''[[Mere Yaar Ki Shaadi Hai]]'' (2002; Mayur's first as a screenwriter), and ''[[Dhoom]]'' (2004). During his first year in Mumbai, he also wrote and starred as the lead in a Gujarati play, ''Amastaa Amastaa'' (2001).

In 2004, Mayur left Yash Raj Films to work as an independent screenwriter and lyricist. His first film as an independent was [[My Name Is Anthony Gonsalves (film)|''My Name is Anthony Gonsalves'']] (2008), an adaptation of [[Julius Caesar (play)|''Julius Caesar'']].{{Citation needed|date=March 2022}} His breakthrough as a screenwriter was ''[[Om Shanti Om]]'' (2007), from which several phrases entered the film-quote lexicon.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.news18.com/news/buzz/picture-abhi-baaki-hai-mere-dost-10-most-memorable-closing-scenes-and-dialogues-from-bollywood-movies-703376.html |title=10 Most Memorable Scenes and Dialogue (2014) |date=22 July 2014 |publisher=News18 |accessdate=22 July 2014}}</ref>

Puri was the creative director for the animation film ''[[Jumbo]]'' (2008) produced by [[Percept Picture Company]], and co-wrote [[Blue (2009 film)|''Blue'']] (2009), the first Indian film to be shot extensively underwater.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/story/blue-to-be-indias-first-underwater-thriller-44296-2009-04-13 |title=Blue to be India's first underwater thriller |work=India Today |date=13 April 2009 |accessdate=13 April 2009}}</ref> He then wrote the script for ''[[Prince (2010 film)|Prince]]'' (2010), in which he also appeared in a supporting role.

In 2009, Mayur took a sabbatical from [[Bollywood]]; in 2010, he founded Story Circus, a theatre production group that creates live theatre and storytelling productions for educational institutions and other clients,{{cn|date=January 2024}} and in 2011, he founded FilmGoa, a joint initiative with [[Goa University]] which provides training and job support to aspiring film-makers and facilitates film making in [[Goa]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/Film-workshop-to-end-with-making-a-film/articleshow/8518509.cms |title=Film workshop to end with making a film |work=The Times of India |accessdate=3 January 2024 |date=23 May 2011}}</ref> Mayur's next [[Bollywood]] project was [[Remo D'Souza]]'s directorial debut ''[[F.A.L.T.U]]'' (2011), the script and screenplay for which he had written a few years previously.

Through his Story Circus project, Mayur reconnected with director [[Farah Khan]], whose children were attending one of the workshops, and began working on the script for her next project ''[[Happy New Year (2014 film)|Happy New Year]]''. Around the same time, he began working with composer [[Pritam]] on songs for ''[[Race 2]]'' (2013) and ''[[I Love New Year]]'' (2013). "Be Intehaan" from ''[[Race 2]]'' was later ranked as the 7th most romantic song of 2013, according to a poll in ''[[The Times of India]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Tum-Hi-Ho-the-most-romantic-song-of-2013/articleshow/39045364.cms/ |title=Tum Hi Ho, the most romantic song of 2013 |work=The Times of India |accessdate=3 January 2024 |date=27 July 2014}}</ref> By 2012, Mayur had returned to full-time writing, contributing additional dialogue and lyrics for Remo D'Souza's next musical ''[[ABCD: Any Body Can Dance]]'' (2013).

''[[Happy New Year (2014 film)|Happy New Year]]'' was released in 2014, with a script written by Mayur. On 17 November 2014, the library of the [[Academy of Motion Picture Arts & Sciences]] selected the screenplay for ''Happy New Year'' for its permanent Core Collection.<ref name = "HNY in Oscar Library"/> He also worked on the script and song lyrics for ''[[ABCD 2|ABCD: Any Body Can Dance 2]]'' (2015), and provided lyrics for films including ''[[Humshakals]]'', ''[[Entertainment (2014 film)|Entertainment]]'' (2014), ''[[Kick (2014 film)|Kick]]'' (2014), and ''[[All Is Well (2015 film)|All is Well]]'' (2015).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-28 |title=स्क्रीन के पीछे का जादूगर: Mayur Puri |url=https://filmiwire.com/the-magician-behind-the-screen-mayur-puri/ |access-date=2025-05-28 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Ashrafi |first=Hyder Ali |title=स्क्रीन के पीछे का जादूगर: Mayur Puri |url=https://filmiwire.com/the-magician-behind-the-screen-mayur-puri/ |access-date=May 28, 2025 |work=Filmi Wire}}</ref>

==Directorial work==
In 2017, Mayur directed his first short film, ''Firdaws'', which was entered into the official selection at a number of festivals,{{cn|date=January 2024}} winning a number of awards.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-28 |title=स्क्रीन के पीछे का जादूगर: Mayur Puri |url=https://filmiwire.com/the-magician-behind-the-screen-mayur-puri/ |access-date=2025-05-28 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Ashrafi |first=Hyder Ali |title=स्क्रीन के पीछे का जादूगर: Mayur Puri |url=https://filmiwire.com/the-magician-behind-the-screen-mayur-puri/ |access-date=May 28, 2025 |work=Filmi Wire}}</ref>

==Awards and nominations==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Award !! Year !! Film !! Category !! Result
|-
| [[Filmfare Awards]] || [[53rd Filmfare Awards|2008]] || ''[[Om Shanti Om]]'' || Best Dialogue
|{{Nom}}
|-
| Li'l Star Awards|| 2008 || ''[[Om Shanti Om]]'' || Best Dialogue
|{{Won}}
|-
| German Public Bollywood Awards<ref name = "German Public Bollywood Awards">{{cite web |url=http://www.gpba.eu/bollywood_award_winner08/bollywood_award_winner.html |title=German Public Bollywood Awards |publisher=GPBA.EU |accessdate=29 July 2014}}</ref> || 2008 || ''[[Om Shanti Om]]'' || Best Dialogue
|{{Won}}
|-
| [[Star Screen Awards]]<ref name = "Star Screen Awards 2008">{{cite web |url=http://www.indicine.com/movies/bollywood/star-screen-awards-nominations-2008/ |title=Star Screen Awards 2008 |date=8 January 2009 |publisher=Indicine |accessdate=29 July 2014}}</ref> || 2009 ||''[[Singh Is Kinng]]''|| Best Lyrics – [[Teri Ore]]
|{{Nom}}
|-
| [[Star Guild Awards]]<ref name = "Star Guild Awards 2014">{{cite web |url=http://www.indicine.com/movies/bollywood/star-guild-awards-2014-nominations/ |title=Star Guild Awards 2014 |date=15 January 2014 |publisher=Indicine |accessdate=29 July 2014}}</ref> || 2014 || ''[[Race 2]]'' || Best Lyrics – Beintehaan
|{{Nom}}
|-
| [[Mirchi Music Awards]]|| [[8th Mirchi Music Awards|2016]] || ''[[ABCD 2]]'' || Best Lyrics – Chunar
|{{Nom}}
|-
| Feel The Reel International Film Festival<ref name = "Feel The Reel International Film Festival">{{cite web |url=http://www.feelthereeliff.com/march-2017 |title=Feel The Reel International Film Festival 2017 |publisher=Feel the Reel International Film Festival |accessdate=16 April 2017}}</ref>|| 2017 || ''Firdaws''|| 3rd Best of the Fest Award
|{{Won}}
|-
| Feel The Reel International Film Festival<ref name="Feel The Reel International Film Festival" />|| 2017 || ''Firdaws''|| Audience Award
|{{Won}}
|-
| Feel The Reel International Film Festival<ref name="Feel The Reel International Film Festival" />|| 2017 || ''Firdaws''|| Best Screenplay
|{{Nom}}
|-
| Roma Cinema DOC<ref name = "Roma Cinema DOC">{{cite web |url=http://roma.cinemadoc.it/march-2017-selection/ |title=Roma Cinema DOC 2017 |date=April 2017 |publisher=Roma Cinema DOC |accessdate=1 April 2017}}</ref>|| 2017 || ''Firdaws''|| Best International Short Film
|{{Nom}}
|-
| Baretower Forge World Film Competition<ref name = "Baretower Forge World Film Competition">{{cite web |url=http://www.facebook.com/BaretowerForge/posts/690026737874673:0 |title=Baretower Forge World Film Competition 2017 |via=Facebook |accessdate=4 May 2017}}{{Primary source inline|date=January 2024}}</ref>|| 2017 || ''Firdaws''|| Best Plot Development - Runner Up
|{{Won}}
|-
| Los Angeles Film Awards<ref name = "Los Angeles Film Awards">{{cite web |url=https://www.lafilmawards.net/april-2017 |title=Los Angeles Film Awards 2017 |publisher=Los Angeles Film Awards |accessdate=7 May 2017}}</ref>|| 2017 || ''Firdaws''|| Best Fantasy Film
|{{Won}}
|-
| Festigious International Film Festival<ref name = "Festigious International Film Festival">{{cite web |url=http://www.festigious.com/april-2017 |title=Festigious International Film Festival 2017 |publisher=Festigious International Film Festival |accessdate=8 May 2017}}</ref>|| 2017 || ''Firdaws''|| Best Fantasy Film
|{{Won}}
|-
| Los Angeles Independent Film Festival Awards|| 2017 || ''Firdaws''|| Best Foreign Film Short
|{{Nom}}
|-
| Top Shorts<ref name = "Top Shorts">{{cite web |url=http://www.topshorts.net/winners-may-17 |title=Top Shorts 2017 |publisher=Top Shorts |accessdate=3 June 2017}}</ref>|| 2017 || ''Firdaws''|| Best Fantasy Film
|{{Won}}
|-
| Auckland International Film Festival || 2017 || ''Firdaws''|| Best Short Film
|{{Nom}}
|-
| Depth of Field International Film Festival<ref name = "Depth of Field International Film Festival">{{cite web |url=http://dofiff.com/Pages/FAll%202017%20Official%20Nominations.html |title=Depth of Field International Film Festival 2017 |publisher=Depth of Field International Film Festival |accessdate=16 June 2017}}</ref> || 2017 || ''Firdaws''|| Best of Show
|{{Won}}
|-
| VOB Film Festival || 2017 || ''Firdaws''|| Shorts
|{{Nom}}
|-
|-
| Top Indie Film Awards || 2018 || ''Firdaws''|| Best Original Idea
|{{Won}}
|}

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:90%"
|- style="text-align:center;"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Lyrics !! Actor !! Director !! Dialogue Writer !! Assistant Director / Associate Director !! Notes
|-
| 2000 || [[Tere Liye (film)|''Tere Liye'']] || || || || || {{Yes}} || First Assistant Director
|-
| 2002 || ''[[Mere Yaar Ki Shaadi Hai]]'' || || || || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || Chief Assistant Director Screenplay & Dialogue
|-
| 2003 || ''[[Fun2shh... Dudes in the 10th Century]]'' || {{Yes}} || || || || || Lyrics: Dhuan Dhuan
|-
| 2004 || ''[[Dhoom]]''|| || || || || {{Yes}} || Associate Director
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2005 || [[Chocolate (2005 film)|''Chocolate'']] || {{Yes}} || || || || || Lyrics: Halka Halka, Khalish, Mummy
|-
| [[Garam Masala (2005 film)|''Garam Masala'']] || {{Yes}} || || || || || Lyrics: Falak Dekhun
|-
| [[Ek Khiladi Ek Haseena (film)|''Ek Khiladi Ek Haseena'']] || {{Yes}} || || || || || Lyrics: Ishq Hai Jhoota, Yaaron
|-
| rowspan="6" | 2006 || ''[[Fight Club – Members Only]]'' || {{Yes}} || || || {{Yes}} || || Additional Dialogue Lyrics: Ye Khuda, Chhore Ki Baatein, Fight Club
|-
| [[Provoked (film)|''Provoked'']] || {{Yes}} || || || || || Lyrics: Zindagi<ref name = "Zindagi Song">{{cite web |url=https://soundcloud.com/mayur-puri-film-maker/sets/provoked-a-true-story |title=Zindagi Song |publisher=Soundcloud |accessdate=10 October 2014}}</ref> (This version of the song Alive was recorded by Shreya Ghoshal but was not featured in the movie or officially released)
|-
| [[Gangster (2006 film)|''Gangster'']] || {{Yes}} || || || || || Lyrics: Bheegi Bheegi
|-
| ''[[Pyaar Ke Side Effects]]'' || {{Yes}} || || || || || Lyrics: Tauba Main, Jaane Kya Chahe Mann, Is this love? Dil Tod Ke, Allah Bachaye, Bad Boy
|-
| ''[[Apna Sapna Money Money]]''|| {{Yes}} || || || || || Lyrics: Paisa Paisa
|-
| ''[[Naksha]]''|| {{Yes}} || || || || || Lyrics: U and I
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2007 || ''[[Om Shanti Om]]'' || ||{{Yes}} || || {{Yes}} || || Dialogue<ref name = "Om Shanti Om Credits">{{cite web |url=http://www.redchillies.com/movies/om-shanti.aspx |title=Om Shanti Om Credits |publisher=redchillies.com |accessdate=21 September 2014}}</ref> Role: Gujju Director
|-
| [[Hattrick (film)|''Hattrick'']] || {{Yes}} || || || || || Lyrics: Ek Pal Ne, Rabba Khair Kare, Wicket Bacha
|-
| [[Speed (2007 film)|''Speed'']] || {{Yes}} || || || || || Lyrics: Hello, Loving You, Tikhi Tikhi, Wanna Wanna
|-
| [[Dhol (film)|''Dhol'']] || {{Yes}} || || || || || Lyrics: All Night Long
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2008 || ''[[Singh Is Kinng]]'' || {{Yes}} || || || || || Lyrics: Bas Ek King, Jee Karda, Teri Ore, Talli Hua, Bhootni Ke
|-
| [[My Name Is Anthony Gonsalves (film)|''My Name Is Anthony Gonsalves'']] || || || || {{Yes}} || || Story, Screenplay & Dialogue
|-
| ''[[Love Story 2050]]'' || || || || {{Yes}}|| || Dialogue
|-
| [[Kidnap (2008 film)|''Kidnap'']] || {{Yes}} || || || || || Lyrics: Hey Ya, Haan Ji, Mausam, Meri Ek Ada Shola
|-
| [[Jumbo (2008 film)|''Jumbo'']] || || {{Yes}} || || || || Creative Director
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2009 || ''[[Billu]]''|| {{Yes}} || || || || || Lyrics: Love Mera Hit Hit
|-
| [[Blue (2009 film)|''Blue'']] ||{{Yes}} || || || {{Yes}} || || Dialogue Lyrics: Aaj Dil Gustakh Hai, Aaj Dil Gustakh Hai (Remix)
|-
| ''[[Ek: The Power of One]]'' || {{Yes}} || || || || || Lyrics: Bang Bang
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2010 || [[Prince (2010 film)|''Prince'']] || || {{Yes}} || || {{Yes}} || || Dialogue Role: P.K.
|-
| ''[[Toh Baat Pakki!]]'' || {{Yes}} || || || || || Lyrics: Jis Din Mera
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2011 || ''[[F.A.L.T.U]]''|| || || || {{Yes}} || || Dialogue & Screenplay
|-
| ''[[Hum Tum Shabana]]'' || {{Yes}} || || || || || Lyrics: Kaare Kaare
|-
| ''[[Double Dhamaal]]'' || {{Yes}} || || || || || Lyrics: Chill Maaro
|-
| ''[[Tell Me O Kkhuda]]'' || {{Yes}} || || || {{Yes}} || || Dialogue & Screenplay Lyrics: Someone Somebody, Morchang, Janasheen, Love you Dad
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2012 || ''[[Tere Naal Love Ho Gaya]]''|| {{Yes}} || || || || || Lyrics: Pee Paa, Fann Ban Gayi
|-
| ''[[Jannat 2]]'' || {{Yes}} || || || || || Lyrics: Jannatein Kahaan
|-
| ''[[Kyaa Super Kool Hain Hum]]''|| {{Yes}} || || || || || Lyrics: Dil Garden Garden
|-
| ''[[Ajab Gazabb Love]]'' || || {{Yes}} || || {{Yes}} || || Dialogue & Screenplay Role: T2
|-
| rowspan="8" | 2013 || ''[[Race 2]]'' || {{Yes}} || || || || || Lyrics: Be-Intehaan, Lat Lag Gayee, Allah Duhaayi Hai
|-
| ''[[ABCD: Any Body Can Dance]]'' || {{Yes}} || || || {{Yes}} || || Additional Dialogue Lyrics: Bezubaan, Psycho Re, Sorry Sorry, Chandu Ki GirlFriend, Duhaayi, Kar Ja Ya Mar Ja, Shambhu Sutaya, Sadda Dil Vi Tu
|-
| [[Himmatwala (2013 film)|''Himmatwala'']] || {{Yes}} || || || || || Lyrics: Thank God It's Friday
|-
| ''[[I, Me Aur Main]]'' || {{Yes}} || || || || || Lyrics: Dar-ba-dar
|-
| ''[[Jayantabhai Ki Luv Story]]<ref name="Jayantabhai Ki Luv Story (2013) Lyrics">{{cite web |url=http://bollyrics.com/tag/jayanta-bhai-ki-luv-story-movie-lyrics/ |title=Jayantabhai Ki Luv Story (2013) Lyrics |publisher=BollyLyrics.com |accessdate=29 July 2014}}</ref>''|| {{Yes}} || || || || || Lyrics: Thoda Thoda, Hai Naa
|-
| [[Commando: A One Man Army|''Commando'']] || {{Yes}} || || || || || Lyrics: Lutt Jawaan, Saawan Bairi, Mungda, Lena Dena
|-
| ''[[Issaq]]''|| {{Yes}} || || || || || Lyrics: Issaq Tera(Male), Issaq Tera (Duet)
|-
| ''[[R... Rajkumar]]'' || {{Yes}} || || || || || Lyrics: Saree Ke Fall Sa
|-
| rowspan="8" | 2014 || ''[[Dishkiyaoon]]''|| {{Yes}} || || || || || Lyrics: Mere Type Ka Nahi Hai
|-
| ''[[Shaadi Ke Side Effects]]'' || {{Yes}} || || || || || Lyrics: Vyah Karke Pachhtaya
|-
| ''[[Humshakals]]''|| {{Yes}} || || || || || Lyrics: Hum Paagal Nahi Hai, Barbaad Raat
|-
| ''[[It's Entertainment]]<ref name="Entertainment Music Review">{{cite web |url=http://www.koimoi.com/bollywood-movies/music-reviews/entertainment-music-review |title=Entertainment Music Review |date=30 July 2014 |publisher=koimoi.com |accessdate=30 July 2014}}</ref>''|| {{Yes}} || || || || || Lyrics: Johnny Johnny, Veerey Di Wedding
|-
| ''[[Kick (2014 film)|Kick]]<ref name="Kick Music Review">{{cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/musiccriticreview/id/546231 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140518064218/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/musiccriticreview/id/546231 |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 May 2014 |title=Kick Music Review - BollywoodHungama |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |accessdate=30 July 2014}}</ref>''|| {{Yes}} || || || || || Lyrics: Tu Hi Tu, Tu Hi Tu (Reprise)
|-
| ''Radio Mirchi Song''|| {{Yes}} || || || || || Lyrics: Tere Bina Main - Mirchi Song
|-
| ''[[Finding Fanny]]'' || {{Yes}} || || || || || Lyrics: Shake Your Bootiya
|-
| ''[[Happy New Year (2014 film)|Happy New Year]]'' || || || || {{Yes}} || || Dialogue
|-
| rowspan="6" | 2015 || [[Coke Studio (Indian TV program)|''Coke Studio'']] || {{Yes}} || || || || || Lyrics: Sawan Mein
|-
| ''[[ABCD: Any Body Can Dance 2]]''|| {{Yes}} || || || {{Yes}}|| || Dialogue Lyrics: Bezubaan Phir Se, Bezubaan Phir Se Reprise, Happy Hour, Happy Budday, If You Hold My Hand, Naach Meri Jaan, Tattoo Song, Maayi Teri Chunariya, Hey Gannraya, Vande Mataram
|-
| ''[[I Love NY (2015 film)|I Love NY]]<ref name="I Love New Year (2013) Song List">{{cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/lyrics/ |title=I Love New Year (2013) Song List |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |accessdate=29 July 2014}}</ref>''|| {{Yes}} || || || || || Lyrics: Gud Nal Ishq, Halki Halki, Aaja Meri Jaan
|-
| ''[[Bajrangi Bhaijaan]]''|| {{Yes}} || || || || || Lyrics: Selfie, Chicken Song
|-
|[[All Is Well (2015 film)|''All Is Well'']]|| {{Yes}} || || || || || Lyrics: Tu Mila De
|-
|''[[Baaki Baatein Peene Baad]]''|| {{Yes}} || || || || || Lyrics: Baaki Baatein Peene Baad
|-
| rowspan="8" | 2016 ||''Fursat''|| {{Yes}} || || || || || Lyrics: Fursat
|-
|[[The Jungle Book (2016 film)|''The Jungle Book'']]|| {{Yes}} || || || {{Yes}}|| || Hindi Dialogue<ref name = "The Jungle Book (Hindi)">{{cite web |url=https://www.studioflicks.com/hindi/disney-ropes-in-mayur-puri-for-the-jungle-book-movie |title=The Jungle Book(Hindi) - StudioFlicks |date=16 March 2016 |publisher=StudioFlicks.com |accessdate=18 March 2016}}</ref>
Hindi Lyrics: Ye Zarooratein (Bare Necessities:Hindi), Tujhsa Banoo (I wanna be like you:Hindi)
|-
|''[[Captain America: Civil War]]''|| || || || {{Yes}} || || Hindi Dialogue<ref name = "Captain America: Civil War (Hindi)">{{cite web |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/mayur-puri-to-pen-dialogues-for-hindi-version-of-captain-america-civil-war-2766098/ |title=Captain America: Civil War (Hindi) - Indian Express |work=The Indian Express |date=22 April 2016 |accessdate=23 April 2016}}</ref>
|-
|''[[The Angry Birds Movie]]''|| || || || {{Yes}} || || Hindi Dialogue with Taranveer Singh & Akshaye Rathi<ref name = "The Angry Birds Movie (Hindi)">{{cite web |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/entertainment-others/mayur-puri-to-give-desi-twist-to-the-angry-birds-movie-2816689/ |title=The Angry Birds Movie (Hindi) - Indian Express |work=The Indian Express |date=24 May 2016 |accessdate=31 May 2016}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Finding Dory]]''|| {{Yes}} || || || {{Yes}} || || Hindi Dialogue<ref name = "Finding Dory (Hindi)">{{cite web |url=http://www.thepeoplepost.com/news/entertainment/mayur-puri-write-dialogues-finding-dory/ |title=Finding Dory (Hindi) - The People Post |publisher=thepeoplepost.com |accessdate=3 June 2016}}</ref>
Hindi Lyrics: Hum Chaley Ghar (We're Going Home:Hindi), Ghar Wapasi (Migration:Hindi), Tairtey Raho (Just Keep Swimming:Hindi)
|-
|''[[Dishoom]]''|| {{Yes}} || || || || || Lyrics: Toh Dhishoom, Janemann Aah
|-
|''[[A Flying Jatt]]''|| {{Yes}} || || || || || Lyrics: Bhangra Pa
|-
|[[Moana (2016 film)|''Moana'']]|| {{Yes}} || || ||{{Yes}} || || Hindi Dialogue Hindi Lyrics: Aagey Aagey (Make Way:Hindi), Manzil Meri (How Far I'll Go:Hindi), Tathastu (You are Welcome:Hindi), Shona (Shiny: Hindi), Tu Hi Hai (Who You Are: Hindi), Avey Avey (Avey Avey: Hindi)
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2017 ||''Ek Dafaa''|| {{Yes}} || || || || || Lyrics: Ek Dafaa
|-
|[[Raees (2017 film)|''Raees'']]|| {{Yes}} || || || || || Lyrics: Dhingana
|-
| ''Firdaws''|| {{Yes}} || ||{{Yes}}|| {{Yes}} || || Director Story, Screenplay & Dialogue Lyrics: Firdaws (OST)
|-
|''[[Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales]]''|| || || || {{Yes}} || || Hindi Dialogue
|-
|''[[Thor: Ragnarok]]''|| || || || {{Yes}} || || Hindi Dialogue
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2018 ||''[[Avengers: Infinity War]]''|| || || || {{Yes}} || || Hindi Dialogue
|-
|''[[Incredibles 2]]''|| || || || {{Yes}} || || Hindi Dialogue
|-
|''[[Ralph Breaks the Internet]]''|| {{Yes}} || || || || || Hindi Lyrics: Slaughter Race, Hindi Lyrics: Superstar
|-
|''[[Mowgli: Legend of the Jungle]]''|| || || || {{Yes}} || || Hindi Dialogue
|-
| rowspan="6" | 2019 ||''[[Avengers: Endgame]]''|| || || || {{Yes}} || || Hindi Dialogue
|-
|[[The Lion King (2019 film)|''The Lion King'']]|| {{Yes}} || || || {{Yes}} || || Hindi Dialogue & Hindi Lyrics
|-
|''Maleficent: Mistress of Evil''
|
|
|
|{{Yes}}
|
|Hindi Dialogue
|-
|''[https://www.hungama.com/song/hona-chaida/49443989/ Hona Chaida] - Arjun Kanungo''
|{{Yes}}
|
|
|
|
|Lyrics
|-
|''Orange Is The New Black: All Seasons''|| || || || {{Yes}} || || Hindi Dialogue for Netflix India
|-
|''[[Jojo Rabbit]]''|| || || || {{Yes}} || || Hindi Dialogue
|-
| rowspan="8" | 2020 ||''Spies In Disguise''|| || || || {{Yes}} || || Hindi Dialogue for Netflix India
|-
|''[[Locke & Key (TV series)|Locke & Key]]''|| || || || {{Yes}} || || Hindi Dialogue for Netflix India
|-
|''[[My Neighbor Totoro]]''|| || || || {{Yes}} || || Hindi Dialogue for Netflix India
|-
|''[[Kiki's Delivery Service]]''|| || || || {{Yes}} || || Hindi Dialogue for Netflix India
|-
|''[[Ponyo]]''|| || || || {{Yes}} || || Hindi Dialogue for Netflix India
|-
|''Mira - Royal Detective''|| || || || {{Yes}} || || Hindi Dialogue for Netflix India
|-
|''[[The Willoughbys]]''|| || || || {{Yes}} || || Hindi Dialogue for Netflix India
|-
|[[Here We Are (film)|''Here We Are'']]|| || || || {{Yes}} || || Hindi Dialogue for Netflix India
|-
|2021
|''[[Shang-Chi and the Legend of the Ten Rings]]''
|
|
|
|{{Yes}}
|
|Hindi Dialogue
|-
| rowspan="6" |2022
|''[[Doctor Strange in the Multiverse of Madness]]''
|
|
|
|{{Yes}}
|
|Hindi Dialogue
|-
|''[[Thor: Love and Thunder]]''
|
|
|
|{{Yes}}
|
|Hindi Dialogue
|-
|''[[Titu Ambani]]''
|{{Yes}}
|
|
|
|
|Lyrics: Jabre Piya, Mr. Malang, Haq Tumko Hi, Badal Gaye Tum
|-
|''[[Atithi Bhooto Bhava]]''
|{{Yes}}
|
|
|
|
|Lyrics: "Raat Kawari Hai"
|-
|''[[Middle Class Love]]''
|{{Yes}}
|
|
|
|
|Lyrics: "Hypnotize"
|-
|''[[Avatar: The Way of Water]]''
|
|
|
|{{Yes}}
|
|Hindi Dialogue
|-
|rowspan=2|2023
|[[Shehzada (2023 film)|''Shehzada'']]
|{{Yes}}
|
|
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|Lyrics: "Shehzada Title Track"
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|[[Chatrapathi (2023 film)|''Chatrapathi'']]
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|Lyrics: "Bareilly Ki Bazaar"
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|2024
|''[[Deadpool & Wolverine]]''
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|2024
|''[[Mufasa: The Lion King]]''
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|Hindi Dialogue and lyrics
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|rowspan=2|2025
|''[[Badass Ravi Kumar]]''
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|[[Metro... In Dino|''Metro... In Dino'']]
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|Lyricis: Dhaagena Tinak Dhin
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==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* {{official|http://www.mayurpuri.com}}
* {{IMDb name|1190754|Mayur Puri}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Puri, Mayur}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Indian screenwriters]]
[[Category:Indian male actors]]

Rishi

2026-03-15T04:34:26Z

CarlNorfleet88: typo fix

{{Short description|Sanskrit term for a sage in Indian religions}}
{{About||the former Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|Rishi Sunak|other uses}}
{{Italic title}}
{{EngvarB|date=January 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
[[File:Manu and Saptarishi.jpg|250x250px|thumb|A late 18th century painting of [[Saptarishi]] and Manu from [[Jaipur]], [[Rajasthan]].]]
In [[Indian religions]], a '''''rishi''''' ({{Langx|sa|ऋषि}} {{IAST3|ṛṣi}}) is an accomplished and enlightened person. They find mention in various [[Vedic text]]s. Rishis are believed to have composed hymns of the [[Vedas]]. The Post-Vedic tradition of [[Hinduism]] regards the rishis as "great [[yogi]]s" or "sages" who after intense meditation ([[Tapas (Sanskrit)|tapas]]) realized the supreme truth and eternal knowledge, which they composed into hymns.<ref name=scharfe13>Hartmut Scharfe (2002), Handbook of Oriental Studies, BRILL Academic, {{ISBN|978-9004125568}}, pp. 13–15.</ref> The term appears in [[Pali]] literature as Isi; in [[Buddhism]] they can be either [[Buddhas]], [[Pratyekabuddha|Paccekabuddhas]], [[Arhat|Arahats]] or a [[Buddhist monasticism|monk]] of high rank.

==Etymology==

According to Indian tradition, the word may be derived from two different meanings of the root 'rsh' ({{IAST|ṛṣ}}). Sanskrit grammarians<ref>''cf.'' Commentary on ''[[Unadi-Sutra]]'',{{author needed}}{{year needed|date=October 2017}} iv, 119</ref> derive this word from the second meaning: "to go, to move".<ref>Dhātupāṭha of Pānini, xxviii). V. S. Apte</ref> V. S. Apte<ref>V. S. Apte (Sanskrit-Hindi Kosh, 1890, reprint 1997 by Motilāl Banārasidās Publishers, Delhi)</ref> gives this particular meaning and derivation, and [[Monier-Williams]]<ref name="Williams">{{Citation
| last =Monier-Williams
| first =Monier
| author-link =Monier Monier-Williams
| year =1899
| title =A Sanskrit-English Dictionary
| place =Delhi
| publisher=Motilal Banarsidass
| url =http://www.ibiblio.org/sripedia/ebooks/mw/
| page = 226
}}</ref> also gives the same, with some qualification.

Another form of this root means "to flow, to move near by flowing". (All the meanings and derivations cited above are based upon ''Sanskrit English Dictionary'' of Monier-Williams).<ref name="Williams" /> Monier-Williams also quotes Tārānātha who compiled the great (Sanskrit-to-Sanskrit) dictionary named "ṛṣati jñānena saṃsāra-pāram" (i.e., "one who reaches beyond this mundane world by means of spiritual knowledge").

Before Monier-Williams' work was published, [[Yāska]] suggested it came from "drish" and quotes Aupamanyava to support his opinion.

However, the root has a close [[Avestan]] cognate ''ərəšiš''<ref>[[Yasna]] 31.5; cf. 40.4</ref> "an [[Religious ecstasy|ecstatic]]" (see also [[Yurodivy]], [[Vates]]). Yet the Indo-European dictionary of [[Julius Pokorny]] connects the word to a PIE root {{lang|ine-x-proto|*h₃er-s}} meaning "rise, protrude", in the sense of "excellent" and thus cognate with [[Ṛta]] and [[wikt:rightness|right]] and [[Asha]]. In Sanskrit, forms of the root ''rish'' become ''arsh-'' in many words, (e.g., ''arsh'').

Modern etymological explanations such as by [[Manfred Mayrhofer]] in his ''Etymological Dictionary''<ref>''Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen'', Heidelberg 1986, I 261</ref> leave the case open, and do not prefer a connection to ''{{IAST|ṛṣ}}'' "pour, flow" ([[PIE]] {{lang|ine-x-proto|*h₁ers}}), rather one with German ''rasen'' "to be ecstatic, be in a different state of mind" (and perhaps Lithuanian ''aršus'').

==In Hindu texts==
[[File:Rishi.jpg|thumb|A temple relief showing a Rishi.]]
In the [[Vedas]], the word denotes an inspired poet of Vedic hymns.<ref name=scharfe13/> In particular, Ṛṣi refers to the authors of the hymns of the [[Rigveda]]. Some of the earliest lists of ''Rishi'' are found in Jaiminiya Brahmana verse 2.218 and [[Brihadaranyaka Upanishad]] verse 2.2.4.<ref name=jmcdaniel309>Justin McDaniel (2013), This Hindu holy man is a Thai Buddhist, South East Asia Research, Volume 21, Number 2, page 309, 303-321</ref>

Post-Vedic tradition regards the Rishis as "[[Sage (philosophy)|sage]]s" or [[saint]]s, constituting a peculiar class of divine human beings in the early mythical system, as distinct from [[Asura]]s, [[Deva (Hinduism)|Deva]]s and mortal men. [[Swami Vivekananda]] described "Rishi"s as ''Mantra-drashtas'' or "the seers of thought". He told— "The truth came to the Rishis of India — the Mantra-drashtâs, the seers of thought — and will come to all Rishis in the future, not to talkers, not to book-swallowers, not to scholars, not to philologists, but to seers of thought."<ref name="Swami Vivekananda on Rishis">{{cite web|title=Swami Vivekananda on Rishis|url=http://www.swamivivekanandaquotes.org/2014/03/swami-vivekanandas-quotes-on-rishis-and-sages.html|publisher=Swami Vivekananda Quotes|access-date=12 April 2014|archive-date=19 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170619214211/http://www.swamivivekanandaquotes.org/2014/03/swami-vivekanandas-quotes-on-rishis-and-sages.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The [[Rig Veda]] mentions female rishikas such as Romasha, [[Lopamudra]], [[Apala]], [[Kadru]], Visvavara, [[Ghosha]], Juhu, Vagambhrini, Paulomi, [[Yami]], [[Indrani]], [[Savitri and Satyavan|Savitri]] and [[Devayani]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-08-10 |title=Rshikäs of the Rgveda Blog by Swamini Atmaprajnananda Saraswati |url=http://www.speakingtree.in/spiritual-blogs/masters/philosophy/rshik-s-of-the-rgveda-214571 |access-date=2024-02-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150810021917/http://www.speakingtree.in/spiritual-blogs/masters/philosophy/rshik-s-of-the-rgveda-214571 |archive-date=10 August 2015 }}</ref> The [[Sama Veda]] adds Nodha, Akrishtabhasha, Sikatanivavari and Gaupayana.

In [[Mahabharata]] 12, on the other hand, there is the post-Vedic list of [[Marichi|Marīci]], [[Atri]], [[Angiras]], [[Pulaha]], [[Kratu]], [[Pulastya]] and [[Vashista]]. The Mahābhārata list explicitly refers to the [[Saptarshi|saptarshis]] of the first [[manvantara]]<ref name="Williams" /> and not to those of the present manvantara. Each manvantara had a unique set of saptarshi. In Harivamsha 417ff, the names of the Rishis of each manvantara are enumerated.

In addition to the Sapta{{IAST|rṣi}}, there are other classifications of sages. In descending order of precedence, they are [[Brahmarshi]], [[Maharshi]], [[Rajarshi]]. Deva{{IAST|rṣi}}, Param{{IAST|rṣi}}, Shruta{{IAST|rṣi}} and Kānda{{IAST|rṣi}} are added in Manusmriti iv-94 and xi-236 and in two dramas of Kālidasa.

The Chaturvarga-Chintāmani of Hemādri puts '{{IAST|riṣi}}' at the seventh place in the eightfold division of Brāhmanas. [[Amarakosha]]<ref>Amarakosha (2.7.41–42)</ref> (the famous Sanskrit synonym lexicon compiled by Amarasimha) mentions seven types of {{IAST|riṣi}}s : Shrutarshi, Kāndarshi, Paramarshi, Maharshi, Rājarshi, Brahmarshi and Devarshi. Amarakosha strictly distinguishes Rishi from other types of sages, such as sanyāsi, {{IAST|bhikṣu}}, parivrājaka, tapasvi, muni, brahmachāri, yati, etc.

