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Thanne Vandi

2026-04-30T09:31:54Z

Candy332540216:

{{Short description|2021 Indian film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Thanne Vandi
| image = Thanne_Vandi_film_poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Manika Vidya
| writer = Manika Vidya
| producer = G. Saravana
| starring = [[Umapathy Ramaiah]] [[Samskruthy Shenoy]] [[Bala Saravanan]]
| cinematography = S. N. Venkat
| editing = [[A. L. Ramesh]]
| music = Moses
| studio = Sri Saravana Film Arts
| distributor =
| released = {{film date|2021|12|31|df=y}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Thanne Vandi''''' ({{Translation|Water Tanker}}) is a 2021 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama]] film written and directed by debutant Manika Vidya and produced by Sri Saravana Film Arts.<ref name="Thanne Vandi CE" /> The film stars [[Umapathy Ramaiah]] and [[Samskruthy Shenoy]] in the lead roles with a supporting cast including [[Bala Saravanan]], [[Vinutha Lal]], [[Thambi Ramaiah]], [[Devadarshini]] and [[Vidyullekha Raman]].<ref name="Thanne Vandi ToI" /> The film was released in theatres on 31 December 2021.<ref name="Thanne Vandi NTN" />

The film was renamed as '''''Pithala Maathi''''' and was rereleased on 14 June 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title='பித்தல மாத்தி' ஆக மாறிய 'தண்ணி வண்டி' : இப்படியும் ஒரு ரீ-ரிலீஸ் |url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com//tamil-news/121946/cinema/Kollywood/Thanni-Vandi-which-became-Pithala-Maathi:-a-re-release-like-this.htm |website=cinema.dinamalar.com}}</ref>

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Umapathy Ramaiah]] as Sundara Magalingam
* [[Samskruthy Shenoy]] as Thamini
* [[Bala Saravanan]] as Ganesh
* [[Vinutha Lal]] as Prema Shankaran
* [[Thambi Ramaiah]] as Sadhasivam
* [[Devadarshini]]
* [[Vidyullekha Raman]]
* [[Aadukalam Naren]]
* [[Kadhal Sukumar]]
* [[George Maryan]]
* Mullai
* Kothandam
* [[Bava Lakshmanan]]
* Cheranraj as S. Vadapalani
* Vijay Ganesh
}}

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack and score is composed by Moses and the album featured four songs. The audio rights were acquired by [[TrendMusic|Trend Music]].
{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| title1 = Seeli Nikkan
| lyrics1 = Mohanraja
| extra1 = [[Anthony Daasan]]
| length1 = 04:55
| title2 = Ottha Kannula
| lyrics2 = Kadhir Mozhi
| extra2 = Rakshitha Suresh, Ananthu
| length2 = 04:15
| title3 = Vetri Bodha
| lyrics3 = Manika Vidya, Kavignar Ve. Madhan Kumar
| extra3 = Monisha Soundararajan
| length3 = 02:13
| title4 = Avana Nee
| lyrics4 = Kavignar Saarathi
| extra4 = VM Mahalingam, Jaya Moorthy
| length4 = 04:52
| extra_column = Singer(s)
}}

== Release and reception==
The film was released in theatres on 31 December 2021. Navein Darshan of ''[[Cinema Express]]'' wrote, "Thanne Vandi was promised to be a tale of a man with drinking issues and also happens to own a water truck (hence the title). But the film ends up delivering a feel similar to a never-ending drunk talk of a distressing acquaintance, who assumes to be the star of the evening".<ref name="Thanne Vandi CE Review" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=அதிகாரியுடன் மோதும் நாயகன் - தண்ணி வண்டி விமர்சனம் |url=https://www.maalaimalar.com/cinema/review/2022/01/01185734/3346993/Thanni-vandi-Movie-review-in-tamil.vpf |website=Maalai Malar}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Maalai Malar]]'' gave a mixed review for the film during its rerelease.<ref>{{Cite web |last=maalaimalar |date=2024-06-14 |title=Pithala Maathi |url=https://www.maalaimalar.com/movie-review/pithala-maathi-159020 |access-date=2024-06-18 |website=www.maalaimalar.com |language=ta}}</ref>

== References ==
<references>

<ref name="Thanne Vandi CE">{{Cite web |title='Thanne Vandi is not just another film where the hero will spend all his time in bars' |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2019/jul/01/thanne-vandi-is-not-just-another-film-where-the-hero-will-spend-all-his-time-in-bars-12658.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608215120/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2019/jul/01/thanne-vandi-is-not-just-another-film-where-the-hero-will-spend-all-his-time-in-bars-12658.html |archive-date=8 June 2020 |access-date=1 July 2019 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref>

<ref name="Thanne Vandi ToI">{{Cite web |title=Thanne Vandi is not about Tamil Nadu's water crisis |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/thanne-vandi-is-not-about-tamil-nadus-water-crisis/articleshow/70104750.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190708101749/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/thanne-vandi-is-not-about-tamil-nadus-water-crisis/articleshow/70104750.cms |archive-date=8 July 2019 |access-date=6 July 2019 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

<ref name="Thanne Vandi NTN">{{Cite web |title=Thanne Vandi will be a different film, says Manika Vidya |url=https://newstodaynet.com/index.php/2021/12/06/thanne-vandi-will-be-a-different-film-says-manika-vidya/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211230202502/https://newstodaynet.com/index.php/2021/12/06/thanne-vandi-will-be-a-different-film-says-manika-vidya/ |archive-date=30 December 2021 |access-date=6 December 2021 |website=[[News Today]]}}</ref>

<ref name="Thanne Vandi CE Review">{{Cite web |title=Thanne Vandi Movie Review: Horny people lock horns for nothing in this cringefest |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2021/dec/31/thanne-vandi-movie-review-horny-people-lock-horns-for-nothing-in-this-cringefest-28728.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220101123900/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2021/dec/31/thanne-vandi-movie-review-horny-people-lock-horns-for-nothing-in-this-cringefest-28728.html |archive-date=1 January 2022 |access-date=31 December 2021 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref>

</references>

[[Category:2021 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:2021 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]

Ahom rebellion

2026-04-27T16:00:11Z

Candy332540216: created a data.

{{Short description|1828 anti-British rebellion in Assam}}

{{Infobox Revolution
| image = Sculpture of Ahom Rebellion.jpg
| caption = Sculpture of the Ahom Rebellion in [[Shaheedi Park]], [[Delhi]].
| date = {{Start date and age|1828}}
| place = Deberapar Marangial Namghar, Toratoli, [[British India]] (present-day [[Jorhat]], [[Assam]], [[India]])
| goals = Withdrawal of [[British troops]] from Ahom territories
| result = East India Company (British) victory
| side1 = [[Gomdhar Konwar]] and his followers
| side2 = {{flag|East India Company}}
| leadfigures1 = [[Gomdhar Konwar]] Dhanjoi Borgohain Jayram Kharagoria Phukan Doha Konwar Phukan
| leadfigures2 = Captain Neufville Lieutenant Rutherforth
| arrests = [[Gomdhar Konwar]]
| charged = [[Treason]]
}}

'''Ahom Rebellion''' was an attempted uprising against the [[British East India Company]] in 1828 in [[Rangpur, Assam|Rangpur]] in present-day [[Assam]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gomdhar Konwar...The unsung hero |url=http://www.posoowa.org/story/gomdhar-konwar-unsung-hero |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141218162912/http://www.posoowa.org/story/gomdhar-konwar-unsung-hero |archive-date=2014-12-18 |access-date=2014-12-18}}</ref> The rebellion was led by [[Gomdhar Konwar|Gondhar Konwar]], a prince of the [[Ahom dynasty]], along with his followers.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Das |first=Dhurba Jyoti |date=1 November 2022 |title=Anti-British Uprising in Assam (1826-30) |url=https://ijhssm.org/issue_dcp/Anti%20British%20Uprising%20in%20Assam%20(1826%2030)%20.pdf |journal=International Journal of Humanities Social Science and Management |publication-date=12 November 2022 |volume=2 |issue=5 |pages=96–98 |via=IJHSSM}}</ref> This is considered to be the first instance of a demand for independence from the British rule in [[Assam]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=राज्य के पहले स्वतंत्रता सेनानी गमधर कोंवर को सीएम ने अर्पित की श्रद्धांजलि |url=https://www.hindusthansamachar.in/Encyc/2021/9/15/CM-Dr-Sarma-visit-to-Gomdhar-Konwar-Memorial-Garden.php |access-date=2024-10-08 |website=www.hindusthansamachar.in |language=en}}</ref>

== Background ==
At the end of the [[first Anglo-Burmese War]], the East India Company signed the [[treaty of Yandabo]] in 1826.<ref name="app-237">{{cite book |author=Lt. Gen. Sir Arthur P. Phayre |title=History of Burma |publisher=Sunil Gupta |year=1967 |edition=2 |location=London |page=237}}</ref> According to this treaty, Burma was to give the land of Assam to the British.<ref name="mha-214">{{cite book |author=Maung Htin Aung |author-link=Htin Aung |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofburma00htin |title=A History of Burma |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1967 |location=New York and London |pages=[https://archive.org/details/historyofburma00htin/page/214 214–215] |url-access=registration}}</ref> The British had previously promised the Ahom king and local chiefs that following the war, the British troops shall withdraw from their territory.

== The revolt and aftermath ==
Konwar, with the support of his counterparts Dhanjoi Borgohain and Jayram Kharagoria Phukan, charged at the British fort in [[Rangpur, Assam|Rangpur]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=गोमधर कुंवर - भारतकोश, ज्ञान का हिन्दी महासागर |url=https://bharatdiscovery.org/india/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0 |access-date=2024-10-08 |website=bharatdiscovery.org}}</ref> The [[British Army|British]], however, found out about the incoming [[ambush]] and were already prepared for it. The [[rebellion]] was suppressed near Deberapar Marangial Namghar, although the three leaders were able to escape and hide in the [[Naga Hills]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gondhar Konwar |url=https://indianculture.gov.in/node/2816096 |access-date=8 October 2024 |website=Indian Culture}}</ref>

The East India Company pressured the kingdom to surrender Konwar to them, which they eventually did. Konwar was charged with [[treason]] and was [[sentenced to death]]. However, to maintain [[Diplomacy|peaceful relation]] with the [[Ahom people]], they reduced his sentence to seven years in [[exile]]. They also withdrew from the land as they had promised, and ceded it to the then Ahom king [[Purandar Singha]].<ref name="Bhuyan211">Bhuyan Dr. S.K. ''Tunkhungia Buranji'' or ''A History of Assam'' (1681-1826) second edition 1968 Department of Historical and Antiquarian Studies in Assam Guwahati p. 211</ref><ref name="Barbaruah338">Barbaruah Hiteswar ''Ahomar-Din'' or ''A History of Assam under the Ahoms'' 1981 p. 338</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

[[Category:1828 in India]]
[[Category:Rebellions in India]]
[[Category:Ahom kingdom]]

Mehmood Dhaulpuri

2026-04-21T11:56:39Z

Candy332540216: Info

{{Short description|Indian musician (1954–2011)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Mehmood Dhaulpuri
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_date = 23 March 1954
| birth_place = [[Dhaulpur]], [[Rajasthan]], India
| death_date = 25 May 2011 (aged 57)
| death_place = [[New Delhi]], India
| restingplace =
| restingplacecoordinates =
| othername =
| occupation = Musician Instrumentalist
| yearsactive =
| known for = [[Harmonium]]
| spouse =
| domesticpartner =
| children = Three daughters and two sons
| parents =
| website =
| awards = [[Padma Shri]]
}}
'''Mehmood Dhaulpuri''' (23 March 1954 – 25 May 2011) was an Indian musician of [[Hindustani music]], known as a leading exponent of [[Harmonium]], an Indian variant of the [[Pump organ]].<ref name="Statement on Mehmood Dholpuri">{{cite web | url=http://www.sahmat.org/2552011.html | title=Statement on Mehmood Dholpuri | publisher=Sahmat | date=2015 | access-date=15 December 2015}}</ref> He was an accompanist to renowned [[Hindustani music|Hindustani]] vocalists such as [[Parveen Sultana]], [[Bhimsen Joshi]], [[Jasraj]], [[Girija Devi]], [[Kishori Amonkar]] and [[Ustad Ghulam Sadiq Khan]]. The Government of India awarded him the fourth highest civilian honour of the [[Padma Shri]], in 2006, for his contributions to Music,<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web|url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |title=Padma Awards |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |date=2015 |access-date=21 July 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |archive-date=15 October 2015 }}</ref> making him the first harmonium player to receive the award.<ref name="Statement on Mehmood Dholpuri" />

== Biography ==
Mehmood Dhaulpuri was born on 23 March 1954 in [[Dhaulpur]] in the India state of [[Rajasthan]], in a family of musicians; his grandfather, Buddha Khan, was a known [[Sarangi]] player.<ref name="Mehmood Dholpuri passes away">{{cite web | url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/mehmood-dholpuri-passes-away/article2049504.ece | title=Mehmood Dholpuri passes away | work=The Hindu | date=26 May 2011 | access-date=15 December 2015}}</ref> His early training was in Sarangi, from his family, and he started playing the instrument by the time he was eleven. It was reported that Dhaulpuri was fascinated by harmonium after seeing the 1966 [[Bollywood]] film, [[Love in Tokyo]], and trained under many gurus such as Nasir Ahmad Khan of the [[Delhi gharana]].<ref name="Unsung Artiste">{{cite web | url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/unsung-artiste/816330/ | title=Unsung Artiste | publisher=Indian Express | date=12 July 2011 | access-date=15 December 2015}}</ref> Soon, he started playing as an accompanist to leading vocalists and [[Rajan and Sajan Mishra]], [[Parveen Sultana]], [[Bhimsen Joshi]], [[Jasraj]], [[Girija Devi]] and [[Kishori Amonkar]] are some of the musicians he played with.<ref name="Eminent Harmonium Player and Padma Shri Awardee Ustad Mahmood Dholpuri died">{{cite web | url=http://www.jagranjosh.com/current-affairs/eminent-harmonium-player-and-padma-shri-awardee-ustad-mahmood-dholpuri-died-1306411200-1 | title=Eminent Harmonium Player and Padma Shri Awardee Ustad Mahmood Dholpuri died | publisher=Jagran Josh | date=26 May 2011 | access-date=15 December 2015}}</ref> He also played with other known musicians such as [[Ashwini Bhide-Deshpande]]e, [[Shubha Mudgal]] and Meeta Pandit and performed [[jugalbandi]] with [[Zakir Hussain (musician)|Zakir Hussain]], renowned [[tabla]] player.<ref name="Unsung Artiste" />

In 2006, the Government of India awarded him the civilian honour of the [[Padma Shri]], the first time a harmonium player being awarded the Padma honours.<ref name="Mehmood Dholpuri passes away" /> Many of his performances have been brought out as audio CDs,<ref name="Harmonium Player : Mehmood Dholpuri">{{cite web | url=https://mio.to/show/Harmonium+Player/Mehmood+Dholpuri | title=Harmonium Player : Mehmood Dholpuri | publisher=Music India Online | date=2015 | access-date=15 December 2015 | archive-date=22 December 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222150746/http://mio.to/show/Harmonium+Player/Mehmood+Dholpuri | url-status=dead }}</ref> including an album, ''Raga Lalit'', with [[Rajan and Sajan Mishra]] duo.<ref name="Raga Lalit - Morning Ragas - Volume 1">{{cite AV media | url=https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B001W6DK6C?ie=UTF8&*Version*=1&*entries*=0 | title=Raga Lalit - Morning Ragas - Volume 1 | publisher=Music Today | date=1990 | people=Rajan and Sajan Mishra With Ramzan Khan, Mehmood Dholpuri | medium=Audio CD}}</ref> Dhaulpuri was working at the [[University of Delhi]] when he was admitted to the [[St Stephen's Hospital, Delhi]] due to respiratory ailments where he spent 55 days before succumbing to organ failure on 25 May 2011. He was survived by his wife, three daughters and two sons.<ref name="Unsung Artiste" />

== See also ==
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Harmonium]]
* [[Parveen Sultana]]
* [[Bhimsen Joshi]]
* [[Jasraj]]
* [[Girija Devi]]
* [[Kishori Amonkar]]
* [[Rajan and Sajan Mishra]]
* [[Ashwini Bhide-Deshpande]]
* [[Shubha Mudgal]]
* [[Zakir Hussain (musician)|Zakir Hussain]]
{{div col end}}
{{portal|India|Music}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=isP5deAs-TU | title=Ustad Mahmood Dholpuri Part-1 | publisher=My Way Services | work=[[YouTube]] video | date=5 March 2009 | access-date=14 December 2015}}
* {{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6ictyDlMh0g | title=Ustad Mahmood Dholpuri Part-2 | publisher=My Way Services | work=[[YouTube]] video | date=5 March 2009 | access-date=14 December 2015}}
* {{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z2pDrlQFLwI | title=Ms. Rekha Kumari - Vocal with Dr. Rishitosh - Tabla, Padmashree Ut. Mehmood Dholpuri - Harmonium | publisher=Percussion | work=[[YouTube]] video | date=25 December 2013 | access-date=14 December 2015}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Art}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dhaulpuri, Mehmood}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts]]
[[Category:1954 births]]
[[Category:2011 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Indian male classical musicians]]
[[Category:Harmonium players]]
[[Category:Hindustani musicians]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male classical singers]]

Chanchal Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:38:54Z

Candy332540216: adding a entry - done

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Chanchal
| type= SLA
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Vidhan Sabha constituencies/West Bengal/Chanchal.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Chanchal Assembly Constituency
| map_alt =
| mla = [[Nihar Ranjan Ghosh]]
| party = [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
| alliance =
| latest_election_year = [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| district = [[Malda district|Malda]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Maldaha Uttar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Maldaha Uttar]]
| constituency_no = 45
| established = 2011
| electors = 249,402
| reservation = None
| abolished =
}}

'''Chanchal Assembly constituency''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[Malda district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==Overview==
As per orders of the [[Delimitation Commission of India|Delimitation Commission]], No. 45 Chanchal Assembly constituency covers [[Chanchal I (Community development block)|Chanchal I]] [[Community Development Block in India|community development block]] and Barui, Kusidha, Rashidabad and Tulsihatta [[gram panchayat]]s of [[Harishchandrapur I (Community development block)|Harishchandrapur I]] community development block.<ref name =delimitation>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/WestBengal/FINAL%20ORDER%20NOTIFICATION_English.pdf | title = Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 | access-date = 12 July 2014 | work = West Bengal| publisher = Election Commission of India}}</ref>

Chanchal Assembly constituency is part of No. 7 [[Maldaha Uttar (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref name =delimitation/>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
|rowspan="2"|Asif Mehbub
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|-
|[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|Nihar Ranjan Ghosh
|{{Full party name with color|All India Trinamool Congress}}
|}

For MLAs from the area in previous years see [[Kharba Assembly constituency]]

==Election results==
===2026===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Chanchal}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Prasun Banerjee
|party = Trinamool Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Ratan Das
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Anawarul Haque
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Asif Mehbub]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|party = None of the above (India)
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner =
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2021===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Chanchal}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Nihar Ranjan Ghosh]]
|votes = 115,966
|percentage = 58.00
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Dipankar Ram|votes=48,628|percentage=24.00|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Asif Mehbub]]|votes=31,346|percentage=16.00|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=|candidate=Rest of the candidates + NOTA (None of the above)|votes=~3,800|percentage=2.00|change=}}
{{Election box majority|votes=67,338|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|loser = Indian National Congress
|winner = Trinamool Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2011===
In the 2011 election, Asif Mehbub of Congress defeated his nearest rival Anjuman Ara Begum of CPI(M).

{{Election box begin | title=[[2011 West Bengal state assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 2011]]: Chanchal constituency<ref name=vidhansabha2011>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2011/stat_WB_May2011.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 2011, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=45| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130602094446/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=45| url-status = usurped| archive-date = 2 June 2013|title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work = Chanchal | publisher = Empowering India |access-date = 8 April 2011}}</ref>}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Asif Mehbub]]|votes=68,586|percentage=48.69|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=Anjuman Ara Begam|votes=54,399|percentage=38.62|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Sital Prasad Chakraborty|votes=11,002|percentage=7.81|change=}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Independent
|candidate = Jayanta Kumar Sinha
|votes = 2,867
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Independent
|candidate = Abdul Khaleque
|votes = 2,405
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Dally Choudhury Roy|votes=1,593|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=140,852|percentage=82.33|change=}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Malda topics}}
{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}

{{West Bengal elections}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Politics of Malda district]]
[[Category:2011 establishments in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2011]]

Khliehriat Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:28:57Z

Candy332540216: Made New Details

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Meghalaya State, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Khliehriat
| state = [[Meghalaya]]
| district = [[East Jaintia Hills district|East Jaintia Hills]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Shillong (Lok Sabha constituency)|Shillong]]
| established = 2008
| reservation = ST
| type= SLA
| map_image = Khliehriat Assembly constituency map.svg
| constituency_no = 6
| mla = [[Kyrmen Shylla]]
| party = {{Party index link|United Democratic Party (Meghalaya)}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| electors = {{formatnum:46944}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14873-meghalayaexcluding-ac-23/ |title=Meghalaya General Legislative Election 2023 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in|access-date=11 April 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|05}}
}}
'''Khliehriat''' is one of the 60 [[Meghalaya Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Meghalaya]] state in [[India]].<ref name=ceomap>{{cite web |url=https://www.ceomeghalaya.nic.in/gis-map/00-pc-map-meghalaya.pdf |title=Map of Meghalaya Parliamentary Constituencies |website=ceomeghalaya.nic.in |accessdate= 30 January 2021}}</ref> It is part of [[East Jaintia Hills district|East Jaintia Hills]] district and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Tribes]]. It falls under [[Shillong (Lok Sabha constituency)|Shillong Lok Sabha constituency]]<ref name="election">{{cite web|url=https://www.elections.in/meghalaya/assembly-constituencies/khliehriat.html |title= Khliehriat (Meghalaya) Assembly Constituency Elections |work=elections.in |accessdate=28 March 2018}}</ref> and its current MLA is [[Kyrmen Shylla]] of [[United Democratic Party (Meghalaya)|United Democratic Party]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.elections.in/meghalaya/assembly-constituencies/2018-election-results.html |title=Meghalaya Assembly Election 2018 Result |work=elections.in |accessdate=28 March 2018}}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
The list of MLAs are given below{{Spaced ndash}}<ref name="election"/>

{{Election table|sortable=yes}}
|-style="background-color:#E9E9E9;"
!Year
!align="center" |Name
!colspan="2" align="center"|Party
|-
|[[2013 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
| [[Justine Dkhar]]
|{{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
|[[2018 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
| rowspan=2|[[Kyrmen Shylla]]<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3694-meghalaya-general-legislative-election-2018/ |title=Meghalaya General Legislative Election 2018 – Meghalaya – Election Commission of India |website=eci.gov.in|accessdate= 30 January 2021}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|United Democratic Party (Meghalaya)|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2023 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|-
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2023===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2023 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Khliehriat<ref>{{Cite web |publisher=[[Chief Electoral Officer (India)|Chief Electoral Officer]] |title=General Election to Vidhna Sabha Trends & Result MArch - 2023 |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMar2023/ConstituencywiseS157.htm?ac=7 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230302144159/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMar2023/ConstituencywiseS157.htm?ac=7 |archive-date=2 March 2023 |access-date=4 January 2025 |website=results.eci.gov.in}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Kyrmen Shylla]] |party=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |votes=23,514 |percentage=55.09% |change={{decrease}}2.89 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nehlang Lyngdoh |party=National People's Party (India) |votes=17,908 |percentage=41.96% |change={{increase}}37.08 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Damewanhi L Rymbai |party=Voice of the People Party (Meghalaya) |votes=861 |percentage=2.02% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=115 |percentage=0.27% |change={{decrease}}0.07 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,606 |percentage=13.13% |change= {{decrease}}10.25 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=42,680 |percentage=90.92% |change= {{decrease}}0.89 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 46,944 |ref = |change= {{increase}}23.20 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |loser=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |swing= {{decrease}}2.89 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2018===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2018 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Khliehriat<ref>{{Cite web |publisher=[[Chief Electoral Officer (India)|Chief Electoral Officer]], [[Meghalaya]] |title=Form 20 - Polling Station Wise Result Sheet of General Election 2018 to the Meghalaya Legislative Assembly |url=https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/electionconducted/mla2018/form20.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240208162439/https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/electionconducted/mla2018/form20.html |archive-date=8 February 2024 |access-date=4 January 2025 |website=ceomeghalaya.nic.in}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Kyrmen Shylla]] |party=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |votes=20,285 |percentage=57.98% |change={{increase}}48.14 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Justine Dkhar]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=12,104 |percentage=34.60% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Violet Lyngdoh |party=National People's Party (India) |votes=1,707 |percentage=4.88% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=T. S. Diolinda Dkhar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=150 |percentage=0.43% |change={{decrease}}22.50 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=First Bornson Nongtdu |party=Independent politician |votes=123 |percentage=0.35% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=120 |percentage=0.34% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=8,181 |percentage=23.38% |change= {{increase}}17.87 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=34,984 |percentage=91.81% |change= {{decrease}}2.61 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 38,105 |ref = |change= {{increase}}21.07 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |loser=Independent politician |swing= {{increase}}21.62 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2013===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2013 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Khliehriat<ref>{{cite web|website=ceomeghalaya.nic.in |publisher=[[Chief Electoral Officer (India)|Chief Electoral Officer]], [[Meghalaya]]|title=Election Commission of India- State Election, 2013 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/electionconducted/mla2013/10-Reports/10-detailed-results.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250104021738/https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/electionconducted/mla2013/10-Reports/10-detailed-results.pdf |archive-date=4 January 2025|access-date=4 January 2025|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Justine Dkhar]] |party=Independent politician |votes=10,807 |percentage=36.37% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Finelynes Bareh |party=Independent politician |votes=9,169 |percentage=30.85% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Amos Dkhar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=6,815 |percentage=22.93% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Obil Kyndait |party=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |votes=2,926 |percentage=9.85% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,638 |percentage=5.51% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=29,717 |percentage=94.42% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 31,473 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Independent politician |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
*[[List of constituencies of the Meghalaya Legislative Assembly]]
*[[Khliehriat]]
*[[East Jaintia Hills district]]
*[[Shillong (Lok Sabha constituency)]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Meghalaya}}
{{coord|25.36|92.37|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Meghalaya]]
[[Category:East Jaintia Hills district]]
[[Category:Politics of Meghalaya]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Meghalaya]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Aizawl South 3 Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:22:35Z

Candy332540216: created info

{{Short description|Constituency of the Mizoram legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Aizawl South 3
| type = SLA
| map_image = Legislative Assembly constituencies of Mizoram (Aizawl South 3 highlighted).png
| state = [[Mizoram]]
| district = [[Aizawl district|Aizawl]]
| established = 2008
| constituency_no = 20
| loksabha_cons = [[Mizoram Lok Sabha constituency|Mizoram]]
| reservation = ST
| mla = [[Baryl Vanneihsangi]]
| party = [[Zoram People's Movement|ZPM]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| electors = {{formatnum:17619}}
}}
'''Aizawl South 3''' is one of the 40 [[Mizoram Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Mizoram]] state in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Assembly Elections December 2013 Results |work=ECI |publisher=Election Commission of India |url=http://eciresults.ap.nic.in |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131215221429/http://eciresults.ap.nic.in/ |archivedate=2013-12-15 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=elections.in>{{cite web|url=https://www.elections.in/mizoram/assembly-constituencies|title=Mizoram Assembly Constituency List|publisher=www.elections.in}}</ref>

It is part of [[Aizawl district]] and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Tribes]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Election
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[2008 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|2008]]<ref name=election2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3666-mizoram-2008/ |title=Mizoram General Legislative Election 2008 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=6 January 2022}}</ref>
|rowspan=2| K. S. Thanga
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2013 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|2013]]<ref name=election2013>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3667-mizoram-2013/ |title=Mizoram General Legislative Election 2013 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=6 January 2022}}</ref>
|-
|[[2018 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
| [[F Lalnunmawia]]
|{{Full party name with color|Mizo National Front}}
|-
|[[2023 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|2023]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Meet Baryl Vanneihsangi, The Youngest MLA Of Mizoram |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/baryl-vanneihsangi-the-youngest-woman-mla-of-mizoram-4637711 |access-date=2024-01-30 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref>
| [[Baryl Vanneihsangi]]
| {{Party name with colour|Zoram People's Movement}}
|-
|}

==Election results==
===2023===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2023 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election]]: Aizawl South 3<ref>{{citation| title= Aizawl South - III constituency assembly election results 2023 |newspaper=The Times of India |date=4 December 2023 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/aizawl-south-iii-constituency-assembly-election-results-2023-baryl-vanneihsangi-of-the-zoram-peoples-movement-wins/articleshow/105731426.cms}}</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[F. Lalnunmawia]]|party=Mizo National Front|votes=7956|percentage=41.03|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Rosiamngheta|party=Indian National Congress|votes=2066|percentage=10.68|change=}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[Baryl Vanneihsangi]]|party=Zoram People's Movement|votes=9370|percentage=48.29|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[None of the Above]]|party=None of the above|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box majority|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Baryl Vanneihsangi
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2018===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2018 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election]]: Aizawl South 3<ref>{{citation| title= Aizawl South - III constituency assembly election results 2023 |newspaper=The Times of India |date=4 December 2023 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/aizawl-south-iii-constituency-assembly-election-results-2023-baryl-vanneihsangi-of-the-zoram-peoples-movement-wins/articleshow/105731426.cms}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[F Lalnunmawia]]
|party = Mizo National Front
|votes = 7558
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=KS Thanga|party= Indian National Congress|votes=5470|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box majority|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner =
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Mizoram}}

{{coord|23.657|92.727|display=title}}

[[Category:Aizawl district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Mizoram]]
[[Category:Politics of Mizoram]]
[[Category:Aizawl]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Mizoram]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Kershasp Tehmurasp Satarawala

2026-04-13T06:56:08Z

Candy332540216: Made A Data

{{Short description|Indian diplomat (1916–2001)}}
{{More citations needed|date=September 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Kershasp Tehmurasp Satarawala
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1916|02|15|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Satara (city)|Satara]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2001|08|20|1916|02|15|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Pune]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| restingplace =
| restingplacecoordinates =
| othername =
| occupation = Civil servant & Diplomat
| yearsactive = 1947–2001
| known for =
| spouse = Frainy Kaikhushru Bilimoria
| domesticpartner =
| children = Three daughters: Phiroza, Anahita, Ferida
| parents = Tehmurasp Pirosha Satarawala, Meherbai Chiber
| website =
| awards = Padma Bhushan, Burma Star
}}
'''Kershasp Tehmurasp Satarawala''' (1916–2001) was an Indian civil servant belonging to the [[Indian Administrative Service]], who served as: Lt. Governor of Goa, Daman & Diu & Dadra & Nagar Havelli (1983-1984), Governor of Punjab (1984-1985), Ambassador of India to Mexico, Guatemala & El Salvador (1985-1988).
He was a recipient of the honor of [[Burma Star]]. The Government of India awarded him the third highest civilian honour of the [[Padma Bhushan]], in 1983, for his contributions to society.<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web|url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |title=Padma Awards |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |date=2016 |access-date=3 January 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |archive-date=15 October 2015 }}</ref>

== Biography ==
Born on 15 February 1916 in [[Satara (city)|Satara]], in the western Indian state of [[Maharashtra]] to Tehmurasp Pirosha Satarawala and Meherbai Chiber, Satarawala graduated from Nowrosjee Wadia College, Pune (1937). He obtained his post graduation degrees from [[Government College, Lahore]], and [[Command and Staff College, Quetta]]. He served as a Major in the Indian Army, before joining the Indian Administrative Service in 1947. His various posts included: Collector Dangs District (1949-1952), Chief Controller Imports & Exports (1958-1963), Secretary Gujarat, Industry, Mines & Power (1963-1967), Managing Director and Chairman Indian Airlines (1967- 1971), Secretary To GOI, Ministry of Steel & Mines (1973). He was sent on deputation as Advisor to the Governors of Gujarat (1971–72, 1974-75 & 1980); Orissa (1973–74) Jammu & Kashmir (1977).

Satarawala was appointed Vice Chairman and Co-ordinator of the IX Asian Games (1982), Lt. Governor of Goa, Daman & Diu & Dadra & Nagar Havelli (1983-1984), Governor of Punjab (1984-1985), Ambassador of India to Mexico, Guatemala & El Salvador (1985-1988).

Recipient of the Padma Bhushan (1983), Fellow Nuffield Foundation (1963), Burma Star Medal.

Director on the Boards of- Tata Chemicals, Gujarat State Fertilizers and Chemicals, [[Indian Oil Corporation]], Air India, ITDC, and Hindustan Aeronautics Limited and chaired the board of Gujarat Aromatics Limited. Member- Minorities Commission (1981-1983), Indian Wildlife Board (1980-1983), World Wildlife Fund, W region (1976-1981). Vice President Bombay Natural History Society (1980), Founder member of Indian National Trust for Art & Cultural Heritage.

== Personal life and death ==
He was married to Frainy Kaikhushru Bilimoria. They had three daughters named Phiroza, Anahita and Ferida. {{Citation needed|date=September 2025}}

He died on 20 August 2001 in Pune at the age of 85.<ref name="Jacob condoles Satarawala’s death">{{cite web | url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2001/20010821/cth1.htm#15 | title=Jacob condoles Satarawala's death | newspaper=The Tribune | date=21 April 2001 | access-date=1 May 2016}}</ref><ref name="August 2001">{{cite web | url=http://www.rulers.org/2001-08.html | title=August 2001 | publisher=Rulers | date=2016 | access-date=1 May 2016}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of Ravians]]
* [[List of governors of Punjab (India)]]
{{Portal|India|Politics}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{cite book|title=Who's who in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eoNmAAAAMAAJ|year=1986|publisher=Guide Publications.}}

{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 1980–89}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Satarawala, Kershasp Tehmurasp}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in civil service]]
[[Category:1916 births]]
[[Category:2001 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Satara district]]
[[Category:People from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Indian Administrative Service officers]]
[[Category:Governors of Punjab, India]]
[[Category:University of the Punjab alumni]]
[[Category:1982 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of India to Mexico]]
[[Category:Government College University, Lahore alumni]]
[[Category:Parsi people]]

Padmini Devi

2026-04-12T11:44:07Z

Candy332540216: adding bio

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}
{{Infobox royalty
| consort = yes
| image =
| caption = Portrait of Rajmata Padmini Devi Ji of Jaipur
| spouse = [[Bhawani Singh]]
| name = Padmini Devi
| title = Her Royal Highness The Rajmata Padmini Devi of Jaipur
| succession = [[Maharani]] of [[Jaipur State|Jaipur]]
| predecessor = [[Gayatri Devi]]
| coronation =
| issue = [[Diya Kumari]]
| father = [[Rajendra Prakash]]
| mother = Indira Devi
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1943|9|29|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Nahan]], [[Sirmur]], [[British India]]
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
}}
'''Padmini Devi'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Inside Maharani Padmini Devi of Jaipur's 75th birthday celebrations |url=https://www.vogue.in/content/inside-rajmata-padmini-devi-of-jaipurs-75th-birthday-celebrations |access-date=2022-05-04 |website=Vogue India |date=4 October 2018 |language=en-IN}}</ref> (born Princess Padmini Devi of [[Sirmur State|Sirmur]]; 29 September 1943) is the titular Rajmata of [[Jaipur State|Jaipur]].

== Early life ==
Ethnically born into the royal family of the [[Sirmur State|Sirmur]], her father, Maharaja [[Rajendra Prakash]] of [[Sirmur State|Sirmur]], presently in [[Himachal Pradesh]], was the ruler of Sirmur from 1933–1964.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Brentnall |first=Mark |title=The Princely and Noble Families of the Former Indian Empire: Himachal Pradesh |publisher=Indus Publishing |year=2004 |isbn=9788173871634 |location=India |pages=49}}</ref> Her mother was Indira Devi, the daughter of Maharaja Thakore Bahadursinhji Mansinhji of [[Palitana State|Palitana]].<ref name=":0" /> She received convent education in Mussoorie and then spent time at finishing schools in London and Switzerland.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2009-01-23 |title=Durga Diya Enterprises - Padmani Devi |url=http://royalfamilyjaipur.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=18 |access-date=2022-05-04 |website= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090123044234/http://royalfamilyjaipur.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=18 |archive-date=23 January 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

She heads Maharaja Sawai Man Singh II Museum as a chairperson.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=The Royal Family : Present – Royal Jaipur- Explore the Royal Landmarks in Jaipur |url=https://royaljaipur.in/index.php/the-royal-family/ |access-date=2022-05-04 |website=royaljaipur.in}}</ref> She takes a keen interest in the social activities and welfare of the people of Jaipur in Rajasthan.<ref name=":2" />

== Personal life ==
[[File:Bhawani Singh of Jaipur with his wife.jpg|thumb|The Maharaja and Maharani of Jaipur]]
=== Marriage ===
She married [[Bhawani Singh]], eldest son of Maharaja Sawai [[Man Singh II]] of Jaipur and his first wife, Maharani Marudhar Kanwar on 10 March 1966 in a ceremony held at [[Delhi]].<ref name=":1" />

=== Children ===
Her only child, a daughter, [[Diya Kumari]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Our Leadership {{!}} Princess Diya Kumari Foundation |url=https://princessdiyakumarifoundation.org/our_leadership.php |access-date=2022-05-04 |website=princessdiyakumarifoundation.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Members : Lok Sabha |url=http://loksabhaph.nic.in/Members/MemberBioprofile.aspx?mpsno=5209 |access-date=2022-05-04 |website=loksabhaph.nic.in}}</ref> is member of [[Parliament of India|Indian Parliament]] from [[Vidhyadhar Nagar Assembly constituency|Vidhyadhar Nagar]] parliamentary seat, and a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-05-23 |title=Royal family member Diya Kumari wins Rajsamand seat by over 5 lakh votes |url=https://zeenews.india.com/lok-sabha-general-elections-2019/erstwhile-royal-family-member-diya-kumari-wins-rajsamand-seat-by-over-5-lakh-votes-2205718.html |access-date=2022-05-04 |website=Zee News |language=en}}</ref> Currently, she is the 6th [[Deputy Chief Minister of Rajasthan]].

'''Grandchildren'''

Her only child and daughter, Princess Diya Kumari was married to Narendra Singh, a commoner and had 3 children with him. Maharaja Padmanabh Singh of Jaipur who is the current titular king of Jaipur and an established polo player, Princess [[Gauravi Kumari]] of Jaipur who is a feminist also the general secretary of PDKF and Maharaja [[Lakshraj Prakash]] of Sirmur who is the titular king of Sirmur from where Rajmata belongs to. Rajmata Padmini Devi became maternal grandmother to these children.

== References ==
<references />

{{s-start}}
{{s-hou|[[Bhati|House of Bhati-Sirmaur]]|29 September|1943|||name=Crown Princess Padmini Devi|[[Bhati|Bhati Dynasty]]}}
{{s-roy|in}}
{{S-pre}}
|-
{{S-bef|before=[[Gayatri Devi|Princess Gayatri Devi of Cooch Behar]]}}
{{S-tul|title=[[Kingdom of Amber#Consorts|Queen Consort of Jaipur]]|years=24 June 1970 – 17 April 2011}}
{{s-vac|after=}}
|-
{{s-end}}

[[Category:1943 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Sirmaur district]]
[[Category:Politicians from Jaipur]]
[[Category:Women in Rajasthan politics]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women]]
[[Category:People from the Sirmur State]]

Lokhande

2026-04-08T18:43:03Z

Candy332540216: Info

{{Short description|Clan found in Indian state Maharashtra}}
{{Orphan|date=October 2025}}
{{Infobox tribe|name=Lakhande|local name=लोखंडे|type=Clan of Marathi speakings|ethnicity=*[[Koli people]]
*[[Maratha (caste)|Maratha]]
*[[Brahmin]]
*[[Mang (caste)|Mang]]
*[[Mahars]]
*[[Ramoshi]]|surnames=*[[Deshmukh]]
*[[Patil (title)|Patil]]
*[[Nayak (title)#As a title|Nayak]]|religion=[[Hinduism]]|language=*[[Kachi Koli language|Kachi Koli]]
*[[Marathi language|Marathi]]
*[[Hindi]]
*[[English language|English]]|demonym=[[Marathi people]]|location=*[[Maharashtra]]
*[[Goa]]
*[[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]]}}

The '''Lokhande''' ([[Hindi]]: लोखंडे) is a [[clan]] ([[Gotra]]) found amongst the [[Koli people|Koli]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ghurye |first=Govind Sadashiv |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5UAdAAAAMAAJ |title=The Mahadev Kolis |date=1957 |publisher=Popular Book Depot |location=[[New Delhi]], [[India]], [[Asia]] |pages=260: Clans among Mahadev Kolis are Kashke, Kavadare, Kavara, Kaveru, Kede, Kekare, Khamase, Khamkar, Kilabile, Kondavale, Kondhavade, Kothe, Ladake, Lilake, '''Lokhande''', Malhari, Mandave, Mangate, Mange, Masale, Mate |language=en}}</ref> [[Maratha (caste)|Maratha]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Enthoven |first=Reginald Edward |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FoT6gPrbTp8C&dq=lokhande+surname&pg=PA149 |title=The Tribes and Castes of Bombay |date=1990 |publisher=[[Asian Educational Services]] |isbn=978-81-206-0630-2 |location=New Delhi, India, Asia |pages=149: MARATHA BHAVSARS found in the Deccan claim to have come into the Presidency about seventy or eighty years ago from Mungi-Paithan, about fifty miles north-east of Ahmednagar. They have no sub-divisions. Their commonest surnames are Banchhod, Lale, '''Lokhande''', Modgare and Parpati; those bearing the same sur- name do not intermarry. The names in common use among men are Bháu, Ráma, Sakhárám, Thamáji and Vithoba; and among women Gita, Lahani, Rama, Rambai and Thaku. They speak Marathi |language=en}}</ref> [[Mang (caste)|Mang]],<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Karve |first1=Irawati Karmarkar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fRzVAAAAMAAJ |title=Group Relations in Village Community |last2=Damle |first2=Yashwant Bhaskar |date=1963 |publisher=S.M. Katre |location=New Delhi, India, Asia |pages=7: There were four families all belonging to the clan of Lokhande among the Mang dalit caste |language=en}}</ref> [[Mahar]],<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Valunjkar |first=T. N. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QyctAAAAIAAJ |title=Social Organization, Migration and Change in a Village Community |date=1966 |publisher=Deccan College Postgraduate and Research Institute |location=New Delhi, India, Asia |pages=24: Three clans, Sartape (also known as Bansode), Chavan and Lokhande belonging to Mahar, Ramoshi and Mang castes respectively were the native |language=en}}</ref> [[Ramoshi]],<ref name=":0" /> [[Brahmin]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Robertson |first=Alexander |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AdFGAAAAIAAJ |title=The Mahar Folk: A Study of Untouchables in Maharastra |date=1938 |publisher=Y. M. C. A. Publishing house |location=New Delhi, India, Asia |pages=54: Surnames borne by Mahars and Brahmans are such as Chitale, Gadre, Joshi, Lokhande, Tambe |language=en}}</ref> mainly in the state of [[Maharashtra]] in [[India]] but it also appears in Indian states bordering Maharashtra. Lokhande means the person who deals with iron or ironmonger.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lau |first=Annie Christine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gF9nAAAAMAAJ |title=South Asian Children and Adolescents in Britain: Ethno-cultural Issues |date=2000 |publisher=Whurr Publications |isbn=978-1-86156-127-5 |location=New Delhi, India, Asia |pages=9: Lokhande meaning the family who deals with iron or ironmonger |language=en}}</ref>

== Notable ==
Notable people with the surname include:
* [[Ankita Lokhande]], Indian actress
* [[Ashok Lokhande]], Indian film, television and theatre actor
* [[Narayan Meghaji Lokhande]], (1848–1897) father of trade union movement in India
* [[Sadashiv Lokhande]], Indian politician

== See also ==
*[[Marathi people]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Maratha clans]]
[[Category:Koli clans]]
[[Category:Social groups of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Marathi-language surnames]]
[[Category:Brahmin communities of Maharashtra]]

Nehtaur

2026-04-03T21:31:37Z

Candy332540216:

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2015}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Nehtaur
| native_name = (Cotton City)
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = City
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|29.33|N|78.38|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Bijnor]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder = Munshi abdur rahim

| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 288
| population_total = 68500
| population_as_of = 2018
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 246733
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 01344
| registration_plate = UP-20
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Nehtaur''' is a city, near [[Bijnor|Bijnor city]] in [[Bijnor district]] in the northern Indian state of [[Uttar Pradesh]]. Nehtaur is an ancient and well known town because of its culture and educational backgrounds. Nehtaur Town was established by the Taga Minister family of [[Ajmer State|Ajmer state]] when they came from Ranthambhor, Rajasthan after it was captured by [[Qutb ud-Din Aibak|Qutubuddin Aibak]] and the place was called Nai-thour, meaning new abode. This is how Nehtaur derived its name.

The population included Muslims of various classes as well as Tyagi Brahmins, chowdhrys, and Jains. Zamindars, cultivators, weavers ([[Julaha|Julahas]]) and block printers ([[Chhipi|Chhipies]]) were the main social divisions of its rather insular society.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Husain |first=Surayya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BTPOPUXWy5cC&dq=nehtaur&pg=PA12 |title=Sajjad Hyder Yildirim |date=1992 |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |isbn=978-81-7201-280-9 |language=en}}</ref>

When India was under British administration only Nehtaur had its own administration called the "Bara Topi Sarkar" 12 prominent and educated personalities belonging to the Syed community who were running their own Government completely independent from the British.

When [[Syed Ahmad Khan|Sir Syed Ahmad Khan]] visited Nehtaur and asked the [[Zamindar|zamindars]] for their support and donation for Aligarh College, he was impressed by the town and its citizens due to their positive response and called the town as ''"Danishmand"'' or wise.

==Geography==
Nehtaur is located at {{Coord|29.33|N|78.38|E|}}. It is situated at an altitude of 728 meters above sea level.<ref>[http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/36/a/N/ Falling Rain Genomics, Inc - Nihtaur]</ref> Operated by [[Uttar Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation]] ([[UPSRTC]]), Nehtaur Bus Station is a minor bus terminal and connects the town to state highway. Regular buses ply from Nehtaur to [[Dhampur]], [[Bijnor]], [[Nagina]], Nurpur, Haldaur and Afzalpur. Also, the station provides short-distance services to nearby places. The nearest railway station is [[Dhampur]] and Haldaur Railway Station <ref>[http://www.india9.com/i9show/Nehtaur-Bus-Station-72605.htm Nehtaur Bus Station]</ref> and the nearest airport is Indira Gandhi International Airport, New Delhi.

==Demographics==
As of 2001 India census,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archivedate=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|accessdate=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Nehtaur had a population of 44,301. Males constitute 52% of the population and females 48%. Nehtaur has an average literacy rate of 80%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 74%, and female literacy is 65%. In Nehtaur, 10% of the population is under 6 years of age.

==Economics==
Nehtaur is famous for its mango and cotton industries as well as the transport truck business, its rich culture and harmony. It also has the highest selling Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited petrol pump of the area.{{citation needed|date=October 2014}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Bijnor district}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Bijnor district]]

M. A. Andi Ambalam

2026-03-30T00:41:18Z

Candy332540216: Info...

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
'''M. A. Andi Ambalam''' was elected to the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]] from the [[Natham (State Assembly Constituency)|Natham constituency]] in the [[2016 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|2016 elections]].<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Election Commission of India |title=2016 Tamil Nadu General Election: Constituency Data Summary |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2016/09-Constitutional%20Data%20Summarytamil.pdf |access-date=27 May 2016|page=71}}</ref> He was a candidate of the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (DMK) party. He is the son of [[M. Andi Ambalam]] who served as MLA of [[Natham]] constituency from 1977 to 1999 until his death. In 2006, After disagreement with [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] he joined to [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] and contested in election.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Oneindia Tamil |title=திமுக வேட்பாளர் பட்டியல்|url=https://tamil.oneindia.com/news/2006/03/30/list.html |access-date=11 March 2026}}</ref> In 2011, he was contested as [[Independent politician|Independent]] in Nagara Symbol after his nomination was denied by [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]].

==Electoral performance ==
{{transcluded section|source=Natham Assembly constituency}}
{{trim|{{#section-h:Natham Assembly constituency|2021}}}}
{{transcluded section|source=Natham Assembly constituency}}
{{trim|{{#section-h:Natham Assembly constituency|2016}}}}
{{transcluded section|source=Natham Assembly constituency}}
{{trim|{{#section-h:Natham Assembly constituency|2011}}}}
{{transcluded section|source=Natham Assembly constituency}}
{{trim|{{#section-h:Natham Assembly constituency|2006}}}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Year of birth missing]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2016–2021]]
[[Category:Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{DMK-politician-stub}}

V. T. Bhattathiripad

2026-03-28T05:13:48Z

Candy332540216:

{{Short description|Indian social critic and dramatist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = V. T. Bhattathiripad
| image = Vt-bhattathiri.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name = Raman Bhattathiripad
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1896|3|26}}
| birth_place = [[Mezhathur]], [[Ponnani taluk]] [[Malabar District]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British Raj|British India]] (Present day [[Pattambi Taluk]], [[Palakkad district]])
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1982|2|12|1896|3|26}}
| death_place =
| other_names =
| occupation = {{ubl|Social reformer|[[Indian independence activist]]|writer}}
| known_for = Social activism, [[Indian independence movement]], writings
| awards = 1976 [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Fellowship]]
| spouse = Sreedevi Antharjanam
| parents = Thuppan Bhattathiripad, Sridevi Antharjanam
}}

'''Vellithuruthi Thazhathu Karutha Patteri Raman Bhattathiripad''' (26 March 1896 – 12 February 1982) was an Indian social reformer, dramatist and an [[Indian independence activist]]. He was best known for his contributions in the reformation of the [[Namboothiri]] community.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=ObFCT5_taSgC&dq=%22vt+bhattathiripad%22&pg=PA479 Bhattathiripad, V. T.] ''Encyclopaedia of Indian literature and Knowledge'' vol. 1, p. 479</ref> He wrote a number of books which include a play, ''Adukkalayail Ninnu Arangathekku'' and his autobiography, ''Kanneerum Kinavum'' <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nastiknation.org/product/kanneerum-kinavum/|title=Kanneerum Kinavum – Nastik Nation|access-date=17 May 2021|archive-date=17 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210517124252/https://nastiknation.org/product/kanneerum-kinavum/|url-status=dead}}</ref> (''Tears and Dreams'' in English) and many critics consider them as notable works in [[Malayalam literature]]. [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi]] honoured him with [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Fellowship|distinguished fellowship]] in 1976.

== Biography ==
{{Reformation in Kerala}}
V. T. Bhattathiripad, born Raman Bhattathiripad, was born on 26 March 1896 to Thuppan Bhattathiripad and Sridevi Antharjanam in Kaippilly Mana at [[Mezhathur]], [[Ponnani taluk]] [[Malabar District]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British Raj|British India]] (present day [[Pattambi]] taluk)
, on the bank of [[Bharathappuzha|River Ponnani]].<ref name="V. T. Bhattathiripad - the renowned Social reformer of Kerala">{{Cite web |url=http://www.keralaculture.org/vt-bhattathiripad/731 |title=V. T. Bhattathiripad - the renowned Social reformer of Kerala |date=2019-04-04 |website=www.keralaculture.org |language=en |access-date=2019-04-04}}{{failed verification|date=December 2025}}</ref> He belonged to the family of [[Mezhathol Agnihothri]] on his father's side and had the lineage of [[Adi Sankara]] on his mother's side. After early education in the traditional way under Narayanan Othikkan, he studied under Pathakkara Manaikkal Meledam and Muthukurissi Mana Kunjunni Namboothirippad and on completion of [[Vedas|vedic studies]], he started working as a priest at shornur Mundamuka Sastha temple, owned by Kudalloor Mana.<ref name="Biography on Kerala Sahitya Akademi portal">{{Cite web |url=http://www.keralasahityaakademi.org/sp/Writers/PROFILES/VTBhattathiripad/Html/VTBgraphy.htm |title=Biography on Kerala Sahitya Akademi portal |date=2019-04-04 |website=Kerala Sahitya Akademi portal |access-date=2019-04-04}}</ref> A ten-year-old girl from the neighbourhood taught him Malayalam alphabets and mathematics.<ref name="An inspiring banyan tree">{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/an-inspiring-banyan-tree/article7045034.ece |title=An inspiring banyan tree |last=Shaji |first=K. a |date=2015-03-29 |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN |access-date=2019-04-04}}</ref>{{Refn|group=note|His autobiography, ''Kanneerum Kinavum'', has more details<ref name="A memoir with the Enlightenment legacy">{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/books-reviews/a-memoir-with-the-enlightenment-legacy/article4712278.ece |title=A memoir with the Enlightenment legacy |last=Nazeer |first=Mohamed |date=2013-05-13 |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN |access-date=2019-04-04}}</ref>}} He would study English soon after by joining Edakkuni Namboodiri School during which time he also ran a magazine by name, ''Vidyarthi''.<ref name="V. T. Bhattathiripad - the renowned Social reformer of Kerala" />

[[Indian independence movement]] was gaining popularity and Bhattathiripad participated in the [[Allahabad]] session of the [[Indian National Congress - Freedom Era|Indian National Congress]] due to which he was expelled from his community. This prompted him to fight against [[casteism]] and he started campaigning for Brahmin widow remarriage and for raising funds for the campaign, he organized a march from [[Thrissur]] to [[Chandragiri River]] in 1931 which came to be known as ''Yachana Yathra'' (Begging March).<ref name="Kerala History Timeline">{{Cite web |url=http://www.etrivandrum.com/2014/12/kerala-history-timeline.html |title=Kerala History Timeline |date=2019-04-04 |website=etrivandrum.com |access-date=2019-04-04}}</ref>

The first marriage of Bhattathiripad did not last long and later he married Sreedevi Antharjanam of Ittyaparambath Illam.<ref name="Biography on Kerala Sahitya Akademi portal" /> He died on 12 February 1982, at the age of 85.<ref name="V. T. Bhattathiripad - the renowned Social reformer of Kerala" />

== Legacy ==

Bhattathiripad sought the emancipation of [[Namboothiri]] women, and encouraged widow marriages which was a taboo during those times.<ref name="Datta1987">{{cite book|author=Amaresh Datta|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: A-Devo|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ObFCT5_taSgC&pg=PA479|year=1987|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=978-81-260-1803-1|pages=479–}}</ref> Along with [[M. R. Bhattathiripad]], popularly known as MRB, he campaigned for widow remarriage by putting it in practice in his own household; he gave his sister in law. a widow, in marriage to MRB which was the first widow remarriage among Namboothiris in Kerala. Another widow marriage also followed soon which was the marriage of M. P. Bhattathiripad, better known as [[Premji]], who was MRB's younger brother, to Arya, a 27 year old Namboothiri widow and Bhattathiripad, along with [[E. M. S. Namboothiripad]], as well as the couple were excommunicated (''Brashtu'') by the community leaders.<ref name="Arya Premji passes away">{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/arya-premji-passes-away/article8638928.ece |title=Arya Premji passes away |last=Praveen |first=S. r |date=2016-05-24 |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN |access-date=2019-04-04}}</ref>

Bhattathiripad utilised his writing skills as a tool for social reforms<ref name="Raveendran2002">{{cite book|author=P. P. Raveendran|title=Joseph Mundasseri|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mU7zHtik0ZoC&pg=PA24|year=2002|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=978-81-260-1535-1|pages=24–}}</ref> and his writings contrasted the social changes that followed the [[Indian independence movement]] against the dormant state of Namboothiri community.<ref name="Gallo2018">{{cite book|author=Ester Gallo|title=The Fall of Gods: Memory, Kinship, and Middle Classes in South India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Z9MDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT94|date=15 February 2018|publisher=OUP India|isbn=978-0-19-909131-7|pages=94–}}</ref><ref name="Arya Premji, an icon of struggle for Namboodiri widows’ rights">{{Cite web |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/variety/arya-premji-an-icon-of-struggle-for-namboodiri-widows-rights/article8641436.ece |title=Arya Premji, an icon of struggle for Namboodiri widows' rights |last=Basheer |first=K. P. M. |website=@businessline |date=24 May 2016 |language=en |access-date=2019-04-04}}</ref> The staging of his play, ''Adukkalayilninnu Arangathekku'' (From the Kitchen to the Stage), which featured Premji as one of the actors, in 1929 at [[Edakkunni]], a village in [[Thrissur]], was an important event in the social reform calendar of Kerala;<ref name="Can drama return to television?">{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/can-drama-return-to-television/article24231268.ece |title=Can drama return to television? |last=Kunhikrishnan |first=K. |date=2018-06-23 |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN |access-date=2019-04-04}}</ref> the play highlighted the discriminatory rituals and practices prevalent in the Namboothiri community, especially the plight of Namboothiti women.<ref name="‘Adukkalayil ninnu arangathekku’ staged">{{Cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2018/nov/11/adukkalayil-ninnu-arangathekku-staged-1896577.html |title='Adukkalayil ninnu arangathekku' staged |website=The New Indian Express |date=11 November 2018 |access-date=2019-04-04}}</ref> The drama also marked a deviation in Malayalam theatre from historical plays to social dramas.<ref name="Menon2010">{{cite book|author=A. Sreedhara Menon|title=Legacy of Kerala|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S9RMxjdjUVAC&pg=PA48|date=12 July 2010|publisher=DC Books|isbn=978-81-264-3798-6|pages=48–}}</ref><ref name="Sivasankari2017">{{cite book|author=Sivasankari|title=Knit India Through Literature Volume 1 - The South|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KPiKDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT167|date=5 March 2017|publisher=Pustaka Digital Media|pages=167–|id=PKEY:6580101802203}}</ref>{{Refn|group=note|''The year 1929 is most significant in the sense that V. T. Bhattathiripad wrote his play ''Adukkalayilninnu Arangathekku''. It was the first play in Malayalam to have a definite and concrete social objective and which was produced in 1930 itself as part of a very powerful social reformist movement led by Namboodiri Yogakshema Sabha. The degenerate Brahmanical ideology and its social structure had its first powerful assault from within for the first time and the most fervent slogan of the period was for the transformation of "Brahmans into human beings''.<ref name=rama>{{cite web | first=V. M | last=Ramachandran | url=http://www.keralahistory.ac.in/modernmal.htm | title=The Modern Malayalam Theatre | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091221232554/http://www.keralahistory.ac.in/modernmal.htm |archivedate=2009-12-21 }}</ref>}}

Bhattathiripad's oeuvre consists of a play, a short story anthology, eleven essay compilations and three memoirs,<ref name="List of works">{{Cite web |url=http://www.keralasahityaakademi.org/sp/Writers/PROFILES/VTBhattathiripad/Html/VTBooks.htm |title=List of works |date=2019-04-04 |website=Kerala Sahitya Akademi |access-date=2019-04-04}}</ref> of which ''Kanneerum Kinavum'',<ref name="Kanneerum Kinavum">{{Cite web |url=https://buybooks.mathrubhumi.com/product/kanneerum-kinavum/ |title=Kanneerum Kinavum |website=buybooks.mathrubhumi.com |language=en-US |access-date=2019-04-04}}</ref> the first of his three memoirs, narrates his life from 1896 until 1916 and is a documentation of the Namboothiri rituals and [[feudalism]]. The book was later translated into English by Sindhu V. Nair under the title, ''My Tears, My Dreams'' and was published by [[Oxford University Press]].<ref name="A memoir with the Enlightenment legacy" />

== Honours ==
[[Kerala Sahitya Akademi]] honoured him with [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Fellowship|distinguished fellowship]] in 1976.<ref name="Kerala Sahitya Akademi Fellowship">{{Cite web |url=http://www.keralasahityaakademi.org/sp/Writers/Fellows/Html/HonoraryList.htm |title=Kerala Sahitya Akademi Fellowship |date=2019-04-04 |website=Kerala Sahitya Akademi |access-date=2019-04-04}}</ref> The [[Sreekrishnapuram VT Bhattathiripad College]] in [[Sreekrishnapuram]], [[Palakkad district]], is named after him.<ref name="About reekrishnapuram V T Bhattathiripad College">{{Cite web |url=http://www.vtb.ac.in/about.php |title=About reekrishnapuram V T Bhattathiripad College |date=2019-04-04 |website=www.vtb.ac.in |language=en |access-date=2019-04-04}}</ref>

== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite book |url=https://nastiknation.org/product/v-t-yude-samboorna-krithikal|title=V.T.yude Sampoorna Kruthikal (Complete Works) |last=Bhattathiripad |first=V. T. |date=2006|publisher=DC Books |isbn=9788171307012|edition=4th |author-mask=1}}

=== Play ===
* {{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=327051&query_1970desc=kw%252Cwrdl%253A%2520V.%2520T.%2520Bhattathiripad |title=Adukkalayilninnu Arangathekku |last=Bhattathiripad |first=V. T. |date=1997 |publisher=[[DC Books]] |location=Kottayam |author-mask=1}}

=== Short story anthology ===
* {{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=177636&query_desc=kw%252Cwrdl%253A%2520V.%2520T.%2520Bhattathiripad |title=V.T.Yute Kathakal |last=Bhattathiripad |first=V. T. |date=1990 |publisher=[[Kerala Sahitya Akademi]] |isbn=9788176900096 |location=Trichur |author-mask=1}}

=== Essays ===

* {{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=74930&query_desc=kw%252Cwrdl%253A%2520V.%2520T.%2520Bhattathiripad |title=Sathyamennathu ivide manushyanakunnu |last=V. T. Bhattathirippad |date=1961 |publisher=[[Sahithya Pravarthaka Co-operative Society|S.P.C.S.]] |location=Kottayam |author-mask=1}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=103636&query_desc=kw%252Cwrdl%253A%2520V.%2520T.%2520Bhattathiripad |title=V T yude thiranjedutha upanyasangal |last=Bhatathirippad |first=V. T. |date=1979 |publisher=[[Sahithya Pravarthaka Co-operative Society|S.P.C.S.]] |location=Kottayam |author-mask=1}}
* {{Cite book |url=http://mgucat.mgu.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=144727&query_desc=au%252Cwrdl%253A%2520V.%2520T.%2520Bhattathiripad |title=Ente mannu |last=Bhattathiripad |first=V. T. |date=1986 |publisher=[[Sahithya Pravarthaka Co-operative Society|N.B.S.]] |location=Kottayam |language=Malayalam |author-mask=1}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://find.uoc.ac.in/Record/236496 |title=Kalathinte Sakshi |last=Bhattathirippad |first=V. T. |date=2016 |language=Malayalam |author-mask=1}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://find.uoc.ac.in/Record/236494 |title=Vedivattam |last=Bhattathirippad |first=V. T. |date=2016 |language=Malayalam |author-mask=1}}

=== Memoirs ===

* {{Cite book |url=https://nastiknation.org/product/kanneerum-kinavum |title=Kanneerum Kinavum |last=Bhattathiripad |first=V. T. |date=2010 |publisher=Ḍi Si Buks |isbn=9788171309535 |author-mask=1 |access-date=17 May 2021 |archive-date=17 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210517124252/https://nastiknation.org/product/kanneerum-kinavum/ |url-status=dead }}
* {{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=305506&query_desc=kw%252Cwrdl%253A%2520V.%2520T.%2520Bhattathiripad |title=Karmavipakam |last=Bhattathiripad |first=V. T. |date=1988 |publisher=Best Books |location=Trichur |author-mask=1}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://find.uoc.ac.in/Record/79188 |title=V.T.yude Jeevitha Smaranakal |last=Bhattathirippad |first=V. T. |date=1983 |language=Malayalam |author-mask=1}}

=== Translations ===
* {{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=106742&query_desc=kw%252Cwrdl%253A%2520V.%2520T.%2520Bhattathiripad |title=My tears, my dreams |last1=Bhattathiripad |first1=V. T. |last2=Sindhu |first2=V. Nair |date=2013 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=9780198089629 |location=New Delhi}}

=== Writings on V. T. Bhattathiripad ===

* {{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=109267&query_desc=kw%252Cwrdl%253A%2520V.%2520T.%2520Bhattathiripad |title=Rebel and the reformer: V.T Bhattathiripad in Historical Perspective |last=M. R. Manmathan |date=2007}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=306757&query_desc=kw%252Cwrdl%253A%2520V.%2520T.%2520Bhattathiripad |title=V.T.ye Kandethal |date=1984 |publisher=V. T. Smarakasamithi Mezhathur |location=Sukapuram}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=305933&query_desc=kw%252Cwrdl%253A%2520V.%2520T.%2520Bhattathiripad |title=V. T. Oru Ithihasam |date=1996 |publisher=Current Books |editor-last=Palakizhu Narayanan |editor-first= |location=Thrissur}}

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Literature}}
* [[Kerala reformation movement]]
* [[Hindu reform movements]]
* [[Caste system in Kerala]]
* [[List of Malayalam-language authors]]
* [[Ayyathan Gopalan]]

== See Also (Social reformers of Kerala) ==

* [[Narayana Guru|Sree Narayana Guru]]
* [[Padmanabhan Palpu|Dr. Palpu]]
* [[Kumaran Asan|Kumaranasan]]
* [[Ayyathan Gopalan|Rao Sahib Dr. Ayyathan Gopalan]]
* [[Brahmananda Swami Sivayogi]]
* [[Vagbhatananda|Vaghbhatananda]]
* [[Mithavaadi Krishnan]]
* [[Moorkoth Kumaran]]
* [[Ayyankali]]
* [[Ayya Vaikundar]]
* [[Pandit Karuppan]]

== Notes ==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Cite web |url=http://www.keralasahityaakademi.org/sp/Writers/PROFILES/VTBhattathiripad/Html/VTBhattathiripad.htm |title=Portrait commissioned by Kerala Sahitya Akademi |date=2019-04-04 |website=Kerala Sahitya Akademi |access-date=2019-04-04}}
* {{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YVJTuYQ7zBQ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211215/YVJTuYQ7zBQ |archive-date=2021-12-15 |title=V T Bhattathiripad - Kerala Renaissance |date=2017-03-14 |website=YouTube |access-date=2019-04-04}}{{cbignore}}
* {{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wuty-NRkk2c |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231112063006/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wuty-NRkk2c |url-status=dead |archive-date=12 November 2023 |title=VT Bhattathiripad & Brahmananda Sivayogi - Kerala Renaissance |last=Edapt |date=2018-03-27 |website=YouTube |access-date=2019-04-04}}

{{Kerala Sahitya Akademi Fellowship}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhattathiripad, V. T.}}
[[Category:1896 births]]
[[Category:1982 deaths]]
[[Category:Malayali people]]
[[Category:Dramatists and playwrights from Kerala]]
[[Category:Indian social reformers]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language writers]]
[[Category:Anti-Brahminism]]
[[Category:Indian male dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award]]

Shashank Bali

2026-03-25T08:55:57Z

Candy332540216:

{{short description|Indian television director}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Shashank Bali
| image =
| caption = Shashank Bali
| native_name =
| birth_date = 
| birth_place = New Delhi, India
| occupation = [[Television Director|Director]]
| known_for = ''[[Bhabi Ji Ghar Par Hai!]]'', [[Jijaji Chhat Par Hai]]
}}

'''Shashank Bali''' is an Indian television director. His first television directorial venture was [[F.I.R. (TV series)]], followed by [[Bhabi Ji Ghar Par Hai!]], [[May I Come In Madam?]], [[Sahib Biwi Aur Boss]]. [[Jijaji Chhat Par Hai]], [[Happu Ki Ultan Paltan]] and ''[[Jijaji Chhat Parr Koii Hai]].''