== In Buddhist texts ==
The term Rishi found mentions throughout the [[Buddhist texts]]. In [[Pali]], they are known as "Isi"s. A Rishi can also be called a Buddha, Paccekabuddha, Arhat or monk of high rank. In [[Pāli Canon|Buddhist Pali literature]], [[Buddha]] is called many times as "Mahesi"(Pali; Sanskrit: Maharṣi; meaning the greatest sage).<ref>{{Cite web|last=www.wisdomlib.org|date=2014-08-03|title=Maheshi, Mahesi, Māheśī, Maheśī: 4 definitions|url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/maheshi|access-date=2021-04-12|website=www.wisdomlib.org}}</ref> The Isigili Sutta in [[Pali Canon]], mentions the name of Five hundred Rishis (Paccekabuddhas). The Buddhist text, [[Mahamayuri|Mahamayuri Tantra]], written during 1–3rd centuries CE, mentions Rishis throughout [[Jambudvipa]] (modern day [[India]], [[Pakistan]], [[Afghanistan]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Nepal]]) and invokes them for the protection of the [[Buddhadharma]].<ref>[https://mahamayurividyarajni.wordpress.com/2012/06/10/mahamayuri/ Translated into English by Cheng Yew Chung based on Amoghavajra’s Chinese Translation (Taisho Volume 19, Number 982) ]</ref>

Many [[Jatakas]] also mentions various Rishis. The Naḷinikā Jātaka (Jā 526) introduces a [[Bodhisattva|past life of the Buddha]], a Rishi(Isi), living alone in the Himālayas. His son, who was also a Rishi, was named [[Rishyasringa|Isisiṅga]] ([[Pali]]; Sanskrit:''Ṛṣyaśṛṅga''). The Agastya Jataka (Sanskrit; Pali: Akkhata Jataka) story, mentions [[Bodhisattva]], named Agastya(Sanskrit; Pali: Akkhata) as Rishi.

==Ruesi in Cambodia, Thailand, Myanmar and Laos==
[[File:2013 Wat Suan Tan 02.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|A statue of a Ruesi at Wat Suan Tan in [[Nan, Thailand]]]]
'''[[Thai Ruesi|Ruesi]]''' (Sanskrit: ''ṛṣi'', {{langx|km|តាឥសី}}, {{langx|th|ฤๅษี}}, {{langx|lo|ລືສີ}}) is a [[hermit]] [[List of types of spiritual teachers|sage]], the equivalent of Rishi in [[India]]. Rishi Akkhata (Pali; Sanskrit: Agastya), known as Phra Reusi Akkhot in [[Thailand]], is an important Ruesi in [[Southeast Asia]], as in the [[Jataka tales|Buddhist Jataka scriptures]], this Ruesi is mentioned as the [[bodhisatta]] and practiced his ascetism in [[Sri Lanka]] and [[Southeast Asia]].<ref name="jmcdaniel309" /> In [[Myanmar]], there are some known as {{ill|ရသေ့|my}} (''ya-the'') such as [[U Khandi]]. Veneration of Ruesis is a notable practice in [[Southeast Asian Buddhism]]. The name "Rishi" (pronounced "ruesi") is also the basis of one of the letters of the [[Thai alphabet]], ''so reu-si'' ({{langx|th|ษ ฤๅษี}}).

==Rishi in Indonesia==
Most medieval era [[Candi of Indonesia|Hindu temples of Java]], [[Indonesia]] show Rishi [[Agastya]] statues or reliefs, usually guarding the southern side of [[Shaivite]] temples.<ref name=jmcdaniel309/> Some examples include [[Candi Sambisari]] and the Prambanan temple near [[Yogyakarta]].<ref>Maud Girard-Geslan et al (1997), Art of Southeast Asia, Harry Abrams, Paris, page 350</ref> In Indonesian, rishi is called {{lang|id|resi}}.

==Other uses==
Rishi is also a [[Rishi (given name)|male given name]], and less commonly a Brahmin last name.

In [[Carnatic music]], "Rishi" is the seventh ''chakra'' (group) of [[Melakarta]] [[raga]]s. The names of ''chakras'' are based on the numbers associated with each name. In this case, there are [[seven rishis]] and hence the 7th ''chakra'' is "Rishi".<ref name="sim">''South Indian Music'' Book III, by Prof. P Sambamoorthy, Published 1973, The Indian Music Publishing House</ref><ref name="ragas">''Ragas in Carnatic music'' by Dr. S. Bhagyalekshmy, Pub. 1990, CBH Publications</ref>

The descendant families of these Rishis, refer to their ancestral lineage through their family "[[gotra]]". This is a common practice among the Brahmin sects of the current Hindu society.

== See also ==
{{col div|colwidth=15em}}
*[[Devarishi]]
*[[Saptarishi]]
*[[Rishi Panchami]]
*[[Rishikas]]
*[[Sadhu]]
*[[Rishabha (Hinduism)]]
*[[Rishabhanatha]]
*[[Pravaras]]
*[[Sramana]]
*[[Apaurusheyatva]]
*[[Yogi]] / [[Yogini]]
*[[Kavi (disambiguation)|Kavi]]
*[[Vidyadhara (Buddhism)|Vidyadhara]]
*[[Weizza]]
*[[Xian (Taoism)|Xian]]
{{colend}}

==Notes==
{{Reflist|2}}

==References==
*{{Citation
| last =Apte
| first =Vaman Shivram
| year =1965
| title =The Practical Sanskrit-English Dictionary
| edition =Fourth Revised and Enlarged
| place =New Delhi
| publisher=Motilal Banarsidass
| isbn =978-81-208-0567-5
}}
*{{Citation
| last =Apte
| first =Vaman Shivram
| year =1966
| title =Sanskrit-Hindi {{IAST|Koṣa}}
| edition =Reprint 1997
| place =New Delhi
| publisher=Motilal Banarsidass
}}
*{{Citation
| last=Chopra
| first=Deepak
| year=2006
| title=Life After Death: The Burden of Proof
| place=Boston
| publisher=Harmony Books
| edition=first
}}
*{{Citation
| last=Kosambi
| first=D. D.
| year=1956
| title=An Introduction to the Study of Indian History
| place=Bombay
| publisher=Popular Prakashan Pvt Ltd, 35c Tardeo Road, Popular Press Bldg, Bombay-400034
| edition=Second
}}
*{{Citation
| last=Śāstri
| first=Hargovind
| year=1978
| title={{IAST|Amarkoṣa}} with Hindi commentary
| place=Vārānasi
| publisher=Chowkhambā Sanskrit Series Office
}}

==Further reading==
*[http://www.speakingtree.in/public/spiritual-blogs/masters/philosophy/rshik-s-of-the-rgveda-214571 Rishikas of the Rigveda]

==External links==
*{{Wiktionary-inline}}
*{{Commons category-inline}}

{{Rishis of Hindu mythology}}
{{Rigveda}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Rishis| ]]
[[Category:Titles and occupations in Hinduism]]
[[Category:Thai folklore]]

Dogras

2026-03-15T01:00:14Z

CarlNorfleet88: add article and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|Indo-Aryan ethnic group in South Asia}}
{{Distinguish|Dogar}}
{{pp|small=yes}}

{{EngvarB|date=September 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Dogras
|image =
|image_caption = Dogras dance
| population = 2.5 million (2011)<ref name="Census 2011">{{cite web |title=Abstract of Speakers' Strength of Languages and Mother Tongues - 2011 |url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language-2011/Statement-1.pdf |website=censusindia.gov.in |access-date=4 January 2021}}</ref>
| popplace = ''Majority'': [[Jammu Division|Jammu]] ''Minority'': [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[Delhi]], [[Haryana]]
| langs = [[Dogri language|Dogri]]
| rels = '''Predominantly:''' [[File:Om.svg|15px]] [[Hinduism]] '''Minority:''' [[File:Star and Crescent.svg|18px]] [[Dogra Muslims|Islam]] and [[File:Khanda.svg|15px]] [[Sikhism]]
| related = [[Punjabis]], [[Kangra Valley|Kangris]] and other [[Indo-Aryans]]
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
}}
The '''Dogras''', or '''Dogra people''', are an [[Indo-Aryans|Indo-Aryan]] ethno-linguistic group living primarily in the Indian [[union territory]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. They speak their native [[Dogri language]]. They live predominantly in the [[Duggar (region)|Duggar]] region of the [[Jammu Division]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]],<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sandhu |first1=Kamaljit Kaur |title=Government planning to redraw Jammu and Kashmir assembly constituency borders: Sources |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/government-toys-with-delimitation-commission-in-j-k-1542446-2019-06-04 |access-date=4 January 2021 |work=India Today |date=4 June 2019 |language=en}}</ref> and in adjoining areas of the [[Indian states|states]] of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] and [[Himachal Pradesh]]. Some also live in northeastern [[Pakistan]].<ref name=webindia123>{{cite web|url=https://www.webindia123.com/JAMMU/PEOPLE/peoplejammu.htm|title=The People – Dogras |publisher=Webindia123.com |access-date=22 May 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Pathik |first1=Jyoteeshwar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O_-1AAAAIAAJ |title=Cultural Heritage of the Dogras |last2=Sharma |first2=Diwan Chand |date=1980 |publisher=Light & Life Publishers |language=en}}</ref>

Dogra [[Rajputs]] of the [[Jamwal]] clan ruled Jammu from the 19th century, when [[Gulab Singh]] was made a hereditary Raja of Jammu by [[Ranjit Singh]], while his brother [[Dhian Singh]] was the [[Sikh Empire]]'s prime minister of Punjab, until September 1843. Through the [[Treaty of Amritsar (1846)]], they acquired Kashmir as well.
The [[Dogra Regiment]] of the [[Indian Army]] primarily consists of Dogras from the [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[Punjab state|Punjab]] and [[Jammu region]].<ref name="globalsecurity1">{{cite web|author=John Pike |url=https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/india/rgt-punjab.htm |title=Punjab Regiment |publisher=Globalsecurity.org |access-date=22 May 2022}}</ref>

==Etymology==
The term Dogra is thought to derive from ''[[Duggar (region)|Durgara]]'', the name of a kingdom mentioned in an eleventh century copper-plate inscription in [[Chamba State|Chamba]]. The inscription mentions the Raja of Chamba facing an attack by Kiras aided by the Lord of Durgara (''durgāreśwara''). In medieval times the term ''Durgara'' is believed to have turned into ''Duggar'', eventually transforming to 'Dogra'. [[Kalhana]]'s ''[[Rajatarangini]]'' makes no mention of a kingdom by any of these names, but the kingdoms could have been referred to by their capital cities (such as ''Vallapura'', modern [[Billawar]], or ''Babbapura'', modern Babor). In modern times, the term Dogra has become an ethnic identity, referring to all who speak the [[Dogri language]], irrespective of their religion.{{sfn|Handa, Textiles, Costumes, and Ornaments of the Western Himalaya|1998|pp=178–179}}

==History==
[[O.C. Handa|Omachanda Handa]] believes that the Durgara people were originally migrants from [[Rajasthan]]. The allusion to ''durg'' (fort) in their name indicates that they may have remained a warrior people, eventually founding powerful kingdoms between [[Chenab River|Chenab]] and [[Ravi River|Ravi]], and possibly dominating up to the [[Sutlej River|Sutluj]] river.{{sfn|Handa, Textiles, Costumes, and Ornaments of the Western Himalaya|1998|pp=178–180}}

According to archaeologist [[M. A. Stein]], there were some eleven Dogra states in the region, all of them eventually absorbed into the [[Jammu]] state, which emerged as the most powerful.{{sfn|Stein, Kalhana's Rajatarangini|1900|p=432}} Prior to the rise of Jammu, Babbapura (Babor) is believed to have been the chief state of Dogras. Lying 45 km east of Jammu, Babor contains the ruins of six magnificent temples representing a "thriving artistic activity".<ref name="Saraf1987">{{citation |last=Saraf |first=D. N. |title=Arts and Crafts, Jammu and Kashmir: Land, People, Culture |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vQShV9jNzIUC&pg=PA198 |year=1987 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn=978-81-7017-204-8 |pages=198–}}</ref><ref>[http://jammutourism.gov.in/MonumentHeritage-Babor-Temple.html Babor Temple], Directorate of Tourism, Jammu, retrieved 25 July 2018.</ref> The [[Rajatarangini]] mentions Raja Vajradhara of Babbapura vowing allegiance to Bhikshachara of Kashmir in 1120 AD, along with the chiefs of neighbouring kingdoms.{{sfn|Charak|Billawaria|1998|pp=6–7}}

===Jammu Dogras===
The Jammu Dogras traditionally inhabited the area between the slopes of the [[Sivalik Hills|Shivalik range]] of mountains and the sacred [[Surinsar Lake]] and [[Mansar Lake]], but later spread over whole of the Jammu region. Many of the dogras immigrated from the state of [[Punjab]], specifically from [[Sialkot]] region. They generally speak Dogri and other dialects similar to Dogri or western [[Pahari language|Pahadi]]-influenced languages. The majority of the Dogra are followers of [[Hindu]]ism, but many in Jammu and Kashmir believe in other religions. In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, some Dogras embraced [[Islam]] and [[Sikhism]]. These factors, together with the effects of immigration into the region, have resulted in the Dogra population of Jammu and Kashmir including members of all three religions.<ref name=webindia123/>

The [[Dogra dynasty]] emerged as a regional power, particularly after Rajput Maharaja [[Gulab Singh]] emerged as a warrior and his subjects received special martial recognition from the [[British Raj]]. The rule of Gulab Singh's Raj extended over the whole of the Jammu region, a large part of the Ladakh region as early as March 1846, and a large part of the Indian Punjab (now [[Himachal Pradesh]]). The [[Kashmir Valley]] was handed over to Gulab Singh by the British government, as part of the territories ceded to the British government by Lahore State according to the provisions of Article IV of the [[Treaty of Lahore]] dated 9{{nbsp}}March 1846. Under the [[Treaty of Amritsar, 1846|Treaty of Amritsar]] in the same year, the Dogra king of Jammu and the state was thereafter known as the Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir State (Raj), also thereafter referred as Kashmir State. The term Dogra hence is more akin to the subjects of Himachal Pradesh, some areas of Punjab and the whole region of Jammu that was ruled by Raja Gulab Singh as part of the Dogra Raj irrespective of the religion of the inhabitants.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/features/dogras-and-their-run-ins-with-china-102073|title=Dogra rulers and their run-ins with China|publisher=tribuneindia|date= 21 June 2020}}</ref>

=== Jammu and Kashmir ===
[[File:Gulabsingh1840.jpg|thumb|[[Gulab Singh]], the first Maharaja of [[Dogra dynasty|Dogra Rajput dynasty]] which ruled [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]].]]

The [[Dogra dynasty]] was a dynasty of [[Hindu]] [[Rajputs]] who ruled [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] from 1846 to 1947.

The [[Sikh Empire]] rule extended beyond the Jammu region and the [[Kashmir Valley]] to the Tibetan Buddhist Kingdom of [[Ladakh]] and the Emirates of [[State of Hunza|Hunza]], [[Gilgit Agency|Gilgit]] and [[State of Nagar|Nagar]]. After the [[First Anglo-Sikh War]] in 1846, the British gave Kashmir and the title of 'Maharaja' to [[Gulab Singh]] –.<ref>Nalwa, V., 2009. Hari Singh Nalwa-Champion of the Khalsaji. New Delhi: Manohar, p. 220, {{ISBN|81-7304-785-5}}.</ref>

===Military history===
The [[Dogra Regiment]] was among the regiments of the [[British Indian Army]], which made significant contributions in both the world wars on all fronts from [[East Asia]] to [[Europe]] and [[North Africa]]. At Independence, it became an infantry regiment of the [[Indian Army]] composed largely but not exclusively of the Dogra people. The [[Jammu and Kashmir Rifles]], another regiment of the Indian Army, consisting of mainly Dogras was formed out of the former army of the Kingdom of Jammu & Kashmir after it was absorbed into the Indian Army.<ref name="dt"/> Prior to India's partition, the erstwhile [[10th Baluch Regiment]] of the British Indian Army had had a company of Dogra Brahmins, which fought with great distinction in the [[Burma campaign]]. Post independence, the company was drafted to the 17th Dogra Regiment.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Randle |first1=John |title=Battle Tales from Burma |date=1 January 2004 |publisher=Casemate Publishers |isbn=978-1-84415-112-7 |page=142 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SQv6zlCwxOYC&q=dogra+brahmin+baluch+regiment}}</ref>

==Notable people==
{{more citations needed section|date=November 2024}}


* [[Banda Singh Bahadur]], Sikh warrior and commander of Khalsa army<ref>{{Cite book |last=www.DiscoverSikhism.com |url=https://archive.org/details/BandaSinghBahadurOnTheCanvasOfHistory/page/n91/mode/1up |title=Banda Singh Bahadur On The Canvas Of History |language=English}}</ref>
*[[Premchand Degra]], Professional bodybuilder
*[[Akshay Dogra]], Indian actor
*[[Girdhari Lal Dogra]], Politician who served as Finance minister of Jammu and Kashmir
*[[Monica Dogra]], American musician and actress
*[[Paras Dogra]], Indian cricketer
*[[Prem Nath Dogra]], Politician also known as Sher e Duggar
*[[Rajiv Dogra]], Indian diplomat who served as Ambassador to Romania
*[[Riddhi Dogra]], Indian actress
*[[Romesh Chander Dogra]], Deputy speaker and former Health and Family Welfare minister of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
*[[Tirath Das Dogra]], Indian forensic pathologist
*[[Zakir Hussain (musician)|Zakir Hussain]], Indian tabla player and composer
*[[Vidyut Jammwal]], Indian actor and martial artist
*[[Mian Dido Jamwal]], dogra warrior who revolted against [[Sikh Empire]]
*[[Ranveer Jamwal]], Indian mountaineer and army officer
*[[Ajay Singh Jasrotia]], Indian military officer and martyr of [[Kargil war]]
*[[Arun Singh Jasrotia]], Indian military officer was posthumously awarded the [[Ashoka Chakra]]
*[[Khudadad Khan]], British Indian soldier and recipient of [[Victoria Cross]]
*[[Vijay Mahajan (academic)]], Jammu-born Indian-American Professor of Marketing (The University of Texas at Austin) and former Dean, Indian School of Business
*[[Manjit Minhas]], Canadian entrepreneur, television personality and venture capitalist.
*[[Rashid Minhas]], Pilot in [[Pakistan Air Force]] and recipient of [[Nishan-e-Haider]]
*[[Anant Singh Pathania]], Indian military personnel and first Indian recipient of [[Military Cross]] in the Second World War
*[[Raghbir Singh Pathania]], former Indian Lieutenant Colonel
*[[Alla Rakha]], Hindustani classical musician from India
*[[Mukesh Rishi]], Indian actor and film producer
*[[Gurbachan Singh Salaria]], Indian military officer and member of [[United Nations peacekeeping|UN peacekeeping]]
*[[Narain Singh Sambyal]], Military personnel
*[[Shivkumar Sharma]], Indian classical musician and [[santoor]] player<ref>{{cite news |last1=Suchismita |date=10 May 2022 |title=J&K loses illustrious son: Santoor maestro Pt Shiv Kumar Sharma passes away |url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/editorial/jk-loses-illustrious-son-santoor-maestro-pt-shiv-kumar-sharma-passes-away/ |work=Greater Kashmir |access-date=1 November 2024}}</ref>
*[[Dhian Singh]], longest serving wazir of [[Sikh Empire]] and aristocrat
*[[Gulab Singh]], first Maharaja of the princely state of [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
*[[Hari Singh]], former Maharaja of the princely state of [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
*[[Karan Singh]], titular Maharaja of the princely state of [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] and former [[Rajya sabha]] member
*[[Rajinder Singh (brigadier)|Rajinder Singh]], officer in the [[Jammu and Kashmir State Forces]] also known as saviour of Kashmir
*[[Ranbir Singh of Jammu and Kashmir|Maharaja Ranbir Singh]], former Maharaja of the princely state of [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
*[[Zorawar Singh (Dogra general)|Zorawar Singh]], military general of first [[Sikh Empire]] and later [[Dogra dynasty]]

==Culture==
{{See also|Dogri literature}}
===Folk dance and music===
* ''Kud'', a ritual dance performed in honour of Lok Devatas. This dance style is performed mostly at night. It is spontaneous and people of all ages and genders participate. Instruments used during the Kud are {{Transliteration|doi|italic=no|narshingha}}, {{Transliteration|doi|italic=no|chhaina}}, flute, and drums. The rhythm of music controls the movement of participants. This dance continues all night. The number of participants ranges from 20 to 30.
* ''Heren'', a traditional theatre form performed during the [[Lohri]] festival by 10–15 people. It is mostly performed in the hills of Jammu, Udhampur and ramnagar.
* ''Fumenie'' and ''Jagarana'', a dance style performed by women on the eve of a groom's departure to in-laws house. Both songs are sung by a group of 15–20 members. This traditional dance form depicts the feelings and emotions of women.
* ''Paakh/Gwatri/Kark/Masade'', a chorus narrative sung by a group of 10 singers without any musical instruments.
* ''Gwatri'', a song–dance combined tradition in which the singers narrate some text which is acted by the Gwatari dancers.
* ''Karak'', a narrative ballet sung by a community called 'Jogies'. They narrate a popular folk tale in their dance style, performed by three members to the accompaniment of a folk instrument called a ''[[Rubab (instrument)|rubab]]''.
* ''Benthe'', a chorus singing tradition performed by a specific community of tribal people called Gujjar and Bakerwal. The dance is performed by 5–7 members.<ref>Govt of J&K Website</ref>{{unreliable source?|date=February 2023}}

===Cuisine===

[[File:Traditional dogra food-jammu and kashmir-001.jpg|thumb|Traditional dogra food of Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Wheat]], [[maize]] and [[Pearl millet|bajra]] are staple foods, in addition to rice, cereals and a tangy preparation of mango or tamarind popularly known as ''[[Ambal (food)|ambal]]'' (अम्बल) or ''maani'' (म्हाणी)/''ambal'' (अंबल). The dish is called ''dal patt maani'' (दाल भत्त म्हाणी) and is savoured as a combination.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Brien|first=Charmaine O'|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BGhBAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT65|title=The Penguin Food Guide to India|date=15 December 2013|publisher=Penguin UK|isbn=978-93-5118-575-8|language=en}}</ref> ''[[Mittha maddhra|Mittha madra]]'' (मिट्ठा मदरा) is a favourite and is made with milk, dry fruit, and semolina.

Especially in ceremonial cooking, the following are favourites:<ref name="KUMAWAT">{{Cite book|last=Kumawat|first=Lovesh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3OrkDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA24|title=CUISINE|date=18 May 2020|publisher=NotionPress|isbn=978-1-64850-162-3|language=en}}</ref>
*preparations of ''rajmash'' (a special variety of red kidney beans);
*''mash da madra'' (yogurt-based gravy for black lentils);
*''[[auryia]]'', a curd dish fermented by rye;
*''kulth di daal'' (horse gram);
*''ambal'' made from pumpkin, jaggery and tamarind.

In [[Dham|Dogra Dhaam]] (community feasts and banquets), cooking is specially supervised by expert family chefs belonging to [[Dogra Brahmin]] community and are known as ''Siyans''.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Singh |first1=K. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9FigAAAAMAAJ&q=%22siyans%22+community+meals+brahmin+dogra |title=Jammu & Kashmir |last2=Pandita |first2=K. N. |last3=Charak |first3=Sukh Dev Singh |last4=Rizvi |first4=Baqr Raza |date=2003 |publisher=Anthropological Survey of India |isbn=978-81-7304-118-1 |language=en |quote=The community meals of other Hindu groups were prepared mostly by the Brahmans who were called siyans. Before engaging themselves for the duties of siyans, they have a bath and then put on clean dhoti and kurta.}}</ref> They are assisted by Dogra jheers in cooking. ''Kalari'' is milk preserved by the coagulation of proteins, then fried in a pan.

Non-vegetarian food was limited to Rajputs and Vaish (Mahajans). ''Khatta meat'' is mutton cooked with sour pomegranate seeds (''anardana'') or lime juice and flavoured with fumes of a burning charcoal soaked in mustard oil. ''[[Gheur|Keyur]]'' (घ्यूर) is a well-known Dogra food. It is prepared by frying flour or [[Maida (flour)|maida]] batter, and served with sugar and curd. Mostly, it is served to bridegrooms at the time of marriage by his in-laws. ''Kalari'' is a favourite food of Dogras in the rainy season. It is prepared by mixing flour, cottage cheese and milk cream (malai) with water with help of a small cup-shaped pot. ''Kalari'' is served with milk. [[Kalari cheese]] is popular in the Jammu region and in Jammu and Kashmir state more generally. ''Babbru/pathoru'' are prepared with flour and fried in oil. ''Babbru'' is served with maani/potato dish/kheer/curd etc.

[[Kheer]] is a dish prepared from milk by adding rice and dry fruit. It is served at all special occasions and festivals. Another popular exotic dish is ''guchiyyan'' (dried black [[morel]]), usually added as an ingredient in pulao. As it grows naturally in forests and cannot be cultivated, it is a priced commodity (approx 500 Rs. per 100 g) and makes an excelled dish with mountain potatoes (pahadi aloo). [[Saffron]] or kesar is extensively used to flavour sweet dishes and for its anti-oxidant benefits.<ref name="dt">{{cite web |url=http://www.duggartimes.com |title=Index of / |publisher=Duggartimes.com |access-date=19 January 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117181654/http://www.duggartimes.com/ |archive-date=17 January 2012 }}</ref> Many types of pickles are prepared with ''Kasrod'' (fiddlehead fern), mango, ''tyaoo'', ''lasoode'' and ''girgle.''<ref name="KUMAWAT"/><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/j-k/dogras-organise-cultural-cum-cuisine-fest-in-new-delhi-29053|title=Dogras organise cultural-cum-cuisine fest in New Delhi|publisher=tribuneindia|date=17 March 2021|access-date=9 April 2021}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{citation |last=Hāṇḍā |first=Omacanda |title=Textiles, Costumes, and Ornaments of the Western Himalaya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JFPnh9B5zncC&pg=PA178 |year=1998 |publisher=Indus Publishing |isbn=978-81-7387-076-7 |ref={{sfnref|Handa, Textiles, Costumes, and Ornaments of the Western Himalaya|1998}}}}
* {{citation |first1=Sukh Dev Singh |last1=Charak |first2=Anita K. |last2=Billawaria |title=Pahāṛi Styles of Indian Murals |publisher=Abhinav Publications |year=1998 |isbn=978-8-17017-356-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kugq3wEh-W4C&pg=PA7}}
* {{citation |last=Stein |first=M. A. |title=Kalhana's Rajatarangini: A chronicle of the kings of Kasmir, Volume 1 |url=https://archive.org/details/RajataranginiVol1 |date=1900 |publisher=Archibald Constable and Co. |location=Westminster |isbn=978-81-208-0370-1 |ref={{sfnref|Stein, Kalhana's Rajatarangini|1900}}}}

{{Rajput Groups of India}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Dogra| ]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in India]]
[[Category:Himalayan peoples]]
[[Category:Indo-Aryan peoples]]
[[Category:Surnames of Indian origin]]
[[Category:Social groups of Jammu and Kashmir]]

Akasa Singh

2026-03-12T19:32:29Z

CarlNorfleet88:

{{short description|Indian singer and performer (born 1994)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Akasa Singh
| image = Akasa-Singh-grace-the-premiere-of-Air-Courting-A-Legend (cropped).jpg
| image caption = Singh in 2023
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1990|04|02}}
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| occupation = {{hlist|Singer|actor}}
| module = {{Infobox musical artist|embed=yes
| genre ={{hlist|Pop|[[Filmi]]}}
| instrument =Vocals
| label =[[Sony Music India]]}}
}}

'''Akasa Singh''', (born 2 April 1990) known mononymously as '''Akasa''', is an Indian singer and performer. She has debuted with "Kheech Meri Photo" from the 2016 Hindi film ''[[Sanam Teri Kasam (2016 film)|Sanam Teri Kasam]]''. Starting her career through reality shows, she was signed to [[Sony Music India]]. Her debut pop single "Thug Ranjha" was her breakthorugh.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/thug-ranjha-is-most-viewed-indian-video-worldwide/articleshow/64242791.cms|title='Thug Ranjha' is most viewed Indian video worldwide|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-06-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2018/may/20/watch-akasas-thug-ranjha-is-most-viewed-indian-video-worldwide-1817068.html|title=Watch: Akasa's 'Thug Ranjha' is most viewed Indian video worldwide|work=The New Indian Express|access-date=2018-06-18}}</ref> In 2021, she participated in [[Bigg Boss (Hindi TV series) season 15|''Bigg Boss 15'']].

Akasa made her television debut as a host for ''Secret Side'' on [[MTV Beats]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/singer-akasa-singh-to-debut-as-tv-host-118081600927_1.html|title=Singer Akasa Singh to debut as TV host|date=2018-08-16|work=Business Standard India|access-date=2018-08-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/singer-akasa-singh-to-debut-as-tv-host/19710186|title=Singer Akasa Singh to debut as TV host|date=2018-08-16|work=mid-day|access-date=2018-08-19|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thequint.com/hotwire-text/singer-akasa-singh-to-debut-as-tv-host|title=Singer Akasa Singh to debut as TV host|work=The Quint|access-date=2018-08-19|language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==
Akasa started her career with [[Mika Singh]] where she was the only girl in a band of 10 male members.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.millenniumpost.in/entertainment/i-was-always-taught-to-be-i-was-always-taught-to-be-218331|title=I was always taught to be myself: Akasa Singh|access-date=2018-06-19}}</ref> She was a contestant in [[India's Raw Star]]. Her mentor on the show, [[Himesh Reshammiya]], promised Akasa that he would give her a break in Bollywood which she got through the song "Kheech Meri Photo" of the 2016 film ''[[Sanam Teri Kasam (2016 film)|Sanam Teri Kasam]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Bollywood/2016-03-28/Kheech-Meri-Photo-from-film-Sanam-Teri-Kasam-is-selfie-Anthem-of-Youth/216992|title=Kheech Meri Photo from film Sanam Teri Kasam is selfie Anthem of Youth|website=The Hans India|date=28 March 2016 |language=en|access-date=2018-06-19}}</ref> Akasa was also a contestant in [[Amazon Prime Video]]'s original reality show [[The Remix (TV show)|''The Remix'']] with DJ Skip.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://bandook.com/remix-show-review/|title=The Remix {{!}} Show Review - Bandook is a music-first digital news blog. It creates shareable content for music lovers who want to consume news of all genres, as it happens.|date=2018-03-09|work=Bandook is a music-first digital news blog. It creates shareable content for music lovers who want to consume news of all genres, as it happens.|access-date=2018-06-19|language=en-US}}</ref>

In 2017, Akasa, who has also featured in Being Indian's Judaai and Jugni Ji<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://rollingstoneindia.com/newcomer-akasa-singh-collaborates-with-ricky-martin/|title=Newcomer Akasa Singh Collaborates with Ricky Martin -|date=2017-02-21|work=Rolling Stone India|access-date=2018-06-19|language=en-US}}</ref> released a duet with [[Ricky Martin]] called [[Vente Pa' Ca|Vente Pa Ca]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/vente-pa-ca-ricky-martin-and-akasa-singh-of-kheech-meri-photo-fame-on-an-exclusive-single-together|title=This Is Akasa, She's Just Sung a Song With Ricky Martin!|work=The Quint|access-date=2018-06-19|language=en}}</ref> She has also done a mashup of [[Ed Sheeran]]'s [[Shape of You]] and [[Badshah (rapper)|Badshah]]'s Mercy<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.radioandmusic.com/entertainment/editorial/news/170602-akasas-mashup-bring-badshah-and-ed-sheeran|title=Akasa's mashup bring Badshah and Ed Sheeran together|access-date=2018-06-19|language=en}}</ref> and released a cover version of Zara Zara song from the film ''[[Rehnaa Hai Terre Dil Mein|RHTDM]]''.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.radioandmusic.com/entertainment/editorial/news/170821-akasa-singh-reveals-her-new-music-cover-zara|title=Akasa Singh reveals her new music cover 'Zara Zara'|access-date=2018-06-19|language=en}}</ref>

Akasa released her duet single "Thug Ranjha" on 18 May 2018.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://m.dailyhunt.in/news/bangladesh/english/tvnews4u-epaper-tvnews/sony+music+releases+akasa+s+electric+new+original+single+thug+ranjha-newsid-88183864|title=Sony Music releases Akasa's electric new & original single 'Thug Ranjha'|work=DailyHunt|access-date=2018-06-19|language=en}}</ref> Along with her, the video featured two male actors, Shasvat Seth{{Citation needed|date=January 2025}} and ''[[Tiger Zinda Hai]]'' actor Paresh Pahuja.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.radioandmusic.com/entertainment/editorial/news/180516-tiger-zinda-hai-actor-star-akasa-singh|title='Tiger Zinda Hai' actor to star with Akasa Singh|access-date=2018-06-19|language=en}}</ref> The official video went out to be the most viewed Indian video on YouTube worldwide.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/thug-ranjha-is-most-viewed-indian-video-worldwide/articleshow/64242791.cms|title='Thug Ranjha' is most viewed Indian video worldwide|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-06-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thequint.com/news/hot-news/thug-ranjha-is-most-viewed-indian-video-worldwide|title="Thug Ranjha" is most viewed Indian video worldwide |work=The Quint|access-date=2018-06-19|language=en}}</ref> In 2021, She has participated in ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 15)|Bigg Boss 15]].''

==Discography==
===As playback singer===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year !! Song !! Film
!Composer!! Lyrics !! Language
!Notes
!Ref.
|-
| 2013 || "Full Jhol" || ''[[Jackpot (2013 film)|Jackpot]]''
|[[Mika Singh]]|| Raj Hans
| rowspan="14" |[[Hindi]]
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-jackpot-music-is-a-mixed-bag-of-goodies/20131123.htm|title=Review: Jackpot music is a mixed bag of goodies|date=23 November 2013}}</ref>
|-
| 2016 || "[[Kheech Meri Photo]]" || ''[[Sanam Teri Kasam (2016 film)|Sanam Teri Kasam]]''
|[[Himesh Reshammiya]]|| Sameer Anjaan
|Debut lead song
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/music-reviews/Music-Review-Sanam-Teri-Kasam/articleshow/50759819.cms|title=Sanam Teri Kasam (2016) music review|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=17 January 2016}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2017 || "Kudi Gujrat Di" || ''[[Sweetiee Weds NRI]]''
|[[Jaidev Kumar]]|| Shyam Bhateja
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/music-reviews/album-review-sweetiee-weds-nri-/articleshow/58945944.cms|title=Sweetiee Weds NRI album review|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=2 June 2017}}</ref>
|-
| "Peh Gaya"
|''[[Fukrey Returns]]''
|[[Jasleen Royal]]|| Aditya Sharma
| ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2019 || "Aithey Aa" || ''[[Bharat (film)|Bharat]]''
|[[Vishal–Shekhar]]|| [[Irshad Kamil]]
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/bharat-music-review-vishal-shekhar-hit-the-right-note-again/articleshow/69595684.cms|title=Bharat Music Review|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=4 June 2019}}</ref>
|-
| "Prem Pujari"
| ''[[Drive (2019 film)|Drive]]''
|[[Amartya Bobo Rahut]]|| Siddhant Kaushal
|
| style="text-align:center;" |{{Citation needed|date=January 2025}}
|-
| "Dil Na Jaaneya"
| ''[[Good Newwz]]''
|[[Rochak Kohli]]|| Gurpreet Saini, Ari Leff, Michael Pollock
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2020 ||"Dhak Dhak" ||''[[Love Aaj Kal (2020 film)|Love Aaj Kal]]''
|[[Pritam]]||[[Irshad Kamil]]
| ||
|-
| "Peg Sheg"
|''[[Bhangra Paa Le]]''
|[[JAM8]]|| JAM8, A Bazz
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/bhangra-pa-le-song-peg-sheg-the-dance-battle-between-sunny-kaushal-and-rukshar-dhillon-is-a-must-watch/22321174|title=Bhangra Pa Le Song Peg Sheg: The Dance Battle Between Sunny Kaushal And Rukshar Dhillon Is A Must Watch|date=24 December 2019}}</ref>
|-
|2021 || "Sherni" || ''[[Sherni (2021 film)|Sherni]]''
|Utkarsh Dhotekar||Raghav
| ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2022 ||"Kangan Ruby (House Mix)" || ''[[Raksha Bandhan (film)|Raksha Bandhan]]''
| rowspan="2" |[[Himesh Reshammiya]]|| [[Irshad Kamil]]
| ||
|-
|"Hypnotise"
|''[[Middle Class Love]]''||[[Mayur Puri]]
| ||
|-
|2023
|"Selfiee Title Song"
|''[[Selfiee]]''
|Lijo George-[[DJ Chetas]]
|[[Shabbir Ahmed (lyricist)|Shabbir Ahmed]], Azeem Dayani
|Co-singer: [[Nakash Aziz]], [[Nikhita Gandhi]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2024 || "Not Funny"|| ''[[Madgaon Express]]''
|[[Sharib Sabri|Sharib]]-[[Toshi Sabri|Toshi]]|| Kalim Sheikh
|
|
|-
|"Daavudi"
|''[[Devara: Part 1]]''
|[[Anirudh Ravichander]]
|[[Ramajogayya Sastry]] (Telugu), [[Kausar Munir]], Varadaraj Chikkaballapura (Kannada)
|[[Telugu language|Telugu]] Hindi Kannada
|Also sang dubbed versions
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-09-04 |title=Jr NTR and Janhvi amp up the energy levels in Devara's new single 'Daavudi' |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2024/Sep/04/jr-ntr-and-janhvi-amp-up-the-energy-levels-in-devaras-new-single-daavudi |access-date=2024-09-05 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan=4|2025
|"Sikandar Naache"
|''[[Sikandar (2025 film)|Sikandar]]'' ||[[Pritam]], [[JAM8]] || [[Sameer Anjaan]]
|rowspan=4|Hindi|| Co-sung with [[Amit Mishra]], Siddhaant Miishhraa ||
|-
|"Dhaagena Tinak Dhin"
|''[[Metro... In Dino]]''
|Pritam
|[[Mayur Puri]]
|Co-singer [[Sachet-Parampara|Sachet Tandon]]||
|-
|"Maalik - Title Track"
|''[[Maalik (2025 film)|Maalik]]''
|[[Sachin-Jigar]]
|[[Amitabh Bhattacharya]]
|Co-singer MC Square
|
|-
||"Panwadi"
|''[[Sunny Sanskari Ki Tulsi Kumari]]''
|[[Pritam|A.P.S]]
|Jairaj
|Co-singers [[Khesari Lal Yadav]], Masoom Sharma, [[Dev Negi]], [[Pritam]], [[Nikhita Gandhi]], Siva G
|
|}

===Singles===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year !! Title !! Co-singer(s) !! Composer !! Ref.
|-
| 2018 || "Thug Ranjha" || {{n/a}} || rowspan="2" | Vayu
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=June 16, 2018|first=Vinayak|last=Chakravorty|title=Akasa Singh's Thug Ranjha is taking the music charts by storm|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/lifestyle/people/story/akasa-singh-s-thug-ranjha-is-taking-the-music-charts-by-storm-1261990-2018-06-16|access-date=2021-07-14|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2019 || "Naagin" || [[Aastha Gill]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Latest Hindi Song 'Naagin' Sung By Aastha Gill & Akasa {{!}} Hindi Video Songs|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/hindi/latest-hindi-song-naagin-sung-by-aastha-gill-akasa/videoshow/71627769.cms|access-date=2021-07-14|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2020
|"Naiyyo"
|[[Raftaar]]
|Herself, [[Raftaar]], Gonzalo Hermida, Ricardo Lobo
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-06-24|title=Raftaar And AKASA 'NAIYYO' Official Music Video Out Now|url=https://siachenstudios.com/news/raftaar-and-akasa-naiyyo-official-music-video/|access-date=2021-07-14|website=Siachen Studios|language=en-GB}}</ref>
|-
|2021
|"Shola"
|{{n/a}}
|Herself, Charan
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Watch: Rohit Saraf on collaborating with AKASA for his first single 'Shola': If this song can bring even a little bit of vibrancy in people's lives, I think we did a fantastic job|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/watch-rohit-saraf-on-collaborating-with-akasa-for-his-first-single-shola-if-this-song-can-bring-even-a-little-bit-of-vibrancy-in-peoples-lives-i-think-we-did-a-fantastic-job/articleshow/82325477.cms|access-date=2021-07-14|website=The Times of India|date=5 May 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |2022
|"Kamle"
|[[Yasser Desai]]
|Shantanu Dutta
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-15 |title=Kamle song: 'Dulha-Dulhan' Karan Kundrra, Akasa Singh romance in dreamy music video - WATCH |url=https://zeenews.india.com/music/kamle-song-dulha-dulhan-karan-kundrra-akasa-singh-romance-in-dreamy-music-video-watch-2445502.html |access-date=2022-03-16 |website=Zee News |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|"Saamna"
|{{N/a}}
|Vayu, Stav Beger
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Saamna sung by Akasa ft. Pratik Sehajpal |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/hindi/check-out-new-hindi-hit-song-music-video-saamna-sung-by-akasa/videoshow/90666007.cms |access-date=2022-04-11 |website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|"Shringaar"
|[[Aastha Gill]], [[Raftaar]]
|Vayu
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 June 2022 |title=Shringaar - Official Music Video {{!}} Vayu {{!}} Aastha Gill {{!}} Akasa {{!}} Raftaar {{!}} Milind Soman |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vxO1KgZuZ40&list=PLv_AldJrnsFmVAkRaJLfbed2HoyPKKCu5&index=1 |website=[[Sony Music India]]}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2023
|"Koi Jaye Toh Leh Aaye"
|Aasa Singh
|Herself, Aasa Singh
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Akasa Singh and Aasa Singh on their new song Koi Jaye Toh Leh Aaye - MidDay India |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/video/akasa-singh-and-aasa-singh-on-their-new-song-koi-jaye-toh-leh-aaye-1071420 |access-date=2023-04-14 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|"Kalleyan"
|[[Taaruk Raina]]
|Herself
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 November 2023 |title=Kalleyan – Akasa & Taaruk Raina |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ERaJ-2msmL4 |access-date=23 November 2023 |website=[[Sony Music India]]}}</ref>
|}

== Filmography ==

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Notes
!Ref.
|-
|2014
|''[[India's Raw Star]]''
|Contestant
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Akasa Singh: All you need to about the stunning singer|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/bigg-boss-15-contestant-akasa-singh-all-you-need-to-about-the-stunning-singer/articleshow/86650154.cms|url-status=live|access-date=2021-10-09|website=The Times of India|date=30 September 2021 |language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211009052914/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/bigg-boss-15-contestant-akasa-singh-all-you-need-to-about-the-stunning-singer/articleshow/86650154.cms |archive-date=9 October 2021 }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2018
|''[[MTV Beats]]' Secret Side''
|Host
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2021-09-29|title=Who is Akasa Singh? Know all about contestant to enter Salman Khan's show Bigg Boss 15|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/tv/bigg-boss-15-who-is-akasa-singh-songs-age-career-controversies-contestant-to-enter-salman-khan-show-737416|url-status=live|access-date=2021-10-09|website=www.indiatvnews.com|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210929160444/https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/tv/bigg-boss-15-who-is-akasa-singh-songs-age-career-controversies-contestant-to-enter-salman-khan-show-737416 |archive-date=29 September 2021 }}</ref>
|-
|[[The Remix (TV series)|''The Remix'']]
| rowspan="2" |Contestant
|[[Amazon Prime Video]]'s reality show
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-10-03|title=Meet Akasa Singh|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/bigg-boss-15-contestant-akasa-singh-songs-music-videos-photos-7541866/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-10-09|website=The Indian Express|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211003020842/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/bigg-boss-15-contestant-akasa-singh-songs-music-videos-photos-7541866/ |archive-date=3 October 2021 }}</ref>
|-
|2021
|[[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 15)|''Bigg Boss 15'']]
|21st place
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-10-02|title=Bigg Boss 15 full list of contestants: Tejasswi Prakash, Akasa Singh join Pratik Sehajpal, Shamita Shetty in Salman Khan's show|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/bigg-boss-15-full-list-of-contestants-karan-kundra-tejasswi-prakash-akasa-singh-7543323/|access-date=2021-10-09|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>
|}

===Web series===

{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|- style="text-align:center;"
! scope="col"|Year
! scope="col"|Title
! scope="col"|Role
! scope="col"|Platform
! scope="col"|Notes
|-
|2023
|''[[Chamak (web series)|Chamak]]''
| rowspan="2" |Lata Brar
| rowspan="2" | [[SonyLIV]]
|
|-
|2025
|''[[Chamak (web series)|Chamak]]'' The Conclusion
|
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
*{{IMDb name|7908252}}
{{authority control}}

{{Subject bar
|commons = yes
|commons-search = Category:Akasa singh
|d = yes
|d-search =
|portal1 = Biography
|portal2 =
}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Akasa}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian women playback singers]]
[[Category:1990 births]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women singers]]
[[Category:Hindi-language singers]]
[[Category:Telugu-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Hindi-language playback singers]]

Aquinas College, Edacochin

2026-03-04T09:43:09Z

CarlNorfleet88: Redirect page

#REDIRECT[[List of colleges affiliated to the Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala#Art and Sciences]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R to section}}
}}

Rukmini Swayamvar

2026-03-03T23:13:36Z

CarlNorfleet88: fix

{{Short description|1946 Bollywood film}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{No plot|date=June 2024}}
{{One source|date=June 2024}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name =Rukmini Swayamvar
| image =

| caption =
| director =
| producer =
| writer =
| narrator =
| starring =
| music =
| cinematography =
| editing =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1946}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Rukmini Swayamvar''''' is a [[Bollywood]] [[film]]. It was released in [[Bollywood films of 1946|1946]].<ref name="RajadhyakshaWillemen1999">{{cite book|last1=Rajadhyaksha|first1=Ashish|last2=Willemen|first2=Paul|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian cinema|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediaofi0000raja|url-access=registration|accessdate=25 April 2013|year=1999|publisher=British Film Institute|isbn=9780851706696 }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id = |title =Rukmini Swayamvar }}

[[Category:1946 films]]
[[Category:1946 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1946 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films based on the Mahabharata]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]

{{1940s-Hindi-film-stub}}
{{Hindu-film-stub}}

Zee Cine Critics Award for Best Film

2026-03-02T13:30:28Z

CarlNorfleet88: small update page based on references and cleaned formatting based on references

{{Short description|Annual film award in India}}
{{More citations needed|date=March 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
The '''[[Zee Cine Award]] Best Film''' is chosen by the Jury. The winners are announced in March.

== Multiple wins ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Wins
!Recipient
|-
|2
|[[Karan Johar]]
|}

== Winners ==
{| class="wikitable" style="width:98%;"
|- style="background:#bebebe;"
!style="width:10%;"| Year
!style="width:30%;"| Film
!style="width:30%;"| Producer
|-
|2006
|''[[Iqbal (film)|Iqbal]]''
|[[Subhash Ghai]]
|- bgcolor=#edf3fe
|2008
|''[[Gandhi, My Father]]''
|[[Anil Kapoor]]
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Udaan (2010 film)|Udaan]]'' || [[Anurag Kashyap]]
|- bgcolor=#edf3fe
| 2012 || ''[[The Dirty Picture]]'' || [[Ekta Kapoor]]
|-
| 2013
| ''[[Kahaani]]''
| [[Sujoy Ghosh]]
|- bgcolor=#edf3fe
| 2014
|| ''[[Bhaag Milkha Bhaag]]'' || [[Rakeysh Omprakash Mehra]]
|-
|2015
|[[Kick (2014 film)|''Kick'']]
|[[Sajid Nadiadwala]]
|-
|2016
|''[[Bajirao Mastani]]''
|[[Sanjay Leela Bhansali]]
|- bgcolor=#edf3fe
|2017
|''[[Pink (2016 film)|Pink]]''
|[[Shoojit Sircar]]
|-
|2018
|''[[Golmaal Again]]''
|[[Rohit Shetty]]
|- bgcolor=#edf3fe
|2019
|''[[Raazi]]''
| [[Karan Johar]]
|-
|2023
|''[[Brahmāstra: Part One – Shiva|Brahmāstra]]''<ref>{{Bulleted list|
*{{cite web|date=|url=https://zeecineawards.com/zca23-voting/|title=Zee Cine Awards 2023|website=[[Zee Cine Awards]]|access-date=4 February 2023|archive-date=3 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203152207/https://zeecineawards.com/zca23-voting/|url-status=live}}
*{{cite news|date=|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/zee-cine-awards-2023-has-an-exciting-line-up-of-performers-475844|title=Zee Cine Awards 2023 has an exciting line-up of performers|website=Tribune India|access-date=4 February 2023|archive-date=4 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204032918/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/zee-cine-awards-2023-has-an-exciting-line-up-of-performers-475844|url-status=live}}
*{{cite news|date=18 March 2023|url=https://www.zeebiz.com/trending/entertainment/news-zee-cine-awards-2023-full-list-of-winners-best-film-best-actor-best-actress-songs-and-more-226531|title=Zee Cine Awards 2023: Check Full list of Winners, Best Film, Best Actor, Actress, Songs and more|website=Zee Business|access-date=24 March 2023|archive-date=14 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230514213044/https://www.zeebiz.com/trending/entertainment/news-zee-cine-awards-2023-full-list-of-winners-best-film-best-actor-best-actress-songs-and-more-226531|url-status=live}} }}</ref>
| [[Karan Johar]]
|- bgcolor=#edf3fe
|2024
|''[[Jawan (film)|Jawan]]''
|[[Gauri Khan]]
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Zee Cine Award - Critics' Choice Best Film}}
[[Category:Zee Cine Awards]]
{{Zee Cine Awards}}
{{ZeeCineAwardBestFilm}}
{{film-award-stub}}

Udyognagri Express

2026-02-25T18:13:06Z

CarlNorfleet88: adjusted details and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|Train in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2015}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Udyognagri Express
| image= 12173 Udyog Nagri Express - Train board.jpg
| caption = Udyognagri Express train board.
| type = [[Superfast Express trains in India|Superfast Express]]
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|2009}}
| last =
| operator = [[Central Railway zone|Central Railway]]
| ridership =
| start = [[Lokmanya Tilak Terminus|Mumbai LTT]]
| stops = 11
| end = [[Pratapgarh Junction railway station|Pratapgarh]]
| distance = {{convert|1585|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 27 hours 30 mins
| frequency = Bi-weekly.
| class = [[Indian Railways coaching stock|AC 2 tier]], [[Indian Railways coaching stock|AC 3 tier]], [[Indian Railways coaching stock|Sleeper Class]], [[Indian Railways coaching stock|General Unreserved]]
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = Available
| observation = Large windows
| entertainment =
| baggage = No
| otherfacilities = Below the seats
| stock = [[ICF coach]]
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm|al=on|allk=on}}
| electrification =
| trainnumber = 12173 / 12174
| speed = {{convert|110|km/h|0|abbr=on}} maximum, {{convert|58|km/h|0|abbr=on}} average including halts
| map = [[File:Udyog Nagri Express (Mumbai - Pratapgarh) Route map.png|250px|Udyog Nagri Express (Mumbai–Pratapgarh) route map]]
| map_state =
}}

The 12173 / 12174 '''Udyognagri Express''' is a [[Superfast Express trains in India|Superfast Express]] train belonging to [[Indian Railways]] – [[Central Railway zone]] that runs between [[Lokmanya Tilak Terminus]] and [[Pratapgarh, Uttar Pradesh|Maa Belha Devi Dham Pratapgarh Jn.]] in India.

It operates as train number 12173 from Lokmanya Tilak Terminus to Pratapgarh [http://www.indianrail.gov.in/doc/Speech_English_2009-10.pdf] and as train number 12174 in the reverse direction, serving the states of [[Maharashtra]], [[Madhya Pradesh]] and [[Uttar Pradesh]].

The name '''Udyognagri''' means Industrial City (initially this train was introduced between Mumbai and industrial and commercial capital of Uttar Pradesh, Kanpur) [http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-name.html].

==Coaches==

The 12173 / 74 Lokmanya Tilak Terminus– Maa Belha Devi Dham Pratapgarh Jn. Udyognagri Express has 1 [[Indian Railways coaching stock|AC 2 tier]], 3 [[Indian Railways coaching stock|AC 3 tier]], 12 [[Indian Railways coaching stock|Sleeper Class]], 4 [[Indian Railways coaching stock|General Unreserved]] and 2 SLR (Seating cum Luggage Rake) Coaches. In addition, it carries a [[pantry car]] [http://www.cr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&dcd=1141&id=0,4,268] [http://www.mumbaiblogs.in/2014/05/late-running-udyog-nagri-exp-crawls-through-diva-jn/].

As is customary with most train services in India, coach composition may be amended at the discretion of Indian Railways depending on demand.

==Service==

The 12173 Lokmanya Tilak Terminus– Maa Belha Devi Dham Pratapgarh Jn. Udyognagri Express covers the distance of {{convert|1585|km|0|abbr=on}} in 26 hours 30 mins (59.81 km/h) and in 28 hours 15 mins as 12174 Maa Belha Devi Dham Pratapgarh Jn. –Lokmanya Tilak Terminus Udyognagri Express (56.11 km/h).

As the average speed of the train is above {{convert|55|km/h|0|abbr=on}}, as per Indian Railways rules, its fare includes a superfast surcharge.

==Routing==

The 12173 / 74 Lokmanya Tilak Terminus–Maa Belha Devi Dham Pratapgarh Jn. Udyognagri Express runs from Lokmanya Tilak Terminus via {{stnlnk|Kalyan Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Nasik Road}}, {{stnlnk|Bhusaval Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Bhopal Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Jhansi Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Kanpur Central}}, [[Lucknow Charbagh railway station|Lucknow NR]], [[Rae Bareli|Rae Bareli Junction]] to Maa Belha Devi Dham Pratapgarh Jn.
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" |Udyog Nagri Express
! colspan="2" |12173 Up
! colspan="2" |12174 Down
|-
|'''Station name'''
|'''Code'''
|'''ARR'''
|'''DEP'''
|'''ARR'''
|'''DEP'''
|-
|Lokmanya Tilak Terminus
|LTT
| -
|16:25
|06:00
| -
|-
|Thane
|TNA
|16:43
|16:45
|05:18
|05:20
|-
|Kalyan Jn
|KYN
|17:07
|17:10
|04:52
|04:55
|-
|Nashik Road
|NK
|19:33
|19:35
|02:08
|02:10
|-
|Bhusaval Jn
|BSL
|22:30
|22:40
|22:45
|22:55
|-
|Bhopal Jn
|BPL
|04:55
|05:05
|16:25
|16:35
|-
|Jhansi Jn
|JHS
|09:10
|09:25
|11:45
|12:00
|-
|Orai
|ORAI
|11:05
|11:07
|09:48
|09:50
|-
|Kanpur Central
|CNB
|13:30
|13:35
|07:55
|08:00
|-
|Lucknow Charbagh NR
|LKO
|14:55
|15:05
|05:40
|05:50
|-
|Rae Bareli Jn
|RBL
|16:20
|16:25
|03:30
|03:32
|-
|Amethi
|AME
|17:34
|17:36
|02:33
|02:35
|-
|Maa Belha Devi Dham Pratapgarh Jn
|MBDP
|18:55
| -
| -
|01:50
|}

==Traction==

As sections is fully electrified, a [[Kalyan Junction railway station|Kalyan]] based [[Indian locomotive class WAP-7|WAP-7]] [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=70UBVOFsLL8] hauled the train from Lokmanya Tilak Terminus until {{stnlnk|Maa Belha Devi Dham Pratapgarh Jn.}}

==Operation==

12173 Lokmanya Tilak Terminus– Maa Belha Devi Dham Pratapgarh Jn. Udyognagri Express runs from Lokmanya Tilak Terminus every Tuesday and Sunday at 04:25 PM, reaching Maa Belha Devi Dham Pratapgarh Jn. the next day at 06:55 PM<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://runningstatus.in/status/12173|title=Udyog Nagri Express/12173 Live Train Running Status}}</ref>

12174 Maa Belha Devi Dham Pratapgarh Jn.–Lokmanya Tilak Terminus Udyognagri Express runs from Maa Belha Devi Dham Pratapgarh Jn. every Tuesday and Thursday at 01:50 AM, reaching Lokmanya Tilak Terminus at 06:00 AM, the next day.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://runningstatus.in/status/12174|title=Udyog Nagri Express/12174 Live Train Running Status}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

* http://www.irfca.org/gallery/Events/cracdcjan13/
* https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=70UBVOFsLL8
* http://www.mumbaiblogs.in/2014/05/late-running-udyog-nagri-exp-crawls-through-diva-jn/
*http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-name.html

==External links==
*{{cite web|url=http://www.indianrail.gov.in |title=Welcome to Indian Railway Passenger reservation Enquiry |publisher=indianrail.gov.in |accessdate=2014-04-05 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408180437/http://www.indianrail.gov.in/ |archivedate= 8 April 2014 }}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.irfca.org|title=[IRFCA] Welcome to IRFCA.org, the home of IRFCA on the internet.|publisher=IRFCA|accessdate=2014-04-05}}

{{Railways in Northern India}}
{{Railways in Western India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Udyognagri Superfast Express}}
[[Category:Transport in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Transport in Pratapgarh, Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Named passenger trains of India]]
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 2009]]

Gandhi Medical College, Bhopal

2026-02-19T15:16:57Z

CarlNorfleet88:

{{Short description|Medical college in Madhya Pradesh, India}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{advert|date=January 2018}}
{{More citations needed|date=April 2024}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox university
|name = Gandhi Medical College, Bhopal
|native_name =
|caption =
|motto = असतो मा सद्गमय
|mottoeng = Lead us from Untruth to Truth
|established = {{start date and age|1956}}
|type = Autonomous body (since 1997) controlled by Gandhi Medical College Society, Department of Medical Education, Government of Madhya Pradesh
|endowment =
|dean = Dr. Kavita N. Singh
|students = 250 per year (undergraduate)
|city =[[Bhopal]]
|state =[[Bhopal, India|Madhya Pradesh]]
|country =[[India]]
|campus =
|free_label =
|free =
|website =[http://gmcbhopal.net gmcbhopal.net]
|image = Logo-GMC-Bhopal.png
|staff =
|faculty =
|profess =
|affiliations = [[Madhya Pradesh Medical Science University]]
}}

'''Gandhi Medical College''' ({{langx|hi|गाँधी चिकित्सा महाविद्यालय, भोपाल }}, '''GMC''') is a [[public university|public]] [[medical school]] in [[Bhopal]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[India]]. It was established in 1956.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhopal/AIIMS-Bhopal-students-to-get-lessons-in-Hindi/articleshow/16346378.cms|title=AIIMS Bhopal students to get lessons in Hindi - Times of India|website=The Times of India}}</ref>

==Location==
Gandhi Medical College is located in the Fatehgarh area on Sultania Road in Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh. The college is situated on the ground [[Fatehgarh Fort]] once stood.
[[File:GMC and KN Hospital.jpg|thumb|center|GMC at Upper Lake]]

==History==
Gandhi Medical College, Bhopal was inaugurated on 13 August 1955 by Pt. [[Lal Bahadur Shastri]]. The college started its functioning in the building of the Polytechnic College with its first batch of 50 students and two departments: Anatomy and Physiology. The first Principal in 1955 was Dr. S.C. Sinha. The boys hostel was in the present Jehanuma Palace Hotel and the girls hostel was bracketed with the MLB college girls hostel at Banganga.

[[File:GMC Bhopal.jpg|thumb|GMC Bhopal]]
After one year the foundation of an independent building was laid by Union Minister of Home Shri [[Govind Ballabh Pant]] on 15 September 1956. It took seven years to complete the construction. This finished building, housed in the historic [[Fort of Fatehgarh]], was inaugurated by the first Prime Minister of India Pt. [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], on 13 March 1963. Also in attendance were Begum Sajida Sultan of Bhopal, Governor Shri H.V. Pataskar, Chief Minister Shri B.R. Mandloi, Health Minister Mr. M.P. Dubey and Principal Dr. R.P. Singh.

[[File:Inauguration of Lady Lansdowne Hospital for women, now known as the Sultania Zanana Hospital.jpg|thumbnail|center|Inauguration of Lady Lansdowne Hospital for women, now known as the Sultania Zanana Hospital]]

The foundation stone of the surgical and medical wards (Kamla Nehru Block known as KNB wards) was laid by [[Rajkumari Amrit Kaur]] the then Union Health Minister on 6 March 1955. The foundation stone of the boys' hostel was laid by King of Nepal Maharaj Mahendra Bir Vikram Shah Deo on 18 November 1955.

Hospitals for men and women were established as Prince of Wales Hospital and Lady Linlithgo Lansdowne Hospital respectively. The hospital changed names with change of reigns. Prince of Wales Hospital became Hamidia Hospital and Lady Linlithgo became Sultania Zanana Hospital. Both remain part of Gandhi Medical College today. [[Margaret Stott Bhore|Lady Bhore]] Centre opposite Fire Brigade, Fatehgarh caters to antenatal and child welfare activities in addition to preventive and social medical counseling.

== Campus ==
The campus building is housed in Fort of Fatehgarh which was inaugurated by the first Prime Minister of India Pt. [[Jawaharlal Nehru]].<ref name=GMC_History>{{cite web|title=Gandhi Medical College|url=http://gmcbhopal.net/history.asp|access-date=28 March 2012|archive-date=7 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120407064933/http://gmcbhopal.net/history.asp|url-status=dead}}</ref>
The campus houses:
* Main college building
[[File:GMC_Bhopal.jpg|thumb|right|Main Building(Front view)]]
[[File:GMC_Bhopal_South_Side.jpg|thumb|right|Main Building (South Face)]]
* Hamidia Hospital
* Kamla Nehru Hospital
[[File:Kamla_Nehru_Hospital.jpg|thumb|right|Kamla Nehru Hospital (Main Entrance)]]
* Regional Institute of Ophthalmology
* NIREH
[[File:National_Institute_For_Research_in_Environmental_Health.jpg|thumb|right]]

* Central Pathology lab
* Blood Bank
* Rain Basera (for patients and their relatives stay)
* One canteen: JDA Canteen
* Hostels (A-H Blocks)
* Animal House
* Guest House
* Lake view Cricket Ground (under construction)
* Lawn Tennis court
* Badminton court
* Sports complex which houses separate gym for Boys and Girls along with a multi-activity hall and table tennis arena.
*Central Auditorium
[[File:GMC, Bhopal Central Auditorium.jpg|thumb|right|GMC, Bhopal Central Auditorium]]
*Central library
*Four state of the art lecture theatres (New)
*Four Old Lecture Theatres
*Labs -Biochemistry, Pathology, Anatomy, Microbiology, Physiology,Forensic.

It is recognized by the Medical Council of India & State Paramedical Council of Madhya Pradesh, and affiliated to the Madhya Pradesh Medical Science University located at Jabalpur, Bhopal.

== Departments ==
Departments are distributed between the main college building, Kamla Nehru And Hamidia Hospital
* [[Anatomy]]
* [[Physiology]]
* [[Biochemistry]]
* [[Pharmacology]]
* [[Pathology]]
* [[Microbiology]]
* [[Forensic Medicine]]
* [[Community Medicine]]
* [[Ophthalmology]]
* [[Otolaryngology]] (ENT)
* [[Anesthesiology]]
* [[Surgery]]
* [[Medicine]]
* [[Pediatrics]]
* [[Obstetrics & Gynaecology]]
* [[Orthopedics]]
* [[Radiology]]
* [[Gastroenterology]]
* [[Skin V D]]
* [[TB Chest]]
* [[Cardiology]]
* [[Pediatric Surgery]]
* [[Cardiothoracic Surgery]]
* [[Burn & Plastic Surgery]]
* [[Psychiatry]]
* [[Dentistry]]
* [[Oncology]]

==Hospitals and institutes==
The following hospitals and institutes are under the medical college:
* [[Hamidia Hospital]]
* Sultania Zanana Hospital
* [[Kamla Nehru Hospital]]
* [[Regional Institute of Ophthalmology]]
* National Institute For Research in Environmental Health
* Cardiac Science Center
* Medico-Legal Institute
* Trauma & emergency Center
* State Virology Laboratory

==Administration==
Executive committee - Gandhi Medical College Society <ref>Gandhi Medical College Society is an autonomous body registered with Registrar Firms and Society Govt. of M.P. Registration No. 4243 dated: 04.01.1997.</ref>
* Governing body - Gandhi Medical College Society, Department of Medical Education, Government of Madhya Pradesh.<ref name=GMC_About>{{cite web|title=Gandhi Medical College|url=http://gmcbhopal.net/aboutUs.asp|access-date=28 March 2012|archive-date=12 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120212133403/http://gmcbhopal.net/aboutUs.asp|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Admissions==
Admission to the MBBS course is through [[National Eligibility cum Entrance Test (Undergraduate)|National Eligibility cum Entrance Test-UG]] (NEET-UG) and direct nominees of Govt. of India.<ref name=GMC_Courses>{{cite web|title=Gandhi Medical College|url=http://gmcbhopal.net/courses.asp|access-date=28 March 2012|archive-date=7 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120407092148/http://gmcbhopal.net/courses.asp|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Admission to post-graduate courses (MS/MD) is through [[National Eligibility cum Entrance Test (Postgraduate)|NEET-PG]] and in-service candidates of Govt. of Madhya Pradesh.<ref name=GMC_Courses/>

==Medico-Legal Institute==
The survey committee constituted in 1964 by the government of India considered that essential mission of a Medico-Legal institute should be to train the medical jurists. The Mudalier committee in 1962 recommended the creation of a separate cadre of specially trained medical jurists to look after the work of the state. The government of Madhya Pradesh created the 'First Medico-legal Institute in India' at its capital city Bhopal in 1977.

The Medico-legal Institute played a role in the management of the [[Bhopal disaster]], when a poisonous gas (MIC, methyl isocyanate) leaked from one of the storage tanks of the Union Carbide factory on the night of 2–3 December 1984. Postmortem examinations were conducted and steps were taken to preserve bodily tissues and fluids for the further chemical examination in order to determine what gas/gases have been inhaled by the people.

==National Institute for Research in Environmental Health==
[[File:National Institute For Research in Environmental Health.jpg|thumb|National Institute for Research in Environmental Health]]

National Institute for Research in Environmental Health (NIREH), Bhopal, is one of the permanent institutes of the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), a government of India's apex autonomous organization for bio-medical research in the country.

Focused research on methyl isocynate (MIC) affected population of Bhopal in the areas of:
* Respiratory disease
* Eye related diseases
* Kidney diseases
* Cancer
* Genetic disorders
* Congenital disorders
* Mental and neurological health
* Women related medical issues
* Second generation children related medical issues
* Rehabilitation

NIREH will have a clinical research wing having the following departments:
* General Medicine
* Respiratory Medicine/Pulmonary Medicine
* Ophthalmology
* Paediatrics
* Obstetrics & Gynecology
* Psychiatry/Mental Health
* Neurology
* Radio diagnosis
* Epidemiology/Community Medicine

The following facilities are in the process of being established at NIREH as part of its
development:
* Molecular Biology Laboratory
* Microbiology Laboratory
* Biochemistry Laboratory
* Pathology Laboratory
* Haematology Laboratory
* PFT Laboratory
* Central Equipment Facility
* Department of Epidemiology including biostatistics and computing programming
* Database relating to research on toxic gas exposure and environmental contamination

==Bhopal gas tragedy==
Gandhi Medical College and Hamidia Hospital played a crucial role in emergency response and care after the [[Bhopal Disaster]].

A regional institute of ophthalmology was established here after the disaster for the patients with eye problems due to MIC.

Studies performed in the institute:
* Health Effects of the Toxic Gas Leak from the Union Carbide Methyl Isocyanate Plant in Bhopal. Technical report on Population Based Long Term, Epidemiological Studies (1985–1994). Bhopal Gas Disaster Research Centre, Gandhi Medical College, Bhopal (2003?) Contains the studies performed by the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)
* An Epidemiological Study of Symptomatic Morbidities in Communities Living Around Solar Evaporation Ponds And Behind Union Carbide Factory, Bhopal. Department of Community Medicine, Gandhi
Medical College, Bhopal "2009"

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.gmcbhopal.net gmcbhopal.net] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105051742/http://www.gmcbhopal.net/ |date=5 November 2012 }}- Official website of GMC, Bhopal.
* [http://www.alumniofgmc.com Website for alumni of GMC].

{{Colleges affiliated to Madhya Pradesh Medical Science University}}
{{coord|23.2602|77.3906|type:edu_region:IN|display=title}}
{{City of Bhopal}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Universities and colleges in Bhopal]]
[[Category:Medical colleges in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:1956 establishments in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 1956]]

Mohan Murjani

2026-02-18T14:21:28Z

CarlNorfleet88: started a data

{{Short description |Indian businessman}}
{{Use Indian English |date=October 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates |date=October 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Mohan Murjani
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth year and age |1946 }}
| birth_place = [[India]]
| death_date =
| death+place =
| citizenship = Indian
| occupation = [[Businessman]], fashion entrepreneur
| years_active = 1960s–present
| known_for = Developing and launching international designer brands<ref>{{cite web |title=Murjani Group – About |url=https://www.murjanigroup.com/about/}}</ref>
| notable_works = Gloria Vanderbilt<ref>{{cite news |title=How Mohan Murjani joined hands with Gloria Vanderbilt |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/how-mohan-murjani-joined-hands-with-gloria-vanderbilt-to-come-up-with-jeans-specially-designed-for-women/articleshow/70373102.cms}}</ref>, Tommy Hilfiger<ref>{{cite web |title=Tommy Hilfiger – Murjani Group |url=https://www.murjanigroup.com/tommy-hilfiger/}}</ref>, Coca-Cola Clothing
| title = Chairman of the Murjani Group
| spouse =
| children = 1 (Malini Murjani)
| family = Murjani family (business)
}}

'''Mohan "Mike" Murjani''' is an Indian-born fashion [[entrepreneur]] and the chairman of the Murjani Group, a global brand-development company best known for launching and building several designer lifestyle labels. Born in India and raised in Hong Kong, he joined his family business in 1966 and played a major role in transforming it into a designer-branding enterprise.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/international/story/19800515-mohan-murjani-the-man-who-made-gloria-vanderbilt-and-himself-an-overnight-empire-806676-2014-01-29 |title=Mohan Murjani: The man who made Gloria Vanderbilt and himself an overnight empire |date=May 15, 1980 |publisher=India Today }}</ref>

Murjani is particularly known for creating the Gloria Vanderbilt designer jeans in the 1970s, the first major designer-label denim line for women, in partnership with American heiress [[Gloria Vanderbilt]].<ref>{{cite news |title=How Mohan Murjani joined hands with Gloria Vanderbilt |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/how-mohan-murjani-joined-hands-with-gloria-vanderbilt-to-come-up-with-jeans-specially-designed-for-women/articleshow/70373102.cms |date=July 25, 2019 |publisher=The Economic Times}}</ref> The debut “Gloria Vanderbilt by Murjani” jeans, featuring her signature and swan icon, became a commercial success.<ref>{{cite web |title=Gloria Vanderbilt – Murjani Group |url=https://www.murjanigroup.com/gloria-vanderbilt/}}</ref>

Under his leadership, the Murjani Group later launched and developed other major brands, including ''Tommy Hilfiger'', which the group helped bring to market in 1985.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tommy Hilfiger – Murjani Group |url=https://www.murjanigroup.com/tommy-hilfiger/}}</ref> The group also expanded into luxury retail and real estate projects, including the Vanderbilt Estate.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mohan Murjani |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohan_Murjani}}</ref> As of 2008, Murjani continued to oversee brand-building efforts while residing in Phuket, remaining active in international fashion and luxury markets.<ref>{{cite news |title=Murjani family living in Phuket |url=https://www.nationthailand.com/life/30297522}}</ref><ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/26/style/26iht-luxury08-Murjani.18176690.html The man who made Gloria Vanderbilt], ''[[The New York Times]]'' 26 October 2008</ref>

== Early life ==
Murjani was born in [[India]], raised in [[Hong Kong]] and educated in the United Kingdom and the United States.