Bali is known for directing [[Sarcasm|sarcastic]] and [[Black comedy|dark comedy]] series.{{Citation needed|date=March 2025}}

==Television==
*''[[F.I.R. (TV series)]]'' (2006–2015)
*''[[Bhabi Ji Ghar Par Hai!]]'' (2015–present)
*''Yeh Chanda Kanoon Hai'' (2009–2010), 108 episodes, co-directed with Rajan Waghdhare
*''[[Sahib Biwi Aur Boss]]'' (2015–2016)
*''[[May I Come In Madam?]]'' (2016)
*''[[Jijaji Chhat Par Hai]]'' (2018–2020)
*''[[Happu Ki Ultan Paltan]]'' (2019–2026)
*''[[Jijaji Chhat Parr Koii Hai]]'' (2021)

==Films==
*''[[Bhabiji Ghar Par Hain! Fun On The Run]]'' (2026)

==Awards==

===[[Indian Telly Awards]]===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Award
!Result
|-
|2015
|Best Director (Sitcom)
|Won<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.andtv.com/shows/indian-telly-awards-2015/winners/%3C/ref%3E|title=&TV (AndTV)|website=andtv.com|access-date=2017-04-26}}{{dead link|date=May 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
|}

===[[Indian Television Academy Awards]]===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Award
!Result
|-
|2016
|Best Director – Comedy (Jury)
|Won<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.abplive.in/television/second-season-of-24-dominates-indian-television-academy-awards-2016-446289/ |title=Archived copy |access-date=26 April 2017 |archive-date=27 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170427003316/http://www.abplive.in/television/second-season-of-24-dominates-indian-television-academy-awards-2016-446289/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|5460792}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bali, Shashank}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian television directors]]

Ravi Gosain

2026-03-23T06:56:20Z

Candy332540216:

{{Short description|Indian actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Ravi Gossain
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = India
| education =
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor}}
| years_active = 1994-present
| known_for = [[Maachis]] & [[Shootout at Lokhandwala]]
[[thumb]]
{{ubl|''[[Amanat (Indian TV series)|Amanat]]''}}
| website =
}}
'''Ravi Gossain''' is an [[India]]n actor in movies and TV serials. He has worked in serials like ''[[Amanat (Indian TV series)|Amanat]]'' as Nigoda, in ''[[Sarhadein]]'' as Sohail and on [[Zee TV]]'s ''[[Fear Files: Darr Ki Sacchi Tasvirein]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=IANS |date=2018-06-27 |title=What made Ravi Gossain ditch dancing career |url=https://www.thequint.com/hotwire-text/what-made-ravi-gossain-ditch-dancing-career |access-date=2024-04-14 |website=TheQuint |language=en}}</ref> He was recognised for his role in the 1996 Hindi movie ''[[Maachis]]'', where he played the character of Kuldip. He also appeared in ''[[Shootout at Lokhandwala]]'' as Aslam Chikna. Ravi, along with actor Priya Arya, heads the production house called Spicy Smile India Pvt Ltd.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tellychakkar.com/y2k9/feb/9feb/news_priya.php | title = Priya Arya and Ravi Gosain team up |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090212194421/http://www.tellychakkar.com/y2k9/feb/9feb/news_priya.php |url-status=dead |archive-date=12 February 2009 |access-date=15 December 2011 }}</ref>

==Filmography==
{{incomplete list|date=April 2024}}

===Film===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Film
! Role
|-
| 1995
| ''[[Oh Darling Yeh Hai India]]''
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1996
| ''[[Daayraa]]''
| Macho Man
|-
| ''[[Maachis]]''
| Kuldeep
|-
| 1998
| ''[[Hazaar Chaurasi Ki Maa]]''
| Somu
|-
| 1999
| ''[[Pyaar Koi Khel Nahin]]''
| Ashok Khanna
|-
| 2003
| '' [[Raja Bhaiya (film)|Raja Bhaiya]]''
| Anwar
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2004
| ''[[Raghu Romeo]]''
| Party Guest
|-
| ''Bali''
| Hyder Ali
|-
| 2005
| ''[[The Film (film)|The Film]]''
| Raman Rawal
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2006
| ''[[Chingaari]]''
| Chintu
|-
| ''[[Katputtli]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Zindaggi Rocks]]''
| Sam
|-
| 2007
| ''[[Shootout at Lokhandwala]]''
| Aslam Kasai
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2008
| '' [[Sunday (2008 film)|Sunday]]''
| Hiren Shetty
|-
| ''[[Shaurya]]''
| Captain Passbola
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2009
| ''[[Aasma: The Sky Is the Limit]]''
| Ranjeet
|-
| '' [[Fox (film)|Fox]]''
| Constable Gaitonde
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2014
| ''[[Dedh Ishqiya]]''
| Liyaakat Ali
|-
| '' [[Jal (film)|Jal]]''
| Rakla
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2017
| ''Shaadi Abhi Baaki Hai''
|
|-
| ''[[Julie 2]]''
| Film Writer
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2019
| ''[[The Gandhi Murder]]''
| Narayan Apte
|-
| ''Mooso - The Mouse''
| Nandkishore
|-
|2022
|''Soorya''
|Inspector
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Serial
! Role
|-
|1994-1995
|''[[Tehkikaat]]''
| rowspan="3" |Episodic role
|-
|1998-1999
|''[[Saturday Suspense]]''
|-
|1998-2001
|''[[Rishtey (TV series)|Rishtey]]''
|-
|1998
|[[Amanat (Indian TV series)|''Amanat'']]
|Nigoda
|-
|1999
|''[[Aahat (Indian TV series)|Aahat]]''
|Episodic role
|-
|1999-2000
|''[[X Zone]]''
|Episodic role
|-
|2001
|''[[Suraag – The Clue]]''
|Rakesh Kumar "Rocky"
|-
|2001-2003
|''[[Sarhadein]]''
|Sohail
|-
|2003
|''[[Ssshhhh...Koi Hai]]''
|episodic role
|-
|2006
|''[[Left Right Left (TV series)|Left Right Left]]''
|Lt Bunty Choubey (Mess Cook)
|-
|2009
|''[[Mahima Shani Dev Ki]]''
|Rishi [[Markandeya]]
|-
|2009
|[[Aahat (Indian TV series)|''Aahat'']]
|Episodic role
|-
|2010
|''[[Do Saheliyaan... Kismat Ki Kathputaliyaan]]''
|Omkar Lodha
|-
|2012
|''[[Fear Files: Darr Ki Sacchi Tasvirein|Fear Files]]''<ref>{{Cite news |date=2012-11-08 |title=Ravi Gossain & Jay Pathak in Fear Files |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/ravi-gossain-jay-pathak-in-fear-files/articleshow/17144803.cms |access-date=2024-04-14 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|Ashok
|-
|2012-2016
|''[[SuperCops Vs Super Villains]]''
|Sathish/ Malhar/Episodic roles
|-
|2014
|''[[Encounter (Indian TV series)|Encounter]]''
|Kallan
|-
| rowspan="3" |2016-
2019
| rowspan="3" |''[[Savdhaan India]]''
|Trilokchand
|-
|Amrish/ Episodic roles
|-
|Sangraam
|-
|2016
|''[[Silsila Pyaar Ka]]''
|Harsh Chandra Sanyal
|-
|2016
|''[[Ek Rishta Saajhedari Ka]]''<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-10-07 |title=Guddi Maruti, Kanwarjit Paintal, Ashiesh Roy and Ravi Gossain to be seen in Ek Rishta Saajhedari Ka |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/guddi-maruti-kanwarjit-paintal-ashiesh-roy-and-ravi-gossain-to-be-seen-in-ek-rishta-saajhedari-ka/articleshow/54736654.cms |access-date=2024-04-14 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|pivotal role
|-
|2018
|''[[Mitegi Laxman Rekha]]''
|Nandan
|-
|2018
|''[[Namune]]''
|
|-
|2018
|''[[Agniphera]]''
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2019
|''[[Ishq Mein Marjawan]]''
|Mohan Sharma
|-
|[[Laal Ishq (Indian TV series)|''Laal Ishq'']]
|Bhushan/Mishra Ji/Bhanu Rai
|-
|''[[Vikram Betaal Ki Rahasya Gatha]]''
|[[Vasishtha|Vashishta]]
|-
|2019
|''[[Crime Alert]]''
|Episodic role
|-
|2019-2020
|''[[Bepanah Pyaar]]''
|Gulshan Saxena
|-
| rowspan="2" |2020
|''[[Kartik Purnima (TV series)|Kartik Purnima]]''
|Kuldeep Arora
|-
|''[[Tera Yaar Hoon Main]]''
|Rakesh Kumar Agarwal
|-
|2021
|''[[Meet: Badlegi Duniya Ki Reet]]''
|Inspector Ashok Hooda
|-
|2021
|''[[Aye Mere Humsafar]]''
|Raghunath
|-
| 2021–2022
| ''[[Nath – Zewar Ya Zanjeer]]''
| Avtar Singh Thakur
|-
| rowspan = "2" | 2022
| ''[[Sab Satrangi]]''
| Dinesh
|-
| ''[[Ali Baba: Dastaan-E-Kabul]]''
| Usman
|-
| 2022–2023
| ''[[Dil Diyaan Gallaan]]''<ref>{{cite web |date=2022-11-29 |title=Ravi Gossain Joins The Cast Of 'Dil Diyaan Gallaan' |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/ravi-gossain-joins-the-cast-of-dil-diyaan-gallaan--news-240938 |access-date=2024-04-14 |website=Outlook India |language=en}}</ref>
| Randeep "Rana" Singh Brar
|-
| rowspan = "3" | 2024
| ''[[Mehndi Wala Ghar]]''<ref>{{cite news |title=Meet Mehndi Wala Ghar Cast: From Vibha Chibber, Rushad Rana to Karan Mehra; check out FULL LIST |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news/meet-mehndi-wala-ghar-cast-from-vibha-chibber-rushad-rana-to-karan-mehra-check-out-full-list-1272353?amp |work=Pinkvilla |access-date=21 January 2024}}</ref>
| Ajay "Ajju" Agarwal
|-
| ''[[Dhruv Tara – Samay Sadi Se Pare]]''
| Raviraj Seth
|-
| ''Main Dil Tum Dhadkan''
| Ravi Raj Rana
|-
|rowspan="2"|2025
|''[[Zyada Mat Udd]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Megha Barsenge]]''
|Trilochan "Tilli" Kohli
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|0331597}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gossain, Ravi}}
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{India-screen-actor-stub}}

List of deputy chief ministers of Jammu and Kashmir

2026-03-20T12:25:38Z

Candy332540216:

{{Short description|Deputy head of government in UT}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}

{{Infobox political post
| post = Deputy Chief Minister
| body = Jammu and Kashmir
| insignia = Government of Jammu and Kashmir.svg
| insigniasize = 150px
| insigniacaption = [[Emblem of Jammu and Kashmir]]
| image = Surinder Kumar Choudhary.jpg
| incumbent = [[Surinder Kumar Choudhary]]
| incumbentsince = 16 October 2024<ref>{{cite web | title=As Omar takes oath as J&K CM, here are the ministers in his Cabinet | date=16 October 2024 | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/omar-abdullah-jammu-and-kashmir-cm-cabinet-ministers-9622879/ }}</ref>
| department = [[Government of Jammu and Kashmir]]
| style = {{ubl|'''Mahoday'''/'''Mahodaya''': ({{Small|In India}})|[[The Honourable]] {{small|(Formal)}}|
[[Mister|Mr. Deputy CM]] {{small|(Informal)}}|
'''[[Shri]]''' ({{small|In India}})}}
| type = [[Government of Jammu and Kashmir|Deputy Head of Government]]
| status = Deputy Leader of the Executive
| abbreviation = DCM
| seat = Civil Secretariat Jammu, Old Heritage City, [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| appointer = [[Lieutenant Governor of Jammu and Kashmir]] on the advice of the [[List of chief ministers of Jammu and Kashmir|Chief Minister of Jammu and Kashmir]]
| reportsto = * [[List of chief ministers of Jammu and Kashmir|Chief Minister of Jammu and Kashmir]]
* [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]]
| inaugural = [[Bakshi Ghulam Mohammad]]
| formation = {{Start date and age|1948|03|05|df=y|p=y|br=y}}
| member_of = {{ubl|[[Second Omar Abdullah ministry|Cabinet]]|[[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]]}}
| termlength = At the confidence of the assembly
| termlength_qualified = Deputy Chief minister's term is for five years and is subject to no [[term limit]]s.
| nominator = Members of the [[Government of Jammu and Kashmir]] in [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]]
| salary =
| website = [https://jk.gov.in/jammukashmir/ Official website]
}}
The '''deputy chief minister of Jammu and Kashmir''' is the title given to the deputy [[head of government]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. The state was reconstituted by the government of India as the union territory of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] on 31 October 2019.

== Deputy prime and chief ministers of Jammu and Kashmir ==
'''Keys:''' 
{{legend2|#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]] |border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|#FF0000|[[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference]] |border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|#016138|[[Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party]] |border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|#00BFFF|[[Indian National Congress]] |border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}

{| class ="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!Sr. no.
!Photo
!Name
!Took office
!Left office
!Duration
!colspan=2|Political party
|-
!colspan=8|Deputy Prime Minister of the [[State of Jammu and Kashmir]]
|-
| 1
| [[File:Blank.svg|90px]]
| [[Bakshi Ghulam Mohammad]]
| 5 March 1948
| 9 August 1953
! {{ayd|1948|3|5|1953|8|9}}
| bgcolor=#FF0000| ||[[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference]]
|-
!colspan=8|Deputy chief ministers of Jammu and Kashmir
|-
| 2
| [[File:Beg sahib.jpg|90px]]
| [[Mirza Afzal Beg]]
| 1974
| 1977
! {{ayd|1974|1|1|1977|1|1}}
| bgcolor=#FF0000| ||[[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference]]
|-
| 3
| [[File:Blank.svg|90px]]
| [[Devi Das Thakur]]
| 2 July 1984
| 6 March 1986
! {{ayd|1984|7|2|1986|3|6}}
| bgcolor=#FF0000| ||[[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference]]
|-
| 4
| [[File:Blank.svg|90px]]
| [[Mangat Ram Sharma]]
| 2 November 2002
| 2 November 2005
! {{ayd|2002|11|2|2005|11|2}}
| bgcolor=#00BFFF| ||[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 5
| [[File:Blank.svg|90px]]
| [[Muzaffar Hussain Baig]]
| 2 November 2005
| 11 July 2008
! {{ayd|2005|11|2|2008|7|11}}
| bgcolor=#016138| ||[[Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party]]
|-
| 6
| [[File:Tara Chand.jpg|90px]]
| [[Tara Chand (Jammu-Kashmir politician)|Tara Chand]]
| 5 January 2009
| 24 December 2014
! {{ayd|2009|1|5|2014|12|24}}
| bgcolor=#00BFFF| ||[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| rowspan=2| 7
| rowspan=2| [[Image:Dr Nirmal Singh BJP Jammu and Kashmir.jpg|90px]]
| rowspan=2| [[Nirmal Kumar Singh]]
| 1 March 2015
| 6 January 2016
! {{ayd|2015|3|1|2016|1|6}}
| bgcolor=#FF9933| ||[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 4 April 2016
| 29 April 2018
! {{ayd|2016|4|4|2018|4|29}}
| bgcolor=#FF9933| ||[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 8
| [[File:Kavinder Gupta 2025 portrait.jpg|90px]]
| [[Kavinder Gupta]]
| 30 April 2018
| 19 June 2018
! {{ayd|2018|4|30|2018|6|19}}
| bgcolor=#FF9933| ||[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| 9
| [[File:Surinder Kumar Choudhary.jpg|90px]]
| [[Surinder Kumar Choudhary]]
| 16 October 2024
| '''Incumbent'''
! {{ayd|16 October 2024}}
| bgcolor={{party color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}| ||[[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference]]
|}

==See also==
* [[List of chief ministers of Jammu and Kashmir]]
* [[Government of Jammu and Kashmir]]

{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}{{Deputy Chief Ministers of Indian states}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Deputy chief ministers of Jammu and Kashmir}}
[[Category:Government of Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Deputy chief ministers of Jammu and Kashmir| ]]
[[Category:Lists of deputy chief ministers of Indian states|Jammu and Kashmir]]

Ibn Battuta

2026-03-18T23:15:12Z

Candy332540216: minor corrected lead per standard format and added references to improve readability

{{Short description|Maghrebi traveller and scholar (1304–1368/1369)}}
{{pp|small=yes}}
{{other uses}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Use British English|date=November 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix = [[Shaykh]]<ref name=Norris59>{{Cite journal |last=Norris |first=H. T. |date=1959 |title=Ibn Baṭṭūṭah's Andalusian Journey |journal=The Geographical Journal |volume=125 |issue=2 |pages=185–196 |doi=10.2307/1790500 |jstor=1790500 |issn=0016-7398|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1790500|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
| name = Ibn Battuta
| image = Handmade oil painting reproduction of Ibn Battuta in Egypt, a painting by Hippolyte Leon Benett..jpg
| image_size = 220
| caption = 1878 illustration by [[Léon Benett]] showing Ibn Battuta (centre) and his guide (left) in Egypt
| native_name = ابن بطوطة
| native_name_lang = ar
| birth_date = 24 February 1304
| birth_place = [[Tangier]], [[Marinid sultanate]]
| death_date = 1369 (aged 64–65)
| death_place = [[Marrakesh]], Marinid sultanate<ref>{{Cite web |first=Romy |last=Roynard |date=22 November 2018 |title=Sur les traces d'Ibn Battuta: le Maroc |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.fr/ibn-battuta/2018/11/sur-les-traces-dibn-battuta-le-maroc |access-date=7 December 2022 |website=National Geographic |language=fr |archive-date=7 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207014923/https://www.nationalgeographic.fr/ibn-battuta/2018/11/sur-les-traces-dibn-battuta-le-maroc |url-status=live}}</ref>
| other names = *The Islamic Marco Polo
| occupation = Traveller, [[Geographer]], [[explorer]], [[scholar]], [[judge]]
| era = [[Post-classical history]]
| notable_works = [[Rihla]]
| module = {{Infobox Arabic name|embed=yes
|ism= Muḥammad
|ism-ar=مُحَمَّد
|nasab= ibn ʿAbd Allāh ibn Muḥammad ibn Ibrāhīm ibn Muḥammad ibn Yūsuf ibn Baṭṭūṭah
|nasab-ar=ابن عبد الله بن محمد بن إبراهيم بن محمد بن يوسف بن بطوطة
|nisbah=al-Lawātiyy aṭ-Ṭanjiyy
|nisbah-ar=اللواتي الطنجي
|kunya=ʾAbū ʿAbd Allāh
|kunya-ar=أبو عبد الله
|laqab= Shams al-Dīn
|laqab-ar=شمس الدين
}}
}}
'''Ibn Battuta'''{{efn|{{langx|ar|ابن بطوطة|Ibn Baṭṭūṭa}} Full name: {{transliteration|ar|DIN|Shams al-Dīn Abū ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad ibn ʿAbd Allāh ibn Muḥammad ibn Ibrāhīm ibn Muḥammad ibn Ibrāhīm ibn Yūsuf al-Lawātī al-Ṭanji}} {{langx|ar|شمس الدين أبو عبد الله محمد بن عبد الله بن محمد بن إبراهيم بن محمد بن إبراهيم بن يوسف اللواتي الطنجي}}}} ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|ɪ|b|ən|_|b|æ|t|ˈ|t|uː|t|ɑː}}; 24 February 1304{{snd}}1368/1369) was a [[Maghrebis|Maghrebi]] [[Muslims|Muslim]] traveller, explorer and scholar.{{refn|name=maghrebi|<ref name="Meri 2019">{{cite web |last=Meri |first=Yousef |title=Ibn Baṭṭūṭa |website=Oxford Bibliographies |date=2 July 2019 |url=https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780195390155/obo-9780195390155-0037.xml |access-date=20 June 2022 |archive-date=1 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701042933/https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780195390155/obo-9780195390155-0037.xml |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Ian Richard Netton">{{cite encyclopedia |editor-first=Ian Richard |editor-last=Netton |first=Paul |last=Starkey |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam |title=Ibn Battuta |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bYtmAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA253 |year=2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-17960-1 |page=253}}</ref><ref name="Pryor 2013 pp. 252–253">{{cite journal |last=Pryor |first=John H. |title=The adventures of Ibn Battuta: a Muslim traveler of the 14th century (review) |journal=Parergon |volume=10 |issue=2 |date=3 April 2013 |issn=1832-8334 |doi=10.1353/pgn.1992.0050 |pages=252–253 |s2cid=144835824 |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/495315/pdf |access-date=20 June 2022|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name="Chism 2013 pp. 59–78">{{cite book |last=Chism |first=Christine |title=Cosmopolitanism and the Middle Ages |chapter=Between Islam and Christendom: Ibn Battuta’s Travels in Asia Minor and the North |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |location=New York |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-349-34108-5 |doi=10.1057/9781137045096_4 |pages=59–78}}</ref>}} Over a period of 30 years from 1325 to 1354, he visited much of [[Africa]], [[Asia]], and the [[Iberian Peninsula]]. Near the end of his life, Ibn Battuta dictated an account of his journeys, titled ''[[A Gift to Those Who Contemplate the Wonders of Cities and the Marvels of Travelling]]'', commonly known as ''The Rihla''. Ibn Battuta travelled more than any other explorer in pre-modern history, totalling around {{cvt|117,000|km}}, surpassing [[Zheng He]] with about {{cvt|50,000|km}} and [[Marco Polo]] with {{cvt|24,000|km}}.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Parker |first=John |title=The World Book Encyclopedia |volume=15 |year=2004 |contribution=Marco Polo |edition=Illustrated |publisher=World Book |isbn=978-0-7166-0104-3 |author-link=John Parker (author) |title-link=World Book Encyclopedia}}</ref>{{sfn|Dunn|2005|p=20}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nehru |first=Jawaharlal |title=Glimpses of World History |title-link=Glimpses of World History |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1989 |isbn=978-0-19-561323-0 |page=752 |author-link=Jawaharlal Nehru}} After outlining the extensive route of Ibn Battuta's Journey, Nehru notes: "This is a record of travel which is rare enough today with our many conveniences. ... In any event, Ibn Battuta must be amongst the great travelers of all time."</ref>

== Name ==
"Ibn Battuta" is a [[patronymic]], literally meaning 'son of a duckling'.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gearon |first=Eamonn |author-link=Eamonn Gearon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=enp7YqIsci8C&dq=ibn+battuta+%22+son+of+a+duckling%22&pg=PA76 |title=The Sahara: A Cultural History |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-19-986195-8 |pages=76}}</ref> His most common full name is given as [[Kunya (Arabic)|Abu]] [[Abdullah (name)|Abdullah]] [[Muhammad (name)|Muhammad]] ibn Battuta.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.famousscientists.org/ibn-battuta/ |title=Ibn Battuta |access-date=1 November 2020 |archive-date=24 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024055136/https://www.famousscientists.org/ibn-battuta/ |url-status=live}}</ref> In his [[travel literature|travelogue]], ''[[The Rihla]]'', he gives his full name as "[[Shams al-Din]] Abu ’Abdallah Muhammad ibn ’Abdallah ibn Muhammad ibn Ibrahim ibn Muhammad ibn Yusuf [[Laguatan|Lawati]] al-[[Tangier|Tanji]] ibn Battuta".<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |last=Mark |first=Joshua J. |title=Ibn Battuta |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Ibn_Battuta/ |access-date=7 February 2023 |encyclopedia=World History Encyclopedia |archive-date=7 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207020714/https://www.worldhistory.org/Ibn_Battuta/ |url-status=live}} His full name, as given in the Rihla, was Shams al-Din Abu’Abdallah Muhammad ibn’Abdallah ibn Muhammad ibn Ibrahim ibn Muhammad ibn Yusuf al-Lawati al-Tanji ibn Battuta and all that is known of his family comes from the Rihla which records references to his education and provides his lineage.</ref><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/ibn-battuta-1304-1368 |title=Ibn Battuta (1304–1368) |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia.com |access-date=1 November 2020 |archive-date=25 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201125143000/https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/ibn-battuta-1304-1368 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Ibn Battuta |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ibn-Battuta |access-date=7 February 2023 |archive-date=9 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221109083838/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ibn-Battuta |url-status=live |quote=Ibn Battuta, also spelled Ibn Baṭṭūṭah, in full Abū ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad ibn ʿAbd Allāh al-Lawātī al-Ṭanjī ibn Baṭṭūṭah, (born February 24, 1304, Tangier, Morocco—died 1368/69 or 1377, Morocco), the greatest medieval Muslim traveler and the author of one of the most famous travel books, the Riḥlah (Travels).}}</ref>

==Early life ==
[[File:Yahyâ ibn Mahmûd al-Wâsitî 005.jpg|thumb|A miniature from [[Yahya ibn Mahmud al-Wasiti|al-Wasiti's]] [[Maqamat of Al-Hariri (manuscript)|Maqamat of Al-Hariri]] of pilgrims on a ''[[hajj]]'']]

All that is known about Ibn Battuta's life comes from the autobiographical information included in the account of his travels, which records that he was of [[Arabization|Arabised]] [[Berbers|Berber]] descent,{{sfn|Dunn|2005|p=20}}<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Ibn Baṭṭūṭa |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition |publisher=Brill |location=Leiden |url=https://www.degruyterbrill.com/ |access-date=8 January 2026 |last= |first= |quote=Ibn Baṭṭūṭa was of Arabised Berber stock.}}</ref> born into a family of Islamic [[Ulama|legal scholars]] (known as qadis in the Muslim traditions of [[Morocco]]) in [[Tangier]] on 24 February 1304, during the reign of the [[Marinid dynasty]].<ref name="birth">{{Harvnb|Dunn|2005|p=19}}</ref> His family belonged to a Berber tribe clan known as the [[Lawata]].<ref>{{harvnb|Defrémery|Sanguinetti|1853|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=mdQOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA1 1 Vol. 1]}}; {{harvnb|Dunn|2005|p=19}}</ref> As a young man, he would have studied at a [[Sunni]] [[Maliki]] school, the dominant form of education in [[North Africa]] at that time.<ref>{{Harvnb|Dunn|2005|p=22}}</ref> Maliki Muslims requested that Ibn Battuta serve as their religious judge, as he was from an area where it was practised.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Goitein |first=Shelomo Dov |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2or1LUfCuMkC&pg=PA67 |title=A Mediterranean Society |publisher=University of California Press |year=1967 |volume=I: Economic Foundations |page=67 |author-link=Shelomo Dov Goitein}}</ref>

== Journeys ==

===Itinerary, 1325–1332===

<div style="overflow: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
{{Location map many| Africa | width=600| float=none
| caption=Ibn Battuta Itinerary 1325–1332 (North Africa, Iraq, Iran, the Arabian Peninsula, Somalia, Swahili Coast)
| overlay_image=Battuta-path-1325-1326.png
| label1=[[Tangier]] | lat1=35.766667 | long1=-5.8 | label1_size=75 | mark1size=6| position1=left
| label2=[[Tlemcen]] | lat2=34.866944 | long2=-1.466944 | label2_size=75 | mark2size=6| position2=bottom
| label3=[[Béjaïa]] | lat3=36.75 | long3=5.066667 | label3_size=75 | mark3size=6 | position3=top
| label4=[[Tunis]] | lat4=36.8 | long4=10.183333 | label4_size=75 | mark4size=6
| label5=[[Fez, Morocco|Fez]] | lat5=34.033333 | long5=-5 | label5_size=75 | mark5size=6| position5=left
| label6=[[Miliana]] | lat6=36.31 | long6=2.162222 | label6_size=75 | mark6size=6| position6=bottom
| label7=[[Algiers]] | lat7=36.7763 | long7=3.0585 | label7_size=75 | mark7size=6| position7=left
| label8=[[Annaba]] | lat8=36.9 | long8=7.7666667 | label8_size=75 | mark8size=6| position8=bottom
| label9=[[Sousse]] | lat9=35.833333 | long9=10.633333 | label9_size=75 | mark9size=6
| label10=[[Gabès]] | lat10=33.883333 | long10=10.116667 | label10_size=75 | mark10size=6| position10=bottom
| label11=[[Tripoli, Libya|Tripoli]] | lat11=32.902222 | long11=13.185833 | label11_size=75 | mark11size=6| position11=bottom
| label12=[[Sfax]] | lat12=34.7333333 | long12=10.766667 | label12_size=75 | mark12size=6
| label13=[[Alexandria]] | lat13=31.198 | long13=29.9192 | label13_size=75 | mark13size=6| position13=left
| label14=[[Cairo]] | lat14=30.058056 | long14=31.228889 | label14_size=75 | mark14size=6| position14=left
| label15=[[Damascus]] | lat15=33.513 | long15=36.292 | label15_size=75 | mark15size=6
| label16=[[Jerusalem]] | lat16=31.783333 | long16=35.216667 | label16_size=75 | mark16size=6
| label17=[[Bethlehem]] | lat17=31.703056 | long17=35.195556 | label17_size=75 | mark17size=6| position17=bottom
| label18=[[Medina]] | lat18=24.466667 | long18=39.6 | label18_size=75 | mark18size=6
| label19=[[Najaf]] | lat19=32 | long19=44.33 | label19_size=75 | mark19size=6
| label20=[[Baghdad]] | lat20=33.325 | long20=44.422 | label20_size=75 | mark20size=6
| label21=[[Tigris]] | lat21=38.433333 | long21=39.772778 | label21_size=75 | mark21size=6
| label22=[[Basra]] | lat22=30.5 | long22=47.816667 | label22_size=75 | mark22size=6| position22=bottom
| label23=[[Zagros Mountains]] | lat23=33.6666667 | long23=47 | label23_size=75 | mark23size=6| position23=right
| label24=[[Shiraz]]| lat24=29.616667 | long24=52.533333 | label24_size=75 | mark24size=6| position24=bottom
| label25=[[Tabriz]] | lat25=38.066667 | long25=46.3 | label25_size=75 | mark25size=6| position25=right
| label26=[[Mosul]] | lat26=36.366667 | long26=43.116667 | label26_size=75 | mark26size=6| position26=bottom
| label27=[[Cizre]] | lat27=37.325 | long27=42.195833 | label27_size=75 | mark27size=6| position27=right
| label28=[[Mardin]] | lat28=37.316667 | long28=40.737778 | label28_size=75 | mark28size=6
| label29=[[Jeddah]] | lat29=21.5 | long29=39.183333 | label29_size=75 | mark29size=6| position29=bottom
| label30=[[Yemen]] | lat30=15.354722 | long30=44.206667 | label30_size=75 | mark30size=6
| label31=[[Rabigh]] | lat31=22.8 | long31=39.033333 | label31_size=75 | mark31size=6| position31=right
| label32=[[Zabīd]] | lat32=14.2 | long32=43.316667 | label32_size=75 | mark32size=6| position32=right
| label33=[[Ta'izz]] | lat33=13.566667 | long33=44.033333 | label33_size=75 | mark33size=6| position33=left
| label34=[[Sanaa]] | lat34=15.4047 | long34=44.2067 | label34_size=75 | mark34size=6| position34=right
| label35=[[Aden]] | lat35=12.8 | long35=45.0333333 | label35_size=75 | mark35size=6| position35=right
| label36=[[Zeila]] | lat36=11.2 | long36=43.283333 | label36_size=75 | mark36size=6
| label37=[[Mogadishu]] | lat37=2.0333333 | long37=45.35 | label37_size=75 | mark37size=6
| label38=[[Mombasa]] | lat38=-4.05 | long38=39.666667 | label38_size=75 | mark38size=6
| label39=[[Zanzibar]] | lat39=-6.133333 | long39=39.316667 | label39_size=75 | mark39size=6
| label40=[[Dhofar]] | lat40=18 | long40=54 | label40_size=75 | mark40size=6
| label41=[[Al-Ahsa Oasis|Al-Hasa]] | lat41=25.429444 | long41=49.621944 | label41_size=75 | mark41size=6
| label42=[[Qatif]] | lat42=26.567648 | long42=50.00701 | label42_size=75 | mark42size=6
| label43=[[Muscat]] | lat43=23.6 | long43=58.55 | label43_size=75 | mark43size=6
| label44=[[Latakia]] | lat44=35.516667 | long44=35.78333 | label44_size=75 | mark44size=6
| label45=[[Kilwa]] | lat45=-8.957778 | long45=39.522778 | label45_size=75 | mark45size=6
}}
</div>

====First pilgrimage====
On 2 Rajab 725 [[Islamic calendar|AH]] (14 June 1325 AD), Ibn Battuta set off from his home town at the age of 21 to perform a ''[[hajj]]'' (pilgrimage) to [[Mecca]], a journey that would ordinarily take sixteen months. He was eager to learn more about far-away lands and craved adventure. He would not return to Morocco again for 24 years.{{sfn|Dunn|2005|pp=30–31}}

{{blockquote|I set out alone, having neither fellow-traveler in whose companionship I might find cheer, nor caravan whose part I might join, but swayed by an overmastering impulse within me and a desire long-cherished in my bosom to visit these illustrious sanctuaries. So I braced my resolution to quit my dear ones, female and male, and forsook my home as birds forsake their nests. My parents being yet in the bonds of life, it weighed sorely upon me to part from them, and both they and I were afflicted with sorrow at this separation.<ref>{{harvnb|Defrémery|Sanguinetti|1853|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=mdQOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA13 13 Vol. 1]}}; {{harvnb|Gibb|1958|p=8}}</ref>}}

He travelled to Mecca overland, following the North African coast across the sultanates of [[Zayyanid dynasty|Abd al-Wadid]] and [[Hafsid]]. The route took him through [[Tlemcen]], [[Béjaïa]], and then [[Tunis]], where he stayed for two months.<ref>{{Harvnb|Dunn|2005|p=37}}; {{harvnb|Defrémery|Sanguinetti|1853|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=mdQOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA21 21 Vol. 1]}}</ref> For safety, Ibn Battuta usually joined a [[Caravan (travelers)|caravan]] to reduce the risk of being robbed. He took a bride in the town of [[Sfax]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Ibn Battuta: Travels in Asia and Africa 1325–1354 |url=http://www.indiana.edu/~dmdhist/ibnbattuta.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170820121438/http://www.indiana.edu/~dmdhist/ibnbattuta.htm |archive-date=20 August 2017 |access-date=6 December 2017 |website=Deborah Mauskopf Deliyannis |publisher=Indiana University}}</ref> but soon left her due to a dispute with the father. That was the first in a series of marriages that would feature in his travels.<ref>{{Harvnb|Dunn|2005|p=39}}; {{harvnb|Defrémery|Sanguinetti|1853|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=mdQOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA26 26 Vol. 1]}}</ref>

[[File:Turkish - Tile with the Great Mosque of Mecca - Walters 481307 - View A.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] 17th century tile depicting the [[Kaaba]], in [[Mecca]] ]]

In the early spring of 1326, after a journey of over {{cvt|3500|km}}, Ibn Battuta arrived at the port of [[Alexandria]], at the time part of the [[Bahri dynasty|Bahri Mamluk empire]]. He met two ascetic pious men in Alexandria. One was Sheikh Burhanuddin, who is supposed to have foretold the destiny of Ibn Battuta as a world traveller and told him, "It seems to me that you are fond of foreign travel. You must visit my brother Fariduddin in India, Rukonuddin in Sind, and Burhanuddin in China. Convey my greetings to them." Another pious man, Sheikh Murshidi, interpreted a dream of Ibn Battuta as being that he was meant to be a world traveller.<ref>The Travels of Ibn Battuta, A.D. 1325–1354: Volume I, translated by H.A.R Gibb, pp. 23–24</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Defrémery|Sanguinetti|1853|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=mdQOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA27 27 Vol. 1]}}</ref>

He spent several weeks visiting sites in the area, and then headed inland to [[Cairo]], the capital of the [[Mamluk Sultanate]]. After spending about a month in Cairo,<ref>{{Harvnb|Dunn|2005|p=49}}; {{harvnb|Defrémery|Sanguinetti|1853|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=mdQOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA67 67 Vol. 1]}}</ref> he embarked on the first of many detours within the relative safety of Mamluk territory. Of the three usual routes to Mecca, Ibn Battuta chose the least-travelled, which involved a journey up the [[Nile]] valley, then east to the [[Red Sea]] port of [[ʿAydhab]].{{efn|Aydhad was a port on the west coast of the Red Sea at {{Coord|22|19|51|N|36|29|25|E}}.{{sfn|Peacock|Peacock|2008}}}} Upon approaching the town, however, a local rebellion forced him to turn back.<ref>{{Harvnb|Dunn|2005|pp=53–54}}</ref>

Ibn Battuta returned to Cairo and took a second side trip, this time to Mamluk-controlled [[Damascus]]. During his first trip he had encountered a holy man who prophesied that he would only reach Mecca by travelling through [[Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)|Syria]].<ref>{{harvnb|Defrémery|Sanguinetti|1853|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=mdQOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA105 105 Vol. 1]}}; {{harvnb|Gibb|1958|p=66}}; {{harvnb|Dunn|2005|p=53}}</ref> The diversion held an added advantage; because of the holy places that lay along the way, including [[Hebron]], [[Jerusalem]], and [[Bethlehem]], the Mamluk authorities kept the route safe for pilgrims. Without this help many travellers would be robbed and murdered.{{sfn|Dunn|2005|p=54}}{{efn|Ibn Battuta left Cairo on around 16 July 1326 and arrived in Damascus three weeks later on 9 August 1326.{{sfn|Gibb|1958|pp=71, 118}} He described travelling on a complicated zig-zag route across Palestine in which he visited more than twenty cities. Such a journey would have been impossible in the allotted time and both Gibb (1958) and Hrbek (1962) have argued that Ibn Battuta conflated this journey with later journeys that he made in the region.{{sfn|Gibb|1958|p=81 Note 48}}{{sfn|Hrbek|1962|pp=421–425}} Elad (1987) has shown that Ibn Battuta's descriptions of most of the sites in Palestine were not original but were copied (without acknowledgement) from the earlier ''rihla'' by the traveller [[Mohammed al-Abdari al-Hihi|Mohammed al-Abdari]]. Because of these difficulties, it is not possible to determine an accurate chronology of Ibn Battuta's travels in the region.{{sfn|Elad|1987}} }}

After spending the Muslim month of [[Ramadan (calendar month)|Ramadan]], during August,<ref>[https://hijri.habibur.com/726/9/ Islamic Hijri Calendar For Ramadan – 726 Hijri] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230519181014/https://hijri.habibur.com/726/9/ |date=19 May 2023 }}. hijri.habibur.com</ref> in Damascus, he joined a caravan travelling the {{cvt|1300|km}} south to [[Medina]], site of the Mosque of the Islamic prophet [[Muhammad]]. After four days in the town, he journeyed on to Mecca while visiting holy sites along the way; upon his arrival to Mecca he completed his first pilgrimage, in November, and he took the honorific status of ''[[Hajji|El-Hajji]]''. Rather than returning home, Ibn Battuta decided to continue travelling, choosing as his next destination the [[Ilkhanate]], a [[Mongol Empire|Mongol]] [[Khanate]], to the northeast.{{sfn|Dunn|2005|pp=66–79}}

====Iraq and Iran====
On 17 November 1326, following a month spent in Mecca, Ibn Battuta joined a large caravan of pilgrims returning to [[Iraq]] across the [[Arabian Peninsula]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Dunn|2005|pp=88–89}}; {{harvnb|Defrémery|Sanguinetti|1853|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=mdQOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA404 404 Vol. 1]}}; {{harvnb|Gibb|1958|p=249 Vol. 1}}</ref> The group headed north to Medina and then, travelling at night, turned northeast across the [[Najd]] plateau to [[Najaf]], on a journey that lasted about two weeks. In Najaf, he visited the [[Imam Ali Shrine|mausoleum]] of [[Ali]], the [[Rashidun|Fourth Caliph]].<ref>{{harvnb|Gibb|1958|pp=255–257 Vol. 1}}; {{harvnb|Dunn|2005|pp=89–90}}</ref>

Then, instead of continuing to [[Baghdad]] with the caravan, Ibn Battuta started a six-month detour that took him into [[Iran]]. From Najaf, he journeyed to [[Wasit]], then followed the river [[Tigris]] south to [[Basra]]. His next destination was the town of [[Isfahan]] across the [[Zagros Mountains]] in Iran. He then headed south to [[Shiraz]], a large, flourishing city spared the destruction wrought by [[Mongol]] invaders on many more northerly towns. Finally, he returned across the mountains to Baghdad, arriving there in June 1327.<ref>{{Harvnb|Dunn|2005|p=97}}; {{harvnb|Defrémery|Sanguinetti|1854|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=m-UHAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA100 100 Vol. 2]}}</ref> Parts of the city were still ruined from the damage inflicted by [[Hulagu Khan]]'s invading army in 1258.{{sfn|Dunn|2005|pp=41, 97}}

In Baghdad, he found [[Abu Sa'id Bahadur Khan|Abu Sa'id]], the last Mongol ruler of the unified Ilkhanate, leaving the city and heading north with a large retinue.<ref>{{Harvnb|Dunn|2005|pp=98–100}}; {{harvnb|Defrémery|Sanguinetti|1854|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=m-UHAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA125 125 Vol. 2]}}</ref> Ibn Battuta joined the royal caravan for a while, then turned north on the [[Silk Road]] to [[Tabriz]], the first major city in the region to open its gates to the Mongols and by then an important trading centre as most of its nearby rivals had been razed by the Mongol invaders.<ref>{{harvnb|Dunn|2005|pp=100–101}}; {{harvnb|Defrémery|Sanguinetti|1854|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=m-UHAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA128 128–131 Vol. 2]}}</ref>

Ibn Battuta left again for Baghdad, probably in July, but first took an excursion northwards along the river Tigris. He visited [[Mosul]], where he was the guest of the Ilkhanate governor,{{sfn|Defrémery|Sanguinetti|1854|pp = [https://books.google.com/books?id=m-UHAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA134 134–139 Vol. 2]}} and then the towns of [[Cizre]] (Jazirat ibn 'Umar) and [[Mardin]] in modern-day Turkey. At a hermitage on a mountain near [[Sinjar]], he met a [[Kurdish people|Kurdish]] mystic who gave him some silver coins.{{efn|Most of Ibn Battuta's descriptions of the towns along the [[Tigris]] are copied from [[Ibn Jabayr]]'s ''Rihla'' from 1184.{{sfn|Mattock|1981}}{{sfn|Dunn|2005|p=102}}}}<ref>{{harvnb|Dunn|2005|p=102}}; {{harvnb|Defrémery|Sanguinetti|1854|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=m-UHAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA142 142 Vol. 2]}}</ref> Once back in Mosul, he joined a "feeder" caravan of pilgrims heading south to Baghdad, where they would meet up with the main caravan that crossed the [[Arabian Desert]] to Mecca. Ill with diarrhoea, he arrived in the city weak and exhausted for his second ''hajj''.<ref>{{Harvnb|Dunn|2005|pp=102–03}}; {{harvnb|Defrémery|Sanguinetti|1854|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=m-UHAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA149 149 Vol. 2]}}</ref>

====Arabia====
[[File:OldtownSanaa.JPG|thumb|[[Sanaa|Old City of Sanaa]], Yemen]]
Ibn Battuta remained in Mecca for some time (the ''[[Rihla]]'' suggests about three years, from September 1327 until autumn 1330). Problems with chronology, however, lead commentators to suggest that he may have left after the 1328 ''hajj''.{{efn|Ibn Battuta states that he stayed in Mecca for the ''hajj'' of 1327, 1328, 1329 and 1330 but gives comparatively little information on his stays. After the ''hajj'' of 1330 he left for East Africa, arriving back again in Mecca before the 1332 ''hajj''. He states that he then left for India and arrived at the Indus river on 12 September 1333; however, although he does not specify exact dates, the description of his complex itinerary and the clues in the text to the chronology suggest that this journey to India lasted around three years. He must have therefore either left Mecca two years earlier than stated or arrived in India two years later. The issue is discussed by {{harvnb|Gibb|1962|pp=528–537 Vol. 2}}, {{harvnb|Hrbek|1962}} and {{harvnb|Dunn|2005|pp=132–133}}.}}

After the ''hajj'' in either 1328 or 1330, he made his way to the port of [[Jeddah]] on the [[Red Sea]] coast. From there he followed the coast in a series of boats (known as a jalbah, these were small craft made of wooden planks sewn together, lacking an established phrase) making slow progress against the prevailing south-easterly winds. Once in [[Rasulids|Yemen]] he visited [[Zabīd]] and later the highland town of [[Ta'izz]], where he met the [[Rasulid]] dynasty king (''[[Malik]]'') Mujahid Nur al-Din Ali. Ibn Battuta also mentions visiting [[Sanaa]], but whether he actually did so is doubtful.<ref>{{harvnb|Dunn|2005|pp=115–116, 134}}</ref> In all likelihood, he went directly from Ta'izz to the important trading port of [[Aden]], arriving around the beginning of 1329 or 1331.<ref>{{harvnb|Gibb|1962|p=373 Vol. 2}}</ref>

====Somalia====
[[File:Zeila, Somalia.jpg|thumb|right|The port and waterfront of [[Zeila]]]]
From [[Aden]], Ibn Battuta embarked on a ship heading for [[Zeila]] on the coast of [[Somalia]]. He then moved on to [[Cape Guardafui]] further down the Somali seaboard, spending about a week in each location. Later he would visit [[Mogadishu]], the then pre-eminent city of the "[[Land of the Berbers]]" (بلد البربر ''Balad al-Barbar'', the medieval Arabic term for the [[Horn of Africa]]).<ref name="Sanjay">Sanjay Subrahmanyam, ''The Career and Legend of Vasco Da Gama'', (Cambridge University Press: 1998), pp. 120–121.</ref><ref>J. D. Fage, Roland Oliver, Roland Anthony Oliver, ''The Cambridge History of Africa'' (Cambridge University Press: 1977), p. 190.</ref><ref>[[George Wynn Brereton Huntingford]], Agatharchides, ''The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea: With Some Extracts from Agatharkhidēs "On the Erythraean Sea"'' (Hakluyt Society: 1980), p. 83.</ref>

When Ibn Battuta arrived in 1332, Mogadishu stood at the zenith of its prosperity. He described it as "an exceedingly large city" with many rich merchants, noted for its high-quality fabric that was exported to other countries, including [[Egypt]].<ref>{{Cite book |editor=Helen Chapin Metz |editor-link=Helen Chapin Metz |url=https://archive.org/details/somaliacountryst00metz |title=Somalia: A Country Study |publisher=Federal Research Division, Library of Congress |year=1992 |isbn=978-0-8444-0775-3}}</ref> Battuta added that the city was ruled by a [[Somalis|Somali]] sultan, Abu Bakr ibn Shaikh 'Umar.<ref name="Versteegh">{{cite book |last=Versteegh |first=Kees |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OWQOAQAAMAAJ |title=Encyclopedia of Arabic language and linguistics, Volume 4 |publisher=Brill |year=2008 |isbn=978-9004144767 |page=276 |access-date=15 November 2015 |archive-date=16 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016014246/https://books.google.com/books?id=OWQOAQAAMAAJ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Laisas">David D. Laitin, Said S. Samatar, ''Somalia: Nation in Search of a State'', (Westview Press: 1987), p. 15.</ref> He noted that Sultan Abu Bakr had dark skin complexion and spoke in his native tongue (Somali), but was also fluent in Arabic.<ref name="Bulliet 313">{{cite book |last=Bulliet |first=Richard |title=The Earth and Its Peoples, Brief Edition, Complete |year=2011 |publisher=Cengage Learning |page=313 |isbn=978-1133171102 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Bec8AAAAQBAJ&q=abu+bakr+had+skin+darker+than+his+own+and+spoke+a+different+native+language+%28Somali%29&pg=PA313 |access-date=6 November 2020}}</ref><ref name="Laisas"/><ref>Chapurukha Makokha Kusimba, ''The Rise and Fall of Swahili States'', (AltaMira Press: 1999), p. 58</ref> The Sultan also had a retinue of [[Vizier|wazir]]s (ministers), legal experts, commanders, royal [[eunuch]]s, and other officials at his beck and call.<ref name="Laisas"/>

====Swahili coast====
[[File:GreatMosque.jpg|upright=0.75|thumb|The Great Mosque of [[Kilwa Kisiwani]], made of [[Coral|coral stones]], is the largest Mosque of its kind.]]
Ibn Battuta continued by ship south to the [[Swahili coast]], a region then known in Arabic as the ''Bilad al-Zanj'' ("Land of the [[Zanj]]")<ref>{{harvnb|Chittick|1977|p=191}}</ref> with an overnight stop at the island town of [[Mombasa]].<ref>{{harvnb |Gibb|1962|p=379 Vol. 2}}</ref> Although relatively small at the time, Mombasa would become important in the following century.<ref>{{harvnb |Dunn|2005|p=126}}</ref> After a journey along the coast, Ibn Battuta next arrived in the island town of [[Kilwa]] in present-day [[Tanzania]],<ref>{{harvnb| Defrémery|Sanguinetti|1854|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=m-UHAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA192 192 Vol. 2]}}</ref> which had become an important transit centre of the gold trade.<ref>{{harvnb |Dunn|2005|pp=126–127}}</ref> He described the city as "one of the finest and most beautifully built towns; all the buildings are of wood, and the houses are roofed with ''dīs'' reeds".<ref>{{harvnb|Gibb|1962|p=380 Vol. 2}}; {{harvnb|Defrémery|Sanguinetti|1854|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=m-UHAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA193 193, Vol. 2]}}</ref>

Ibn Battuta recorded his visit to the [[Kilwa Sultanate]] in 1330, and commented favourably on the humility and religion of its ruler, [[Sultan al-Hasan ibn Sulaiman]], a descendant of the legendary [[Ali ibn al-Hassan Shirazi]]. He further wrote that the authority of the Sultan extended from [[Malindi]] in the north to [[Inhambane]] in the south and was particularly impressed by the planning of the city, believing it to be the reason for Kilwa's success along the coast. During this period, he described the construction of the [[Palace of Husuni Kubwa]] and a significant extension to the [[Great Mosque of Kilwa]], which was made of [[Coral rag|coral stones]] and was the largest mosque of its kind. With a change in the [[monsoon]] winds, Ibn Battuta sailed back to Arabia, first to [[Oman]] and the [[Strait of Hormuz]] then on to Mecca for the ''hajj'' of 1330 (or 1332).<ref>{{cite web |title=The Red Sea to East Africa and the Arabian Sea: 1328–1330 |url=https://orias.berkeley.edu/resources-teachers/travels-ibn-battuta/journey/red-sea-east-africa-and-arabian-sea-1328-1330 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171206203212/https://orias.berkeley.edu/resources-teachers/travels-ibn-battuta/journey/red-sea-east-africa-and-arabian-sea-1328-1330 |archive-date=6 December 2017 |access-date=6 December 2017 |website=orias.berkeley.edu}}</ref>

===Itinerary 1332–1347===
<div style="overflow: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto">
{{Location map many|Asia (equirectangular)| width=800| float= none
| caption=Ibn Battuta Itinerary 1332–1346 (Black Sea Area, Central Asia, India, South East Asia and China)
| overlay_image=Battuta-path-1332-1346.png
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| label5=[[Feodosiya]] | lat5=45.0488889 | long5=35.379167 | label5_size=75 | mark5size=6
| label6=[[Astrakhan]] | lat6=46.35 | long6=48.05 | label6_size=75 | mark6size=6
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| label8=[[Hagia Sophia]] | lat8=41.008611 | long8=28.98 | label8_size=75 | mark8size=6| position8=left
| label9=[[Caspian Sea]] | lat9=40 | long9=51 | label9_size=75 | mark9size=6| position9=bottom
| label10=[[Aral Sea]] | lat10=45 | long10=60 | label10_size=75 | mark10size=6
| label11=[[Bukhara]] | lat11=39.7666667 | long11=64.433333 | label11_size=75 | mark11size=6| position11=top
| label12=[[Samarkand]] | lat12=39.654167 | long12=66.959722 | label12_size=75 | mark12size=6
| label13=[[Afghanistan]] | lat13=34.516667 | long13=69.133333 | label13_size=75 | mark13size=6| position13=left
| label14=[[Isfahan]] | lat14=32.58 | long14=51.39 |label14_size=75 | mark14size=6| position14=right
| label15=[[Delhi]] | lat15=28.61 | long15=77.23 | label15_size=75 | mark15size=6| position15=top
| label16=[[Khambhat]] | lat16=22.3 | long16=72.62 | label16_size=75 | mark16size=6| position16=left
| label17=[[Kozhikode]] | lat17=11.25 | long17=75.77 | label17_size=75 | mark17size=6
| label18=[[Sumatra]] | lat18=0 | long18=102 | label18_size=75 | mark18size=6
| label19=[[Honavar]] | lat19=14.28 | long19=74.4439 | label19_size=75 | mark19size=6
| label20=[[Uttara Kannada]] | lat20=14.6 | long20=74.7 | label20_size=75 | mark20size=6| position20=left
| label21=[[Maldives]] | lat21=3.2 | long21=73.22 | label21_size=75 | mark21size=6| position21=left
| label22=[[Sri Lanka]] | lat22=6.9 | long22=79.9 | label22_size=75 | mark22size=6| position22=left
| label23=[[Adam's Peak]] | lat23=6.811389 | long23=80.499722 | label23_size=75 | mark23size=6
| label24=[[Vietnam]] | lat24=21.033333 | long24=105.85 | label24_size=75 | mark24size=6
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| label26=[[Chittagong]] | lat26=22.22 | long26=91.48 | label26_size=75 | mark26size=6| position26=left
| label27=[[Sylhet]] | lat27=24.8917 | long27=91.8833 | label27_size=75 | mark27size=6
| label28=[[Myanmar]] | lat28=22 | long28=96 | label28_size=75 | mark28size=6| position28=right
| label29=[[Pasai]] | lat29=5 | long29=96.5 | label29_size=75 | mark29size=6| position29=left
| label30=[[Java]] | lat30=-6.9 | long30=110 | label30_size=75 | mark30size=6| position30=right
| label31=[[Quanzhou]] | lat31=24.916667 | long31=118.583333 | label31_size=75 | mark31size=6| position31=right
| label32=[[Fujian]] | lat32=26.55 | long32=117.85 | label32_size=75 | mark32size=6
| label33=[[Hangzhou]] | lat33=30.25 | long33=120.166667 | label33_size=75 | mark33size=6
| label34=[[Beijing]] | lat34=39.913889 | long34=116.391667 | label34_size=75 | mark34size=6
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| label36=[[Antalya]] | lat36=36.9 | long36=30.683333333333 | label36_size=75 | mark36size=6| position36=left
| label37=Bulgaria | lat37=42.683333 | long37=23.316667 | label37_size=75 | mark37size=6
| label38=[[Azov]] | lat38=47.1 | long38=39.416667 | label38_size=75 | mark38size=6
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| label42=[[Samarqand]] | lat42=39.654167 | long42=66.959722 | label42_size=75 | mark42size=6
| label43=[[Uttar Pradesh]] | lat43=26.85 | long43=80.91 | label43_size=75 | mark43size=6| position43=left
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| label45=[[Alexandria]] | lat45=31.198 | long45=29.9192 | label45_size=75 | mark45size=6| position45=left
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}}
</div>

====Anatolia====
[[File:Андроник III Палеолог.jpg|upright=0.75|thumb|right|Ibn Battuta may have met [[Andronikos III Palaiologos]] in late 1332.]]

After his third pilgrimage to Mecca, Ibn Battuta decided to seek employment with the [[Delhi Sultanate|Sultan of Delhi]], [[Muhammad bin Tughluq]]. In the autumn of 1330 (or 1332), he set off for the [[Seljuk Empire|Seljuk]] controlled territory of [[Anatolia]] to take an overland route to India.{{sfn|Dunn|2005|pp=137–139}} He crossed the [[Red Sea]] and the [[Eastern Desert]] to reach the [[Nile valley]] and then headed north to [[Cairo]]. From there he crossed the [[Sinai Peninsula]] to [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]] and then travelled north again through some of the towns that he had visited in 1326. From the Syrian port of [[Latakia]], a [[Republic of Genoa|Genoese]] ship took him (and his companions) to [[Alanya]] on the southern coast of modern-day Turkey.{{sfn|Gibb|1962|pp=413–416 Vol. 2}}

He then journeyed westwards along the coast to the port of [[Antalya]].{{sfn|Gibb|1962|p=417 Vol. 2}} In the town he met members of one of the semi-religious ''fityan'' associations.{{sfn|Gibb|1962|pp=418–16 Vol. 2}}{{verify source|reason=This page range is nonsensical|date=March 2022}} These were a feature of most Anatolian towns in the 13th and 14th centuries. The members were young artisans and had at their head a leader with the title of ''Akhil''.{{sfn|Taeschner|1986}} The associations specialised in welcoming travellers. Ibn Battuta was very impressed with the hospitality that he received and would later stay in their hospices in more than 25 towns in Anatolia.{{sfn|Dunn|2005|p=146}} From Antalya Ibn Battuta headed inland to [[Eğirdir]] which was the capital of the [[Hamidids]]. He spent [[Ramadan]] (June 1331 or May 1333) in the city.{{sfn|Gibb|1962|pp=422–423 Vol. 2}}

From this point his itinerary across Anatolia in the ''Rihla'' becomes confused. Ibn Battuta describes travelling westwards from Eğirdir to [[Milas]] and then skipping {{cvt|420|km}} eastward past Eğirdir to [[Konya]]. He then continues travelling in an easterly direction, reaching [[Erzurum]] from where he skips {{cvt|1160|km}} back to [[Birgi]] which lies north of Milas.{{sfn|Gibb|1962|pp=424–428 Vol. 2}} Historians believe that Ibn Battuta visited a number of towns in central Anatolia, but not in the order in which he describes.<ref name="divag">{{harvnb|Dunn|2005|pp=149–150, 157 Note 13}}; {{harvnb|Gibb|1962|pp=533–535, Vol. 2}}; {{harvnb|Hrbek|1962|pp=455–462}}.</ref>{{efn|This is one of several occasions where Ibn Battuta interrupts a journey to branch out on a side trip only to later skip back and resume the original journey. Gibb describes these side trips as "divagations".{{sfn|Gibb|1962|pp=533–535, Vol. 2}} The divagation through Anatolia is considered credible as Ibn Battuta describes numerous personal experiences and there is sufficient time between leaving Mecca in mid-November 1330 and reaching Eğirdir on the way back from Erzurum at the start of Ramadan (8 June) in 1331.<ref name=divag/> Gibb still admits that he found it difficult to believe that Ibn Battuta actually travelled as far east as Erzurum.{{sfn|Gibb|1962|p=535, Vol. 2}}}}

When Ibn Battuta arrived in [[İznik]], it had just been conquered by [[Orhan]], sultan of the [[Ottoman Beylik]]. Orhan was away and his wife was in command of the nearby stationed soldiers, Ibn Battuta gave this account of Orhan's wife: "A pious and excellent woman. She treated me honourably, gave me hospitality and sent gifts."<ref name="books.google.co.uk">Leslie P. Peirce (1993). [https://books.google.com/books?id=L6-VRgVzRcUC&q=ibn+battuta&pg=PA35 ''The Imperial Harem: Women and Sovereignty in the Ottoman Empire''].
Oxford University Press.</ref>

Ibn Battuta's account of Orhan:<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Boyar |first1=Ebru |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hHd2OizxNCcC&q=%E2%80%9Cthe+greatest+of+the+kings+of+the+Turkmens+and+the+richest+in+wealth%2C+lands+and+military+forces&pg=PA21 |title=A Social History of Ottoman Istanbul |last2=Fleet |first2=Kate |date=2010 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-139-48444-2 |language=en |access-date=19 June 2023}}</ref>

{{blockquote
| quote = The greatest of the kings of the Turkmens and the richest in wealth, lands and military forces. Of fortresses, he possesses nearly a hundred, and for most of his time, he is continually engaged in making a round of them, staying in each fortress for some days to put it in good order and examine its condition. It is said that he has never stayed for a whole month in any one town. He also fights with the infidels continually and keeps them under siege.
| author = Ibn Battuta}}

Ibn Battuta had also visited [[Bursa]] which at the time was the capital of the Ottoman Beylik, he described Bursa as "a great and important city with fine [[bazaar]]s and wide streets, surrounded on all sides with gardens and running springs".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kia |first=Mehrdad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8JFxDwAAQBAJ&q=%E2%80%9Cthe+greatest+of+the+kings+of+the+Turkmens+and+the+richest+in+wealth%2C+lands+and+military+forces&pg=PA22 |title=The Ottoman Empire |year=2008 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-0-313-34441-1}}</ref>

He also visited the [[Beylik of Aydin]]. Ibn Battuta stated that the ruler of the Beylik of Aydin had twenty Greek slaves at the entrance of his palace and Ibn Battuta was given a Greek slave as a gift.<ref name="books.google.co.uk" /> His visit to Anatolia was the first time in his travels he acquired a servant; the ruler of Aydin gifted him his first slave. Later, he purchased a young Greek girl for 40 [[dinars]] in [[Ephesus]], was gifted another slave in [[İzmir]] by the Sultan, and purchased a second girl in [[Balikesir]]. The conspicuous evidence of his wealth and prestige continued to grow.<ref>Ross E. Dunn, Muḥammad Ibn-ʿAbdallāh Ibn-Baṭṭūṭa, [https://books.google.com/books?id=h7IwDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA154 ''The Adventures of Ibn Battuta: A Muslim Traveler of the Fourteenth Century''], University of California Press.</ref>

====Central Asia====
[[File:Bactrian camel in Kazakhstan.jpg|thumb|upright=0.75|[[Bactrian camel]] (one of the symbols of [[Silk Road]] caravans) in front of [[Mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yasawi]] in the city of [[Turkistan (city)|Turkestan]], Kazakhstan]]
From [[Sinop, Turkey|Sinope]], he took a sea route to the [[Crimean Peninsula]], arriving in the [[Golden Horde]] realm. He went to the port town of [[Azov]], where he met with the emir of the Khan, then to the large and rich city of [[Majar (Golden Horde)|Majar]]. He left Majar to meet with [[Uzbeg Khan]]'s travelling court ([[ordo (palace)|''Orda'']]), which was at the time near [[Mount Beshtau]]. From there he made a journey to [[Bolghar]], which became the northernmost point he reached, and noted its unusually short nights in summer (by the standards of the subtropics). Then he returned to the Khan's court and with it moved to [[Astrakhan]].{{Citation needed|date=December 2017}}

Ibn Battuta recorded that while in Bolghar he wanted to travel further north into the land of darkness. The land is snow-covered throughout ([[northern Siberia]]) and the only means of transport is dog-drawn sled. There lived a mysterious people who were reluctant to show themselves. They traded with southern people in a peculiar way. Southern merchants brought various goods and placed them in an open area on the snow in the night, then returned to their tents. Next morning they came to the place again and found their merchandise taken by the mysterious people, but in exchange they found fur-skins which could be used for making valuable coats, jackets, and other winter garments. The trade was done between merchants and the mysterious people without seeing each other. As Ibn Battuta was not a merchant and saw no benefit of going there he abandoned the travel to this land of darkness.<ref>Safarname Ibn Battutah, vol. 1</ref>

[[File:Golden Horde flag 1339.svg|thumb|left|upright=0.75|Flag of the [[Golden Horde]] during the reign of [[Öz Beg Khan]]]]
When they reached Astrakhan, [[Öz Beg Khan]] had just given permission for one of his pregnant wives, Princess Bayalun, a daughter of [[Byzantine emperor]] [[Andronikos III Palaiologos]], to return to her home city of [[Constantinople]] to give birth. Ibn Battuta talked his way into this expedition, which would be his first beyond the boundaries of the Islamic world.<ref>{{Harvnb|Dunn|2005|pp=169–171}}</ref>

Arriving in Constantinople towards the end of 1332 (or 1334), he met the [[Byzantine]] emperor Andronikos III Palaiologos. He visited the great church of [[Hagia Sophia]] and spoke with an [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Eastern Orthodox]] priest about his travels in the city of Jerusalem. After a month in the city, Ibn Battuta returned to Astrakhan, then arrived in the capital city [[Sarai al-Jadid]] and reported the accounts of his travels to Sultan [[Öz Beg Khan]] (r. 1313–1341). Then he continued past the [[Caspian Sea|Caspian]] and [[Aral Sea]]s to [[Bukhara]] and [[Samarkand]], the latter of which he praised as "one of the grandest and finest cities, and the most perfect of them". Here he visited the court of another Mongol khan, [[Tarmashirin]] (r. 1331–1334) of the [[Chagatai Khanate]].<ref name="hajjguide">{{cite web |title=The_Longest_Hajj_Part2_6 |url=http://www.hajjguide.org/The_Longest_Hajj_Part2/html/The_Longest_Hajj_Part2_6.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140924095213/http://www.hajjguide.org/The_Longest_Hajj_Part2/html/The_Longest_Hajj_Part2_6.htm |archive-date=24 September 2014 |access-date=13 June 2015 |publisher=hajjguide.org}}</ref> He also noted the ruined state of the city walls, a result of the [[Siege of Samarkand (1220)|Mongol invasion in 1220]] and subsequent infighting.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Foltz |first1=Richard |title=A History of the Tajiks: Iranians of the East |date=2019 |publisher=I.B. Tauris |location=London |page=95 |chapter=Tajiks and Turks}}</ref> From there, he journeyed south to [[Afghanistan]], then crossed into India via the mountain passes of the [[Hindu Kush]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Khan Academy |url=https://www.khanacademy.org/partner-content/big-history-project/expansion-interconnection/exploration-interconnection/a/ibn-battuta |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171206202102/https://www.khanacademy.org/partner-content/big-history-project/expansion-interconnection/exploration-interconnection/a/ibn-battuta |archive-date=6 December 2017 |access-date=6 December 2017 |website=Khan Academy}}</ref> In the ''Rihla'', he mentions these mountains and the history of the range in slave trading.<ref>{{Harvnb|Dunn|2005|pp=171–178}}</ref><ref name=sl2009/> He wrote,

{{blockquote|text=After this I proceeded to the city of [[Parwan Province|Barwan]], in the road to which is a high mountain, covered with snow and exceedingly cold; they call it the Hindu Kush, that is Hindu-slayer, because most of the slaves brought thither from India die on account of the intenseness of the cold.|sign=Ibn Battuta|source=Chapter XIII, Rihla{{snd}} Khorasan<ref name="sl2009">Ibn Battuta, The Travels of Ibn Battuta (Translated by Samuel Lee, 2009), {{ISBN|978-1-60520-621-9}}, pp. 97–98</ref>{{sfn|Lee|1829|p=191}}}}

Ibn Battuta and his party reached the [[Indus River]] on 12 September 1333.<ref>{{harvnb|Gibb|1971|p=592 Vol. 3}}; {{harvnb|Defrémery|Sanguinetti|1855|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=w_YHAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA92 92 Vol. 3]}}; {{harvnb|Dunn|2005|pp=178, 181 Note 26}}</ref> From there, he made his way to Delhi and became acquainted with the sultan, [[Muhammad bin Tughluq]].