== Career ==
Murjani joined the family business in 1966, founded by his father, the late B.K. Murjani. In 1930, the Murjani Group moved from retailing in Shanghai, to being one of the largest apparel producer in the World. In 1966, the Group launched its first brand in the United States, "Marco Polo", culminating in 1975 with the launch of the First Designer Jeans in the World, [[Gloria Vanderbilt]], followed by [[Tommy Hilfiger]] in 1985.

In 2004, the Murjani group launched the First International Designer Brand in India, [[Tommy Hilfiger]]. Murjani then continued launching further brands in India including [[Gucci]], [[Jimmy Choo]], [[Bottega Veneta]], [[Calvin Klein]] and [[French Connection (clothing)|French Connection]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/opinion/lunch-with-bs-mohan-murjani-108040801040_1.html |title=Lunch With BS: Mohan Murjani |date=January 29, 2013 |publisher=Business Standard |first=Kishore |last=Singh }}</ref>

In 2007, the Murjani group built India’s first luxury mall, The Galleria, in [[Mumbai]].{{fact|date=April 2020}} In 2015, Murjani commenced building The Vanderbilt Estate in Phuket. This was completed in 2022.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://hauteliving.com/2024/11/the-vanderbilt-estate-brings-members-only-luxury-to-thailand/758189/ |title=The Vanderbilt Estate Brings Members-Only Luxury To Thailand |date=November 12, 2024 |publisher=Haute Living }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://in.hellomagazine.com/lifestyle/20221020301546/mohan-murjani-the-vanderbilt-estate-phuket/ |title=Mohan Murjani On Building His Picturesque Home In Phuket |date=October 20, 2022 |publisher=Hello! India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207174842/https://in.hellomagazine.com/lifestyle/20221020301546/mohan-murjani-the-vanderbilt-estate-phuket/ |archive-date=December 7, 2022 }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.murjanigroup.com/ Murjani Group]
*[https://www.thevanderbiltestate.com/ The Vanderbilt Estate Phuket]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Murjani, Mohan}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian business executives]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian businesspeople]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian businesspeople]]

Pokharni

2026-02-18T14:19:09Z

CarlNorfleet88: Added first post more to come!

{{short description|Village in Maharashtra}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Pokharni Narasimha
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline = File:Narsimha Temple in Pokharni, Parbhani.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Famous Narsimha Temple of Pokharni
| pushpin_map = India Maharashtra#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Maharashtra, India
| coordinates = {{coord|19.1192195|N|76.7321205|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Parbhani district]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder = Kisannadu Anchintam ( Yerralu Dynasty)
| named_for =
| government_type = Grampanchayat
| governing_body = Grampanchayat
| leader_title = Sarpanch
| leader_name = Madanrao S. Wagh
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 20,963
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym = Pokharnikar
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Telgu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 431521
| postal_code =
| registration_plate = MH-22
| website = {{URL|https://parbhani.gov.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Pokharni '''is a village located in the [[Parbhani District]] of the [[Marathawada]] region of [[Maharashtra]] State of [[India]]. It is known for a temple dedicated to [[Narasimha]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.narsimhapokharni.org/ |title=Narsimha Sansthan Pokharni |access-date=15 July 2022 |archive-date=6 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180906120255/http://www.narsimhapokharni.org/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

It is {{convert|19|km|mi}} from [[Parbhani]] and has a railway station.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://wikimapia.org/#lat=19.1192195&lon=76.7321205&z=15&l=0&m=s&v=9&search=Pokharni|title=Wikimapia - Let's describe the whole world!|website=wikimapia.org}}</ref>

==Demography==
*As per 2011 census, Pokharni has total 830 families residing. Village has population of 4,881 of which 2,250 were males while 2,231 were females.
*Average Sex Ratio of village is 992 which is higher than Maharashtra state average of 929.
*Literacy rate of village was 71% compared to 82.95% of Maharashtra. Male literacy rate was 84% while female literacy rate was 58%.
*[[Schedule Caste]] (SC) constitutes 15% of total population.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/546796-pokharni-maharashtra.html |title=Pokharni Village Population - Parbhani - Parbhani, Maharashtra |publisher=Census2011.co.in |date= |accessdate=2015-09-11}}</ref>

==Pokharni Narasimha Railway Station==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Parameter !! Detail<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/pokharni-narasimha-pkns/3478 |title=PKNS/Pokharni Narasimha (2 PFs) Map/Atlas |publisher=India Rail Info |date=2011-02-20 |accessdate=2015-09-11}}</ref>
|-
| Station code || PKNS
|-
| [[Indian Railways|Zone]] || [[South Central Railway zone|SCR (South Central)]]
|-
| Division || [[Hazur Sahib Nanded railway station|Hazur Sahib Nanded]]
|-
| District || [[Parbhani]]
|-
| Platforms || 2
|-
| Halting Trains || 13
|-
| Elevation || 417m
|-
| Track || Diesel
|}

==Geography and Transport==
Pokharni is in [[Parbhani]] taluka. Pokharni is located on [[Parbhani]]-[[Gangakhed]] road. Following table shows distance of Pokharni from various cities.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! City !! Distance(KM)
|-
| [[Parbhani]] || 19
|-
| [[Gangakhed]] || 21
|-
| [[Sonpeth]] || 29
|-
| [[Manwath]] || 31
|-
| [[Palam, Parbhani|Palam]] || 32
|-
| [[Pathri]] || 35
|-
| [[Purna]] || 39
|-
| [[Nanded]] || 72
|-
| [[Hingoli]] || 90
|-
| [[Aurangabad, Maharashtra|Aurangabad]] || 186
|-
| [[Mumbai]] || 473
|}

==Narasimha Temple==
Pokharni is known for grand old temple of [[Narasimha]], a [[Hindu]] deity. Uniqueness about temple is, entrance of the main room where big deity of Narsimha resides is very small and one have to squat to enter in main deity room.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://xa.yimg.com/kq/groups/3179390/1371606694/name/Sri+Narasimha+Darshanam+181-Pokharni.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=11 September 2015 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304053628/http://xa.yimg.com/kq/groups/3179390/1371606694/name/Sri+Narasimha+Darshanam+181-Pokharni.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://tourmet.com/lord-narsimha-temple-pokharni/ |title=Lord Narsimha Temple, Pokharni |publisher=tourmet |date=2014-05-24 |accessdate=2015-09-11}}</ref>

==Zilla Parishad Pokharni==

Zilla Parishad Pokharni is an electoral division of the Zilla Parishad in Parbhani district, Maharashtra, India. The constituency functions under the Maharashtra Zilla Parishads and Panchayat Samitis Act, 1961. Elections to this division are conducted by the State Election Commission, Maharashtra.

The division consists of several villages administered through gram panchayats and forms part of the Parbhani Zilla Parishad.

⸻

'''Villages under Zilla Parishad Pokharni'''

{| class=“wikitable”
|-
! Sr. No.
! Village name
|-
| 1
| Pokharni
|-
| 2
| Kailaswadi
|-
| 3
| Surpimpri
|-
| 4
| Wadgaon Sukre
|-
| 5
| Daithana
|-
| 6
| Dhondi
|-
| 7
| Tadpangari
|-
| 8
| Pegargavhan (Pegargaon)
|-
| 9
| Bharaswad
|-
| 10
| Kuotamwadi
|-
| 11
| Ambe Takli
|}

⸻

'''Latest Zilla Parishad Election Candidates'''

{| class=“wikitable”
|-
! Sr. No.
! Candidate name
! Party
|-
| 1
| Aishwarya Ajay Chavan
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP)
|-
| 2
| Anjali Vikas Babar
| [[Nationalist Congress Party (Ajit Pawar faction)]]
|-
| 3
| Baynabai Santaram Lokhande
| [[Shiv Sena]]
|-
| 4
| Jayshri Ashok Wagh
| [[Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)]]
|-
| 5
| Sonali Srikrushna Vairagar
| [[Indian National Congress]] (INC)
|-
| 6
| Samta Panditrao Tomke
| [[Independent politician|Independent]]
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Commons category-inline}}

{{Parbhani district villages}}

[[Category:Villages in Parbhani district]]

Datar Kaur

2026-02-17T06:02:17Z

CarlNorfleet88: Updated article with clearer structure

{{Short description|Maharani Sri Datar Kaur Mai Nakain Sahiba of Sarkar-i-Khalsa (1784-1838)}}
{{EngvarB|date=May 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Infobox royalty
| caption = Painting of Maharani Datar Kaur with an attendant
| title = Maharani [[Sri]] Datar [[Kaur]] Mai Nakain [[Sahiba]] of Sarkar-i-Khalsa Maharani of [[Punjab]] Maharani of [[Lahore]] Maharani of [[Kashmir]]
| succession = [[Maharani]] consort of the [[Sikh Empire]]
| reign = 12 April 1801 – 20 June 1838
| consort = yes
| name = Datar Kaur
| image = Painting of Maharani Datar Kaur with attendant.jpg
| religion = [[Sikhism]]
| predecessor = [[Raj Kaur]]
| successor = [[Chand Kaur]]
| succession2 = Sardarni of [[Sukerchakia Misl]]
| reign2 = April 1797 – 11 April 1801
| predecessor2 = [[Raj Kaur]]
| birth_name = Bibi Raj Kaur Nakai
| birth_date = {{circa}} 1784
| birth_place = [[Baherwal Kalan]], [[Nakai Misl]], [[Sikh Confederacy]] 
(present-day [[Kasur District]], [[Punjab (Pakistan)|Punjab]], [[Pakistan]])
| death_date = 20 June
{{death year and age|1838|1784}}
| death_place = [[Sheikhupura Fort]], [[Sheikhupura]], [[Punjab]], [[Sikh Empire]] (now [[Punjab (Pakistan)|Punjab]], [[Pakistan]])
| burial_place = Royal Garden, Lahore (Samadhi) (present day Islamia College Civil Lines)<ref>پاكستان وچ سكھاں دياں تريخى پوتر تھاواں</ref>
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Ranjit Singh|Maharaja Ranjit Singh]]|1797}}<ref name="dx.doi.org">{{Cite journal|last=Atwal|first=Priya|date=2020-11-01|title=Royals and Rebels|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197548318.001.0001|doi=10.1093/oso/9780197548318.001.0001|isbn=978-0-19-754831-8|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Atwal|first1=Priya|title=Royals and Rebels:The Rise and Fall of the Sikh Empire |date=2020|publisher= C. Hurst Limited|location=London|isbn=9781787383081}}</ref>
| issue = [[Maharaja Kharak Singh]]<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lafont|first=Jean Marie|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YrG_aJTgnw0C&dq=kharak+singh+born+in+1801&pg=PA19|title=Maharaja Ranjit Singh|date=2002|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distri|language=en}}</ref>
| house = [[Nakai Misl|Nakai]] (by birth) [[Sukerchakia]] (by marriage)
| father = [[Ran Singh Nakai|Sardar Ran Singh Nakai]]
| mother = [[Karmo Kaur|Rani Karman Kaur]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/HistoryOfTheSikhMisals/page/n163/mode/2up?q=nakkai|title=History of the Sikh Misals}}</ref>
}}
'''Maharani Datar Kaur''' (born '''Bibi Raj Kaur Nakai'''; (<abbr>c.</abbr> 1784– 20 June 1838) was the [[queen consort]] of [[Maharaja Ranjeet Singh|Maharaja Ranjit Singh]],<ref name="Peter Owen Publishers">{{Cite book|last1=Singh|first1=Patwant|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fg4CBAAAQBAJ|title=Empire of the Sikhs: The Life and Times of Maharaja Ranjit Singh|last2=Rai|first2=Jyoti M.|date=2008-11-01|publisher=Peter Owen Publishers|isbn=978-0-7206-1371-1|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Sood|first=D. R.|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/499465766|title=Ranjit Singh.|date=1981|publisher=National Book Trust|oclc=499465766}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Suri|first=Sohan Lal|title=Umdat Ul Tawarikh}}</ref> the founder of the [[Sikh Empire]] and the mother of his successor, [[Maharaja Kharak Singh]]. She was the daughter of [[Ran Singh Nakai|Sardar Ran Singh Nakai]], third ruler of the [[Nakai Misl]] and [[Karmo Kaur|Sardarni Karman Kaur]].

Datar Kaur was betrothed to Ranjit Singh in childhood; the [[Anand Karaj]] took place when the couple were still young. Though Ranjit Singh married several times for political reasons, Datar Kaur remained his favorite and most respected wife. He lovingly addressed her as ''Mai Nakain''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Commission |first=Indian Historical Records |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CzoE3_8sWFAC&pg=PA230&dq=nakahun&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjI1tH67s-PAxVHLkQIHfZBM1sQ6AF6BAgLEAM#v=onepage&q=nakahun&f=false |title=Proceedings of Meetings |date=1926 |publisher=Superintendent Government Printing, India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AZ3ddqH-rw0C&pg=PA60&dq=nakahun&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjI1tH67s-PAxVHLkQIHfZBM1sQ6AF6BAgIEAM#v=onepage&q=nakahun&f=false |title=Bengal, Past & Present: Journal of the Calcutta Historical Society |date=1926 |publisher=The Society |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cHEeAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA89&dq=nakahun&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjI1tH67s-PAxVHLkQIHfZBM1sQ6AF6BAgHEAM#v=onepage&q=nakahun&f=false |title=The Muslim Review |date=1926 |language=en}}</ref>

In 1801, she gave birth to [[Kharak Singh]], the [[heir apparent]] of Ranjit Singh. She took an active interest in the affairs of the State and was given command during the [[Siege of Multan (1818)|Battle of Multan (1818)]] alongside her son, Kharak Singh. She was the grandmother of [[Maharaja]] [[Nau Nihal Singh]] (1821–1840) and aunt of [[Kahan Singh Nakai|Sardar Kahan Singh Nakai]]. Datar Kaur died on 20 June 1838 in her haveli in [[Sheikhupura]].

Her Samadhi is located in the royal garden, now part of the grounds of [[Government Islamia College, Civil Lines, Lahore]].

== Family history ==
Bibi Raj Kaur was born in [[Baherwal Kalan]] into the family of the ruling [[Nakai Misl|Nakai]] [[Sardar]]s; [[Nakai Misl]] was founded by [[Sandhu]] [[Jat people|Jats]].

Raj Kaur was the youngest child of [[Ran Singh Nakai|Sardar Ran Singh Nakai]] and his wife, [[Karmo Kaur|Sardarni Karmo Kaur]]. She was the granddaughter of Sardar Natha Singh (d. 1768) brother of the legendary [[Heera Singh Sandhu]] (1706–1767), founder of the principality of Nakai Misl in 1748. She had three elder brothers '''Sardar Bhagwan Singh''', the fourth ruler of the Nakai Misl; '''Sardar Gyan Singh''' who became the fifth chief of the Nakais and '''Khazan Singh'''.

Her father, Ran Singh was the third and the most powerful ruler of [[Nakai Misl]], a fierce warrior under whose leadership the misl was at its highest.<ref name="www.DiscoverSikhism.com">{{Cite book|website=www.DiscoverSikhism.com|url=https://archive.org/details/HistoryOfTheSikhsVol.IvTheSikhCommonwealthOrRiseAndFallOfSikh_648|title=History Of The Sikhs Vol. IV The Sikh Commonwealth Or Rise And Fall Of Sikh Misls|language=English}}</ref> He was an ambitious man and had exceeded his rule to the taluqas of Bucheke, Chhanga Manga, 69km from Lahore, Chhichha, Devsal, Fatahpur, Jethupur, Kasur, Kharral fort of Kot Kamalia, Sharakpur, Gugera pargana, 5km to the west of the Ravi, and Shergarh.<ref name="www.DiscoverSikhism.com" /> He had fought repeatedly against Kamar Singh, the ruler of [[Syedwala]]. Sometime before his death, he defeated him and captured Syedwala.
[[File:Painting_of_Bhagwan_Singh_Nakai,_4th_ruler_of_the_Nakai_Misl.jpg|Sardar Bhagwan Singh Nakai, 4th ruler of the Nakai Misl|alt=Sardar Bhagwan Singh Nakai, 4th ruler of the Nakai Misl|thumb]]

Ran Singh was succeeded by his eldest son Bhagwan Singh, he was unable to hold his territory against Wazir Singh, the brother of Kamar Singh and lost Syedwala to him. Bhagwan Singh realizing that he might lose all of his territory, in consultation with Karmo Kaur, set up the engagement of the infant Raj Kaur to the four-year-old [[Ranjit Singh]] in order to gain the powerful [[Maha Singh]] of the [[Sukerchakia Misl]] as an ally.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|website=www.DiscoverSikhism.com|url=https://archive.org/details/HistoryOfTheSikhMisals|title=History Of The Sikh Misals|pages=161–163|language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Siṅgha|first=Bhagata|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BihuAAAAMAAJ&q=MAI+NAKKAIN+DEATH|title=A History of the Sikh Misals|date=1993|publisher=Publication Bureau, Punjabi University|location=Patiala|pages=161–162|language=}}</ref> Wazir Singh tried to break off this match, but was unable to do so.<ref name="Griffin 1865">{{Cite book|last=Griffin|first=Lepel Henry|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q0ABAAAAQAAJ&q=nakka%20misl&pg=PA118|title=The Panjab Chiefs: Historical and Biographical Notices of the Principal Families in the Territories Under the Panjab Government|date=1865|publisher=T.C. McCarthy|language=en}}</ref> In an attempt to mislead her, Wazir Singh claimed that the Nakai Sandhu Jatts are superior to the Sukerchakias, but Karmo Kaur refused to break off the match and stated as Sikhs all were equal.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Singha|first=Bhagata|title=A History of the Sikh Misals.|publisher=Publication Bureau, Punjabi University.|year=1993|pages=164}}</ref>

Later in 1785, Maha Singh was facing attacks from Sardar [[Jai Singh Kanhaiya]] of the [[Kanhaiya Misl]] and called on Bhagwan Singh and Wazir Singh to aid him. After their victory against the [[Kanhaiya Misl|Kanhaiyas]], Maha Singh began to favor Wazir Singh, which started to affect his relationship with Bhagwan Singh.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Siṅgha|first=Bhagata|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BihuAAAAMAAJ&q=MAI+NAKKAIN+DEATH|title=A History of the Sikh Misals|date=1993|publisher=Publication Bureau, Punjabi University|language=en}}</ref> Maha Singh tried to reconcile the differences between Bhagwan Singh and Wazir Singh, but they continued to engage in constant warfare and in 1789 the former was killed by Wazir Singh.<ref name="www.DiscoverSikhism.com" /><ref name="Griffin 1865" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=Singha|first=Bhagata|title=A History of the Sikh Misals.|publisher=Publication Bureau, Punjabi University.|year=1993|location=Patiala, India|pages=165}}</ref>

Since Bhagwan Singh had no children, he was succeeded by his brother, Gyan Singh as the head of the Nakai Misl in 1789.<ref name="Griffin 1865" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=Singha|first=Bhagata|title=A History of the Sikh Misals.|publisher=Publication Bureau, Punjabi University.|year=1993|location=Patiala|pages=165}}</ref> With the family's old enemy Wazir Singh being killed by Dal Singh, son of [[Heera Singh Sandhu]], Gyan Singh had a relatively peaceful reign and was able to consolidate his power.<ref name="Griffin 1865" />

== Marriage ==
[[File:Fresco from the Haveli of Maharani Datar Kaur, Sheikhpura Qila (fort), Punjab 04.jpg|thumb|Fresco from the Haveli of Maharani Datar Kaur, Sheikhpura Qila (fort), Punjab]]
Ranjit Singh sought for Raj Kaur Nakain's hand in marriage- as they were betrothed for quite some time.<ref name="Griffin 1865"/> He wanted to unite the [[Sikh Misls]] and consolidate his position as the head of the Sukerchakia Misl, as well as to re-establish Nakai and Sukerchakia relations.

Gyan Singh agreed for the nuptials of Raj Kaur and Ranjit Singh and the couple were wedded in 1792.<ref name="dx.doi.org">{{Cite journal|last=Atwal|first=Priya|date=2020-11-01|title=Royals and Rebels|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197548318.001.0001|doi=10.1093/oso/9780197548318.001.0001|isbn=978-0-19-754831-8|url-access=subscription}}</ref> She is said to be only 12 at the time of her muklawa to the 16-year-old Ranjit Singh in 1797.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Malik Tayyab Bhai Pheru, Phool Nagar|url=https://www.facebook.com/story.php?story_fbid=233583405446207&id=100063836478329|access-date=2021-09-27|website=www.facebook.com|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=Sheikh|first=Majid|date=2021-04-25|title=Three Maharanis of the great Sikh Maharajahs|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1620259|access-date=2021-09-27|website=DAWN.COM|language=en}}</ref> This marriage was the first political alliance of the Sukerchakia Misl and the Nakai Misl.

Though the nuptials of Datar Kaur and Ranjit Singh were arranged for political reasons, the two shared a close and loving relationship. Her known physical and personal attributes describe her as being doe eyed and beautiful <ref>{{Citation |last=Singh |first=Gurharpal |title=India, Pakistan and the Sikhs |date=2023-01-19 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003281849-7 |work=Global Sikhs |pages=111–132 |access-date=2023-12-21 |place=London |publisher=Routledge |doi=10.4324/9781003281849-7 |isbn=978-1-003-28184-9|url-access=subscription }}</ref> along with being vivacious, independent, artistic, intelligent. She was also very religious.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=Atwal|first=Priya|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LPcTEAAAQBAJ&q=royals+and+rebels+independent|title=Royals and Rebels: The Rise and Fall of the Sikh Empire|date=2021-01-15|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-756694-7|language=en}}</ref> She is said to have been a patron of mystics and mendiants.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ross (C.I.E.) |first=David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bH4BAAAAQAAJ&dq=david+ross+raj+kaur&pg=PA138 |title=The land of the five rivers and Sindh |date=1883 |publisher=Chapman and Hall |language=en}}</ref>

Since Raj Kaur was the name of her mother-in-law, as well as Ranjit Singh's aunt the daughter of [[Charat Singh]] and [[Desan Kaur]]; To avoid confusion, the wife of Ranjit Singh, Raj Kaur Nakai was given the name "Datar" (ਦਾਤਾਰ) (داتار) which means 'Giver', due to her maternal gentleness and understanding in dealing with the wayward Ranjit Singh. He lovingly called ''Mai Nakain,''<ref>{{Cite book|last=Singh|first=Khushwant|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D068dKeyGW4C&pg=PR7|title=Ranjit Singh|date=2009-03-24|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=978-0-14-306543-2|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Griffin|first=Lepel Henry|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z1UoAAAAYAAJ&q=Datar+kaur&pg=PA388|title=The Panjab Chiefs: Historical and Biographical Notices of the Principal Families in the Lahore and Rawalpindi Divisions of the Panjab|date=1890|publisher=Civil and Military Gazette Press|language=en}}</ref> sometimes affectionately addressed her as Taare.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U2FRAAAAYAAJ&q=datar+kaur|title=Journal of Sikh Studies|date=2001|publisher=Department of Guru Nanak Studies, Guru Nanak Dev University.|language=en}}</ref> Datar Kaur brought sweetness and light into Ranjit Singh's life and provided for him a focus of interest in his home.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Sarbpreet |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IiXREAAAQBAJ&pg=PT151&dq=raj+kaur+brought+sweetness+and+light+into+his+life&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwim7d7u26uQAxXNJkQIHW3VA6kQ6AF6BAgOEAM#v=onepage&q=raj%20kaur%20brought%20sweetness%20and%20light%20into%20his%20life&f=false |title=The Camel Merchant of Philadelphia: Stories from the Court of Maharaja Ranjit Singh |date=2023-06-26 |publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited |isbn=978-93-5708-133-7 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Fakir|first1=Syed Waheeduddin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DEnRAAAAMAAJ&q=rani+raj+kaur+had+legendary+influence+over+ranjit+singh|title=The Real Ranjit Singh|last2=Vaḥīduddīn|first2=Faqīr Sayyid|date=1965|publisher=Lion Art Press|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Singh 2019">{{Cite book|last=Singh|first=Sarbpreet|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aWUoygEACAAJ|title=The Camel Merchant of Philadelphia: Stories from the Court of Maharaja Ranjit Singh|date=2019|publisher=Tranquebar by Westland Publications Private Limited|isbn=978-93-88689-47-2|language=en}}</ref> Even though Ranjit Singh had many marriages, Datar Kaur remained his favourite.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Tibbetts|first=Jann|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lsHLDAAAQBAJ&q=Datar+kaur&pg=PT461|title=50 Great Military Leaders of All Time|date=2016-07-30|publisher=Vij Books India Pvt Ltd|isbn=978-93-85505-66-9|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Khushwant |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D068dKeyGW4C&pg=PA8&dq=wayward+Ranjit+Singh&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj4nZXkvuCPAxUuFDQIHYpyKw8Q6AF6BAgHEAM#v=onepage&q=wayward%20Ranjit%20Singh&f=false |title=Ranjit Singh |last2=Singh |first2=Kushwant |date=2009-03-24 |publisher=Penguin Books India |isbn=978-0-14-306543-2 |language=en}}</ref>

She had significant influence over her husband, the royal family and the royal court.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Duggal|first=Kartar Singh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4udb8LsF3-oC&q=rani+raj+kaur&pg=PA65|title=Maharaja Ranjit Singh, the Last to Lay Arms|date=2001|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-81-7017-410-3|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k4PXAAAAMAAJ&q=raj+kaur+had+legendary+influence+over+ranjit+singh|title=The Sikh Review|date=1982|publisher=Sikh Cultural Centre|language=en}}</ref> There is no record of any friction or mutual differences between Datar Kaur or the other wives of Ranjit Singh, but there were instances of tension between her and Mehtab Kaur after the she bore Ranjit Singh's first child. This left Mehtab Kaur in a very difficult position as Datar was her junior. This also left [[Sada Kaur]]'s plans to secure the future of her daughter and the Kanhaiyas in tatters.<ref name="Singh 2019"/> Ranjit Singh and Mehtab Kaur's marriage was strained due to Mehtab never being able to forgive that her father was killed in battle with Ranjit Singh's father; and she mainly resided in [[Batala]] with her mother.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Singh|first=Khushwant|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D068dKeyGW4C&q=Datar+Kaur|title=Ranjit Singh|date=2009-03-24|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=978-0-14-306543-2|language=en}}</ref>

In some historical accounts, mistakenly, marriage of Ranjit Singh has been mentioned with two daughters of Nakai Misl i.e. Raj Kaur and Datar Kaur. However, she was one and the same person.

=== Issue and descendants ===
In 1801, she gave birth to [[Crown prince|Crown Prince]] [[Kharak Singh]], the [[heir apparent]] of the [[Sikh Empire]] earning her the title of Ranjit Singh's [[queen consort]].<ref name="Peter Owen Publishers"/>

According to the pedigree table of the Lahore Royal Family she bore Ranjit Singh two other sons [[Prince Rattan Singh|Rattan Singh]]<ref>{{cite AV media |url-status = live |archive-url = https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/fc0L06O1eac |archive-date = 2021-12-11| url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fc0L06O1eac |title = Mahanian Koharan Tehsil .Amritsar District .AmritsarState .Punjab |website=[[YouTube]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=August 18, 2021|first=Yudhvir|last=Rana|title=Seventh generation descendent of Maharaja Ranjit Singh writes to Imran|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/seventh-generation-descendent-of-maharaja-ranjit-singh-writes-to-imran/articleshow/85432426.cms|access-date=2021-09-10|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=May 1, 2015|first=Yudhvir|last=Rana|title=Descendants of Maharaja Ranjit Singh stakes claim on Gobindgarh Fort|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/descendants-of-maharaja-ranjit-singh-stakes-claim-on-gobindgarh-fort/articleshow/47123514.cms|access-date=2021-09-17|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> and Fateh Singh, who died in infancy.<ref name="Postscript: Maharaja Duleep Singh">{{Citation|title=Postscript: Maharaja Duleep Singh|date=2017|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781350986220.0008|work=Emperor of the Five Rivers|publisher=I.B.Tauris|doi=10.5040/9781350986220.0008|isbn=978-1-78673-095-4|access-date=2021-10-20|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

In 2020, Sandeep Singh Sukerchakia, 7th generation great-grandson of Maharaja Ranjit Singh and Maharani Datar Kaur from their son Rattan Singh, wrote a detailed letter to [[Narendra Modi]], the [[Prime Minister of India]] insisting the inclusion of Punjabi Language in the New [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] official Language Bill of 2020.<ref>{{cite tweet |author=The Karmveer |user=TheKarmveerD |number=1305185183348350976 |date=13 September 2020 |title=The 7th Generation directed descendent of Sher-I-Punjab Maharaja Ranjit Singh from his 2nd Wife Maharani Datar Kour through his second son Commandant Rattan Singh have written a detailed letter to PM Narendra Modi demanding inclusion of Punjabi Language in the New J&K |language=en |access-date=27 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite tweet |last=Singh |first=Kanwal |user=KanwalSinghJK |number=1319946905250451456 |date=24 October 2020 |title=@nagotrk @Jobanpr74737905 @DAkkhar @mkandharii The random link is to tell you about the seventh generation Descendant ie Sandeep Singh. This is the last page of the letter with complete address attached with his jagir. https://t.co/XVhKhhl5CA |language=en |access-date=27 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024102119/https://twitter.com/KanwalSinghJK/status/1319946905250451456 |archive-date=24 October 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Her other descendants include- Late Lt Gen Jagdishwar Singh Nakai who joined the Indian army just when the Second World War broke out and served in the Burma Campaign. He was later to see action in all subsequent wars of independent India till his retirement in 1979 after serving as the General Officer in Command, Central Command. Lt Gen Nakai was a recipient of the Param Vishisht Seva Medal. Former [[Chief Minister of Punjab (Pakistan)]], [[Arif Nakai|Sardar Arif Nakai]] and [[Pakistani]] [[politician]], [[Sardar Asif Nakai]] are also the direct descendants of the [[Nakai Misl|Nakais]].{{citation needed|date=May 2022}}

==Maharani of the Sikh Empire ==
[[File:Fresco of Maharani Datar Kaur martially training Kharak Singh.jpg|thumb|Fresco of Maharani Datar Kaur martially training her son, [[Kharak Singh]]]]
'''Datar Kaur''' took interest in political affairs, and her husband sought her advice in important stately matters. Even though she was his second wife she became his principal wife and chief consort.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sood|first=D. R.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8hw-AAAAMAAJ&q=datar+kaur|title=Ranjit Singh|date=1968|publisher=National Book Trust, India|language=en}}</ref> On many different occasions, she served as her husband's ambassador; even acting as a political proxy for him.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Book Review: The Hidden History of Female Agency in the Sikh Empire|url=https://thewire.in/books/book-review-royals-and-rebels-priya-atwal|access-date=2021-08-28|website=The Wire}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Atwal |first=Priya |date=2020-11-01 |title=Royals and Rebels |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197548318.001.0001 |doi=10.1093/oso/9780197548318.001.0001|isbn=978-0-19-754831-8 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> It is said that Datar Kaur wielded a legendary influence on Maharaja Ranjit Singh.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k4PXAAAAMAAJ&q=raj+kaur's+legendary+influence&dq=raj+kaur's+legendary+influence&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjF5qGL5M-PAxV9M0QIHcDmPCgQ6AF6BAgKEAM#raj%20kaur's%20legendary%20influence |title=The Sikh Review |date=1982 |publisher=Sikh Cultural Centre. |language=en}}</ref>

[[File:Fresco from the Haveli of Maharani Datar Kaur, Sheikhpura Qila (fort), Punjab 11.jpg |thumb|Fresco of Maharani Datar Kaur holding her court at Sheikhupura]]

Mai Nakain took control of the [[Sheikhupura Fort]] when her six-year-old son, [[Kharak Singh]] had conquered it.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Atwal|first=Priya|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LvcTEAAAQBAJ&q=stewardess+of+Sheikhupura+Fort+from+1811.+By+the+end+of+the+1810s,+Ranjit+Singh+had+established&pg=PA75|title=Royals and Rebels: The Rise and Fall of the Sikh Empire|date=2021-01-15|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-756693-0|language=en}}</ref> In 1811, she was officially granted the [[jagir]] of [[Sheikhupura]] by [[Ranjit Singh|Maharaja Ranjit Singh]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bansal|first=Bobby Singh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jUiwDAAAQBAJ&dq=raj+kaur+a+favorite+queen+of+ranjit+singh&pg=PT96|title=Remnants of the Sikh Empire: Historical Sikh Monuments in India & Pakistan|date=2015-12-01|publisher=Hay House, Inc|isbn=978-93-84544-93-5|language=en}}</ref> Around the same time she started residing in the [[Sheikhupura Fort]] and held her own court.<ref name="Atwal">{{Cite book|last=Atwal|first=Priya|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LPcTEAAAQBAJ&q=mai+nakain&pg=PA82|title=Royals and Rebels: The Rise and Fall of the Sikh Empire|date=2021-01-15|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-756694-7|language=en}}</ref> She enjoyed hunting and often accompanied her husband on his hunting trips. Sheikhupura has a vicinity of good hunting places.

Since his birth, her son was the [[heir]] of Ranjit Singh. When Kharak Singh was merely an year old he was paraded through the streets of Lahore as his father’s heir and Punjab's prince.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sood |first=D. R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8hw-AAAAMAAJ&q=Ranjit+Singh+Made+Him+heir-+apparent&dq=Ranjit+Singh+Made+Him+heir-+apparent&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjmn7z18c-PAxUble4BHb3wMLUQ6AF6BAgHEAM#Ranjit%20Singh%20Made%20Him%20heir-%20apparent |title=Ranjit Singh |date=1968 |publisher=National Book Trust, India |language=en}}</ref> In 1816, Ranjit Singh crowned Kharak Singh as his [[heir apparent]] and anointed him "Yuvraj Shri Tikka Kanwar" ([[Crown prince]]).<ref>{{Cite book|last=Singh|first=Ranjit|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ilZJDQAAQBAJ&q=kharak+singh+1816&pg=PT115|title=Golden Crystal|date=2013|publisher=Unistar Books|isbn=978-93-5113-048-2|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tugJAQAAIAAJ&q=in+1816+kharak+singh+to+put+an+end|title=Maharaja Kharak Singh, June 27, 1839-November 5, 1840: Select Records Preserved in the National Archives of India, New Delhi|date=1977|publisher=Department of Punjab Historical Studies, Punjabi University|language=en}}</ref> The same year she took over her son's training for 18 months for his [[Siege of Multan (1818)|Expedition of Multan]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Singh|first=Karnail|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xDluAAAAMAAJ&q=and+even+summoned+the+most+favoured+queen+,+Raj+Kaur+,+to+court+to|title=Fragments of Half a Century|date=2005|publisher=Institute of Sikh Studies|isbn=978-81-85815-25-1|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CgpDAAAAYAAJ&q=raj+kaur+a+favorite+queen+of+maharaja+ranjit+singh|title=The Panjab Past and Present|date=1980|publisher=Department of Punjab Historical Studies, Punjabi University.|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Singh|first=Karnail|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LmE_AAAAMAAJ&q=raj+kaur+most+favoured+queen|title=Winston Churchill's Account of Anglo-Sikh Wars and Its In-side Tale|date=1984|publisher=Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee|language=en}}</ref>

In 1818, she accompanied her son to the campaign of Multan as a commander to.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Siṅgha|first=Bhagata|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FVduAAAAMAAJ&q=datar|title=Maharaja Ranjit Singh and His Times|date=1990|publisher=Sehgal Publishers Service|isbn=978-81-85477-01-5|language=en}}</ref> The [[Sikh Khalsa Army]] was under her command during the [[Siege of Multan (1818)|Battle of Multan (1818)]].<ref>{{Citation|title="Shady Character, Hidden Designs, and Masked Faces": Reflections on 'Vilayati' Sikh Marriages and Discourses of Abuse|date=2013-01-01|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789004257238_012|work=Sikh Diaspora|pages=231–259|publisher=BRILL|doi=10.1163/9789004257238_012|isbn=9789004257238|access-date=2021-08-28 |last1=Thandi |first1=Shinder S. |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name="Atwal"/>

She played a considerable role in popularizing handicrafts like [[Phulkari]] knitting and fine arts in [[Punjab]].<ref name="Atwal" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=Duggal|first=Kartar Singh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4udb8LsF3-oC&q=As+the+mother+of+Prince+Kharak+Singh+,+who+was+going+to+succeed+to+the+throne+,+Rani+Raj+Kaur+wielded+a+good+deal+of+influence+on+the+Maharaja&pg=PA66|title=Maharaja Ranjit Singh, the Last to Lay Arms|date=2001|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-81-7017-410-3|language=en}}</ref> Mai Nakain was also a patron of religious mystics and mendicants.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Ross|first=David|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bH4BAAAAQAAJ&q=favourite&pg=PA138|title=The land of the five rivers and Sindh|date=1883|publisher=Chapman and Hall|language=en}}</ref>

Though Emily Eden or Fanny Eden never met the Maharani as she met the royal family of Lahore in November 1838 after the death of Mai Nakain. But her daughter in law, [[Chand Kaur]] describes her as being as auspicious and beautiful as [[Rati|Goddess Lakshmi]],<ref>{{Citation |last=Singh |first=Gurharpal |title=India, Pakistan and the Sikhs |date=2023-01-19 |work=Global Sikhs |pages=111–132 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003281849-7 |access-date=2023-12-21 |place=London |publisher=Routledge |doi=10.4324/9781003281849-7 |isbn=978-1-003-28184-9|url-access=subscription }}</ref> along with being vivacious, independent, artistic, intelligent and religious.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |last=Sheikh |first=Majid |date=2021-04-25 |title=Three Maharanis of the great Sikh Maharajahs |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1620259 |access-date=2021-09-27 |website=DAWN.COM |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Atwal |first=Priya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LPcTEAAAQBAJ&q=royals+and+rebels+independent |title=Royals and Rebels: The Rise and Fall of the Sikh Empire |date=2021-01-15 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-756694-7 |language=en}}</ref> Ranjit Singh described her as a chaste noble woman who filled his life with light and sweetness.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Sarbpreet |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IiXREAAAQBAJ&dq=raj+kaur+sweetness&pg=PT152 |title=The Camel Merchant of Philadelphia: Stories from the Court of Maharaja Ranjit Singh |date=2023-06-26 |publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited |isbn=978-93-5708-133-7 |language=en}}</ref>

She is said to have been a patron of mystics and mendiants.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ross (C.I.E.) |first=David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bH4BAAAAQAAJ&dq=david+ross+raj+kaur&pg=PA138 |title=The land of the five rivers and Sindh |date=1883 |publisher=Chapman and Hall |language=en}}</ref>

== Sukerchakia-Nakai relationship ==
Even though his favourite Rani was from the house of the Nakais, Ranjit Singh's relationship with the Nakais was somewhat rocky. Nakais did not find the alliance with Ranjit Singh much useful to them.<ref name="Griffin 1865"/>

After Ranjit Singh had declared himself the Maharaja of Punjab in 1801 he had kept consolidating majority of the Misls. The ambitious Maharaja had been eyeing the Nakai territory, but had spared it out if respect for his brother-in-law, Sardar Gyan Singh. However after his death in 1807 he suggested [[Kahan Singh Nakai|Sardar Kahan Singh Nakai]], who succeeded his father as the sixth chief of the [[Nakai Misl|Nakais]] to join the [[Lahore]] [[Durbar (court)|Darbar]], which the proud newly crowned Nakai chief steadily refused to obligate. Finally, in 1811, Ranjit Singh sent Kharak Singh to annex all the Nakai territories; Sardar Kahan Singh came back from Multan to find his cousin Kharak Singh has taken over his misl. Diwan Hakim Rai, the administer of the Nakai Chief, immediately approached Ranjit Singh with the request that it was not proper for the Lahore forces to take military action against his nephew's misl. Sohan Lai Suri notes that the Maharaja, very politely, said ''"I have nothing to do in this matter, Kunwar Kharak Singh is the maternal grandson of the Nakais and only he knows as to what is to be done."''

Before having his estates seized Kahan Singh was successful in conquering Pakpattan. Ranjit Singh granted Kahan Singh jagir at [[Baherwal Kalan|Baherwal]] while his brother-in-law, Khazan Singh was granted a jagir at Nankot. Sardar Kahan Singh continued to live in Baharwal and the Nakais remained loyal to Maharaja Ranjit Singh.

==Death==
Datar Kaur died in [[Sheikhupura]] on June 20, 1838. Sohan Lal Suri in Umdat-ut-Tawarikh, writes that both the Maharaja and Maharani returned from a hunting trip to Sheikhupura and fell ill. While Ranjit recovered, she died. Kharak Singh was inconsolable by the death of his mother.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Archives|first=India (Republic) National|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dw3X8eXMm0AC&q=kharak+singh|title=Maharaja Kharak Singh, June 27, 1839-November 5, 1840: Select Records Preserved in the National Archives of India, New Delhi|date=1977|publisher=Department of Punjab Historical Studies, Punjabi University|language=en}}</ref> The Royal Lahore Garden was chosen for her [[Samadhi (shrine)|Samadhi]], the site was chosen by Ranjit himself and Suri mentions for the first time he saw the Maharaja cry. Ranjit Singh wanted the finest for his wife, hence the Royal Garden was chosen and the ashes of Mai Nakain were placed.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sheikh|first=Majid|date=2021-04-25|title=Three Maharanis of the great Sikh Maharajahs|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1620259|access-date=2021-08-28|website=DAWN.COM|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Qaiṣar|first=Iqbāl|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y3nXAAAAMAAJ&q=maharani+datar+kaur|title=پاكستان وچ سكھاں دياں تواريخى پوتر تھاواں|date=1998|publisher=Punjabi History Board|language=pa}}</ref>

It is also the resting place of her daughter-in-law, [[Chand Kaur|Maharani Chand Kaur]] and grand daughter-in-law, [[Sahib Kaur]] wife of [[Nau Nihal Singh]]. Today the site has become part of Islamia College, Civil Lines, Lahore grounds.

Ranjit Singh and Datar Kaur shared a very loving and close relationship. After her dealth, Ranjit Singh fell sick and died shortly.
The missionary reported,<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5bHnf1rieYQC&q=%22The+Maharajah+was+never+the+same+person+again.+He+was+no+longer+able+to+mount+his+horse+himself+and+had+to+be+lifted+into+the+saddle.+His+recovery+was+retarded+by+the+death+of+Mai+Nakain,+his+favourite+wife+and+companion+of+over+forty+years+.+He+took+the+Nakain's+death+to+heart+and+brooded+over+it+a+long+time%22&dq=%22The+Maharajah+was+never+the+same+person+again.+He+was+no+longer+able+to+mount+his+horse+himself+and+had+to+be+lifted+into+the+saddle.+His+recovery+was+retarded+by+the+death+of+Mai+Nakain,+his+favourite+wife+and+companion+of+over+forty+years+.+He+took+the+Nakain's+death+to+heart+and+brooded+over+it+a+long+time%22&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwihlo3X6NmPAxXxIkQIHVmzETMQ6AF6BAgIEAM#%22The%20Maharajah%20was%20never%20the%20same%20person%20again.%20He%20was%20no%20longer%20able%20to%20mount%20his%20horse%20himself%20and%20had%20to%20be%20lifted%20into%20the%20saddle.%20His%20recovery%20was%20retarded%20by%20the%20death%20of%20Mai%20Nakain,%20his%20favourite%20wife%20and%20companion%20of%20over%20forty%20years%20.%20He%20took%20the%20Nakain's%20death%20to%20heart%20and%20brooded%20over%20it%20a%20long%20time%22 |title=The Missionary |date=1963 |publisher=Hardev Bahadur Singh |language=en}}</ref>
<blockquote>"The Maharajah was never the same person again. He was no longer able to mount his horse himself and had to be lifted into the saddle. His recovery was retarded by the death of Mai Nakain, his favourite wife and companion of over forty years . He took the Nakain's death to heart and brooded over it a long time"</blockquote>

[[Claude Martin Wade]] had brought the [[Tripartite Treaty of 1838]] to be signed at her funeral.<ref name="Atwal"/>

==In popular culture==

* Datar Kaur was a portrayed by Navneet Cheema in the TV series titled ''[[Maharaja Ranjit Singh (TV series)|Maharaja Ranjit Singh]]'' which aired on [[DD National]]. The series was produced by [[Raj Babbar]].
*Datar Kaur is a principal character in [[Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni]]'s The Last Queen.

==See also==
* [[Misl]]
* [[Misl Nakai]]
*[[Ran Singh Nakai|Sardar Ran Singh Nakai]]
* [[Ranjit Singh|Maharaja Ranjit Singh]]
* [[Sikh Empire]]
*[[Heera Singh Sandhu|Sardar Heera Singh Sandhu]]
*[[Maharaja Kharak Singh]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Notes==
* Suri, Sohan Lal, Umddt ut-Twarikh. Lahore, 1885–89.
* Ganda Singh, ed., Maharaja Ranjit Singh (First Death Centenary Memorial Volume)

{{Sikh Empire}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kaur, Datar}}
[[Category:1780s births]]
[[Category:1838 deaths]]
[[Category:Year of birth uncertain]]
[[Category:Punjabi Sikhs]]
[[Category:Indian female royalty]]
[[Category:Women from the Sikh Empire]]
[[Category:People from the Sikh Empire]]
[[Category:18th-century Indian women]]
[[Category:18th-century Indian royalty]]
[[Category:Indian queens consort]]
[[Category:Wives of Ranjit Singh]]

Raja Shivchhatrapati (TV series)

2026-02-16T19:00:48Z

CarlNorfleet88:

{{short description|Marathi television program}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Raja Shivchatrapati.jpeg
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| genre = [[Historical drama]]
| creator = [[Nitin Chandrakant Desai]]
| based_on = {{Based on|''Raja Shivchhatrapati''|[[Babasaheb Purandare]]}}
| developer =
| writer =
| director = Hemant Deodhar
| creative_director =
| presenter =
| starring = [[#Cast|See below]]
| narrated =
| theme_music_composer = [[Ashok Patki]]
| opentheme = Jay Bhavani Jay Shivaji
| endtheme =
| composer = [[Ajay–Atul]]
| country = India
| language = Marathi
| num_seasons =
| num_episodes = 214
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer = Atul Ketkar
| producer = {{Plainlist|
* [[Nitin Chandrakant Desai]]
* Mina Chandrakant Desai
* Neha Nitin Desai
}}
| editor =
| cinematography =
| camera = [[Multi-Camera]]
| runtime = 22 minutes
| company = Chandrakant Productions Pvt. Ltd.
| network = [[Star Pravah]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2008|11|24|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2009|09|19|df=y}}
| location = [[ND Studios]], [[Mumbai]]
| story = Shirish Deshpande, Pratap Gangawane
}}

'''''Raja Shivchhatrapati''''' is an Indian [[Marathi language]] [[historical drama]] television series based on [[Shivaji|Shivaji Maharaj]], founder of the [[Maratha Kingdom]] which aired on [[Star Pravah]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/popular-historical-show-raja-shivchatrapati-to-return-on-the-audiences-demand/articleshow/74935697.cms|title=Popular historical show 'Raja Shivchatrapati' to return on the audience's demand|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lokmat.com/television/raja-shivchatrapati-marathi-serial-start-again-star-pravah-gda/|title=लोकाग्रहास्तव पुन्हा भेटीला येणार 'राजा शिवछत्रपती', वाचा सविस्तर|website=[[Lokmat]]|date=2 April 2020|language=mr}}</ref> The serial was re-telecast in April 2020 during the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.timesnowmarathi.com/amp/entertainment/television-news/article/raja-shiv-chhatrapati-tv-serial-to-be-seen-again-from-3-april/287141|title='राजा शिवछत्रपती' मालिका पुन्हा पाहायला मिळणार, 'या' दिवशी होणार सुरुवात|work=Times Now|language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://divyamarathi.bhaskar.com/news/raja-shiv-chhatrapati-jai-malhar-and-ambatgod-to-re-telecast-on-star-pravah-and-zee-marathi-soon-127088614.html|title=लॉकडाऊन: लोकाग्रहास्तव पुन्हा भेटीला येणार राजा शिवछत्रपती, जय मल्हार आणि आंबटगोड या मालिका, स्टार प्रवाह आणि झी मराठीवर होणार प्रसारित|website=Divya Marathi|language=mr}}</ref>

== Summary ==
Chatrapati Shivaji Maharaj, born at [[Shivneri fort]], establishes the Maratha kingdom against all odds by fighting against the Mughal dynasty.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan-news/raja-shiv-chhatrapati-marathi-serial-to-re-telecast-on-star-pravah-soon-ssv-92-2121461/lite/|title=Exclusive: लोकाग्रहास्तव स्टार प्रवाहवर पुन्हा भेटीला येणार 'राजा शिवछत्रपती'|work=[[Loksatta]]|language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/raja-shiv-chhatrapati-returns-star-pravah%3famp|title=Raja Shiv Chhatrapati returns on Star Pravah|website=Telly Chakkar}}</ref>

== Cast ==
* [[Amol Kolhe]] as [[Shivaji|Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj]]
* [[Mrinal Kulkarni]] as [[Jijabai|Rajmata Jijabai]]
* Avinash Narkar as [[Shahaji|Shahaji Raje Bhosale]]
* [[Yatin Karyekar]] as [[Aurangzeb]]
* Rujuta Deshmmukh as [[Maharani Saibai]]
* [[Neelam Shirke]] as [[Soyarabai|Maharani Soyrabai]]
* Prasad Pandit as [[Baji Prabhu Deshpande]]
* Shantanu Moghe as [[Murarbaji Deshpande]]
* [[Swapnil Rajshekhar]] as [[Netaji Palkar]]
* Sanjay Mohite as [[Bahirji Naik]]
* [[Sanjay Shejwal]] as Hiroji Farzand
* Vidyadhar Joshi as [[Jai Singh I|Mirza Rajah Jai Singh]]
* [[Hardeek Joshi]] as Kartalab Khan
* Sunil Godse as [[Shaista Khan]]
* Samira Gujar as [[Putalabai|Maharani Putalabai]]
* Vijay Patwardhan as Pant
* Milind Safai as [[Mohammed Adil Shah of Bijapur|Mohammed Adil Shah]]
* Shailesh Pitambare as [[Afzal Khan (general)|Afzal Khan]]

== Production ==
The program was created and produced by Hindi film's art director [[Nitin Chandrakant Desai]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.afaqs.com/media-briefs/44067_raja-shiv-chhatrapati-makes-a-come-back-on-star-pravah|title=Raja Shiv Chhatrapati makes a come back on STAR Pravah|website=Afaqs}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/trade-news/marathi/raja-shivchhatrapati-back-on-tv/articleshow/57260592.cms|title=Raja Shivchhatrapati to make a comeback on TV|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> [[Amol Kolhe]] played lead role of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj and [[Mrinal Kulkarni]] as [[Jijabai|Rajmata Jijabai]]. It was directed by Hemant Deodhar and filming took place at [[ND Studios]], [[Karjat]] in [[Maharashtra]]. [[Balwant Moreshwar Purandare]] and Devendranath Kasar were consulted for historical content as can be seen from credit list of the serial.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://marathimovieworld.com/news/raja-shivchhatrapati-to-return-on-star-pravah.php|title='Raja Shivchhatrapati' to return on Star Pravah|work=Marathi Movie World}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://marathi.abplive.com/entertainment/raja-shiv-chhatrapati-and-aambhatgod-serial-to-meet-again-audience-on-star-pravah-756573|title=लोकाग्रहास्तव स्टार प्रवाहवर पुन्हा भेटीला येणार राजा शिवछत्रपती आणि आंबटगोड या मालिका|work=[[ABP Majha]]|language=mr}}</ref>

=== Ratings ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2" | Week
! rowspan="2" | Year
! rowspan="2" | [[TAM Media Research|TAM]] [[Audience measurement|TVR]]
! colspan="2" | Rank
! rowspan="2" | Ref.
|-
! Mah/Goa
! All India
|-
|Week 40
|2009
|0.85
|2
|78
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tvr Ratings from 04/10/2009 to 10/10/2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091030111611/http://www.indiantelevision.com/tvr/telemeter/telechanneltam.php?ch=Star%20Pravah&startperiod=04/10/2009&endperiod=10/10/2009|archive-date=2009-10-30|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/tvr/telemeter/telechanneltam.php?ch=Star%20Pravah&startperiod=04/10/2009&endperiod=10/10/2009}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt2354568}}
* [https://www.hotstar.com/in/shows/raja-shivchhatrapati/13021 ''Raja Shivchhatrapati''] at [[JioHotstar]]

[[Category:Marathi-language television shows]]
[[Category:2008 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Star Pravah original programming]]
[[Category:Indian historical television series]]
[[Category:Television series set in the 17th century]]
[[Category:2009 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Maratha Empire]]

Filmfare Award for Best Male Debut – Marathi

2026-02-12T20:15:09Z

CarlNorfleet88:

{{Short description|Indian award for Marathi language films}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox award
| name = [[Filmfare Marathi Awards]] for Best Male Debut
| image =
| caption =
| awarded_for = Best Debut Performance by an Actor
| presenter = ''[[Filmfare]]''
| country = India
| year = [[Riteish Deshmukh]], ''[[Lai Bhaari]]'' (2014)
| holder = Dhairya Gholap, ''[[Yek Number (film)| Yek Number]]'' (2024)
| website = [https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards/winners Filmfare winners]
}}

The '''Filmfare Marathi Award for Best Male Debut''' is given by ''[[Filmfare]]'' as part of its annual [[Filmfare Award]]s for [[Marathi Cinema]]s to recognise a male actor in a debut role.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/filmfare-marathi-nominations-2016/articleshow/55576778.cms|title=Filmfare Marathi: Nominations are out|date=23 November 2016|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India}}</ref>
==Winners and nominees==
=== 2010s ===
* [[1st Filmfare Awards Marathi|2014]] [[Riteish Deshmukh]] – ''[[Lai Bhaari]]'' as Maauli/Prince<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Mehta |first=Ankita |date=2016-11-28 |title=Filmfare Marathi Awards 2016 winners list: Sachin Pilgaonkar, Shankar Mahadevan, Neena Kulkarni and others sweep honours |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/filmfare-marathi-awards-2016-winners-list-sachin-pilgaonkar-shankar-mahadevan-neena-kulkarni-705900 |access-date=2023-07-02 |website=www.ibtimes.co.in |language=en}}</ref>
* [[2nd Filmfare Awards Marathi|2015]] [[Gashmeer Mahajani]] – ''[[Deool Band]]'' as Dr. Raghav Shastri<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Mehta |first=Ankita |date=2016-11-28 |title=Filmfare Marathi Awards 2016 winners list: Sachin Pilgaonkar, Shankar Mahadevan, Neena Kulkarni and others sweep honours |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/filmfare-marathi-awards-2016-winners-list-sachin-pilgaonkar-shankar-mahadevan-neena-kulkarni-705900 |access-date=2023-07-02 |website=www.ibtimes.co.in |language=en}}</ref>
* [[3rd Filmfare Awards Marathi|2016]] [[Akash Thosar]] – ''[[Sairat]]'' as Prashant (Parshya) Kale<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=2017-10-28 |title=Jio Filmfare Awards Marathi 2017: Complete winners’ list |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/jio-filmfare-awards-marathi-2017-complete-winners-list/articleshow/61280249.cms |access-date=2023-07-02 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
* [[4th Filmfare Awards Marathi|2017]] [[Abhinay Berde]] – ''[[Ti Saddhya Kay Karte]]'' as Anurag<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |date=2018-09-28 |title=4th Jio Filmfare Awards Marathi 2018: Complete winners’ list |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/4th-jio-filmfare-awards-marathi-2018-complete-winners-list/articleshow/65986744.cms |access-date=2023-07-02 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
* 2018 ''No Ceremony''
* 2019 ''No Ceremony''
===2020s===
* [[5th Filmfare Awards Marathi|2020]] [[Shubhankar Tawde]] – ''[[Kaagar]]'' as Yuvraj Kadam<ref name=":4">{{Cite news |date=2021-03-01 |title=5th Planet Filmfare Marathi Awards 2020: Complete winners’ list |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/5th-planet-filmfare-marathi-awards-2020-complete-winners-list/articleshow/81246533.cms |access-date=2023-07-02 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
* [[6th Filmfare Awards Marathi|2021]] Ruturaj Wankhede – ''[[Jayanti (film)|Jayanti]]'' as Santosh (Santya) & Virat Madke – ''[[Kesari (2020 film)|Kesari]]'' as Balram<ref name=":5">{{Cite news |date=2022-04-01 |title=6th Planet Filmfare Marathi Awards 2021: Complete winners’ list |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/6th-planet-filmfare-marathi-awards-2021-complete-winners-list/articleshow/90561300.cms |access-date=2023-07-02 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
* [[7th Filmfare Awards Marathi|2022]] ''Not Awarded''
* [[8th Filmfare Awards Marathi|2023]] Ashitosh Gaikwad – ''[[Unaad]]'' as Shubham<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=Winners of the RR Kabel Filmfare Awards Marathi 2024 {{!}} Femina.in |url=https://www.femina.in/trending/in-the-news/winners-of-the-rr-kabel-filmfare-awards-marathi-2024-full-list-out-284037.html |access-date= |website=www.femina.in |language=en}}</ref>
* [[9th Filmfare Awards Marathi|2024]] Dhairya Gholap – ''[[Yek Number (film)|Yek Number]]'' as Pratap<ref>{{Cite web |title=Filmfare Awards Marathi 2024 Winners - Complete List Out! |url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-marathi-2024/winners |access-date=2025-07-12 |website=filmfare.com |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Filmfare Awards}}

[[Category:Maharashtra awards]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards Marathi]]

Department of Power (Kerala)

2026-02-09T18:47:19Z

CarlNorfleet88: Creating Initial Data First Draft.

{{Short description|Indian state government department}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2025}}
{{linkrot|date=February 2026}}
{{Infobox government agency
| agency_name = Department of Power
| logo = Government of Kerala Logo.svg
| logo_width = 120px
| logo_caption = Emblem of Kerala
| formed =
| jurisdiction = [[Kerala]]
| headquarters = [[Thiruvananthapuram]]
| minister1_name = [[K. Krishnankutty]]
| minister1_pfo = Minister for Electricity
| chief1_name = Puneet Kumar, [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]
| chief1_position = Additional Chief Secretary (Power)
| parent_agency = [[Government of Kerala]]
| child2_agency = [[ANERT]]
| child12_agency = [[Kerala State Electricity Board]]
| website = [https://power.kerala.gov.in Department of Power]
}}

The '''Department of Power''' is an administrative department of the [[Government of Kerala]]. The department is responsible for policy formulation, planning, and oversight relating to electricity generation, transmission, and distribution in the state of [[Kerala]]. It has its headquarters in [[Thiruvananthapuram]].

==Leadership==
The Power Department is headed by the Minister for Electricity, and incumbent minister is [[K. Krishnankutty]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bureau |first=The Hindu |date=2025-10-26 |title=Kerala will become a self-reliant and carbon-neutral green State: Minister K. Krishnankutty |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kerala-will-become-a-self-reliant-and-carbon-neutral-green-state-minister-k-krishnankutty/article70205334.ece |access-date=2025-11-14 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Bureau |first=The Hindu |date=2025-10-24 |title=Draft Electricity (Amendment) Bill, harmful to public sector power utilities, says Electricity Minister K. Krishnankutty |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/draft-electricity-amendment-bill-harmful-to-public-sector-power-utilities-says-electricity-minister-k-krishnankutty/article70199164.ece |access-date=2025-11-14 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

Administratively, the department is headed by an [[Additional Chief Secretary|Additional Chief Secretary to Government]], an [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]] Officer.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ANERT |url=https://www.anert.gov.in/board_of_directors |access-date=2025-11-14 |website=www.anert.gov.in}}</ref> The current power secretary is Puneet Kumar IAS.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bureau |first=The Hindu |date=2025-09-25 |title=Kerala Electricity Minister calls for a research institute on e-mobility |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kerala-electricity-minister-calls-for-a-research-institute-on-e-mobility/article70094568.ece |access-date=2025-11-14 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=ELECTRICAL_INSPECTORATE |url=https://dei.kerala.gov.in/ |access-date=2025-11-14 |website=dei.kerala.gov.in}}</ref> The Additional Chief Secretary to Government is assisted by additional secretaries, joint secretaries, deputy secretaries and under secretaries, and other secretariate staffs.

The Kerala State Electricity Board (KSEB) is headed by a chairman and managing director (CMD), and current CMD is Mir Mohammad Ali IAS.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-07 |title=Mir Mohammed Ali Appointed CMD of Kerala State Electricity Board Ltd |url=https://www.psuconnect.in/new-faces-in-psus/mir-mohammed-ali-appointed-cmd-of-kerala-state-electricity-board-ltd |access-date=2025-11-14 |website=www.psuconnect.in |language=en}}</ref>

== Functions ==
The department is responsible for policy formulation and implementation related to electricity generation and distribution, and coordinates various public-sector undertakings in the field of energy. The department is tasked with the administration of various laws and regulations related to energy and electricity in the state.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rules of Business of the Government of Kerala – Part II, First Schedule |url=https://gad.kerala.gov.in/sites/default/files/general_attachment/Rules%20of%20Business%20-%20Part%20II.pdf |publisher=General Administration Department, Government of Kerala |access-date=13 November 2025}}</ref>

==Line departments and public sector undertakings ==
* [[Kerala State Electricity Board]] (KSEB)
* Electricity Inspectorate Department, Kerala<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dei.kerala.gov.in/|title=ELECTRICAL_INSPECTORATE|website=dei.kerala.gov.in}}</ref>
* [[Agency for New and Renewable Energy Research and Technology]] (ANERT), Kerala
* Kerala State Electricity Regulatory Commission]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.erckerala.org/|title=KSERC|website=www.erckerala.org}}</ref>
* Kerala Electricity Ombudsman<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.keralaeo.org/|title=Office of the Electricity Ombudsman|website=www.keralaeo.org}}</ref>
* Energy Management Center, Kerala<ref>http://www.keralaenergy.gov.in</ref>

===Kerala State Electricity Board===
The [[Kerala State Electricity Board]] (KSEB) functions under the administrative control of the department and is responsible for power generation, transmission, and distribution across the state.<ref name="policy">{{cite web |title=Department of Power |url=https://power.kerala.gov.in/ |access-date=13 November 2025 |publisher=Government of Kerala}}</ref><ref>https://kseb.in/mainarticle/eyJpdiI6IkpyeTdOS09ISms3MWplcHNIVzlhM3c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiUStwa05VZ1NVNThWMVpmbXgvd3FnZz09IiwibWFjIjoiZGQ3MDcyNGI1NTU0Yzk2NDk2MzJjOWViZTUwZjk2NWM3MTdhNjM3MWNlZDAwYjE3M2I1ZTg2YTU0ZGQ0ZTIxOCIsInRhZyI6IiJ9</ref>

=== Renewable energy ===
The [[Agency for Non-conventional Energy and Rural Technology]] (ANERT) is the nodal agency for promoting renewable energy and energy conservation in Kerala.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://anert.gov.in/ |title=ANERT |publisher=Government of Kerala |access-date=13 November 2025}}</ref>

===Electrical Inspectorate Department ===
The main functions of the Department of Electrical Inspectorate is to ensure safety of all electrical installations as per the provisions of section 53 of [[The Electricity Act, 2003]]. The Electrical Inspectorate investigate electrical accidents.<ref name=":0" /> The Electrical Inspectorate Department is headed by a Chief Electrical Inspector, and has its headquarters in [[Thiruvananthapuram]].

== See also ==
* [[Government of Kerala]]
* [[Kerala State Electricity Board]]
* [[Agency for Non-conventional Energy and Rural Technology]]
* [[Ministry of Power (India)]]
* [[Energy policy of India]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://power.kerala.gov.in Official website of the Department of Power, Kerala]
* [https://www.kseb.in Official website of Kerala State Electricity Board]
* [https://kerala.gov.in Official website of Government of Kerala]

[[Category:Government departments of Kerala]]
[[Category:Energy in Kerala]]

Ketaki Sheth

2026-02-07T23:32:46Z

CarlNorfleet88: Made details

{{Short description|Indian photographer}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{notability|1=Biographies|date=July 2020}}
{{unreliable sources|date=September 2020}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Ketaki Sheth
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth year and age|1957}}
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], India
| occupation = photographer
| years_active = 1980–present
}}

'''Ketaki Sheth''' (born 1957) is an Indian photographer and author residing in [[Mumbai]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Ketaki Sheth's studio portraits make the setting their principal subject |url=https://www.sundayguardianlive.com/culture/ketaki-sheths-studio-portraits-make-setting-principal-subject |work=The Sunday Guardian Live |date=15 September 2018 |archive-date=27 November 2024 |access-date=12 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241127113700/https://sundayguardianlive.com/culture/ketaki-sheths-studio-portraits-make-setting-principal-subject |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Sharma|first=Manik|date=2018-10-08|title=Ketaki Sheth's Photo Studio project collates images of defunct, struggling Indian studios |url=https://www.firstpost.com/living/ketaki-sheths-photo-studio-project-collates-images-of-defunct-struggling-indian-studios-5315241.html|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-09-18|website=[[Firstpost]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Ghosh|first=Paramita|date=2018-09-28|title=In the age of the selfie, the life of the photo studio|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/art-and-culture/in-the-age-of-the-selfie-the-life-of-the-photo-studio/story-HAU31UgMq0Cu9dXaaw605M.html|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-09-18|website=[[Hindustan Times]]|language=en}}</ref>

==Personal life and education==

Born and brought up in Mumbai in 1957, Ketaki completed her undergraduate studies with a bachelor's degree in English literature.

==Awards==
'''1992:''' Sanskriti Award for Indian photography.<ref name="BOMBAY MIX: STREET PHOTOGRAPHS">{{cite web |title=BOMBAY MIX: STREET PHOTOGRAPHS |url=https://alkazifoundation.org/bombay-mix-street-photographs/#:~:text=Ketaki%20Sheth%20won%20the%20Sanskriti,Mix%20is%20her%20second%20book.}}</ref>

'''1993:''' The Sanskriti Award for Indian Photography in New Delhi.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ketaki Sheth |url=https://www.saffronart.com/artists/ketaki-sheth#:~:text=Ketaki%20Sheth%20was%20born%20in,from%20Cornell%20University%20in%20Ithaca. |website=Saffronart}}</ref>

'''2006:''' Higashikawa Award in Japan.<ref name="BOMBAY MIX: STREET PHOTOGRAPHS"/><ref>{{cite web |title=Ketaki Sheth |url=https://www.the-artists.org/ketaki-sheth/ |website=the-artists.org |date=28 December 2008}}</ref>

'''2008:''' Solo Show (Bombay Mix)<ref name="medium">{{cite web|last1=Mundos|first1=Oitenta|date=6 May 2015|title=Ketaki Sheth|url=https://medium.com/goa-photo-2015/ketaki-sheth-eade9f710f83#:~:text=Born%20in%201957%2C%20Bombay%2C%20India,Japan%20for%20best%20foreign%20photographer.|website=Medium|language=en}}</ref>

==Books==
* ''A Certain Grace: The Sidi, Indians of African Descent'', PHOTOINK (1 January 2013), {{ISBN|978-9382846000}}<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Ramnath|first=Nandini|date=2013-03-08|title=Photo Essay {{!}} Sidi lights|url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/XKSxJek8yDOfBWtw4aydSO/Photo-Essay--Sidi-lights.html|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-09-18|website=Mint (newspaper)|language=en}}</ref>
* ''Bombay Mix: Street Photographs'', Dewi Lewis Publishing (4 October 2007), {{ISBN|978-1904587477}}
* ''Twinspotting: Photographs of Patel Twins in Britain and India'', Dewi Lewis Publishing (10 April 2000), {{ISBN|978-1899235674}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sheth, Ketaki}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1957 births]]
[[Category:People from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian portrait photographers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian photographers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women photographers]]

Govind Lal (scientist)

2026-02-05T03:09:07Z

CarlNorfleet88: Creating The Post and Citations

{{Short description|Indian scientist}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{More citations needed|date=August 2025}}
{{Citation style|date=February 2026}}
{{More footnotes needed|date=February 2026}}
}}
'''Govind Lal''' was an Indian scientist recognized for his contributions to the field of science and engineering. He was a recipient of the [[Padma Shri]], India's fourth highest civilian award, in 1954.<ref name="PadmaAwardees">https://dashboard-padmaawardees.gov.in/?Year=1954-1954&Award=Padma%20Shri</ref><ref name="MenOfSciences">{{Cite book |title=Men Of Sciences And Technology In India |author=K. N. Kapur |publisher=Sarup |year=1991 |isbn=8176252115}}{{Page number needed|date=February 2026}}</ref>

== Early life and background ==
Govind Lal hailed from [[Punjab, India]]. Details regarding his date of birth, early life, educational background, and family are not available in publicly accessible sources.<ref name="PadmaAwardees"/>

== Career ==
Information on Govind Lal’s specific professional appointments and scientific contributions remains limited in the public domain. However, his achievements in science and engineering were nationally recognized by the [[Government of India]].

== Awards and recognition ==
* '''Padma Shri''', 1954 — Awarded by the Government of India in recognition of distinguished service in the field of science and engineering.<ref name="PadmaAwardees"/>

== Legacy ==
Govind Lal was among the first group of Padma Shri awardees, as the honour was instituted in 1954.<ref name="PadmaAwardees"/> His recognition represents the post-independence Indian state’s efforts to honour contributions to science and public service.

== See also ==
* [[Science and technology in India]]

== References ==
<references />

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lal, Govind}}
[[Category:Indian scientists]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]
[[Category:Year of death missing]]

{{India-scientist-stub}}

Mattanur

2026-01-30T12:54:39Z

CarlNorfleet88: started a stub

{{pp|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Mattanur
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name = Airport City of [[North Malabar]]
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Municipality]]
| image_skyline = KIAL Flight Trial Landing.jpeg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Trial landing at [[Kannur Airport]] (aircraft: [[Dornier 228]] of the [[Indian Air force]])
| pushpin_map = India Kerala#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kerala, India
| coordinates = {{coord|11.931|N|75.572|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kannur district|Kannur]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of talukas of Kerala|Taluk]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Iritty]]
| established_title = Municipality
| established_date = 1 April 1990
| founder =
| named_for = [[Kannur International Airport]]
| government_type = [[Municipal Council]]
| governing_body =
| leader_title = [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]]
| leader_name = [[K. K. Shailaja]]
| leader_title1 = Municipal Chairman
| leader_name1 = N. Shajith
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 54.32
| elevation_m = 51
| elevation_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://en-in.topographic-map.com/maps/gc7r/Mattannur/ |title=Mattanur elevation map |website=topographic-map.com}}</ref>
| population_total = 47,078
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/india/kerala/ | title=Kerala (India): Districts, Cities and Towns - Population Statistics, Charts and Map }}</ref>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 670702<ref>{{cite web|first=Rohit |last=Jain|title=Mattanur Kannur Pin Code|url=http://www.citypincode.in/KERALA/KANNUR/MATTANUR_PINCODE|access-date=29 April 2019}}</ref>
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 91-(0)490
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Niyamasabha]] Constituency
| blank_info_sec1 = [[Mattanur (State Assembly constituency)|Mattanur]]
| blank_name_sec2 = [[Lok Sabha]] Constituency
| blank_info_sec2 = [[Kannur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kannur]]
| registration_plate = KL 78
| website = http://www.mattannurmunicipality.in/
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-KL]]
| footnotes =
}}

[[File: Traditional Kerala house in Mattanur.jpg|thumb|Korean visitors at a traditional Kerala house with Ettukettu architecture in Mattanur|alt=]]
[[File:Mattanur Town (8).jpg|thumb|HNC hospital, mattanur]]
[[File:Mattanur Town (6).jpg|thumb|Mattannur town]]

'''Mattanur''', also spelled as '''Mattannur''', is a [[List of urban local bodies in Kerala|municipality]] and an [[aerotropolis]] in [[Kannur district]], [[Kerala]], [[India]]. Mattanur is about 27 km east of [[Kannur]] and [[Thalassery]], two major towns of the district.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2011: Data from the 2011 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref>

Mattanur lies between Kannur, Thalassery, and [[Iritty]]. It is the intersection where the Thalassery–Coorg Highway (popularly known as the TC Road) meets the Kannur–Mattanur Road. The inter-state buses travelling from [[Bangalore]] and [[Mysore]] to Thalassery and Kannur pass through Mattanur. It is an important hub, connecting [[Kodagu]] and Kannur. [[Kannur Airport]] is about {{cvt|5|km}} from Mattanur.