====South Asia====
[[File:Feroze Sha's tomb with adjoining Madrasa.JPG|right|thumb|Tomb of Feroze Shah Tughluq, successor of [[Muhammad bin Tughluq]] in Delhi. Ibn Battuta served as a ''[[qadi]]'' or judge for six years during Muhammad bin Tughluq's reign.]]

[[Muhammad bin Tughluq]] was renowned as the wealthiest man in the Muslim world at that time. He patronised various scholars, Sufis, [[qadi]]s, [[vizier]]s, and other functionaries in order to consolidate his rule. On the strength of his years of study in Mecca, Ibn Battuta was appointed a ''qadi'' (judge) by the sultan.{{sfn|Aiya|1906|p=328}} However, he found it difficult to enforce [[Islamic law]] beyond the sultan's court in [[Delhi]], due to lack of Islamic appeal in India.<ref>Jerry Bently, ''Old World Encounters: Cross-Cultural Contacts and Exchanges in Pre-Modern Times'' (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), p. 121.</ref>

[[File:Darbar Hazrat Baba Farid ud Deen Ganj Shakar Rahmatullah Alaih - panoramio.jpg|thumb|left|Ibn Battuta in 1334 visited the [[shrine of Baba Farid]] in [[Pakpattan]].<ref name=":0" />]]
It is uncertain by which route Ibn Battuta entered the [[Indian subcontinent]] but it is known that he was kidnapped and robbed by rebels on his journey to the Indian coast. He may have entered via the [[Khyber Pass]] and [[Peshawar]], or further south.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Waines |first=David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NqH3AgAAQBAJ&q=ibn+battuta+peshawar&pg=PP60 |title=The Odyssey of Ibn Battuta: Uncommon Tales of a Medieval Adventurer |publisher=I.B. Tauris |year=2012 |isbn=978-0-85773-065-7}}</ref> He crossed the [[Sutlej river]] near the city of [[Pakpattan]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ross |first=David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bH4BAAAAQAAJ&q=timur+pakpattan&pg=RA1-PA113 |title=The land of the five rivers and Sindh |date=1883 |publisher=Chapman and Hall}}</ref> in modern-day Pakistan, where he paid obeisance at the [[shrine of Baba Farid]],<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Suvorova |first=Anna |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QK0aLjQtX2cC&q=ibn+battuta+pakpattan&pg=PA102 |title=Muslim Saints of South Asia: The Eleventh to Fifteenth Centuries |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=2004 |isbn=978-1-134-37006-1 }}</ref> before crossing southwest into Rajput country. From the [[Rajput]] kingdom of Sarsatti, Battuta visited [[Hansi]] in India, describing it as "among the most beautiful cities, the best constructed and the most populated; it is surrounded with a strong wall, and its founder is said to be one of the great non-Muslim kings, called Tara".<ref>André Wink, ''Al-Hind, the Slave Kings and the Islamic Conquest, 11th–13th Centuries, Volume 2 of Al-Hind: The Making of the Indo-Islamic World. The Slave Kings and the Islamic Conquest 11th–13th Centuries'' (Brill, 2002), p. 229.</ref> Upon his arrival in [[Sindh]], Ibn Battuta mentions the [[Indian rhinoceros]] that lived on the banks of the [[Indus]].<ref>{{harvnb|Gibb|1971|p=596 Vol. 3}}; {{harvnb|Defrémery|Sanguinetti|1855|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=w_YHAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA100 100 Vol. 3]}}</ref>

The Sultan was erratic even by the standards of the time and for six years Ibn Battuta veered between living the high life of a trusted subordinate and falling under suspicion of [[treason]] for a variety of offences. His plan to leave on the pretext of taking another ''hajj'' was stymied by the Sultan. The opportunity for Battuta to leave Delhi finally arose in 1341 when an embassy arrived from the [[Yuan dynasty]] of China asking for permission to rebuild a [[Himalaya]]n [[Buddhist temple]] popular with Chinese pilgrims.{{efn|In the ''Rihla'' the date of Ibn Battuta's departure from Delhi is given as 17 Safar 743 AH or 22 July 1342.{{sfn|Gibb|Beckingham|1994|p=775 Vol. 4}}{{sfn|Defrémery|Sanguinetti|1858|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=AdUOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA4 4 Vol. 4]}} Dunn has argued that this is probably an error and to accommodate Ibn Battuta's subsequent travels and visits to the Maldives it is more likely that he left Delhi in 1341.{{sfn|Dunn|2005|p=238 Note 4}}}}<ref name="berkeley">{{cite web |title=The Travels of Ibn Battuta: Escape from Delhi to the Maldive Islands and Sri Lanka: 1341–1344 |url=http://orias.berkeley.edu/resources-teachers/travels-ibn-battuta/journey/escape-delhi-maldive-islands-and-sri-lanka-1341-1344 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170116143959/http://orias.berkeley.edu/resources-teachers/travels-ibn-battuta/journey/escape-delhi-maldive-islands-and-sri-lanka-1341-1344 |archive-date=16 January 2017 |access-date=12 January 2017 |publisher=orias.berkeley.edu}}</ref>

Ibn Battuta was given charge of the embassy but en route to the coast at the start of the journey to China, he and his large retinue were attacked by a group of [[thuggee|bandits]].<ref>{{harvnb|Dunn|2005|p=215}}; {{harvnb|Gibb|Beckingham|1994|p=777 Vol. 4}}</ref> Separated from his companions, he was robbed, kidnapped, and nearly lost his life.<ref>{{harvnb|Gibb|Beckingham|1994|pp=773–782 Vol. 4}}; {{harvnb|Dunn|2005|pp=213–217}}</ref> Despite this setback, within ten days he had caught up with his group and continued on to [[Khambhat]] in the Indian state of [[Gujarat]]. From there, they sailed to [[Calicut]] (now known as Kozhikode), where Portuguese explorer [[Vasco da Gama]] would land two centuries later. While in Calicut, Battuta was the guest of the ruling [[Zamorin]].{{sfn|Aiya|1906|p=328}} While Ibn Battuta visited a mosque on shore, a storm arose and one of the ships of his expedition sank.<ref>{{harvnb|Gibb|Beckingham|1994|pp=814–815 Vol. 4}}</ref> The other ship then sailed without him only to be seized by a local [[Sumatra]]n king a few months later.

Afraid to return to Delhi and be seen as a failure, he stayed for a time in southern India under the protection of Jamal-ud-Din, ruler of the small but powerful [[Nawayath Sultanate]] on the banks of the [[Sharavathi]] river next to the [[Arabian Sea]]. This area is today known as Hosapattana and lies in the [[Honnavar Taluk]] of [[Uttara Kannada]]. Following the overthrow of the sultanate, Ibn Battuta had no choice but to leave India. Although determined to continue his journey to China, he first took a detour to visit the [[Maldive Islands]] where he worked as a judge.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Buchan |first=James |date=21 December 2002 |title=Review: The Travels of Ibn Battutah edited by Tim Mackintosh-Smith |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2002/dec/21/featuresreviews.guardianreview2 |url-status=live |access-date=6 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171207085518/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2002/dec/21/featuresreviews.guardianreview2 |archive-date=7 December 2017 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>{{better source needed|reason=This is a book review. Can't we cite the book instead?|date=March 2022}}

He spent nine months on the islands, much longer than he had intended. When he arrived at the capital, [[Malé]], Ibn Battuta did not plan to stay. However, the leaders of the formerly [[Buddhist]] nation that had recently [[Islam in the Maldives|converted to Islam]] were looking for a chief judge, someone who knew Arabic and the Qur'an. To convince him to stay they gave him pearls, gold jewellery, and slaves, while at the same time making it impossible for him to leave by ship. Compelled into staying, he became a chief judge and married into the royal family of [[Omar I of the Maldives|Omar I]].

Ibn Battuta took on his duties as a judge with keenness and strived to transform local practices to conform to a stricter application of Muslim law. He commanded that men who did not attend Friday prayer be publicly whipped, and that robbers' right hand be cut off. He forbade women from being topless in public, which had previously been the custom.<ref>Jerry Bently, ''Old World Encounters: Cross-Cultural Contacts and Exchanges in Pre-Modern Times'' (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), p. 126.</ref> However, these and other strict judgements began to antagonise the island nation's rulers, and involved him in power struggles and political intrigues. Ibn Battuta resigned from his job as chief [[qadi]], although in all likelihood it was inevitable that he would have been dismissed.

Throughout his travels, Ibn Battuta kept close company with women, usually taking a wife whenever he stopped for any length of time at one place, and then divorcing her when he moved on. While in the Maldives, Ibn Battuta took four wives. In his ''Travels'' he wrote that in the Maldives the effect of small [[dowries]] and female non-mobility combined to, in effect, make a marriage a convenient temporary arrangement for visiting male travellers and sailors.

From the Maldives, he carried on to [[Sri Lanka]] and visited [[Sri Pada]] and [[Tenavaram temple]]. Ibn Battuta's ship almost sank on embarking from Sri Lanka, only for the vessel that came to his rescue to suffer an attack by pirates. Stranded onshore, he worked his way back to the [[Madurai]] kingdom in India. Here he spent some time in the court of the short-lived [[Madurai Sultanate]] under Ghiyas-ud-Din Muhammad Damghani,{{sfn|Dunn|2005|p=245}} from where he returned to the Maldives and boarded a Chinese [[Junk (ship)|junk]], still intending to reach China and take up his ambassadorial post.

He reached the port of [[Chittagong]] in modern-day [[Bangladesh]] intending to travel to [[Sylhet]] to meet [[Shah Jalal]], who became so renowned that Ibn Battuta, then in Chittagong, made a one-month journey through the mountains of [[Kamarupa|Kamaru]] near Sylhet to meet him. On his way to Sylhet, Ibn Battuta was greeted by several of Shah Jalal's disciples who had come to assist him on his journey many days before he had arrived. At the meeting in 1345 CE, Ibn Battuta noted that Shah Jalal was tall and lean, fair in complexion and lived by the mosque in a cave, where his only item of value was a goat he kept for milk, butter, and yogurt. He observed that the companions of the Shah Jalal were foreign and known for their strength and bravery. He also mentions that many people would visit the Shah to seek guidance. Ibn Battuta went further north into [[Assam]], then turned around and continued with his original plan.{{Citation needed|date=December 2017}}

====Southeast Asia====
{{See also|Golden Chersonese}}

In 1345, Ibn Battuta travelled to [[Samudra Pasai]] Sultanate (called "al-Jawa") in present-day [[Aceh]], Northern [[Sumatra]], after 40 days voyage from Sunur Kawan.{{sfn|Yule|1916|pp=91–92}}{{sfn|Gibb|Beckingham|1994|pp=873–874 Vol. 4}} He notes in his travel log that the ruler of Samudra Pasai was a pious Muslim named Sultan Al-Malik Al-Zahir Jamal-ad-Din, who performed his religious duties with utmost zeal and often waged campaigns against animists in the region. The island of Sumatra, according to Ibn Battuta, was rich in [[camphor]], [[areca nut]], [[clove]]s, and [[tin]].<ref name="Berkeley">{{cite web |title=Ibn Battuta's Trip: Chapter 9 Through the Straits of Malacca to China 1345–1346 |url=http://ibnbattuta.berkeley.edu/9china.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130317035650/http://ibnbattuta.berkeley.edu/9china.html |archive-date=17 March 2013 |access-date=14 June 2013 |website=The Travels of Ibn Battuta A Virtual Tour with the 14th Century Traveler |publisher=Berkeley.edu}}</ref>

The ''[[madh'hab]]'' he observed was Imam [[Al-Shafi‘i]], whose customs were similar to those he had previously seen in [[coastal India]], especially among the [[Malabar Muslims|Mappila]] Muslims, who were also followers of Imam Al-Shafi‘i. At that time Samudra Pasai marked the end of [[Divisions of the world in Islam#Dar al-Islam|Dar al-Islam]], because no territory east of this was ruled by a Muslim. Here he stayed for about two weeks in the wooden walled town as a guest of the sultan, and then the sultan provided him with supplies and sent him on his way on one of his own [[junks]] to China.<ref name="Berkeley" />

Ibn Battuta first sailed for 21 days to a place called "Mul Jawa" (island of Java or [[Majapahit]] Java) which was a centre of [[Mandala (political model)|a Hindu empire]]. The empire spanned 2 months of travel, and ruled over the country of Qaqula and Qamara. He arrived at the walled city named Qaqula/Kakula, and observed that the city had war junks for pirate raiding and collecting tolls and that elephants were employed for various purposes. He met the ruler of Mul Jawa and stayed as a guest for three days.{{sfn|Yule|1916|p=96–97}}{{sfn|Gibb|Beckingham|1994|pp=880–883 Vol. 4}}{{sfn|Waines|2010|p=61}}

Ibn Battuta then sailed to a state called Kaylukari in the land of [[Tawalisi]], where he met [[Urduja]], a local princess. Urduja was a brave warrior, and her people were opponents of the [[Yuan dynasty]]. She was described as an "idolater", but could write the phrase [[Bismillah]] in [[Islamic calligraphy]]. The locations of Kaylukari and Tawalisi are disputed. Kaylukari might referred to [[Po Klong Garai]] in [[Champa]] (now southern Vietnam), and Urduja might be an aristocrat of Champa or [[Dai Viet]]. Filipinos widely believe that Kaylukari was in present-day [[Pangasinan Province]] of the [[Philippines]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Balmaceda Guiterrez |first=Chit |title=In search of a Princess |url=http://www.urduja.com/princess.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927233532/http://www.urduja.com/princess.html |archive-date=27 September 2013 |access-date=26 September 2013 |website=Filipinas Magazine}}</ref> Their opposition to the Mongols might indicate 2 possible locations: Japan and Java (Majapahit).{{sfn|Gibb|Beckingham|1994|pp=884–885 Vol. 4}} In modern times, Urduja has been featured in Filipino textbooks and films as a national heroine. Numerous other locations have been proposed, ranging from [[Java]] to somewhere in [[Guangdong Province]], China. However, Sir [[Henry Yule]] and [[William Henry Scott (historian)|William Henry Scott]] consider both Tawalisi and Urduja to be entirely fictitious. From Kaylukari, Ibn Battuta finally reached [[Quanzhou]] in [[Fujian]] Province, China.{{citation needed |date=May 2025}}

====China====
[[File:The Great Wall of China at Jinshanling.jpg|thumb|Ibn Battuta provides the earliest mention of the [[Great Wall of China]] with regard to medieval geographic studies, although he did not see it.]]

In the year 1345, Ibn Battuta arrived at [[Quanzhou]] in China's [[Fujian]] province, then under the rule of the Mongol-led [[Yuan dynasty]]. One of the first things he noted was that Muslims referred to the city as "Zaitun" (meaning [[olive]]), but Ibn Battuta could not find any olives anywhere. He mentioned local artists and their mastery in making portraits of newly arrived foreigners; these were for security purposes. Ibn Battuta praised the craftsmen and their [[silk]] and [[porcelain]], as well as fruits such as [[plums]] and [[watermelons]] and the advantages of paper money.{{sfn|Dunn|2005|p = 258}}

He described the manufacturing process of large ships in the city of [[Quanzhou]].<ref>تحفة النظار في غرائب الأمصار وعجائب الأسفار,ابن بطوطة,ص 398</ref> He also mentioned Chinese cuisine and its use of animals such as frogs, pigs, and even dogs, which were sold in the markets, and noted that the chickens in China were larger than those in the west. Scholars however have pointed out numerous errors given in Ibn Battuta's account of China, for example confusing the [[Yellow River]] with the [[Grand Canal (China)|Grand Canal]] and other waterways, as well as believing that porcelain was made from coal.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Haw |first=Stephen G. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DSfvfr8VQSEC&pg=PA67 |title=Marco Polo's China: A Venetian in the Realm of Khubilai Khan |year=2006 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-27542-7 |page=67}}</ref>

In Quanzhou, Ibn Battuta was welcomed by the head of the local Muslim merchants (possibly a fānzhǎng or "Leader of Foreigners" {{lang-zh|t=番長|s=番长|p=fānzhǎng}}) and Sheikh al-Islam ([[Imam]]), who came to meet him with [[flag]]s, [[drum]]s, [[trumpet]]s, and musicians.<ref>{{cite web |title=Jewel of Chinese Muslim's Heritage |url=http://www.muslimheritage.com/uploads/China%201.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170102064316/http://www.muslimheritage.com/uploads/China%201.pdf |archive-date=2 January 2017 |access-date=14 March 2017 |website=Muslimheritage.com}}</ref> Ibn Battuta noted that the Muslim populace lived within a separate portion in the city where they had their own mosques, bazaars, and hospitals. In Quanzhou, he met two prominent Iranians, Burhan al-Din of [[Kazerun]] and Sharif al-Din from [[Tabriz]]<ref name="google">{{Cite book |last=Park, H. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W-2iWcxD2e8C |title=Mapping the Chinese and Islamic Worlds: Cross-Cultural Exchange in Pre-Modern Asia |year=2012 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-01868-6 |page=237 |access-date=13 June 2015}}</ref> (both of whom were influential figures noted in the ''[[History of Yuan|Yuan History]]'' as "A-mi-li-ding" and "Sai-fu-ding", respectively).<ref name="google2">{{Cite book |last1=Wade |first1=G. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XNsk7tLkMU4C |title=Anthony Reid and the Study of the Southeast Asian Past |last2=Tana |first2=L. |year=2012 |publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies |isbn=978-981-4311-96-0 |page=131}}</ref> While in Quanzhou he ascended the "[[Mount Qingyuan|Mount of the Hermit]]" and briefly visited a well-known [[Taoist]] monk in a cave.

He then travelled south along the Chinese coast to [[Guangzhou]], where he lodged for two weeks with one of the city's wealthy merchants.{{sfn|Dunn|2005|p=259}}

From Guangzhou he went north to Quanzhou and then proceeded to the city of [[Fuzhou]], where he took up residence with Zahir al-Din and met Kawam al-Din and a fellow countryman named Al-Bushri of [[Ceuta]], who had become a wealthy merchant in China. Al-Bushri accompanied Ibn Battuta northwards to [[Hangzhou]] and paid for the gifts that Ibn Battuta would present to the [[Emperor Huizong of Yuan]].<ref name="google4">{{Cite book |last=Dunn |first=R. E. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZF2spo9BKacC |title=The Adventures of Ibn Battuta, a Muslim Traveler of the Fourteenth Century |year=1986 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-05771-5 |access-date=13 June 2015}}</ref>

Ibn Battuta said that [[Hangzhou]] was one of the largest cities he had ever seen,<ref>{{Harvnb|Dunn|2005|p=260}}</ref> and he noted its charm, describing that the city sat on a [[West Lake|beautiful lake]] surrounded by gentle green hills.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Elliott |first=Michael |date=21 July 2011 |title=The Enduring Message of Hangzhou |magazine=Time |url=http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2084273_2084272_2084481,00.html |url-status=dead |access-date=5 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117180753/http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2084273_2084272_2084481,00.html |archive-date=17 January 2012}}</ref> He mentions the city's Muslim quarter and resided as a guest with a family of Egyptian origin.<ref name="google4" /> During his stay at Hangzhou he was particularly impressed by the large number of well-crafted and well-painted Chinese wooden ships, with coloured sails and silk awnings, assembling in the canals. Later he attended a banquet of the Yuan administrator of the city named Qurtai, who according to Ibn Battuta, was very fond of the skills of local Chinese [[Evocation|conjurers]].{{sfn|Gibb|Beckingham|1994|pp = 904, 907}} Ibn Battuta also mentions locals who worshipped a [[solar deity]].<ref name="google5">{{Cite book |last1=Ibn Batuta |first1=S. |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_22IbAQAAMAAJ |title=The Travels of Ibn Batūta |last2=Lee |last3=Oriental Translation Fund |year=1829 |publisher=Oriental Translation Committee |access-date=13 June 2015}}</ref>

He described floating through the [[Grand Canal (China)|Grand Canal]] on a boat watching crop fields, orchids, merchants in black silk, and women in flowered silk and priests also in silk.<ref name="google6">{{Cite book |last=Rumford |first=J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9-m4X84BBgwC |title=Traveling Man: The Journey of Ibn Battuta 1325–1354 |date=2001 |publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt |isbn=978-0-547-56256-8}}</ref> In [[Beijing]], Ibn Battuta referred to himself as the long-lost ambassador from the [[Delhi Sultanate]] and was invited to the Yuan imperial court of Emperor Huizong (who according to Ibn Battuta was worshipped by some people in China). Ibn Batutta noted that the palace of [[Khanbaliq]] was made of wood and that the ruler's "head wife" ([[Empress Gi|Empress Qi]]) held processions in her honour.<ref name="google7">{{Cite book |last=Snodgrass |first=M. E. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LXyyYs2cRDcC |title=Encyclopedia of the Literature of Empire |year=2010 |publisher=Facts on File |isbn=978-1-4381-1906-9}}</ref>{{sfn|Dunn|2005|p=260}}

Ibn Battuta also wrote he had heard of "the rampart of [[Yajuj and Majuj]]" that was "sixty days' travel" from the city of Zeitun (Quanzhou);{{sfn|Gibb|Beckingham|1994|p=896}} [[Hamilton Alexander Rosskeen Gibb]] notes that Ibn Battuta believed that the [[Great Wall of China]] was built by [[Dhul-Qarnayn]] to contain Gog and Magog as mentioned in the [[Quran]].{{sfn|Gibb|Beckingham|1994|p = 896}} However, Ibn Battuta, who asked about the wall in China, could find no one who had either seen it or knew of anyone who had seen it.<ref>{{Citation |last=Haw |first=Stephen G. |title=Marco Polo's China: a Venetian in the realm of Khubilai Khan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DSfvfr8VQSEC&pg=PA54 |pages=52–57 |year=2006|series=Volume 3 of Routledge studies in the early history of Asia |publisher=Psychology Press |isbn=978-0-415-34850-8}}</ref>

Ibn Battuta travelled from [[Beijing]] to Hangzhou, and then proceeded to [[Fuzhou]]. Upon his return to Quanzhou, he soon boarded a Chinese junk owned by the [[Sultan]] of [[Samudera Pasai Sultanate]] heading for Southeast Asia, whereupon Ibn Battuta was unfairly charged a hefty sum by the crew and lost much of what he had collected during his stay in China.<ref>{{harvnb|Dunn|2005|pp=259–261}}</ref>

Battuta claimed that the Emperor Huizong of Yuan had interred with him in his grave six slave soldiers and four girl slaves.<ref name="BonnettHolder2009">{{Cite book |last1=Bonnett |first1=Aubrey W. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cSQrAQAAIAAJ&q=battuta+slave+girl+damascus |title=Continuing Perspectives on the Black Diaspora |last2=Holder |first2=Calvin B. |publisher=University Press of America |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-7618-4662-8 |page=26}}</ref> Silver, gold, weapons, and carpets were put into the grave.<ref name="Harvey2007">{{Cite book |last=Harvey |first=L. P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7Px_AAAAMAAJ&q=battuta+slave+girl+damascus |title=Ibn Battuta |publisher=I. B. Tauris |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-84511-394-0 |page=51}}</ref>

==Return==
After returning to Quanzhou in 1346, Ibn Battuta began his journey back to Morocco.<ref>{{Harvnb|Dunn|2005|p=261}}</ref> In [[Kozhikode]], he once again considered throwing himself at the mercy of Muhammad bin Tughluq in Delhi, but thought better of it and decided to carry on to Mecca. On his way to [[Basra]] he passed through the [[Strait of Hormuz]], where he learned that [[Abu Sa'id Bahadur Khan|Abu Sa'id]], last ruler of the [[Ilkhanate|Ilkhanate Dynasty]], had died in Iran. Abu Sa'id's territories had subsequently collapsed due to a fierce civil war between the Iranians and Mongols.<ref>{{Harvnb|Dunn|2005|pp=268–269}}</ref>

In 1348, Ibn Battuta arrived in Damascus with the intention of retracing the route of his first ''hajj''. He then learned that his father had died 15 years earlier,<ref>{{Harvnb|Dunn|2005|p=269}}</ref> and death became the dominant theme for the next year or so. The [[Black Death in the Middle East|Black Death had struck]], and he stopped in [[Homs]] as the plague spread through Syria, [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]], and Arabia. He heard of terrible death tolls in [[History of Gaza|Gaza]] but returned to Damascus that July, where the death toll had reached 2,400 victims each day.{{sfn|Gibb|Beckingham|1994|p=918 Vol. 4}} When he stopped in Gaza, he found it was depopulated, and in Egypt he stayed at [[Abu Sir]]. Reportedly deaths in Cairo had reached levels of 1,100 each day.{{sfn|Gibb|Beckingham|1994|p=919 Vol. 4}} He made [[hajj]] to Mecca, then he decided to return to Morocco, nearly a quarter of a century after leaving home.<ref>{{Harvnb|Dunn|2005|pp=274–275}}</ref> On the way he made one last detour to [[Sardinia]], then, in 1349, returned to Tangier by way of [[Fes|Fez]], only to discover that his mother had also died a few months before.<ref>{{Harvnb|Dunn|2005|p=278}}</ref>

===Itinerary 1349–1354===
<div style="overflow: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto">
{{Location map many| Africa | width=800| float=none
| caption=Ibn Battuta Itinerary 1349–1354 (North Africa, Spain and West Africa)
| overlay_image=Battuta-path-1349-1354.png
| label1=[[Tangiers]] | lat1=35.766667 | long1=-5.8 | label1_size=75 | mark1size=6| position1=bottom
| label2=[[Tlemcen]] | lat2=34.866944 | long2=-1.466944 | label2_size=75 | mark2size=6| position2=bottom
| label3=[[Tunis]] | lat3=36.8 | long3=10.183333 | label3_size=75 | mark3size=6
| label4=[[Fes]] | lat4=34.033333 | long4=-5 | label4_size=75 | mark4size=6| position4=bottom
| label5=[[Algiers]] | lat5=36.7763 | long5=3.0585 | label5_size=75 | mark5size=6| position5=right
| label6=[[Ténès]] | lat6=36.516667 | long6=1.316667 | label6_size=75 | mark6size=6| position6=bottom
| label7=[[Alexandria]] | lat7=31.198 | long7=29.9192 | label7_size=75 | mark7size=6| position7=left
| label8=[[Cairo]] | lat8=30.058056 | long8=31.228889 | label8_size=75 | mark8size=6| position8=left
| label9=[[Sijilmasa]] | lat9=31.28 | long9=-4.28 | label9_size=75 | mark9size=6| position9=bottom
| label10=[[Taghaza]] | lat10=23.6 | long10=-5 | label10_size=75 | mark10size=6
| label11=[[Oualata]] | lat11=17.3 | long11=-7.016667 | label11_size=75 | mark11size=6| position11=left
| label12=[[Niani, Guinea|Niani]] | lat12=11.22 | long12=-8.23 | label12_size=75 | mark12size=6| position12=left
| label13=[[Timbuktu]] | lat13=16.775833 | long13=-3.009444 | label13_size=75 | mark13size=6| position13=top
| label14=[[Gao]] | lat14=16.266667 | long14=-0.05 | label14_size=75 | mark14size=6
| label15=[[I-n-Azaoua]] | lat15=20.819444 | long15=7.460833 | label15_size=75 | mark15size=6
| label16=[[Takedda]] | lat16=17.5183 | long16=6.7830 | label16_size=75 | mark16size=6
| label17=[[Cagliari]] | lat17=39.246389 | long17=9.0575 | label17_size=75 | mark17size=6
| label18=[[Marrakesh]] | lat18=31.633333 | long18=-8 | label18_size=75 | mark18size=6| position18=left
| label19=[[Gibraltar]] | lat19=36.143 | long19=-5.353 | label19_size=75 | mark19size=6| position19=left
| label20=[[Granada]] | lat20=37.178056 | long20=-3.600833 | label20_size=75 | mark20size=6| position20=top
| label21=[[Málaga]] | lat21=36.716667 | long21=-4.416667 | label21_size=75 | mark21size=6| position21=right
}}
</div>

====Spain and North Africa====
[[File:Ventanas con arabescos en la Alhambra.JPG|upright=1.11|thumb|Ibn Battuta visited the [[Emirate of Granada]], which was the final vestige of the Arab populace in [[Al-Andalus]].]]

After a few days in Tangier, Ibn Battuta set out for a trip to the Muslim-controlled territory of [[al-Andalus]] on the [[Iberian Peninsula]]. King [[Alfonso XI of Castile and León]] had threatened to attack [[Gibraltar]], so in 1350, Ibn Battuta joined a group of Muslims leaving Tangier with the intention of defending the port.<ref>{{Harvnb|Dunn|2005|p=282}}</ref> By the time he arrived, the Black Death had killed Alfonso and the threat of invasion had receded, so he turned the trip into a sight-seeing tour ending up in [[Granada]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Dunn|2005|pp=283–284}}</ref>

After his departure from al-Andalus he decided to travel through Morocco. On his return home, he stopped for a while in [[Marrakesh]], which was almost a ghost town following the recent plague and the transfer of the capital to [[Fez, Morocco|Fez]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Dunn|2005|pp=286–287}}</ref>

====Mali and Timbuktu====
[[File:Sankore Moske Timboektoe.JPG|thumb|upright=1|left|[[Sankore Madrasah]] in [[Timbuktu]], Mali]]

In the autumn of 1351, Ibn Battuta left Fez and made his way to the town of [[Sijilmasa]] on the northern edge of the Sahara in present-day Morocco.<ref>{{harvnb|Defrémery|Sanguinetti|1858|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=AdUOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA376 376 Vol. 4]}}; {{harvnb|Levtzion|Hopkins|2000|p=282}}; {{harvnb|Dunn|2005|p=295}}</ref> There he bought a number of camels and stayed for four months. He set out again with a caravan in February 1352 and, after 25 days, arrived at the dry salt lake bed of [[Taghaza]] with its [[salt mines]]. All of the local buildings were made from slabs of salt by the slaves of the Masufa tribe, who cut the salt in thick slabs for transport by camel. Taghaza was a commercial centre and awash with Malian gold, though Ibn Battuta did not form a favourable impression of the place, recording that it was plagued by flies and the water was [[brackish]].<ref>{{harvnb|Defrémery|Sanguinetti|1858|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=AdUOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA378 378–379 Vol. 4]}}; {{harvnb|Levtzion|Hopkins|2000|p=282}}; {{harvnb|Dunn|2005|p=297}}</ref>

After a ten-day stay in Taghaza, the caravan set out for the oasis of Tasarahla (probably Bir al-Ksaib),{{sfn|Levtzion| Hopkins|2000|p=457}}{{efn|Bir al-Ksaib (also Bir Ounane or El Gçaib) is in northern Mali at {{Coord|21|17|33|N|5|37|30|W}}. The oasis is {{cvt|265|km}} south of Taghaza and {{cvt|470|km}} north of Oualata.}} where it stopped for three days in preparation for the last and most difficult leg of the journey across the vast desert. From Tasarahla, a Masufa scout was sent ahead to the oasis town of [[Oualata]], where he arranged for water to be transported a distance of four days travel where it would meet the thirsty caravan. Oualata was the southern terminus of the [[trans-Saharan trade]] route and had recently become part of the [[Mali Empire]]. Altogether, the caravan took two months to cross the {{cvt|1600|km}} of desert from Sijilmasa.<ref>{{harvnb|Defrémery|Sanguinetti|1858|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=AdUOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA385 385 Vol. 4]}}; {{harvnb|Levtzion|Hopkins|2000|p=284}}; {{harvnb|Dunn|2005|p=298}}</ref>
[[File:Bilma-Salzkarawane1.jpg|thumb|[[Azalai]] salt caravan from [[Agadez]] to [[Bilma]], [[Niger]]]]
From there, Ibn Battuta travelled southwest along a river he believed to be the Nile (it was actually the [[Niger River]]), until he reached the capital of the Mali Empire.{{efn|The location of the Malian capital has been the subject of considerable scholarly debate, but there is no consensus. The historian [[John Hunwick]] has studied the times given by Ibn Battuta for the various stages of his journey and proposed that the capital is likely to have been on the left side of the [[Niger River]] somewhere between [[Bamako]] and [[Nyamina]].{{sfn|Hunwick|1973}}}} There he met ''Mansa'' [[Suleyman (mansa)|Suleyman]], king since 1341. Ibn Battuta disapproved of the fact that female slaves, servants, and even the daughters of the sultan went about exposing [[awrah|parts of their bodies]] not befitting a Muslim.<ref>{{harvnb|Gibb|Beckingham|1994|p=[https://archive.org/details/travels-of-ibn-battuta/The%20Travels%20of%20Ibn%20Battuta-1325%E2%80%931354-Volume-IV/page/966/mode/2up 966 Vol. 4]}}; Jerry Bently, ''Old World Encounters: Cross-Cultural Contacts and Exchanges in Pre-Modern Times (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), 131''.</ref> He wrote in his ''Rihla'' that black Africans were characterised by "ill manners" and "contempt for white men", and that he "was long astonished at their feeble intellect and their respect for mean things."<ref>{{Cite journal |last=El Hamel |first=Chouki |year=2002 |title='Race', slavery and Islam in Maghribi Mediterranean thought: the question of the Haratin in Morocco |journal=The Journal of North African Studies |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=29–52 |doi=10.1080/13629380208718472 |s2cid=219625829 }}</ref> The earliest mention of the Mande xylophone (now known as ''bala'') comes from this journey: "made from reeds and gourds, which are struck with sticks and make a pleasant sound".<ref>{{harvnb|Gibb|Beckingham|1994|p=[https://archive.org/details/travels-of-ibn-battuta/The%20Travels%20of%20Ibn%20Battuta-1325%E2%80%931354-Volume-IV/page/958/mode/2up 959 Vol. 4]}}</ref> He left the capital in February accompanied by a local Malian merchant and journeyed overland by camel to [[Timbuktu]].<ref>{{harvnb|Defrémery |Sanguinetti|1858|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=AdUOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA430 430 Vol. 4]}}; {{harvnb | Levtzion| Hopkins | 2000| p=299}}; {{harvnb|Gibb|Beckingham|1994|pp=969–970 Vol. 4}}; {{harvnb| Dunn |2005|p=304}}</ref> Though in the next two centuries it would become the most important city in the region, at that time it was a small city and relatively unimportant.{{sfn|Dunn|2005|p=304}} It was during this journey that Ibn Battuta first encountered a [[hippopotamus]]. The animals were feared by the local boatmen and hunted with lances to which strong cords were attached.<ref>{{harvnb|Defrémery|Sanguinetti|1858|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=AdUOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA425 425–426 Vol. 4]}}; {{harvnb | Levtzion| Hopkins | 2000| p=297}}</ref> After a short stay in Timbuktu, Ibn Battuta journeyed down the Niger to [[Gao]] in a canoe carved from a single tree. At the time Gao was an important commercial centre.<ref>{{harvnb|Defrémery|Sanguinetti|1858|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=AdUOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA432 432–436 Vol. 4]}}; {{harvnb|Levtzion|Hopkins|2000|p=299}}; {{harvnb| Dunn |2005|p=305}}</ref>

After spending a month in Gao, Ibn Battuta set off with a large caravan for the oasis of [[Takedda]]. On his journey across the desert, he received a message from the [[Abu Inan Faris|Sultan of Morocco]] commanding him to return home. He set off for Sijilmasa in September 1353, accompanying a large caravan transporting 600 female slaves, and arrived back in Morocco early in 1354.<ref>{{harvnb|Defrémery|Sanguinetti|1858|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=AdUOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA444 444–445 Vol. 4]}}; {{harvnb|Levtzion|Hopkins|2000|p=303}}; {{harvnb|Dunn|2005|p=306}}</ref>

Ibn Battuta's itinerary gives scholars a glimpse as to when Islam first began to spread into the heart of west Africa.<ref>Noel King (ed.), ''Ibn Battuta in Black Africa'', Princeton 2005, pp. 45–46. Four generations before Mansa Suleiman who died in 1360 CE, his grandfather's grandfather (Saraq Jata) had embraced Islam.</ref>
{{anchor|Rihla|Travels}}

==Works==
{{further|Rihla}}
[[File:Morocco Tangier IbnBattuta.jpg|thumb|right|Purported Mausoleum of Ibn Battuta in [[Tangier]]]]
[[File:Historic copy of selected parts of the Travel Report by Ibn Battuta, 1836 CE, Cairo.jpg|thumb|Historic copy of selected parts of the Travel Report by Ibn Battuta, 1836 CE, Cairo]]
After returning home from his travels in 1354, and at the suggestion of the [[Marinid dynasty|Marinid]] ruler of Morocco, [[Abu Inan Faris]], Ibn Battuta dictated an account in Arabic of his journeys to [[Ibn Juzayy]], a scholar whom he had previously met in Granada. The account is the only source for Ibn Battuta's adventures. The full title of the manuscript may be translated as ''A Masterpiece to Those Who Contemplate the Wonders of Cities and the Marvels of Travelling'' ({{lang|ar|تحفة النظار في غرائب الأمصار وعجائب الأسفار}}, ''Tuḥfat an-Nuẓẓār fī Gharāʾib al-Amṣār wa ʿAjāʾib al-Asfār'').<ref name="M-S p. ix">M-S p. ix.</ref>{{efn|Dunn gives the clunkier translation ''A Gift to the Observers Concerning the Curiosities of the Cities and the Marvels Encountered in Travels''.<ref>p. 310</ref>}} However, it is often simply referred to as ''The{{spaces}}Travels'' ({{lang|ar|الرحلة}}, ''Rihla''),<ref name="9–10 Vol. 1">{{harvnb|Dunn|2005|pp=310–311}}; {{harvnb|Defrémery|Sanguinetti|1853|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=mdQOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA9 9–10 Vol. 1]}}</ref> in reference to a [[rihla|standard form of Arabic literature]].

There is no indication that Ibn Battuta made any notes or had any journal during his twenty-nine years of travelling.{{efn|Though he mentions being robbed of some notes<ref name="Picador">{{Cite book |last=Battutah |first=Ibn |title=The Travels of Ibn Battutah |date=2002 |publisher=Picador |isbn=978-0-330-41879-9 |page=141}}</ref>}} When he came to dictate an account of his experiences he had to rely on memory and manuscripts produced by earlier travellers. Ibn Juzayy did not acknowledge his sources and presented some of the earlier descriptions as Ibn Battuta's own observations. When describing Damascus, Mecca, Medina, and some other places in the Middle East, he clearly copied passages from the account by the [[Andalusia]]n [[Ibn Jubayr]] which had been written more than 150 years earlier.<ref>{{Harvnb |Dunn|2005|pp=313–314}}; {{harvnb|Mattock|1981}}</ref> Similarly, most of Ibn Juzayy's descriptions of places in Palestine were copied from an account by the 13th-century traveller [[Mohammed al-Abdari al-Hihi|Muhammad al-Abdari]].<ref>{{Harvnb |Dunn|2005|pp=63–64}}; {{Harvnb|Elad|1987}}</ref>

[[Oriental studies|Scholars]] do not believe that Ibn Battuta visited all the places he described and argue that in order to provide a comprehensive description of places in the Muslim world, he relied on hearsay evidence and made use of accounts by earlier travellers. For example, it is considered very unlikely that Ibn Battuta made a trip up the [[Volga River]] from [[Sarai-Berke|New Sarai]] to visit [[Bolghar]]<ref>{{Harvnb |Dunn|2005|p=179}}; {{Harvnb|Janicsek|1929}}</ref> and there are serious doubts about a number of other journeys such as his trip to Sanaa in Yemen,<ref>{{Harvnb |Dunn|2005|p=134 Note 17}}</ref> his journey from [[Balkh]] to [[Bistam]] in [[Greater Khorasan|Khorasan]],<ref>{{Harvnb |Dunn|2005|p=180 Note 23}}</ref> and his trip around Anatolia.<ref>{{Harvnb |Dunn|2005|p=157 Note 13}}</ref>

Ibn Battuta's claim that a [[Maghrebian]] called "Abu'l Barakat the Berber" converted the Maldives to Islam is contradicted by an entirely different story which says that the [[Islam in the Maldives|Maldives were converted to Islam]] after miracles were performed by a [[Tabriz]]i named Maulana Shaikh Yusuf Shams-ud-din according to the [[Tarikh]], the official history of the Maldives.<ref name="Visweswaran2011">{{Cite book |last=Kamala Visweswaran |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m-EYXNnvMugC&q=candles+ships+jinn&pg=PA164 |title=Perspectives on Modern South Asia: A Reader in Culture, History, and Representation |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-4051-0062-5 |page=164}}</ref>

Some scholars have also questioned whether he really visited China.<ref>{{Harvnb |Dunn|2005|pp=253, 262 Note 20}}</ref> Ibn Battuta may have plagiarised entire sections of his descriptions of China lifted from works by other authors like "Masalik al-absar fi mamalik al-amsar" by [[Shihab al-Umari]], [[Sulaiman al-Tajir]], and possibly from [[Ata-Malik Juvayni|Al Juwayni]], [[Rashid-al-Din Hamadani|Rashid al din]], and an [[Alexander romance]]. Furthermore, Ibn Battuta's description and Marco Polo's writings share extremely similar sections and themes, with some of the same commentary, e.g. it is unlikely that the 3rd Caliph [[Uthman ibn Affan]] had someone with the identical name in China who was encountered by Ibn Battuta.<ref name="ElgerKöse2010">{{Cite book |last=Elger |first=Ralf |title=Many Ways of Speaking about the Self: Middle Eastern Ego-documents in Arabic, Persian, and Turkish (14th–20th Century) |publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag |year=2010 |isbn=978-3-447-06250-3 |editor-last=Elger |editor-first=Ralf |location=Wiesbaden |pages=71–88 [79–82] |chapter=Lying, forging, plagiarism: some narrative techniques in Ibn Baṭṭūṭa's travelogue |editor-last2=Köse |editor-first2=Yavuz |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7xMDvp2ypVcC&pg=PA79}}</ref>

However, even if the ''Rihla'' is not fully based on what its author personally witnessed, it provides an important account of much of the 14th-century world. [[Concubines]] were used by Ibn Battuta such as in Delhi.<ref name=Picador/>{{rp|111–113, 137, 141, 238}}<ref name="Gordon2009">{{Cite book |last=Stewart Gordon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sSn_AgAAQBAJ&q=battuta+slave+girl+damascus&pg=PA114 |title=When Asia was the World |publisher=Perseus Books Group |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-306-81739-7 |page=114}}{{Dead link|date=November 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> He wedded several women, divorced at least some of them, and in Damascus, Malabar, Delhi, Bukhara, and the Maldives had children by them or by concubines.<ref name="Pearson2003">{{Cite book |first=Michael N. |last=Pearson |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=deL2XkY8YeoC&pg=PT135 |title=The Indian Ocean |publisher=Routledge |year=2003 |isbn=978-1-134-60959-8 |page=112 |quote=He had a son to a Moroccan woman/wife in Damascus ... a daughter to a slave girl in Bukhara ... a daughter in Delhi to a wife, another to a slave girl in Malabar, a son in the Maldives to a wife ... in the Maldives at least he divorced his wives before he left.}}</ref> Ibn Battuta insulted Greeks as "enemies of Allah", drunkards and "swine eaters", while at the same time in Ephesus he purchased and used a Greek girl who was one of his many slave girls in his "harem" through [[Byzantium]], Khorasan, Africa, and Palestine.<ref name="Dalrymple2003">{{Cite book |last=William Dalrymple |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GVvUJVmVr8kC&q=battuta+slave+girl+damascus |title=City of Djinns: A Year in Delhi |publisher=Penguin |year=2003 |isbn=978-1-101-12701-8}}</ref> It was two decades before he again returned to find out what happened to one of his wives and child in Damascus.<ref name="Hammer1999">{{Cite book |first=Kate S. |last=Hammer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KTceAQAAMAAJ&q=battuta+slave+girl+damascus |title=The Role of Women in Ibn Battuta's Rihla |publisher=Indiana University |year=1999 |page=45}}</ref>

Ibn Battuta often experienced [[culture shock]] in regions he visited where the local customs of recently converted peoples did not fit in with his orthodox Muslim background. Among the Turks and Mongols, he remarked that on seeing a Turkic couple in a bazaar one might assume that the man was the woman's servant when he was in fact her husband.<ref>{{harvnb|Gibb|1958|pp=480–481}}; {{harvnb|Dunn|2005|p=168}}</ref> He also felt that dress customs in the Maldives, and some [[sub-Saharan]] regions in Africa were too revealing.<ref>{{harvnb|Gibb|Beckingham|1994|p=[https://archive.org/details/travels-of-ibn-battuta/The%20Travels%20of%20Ibn%20Battuta-1325%E2%80%931354-Volume-IV/page/966/mode/2up 966 Vol. 4]}}</ref>

Little is known about Ibn Battuta's life after completion of his ''Rihla'' in 1355. He was appointed a judge in Morocco and died in 1368 or 1369.<ref>{{Harvnb|Gibb|1958|pp=ix–x Vol. 1}}; {{Harvnb|Dunn|2005|p=318}}</ref>

Ibn Battuta's work was unknown outside the Muslim world until the beginning of the 19th century, when the German traveller-explorer [[Ulrich Jasper Seetzen]] (1767–1811) acquired a collection of manuscripts in the Middle East, among which was a 94-page volume containing an abridged version of Ibn Juzayy's text. Three extracts were published in 1818 by the German Orientalist [[Johann Gottfried Ludwig Kosegarten|Johann Kosegarten]].<ref>{{harvnb|Defrémery|Sanguinetti|1853|loc=Vol. 1|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=mdQOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR13 xiii–xiv]}}; {{harvnb|Kosegarten|1818}}.</ref> A fourth extract was published the following year.{{sfn|Apetz|1819}} French scholars were alerted to the initial publication by a lengthy review published in the ''[[Journal des sçavans|Journal de Savants]]'' by the Orientalist [[Silvestre de Sacy]].{{sfn|de Sacy|1820}}

Three copies of another abridged manuscript were acquired by the Swiss traveller [[Johann Ludwig Burckhardt|Johann Burckhardt]] and bequeathed to the [[University of Cambridge]]. He gave a brief overview of their content in a book published posthumously in 1819.<ref>{{harvnb|Burckhardt|1819|pp=[https://archive.org/stream/travelsinnubia00burcgoog#page/n637/mode/1up 533–537 Note 82]}}; {{harvnb|Defrémery|Sanguinetti|1853|loc=Vol. 1 |p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=mdQOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR16 xvi]}}</ref> The Arabic text was translated into English by the Orientalist [[Samuel Lee (linguist)|Samuel Lee]] and published in [[London]] in 1829.{{sfn|Lee|1829}}

In the 1830s, during the French occupation of [[Algeria]], the [[Bibliothèque Nationale]] (BNF) in [[Paris]] acquired five manuscripts of Ibn Battuta's travels, two of which were complete.{{efn|Neither de Slane's 19th century catalogue{{sfn|de Slane|1883–1895|p=[http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k209467t/f407.image 401]}} nor the modern online equivalent provide any information on the provenance of the manuscripts.<ref>{{harvnb|MS Arabe 2287}}; {{harvnb|MS Arabe 2288}}; {{harvnb|MS Arabe 2289}}; {{harvnb|MS Arabe 2290}}; {{harvnb|MS Arabe 2291}}.</ref> Dunn states that all five manuscripts were "found in Algeria"{{sfn|Dunn|2005|p=4}} but in their introduction Defrémery and Sanguinetti mention that the BNF had acquired one manuscript (MS Supplément arabe 909/Arabe 2287) from M. Delaporte, a former French consul to Morocco.{{sfn|Defrémery|Sanguinetti|1853|loc=Vol. 1 |p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=mdQOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR23 xxiii]}}}} One manuscript containing just the second part of the work is dated 1356 and is believed to be Ibn Juzayy's autograph.<ref>{{harvnb|de Slane|1843b}}; {{harvnb|MS Arabe 2291}}</ref> The BNF manuscripts were used in 1843 by the Irish-French orientalist [[Baron de Slane]] to produce a translation into French of Ibn Battuta's visit to the Sudan.{{sfn|de Slane|1843a}} They were also studied by the French scholars [[Charles Defrémery]] and Beniamino Sanguinetti. Beginning in 1853 they published a series of four volumes containing a [[critical edition]] of the Arabic text together with a translation into French.<ref>{{harvnb |Defrémery|Sanguinetti|1853}}; {{harvnb|Defrémery|Sanguinetti|1854}}; {{harvnb|Defrémery|Sanguinetti|1855}}; {{harvnb|Defrémery|Sanguinetti|1858}}</ref> In their introduction Defrémery and Sanguinetti praised Lee's annotations but were critical of his translation which they claimed lacked precision, even in straightforward passages.{{efn|French: "''La version de M. Lee manque quelquefois d'exactitude, même dans des passage fort simples et très-faciles''".{{sfn|Defrémery|Sanguinetti|1853|loc=Vol. 1 |p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=mdQOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR17 xvii]}}}}

In 1929, exactly a century after the publication of Lee's translation, the historian and orientalist [[Hamilton Gibb]] published an English translation of selected portions of Defrémery and Sanguinetti's Arabic text.{{sfn|Gibb|1929}} Gibb had proposed to the [[Hakluyt Society]] in 1922 that he should prepare an annotated translation of the entire ''Rihla'' into English.{{sfn|Gibb|Beckingham|1994|p=ix}} His intention was to divide the translated text into four volumes, each volume corresponding to one of the volumes published by Defrémery and Sanguinetti. The first volume was not published until 1958.{{sfn|Gibb|1958}} Gibb died in 1971, having completed the first three volumes. The fourth volume was prepared by Charles Beckingham and published in 1994.{{sfn|Gibb|Beckingham|1994}} Defrémery and Sanguinetti's printed text has now been translated into number of other languages.{{citation needed|date=May 2024}}

== Historicity ==
German [[Islamic studies]] scholar Ralph Elger views Battuta's travel account as an important literary work but doubts the historicity of much of its content, which he suspects to be a work of fiction compiled and inspired from other contemporary travel reports.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gropp |first=Lewis |title=Zeitzeuge oder Fälscher? |url=https://www.deutschlandfunk.de/zeitzeuge-oder-faelscher-100.html |website=Deutschlandfunk |language=de |date=17 September 2010 |access-date=7 February 2023 |archive-date=9 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230109174502/https://www.deutschlandfunk.de/zeitzeuge-oder-faelscher-100.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Various other scholars have raised similar doubts.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Euben |first=Roxanne L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QfP9OSUfnBsC&pg=PA220 |title=Journeys to the Other Shore: Muslim and Western Travelers in Search of Knowledge |year=2008 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-1-4008-2749-7 |page=220 |access-date=7 February 2023}}</ref>

In 1987, [[Ross E. Dunn]] similarly expressed doubts that any evidence would be found to support the narrative of the ''Rihla'', but in 2010, [[Tim Mackintosh-Smith]] completed a multi-volume field study in dozens of the locales mentioned in the ''Rihla'', in which he reports on previously unknown manuscripts of Islamic law kept in the archives of [[Al-Azhar University]] in Cairo that were copied by Ibn Battuta in [[Damascus]] in 1326, corroborating the date in the ''Rihla'' of his sojourn in Syria.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dunn |first=Ross E. |title=The Adventures of Ibn Battuta: A Muslim Traveler of the 14th Century |date=2012 |publisher=University of California Press}}</ref>

==Present-day cultural references==
[[File:Morocco Tangier BorjNaam.jpg|thumb|''Borj en-Nâam'' barracks in [[Tangier]], repurposed as Ibn Battuta Memorial Museum]]

The largest themed mall in [[Dubai]], [[UAE]], the [[Ibn Battuta Mall]] is named for him and features both areas designed to recreate the exotic lands he visited on his travels and statuary tableaus depicting scenes from his life history.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://gulfnews.com/uae/year-of-the-50th/ibn-battuta-mall-shopping-centre-that-lets-you-explore-new-places-1.1634648074074 |title=Ibn Battuta Mall: Shopping centre that lets you explore new places |date=25 October 2021 |website=gulfnews.com |access-date=16 December 2021 |archive-date=16 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211216220206/https://gulfnews.com/uae/year-of-the-50th/ibn-battuta-mall-shopping-centre-that-lets-you-explore-new-places-1.1634648074074 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ibnbattutamall.com/en |title=Largest Themed Shopping Mall In Dubai |website=Ibn Battuta Mall |access-date=16 December 2021 |archive-date=16 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211216231214/https://www.ibnbattutamall.com/en |url-status=live}}</ref>

A giant semblance of Battuta, alongside two others from the history of Arab exploration, the geographer and historian [[Al-Bakri]] and the navigator and cartographer [[Ibn Majid]], is displayed at the [[Expo 2020#Mobility|Mobility pavilion]] at [[Expo 2020]] in Dubai in a section of the exhibition designed by [[Wētā Workshop]].<ref>{{cite news |title=50-foot giants and superstar architects: Inside Expo 2020's Mobility pavilion |url=https://www.cnn.com/travel/article/mobility-pavilion-alif-expo-2020-dubai-weta-workshop-spc-intl/index.html |website=[[CNN]] |access-date=20 December 2021 |archive-date=20 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211220161628/https://www.cnn.com/travel/article/mobility-pavilion-alif-expo-2020-dubai-weta-workshop-spc-intl/index.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Tangier Ibn Battouta Airport]] is an international airport located in his hometown of Tangier, Morocco. [[Ibn Batouta Stadium]] in Tangier is also named after him.

He appears as a leader in ''[[Civilization VII]]'', able to lead any civilization, including the Abbasid or Songhai in the Exploration Age.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://civilization.2k.com/civ-vii/game-guide/civilizations/abbasid/|title=ABBASID - EXPLORATION AGE CIVILIZATION|website=civilization.2k.com|publisher=[[2K Games]]|access-date=July 14, 2025}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of places visited by Ibn Battuta]]
* [[Ahmad ibn Fadlan|Ibn Fadhlan]]
* [[Ibrahim ibn Yaqub]]
* [[Benjamin of Tudela]]
* [[Ibn Sufi]]

==Notes==
{{Notelist|30em}}

==References==
===Citations===
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

===Bibliography===
{{refbegin|30em}}
*{{Cite book |last=Aiya |first=V. Nagam |url=https://archive.org/details/travancorestate00aiyagoog |title=Travancore State Manual |publisher=Travancore Government press |year=1906 |author-link=V. Nagam Aiya}}
*{{Cite book |last=Apetz |first=Heinrich |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qFFTAAAAcAAJ |title=Descriptio terrae Malabar ex Arabico Ebn Batutae Itinerario Edita |publisher=Croecker |year=1819 |location=Jena |language=la, ar |oclc=243444596}}
*{{Cite book |last=Burckhardt |first=John Lewis |url=https://archive.org/stream/travelsinnubia00burcgoog#page/n10/mode/2up |title=Travels in Nubia |publisher=John Murray |year=1819 |location=London |oclc=192612 |author-link=Johann Ludwig Burckhardt}}
*{{Citation |last=Chittick |first=H. Neville |title=Cambridge History of Africa Vol. 3. From c. 1050 to c. 1600 |pages=183–231 |year=1977 |editor-last=Oliver |editor-first=Roland |contribution=The East Coast, Madagascar and the Indian Ocean |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-20981-6}}.

* {{Citation |title=Voyages d'Ibn Batoutah |volume=1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mdQOAAAAQAAJ |year=1853 |editor-last=Defrémery |editor-first=C. |place=Paris |publisher=Société Asiatic |language=fr, ar |editor-last2=Sanguinetti |editor-first2=B. R.}}. The text of these volumes has been used as the source for translations into other languages.
* {{Citation |title=Voyages d'Ibn Batoutah |volume=2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m-UHAAAAIAAJ |year=1854 |editor-last=Defrémery |editor-first=C. |place=Paris |publisher=Société Asiatic |language=fr, ar |editor-last2=Sanguinetti |editor-first2=B. R.}}.
* {{Citation |title=Voyages d'Ibn Batoutah |volume=3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w_YHAAAAIAAJ |year=1855 |editor-last=Defrémery |editor-first=C. |place=Paris |publisher=Société Asiatic |language=fr, ar |editor-last2=Sanguinetti |editor-first2=B. R.}}.
* {{Citation |title=Voyages d'Ibn Batoutah |volume=4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AdUOAAAAQAAJ |year=1858 |editor-last=Defrémery |editor-first=C. |place=Paris |publisher=Société Asiatic |language=fr, ar |editor-last2=Sanguinetti |editor-first2=B. R.}}.

* {{Citation |last=Dunn |first=Ross E. |title=The Adventures of Ibn Battuta |year=2005 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-24385-9 |author-link=Ross E. Dunn}}. First published in 1986, {{ISBN|0-520-05771-6}}.
* {{Citation |last=Elad |first=Amikam |title=The description of the travels of Ibn Baṭūṭṭa in Palestine: is it original? |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society |volume=119 |issue=2 |pages=256–272 |year=1987 |doi=10.1017/S0035869X00140651 |s2cid=162501637}}.

* {{Citation |title=Ibn Battuta Travels in Asia and Africa (selections) |year=1929 |editor-last=Gibb |editor-first=H. A. R. |place=London |publisher=Routledge}}. Reissued several times. Extracts are available on the [http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/1354-ibnbattuta.html Fordham University site] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110513172555/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/1354-ibnbattuta.html |date=13 May 2011 }}.
* {{Citation |title=The Travels of Ibn Baṭṭūṭa, A.D. 1325–1354 (Volume 1) |year=1958 |editor-last=Gibb |editor-first=H. A. R. |place=London |publisher=[[Hakluyt Society]] |url=https://archive.org/details/travels-of-ibn-battuta/The%20Travels%20of%20Ibn%20Battuta-1325%E2%80%931354-Volume-I/page/ii/mode/2up}}.
* {{Citation |title=The Travels of Ibn Baṭṭūṭa, A.D. 1325–1354 (Volume 2) |year=1962 |editor-last=Gibb |editor-first=H.A.R. |place=London |publisher=Hakluyt Society |url=https://archive.org/details/travels-of-ibn-battuta/The%20Travels%20of%20Ibn%20Battuta-1325%E2%80%931354-Volume-II/page/ii/mode/2up}}.
* {{Citation |title=The Travels of Ibn Baṭṭūṭa, A.D. 1325–1354 (Volume 3) |year=1971 |editor-last=Gibb |editor-first=H. A. R. |place=London |publisher=Hakluyt Society |url=https://archive.org/details/travels-of-ibn-battuta/The%20Travels%20of%20Ibn%20Battuta-1325%E2%80%931354-Volume-III/page/iii/mode/2up}}.
* {{Citation |title=The Travels of Ibn Baṭṭūṭa, A.D. 1325–1354 (Volume 4) |year=1994 |editor-last=Gibb |editor-first=H. A. R. |place=London |publisher=Hakluyt Society |isbn=978-0-904180-37-4 |editor-last2=Beckingham |editor-first2=C .F. |url=https://archive.org/details/travels-of-ibn-battuta/The%20Travels%20of%20Ibn%20Battuta-1325%E2%80%931354-Volume-IV/page/ii/mode/2up}}. This volume was translated by Beckingham after Gibb's death in 1971. A separate index was published in 2000.

* {{Citation |last=Hrbek |first=Ivan |title=The chronology of Ibn Battuta's travels |url=http://kramerius.lib.cas.cz/search/i.jsp?pid=uuid:65a4a519-3e45-11e1-bdd3-005056a60003 |work=Archiv Orientální |volume=30 |pages=409–486 |year=1962 |access-date=9 September 2014 |archive-date=7 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007120338/https://kramerius.lib.cas.cz/search/i.jsp?pid=uuid:65a4a519-3e45-11e1-bdd3-005056a60003 |url-status=live}}.
*{{Citation |last=Hunwick |first=John O. |title=The mid-fourteenth century capital of Mali |journal=Journal of African History |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=195–208 |year=1973 |doi=10.1017/s0021853700012512 |jstor=180444 |s2cid=162784401}}.
*{{Citation |last=Janicsek |first=Stephen |title=Ibn Baṭūṭṭa's journey to Bulghàr: is it a fabrication? |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society |volume=61 |issue=4 |pages=791–800 |year=1929 |doi=10.1017/S0035869X00070015 |s2cid=163430554 |url=http://real-ms.mtak.hu/26892/1/Goldziher_192.pdf |access-date=21 January 2023 |archive-date=21 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230121214606/http://real-ms.mtak.hu/26892/1/Goldziher_192.pdf |url-status=live}}.
*{{Cite book |last=Kosegarten |first=Johann Gottfried Ludwig |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YrBCAAAAcAAJ |title=De Mohamedde ebn Batuta Arabe Tingitano ejusque itineribus commentatio academica |publisher=Croecker |year=1818 |location=Jena |language=la, ar |oclc=165774422 |author-link=Johann Gottfried Ludwig Kosegarten}}
*{{Citation |last=Lee |first=Samuel |title=The Travels of Ibn Batuta, translated from the abridged Arabic manuscript copies, preserved in the Public Library of Cambridge. With notes, illustrative of the history, geography, botany, antiquities, &c. occurring throughout the work |url=https://archive.org/details/b28406084/page/n9/mode/2up |year=1829 |place=London |publisher=Oriental Translation Committee |author-link=Samuel Lee (linguist)}}. The text is discussed in Defrémery & Sanguinetti (1853) Volume 1 [https://books.google.com/books?id=mdQOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR16 pp. xvi–xvii].
*{{Citation |title=Corpus of Early Arabic Sources for West Africa |year=2000 |editor-last=Levtzion |editor-first=Nehemia |place=New York |publisher=Marcus Weiner Press |isbn=978-1-55876-241-1 |editor2-last=Hopkins |editor2-first=John F. P. |editor-link1=Nehemia Levtzion}}. First published in 1981. pp. 279–304 contain a translation of Ibn Battuta's account of his visit to West Africa.
*{{Citation |last=Mattock |first=J. N. |title=Proceedings of the Ninth Congress of the Union Européenne des Arabisants et Islamisants: Amsterdam, 1st to 7th September 1978 |pages=209–218 |year=1981 |editor-last=Peters |editor-first=R. |chapter=Ibn Baṭṭūṭa's use of Ibn Jubayr's ''Riḥla'' |place=Leiden |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-06380-8}}.
*{{cite web |title=MS Arabe 2287 (Supplément arabe 909) |url=http://archivesetmanuscrits.bnf.fr/ead.html?id=FRBNFEAD000030206 |access-date=14 November 2014 |publisher=Bibliothèque de France: Archive et manuscrits |ref={{SfnRef|MS Arabe 2287}} |archive-date=21 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141221130329/http://archivesetmanuscrits.bnf.fr/ead.html?id=FRBNFEAD000030206 |url-status=live}}
*{{cite web |title=MS Arabe 2288 (Supplément arabe 911) |url=http://archivesetmanuscrits.bnf.fr/ead.html?id=FRBNFEAD000030207 |access-date=14 November 2014 |publisher=Bibliothèque de France: Archive et manuscrits |ref={{SfnRef|MS Arabe 2288}} |archive-date=21 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141221130336/http://archivesetmanuscrits.bnf.fr/ead.html?id=FRBNFEAD000030207 |url-status=live}}
*{{cite web |title=MS Arabe 2289 (Supplément arabe 910) |url=http://archivesetmanuscrits.bnf.fr/ead.html?id=FRBNFEAD000030208 |access-date=14 November 2014 |publisher=Bibliothèque de France: Archive et manuscrits |ref={{SfnRef|MS Arabe 2289}} |archive-date=21 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141221130334/http://archivesetmanuscrits.bnf.fr/ead.html?id=FRBNFEAD000030208 |url-status=live}}
*{{cite web |title=MS Arabe 2290 (Supplément arabe 908) |url=http://archivesetmanuscrits.bnf.fr/ead.html?id=FRBNFEAD000030209 |access-date=14 November 2014 |publisher=Bibliothèque de France: Archive et manuscrits |ref={{SfnRef|MS Arabe 2290}} |archive-date=21 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141221130331/http://archivesetmanuscrits.bnf.fr/ead.html?id=FRBNFEAD000030209 |url-status=live}}
*{{cite web |title=MS Arabe 2291 (Supplément arabe 907) |url=http://archivesetmanuscrits.bnf.fr/ead.html?id=FRBNFEAD000030210 |access-date=14 November 2014 |publisher=Bibliothèque de France: Archive et manuscrits |ref={{SfnRef|MS Arabe 2291}} |archive-date=21 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141221130338/http://archivesetmanuscrits.bnf.fr/ead.html?id=FRBNFEAD000030210 |url-status=live}}
*{{Citation |last1=Peacock |first1=David |title=The enigma of 'Aydhab: a medieval Islamic port on the Red Sea coast |journal=International Journal of Nautical Archaeology |volume=37 |pages=32–48 |year=2008 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-9270.2007.00172.x |last2=Peacock |first2=Andrew |issue=1 |bibcode=2008IJNAr..37...32P |s2cid=162206137}}.
*{{Cite journal |last=de Sacy |first=Silvestre |author-link=Silvestre de Sacy |year=1820 |title=Review of: De Mohamedde ebn Batuta Arabe Tingitano |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j9AdmLBARFcC&pg=PA15 |journal=Journal des Savants |issue=15–25}}
*{{Cite journal |last=de Slane |first=Baron |year=1843a |title=Voyage dans la Soudan par Ibn Batouta |url=http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k93141d/f193.image |journal=Journal Asiatique |series=Series 4 |language=fr |volume=1 |issue=March |pages=181–240 |access-date=14 November 2014 |archive-date=7 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007191642/https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k93141d/f193.image |url-status=live}}
*{{Cite journal |last=de Slane |first=Baron |year=1843b |title=Lettre à M. Reinaud |url=http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k93141d/f253.image |journal=Journal Asiatique |series=Series 4 |language=fr |volume=1 |issue=March |pages=241–246 |access-date=14 November 2014 |archive-date=6 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221006131557/https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k93141d/f253.image |url-status=live}}
*{{Cite book |last=de Slane |first=Baron |url=http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k209467t |title=Département des Manuscrits: Catalogue des manuscrits arabes |publisher=Bibliothèque nationale |year=1883–1895 |location=Paris |language=fr |access-date=14 November 2014 |archive-date=20 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230920123621/https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k209467t |url-status=live}}
*{{Cite book |last=Taeschner |first=Franz |title=The Encyclopaedia of Islam. |volume=1: A–B |publisher=Brill |year=1986 |location=Leiden |pages=321–323 |chapter=Akhī |chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/EncyclopaediaDictionaryIslamMuslimWorldEtcGibbKramerScholars.13/01.EncycIslam.NewEdPrepNumLeadOrient.EdEdComCon.Gibb.Kramersetc.UndPatIUA.v1.A-B.PhotRepr.Leid.EJBrill.1960.1986.#page/n342/mode/1up |orig-year=1960}}
*{{Citation |last=Yule |first=Henry |title=Cathay and the Way Thither (Volume 4) |url=https://archive.org/stream/cathaywaythither04yule#page/n9/mode/2up |pages=1–106 |year=1916 |contribution=IV. Ibn Battuta's travels in Bengal and China |place=London |publisher=Hakluyt Society |author-link=Henry Yule}}. Includes the text of Ibn Battuta's account of his visit to China. The translation is from the French text of Defrémery & Sanguinetti (1858) Volume 4.
{{refend}}

{{Refbegin|40em}}
*{{Cite journal |last=Chittick |first=H. Neville |year=1968 |title=Ibn Baṭṭūṭa and East Africa |url=http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/jafr_0037-9166_1968_num_38_2_1485 |journal=Journal de la Société des Africanistes |volume=38 |issue=2 |pages=239–241 |doi=10.3406/jafr.1968.1485 |access-date=15 November 2014 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924200608/http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/jafr_0037-9166_1968_num_38_2_1485 |url-status=live}}
*{{Citation |last=Euben |first=Roxanne L. |author-link=Roxanne Leslie Euben |title=Journeys to the Other Shore: Muslim and Western Travelers in Search of Knowledge |pages=63–89 |year=2006 |chapter=Ibn Battuta |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-12721-7 |ref=none}}
*{{Citation |last=Ferrand |first=Gabriel |title=Relations de voyages et textes géographiques arabes, persans et turks relatifs à l'Extrème-Orient du 8e au 18e siècles (Volumes 1 and 2) |pages=426–437 |year=1913 |chapter=Ibn Batūtā |chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/relationsdevoyag1a2ferruoft#page/426/mode/2up |place=Paris |publisher=Ernest Laroux |language=fr |ref=none}}.
* {{Citation |last=Gordon |first=Stewart |title=When Asia was the World: Traveling Merchants, Scholars, Warriors, and Monks who created the "Riches of the East" |year=2008 |place=Philadelphia |publisher=Da Capo Press, Perseus Books |isbn=978-0-306-81556-0 |ref=none}}.
*{{Citation |last=Harvey |first=L. P. |title=Ibn Battuta |year=2007 |place=New York |publisher=I. B. Tauris |isbn=978-1-84511-394-0 |ref=none}}.
*{{Citation |last=Mackintosh-Smith |first=Tim |title=Travels with a Tangerine: A Journey in the Footnotes of Ibn Battutah |year=2002 |place=London |publisher=Picador |isbn=978-0-330-49114-3 |ref=none |author-link=Tim Mackintosh-Smith}}.
* {{Citation |title=The Travels of Ibn Battutah |year=2003 |editor-last=Mackintosh-Smith |editor-first=Tim |place=London |publisher=Picador |isbn=978-0-330-41879-9 |ref=none}}. Contains an introduction by Mackintosh-Smith and then an abridged version (around 40 per cent of the original) of the translation by H. A. R. Gibb and C. E. Beckingham (1958–1994).
*{{Citation |last=Mackintosh-Smith |first=Tim |title=Hall of a Thousand Columns: Hindustan to Malabar with Ibn Battutah |year=2005 |place=London |publisher=John Murray |isbn=978-0-7195-6710-0 |ref=none}}.
*{{Citation |last=Mackintosh-Smith |first=Tim |title=Landfalls: On the Edge of Islam with Ibn Battutah |year=2010 |place=London |publisher=John Murray |isbn=978-0-7195-6787-2 |ref=none}}.
*{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/stream/diereisedurchind00muam#page/2/mode/2up |title=Die Reise des Arabers Ibn Baṭūṭa durch Indien und China |publisher=Gutenberg |year=1911 |editor-last=Mžik |editor-first=Hans von |location=Hamburg |language=de |oclc=470669765}}
*{{Citation |last=Norris |first=H. T. |title=Ibn Baṭṭūṭa's journey in the north-eastern Balkans |work=Journal of Islamic Studies |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=209–220 |year=1994 |doi=10.1093/jis/5.2.209 |ref=none}}.
* {{Citation |last=Waines |first=David |title=The Odyssey of Ibn Battuta: Uncommon Tales of a Medieval Adventurer |year=2010 |place=Chicago |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-86985-8}}.
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{sister project links||d=Q7331|c=Category:Ibn Battuta|n=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|s=Author:Ibn Battuta|wikt=no|species=no}}
* [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.62617 ''Travels In Asia And Africa 1325–1354''] – Gibb's 1929 translation from the [[Internet Archive]]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110408102631/http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200602/a.tangerine.in.delhi.htm/ A Tangerine in Delhi] – ''Saudi Aramco World'' article by Tim Mackintosh-Smith (March/April 2006).
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130920072113/http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200004/default.htm The Longest Hajj: The Journeys of Ibn Battuta] – ''Saudi Aramco World'' article by Douglas Bullis (July/August 2000).
* {{Cite EB1911|wstitle = Ibn Batuta |volume= 14 |first1=Henry |last1=Yule |author-link1=Henry Yule |first2=Charles Raymond |last2=Beazley |author-link2=Raymond Beazley|pages=219-220|short=1}}
* French text from Defrémery and Sanguinetti (1853–1858) with an introduction and footnotes by Stéphane Yérasimos published in 1982: [http://classiques.uqac.ca/classiques/ibn_battuta/voyages_tome_I/ibn_battuta_t1.pdf Volume 1] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110616104657/http://classiques.uqac.ca/classiques/ibn_battuta/voyages_tome_I/ibn_battuta_t1.pdf |date=16 June 2011 }}, [http://classiques.uqac.ca/classiques/ibn_battuta/voyages_tome_II/ibn_battuta_t2.pdf Volume 2] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110616105558/http://classiques.uqac.ca/classiques/ibn_battuta/voyages_tome_II/ibn_battuta_t2.pdf |date=16 June 2011 }}, [http://classiques.uqac.ca/classiques/ibn_battuta/voyages_tome_III/ibn_battuta_t3.pdf Volume 3] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160529124104/http://classiques.uqac.ca/classiques/ibn_battuta/voyages_tome_III/ibn_battuta_t3.pdf |date=29 May 2016 }}.
* {{Librivox author |id=11324}}
* Interactive scholarly edition, with critical English translation and multimodal resources mashup (publications, images, videos) [https://engineeringhistoricalmemory.com/IbnBattuta.php Engineering Historical Memory] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413044722/https://engineeringhistoricalmemory.com/IbnBattuta.php |date=13 April 2020 }}.

{{Islamic geography}}
{{Notable foreigners who visited China}}
{{Portal bar|Morocco|Islam|Geography|History|Middle Ages|Biography}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Battuta, Ibn}}
[[Category:1304 births]]
[[Category:1369 deaths]]
[[Category:14th-century Berber people]]
[[Category:14th-century explorers]]
[[Category:14th-century geographers]]
[[Category:14th-century scholars]]
[[Category:14th-century travel writers]]
[[Category:Explorers of Arabia]]
[[Category:Explorers of Asia]]
[[Category:Explorers of South Asia]]
[[Category:Geographers of the medieval Islamic world]]
[[Category:Malikis]]
[[Category:Travel writers of the medieval Islamic world]]
[[Category:Moroccan explorers]]
[[Category:Moroccan travel writers]]
[[Category:14th-century Moroccan writers]]
[[Category:People from Tangier]]
[[Category:Pilgrimage accounts]]
[[Category:Arab slave owners]]
[[Category:Slavery in Morocco]]
[[Category:Qadis]]
[[Category:Scholars from Delhi]]
[[Category:Delhi Sultanate]]
[[Category:Moroccan slave owners]]
[[Category:Scholars of precolonial Africa]]
[[Category:Maghrebi scholars]]

ICML Motors

2026-03-18T08:21:02Z

Candy332540216: added info

{{Short description|Indian automobile manufacturer}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{more citations needed|date=April 2020}}
{{Notability|1=Companies|date=August 2025}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox company
| name = International Cars And Motors Private Ltd.
| logo = Icml.jpg
| trade_name = ICML
| type =
| foundation = {{start date and age|2007}}
| defunct =
| fate =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| location = [[Delhi]], India
| key_people =
| industry = [[Automobile|Automotive]]
| products = [[Automobile]]
| revenue =
| operating_income =
| net_income =
| num_employees =
| parent = [[Sonalika Group]]
| subsid =
| divisions =
| caption =
| homepage =
| footnotes =
}}

'''International Cars And Motors Ltd.''' ('''ICML''') is an Indian automobile manufacturer of SUVs. ICML made the [[ICML Rhino]] and ICML Extreme, both of which are now out of production. It is a subsidiary of [[Sonalika Group]].

== Company history ==
The company headquartered and based in [[Delhi]] belongs to the [[tractor]] manufacturer [[Sonalika Group]] and was incorporated in 2003.<ref name="dauto">[http://www.deautogids.nl/merk/07237/ICML d'Auto] {{in lang |nl}} (retrieved 2 April 2016)</ref> In 2006, the production of [[automobile]]s began.<ref name="dauto"/> The brand name is ''International''.<ref name="AK 2007">Bernd Ostmann (Chefredakteur): ''Auto Katalog 2007.'' Vereinigte Motor-Verlage, Stuttgart 2006, S. 91 und S. 216–217.</ref><ref name="AK 2014">Bernd Ostmann (Chefredakteur): ''Auto Katalog 2014.'' Motor Presse Stuttgart, Stuttgart 2013, S. 87 und S. 208–209.</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Automotive industry in India}}

[[Category:2003 establishments in Delhi]]
[[Category:Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 2003]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 2003]]
[[Category:Manufacturing companies based in Delhi]]

{{Motorvehicle-company-stub}}
{{India-company-stub}}

Suresh Heblikar

2026-03-16T20:56:23Z

Candy332540216:

{{Short description|Indian filmmaker, director and actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Suresh Heblikar
| image = Suresh Heblikar 3.jpg
| caption = Heblikar in 2024
| birth_name = Suresh Heblikar
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1948|02|22}}
| death_date =
| birth_place = [[Dharwad]], [[Karnataka]], India
| occupation = Actor, director, environmentalist
| years_active = 1971–present
| URL =
}}

'''Suresh Heblikar''' is an Indian [[Kannada]] [[filmmaker]], [[Film director|director]], and [[actor]].

==Life==
He is also a environmentalist, founding the [[Eco-Watch]] NGO in 1998. He has produced many movies in Kannada of which ''Kadina Benki'' won Best Director national award and ''Usha Kiran'' the Filmfare award. His films are known to have an offbeat theme where "passionate romance" is portrayed.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.ourkarnataka.com/Articles/sreesha/sreesha_heblikar.htm
|title=Suresh Heblikar: A man of many faces
|accessdate=2008-03-07
|date=1998-01-19
|archive-date=9 March 2008
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080309004945/http://www.ourkarnataka.com/Articles/sreesha/sreesha_heblikar.htm
|url-status=live
}}</ref>

==Filmography==
===As an actor===
''Source''<ref>{{Cite web | title=Suresh Heblikar : Kannada Actor{{!}} Director Age, Movies, Biography, Photos | url=https://chiloka.com/celebrity/suresh-heblikar | access-date=2026-02-01 | website=chiloka.com}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Title
! Role
!
|-
| 1975
|''Kankana''
|
|
|-
| 1977
| ''Rishya Shrunga''
|
|
|-
| 1978
| ''[[Aparichita]]''
| Prakash
|
|-
| 1979
|''Khandavidheko Maamsavisheko''
|
|
|-
| 1980
|''[[Vathsalya Patha]]''
|
|
|-
| 1981
|''[[Aalemane]]''
|
|
|-
| 1982
|''Amara Madhura Prema''
|
|
|-
| 1982
|''Jyothi''
|
|
|-
| 1983
|''[[Pallavi Anu Pallavi]]''
|
|
|-
| 1983
|''Antaraala''
|
|Also director
|-
| 1983
|''Maththe Vasantha''
|
|
|-
| 1984
|''[[Kanoonige Saval]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kanoonige Saval (1984) Kannada movie: Cast & Crew |url=https://chiloka.com/movie/kanoonige-saval-1984 |access-date=2024-02-05 |website=chiloka.com}}</ref>''
|Deshpande
|
|-
| 1984
|''Ecology of the [[Western Ghats]]''
|
|
|-
| 1984
|''Energy 1984''
|
|
|-
| 1984
|''Smoking Tuna''
|
|
|-
| 1985
|''Havu Yeni Aata''
|Ravi
|
|-
| 1987
| ''[[Aaganthuka]]''
| Anand
|Also director
|-
| 1987
| ''[[Kadina Benki]]''
| Rajaram
|Also director
|-
| 1990
| ''[[Prathama Ushakirana]]''
| Sridhar
|Also director; Won: [[Filmfare Award for Best Director - Kannada]] <ref>{{Cite web | title=38th Annual Filmfare South : Santosh : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive | url=https://archive.org/details/38th-annual-filmfare-south | access-date=2026-02-01 | website=archive.org}}</ref>
|-
| 1990
| ''Bannada Gejje''
|
|
|-
| 1993
| ''[[Shhh! (film)|Shhh!]]''
| Superintendent of Police
|
|-
| 1993
| [[Chukki Chandrama]]
|
|
|-
| 1993
| Golibar
| Vishwanath
|
|-
| 1994
| Chamatkara
|
|Also director
|-
|1994
|Murder
|
|
|-
| 1995
| ''[[Aagatha]]''
| Francis
|Also director
|-
|1996
|Circle Inspector
|
|
|-
| 1999
| ''[[Thaayi Saheba]]''
| Appa Saheb
|
|-
| 1999
| ''Aasha Jyothi''
|
|
|-
| 2000
| ''Gapchup''
|
|
|-
| 2000
|''Chamundi''
|
|
|-
| 2000
| ''[[Soorappa]]''
|
|
|-
| 2001
|''[[Nanna Preethiya Hudugi]]''
|
|
|-
| 2006
|''[[Care of Footpath]]''
|
|
|-
| 2010
|''[[Mylari]]''
|
|
|-
| 2011
| ''[[Sanju Weds Geetha]]''
| Doctor
|
|-
| 2013
| ''[[Ee Bhoomi Aa Bhanu]]''
|
|
|-
|2017
|''[[Mana Manthana]]''
|
|
|-
| 2018
| ''[[Birbal Trilogy Case 1: Finding Vajramuni]]''
| Hegde
|
|-
| 2022
| ''[[Trikona (film)|Trikona]]''
| Nataraj
|
|-
| 2022
| ''[[Guru Shishyaru (2022 film)|Guru Shishyaru]]''
| Nijaguna Shanthappa
|
|-
|}

==See also==
*[[Sunil Kumar Desai]]

{{commons category}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.chitraranga.com/en/profiles/sureshheb.asp Chitraranga profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071216111902/http://www.chitraranga.com/en/profiles/sureshheb.asp |date=16 December 2007 }}
*{{IMDb name|id=0372898|name=Suresh Heblikar}}
*{{YouTube|id=UahSWXPQeNU&feature=PlayList&p=CA806A7A61E3FFE8&index=17|title=Suresh Heblikar's song}}

{{Suresh Heblikar}}
{{Filmfare Award for Best Director - Kannada}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Heblikar, Suresh}}
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Kannada film producers]]
[[Category:Male actors from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Kannada film directors]]
[[Category:1948 births]]
[[Category:People from Dharwad]]
[[Category:Film producers from Karnataka]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Karnatak University alumni]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards South winners]]

{{India-film-director-stub}}

Pulney Andy

2026-03-15T03:56:04Z

Candy332540216: adding new article!

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox person
|name = Pulney Andy
| image = Senjee_Pulney_Andy.png
|caption =
|birth_date = 1831
|birth_place = [[Trichinopoly]], [[Madras Presidency]], British India
|death_date = {{Death year and age|1909|1831|9}}
|occupation = Doctor
|known_for = First Indian to receive a British [[medical degree]]
}}
'''Senjee Pulney Andy''' (1831 – September 1909) also spelled as '''S. Parani Andi''' or '''S. Parani Andy''', was an Indian physician who was the first Indian to have obtained an advanced post-graduate British medical degree (MD) in 1860. He took an interest in medical botany and also attempted to create a Christian sect based on Indian cultural ideals.

Pulney Andy was born in [[Tiruchirappalli|Tiruchirapalli]] in a family whose ancestors had served the Raja of Senjee or [[Gingee]] and had been entitled to use the prefix Senjee. He was educated at [[Madras Christian College]] and then went to the Madras Medical College where he studied under [[Hugh Francis Cleghorn]] who had a great influence on him. Andy went to the [[University of St. Andrews]] in Scotland where he received an MD in 1860 and continued to correspond with Cleghorn. He lived for a while in Smithfield Market, Islington, and his family stopped corresponding when they learned of the prostitution and disrepute associated with the area. His graduation fee was lent by Cleghorn.<ref>{{cite book |author=Noltie, H.J. |title=Indian Forester, Scottish Laird. The botanical lives of Hugh Cleghorn of Stravithie |publisher=Royal Botanic Garden |year=2016 |place=Edinburgh |pages=60–61}}</ref> He became a fellow of the [[Royal College of Surgeons]] in 1862 and on his return to India, he was posted as superintendent of vaccination in Malabar. He wrote to the Linnean Society on unusual branching in palms<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pulney |first1=Andy |year=1869 |title=On Branched Palms in Southern India |journal=Transactions of the Linnean Society of London |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=661–662 |publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons|Wiley]] |doi=10.1111/j.1096-3642.1869.tb00544.x|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1433131 }}</ref> and participated in the discussions of other scholarly societies. He also examined the use of neem as a treatment for smallpox.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pulney |first1=Andy |year=1867 |title=On the use of Margosa leaves in Small-pox |journal=The Madras Quarterly Journal of Medical Science |pages=105–107 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WfEEAAAAQAAJ&dq=ANDY%20PULNEY&pg=PA105 |accessdate=20 February 2011 }}</ref><ref name = encyc>{{cite book |title=Encyclopedia of India: Volume 1 |last=Wolpert |first=Stanley |authorlink= |year=2005 |publisher=[[Gale (publisher)|Gale]] |location= |isbn=978-0-684-31349-8 |page=44 |url=}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url= https://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/104/12/1720.pdf|title=Surgeon Senjee Pulney Andy's trials in treating smallpox using leaves of Azadirachta indica in southern India in the 1860s| author1=Raman, Ramya| author2=Raman, Anantanarayanan| journal=Current Science| volume=104|issue=12|year=2013 |pages= 1720–1722}}</ref>

Andy was baptised by the Basel missionaries in [[Kozhikode|Calicut]] on 3 May 1863 but after his retirement he sought to create an indigenous branch of Christianity. He also joined the freemason's movement and was involved in establishing Lodge Carnatic in 1883 where he served as second master. In 1866 he started a National Church of India in Madras. This did not however succeed.<ref>{{cite book |title=Christian movements in Southeast Asia: a theological exploration |last=Poon |first=Michael |authorlink= |year=2010 |publisher=Armour Publishing Pte Ltd |location= |isbn=978-981-4305-15-0 |page=44 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wr-sG0rWilEC&dq=ANDY%20PULNEY%20church&pg=PT41 |accessdate=20 February 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= Collins |first= Paul M. |title= Christian Inculturation in India |publisher= Ashgate Publishing |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=XdmxDDMsRSIC&dq=Parani+Andi%2C+Pulney&pg=PA43|year= 2007 |page= 43 |isbn= 9780754660767}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= Mannion |first= Gerard |title= Church and Religious 'Other' |publisher= Continuum International Publishing Group |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K5BpAMxlgM4C&dq=Parani+Andi%2C+Pulney&pg=PA58 |year= 2008 |page= 58 |isbn= 9780567032867}}</ref>

The Egmore Railway station was built on land that had belonged to Pulney Andy.<ref name = hindu>{{cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/metroplus/article696892.ece |title=Madras Miscellany – Whither this National Library? |date=19 September 2010 |accessdate=20 February 2010 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

== External links ==
* [https://madrasmusings.com/Vol%2022%20No%2021/first-indian-doctor-with-foreign-degree.html First Indian Doctor with Foreign Degree]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Andy, Pulney}}
[[Category:Indian Anglicans]]
[[Category:1831 births]]
[[Category:1909 deaths]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of St Andrews]]
[[Category:Indian newspaper editors]]
[[Category:Scientists from Tiruchirappalli]]
[[Category:Medical doctors from British India]]
[[Category:People from the Madras Presidency]]

Bhind Lok Sabha constituency

2026-03-09T13:53:17Z

Candy332540216:

{{Short description|Lok Sabha Constituency in Madhya Pradesh, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Bhind
| type = LS
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=right|type=shape|from=Lok Sabha constituencies/2019/Madhya Pradesh/Bhind.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Bhind Lok Sabha constituency
| established = 1952
| electors = 19,00,654<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://elections24.eci.gov.in/docs/WYKXFehhEH.pdf |title=Press Note |author= |date=25 May 2024 |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=11 December 2024 |archive-date=26 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240526095942/https://elections24.eci.gov.in/docs/WYKXFehhEH.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| mp = [[Sandhya Ray]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
| state = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| reservation = SC
| incumbent_image = Sandhya Ray Lok Sabha MP (cropped).jpg
| assembly_cons = [[Ater (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Ater]] [[Bhind (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bhind]] [[Lahar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Lahar]] [[Mehgaon (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Mehgaon]] [[Gohad (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Gohad]] [[Sewda (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sewda]] [[Bhander (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bhander]] [[Datia (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Datia]]
}}
'''Bhind''' is one of the 29 [[Lok Sabha]] constituencies in the Indian state of [[Madhya Pradesh]]. This constituency was reserved for the candidates belonging to the [[Dalit|Scheduled castes]] in its first year as a stand-alone [[constituency]], henceforth it became a general constituency. This constituency covers the entire [[Bhind district|Bhind]] and [[Datia district|Datia]] districts.

==Assembly segments==

Presently, after delimitation, this constituency comprises the following eight [[Vidhan Sabha]] (legislative assembly) segments:
{| class="wikitable"
!#
!Name
!District
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
! colspan="2" |2024 Lead
|-
|9
|[[Ater Assembly constituency|Ater]]
| rowspan="5" |[[Bhind district|Bhind]]
|Hemant Satyadev Katare
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=4}}
|-
|10
|[[Bhind Assembly constituency|Bhind]]
|[[Narendra Singh Kushwah]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
|11
|[[Lahar Assembly constituency|Lahar]]
|Ambrish Sharma
|-
|12
|[[Mehgaon Assembly constituency|Mehgaon]]
|[[Rakesh Shukla (politician)|Rakesh Shukla]]
|-
|13
|[[Gohad Assembly constituency|Gohad]] (SC)
|Keshav Desai
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|20
|[[Sewda Assembly constituency|Sewda]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Datia district|Datia]]
|Pradeep Agrawal
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|21
|[[Bhander Assembly constituency|Bhander]] (SC)
|Phool Singh Baraiya
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|22
|[[Datia Assembly constituency|Datia]]
|[[Rajendra Bharti]]
|-
|}

Before delimitation of parliamentary constituencies in 2008, Bhind Lok Sabha constituency comprised the following eight [[Vidhan Sabha]] (legislative assembly) segments:
{| class="wikitable"
!#
!Name
!District
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|9
|[[Gohad Assembly constituency|Gohad]] (SC)
| rowspan="6" |[[Bhind district|Bhind]]
|
|
|
|-
|10
|[[Mehgaon Assembly constituency|Mehgaon]]
|
|
|
|-
|11
|[[Ater Assembly constituency|Attair]]
|
|
|
|-
|12
|[[Bhind Assembly constituency|Bhind]]
|
|
|
|-
|13
|[[Ron Assembly constituency|Ron]]
|
|
|
|-
|14
|[[Lahar Assembly constituency|Lahar]]
|
|
|
|-
|22
|[[Sewda Assembly constituency|Seondha]] (SC)
| rowspan="2" |[[Datia district|Datia]]
|
|
|
|-
|23
|[[Datia Assembly constituency|Datia]]
|
|
|
|}

== Members of Parliament ==
{{Pie chart
| caption = [[BJP]] is the most successful political party in Bhind (Madhya Pradesh) Lok Sabha elections
| value1 = 64.71
| label1 = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|'''BJP/BJS''']] (11 terms)
| color1 = {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| value2 = 23.53
| label2 = [[Indian National Congress|'''INC''']] (4 terms)
| color2 = {{party color|Indian National Congress}}
| value3 = 5.88
| label3 = [[Janta Party|'''Janta Party''']] (1 term)
| color3 = blue
| value4 = 5.88
| label4 = [[Independent (politician)|'''Independent''']] (1 term)
| color4 = white
}}
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[1951–52 Indian general election|1952]]
| rowspan="2" |Suraj Prasad
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1962 Indian general election|1962]]
|-
|[[1967 Indian general election|1967]]
|Yashwant Singh Kushwah
|style="background-color: {{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
|[[1971 Indian general election|1971]]
|[[Vijaya Raje Scindia]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]]
|-
|[[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
|Raghubir Singh Machhand
|style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Party}}" |
|[[Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
|Kali Charan Sharma
| rowspan=2 style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|rowspan=2|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
|[[Krishna Pal Singh]]
|-
|[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
|[[Narsingh Rao Dixit]]
| rowspan="10" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| rowspan="10" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
|Yoganand Saraswati
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Ram Lakhan Singh]]
|-
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
|-
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
|-
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
|[[Ashok Chhaviram Argal|Ashok Argal]]
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
|[[Bhagirath Prasad]]
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Sandhya Ray]]
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|-
|}

== Election results ==

=== General election, 2024 ===
{{bar box|float=right|title=Vote share of Winning candidates|titlebar=#ddd|width=300px|barwidth=275px|bars={{bar percent|[[#General Elections 2024|2024]]|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|51.2}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 2019|2019]]|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|54.9}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 2014|2014]]|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|55.4}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 2009|2009]]|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|43.4}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 2004|2004]]|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|40.6}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1999|1999]]|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|40.9}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1998|1998]]|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|42.2}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1996|1996]]|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|39.2}}}}{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general election]]: [[Bhind]]<ref name="2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Bhind">{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of India |title=2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Bhind |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S122.htm |access-date=6 August 2024 |date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240806144420/https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S122.htm |archive-date=6 August 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Bhind Constituency Lok Sabha Election Results 2024 |url=https://www.brutimes.com/news/politics/bhind-constituency-lok-sabha-election-results-2024 |website=Bru Times News |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate= [[Sandhya Ray]]
|party= Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes= 537,065
|percentage=51.20
|change={{decrease}}3.73
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate= [[Phool Singh Baraiya]]
|party= Indian National Congress
|votes= 4,72,225
|percentage=45.02
|change={{increase}}10.9
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate= Devashish Jarariya
|party= Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes= 20,465
|percentage=1.95
|change={{decrease}}4.98
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 6534
|percentage = 0.62
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes =64,840
|percentage =6.18
|change ={{decrease}}14.65
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes =10,49,007{{efn|postal ballots included}}
|percentage =54.93
|change ={{increase}}0.40
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing = {{decrease}}3.73
}}
{{Election box end}}
{{notelist}}

===2019===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: [[Bhind]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Sandhya Rai]]|votes=5,27,694|percentage=54.93|change=-0.53}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Devashish Jarariya|votes=3,27,809|percentage=34.12|change=+0.6}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Babu Ram Jamor|votes=66,613|percentage=6.93|change=+2.3}}
{{Election box majority||votes=1,99,885|percentage=20.83|change=-1.13}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=9,62,717|percentage=54.53|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing = {{decrease}}0.53
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: [[Bhind]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Bhagirath Prasad Singh|Bhagirath Prasad]]|votes=4,04,474|percentage=55.46|change=+12.05}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Imarti Devi]]|votes=2,44,513|percentage=33.52|change=-6.28}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Manish Katroliya|votes=33,803|percentage=4.63|change=-6.98}}{{Election box candidate|party=BSD|candidate=[[Phool Singh Baraiya]]|votes=20,403|percentage=2.80|change=N/A}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Aam Aadmi Party|candidate=Krishna Devi|votes=7,730|percentage=1.06|change=N/A}}{{Election box majority||votes=1,59,961|percentage=21.94|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=7,29,084|percentage=46.03|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2009===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general elections]]: [[Bhind]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Ashok Argal]]|votes=2,27,365|percentage=43.40|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Bhagirath Prasad]]|votes=2,08,479|percentage=39.80|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=D. R. Rahul|votes=60,803|percentage=11.61|change=}}{{Election box majority||votes=18,886|percentage=3.61|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=5,23,791|percentage=38.39|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2004===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Indian general elections]]: [[Bhind]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Ram Lakhan Singh]]|votes=2,34,712|percentage=40.66|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Satyadev Katare]]|votes=2,27,766|percentage=39.45|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Samata Samaj Party|candidate=[[Phool Singh Baraiya]]|votes=59,679|percentage=10.34|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Ramsingh Dhakre|votes=43,822|percentage=7.59|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Samajwadi Party|candidate=Narendra Singh Bhadoria (Daddy)|votes=17,943|percentage=3.11|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=6,946|percentage=1.21|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=5,78,922|percentage=—|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1999 ===
{{Election box begin|title=[[1999 Indian general elections]]: [[Bhind]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Ram Lakhan Singh]]|votes=2,70,766|percentage=40.94|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Satyadev Katare|votes=2,17,192|percentage=32.84|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Kedar Nath|votes=1,05,157|percentage=15.90|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Samajwadi Party|candidate=Rambihari Kushwah|votes=58,577|percentage=8.86|change=|}}
{{Election box majority|votes=53,574|percentage=8.10|change=|}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=6,61,692|percentage=—|change=|}}
{{Election box hold with party link||winner=Bharatiya Janata Party|loser=Indian National Congress|swing=}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1998 ===
{{Election box begin|title=[[1998 Indian general elections]]: [[Bhind]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Ram Lakhan Singh]]|votes=2,92,682|percentage=42.27|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Kedar Nath Kachhi|votes=1,93,774|percentage=27.99|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Balendu Shukl|votes=1,37,530|percentage=19.86|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Savarn Samaj Party|candidate=Mahesh Bhaiya|votes=18,031|percentage=2.60|change=|}}
{{Election box majority|votes=98,908|percentage=14.28|change=|}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=6,92,017|percentage=—|change=|}}
{{Election box hold with party link||winner=Bharatiya Janata Party|loser=Bahujan Samaj Party|swing=}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1996 ===
{{Election box begin|title=[[1996 Indian general elections]]: [[Bhind]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Ram Lakhan Singh]]|votes=1,98,109|percentage=39.21|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Kedar Nath Kushwah (Kachhi)|votes=1,82,311|percentage=36.08|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Dr. Pt Vishwanath Sharma|votes=50,888|percentage=10.07|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent|candidate=Dr. Radhe Shyam Sharma|votes=20,791|percentage=4.12|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=All India Indira Congress (Tiwari)|candidate=Rajesh Singh Bhadoria|votes=10,781|percentage=2.13|change=|}}
{{Election box majority|votes=15,798|percentage=3.13|change=|}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=5,62,880|percentage=—|change=|}}
{{Election box hold with party link||winner=Bharatiya Janata Party|loser=Bahujan Samaj Party|swing=}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Bhind district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
[[Election Commission of India]] https://web.archive.org/web/20081218010942/http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Madhya Pradesh}}

{{coord|26.6|78.8|display=title}}

[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Bhind district]]
[[Category:Datia district]]

Operation Torch

2026-03-07T18:19:43Z

Candy332540216: small edit

{{short description|Allied landing operations in French North Africa during World War II}}
{{About|the World War II Allied campaign in North Africa|Biafran offensive during the Nigerian Civil War|Midwest Invasion of 1967|Russian peaceful nuclear explosion|Operation Fakel}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2014}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Operation Torch
| partof = the [[North African campaign]] of [[World War II]]
| image = Operation Torch - map.jpg
| image_upright = 1.0
| caption = Landings during the operation
| date = 8–16 November 1942 ({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|month1=11 |day1=08 |year1=1942 |month2=11 |day2=16 |year2=1942}})
| place = [[French protectorate in Morocco|French Morocco]], [[French Algeria]]
| result = [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] victory
| territory = *Anglo-American occupation of French Morocco and French Algeria
* [[Case Anton]] (Axis occupation of southern France)
| combatant1 = {{flag|United States|1912}} {{flag|United Kingdom}}
| combatant2 = {{flag|Vichy France}} {{flagcountry|Nazi Germany}} {{flagcountry|Fascist Italy}}
| commander1 = {{plainlist |
* {{nowrap|{{flagicon|United States|1912}} [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]]}}
* {{flagicon|United States|1912}} [[George S. Patton]]
* {{flagicon|United States|1912}} [[Henry Kent Hewitt]]
* {{flagicon|United States|1912}} [[Lloyd Fredendall]]
* {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[Andrew Cunningham, 1st Viscount Cunningham of Hyndhope|Andrew Cunningham]]
* {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[Kenneth Anderson (British Army officer)|Kenneth Anderson]]
* {{flagicon|Vichy France}} [[François Darlan]] (from 14 November)
}}
| commander2 = {{plainlist |
* {{flagicon|Vichy France}} [[François Darlan]]
* {{flagicon|Vichy France}} [[Alphonse Juin]]
* {{flagicon|Vichy France}} [[Charles Noguès]]
* {{flagicon|Vichy France}} [[Frix Michelier]]
}}
| strength1 = '''Ground forces:''' 107,000 troops 35,000 in Morocco 39,000 near Algiers 33,000 near Oran '''Naval activity:''' 108 aircraft 350 warships 500 transports
| strength2 = '''Ground forces:''' 125,000 troops 210 tanks 500 aircraft many [[shore batteries]] '''Naval forces:''' 1 [[French battleship Jean Bart (1940)|battleship]] (partially armed) 10 other warships 11 submarines '''Germany:''' 42 submarines '''Italy''': 21 submarines
| casualties1 = '''United States''':{{sfn|Breuer|1985|p=254}} 556 dead 837 wounded '''United Kingdom''': 574 dead '''Naval Forces''': 1 escort carrier 4 destroyers 2 sloops 6 troopships 1 minesweeper 1 auxiliary anti-aircraft ship
| casualties2 = '''Vichy France:''' 1,346+ dead 1,997 wounded 1 light cruiser 5 destroyers 6 submarines 2 [[flotilla leader]]s '''Germany:''' 8 submarines '''Italy:''' 2 submarines
}}
{{Campaignbox Vichy France Military in World War II}}
{{Campaignbox North Africa}}

'''Operation Torch''' (8–16 November 1942) was an [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] invasion of [[French North Africa]] during [[World War II]]. Torch was a compromise operation that met the British objective of securing victory in North Africa while allowing American armed forces the opportunity to begin their fight against [[Nazi Germany]] and [[Fascist Italy]] on a limited scale.{{sfn|Willmott|1984|p=213}}

The French colonies were aligned with Germany via [[Vichy France]] but the loyalties of the population were mixed. Reports indicated that they might support the Allies. The American General [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]], supreme commander of the Allied forces in [[Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II|Mediterranean theater of the war]], approved plans for a three-pronged attack on [[Casablanca]] (Western), [[Oran]] (Centre) and [[Algiers]] (Eastern), then a rapid move on [[Tunis]] to catch Axis forces in North Africa from the west in conjunction with the British advance from [[Egypt]].

The Western Task Force encountered unexpected resistance and bad weather but Casablanca, the principal French Atlantic naval base, was captured after a short siege. The Centre Task Force suffered some damage to its ships when trying to land in shallow water; Oran surrendered after bombardment by British battleships. The Eastern Task Force met less opposition and were able to push inland and compel surrender on the first day.

The success of Torch caused Admiral [[François Darlan]], commander of the Vichy French forces, who was in Algiers, to order co-operation with the Allies, in return for being installed as [[French Civil and Military High Command|High Commissioner]], with many other Vichy officials keeping their jobs. Darlan was assassinated by a monarchist six weeks later and the [[Free French]] gradually came to dominate the government.

==Background==
=== Allied strategy ===

When the United States entered the Second World War in December 7 1941, British and Americans met at the [[Arcadia Conference]] in Washington D.C. to discuss future strategy. The principle of [[Europe first]] (Germany first) was agreed upon, but British and Americans had different views on how to implement it. Americans favoured a direct approach with first a limited landing in Europe in 1942 ([[Operation Sledgehammer]]), and then a follow-up main thrust in 1943 ([[Operation Roundup (1942)|Operation Roundup]]). The British pressed for a less ambitious plan. They realized the build-up of American forces ([[Operation Bolero]]) would take time, and there was not enough shipping available for large operations. [[Winston Churchill]] proposed to invade North Africa.{{Sfn|Pack|1978|pp=17-22}} The head of the [[United States Army]], General [[George Marshall]] and the head of the US Navy, [[United States Navy|Admiral]] [[Ernest King]] strongly opposed that plan, and were inclined to abandon the Germany first strategy if Churchill persisted. But President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] wanted to support the Russians and as any Pacific operation would be of no help to them, he agreed to the North-African operation.{{Sfn|Pack|1978|pp=17-22}}{{Sfn|Mackenzie|2014|pp=54–55}}{{Sfn|Husen|1999|p=1270}} On 14 August 1942 Lt. General [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] was appointed as Commander in Chief Allied expeditionary Force, and he set up his headquarters in London.{{Sfn|Morison|1947|p=180}}

Planners identified Oran, Algiers and Casablanca as key targets. Ideally there would also be a landing at Tunis to secure Tunisia and facilitate the rapid interdiction of supplies travelling via Tripoli to [[Erwin Rommel]]'s [[Afrika Korps]] forces in [[Italian Libya]]. A compromise would be to land at [[Bône]] in eastern Algeria, some {{convert|300|mi|km}} closer to Tunis than Algiers. Limited resources dictated that the Allies could only make three landings and Eisenhower, who believed that any plan must include landings at Oran and Algiers, had two main options: either the western option, to land at Casablanca, Oran and Algiers and then make as rapid a move as possible to Tunis some {{convert|500|mi|km}} east of Algiers once the Vichy opposition was suppressed; or the eastern option, to land at Oran, Algiers and Bône and then advance overland to Casablanca some {{convert|500|mi|km}} west of Oran. He favoured the eastern option because of the advantages it gave to an early capture of Tunis and also because the Atlantic swells off Casablanca presented considerably greater risks to an amphibious landing there than would be encountered in the Mediterranean. The Combined Chiefs of Staff, however, were concerned that should Operation Torch precipitate [[Spain during World War II|Spain]] to abandon neutrality and join the Axis, the Straits of Gibraltar could be closed cutting the entire Allied force's lines of communication. They therefore chose the Casablanca option as the less risky since the forces in Algeria and Tunisia could be supplied overland from Casablanca in the event of closure of the straits.{{sfn|Eisenhower|1948|pp=88–89}}{{Sfn|MacCloskey|1971|pp=36-41}}

The Morocco landings ruled out the early occupation of Tunisia. But with [[Second Battle of El Alamein|British forces advancing]] from Egypt, this would allow the Allies to carry out a [[pincer movement|pincer operation]] against Axis forces in North Africa by mid-January 1943.{{Sfn|MacCloskey|1971|p=41}}

===Intrigues with Vichy commanders===
{{Further|Operation Kingpin (World War II)|Henri Giraud}}
The Allies believed that the Vichy French [[Armistice Army]] would not fight, partly because of information supplied by the American [[Consul (representative)|Consul]] [[Robert Daniel Murphy]] in [[Algiers]]. The French were former members of the Allies, and US troops were instructed not to fire unless they were fired upon.{{sfn|Playfair|Molony|Flynn|Gleave|2004|pp=126, 141–42}} The [[Vichy French Navy]] were expected to be very hostile after the British [[Attack on Mers-el-Kébir]] in June 1940, and the [[Syria–Lebanon campaign]] in 1941.{{Sfn|Pack|1978|pp=56}}

Allied military strategists needed to consider the political situation in North Africa. The Americans had recognised [[Pétain]] and the Vichy government in 1940, whereas the British did not and had recognised General [[Charles de Gaulle]]'s [[French National Committee]] as a government-in-exile instead.{{Sfn|West Point|}} After his backing of British operations against the Vichy French in [[Dakar]] and Syria, de Gaulle did not have many supporters in North Africa.{{Sfn|Gelb|1992|p=65}} Hence the Allies decided to keep de Gaulle and his [[Free French Forces]] entirely out of the operation.{{Sfn|MacCloskey|1971|p=35}}

To gauge the feeling of the Vichy French forces, Murphy was appointed to the American consulate in Algeria. His covert mission was to determine the mood of the French forces and to make contact with elements that might support an Allied invasion. He succeeded in contacting several French officers, including [[General]] [[Charles Mast]], the French commander-in-chief in Algiers. These officers were willing to support the Allies but asked for a clandestine conference with a senior Allied general in Algeria.{{Sfn|West Point|}} Major General [[Mark W. Clark]], one of Eisenhower's senior commanders, was secretly dispatched to [[Cherchell]] in Algeria aboard the British submarine {{HMS|Seraph|P219|6}} and met with these Vichy French officers on 21 October 1942. Due to the need to maintain secrecy, the French officers were left in the dark about concrete plans, but they gave Clark detailed information about the military situation in Algiers. These officers also asked French General [[Henri Giraud]] be moved out of Vichy France to take the lead of the operation.{{Sfn|Gelb|1992|pp=157-165}}

Eventually the Allies [[Operation Kingpin (World War II)|succeeded in slipping]] Giraud out of Vichy France on HMS ''Seraph'' to Gibraltar, where Eisenhower had his headquarters, intending to offer him the post of commander in chief of French forces in North Africa after the invasion. However, Giraud would take no position lower than commander in chief of all the invading forces.{{sfn|Groom|2006|p=354}} When he was refused, he decided to remain "a spectator in this affair".{{sfn|Atkinson|2002|p=66}}

== Forces ==

=== Allied forces ===
{{Further|Operation Torch order of battle}}[[File:Operation Torch.jpg|thumb|Allied convoys heading from the British Isles to North Africa]]The Allies organised three amphibious task forces to simultaneously seize the key ports and airports in Morocco and Algeria, targeting [[Casablanca]], [[Oran]] and Algiers.{{Sfn|Gelb|1992|p=121-125}}

A Western Task Force (aimed at Casablanca) was composed of American units, with [[Major general (United States)|Major General]] [[George S. Patton]] in command and [[Rear Admiral]] [[Henry Kent Hewitt]] heading the naval operations. This Western Task Force consisted of the U.S. [[3rd Infantry Division (United States)|3rd]] and [[9th Infantry Division (United States)|9th Infantry Divisions]], and two battalions from the [[2nd Armored Division (United States)|U.S. 2nd Armored Division]], 35,000 troops in a convoy of over 100 ships. They were transported directly from the United States in the first of a new series of [[UG convoys]] providing logistic support for the North African campaign.{{sfn|Hague|2000|pp=179–80}}

The Centre Task Force, aimed at Oran, included the U.S. 2nd Battalion [[509th Infantry Regiment (United States)|509th Parachute Infantry Regiment]], the [[1st Infantry Division (United States)|U.S. 1st Infantry Division]], and the [[1st Armored Division (United States)|U.S. 1st Armored Division]], a total of 18,500 troops. They were commanded by Major General [[Lloyd Fredendall]], and conveyed from the UK by naval units under Royal Navy Commodore [[Thomas Hope Troubridge|Thomas Troubridge]].{{Sfn|Rohwer|2005|p=209}} The central task force also included air power from [[USS Ranger (CV-4)|USS ''Ranger'']], the only true aircraft carrier involved, and the escort carrier [[USS Suwannee (CVE-27)|USS ''Suwannee'']] bearing Grumman Wildcats, the US Navy's standard fighter at the time.

Torch was, for propaganda purposes, a landing by U.S. forces, supported by British warships and aircraft, under the belief that this would be more palatable to French public opinion, than an Anglo-American invasion. For the same reason, Churchill suggested that British soldiers might wear [[Uniforms of the United States Army|U.S. Army uniforms]], and [[No. 6 Commando]] did so.{{Sfn|Mangold|2012|p=159}} ([[Fleet Air Arm]] aircraft did carry [[United States military aircraft national insignia#Roundels|US "star" roundels]] during the operation,{{sfn|Brown|1968|p=93}} and two British destroyers flew the [[Flag of the United States|Stars and Stripes]].{{Sfn|Mangold|2012|p=159}}) In reality, the Eastern Task Force, aimed at Algiers, was commanded by [[Lieutenant-general (United Kingdom)|Lieutenant-General]] [[Kenneth Anderson (British Army officer)|Kenneth Anderson]] and consisted of a brigade from the [[78th Infantry Division (United Kingdom)|British 78th]] and the [[34th Infantry Division (United States)|U.S. 34th Infantry Divisions]], along with two British commando units ([[No. 1 Commando|No. 1]] and No. 6 Commandos), together with the RAF Regiment providing 5 squadrons of infantry and 5 Light anti-aircraft flights, totalling 20,000 troops. During the landing phase, ground forces were to be commanded by U.S. Major General [[Charles W. Ryder]], [[Commanding officer|Commanding General]] (CG) of the 34th Division and naval forces were commanded by Royal Navy [[Vice-Admiral]] [[Sir Harold Burrough]].{{Sfn|Rohwer|2005|p=209}}

Aerial operations were split into two commands, with [[Royal Air Force]] aircraft under [[Air Marshal]] Sir [[William Welsh (RAF officer)|William Welsh]] operating east of [[Cape Tenez]] in Algeria, and all [[United States Army Air Forces]] aircraft under Major General [[Jimmy Doolittle]], who was under the direct command of Major General Patton, operating west of Cape Tenez.{{Sfn|Pack|1978|p=44}}

=== Vichy French forces ===
The Vichy French had around 125,000 soldiers in the territories as well as coastal artillery, 210 operational but out-of-date tanks and about 500 aircraft,{{sfn|Watson|2007|p=50}} of which 173 were modern [[Dewoitine D.520]] fighters.{{Sfn|Sutherland|2011|p=149}} These forces included 60,000 troops in Morocco, 15,000 in Tunisia, and 50,000 in Algeria.{{Sfn|Stamford|}} The bulk of the Vichy French Navy was stationed outside North Africa: three battleships and seven cruisers at [[Toulon]] and one battleship and three cruisers at Dakar. In North Africa, at Casablanca the incomplete battleship {{Ship|French battleship|Jean Bart|1940|2}} was used as a coastal battery and there was one cruiser, seven destroyers and eight submarines. At Oran there was a force of four destroyers and nine submarines.{{Sfn|Rohwer|2005|p=210}}{{Sfn|Pack|1978|pp=57}}[[File:OPERATION-TORCH-OVERVIEW.png|650px|A map showing landings during Operation Torch.|right]]

== Battle ==
===Eastern task force===
{{For|other battles in the same place|Battle of Algiers (disambiguation){{!}}Battle of Algiers}}

In the early hours of 8 November, [[French Resistance]] fighters staged a coup in the city of Algiers. They seized control of the city, but when no US troops appeared in the morning, they quickly lost control to Vichy French forces. Meanwhile, the American consul Robert Murphy attempted to persuade General [[Alphonse Juin]], the senior French Army officer in North Africa, to side with the Allies and place himself under the command of General Giraud. Murphy was treated to a surprise: Admiral [[François Darlan]], the commander of all French forces, was also in Algiers on a private visit, and Juin insisted on contacting Darlan at once. Murphy was unable to persuade them to side with the Allies right away, and Darlan contacted Pétain, who instructed him to resist.{{Sfn|MacCloskey|1971|pp=105-106}}

The invasion commenced with landings on three beaches, two west of Algiers and one east. The landing forces were under the overall command of Major-General Charles W. Ryder, commanding general of the U.S. 34th Infantry Division. The [[11th Infantry Brigade and Headquarters South East|11th Brigade Group]] from the British 78th Infantry Division landed on the right-hand beach; the US [[168th Infantry Regiment (United States)|168th Regimental Combat Team]], from the 34th Infantry Division, supported by 6 Commando and most of 1 Commando, landed on the middle beach; and the US [[39th Infantry Regiment (United States)|39th Regimental Combat Team]], from the US 9th Infantry Division, supported by the remaining 5 troops from 1 Commando, landed on the left-hand beach. The [[36th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom)|36th Brigade Group]] from the British 78th Infantry Division stood by in floating reserve.{{sfn|Playfair|Molony|Flynn|Gleave|2004|pp=126, 140–41, map 18}} Though some landings went to the wrong beaches, this was immaterial because of the lack of French opposition. Only at [[Bordj El Bahri|Cape Matifou]] a coastal battery opened fire, and in the forenoon some resistance was offered at the fortresses of Cape Matifou, Duperre and L'Empereur. At 06:00 the airfield at [[Houari Boumediene Airport|Maison Blanche]] was captured and at 10:00 [[Hawker Hurricane]] and [[Supermarine Spitfire]] aircraft from [[Gibraltar]] started to flow in at the airfield. A second airfield at [[Blida Airport|Blida]] surrendered the same day to a British plane landing on the airfield.{{Sfn|Pack|1978|pp=63-80}}[[File:Near Algiers, "Torch" troops hit the beaches behind a large American flag "Left" hoping for the French Army not fire... - NARA - 195516.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|American soldiers land near [[Algiers]]. The soldier at the dune line is carrying a flag because it was hoped the French would be less likely to fire on Americans.]]The only fierce fighting took place in the port of Algiers, where in [[Operation Terminal]], the British destroyers {{HMS|Malcolm|D19|6}} and {{HMS|Broke|D83|6}} attempted to land a party of US [[United States Army Rangers|Army Rangers]] directly onto the dock, to prevent the French destroying the port facilities and scuttling their ships. Heavy artillery fire hit ''Malcolm'' and forced her to abandon the operation, but ''Broke'' was able to disembark {{nowrap|250 Rangers}} who secured the power station and oil installations. At 9:15 however she too had to recall the Rangers and abandon the operation due to the heavy artillery fire. As a result of the damage received, ''Broke'' foundered the next day in bad weather.{{Sfn|Rohwer|2005|pp=209-210}}{{Sfn|Pack|1978|pp=63-80}}

By 16:00 the US troops had surrounded Algiers and held the coastal batteries defending the harbour. At 18:40 Juin made an agreement with Ryder to stop the fighting. The next day on 9 November a local cease-fire was negotiated and Darlan authorized the Eastern Task Force to use the harbor of Algiers, but in Oran and Morocco the fighting continued. Giraud arrived the same day in Algiers and at noon on 10 November after negotiations with General Clark, Darlan ordered all hostilities to end and to observe neutrality. On secret orders from Pétain, on 11 November he ordered the forces in Tunisia to resist a German invasion.{{Sfn|MacCloskey|1971|pp=106-107}}

=== Western task force ===
The Western Task Force landed before daybreak on 8 November 1942, at three points in Morocco: In the South at [[Safi, Morocco|Safi]] ([[Operation Blackstone]]), in the North at Mehdiya-[[Kenitra|Port Lyautey]] ([[Battle of Port Lyautey|Operation Goalpost]]) and the main thrust was at the centre in [[Mohammedia|Fedala]], close to Casablanca, ([[Operation Brushwood]]).{{Sfn|Pack|1978|p=43}} Just like in Algiers, there was a failed attempt to neutralize Vichy French command in the morning of 8 November: General [[Antoine Béthouart|Béthouart]] was unable to convince Admiral [[Frix Michelier|Michelier]] nor General [[Charles Noguès|Noguès]] to side with the Allies. Instead they ordered the Army and Navy to oppose the invasion.{{Sfn|Breuer|1985|pp=110-113}}

[[File:Seatrain Lakehurst after discharging tanks at Safi North Africa.png|thumb|[[USS Lakehurst (APV-3/APM-9)#Ship usage in World War II and Vietnam|USS ''Lakehurst'']] (formerly ''Seatrain New Jersey''), after discharging medium tanks at [[Safi, Morocco]]]]
At Safi the objective was to capture the port facilities intact and to land the Western Task Force's medium [[M4 Sherman|Sherman]] tanks, which would be used to reinforce the assault on Casablanca.{{sfn|Howe|1993|pp=97, 102}} Two old destroyers, {{USS|Cole|DD-155|6}} and {{USS|Bernadou}}, were to land an assault party in the harbor, whilst troops landed on the beaches would quickly move to the town. The landings were begun without covering fire, in the hope that the French would not resist at all. However, once French coastal batteries opened fire, Allied warships returned fire. Most of the landings occurred behind schedule, but met no opposition on the beaches. Under cover from fire of the battleship {{USS|New York|BB-34|6}} and cruiser {{USS|Philadelphia|CL-41|6}}, ''Cole'' and ''Bernadou'' landed their troops and the harbor was captured intact. Safi surrendered on the afternoon of 8 November. By 10 November, the landed troops moved northwards to join the siege of Casablanca.{{Sfn|Pack|1978|pp=91-92}}

At Port-Lyautey, the objective was to secure the port and the airfield, so that aircraft could be flown in from Gibraltar and from aircraft carriers. The landings were delayed because of navigational problems and the slow disembarkation of the troops in their landing ships. The first three waves of troops were landed unopposed on five beaches. The cruiser {{USS|Savannah|CL-42|6}} bombarded coastal batteries at [[Kasbah Mahdiyya]]. The next waves came under fire from coastal batteries and Vichy-French aircraft. A first attempt by the old destroyer {{USS|Dallas|DD-199|6}} to bring a raiding party inshore on the [[Sebou River]] to the airfield, failed on 8 November.{{Sfn|Pack|1978|pp=92-95}} Vichy French reinforcements coming from Rabat were bombarded by the battleship {{USS|Texas|BB-35|6}} and the cruiser ''Savannah''. A second attempt on 10 November to take the airfield was successful and over the next two days, the escort carrier {{USS|Chenango|CVE-28|6}} sent 77 [[Curtiss P-40 Warhawk]] to the airfield.{{Sfn|MacCloskey|1971|p=130}} With the support of aircraft from the escort carrier {{USS|Sangamon|CVE-26|6}}, the Kasbah battery was taken and ships could come closer to shore to unload supplies. On 11 November The cease-fire ordered by Darlan halted all hostilities.{{Sfn|Pack|1978|pp=92-95}}

[[File:Operation Torch - message from the president of United States to the citizens of Casablanca.jpg|thumb|A flyer in French and Arabic that was distributed by Allied forces in the streets of [[Casablanca]], calling on citizens to cooperate with the Allied forces]]At Fedala, a small port with a large beach {{convert|15|mi}} from Casablanca, weather was good but landings were delayed because troopships were not disembarking troops on schedule. The first wave reached shore unopposed at 05:00. Many landing craft were wrecked in the heavy surf or on rocks. At dawn the Vichy French shore batteries opened fire. By 07:30 fire from the cruisers {{USS|Augusta|CA-31|6}} and {{USS|Brooklyn|CL-40|6}} with their supporting destroyers, had silenced the shore batteries. At 08:00 when Vichy-French aircraft appeared and attacked, one battery reopened fire. Two Vichy-French destroyers arrived from Casablanca at 08:25 and attacked the American destroyers. By 09:05 the Vichy French destroyers had been driven away, but all available Vichy French ships sortied from Casablanca and at 10:00 renewed the attack on the American ships at Fedala. By 11:00 the battle was over, the two American cruisers had either sunk or driven ashore the light cruiser {{ship|French cruiser|Primauguet|1924|2}}, two flotilla leaders and four destroyers. Only one destroyer escaped back to Casablanca. Fedala surrendered at 14:30 and transport ships could move closer to shore to speed up the unloading.{{Sfn|Pack|1978|pp=95-98}} Meanwhile the American Covering force with the battleship {{USS|Massachusetts|BB-59|6}} had appeared before Casablanca and when coastal batteries opened fire at 07:00, the American ships responded at once and damaged the Vichy-French battleship ''Jean Bart'' with five hits, putting its one operational turret out of action.{{Sfn|MacCloskey|1971|p=122}} Of the eleven submarines in port, three were destroyed but the other eight took up attack positions. These submarines attacked ''Massachusetts''; the aircraft carrier {{USS|Ranger|CV-4|6}}; and the cruisers ''Brooklyn'' and {{USS|Tuscaloosa|CA-37|2}}, but all their torpedoes missed, and six submarines were sunk.{{Sfn|Rohwer|2005|p=210}}

On 9 November the small port of Fedala was in use and troops advanced on Casablanca. Despite having lost 55 aircraft the previous day, attacks by Vichy-French aircraft continued all day.{{Sfn|Pack|1978|pp=95-98}} On 10 November, ''Jean Bart'' was repaired, but when she opened fire, she was attacked by dive-bombers from the aircraft carrier ''Ranger'' and heavily damaged by two bomb hits.{{Sfn|Morison|1947|pp=162-163}} The Americans surrounded the port of Casablanca by 10 November but waited for the arrival of the tanks from Safi to start an all-out attack planned for 11 November at 07:15. Orders from Darlan, broadcast on 10 November, to cease resistance were ignored until 11 November 06:00, the city surrendered an hour before the final assault was due to take place.{{Sfn|Pack|1978|pp=95-98}}

===Center task force===
[[File:The Royal Navy during the Second World War- Operation Torch, North Africa, November 1942 A12667.jpg|thumb|U.S. troops landing in Arzew, with troopships in the background]]
The Center Task Force was split between three beaches, two west of Oran and one east. Landings at the westernmost beach were delayed because of a French convoy which appeared while the minesweepers were clearing a path. Some delay and confusion, and damage to landing ships, was caused by the unexpected shallowness of water and sandbars. On all beaches the landings met no resistance.{{Sfn|Pack|1978|pp=81-90}} An airborne assault by the 2nd Battalion, 509th Parachute Infantry Regiment, which flew all the way from England, over Spain, to Oran, to capture the airfields at [[Tafraoui]] and [[Es Sénia|La Sénia]] failed.{{sfn|Playfair|Molony|Flynn|Gleave|2004|pp=146–47, map 19}}{{Sfn|Pack|1978|pp=81-90}} Aircraft from three British carriers attacked these airfields in the morning and destroyed seventy airplanes which were armed and ready to take off to attack. In the afternoon the Tafraoui airfield was captured by the quickly advancing troops from the beachheads, and immediately Spitfires were flown in from Gibraltar. The [[1st Ranger Battalion (United States)|U.S. 1st Ranger Battalion]] landed east of Oran and quickly captured the shore battery at [[Arzew]].{{Sfn|Pack|1978|pp=81-90}}

At the same time of the landings, in the early morning of 8 November, an [[Operation Reservist|attempt]] was made to land U.S. infantry by the sloops {{HMS|Walney|Y04|6}} and {{HMS|Hartland}} at the harbor of Oran, in order to prevent destruction of the port facilities and scuttling of ships. But both sloops were sunk by Vichy-French destroyers in the harbour and the operation failed.{{Sfn|Pack|1978|pp=81-90}} The Vichy French naval fleet consisting of one flotilla leader, three destroyers, one minesweeper, six submarines and some smaller vessels, broke out from the harbor and attacked the Allied invasion fleet. Over the next two days all these ships were either sunk or driven ashore, only one submarine escaped to Toulon, after an unsuccessful attack on the cruiser {{HMS|Jamaica|44|6}}.{{Sfn|Rohwer|2005|pp=209-210}} French batteries and the invasion fleet exchanged fire throughout 8–9 November, with French troops defending Oran and the surrounding area stubbornly; bombardment by the British battleship {{HMS|Rodney|29|6}} brought about Oran's surrender on 10 November.{{Sfn|Pack|1978|pp=81-90}}

=== Axis reaction ===
In the central and eastern Atlantic, U-boats had been drawn away to attack trade [[convoy SL 125]],{{sfn|Edwards|1999|p=115}} and troop convoys between the UK and North Africa went largely unnoticed. A [[Focke-Wulf Fw 200 Condor]] detected on 31 October a task force of aircraft carriers and cruisers, and on 2 November a returning [[U-boat]] reported a troop ship convoy.{{Sfn|Blair|1998|pp=88-89}}

On 4 November the Germans became aware of an impending big operation, they anticipated another convoy run to Malta or an amphibious landing in Libya or at [[Béjaïa|Bougie Bay]]. Seven U-boats of the Atlantic force were ordered to break through the [[Strait of Gibraltar]] and go to the North African coast. Nine Mediterranean U-boats were also deployed to the same region.{{Sfn|Blair|1998|pp=89-97}} A total of nineteen U-boats were stationed between the [[Balearic Islands]] and Algiers, whilst the Italian Navy deployed twenty-one submarines East of Algiers.{{Sfn|Rohwer|2005|pp=208-209}} On 7 November five German submarines made contact with the British invasion forces but all their attacks missed their target. On 8 November most of these U-boats were operating near Bougie and missed the landings at Algiers.{{Sfn|Blair|1998|pp=89-97}} When receiving news of the landings, [[Karl Dönitz|Dönitz]] ordered twenty-five of the Atlantic U-boats to move towards the Morocco area and Gibraltar, leaving only ten U-boats in the North Atlantic and bringing the U-boat [[Battle of the Atlantic|main offensive]] against the convoy lanes to the United Kingdom to a virtual standstill.{{Sfn|Blair|1998|p=107}} The first wave of nine U-boats to arrive off Morocco ran into a well-prepared defense and achieved little. Only {{GS|U-130|1941|2}} sank three large transports on the anchorage of Fedala, forcing the port to close and ships to divert to Casablanca.{{Sfn|Blair|1998|p=110}} The second wave of fourteen U-boats was sent to the area West of Gibraltar, trying to block all traffic in and out the Straits. They sank the escort carrier {{HMS|Avenger|D14|6}} and the destroyer tender {{HMS|Hecla|1940|6}} with heavy loss of life. In both theaters of operation, the Mediterranean and Atlantic, the Germans lost eight U-boats,{{Sfn|Blair|1998|pp=111-115}} and the Italians two.{{Sfn|Rohwer|2005|p=209}}
[[File:North Africa Operations. 12 November 1942, Bougie, North Africa. A13019.jpg|thumb|''Karanja'' and {{SS|Cathay|1924|2}} on fire off Bougie after Axis air attacks]]
Between 8 and 14 November German bomber and torpedo aircraft attacked ships along the North African coast. They sank two troop transports, one landing ship, two transport ships and the sloop {{HMS|Ibis|U99|2}}. The aircraft carrier {{HMS|Argus|I49|2}} and the monitor {{HMS|Roberts|F40|2}} were damaged by bombs.{{Sfn|Rohwer|2005|p=210}}

=== Assault on Bougie ===
There were limited land communications to move quickly from Algiers eastwards to Tunisia. The Allies had planned additional landings at Bougie and Bone in order to speed up that advance, but there were not enough resources available to execute these landings together with the main landings at Oran and Algiers. On 10 November the British 36th Infantry Brigade was boarded on three troop transports which landed unopposed, under the cover of a bombardment force in the harbor of Bougie on 11 November. A further troop transport was to land commandos, RAF personnel and petrol at [[Jijel|Djidelli]], with the goal to capture the airfield there and provide air cover over Bougie. Due to the heavy surf, this landing was delayed and finally diverted to Bougie and as a consequence air cover was only available from 13 November onward. The Axis air force based in Sardinia and Sicily exploited the lack of air cover between 11 and 13 November to execute heavy attacks on the harbour of Bougie.{{Sfn|Pack|1978|pp=99-104}} They sank the empty troop transports {{SS|Cathay|1924|2}}, {{HMT|Awatea||2}} and the landing ship ''Karanja''.{{Sfn|Rohwer|2005|p=210}}

==Aftermath==

===Political results===
{{See also|François Darlan#Darlan's deal in North Africa|French Civil and Military High Command}}

It quickly became clear that Giraud lacked the authority to take command of the French forces. He preferred to wait in Gibraltar for the results of the landing. However, Darlan in Algiers had such authority. Eisenhower, with the support of Roosevelt and Churchill, made an [[Clark-Darlan accords|agreement with Darlan]], recognising him as French "High Commissioner" in North Africa. In return, Darlan ordered all French forces in North Africa to cease resistance to the Allies and to cooperate instead. The deal was made on 10 November, and French resistance ceased almost at once. The French troops in North Africa who were not already captured submitted to and eventually joined the Allied forces.{{sfn|Eisenhower|1948|pp=99–105, 107–10}} Men from French North Africa would see much combat under the Allied banner as part of the [[French Expeditionary Corps (1943–44)|French Expeditionary Corps]] (consisting of 112,000 troops in April 1944) in the [[Italian Campaign (World War II)|Italian campaign]], where Maghrebis (mostly Moroccans) made up over 60% of the unit's soldiers.{{Sfn|Gaujac|2003|p=31}}

When [[Adolf Hitler]] learned of Darlan's deal with the Allies, he immediately ordered [[Case Anton|the occupation of Vichy France]].{{Sfn|Satloff|}}