== Location ==
[[File:Mattanur Town (3).jpg|thumb|Mattanur bus station]]

Mattanur is located at the midland of the [[Kannur District]] at {{Coord|11|55|N|74|35|E}} and stretches for about 4.8 km. It is surrounded by eight [[Panchayats]] and a municipality, namely Irikkur and Padiyur on the north side, Iritty (municipality), Thillankeri, and Malur on the east side, Mangattidam and Vengad on the south side, and Koodali and Keezhallur on the west side.

The town is located at about 500 km north of [[Thiruvananthapuram]], the state capital, and about 27 km east of Kannur, the district headquarters. [[Kochi]], known as commercial capital of Kerala, is about 280 km south and [[Kozhikode]] which is a major urban center of northern Kerala, is 93 km south of Mattanur. Mysore and Bangalore, two major cities of the state of [[Karnataka]], are 153 km and 283 km east of Mattanur, respectively, and [[Mangalore]] is about 165 km away, towards the north.

==History==
{{Main|Kingdom of Kottayam}}
Historically, this area was under the rule of [[Kingdom of Kottayam|Kottayam royal family]] called the Puralisans. King [[Pazhassi Raja]], who helped the English in the war against Tipu Sultan, had to fight against the English who had leased Kottayam to the King of [[Kurumbranad]]. The importance of this struggle is enhanced by the fact that masses of people of all castes, religions, farmers, traders and artisans joined Pazhassi in the struggle against the British. After the heroic death of Pazhassi in 1805, the British took over the administration and demolished Pazhassi fort.

There are many myths about the origin of the place. Some people say that Mattannur came from Motannur, which means the town of Mottakunn (Knoll). Another sect believes that Mattanur is an evolution of this area, which was recorded as Pattinikad in the old survey records.

Mattanur Panchayat came into existence in 1962 by joining Pazhassi, Kolari and Porora villages. The first election was held in 1963 and K. T Madhavan Nambiar was the first president. In 1978, the governing body was dissolved. The governing body came into existence in 1979 with Mukundan as the president of the Panchayat. In 1990, Mattanur was elevated as a municipality.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mattannurmunicipality.lsgkerala.gov.in/history |title=Mattanur History |website=lsgkerala.gov.in}}</ref>

== Connectivity ==
[[File:Mattanur Town (4).jpg|thumb|SH 30 in Mattanur]]

The [[Kannur International Airport]] is located {{cvt|5|km}} away from the town and provides the opportunity of air connectivity. The town is well connected to the neighbouring towns of Kerala and Karnataka. [[State Highway 30 (Kerala)|SH 30]], the Thalassery–Coorg Road, passes through the town and connects it to other nearby towns like [[Thalassery]], [[Kuthuparamba]], Iritty, and [[Madikeri]]. It also has linkages to cities like Mysore, Mangalore, Bangalore, Kozhikode, Kochi, and Thiruvananthapuram.

The proposed Kannur-Mysore National Highway under Bharatmala project, passes through Mattanur town facilitates access to major cities and towns in Kerala and Karnataka states.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kannur-mysuru-corridor-to-be-made-nh/article19366290.ece |title=Kannur-Mysuru corridor to be made NH |work= [[The Hindu]] |access-date=26 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2021/jul/15/11-roads-to-be-added-in-2nd-phase-of-bharatmala-project-2330267.html |title=11 roads to be added in second phase of Bharatmala project |work=[[Times of India]] |access-date=15 July 2021}}</ref>

The Mattanur–Maruthayi–Mannur Road, towards the north, provides accessibility through the Nayikali Bridge and the Mannur Bridge to [[State Highway 36 (Kerala)|SH 36]], thus allowing easy access to towns like [[Irikkur]], [[Sreekandapuram]], [[Taliparamba]], and [[Payyanur]]. The Anjarakandy Road passes at the entrance of the airport and connects settlements like [[Anjarakandy]] and [[Chakkarakkal]]. The Thalassery–Coorg Road also connects the proposed Hill Highway at Iritty, which in turn provides connectivity to all major settlements in the western Ghat area.

Kerala government has given node for developing various roads connecting Kannur Airport like Vayanthode-Mattanur-Koottupuzha road, Thalassery-Anjarakandy-Mattanur road, Kuttiady-Panoor-Mattanur road, Mananthavady-Mattanur road, Kannur-Airport roads for better connectivity.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/govt-speeds-up-work-of-roads-connecting-kannur-airport/articleshow/70078305.cms |title=Govt speeds up work of roads connecting Kannur airport |work=[[Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kozhikode/steps-to-develop-airport-road/article29649819.ece |title=Steps to develop airport road |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=10 October 2019}}</ref>

There is no rail connectivity to Mattanur, but proposals for Thalassery–Mysore railway line and Kannur South Airport Railway line are still active. The nearest railway station is [[Thalassery]], and is located at a distance of {{cvt|26|km}} from Mattanur. The Kannur railway station, located at {{cvt|27|km}} from Mattanur, is the major station in the district, with access to all trains, including super-fast trains, to the north and south of the country.

==Administration==
Mattanur Municipality composes of 36 [[Ward (country subdivision)|wards]] for which the members of municipal council are elected for every five years. The current municipal chairman is N. Shajith from Nellunni ward and vice chairperson is O. Preetha from Devarkad ward.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://newspaper.mathrubhumi.com/kannur/news/kannur-mattannur-muncipality-chairman-n-shajith-1.7877530 |title=എൻ. ഷാജിത്ത് മട്ടന്നൂർ നഗരസഭാ ചെയർമാൻ, അച്ഛനിരുന്ന കസേരയിലേക്ക് അഭിമാനത്തോടെ |work=[[Mathrubhumi]] |date=15 September 2022}}</ref>

===Mattanur municipality election 2022===
{|class="sortable wikitable"
|-
!S.no. !! Party name !! Party symbol !! Number of councillors
|-
| 01 || [[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]] ||[[File:Left Democratic Front (Kerala) Logo.svg|50px]] || 21
|-
| 02 || [[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]] ||[[File:UDF logo.png|50px]] || 13
|-
| 03 || [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] ||[[File:BJP election symbol.svg -783x768.png|50px]] || 01<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/kerala-ldf-retains-mattannur-municipality-with-21-seats-udf-wins-14-101661154675528.html |title=LDF retains Mattannur municipality with 21 seats, UDF wins 13 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |access-date=22 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2022/Aug/22/ldf-retains-mattannur-municipality-udf-doubles-its-seats-2490169.html |title=LDF retains Mattannur Municipality, UDF doubles its seats |work=[[Indian Express]] |access-date=22 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://keralakaumudi.com/en/news/news.php?id=1254865&u=local-body-by-elections-surprise-victory-for-ldf-in-six-places-bjp-seizes-power-in-mattannur-1254865.html |title=Local body by-elections: Surprise victory for LDF in six places, BJP seizes power in Mattannur |work=[[Kerala Kaumudi]] |access-date=23 February 2024 }}</ref>
|}

==Law and order==
The municipality comes under jurisdiction of Mattanur police station established in the year 1871 during the tenure of British rule. Mattannur station comes under the jurisdiction of [[Kannur City Police]]. There are six villages in the police station limits viz [[Koodali]], [[Pattannur]], Kolari, [[Keezhallur]], Pazhassi and [[Chavassery]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://ps.keralapolice.gov.in/mattannur-ps/about |title=About - Mattanur PS |website=keralapolice.gov.in}}</ref>

Mattanur has two major courts
* First Class Magistrate Court, Mattannur
* Fast Track Special Court, Mattanur<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://districts.ecourts.gov.in/judicialsetup |title=Judicial Setup of Kannur district |website=districts.ecourts.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://kannur.dcourts.gov.in/contact-us/ |title=Courts in Thalassery district}}</ref>

==Politics==
{{Main|Mattanur Assembly constituency}}
[[Mattanur Assembly constituency]] is a part of [[Kannur Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S11/KL_Dist_PC_AC.pdf
|title = Assembly Constituencies - Corresponding Districts and Parliamentary Constituencies
|accessdate = 2008-10-18
|work = Kerala
|publisher = Election Commission of India
|url-status = dead
|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20090304011026/http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S11/KL_Dist_PC_AC.pdf
|archivedate = 2009-03-04
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Niyamasabha constituencies of Kannur |url=http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/kannur.html |website=ceo.kerala.gov.in |access-date=3 September 2022 |archive-date=23 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423160037/http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/kannur.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Mattanur Assembly is historically a strong hold of Communist Party. The current [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] of Mattanur is [[K. K. Shailaja]] from [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI-M]] who won in [[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]] with highest margin in Kerala of 96,129 votes and 61.96% vote share.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/elections/mattannur-kerala-election-result-2021 |title=Mattannur Election Result 2021 |date=13 May 2021 |work=[[Times Now]]}}</ref>

==Educational institutions==
{{Main|List of educational institutions in Kannur district}}
* Pazhassi Raja NSS College, Mattannur <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://prnsscollege.ac.in/ |title=
PRNSS College, Mattanur - Home}}</ref>
* [[St Thomas College of Engineering and Technology]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.vidyatime.com/degree-colleges/4/kerala/kannur/ |title=Degree colleges in Kannur-Kerala |website=vidyatime.com}}</ref>
* Govt. Polytechnic College, Mattanur<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://gptcmattanur.ac.in/ |title=Govt. Polytechnic College, Mattanur}}</ref>
* Rajeev Memorial College of Teacher Education, Mattanur<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://highereducation.kerala.gov.in/index.php/academic/institutions/self-financing?showall=&start=3 |title=Higher Education Institutes in Kannur University}}</ref>
* Govt HSS, Mattanur<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dhsekerala.gov.in/schoolist.aspx?dcode=13|title=Higher Secondary Education Portal|website=www.dhsekerala.gov.in}}</ref>
* [[Sree Sankara Vidyapeetam|Sree Sankara Vidyapeetam Senior Secondary School, Mattannur]]
* Govt HSS, [[Chavassery]]

==Notable sites==
* Pazhassi Raja Smrithi Mandiram, located at Pazhassi, Mattannur is a museum dedicated to [[Pazhassi Raja]] at his ancestral place. Constructed in the model of [[Koothambalam]], it is built above a pond, which was once part of the palace complex of Pazhassi Raja.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.keralatourism.org/thalassery/tourist-circuits/pazhassi/smrithi-mandiram |title=Pazhassi Raja Smriti Mandiram |website=keralatourism.org}}</ref>
* Pazhassi Palace, also known as Pazhassi Kovilakam or Kottayam Padinjare Kovilakam, was constructed in 1903 by the Pazhassi royal family in [[Kerala architecture]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.keralatourism.org/thalassery/tourist-circuits/pazhassi/mattannur-kovilakam |title=Pazhassi Kovilakam, Mattanur |website=keralatourism.org}}</ref>
* Palukachippara is a nearby hill station situated {{cvt|8|km|mi}} away from Mattanur town. The hills are nearly 2,347 ft above sea level, are part of the [[Western Ghats]]. The area, part of the Palukachippara ecotourism project, is controlled by the state forest department.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/travel/kerala/2022/06/08/palukachippara-kannur-tourist-spot-kannur.html |title=Kannur’s Palukachippara is a true reflection of nature’s beauty |work=[[Malayala Manorama]] |access-date=18 September 2022}}</ref>

== Geography ==
[[File:Mattanur Physiography.jpeg|thumb|Mattanur geography]]
The area has the typical midland characteristics of Kerala, with undulating terrain that is mainly used for agriculture. The geographical area of the municipal town stretches between the Irikkur River (a portion of the [[Valapattanam River]]) in the north and the Anjarakandy River in the south. The town is located at the foothills of the western shoulders of the [[Western Ghats]], rising at the east side, while the western boundary contains gradual sloping terrain leading to the [[Lakshadweep Sea]]. The Thalassery–Coorg Road (SH30) passes through the Mattanur municipal town.

== Climate ==
{{climate chart
| Mattanur
| 21| 29| 2
| 22| 31| 18
| 22| 32| 39
| 22| 31| 109
| 22| 29| 189
| 19| 25| 638
| 21| 23| 780
| 18| 24| 485
| 20| 26| 236
| 20| 27| 242
| 21| 27| 121
| 20| 28| 17
|maxprecip = 780
|float=right
|clear=right
|source =
}}
The region has a tropical humid climate with hot summer and plentiful rainfall. It rains throughout the year except during the months from January to April. The average rainfall is 3438 mm. The rainfall during July is very heavy and the region receives 68% of the annual rainfall during this season. The region has a humid climate with an oppressive hot season from March to the end of May. This is followed by south-west monsoon, which continues till the end of September. October and November witnesses the post-monsoon (North-East monsoon) or retreating monsoon season. During the months of April and May, the mean daily maximum temperature is about 35 °C. The temperature is low in December and January, and the minimum temperature is about 20 °C. On certain days, the night temperature may go down to 16 °C, although this is extremely rare.

==Kerala Industrial Infrastructure Development Corporation Industrial Park==
[[Kerala Industrial Infrastructure Development Corporation]] Industrial Park is located in Velliyampara near Mattanur. Government of Kerala has proposed for future developments in KINFRA Industrial Park here. Mattanur is to be made a hub of KINFRA's operations in north Kerala.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/mattannur-to-be-hub-of-kinfras-operations-in-north-kerala-rajeeve/article36440527.ece |title=Mattannur to be hub of KINFRA's operations in north Kerala |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=13 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/kinfra-to-take-up-eight-projects/articleshow/54931873.cms |title=Kinfra to take up eight projects |work=[[Times of India]] |access-date=19 October 2016}}</ref>

A rubber glove factory is proposed at Kinfra park here. Kerala State Industrial Development Corporation (KSIDC) is in charge of the project.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/rubber-glove-factory-to-come-up-at-mattannur/article33034278.ece |title=Rubber glove factory to come up at Mattannur |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
As of the [[2011 Census of India|2011 census]], Mattanur [[Municipalities of Kerala|Municipality]] had a population of 47,078, of which males constituted 22,658 (48.1%) of the population, and females constituted 24,420 (51.9%). Mattanur municipality spreads over an area of 54.32 km2 with 9,788 families residing in it. The sex ratio of Mattanur was 1,078 lower than the state average of 1,084. In Mattanur, 11.5% of the population was under 6 years of age. Mattanur municipality had an overall literacy of 94.8% higher than state average of 94%. Male literacy was 97.6% and female literacy was 92.2%.

The decadal growth rate for the 2001–2011 period was 6.23%, which ranked the second position in the district behind Taliparamba. Mattanur possessed the least sex ratio (1,078 females per 1,000 males) and the highest value of workforce participation ratio (36.75%) among the municipal towns in the Kannur district.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kerala |first1=Directorate of Census Operations |title=District Census Handbook, Kannur |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Kerala |location=Thiruvananthapuram |page=192,193,194 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/3202_PART_B_KANNUR.pdf |access-date=14 July 2020}}</ref>

===Religions===
As of the 2011 [[census]], Mattanur Municipality had a total population of 47,078, of whom 29,739 (63.2%) were Hindus, 16,913 (35.9%) were Muslims, 283 (0.6%) were Christians and 0.3% were other.<ref name=census2011>{{cite web |title=Religion – Kerala, Districts and Sub-districts |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW32C-01%20MDDS.XLS |work=Census of India 2011 |publisher=Office of the Registrar General}}</ref>

==Notable people==
* [[Salim Ahamed]] - Indian film director, screenwriter and producer
* [[Anju Aravind]] - Indian film actress
* [[Pazhassi Raja]] - king of [[Kingdom of Kottayam|Kottayam dynasty]]
* [[Mattannoor Sankarankutty|Mattannur Sankarankutty]] - Indian percussionist
* [[K. K. Shailaja]] - Indian politician, former Health Minister of Kerala

==See also==
*[[Ayyallur]]
*[[Kalaroad]]
*[[Kololam]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
{{Wikivoyage}}

{{Kannur district}}
{{Municipalities of Kerala}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Kannur district]]

Jagiroad Dry Fish Market

2026-01-28T01:28:31Z

CarlNorfleet88: Made a entry

{{Short description|Locality in Assam, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date= March 2024}}

{{infobox retail market
| name = Jagiroad Dry Fish Market
| image = Dry Fish (3).jpg
| image_size = 250px
| caption = A view of the Jagiroad Dry Fish Market
| location = [[Jagiroad]], [[Morigaon district|Morigaon]] [[Assam]], [[India]]
| established = 1940
| type = Dry fish market
| area = 30 acres
| number_of_shops = ~200
| normal_market_days = Thursday, Friday, Saturday
| turnover = ₹40 Crore per annum
| associated_population = ~4000
| goods_sold = Dried fish from various regions
| coordinates =
| parking =
| footnotes =
|Gatanga Super Dry Fish Market=Gatanga Super Dry Fish Market}}

'''Jagiroad Dry Fish Market''' is the largest [[fish market|dry fish market]] in Asia, located in [[Jagiroad]], [[Assam]]. It was established in 1940.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rapid expansion of dry fish market in Jagiroad causes concern|url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/north-east-india-news/assam-news/rapid-expansion-of-dry-fish-market-in-jagiroad-causes-concern |access-date=20 March 2024 |work=[[The Sentinel (Guwahati)|The Sentinel]]|date=February 1, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Wholesale market of dry fish at Jagiroad on the verge of closure|url=https://www.etvbharat.com/assamese/assam/state/morigaon/asia-largest-dry-fish-market-at-jagiroad/assam20230317224243449449793 |access-date=15 September 2010 |work=[[The Assam Tribune]]|date=September 15, 2010}}</ref> Dried fish from this market is distributed to nearly all the North-eastern States and is also exported to Bhutan, Malaysia, and other [[South Asia|South Asian]] countries.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Asia’s Largest Dry Fish Market: A Small Assamese Town Of Jagiroad. |url=https://www.thisday.app/story/asias-largest-dry-fish-market-a-small-assamese-town-of-jagiroad-18007 |access-date=2024-08-20 |website=www.thisday.app |language=en}}</ref>

==Location==
It is close to the Jagiroad railway station, making it easy for vendors from places like [[Dimapur]], [[Shillong]], [[Agartala]] & [[Siliguri]] to do business there.<ref>{{cite news |title=Exclusive: After paper mill, Jagiroad dry fish market's fate hangs in balance|url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/assam/story/after-paper-mill-jagiroad-dry-fish-markets-417306-2021-02-28 |access-date=28 Feb 2021 |work=Indiatodayne|date=Feb 28, 2021}}</ref> The location is situated at a distance of approximately 50 km from [[Guwahati]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Asia's Largest dry fish market jagiroad|url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/visualstories/webstories/asias-largest-dry-fish-market-jagiroad-assam-88406-14-01-2024 |access-date=14 January 2024 |work=Indiatodayne|date=January 14, 2024}}</ref>

==Product==
Jagiroad is known as the hub for fish culture, hatching, and production in Assam. This market receives a variety of fish from across India, including both sea fish and freshwater fish such as barb fish (puthi maas), bamla, and misa etc. The dried fish products available are either sun-dried or smoked.<ref name=":0" />

Vendors in the market also offer over hundred types of dried fish, including popular ones like Goroi maas ([[Channa punctata|Channa punctatus]]), Ari maas (Aorichthys seenghala), Puthi maas (Puntius siphore), and Rohu ([[Rohu|Labeo rohita]]).<ref name=":1" />

Sun-drying is a traditional preservation method that utilizes wind and solar exposure to remove moisture from fish. This process maintains product quality while establishing a distinct flavor and texture profile.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2024-08-01 |title=Explore the Jagiroad Dry Fish Market in Assam: Asia's largest hub for traditional sun-dried fish |url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/assam/video/explore-the-jagiroad-dry-fish-market-in-assam-asias-largest-hub-for-traditional-sun-dried-fish-1062516-2024-08-01 |access-date=2024-08-20 |website=India Today NE |language=en}}</ref>

The process of dried fish includes several steps: drying, sorting, packaging, wholesaling, retailing, storing, and transporting.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kashyap |first=Dipanjan |title=Market Analysis and Livelihood Generation |publisher=Lap Lambert Academic Publishing GmbH KG |year=2014 |isbn=9783659502477 |publication-date= |language=en}}</ref>

==Trade==
The supply chain of North East India revolves around the Jagiroad market.<ref>{{cite web|last=Dubey|first=S.K.|last2=Gogoi|first2=K.|last3=Belton|first3=B.|title=Dried Small Indigenous Fish are the Pride of Assam: The Story of Suman Haldar|publisher=Too Big To Ignore (TBTI) Global|date=2023|url=https://digitalarchive.worldfishcenter.org/items/950a69ff-f5cb-4837-907b-35eb5f7bbd5f|access-date=2025-01-13}}</ref> The market typically operates three days a week, Thursday, Friday and Saturday and sells approximately 500 tons of dried fish. There are near about 200 wholesale dry fish shops which are runs by local people.<ref>{{cite news |title=Asia Largest Dry Fish Market : এছিয়াৰ সৰ্ববৃহৎ শুকান মাছৰ বজাৰত এভুমুকি|url=https://www.etvbharat.com/assamese/assam/state/morigaon/asia-largest-dry-fish-market-at-jagiroad/assam20230317224243449449793 |access-date=17 March 2023 |work=Etv Bharat|date=March 17, 2023}}</ref> Around 25-30 percent of the local population depends on this market for their livelihood, directly or indirectly. The market turnover is around 40 Crore per annuum.<ref name=":0" />

==Demand==
Dried fish is a shelf-stable food source containing protein, fats, and minerals. Its flavor and aroma contribute to its use in various global cuisines.<ref name=":1" />

Dried fish is also in high demand in China, Japan,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Itoh |first=Makiko |date=2015-11-20 |title=Before Japan ate raw fish, there was himono |url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/life/2015/11/20/food/japan-ate-raw-fish-himono/ |access-date=2024-08-20 |website=The Japan Times |language=en}}</ref> and Korea.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lee |first=Claire |date=2018-07-19 |title=[Eye Plus] Dried fish market, Korean style |url=https://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20180719000612 |access-date=2024-08-20 |website=The Korea Herald |language=en}}</ref> In these south Asian countries, it is used in various traditional dishes and cuisines, valued for its flavor and preservation qualities, like fish curry and spicy fish stew.

==Challenges==
Recently, the market has struggled because of the new Goods and Services Tax (GST) on dried fish.<ref>{{cite web|title=Dry-fish traders oppose GST|website=BusinessLine|date=2017-11-09|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/dryfish-traders-oppose-gst/article9951556.ece|access-date=2025-01-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=M'luru dry fish vendors to support TN, Kerala Nov 10 strike|website=Deccan Herald|date=2017-11-09|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/mluru-dry-fish-vendors-to-support-tn-kerala-nov-10-strike-617559.html|access-date=2025-01-13}}</ref> Traders believe this tax is hurting their business. With higher costs and fewer imports from several areas, there are worries about whether the market can continue to operate.<ref>{{cite web|title=Plea to exempt GST on dry fish|website=The Hindu|date=2017-07-26|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/plea-to-exempt-gst-on-dry-fish/article19366888.ece|access-date=2025-01-13}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*Saikia, C. (2023). [https://krishikosh.egranth.ac.in/pdfviewer?file=https:%2F%2Fkrishikosh.egranth.ac.in%2Fserver%2Fapi%2Fcore%2Fbitstreams%2Ff2b65e7a-c771-4a1b-8115-a136462d931f%2Fcontent&itemid=Structure%20and%20Efficiency%20of%20Jagiroad%20Dry%20Fish%20Market%20in%20Morigaon%20District%20of%20Assam.pdf Structure and Efficiency of Jagiroad Dry Fish Market in Morigaon District of Assam]
*Deka, J., Rahman, M., Baishya, B. B., & Dutta, A. K. (2019). [https://www.iesrj.com/archive-sub?detail=DRY_FISH_MARKET_AN_ANALYTICAL_STUDY_OF_JAGIROAD_DRY_FISH_MARKET_ASSAM_INDIA Dry Fish Market: An Analytical Study of Jagiroad Dry Fish Market, Assam, India.]

{{Fishing industry topics}}

[[Category:Fish markets]]
[[Category:Wholesale markets in India]]
[[Category:Morigaon district]]
[[Category:Jagiroad]]

Pukkoya family of Panakkad

2026-01-12T02:08:56Z

CarlNorfleet88: Added some stub added tags

{{short description|Yemeni-origin sayyid family in Kerala}}
[[File:Shihab_Thangal_in_July_2008.jpg|thumb|[[Sayed Muhammed Ali Shihab Thangal|Sayyid Muhammedali Shihab Thangal]] (1936 - 2009)]]{{Noble house
| origin = [[Hadhramaut]]
| parent_family = [[Ba 'Alawi sada| al-Shihabuddin of the Ba 'Alawi sada]]
| country = [[India]]
| region = [[Kerala]]
| founded = End of 18th century
| founder = Sayyid Ali al-Shihabuddin Ba 'Alawi
| other_families = [[Thangal|other Thangal families in Kerala]]
| distinctions = Political and religious prominence
| traditions = [[Ba 'Alawiyya]] [[Shafi'i|Shafi'i Madhhab]]
}}
'''Pukkoya family of Panakkad''' is a [[Yemen|Yemeni]]-origin [[sayyid|''sayyid'']], known locally in Kerala as [[thangal|''thangal'']] family based in present-day northern [[Kerala]].<ref name=":0">Miller, Roland E., ''Mappila Muslim Culture''. New York, State University of New York Press, 2015. pp. 115, 268-69.</ref> The family, descending from the family of [[Muhammad]], is generally revered by the [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] [[Shafi'i|Shāfiʿī]] Kerala Muslims.<ref name=":1">Osella, F., and C. Osella. "Islamism and Social Reform in Kerala, South India." ''Modern Asian Studies'', vol. 42, no. 2-3, 2008, pp. 317–346.</ref> The thangals are respected as religious and political leaders amongst the Muslims of Kerala.<ref name=":1" />

The Panakkad family descended from Sayyid Ali Al-Shihabuddin who emigrated from the [[Hadhramaut|Ḥaḍramawt]] region of [[Yemen]] to [[Kerala]] in the 18th century along with his family.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":02">Miller, Roland E., ''Mappila Muslim Culture''. New York, State University of New York Press, 2015. pp. 268-271.</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book|last=Prange|first=Sebastian R.|url=https://www.cambridge.org/9781108424387|title=Monsoon Islam: Trade and Faith on the Medieval Malabar Coast.|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2018|pages=54-58.}}</ref> By the 19th century, the ethnic Yemenis came to occupy a powerful position within the north Kerala Muslim community.<ref name=":2" /> They were eventually recognized as the theological, juridical, and political community leaders of Kerala Muslims.<ref name=":2" />

Kodappanakal House is the ancestral house of the family. [[Sayyid Sadiq Ali Shihab Thangal]] (born 1964) is the head of the Panakkad Thangal family at present.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |last=Prashanth |first=M. P. |date=14 March 2022 |title=Challenges Galore Before Sadiq Ali Shihab Thangal |work=The New Indian Express |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2022/mar/14/challenges-galore-before-sadiq-ali-shihab-thangal-2429776.html}}</ref><ref name=":32">{{Cite news |last=Prashanth |first=M. P. |date=14 March 2022 |title=Challenges Galore Before Sadiq Ali Shihab Thangal |work=The New Indian Express |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2022/mar/14/challenges-galore-before-sadiq-ali-shihab-thangal-2429776.html}}</ref>

== Prominent members ==

* Sayyid Ali Al-Shihabuddin (18th century)<ref name=":0" />
* Sayyid Hussain ibn Muhlar Al-Shihabuddin (1812–1882)<ref name=":0" />
* [[Pukkoya Tangal|P. M. S. A. Pukkoya Thangal]] (died 1975)<ref name=":0" />
* [[Sayed Muhammed Ali Shihab Thangal|Sayyid Muhammedali Shihab Thangal]] (1936–2009)<ref name=":0" />
* [[Sayed Hyder Ali Shihab Thangal|Sayyid Hyderali Shihab Thangal]] (1947–2022)
* [[Sayyid Sadiq Ali Shihab Thangal]] (born 1964)
* [[Sayed Abbas Ali Shihab Thangal]] (born 31 May 1971)

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
== External links ==
* [https://twitter.com/munavvarshihab Munavvar Ali Shihab Thangal (official twitter handle)]
{{Portal bar|Islam}}
[[Category:Islam in Kerala]]
[[Category:Indian families]]
[[Category:Ba' Alawi Tribe]]
[[Category:Indian people of Arab descent]]

Plague in India

2025-12-31T20:54:15Z

CarlNorfleet88: Added first info with sources

{{original research|date=January 2025}}
{{short description|none}}
[[Plague (disease)|Plague]] and [[famine]] have been recurrent features of life in the [[South Asian subcontinent]] countries of [[India]], [[Pakistan]], [[Sri Lanka]] and [[Bangladesh]]. The two health disasters often go hand-in-hand. That failures to scientifically examine the remains of disaster victims can lead to misidentifications and misinterpretations is now recognised in the research literature.<ref>Acharya, A. B. (2015). "Role of forensic odontology in disaster victim identification in the Indian context," ''J Dent Specialities'' 3, no. 1: pp. 89-91.</ref> While [[forensic dentistry]] is taught in India, the use of odontology to help explain historical problems is in its infancy.<ref>Dutta, M., Ghosh, B., Biswas, A., & Kingsley, D. (2022). "Forensic odontology: An analysis of challenges met by the Indian odontologist," ''International Journal of Health Sciences'' 6, S5, pp. 6420–6431. https://doi.org/10.53730/ijhs.v6nS5.10130</ref>

== 400 BCE or before Vesali ==
The earliest known plague in India is documented by the ''[[Ratana Sutta]]'' which records an outbreak in the time of the [[Buddha]] that occurred in the north Indian city of [[Vesali]]. As he came into the city the [[sutra|sutta]] was recited and the plague subsided. This text has long been used as a ''[[paritta]]'' or protective text, one of the early instances of texts used in this manner mentioned in the ''[[Milindapanha]]''.

== 525-26 Anuradhapura ==
According to the [[Pali]] historical sources, a plague and famine assailed [[Sri Lanka]] in the time of [[Upatissa II of Anuradhapura]] (reg. 525 – 526). Following the precedent set in the time of the Buddha, the king ordered the [[Ratana Sutta]] to be recited by monks while walking the streets of the city. In the words of the ''[[Culavamsa]]'': {{blockquote|"He instituted a great alms-giving Ceremony and established security (of life) for all living creatures. Then after that he adorned the town (so that it was) as the world of the gods, he descended and was surrounded by all the bhikkhus dwelling in the Island, to the principal street. Then the bhikkhus who had gathered there reciting the ''Ratana Sutta'' and pouring out water, walked about the street, not far from the royal palace, near the wall, round which they walked with their right side towards it in three watches of the night. When morning dawned a great cloud poured rain on the earth and all who had suffered from those diseases, held a high festival... the Lord of men decreed: 'When there shall be on the Island an evil such as famine, plague or the like, thus shall it be done'."<ref>''Culavamsa'', vol. 1, 37: vv. 189-198, translation [[Wilhelm Geiger]], available on archive.org at https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.277108/page/n65/mode/2up?q=plague.</ref>}} This event in Sri Lanka anticipates the [[Plague of Justinian]].

== 930s South India and Sri Lanka ==
The ''[[Culavamsa]]'' reports that [[Kassapa V of Anuradhapura]] (reg. 929 - 939) ordered the Sri Lankan army to withdraw from south India after he heard that troops were dying from plague.<ref>''Culavamsa'', vol. 1, 52: vv. 77-81, translation [[Wilhelm Geiger]], available on archive.org at https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.277108/page/n217/mode/2up?q=upasagga.</ref> The [[Chola]] king in this encounter was [[Parantaka I]] (reg. 907 - 955).<ref>''Culavamsa'', vol. 1, 52, p. 169, n. 4, translation [[Wilhelm Geiger]].</ref>

== 1300s ==
The [[Black Death]] spread across the world in the 14th century with devastating effect. For India, accounts of this pandemic are anecdotal,<ref>Digby, S. (2004). “Before Timur Came: Provincialization of the Delhi Sultanate through the Fourteenth Century,” 298-356 in ''Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient'' 47.</ref> with clear testimony for [[bubonic plague]] found only from the 17th century.<ref>Ansari, B. (1994). “An account of bubonic plague in seventeenth century India in an autobiography of a Mughal emperor,” 351-52 in ''Journal of Infection'' 29.</ref> This has led some to think the disease did not reach India in the 1300s,<ref>(Sussman 2011)</ref> a premature conclusion given plague is mentioned in [[Tughlaq dynasty]] sources. Since 2015, new evidence has been published,<ref>Green, M. (2015) “Taking ‘Pandemic’ Seriously: Making the Black Death Global,” 27-62 in ''Pandemic Disease in the Medieval World: Rethinking the Black Death'', ed. M. Green & C. Symes. Amsterdam; Hymes, R. & Green, M. (2022); ''New Evidence for the Dating and Impact of the Black Death in Asia''. Leeds.</ref> and a fresh examination of historical and philological problems undertaken.<ref>Tresso, C. (2021). “A Two-year Journey under the Arrows of the Black Death: The Medieval Plague Pandemic in Ibn Baṭṭūṭa’s Travels,” 137-89 in ''Journal of Arabic and Islamic Studies'' 21 no. 1.</ref> In addition, archaeo-pathology research has documented the Black Death in central Asia, a region with close links to India at the time.<ref>Spyrou, M. et al (2022). “The source of the Black Death in fourteenth-century central Eurasia,” 718-24 in ''Nature'' 606.</ref>

A number of human skeletons, possibly of the 14th century, were found during conservation work on the south side of the medieval [[Nīlakaṇṭheśvara temple, Udaypur, Madhya Pradesh]]. These were quietly disposed of for fear of stirring up controversy. Somewhat later, human remains were found at [[Ujjain]], near the Mahākāl temple. The absence of scientific examinination led to unsubstantied speculation on the part of the press.<ref>Loot or Priests? Skeletons from Mughal Era Recovered During Excavation Madhya Pradesh's Ujain, ''News 18'', see https://www.news18.com/news/india/loot-or-priests-skeletons-from-mughal-era-recovered-during-excavation-madhya-pradeshs-ujain-3997022.html. Retrieved March 2024.</ref> While the date of the Ujjain remains is an open question, the site, like Udaypur, flourished under the [[Paramara dynasty|Paramara]] rulers.

== 1790s Dharwad ==
A mass burial of over 600 individuals was found near Annigeri in Navalgund taluk, [[Dharwad district]] and reported widely in the press.<ref>For example, ''The Indian Express'' in 2012: https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2012/Aug/20/natures-wrath-mystery-of-annigeri-human-skulls-solved--398568.html</ref> In 2014, a report on the findings was published by the Directorate of Archaeology & Museums, [[Karnataka]].<ref>Karnataka (India). Directorate of Archaeology & Museums. 2014. ''Archaeological Excavation at Annigeri : District Dharwad Karnataka India (February–March 2011) : Report'' first ed. Mysore: Department of Archaeology Museums and Heritage.</ref> A full account, summarising the shifting interpretations, was prepared by K. V. Ramakrishnarao and posted on his Blog in 2020.<ref>Annigeri skulls and skeletons, found in August 2010: https://kvramakrishnarao.wordpress.com/2020/05/02/annigeri-skulls-and-skeletons-found-in-august-2010-different-misinterpretations-made-initially-are-used-even-today-to-beat-rajaraja-and-rajendra-1/. Retrieved March 2024.</ref>

== Third plague pandemic 1896-1920s ==
India was hard hit during the [[third plague pandemic]], which had started in China in the 1850s and reached [[Bombay]] (now Mumbai) in 1896. This [[Bombay plague epidemic]] spread to the rest of the country, causing at least 10 million deaths in British India before ending in the early 1920s.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Bombay plague |url=https://www.nam.ac.uk/explore/bombay-plague |access-date=2025-12-31 |website=www.nam.ac.uk |publisher=[[National Army Museum]] |language=en}}</ref>

== 1994 north India ==
{{main|1994 plague in India}}
In September 1994, India experienced an outbreak of plague that killed over 50 people and caused travel to [[New Delhi]] by air to be suspended until the outbreak was brought under control.<ref>Plague Fears Cancel Flights. The Daily Gleaner, 1 October 1994.</ref> The outbreak was feared to be much worse because the plague superficially resembles other common diseases such as influenza and bronchitis; over 200 people that had been quarantined were released when they did not test positive for the plague.<ref>Plague Fears Beginning to Recede. The Daily Gleaner, 2 October 1994.</ref> Cases were detected in [[Maharashtra]] (488 cases), [[Gujarat]] (77 cases), [[Karnataka]] (46 cases), [[Uttar Pradesh]] (10 cases), [[Madhya Pradesh]] (4 cases) and New Delhi (68 cases).