The Eisenhower/Darlan agreement meant that the officials appointed by the Vichy regime would remain in power in North Africa. No role was provided for Free France, which deeply offended De Gaulle. It also offended much of the British and American public, who regarded all Vichy French as Nazi collaborators. Eisenhower insisted that he had no real choice if his forces were to move on against the Axis in Tunisia, rather than fight the French in Algeria and Morocco.{{Sfn|Gelb|1992|pp=255-264}} On 24 December, [[Fernand Bonnier de La Chapelle]], a French resistance fighter and anti-fascist monarchist, assassinated Darlan. Giraud succeeded Darlan but, like him, replaced few of the Vichy officials. Under pressure from the Allies and De Gaulle's supporters, the French régime shifted, with Vichy officials gradually replaced and its more offensive decrees rescinded.{{Sfn|Gelb|1992|pp=272-282}}[[File:Toulon 1942.jpg|thumb|Scuttled and burning French warships in the harbor of Toulon]]

===Military consequences===
====Toulon====
{{main|Scuttling of the French fleet in Toulon}}

Darlan ordered cease fire in North Africa on 10 November, and the next day the Germans and the Italians invaded Vichy France. One of their goals was to seize the French fleet in Toulon. Darlan invited the French commander of the fleet in Toulon, [[Jean de Laborde]] to join the Allies, but instead the French commander ordered the fleet scuttled on 27 November when the Germans entered Toulon.{{Sfn|Pack|1978|pp=106-107}}

[[File:Axis prisoners of war are herded out of the city as Allied armies enter Tunis. - NARA - 195472.jpg|thumb|Italian prisoners of war in Tunisia]]

====Tunisia====
{{Main|Tunisia Campaign|Run for Tunis}}After the German and Italian occupation of Vichy France, the French {{lang|fr|[[Army of Africa (France)|Armée d'Afrique]]}} sided with the Allies, providing a third corps ([[XIX Army Corps (France)|XIX Corps]]) for the [[First Army (United Kingdom)|First Army]] under the command of Anderson.{{Sfn|Gelb|1992|p=298}} On 9 November, Axis forces started to build up in French Tunisia, unopposed by the local French forces.{{sfn|Watson|2007|p=60}} After consolidating in Algeria, the Allies began the [[Tunisia Campaign]]. Elements of the First Army came to within {{cvt|40|mi|km|0}} of [[Tunis]] before a [[counterattack]] at [[Djedeida]] thrust them back.{{Sfn|MacCloskey|1971|pp=141-142}} Meanwhile, after their victory at El-Alamein, the [[Eighth Army (United Kingdom)|Eighth Army]] under Lieutenant-General [[Bernard Montgomery]] was pushing German and Italian troops under {{lang|de|[[Generalfeldmarschall]]}} Erwin Rommel steadily towards Tunisia from the East. In January 1943 they reached South Tunisia where Axis troops made a stand at the [[Mareth Line]].{{Sfn|Morison|1947|p=258}} In the west, the [[II Corps (United States)|US II Corps]] suffered defeats at the [[Battle of Sidi Bou Zid]] on 14–15 February and the [[Battle of Kasserine Pass]] on 19 February, but Allied reinforcements halted the Axis advance on 22 February. Fredendall was sacked and replaced by [[George Patton]].{{Sfn|Gelb|1992|p=209}} [[General (United Kingdom)|General]] Sir [[Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis|Harold Alexander]] arrived in Tunisia in late February as commander of the new [[18th Army Group]], which had been created to command the Eighth Army and the Allied forces fighting in Tunisia. The Axis forces attacked eastward at the [[Battle of Medenine]] on 6 March but were easily repulsed by the Eighth Army. On 9 March, Rommel left Tunisia to be replaced by [[Jürgen von Arnim]].{{Sfn|Gelb|1992|pp=299-311}} The First and Eighth Armies [[Operation Vulcan|attacked]] again in April. On 6 May the British took Tunis and American forces reached [[Bizerte]] on 7 May. By 13 May, all Axis forces in Tunisia had surrendered.{{Sfn|Morison|1947|pp=259-260}}

== Later influence ==
Despite Operation Torch's role in the war and logistical success, it has been largely overlooked in many popular histories of the war and in general cultural influence. ''[[The Economist]]'' speculated that this was because French forces were the initial enemies of the landing, making for a difficult fit into the war's overall narrative in general histories. The operation was America's first armed deployment in the [[Arab world]] since the [[Barbary Wars]] and, according to ''The Economist'', laid the foundations for America's postwar [[Middle East]] policy.{{Sfn|Economist|}}

==See also==
* [[Mieczysław Zygfryd Słowikowski]]
* [[North African campaign timeline]]
* [[Operation Flagpole (World War II)]]
* [[US Naval Bases North Africa]]

==Citations==
{{Reflist|20em}}

==Bibliography==
* {{cite book |first=Rick |last=Atkinson |author-link=Rick Atkinson |title=An Army at Dawn |publisher=Henry Holt |year=2002 |isbn=0-8050-6288-2 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/armyatdawnwarinn00atki |via=Archive Foundation}}
* {{Cite book |last=Blair |first=Clay |title=Hitler's U-Boat War: The Hunted 1942–1945 |publisher=Cassell |year=1998 |isbn=0-304-35261-6 |volume=2 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Breuer |first=William B. |title=Operation Torch : the Allied gamble to invade North Africa |date=1985 |publisher=St. Martin's Press |isbn=031258685X |location=New York}}
* {{Cite book |first=J. D. |last=Brown |title=Carrier Operations in World War II: The Royal Navy |location=London |publisher=Ian Allan |year=1968}}
* {{cite book |first=Dwight D. |last=Eisenhower |title=Crusade in Europe |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.226615 |location=London |publisher=William Heinemann |year=1948 |oclc=559866864 |via=Archive Foundation}}
* {{Cite book |title=Dönitz and the Wolf Packs |url=https://archive.org/details/donitzwolfpacks0000edwa |url-access=registration |last=Edwards |first=Bernard |publisher=Brockhampton Press |year=1999 |isbn=1-86019-927-5 |via=Archive Foundation}}
* {{cite book |last=Gaujac |first=Paul |title=Le Corps expéditionnaire français en Italie |publisher=Histoire et collections |year=2003 |page= |language=fr}}
* {{Cite book |last=Gelb |first=Norman |title=Desperate Venture : The Story of Operation Torch, the Allied Invasion of North Africa. |publisher=W. Morrow |year=1992 |isbn=9780688098834 |location=New York}}
* {{cite book |last=Groom |first=Winston |title=1942: The Year That Tried Men's Souls |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sDVUcuAUCUwC&pg=PA354 |date=3 April 2006 |publisher=Grove Press |location=New York |isbn=978-0-8021-4250-4 |page=354 |quote=}}
* {{Cite book |title=The Allied Convoy System 1939–1945 |last=Hague |first=Arnold |publisher=Naval Institute Press |year=2000 |isbn=1-55750-019-3}}
* {{Cite book |last=Howe |first=George F. |url=http://www.history.army.mil/html/books/006/6-1-1/index.html |title=North West Africa: Seizing the Initiative in the West |publisher=[[United States Army Center of Military History]] |location=Washington, D.C. |year=1993|orig-year=1957 |id=CMH Pub 6-1 |lccn=57060021 |series=The United States Army in World War II |access-date=19 November 2014 |archive-date=28 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150528113929/http://www.history.army.mil/html/books/006/6-1-1/index.html |url-status=dead}}
* {{cite book |last1=Husen |editor-first1=David T. |editor-last1=Zabecki |editor-first2=Carl O. |editor-last2=Schuster |editor-first3=Paul J. |editor-last3=Rose |editor-first4=William H. |editor-last4=Van |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gYDN-UfehEEC&pg=PA1270 |title=World War II in Europe : an encyclopedia |date=1999 |publisher=Garland Pub. |isbn=9780824070298 |access-date=7 October 2020 |archive-date=3 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203050303/https://books.google.com/books?id=gYDN-UfehEEC&pg=PA1270 |url-status=live}}
* {{Cite book |last=MacCloskey |first=Monro |title=Torch and the Twelfth Air Force |publisher=Rosen Press |year=1971 |isbn=9780823902408 |location=New York}}
* {{cite book |last1=Mackenzie |first1=S.P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GsUFBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA55 |title=The Second World War in Europe: Second Edition |date=2014 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1317864714 |pages=54–55 |access-date=7 October 2020 |archive-date=3 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203050302/https://books.google.com/books?id=GsUFBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA55 |url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |first=Peter |last=Mangold |year=2012 |title=Britain and the Defeated French: From Occupation to Liberation, 1940–1944 |location=London |publisher=I.B. Tauris}}
* {{Cite book |last=Morison |first=Samuel Eliot |title=Operations in North African waters, October 1942-June 1943 |publisher=O.U.P |year=1947 |location=London}}
* {{Cite book |last=Pack |first=S.W.C. |title=Invasion North Africa, 1942 |date=1978 |publisher=Scribner |isbn=068415921X |location=New York}}
* [[Frederick C. Painton|Painton, Frederick, C.]], “Secret Mission to North Africa”, ''[[Reader's Digest]]'', May 1943.
* {{cite book |ref={{harvid|Playfair|Molony|Flynn|Gleave|2004}}
|first1=Major-General I. S. O. |last1=Playfair |author1-link=Ian Stanley Ord Playfair |first2=Brigadier C. J. C. |last2=Molony |first3=Captain F. C. |last3=Flynn R.N. |first4=Group Captain T. P. |last4=Gleave |editor-last=Butler |editor-first=J. R. M. |editor-link=James Ramsay Montagu Butler |title=The Mediterranean and Middle East: The Destruction of the Axis Forces in Africa |volume=IV |series=History of the Second World War United Kingdom Military Series |orig-year=1st [[HMSO]] 1966 |year=2004 |location=Uckfield, UK |publisher=Naval & Military Press |isbn=1-84574-068-8 |name-list-style=amp}}
* {{cite book |last=Rohwer |first=Jürgen |author-link=Jürgen Rohwer |title=Chronology of the War at Sea 1939–1945: The Naval History of World War Two |publisher=Naval Institute Press |year=2005 |isbn=1-59114-119-2 |edition=Third Revised |location=Annapolis, Maryland}}
* {{Cite book |last=Sutherland |first=Jonathan |title=Vichy Air Force at war : the French Air Force that fought the allies in World War II |publisher=Pen & Sword Aviation |year=2011 |isbn=9781783461257 |location=Barnsley, South Yorkshire}}
* {{Cite book |last=Watson |first=Bruce Allen |title=Exit Rommel: The Tunisian Campaign, 1942–43 |location=Mechanicsburg, PA |publisher=Stackpole Books |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-8117-3381-6 |series=Stackpole Military History Series|orig-year=1999 |oclc=40595324}}
* {{Cite book |last=Willmott |first=H.P. |url=https://archive.org/details/june194400will |title=June, 1944 |publisher=Blandford Press |year=1984 |isbn=0-7137-1446-8 |location=Poole, Dorset |via=Archive Foundation}}
* Lambert, John W. (1992), Phalanx Publishing Co., Ltd., Wildcats over Casablanca, pp. 3

=== Online ===
* {{Cite web |title=The Stamford Historical Society Presents: Operation Torch and the Invasion of North Africa |url=http://www.stamfordhistory.org/ww2_torch.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904022301/http://www.stamfordhistory.org/ww2_torch.htm |archive-date=4 September 2021 |access-date=5 October 2015 |ref={{sfnref|Stamford}}}}
* {{cite web |last=Satloff |first=Robert |authorlink=Robert Satloff |date=9 October 2017 |title=Operation Torch and the Birth of American Middle East Policy, 75 Years On |url=https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/operation-torch-and-birth-american-middle-east-policy-75-years |accessdate=2020-02-12 |publisher=[[Washington Institute for Near East Policy]] |ref={{sfnref|Satloff}} |location=Washington D.C.}}
* {{cite book |author=United States Military Academy. Department of Military Art and Engineering |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KThNAQAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA5 |title=The War in North Africa Part 2 – The Allied Invasion |publisher=Department of Military Art and Engineering, United States Military Academy |year=1947 |location=West Point, NY |pages=4–5 |ref={{sfnref|West Point}} |access-date=12 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203050305/https://books.google.com/books?id=KThNAQAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA5 |archive-date=3 February 2023 |url-status=live}}
* {{cite news |author1=R.B.S. |date=9 November 2017 |title=Remembering Operation Torch on its 75th anniversary |url=https://www.economist.com/blogs/democracyinamerica/2017/11/shining-light |url-status=live |url-access = subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180424200125/https://economist.com/blogs/democracyinamerica/2017/11/shining-light |archive-date=24 April 2018 |access-date=12 November 2017 |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |ref={{sfnref|Economist}}}}

== Further reading ==
* {{Cite book |first=Bruce |last=Allen |title=Exit Rommel: The Tunisian Campaign, 1942–43 |location=Mechanicsburg, PA |publisher=Stackpole Books |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-8117-3381-6 |series=Stackpole Military History Series|orig-year=1999}}
* {{Cite book |last=Anderson |first=Charles R. |url=http://www.history.army.mil/brochures/algeria/algeria.htm |title=Algeria-French Morocco 8 November 1942 – 11 November 1942 |publisher=[[United States Army Center of Military History]] |location=Washington |year=1993 |id=CMH Pub 72-11 |series=WWII Campaigns |isbn=0-16-038105-3 |access-date=9 June 2010 |archive-date=5 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090405074539/http://www.history.army.mil/brochures/algeria/algeria.htm |url-status=dead}}
* {{cite book |last=Danan |first=Professeur Yves Maxime |title=République Française Capitale Alger, 1940–1944 Souvenirs |year=2019 |publisher=L'Harmattan |location=Paris}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Facon|first1=Patrick|title=L'opération Torch le 8 novembre 1942: Les Alliés face aux Français|journal=Le Fana de l'Aviation |date=November 2012 |issue=516 |pages=20–31 |issn=0757-4169 |language=fr|trans-title=Operation Torch, 8 November 1942: The Allies Facing the French}}
* {{Cite book |first=Arthur L. |last=Funk |title=The Politics of Torch |publisher=University Press of Kansas |year=1974}}
* {{Cite book |title=Command Decisions |editor-last=Roberts Greenfield |editor-first=Kent |url=http://www.history.army.mil/books/70-7_0.htm |publisher=[[United States Army Center of Military History]] |year=2000|orig-year=1960 |id=CMH Pub 70-7 |chapter=Chapter 7: The Decision to Invade North Africa (Torch) |first=Leo J. |last=Meyer |chapter-url=http://www.history.army.mil/books/70-7_07.htm |access-date=18 June 2010 |archive-date=30 December 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071230145455/http://www.history.army.mil/books/70-7_0.htm |url-status=dead}}
* {{cite book |last=O'Hara |first=Vincent P. |year=2015 |title=Torch: North African and the Allied Path to Victory |location=Annapolis |publisher=Naval Institute}}

==External links==
{{Prone to spam|date=December 2019}}

{{Commons|Operation Torch|Operation Torch}}
{{Wikisource|US Army Campaigns of World War II Series/Algeria-French Morocco}}
* [http://www.history.army.mil/books/70-7_07.htm The Decision to Invade North Africa (TORCH)] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100515100444/http://www.history.army.mil/books/70-7_07.htm |date=15 May 2010 }} part of ''[http://www.history.army.mil/books/70-7_0.htm Command Decisions] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071230145455/http://www.history.army.mil/books/70-7_0.htm |date=30 December 2007 }}'' a publication of the [[United States Army Center of Military History]]
* [http://www.history.army.mil/brochures/algeria/algeria.htm Algeria-French Morocco] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090405074539/http://www.history.army.mil/brochures/algeria/algeria.htm |date=5 April 2009 }} a book in the ''U.S. Army Campaigns of World War II'' series of the [[United States Army Center of Military History]]
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20050208000842/http://www.usswashington.com/dl08no42c.htm A detailed history of 8 November 1942]}}
* [http://www.combinedops.com/Torch.htm Combined Ops]
* [http://airgroup4.com/operation-torch.htm History and photos of the operations of the USS Ranger and its Air Group during Operation Torch]
* [http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4621656,00.html (North African Jewish Resistance to Nazis and the Holocaust)]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050819234512/http://war.megabaze.com/page_html/009-Algerian%20Resistance-1942 The accord Franco-Américan of Messelmoun (in French)]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090503114041/http://www.remuseum.org.uk/corpshistory/rem_corps_part16.htm Royal Engineers Museum] Royal Engineers and Second World War (Operation Torch){{dead link|date=September 2011}}
* [http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USA/rep/TORCH/DDE-Torch.html Report of the Commander-in-Chief Allied Forces to the Combined Chief of Staff on Operations in North Africa]
* [http://www.historynet.com/magazines/world_war_2/3026106.html Operation Torch: Allied Invasion of North Africa] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930201035/http://www.historynet.com/magazines/world_war_2/3026106.html |date=30 September 2007 }} article by Williamson Murray
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090108083606/http://www.american-divisions.com/doc.asp?documentid=138&pagenumber=1 Eisenhower's report on operation Torch]
* [http://www.wwiireels.com Operation TORCH Motion Pictures from the National Archives]
* [http://www.defensemedianetwork.com/stories/operation-torch-ybsob-decoded/ Operation Torch]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20131005164526/http://desertwar.net/operation-torch.html Operation Torch World War II]

{{Liberation of France}}
{{World War II}}
{{Dwight D. Eisenhower}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Torch, Operation}}
[[Category:Battles of World War II involving the United States]]
[[Category:1942 in Gibraltar]]
[[Category:1942 in Tunisia]]
[[Category:Military history of Algeria during World War II]]
[[Category:Amphibious operations involving the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Amphibious operations involving the United States]]
[[Category:Amphibious operations of World War II]]
[[Category:Battles and operations of World War II involving France]]
[[Category:Battles and operations of World War II involving the United States]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1942]]
[[Category:Gibraltar in World War II]]
[[Category:Invasions by Australia]]
[[Category:Invasions by Canada]]
[[Category:Invasions by the Netherlands]]
[[Category:Invasions by the United States]]
[[Category:Military battles of Vichy France]]
[[Category:Military history of Canada during World War II]]
[[Category:Morocco in World War II]]
[[Category:Naval battles and operations of World War II involving the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Naval battles of World War II involving the United States]]
[[Category:Naval battles of World War II involving Canada]]
[[Category:Naval battles of World War II involving Germany]]
[[Category:North African campaign]]
[[Category:November 1942 in Africa]]
[[Category:Tunisia in World War II]]
[[Category:United States Army Rangers]]
[[Category:World War II invasions]]
[[Category:Land battles and operations of World War II involving the United Kingdom|Torch]]
[[Category:1942 in Algeria]]
[[Category:1942 in Morocco]]
[[Category:Military operations involving Algeria]]
[[Category:Airborne operations of World War II]]

C 202 (film)

2026-03-06T06:32:21Z

Candy332540216: adding a post

{{Short description|Upcoming Indian film by Munna Kasi}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{For|the Italian fighter aircraft|Macchi C.202 Folgore}}
{{Infobox film
| name = C.202
| image = C202 poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Munna Kasi]]
| writer =
| producer = Manohari KA
| starring = {{ubl|Munna Kasi|Sharon Riah Fernandez|[[Tanikella Bharani]]|[[Satya Prakash (actor)|Satya Prakash]]|[[Subhalekha Sudhakar]]|[[Shafi (actor)|Shafi]]|Archana Ananth|[[Chitram Srinu]]|Idream Anjali|[[Y. Vijaya]]}}
| cinematography = Seetharamaraju Upputhalla
| editing = Munna Kasi
| music = Munna Kasi
| studio = Mighty Oak Pictures
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2024|10|25|ref1=<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/munna-kasis-c-202-locks-its-release-date/d936b3f4e441 |title=C 202 locks release date: Here's when the Munna Kasi film will be out in theaters |website=OTTPlay}}</ref>}}
| runtime = 135 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
}}

'''''C.202''''' is a 2024 Indian Telugu language [[horror film]] directed, written, composed and edited by [[Munna Kasi]] and produced by Manohari KA under the Mighty Oak Pictures banner. The film stars himself and Sharon Riah Fernandez.<ref>{{cite news |title=C 202 set to hit the silver screen on October 25 |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/c-202-set-to-hit-the-silver-screen-on-october-25-1828696 |access-date=18 October 2024 |work=Deccan Chronicle |date=26 January 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/c202-the-first-look-of-munna-kasis-horror-thriller-is-intriguing-and-intense/537c22234b232 |title=C.202 - The first look of Munna Kasi's horror thriller is intriguing and intense |website=OTTPlay}}</ref>

==Plot==
In the horror thriller ''C.202'', a family purchases a seemingly charming villa at a bargain price, unaware that it is infused with tantrik powers. As they face terrifying supernatural events, they discover they were drawn to the villa for a sinister reason connected to their past. With the hero's bravery and unexpected allies, they confront the malevolent forces, but as the climax approaches, one question remains: has the evil truly been defeated, or does it still lurk in the shadows?

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Munna Kasi]]
*Sharon Riah Fernandez
*[[Tanikella Bharani]] as Bura
*[[Satya Prakash (actor)|Satya Prakash]]
*[[Subhalekha Sudhakar]]
*[[Shafi (actor)|Shafi]]
*Archana Ananth
*[[Chitram Srinu]]
*Idream Anjali
*[[Y. Vijaya]]
}}

==Production==
[[Munna Kasi]] directed, acted, composed for and edited the film. Sharon Ria Fernandez from Goa stars in the film. The film is entirely set in the night.<ref>{{cite news |title=C 202 unveils its first look poster on the occasion of Republic Day |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/c-202-thrills-fans-with-their-first-look-poster-on-republic-day-879897 |access-date=18 October 2024 |work=Deccan Chronicle |date=26 January 2024 |language=en |archive-date=26 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240126125330/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/c-202-thrills-fans-with-their-first-look-poster-on-republic-day-879897 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Release and reception ==
The film was theatrically released on 25 October 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/munna-kasis-telugu-horror-c202-to-release-on-this-date-9078744.html |title=Munna Kasi's Telugu Horror C202 To Release On This Date |website=News18}}</ref>

A critic from ''[[Zee News]]'' wrote, "For such horror stories, the story is more important than the plot. In terms of screenplay, the director has succeeded in making the audience move from their seats with a good and tight story".<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://zeenews.india.com/telugu/no-rev/c-202-movie-review-rating-public-talk-genuine-review-ta-175041 |title=C 202 Movie Review: C 202 మూవీ రివ్యూ.. హార్రర్ థ్రిల్లర్ ప్రేక్షకులను మెప్పించిందా..! |date=25 October 2024 |website=Zee News Telugu |language=te}}</ref> Akshith Kumar of ''Telugu Rajyam'' rated the film 3/5 and wrote, "Overall, this movie will keep the audience glued to their seats in suspense".<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://telugurajyam.com/exclusive/c-202-movie-review-rating.html |title=C 202 Movie Review: C 202 మూవీ రివ్యూ & రేటింగ్ |first=Akshith |last=Kumar |date=25 October 2024 |website=Telugu Rajyam |language=te}}</ref>

== Box office ==
The film ran for fifty days.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/c-202-approaches-50-day-milestone-at-the-box-office-1843395 |title=C 202 Approaches 50-Day Milestone at the Box Office |date=2 December 2024 |website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|33772755}}

[[Category:2024 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Indian horror films]]
[[Category:2024 horror films]]
[[Category:2024 films]]
[[Category:2024 Indian films]]

Sreerama Pattabhishekam

2026-03-04T09:25:22Z

Candy332540216: adjust information also

{{short description|Indian film by G.K. Ramu}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Sreeraama Pattaabhishekam
| image =Sreeramapatta.jpg
| caption =
| director = GK Ramu
| producer = P Subramaniam
| writer = [[Mythology]] [[Nagavally R. S. Kurup]] (dialogues)
| screenplay = [[Nagavally R. S. Kurup]]
| starring = [[Prem Nazir]] [[Vasanthi (actress)|Vasanthi]] [[Kaviyoor Ponnamma]] [[Thikkurissy Sukumaran Nair]] [[Prem Nawas]]
| music = Br. Lakshmanan
| cinematography =
| editing = N. Gopalakrishnan
| studio = Neela
| distributor = Neela
| released = {{Film date|1962|09|11|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
}}

'''''Sreeraama Pattaabhishekam''''' is a 1962 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language film, directed by G. K. Ramu and produced by [[P. Subramaniam]]. The film stars [[Prem Nazir]], [[Vasanthi (actress)|Vasanthi]], [[Kaviyoor Ponnamma]], [[Thikkurissy Sukumaran Nair]] and [[Prem Nawas]]. The film had musical score by Br. Lakshmanan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movie.php?i=97|title=Sreeraama Pattaabhishekam|accessdate=2014-10-10|publisher=www.malayalachalachithram.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?1781|title=Sreeraama Pattaabhishekam|accessdate=2014-10-10|publisher=malayalasangeetham.info}}</ref> The film was dubbed into Hindi as ''Prabhu Jai Shri Ram''.

==Cast==
*[[Prem Nazir]] as [[Rama|Sree Raman]]
*[[Vasanthi (actress)|Vasanthi]] as [[Sita|Seetha]]/[[Ahalya]]
*[[Kaviyoor Ponnamma]] as [[Mandodari]]
*[[Thikkurissy Sukumaran Nair]] as [[Dasaratha|Dasaradhan]]
*[[Prem Nawas]] as [[Lakshmana]]n
*[[G. K. Pillai (actor)|GK Pillai]] as [[Vishwamitra|Vishwamithran]]
*[[Miss Kumari]] as [[Kaikeyi]]
*[[K. V. Shanthi]] as [[Surpanakha]]/Kamavalli
*[[T. K. Balachandran]] as [[Bharata (Ramayana)|Bharathan]]
*[[Aranmula Ponnamma]] as [[Kausalya]]
*[[Jose Prakash]] as [[Janaka]]raja
*[[Kaduvakulam Antony]] as Badan
*[[Kottarakkara Sreedharan Nair]] as [[Ravana]]n
*[[Vanchiyoor Radha]] as Mallika
*[[Adoor Pankajam]] as [[Manthara]]
*[[Hari (actor)|Hari]] as [[Shatrughna]]n
*[[S. P. Pillai]] as Vaidyar
*[[Sukumari]] dance appearance in song sequence

==Soundtrack==
The music was composed by Br. Lakshmanan and lyrics were written by Thirunayinaarkurichi Madhavan Nair. Slokas taken from [[Thunchathu Ezhuthachan]]'s [[Adhyathmaramayanam]] were also taken to the film.
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No. !! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length (m:ss)
|-
| 1 || "Chollu Sakhi" || [[P. Susheela]] || Thirunayinaarkurichi Madhavan Nair ||
|-
| 2 || "Lankesha" || [[P. Leela]], [[Soolamangalam Rajalakshmi]] || Thirunayinaarkurichi Madhavan Nair ||
|-
| 3 || "Mama Tharuni" || [[Kamukara]] || Thirunayinaarkurichi Madhavan Nair ||
|-
| 4 || "Mohini Njaan" || [[S. Janaki]] || Thirunayinaarkurichi Madhavan Nair ||
|-
| 5 || "Naaduvaazhuvaan" || [[K. J. Yesudas]], P. Susheela, [[Kamukara]], [[A. P. Komala]], Chorus || Thirunayinaarkurichi Madhavan Nair ||
|-
| 6 || "Ninne Piriyukil" || [[P. B. Sreenivas]] || Thirunayinaarkurichi Madhavan Nair ||
|-
| 7 || "Parannu Parannu" || P. Susheela, Kamukara || Thirunayinaarkurichi Madhavan Nair ||
|-
| 8 || "Pokunnitha" || [[P. B. Sreenivas]], Chorus || Thirunayinaarkurichi Madhavan Nair ||
|-
| 9 || "Ponnittu Porulittu" || P. Susheela, Kamukara || Thirunayinaarkurichi Madhavan Nair, Thunchathezhuthachan ||
|-
| 10 || "Pookkaatha Kaadukale" (Theyyare) || K. J. Yesudas, Chorus || Thirunayinaarkurichi Madhavan Nair ||
|-
| 11 || "Raajaadhi Raaja" || [[A. P. Komala]], [[Jikki]], Vaidehi || Thirunayinaarkurichi Madhavan Nair ||
|-
| 12 || "Raamaraama Seetha" || K. J. Yesudas, Chorus || Thirunayinaarkurichi Madhavan Nair ||
|-
| 13 || "Sooryavamshathin" || P. Leela, Kamukara || Thirunayinaarkurichi Madhavan Nair ||
|-
| 14 || "Thaathan Nee Mathavu" || P. B. Sreenivas || Thirunayinaarkurichi Madhavan Nair ||
|-
| 15 || "Vatsa Soumithre" || Kamukara || Thunchathezhuthachan ||
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0253690|Shree Rama Pattabhishekam}}

[[Category:1962 films]]
[[Category:1962 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Films based on the Ramayana]]
[[Category:Films scored by Br Lakshmanan]]

{{1960s-Malayalam-film-stub}}
{{Hindu-film-stub}}

Mundina Nildana

2026-03-04T04:42:11Z

Candy332540216: New...

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Mundina Nildana
| image = Mundina Nildana Poster.png
| caption =
| director = [[Vinay Bharadwaj]]
| screenplay = [[Vinay Bharadwaj]]
| starring = [[Praveen Tej]] [[Radhika Chetan]] Ananya Kashyap Ajay Raj [[Dattanna]]
| music = Srinidhi Venkatesh [[Masala Coffee]] Band [[Vasuki Vaibhav]] Adil Nadaf [[Swarathma]] Band Jim Satya Kaushik Shukla
| cinematography = Abhimanyu Sadanandan
| editing = Srikanth
| studio = Coastal Breeze Productions
| distributor = KRG Studios
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2019|11|29}}
| country = India
| language = [[Kannada]]
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Mundina Nildana''''' is a 2019 Indian [[Kannada]]-language film written and directed by [[Vinay Bharadwaj]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/vinay-bharadwaj-gets-candid-about-the-upcoming-film-mundine-nildana/articleshow/70547664.cms|title=Vinay Bharadwaj gets candid about the upcoming film Mundina Nildana|newspaper=Times of India|accessdate=6 August 2019}}</ref> and produced by Coastal Breeze Productions.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/nris-come-together-to-produce-kannada-film-mundina-nildanna-a-love-story/articleshow/66888261.cms|title=NRIs come together to produce Kannada film Mundina Nildana, a love story|newspaper=Bangalore Mirror|accessdate=1 December 2018}}</ref> The film stars [[Praveen Tej]], [[Radhika Chetan]]<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/metrolife/dubbing-is-like-acting-all-over-again-756858.html|title=Dubbing is like acting all over again|newspaper=Deccan Herald|date=25 August 2019|first=Tini Sara|last=Anien|accessdate=15 December 2019}}</ref> and Ananya Kashyap in lead roles.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/masala-coffee-makes-sandalwood-debut-with-mundina-nildana/articleshow/70974124.cms|title=Masala coffee makes sandalwood debut with mundina nildana|newspaper=Indian Express|access-date=4 September 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/masala-coffee-founder-and-percussionist-varun-sunil-is-on-a-roll/article28200042.ece|title=Varun Sunil, founder of Masala coffee, on his upcoming projects|newspaper=The Hindu|accessdate=5 July 2019}}</ref>

The posters are designed by the 'Rudra Hanuman' fame painter [[Karan Acharya]]. The sound design is done by award-winning Ajay Kumar PB (Badlapur, Andhadhun fame). While the movie has seven songs composed by seven different music directors, the background score is done by Jim Satya who has worked on notable movies like [[Barfi]], [[Yeh Jawani Hai Deewani]]. The coloring of the film is done by colorist Siddhartha Gandhi from [[Shah Rukh Khan]]'s [[Red Chillies]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2018/oct/15/red-chillies-to-work-on-vinay-bharadwajs-mundina-nildana-8331.html|title=Red Chillies to work on Vinay Bharadwaj's Mundina Nildana|newspaper=Cinema Express|accessdate=15 October 2018}}</ref> Dialogues are written by Abhishek Iyengar. The movie's VFX is done by Pixel Digital Studios who has worked on notable movies like [[Baahubali (franchise)|Baahubali]] and [[Gully Boy]].

==Plot==
Partha, Meera, and Ahana who are completely different from each other have set out on a liberating journey that is taking them to their next destination. All three characters have diverging personalities and different goals that they are chasing after.

Partha is endeavoring in a corporate environment trying to break free from it, as his real passion is photography. Ahana is an ambitious medical student who is a fun-loving millennial who does not believe in commitments. Meera is an art curator and a self-sufficient woman who is looking for a soul mate.

In this process of discovering relationships, love, friendship, passion, and career, they take you through a fun-filled journey.

==Cast==
* [[Praveen Tej]] as Partha Srivastav
* [[Radhika Chetan]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/dancer-vishwakiran-nambi-is-propagating-and-choreographing-contemporary-dance-in-films/article29268519.ece|title=Choreographer Vishwakiran Nambi on infusing technology in dance|newspaper=The Hindu|accessdate=27 August 2019}}</ref> as Meera Sharma
* Ananya Kashyap.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/dancer-vishwakiran-nambi-is-propagating-and-choreographing-contemporary-dance-in-films/article29268519.ece|title=Choreographer Vishwakiran Nambi on infusing technology in dance|newspaper=The Hindu|accessdate=27 August 2019}}</ref> as Ahana Kashyap
* Ajay Raj as Ekalavya
* [[Dattanna]] as Kris
* Shankar Ashwath as Partha's Dad
* Diksha Sharma as Zoya
* [[Vinay Bharadwaj]] as himself
* Kshama Santosh Rai as Dr Sakshi
* Siddharth Bhat as Traffic Police

==Soundtrack==
The album has seven songs composed by seven different music directors.
{{Tracklist
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = {{Duration|m=23|s=24}}
| title1 = Life of Partha
| extra1 = Srinidhi Venkatesh, Kumaran Shivamani
| music1 = Srinidhi Venkatesh
| lyrics1 = Srinidhi Venkatesh
| length1 = 3.00
| title2 = Manase Maya
| extra2 = Sooraj Santhosh, Varun Sunil
| music2 = [[Masala Coffee]] Band
| lyrics2 = Kiran Kaverappa
| length2 = 3:14
| title3 = Innunu Bekagide
| extra3 = [[Vasuki Vaibhav]]
| music3 = [[Vasuki Vaibhav]]
| lyrics3 = Pramod Maravanthe
| length3 = 3.26
| title4 = Where's your Mundina Nildana
| extra4 = Madhuri Sheshadri, Chetan Gandharwa
| music4 = Adil Nadaf
| lyrics4 = [[Vasuki Vaibhav]]
| length4 = 2.56
| title5 = Hrudaya (Male Version)
| extra5 = Vasu Dixit
| music5 = [[Swarathma]] Band
| lyrics5 = Skanda S
| length5 = 2.47
| title6 = Hrudaya (Female Version)
| extra6 = [[Inchara Rao]]
| music6 = [[Swarathma]]
| lyrics6 = Skanda S
| length6 = 2.54
| title7 = Naguva Kalisu
| extra7 = [[Ananya Bhat]], Narayan Sharma
| music7 = Jim Satya
| lyrics7 = Kiran Kaverappa
| length7 = 3.33
| title8 = Life Is Beautiful
| extra8 = [[Sanjith Hegde]]
| music8 = Kaushik Shukla
| lyrics8 = Kiran Kaverappa
| length8 = 2.54
}}

==Production==
Produced by Coastal Breeze Productions, the movie's shoot began in January 2019 and ended in April. The shoot was done in [[Bangalore]], [[Sakleshpur]], [[Kolar, Karnataka|Kolar]], [[Himachal Pradesh]] and [[Netherlands]]. The post-production was done in [[Bangalore]], [[Mumbai]], and [[Chennai]].

==Release==
The movie was released on the 29 November 2019.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt10882938/|title=Mundina Nildana (2019)|website=[[IMDb]] |accessdate=7 June 2020}}</ref> Dialogues are written by Abhishek Iyengar. The movie's VFX is done by Pixel Digital Studios who has worked on notable movies like [[Baahubali (franchise)|Baahubali]] and [[Gully Boy]].

==Awards and nominations==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Award
! Category
! Recipient
! Result
! Ref
|-
|rowspan=7|[[9th South Indian International Movie Awards]]
|Best Actress
|[[Radhika Chetan]]
|{{nom}}
|rowspan=7|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://siima.in/2019-nominations.php |title=The 9th South Indian International Movie Awards Nominations for 2019 |website=[[South Indian International Movie Awards]] |access-date=24 August 2021}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url= https://www.ibtimes.co.in/siima-2021-check-out-full-winners-list-840868|title=SIIMA 2020: Check Out Full Winners' List |website=ibtimes|access-date=20 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
|Best Supporting Actor
|Ajay Raj
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Debut Actress
|Ananya Kashyap
|{{won}}
|-
|Best Debut Director
|[[Vinay Bharadwaj]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Debut Producer
|Coastal Breeze Productions
|{{won}}
|-
|Best Male Playback Singer
|[[Vasuki Vaibhav]] for "Innunu Bekagide"
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Cinematographer
|Abhimanyu Sadanandan
|{{nom}}
|-
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|id=tt10882938}}

[[Category:2019 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2019 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Masala Coffee]]

Raktakarabi (film)

2026-03-04T00:34:06Z

Candy332540216: adding pg!

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{italic title}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Raktokorobi
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| native_name = 
| director = Amitabh Bhattacharjee
| writer = Rabindranath Tagore
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| producer =
| starring =
| narrator =
| cinematography = Naiyer Ghufran
| editing = Amit Debnath
| music =
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2017}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Bengali
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}
'''''Raktokorobi''''' is a 2017 Indian Bengali film directed by [[Amitava Bhattacharya]], starring [[Kaushik Sen]], and [[Rahul (actor)|Rahul]]. It was included in the long list for the 90th Academy Awards.<ref>{{cite news|title=অস্কারের সেরার দৌড়ে বাংলার 'রক্তকরবী'| url= http://bengali.news18.com/news/amitava-bhattacharjees-roktokorobi-in-oscar-race-160860.html| accessdate = 31 December 2017 | date = 21 December 2017 |publisher = News18 বাংলা }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/kolkata/bengali-film-roktokorobi-makes-oscars-longlist-for-general-category/|title=Bengali film Roktokorobi makes Oscars longlist for general category|date=2017-12-22|work=The Indian Express|access-date=2018-01-02}}</ref> It was also released in Hollywood as ''Red Oleanders Raktokarobi'' with English subtitles.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/movies/la-et-mn-mini-red-oleanders-raktokarobi-review-20171005-story.html|title='Red Oleanders Raktokarobi' ably blends politics and Bollywood pop|date=5 October 2017|accessdate=31 December 2017|work=Los Angeles Times}}</ref>

==Cast==
* [[Kaushik Sen]]
* [[Rahul (actor)|Rahul]]
* [[Ushasie Chakraborty]]
* [[Mumtaz Sorcar]]
* Debdut Ghosh

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|7792194|Red Oliender's Roktokorobi}}

[[Category:2017 films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]
[[Category:2017 Bengali-language films]]
{{2010s-Bengali-film-stub}}

Parachute Regiment (India)

2026-02-21T18:01:18Z

Candy332540216: Enhanced content and organization

{{Short description|Airborne regiment of the Indian Army}}
{{More citations needed|date=October 2012}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox military unit
| unit_name = Indian Army Parachute Regiment
| image = Parachute Regiment Insignia (India).svg
| image_size = 200px
| caption = Regimental Insignia of the Parachute Regiment
| dates = 1944 - Present
| country = {{flag|India}}
| allegiance = {{army|India}}
| type = [[Airborne forces]] [[Special forces]]
| role = * [[Counter-insurgency]]
* [[Counter-Terrorism]]
* [[Direct action (military)|Direct action]]
* [[Rapid deployment force]]
* [[Special operations]]
* [[Special Reconnaissance]]
| size = 15 battalions
| command_structure =
| garrison = [[Bengaluru]], [[Karnataka]]
| garrison_label = Regimental Centre
| equipment = [[Tavor|IWI Tavor TAR-21]]
| equipment_label = Rifle
| nickname = The Paras Red Devils
| patron =
| motto = ''Shatrujeet (Conqueror of Enemies)''
| colors = ''Balidan Param Dharma'' (''Sacrifice is Supreme Duty'')
| colors_label = War Cry
| march = ''"Tum bharat ke veer ho, tum apne desh ke rakshak ho. jaati bhed bhav ko mitaye ja, Tu apni himmat badhaye ja, Kadam badhaye ja, peeche hatna kaam nahi, aage badhe ja."''
| mascot =
| battles =
| anniversaries =
| decorations =
| battle_honours = Shelatang, Naushera, Poonch, Jhanger, Hajipir, Poongli Bridge, Mandhol, and Chachro
| current_commander = [[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]] [[Pushpendra Pal Singh (general)|Pushpendra Singh]], {{small|[[AVSM]] [[Sena Medal|SM]][[Medal bar|**]]}}
| current_commander_label =
| ceremonial_chief =
| ceremonial_chief_label =
| notable_commanders = [[Brigadier]] [[Mohammad Usman]], MVC (P) [[Lieutenant general (India)|Lt Gen]] [[Inderjit Singh Gill|I.S. Gill]], [[Padma Bhushan]], PVSM, MC [[Lieutenant general (India)|Lt Gen]] [[Ranjit Singh Dyal|R.S. Dayal]], PVSM, MVC, ADC Lt. Gen. [[Sagat Singh]], Padma Bhushan, PVSM Lt. Gen. [[Nirbhay Sharma]], PVSM, UYSM, AVSM, VSM Lt. Gen. P.C. Katoch, PVSM, UYSM, AVSM, SC Lt. Gen. [[Prabodh Chandra Bhardwaj|P.C. Bhardwaj]], PVSM, AVSM, VrC, SC, VSM Lt. Gen. Vinod Bhatia, PVSM, AVSM, SM Lt. Gen. P.S. Sangha, PVSM, UYSM, AVSM, SM| identification_symbol = [[File:Parachute Regiment Insignia.svg|150 px]]
| identification_symbol_label = Parachute Wings
| identification_symbol_2 =
| identification_symbol_2_label =
| website =
| Notable Personnels =
}}
The '''Parachute Regiment''' is an [[airborne forces|airborne]] and [[Special forces of India|special forces]] [[regiment]] of the [[Indian Army]]. It was raised in 1945 as part of the [[British Indian Army]] but was disbanded after [[World War II]] and was re-raised in 1952 as part of the Indian Army. Presently, it consists of fifteen regular [[Para (Special Forces)|Special Forces]] battalions, one [[Rashtriya Rifles]] battalion, and two [[Territorial Army (India)|Territorial Army]] battalions.<ref>{{Cite news|agency=Inter-Asian News Service|date=2015-06-10|title=Who are para commandos?|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/who-are-para-commandos-115061000990_1.html|access-date=2021-01-20}}</ref>

==History==
===World War II===
The first Indian airborne formation was the [[British Indian Army]]'s [[50th Parachute Brigade (India)|50th Parachute Brigade]], which was raised during [[World War II]] on 29 October 1941, initially consisting of [[156th Parachute Battalion (United Kingdom)|151 Parachute Battalion]] (composed of British troops), 152nd Parachute Battalion (consisting of Indian troops) and 153rd Parachute Battalion (consisting of Gurkha troops) alongside other support units.

Colonel A.G. Rangaraj, MVC, of the Indian Medical Service and RMO of 152nd Parachute Battalion, became the first Indian, along with Hav. Maj. [[Mathura Singh]] to make a parachute descent. In 1942–43, the formation saw limited action at Nara against [[Pathan]] tribals in the [[North-West Frontier Province (1901–55)|North-West Frontier Province]] and conducted some intelligence-gathering missions in [[Burma]], utilizing their somewhat limited airborne capabilities. In August 1943, the 154th Parachute Battalion was formed from troops from the 3rd battalion, [[7th Gurkha Rifles]] and assigned to the 50th Parachute Brigade.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.paradata.org.uk/unit/154-gurkha-parachute-battalion|title=154 Gurkha Parachute Battalion | ParaData|website=www.paradata.org.uk}}</ref> In March 1944, 151th Parachute Battalion was transferred to Britain, renamed as 156th Parachute Battalion, and assigned to the [[4th Parachute Brigade (United Kingdom)|4th Parachute Brigade]] of the [[1st Airborne Division (United Kingdom)|1st Airborne Division]].

The 50th Parachute Brigade, without the 154th Parachute Battalion, then saw extensive action at [[Battle of Sangshak|Sangshak]] and later in the [[Battle of Imphal|Imphal]] plains on the Burmese border against two reinforced Japanese divisions. 154th Parachute Battalion had not completed its air training, so it stayed back to attain airborne status. During the [[Battle of Sangshak]] (21–26 March 1944), which lasted six days, the brigade suffered extremely heavy casualties, totalling 40 officers and [[Viceroy's commissioned officer|VCOs]] and other 545 ranks, winning the appreciation of Lt. Gen. [[William Slim]], the commander of the British [[Fourteenth Army (United Kingdom)|Fourteenth Army]]. The breakout on the night of 26 March 1944 saw the remnants of the once-proud parachute brigade fight their way south and then west through the Japanese-infested jungles to Imphal. It achieved its task of preventing the flanking Japanese forces from surrounding Imphal and destroying [[IV Corps (United Kingdom)|IV Corps]]. Despite the losses it suffered in Sangshak, the paratroopers formed ad hoc units and continued to participate in actions to destroy Japanese forces near and around Imphal until their withdrawal at the end of July.

[[File:Indian paratroops waiting to jump over Burma 1945.jpg|thumb|right|Indian paratroopers of the [[44th Airborne Division (India)|44th Indian Airborne Division]] awaiting the signal to line up and prepare to jump from a [[Douglas C-47 Skytrain|Douglas C47 Dakota transport aircraft]] in the airborne landing south of Rangoon, 5th January 1945.]]

Later in 1944, the brigade was expanded to form the [[44th Airborne Division (India)|44th Indian Airborne Division]] as the original 9th Airborne Division was to be named because the 44th Armoured Division (whose services were no longer required in the Middle East theatre of war) was to be converted to an airborne unit. The two ad hoc brigades from the Chindit operations, the 14th and the 77th, were included to form the division. The original plan was to have a battalion each of British troops, Indian troops, and Gurkha troops in both the parachute brigades, with the 14th being converted for the airlanding role, though little is known about glider-borne training or operations in India. The 14th was later converted for the airborne role. The [[Governor General's Bodyguard]] (GGBG) joined the airborne fraternity and was named the 44th Airborne Division Reconnaissance Squadron. 9th Field Regiment (RIA) and other support units, too, were inducted. 60th Parachute Field Ambulance, which till then had been in Burma and performed well, was selected to augment the medical element for the formation.

In 1945, the 44th Indian Airborne Division was finally designated as the 2nd Indian Airborne Division. The plan was to raise an entire airborne corps with the [[6th Airborne Division (United Kingdom)|British 6th Airborne Division]] of [[Operation Overlord|D-Day/Normandy]] fame to be brought to India as the second divisional formation, but the war ended before it could materialize. The Indian Army's Parachute Regiment was officially formed on 1 March 1945, consisting of four battalions and an equal number of independent companies. The regiment's first airborne action was towards the end of the war, when a reinforced Gurkha Parachute Battalion was parachuted into Burma at Elephant Point on 1 May 1945, as part of [[Operation Dracula]]. The battalion performed well, earning the respect of all, including the critics of airborne warfare. Despite the performance in Operation Dracula, the Parachute Regiment was disbanded in late 1945 as part of the reduction and restructuring of the post-war British Indian Army. However, they retained their airborne role and formed part of the airborne division.

===Indian independence===
After [[Indian independence movement|independence]] and [[Partition of India|partition]], the airborne division was divided between the armies of India and newly formed Pakistan, with India retaining the Divisional HQ and the 50th and 77th Parachute Brigades, while the 14th Parachute Brigade went to Pakistan. The 77th Parachute Brigade was later disbanded. Thus, the Indian Army retained only one airborne formation, the 50th Parachute Brigade. This brigade consisted of three distinguished battalions from different regiments: the 1st battalion, [[Punjab Regiment (India)|Punjab Regiment]] (Para), the 3rd battalion, [[Maratha Light Infantry]] (Para), and the 1st battalion, [[Kumaon Regiment]] (Para). These battalions had been carrying out parachute duties after the disbandment of the regiment in 1945 and had continued to wear the uniform of their parent regiments except for a change in headgear to the maroon beret, and to distinguish them from the other battalions of their regiments, the word 'Para' was added after their names.

===Indo-Pakistani War of 1947===
{{main|Indo-Pakistani War of 1947}}
Both the 50th and 77th Parachute Brigades saw extensive action in the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947]]. The three parachute battalions and the support units of the 50th Parachute Brigade saw extensive action. The three battalions distinguished themselves in the battles of Shelatang, [[Nowshera, Jammu and Kashmir|Naushera]], Jhangar, and [[Poonch (town)|Poonch]], after which they were awarded the respective battle honours. The brigade commander, [[Mohammad Usman]], was killed in action on 3 July 1948. He was awarded the [[Maha Vir Chakra]] posthumously.

60th Parachute Field Ambulance, as part of the 77th Parachute Brigade, also saw action in Kashmir, where it raised and maintained the now famous Cariappa Hospital, catering to the needs of numerous units in its vicinity (27th Indian Army and state Forces battalions along with other units) and constantly faced shortages due to the war situation and inclement weather conditions. The unit's performance, like other units of the parachute brigade, was beyond all expectations and resulted in the awarding of numerous gallantry awards, including a Vir Chakra to Captain V. Rangaswami, the surgeon.

===60th Parachute Field Ambulance in the Korean War===
{{Main|India in the Korean War}}
[[File:IndiansoldiersKorea1953.jpg|thumb|Indian troops on the [[USS Point Cruz]] get ready to be flown by helicopter to the neutral buffer zone in Korea, 7th September 1953.]]
[[File:1951koreaindiaunemblem500won.jpg|thumb|[[South Korean]] 500 won stamp issued in 1951 commemorating the role of the Indian 60th PFA during the [[Korean War]] 1950–1953.]]
With the [[North Korea|North Korean]] invasion of [[South Korea]] in 1950, the [[United Nations|UN]] sent out a call to the free world for assistance. India decided not to get involved militarily but contributed a [[Field ambulance|medical unit]], the 60th Parachute Field Ambulance (60th PFA), which served in Korea for a total of four years. Commander was Lieutenant Colonel [[A. G. Rangaraj]] and 60th PFA was involved in providing medical cover to the [[United Nations Forces in the Korean War|forces]] of the [[United Nations Command|UN Command]] as well as the [[ROK Army]] and local civilians, and earned the title, "The Angels in Brown Berets" due to their iconic reddish-brown berets.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kwon |first1=Mee-yoo |title=Indian medical unit during Korean War revisited |url=https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/nation/2022/03/120_325480.html?fl |access-date=2 April 2022 |publisher=The Korea Times |date=14 March 2022}}</ref> The unit also looked after the North Korean [[POW]]s. They treated about 20,000<ref>Some news outlets announced that the 60th PFA treated about 200,000 wounded soldiers and civilians, but the total wounded soldiers of [[United Nations Forces in the Korean War|16 United Nations Forces]] was about 100,000~110,000. According to South Korean Ministry of National Defense Institute for Military History statistics, 60th PFA treated about 20,000 wounded soldiers and civilians</ref><ref>[https://new.mnd.go.kr/user/imhc/upload/pblictn2/625_15/index.html The Statistics of the Korean War, 391 Page - ROK Ministry of National Defense Institute for Military History, 2014 (E-BOOK)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230709114538/https://new.mnd.go.kr/user/imhc/upload/pblictn2/625_15/index.html |date=2023-07-09 }} {{in lang|ko}}</ref><ref>[https://www.imhc.mil.kr/user/imhc/upload/pblictn/PBLICTNEBOOK_201408070704130850.pdf The Statistics of the Korean War, 391 Page - ROK Ministry of National Defense Institute for Military History, 2014 (PDF)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111004201/https://www.imhc.mil.kr/user/imhc/upload/pblictn/PBLICTNEBOOK_201408070704130850.pdf |date=2021-01-11 }} {{in lang|ko}}</ref> wounded soldiers and civilians from November 1950 to February 1954.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kumar |first1=Sanjay |title=Exhibition showcases Indian chapter in Korean War |url=http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20220307000928 |access-date=2 April 2022 |publisher=The Korea Herald |date=7 March 2022}}</ref>

The highlight of the tenure undoubtedly was when the unit provided their services during [[Operation Tomahawk]] on 21 March 1951 to the U.S Army's [[187th Infantry Regiment (United States)|187 Airborne Regimental Combat Team]] for which the unit was awarded two [[Maha Vir Chakra]]s, one bar to [[Vir Chakra]] and six Vir Chakras, and a host of other Indian and international individual and unit decorations. These included the unit citations from the US and South Korean Army chiefs, commendations from the [[1st Commonwealth Division]], and British commanders. There was a special mention of the unit in the [[House of Lords]] in the [[Parliament of the United Kingdom|British Parliament]]. The 12 members of the unit who participated in the airborne operation were also awarded the American [[Parachutist Badge (United States)|Parachutist Badge]]. On their return to India, the unit was awarded the President's Trophy by the first President of the Republic of India, Dr. [[Rajendra Prasad]], on 10 March 1955 at Agra, the first one of its kind and the only one to date. The troops of the unit were also awarded 25 Mentioned-in-Despatches.

===Re-raising===
On 15 April 1952, the Parachute Regiment was re-raised by absorbing the three existing parachute battalions of the 50th Parachute Brigade. The 1st battalion, Punjab Regiment (Para) was redesignated as the 1st battalion, Parachute Regiment (Punjab). The 3rd battalion, Maratha Light Infantry (Para) was redesignated as the 2nd battalion, Parachute Regiment (Maratha). The 1st battalion, Kumaon Regiment (Para) was redesignated as the 3rd battalion, Parachute Regiment (Kumaon).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.abplive.com/news/india/parachute-regiment-indian-army-overview-into-highly-specialised-air-borne-regiment-1291397|title='Men Apart. Every Man, An Emperor': A Fact-file Into the Daredevil Para Troopers of the Indian Army|date=2020-08-02|access-date=2022-09-16}}</ref> The Parachute Regiment Depot and Records was raised at [[Agra]] on 15 April 1952, to coincide with the raising of the regiment. All personnel documents for troops who were serving in the three parachute battalions that were converted into the Parachute Regiment were transferred to Depot and Records from the Punjab Regiment, Maratha Light Infantry, and the Kumaon Regiment. Simultaneously, a Personal Accounts Office (PAO) for the regiment was raised at [[Mathura]] as part of PAO (OR) Artillery. Until 1952, the 50th Parachute Brigade had used the [[Pegasus]] with "India" written under it, as a formation sign. When the Parachute Regiment was raised, a new formation sign, a light blue Shatrujeet, a half-horse, half-man with wings and a bow and arrow in a ready position, signifying the operational readiness of the brigade, on a maroon background, replaced the Pegasus. Lt. General M.L. Tuli, of 3rd Para (Kumaon), designed the new cap badge and the formation sign.

In 1961, the raising of the 4th battalion augmented the strength of the regiment. After the [[Sino-Indian War of 1962]], the regiment, as with the rest of the armed forces, saw expansion on an unprecedented scale, with the 5th battalion raised in 1962, the 6th battalion raised in 1963, and the 7th battalion raised in 1964, followed by the raising of the 8th battalion. A second parachute brigade, the 51st, was also raised to complement the 50th Brigade but was reverted to its normal infantry role in 1976. Of the original units of the 50th Parachute Brigade, only two exist as of date, namely 411th Parachute Field Company of the [[Bombay Sappers]], the oldest parachute unit of the Indian Army, and the 50th Parachute Brigade Signal Company. The original medical unit, 80th Parachute Field Ambulance, became part of 14th Parachute Brigade and went over to Pakistan. At the same time, 43rd Para Fd Amb was disbanded, as with the other minor units of the 77th Para Brigade. Only one field ambulance, 60th Parachute Field Ambulance (now 60th Parachute Field Hospital), was retained in the airborne role. The other minor units followed suit. The Governor General's Bodyguard was retained in the pathfinder role.

===Para (Special Forces)===
{{main|Para (Special Forces)}}
During the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]], an irregular force with volunteers from various infantry regiments under Maj. Megh Singh Rathore of the [[Brigade of the Guards]] carried out unconventional operations and achieved results disproportionate to its strength, and the need for unconventional forces was felt. The force had been disbanded, and the volunteers reverted to their parent units. Major Megh Singh Rathore was tasked to raise a battalion for the purpose, resulting in the raising of the 9th battalion, Parachute Regiment (Commando) on 1 July 1966. The unit was originally raised as part of the Brigade of the Guards, but due to the parachute qualification being an essential part of commando operations, the battalion was transferred to the Parachute Regiment and became the 9th Battalion, Parachute Regiment (Commando). One year later, on 1 July 1967, the battalion was split into two, and both battalions were brought up to strength as the 9th Battalion, Parachute Regiment (Commando) and the 10th Battalion, Parachute Regiment (Commando). In 1979, the 1st battalion, Parachute Regiment, was put through trial conversion into a Special Forces battalion modeled on the lines of the British SAS, and after a three-year conversion period, re-designated as a Special Forces battalion, named as 1st battalion, Parachute Regiment (Commando). The two Parachute Commando battalions (9 and 10) were also subsequently re-designated as Special Forces battalions. At some point, the name "Commando" was replaced by "[[Para (Special Forces)]]". On 1 February 1996, the 21st, the conversion had been underway since 1994. In 1999, the 2nd battalion, Parachute Regiment was also converted into a Special Forces battalion, followed in 2002 by the 3rd battalion and in 2003 by the 4th battalion. Subsequently, in the year 2010, the 11th battalion, Parachute Regiment (Special Forces), and in the year 2013, the 12th battalion, Parachute Regiment (Special Forces), were raised at Agra to augment the strength of the existing Special Forces battalions. In the year 2022, in a significant boost to operational capability, airborne battalions 5th, 6th, 7th, 23rd & 29th battalions were converted to a specialist role, having honed their skills over two gruelling months that culminated in a validation over seven days.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/suryacommand/status/1548323994385821696|title=In a significant boost to operational capability, airborne battalions converted to a specialist role having honed their skills over two gruelling months that culminated in a validation over seven days.|date=2022-07-16|access-date=2022-09-16}}</ref> Another battalion 13th battalion, Parachute Regiment (Special Forces), was raised in Bangalore in 2022.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://iadnews.in/the-13th-para-sf-battalion-raised/ | title=The 13th Para SF Battalion Raised | date=3 May 2022 }}</ref>

===Indo-Pakistani War of 1965===
{{main|Indo-Pakistani War of 1965}}
During the Indo-Pakistan War of 1965, 1 Para of the Parachute Regiment, placed under operational command of 68 Infantry Brigade, played an important role in the capture of the Hajipir Pass, located on the western fringe of Pir Panjal ranges on the Pakistani side and dominating the Rajouri -Poonch-Uri highway in India. The battalion under the command of Major Ranjit Singh Dayal (Later awarded MVC for the operation) was responsible for the capture of Sank, Ser, and Ledwali Gali on 26 and 27 August and the Hajipir Pass on 28 August 1965. Thereafter, repeated attempts by the enemy to recapture the Pass were thwarted by paratroopers of the battalion. In recognition of its resilient gallantry and indomitable spirit, 1 Para earned the Battle Honour ‘Hajipir’ and Theatre Honour ‘Jammu & Kashmir’ in 1965. At the same time, in the Lahore sector, the 50th Parachute Brigade was tasked with capturing the Jallo railway bridge. Despite being a newly raised battalion, 6 Para of the Parachute Regiment, with superb battle drill and fighting spirit, attacked the Jallo railway bridge, enduring stiff resistance and heavy artillery fire. The unit successfully captured and occupied the bridge on 17 September, raising the success signal ‘Ghora’.The officers and men in the brigade were overjoyed with this operationally critical capture.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/battalion-that-took-part-in-maldives-operation-celebrates-diamond-jubilee-8422380/|title=Battalion that took part in Maldives operation celebrates diamond jubilee|date=3 February 2023}}</ref>

===Indo-Pakistani War of 1971===
{{main|Indo-Pakistani War of 1971}}
During the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]], the regiment saw numerous actions in both the eastern and western theatres. For the first time in independent India's history, an airborne infantry battalion (2nd battalion, Parachute Regiment) was dropped at [[Tangail Airdrop|Tangail]], which contributed substantially to speeding up the liberation of Bangladesh. Elements of the 2nd battalion became the first Indian troops to enter Dhaka. The regiment's [[Para (Special Forces)|Commando]] battalion proved their professional skills by conducting spectacular lightning raids into [[Chachro]], [[Sindh]], [[Pakistan]], and Mandhol, Jammu and Kashmir. The regiment earned the battle honours Poongli Bridge, Chachro, Mandhol, and Defence of Poonch during these operations. While the 51st Parachute Brigade saw action in [[Sri Ganganagar]], [[Rajasthan]], the 50th Parachute Brigade saw action initially in Bangladesh with 2 Para in the airborne role, 7 Para as the advance guard, and the rest of the brigade in a ground role. The 50th Parachute Brigade then moved to assist its sister brigade in the western sector, thus becoming the only formation to see action on both fronts.

===Operation Pawan===
{{main|Operation Pawan}}
Five Parachute Regiment battalions (including the three [[Para (Special Forces)|Commando]] battalions) took part in [[Operation Pawan]], as part of the [[Indian Peace Keeping Force]] in [[Sri Lanka]].

===Operation Cactus===
{{main|Operation Cactus}}
With the 6 Para Battalion group comprising a company ex 3rd Para, Battery ex 17th Para Field Regiment, one Field Platoon of 411th Para Sappers, Airborne ADS of 60th Para Field Ambulance, and the Para Brigade Signalers as its spearhead in the first wave and 7 Para Battalion in the second wave, the 50th Parachute Brigade under Brigadier Farukh Bulsara took part in [[Operation Cactus]] on 3 November 1988, the first successful overseas intervention operation since Korea to rescue the president and aid the duly elected government of the [[Maldives]].

===Counter insurgency operations===
Parachute Regiment battalions have been employed in counter-insurgency roles, both in the [[Insurgency in Northeast India|northeast]] and [[Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir|Jammu and Kashmir]], earning fifteen COAS Unit Citations.

The [[Ashoka Chakra Award|Ashok Chakra]], India's highest gallantry award in peacetime, was awarded posthumously to:-

*Capt. [[Arun Singh Jasrotia]],SM (9 PARA CDO, 1996)
*Maj. [[Sudhir Kumar Walia]], SM** (9 PARA CDO, 2000)
*Ptr. [[Sanjog Chhetri]] (9 PARA SF, 2003)
*Capt. [[Harshan R Nair|Harshan R]] (2 PARA SF, 2007)
*Hav. [[Bahadur Singh Bohra]] (10 PARA SF, 2008)
*Hav. [[Gajender Singh Bisht]] (10 PARA SF/ SAG, 2009)
*Maj. [[Mohit Sharma (soldier)|Mohit Sharma]],SM (1 PARA SF, 2010)
*L.Nk. [[Mohan Nath Goswami]] (9 PARA SF, 2016)

9 PARA SF was conferred the "Bravest of the Brave" honour by the COAS, Indian Army in 2001.

===Kargil War===
{{main|Kargil War}}
In 1999, seven out of the ten parachute regiment battalions were deployed in [[Kargil district]], Jammu and Kashmir, as part of Operation Vijay, which bears testimony to the operational profile of the regiment. 6 Para and 7 Para, along with 1 Para (SF), cleared the Mushkoh Valley intrusions, while 5 Para was actively involved in the Batalik sector, where it exhibited great courage and tenacity, and was awarded the COAS unit citation. 10 Para (SF) was involved in operations at Khalubar Ridge. 9 Para (SF) saw combat at the heights of Zulu Ridge by passing through land mines and clearing them. It was one of the toughest operations in the Kargil war.

===United Nations operations===
Calls of international peacekeeping have taken airborne units (INDBATT) to [[Korea]] (1950–54), the [[Gaza Strip]] (1956–58), [[Sierra Leone]] (2000, as part of [[UNAMSIL]]), [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|Congo]] (2004, 2014 as part of [[MONUSCO]]), [[Sudan]] (2009 as part of [[UNMIS]]), [[South Sudan]] (2011 as part of [[UNMISS]]), [[Ethiopia]]/[[Eritrea]] (2004 as part of [[UNMEE]]) and [[Lebanon]] (2005 as part of [[UNIFIL]]). The operations in Sierra Leone involved a daring rescue mission conducted by the 2 Para (SF) and 9 Para (SF). Parachute Regiment battalions have also been awarded the UN Force Commander's battalion citation on a number of occasions and have officers/PBOR serving in staff roles or as observers with various United Nations missions.

===Recent times===
Recently, two more infantry battalions underwent probation and were re-raised as Parachute Regiment battalions by transfer from other regiments. In 2014, the 23rd battalion, [[Rajputana Rifles]], was transferred to the Parachute Regiment and redesignated as the 23rd battalion of the Parachute Regiment. Simultaneously, the 29th battalion, [[Rajput Regiment]] was transferred to the Parachute Regiment and redesignated as the 29th battalion of the Parachute Regiment.

==Mountaineering and South Pole Expedition==
The Parachute Regiment has historically been active in the field of mountaineering. Late Colonel [[Avtar Singh Cheema]] of 7th Para (SF) was the first Indian to reach the top of [[Mount Everest]] in 1965. Captain Abhijeet Singh from 7th Para (SF) also summited the peak in 2003, while Brigadier [[Saurabh Singh Shekhawat]] of 21 Para (SF) scaled the peak thrice in 2001, 2003, and 2005, and has also scaled peaks in the [[French Alps]] and in Africa. Lt. Col. Bhupesh Hada of 10 Para (SF) led the Indian Army Snow Lion Everest Expedition team to the Everest summit in 2012. Col Sarfraz Singh, of 6th PARA, led a seven-member team of Nimas to the world's highest peak on 20 May 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://nimasdirang.com/Home/Institute|title = Nimas | Basic Mountaineering Course | Advance Mountaineering Course | Mountaineering Search and Rescue Course | Adventure Course for School College Student | Basic White Water Rafting and Kayaking Course | Mountain and Trek Guide Course | Home Stay and Eco Camp Development Course | Basic Para Gliding Course | Basic Para Motors Course | Rafting | Para Gliding | Para Motor | Adventure Programs | Expeditions}}</ref>

In 1981, a Parachute Regiment team scaled [[Nanda Devi]] when they attempted both main and east peaks simultaneously. The southwest face of Nanda Devi East was climbed for the first time, but both climbers, Premjit Lal and Phu Dorjee, were killed in the descent. Three others – Daya Chand, Ram Singh, and Lakha Singh – also fell to their deaths, leading to the highest ever number of casualties on the mountain. Maj. Jai Bahuguna, a famous climber of the [[Indian Army Corps of Engineers|Corps of Engineers]] who died on Everest, also served with the 50th Parachute Major General [[Mohammed Amin Naik]] and Colonel Anand Swaroop, also of the Corps of Engineers, who summited Nanda Devi in 1993. Maj. N. Linyu of the 60th Parachute Field Hospital is the first female airborne officer who has participated in numerous expeditions in the Himalayas. She summited Everest in May 2012 and is also an accomplished skydiver. Colonel J.K. Bajaj, an [[Indian Army Corps of EME|EME]] officer serving with the 50th Parachute Brigade, who commanded 2nd (Independent) Parachute Field Workshop, became the first Asian to ski to the South Pole with the Overland International Expedition to plant the Indian flag at the South Pole on 17 January 1989. Colonel [[Balwant Sandhu]], Colonel J.K. Bajaj, and Colonel Anshuman Bhadauria have commanded the Nehru Institute of Mountaineering in [[Uttarkashi]].

==Training==
On 1 May 1952, a training wing of the Parachute Regiment was formed at [[Kota, Rajasthan|Kota]] under the [[Brigade of the Guards]] Training Centre, and thus started the direct recruitment and training of recruits for the Parachute Regiment. The regiment started augmenting its strength in 1961. About the same time, in order to ensure a better intake of recruits into the regiment, the raising of a training centre was authorized on 13 March 1963, and the Indian government accorded sanction for the raising of an independent training centre. The executive order for raising the Parachute Regiment Training Centre was received on 22 June 1963. The Parachute Regiment Depot and Records was redesignated as the Parachute Regiment Training Centre, then located at [[Agra Fort]]. The first batch of recruits from the [[Rajputana Rifles]], [[Rajput Regiment]], [[Sikh Regiment]], and [[Dogra Regiment]] started arriving in the training depots located at Kheria Camp. On 26 September 1963, the Parachute Regiment training wing at Kota joined the centre. On 5 February 1965, the centre moved to [[Morar Cantonment]], [[Gwalior district|Gwalior]]. In addition to conducting training, Parachute Regiment recruits were also responsible for parachute training. For this purpose, a Parachute Holding Wing was established on 1 April 1966.

The Para Holding Wing was responsible for carrying out basic and reserve training for all active and reserve paratroopers. In wartime, the Para Holding Wing had the added responsibility of providing transit camp facilities for the launching of an airborne operation. On 5 June 1967, the Personal Accounts Office (Other Ranks) of the Parachute Regiment also moved from Mathura to Gwalior. On 2 October 1975, the Parachute Regiment Training Centre, Records and PAO (OR) moved to Agra. On 15 January 1977, the erstwhile Para Holding Wing was disbanded, and additional staff and vehicles were authorised to the Parachute Regiment Training Centre to carry out all of the above functions of the Para Holding Wing. The Para Holding Wing continued functioning from Kheria, and its old name was retained. The Para Holding Wing thereafter merged with the Army Airborne Training School, Agra, on 15 January 1992. The Parachute Regiment Training Centre, along with the Records and PAO (OR), moved to [[Bengaluru]] and occupied the erstwhile location of the [[Indian Army Pioneer Corps|Pioneer Corps]] and Training Centre.<ref name="indianparachuteregiment.kar.nic.in">{{Cite web |url=http://www.indianparachuteregiment.kar.nic.in/history.htm |title=Welcome to the Parachute Regiment |access-date=2015-09-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160729190919/http://www.indianparachuteregiment.kar.nic.in/history.htm |archive-date=2016-07-29 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Insignia==
[[File:Indian Parachute Regiment Insignia and PARA (SF) Battalion Insignia.jpg|thumb|250px]]
The regimental badge for the Parachute Regiment is an open parachute, partially behind a circle with the word "Parachute" at the top and a scroll at the bottom with the word "Regiment"; wings are spread out from the circle, and a dagger is superimposed on the parachute and upper portion of the circle; the whole is in silver metal. As with much of the world's parachute forces, the normal headgear is a maroon beret, although there is a maroon turban for Sikh personnel. The special forces, which form part of the Parachute Regiment, have a distinct insignia called Balidaan, which has a commando dagger point downwards, with upward-extending wings extending from the blade and a scroll superimposed on the blade with "Balidaan" inscribed in [[Devanagari]]; the whole in silver metal on an upright red plastic rectangle. The Balidaan is modeled on the world-famous cap and beret badge of the [[Special Air Service]]. The special forces personnel also wear a maroon curved shoulder title with "Special Forces" embroidered in light blue, succeeding the "Commando" tab in 2006, which was in use since inception.

There remains a single airborne brevet: an open parachute in white, with light blue wings extended from it, the whole on a grey-green drab background. Some other variants have existed for ceremonial/mess uniforms, e.g., with gold wired wings on a maroon flannel, the same on a scarlet background for the President's Bodyguard on their ceremonial tunics. This was formerly worn on the upper right sleeve, but since 1975 appears above the right chest pocket and name tab. There is also a small, enamelled version (white parachute with blue, yellow, or red wings) worn on the left pocket as Jump Indicator Wings for 25 to 100 descents, respectively. The small, enamelled badge has now been replaced by a brass badge called Para Indicator Badge with stars at the bottom of the parachute, with one star denoting 25 jumps, two stars 50, and three stars 100.

==Units==
[[File:A marching contingent passes through the Rajpath during the 58th Republic Day Parade - 2007, in New Delhi on January 26, 2007 (2).jpg|thumb|right|A marching contingent of the regiment during the 58th Republic Day Parade, 2007]]
The regiment has a total of fifteen regular [[Para (Special Forces)|Special Forces]] battalions, one [[Rashtriya Rifles]] battalion, and two [[Territorial Army (India)|Territorial Army]] battalions. These "[[Commando]]" units are now designated to "[[Special forces|Special Forces]]".<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.indianparachuteregiment.kar.nic.in/units.htm |title=Welcome to the Parachute Regiment |access-date=2014-10-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150622025648/http://www.indianparachuteregiment.kar.nic.in/units.htm |archive-date=2015-06-22 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*1st Battalion, The Parachute Regiment ([[Para (Special Forces)|Special Forces]])
*2nd Battalion, The Parachute Regiment ([[Para (Special Forces)|Special Forces]])
*3rd Battalion, The Parachute Regiment ([[Para (Special Forces)|Special Forces]])
*4th Battalion, The Parachute Regiment ([[Para (Special Forces)|Special Forces]])
*5th Battalion, The Parachute Regiment ([[Para (Special Forces)|Special Forces]])
*6th Battalion, The Parachute Regiment ([[Para (Special Forces)|Special Forces]])
*7th Battalion, The Parachute Regiment ([[Para (Special Forces)|Special Forces]])
*9th Battalion, The Parachute Regiment ([[Para (Special Forces)|Special Forces]])
*10th Battalion, The Parachute Regiment ([[Para (Special Forces)|Special Forces]])
*11th Battalion, The Parachute Regiment ([[Para (Special Forces)|Special Forces]])
*12th Battalion, The Parachute Regiment ([[Para (Special Forces)|Special Forces]])
*13th Battalion, The Parachute Regiment ([[Para (Special Forces)|Special Forces]])
*21st Battalion, The Parachute Regiment ([[Para (Special Forces)|Special Forces]])
*23rd Battalion, The Parachute Regiment ([[Para (Special Forces)|Special Forces]])
*29th Battalion, The Parachute Regiment ([[Para (Special Forces)|Special Forces]])

'''[[Rashtriya Rifles]] (RR)'''
*31st Battalion, The [[Rashtriya Rifles]] (Commando)

'''[[Territorial Army (India)|Territorial Army]] (TA)'''
*106th Parachute Infantry Battalion (Territorial Army) (based at Bengaluru, Karnataka)
*116th Parachute Infantry Battalion (Territorial Army) (based at Devlali, Maharashtra)

Others:

Former

The 8th Battalion was transferred out and redesignated as the 16th Battalion, The Mahar Regiment in 1975. In 1976, again the Battalion was re-raised as 12th Battalion, The Mechanised Infantry Regiment. When the 8th Battalion was converted, a sizeable part of the battalion was retained in the airborne role for some time, forming the armored element of the 50th Parachute Brigade, equipped with [[BMP-2]] infantry fighting vehicles. However, due to administrative and logistical reasons, that unit was discontinued, and their role was taken over by the parachute battalions themselves, with a platoon strength of each battalion being trained and equipped for the mechanized role within the brigade. Four of the special forces' battalions were originally trained for combatting in certain environments. The 1st battalion was the strategic reserve, the 9th battalion was trained for mountains, the 10th battalion was trained for deserts, and the 21st battalion was trained for jungle warfare. However, all the special forces battalions are trained for all environments and combat roles.

Erstwhile

*1st Battalion was erstwhile 1st Battalion, The Punjab Regiment till 1952
*2nd Battalion was erstwhile 3rd Battalion, The Maratha Light Infantry till 1952
*3rd Battalion was erstwhile 1st Battalion, The Kumaon Regiment till 1952
*21st Battalion was erstwhile 21st Battalion, The Maratha Light Infantry till 1996
*23rd Battalion was erstwhile 23rd Battalion, The Rajputana Rifles till 2013
*29th Battalion was erstwhile 29th Battalion, The Rajput Regiment till 2013

==Colonels of the Regiment==
The Colonel of the regiment is a senior officer of the regiment, usually the senior-most, who is a father-figure to the regiment and looks after the interests of the regiment. This is a tradition and position that the Indian Army has inherited from the British Army. The officers who have graced this position are as follows -
*Maj. Gen. K Bhagwati Singh
*Lt. Gen. [[Inderjit Singh Gill]], PVSM, MC
*Maj. Gen. SC Sinha, PVSM
*Lt. Gen. M Thomas, PVSM, AVSM, VSM
*Lt. Gen. [[V. K. Nayar]], PVSM, SM
*Maj. Gen. JN Goel
*Maj. Gen. RP Limaye, AVSM
*Maj. Gen. Shivaji Patil, UYSM, AVSM
*Maj. Gen. Hoshiar Singh, YSM
*Lt. Gen. [[Nirbhay Sharma]], PVSM, UYSM, AVSM, VSM
*Lt. Gen. HS Lidder, PVSM, UYSM, YSM, VSM
*Lt. Gen. PC Katoch, PVSM, UYSM, AVSM, SC
*Lt. Gen. [[Prabodh Chandra Bhardwaj]], PVSM, AVSM, VrC, SC, VSM
*Lt. Gen. Vinod Bhatia, PVSM, AVSM, SM
*Lt. Gen. NS Ghei, PVSM, AVSM**, ADC
*Lt. Gen. PS Sangha, PVSM, UYSM, AVSM, SM
*Maj. Gen. Sanjay Singh, AVSM, SM**, VSM
*Lt. Gen. Pushpendra Singh, SM**

==Honorary Officers==
*[[Mahendra Singh Dhoni]] was commissioned into the 106th Infantry Battalion, Territorial Army with the rank of Lt. Colonel by the President of India on 1 November 2011
*[[Deepak Rao]] was commissioned into the 116th Infantry Battalion, Territorial Army with the rank of Major by the President of India on 1 November 2011. He is cited to be India's foremost pioneer and specialist in close-quarter warfare by the Indian Ministry of Defence.<ref name="Ministry of Defence, India – Press release">{{cite web|url= http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=76949|title=Ministry of Defence, India – Press release |publisher=[[Ministry of Defence (India)]]|access-date=2011-01-11}}</ref><ref name="Ministry of Defence, India -Report">{{cite web|url=http://mod.nic.in/reports/AR-eng-2012.pdf|title=Ministry of Defence – Report|publisher=[[Ministry of Defence (India)]]|date=2011-01-11|access-date=2011-01-11|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120710194158/http://mod.nic.in/reports/AR-eng-2012.pdf|archive-date=2012-07-10}}</ref> His method of reflex shooting has been used to modernize close quarter combat shooting in Northern Command and Eastern Command under directive of Army commanders.

==Decorations==

=== Battle Honours ===
* 3 PARA (Kumaon) - Shelatang, Jammu & Kashmir 1947
* 2 PARA (Maratha) - Jhangar, Jammu & Kashmir 1947
* 1 PARA - Hajipir, Jammu & Kashmir 1965
* 6 PARA - Jallo, Lahore 1965
* 2 PARA - Poongli Bridge, East Pakistan 1971
* 4 PARA - Sand Dune, Ganganagar 1971
* 10 PARA CDO - Chachro, Sindh 1971
* 9 PARA CDO - Mandhol, Jammu & Kashmir 1971
* 6 PARA - Maldives 1988
* 5 PARA - Batalik, Kargil 1999
<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.indianparachuteregiment.kar.nic.in/battle_honours.htm |title=Battle Honours |access-date=2022-09-03 |archive-date=2018-01-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180113055411/http://www.indianparachuteregiment.kar.nic.in/battle_honours.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>
[[File:ParaCentreColourPn(2)Q6RA.jpg|thumb|Army Chief Presents President's Colours to four units of the Parachute Regiment (11, 21, 23 and 29 Para)]]

=== Post-1947 ===
''' Theatre Honours '''
* 2 PARA (MARATHA) - Jammu & Kashmir 1947–1948
* 3 PARA (KUMAON) - Jammu & Kashmir 1947–1948
* 1 PARA (PUNJAB) - Jammu & Kashmir 1947–1948
* 1 PARA - Jammu & Kashmir 1965
* 2 PARA - East Pakistan (Bangladesh) 1971
* 9 PARA CDO - Jammu & Kashmir 1971
* 10 PARA CDO - Sindh 1971
* 5 PARA - Kargil 1999
* 9 PARA CDO - Kargil 1999
* 10 PARA CDO - Kargil 1999
<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indianparachuteregiment.kar.nic.in/theatre_hons.htm |title=Welcome to the Parachute Regiment |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160529121654/http://www.indianparachuteregiment.kar.nic.in/theatre_hons.htm |archive-date=29 May 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

''' COAS Unit Citation '''
* 1995 - 9 PARA CDO
* 1996 - 5 PARA
* 1997 - 3 PARA
* 1998 - 1 PARA CDO, 2 PARA
* 2000 - 5 PARA, 6 PARA
* 2001 - 9 PARA CDO, 31 RR CDO
* 2003 - 3 PARA, 9 PARA SF
* 2004 - 2 PARA SF, 31 RR CDO
* 2005 - 5 PARA, 10 PARA SF
* 2006 - 1 PARA SF, 21 PARA SF
* 2007 - 3 PARA SF
* 2009 - 2 PARA SF, 10 PARA SF
* 2011 - 1 PARA SF, 21 PARA SF
* 2012 - 4 PARA SF
* 2017 - 9 PARA SF, 4 PARA SF
* 2019 - 1 PARA SF, 9 PARA SF
* 2020 - 23 PARA
* 2021 - 10 PARA SF
* 2023 - 4 PARA SF
* 2024 - 12 PARA SF, 29 PARA SF
* 2025 - 9 PARA SF
* 2026 - 4 PARA SF, 12 PARA SF

''' CDS Tri Services Unit Citation '''
* 2023 - 2 PARA SF <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indianparachuteregiment.kar.nic.in/unit_citation.htm |title=Unit Citation |website=www.indianparachuteregiment.kar.nic.in |access-date=3 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160529130044/http://www.indianparachuteregiment.kar.nic.in/unit_citation.htm |archive-date=29 May 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Numerous soldiers of the regiment have been awarded honours for bravery in operations. These include:
*[[Ashoka Chakra (military decoration)|Ashoka Chakra]] - 8
*[[Maha Vir Chakra]] - 11
*[[Kirti Chakra]] - 13
*[[Param Vishisht Seva Medal]] - 07
*[[Uttam Yudh Seva Medal]] - 06
*[[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]] - 13
*[[Vir Chakra]] - 61
*[[Shaurya Chakra]] - 53
*[[Yudh Seva Medal]] - 10
*[[Vishisht Seva Medal]] - 28
*[[Sena Medal]] - 246
*Bar to [[Sena Medal|SM]]- 11
*[[Mentioned in dispatches|MiD]]-265<ref>{{cite web|title=Parachute Regiment on Indian Army website|url=http://www.indianarmy.gov.in/Site/FormTemplete/frmTemp2P11C.aspx?MnId=37VfzSl0UNzHIqgOM7TtkQ==&ParentID=2u4NNf3x7kOgPiVVCwnvaA==}}</ref>

'''Ashoka Chakra'''
*[[Arun Singh Jasrotia|Capt. Arun Singh Jasrotia, AC, SM, Nishan - E - Khalsa]] - 9 PARA CDO (1996)
*Maj. [[Sudhir Kumar Walia|Sudhir Kumar Walia, SM**]] - 9 PARA CDO (2000)
*Ptr. [[Sanjog Chhetri]] - 9 PARA SF (2003)
*Capt. [[Harshan R Nair|Harshan R]] - 2 PARA SF (2007)
*Hav. [[Gajender Singh Bisht]] - 10 PARA SF (2009) on NSG deputation
*Hav. [[Bahadur Singh Bohra]] - 10 PARA SF (2009)
*Maj. [[Mohit Sharma (soldier)|Mohit Sharma, SM]] - 1 PARA SF (2009)
*L/Nk [[Mohan Nath Goswami]] - 9 PARA SF (2016)

'''Maha Vir Chakra'''
*Brig. [[Mohammad Usman]] - 50(I) PARA BDE (1948)
*Lt Col. [[हरबंश सिंह विर्क|Harbansh Singh Virk]] - 2 PARA (1948)
*Maj. AK Ramaswamy - 2 PARA (1948)
*Maj. SMS Brar - 3 PARA (1948)
*Ptr. Man Singh - 3 PARA (1948)
*Maj. SP Chopra - 2 PARA (1948)
*Lt Col. Dharam Singh - 3 PARA (1948)
*Maj. [[Ranjit Singh Dayal|RS Dayal]] - 1 PARA (1965)
*Lt Col. [[Bhawani Singh|Sawai Bhawani Singh]] - 10 PARA CDO (1971)
*Maj. [[Vijay Kumar Berry]] - 4 PARA (1971)
* Lt Col. [[Kulwant Singh Pannu]] - 2 PARA (1971)
<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indianparachuteregiment.kar.nic.in/heroes.htm#h |title=Welcome to the Parachute Regiment |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160608081808/http://www.indianparachuteregiment.kar.nic.in/heroes.htm#h |archive-date=8 June 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

'''Kirti Chakra'''
*Ptr. Jagpal Singh - PARA (1985)
*Sub. Mahavir Singh Yadav - 1 PARA CDO (1985)
*Naik. Bansode YM - 2 PARA (1991)
*Maj. Ivan Joseph Crastro - 1 PARA CDO (1993)
*Lt Col. Sunil Kumar Razdan - 7 PARA (1996)
*Hav. Badri Lal Lunawat - 10 PARA CDO (1999)
*Capt. R Subramanian - 1 PARA CDO (2001)
*N/Sub. Ishwar Singh - 5 PARA (2002)
*Capt. Sajjan Singh Malik - 10 PARA SF (2005)
*Maj. Manish Hiraji Pitambre - 3 PARA SF (2007)
*Maj. Shubash Chand Punia - 21 PARA SF (2008)
*Ptr. Shabir Ahmed Malik - 1 PARA SF (2009)
*Sub. Indra Bahadur Pun - 4 PARA SF (2009)
*Capt. Zala Ajitkumar Arshibhai - 2 PARA SF (2009)
*Lt Col. Saurab Singh Shekhawat - 21 PARA SF (2009)
*Capt. [[Davinder Singh Jass]] - 1 PARA SF (2010)
*Lt. Vikas Sharma - 6 PARA (2011)
*Lt Col. Nectar Sanjenbam - 21 PARA SF (2015)
*Capt. Jaidev Dangi - 10 PARA SF (2015)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2015/163360.pdf|title=Gazette of India, No 14, page 228|date=2015-04-04|access-date=2022-09-13}}</ref>
*Sub. Mahendra Singh - 9 PARA SF (2016)
*Maj. Rohit Suri - 4 PARA SF (2017)
*Sub. Sanjeev Kumar - 4 PARA SF (2021)
*Maj. Digvijay Singh Rawat - 21 PARA SF (2024)
*Hav. Abdul Majid - 9 PARA SF (2024)

'''Bar to Sena Medal (Gallantry)'''
*Capt. Sudhir Kumar Walia - 9 PARA CDO (1994)
*Maj. Deepak Singh Bisht - 1 PARA CDO (2002)
*Col. Anup Singh Dhar - 5 PARA (2004)
*Maj. Anil Gorshi - 6 PARA (2005)
*Maj. Pranay Padmakar Panwar - 4 PARA SF (2011)
*Capt. Umesh Lamba - 1 PARA SF (2018)
*Hav. Rajesh Kumar - 1 PARA SF (2018)
*Lt Col. Bheemaiah PS - 10 PARA SF (2019)
*N/Sub. Anil Kumar - 9 PARA SF (2020)
*Maj. Nitish Tyagi - 12 PARA SF (2023)
*Maj. A Ranjith Kumar - 23 PARA (2023)

<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awards | title=Gallantry Awards | Ministry of Defence, Government of India }}</ref>

'''Arjuna Award'''
*Col. [[Avtar Singh Cheema]] - 7 PARA (1965)
*Col. [[Balwant Sandhu]] - 6 PARA (1981)

'''Tenzing Norgay National Adventure Award'''
*Col. [[Balwant Sandhu]] - 6 PARA (2010)
*Col. Sarfraz Singh, VSM - 6 PARA (2019)

==See also==
* [[List of regiments of the Indian Army]]
* [[Para (Special Forces)]]
* [[50th Parachute Brigade (India)]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* [https://www.imhc.mil.kr/user/imhc/upload/pblictn/PBLICTNEBOOK_202211020924598030.pdf The History of the U.N.Forces in the Korean War (Australia, Canada, New Zealand, India, United Kingdom) - Republic of Korea Institute for Military History] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230605104714/https://www.imhc.mil.kr/user/imhc/upload/pblictn/PBLICTNEBOOK_202211020924598030.pdf |date=2023-06-05 }}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120822112538/http://gomilitary.in/specialist-forces/special-forces/para-commandos/ All about the Parachute Regiment]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20160118221142/http://www.indianparachuteregiment.kar.nic.in/ Official website of the Parachute Regiment]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20061104222244/http://bharat-rakshak.com/LAND-FORCES/Army/Regiments/Parachute.html Paras on Bharat-Rakshak]

{{Indian Army arms and services}}
{{Indian Army Infantry Regiments}}
{{Korean War}}

[[Category:Infantry regiments of the Indian Army from 1947|P]]
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1945]]
[[Category:Parachuting in India]]
[[Category:Airborne infantry regiments|India]]
[[Category:British Indian Army infantry regiments|P]]
[[Category:Indian World War II regiments]]
[[Category:Military units and formations in Burma in World War II]]

Hugh Falconer

2026-02-18T00:31:03Z

Candy332540216: Made Entry

{{Short description|Scottish scientist and evolutionary theorist (1808–1865)}}
{{For|those of a similar name|Hugh Faulkner (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Hugh Falconer
| image =Hugh Falconer.jpeg
| honorific_suffix = MD, FRS
| birth_date = {{birth date|1808|2|29|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Forres]], Scotland
| death_date = {{death date and age|1865|1|31|1808|2|29|df=y}}
| death_place = London, England
| father = David Falconer
| field = [[Geology]], [[Botany]], [[Paleontology]]
| work_institutions = Saharanpur Botanical Gardens [[Calcutta Medical College]] Agric. Hort. Soc. Bengal
| alma_mater = [[University of Aberdeen]] [[University of Edinburgh]]
| doctoral_advisor = [[Robert Jameson]]
| known_for = Precursor of [[punctuated equilibrium]]
| prizes = [[Wollaston Medal]] 1837
| author_abbrev_bot = '''Falc.'''
}}

'''Hugh Falconer''' (29 February 1808 – 31 January 1865<ref name=DNB>{{cite DNB|wstitle=Falconer, Hugh|first=George Thomas|last=Bettany}}</ref>) was a [[Scotland|Scottish]] [[geologist]], [[botanist]], [[palaeontologist]], and [[paleoanthropologist]]. He studied the [[flora]], [[fauna]], and [[geology]] of [[India]], [[Assam]], [[Burma]], and most of the [[Mediterranean islands]] and was the first to suggest the modern evolutionary theory of [[punctuated equilibrium]]. He studied the [[Sivalik Hills|Siwalik fossil beds]], and may also have been the first person to discover a [[fossil]] [[ape]].

==Early life==

Falconer was the youngest son of David Falconer of [[Forres]], [[Elginshire]]. In 1826 Hugh Falconer graduated at the [[University of Aberdeen]], where he studied [[natural history]]. Afterward, he studied medicine in the [[University of Edinburgh]], taking the degree of MD in 1829.<ref name="Arnold">Arnold, David (2006) ''The Tropics and the Traveling Gaze: India, Landscape, and Science, 1800–1856'' University of Washington Press, Seattle, [https://books.google.com/books?id=UB__GdCapmEC&pg=PA156 pp. 156–157], {{ISBN|0-295-98581-X}}</ref> During this period he zealously attended the botanical classes of Prof. R. Graham (1786–1845), and those on geology by Prof. [[Robert Jameson]], the teacher of [[Charles Darwin]].

Falconer became an assistant-surgeon on the [[Bengal]] establishment of the [[British East India Company]] in 1830.<ref name="Arnold"/> Upon his arrival in Bengal he made an examination of the [[fossil]] bones from [[Kingdom of Ava|Ava, upper Burma]] in the possession of the [[Asiatic Society of Bengal]]. His description of the fossils, published soon afterward, gave him a recognized position among the scientists of [[India]]. Early in 1831 he was posted to the army station at [[Meerut]], India, then in the North Western Provinces, and now in the state of [[Uttar Pradesh]].

== Siwalik Hills ==

In 1832, Falconer became Superintendent of the [[Saharanpur#Places to visit|Saharanpur botanical garden]], India, succeeding [[John Forbes Royle|John Royle]].<ref name="Arnold"/> Falconer remained at Saharanpur until 1842, during which time he became widely known for his study of fossil [[mammals]] in the [[Sivalik Hills|Siwalik Hills]]. [[File:Hugh_Falconer_1844.jpg|thumb|Falconer in 1844]]
Falconer and his associates may have made the first discovery of a fossil ape, in the 1830s in the [[Neogene]] deposits in the Siwalik Hills.<ref>Kenneth A. R. Kennedy and [Russell Ciochon|Russell L. Ciochon], "A canine tooth from the Siwálik: first recorded discovery of a fossil ape?" ''Journal of Human Evolution,'' Vol. 14, No. 3 (July, 1999). {{ISSN|0393-9375}} (Print) 1824-310X (Online).</ref> In the [[Tertiary period|Tertiary]] [[Stratum|strata]] of the Siwalik Hills in 1831 Falconer discovered bones of [[crocodile]]s, [[tortoise]]s and other animals. With others, he later brought to light a sub-tropical [[fossil]] [[fauna]] of unexampled extent and richness, including remains of ''[[Mastodon]]'', the colossal [[ruminant]] ''[[Sivatherium]]'', and the enormous extinct [[tortoise]] ''[[Megalochelys atlas|Colossochelys atlas]]''. Falconer also published a geological description of the Siwálik Hills in 1834. For these valuable discoveries he and [[Proby Cautley]] (1802–1871) together received the [[Wollaston Medal]] from the [[Geological Society of London]], its highest award, in 1837.

In 1834 Falconer was asked by a Commission of Bengal to investigate the commercial feasibility of growing tea in India. On his recommendation [[Camellia sinensis|tea plants]] were introduced, and the resultant [[black tea]] became competitive with Chinese teas.<ref>''Encyclopædia Britannica, 1911.''</ref>

Falconer returned from India in 1842 because of ill health. He brought back 70 large chests of dried plants and 48 cases of fossils, bones and geological specimens.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.falconermuseum.co.uk/founders.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070611180018/http://www.falconermuseum.co.uk/founders.html|url-status=dead|title=The Friends of the Falconer Museum|archivedate=11 June 2007}}</ref> He then travelled throughout Europe making geological observations, and was elected Fellow of the [[Royal Society]] in 1845. Continuing in the service of the British East India Company as a naturalist, he pursued research at the [[British Museum]] and [[East India House]] and prepared casts of the most remarkable fossils for the leading museums of Europe.

== Calcutta ==

In 1847 Falconer became superintendent of the [[Indian Botanical Gardens|Calcutta Botanical Garden]] and professor of botany in the [[Calcutta Medical College|Medical College]], [[Calcutta]], near his older brother, Alexander Falconer, a Calcutta merchant. Hugh Falconer served as an advisor to the Indian government and the Agricultural and Horticultural Society of Bengal, the ''de facto'' colonial "Department of Agriculture". He prepared an important report on the [[teak]] forests of [[Tanintharyi Region|Tenasserim]], and this saved them from destruction by reckless felling. Through his recommendation, the cultivation of the [[cinchona]] in the Indian empire was introduced for the [[pharmacology|medicinal use]] of its bark in the treatment of [[malaria]].

== Punctuated equilibrium ==

Falconer was originally a [[Creationism|creationist]] who denied the fact of [[evolution]].<ref name="Gould 2007">Gould, Stephen Jay. (2007). ''Punctuated Equilibrium''. Harvard University Press. pp. 14–18. {{ISBN|978-0-674-02444-1}}</ref> In November 1859, [[Charles Darwin]] sent Falconer a copy of his ''[[On the Origin of Species]]'' with a letter which stated "I am fully convinced that you will become, year after year, less fixed in your belief in the immutability of species".<ref name="Gould 2007"/> In June 1861, Falconer expressed respect in a letter to Darwin for receiving the book. By the early 1860s he reassessed his worldview and came to embrace evolution from his studies of the fossil record.<ref name="Gould 2007"/>

In 1863, Falconer authored a monograph ''On the American Fossil elephant of the regions bordering the Gulf of Mexico''.<ref name="Gould 2007"/> A year before he had privately sent the work to Darwin who was delighted to read it. In the work he observed long periods of evolutionary stasis in fossil mammals with short periods of rapid evolutionary change throughout geological time.<ref name="Gould 2007"/> This research shows great foresight. [[Niles Eldredge]] and [[Stephen Jay Gould]] developed the same basic theory a century later, a theory known as [[punctuated equilibrium]]. According to Gould, the work "anticipates a primary inference of punctuated equilibrium— that a local pattern of abrupt replacement does not signify macromutational transformation in situ, but an origin of the later species from an ancestral population living elsewhere, followed by migration into the local region."<ref name="Gould 2007"/>

== Later years ==

Having to leave India again in 1855 because of ill health, he spent the remainder of his life examining and comparing fossil species in England and the Continent to those he found in India, notably the species of mastodon, elephant, and rhinoceros. He also described some new [[mammalia]] from the [[Purbeck Group|Purbeck]] strata of [[Wessex]]. Turning to the subject of human origins, he reported on the bone [[caves]] of [[Sicily]], [[Malta]], [[Gibraltar]], [[Gower Peninsula|Gower]], and [[Brixham]]. He discovered the dwarf elephant species ''[[Palaeoloxodon falconeri]]'' on Sicily and Malta, and also found the bones of the flightless giant swan ''[[Cygnus falconeri]]'' in Malta at [[Għar Dalam phase|Għar Dalam]] .

Falconer served as vice-president of the [[Royal Society]] 1863–1864. Although suffering from exposure and overwork, Falconer returned hastily from Gibraltar to support [[Charles Darwin]]'s claim to the [[Copley Medal]] in 1864. Falconer succumbed in London, England, on 31 January 1865<ref name=DNB/> from rheumatic disease of the heart and lungs. He is buried in [[Kensal Green Cemetery]], London.

The flower ''[[Rhododendron falconeri]]'' was named after Falconer by [[Joseph Dalton Hooker]].

Falconer's botanical notes, with 450 coloured drawings of Indian plants, were deposited in the library at [[Kew Gardens]], together with some of the specimens he collected. A marble bust was placed in the rooms of the [[Royal Society]] of London, and another in the [[Asiatic Society]] of Bengal, Calcutta. A competitive Falconer scholarship of £100 per year was created for graduates in science or medicine of the University of Edinburgh.

The Falconer Museum in [[Forres]], Scotland ({{coord|57.609906|N|3.612346|W|region:GB_type:landmark_scale:3000|format=dec|name=Falconer Museum|display=inline}}), a "Victorian Gem",<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://falconermuseum.co.uk/|title=The Falconer Museum – "A Victorian Gem in the heart of Forres"}}</ref> houses, amongst numerous other collections, the many Falconer finds that had not been sent to other institutions like the library of Kew Gardens or the British Museum, including Palaeolithic finds that enable "visitors of the Falconer Museum [to] look at three different species of humans at once, ''homo erectus, homo neanderthalensis'' and ''homo sapiens''".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Friauf |first1=Christiane H |title=Science & Imagination: True Stories from the Falconer Museum |date=2024 |publisher=Friends of the Falconer Museum |location=Forres |isbn=978-1-916572-99-7}}</ref>

== Selected publications ==

* Hugh Falconer and [[Proby Cautley|Proby T. Cautley]], ''Fauna Antiqua Sivalensis, being the Fossil Zoology of the Sewalik Hills, in the North of India, Part I, Proboscidea,'' London (1846), with a series of 107 plates by G. H. Ford appearing between 1846 and 1849.
* ''On the American Fossil Elephant of the Regions Bordering the Gulf of Mexico, (E. Columbi, Falc.): With General Observations on the Living and Extinct Species'' (1863)
* ''Palæontological memoirs and notes of the late Hugh Falconer,'' edited, with a biographical sketch, by [[Charles Murchison (physician)|Charles Murchison]], M.D., 2 vols., London, R. Hardwicke (1868). OCLC: 2847098. [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_4r4wAQAAMAAJ/page/n5/mode/2up vol. II online at archive.org]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070428091104/http://darwin.lib.cam.ac.uk/bib_all.html Hugh Falconer, Darwin Correspondence Project: extended bibliography]
* Falconer's works were documented in the Royal Society's ''Catalogue of Scientific Papers,'' vol. ii (1968).

{{botanist|Falc.|Falconer, Hugh}}

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

== Literature ==
* Patrick J. Boylan, ''The Falconer papers, Forres,'' Leicester: Leicestershire Museums, Art Galleries and Records Service (1977).
* [[Grace Prestwich|Grace, Lady Prestwich]], ''Essays descriptive and biographical,'' Edinburgh and London, William Blackwood (1901).
* [[Charles-Théophile Gaudin|Charles T. Gaudin]], "Modifications apportées par M. Falconer à la faune du Val d'Arno", ''Bulletin des Séances de la Société Vaudoise des Sciences Naturelles'' 6: 130–1 (1859).
* Patrick J. Boylan, "The controversy of the Moulin-Quignon jaw: the role of Hugh Falconer," in ''Images of the Earth: Essays in the History of the Environmental Sciences,'' Ludmilla J. Jordanova and Roy S. Porter, eds., Chalfont St. Giles, Bucks., British Society for the History of Science. (1979) {{ISBN|0-906450-00-4}}
* Leonard G. Wilson, "Brixham Cave and Sir Charles Lyell's . . . the Antiquity of man: the roots of Hugh Falconer's attack on Lyell," ''Archives of Natural History'' 23: 79–97 (1996).
* {{cite book|title= Biographical sketch of Hugh Falconer, A.M., M.D|author=Murchison, Charles| url=https://archive.org/details/b29007240|place=London| year=1868}}
* Kenneth A. R. Kennedy and Russell L. Ciochon, "A canine tooth from the Siwaliks: first recorded discovery of a fossil ape?" ''Journal of Human Evolution,'' Vol. 14, No. 3 (July, 1999). {{ISSN|0393-9375}} (Print) {{ISSN|1824-310X}} (Online).
* Anne O'Connor, "Hugh Falconer, Joseph Prestwich and the Gower caves", ''Studies in Speleology,'' Vol. 14, pp 75 – 79 (2006).
* [[Tim Murray (archaeologist)]], "Hugh Falconer: Botanist, palaeontologist, controversialist", in ''Life-writing in the History of Archaeology: Critical perspectives'', 2023, Clare Lewis and Gabriel Moshenskapp eds., pp 265-280, [https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv37mk2fp.16 Hugh Falconer: Botanist, palaeontologist, controversialist]

== External links ==
{{commons}}
* [http://www.falconermuseum.co.uk The Falconer Museum]
* {{Historic Environment Scotland|num=LB31747|desc=Tolbooth Street, Falconer Museum|cat=B}}
* [http://www.falconerfriends.blogspot.com Friends Blog]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nZw067mvL-E Prof. Tim Murray on Hugh Falconer and his special role in the history of science]
* {{Find a Grave|21795}}
{{EB1911|wstitle=Falconer, Hugh|volume=10|page=140}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Falconer, Hugh}}
[[Category:People from Forres]]
[[Category:1808 births]]
[[Category:1865 deaths]]
[[Category:Botanists with author abbreviations]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Aberdeen]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Edinburgh]]
[[Category:Scottish palaeontologists]]
[[Category:Scottish geologists]]
[[Category:19th-century Scottish botanists]]
[[Category:Botanists active in India]]
[[Category:Wollaston Medal winners]]
[[Category:Burials at Kensal Green Cemetery]]
[[Category:Punctuated equilibrium]]
[[Category:British fellows of the Royal Society]]

Gopi Talav

2026-02-06T09:18:10Z

Candy332540216:

{{Short description|Lake in Surat, Gujarat, India}}
{{Infobox body of water
| name = Gopi Talav
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name = 
| image = Gopi Talav 5.jpg
| alt = Gopi Talav in the evening
| caption = Gopi Talav in the evening
| image_bathymetry =
| alt_bathymetry =
| caption_bathymetry = 
| location = Surat, India
| group =
| coordinates = {{coord|21|11|18.9|N|72|49|45.8|E|region:ZZ_type:waterbody|display =inline,title}}
| type = [[Artificial lake]]
| etymology = [[Malik Gopi]]
| part_of =
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| rivers =
| outflow =
| oceans =
| catchment = {{convert|35300|m2|sqmi|abbr=on}}
| basin_countries =
| agency = Rajhans Group (Movaliya Brothers),[[Surat Municipal Corporation]]
| designation =
| date-built = 1510
| engineer =
| date-flooded = 
| length = {{convert|212|m}}
| width = 
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| volume = {{convert|120000000|litre|abbr=on}}
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| temperature_low = 
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| islands =
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| cities = [[Surat]]
| pushpin_map = India Gujarat
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt = Location of the lake within Gujarat
| pushpin_map_caption = 
| website = [https://surattourism.in/gopi-talav-surat Surat Tourism - Gopi Talav]
| reference =
}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}

'''Gopi Talav''' or '''Gopi Lake''' is a lake in the Gopipura locality in the city of [[Surat]] in [[Gujarat]] state of India. It was built circa 1510 CE by Malik Gopi, who was an affluent merchant and governor of Surat during the [[Gujarat Sultanate]]. In 2012, the lake was renovated by [[Surat Municipal Corporation]] and the area surrounding was redeveloped as a recreational facility.

==History==
[[Malik Gopi]], a [[Brahmin]] merchant,{{ref|1|[Note 1]}} settled in Surat and the development of the city has been attributed to his contributions. The area he developed was called Gopipura, in his honour and the king of Gujarat{{ref|2|[Note 2]}} gave him the title of "Malik". The town that he developed was still unnamed and consulting astrologers he proposed to name it "Suraj" or "Suryapur". The king disliking the Hindu inclination of the name altered it to "Surat" (meaning headings of the chapters of the [[Quran]]).<ref name="Suraj"/> Gopi also finds mentions in Portuguese literature as "Lord of Surat and Bharuch".<ref name="Mandelslo"/>

In 1573, [[Emperor Akbar]] had set up his military base camp near the lake during the siege of Surat.<ref name="lostlake">{{cite news|title=504-year-old Surat's lost lake Gopi Talav set to regain glory |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/surat/504-year-old-Surats-lost-lake-Gopi-Talav-set-to-regain-glory/articleshow/31186286.cms |first=Ashleshaa |last=Khurana |date=1 March 2014 |work=[[Times of India]] |location=Surat |accessdate=6 December 2015}}</ref>

Sanskrit poet Vinayavijaya (1613–1681)<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZgNHE-48jNcC&pg=PA413 | title=Encyclopaedia of Oriental Philosophy | year=2005 | publisher=Global Vision Pub House | pages=413 | isbn=9788182201132}}</ref> in his poem "Indudutam" calls this lake a "fine art emerged from the [[Samudra manthan|churning of oceans]]."<ref>{{cite web | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/surat/Gopi-Talav-to-open-for-public-in-Sept/articleshow/48263411.cms | title=Gopi Talav to open for public in Sept | work=[[Times of India]] | date=29 July 2015 | accessdate=10 December 2015 | author=Khurana, Ashleshaa}}</ref> The lake also finds mentions in travelogues of European visitors. British traveler [[Peter Mundy]] who arrived in [[Surat]] in September 1628 describes the lake as "the Great Tancke of Surat," and "admirable for its workemannshipp and bignes".<ref name="Arch"/> Dutch geographer [[Joannes de Laet]]'s 1631 Latin works mention this lake to have been cut out of a rock.<ref name="Valle" /> [[Johan Albrecht de Mandelslo]], a German adventurer who landed in Surat in 1638 describes the vastness of the lake along with steps surrounding it and mentions the house that stood at the centre; wrongly calling it "the tomb of the builder of this magnificent structure".<ref name="Mandelslo">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PlhTMbDPykUC&pg=PA11 | title=Mandelslo's Travels In Western India | publisher=Asian Educational Services | author=M. S. Commissariat | year=1996 | pages=11 | isbn=9788120607149}}</ref> Portuguese Jesuit Manoel Godinho toured the Surat region in 1662–63 and mentions two wells outside the city used to supply drinking water and this is implied as a reference to two cisterns of the lake.<ref name="Valle" /> The lake also finds mentions in the chronicles of Italian traveler [[Pietro della Valle]] as "Gopi Telau". [[Sir Thomas Herbert, 1st Baronet|Sir Thomas Herbert]], who toured India on various occasions in 15th century, mentions the lake to have been used to hold rain water for drinking purpose.<ref name="Valle">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qBZg0OhbiXMC&pg=PA652 | title=Asia in the Making of Europe: A century of advance. Volume III, Volumes 2–3 | publisher=University of Chicago Press | author=Donald Frederick Lach, Edwin J. Van Kley | year=1998 | pages=617, 652, 661, 743, 746, 751 | isbn=9780226467672}}</ref>

In 1666, French traveler [[Jean de Thévenot]] in his writings notes the absence of restorations required for the lake.<ref name="Arch">{{cite book | title=The Archaeology of European Expansion in India: Gujarat, C. 16th–18th Centuries | publisher=Aryan Books International | author=Dilip K. Chakrabarti | year=2003 | isbn=9788173052507}}</ref> By 1674, the lake had been ignored and had turned dry turning to ruins by 1717. Further in the 20th century, the steps surrounding this dry lake made it look like a huge amphitheater.<ref name="Valle" />

== Renovation and redevelopment ==
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In 2012, the lake and the surrounding areas were renovated at the budget of around {{INRConvert|22|c}}. Around {{Convert|90000|m2}} of land was renovated, where the {{Convert|212|m}} diameter lake covered almost {{Convert|35000|m2}} of area.<ref name="avatar">{{cite web | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/surat/Gopi-Talav-to-get-a-new-avatar-next-year/articleshow/17751769.cms | title=Gopi Talav to get a new avatar next year | work=[[Times of India]] | date=25 December 2012 | accessdate=9 December 2015 | author=Bhatt, Himansshu}}</ref> The lake can hold {{Convert|120000000|l}} of water.<ref name="Rajhans"/> The renovated surroundings include amphitheater and fountain plaza.<ref name="lostlake"/> The area has been divided into seven zones; the diamond zone, food zone, environment zone, history zone, communal harmony zone, textile zone and ''Surat nu Jaman''.<ref name="avatar"/> The [[Surat Municipal Corporation]] has outsourced the operation and maintenance of these to a local company called Rajhans Entertainment which would develop an amusement park called "Future Zone" and also pay an annual royalty of {{INRConvert|30|l}} to the Corporation.<ref name="Rajhans">{{cite news| url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/surat/Gopi-Talav-to-get-an-amusement-park/articleshow/48279309.cms | title=Gopi Talav to get an amusement park | work=[[Times of India]] | date=30 July 2015 | accessdate=10 December 2015}}</ref> The first phase was inaugurated on 5 December 2015 by [[Chief Minister of Gujarat]], [[Anandiben Patel]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://dnasyndication.com/dna/dna_english_news_and_features/CM-wants-to-make-Surat-best-city-in-the-world/DNAHM94136 | title=CM wants to make Surat best city in the world | work=[[Daily News & Analysis]] | date=5 December 2015 | accessdate=11 January 2016}}</ref>

The redevelopment of the lake and the park around it is based on the renovation of [[Kankaria Lake]] in [[Ahmedabad]].<ref name="blending">{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/surat/Blending-past-with-present/articleshow/34062511.cms |title=Blending past with present |first=Himansshu |last=Bhatt |work=[[Times of India]] |location=Surat |date=21 April 2014 |accessdate=2015-12-10}}</ref> Water to the lake will be piped from the [[Tapti River|Tapi river]] on whose banks the city lies.<ref name="newlook">{{cite news|title=New-look Gopi Talav to make splash in January |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/surat/New-look-Gopi-Talav-to-make-splash-in-January/articleshow/45200091.cms |date=19 November 2014 |work=[[Times of India]] |location=Surat |accessdate=10 December 2015}}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery widths="420" heights="220" mode="packed" perrow="1">
File:Gopi Talav.jpg|Entrance
File: Gopi Talav 2.jpg|Fountain and Boating
File: Gopi Talav 4.jpg
File: Gopi Talav -DJI 0084.jpg|Drone view after renovation in 2016. (Night Mode)
File: Gopi Talav DJI 0041.jpg|Drone view after renovation in 2016. (Day Mode)
File: Gopi Talav IMG 0266.jpg|Drona view of Surat from the back side of Gopi Talav(Lake) in 2016.
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[List of tourist attractions in Surat]]
* [[Tapi Riverfront]]
* [[Suvali Beach]]
* [[Dumas Beach]]

==Notes==
* {{note|1|[Note 1]}}Caste of Malik Gopi is unclear and has been described as [[Nagar Brahmin]] or [[Anavil Brahmin|Anaavla Brahmin]].<ref name="Suraj">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mboMAAAAIAAJ&dq=gopi+talav&pg=PA70 | title=Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency, Volume 2 | publisher=Government Central Press | year=1877 | pages=70}}</ref>
* {{note|1|[Note 2]}}The king at the time has been disputed and has been described to be [[Mahmud Begada]] or his son, [[Muzaffar Shah II]] in various accounts.<ref name="Suraj"/>

==External links==
* {{YouTube|trdRkz6dOZk| ''History of Gopi Talav''}} at BBC News
* {{YouTube|Z7PwbsYCuxM| ''Picnic Point of Gopi Talav''}} at Documentary

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Surat topics}}

[[Category:History of Surat]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Surat]]
[[Category:Lakes of Gujarat]]
[[Category:16th-century architecture]]
[[Category:Geography of Surat]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Surat]]

Edaphology

2026-01-20T21:20:51Z

Candy332540216: Content updated and refined

{{Short description|Science concerned with the influence of soils on living beings}}
'''Edaphology''' (from [[Ancient Greek|Greek]] {{lang|grc|ἔδαφος}}, ''edaphos'' 'ground' + {{lang|grc|-λογία}}, ''[[-logy|-logia]]'') is concerned with the influence of [[soil]]s on living beings, particularly plants.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Lal|first1=R.|last2=Shukla|first2=M. K.|title=Principles of soil physics|volume=102|year=2004|isbn=978-0-8247-5324-5
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3leGCMKvPZwC|publisher=Taylor & Francis|location=Switzerland|quote=study of soil in relation to plant growth is called edaphology}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Arya|first1=R. L.|first2=S.|last2=Arya|last3=Arya|first3=R.|last4=Kumar|first4=J.|title=Fundamentals of Agriculture| volume=2| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TMf3DwAAQBAJ|publisher=Scientific Publishers|location=Jodhpur (INDIA)|year=2020|isbn=978-93-89412-77-2 |quote=Edaphology is the study of soil in relation to soil-dependent uses.}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last=Shaw|first=C. F.|year=2001|title=Is Pedology Soil Science? (1930)|journal=Soil Science Society of America Journal| volume=B11 | pages=30–33|doi=10.2136/sssaj1930.036159950B1120010005x | url=
https://acsess.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.2136/sssaj1930.036159950B1120010005x| quote=The use Edaphology by Lyon and Buckman is interpreted by Dr. Buckman (personal communication) in the rather restricted sense of 'the soil in its relation to plants' rather than with a pure soil science meaning. Their interpretation is essentially like that given to Fallou to the word 'Agrology'|url-access=subscription}}</ref>
It is one of two main divisions of [[soil science]], the other being [[pedology]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Muhs|first=D. R.|year=2021|title=Soils and paleosols|journal=Publications of the Us Geological Survey |bibcode=2021enge.book..370M |url=https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/usgspubs/177/|quote=The study of soils as naturally occurring bodies on the Earth's surface is called pedology (in contrast to edaphology, which is the study of soils and their relations with plants, particularly crops).}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Buckman |first1=Harry O. |last2=Brady |first2=Nyle C. |title=The Nature and Property of Soils - A College Text of Edaphology |place=New York |publisher=[[Macmillan Publishers|The MacMillan Company]] |year=1960 |edition=6th |page=8}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://jan.ucc.nau.edu/~doetqp-p/courses/env320/lec1/Lec1.html |title=Lecture 1 Chapter 1 Why Study Soils? |access-date=7 January 2019 |last=Gardiner |first=Duane T. |work=ENV320: Soil Science Lecture Notes |publisher=[[Texas A&M University]]-Kingsville |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180209052922/http://jan.ucc.nau.edu/~doetqp-p/courses/env320/lec1/Lec1.html |archive-date=9 February 2018 }}</ref> Edaphology includes the study of how soil influences humankind's use of land for plant growth<ref>{{cite web |author=Research Branch |title=Glossary of Terms in Soil Science |version=Publication 1459 |publisher=[[Canada Department of Agriculture]], Ottawa. |year=1976 |url=http://sis.agr.gc.ca/cansis/glossary/ |access-date=7 January 2008}}</ref> as well as people's overall use of the land.<ref>{{cite book |last=Whittow |first=John B. |title=The Penguin Dictionary of Physical Geography |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |year=1984 |location=London |isbn=978-0-14-051094-2}}</ref> General subfields within edaphology are [[agricultural soil science]] (known by the term [[agrology]] in some regions) and [[environmental soil science]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Rana |first=Lalita|title=Geographical Thought. A Systematic Record of Evolution |publisher=Concept Publishing Company|url=https://www.conceptpub.com/servlet/Detail?bookno=00001927|location=New Delhi (INDIA)|year=2008|page=24|isbn=978-93-5125-092-0}}</ref> Pedology deals with pedogenesis, [[soil morphology]], and soil classification.

== History ==
The history of edaphology is not simple, as the two main alternative terms for soil science—pedology and edaphology—were initially poorly distinguished.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Shaw|first=C. F.|year=2001|title=A Glossary of Soil Terms (1928)|journal=Soil Science Society of America Journal|volume=9|page=23|quote=Edaphology … is a much more desirable term to indicate Soil Science}}</ref> [[Friedrich Albert Fallou]] originally conceived pedology in the 19th century as a fundamental science separate from the applied science of agrology,<ref>{{cite book|last=Fallou|first=F. A.|title=Pedology or General and Special Soil Science |location=Dresden |year=1862 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ng8-AAAAcAAJ&pg=PP5|quote=Agricultural soil science (agrology) is the knowledge of the soil in its relation to the plant and agricultural use. It has only to do with arable land suitable for agriculture, and in a way of speaking it is a kind of liturgy of the soil, for in order to grow usable plants upon it, it must first be artificially prepared.}}</ref> a predecessor term for edaphology,<ref>{{cite journal | last=Shaw|first=C. F.|year=2001|title=Is Pedology Soil Science? (1930)|journal=Soil Science Society of America Journal| volume=B11 | pages=30–33|doi=10.2136/sssaj1930.036159950B1120010005x | url=https://acsess.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.2136/sssaj1930.036159950B1120010005x| quote=Fallou is quoted as having stated that 'Natural Soil Science or Pedology is a description the nature of soil, no matter whether it has or has not some bearing to vegetation or to its use for industrial purposes.' He used 'Agrology' as a knowledge of soil in its relationship to vegetation and agricultural use.|url-access=subscription}}</ref> a distinction retained in the current understanding of edaphology. During the 20th century, the term edaphology was "driven out of [pedology-centric] soil science" but remained in use to address edaphic problems in other disciplines.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Chertov|first1=O. G.|last2=Nadporozhskaya|first2=M. A.|last3=Palenova|first3=M. M.|last4=Priputina|first4=I. V.|year=2018|title=Edaphology in the structure of soil science and ecosystem ecology |journal=Russian Journal of Ecosystem Ecology |volume=3 |issue=3 | doi=10.21685/2500-0578-2018-3-2| url=https://www.cabidigitallibrary.org/doi/full/10.5555/20193460896|quote=In the 20th century, the term edaphology was driven out of soil science and used when addressing edaphic problems in other disciplines. ...edaphic problems remained and they were solved both within basic soil science and adjoined sciences.|doi-access=free}}</ref> In the case of Russian soil scientists, edaphology was used as an equivalent term to pedology,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Tseits |first1=M. A. |first2=B. A. |last2=Devin |title=Soil Science Web Resources: A Practical Guide to Search Procedures and Search Engines |journal=Eurasian Soil Science |volume=38 |issue=2 |page=223 |year=2005 |url=http://soil.msu.ru/downloads/sswebresources_eng.pdf |access-date=2008-01-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217054036/http://soil.msu.ru/downloads/sswebresources_eng.pdf |archive-date=17 December 2008}}</ref> and in Spain, soil scientists adopted edaphology in preference to the term pedology.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Herreño |first1=Brian |last2=De la Colina |first2=Federico |last3=Delgado-Iniesta |first3=María José |date=September 2023 |title=Edaphosphere: A Perspective of Soil Inside the Biosphere |journal=Earth |language=en |volume=4 |issue=3 |pages=691–697 |doi=10.3390/earth4030036 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2023Earth...4..691H |issn=2673-4834}}</ref> In the 21st century, edaphology is recognized by soil scientists as a branch of soil science necessary and complementary to the pedology branch.<ref name="chertov restoration">{{cite journal|last1=Chertov|first1=O. G.|last2=Nadporozhskaya|first2=M. A.|last3=Palenova|first3=M. M.|last4=Priputina|first4=I. V.|year=2018|title=Edaphology in the structure of soil science and ecosystem ecology |journal=Russian Journal of Ecosystem Ecology |volume=3 |issue=3 | doi=10.21685/2500-0578-2018-3-2| url=https://www.cabidigitallibrary.org/doi/full/10.5555/20193460896|quote=The restoration of the edaphic branch in soil science is necessary for addressing theoretical and especially practical problems in sustainable forest and environmental management under the rapidly changing environment and developing economy.|doi-access=free}}</ref>

[[Xenophon]] (431—355 BC), and [[Cato the Elder|Cato]] (234—149 BC), were early edaphologists. Xenophon noted the beneficial effect of turning a cover crop into the earth. Cato wrote [[De Agri Cultura]] ("On Farming"), which recommended [[tillage]], [[crop rotation]], and the use of [[legumes]] in the rotation to build soil nitrogen. He also devised the first soil [[Land use capability map|capability classification]] for specific crops.

[[Jan Baptist van Helmont]] (1577—1644) performed a famous experiment, growing a willow tree in a pot of soil and supplying only rainwater for five years. The weight gained by the tree exceeded the weight loss of the soil. He concluded that the willow was made of water. Although only partly correct, his experiment reignited interest in edaphology.<ref>Xenophon, Cato and Van Helmont: see page 9-12 ''in'' {{Cite book |last1=Miller |first1=Raymond W. |last2=Gardiner |first2=Duane T. |title=Soils in Our Environment |place = Upper Saddle River, NJ |publisher=[[Prentice Hall]] |year=1998 |edition=8th |isbn=978-0-13-610882-5 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/soilsinourenviro00mill}}</ref>

== Areas of study ==
=== Agricultural soil science ===
{{main|Agricultural soil science}}
Agricultural soil science is the application of soil chemistry, physics, and biology dealing with the production of crops. In terms of [[soil chemistry]], it places particular emphasis on [[plant nutrition|plant nutrients]] of importance to [[farming]] and [[horticulture]], especially with regard to [[fertility (soil)|soil fertility]] and [[fertilizer]] components.

[[soil physics|Physical edaphology]] is strongly associated with crop [[irrigation]] and [[drainage]].

Soil husbandry is a strong tradition within agricultural soil science. Beyond preventing [[soil erosion]] and [[soil degradation|degradation]] in cropland, soil husbandry seeks to sustain the agricultural soil resource though the use of [[soil conditioner]]s and [[cover crop]]s.

=== Environmental soil science ===
{{main|Environmental soil science}}
Environmental soil science studies our interaction with the [[pedosphere]] on beyond crop production. Fundamental and applied aspects of the field address [[vadose zone]] functions, [[septic drain field]] site assessment and function, land treatment of [[wastewater]], [[stormwater]], [[erosion]] control, [[soil contamination]] with metals and pesticides, [[Environmental remediation|remediation]] of contaminated soils, restoration of [[wetlands]], [[soil degradation]], and environmental [[nutrient management]]. It also studies soil in the context of [[land-use planning]], [[global warming]], and [[acid rain]].

== Industrialization and edaphology ==
[[Industrialisation|Industrialization]] has impacted the way that [[soil]] interacts with [[Plant|plants]] in various ways. Increased mechanical production has led to higher amount of [[heavy metals]] within soils. These heavy metals have also been found in [[Crop|crops]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Saeed |first1=Maimona |last2=Ilyas |first2=Noshin |last3=Bibi |first3=Fatima |last4=Shabir |first4=Sumera |last5=Mehmood |first5=Sabiha |last6=Akhtar |first6=Nosheen |last7=Ali |first7=Iftikhar |last8=Bawazeer |first8=Sami |last9=Tawaha |first9=Abdel Rahman Al |last10=Eldin |first10=Sayed M. |date=2023-01-01 |title=Nanoremediation approaches for the mitigation of heavy metal contamination in vegetables: An overview |journal=Nanotechnology Reviews |language=en |volume=12 |issue=1 |article-number=20230156 |doi=10.1515/ntrev-2023-0156 |issn=2191-9097|doi-access=free }}</ref> While, the increased use of synthetic [[fertilizer]] and [[Pesticide|pesticides]] has decreased the [[Plant nutrients in soil|nutrient availability]] of soils.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Arora |first1=Sanjay |last2=Sahni |first2=Divya |date=2016-06-01 |title=Pesticides effect on soil microbial ecology and enzyme activity- An overview |url=https://journals.ansfoundation.org/index.php/jans/article/view/929 |journal=Journal of Applied and Natural Science |language=en |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=1126–1132 |doi=10.31018/jans.v8i2.929 |issn=2231-5209|doi-access=free }}</ref>

Changes in agricultural practices, such as [[monocropping]] and [[Tillage|tilling]], as a result of industrialization have also impacted aspects of edaphology. Monocropping techniques are efficient for harvesting and business strategies but lead to a decrease in [[biodiversity]]. Decreased biodiversity is shown to decrease the nutrients available in soils.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Fahad |first1=Shah |last2=Chavan |first2=Sangram Bhanudas |last3=Chichaghare |first3=Akash Ravindra |last4=Uthappa |first4=Appanderanda Ramani |last5=Kumar |first5=Manish |last6=Kakade |first6=Vijaysinha |last7=Pradhan |first7=Aliza |last8=Jinger |first8=Dinesh |last9=Rawale |first9=Gauri |last10=Yadav |first10=Dinesh Kumar |last11=Kumar |first11=Vikas |last12=Farooq |first12=Taimoor Hassan |last13=Ali |first13=Baber |last14=Sawant |first14=Akshay Vijay |last15=Saud |first15=Shah |date=January 2022 |title=Agroforestry Systems for Soil Health Improvement and Maintenance |journal=Sustainability |language=en |volume=14 |issue=22 |article-number=14877 |doi=10.3390/su142214877 |bibcode=2022Sust...1414877F |doi-access=free |issn=2071-1050}}</ref> Furthermore, monocropping leads to an increased dependency on chemical fertilizer.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ehrmann |first1=Jürgen |last2=Ritz |first2=Karl |date=2014-03-01 |title=Plant: soil interactions in temperate multi-cropping production systems |journal=Plant and Soil |language=en |volume=376 |issue=1 |pages=1–29 |doi=10.1007/s11104-013-1921-8 |bibcode=2014PlSoi.376....1E |issn=1573-5036}}</ref> While intensive tilling disturbs the community of microorganism that live with in soil. These microorganisms help maintain soil moisture and air circulation which are critical to plant growth.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Indoria |first1=A. K. |last2=Rao |first2=Ch. Srinivasa |last3=Sharma |first3=K. L. |last4=Reddy |first4=K. Sammi |date=2017 |title=Conservation agriculture – a panacea to improve soil physical health |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24911616 |journal=Current Science |volume=112 |issue=1 |pages=52–61 |doi=10.18520/cs/v112/i01/52-61 |doi-broken-date=12 July 2025 |jstor=24911616 |issn=0011-3891|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Soil functions]]
* [[Soil zoology]]
* [[Sustainable agriculture]]

== Notes ==
{{Reflist}}

== References ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070301070438/http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/concept?cp=2539 European Environment Information and Observation Network (EIONET)] Url last accessed 2006-01-10
* SSSA [https://www.soils.org/publications/soils-glossary Soil Science Glossary] Url last accessed 2016-01-10

== External links ==
* {{Commonscatinline}}

{{Soil science topics}}
{{Physical geography topics}}

[[Category:Edaphology| ]]
[[Category:Soil science]]
[[Category:Physical geography]]

Niyazipur Halt railway station

2026-01-20T19:06:11Z

Candy332540216:

{{short description|Railway station in Bihar}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Niyazipur Halt
| type = [[Indian Railways]] station
| style = Indian Railways
| image = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|80px]]
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| address = Niyazipur, [[Buxar district]], [[Bihar]]
| country = India
| coordinates = {{Coord|25.143791|N|84.988439|E|type:railwaystation_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| map_type = India#India Bihar
| line =
| other =
| elevation = {{convert|73|m|ft}}
| structure = Standard (on-ground station)
| platform = 2
| depth =
| levels =
| tracks = 2
| parking =
| bicycle =
| opened = {{start date and age|1900}}
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = Yes
| accessible =
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = NZP
| zone = [[East Central Railway zone|East Central Railway]]
| division = {{rwd|Danapur}}
}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[East Central Railway zone|East Central Railway]]
| status = Functioning
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mpassengers =
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Indian Railways|line=East Central Railway zone|left=Mira Bigha Halt|right=Mai Halt|type=[[Patna–Gaya line]]}}}}

'''Niyazipur Halt railway station''' is a halt railway station on the [[Patna–Gaya line]] under [[Danapur railway division]] of the [[East Central Railway zone]]. The station is situated at Niyazipur in [[Buxar district]] in the Indian state of [[Bihar]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=TTI|title=NZP / Niyazipur Halt Railway Station {{!}} Train Arrival / Departure Timings at Niyazipur Halt|url=http://www.totaltraininfo.com/station/NZP/|access-date=2020-10-28|website=Total Train Info}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=karthik|title=Niyazipur Halt Railway Station Map/Atlas ECR/East Central Zone – Railway Enquiry|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/niyazipur-halt-nzp/9701|access-date=2020-10-28|website=India Rail Info}}</ref>

==History==
[[Gaya Junction railway station|Gaya]] was connected to [[Patna Junction railway station|Patna]] in 1900 by [[East Indian Railway Company]] by Patna–Gaya line.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-history2.html|title = IR History:Early days II (1870–1899)| publisher= | accessdate = 27 October 2020}}</ref> The Gaya to Jahanabad was electrified in 2002–2003.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://irfca.org/docs/electrification-history.html |title = History of Electrification | publisher= IRFCA| accessdate = 28 October 2020}}</ref> Electrification of the Patna–Gaya line was completed in 2003.<ref>{{cite web| url= http://www.processregister.com/Patna-Gaya_Rail_Electrification/Project/pid3375.htm |title =Patna–Gaya rail electrification project| publisher=Process Register | accessdate = 28 October 2020}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 1900]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Buxar district]]
[[Category:Danapur railway division]]

{{Bihar-railstation-stub}}

Dum Dum Road

2026-01-11T17:50:52Z

Candy332540216: adding details

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2026}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{More citations needed|date=January 2026}}
{{Primary sources|date=January 2026}}
{{Essay|date=January 2026}} }}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Dum Dum Road
| other_name =
| settlement_type = Road in Kolkata (Calcutta)
| image_skyline = Dum Dum Road - Kolkata 2017-08-08 4031.JPG
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Dum Dum Road
| nickname =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Kolkata
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kolkata
| coordinates = {{coord|22.6188|N|88.3887|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kolkata District|Kolkata]]
| subdivision_type3 = City
| subdivision_name3 = [[Kolkata]]
| subdivision_type4 = [[Kolkata Metro|Metro Station]]
| subdivision_name4 = [[Dum Dum metro station|Dum Dum]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| parts_type =
| parts =
| government_type =
| governing_body = {{Bulleted list|[[Kolkata Municipal Corporation]]|[[South Dum Dum Municipality|South Dumdum Municipality]]}}
| unit_pref = Metric
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 700030, 700074<ref>{{cite web|url=https://pincode.net.in/WEST_BENGAL/KOLKATA/D/DUMDUM_ROAD|title=Dum Dum Road Pincode|access-date=13 Feb 2025}}</ref>
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Urban planning|Planning]] agency
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Kolkata Metropolitan Development Authority|KMDA]]
| blank4_name_sec1 = Civic agency
}}

'''Dum Dum Road''' runs through [[Kolkata]] and [[South Dumdum]] connecting [[Barrackpore Trunk Road]] near Chiriamore and [[Jessore Road]] near Nagerbazar.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.millenniumpost.in/bengal/kmc-to-build-stormwater-network-to-rid-flooding-in-dum-dum-rd-areas-595448|title=KMC to build stormwater network to rid flooding in Dum Dum Rd areas|date=19 January 2025 |publisher=millenniumpost.in|access-date=13 Feb 2025}}</ref>

== Landmarks ==
*Cossipore Club
*Dum Dum Road Govt. Sponsored High School for Girls<ref>{{cite web|url=https://school.banglarshiksha.gov.in/ws/website/index/19170100424|title=DUM DUM ROAD GOVT SPOND HIGH SCHOOL FOR GIRLS (H.S)|access-date=14 Feb 2025}}</ref>
*[[Dum Dum Junction railway station]]
*Dum Dum Metro station
*St. Mary's Orphanage & Day School
*Indira Maidan
*Hanuman Mandir, Dum Dum Rd
*Private Road Crossing
*Dum Dum Motijheel Girls' High School
*[[Dum Dum Motijheel College]]
*[[Dum Dum Motijheel Rabindra Mahavidyalaya]]
*Dum Dum Kishore Bharati High School
*Nagerbazar Bus Terminus

== Transport ==

=== Bus ===
Many Buses ply on Dum Dum Rd are as follows:
* 202 (Nagerbazar - Science City)
* Nagerbazar - Howrah Mini (S-168)
* AC 38 (Dum Dum 11A - Karunamoyee)
* S10 (Airport - Nabanna)
* 30B (Gouripur - Babughat)
* DN-9/1 (Barasat - Dakshineswar)
* Nagerbazar - Dankuni Housing Bus
* Nagerbazar - Salap More Bus
* Rajchandrapur - Karunamoyee Bus
* D-39 (Seven Tanks - Howrah Stn.)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{India-road-stub}}
{{India-geo-stub}}

[[Category:Roads in Kolkata]]

==External links==

* {{Wikivoyage inline|Kolkata/Dum Dum}}

Thomas Adams (British Army officer)

2026-01-05T04:40:48Z

Candy332540216: basic refined page per sources additionally

{{EngvarB|date=April 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2014}}
{{Infobox military person
|name = Thomas Adams
|image =
|image_size =
|alt =
|caption =
|birth_date = {{circa}} 1730
|death_date = January 1764
|birth_place =
|death_place = [[Calcutta]], [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal]]
|placeofburial =
|placeofburial_label =
|placeofburial_coordinates = 
|allegiance =[[Kingdom of Great Britain|Great Britain]]
|branch = British Army
|serviceyears = 1747–1764
|rank = [[Major (rank)|Major]]
|unit = [[37th (North Hampshire) Regiment of Foot|37th Regiment of Foot]] [[84th (York and Lancaster) Regiment of Foot|84th Regiment of Foot]]
|commands =
|battles = [[War of the Austrian Succession]] [[Third Carnatic War]]
|awards =
|relations =
|laterwork =
}}
'''Thomas Adams''' (1730 – January 1764), was a [[British Army]] [[Major (United Kingdom)|major]], posthumously promoted to [[Brigadier General|Brigadier-general]] based on account of his defence of the British position in [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal]] in 1763.