==See also==
*[[Black Death in the Middle East]]
*[[Famine in India]]
*[[COVID-19 pandemic in India]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Plague (disease)]]
[[Category:Plague pandemics]]
[[Category:Disease outbreaks in India]]

Rayara Sose

2025-12-29T04:13:41Z

CarlNorfleet88: rework citations for clarity and fixed typos to improve readability

{{short description|1957 Kannada film produced by Pandari Bai}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{No plot|date=April 2025}}
{{More citations needed|date=April 2025}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Rayara Sose
| image = Rayara Sose.jpg

| caption =
| director = R. Ramamurthy K. S. Murthy
| producer = [[Pandari Bai]]
| writer = P. Gundu Rao
| narrator =
| starring = [[H. R. Shastry]] [[Dr. Rajkumar|Rajkumar]] Pandari Bai [[Kalyan Kumar]] [[Mynavathi]]
| music = R. Diwakara
| cinematography = R. Sampath
| editing = R. Ramamurthy R. Sriramayya
| distributor = Sri Panduranga Productions
| released = {{Film date|1957}}
| runtime = 96 minutes
| country = India
| language = Kannada
}}

'''''Rayara Sose''''' ({{audio|Kn-ರಾಯರ ಸೊಸೆ.ogg|pronunciation}}) is a 1957 Indian [[Kannada]]-language film produced by [[Pandari Bai]]<ref>{{cite web |title= History: First family of Kannada film industry |url= http://www.chitraloka.com/history/3828-history-37-first-family-of-kannada-film-industry.html |publisher= Chitraloka |date= 4 September 2013 |accessdate= 5 October 2013}}</ref> and directed by R. Ramamurthy and K. S. Murthy. It stars [[Dr. Rajkumar|Rajkumar]], [[Kalyan Kumar]], [[Mynavathi]], [[H. R. Shastry|H. Ramachandra Shastry]], [[Pandari Bai]] and Ramadevi. The music of the film was composed by R. Diwakara. This movie has [[S. Janaki]]'s first released Kannada film song ''Thaalalentho Shokavega''. The movie speaks against the evil practice of [[dowry]].<ref>{{ Cite book | title= Bipolar - Kannada cinema|isbn = 9780199088430| url= https://books.google.com/books?id=3vQtDwAAQBAJ&q=Mahishasura+Mardini+kannada+movie+released+in+eight+languages&pg=PT46| accessdate=20 Sep 2020|last1 = k Raghavendra|first1 = M.|date = 22 June 2011| publisher=Oxford University Press }}</ref> This is Rajkumar's first social drama movie.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=g_Nxn4vNgAE&feature|title = ಕಲ್ಯಾಣ್ ಕುಮಾರ್ ಭೇಟಿಯಾದಾಗೆಲ್ಲಾ ಅಣ್ಣಾವ್ರು "ಗುರುಗಳೇ" ಎನ್ನುತ್ತಿದ್ದರೇಕೆ..? | Naadu Kanda Rajkumar Ep 105|website = [[YouTube]]| date=25 January 2022 }}</ref> The movie was based on a Marathi play.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=-Exas_Hmt94&feature=youtu.be | title=ORIGINAL ಕಥೆ ಅಂತ ಅಣ್ಣಾವ್ರಿಗೆ ಹೇಳಿ ರಿಮೇಕ್ ಮಾಡಿದ ಚಿತ್ರಗಳೂ ಇವೆ..! | Halu Jenu Ramkumar | Ep 53 | website=[[YouTube]] | date=12 October 2022 }}</ref> The film did not do as well as expected.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/02/14/stories/2003021401030300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030405062026/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/02/14/stories/2003021401030300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 April 2003|work=[[The Hindu]]|title=Actress who glowed with inner beauty|date=14 February 2003}}</ref>

==Cast==
* [[H. R. Shastry|H. Ramachandra Shastry]] as Aravind's father
* [[Kalyan Kumar]] as Aravind
* [[Dr. Rajkumar]] as Dr. Govind
* [[Pandari Bai]] as Geetha, Dr. Govind's wife
* [[Narasimharaju (Kannada actor)|Narasimharaju]] as Ganapa
* [[Balakrishna (Kannada actor)|Balakrishna]]
* [[Mynavathi]] as Lakshmi, Aravind's wife
* [[M. Jayashree]] as Gowri, Aravind's mother
* Ramadevi as Ganapa's mother
* [[M. N. Lakshmi Devi]]
* [[Padmini Priyadarshini]]

==Soundtrack==
The music of the film was composed by R. Diwakar with lyrics penned by Gundu Rao. This is the first released Kannada film with a song of playback singer [[S. Janaki]].

{| class="wikitable"
|- style="background:#ff9; text-align:center;"
! Track# !! Song !! Singer(s) !! Duration
|-
| 1 || "Baare Sundari" || [[A. M. Rajah]] || 2:50
|-
| 2 || "Duddidu Yee Duddidu" || [[Pendyala Nageswara Rao|P. Nageshwara Rao]] || 2:38
|-
| 3 || "Omkara Naaraayani" || ||
|-
| 4 || "Raaja Vaibhavavanne Thrunavendu" || ||
|-
| 5 || "Thaalalenthu Shokaavega" || [[S. Janaki]] ||

|-
| 6 || "Sathyavembude Snaana" || ||
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://chiloka.com/movie/rayara-sose-1957 Rayara Sose] on Chiloka
* [http://allmoviedatabase.com/KMDB.asp?movieName=Rayara%20Sose Allmoviedatabase.com]
* [http://gaana.com/#!/albums/Raayara_Sose_12739 Gaana.com]
* {{IMDb title|tt0366940}}

[[Category:1957 films]]
[[Category:1950s Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:1957 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films directed by R. Ramamurthy]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]

{{1950s-Kannada-film-stub}}

Ali Reza (actor)

2025-12-18T14:35:59Z

CarlNorfleet88: adjust citations per sources

{{short description|Indian actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Ali Reza
| image =
| alt =
| caption = Ali Reza in 2019
| birth_name =
| birth_place = [[Hyderabad]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], India
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1985|5|24|df=yes}}
| occupation = Actor
| yearsactive = 2008–present
| spouse = {{marriage|Masuma Beiki|2018}}
| children =
| relatives =
}}

'''Ali Reza Kheradmand''' (born 24 May 1985) know professionally as '''Ali Reza''', is an Indian model and actor who works in [[Telugu cinema]]. He made his debut as lead role in ''[[Gayakudu]]'' (2015), followed by ''Cine Mahal'' (2017) and ''Naa Rautee Separate'' (2017). In 2019 he participated in the [[reality television]] show ''[[Bigg Boss (Telugu season 3)|Bigg Boss 3]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/bigg-boss-telugu-3-evicted-contestant-ali-reza-reveals-the-reason-behind-his-eviction/articleshow/71039818.cms|title=Bigg Boss Telugu 3: Actor Ali Reza gets evicted|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=9 September 2019}}</ref>

==Early life==
Reza completed his education from St John's Church High School and St John's College. He is the only son to his parents and worked in Dubai for couple of years before coming into entertainment industry.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ali Reza takes part in Swacch Bharat Campaign |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/Ali-Reza-takes-part-in-Swacch-Bharat-Campaign/articleshow/44956973.cms |website=The Times of India}}</ref> Reza also owns the restaurant Ramser at [[Marredpally]], Secunderabad which was started by his ancestors from [[Iran]].

==Career==
Reza made his film debut in the 2008 Hindi film ''[[Mukhbiir]]'' and entered the Telugu industry in 2010 through the TV serial ''Passupu KumKuma''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/Pasupu-Kumkuma-changed-my-life-Ali-Reza-says/articleshow/33829907.cms|title=Pasupu Kumkuma changed my life, Ali Reza says |website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/Ali-Reza-teams-up-with-Muddha-Manadarams-cast/articleshow/45659392.cms|title=Ali Reza teams up with Muddha Manadaram's cast|website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/Spotted-Ali-Reza-and-Pallavi-on-the-sets-of-Pasupu-Kumkuma/articleshow/40005927.cms|title=Spotted : Ali Reza and Pallavi on the sets of Pasupu Kumkuma |website=The Times of India}}</ref> associated with [[Zee Telugu]]. He then went on to do a character role in ''Chandamama Lo Amrutham'' in 2014 and finally got a break as lead in ''[[Gayakudu]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/Ali-Reza-is-excited-about-Gayakudu/articleshow/46087135.cms|title=Ali Reza is excited about Gayakudu|website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/Ali-Reza-turns-hero-with-Gayakudu/articleshow/44109218.cms|title=Ali Reza turns hero with Gayakudu|website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/A-R-Rahman-launches-the-audio-of-Gayakudu/articleshow/44341441.cms|title=A R Rahman launches the audio of Gayakudu |website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.yadtek.com/ali-reza-gayakudu-movie-press-meet-stills/|title=Ali Reza-Gayakudu Movie Press Meet}}</ref> in the same year. The movie went on to do well at box office.

==Personal life==
Reza married Masuma Beiki, an air hostess, in 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/eid-is-all-about-food-family-and-new-beginnings-ali-reza/articleshow/64604146.cms|title=Eid is all about food, family and new beginnings: Ali Reza|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/bigg-boss-telugu-3-lesser-known-facts-about-model-actor-ali-reza/about-bigg-boss-telugu-2-/photostory/65214374.cms|title=tied knot|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{{Pending films key}}

* ''All films are in Telugu unless otherwise noted.''

{|-| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
! class="sortable" |{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| 2008 ||''[[Mukhbiir]]''|| Saaya's henchman || [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]] film ||
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Amrutham Chandamamalo]]'' || Sameer || ||
|-
| 2015 ||''[[Gayakudu]]''|| Siddansh || || <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions1/firstlook-cinemahal.html|title=Cine Mahal first look launch - Telugu cinema news|website=www.idlebrain.com}}</ref>
|-
| 2016 ||''[[Dhruva (2016 film)|Dhruva]]''|| Ranveer IPS || ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2017||''Cine Mahal''|| Murli Krishna Prathab "Kittu"|| ||
|-
| ''Naa Routee Separate'' || Ram|| ||
|-
| 2019 || ''[[Hyderabad Nawabs 2]]''|| Munna || Hindi film ||
|-
| 2020 || ''Metro Kathalu''|| Varun || ||
|-
| 2021 ||[[Wild Dog (film)|''Wild Dog'']]|| Officer Ali Reza|| ||<ref>{{Cite web|date=August 29, 2020|author=Janani K.|title=Nagarjuna turns 61: Wild Dog team unveils new poster on actor's birthday|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/nagarjuna-turns-61-wild-dog-team-unveils-new-poster-on-actor-s-birthday-1716427-2020-08-29|access-date=2020-08-29|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2023 ||''[[Ranga Maarthaanda]]''|| Siddarth "Siddu"|| || <ref>{{Cite web|last=Krishna|date=2019-11-28|title=అలీ రెజాకి బిగ్ ఛాన్స్|trans-title=Ali Reza's Big Chance|url=https://www.hmtvlive.com/movies/bigg-boss-3-contestant-ali-reza-get-chance-in-krishnavamsi-movie-34629|access-date=2020-08-29|website=www.hmtvlive.com|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[CSI Sanatan]]''
| Inspector Rudra
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Csi Sanatan - Official Teaser {{!}} Telugu Movie News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/regional/telugu/csi-sanatan-official-teaser/videoshow/95444024.cms |access-date=2022-11-14 |website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Grey: The Spy Who Loved Me]]''
|Officer Nayak
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title='Grey': Urvashi Rai to play a journalist in Arvind Krishna and Ali Reza starrer - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/grey-urvashi-rai-to-play-a-journalist-in-arvind-krishna-and-ali-reza-starrer/articleshow/91922946.cms |access-date=2022-11-14 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Bro (2023 film)|Bro]]''
|Venugopal and Madhanagopal
|Dual role
|<ref>{{Cite web |title= Pawan Kalyan-Sai Dharam Tej Bro First Lyrical Markandeya Out |url= https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/080723/bro-first-single-my-dear-markandeya-an-electrifying-dance-number.html |access-date=2023-07-25 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Mama Mascheendra]]''
| Anil
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2024
|''[[Masthu Shades Unnai Raa]]''
|Rahul
|
|
|-
|''[[Ram NRI]]''
|Ram
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Check out the latest poster of Ali Reza's upcoming film Ram NRI - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/check-out-the-latest-poster-of-ali-rezas-upcoming-film-ram-nri/articleshow/51648264.cms |access-date=2022-11-14 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2025
|[[Jack (2025 film)|''Jack'']]
|
|
|
|-
|''[[Blind Spot (2025 film)|Blind Spot]]''
|Aditya
|
|
|-
|{{TBA}}
|{{Pending film|Rory}}
|{{TBA}}
|Filming
|<ref>{{Cite web |title='Rory' teaser: Charan Rory's film promises to be an intriguing romantic action entertainer - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/rory-teaser-charan-rorys-film-promises-to-be-an-intriguing-romantic-action-entertainer/articleshow/94675107.cms |access-date=2022-11-14 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|{{TBA}}
|{{Pending film|[[Dilwala (2023 film)|Dilwala]]}}
|{{TBA}}
|Announced
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=admin |date=2022-08-12 |title=Dilwala Movie Launch Stills |url=https://moviegalleri.net/2022/08/dilwala-movie-launch-stills.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220812110032/https://moviegalleri.net/2022/08/dilwala-movie-launch-stills.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=12 August 2022 |access-date=2022-11-14 |language=en-US}}</ref>
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Network
!Language
|-
|2010–2014
|''Pasupu Kunkuma''
|Arjun
| rowspan="3" |[[Zee Telugu]]
| rowspan="4" |Telugu
|-
|2017–2018
|''Evare Nuvvu Mohini''
|Vasu
|-
|2018–2020
|''[[Maate Mantramu]]''
|Vamsi Krishna
|-
|2019
|''[[Bigg Boss (Telugu season 3)|Bigg Boss 3]]''
| Contestant
|[[Star Maa]]
|-
|2020
|[[Expiry Date (miniseries)|''Expiry Date'']]
|Sunny
|[[ZEE5]]
|Hindi{{Br}}Telugu
|-
|2025
|[[Nayanam]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2025-12-11 |title=Nayanam OTT Release: When and where to watch Varun Sandesh’s psychological thriller series online |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/nayanam-ott-release-when-and-where-to-watch-varun-sandeshs-psychological-thriller-series-online-1399062 |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en}}</ref>
|Harishchandra
|
|Telugu
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{Facebook|Alireza}}
*{{IMDb name|10117177}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Reza, Ali}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:1985 births]]
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu television]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Indian soap opera actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Urdu cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi television]]

2024 Haldwani riots

2025-11-16T07:45:42Z

CarlNorfleet88: put up the article first draft.

{{Short description|Riots in Uttarakhand, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}}

{{Infobox civil conflict
| title = Uttarakhand Violence
| image = 2024 Haldwani riots.jpg
| caption = People throwing rocks back at the riots
| date = 9 February 2024 - 10 February 2024
| place = [[Haldwani]], [[Uttarakhand]], [[India]]
| causes = Government clearing of illegal encroachments
| methods =
| status =
| result =
| side1 =
| side2 =
| side3 =
| leadfigures1 =
| leadfigures2 =
| leadfigures3 =
| howmany1 =
| howmany2 =
| howmany3 =
| casualties1 =
| casualties2 =
| casualties3 =
| fatalities = 6<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Chitre |first=Manjiri |date=Feb 10, 2024 |title=Haldwani violence: Curfew partially lifted; 6 rioters killed, 5 arrested |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/haldwani-violence-curfew-partially-lifted-6-rioters-killed-5-arrested-top-updates-101707544614424.html |access-date=Feb 11, 2024 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |archive-date=11 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240211011250/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/haldwani-violence-curfew-partially-lifted-6-rioters-killed-5-arrested-top-updates-101707544614424.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=Feb 10, 2024 |title=Haldwani violence: Uttarakhand Police registers case against over 5,000 people, Curfew lifted from outer areas |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/haldwani-violence-uttarakhand-police-registers-case-against-over-5-000-people-says-ssp-nainital-11707541415554.html |url-status=live |access-date=Feb 11, 2024 |work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |archive-date=11 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240211010610/https://www.livemint.com/news/india/haldwani-violence-uttarakhand-police-registers-case-against-over-5-000-people-says-ssp-nainital-11707541415554.html }}</ref>
| injuries = 250<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/4-dead-over-250-injured-in-violence-over-uttarakhand-madrasa-demolition-5022568|title=2 Dead, 250 Injured In Uttarakhand Violence, Curfew Imposed, Schools Shut|website=NDTV.com}}</ref>
| arrests = 36
| notes =
}}
On 8 February 2024, violent clashes erupted in [[Haldwani]], Uttarakhand, following the court-ordered demolition of an unauthorised [[madrasa]] situated in the Banbhoolpura area, predominantly inhabited by [[Muslims]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=Feb 10, 2024 |title=Haldwani violence: Uttarakhand Police registers case against over 5,000 people, Curfew lifted from outer areas |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/haldwani-violence-uttarakhand-police-registers-case-against-over-5-000-people-says-ssp-nainital-11707541415554.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240211010610/https://www.livemint.com/news/india/haldwani-violence-uttarakhand-police-registers-case-against-over-5-000-people-says-ssp-nainital-11707541415554.html |archive-date=11 February 2024 |access-date=Feb 11, 2024 |work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Haldwani Muslims Fear Death Toll Maybe Higher Than Official Figures: Fact-Finding Report |url=https://thewire.in/communalism/haldwani-muslims-fear-death-toll-maybe-higher-than-official-figures-fact-finding-report |access-date=2024-07-09 |website=thewire.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Residents Targeted for Eviction in Haldwani Claim Political Motivation Behind Decision |url=https://thewire.in/rights/residents-eviction-haldwani-political-motivation |access-date=2024-07-09 |website=thewire.in |language=en}}</ref> Rioters allegedly [[Stone pelting in India|hurled stones]] at law enforcement officers, set vehicles ablaze, and deployed [[Molotov cocktail|petrol bombs]] during the events. Six people were killed.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Haldwani violence: 4 killed, 100 injured. Schools shut, internet suspended |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/haldwani-communal-violence-3-4-killed-over-100-injured-schools-closed-internet-suspended-latest-updates-101707436509704-amp.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240209034107/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/haldwani-communal-violence-3-4-killed-over-100-injured-schools-closed-internet-suspended-latest-updates-101707436509704-amp.html |archive-date=9 February 2024 |access-date=9 February 2024 |work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Uttarakhand: Riots in Haldwani after illegal madrasa demolished, shoot-at-sight orders issued, curfew imposed |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/india/story/uttarakhand-riots-in-haldwani-after-illegal-madrasa-demolished-shoot-at-sight-orders-issued-curfew-imposed-416771-2024-02-08 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240212150516/https://www.businesstoday.in/amp/india/story/uttarakhand-riots-in-haldwani-after-illegal-madrasa-demolished-shoot-at-sight-orders-issued-curfew-imposed-416771-2024-02-08 |archive-date=12 February 2024 |access-date=9 February 2024 |work=[[Business Today (India)|Business Today]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Haldwani violence was pre-planned, attackers collected stones on rooftops: DM |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/haldwani-violence-was-pre-planned-attackers-collected-stones-on-rooftop-district-magistrate-101707452662464-amp.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240209065413/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/haldwani-violence-was-pre-planned-attackers-collected-stones-on-rooftop-district-magistrate-101707452662464-amp.html |archive-date=9 February 2024 |access-date=9 February 2024 |work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Saxena |first=Vinay |date=Feb 9, 2024 |title=Haldwani Violence: हल्द्वानी के बवाल में छह की मौत, उपद्रवियों को गोली मारने के आदेश; बाजार-स्कूल बंद |trans-title=Haldwani Violence: Six killed in Haldwani riots, orders to shoot miscreants; market-school closed |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttarakhand/nainital-haldwani-violence-six-killed-in-orders-to-shoot-miscreants-on-site-market-school-closed-23649047.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240209041937/https://www.jagran.com/uttarakhand/nainital-haldwani-violence-six-killed-in-orders-to-shoot-miscreants-on-site-market-school-closed-23649047.html |archive-date=9 February 2024 |access-date=Feb 9, 2024 |website=[[Dainik Jagran|Jagran]] |language=hi}}</ref>

== Background ==
[[Illegal immigration to India|Illegal migration]] of non-native Muslims into [[Uttarakhand]] has been an issue for over a decade. Over 900,000 illegal immigrants of Bangladeshi origin live in Uttarakhand.<ref>{{cite news|date=Sep 2, 2019|title=Over 9 lakh Bangladeshis in Uttarakhand worried after NRC declared 19 lakh migrants illegal in Assam|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/over-9l-bangladeshis-in-ukhand-worried-after-nrc-declared-19l-migrants-illegal-in-assam/articleshow/70939215.cms|access-date=10 February 2024|work=[[The Times Of India]]|archive-date=10 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240210050356/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/over-9l-bangladeshis-in-ukhand-worried-after-nrc-declared-19l-migrants-illegal-in-assam/articleshow/70939215.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

According to the Uttarakhand state government, illegal migrants from [[Bangladesh]], and [[Rohingya people|Rohingyas]] from [[Saharanpur]], [[Uttar Pradesh]] have been moving into Uttarakhand and [[Himachal Pradesh]]. The migrants often encroach on government land, illegally constructing [[mosque]]s, [[minaret]]s, and [[madrasa]]s.<ref>{{cite news |last=Majmuder |first=Abhijit |date=16 June 2023 |title=Why Uttarakhand and Jharkhand have set off alarm over demographic shift |url=https://www.firstpost.com/opinion/why-uttarakhand-and-jharkhand-have-set-off-alarm-over-demographic-shift-12749502.html |work=[[Firstpost]] |access-date=9 February 2024 |archive-date=5 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230705030526/https://www.firstpost.com/opinion/why-uttarakhand-and-jharkhand-have-set-off-alarm-over-demographic-shift-12749502.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

The pattern of illegal immigration has caused tension with the state before. In December 2022, the [[Supreme Court of India]] stopped the removal of over 4,000 illegal structures, housing over 5,000 unauthorised residents from railway land in Haldwani station after protests broke out in the state.<ref>{{cite news |last=Hussain |first=Zoya |title=Explained: What Is The Railway Land Controversy Happening In Haldwani? |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/explainers/news/explained-what-is-the-railway-land-controversy-happening-in-haldwani-589549.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240108143715/https://www.indiatimes.com/explainers/news/explained-what-is-the-railway-land-controversy-happening-in-haldwani-589549.html |archive-date=8 January 2024 |access-date=Feb 10, 2024 |work=India Times }}</ref>

== Riots ==
The Haldwani Police received orders from the [[Uttarakhand High Court]] to remove an illegally constructed mosque and [[madrasa]] in the Malik ka Bagicha area under the jurisdiction of Banbhoolpura Police,<ref>{{Cite news |date=Feb 11, 2024 |title=State govt requests MHA for additional forces amid Haldwani violence |url=https://www.business-standard.com/india-news/live-state-govt-requests-mha-for-additional-forces-amid-haldwani-violence-124021100060_1.html |access-date=Feb 11, 2024 |work=[[Business Standard]]}}</ref> which stood on government land.<ref>{{cite news |last=Mishra |first=Avaneesh |date=Feb 9, 2024 |title=Mob surrounded police station, reinforcements were sent in': Uttarakhand DGP on Haldwani Violence |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/mob-surrounded-police-station-reinforcements-were-sent-in-uttarakhand-dgp-on-haldwani-violence-9151976/ |url-status=live |access-date=Feb 10, 2024 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |archive-date=9 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240209043212/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/mob-surrounded-police-station-reinforcements-were-sent-in-uttarakhand-dgp-on-haldwani-violence-9151976/ }}</ref> A petition was heard to stop the demolition of the illegal structures, however the court found no convincing evidence that the structure was not illegal, and thus no relief was granted.<ref>{{cite news |date=Feb 8, 2024 |title=60 injured; shoot-at-sight order in place in Haldwani after violence over demolition of 'illegal' madrasa, mosque |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/uttarakhand/madrasa-demolition-sparks-violence-in-haldwani-uttarakhand-shoot-at-sight-orders-issued-2886714 |url-status=live |access-date=Feb 10, 2024 |work=[[Deccan Herald]] |archive-date=9 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240209003426/https://www.deccanherald.com/india/uttarakhand/madrasa-demolition-sparks-violence-in-haldwani-uttarakhand-shoot-at-sight-orders-issued-2886714 }}</ref>

As the police began to clear the illegal encroachment, angry residents descended to the streets to protest the removal of the illegal structures. They began breaking barricades and arguing with police personnel. As the clearing of the structure continued, the mob began pelting stones at the police, leaving over 60 injured, including police personnel. The police used non-lethal force, including [[tear gas]] and [[Lathi (stick)|lathis]] to clear the crowd; however, tensions escalated, leading to the mob [[Arson|setting fire]] to several vehicles. Rioting continued until the evening, when the mob also set Banbhoolpura Police Station on fire.<ref>{{cite news |date=Feb 8, 2024 |title=Uttarakhand: Clashes erupt in Haldwani after 'illegal' madrasa razed, police car set ablaze; curfew clamped |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/uttarakhand-clashes-erupt-in-haldwani-after-illegal-madrasa-razed-curfew-imposed-police-car-set-ablaze-11707404208554.html |url-status=live |access-date=Feb 10, 2024 |work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |archive-date=9 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240209040649/https://www.livemint.com/news/india/uttarakhand-clashes-erupt-in-haldwani-after-illegal-madrasa-razed-curfew-imposed-police-car-set-ablaze-11707404208554.html }}</ref> The Uttarakhand government on 11 February 2024 demanded four additional companies of [[Central Armed Police Forces]] from the [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]] after it had already sent four of them earlier.<ref>{{Cite news |date=Feb 11, 2024 |title=Haldwani Violence: Uttarakhand Government Writes To MHA Seeking Additional Paramilitary Forces |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/haldwani-violence-uttarakhand-government-writes-to-mha-seeking-additional-paramilitary-forces-dehradun |url-status=live |access-date=Feb 11, 2024 |work=[[The Free Press Journal]] |archive-date=11 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240211033554/https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/haldwani-violence-uttarakhand-government-writes-to-mha-seeking-additional-paramilitary-forces-dehradun }}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=Feb 11, 2024 |title=Uttarakhand government seeks more paramilitary forces amid Haldwani unrest |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/uttarakhand-government-seeks-more-paramilitary-forces-amid-haldwani-unrest/articleshow/107593194.cms |url-status=live |access-date=Feb 11, 2024 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |archive-date=12 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240212150531/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/uttarakhand-government-seeks-more-paramilitary-forces-amid-haldwani-unrest/articleshow/107593194.cms }}</ref> The police confirmed that the violence was pre-planned, and that the rioters had attacked the police joint anti-encroachment team without any provocation.<ref>{{cite news |last=Talwar |first=Gaurav |date=February 9, 2024 |title=Haldwani violence 'pre-planned': Uttarakhand govt confirms 5 deaths |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/violence-in-haldwani-2-killed-3-injured-in-antiencroachment-drive/articleshow/107552476.cms |url-status=live |access-date=Feb 10, 2024 |work=[[The Times Of India]] |archive-date=9 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240209160703/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/violence-in-haldwani-2-killed-3-injured-in-antiencroachment-drive/articleshow/107552476.cms }}</ref>

A [[curfew]] was imposed in the city on 8 February 2024, with officers given permission to shoot on sight.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mishra |first=Samiran |date=February 9, 2024 |title=4 Dead, 250 Injured In Uttarakhand Violence, Curfew Imposed, Schools Shut |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/4-dead-over-250-injured-in-violence-over-uttarakhand-madrasa-demolition-5022568 |url-status=live |access-date=Feb 9, 2024 |website=[[NDTV]] |archive-date=9 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240209063918/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/4-dead-over-250-injured-in-violence-over-uttarakhand-madrasa-demolition-5022568 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=Feb 8, 2024 |title=Uttarakhand: Riots in Haldwani after illegal madrasa demolished, shoot-at-sight orders issued, curfew imposed |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/india/story/uttarakhand-riots-in-haldwani-after-illegal-madrasa-demolished-shoot-at-sight-orders-issued-curfew-imposed-416771-2024-02-08 |access-date=Feb 9, 2024 |website=[[Business Today (India)|Business Today]] |language=en |archive-date=12 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240212150519/https://www.businesstoday.in/india/story/uttarakhand-riots-in-haldwani-after-illegal-madrasa-demolished-shoot-at-sight-orders-issued-curfew-imposed-416771-2024-02-08 |url-status=live }}</ref> The curfew was lifted from the outer areas of Haldwani town on 10 February 2024 with the police claiming the situation to be under control. However, the curfew remained in place in the Banbhoolpura area and some adjacent localities.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /> Internet services also remained suspended in the entire town. Shops on the outskirts of Haldwani had opened while schools and colleges remained shut.<ref name=":1"/> On 11 February 2024, most of the shops in the Banbhoolpura area that had been shut since the incident reopened and internet services were also restored in most areas.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mishra |first=Avaneesh |date=Feb 11, 2024 |title=Days after Haldwani violence, Uttarakhand seeks more Central forces, shops reopen |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/haldwani-violence-uttarakhand-central-forces-shops-reopen-9155607/ |url-status=live |access-date=Feb 11, 2024 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |archive-date=11 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240211070526/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/haldwani-violence-uttarakhand-central-forces-shops-reopen-9155607/ }}</ref>

==Investigations==
By 13 February, thirty-six individuals had been arrested,<ref name=":6">{{Cite news |date=Feb 13, 2024 |title=Another person injured in Haldwani violence dies during treatment; death toll rises to six |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/uttarakhand/another-person-injured-in-haldwani-violence-dies-during-treatment-death-toll-rises-to-six-2893096 |access-date=Feb 14, 2024 |work=[[Deccan Herald]] |archive-date=14 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240214083207/https://www.deccanherald.com/india/uttarakhand/another-person-injured-in-haldwani-violence-dies-during-treatment-death-toll-rises-to-six-2893096 |url-status=live }}</ref> and three [[First information report|FIRs]] had been registered against a total of 19 named persons and 5,000 unidentified people. The arrests were made based on CCTV footage collected from the site of the violence.<ref name=":5">{{Cite news |last=Mishra |first=Ishita |date=Feb 13, 2024 |title=Death toll in Haldwani violence rises to 6; six more held |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/death-toll-in-haldwani-violence-rises-to-6-six-more-held/article67842553.ece |access-date=Feb 14, 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=14 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240214083207/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/death-toll-in-haldwani-violence-rises-to-6-six-more-held/article67842553.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":2" /> Numerous locally manufactured weapons and live ammunition were reported to have been seized from the arrested individuals by the police.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news |date=Feb 12, 2024 |title=Haldwani Violence: U'khand CM Announces Plan To Build Police Station On Cleared Land |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/haldwani-violence-uttarakhand-cms-plan-for-police-station-on-cleared-land/articleshow/107635136.cms |access-date=Feb 13, 2024 |work=[[The Times Of India]] |archive-date=13 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240213162357/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/haldwani-violence-uttarakhand-cms-plan-for-police-station-on-cleared-land/articleshow/107635136.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

Additionally, in accordance with an order issued by the Nainital district administration to cancel 120 arms licenses of residents in the affected area, 41 licensed weapons were reported to have been confiscated.<ref name=":6" />

==Aftermath==
Following the violence, [[Chief Minister of Uttarakhand]] [[Pushkar Singh Dhami]] underscored in a tweet that every rioter would be apprehended, ensuring no one would be spared.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|title=Uttarakhand: Five held, 3 FIRs registered against 19 persons; security deployed in Haldwani post-violence|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/uttarakhand-five-held-3-firs-registered-against-19-persons-security-deployed-in-haldwani-post-violence20240210114017|work=[[Asian News International|ANI]]|access-date=10 February 2024|archive-date=10 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240210061521/https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/uttarakhand-five-held-3-firs-registered-against-19-persons-security-deployed-in-haldwani-post-violence20240210114017/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Dhami |first=Pushkar |date=9 February 2024 |title=Will take strictest action against rioters and miscreants |url=https://x.com/pushkardhami/status/1755811464592728533 |access-date=Feb 10, 2024 |website=[[Twitter|X]] |archive-date=12 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240212150521/https://twitter.com/pushkardhami/status/1755811464592728533 |url-status=live }}</ref> Additionally, a decision was made to establish a police station at the site where the illegal encroachment had been demolished.<ref name=":4" />

On 9 February 2024, seven individuals, including a journalist, were receiving treatment, with three of them reported to be in a serious condition.<ref>{{Cite news |date=Feb 10, 2024 |title=Haldwani violence: Magisterial probe ordered, curfew lifted from outer areas of town |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/haldwani-violence-magisterial-probe-ordered-curfew-lifted-from-outer-areas-of-town/cid/1999658 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240212150532/https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/haldwani-violence-magisterial-probe-ordered-curfew-lifted-from-outer-areas-of-town/cid/1999658 |archive-date=12 February 2024 |access-date=Feb 11, 2024 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)]]}}</ref> As a consequence of the turmoil, over 300 Muslim families opted to evacuate their homes in Banbhoolpura.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |last=Mishra |first=Piyush |date=Feb 13, 2024 |title=Haldwani violence: 300 Muslim families flee, manhunt intensified to arrest rioters |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/haldwani-violence-uttarakhand-mosque-madrasa-demolition-muslim-families-flee-curfew-2501133-2024-02-13 |access-date=Feb 13, 2024 |work=[[India Today]] |archive-date=13 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240213162357/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/haldwani-violence-uttarakhand-mosque-madrasa-demolition-muslim-families-flee-curfew-2501133-2024-02-13 |url-status=live }}</ref>

A recovery notice of Rs 2.44 crore was issued by the [[Municipal corporation (India)|municipal corporation]] in Haldwani against Abdul Malik, a central figure in the Banbhoolpura violence. Government properties were reportedly damaged by Malik's supporters during a demolition drive in 'Malik Ka Bagicha.' The notice references the FIR filed on February 8, naming Malik. The civic body claimed an initial assessment of Rs 2.44 [[crore]] in damages caused by Malik and instructed him to deposit the amount by February 15. Failure to comply would result in legal actions for recovery, as Malik is accused of constructing the "illegal structure".<ref>{{Cite news |date=Feb 12, 2024 |title=Haldwani violence: Notice for recovery of Rs 2.44 cr against key accused for damage to properties |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/uttarakhand/haldwani-violence-notice-for-recovery-of-rs-244-cr-against-key-accused-for-damage-to-properties-2891556 |access-date=Feb 14, 2024 |work=[[Deccan Herald]] |archive-date=14 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240214193607/https://www.deccanherald.com/india/uttarakhand/haldwani-violence-notice-for-recovery-of-rs-244-cr-against-key-accused-for-damage-to-properties-2891556 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=Feb 13, 2024 |title=Haldwani violence: Key accused served notice for recovery of Rs 2.44 cr for damage to properties |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/politics/haldwani-violence-key-accused-served-notice-for-recovery-of-rs-244-cr-for-damage-to-properties20240213040928 |access-date=Feb 14, 2024 |work=[[Asian News International|ANI]] |archive-date=12 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240212224822/https://www.aninews.in/news/national/politics/haldwani-violence-key-accused-served-notice-for-recovery-of-rs-244-cr-for-damage-to-properties20240213040928/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The amount included Rs 2.41 crore for damage to 15 vehicles and Rs Rs 3.52 [[lakh]] for damage to equipment.<ref>{{Cite news |date=Feb 13, 2024 |title=Haldwani violence: Key accused served notice for recovery of Rs 2.44 cr for damage to properties |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/haldwani-violence-key-accused-served-notice-for-recovery-of-rs-2-44-cr-for-damage-to-properties/articleshow/107643088.cms |access-date=Feb 14, 2024 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |archive-date=14 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240214031259/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/haldwani-violence-key-accused-served-notice-for-recovery-of-rs-2-44-cr-for-damage-to-properties/articleshow/107643088.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[2023 Nuh Riots]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Haldwani riots, 2024}}
[[Category:2024 riots]]
[[Category:2020s in Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:February 2024 crimes in Asia]]
[[Category:February 2024 in India]]
[[Category:Attacks on police stations in 2024]]
[[Category:Attacks on police stations in India]]
[[Category:Haldwani|Riots]]
[[Category:Attacks in India in 2024]]
[[Category:Building and structure arson attacks in India]]
[[Category:Arson in 2024]]
[[Category:2024 fires in Asia]]
[[Category:Stone pelting in India]]
[[Category:Religious riots in India]]
[[Category:Arson attacks on vehicles in India]]
[[Category:Crime in Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:2024 in Islam]]
[[Category:History of law enforcement in India]]
[[Category:History of Islam in India]]
[[Category:Islam-related controversies in Asia]]

Amrita Chaudhry

2025-11-06T01:13:47Z

CarlNorfleet88: revise

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Amrita Chaudhry
| image = AMRITA.jpg
| caption = in 2011, ''clicked by Jaypee''
| birth_name = Amrita Arora
| othername = Sheena
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1972|06|26}}
| birth_place = Jalandhar, [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2012|10|22|1972|06|26}}
| death_place = Ludhiana
| education = [[Punjab Agricultural University]], Ludhiana
}}

'''Amrita Chaudhry''' (26 June 1972 – 22 October 2012) was an Indian print media journalist working as Principal Correspondent with the newspaper ''[[The Indian Express]]''. In her decade long career with the newspaper, Amrita earned wide recognition for her reporting on diverse issues in [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]]. Amrita died on 22 October 2012 after a road accident.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://cityairnews.com/content/shocking-news-indian-express-staffer-amrita-chaudhary-expires-road-accident| title = Indian Express staffer Amrita Chaudhary expires in road accident| publisher = City Air News | date = 2013-10-22 }}</ref>

She was part of a documentary series on women made by documentary filmmaker [[Daljit Ami]].<ref name="ti">{{cite web|title=Amrita Chaudhary|url= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=waBGdmae1ms |publisher=YouTube}}</ref> Noted Punjabi poets [[Surjit Patar]] and Swarnjit Savi wrote poems on her.<ref>{{cite web|title=Man, Woman and Child|date= 5 March 2014 |url= http://rememberingamrita.wordpress.com/poetry/ |publisher=Wordpress}}</ref> Renowned artist [[Sidharth (artist)|Sidharth]] drew a portrait of Amrita. After she died Kirtan Maryada exponent [[Bhai Baldeep Singh]]Bhai Baldeep Singh paid tributes with a shabd recital.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://archive.financialexpress.com/news/city-remembers-amrita/1026379 |title=City remembers Amrita |newspaper=Financial Express |date=2012-11-04 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150618052226/http://archive.financialexpress.com/news/city-remembers-amrita/1026379 |archive-date=2015-06-18 }}</ref> Sufi singer [[Madan Gopal Singh]] held a concert ''Sada Salamat'' in her remembrance.<ref>{{cite web | title=Sada Salamat | url=https://soundcloud.com/journojp/sets/madan-gopal-singh-in-concert-1 | publisher=Soundcloud}}</ref> Well-known playwright Balram wrote a play based on emails exchanged between Amrita and her partner Jatinder Preet, also known as Jaypee.<ref>{{cite web|title=It's Not An Affair |url= http://www.calameo.com/books/002089231751632be88ab |publisher=Calameo}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Amrita was born in [[Jalandhar]] where her father Harbans Singh Arora worked as an engineer with state electricity board. She did her initial schooling from [[Sacred Heart High School (Sidhpur)]] in [[Himachal Pradesh]]. She completed her matriculation from St. Joseph's Convent School, Jalandhar. Amrita settled in [[Ludhiana]] after marriage but got separated from her husband after few years.