==Biography==
Adams began military service in 1747 as a volunteer under the command of the [[Prince William, Duke of Cumberland|Duke of Cumberland]] in the [[Netherlands]]. On 25 June that year he obtained a commission as [[Ensign (rank)#United Kingdom|ensign]] in the [[37th Foot]], and rose to the rank of [[Captain (British Army and Royal Marines)|captain]] nine years later. Transferred to the [[84th Foot]], and serving as a major in [[Company rule in India|India]], in 1762, he was appointed to the command of the united forces of the crown and of the [[East India Company]] in Bengal.<ref name="dnb">{{cite web | last = Arbuthnot | first =A. J. | title =Adams, Thomas (1730?–1764), brigadier-general| work = [[Dictionary of National Biography]] Vol. I | publisher =Smith, Elder & Co. | year =1885 | url =http://www.oxforddnb.com/templates/olddnb.jsp?articleid=134 | accessdate =27 October 2009}} {{DNBfirst|wstitle=Adams, Thomas (1730?-1764)}}</ref>

After the [[Battle of Plassey]], British power was by no means complete. [[Mir Qasim]], the minister and son-in-law of [[Mir Jafar]], had displaced his master and had been invested as [[Nawabs of Bengal|Nawab of Bengal]] at [[Patna]]. The Calcutta council was unscrupulous, the Nawab was deprived of revenue, and the reputation of the British had suffered.<ref name="dnb"/>

Disputes on the subject of transit duties and an unjustifiable attack made by Mr. Ellis, one of the members of the council, upon the city of Patna, followed by the death of Mr. Amyatt, who had been sent as an envoy to the nawáb, and who was killed by the troops of the latter when resisting an attempt to make him prisoner, brought on war between the company and the nawáb.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=fUfRAAAAMAAJ&dq=%22%22Major+Thomas+Adams%22+India&pg=PA306 The East India military calendar: containing the services of Generals & Field Officers, Volume 2 By John Philippart, Page 80]</ref> The forces of the latter numbered 40,000 men, including 25,000 infantry trained and disciplined on the European system, and a regiment of excellent artillerymen well supplied with guns. To oppose this force, Major Adams had under his command a small body of troops, variously estimated from 2,300 to 3,000, of whom only 850 were Europeans. His artillery also was inferior to that of the enemy. The campaign commenced on 2 July 1763, and lasted for four months, in the course of which Adams fought four actions, took two considerable forts and nearly 500 pieces of cannon, and defeated the most powerful Bengali army that up to that time had confronted the British in India.<ref name="dnb"/>
[[File:The bridge at Udhua Nullah, with an encampment beyond and the foothills of the Rajmahal Hills in the distance - British Library Add.Or.4893.jpg|thumb|The bridge at Udhua Nullah, with an encampment beyond and the foothills of the Rajmahal Hills in the distance, Udhua Nullah, located in Bihar, was the site of the defeat of Nawab Mir Kasim of Bengal by Major Adams in 1763]]
Key engagements included the Battle of [[Giria, India|Gheriah]] in August 1763. This lasted for four hours; the issue was at one time doubtful, the nawab's troops breaking through a portion of the English line and capturing two guns, but the superior discipline of the company's sepoys compelled the enemy to retreat with the loss of all their guns and stores. Another engagement was the Battle of Udhanala in September 1763: Adams pursued Qasim's troops to the gates of [[Munger|Monghyr]] and then besieged [[Patna]] where he was victorious but not before Qasim had killed some 60 British prisoners.<ref>Philippart, page 81</ref> Adams followed Qasim's remaining [[sepoy]]s for a few more days and then returned to [[Kolkata|Calcutta]] having conquered the whole of [[Bengal]] in just a few months.<ref name=phil>Philippart, page 82</ref>

At the close of the campaign, Major Adams was compelled by ill-health to resign his command and died at [[Calcutta]] in January 1764.<ref name=phil/> As soon as the intelligence of the campaign reached England, Adams was advanced to the rank of brigadier-general, but he had already been dead for some months when his commission was issued.<ref name="dnb"/>

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
*{{DNB|wstitle=Adams, Thomas (1730?-1764)|volume=1}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-mil}}
{{succession box | title=[[Commander-in-Chief, India]] | before=[[Eyre Coote (East India Company officer)|Eyre Coote]] | after=[[John Carnac]] | years=1763–1764}}
{{s-end}}

{{Commander-in-Chief, India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Adams, Thomas}}
[[Category:1730s births]]
[[Category:1764 deaths]]
[[Category:37th Regiment of Foot officers]]
[[Category:84th Regiment of Foot officers]]
[[Category:British Army brigadiers]]
[[Category:British Army personnel of the War of the Austrian Succession]]
[[Category:British Commanders-in-Chief of India]]
[[Category:British East India Company Army officers]]

The Bahamas–India relations

2026-01-03T08:18:26Z

Candy332540216: starting initial info w/ infobox.

{{Infobox bilateral relations|The Bahamas–India|Bahamas|India}}
'''Bahamas–India relations''' refer to [[bilateral relations]] between [[The Bahamas]] and [[India]]. The Bahamas maintains an Honorary Consulate in [[New Delhi]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Hony. Consulates in India|url=http://meaprotocol.nic.in/?a4Bahamas?New/Delhi|website=Protocol Division, Ministry of External Affairs|access-date=15 April 2017|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Bahamas - India Relations To Develop As Foreign Affairs Welcomes India's Honorary Consul|url=https://www.bahamaslocal.com/newsitem/56223/Bahamas__India_Relations_To_Develop_As_Foreign_Affairs_Welcomes_Indias_Honorary_Consul.html|website=Bahamas Local News|access-date=15 April 2017|language=en}}</ref> The High Commission of India in [[Kingston, Jamaica]] concurrently accredited to The Bahamas.<ref>{{cite web |date=3 October 2016 |title=M. Sevala Naik concurrently accredited as the High Commissioner of India to the Commonwealth of The Bahamas |url=http://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/27453/M_Sevala_Naik_concurrently_accredited_as_the_High_Commissioner_of_India_to_the_Commonwealth_of_The_Bahamas |access-date=15 April 2017 |website=Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India |language=en |location=New Delhi}}</ref> India does not have a resident diplomatic mission in The Bahamas.

== History ==
The Bahamas and India have always supported each other at various international and multilateral fora such as the [[United Nations]]. The Bahamas supported Comprehensive Convention on International Terrorism proposed by India at the UN, and also supported India's candidature for a Non-Permanent Seat on the UN Security Council for the year 2011–12. The country also supports India's candidature for a permanent seat in the UN Security Council.<ref name="MEA2015" /><ref name="The Wire" /> The two countries have often voted for each other's candidates at organizations such as the [[UN Security Council]], the [[UN Human Rights Council]], the UNHRC Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women, the Commonwealth, the International Law Commission, and the International Maritime Organisation. The Bahamas was an early supporter of the candidature of Indian diplomat [[Kamalesh Sharma]] for [[Commonwealth Secretary-General]]. Bahamian Foreign Minister Frederick Mitchell stated that Sharma gave a lot of support to small island developing states like The Bahamas.<ref name="The Wire" />

Prime Minister [[Rajiv Gandhi]] visited [[Nassau, Bahamas|Nassau]] in October 1985 to attend the [[CHOGM Summit]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.upi.com/Archives/1985/10/16/Indian-Prime-Minister-Rajiv-Gandhi-and-other-leaders-of/9444498283200/|title=Indian Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi and other leaders of...|last=Brossy|first=Julie|date=16 October 1985|website=UPI|language=en|access-date=15 April 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Ahluwalia|first1=Meenakshi|title=Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi|date=1 January 1991|publisher=Mittal Publications|location=India|isbn=9788170993155|page=168|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SAZVQqntxY0C|access-date=15 April 2017|language=en}}</ref> The Secretary (West) of the Ministry of External Affairs visited The Bahamas in September 2005 to hold Foreign Office Consultations. Bahamas Minister of Foreign Affairs and Public Service Frederick Mitchell, accompanied by a business delegation, visited India in January 2006. During the visit, an omnibus "Agreement on Bilateral Cooperation" between the two Governments, and an "Agreement on the Establishment of Joint Business Council between FICCI and The Bahamas Chamber of Commerce" were signed. Mitchell visited the country again in March 2006, accompanying the wife of then Prime Minister Perry Christie on her private visit to India. Minister of State (PMO) Prithviraj Chauhan visited The Bahamas in May 2006 to participate in the Commonwealth Youth Ministers’ Conference.<ref name="MEA2015">{{cite web |date=January 2015 |title=India - The Bahamas Relations |url=http://www.mea.gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/Bahamas_Jan2015.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150327011031/http://www.mea.gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/Bahamas_Jan2015.pdf |archive-date=27 March 2015 |access-date=15 April 2017 |website=Ministry of External Affairs}}</ref>

The High Commission of India in Kingston, [[Jamaica]] was concurrently accredited to The Bahamas in August 2004. The Bahamas appointed an Honorary Consul in New Delhi in October 2006. Prime Ministers Hubert A. Ingraham and Manmohan Singh held a bilateral meeting on the sidelines of the CHOGM Summit in Kampala in November 2007. During the meeting, Ingraham requested India's cooperation in solar energy, technical and vocational education, specialists, teachers, and IT assistance.<ref name="MEA2015"/>

Foreign Minister Mitchell visited India a decade later in April 2016. During the visit, he sought India's support for several Bahamian candidates in elections to multilateral organizations, and also pledged his country's support for Indian candidates in elections to multilateral organizations.<ref name="The Wire"/>

== Trade ==
The Bahamas was India's largest trade partner in the Caribbean, and fourth largest trade partner in the Latin America and the Caribbean region in 2011–12. ''[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]]'' senior correspondent for Latin America, Huma Siddiqui, wrote that the high value of bilateral trade is most likely the result of financial transactions passing through The Bahamas offshore banking system rather than merchandise trade.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Siddiqui |first1=Huma |date=18 August 2014 |title=India, LAC countries can together become a formidable global economic force |url=http://www.mea.gov.in/in-focus-article.htm?23937/India+LAC+countries+can+together+become+a+formidable+global+economic+force |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170511223505/http://www.mea.gov.in/in-focus-article.htm?23937/India+LAC+countries+can+together+become+a+formidable+global+economic+force |archive-date=11 May 2017 |access-date=15 April 2017 |website=Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India |language=en}}</ref> Bilateral trade between The Bahamas and India totaled US$2,247.01 million in 2011–12. Indian exports to The Bahamas stood at $2,243.52 million and imports were $3.49 million.<ref>{{cite web|title=FOCUS LAC PROGRAMME|url=http://commerce.nic.in/trade/international_tpp_lac.pdf|website=Department of Commerce|access-date=15 April 2017|page=12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180403162233/http://commerce.nic.in/trade/international_tpp_lac.pdf|archive-date=3 April 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> India's major exports to The Bahamas are IT products/services, pharmaceuticals, manufactured goods and auto parts.<ref name="MEA2015" />

As a result of a small Indian community in The Bahamas and lack of direct connectivity with India, the local business community in the country often imports goods of Indian origin from the United States and the United Kingdom due to closer proximity and more established and economical shipping arrangements.<ref name="MEA2015" />

The two countries signed a [[Bilateralism|Bilateral]] Tax Information Exchange Agreement (TIEA) on 11 February 2011.<ref name="MEA2015" /><ref>{{cite web|title=AGREEMENT BETWEEN THE GOVERNMENT OF THE COMMONWEALTH OF THE BAHAMAS AND THE GOVERNMENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF INDIA FOR THE EXCHANGE OF INFORMATION WITH RESPECT TO TAXES|url=https://www.bahamas.gov.bs/wps/wcm/connect/210bc31c-c768-4827-a2b0-1d209d75ba10/India+Bahamas+TIEA+11+February+2011.pdf?MOD=AJPERES|website=Government of the Commonwealth of The Bahamas|access-date=15 April 2017}}</ref> The agreement enables the two countries to exchange information relating to civil and criminal investigations.<ref name="The Wire">{{cite web |last1=Mitra |first1=Devirupa |date=28 April 2016 |title=India Never Sought Information on Tax-Related Matters, Says Bahamian Foreign Minister |url=https://thewire.in/32159/ndia-never-sought-information-on-tax-related-matters-says-bahamian-foreign-minister/ |access-date=15 April 2017 |website=The Wire}}</ref>

Campbell Shipping is a shipping company registered in The Bahamas, and with its headquarters in Mumbai.<ref name="The Wire" /><ref>{{cite web|title=Contact|url=http://csship.com/contact/|website=Campbell Shipping|access-date=15 April 2017}}</ref> The State Bank of India and the Bank of Baroda maintain branches in Nassau.<ref name="MEA2015" />

Documents released in the [[Panama Papers]] in September 2016, included the names of 475 Indian people, trusts and companies registered in The Bahamas. The names included Indian corporate personalities from industries such as mines and metals, electronics, real estate, media and entertainment.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.firstpost.com/world/after-panama-papers-comes-bahamas-leak-exposes-475-india-linked-names-with-offshore-accounts-3015284.html|title=After Panama Papers comes Bahamas: Leak exposes 475 India-linked names with offshore accounts|date=2016-09-22|work=Firstpost|access-date=2017-04-15|language=en-US}}</ref>

== Cultural relations ==
As of January 2015, around 300 Indians reside in The Bahamas. The community is mostly made up of professionals, and are well integrated in Bahamian society.<ref name="MEA2015" />

Around 1,455 Indian tourists visited The Bahamas in 2015.<ref name="The Wire" />

== Foreign aid ==
India has provided assistance to The Bahamas in IT and diplomatic training.<ref name="The Wire" /> India donated $50,000 worth of medicines to The Bahamas in the aftermath of damage caused by [[Hurricane Ivan]] in September 2004.<ref name="MEA2015" />

Citizens of The Bahamas are eligible for scholarships under the [[Indian Technical and Economic Cooperation Programme]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Scholarships |url=http://mofa.gov.bs/services/technical-assistance-education/scholarships/ |access-date=15 April 2017 |website=Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Immigration, The Bahamas}}</ref> Bahamian diplomats have attended the Professional Course for Foreign Diplomats (PCFD) organised by the Foreign Service Institute of the Ministry of External Affairs.<ref name="MEA2015" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Foreign relations of the Bahamas}}
{{Foreign relations of India}}
{{Portal bar|Politics|Caribbean|India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bahamas-India relations}}
[[Category:Bilateral relations of India]]
[[Category:Bilateral relations of the Bahamas|India]]

Tharakan (title)

2025-12-19T04:09:18Z

Candy332540216: new first data from scratch.

{{Short description|Honorific hereditary title used in Kerala, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{OriginalResearch|date=May 2021}}
{{citations needed|date=May 2021}}
'''Tharakan'''.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20131129060813/http://newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/Mapping-City%E2%80%99s-Microhistory/2013/11/29/article1916876.ece "Reference to Mathoo Tharakan"]</ref> The title of Tharakan is an honorific hereditary title which was bestowed upon a few prominent [[Saint Thomas Christian]] and [[Knanaya]] families in the former Kingdoms of [[Travancore]] and [[Kochi|Cochin]], currently the State of [[Kerala]] in India.

==Etymology==
The word Tharakan literally means the holder of document of Raja. They are so called because they were the recipients of Tharaku or writ of social privilege. <ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=0JCaAAAAIAAJ "Census of India, 1961, Volume 7"] P. 21</ref>

==Historical Tharakans==

'''[[Thachil Matthoo Tharakan|Thachil Mathoo]]''' (18th/19th century), was an influential Syrian Catholic tharakan from the town of [[Alangad]]. He was given the rank of tharakan and served as the minister of the [[Travancore|Kingdom of Travancore]]. Mathoo is noted to have greatly supported the mission of Mar [[Kariattil Iousep|Ouseph Kariattil]] to Rome in order to express tribulations of the [[Syrian Catholics of Malabar|Syrian Catholics]] to the pope.{{sfn|Podipara|1971|p=41-75}}

===Knanaya Tharakans===
'''Kuriakose Kunnassery''' (16th century), was an important Knanaya Tharakan from the town of [[Kaduthuruthy]]. Kunnassery was a tharakan of the Kingdom of [[Vadakkumkur]] and served as a minister at its capitol of Kaduthurthy. In 1550, the [[Kingdom of Cochin]] allied with the Portuguese had won a battle against the Kingdom of Vadakkumkur, subsequently slaying its king Veera Manikatachan.{{sfn|Karukaparambil|2005|p=150}}{{sfn|Trivedi|2010|p=70}} Blaming the Syrian Christians as co-religionists of the Portuguese, the remaining army of Vadakkumkur hunted the Syrians after the death of their king. Kunnassery is most noted for leading the mass exodus of the Syrian Christians in Kaduthurthy to the town of [[Mulanthuruthy]] in order to escape the rage of the Vadakkumkur army. Upon arriving to Mulanthuruthy, Kunnassery sanctioned the rebuilding of [[St. Thomas Orthodox Syrian Cathedral, Mulanthuruthy|Mulanthuruthy St. Thomas Church]].{{sfn|Karukaparambil|2005|p=150}}

'''Pachikara Punnoose''' (17th century), was an influential [[Knanaya]] tharakan from the town of [[Thodupuzha|Chunkom]]. Punnoose is most noted for his actions after the [[Coonan Cross Oath|Koonan Kurishu Satyam]] in 1653. During this time period the Portuguese missionaries were strongly attempting to reunite the Saint Thomas Christians under the Roman Authority of the Catholic Church.{{sfn|Mundadan|Thekkedath|1982|pp=96–100}} After the Koonan Kurishu Satyam, the Thomas Christians had largely remained in rebellion from the Portuguese missionaries, swearing to only abide by their native hierarch and communal head [[Thoma I|Archdeacon Thomas]], now ordained as Mar Thoma I. Punnoose and the majority of the Knanaya community (except for [[Anjilimoottil Itty Thommen Kathanar|Anjilimootil Ittythommen]] and [[Kallissery|Kallisserry]] church) had remained staunchly faithful to the Portuguese hierarchs, viewing Thoma's ordination as invalid.{{sfn|Vellian|1986|p=35-36}} Punnoose would meet with Bishop Joseph Sebastiani in 1663 who was sent by Rome to reconcile the Saint Thomas Christians into the Catholic fold. Punnoose Tharakan would pledge the support of the Knanaya community and work closely with Sebastiani to ordain Mar Thoma I's cousin and rival [[Palliveettil Chandy|Mar Chandy Parambil]] Parambil would become the be ordained the first Syrian Catholic bishop of the Saint Thomas Christians at [[St. Mary's Knanaya Valiyapally, Kaduthuruthy|Kaduthuruthy Knanaya Valiyapally]] on February 1, 1663. {{sfn|Vellian|1986|p=35-36}}

'''Poothathil Ittikuruvilla''' (18th century), was a wealthy Knanaya Tharakan from the town of [[Neendoor]]. Ittikuruvilla was a tharakan of the Kingdom of Travancore and a spice merchant. Ittikuruvilla is most noted for his support and funding of the mission of Mar Ouseph Kariatill and Mar [[Paremmakkal Thoma Kathanar|Thoma Paremmakkal]] to Rome in 1778 in order to hear the grievances of the Syrian Catholics of Kerala.{{sfn|Podipara|1971|p=41-75}} Ittikuruvilla is noted to have paid 30,000 chakrams to finance the journey of the two priests. The mission of the two priests began from Ittikuruvilla's home in Neendoor, from which they travelled on his country boat to the coast of India. {{sfn|Vellian|1990|p=50}}

==See also==
* [[Saint Thomas Christians]]
* [[Tharakan (Hindu Caste)]]

==References==
<references />

==Sources==
* {{cite book | last=Karukaparambil |first= George|year=2005|title= Marganitha Kynanaitha: Knanaya Pearl |publisher= Deepika Book House|asin= B076GCH274 }}
* {{cite book |last1=Mundadan |first1=Anthony Mathias |last2=Thekkedath |first2=Joseph |date=1982 |title=History of Christianity in India |volume=2 |location=Bangalore |publisher=Church History Association of India}}
* {{cite book | last=Podipara |first= Placid|year=1971|title= The Varthamanappusthakam|publisher= Pontifical Oriental Institute|isbn= 978-81-2645-152-4 }}
* {{cite book | last=Trivedi |first=S.D.|year=2010|title= Glorious Heritage of India: Research Papers on History, Art, and Epigraphy|publisher=Agam Kala Prakashan|isbn=9788173200953 }}
* {{cite book | last=Vellian |first= Jacob|year=1986|title= Symposium on Knanites|series= Syrian Church Series |volume=12|publisher= Jyothi Book House|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=3PIMGwAACAAJ }}
* {{cite book | last=Vellian |first= Jacob|year=1990|title= Crown, Veil, Cross: Marriage Rights |series= Syrian Church Series |volume=15|publisher= Anita Printers|oclc= 311292786 }}

[[Category:Surnames of Indian origin]]

P. Chandra Reddy

2025-11-28T13:38:59Z

Candy332540216: reworked article per sources after review

{{Short description|Indian judge (1904-1976)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2015}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = P. Chandra Reddy
| image = P. Chandra Reddy.jpg
| imagesize =
| caption =
| office1 = 2nd [[Chief Justice]] of [[Andhra Pradesh High Court]]
| termstart1 = 16 June 1958
| termend1 = 22 November 1964
| nominator1 = [[Sudhi Ranjan Das]]
| appointer1 = [[Rajendra Prasad]]
| predecessor1 = [[Koka Subba Rao]]
| successor1 = [[P. Satyanarayana Raju]]
| office = 14th [[Chief Justice]] of [[Madras High Court]]
| termstart = 23 November 1964
| termend = 1 July 1966
| nominator = [[P. B. Gajendragadkar]]
| appointer = [[S. Radhakrishnan]]
| predecessor = [[S. Ramachandra Iyer]]
| successor = [[M. Anantanarayanan]]
| office2 = [[Judge]] of [[Andhra Pradesh High Court]]
| termstart2 = 5 July 1954
| termend2 = 15 June 1958
| appointer2 = [[Rajendra Prasad]]
| status3 = Acting Chief Justice
| termstart3 = 31 January 1958
| termend3 = 15 June 1958
| appointer3 = [[Rajendra Prasad]]
| predecessor3 = [[Koka Subba Rao]]
| successor3 = Himself
| office4 = [[Judge]] of [[Madras High Court]]
| termstart4 = 16 July 1949
| termend4 = 4 July 1954
| appointer4 = [[C. Rajagopalachari]]
| birth_name = Palagani Chandra Reddy
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1904|7|1}}
| birth_place =
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1976|10|7|1904|7|1}}
| death_place =
| spouse =
}}
'''Justice P. Chandra Reddy''' or '''Palagani Chandra Reddy''' (1 July 1904 – 7 October 1976) was an Indian judge and chief justice of two [[High courts of India|High Courts of India]]. He was educated at V.R. High School, [[Nellore]] and [[Pachaiyappa’s College]] in [[Chennai|Madras]]. He was appointed an [[advocate]] at the [[Madras High Court]] on 13 August 1928. He had practised [[Civil law (common law)|civil]] and [[criminal]] cases. He was appointed an additional judge at the same court on 16 July 1949. He was appointed a permanent judge at [[Andhra Pradesh High Court|Andhra State High Court]] on its formation from 5 July 1954, and later became the acting Chief Justice of the court. He was appointed the permanent Chief Justice of Andhra High Court on 16 June 1958.

He was the acting Governor of [[Andhra Pradesh]] from 20 December 1963 to 19 December 1964. He was appointed the Chief Justice of Madras High Court on 23 December 1964. He was the acting Governor of [[Tamil Nadu]] between 24 December 1964 and 7 February 1965. He retired on 7 January 1966. He died on 7 October 1976.<ref>[http://hc.ap.nic.in/aphc/pcrj.html HON'BLE SRI JUSTICE P.CHANDRA REDDI] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080930001926/http://hc.ap.nic.in/aphc/pcrj.html |date=30 September 2008 }} (High Court of Andhra Pradesh, Hyderabad, 20 September 2008)</ref>
<ref>[http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/archive/Resumes/06assly/06_01_1.pdf Sixth Assembly First Session–First Meeting] (Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly, 21 September 2008)</ref><ref name="past">[http://www.tnrajbhavan.gov.in/PastGovernors.htm Past Governors] (Raj Bhavan, Chennai, 20 September 2008)</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Governors of Tamil Nadu}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chandra, Reddy}}
[[Category:Governors of Tamil Nadu|Chandra P., Reddy]]
[[Category:Judges of the Andhra Pradesh High Court]]
[[Category:1976 deaths]]
[[Category:1904 births]]
[[Category:People from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Chief justices of the Madras High Court]]
[[Category:Chief justices of the Andhra Pradesh High Court]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian judges]]
[[Category:Gandhians]]
[[Category:Telugu people]]

{{India-law-bio-stub}}

Gundavali

2025-11-09T22:49:09Z

Candy332540216: adding new bio

{{short description|Village in Maharashtra}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Gundavali
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| etymology =
| pushpin_map = India Maharashtra#India
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Maharashtra, India
| coordinates = {{coord|19.2463238|N|73.0343934|E|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Thane district|Thane]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Taluka]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Bhiwandi]]
| established_title =
| established_date =
| founder =
| seat_type = [[Panchayat]]
| seat =
| leader_party =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_m = 10
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 2926
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| area_code_type = 
| area_code =
| blank_name_sec1 = [[2011 Census of India|2011 census]] code
| blank_info_sec1 = 552665
| footnotes =
}}
'''Gundavali''' is a village in the [[Thane district]] of [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]. It is located in the [[Bhiwandi]] [[taluka]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dolr.nic.in/dolr/mpr/revenuevillagedirectorypdf/Maharashtra.pdf |title=Maharashtra villages |publisher=Land Records Information Systems Division, NIC |accessdate=2015-08-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304095320/http://dolr.nic.in/dolr/mpr/revenuevillagedirectorypdf/Maharashtra.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Demographics ==

According to the [[2011 census of India]], Gundavali has 658 households. The effective literacy rate (i.e. the literacy rate of population excluding children aged 6 and below) is 84.72%.<ref name="census_2011"/>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Demographics (2011 Census)<ref name="census_2011">{{cite web |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/PCA%20CDB-2721-F-Census.xlsx |title=District census data |work=[[2011 Census of India]] |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations |accessdate=2015-08-17 }}</ref>
! !! Total !! Male !! Female
|-
| Population || 2926 || 1724 || 1202
|-
| Children aged below 6 years || 374 || 198 || 176
|-
| [[Scheduled caste]] || 66 || 49 || 17
|-
| [[Scheduled tribe]] || 16 || 9 || 7
|-
| Literates || 2162 || 1385 || 777
|-
| Workers (all) || 1223 || 1133 || 90
|-
| Main workers (total) || 1138 || 1060 || 78
|-
| Main workers: Cultivators || 31 || 28 || 3
|-
| Main workers: Agricultural labourers || 5 || 5 || 0
|-
| Main workers: Household industry workers || 28 || 14 || 14
|-
| Main workers: Other || 1074 || 1013 || 61
|-
| Marginal workers (total) || 85 || 73 || 12
|-
| Marginal workers: Cultivators || 4 || 3 || 1
|-
| Marginal workers: Agricultural labourers || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| Marginal workers: Household industry workers || 7 || 1 || 6
|-
| Marginal workers: Others || 74 || 69 || 5
|-
| Non-workers || 1703 || 591 || 1112
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Bhiwandi taluka}}

[[Category:Villages in Bhiwandi taluka]]

Anup Agrawal (politician)

2025-10-08T02:57:56Z

Candy332540216:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = Member of the [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Dhule City Assembly constituency|Dhule City]]
| term_start = 23 November 2024
| term_end =
| profession = Politician
| predecessor = [[Shah Faruk Anwar]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
}}
'''Anupbhaiyya Omprakash Agrawal''' commonly "Anup Agrawal" is an Indian politician from Maharashtra. He is a [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|member of the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]] from [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]], representing [[Dhule City Assembly constituency]] as a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], BJP.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-23 |title=Dhule City, Maharashtra Assembly Election Results 2024 Highlights: BJP's Anup Agrawal defeats AIMIM's Shah Faruk Anwar with 27890 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/dhule-city-maharashtra-assembly-election-results-2024-live-updates-maelb-2638102-2024-11-23 |access-date=2024-11-23 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Dhule City Election Result 2024 LIVE: Agrawal Anupbhaiyya Omprakash of BJP Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/dhule-city-election-result-2024-live-leading-winner-mla-9129951.html |access-date=2024-11-23 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Dhule City, Maharashtra Assembly Election Results 2024 Highlights: BJP's Anup Agrawal wins Dhule City with 116538 votes">{{cite news |last1=India Today |title=Dhule City, Maharashtra Assembly Election Results 2024 Highlights: BJP's Anup Agrawal wins Dhule City with 116538 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/dhule-city-maharashtra-assembly-election-results-2024-live-updates-maelb-2638102-2024-11-23 |access-date=24 November 2024 |date=23 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241124111338/https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/dhule-city-maharashtra-assembly-election-results-2024-live-updates-maelb-2638102-2024-11-23 |archive-date=24 November 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Dhule city election results: BJP's Agrawal Anupbhaiyya Omprakash defeats AIMIM'S Shah Faruk Anwar by 45,750 votes">{{cite news |last1=The Times of India |title=Dhule city election results: BJP's Agrawal Anupbhaiyya Omprakash defeats AIMIM'S Shah Faruk Anwar by 45,750 votes |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/maharashtra-election-live-updates-dhule-city-election-results-bjp-agrawal-anupbhaiyya-omprakash-aimim-shah-faruk-anwar-shiv-sena-ubt-anil-anna-gote/articleshow/115595556.cms |access-date=24 November 2024 |date=23 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241124111517/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/maharashtra-election-live-updates-dhule-city-election-results-bjp-agrawal-anupbhaiyya-omprakash-aimim-shah-faruk-anwar-shiv-sena-ubt-anil-anna-gote/articleshow/115595556.cms |archive-date=24 November 2024}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of chief ministers of Maharashtra]]
* [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Agrawal, Anup}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:People from Dhule]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{Maharashtra-BJP-politician-stub}}

Anas Edathodika

2025-10-06T21:48:40Z

Candy332540216: small corrected formatting per standard format and fixed typos as per guidelines

{{Short description|Indian footballer (born 1987)}}
{{Indian name|Anas|Edathodika}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Anas Edathodika
| image = Anas Edathodika 2019 AFC Asia Cup (cropped).jpg
| caption = Anas celebrating after India's win against [[Thailand national football team|Thailand]] at the [[2019 AFC Asian Cup]].
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1987|2|15}}
| birth_place = [[Kondotty]], [[Kerala]], [[India]]
| height = {{height|m=1.82}}
| position = [[Defender (association football)#Centre-back|Centre-back]]
| currentclub = [[Malappuram FC]]
| clubnumber = 15
| youthyears1 =
| youthclubs1 =
| years1 = 2007–2011
| clubs1 = [[Mumbai FC|Mumbai]]
| caps1 = 103
| goals1 = 5
| years2 = 2011–2015
| clubs2 = [[Pune FC|Pune]]
| caps2 = 106
| goals2 = 0
| years3 = 2015–2017
| clubs3 = [[Odisha FC|Delhi Dynamos]]
| caps3 = 35
| goals3 = 1
| years4 = 2017
| clubs4 = → [[Mohun Bagan A.C.|Mohun Bagan]] (loan)
| caps4 = 17
| goals4 = 0
| years5 = 2017–2018
| clubs5 = [[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]
| caps5 = 18
| goals5 = 0
| years6 = 2018–2019
| clubs6 = [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]
| caps6 = 18
| goals6 = 0
| years7 = 2019–2020
| clubs7 = [[ATK (football club)|ATK]]
| caps7 = 19
| goals7 = 0
| years8 = 2021–2022
| clubs8 = [[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]
| caps8 = 34
| goals8 = 0
| years9 = 2023–2024
| clubs9 = [[Gokulam Kerala FC]]
| caps9 =
| goals9 =
| years10 = 2024–
| clubs10 = [[Malappuram FC]]
| caps10 = 5
| goals10 = 0
| nationalyears1 = 2017–2019
| nationalteam1 = [[India national football team|India]]
| nationalcaps1 = 21
| nationalgoals1 = 0
| club-update =
| ntupdate =
}}

'''Anas Edathodika''' (born 15 February 1987) is a former Indian professional [[Association football|footballer]] who played as a [[Defender (association football)#Centre-back|centre-back]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-02 |title=Defender Anas Edathodika announces retirement |url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/defender-anas-edathodika-announces-retirement |access-date=2024-11-02 |website=www.indiansuperleague.com |language=en}}</ref>

==Club career==
===Early career===
Born in [[Kondotty]], [[Malappuram]], [[Kerala]], He studied in the [[EMEA College of Arts and Science]], [[Kondotty]]. Anas began to take up football as a serious activity when he was in tenth grade, joining the Malappuram U14s.<ref name="Pune Profile">{{cite web|title=Anas Edathodika|url=http://punefc.com/?player=anas-edathodika|work=Pune Football Club|access-date=25 December 2013|archive-date=24 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224023705/http://punefc.com/?player=anas-edathodika|url-status=live}}</ref> While playing football, Anas also worked as a driver who would drive people around town for Rs. 180 a day.<ref name="Hindu Lion">{{cite web|title=Anas, a lion-hearted defender|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-sports/anas-a-lionhearted-defender/article518142.ece|work=The Hindu|access-date=25 December 2013|archive-date=27 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227073744/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-sports/anas-a-lionhearted-defender/article518142.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> He then joined the football team of [[N.S.S College, Manjeri]], where he groomed his skills under Dr. P.M. Sudhir Kumar. Eventually, he was spotted by former [[India national football team|India]] international [[Feroz Sherif]] while playing in an inter-collegiate game.<ref name="Hindu Lion"/> Sherif advised Anas to attend the trials for [[I-League 2|I-League 2nd Division]] side [[Mumbai F.C.|Mumbai]] which Edathodika did.<ref name="Hindu Lion"/> He passed the trials and was signed by the club on a one-year deal.<ref name="Hindu Lion"/>

After one season with Mumbai, Anas managed to lead the club to promotion to the [[I-League]].<ref name="Hindu Lion"/> After helping the club gain promotion he was re-signed by the club on a three-year deal.<ref name="Hindu Lion"/> While at Mumbai, Anas credited his former head coach [[Dave Booth]] for making him the defender he is today.<ref name="Mumbai">{{cite web|last=Kishore|first=Kevin|title=Anas enjoys his Pune stint|url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/130723/sports-football/article/anas-enjoys-his-pune-stint|work=Deccan Chronicle|access-date=25 December 2013|archive-date=26 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131226072528/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/130723/sports-football/article/anas-enjoys-his-pune-stint|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Pune===
After playing for four seasons with [[Mumbai F.C.|Mumbai]] Anas signed for rivals [[Pune F.C.]] of the [[I-League]] on a two-year deal on 23 July 2011.<ref name="Pune Signing 2011">{{cite web|title=Pune FC sign up Edathodika, Baldeep|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/Pune-FC-sign-up-Edathodika-Baldeep/articleshow/8964964.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227062438/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-06-23/top-stories/29694006_1_pune-fc-pune-football-club-chirag-tanna|url-status=live|archive-date=27 December 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=25 December 2013}}</ref> On his signing, Pune's Head of Operations, Chirag Tanna, said "We have been tracking Anas's progress since the last two years and we are glad that he has signed a two-year contract".<ref name="Pune Signing 2011"/> One of his first matches for the club came up in a friendly against English [[Premier League]] side [[Blackburn Rovers F.C.|Blackburn Rovers]] at the [[Balewadi Sports Complex]] on 7 October 2011.<ref name="Pune Blackburn">{{cite web|title=Pune 0–3 Blackburn Rovers|url=http://punefc.com/?match-reports=friendly-pune-fc-0-3-blackburn-rovers|work=Pune Football Club|access-date=25 December 2013|archive-date=27 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227040337/http://punefc.com/?match-reports=friendly-pune-fc-0-3-blackburn-rovers|url-status=live}}</ref> However, the match did not last long for Anas as he was sent off after 15 minutes for his second yellow card for a rough tackle on [[Mauro Formica]].<ref name="Pune Blackburn"/><ref>{{cite web|title=Courageous performance by Pune FC|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-sports/courageous-performance-by-pune-fc/article2519444.ece|work=The Hindu|access-date=25 December 2013|archive-date=27 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227073709/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-sports/courageous-performance-by-pune-fc/article2519444.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

Before the [[2012–13 I-League|2012–13]] season it was revealed that Anas had been hit with [[malaria]] which made him miss part of Pune's pre-season.<ref name="Anas Malaria">{{cite web|title=Camp Notes, Week 3: Anas recovers; Abhra back; 3 players join Natl. camp|url=http://punefc.com/?news=camp-notes-week-3-anas-recovers-abhra-back-3-players-join-natl-camp|work=Pune Football Club|access-date=25 December 2013|archive-date=27 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227035854/http://punefc.com/?news=camp-notes-week-3-anas-recovers-abhra-back-3-players-join-natl-camp|url-status=live}}</ref> However, it was reported that on 2 August 2012 that he had returned to Pune's pre-season training.<ref name="Anas Malaria"/> After that set-back Anas had his best season yet in his footballing career in which he started in all 26 matches for Pune in the I-League, helping the Pune defence concede only twenty-six goals that season.<ref name="New Contract 2013">{{cite web|title=Edathodika gets 2-year extension with Pune FC|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/edathodika-gets-2year-extension-with-pune-fc/1120717/|work=Indian Express|access-date=25 December 2013}}</ref> Due to this feat Anas managed to win the Pune Football Club Player of The Year award for 2012–13.<ref name="Award 2013">{{cite web|title=Anas first Indian player to bag Pune FC Player of the Year|url=http://news.in.msn.com/national/article.aspx?cp-documentid=253005798|work=MSN|access-date=25 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131226203314/http://news.in.msn.com/national/article.aspx?cp-documentid=253005798|archive-date=26 December 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> In winning the award, he became the first Indian to win the club's biggest award and also the first defender to win it.<ref name="Award 2013"/>

As another reward for his impressive two seasons at the club, Anas was offered a two-year contract extension by the club which he accepted.<ref name="New Contract 2013"/>

====2013–14 season====
Going onto the [[2013–14 I-League|2013–14]] season Anas was named as the club captain.<ref name="Pune Captain">{{cite web|title=Special 58: Wish I was my best when in skipper role, says Anas|url=http://punefc.com/?news=special-58-wish-i-was-my-best-when-in-skipper-role-says-anas|work=Pune Football Club|access-date=25 December 2013|archive-date=24 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224023852/http://punefc.com/?news=special-58-wish-i-was-my-best-when-in-skipper-role-says-anas|url-status=live}}</ref> He led the side in the club's first league match of the season against [[Mohammedan S.C. (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]] at the [[Salt Lake Stadium]] on 21 September 2013.<ref name="Mohammedan 2013">{{cite web|title=Mohammedan vs. Pune 1 – 3|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2013/09/21/india/i-league/mohammedan-sporting-club/pune-fc/1585277/|work=Soccerway|access-date=25 December 2013|archive-date=23 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180823085436/https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2013/09/21/india/i-league/mohammedan-sporting-club/pune-fc/1585277/|url-status=live}}</ref> Anas played the full match for Pune as the club won the match 3–1.<ref name="Mohammedan 2013"/> After the match, he said on wearing the captain's armband for the first time that he was very honoured and that he thanked the new head coach, [[Mike Snoei]], on giving him the opportunity to lead the side, "Honestly much honoured… great. I had never worn the captain's armband ever. This was a first in my playing career at any level as far as my memory stretches and I am thankful to one and all for this opportunity. Initially, the coach said he was taking a risk by fielding me in the playing eleven, but when he announced that I was leading the side I got the confidence I needed. I thank coach for helping me believe."<ref name="Pune Captain"/>

===Delhi Dynamos===
In 2015, he was picked up by [[Delhi Dynamos FC|Delhi Dynamos]]. Later in 2016, the club sent Anas to [[A-League]] club [[Central Coast Mariners FC|Central Coast Mariners]] for a week long trial cum training camp.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://xtratime.in/delhi-dynamos-duo-of-anas-and-souvik-train-with-a-league-side-central-coast-mariners/|title=Delhi Dynamos duo of Anas and Souvik train with A-League side Central Coast Mariners|date=12 August 2016|access-date=30 March 2022|website=xtratime.in|publisher=Xtra Time|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220330095250/https://xtratime.in/delhi-dynamos-duo-of-anas-and-souvik-train-with-a-league-side-central-coast-mariners/|archive-date=30 March 2022}}</ref>

===Jamshedpur===
On 23 July 2017, Anas was selected in the first round of the [[2017–18 ISL Players Draft]] by [[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]] for the [[2017–18 Indian Super League]], thus making him the first player in Jamshedpur history.<ref>{{cite news|title=ISL 2017 player draft, as it happened: ATK, Jamshedpur FC and Pune strike big|url=https://thefield.scroll.in/844751/isl-2017-player-draft-live-updates-eugenson-lyngdoh-anas-edathodika-touted-as-top-draws|access-date=2 November 2017|work=The Field|date=23 July 2017|archive-date=9 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191209172202/https://thefield.scroll.in/844751/isl-2017-player-draft-live-updates-eugenson-lyngdoh-anas-edathodika-touted-as-top-draws|url-status=live}}</ref> He made his debut for the club during the first-ever match on 18 November 2017 against [[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]. He started and played the whole match as Jamshedpur drew 0–0.<ref>{{cite web|title=NorthEast United 0-0 Jamshedpur|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2017/11/18/india/indian-super-league/northeast-united/jamshedpur/2597745/?ICID=PL_MS_02|website=Soccerway|access-date=20 February 2018|archive-date=24 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324225248/https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2017/11/18/india/indian-super-league/northeast-united/jamshedpur/2597745/?ICID=PL_MS_02|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Kerala Blasters===
In 2018, he was signed by [[Kerala Blasters]], his home club. He partnered with his national teammate [[Sandesh Jhingan]] at centre-back.

===ATK===
In 2019, he signed for [[ATK (football club)|ATK]]. He was given the number 30 jersey.

==International career==
Anas made his senior international debut for India on 22 March 2017 in a 3-2 friendly win against [[Cambodia national football team|Cambodia]].<ref>{{cite web|title=India Break a 12-Year Jinx|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/news-center-details.htm?id=7996|work=All India Football Federation|access-date=24 March 2017|date=22 March 2017|archive-date=24 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170324085339/https://www.the-aiff.com/news-center-details.htm?id=7996|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Jamshedpur FC set to sign Anas Edathodika on a multi-year deal|url=https://footballexpress.in/jamshedpur-fc-set-to-sign-anas-edathodika-on-a-one-year-deal-isl/|access-date=11 June 2021|website=Football Express|archive-date=11 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210611033152/https://footballexpress.in/jamshedpur-fc-set-to-sign-anas-edathodika-on-a-one-year-deal-isl/|url-status=live}}</ref> He represented India at the [[2019 AFC Asian Cup]].

==Career statistics==
===Club===
{{updated|4 March 2022}}<ref>{{soccerway|anes-edathodika/72651}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
!rowspan="2"|Club
!rowspan="2"|Season
!colspan="3"|League
!colspan="2"|Cup
!colspan="2"|[[Asian Football Confederation|AFC]]
!colspan="2"|Total
|-
!Division!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals
|-
| rowspan="5" |[[Pune FC|Pune]]
|[[2011–12 I-League|2011–12]]
| rowspan="4" |[[I-League]]
|23||0||0||0|| colspan="2" |—||23||0
|-
|[[2012–13 I-League|2012–13]]
|26||0||5{{efn|name=FedCup|Appearance(s) in [[Federation Cup (India)|Federation Cup]]}}{{efn|name=DurandCup|Appearance(s) in [[Durand Cup]]}}||0|| colspan="2" |—||31||0
|-
|[[2013–14 I-League|2013–14]]
|17||0||3{{efn|name=FedCup}}||0||5{{efn|name=statsAFCCL|Appearance(s) in [[AFC Champions League]]}}{{efn|name=statsAFCC|Appearance(s) in [[AFC Cup]]}}||0||25||0
|-
|[[2014–15 I-League|2014–15]]
|10||0||0||0|| colspan="2" |—||10||0
|-
! colspan="2" |Pune total
!76!!0!!8!!0!!5!!0!!89!!0
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Odisha FC|Delhi Dynamos]]
|[[2015 Indian Super League|2015]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Indian Super League]]
|14||1||0||0|| colspan="2" |—||14||1
|-
|[[2016 Indian Super League|2016]]
|11||0||0||0|| colspan="2" |—||9||0
|-
! colspan="2" |Delhi Dynamos total
!25!!1!!0!!0!!0!!0!!25!!1
|-
| rowspan="1" |[[Mohun Bagan AC|Mohun Bagan]] (loan)
|[[2016–17 Mohun Bagan AC season|2016–17]]
| rowspan="1" |I-League
|17||0||4{{efn|name=FedCup}}||0||5{{efn|name=statsAFCC}}||0||26||0
|-
| rowspan="1" |[[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]
|[[2017–18 Indian Super League|2017–18]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Indian Super League]]
|8||0||2{{efn|name=SuperCup|Appearance() in [[Super Cup (India)|Super Cup]]}}||0|| colspan="2" |—||10||0
|-
| rowspan="1" |[[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]
|[[2018–19 Indian Super League|2018–19]]
|8||0||1{{efn|name=SuperCup}}||0|| colspan="2" |—||9||0
|-
| rowspan="1" |[[ATK (football club)|ATK]]
|{{nowrap|[[2019–20 Indian Super League |2019–20]]}}
|9||0||0||0|| colspan="2" |—||9||0
|-
| rowspan="1" |[[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]
|[[2021–22 Indian Super League|2021–22]]
|4||0||0||0|| colspan="2" |—||4||0
|-
! colspan="3" |Career total
!147!!1!!15!!0!!10!!0!!172!!1
|}{{notelist}}

===International===
{{updated|matches played till 19 November 2019}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/67479/Anas_Edathodika.html|title=Anas Edathodika|website=national-football-teams.com|access-date=16 June 2022}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!National team!!Year!!Apps!!Goals
|-
| rowspan="3" | [[India national football team|India]]
|2017||9||0
|-
|2018||7||0
|-
|2019||5||0
|-
! colspan="2" |Total
!21!!0
|}

==Honours==

'''India'''
* [[Tri-Nation Series (India)|Tri-Nation Series]]: [[2017 Hero Tri-Nation Series|2017]]
* [[Intercontinental Cup (India)|Intercontinental Cup]]: [[2018 Intercontinental Cup (India)|2018]]

'''Individual'''
* [[I-League]] "Jarnail Singh" Award for Best Defender: 2016–17<ref>{{cite news|title=There was little competition for the 'Best Striker Award' as Aser Pierrick Dipanda Dicka of Shillong Lajong grabbed the award|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/chhetri-voted-best-player-of-i-league-117050201030_1.html|access-date=2 May 2017|work=Business Standard|date=2 May 2017|archive-date=25 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180625021517/https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/chhetri-voted-best-player-of-i-league-117050201030_1.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://thefangarage.com/articles/10600-sunil-chhetri-wins-the-hero-of-the-league-award|title=Chhetri, Khalid, Dipanda among others win individual I-League awards|website=thefangarage.com|publisher=The Fan Garage|date=2 May 2017|access-date=2 May 2017|archive-date=30 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180630214135/https://thefangarage.com/articles/10600-sunil-chhetri-wins-the-hero-of-the-league-award}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.indiansuperleague.com/delhi-dynamos-fc/squad/defender-3982-anas-edathodika-playerprofile Indian Super League Profile].
{{India squad 2019 AFC Asian Cup}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Edathodika, Anas}}
[[Category:1987 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Malappuram]]
[[Category:Indian men's footballers]]
[[Category:India men's international footballers]]
[[Category:Mumbai FC players]]
[[Category:Pune FC players]]
[[Category:Jamshedpur FC players]]
[[Category:Kerala Blasters FC players]]
[[Category:Men's association football defenders]]
[[Category:Footballers from Kerala]]
[[Category:NSS College Manjeri alumni]]
[[Category:I-League players]]
[[Category:I-League 2 players]]
[[Category:Indian Super League players]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:2019 AFC Asian Cup players]]
[[Category:ATK (football club) players]]
[[Category:Gokulam Kerala FC players]]
[[Category:Super League Kerala players]]
[[Category:Malappuram FC players]]

Jay Royappa

2025-09-23T08:22:27Z

Candy332540216: Made Data

{{Short description|Indian tennis player}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2022}}
{{Infobox tennis biography
| name = Jay Royappa
| image =
| fullname = Jayakumar Royappa
| country_represented = {{IND}}
| birth_date =1954
| birth_place =
| death_date = {{death date|2005|05|29|df=yes}} (aged 51)
| death_place = [[Anna Nagar]], Tamil Nadu
| height =
| plays =
| careerprizemoney =
| singlesrecord = 3–8
| singlestitles =
| highestsinglesranking = No. 207 (3 Jan 1979)
| Wimbledonresult = 2R ([[1978 Wimbledon Championships – Men's singles|1978]])
| doublesrecord =
| doublestitles =
| highestdoublesranking =
}}
'''Jayakumar Royappa''' was an Indian professional [[tennis]] player.

A native of [[Chennai]], Royappa was the son of former Tamil Nadu Chief Secretary E.P. Royappa.<ref name="Hindu">{{cite news |title=Jayakumar passes away |url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/06/01/stories/2005060105551900.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=1 June 2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060516114810/http://www.hindu.com/2005/06/01/stories/2005060105551900.htm |archive-date=16 May 2006}}</ref>

Royappa was a national junior hardcourt champion and competed on the professional tour in the 1970s. He was described by ''[[The Hindu]]'' as a tall, wiry player with a powerful serve and unorthodox, wristy play.<ref name="Hindu" /> In 1973 he won the singles title at the [[Scottish Championships (tennis)|Scottish Championships]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Outplayed |work=[[Sunday Mirror]] |date=22 July 1973 |page=42}}</ref> Twice qualifying for the [[The Championships, Wimbledon|Wimbledon]] main draw, he won his first round match over [[Greg Halder]] in 1978, before losing to the third-seed [[Vitas Gerulaitis]] in the second round.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Amdur |first1=Neil |title=Connors, Gerulaitis Score; 38,290 Pack Wimbledon |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1978/06/29/archives/connors-gerulaitis-score-38290-pack-wimbledon-fans-gather-early.html |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=29 June 1978}}</ref>

In 2005 he died of a heart attack at his home in [[Anna Nagar]].<ref name="Hindu"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{ATP|r084}}
* {{ITF profile|jayakumar-royappa/800176010/ind}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Royappa, Jayakumar}}
[[Category:1954 births]]
[[Category:2005 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian male tennis players]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Chennai]]

Raj Kapoor Special Contribution Award

2025-09-12T00:49:19Z

Candy332540216: starting basic details basic info

{{short description|Maharashtra's highest contribution award}}
{{Distinguish|Raj Kapoor Award}}
{{use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox award
| name = Raj Kapoor Special Contribution Award
| image = Kajol, Kelvinator Stree Shakti Women Awards 2014 (cropped).jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| awarded_for = Special Contribution in Indian cinema
| location = [[Maharashtra]]
| country = India
| presenter = [[Government of Maharashtra]]
| reward =
| year = 2009
| year2 =
| holder_label = Recent winner
| holder = [[Kajol]]
| award1_type = Total awarded
| award1_winner = 10
| award2_type = First winner
| award2_winner = [[Aamir Khan]]
| website = 
}}
The '''Raj Kapoor Special Contribution Award''' is the highest contribution award in [[Hindi cinema]], established by the [[Government of Maharashtra]], India. It is presented annually by the Department of Cultural Affairs, [[Maharashtra]] in [[Maharashtra State Film Awards]]. Award instituted in 2009 to recognises individual for their "Special Contribution to Hindi cinema". The recipient is recognized for their exceptional contribution to the Indian cinema and is chosen by a panel of distinguished figures within the Indian film sector. The accolade includes a certificate, a shawl, and a monetary award of ₹3,00,000.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-07-14 |title=सांस्कृतिक कार्य संचालनालय |url=http://mahasanskruti.org:80/film-puraskar.php |access-date= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180714083807/http://mahasanskruti.org:80/film-puraskar.php |archive-date=14 July 2018 }}</ref>

The Government of Maharashtra created the award to commemorate the contribution of Indian actor & filmmaker [[Raj Kapoor]]. Kapoor (1924–1988), who is popularly known as greatest and most influential actor and filmmaker of [[Indian cinema]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |last2= |date=2018-12-14 |title=Raj Kapoor, the 'greatest showman' of Indian cinema |url=https://theprint.in/feature/raj-kapoor-the-greatest-showman-of-indian-cinema/163297/ |access-date= |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>

The first recipient of the award was filmmaker [[Aamir Khan]], who was honoured at the [[Maharashtra State Film Awards]] in 2009. As of 2023, there have been 09 awardees.

==Recipients==

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|+ List of award recipients
! scope="col" width=20px|Year
! scope="col" width=240px|Image
! scope="col" width=240px|Recipient
! scope="col" width=240px|Field of work
! scope="col" class="unsortable" |{{abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| 2009
| [[File:Aamir Khan at the success bash of Secret Superstar.jpg|126x126px]]
! scope="row" | '''[[Aamir Khan]]'''
|Actor
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-11-21 |title=Rekha not old enough for lifetime achievement award - Bollywood News - ApunKaChoice.Com |url=http://www.apunkachoice.com/scoop/bollywood/rekha-not-old-enough-for-lifetime-achievement-award.html |access-date= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111121071541/http://www.apunkachoice.com/scoop/bollywood/rekha-not-old-enough-for-lifetime-achievement-award.html |archive-date=21 November 2011 }}</ref>
|-
| 2010
| [[File:Ashutosh Gowariker at the launch of T P Aggarwal's trade magazine 'Blockbuster' 15.jpg|134x134px]]
! scope="row" | '''[[Ashutosh Gowariker]]'''
|Director
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manoj Kumar gets Raj Kapoor Award |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/entertainment/photo/manoj-kumar-gets-raj-kapoor-award-363751-2010-04-29 |access-date=2024-02-16 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2011
| [[File:Shabana Azmi SFU honorary degree (cropped).jpg|118x118px]]
! scope="row" | '''[[Shabana Azmi]]'''
|Actress
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maha Govt Confers Raj Kapoor Awards On Nihalani, Shabana |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/maha-govt-confers-raj-kapoor-awards-on-nihalani-shabana-619522 |access-date=2024-02-16 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref>
|-
| 2012
|[[File:Madhuri Dixit promoting Bucket List (cropped).jpg|131x131px]]
! scope="row" | '''[[Madhuri Dixit]]'''
|Actress
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Madhuri Dixit, Shyam Benegal bag Raj Kapoor awards |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/madhuri-dixit-shyam-benegal-bag-raj-kapoor-awards-604573 |access-date=2024-02-16 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref>
|-
| 2013
|[[File:Nana patekar.jpg|126x126px]]
! scope="row" | '''[[Nana Patekar]]'''
|Actor
| style="text-align:center;" |
|-
| 2014
| [[File:Madhur Bhandarkar at 'The Outsider' launch party.jpg|118x118px]]
! scope="row" | '''[[Madhur Bhandarkar]]'''
|Director, writer
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tanuja honoured with Raj Kapoor Lifetime Achievement Award |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/entertainment/photo/tanuja-raj-kapoor-lifetime-achievement-award-tanishaa-mukerji-372928-2014-08-13 |access-date= |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2015
|[[File:Vidya Balan promoting Jalsa.jpg|141x141px]]
! scope="row" | '''[[Vidya Balan]]'''
|Actress
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-04-27 |title=Maharashtra government announces annual film awards |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/maharashtra-government-announces-annual-film-awards/article7147328.ece |access-date=2024-02-12 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
|2016
|[[File:Anil Kapoor still5.jpg|111x111px]]
! scope="row" | '''[[Anil Kapoor]]'''
| Actor
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-04-17 |title=Jeetendra, Anil Kapoor get Maha Govt's Raj Kapoor awards |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/jeetendra-anil-kapoor-get-maha-govts-raj-kapoor-awards-2757674/ |access-date= |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2017
| [[File:Jackie Shroff graces the screening of Sonata.jpg|126x126px]]
! scope="row" |'''[[Jackie Shroff]]'''
| Actor
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Saira Banu: Saira Banu, Jackie Shroff get Raj Kapoor awards - Bangalore Mirror |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/saira-banu-jackie-shroff-get-raj-kapoor-awards/articleshow/58273644.cms |access-date= |website=bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com}}</ref>
|-
|2018
|[[File: Rajkumar Hirani 2014.jpg|114x114px]]
! scope="row" |'''[[Rajkumar Hirani]]'''
|Director
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-09-10 |title=55th Maharashtra State Marathi Film Awards Distribution Celebrated - Latest Photos {{!}} दिमाखात पार पडला ५५ वा महाराष्ट्र मराठी चित्रपट पुरस्कार सोहळा - Watch Galleryimages Photos at Loksatta.com |url=https://www.loksatta.com/photos/entertainment-gallery/1671617/55th-maharashtra-state-marathi-film-awards-distribution-celebrated/ |access-date= |website=Loksatta |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|2019
|[[File:Paresh Raval.jpg|114x114px]]
! scope="row" |'''[[Paresh Rawal]]'''
|Actor
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-05-27 |title=56 व्या राज्य मराठी चित्रपट पुरस्कार सोहळ्यात Carol Littleton चा मराठमोळा अंदाज ठरला लक्ष्यवेधी; 'भोंगा' ठरला सर्वोत्कृष्ट चित्रपट {{!}} LatestLY मराठी |url=https://marathi.latestly.com/entertainment/marathi/56th-maharashtra-state-marathi-film-awards-winners-list-39172.html |access-date= |website=LatestLY मराठी |language=mr-IN}}</ref>
|-
|2020
|[[File:JPDutta.jpg|80x80px]]
! scope="row" | '''[[J. P. Dutta]]'''
| Director
| style="text-align:center;" |
|-
| 2021
| [[File:SonuNigam04.jpg|100x100px]]
! scope="row" |'''[[Sonu Nigam]]'''
| Singer
| style="text-align:center;" |
|-
|2022
|[[File:Vidhu Vinod Chopra March 2015.jpg|122x122px]]
! scope="row" |'''[[Vidhu Vinod Chopra]]'''
|Director, producer
|style="text-align:center;" |
|-
|2023
|{{Dash}}
! scope="row"|'''[[N. Chandra]]'''
|Director, producer, writer
|style="text-align:center;" |
|-
|2024
|[[File:Kajol, Kelvinator Stree Shakti Women Awards 2014 (cropped).jpg|122x122px]]
! scope="row" |'''[[Kajol]]'''
|Actress
|style="text-align:center;" |
|}

==See also==
* [[Dadasaheb Phalke Award]]
* [[Raj Kapoor Award]]
* [[V. Shantaram Lifetime Achievement Award]]
* [[V. Shantaram Special Contribution Award]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
==External links==
* {{IMDb event|0015478|Maharashtra State Film Awards}}

[[Category:Lifetime achievement awards]]
[[Category:Lists of Indian award winners]]

Chavargudd

2025-09-11T13:12:38Z

Candy332540216:

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Chavargudda
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = 
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Karnataka, India
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Dharwad district|Dharwad]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Panchayati raj (India)|Panchayat raj]]
| governing_body = [[Gram panchayat]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 600
| population_total = 1,204
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate = KA 25 and KA 63
| website = {{URL|karnataka.gov.in}}
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-KA]]
| footnotes =
| official_name =
}}

'''Chavargudda''' is a village in [[Dharwad district]] of [[Karnataka]], [[India]].<ref>[http://censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Village_Directory/List_of_Villages/List_of_Villages_Alphabetical.aspx?cki=&ComboState_Code=29 Village Directory] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722033752/http://censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Village_Directory/List_of_Villages/List_of_Villages_Alphabetical.aspx?cki=&ComboState_Code=29 |date=2011-07-22 }}, 2001 Census of India</ref>

==Demographics==
As of the [[2011 Census of India]] there were 231 households in Chavargudd and a total population of 1,204 consisting of 623 males and 581 females. There were 144 children ages 0-6.<ref>{{cite web|title=C.D. Block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) - KARNATAKA|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/PCA%20CDB-2908-F-Census.xlsx|access-date=1 August 2020|publisher=Census Commission of India}}</ref>
==About==
chavaragudd village located on the banks of national highway 63(NH 63). 12KM from hubli and 15km from kalagatagi taluk

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Settlements in Dharwad district}}

{{coord missing|Karnataka}}

[[Category:Villages in Dharwad district]]

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2017 hair and braid chopping incidents in India

2025-08-17T19:45:35Z

Candy332540216: created a stub.

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{more citations needed|date=May 2018}}
{{confusing|date=October 2017}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox recurring event 
|name = Mysterious hair chopping incidents in India
|native_name =
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|caption = A sample of chopped braid from Kashmir
|status = Ended
|genre = Mystery, rumours, human or animal activities
|date =
|begins = June 2017
|frequency = Weekly, alternately, monthly
|venue =
|location =
|coordinates =
|country = [[India]]
|years_active = 
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|activity = Braid chopping
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|footnotes =
|ends=October 2017}}

Numerous unexplained and mysterious hair and braid chopping incidents were being reported across [[India]] between June and October 2017. The first widely reported incident was on 23 June 2017, when ''[[ABP News]]'' reported a woman from [[Bikaner district|Bikaner District]], Rajasthan, had her hair chopped allegedly by a '[[Witchcraft|witch]]' ([[Dayan (witch)|dayan]]) while she was asleep at night. Similar incidents were also reported throughout India, particularly in the northern states of [[Delhi]], [[Bihar]], [[Haryana]], [[Uttarakhand]], [[Uttar Pradesh]] and [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]].

==India==
===Rajasthan===
On 23 June 2017 [[ABP News]] reported a woman from [[Bikaner district|Bikaner District]], Rajasthan had her hair chopped by a 'witch' as she slept.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://abpnews.abplive.in/videos/viral-sach-is-there-a-witch-who-chops-off-people-s-hair-while-they-are-asleep-642035|title=रात में लोगों की बाल काटने वाली 'चुड़ैल' का वायरल सच|date=2017-06-23|work=ABP News|access-date=2017-08-22|language=en-US|archive-date=21 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170821122219/http://abpnews.abplive.in/videos/viral-sach-is-there-a-witch-who-chops-off-people-s-hair-while-they-are-asleep-642035|url-status=dead}}</ref> Additional hair-chopping incidents followed, and fears of an epidemic{{snd}}particularly in Rajasthan{{snd}}soared. Incidents occurred not only at night but also during the day.

Three days before the 23 June event, a similar incident was reported in [[Piparcity|Pipar City]], Jodhpur District, where a girl's hair had been found cut when she awoke in the morning.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://m.bhaskar.com/news/RAJ-JOD-HMU-MAT-latest-jodhpur-news-043016-2841137-NOR.html|title=रात में बाल काटने की अफवाह या सच्चाई, पुलिस के लिए पहेली|date=2017-06-20|work=dainikbhaskar|access-date=2017-08-23|language=hi}}{{dead link|date=May 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> This news was first reported by [[Dainik Bhaskar]]. Along with the missing hair, the girl displayed injuries on other parts of her body.[which parts?please tell] When police investigated, they found that the girl's hair had been cut by a blade. However, they were unable to find the culprit.