She lived separately with her son Sidharth and Jaypee until her death.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.sunday-guardian.com/news/a-doting-mother-friend-and-journalist | title = A doting mother, friend and journalist | author = Neelkamal Puri | author-link = Neelkamal Puri | publisher = [[Sunday Guardian]] | date = 2012-10-27 | access-date = 15 May 2015 | archive-date = 4 March 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304060428/http://www.sunday-guardian.com/news/a-doting-mother-friend-and-journalist | url-status = dead }}</ref>

==Career==
[[File:Amrita Chaudhry at Artcave.jpg|180 px|thumb|Amrita Chaudhry at Artcave|alt=]]Amrita graduated from College of Home Science, [[Punjab Agricultural University]], [[Ludhiana]]. She received a Master's in Journalism, Languages and Culture from College of Basic Sciences and Humanities of the same university. She started her journalism career as a contributor to Ludhiana city supplement of ''The Indian Express'' in 1997 and later rose to become the Principal Correspondent.
Amrita earned acclaim for her coverage of diverse beats across different cities and towns of the state of Punjab. She was particularly known for her incisive coverage of agriculture related issues.<ref name=ti/>

Amrita was actively involved in civil society groups engaged in activities to promote eco-awareness, education for special children and in art and cultural sphere. She co-founded along with Jatinder Preet, a group ''Media Artists'' that conducted workshops for children, staged theatrical and musical performances and held lectures by eminent people.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ludhianadistrict.com/ludhiana-theatre-culture.php |title=Ludhiana Theatre Culture |publisher=Ludhiana District |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151229035244/http://www.ludhianadistrict.com/ludhiana-theatre-culture.php |archive-date=2015-12-29 }}</ref>

''Spirit of Amrita Foundation'' has been formed to continue with the activities dear to her after her demise. The foundation staged shows of the play ''It’s Not An Affair'' based on email conversations between Amrita and Jaypee in [[Chandigarh]], [[Ludhiana]], [[Lehragaga]] and [[Patiala]].<ref>{{cite news | url = http://paper.hindustantimes.com/epaper/viewer.aspx| title = Play to be staged today | newspaper = [[Hindustan Times]] | date = 2013-05-04 }}</ref> A painting contest for students of government schools was also organised in Ludhiana to remember her on 3 May 2013.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/childrens-mela-held-in-memory-of-amrita/1110681/| title = Children's Mela held in memory of Amrita | publisher = [[Indian Express]] | date = 2013-05-03 }}</ref> The foundation has been running a campaign to collect warm clothes for needy in the winters in Ludhiana.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ludhiana/spread-the-warmth-campaign-begins/| title = 'Spread the warmth' campaign begins| publisher = [[Indian Express]] | date = 2015-01-03 }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

== External links ==
*{{cite web|url=http://iamamrita.blogspot.in/|publisher=iamamrita.blogspot.in|title=AMRITA|access-date=2016-11-09}}
*{{cite web|url=http://rememberingamrita.wordpress.com/|publisher=rememberingamrita.wordpress.com|title=Man, Woman and Child | When someone goes away, she takes a little of us with her and remains with us a little|access-date=2016-11-09}}
*{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_depth/6496585.stm|publisher=news.bbc.co.uk|title=BBC NEWS | World | The limits of a Green Revolution?|date=29 March 2007 |access-date=2016-11-09}}
*{{cite web| url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/bsp/hi/pdfs/26_02_08_fo4_sikh.pdf| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305020346/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/bsp/hi/pdfs/26_02_08_fo4_sikh.pdf| url-status=live| archive-date=2016-03-05|publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation|title=Transcript of "File on 4" – 'Sikh Groups'|date=2008-02-26|access-date=2016-11-09}}
*{{cite book|title=India Booms: The Breathtaking Development and Influence of Modern India|author=Farndon, J.|date=2009|publisher=Ebury Publishing|isbn=9780753520741|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-rvogRuj1_0C&pg=PA134|page=134|access-date=2016-11-09}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chaudhry, Amrita}}
[[Category:20th-century Indian journalists]]
[[Category:1971 births]]
[[Category:2012 deaths]]
[[Category:Writers from Jalandhar]]
[[Category:Women writers from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian journalists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian writers]]
[[Category:Indian investigative journalists]]
[[Category:Journalists from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Indian newspaper journalists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women journalists]]

Ajaysar

2025-10-28T17:14:30Z

CarlNorfleet88: put up new stub first draft.

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{More citations needed|date=May 2020}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Ajaysar
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Rajasthan#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Rajasthan, India
| coordinates = {{coord|26.4151|N|74.5756|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Rajasthan]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Ajmer district|Ajmer]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Ajmer tehsil]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| leader_party =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 2790
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="AjmerCensusDCHB-B">{{Cite book|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0821_PART_B_DCHB_AJMERR.pdf|title=District Census Handbook Ajmer, Village and Town Wise Primary Census Abstract|last=|first=|publisher=Directorate of Census Operations|year=2011|isbn=|location=|pages=}}</ref>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]] and [[Rajasthani languages|Rajasthani]]
| blank1_name_sec1 =
| blank1_info_sec1 =
| blank2_name_sec1 =
| blank2_info_sec1 =
| blank3_name_sec1 =
| blank3_info_sec1 =
| blank4_name_sec1 =
| blank4_info_sec1 =
| blank5_name_sec1 =
| blank5_info_sec1 =
| blank2_name_sec2 =
| blank2_info_sec2 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 305005<ref>{{Cite web|last=GetPincodes|title=Pin code 305005, Crpf Ajmer S.O Post Office in Ajmer, Rajasthan|url=http://www.getpincodes.com/locality/boraj-kazipura-ajmer-ajmer-rajasthan-305005|access-date=2022-01-11|website=GetPincodes|language=en-US}}</ref>
| area_code_type =
| area_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =

| blank_name_sec2 = [[Lok Sabha|Lok Sabha constituency]]
| blank_info_sec2 = [[Ajmer (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ajmer]]<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3931-delimitation-of-parliamentary-assembly-constituencies-order-2008/ |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies Order - 2008 |website=Election Commission of India |date=26 November 2008 |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}</ref>
| blank1_name_sec2 = [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|Vidhan Sabha constituency]]
| blank1_info_sec2 = [[Pushkar (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Pushkar]]<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9645-statistical-data-of-rajasthan-la-2018/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan LA 2018 |website=Election Commission of India |date= |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}</ref>
}}
'''Ajaysar''' is a village in [[Ajmer tehsil]] of [[Ajmer district]] of [[Rajasthan|Rajasthan state]] in [[India]]. It is situated in the rural region of Ajmer division at an [[elevation]] of 466 meters above sea level.

==Demographic==
Per the Census of 2011 by the [[Government of India]] "091603" is the location code number of the village. The village covers 925.80 hectares of area in which 522 households are located. The total population of the village is 2790. There are 1458 are males and 1332 are females. The population in the age group of 0-6 is 576, of which 334 are males and 242 are females. The total schedule caste persons in the village are 103 with only 1 schedule tribe.<ref>{{cite web |title=Demographic |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0821_PART_B_DCHB_AJMER.pdf |website=censusindia.gov.in}}</ref>

==Geography==
The people of the village speak [[Rajasthani language|Rajasthani]], [[Hindi Language|Hindi]] and [[Urdu language|Urdu]] here. The [[Postal Index Number|PIN code]] of Ajaysar is 305005.<ref>{{cite web |title=Geography |url=https://www.indiapost.gov.in/VAS/Pages/LocatePostOffices.aspx?Pin=g7cf4BX9epk= |website=indiapost.gov.in}}</ref> The [[telephone]] code of the village is 0145. The geographical [[coordinates]] i.e. [[latitude]] and [[longitude]] of Ajaysar are 26.4233354 and 74.622472.

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Ajmer district]]

Karunellinathar temple

2025-10-17T21:10:39Z

CarlNorfleet88: Made new place

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Karunellinathar
| image = Thiruthankal3.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| map_type = India Tamil Nadu
| map_caption = Location in Tamil Nadu
| coordinates = {{coord|9|28|51|N|77|48|39|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| native_name = Karunellinathar Swamy Temple
| country = India
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| district = [[Virudhunagar district|Virudhunagar]]
| location = [[Thiruthangal]]
| elevation_m =
| deity = Karunellinathar ([[Shiva]])
Chokki ([[Parvathi]])
| Direction_posture =
| Pushakarani =
| Vimanam =
| Prathyaksham =
| festivals=
| architecture = [[Dravidian architecture]]
| temple_quantity =
| monument_quantity=
| inscriptions =
| year_completed =
| creator =
| website =
}}

'''Karunellinathar temple''' is a [[Hindu temple]] dedicated to [[Shiva]] in [[Thiruthangal]], a town in the outskirts of [[Sivakasi]], in Tamil Nadu, India. Shiva is worshiped as Karunellinathar, and is represented by the ''[[lingam]]'' and his consort [[Parvati]] is depicted as Chokki Amman.{{cn|date=July 2025}}

It is built on a hillock {{convert|100|ft|m|abbr=on}} and houses a small gateway tower known as ''[[gopurams]]''.{{cn|date=July 2025}}

== Legend ==
[[File:Thiruthankal temple (1).jpg|200px|left|thumb|Ninra Narayana Peruma, which is located on the other side of this temple]]
As per a Hindu legend, [[Ranganatha]] (the reclining form of Vishnu) from [[Srirangam Ranganathaswamy temple]] was enamoured by the devotion of [[Andal]]. He started a journey to [[Srivilliputhur Divya Desam]] to seek her hand for marriage. While reaching the place, it became dark and he decided to spend the night in the place. Since he stayed at this place, it came to be known as Thiruthangal and the hillock came to be known as Thalagiri.<ref name=M>{{cite book|title=15 Vaishnava Temples of Tamil Nadu|last=M.|first=Rajagopalan|pages=129–142|publisher=Govindaswamy Printers|location=Chennai, India|year=1993}}</ref>

As per another legend, the [[Pandavas]] from [[Mahabharatha]] were living in exile and were roaming around the forest of Western Ghats. They could not get water for performing their daily pooja. As Sun was rising, [[Arjuna]], one of the princes, prayed to [[Ganga]] to send water to the place and shot an arrow that split earth and brought forth a river. The river that originated is believed to be the Arjuna river in modern times.<ref name=dinamalar>{{cite web|title=Sri Karunellinathaswamy (Murugan) temple|url=https://temple.dinamalar.com/en/new_en.php?id=815|publisher=Dinamalar|year=2011|access-date=12 October 2015}}</ref> The place where the temple was located was believed to be housing two Amla trees (called ''nelli'' in Tamil) and hence got the name as Irunellinathar, which later went on to become Karunellinathar.<ref>{{cite report|title=Excavations of Archaeological sites in Tamil Nadu(1969-95)|editor=T.S. Sridhar|publisher=Department of Archaeology, Government of Tamil Nadu, Chennai|year=2004|url=http://210.212.62.26/pdf_files/books/Excavations%20of%20archaeological%201969-1995%20part%20001.pdf|page=7|archive-date=4 March 2016|access-date=12 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304083910/http://210.212.62.26/pdf_files/books/Excavations%20of%20archaeological%201969-1995%20part%20001.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==History==
Karunellinathar temple is believed to have been built by [[Pandyas]]. There are a host of inscriptions in the temple indicating information related to the gifts offered to the temple. One of the inscription from 1032 CE indicates the temples as Paramaswamy who willingly chose the hillock as his abode. A lake by name of Vallabha Pereri existed by the side of the temple. The temple is believed to have been expanded by Gurukalathirayan, the minister of Sundara Pandya during the Pandyan regime in 1233 CE. Ulli Bomman Kalangatha Kanda nayakar, who attained martyrdom in a war at Thiruthangal, was sanctified by donating the places around Thiruthangal to his family. An image of the warrior is found in the temple.<ref name=M/>

==The temple==
[[File:Thiruthankal temple (21).jpg|250px|left|thumb|Pillared hall inside the temple]]
It is built on a hillock {{convert|100|ft|m|abbr=on}} and houses a small gateway tower known as ''[[gopurams]]''. The temple has many shrines, with those of Karunellinathar and Chokki Amman being the most prominent. The temple is located on the other side of [[Ninra Narayana Perumal temple]], a Vishnu temple and can be reached from that temple on the hillock. The temple is a rock cut temple and the main shrine of the temple is of Karunellinathar. There are separate shrines for [[Vinayaka]], [[Surya]], [[Chandra]] and [[Dakshinamurthi]]. There is a huge life size stone image of [[Nataraja]] and [[Sivakami]] and housed in the dancing hall of the temple.<ref>{{cite book|title=SEEING SPIRITUAL INDIA: A Guide to Temples|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d1JJCgAAQBAJ&q=karunellinathar+temple&pg=PT364|page=364|publisher=iUniverse|year=2008|last=Knapp|first=Stephen |isbn=9780595614523}}</ref>

The temple is more known for the shrine of Palaniandavar, which is found near the entrance of the temple. Arumugha Tambiran was an ardent devotee of [[Muruga]]. He used to travel to [[Palani]] carrying a [[kavadi]] and returned to Thiruthangal the same day. As years rolled by, Thambiran found it difficult to travel all the way to Palani. He used to ascend a few steps and then return. While cooking food one day, god Murugan showered gold coins in his route. He took up the gold coins and built the shrine of Palani Andavar. The place where he died is marked by a mutt and his articles are still maintained.<ref name=M/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External==
{{Shaivism}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Virudhunagar district]]
[[Category:Shiva temples in Virudhunagar district]]

Sardar Panchhi

2025-10-16T17:16:21Z

CarlNorfleet88: starting post.

{{Short description|Indian poet (Punjabi, Urdu, and Hindi) (born 1932)}}
{{Use dmy dates |date=April 2025}}
[[File:Sardar_Panchi,_reciting_his_poem,_Nabha_,_Punjab_,India.JPG|thumb|Sardar Panchhi reciting his poem, 2015]]
[[File:Sardar_Panch_,_Punjabi_language_Poet,Punjab_,India.JPG|thumb|Sardar Panchhi, 2015]]
'''Sardar Panchhi''' (original name: '''Karnail Singh''', born 14 October 1932)<ref>[https://www.ajitweekly.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2486:2012-09-13-11-40-11&catid=50:2012-02-23-11-52-07&Itemid=217 ਸਾਹਿਤਕੀ ਆਬਸ਼ਾਰ, Ajit Weekly]{{Dead link|date=September 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref> is an Indian poet, writing in the [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Urdu]] and [[Hindi languages|Hindi]] languages.

Sardar Panchhi is his [[pen name]].

Panchhi has also written several songs for [[Bollywood]] movies. Notable of them are "[[Ek Chadar Maili Si]]" and "Waris."<ref>[http://www.quamiekta.com/2011/05/13/7423/ ਉਰਦੂ ਦੀ ਜਨਮ ਭੂਮੀ ਪੰਜਾਬ ਵਿੱਚ ਉਰਦੂ ਨੂੰ ਦਮ ਨਾ ਤੋੜਨ ਦਿਓ-ਸਰਦਾਰ ਪੰਛੀ]</ref>

== Life ==
He was born (14 October 1932) and brought up at a village near [[Gujranwala]], [[British Punjab]] (now in [[Pakistan]]). He was age 17 when [[partition of India|India was partitioned]] and he and his family had to migrate to India.{{clarify|date=April 2025|reason=where in India?}}<ref>[http://www.tribuneindia.com/2009/20090117/aplus1.htm Sardar Panchhi – a poet against narrow ideologies - Neeraj Bagga, Tribune News Service]</ref>

==Books ==
Panchhi has written seven books in Punjabi, nine in Urdu and two in Hindi.
* ''Mazdoor Ki Avaz''
* ''Sanvley Suraj''
* ''Suraj Ke Sakhe'' ({{ISBN|9788178833163}}, publisher: Chetna Prakashan)
* ''Adhoore But''
* ''Dard Ka Tarjuma''
* ''Turkre Turkre Ayana''({{ISBN|9788178834351}},
publisher: Chetna Prakashan)
* ''Vanjhli de Sur''
* ''Shivranjni''
* ''Nakash-E-Kadam''
* ''Meri Nazar Men Aap''
* ''Ujalon Ke Hamsafar''
* ''Gulistan-E-Aqidat''
* ''Bostan-E-Aqidat''
* ''Panchhi Dee Parvaz''
* ''Kadam Kadam Tanhai'' ({{ISBN|9788178833903}}, publisher: Chetna Prakashan)

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Panchhi, Sardar}}
[[Category:1932 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male musicians]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian songwriters]]
[[Category:20th-century pseudonymous writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male musicians]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian songwriters]]
[[Category:21st-century pseudonymous writers]]
[[Category:Hindi-language lyricists]]
[[Category:Hindi-language poets]]
[[Category:Hindi-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:Indian male poets]]
[[Category:Indian male songwriters]]
[[Category:People from Gujranwala District]]
[[Category:People from Punjab Province (British India)]]
[[Category:Punjabi-language poets]]
[[Category:Urdu-language Indian poets]]

Andaman and Nicobar football team

2025-09-28T22:11:42Z

CarlNorfleet88: cleaned up article after review and updated info

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{More citations needed|date=February 2022}}
{{Infobox football club
| clubname = Andaman and Nicobar
| current =
| image = Andaman & Nicobar Football Association logo.jpg
| image_size = 300px
| fullname = Andaman and Nicobar football team
| nickname =
| motto =
| founded =
| ground = [[Netaji Stadium]]
| capacity =
| owner = [[Andaman and Nicobar Football Association]]
| chrtitle =
| chairman =
| mgrtitle = Head coach
| manager = Suman Ghoshal
| league = [[Santosh Trophy]]
| season = [[2024–25 Santosh Trophy|2024–25]]
| position = Group stage
| pattern_la1 =
| pattern_b1 =
| pattern_ra1 =
| pattern_sh1 =
| pattern_so1 =
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| body1 = C51E3A
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The '''Andaman and Nicobar football team''' is an Indian [[association football|football]] team representing [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]] in Indian state football competitions including the [[Santosh Trophy]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/association/521|title=Andaman & Nicobar Football Association|website=www.the-aiff.com|publisher=[[All India Football Federation]]|access-date=24 December 2021|archive-date=24 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211224211521/https://www.the-aiff.com/association/521|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Current squad==
The following 22 players were called for the [[2022–23 Santosh Trophy]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/15940|title=76th National Football Championship for Hero Santosh Trophy 2022-23|website=www.the-aiff.com|publisher=[[All India Football Federation]]|access-date=16 January 2023|archive-date=25 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221225061538/https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/15940|url-status=live}}</ref>

{{fs start}}
{{fs player|no=1|nat=IND|pos=GK|name=Rohit Boro}}
{{fs player|no=4|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Farhan Ahmed}}
{{fs player|no=12|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=N J Sansani}}
{{fs player|no=18|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Altaf Mahir}}
{{fs player|no=22|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Ayan Ekka}}
{{fs player|no=6|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=P Mohammad Sohail}}
{{fs player|no=10|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Githin Raj}}
{{fs player|no=14|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=P Abdul Rishad}}
{{fs player|no=17|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Anshif M}}
{{fs player|no=7|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=K Micah}}
{{fs player|no=16|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=Kv Mohd Basir}}
{{fs mid}}
{{fs player|no=|nat=IND|pos=|name=I Antony Richardson|other=}}
{{fs player|no=3|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=M Weldon Luther}}
{{fs player|no=|nat=IND|pos=|name=Km Mohammed Asif}}
{{fs player|no=|nat=IND|pos=|name=Vipul Ohadar}}
{{fs player|no=9|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=N Ravi}}
{{fs player|no=11|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=Ankit Bilung}}
{{fs player|no=13|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Ajish David}}
{{fs player|no=|nat=IND|pos=|name=Vikas Singh}}
{{fs player|no=|nat=IND|pos=|name=V Mohammed Suhail}}
{{fs player|no=|nat=IND|pos=|name=Arvind}}
{{fs player|no=|nat=IND|pos=|name=Hafeez Rahman}}
{{fs end}}

==Notable players==

*[[Thomas Khusboo]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thomas Khusboo |url=https://www.demposportsclub.com/thomas-khusboo/ |website=Dempo SC |date=1 August 2020 }}</ref> [[India national under-20 football team|India U19]] (1985) and [[India national under-23 football team|India U23]] (1991)
*[[Herbert San]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Herbert San |url=https://www.demposportsclub.com/herbert-san/ |website=Dempo SC |date=1 August 2020 }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Santosh Trophy}}
{{Indian state football teams}}

[[Category:Santosh Trophy teams]]
[[Category:Football in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]

{{India-footyclub-stub}}

Son View Point

2025-09-26T11:46:30Z

CarlNorfleet88: starting new stub

{{Short description|Park in Robertsganj, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox park
| name = Son View Point
| alt_name = Eco Point Robertsganj
| photo =File:Eco point Robertsganj.jpg
| photo_width = 256
| photo_caption = Son View Point in Robertsganj
| photo_alt =
| map =Uttar Pradesh
| map_width =
| map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh
| map_alt =
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| coords = {{coord|24|37|15|N|83|3|1|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| coords_ref =
| type = [[Protected area|Eco park]]
| location = [[Robertsganj]], India
| nearest_city = [[Robertsganj]] and [[Churk]]
| area =
| elevation = 300m
| created = 11 August 2003
| founder = DM
| designer =
| etymology =
| operator =[[Hindalco]] Industrial Limited
| visitation_num =
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| status = Open all year
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'''Son View beautiful Point''', also known as '''Eco Point Robertsganj''', is an Eco Garden in [[Sonbhadra district]], India.
The panoramic view of [[Son River|Son]] Valley is best witnessed from this point. It is about 6 km from [[Robertsganj]], and hundred meters from [[Veer Lorik Stone]], on Markundi Hill. Eco Point Robertsganj was inaugurated on 11 August 2003 by the District Magistrate of Sonbhadra. The place is thronged by tourists during the monsoon season as it provides a very beautiful and picturesque view of the valley, including small rainy waterfalls that mushroom during the season. A small restaurant close by provides fast food items. '''Son View Point''' is a great picnic spot for the nature lovers.

==Nearby==
*[[Veer Lorik Stone]]
*[[Salkhan Fossils Park]]

==References==
* http://www.easternuptourism.com/?p=6803

[[Category:Tourist attractions in Sonbhadra district]]
[[Category:Gardens in Uttar Pradesh]]

Akshar Deri

2025-09-20T21:08:00Z

CarlNorfleet88: put up a info initial version.

{{Short description|Site of pilgrimage in Swaminarayan Hinduism located in Gondal, Gujarat, India}}
[[File:Akshar Deri.jpg|thumbnail|right|Akshar Deri]]
The '''Akshar Deri''' is a major site of pilgrimage in the [[Swaminarayan Sampradaya]] and is located in the ''rang mandap'' of the [[Bochasanwasi Akshar Purushottam Swaminarayan Sanstha#Mandirs|BAPS Swaminarayan temple]] in [[Gondal, India]]. The structure marks the cremation site and serves as a memorial to [[Gunatitanand Swami]]. An event was held to commemorate 150 years of the structure in Gondal, the structure as well as the site was renovated to bring it to modern standards.

==Religious significance==
[[File:Gunatitanand Swami.jpg|thumbnail|left|[[Gunatitanand Swami]]]]

===Samadhi of Gunatitanand Swami===
[[Gunatitanand Swami]], who was one of the most important swamis in the [[Swaminarayan Sampradaya]] and regarded as the first successor of Swaminarayan by members of the [[BAPS|Bochasanwasi Akshar Purushottam Swaminarayan Sanstha (BAPS)]], died on 21 October 1867, and his funeral rites were performed on the banks of the river Gondali in Gondal, Gujarat in India.<ref>{{cite book|last=Sadhu Ishwarcharandas|title=Aksharbrahma Gunatitanand Swami|year=2007|publisher=Swaminarayan Aksharpith|location=Ahmedabad|isbn=81-7526-302-4|page=96}}</ref> The shrine commemorates the site of his cremation.<ref name="TSA">{{cite book|last=Traganou|first=Jilly|title=Travel, Space, Architecture|year=2009|publisher=Ashgate|location=Burlington, VT|isbn=9780754648277|page=297}}</ref>

===Akshar Deri rituals===
Since its construction, the shrine has become a major pilgrimage site within the sect, attracting pilgrims from around the world.<ref name="Williams 132">{{cite book|last=Williams|first=Raymond|title=An Introduction to Swaminarayan Hinduism|url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontosw0000will|url-access=registration|year=2001|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=New York|isbn=0521652790|pages=[https://archive.org/details/introductiontosw0000will/page/132 132]}}</ref> A daily morning ''[[Puja (Hinduism)|mahapuja]]'' takes place at the shrine. Pilgrims offer their prayers at the altar, chant the [[Swaminarayan mantra]], perform ''[[Parikrama|pradakshina]]'' (circumambulations) around the shrine, and perform [[Prostration#Hinduism|prostrations]] before the images. Pilgrims perform these rituals as part of praying for the fulfillment of spiritual or worldly wishes.<ref>{{cite web|title=Akshar Deri - Rituals in Akshar Deri|url=https://www.swaminarayan.org/aksharderi/rituals.htm|publisher=Bochasanwasi Shri Akshar Purushottam Swaminarayan Sanstha|accessdate=24 December 2013}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:Palais_Naulakha_balcon.jpg|thumbnail|right|[[Gondal, India#Historical places of Gondal|Naulakha Palace]] balcony that inspired the shape of Akshar Deri]]

===Origin of Akshar Deri===
Shortly after [[Gunatitanand Swami]]'s cremation ceremony, Moghiba, the then Queen Mother of [[Gondal State|Gondal]], had the shrine constructed under the supervision of Abhaysinh Darbar of Ganod.<ref name="Dave 2012 161–162">{{cite book|last=Dave|first=Kishorebhai|title=Akshar-Purushottam Upasana|year=2012|publisher=Swaminarayan Aksharpith|location=Ahmedabad|isbn=9788175264328|pages=161–162}}</ref> The construction of the shrine started on 28 November 1867 and was completed on 29 January 1868. The shrine was modeled after the shape of the ''[[Jharokha|jharukhas]]'' (balconies) of the [[Gondal, India#Historical places of Gondal|Naulakha Palace]] in Gondal. Balmukund Swami of [[Shri Swaminarayan Mandir, Junagadh|Junagadh]] installed the carved black ''charanavind'' or "holy footprints" of [[Swaminarayan]] inside.<ref name="Dave 2012 161–162"/> Queen Moghiba placed a painted image of Akshar and Purushottam in the shrine and celebrated the festival of [[Vasant Panchami|Vasant]] there, beginning the tradition of celebrating other major festivals at the pilgrimage site. Gunatitanand Swami’s birth anniversary was first celebrated at the site on 1 October 1868 by followers of Swaminarayan from the [[Saurashtra (region)|Sorath]] region.

Starting in 1867, the fields surrounding the shrine incurred the name ''Akshar Vadi,'' or the orchard of [[Brahman|Akshar]], in reference to the belief of Gunatitanand Swami as the manifestation of [[Akshar Purushottam Upasana|Akshar]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Dave|first=Kishorebhai|title=Akshar-Purushottam Upasana|year=2012|publisher=Swaminarayan Aksharpith|location=Ahmedabad|isbn=9788175264328|page=162}}</ref> The shrine became associated with healing miracles and the fulfillment of prayers recited there.<ref>{{cite web|title=Divinity of Akshar Deri|url=https://www.swaminarayan.org/aksharderi/divinity.htm#divinity|publisher=BAPS}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Sadhu Jnaneshwardas|title=Hindu Rites and Rituals|date=2001|publisher=Swaminarayan Aksharpith|location=Amdavad|isbn=8175261811|pages=100–101}}</ref>

===Construction of Akshar Mandir===
[[File:Akshar Mandir Old.jpg|thumbnail|left|Akshar Mandir shortly after it was consecrated, in [[Gondal, India]]]]
On the morning of a [[Prabodhini Ekadashi|Devpodhi Ekadashi]], Gunatitanand Swami is said to have appeared before a senior devotee by the name of Narayanji Maharaj of [[Virsad]] in a dream and commanded him to build a three-spired [[shikharbaddha mandir]] in Gondal at the site of the Deri.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Gondal Temple|journal=Swaminarayan Bliss|date=1990|issue=March|page=711}}</ref> Following this dream, Narayanji Maharaj along with three of his disciples Shankarbhai Amin, Haribhai Amin, and Bhikhabhai Shukla went to Gondal, where they requested [[Bhagvat Singh]], the [[maharaja]] of the [[princely state]] of [[Gondal State|Gondal]], for the land surrounding the Akshar Deri. Bhagvat Singh agreed to sell the land for the temple and set three conditions for its construction: first the temple should be completed in three years; second, the Akshar Deri should be kept intact; and third, no less than 1,000,000 rupees should be spent on the project.<ref>{{cite book|last=Dave|first=Kishore M.|title=Shastriji Maharaj|date=2009|publisher=Swaminarayan Aksharpith|location=Ahmedabad|isbn=81-7526-129-3|page=92}}</ref>

On 18 January 1932, [[Shastriji Maharaj]] (Shastri Yagnapurushdas) performed the ground breaking ceremony in the presence of Bhagvat Singh.<ref>{{cite book|last=Sadhu Amrutvijaydas|title=100 Years of BAPS|date=2008|publisher=Swaminarayan Aksharpith|location=Ahmedabad|isbn=81-7526-377-6|page=23}}</ref> Aksharswarupdas Swami was placed in charge of the temple construction effort with help from [[Sadhu Gnanjivandas|Gnanjivandas Swami]] (Yogiji Maharaj) and other devotees. Swamis and devotees worked around the clock to complete the temple amidst financial hardship and other obstacles. On 24 May 1934, Shastriji Maharaj performed the [[Prana pratishta|murti pratistha]] ceremony and installed the [[murti]]s of [[Akshar Purushottam Upasana|Akshar Purushottam]] in the central [[garbhagriha]] (sanctum) after the conclusion of a grand [[yajna|yagna]], fulfilling Bhagvat Singh's conditions by building the temple around an intact Akshar Deri in two and a quarter years using many more than a million rupees. On the day after the ceremony, Shastriji Maharaj appointed Yogiji Maharaj as the [[mahant]] of the temple.<ref>{{cite book|last=Sadhu Amrutvijaydas|title=100 Years of BAPS|date=2008|publisher=Swaminarayan Aksharpith|location=Ahmedabad|isbn=81-7526-377-6|page=24}}</ref>

===Other significance===
On 10 January 1940, Shastri Narayanswarupdas (later [[Pramukh Swami Maharaj]]) was given ''bhagvati [[diksha]]'' or full initiation into ochre robes, by Shastriji Maharaj sitting before the Akshar Deri.<ref>{{cite book|last=Sadhu Aksharvatsaldas|title=Portrait of Inspiration: Pramukh Swami Maharaj|year=2007|publisher=Swaminarayan Aksharpith|location=Amdavad|isbn=8175262176|page=xi}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Williams|first=Raymond|title=An Introduction to Swaminarayan Hinduism|url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontosw0000will|url-access=registration|year=2001|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=New York|isbn=0521652790|pages=[https://archive.org/details/introductiontosw0000will/page/61 61]}}</ref>

A memorial shrine for the fourth spiritual successor, [[Yogiji Maharaj]] called the Yogi Smruti Mandir was also constructed here to commemorate his cremation. To commemorate 150 years of the Akshar Deri structure, the Yogi Smruti Mandir was also in turn made anew, a one [[shikhara]] mandir now stands at the previous site of the memorial shrine.<ref>{{cite book|last=Williams|first=Raymond|title=An Introduction to Swaminarayan Hinduism|url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontosw0000will|url-access=registration|year=2001|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=New York|isbn=0521652790|pages=[https://archive.org/details/introductiontosw0000will/page/131 131]}}</ref>

The Akshar Deri serves as the symbol of the [[Bochasanwasi Akshar Purushottam Swaminarayan Sanstha]].<ref name="TSA" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.swaminarayan.org/aksharderi/ BAPS Swaminarayan Sanstha - Akshar Deri]

{{BAPS}}

{{coord missing|Gujarat}}

[[Category:Samadhis]]
[[Category:Monuments and memorials in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Swaminarayan Sampradaya]]