On 6 July 2017, the ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' reported that two girls from Rajasthan, aged 13 and 14 years old, and both unknown to each other, were victims of additional hair incidents.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/rajasthan-s-scissorhands-panic-in-villages-after-ghost-chops-off-women-s-hair/story-bQ0ZHij1WVQGOeHTPzybaI.html|title=Rajasthan's scissorhands? Panic in villages after 'ghost' chops off women's hair| date=2017-07-06|newspaper=Hindustan Times|access-date=2025-03-29|language=en}}</ref>

On 8 July 2017, the [[BBC]] reported that many western municipalities including [[Bikaner district|Bikaner]], [[Nagaur district|Nagaur]], [[Jaisalmer district|Jaisalmer]], [[Barmer district|Barmer]], [[Jodhpur district|Jodhpur]], and [[Jalore district|Jalore districts]] had been affected by these incidents.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.bbc.com/hindi/india-40542956|title=अफ़वाहों से परेशान हैं राजस्थान की महिलाएं|last=राठौड़|first=सुमेर सिंह|date=2017-07-08|work=BBC हिंदी|access-date=2017-08-22|language=en-GB}}</ref>

===Uttar Pradesh===
In early August 2017, two cases were reported from [[Aligarh district|Aligarh]] and [[Moradabad district]]s. Four cases were reported in [[Bulandshahr district]]. But later [[Uttar Pradesh Police]] and [[Delhi Police]] clarified that the incidents were only rumours.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/fresh-cases-of-mysterious-hair-chopping-surface-in-aligarh-moradabad-and-bulandshahr-uttar-pradesh-delhi-4783182/|title=Fresh cases of mysterious hair-chopping surface in Aligarh, Moradabad and Bulandshahr|date=2017-08-05|work=The Indian Express|access-date=2017-08-22|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/6-hair-chopping-cases-turn-out-to-be-false/article62048420.ece | title=6 hair-chopping cases turn out to be false | newspaper=The Hindu | date=5 August 2017 | accessdate=29 March 2025 }}</ref> According to [[The Indian Express]] news channel, around thirty cases were filed all over north India.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/fresh-cases-of-mysterious-hair-chopping-surface-in-aligarh-moradabad-and-bulandshahr-uttar-pradesh-delhi-4783182/|title=Fresh cases of mysterious hair-chopping surface in Aligarh, Moradabad and Bulandshahr|date=2017-08-05|work=The Indian Express|access-date=2017-08-22|language=en-US}}</ref>

On 2 August, a 62-year-old woman was killed by angry villagers in [[Agra district]] for being accused as a "witch" who cut the braids of girls. [[NDTV India]] reported this news on 3 August 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://m.ndtv.com/india-news/woman-branded-witch-killed-in-uttar-pradesh-amid-braid-cutting-scare-1733038|title=Woman Branded Witch, Killed In UP Amid 'Braid Cutting' Scare|website=m.ndtv.com|language=en|access-date=2017-08-24}}</ref> UP police filed murder cases on two suspects who fled the city and were neighbors of the victim.

===Delhi===
On 1 August 2017, three women, unknown to each other and aged between 50 and 60, from [[Kangan Heri]] complained about being the victims of hair-chopping incidents on the same day. None of the women had seen their perpetrator, but when they fell unconscious and later woke up, they found their hair chopped.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://qz.com/1046374/a-mysterious-braid-chopper-is-cutting-off-womens-hair-in-northern-india/|title=A mysterious "braid-chopper" is cutting off women's hair in northern India|work=Quartz|access-date=2017-08-23|language=en-US}}</ref>

===Haryana===
Fifteen cases were reported in Haryana state. The women who were victims of these types of incidents said that they had witnessed "[[Godman (India)|godmen]]", "[[Dayan (witch)|witches]]", "[[Bhoota (ghost)|ghosts]]" and "cat-like creatures". The police rejected these claims.{{Citation needed|date=January 2018}}

One such incident happened in [[Gurgaon]] on 28 July, when a 60-year-old woman found her braid chopped when she awoke on the floor.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.in/2017/07/31/mysterious-incidents-of-womens-braids-being-chopped-off-spreads_a_23057298/|title=Mysterious Incidents Of Women's Braids Being Chopped Off Spreads Panic In Haryana Villages|date=2017-07-31|website=Huffington Post India|access-date=2017-08-24}}</ref> She made claims that a thin man came to her doorsteps with a trident in his hand. She claims she asked him to leave, but he reappeared, which led her to fall unconscious. The police filed the case and entered it in the Daily Diary.{{Explain|date=January 2018}}

===Jammu and Kashmir===
There have been more than 200 incidents of women being attacked and often knocked unconscious by men in balaclavas, who then chop off their traditional hair braids. Officers had no solid leads or suspects, and [[Jammu and Kashmir Police]] (JKP) had to respond to a surge of revenge attacks by vigilantes armed with knives, [[cricket bat]]s, and iron rods.

The initial police response to the braid attacks, which mainly occurred inside people's homes, was to suggest the victims were suffering from hallucinations. This drew criticism from the government-run Women's Commission, and they began serious investigations but no arrests have been made.{{when|date=May 2018}}

Tasleema Bilal, a 40-year-old woman whose hair was cut off in September 2018 while she was in her home in [[Srinagar]], the region's main city, said that she tried to remove the attacker's mask before escaping, leaving her hair behind. Other women have said that they were knocked unconscious with a mysterious chemical spray that authorities have yet to identify.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/world/article/mysterious-braid-chopping-bandits-have-kashmiris-in-panic/|title=Mysterious braid-chopping bandits have Kashmiris in panic|last=Hussain|first=Aijaz|date=2017-10-24|work=CTVNews|access-date=2018-03-17|language=en-CA}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.apnews.com/892d2948287b4a3fb230f9597c654d1f|title=Mystery attacks chopping women's hair raise panic in Kashmir|work=AP News|access-date=2018-03-17|language=en-US}}</ref>

Kashmiris have alleged the attacks are the "handiwork of Indian agencies" trying to intimidate the portion of Kashmir's population that opposes Indian rule.{{Citation needed|date=January 2018}} Residents are also suspicious of the Indian authorities, and some have accused soldiers and police of staging the attacks or protecting those responsible. In many incidents, the police and [[Indian Army]] appeared to aid the braid choppers in escaping by taking and saving them from public vigilantes.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/10/24/women-living-fear-braid-chopping-bandits/|title = The women living in fear of 'braid-chopping' bandits|newspaper = The Telegraph|date = 24 October 2017|last1 = Wright|first1 = Mike}}</ref>

On 22 October 2017, [[Arab News]], a Saudi Arabian news agency, reported that around 100 women in [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Kashmir]] have been victims of hair-chopping incidents.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.arabnews.com/node/1181506/world|title=Mystery 'braid-chopping' cases add panic to trauma in Kashmir|date=2017-10-22|work=Arab News|access-date=2018-03-17|language=en}}</ref>

==Religious responses==
{{Expand section|date=January 2018|the cultural importance of a woman's hair (and the act of removing it) in these regions.}}

===Hinduism===
In the 23 June case, the victim's legs and hands had a ''[[Trishula]]'' (Trident) mark,<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://abpnews.abplive.in/videos/viral-sach-is-there-a-witch-who-chops-off-people-s-hair-while-they-are-asleep-642035|title=रात में लोगों की बाल काटने वाली 'चुड़ैल' का वायरल सच|date=2017-06-23|work=ABP News|access-date=2017-08-22|language=en-US|archive-date=21 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170821122219/http://abpnews.abplive.in/videos/viral-sach-is-there-a-witch-who-chops-off-people-s-hair-while-they-are-asleep-642035|url-status=dead}}</ref> linking the incident to Hinduism. However, no Hindu religious leaders have responded to this detail.

===Islam===
Some [[Indian Muslims]] have also been victims of these types of incidents. Some Islamic scholars stated that these incidents are being executed by mischievous elements in society.

==Change in the rumor==
On 19 August, a report from [[Dainik Bhaskar]] changed the discussion surrounding these events. The report clearly proved that there was no such evidence of a witch or a ghost being responsible. In this report, a man from [[Gwalior]], Madhya Pradesh caught an insect which was later suspected to be a [[dermestidae]], [[drugstore beetle]], [[rain beetle]] or [[varied carpet beetle]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://m.bhaskar.com/news/c-6-scarce-insect-found-claimed-to-be-the-hair-scrapping-beetle-gw0197-NOR.html|title=चोटी काटने वाला समझ पकड़ ली ये अजीब चीज, फिर ये सच्चाई आई सामने|date=2017-08-16|work=dainikbhaskar|access-date=2017-08-22|language=hi}}{{dead link|date=May 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> This insect is believed to feed on keratin found in hair and nails.{{explain|date=May 2018|How does finding a beetle prove anything?}}

A similar case occurred on 9 August, when in [[Moradabad district]] a man killed a [[honey badger]] accused of eating or chopping women's hair, but due to lack of evidence, this report faced negligence.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://hindi.oneindia.com/news/uttar-pradesh/women-suspect-an-animal-as-hair-cutter-418241.html|title=VIDEO: बाल काटने की अफवाह में भेंट चढ़ा 'बिज्जू'|work=hindi.oneindia.com|access-date=2017-08-23|language=hi}}</ref>

On 17 August, a report from [[Manpur, Bhopal|Manpur, Bhopal district]], Madhya Pradesh had several eyewitnesses. The incident happened around 4 pm as the victim was sitting outside her house. She suddenly felt that her hair was being cut off. Her screaming brought the attention of her grandmother, who saw that her hair was being cut off, but she did not see anyone do it. Her grandmother quickly caught her fallen hair and the cutting stopped. Later the grandmother discovered an unusual detail. She noticed that as she picked up and held the hair, the rest of her granddaughter's hair was sheared, except for the exact number of hairs she held.{{Explanation needed|date=January 2018}}<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.firstwall.com/news/top-news/newstrack/e83d867fea5d37b504c196dd57bf44cb?ref=fw-sim|title=चोटी काटने के मामले में नया मोड़, जितने बाल हाथ में आए बच गए बाकि गिर गए नीचे|work=firstwall|access-date=2017-08-23}}{{Dead link|date=August 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Witch-hunts in India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Violence against women in India]]
[[Category:2017 in India]]
[[Category:History of women in India]]
[[Category:Hair removal]]
[[Category:Modern witch hunts]]
[[Category:June 2017 in India]]
[[Category:October 2017 in India]]
[[Category:July 2017 in India]]
[[Category:August 2017 in India]]
[[Category:Superstitions of India]]
[[Category:2010s in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:2010s in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:2010s in Delhi]]
[[Category:2010s in Haryana]]
[[Category:2010s in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:2010s in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Religious controversies in India]]
[[Category:Moral panic]]
[[Category:Fake news in India]]
[[Category:2017 crimes in India]]
[[Category:Riots and civil disorder in India]]
[[Category:Mass media-related controversies in India]]
[[Category:2017 in women's history]]

Gundappa Viswanath

2025-07-31T17:25:56Z

Candy332540216: content fix

{{short description|Indian cricketer (born 1949)}}
{{Use British English|date=February 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name = Gundappa Viswanath
| image =
| image_size =
| full_name = Gundappa Ranganath Viswanath
| country = India
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1949|2|12|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Bhadravathi, Karnataka|Bhadravathi]], [[Mysore State]], India
| family = {{ubl|[[Sunil Gavaskar]] (brother-in-law)|[[Rohan Gavaskar]] (nephew)}}
| batting = Right-handed
| bowling = Legbreak
| international = true
| internationalspan = 1969–1983
| testdebutdate = 15 November
| testdebutyear = 1969
| testdebutagainst = Australia
| testcap = 124
| lasttestdate = 30 January
| lasttestyear = 1983
| lasttestagainst = Pakistan
| odidebutdate = 13 July
| odidebutyear = 1974
| odidebutagainst = England
| odicap = 10
| lastodidate = 2 June
| lastodiyear = 1982
| lastodiagainst = England
| columns = 2
| column1 = [[Test cricket|Test]]
| matches1 = 91
| runs1 = 6,080
| bat avg1 = 41.93
| 100s/50s1 = 14/35
| top score1 = 222
| deliveries1 = 70
| wickets1 = 1
| bowl avg1 = 46.00
| fivefor1 = 0
| tenfor1 = 0
| best bowling1 = 1/11
| catches/stumpings1 = 63/–
| column2 = [[One Day International|ODI]]
| matches2 = 25
| runs2 = 439
| bat avg2 = 19.95
| 100s/50s2 = 0/2
| top score2 = 75
| deliveries2 = –
| wickets2 = –
| bowl avg2 = –
| fivefor2 = –
| tenfor2 = –
| best bowling2 = –
| catches/stumpings2 = 3/–
| date = 4 February
| year = 2006
| source = http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/content/player/35712.html ESPNcricinfo
|height=5 ft 3 in<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rising to great heights|url=http://en.espn.co.uk/cricket/sport/story/88596.html|date=3 May 2011|website=[[ESPN]]|quote=Sunil Gavaskar's brother-in-law, and even smaller than him at around 5ft 3in}}</ref>}}

'''Gundappa Ranganath Viswanath''' {{audio|Gundappa_Vishwanath.ogg|pronunciation}} (born 12 February 1949) is a former Indian [[cricket]]er. Vishwanath is rated as one of [[India national cricket team|India]]'s finest batsmen throughout the 1970s. Viswanath played [[Test cricket]] for India from 1969 to 1983, making 91 appearances and scoring more than 6,000 runs. He also played in [[One Day International]]s from 1974 to 1982, including the [[Cricket World Cup|World Cups]] of [[1975 Cricket World Cup|1975]] and [[1979 Cricket World Cup|1979]].

At state level, he played for [[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka]] (formerly Mysore) throughout his career. Viswanath, popularly nicknamed "Vishy", had an elegant and wristy batting style which emphasized timing rather than power. Though he had a complete repertoire of shots around the wicket, Viswanath's choice shot was the square cut, one he often used to great effect against fast bowlers. He regularly fielded at slip.

He is the only cricketer to score a double [[Century (cricket)|century]] on debut in a [[first-class cricket|first-class]] match (against Andhra Pradesh in 1967) and a century on debut in a Test match.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/29385866/ask-steven-scored-double-century-first-class-debut-hundred-first-test? |title=Who scored a double-century on first-class debut and a hundred in his first Test? |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=30 June 2020}}</ref> In 2008, he received the [[C. K. Nayudu Lifetime Achievement Award]], the highest honour [[Board of Control for Cricket in India|Indian board]] can bestow on a former player.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=7 February 2009 |title=Viswanath nominated for CK Nayudu award |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/viswanath-nominated-for-ck-nayudu-award-389637 |access-date=2023-04-25 |work=ESPNcricinfo |language=en |quote=... CK Nayudu lifetime achievement award, the highest honour the Indian board can bestow on a former player.}}</ref>

==Career and highlights==
On his Test match debut, Viswanath scored a century against [[Australia national cricket team|Australia]] at [[Green Park Stadium|Kanpur]] in 1969 in a drawn match. He also recorded a duck in the same game, one of only four batsmen to have done this in their first match. Viswanath is the first and only player to score a [[List of double centuries scored on first-class cricket debut|double century on first-class debut]] as well as a century on Test debut.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Who scored a double-century on first-class debut and a hundred in his first Test? |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ask-steven-who-scored-a-double-century-on-first-class-debut-and-a-hundred-in-his-first-test-1225849 |access-date=2023-12-16 |work=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref> His best performances tended to come on challenging pitches, and while some of his best innings did not result in centuries, they were still important to the team's success.<ref>[http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/india/content/story/225832.html The genius and the great], ESPNcricinfo. Accessed 15 August 2022.</ref>

Against [[Australia national cricket team|Australia]] and the [[West Indies cricket team|West Indies]], both known for their strong pace attacks, he had a batting average of over 50.{{citation needed|date=August 2022}} He was at his peak in the mid-1970s. Against the West Indies at [[M. A. Chidambaram Stadium|Madras]] in 1974–75 he scored 97 not out out of a total of 190 against a bowling attack containing [[Andy Roberts (cricketer)|Andy Roberts]]. Despite not being a century, it was regarded as one of the finest performances by an Indian<ref>[http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/content/story/100225.html The 26th anniversary of an immortal innings], ESPNcricinfo, 11 January 2001.</ref> and it led to an Indian victory. The [[Wisden 100]] ranked it the 38th best innings of all time, and the second best non-century.<ref>[http://in.rediff.com/cricket/2001/jul/30bat100.htm Wisden 100 – Top 100 Batsmen], Rediff.com. Accessed 15 August 2022.</ref> He scored a match-winning century in the previous Test at [[Eden Gardens|Calcutta]], but despite a 95 in the final Test at [[Wankhede Stadium|Bombay]] the series was lost 3–2.{{citation needed|date=August 2022}}
[[File:Gundappa Viswanath graph.png|right|thumb|350px|Gundappa Viswanath's career performance graph.]]
In 1975–76, Viswanath again produced some strong performances against the West Indies, the most notable of which was his 112 at [[Queen's Park Oval|Port of Spain]] which helped India to reach the victory target of 403. At the time, this was the highest successful run-chase in Test cricket.<ref>[http://www.cricinfo.com/db/STATS/TESTS/TEAM/HIGHEST_FOURTH_INNS.html Tests – Highest Fourth Innings Totals] from ESPNcricinfo</ref> In 1978–79 at Madras he again top scored with 124 out of a total of 255. India went on to win the match which ultimately led to a 1–0 series victory in the 6-match series, although this West Indian side was considerably weaker than in previous series after many players opted to play in [[World Series Cricket]] instead.{{Citation needed|date=January 2010}}

==Captaincy==

Viswanath also had a brief stint as the Indian [[captain (cricket)|captain]] in 1979–80. In the two Tests he captained, one was drawn and one was lost, the latter being the Golden Jubilee Test against [[England cricket team|England]]. In this match he recalled [[Bob Taylor (cricketer)|Bob Taylor]] to the crease after the umpire had already given him out. Taylor went on to score some vital runs for England helping them to win the match.<ref>{{cite web|title=6 interesting facts about Gundappa Vishwanath|date=12 February 2021|url-access=|url= https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/gundappa-viswanath-turns-72-six-interesting-facts-know-about-cricketer-143289}}</ref>

==Personal life==
In March 1978, Gundappa Viswanath married Kavita, the sister of teammate [[Sunil Gavaskar]].<ref name="Manorama">{{cite news |last= Raghavan|first= Dr KN|date=9 May 2022|title=Lesser known facts about Gundappa Viswanath|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/sports/vantage-point/2022/05/08/lesser-known-facts-about-gundappa-viswanath.html|newspaper=On Manorama| access-date= 11 December 2022}}</ref> They have a son named Daivik and live in [[Bengaluru]].<ref name="Week">{{cite news |last= |first= |date=27 March 2022|title=The square cut was not my only shot, writes Gundappa Vishwanath in his book|url=https://www.theweek.in/theweek/sports/2022/03/19/the-square-cut-was-not-my-only-shot-writes-gundappa-vishwanath-in-his-book.html|newspaper=The Week| access-date= 11 December 2022}}</ref><ref name="CC"/>

==Post retirement==
Viswanath retired from Tests in 1983, and later served as a [[match referee]] for the [[International Cricket Council|ICC]] from 1999 to 2004. He was also the chairman of the national selection committee, and also served as the manager of the Indian cricket team. He is also involved in cricket coaching at the [[National Cricket Academy]] (NCA) and has served as vice-president of the [[Karnataka State Cricket Association]] (KSCA).<ref name="CC">{{cite news |last= |first= |date=27 March 2022|title=Gundappa Viswanath: 15 facts about the stylish Indian batsman|url=https://www.cricketcountry.com/articles/gundappa-viswanath-15-facts-about-the-stylish-indian-batsman-512583|newspaper=Cricket Country| access-date= 11 December 2022}}</ref>

==Bibliography==
On 12 March 2022, his autobiography titled 'Wrist Assured' was launched during the opening day of the second Test between India and [[Sri Lanka national cricket team|Sri Lanka]] in Bangalore. The book was unveiled by his former teammates [[Kapil Dev]] and [[Sunil Gavaskar]] in a brief ceremony held during the dinner break of the day/night game.<ref name="Outlook">{{cite news |last= |first= |date=12 March 2022|title=IND Vs SL: Gundappa Viswanath's Autobiography 'Wrist Assured' Launched In Bengaluru|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/sports/ind-vs-sl-gundappa-viswanath-s-autobiography-wrist-assured-launched-in-bengaluru-news-186584|newspaper=Outlook| access-date= 11 December 2022}}</ref>

==Recognition==
Viswanath was awarded [[C. K. Nayudu Lifetime Achievement Award|Col. C. K. Nayudu Lifetime Achievement Award]] in 2009 by [[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]] which is one of the highest awards given in Indian cricket.<ref name=":3" /> He also received the Padma Shri award by Government of India in 1971, and [[Arjuna award]] in the year 1977{{endash}}78.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cricketcountry.com/news/list-of-indian-cricketers-winning-arjuna-award-485560|title=List of Indian cricketers winning Arjuna Award|date=22 August 2016}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[List of double centuries scored on first-class cricket debut]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{ESPNcricinfo|id=35712}}

{{s-start}}
{{succession box |
before=[[Sunil Gavaskar]] |
title=[[Indian National Test Cricket Captains|Indian National Test Cricket Captain]] |
years=1979/80 |
after=[[Sunil Gavaskar]] |
}}
{{succession box |
before='''Unknown''' |
title=[[Indian national cricket selectors#Selection committee|Chairman, Selection Committee]] |
years=''Unknown'' – September 1996 |
after=[[Ramakant Desai]] |
}}
{{s-end}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Sports}}
{{Indian Test Cricket Captains}}
{{India ODI Cricket Captains}}
{{Navboxes
|title= India squads
|bg= #0077FF
|fg= white
|bordercolor=#ff8800
|list1=
{{India Squad 1975 Cricket World Cup}}
{{India Squad 1979 Cricket World Cup}}
}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Viswanath, Gundappa}}
[[Category:1949 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:India One Day International cricketers]]
[[Category:India Test cricket captains]]
[[Category:India Test cricketers]]
[[Category:Cricketers who made a century on Test debut]]
[[Category:Karnataka cricketers]]
[[Category:South Zone cricketers]]
[[Category:State Bank of India cricketers]]
[[Category:Cricketers at the 1975 Cricket World Cup]]
[[Category:Cricketers at the 1979 Cricket World Cup]]
[[Category:Cricket match referees]]
[[Category:Indian cricket administrators]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in sports]]
[[Category:Cricketers from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Arjuna Award]]
[[Category:People from Shimoga]]
[[Category:Kannada people]]
[[Category:India national cricket team selectors]]
[[Category:People from Shimoga district]]

Chauka

2025-07-09T07:59:29Z

Candy332540216:

{{Short description|Watering system}}
{{about|rainwater harvesting|the bird|Manus friarbird|the song|Chauka (song)}}
A '''Chauka''' system is a method for [[Rainwater harvesting|harvesting rainwater]], typically employed in [[arid]] regions that experience [[monsoon]] rains. The term "Chauka" is derived from the [[Hindi]] word for "square".
This system comprises square [[levee|embankments]] with three sides featuring nine-inch walls; one side remains open to facilitate the entry of rainwater. Once a structure is filled, the overflow moves to the next Chauka, and so on. By retaining rainwater in this manner, the system helps prevent [[soil erosion]] and replenishes surface water, which in turn promotes the growth of various grasses. This process not only holds the soil together but also provides [[grazing]] areas for cattle and goats, as the Chauka system is predominantly used on common land. For optimal effectiveness, this method is combined with the planting of grass seeds and trees.<ref>{{cite web | author =Mari | title =The Chauka system: An innovative method of water harvesting | work =Gather and Grow: Resilience | publisher = gatherandgrow.org | date =2013-07-25 | url = http://gatherandgrow.org/2013/07/25/the-chauka-system-an-innovative-method-of-water-harvesting/|accessdate = 2013-10-23}}</ref>

This system is widely in use in the Dudu block of [[Jaipur district]] in [[Rajasthan]], India. Here a local village development organisation [[GVNML]], working in the area of Natural Resource Management, has been responsible for its uptake among local villages.<ref>{{cite web | title =Chauka System | work =rainwaterharvesting.org: technology: rural: improvised | publisher =Centre for Science and Environment | url =http://www.rainwaterharvesting.org/rural/Improvised.htm | accessdate =2013-10-23 | archive-date =2019-03-12 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20190312221201/http://rainwaterharvesting.org/Rural/Improvised.htm | url-status =dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=The chauka magic|journal=Down To Earth|publisher=Society for Environmental Communications|date =September 30, 1999|url=http://www.downtoearth.org.in/node/20492?quicktabs_1=0|accessdate=May 15, 2017}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Rainwater harvesting]]
*[[Water conservation]]
*[[Agriculture]]

==References==
<references />

[[Category:Water resources management]]

Arumalai kottai

2025-06-07T03:43:20Z

Candy332540216: Updated article with clearer structure

{{More citations needed|date=May 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}{{Infobox settlement
| name = Arumalai Kottai
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = 
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Tamil Nadu, India
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Thanjavur district|Thanjavur]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| leader_title = Panchayat President
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of = 2001
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Arumalai kottai''' is a large village in [[Thanjuvur]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite web |date=2011 |title=Primary Census Abstract Data Tables – India: Final Population Totals |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711042331/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |archive-date=11 July 2022 |access-date=27 April 2025 |website=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India}}</ref> The Original Name of the Village is "Arulmozhi varman Kottai". Arulmozhi varman is the name of King [[Raja]] cholan. This village belongs to one of the Vazhanadu in his ruling called "Kundavai Vazhanadu"; Kundavai is the name of his Sister "Kundavai Piratti". Over period of time the village name become Arumalai kottai and the nadu name become "Kulanthai VazhaNadu".
Mostly, "kallar" people living in this village.{{cn|date=December 2018}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}{{Coord missing|Tamil Nadu}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Arumalai Kottai}}
[[Category:Villages in Thanjavur district]]

{{Thanjavur-geo-stub}}

Eastern Bengal Railway

2025-02-28T13:13:04Z

Candy332540216: adding stub - done

{{Short description|Railway company in British India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2014}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2014}}
{{Infobox company
|name = Eastern Bengal Railway
|logo = Eastern Bengal Railway Logo.jpg
|type =
|foundation =1857
|location_city = [[Calcutta]]
|location_country = [[British Raj|British India]]
|location =
|key_people =
|area_served = [[Bengal]] and [[Assam]]
|industry = [[Railways]]
|products =
|services = [[Rail transport]]
|revenue =
|operating_income =
|net_income =
|num_employees =
|parent =
|divisions =
|subsid =
|slogan =
|homepage =
|dissolved = 1942
|footnotes =
|intl =
}}
The '''Eastern Bengal Railway''' (full name: "Eastern Bengal Railway Company"; shortened '''EBR''') was one of the pioneering railway companies that operated from 1857 to 1942, in the [[Bengal]] and [[Assam]] provinces of [[British Raj|British India]] (now part of [[Bangladesh Railway]], and [[Northeast Frontier Railway]] and [[Eastern Railway (India)|Eastern Railway]] of [[India]]).<ref name="History AP">{{cite web|url=http://archives.anandabazar.com/e_kolkata/2013/december/anache_kanache.html|title=ইস্টার্ন রেলওয়ে ফুটবল ক্লাব — ১৪১ বছরের পুরনো একটি ক্লাবের ইতিহাস ও ঐতিহ্য|trans-title=Eastern Railway Football Club — History and heritage of a 141-year-old club|website=archives.anandabazar.com|publisher=[[Anandabazar Patrika]]|language=Bengali|date=21 December 2013|access-date=24 March 2023|location=Kolkata|first=Rajat|last=Karmakar|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127103722/http://archives.anandabazar.com/e_kolkata/2013/december/anache_kanache.html|archive-date=27 January 2022}}</ref>

== History ==
=== Formation {{anchor|Eastern Bengal Railway Act 1857}} ===
{{Infobox UK legislation
| short_title = Eastern Bengal Railway Act 1857
| type = Act
| parliament = Parliament of the United Kingdom
| long_title = An Act for incorporating the Eastern Bengal Railway Company, and for other purposes.
| year = 1857
| citation = [[20 & 21 Vict.]] c. clix
| introduced_commons =
| introduced_lords =
| territorial_extent =
| royal_assent = 25 August 1857
| commencement =
| expiry_date =
| repeal_date =
| amends =
| replaces =
| amendments =
| repealing_legislation =
| related_legislation =
| status =
| legislation_history =
| theyworkforyou =
| millbankhansard =
| original_text = https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukla/Vict/20-21/159/pdfs/ukla_18570159_en.pdf
| revised_text =
| use_new_UK-LEG =
| UK-LEG_title =
| collapsed = yes
}}
The Eastern Bengal Railway Company was incorporated by the [[Eastern Bengal Railway Act 1857]] ([[20 & 21 Vict.]] c. clix) of the [[Parliament of the United Kingdom]], with the objective of introduction of railway transport in eastern [[Bengal]] and even to move into [[Burma]]. The operational area of Eastern Bengal Railway was to be the east bank of the [[Hooghly River]], while [[East Indian Railway Company]] operated on the west bank of the river.<ref name=irfca>{{cite web | url = http://www.irfca.org/docs/history/ir-uklaw-ebr.html | title = Eastern Bengal Railway | publisher = [[IRFCA]] | access-date = 2012-02-10 | archive-date = 28 October 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121028181132/http://irfca.org/docs/history/ir-uklaw-ebr.html | url-status = live }}</ref><ref name=banglapedia>{{cite book |last=Mukherjee |first=Hena |year=2012 |chapter=Eastern Bengal Railway |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Eastern_Bengal_Railway |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]] |access-date=7 December 2015 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304205636/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Eastern_Bengal_Railway |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Rolling stock ===
By the end of 1877 the company owned 43 steam locomotives, 180 coaches and 691 goods wagons.<ref>{{cite book |title= Archiv für Post und Telegraphie, Band 7 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=gvs-AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA62 |year= 1879 |publisher= Reichsdruckerei, Berlin |language= de |pages= 62–63 |isbn= |access-date= 4 October 2022 |archive-date= 24 June 2022 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220624122429/https://books.google.com/books?id=gvs-AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA62 |url-status= live }}</ref> By 1936, the rolling stock had increased to 327 locomotives, 3 steam railcars, 1560 coaches and 13.781 freight wagons.<ref>{{cite book |title=World Survey of Foreign Railways |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HxHLQGfxDa0C&pg=RA16-PA8 |year=1936 |publisher=Transportation Division, Bureau of foreign and domestic commerce, Washington D.C. |language=English |page=213 |access-date=4 October 2022 |archive-date=4 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004065832/https://books.google.com/books?id=HxHLQGfxDa0C&pg=RA16-PA8 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Classification ===
It was labeled as a Class I railway according to the [[Indian Railway Classification]] System of 1926.<ref>{{cite web| title= Indian Railway Classification | url=https://wiki.fibis.org/w/Indian_Railway_Classification | access-date=10 November 2022| language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=World Survey of Foreign Railways |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HxHLQGfxDa0C&pg=RA16-PA5 |year=1936 |publisher=Transportation Division, Bureau of foreign and domestic commerce, Washington D.C.|language=English |pages=210–219}}</ref>

=== Subsequent developments ===
{{Infobox UK legislation
| short_title = Eastern Bengal Railway Company Purchase Act 1884
| type = Act
| parliament = Parliament of the United Kingdom
| long_title = An Act to provide for the vesting of the undertaking of the Eastern Bengal Railway Company in the Secretary of State in Council of India and for other purposes.
| year = 1884
| citation = [[47 & 48 Vict.]] c. cciv
| introduced_commons =
| introduced_lords =
| territorial_extent =
| royal_assent = 28 July 1884
| commencement =
| expiry_date =
| repeal_date =
| amends =
| replaces =
| amendments =
| repealing_legislation = [[Statute Law (Repeals) Act 2013]]
| related_legislation =
| status = repealed
| legislation_history =
| theyworkforyou =
| millbankhansard =
| original_text = https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukla/Vict/47-48/204/pdfs/ukla_18840204_en.pdf
| revised_text =
| use_new_UK-LEG =
| UK-LEG_title =
| collapsed = yes
}}
The EBR was taken over by the Government of India by the '''{{visible anchor|Eastern Bengal Railway Company Purchase Act 1884}}''' ([[47 & 48 Vict.]] c. cciv) and renamed the Eastern Bengal State Railway.

The Calcutta and South-Eastern Railway (CSER) was formed in 1859 to connect [[Calcutta]] with {{stnlnk|Canning|India|Port Canning}} on the [[Matla River]]. It constructed and completed the {{convert|45|km|mi|abbr=on}} long line on 15 May 1863.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=History Of Indian Railways, constructed and in progress', 31 March 1937 by 'The Government of India - Railway Department'|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.36650|access-date=28 November 2021}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=Administration Report on Railways 1918|url=https://archive.org/stream/BombayBarodaAndCentralIndiaRailwaySystem/Bombay_Baroda_And_Central_India_Railway_System#page/n55mode/1up|access-date=28 November 2021}}</ref> The Calcutta and South-Eastern Railway was merged into the Eastern Bengal State Railway in 1887.

In 1915, it reverted to its old name Eastern Bengal Railway. In 1941, the [[Bengal Dooars Railway]] was merged into Eastern Bengal Railway. In 1942, the Government of India merged [[Assam Bengal Railway]] with Eastern Bengal Railway to create [[Bengal Assam Railway|Bengal and Assam Railway]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wiki.fibis.org/index.php?title=Eastern_Bengal_Railway | title = Eastern Bengal Railway | publisher = fibis | access-date = 2012-02-10 | archive-date = 28 July 2013 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130728111550/http://wiki.fibis.org/index.php?title=Eastern_Bengal_Railway | url-status = live }}</ref>

{{quote box|width=300px|quote='''Railways in British India'''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.anglo-india-central.co.uk/template4/2011/02/07/the-story-of-bengal-nagpur-railway-bnr-now-south-eastern-railway/ |title=The story of Bengal Nagpur Railway (BNR) now South Eastern Railway |publisher=Anglo-India-Central |access-date=2012-02-19 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111025142416/http://www.anglo-india-central.co.uk/template4/2011/02/07/the-story-of-bengal-nagpur-railway-bnr-now-south-eastern-railway/ |archive-date=25 October 2011 }}</ref> "As a child of its era, the railway left an indelible mark on the 19th century developments in India. In a country of continental distances, it provided the foundation for modern economic expansion by facilitating the carriage of huge quantities of passengers and freight over very long distances at hitherto unparalleled speeds. During the early part of 20th century, in a growing economy with rapid increase in demand for mobility, railway development was sparked off at a pace similar if not more marked than in Western countries in the 19th century. Development and rapid expansion of railway network in British India served as the backbone for economic growth and industrial development in the post independence era." }}

=== Successors ===
After the [[partition of India]] in 1947 the broad-gauge portion of the Bengal and Assam Railway, lying in [[India]] was added to the [[East Indian Railway]] and the metre-gauge portion became the Assam Railway.<ref>Rao, M.A. (1988). ''Indian Railways'', New Delhi: National Book Trust, p.39</ref><ref name="History">{{cite web|url=http://www.nfr.railnet.gov.in/engir/History1.htm |title=History |publisher=Northeast Frontier Railway |access-date=2012-02-24 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502032906/http://www.nfr.railnet.gov.in/engir/History1.htm |archive-date=2 May 2014 |df=dmy }}</ref>

On 14 April 1952, the Assam Railway and the [[Oudh and Tirhut Railway]] were amalgamated to form the [[North Eastern Railway zone|North Eastern Railway]].<ref>Rao, M.A. (1988). ''Indian Railways'', New Delhi: National Book Trust, pp.42-3</ref> On the same day, the reorganized Sealdah division of the erstwhile Bengal Assam Railway (which was added to the East Indian Railway earlier) was amalgamated with the [[Eastern Railway (India)|Eastern Railway]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.easternrailwaysealdah.gov.in/WebForm/FrameContent/Engineering.html |title=Engineering |publisher=Sealdah Division |access-date=2012-02-10 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120215161611/http://www.easternrailwaysealdah.gov.in/WebForm/FrameContent/Engineering.html |archive-date=15 February 2012 |df=dmy }}</ref>

With the formation of the [[Northeast Frontier Railway]] on 15 January 1958, the portions of the erstwhile Eastern Bengal Railway that were in Assam and the Indian portion of North Bengal, came under its jurisdiction.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.nfr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1,444 | title = History | publisher = North East Frontier Railway | access-date = 2012-02-10 | archive-date = 3 January 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160103114849/http://www.nfr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1,444 | url-status = live }}</ref>

The portion of the system which fell within the boundary of erstwhile East Pakistan was named as Eastern Bengal Railway. On 1 February 1961, the Eastern Bengal Railway was renamed as the Pakistan Railway and in 1962 it became the [[Pakistan Eastern Railway]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.railway.gov.bd/history.asp |title=History |publisher=Bangladesh |access-date=2012-02-10 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071115201005/http://www.railway.gov.bd/history.asp |archive-date=15 November 2007 |df=dmy }}</ref> With the emergence of Bangladesh, it became the [[Bangladesh Railway]].<ref name=banglapedia /><ref name="History"/>

== Lines ==
[[File:A switchback station loop on the East Bengal Railway.jpg|thumb|right|A switchback station loop on the East Bengal Railway, 1895. Photo by [[William Henry Jackson]].]]
The first line of Eastern Bengal Railway was constructed from [[Sealdah]] ([[Calcutta]]) to [[Kushtia Sadar Upazila|Kushtia]] (now in [[Bangladesh]]) in 1862 (presently covered by [[Sealdah–Ranaghat–Gede line]] of [[West Bengal]] and [[Chilahati–Parbatipur–Santahar–Darshana line]] of [[Bangladesh]]). It was decided in 1865 to extend the line to [[Goalundo Ghat]] (now in [[Bangladesh]]). The extension opened on 31 December 1870. By 1902, it was extended north to as far as [[Dhubri]] (now in [[Assam]]).<ref name=banglapedia/>

The Eastern Bengal Railway, which operated east of the [[Hooghly River]], was linked with the [[East Indian Railway Company|East Indian Railway]], which operated west of the river, when [[Jubilee Bridge (India)|Jubilee Bridge]], linking [[Bandel]] of [[East Indian Railway Company|East Indian Railway]] and [[Naihati]] of Eastern Bengal Railway, was opened in 1887. The [[Calcutta]] Chord Railway constructed the line from [[Dum Dum]] of Eastern Bengal Railway to [[Dankuni]] of [[East Indian Railway Company|East Indian Railway]] over the Willingdon Bridge in 1932. The bridge was later renamed [[Vivekananda Setu]].<ref name=timeline>{{cite web |url=http://irse.bravehost.com/IRHTML.htm |title=Indian Railway History timeline |author=R. P. Saxena |publisher=[[IRFCA]] |access-date=2012-02-10 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120714085533/http://irse.bravehost.com/IRHTML.htm |archive-date=14 July 2012 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

== Hindrance to free flow of water ==
In many parts of riverine eastern Bengal, with long stretches of low lands, the railways had to be built on embankments which hindered the free flow of water. In a brief case study of Eastern Bengal Railway it has been revealed that the water regime of the Rajshahi Division of present Bangladesh was destabilized by the way the railway exposed itself to the [[Chalan Beel]]. From the beginning of the twentieth century the [[Beel|beel (pond or wetland)]] began to be bounded by the [[Calcutta–Siliguri main line]] on the west and by the [[Santahar–Bogra line]] on the north. These lines affected the feeding of the beel. Its drainage was affected by the [[Iswardi–Sirajganj line|Sirajganj branch line]] in the south-east.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.sasnet.lu.se/EASASpapers/13IftekharIqbal.pdf | title = Railways and the water regime of the Eastern Bengal Delta, c. 1905-1943: a reappraisal | last = Khondker Iftekhar Iqbal | access-date = 2012-02-10 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304050254/http://www.sasnet.lu.se/EASASpapers/13IftekharIqbal.pdf | archive-date = 4 March 2016 | df = dmy-all }}</ref>

== Conversion to broad gauge ==
The Indian part of EBR was converted to {{track gauge|1676mm|lk=on}} broad gauge in 1990s to 2010s. The Bangladesh part is under conversion to {{track gauge|1676mm|lk=on}} broad gauge.

== See also ==
* [[Eastern Railway FC]]
* [[Indian Railway]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Class I railways according to Indian Railway Classification System}}
{{Railways in Bangladesh}}
{{Railway lines in Eastern India}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Defunct railway companies of India]]
[[Category:Defunct railway companies of Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Assam]]
[[Category:History of rail transport in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Bengal Presidency]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1857]]
[[Category:Railway companies established in 1857]]

Rasipuram railway station

2024-08-23T20:16:44Z

Candy332540216: enhance article to improve readability after review

{{Short description|Rasipuram Junction}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2019}}
{{More citations needed|date=September 2021}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Rasipuram
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| type = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|30px]] [[Indian Railways]] station
| style = Indian Railways
| image = Rasipuram Railway station.jpg
| image_caption = Rasipuram railway station
| address = Tiruchengode Rd, Rasipuram-637408,[[Tamil Nadu]], India
| coordinates = {{coord|11|27|12.5|N|78|10|42.9|E|region:IN|display=inline}}
| map_type = India#India Tamil Nadu
| line = {{stnlnk|Salem Junction}}–{{stnlnk|Karur Junction}} line
| opened = {{Start date and age|2013|05|p=1}}
| structure = On-ground
| platforms = 3
| tracks = 3
| parking = No parking available
| connections = Autos,taxis
| electrified = 25 kv AC, 50 Hz
| elevation = {{convert|222|m}}
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = RASP
| zone = [[Southern Railway zone]]
| division = [[Salem railway division|Salem]]
}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| zone = [[Southern Railway zone]]
| passengers =
| route_map = {{Salem–Karur–Dindigul line|inline=1}}
| map_state = collapsed
}}

'''Rasipuram railway station''' (station code: RASP) is an NSG–6 category [[List of railway stations in India|Indian railway station]] in [[Salem railway division]] of [[Southern Railway zone]].<ref name="sr_stn">{{cite web |title=SOUTHERN RAILWAY LIST OF STATIONS AS ON 01.04.2023 (CATEGORY- WISE) |url=https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris//uploads/files/1686913242750-SR%20-LIST%20OF%20STATIONS-2023.pdf |website=Portal of Indian Railways |publisher=Centre For Railway Information Systems |access-date=3 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240323095403/https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris//uploads/files/1686913242750-SR%20-LIST%20OF%20STATIONS-2023.pdf |archive-date=23 March 2024 |page=13 |date=1 April 2023}}</ref> It is a railway station situated in [[Rasipuram]], in the [[Indian state]] of [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref name = "RASP">{{cite web |url =http://indiarailinfo.com/departures/rasipuram-rasp/10119 | title = RASP}}</ref> The station is an intermediate station on the newly commissioned {{stnlnk|Salem Junction}}–{{stnlnk|Karur Junction}} line which became operational in <ref name="thehindu">{{cite web | url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/new-passenger-train-chugs-into-grand-reception-at-karur-junction/article4752719.ece | title=New passenger train chugs into grand reception at Karur junction | newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref>{{failed verification|date=February 2019}} May 2013.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 2013]]
[[Category:Salem railway division]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Namakkal district]]

{{TamilNadu-railstation-stub}}

Bahuchar Mata Temple, Becharaji

2024-08-07T11:59:34Z

Candy332540216: created place.

{{Infobox Hindu temple|name=Bahuchar Mata Temple|native_name=બહુચર માતા મંદિર|image=Bahuchara Mata Temple complex in Mehsana district P 20180121 142243.jpg|caption=Bahuchara Mata Temple complex in Mehsana district P 20180121 142243|map_type=India Gujarat|map_caption=Location in Gujarat|coordinates={{coord|23.50012|72.04485|format=dms|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}|country=[[India]]|state=[[Gujarat]]|district=[[Mehsana]]|location=[[Becharaji]]|elevation_m=|architecture=Hindu temple architecture|year_completed=|creator=|website=|deity=[[Bahuchara Mata]]|governing_body=Gujarat Pavitra Yatradham Vikas Board}}The '''Bahuchar Mata Temple''' is a Hindu temple located in [[Becharaji]], in the [[Mehsana]] district of [[Gujarat]], India. Dedicated to [[Bahuchara Mata]], a goddess of fertility, the temple is an important pilgrimage site, especially revered by the [[Hijra (South Asia)|''hijra'' community]] and those seeking blessings for fertility and protection.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bahuchar Mata Temple Becharaji |url=https://www.gujarattourism.com/north-zone/mehsana/bahuchar-mata-temple-becharaji.html |access-date=2024-04-01 |website=gujrattourism |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-23 |title=बहुचरा माता: आख़िर क्यों किन्नरों के बीच मशहूर हैं ये देवी, हर शुभ काम से पहले लेते हैं आशीर्वाद |url=https://hindi.scoopwhoop.com/artandculture/shree-bahuchar-mata-worshipped-by-transgender-community/ |access-date=2024-04-01 |website=ScoopWhoop Hindi |language=hi}}</ref>

== Description ==
The temple's origins trace back to the legend of [[Bahuchara Mata]], born into a [[Charan]] family. The deity is associated with chastity and fertility, embodying the virtues of purity and courage. The temple has evolved as a central figure in the worship of Bahuchara Mata, drawing pilgrims seeking divine intervention for various personal desires, particularly from the hijra community, whom the goddess is said to protect.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Amit Shah visits Bahuchar Mata Temple in Gujarat {{!}} News - Times of India Videos |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/news/amit-shah-visits-bahuchar-mata-temple-in-gujarat/videoshow/102701201.cms |access-date=2024-04-01 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-26 |title=In Gujarat, Goddess Bahuchara Garlanded With Necklace Worth Rs 250 Crore On Dussehra |url=https://www.news18.com/india/in-gujarat-goddess-bahuchara-garlanded-with-necklace-worth-rs-250-crore-on-dussehra-8634268.html |access-date=2024-04-01 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>{{Failed verification|date=July 2024}} The Bahuchar Mata Temple exhibits the intricate craftsmanship of traditional Hindu temple architecture. It consists of three main shrines: the original site (''Adyasthan''), the middle temple (''Madhyasthan''), and the main temple that houses the deity. The temple complex is adorned with elaborate carvings, depicting various legends associated with the goddess.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-06 |title=Govt to spend Rs 70 cr in reconstructing Bahuchar Mata temple at Becharaji |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/govt-to-spend-rs-70-cr-in-reconstructing-bahuchar-mata-temple-at-becharaji-8779536/ |access-date=2024-04-01 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=DeshGujarat |date=2022-09-06 |title=Bahucharaji Mandir to undergo major revamp; Shikhar height to increase to 56 ft |url=https://deshgujarat.com/2022/09/06/bahucharaji-mandir-to-undergo-major-revamp-shikhar-height-to-increase-to-56-ft/ |access-date=2024-04-01 |website=DeshGujarat |language=en-US}}</ref>{{Failed verification|date=July 2024}}

The temple is the epicenter of worship for Bahuchara Mata. Pilgrims visit throughout the year, with a significant increase during the festival of Navratri. The temple practices are inclusive, embracing devotees from all walks of life, including the marginalized ''hijra community'', who find a sanctuary and spiritual solace here.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2011-11-05 |title=Driving through the queer legends of Bahucharaji |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Driving-through-the-queer-legends-of-Bahucharaji/articleshow/10612670.cms |access-date=2024-04-01 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>{{Better source needed|reason=Does not verify anything about [[Navratri]] or the temple's inclusivity|date=July 2024}} The most significant festival celebrated at the Bahuchar Mata Temple is [[Navaratri]], a nine-night festival celebrating the divine feminine. This festival attracts thousands of pilgrims, featuring rituals, dances, and offerings to the goddess. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-10-20 |title=Amit Shah offers prayers at Bahuchar Mataji temple in Gujarat's Mansa |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/amit-shah-offers-prayers-bahuchar-mataji-temple-gujarat-mansa-1867229-2021-10-20 |access-date=2024-06-18 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=DeshGujarat |date=2018-10-11 |title=Amit Shah performs aarti at Kuldevi Bahuchar mandir in his native town Mansa in Gujarat |url=https://deshgujarat.com/2018/10/11/amit-shah-performs-aarti-at-kuldevi-bahuchar-mandir-in-his-native-town-mansa-in-gujarat/ |access-date=2024-06-18 |website=DeshGujarat |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-04-06 |title=Modi and Ma bhakti: Fast in time of poll race |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-elections/gujarat/news/modi-and-ma-bhakti-fast-in-time-of-poll-race/articleshow/68750088.cms |access-date=2024-06-18 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>{{Failed verification|date=July 2024}}

The Bahuchar Mata Temple is more than a religious site; it's a cultural landmark that supports the social inclusion of the hijra community. By honoring Bahuchara Mata, the temple fosters a sense of belonging and acceptance for hijras, who are often marginalized in society.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-07 |title=Bahucharaji shrine to be revamped on lines of Ambaji temple |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/gandhinagar/bahucharaji-shrine-to-be-revamped-on-lines-of-ambaji-temple-8135427/ |access-date=2024-04-01 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>{{fv|date=June 2024}}

== See also ==
* [[List of Hindu temples in India]]
* [[Shakti Peethas]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://yatradham.gujarat.gov.in/TempleDetails?templename=oFMoXo8m2tjMt3f3jEwfCA== Official Site]

[[Category:Hindu temples in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Shakta pithas]]
[[Category:Charan]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Mehsana district]]

Chandpur Siau railway station

2024-07-29T00:30:09Z

Candy332540216: adding a stub - done

{{Short description|Railway station in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Chandpur Siau railway station
| style = Indian Railways
| type = [[Indian Railways]] station
| image = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|100px]]
| image_caption =
| address = Main Market, Chowk Bazar, [[Chandpur, Bijnor]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| country = India
| coordinates = {{coord|29.1319|78.2765|type:railwaystation_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| elevation = {{convert|90|m|ft}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[Northern Railway zone|Northern Railway]]
| line =
| platform = 2
| tracks = 4 (single diesel [[5 ft 6 in gauge railway|broad gauge]])
| other = Auto stand
| structure = Standard (on-ground station)
| depth =
| levels =
| parking = Yes
| bicycle = No
| accessible =
| status = Functioning
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = CPS
| zone = [[Northern Railway zone|Northern Railway]]
| division = {{rwd|Moradabad}}
}}
| opened =
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = Yes
| former =
| mpassengers =
| passengers =
| pass_system =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| services = 
| map_type = India#India Uttar Pradesh
| logo =
}}
'''Chandpur Siau''' is a railway station in [[Chandpur, Bijnor]], India, where [[Mussoorie Express]], [[Garhwal Express]], and [[Lucknow–Chandigarh Express]] trains stop. Its code is '''CPS'''. It serves Chandpur city.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Trains to CPS/Chandpur Siau Station - 12 Arrivals NR/Northern Zone - Railway Enquiry |url=https://indiarailinfo.com/arrivals/chandpur-siau-cps/1826 |access-date=2023-06-26 |website=indiarailinfo.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=CPS / Chandpur Siau Railway Station {{!}} Train Arrival / Departure Timings at Chandpur Siau |url=http://www.totaltraininfo.com/amp/station/cps/ |access-date=2023-06-26 |website=www.totaltraininfo.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Chandpur Train route |url=https://expresstrainroute.com/stations/chandpur-siau-CPS-railway-timetable |website=Express Train}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Moradabad railway division]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Bijnor district]]

{{UttarPradesh-railstation-stub}}

Project Udayak

2024-07-19T08:59:42Z

Candy332540216: adding a details!

{{Short description|Military engineering project}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2024}}
{{Infobox military unit
| unit_name = Udayak
| image =
| country = {{IND}}
| type = [[Army]], [[Engineering]]
| role = Construction and maintenance of infrastructure in Eastern Arunachal Pradesh, focusing in development of [[India–China Border Roads|ICBR]]s and the [[Bharatmala|Bharatmala project]].
| garrison = [[Doomdooma]], [[Assam]], [[India]]
| garrison_label = Headquarters
| motto = Shramena Sarvam Sadhyam
| anniversaries = BRO Day: 7 May ; Raising Day: 1 June
| website = [https://bro.gov.in https://bro.gov.in]
| commander1 = [[Lieutenant General (India)|Lieutenant general]]
Raghu Srinivasan<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lt General Raghu Srinivasan assumes charge as Border Roads Organisation chief |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/lt-general-raghu-srinivasan-assumes-charge-as-border-roads-organisation-chief-2442853-2023-10-01 |access-date=2023-10-02 |website=India Today |language=en |format=PDF|archive-date=24 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231024022437/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/lt-general-raghu-srinivasan-assumes-charge-as-border-roads-organisation-chief-2442853-2023-10-01 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| commander1_label = [[Director general|Director General]]
| commander2 = Rajiv Sharma <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-27 |title=BRO DG inspects works in Walong border post |url=https://arunachalobserver.org/2023/11/28/bro-dg-inspects-works-in-walong-border-post/ |access-date=2024-03-22 |website=Arunachal Observer |language=en-US |archive-date=23 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240323053206/https://arunachalobserver.org/2023/11/28/bro-dg-inspects-works-in-walong-border-post/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
| commander2_label = Chief Engineer
| start_date = {{Start date and age|df=yes|1990|06|01}}
}}

'''Udayak''', also known as '''Project UDAYAK''' is a project of the [[Border Roads Organisation]] under the [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]] of [[India]]. It was established on 1 June 1990 by separating two task forces from [[Project Vartak]] and Project Sewak. The project was tasked with taking on road and other construction work in the eastern districts of [[Arunachal Pradesh]]. The project mainly focuses on the construction and development of [[India–China Border Roads]] and inter-valley connectivity in eastern Aruanchal Pradesh. The project plays a vital role in the Arunachal Pradesh package of the SARDP-NE project and the [[Bharatmala|Bharatmala project]]. Apart from these, the project also contributes in the social development of the people in the region.<ref name="Udayak Saga">{{Cite web |date=2024-03-22 |title=The Udayak Saga |url=https://bro.gov.in/WriteReadData/linkimages/7569300424-12.pdf |access-date=2024-03-22 |website=Border Roads Organisation |archive-date=23 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240323053208/https://bro.gov.in/WriteReadData/linkimages/7569300424-12.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Special Accelerated Road Development Programme for Development of Road Network in the North Eastern States |url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=92040 |access-date=2024-03-23 |website=pib.gov.in}}</ref>

==History==
In the 1980s, Project Vartak consisted of five Border Roads Task forces (BRTF) while Project Sewak had 4 BRTFs. To improve command and control of the units, a new project was sanctioned by the government on 23 May 1989 after which Udayak was established on 1 June 1990. The headquarters was chosen to be [[Doom Dooma|Doomdooma]] in the [[Tinsukia district]] of [[Assam]]. The project was established in a period of heightened civil unrest and [[Insurgency in Northeast India|insurgency in North-east India]]. The 48 BRTF was stationed in [[Kimin]] while 752 BRTF was stationed in [[Kohima]] before their induction in Project Udayak. [[Colonel (India)|Colonel]] P.K. Chowdhury was appointed as the first chief engineer of the project.<ref name="Udayak Saga" />

==Command Structure==
[[File:The city centre of Tezu.jpg|thumb|A road sign in the city centre of Tezu by Udayak]]
The project is mainly divided into 48th task force currently stationed near [[Tezu]] in [[Lohit district]] and the 752nd task force in [[Roing]], [[Lower Dibang Valley district]]. Both of these task forces include numerous [[Company (military unit)|companies]] which in turn include [[platoon]]s and [[Detachment (military)|detachments]]. The task forces are headed by a [[commander]] while the companies are headed by an [[officer commanding]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Border Roads Task Force {{!}} District Lohit, Government of Arunachal Pradesh {{!}} India |url=https://lohit.nic.in/divisions/border-roads-task-force/ |access-date=2024-03-23 |language=en-US |archive-date=23 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240323053303/https://lohit.nic.in/divisions/border-roads-task-force/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Udayak Saga" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=eProcurement System Government of India |url=https://eprocure.gov.in/eprocure/app?component=$DirectLink&page=FrontEndViewTender&service=direct&sp=SAQl1vpDxD13mfmLNYYAyMA== |access-date=2024-03-23 |website=eprocure.gov.in |archive-date=23 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240323053318/https://eprocure.gov.in/eprocure/app?component=$DirectLink&page=FrontEndViewTender&service=direct&sp=SAQl1vpDxD13mfmLNYYAyMA== |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Works and involvements==
Udayak maintains more than {{convert|2100|km|mi}} of roads and numerous bridge infrastructure across the tough terrain of Eastern Arunachal Pradesh and some parts of Assam and [[Nagaland]] which include national highways, general staff roads which are in line with defence requirements and India-China border roads. The 48 BRTF undertakes road and bridge infrastructure works in the Lohit, [[Namsai district|Namsai]], [[Anjaw district|Anjaw]] and part of Lower Dibang districts of Arunachal Pradesh while the 752 BRTF undertakes works in Lower Dibang Valley, [[Dibang Valley district]], [[Tirap district|Tirap]] and [[Changlang district|Changlang]]. Many of its units are air maintained by the [[Army Aviation Corps (India)|Army Aviation Corps]] and [[Indian Air Force]] due to difficult terrain.<ref name="archiveintro">{{Cite web |date=2024-03-22 |title=Udayak |url=http://www.bro.gov.in/indexmain.asp?lang=1&projectid=34 |url-status=dead |access-date=2024-03-22 |website=Border Roads Organisation |archive-date=24 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724064035/http://www.bro.gov.in/indexmain.asp?lang=1&projectid=34 }}</ref><ref name="Udayak Saga" />

The project has played a major role in the development of the [[National Highway 15 (India)|National Highway 15]] and [[Dibrugarh Airport]]. It has also constructed buildings for [[Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya]] in Tissa of [[Longding district]] of Arunachal Pradesh and Chare of [[Tuensang district]] of Nagaland.<ref name="archiveintro" />

In 2010, the [[Comptroller and Auditor General of India]] found financial misappropriations and wasteful expenses in the proceedings of the project which was later notified to the Ministry of Defence.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2010 |title=CHAPTER V : BORDER ROADS ORGANISATION |url=https://cag.gov.in/uploads/download_audit_report/2010/Union_Compliance_Defence_Army_Ordnance_Factories_12_2010_chap5.pdf |url-status=live |access-date=2024-03-22 |website=Comptroller and Auditor General of India |archive-date=23 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240323053212/https://cag.gov.in/uploads/download_audit_report/2010/Union_Compliance_Defence_Army_Ordnance_Factories_12_2010_chap5.pdf }}</ref>

The project also inaugurated the {{convert|720|m|mi}} Digaru bridge in the year 2012 connecting the Lohit district to the Lower Dibang valley district of Arunachal Pradesh which facilitates easy movement of locals as well as troops in the region.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2012-04-12 |title=Arunachal bridge linking two districts inaugurated |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/arunachal-bridge-linking-two-districts-inaugurated/articleshow/12629189.cms |access-date=2024-03-22 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=10 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160410010452/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/Arunachal-bridge-linking-two-districts-inaugurated/articleshow/12629189.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

In April 2018, a bridge collapsed in the [[Hayuliang]]-Changwanti road due to heavy rainfall cutting off numerous villages including the border town of [[Kibithu]]. Restoration work was initiated in collaboration with the [[National Highways and Infrastructure Development Corporation Limited]] (NHIDCL). Later in September the same year, a new steel bridge was constructed in the route by the project.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-09-30 |title=Bridge on strategic road inaugurated {{!}} The Arunachal Times |url=https://arunachaltimes.in/index.php/2018/09/30/bridge-on-strategic-road-inaugurated/ |access-date=2024-03-22 |language=en-US |archive-date=5 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231205090910/https://arunachaltimes.in/index.php/2018/09/30/bridge-on-strategic-road-inaugurated/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kalantri |first=Rishu |date=2018-04-25 |title=Bridge collapse hits troops |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/bridge-collapse-hits-troops/cid/1447298 |access-date=2024-03-22 |archive-date=23 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240323053245/https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/bridge-collapse-hits-troops/cid/1447298 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2019, former [[Minister of Defence (India)|defence minister]] [[Nirmala Sitharaman]] inaugurated the [[Diffo Bridge|Diffo bridge]] over the Diffo river on the Roing – Koronu- Paya road improving connectivity between the Dibang valley and Lohit valley region of Eastern Arunachal Pradesh. Former Director general of Border Roads Organisation Lieutenant Harpal Singh said that the bridge was built under tough conditions like flash floods where numerous workers lost their lives.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-01-18 |title=Arunachal: Nirmala Sitaraman dedicates Diffo bridge to nation {{!}} Arunachal24 |url=https://arunachal24.in/arunachal-nirmala-sitaraman-dedicates-diffo-bridge-to-nation/ |access-date=2024-03-22 |language=en-US |archive-date=10 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510204748/http://arunachal24.in/arunachal-nirmala-sitaraman-dedicates-diffo-bridge-to-nation/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2020, the project completed the {{convert|65|m|mi}} long bridge over the Kramti river on the Changwanti-Walong-Namti route located {{convert|25|km|mi}} from [[Hawai, Arunachal Pradesh|Hawai]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-03-09 |title=Steel Bridge along Indo-China border opens |url=https://arunachalobserver.org/2020/03/10/steel-bridge-along-indo-china-border-opens/ |access-date=2024-03-22 |website=Arunachal Observer |language=en-US |archive-date=23 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240323053212/https://arunachalobserver.org/2020/03/10/steel-bridge-along-indo-china-border-opens/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2021, Udayak conducted a free health camp in the Choephelling Tibetan Settlement located in the Changlang district of Arunachal Pradesh, which is administered by the [[Central Tibetan Administration]]. The former Chief Engineer of Udayak, Vimal Goswami, promised the settlement office that the health camp would continue every week until a new medical facility is established.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Choephelling, Miao |url=https://centraltibetanreliefcommittee.net/settlements/tibetan-settlements-in-india/north-east-india/choephelling-miao/ |access-date=2024-03-22 |website=Central Tibetan Relief Committee |language=en-US |archive-date=8 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208234030/https://centraltibetanreliefcommittee.net/settlements/tibetan-settlements-in-india/north-east-india/choephelling-miao/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-04-30 |title=GREF to conduct weekly free health camps {{!}} The Arunachal Times |url=https://arunachaltimes.in/index.php/2021/04/30/gref-to-conduct-weekly-free-health-camps/ |access-date=2024-03-22 |language=en-US |archive-date=2 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211202211556/https://arunachaltimes.in/index.php/2021/04/30/gref-to-conduct-weekly-free-health-camps/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=yangchen |date=2021-04-26 |title=Sunday Free Medical Camp in Choephelling Miao |url=https://tibet.net/sunday-free-medical-camp-in-choephelling-miao/ |access-date=2024-03-22 |website=Central Tibetan Administration |language=en-US |archive-date=13 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513002318/https://tibet.net/sunday-free-medical-camp-in-choephelling-miao/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Under an 'exhibition of best practices' organised by the Ministry of Defence, the project in 2022 resurfaced {{convert|1|km|mi}} of the Roing-Koronu-Paya road with shredded plastic in the [[asphalt concrete]] road construction process.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Department of Defence (DoD) holds Exhibition of Best Practices on Special Campaign 2.0 at Vigyan Bhawan |url=https://pib.gov.in/pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1886157 |access-date=2024-03-22 |website=pib.gov.in |archive-date=23 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240323053837/https://pib.gov.in/ErrorPage.html?aspxerrorpath=/pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-27 |title=Shredded plastic paves the way on India's borders, BRO carries out trials on roads |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/trends/india-bhutan-use-plastic-to-build-border-roads-9399911.html |access-date=2024-03-22 |website=Moneycontrol |language=en |archive-date=22 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240322113204/https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/trends/india-bhutan-use-plastic-to-build-border-roads-9399911.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In May 2023, the project established connectivity to the village of Tapatuwi on the Chaglohagam-Rocham Road. The project already had an air-maintained unit in the village since 2019. The hard rocky strata prevented from establishing road connectivity. The task encountered resistance from the locals and the Arunachal Pradesh Youth Congress (APYC) in 2020 due to non-receipt of land compensation payments and alleged errors in land acquisition. It was later found that the project had sanctioned a payment of [[Indian rupee|INR]] 24 crores but corruption was seen in the compensation disbursement process by local officials of the [[Government of Arunachal Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-01 |title=APCS officer, another arrested in Anjaw land compensation scam {{!}} The Arunachal Times |url=https://arunachaltimes.in/index.php/2020/06/01/apcs-officer-another-arrested-in-anjaw-land-compensation-scam/ |access-date=2024-03-22 |language=en-US |archive-date=29 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529132203/https://arunachaltimes.in/index.php/2020/06/01/apcs-officer-another-arrested-in-anjaw-land-compensation-scam/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-08-15 |title=APYC alleges irregularities in land acquisition {{!}} The Arunachal Times |url=https://arunachaltimes.in/index.php/2020/08/15/apyc-alleges-irregularities-in-land-acquisition/ |access-date=2024-03-22 |language=en-US |archive-date=30 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930065907/https://arunachaltimes.in/index.php/2020/08/15/apyc-alleges-irregularities-in-land-acquisition/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-21 |title=Tweet by 𝐁𝐨𝐫𝐝𝐞𝐫 𝐑𝐨𝐚𝐝𝐬 𝐎𝐫𝐠𝐚𝐧𝐢𝐬𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 |url=https://twitter.com/BROindia/status/1660123110044241920 |access-date=2024-03-22 |website=[[Twitter]] |archive-date=23 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240323053731/https://twitter.com/BROindia/status/1660123110044241920 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In August 2023, the project inaugurated a [[bailey bridge]] over the 'Tha Nala' located {{convert|24|km|mi}} from Chaglohagam. The 'Tha Nala' was regularly affected by floods after rain which caused issues in the smooth movement of locals and troops through the area. The local [[Mishmi people|mishmi]] population appreciated the efforts by the project.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-24 |title=Bailey bridge inaugurated in Anjaw district |url=https://arunachalobserver.org/2023/08/25/bailey-bridge-inaugurated-in-anjaw-district/ |access-date=2024-03-22 |website=Arunachal Observer |language=en-US |archive-date=22 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240322163326/https://arunachalobserver.org/2023/08/25/bailey-bridge-inaugurated-in-anjaw-district/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Project Shivalik]]
*[[Project Dantak]]
*[[Project Himank]]

==References==
<references />

[[Category:Border Roads Organisation]]
[[Category:1990 establishments in India]]