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Ghaznavid Empire

2026-05-16T23:45:22Z

CandicePrenderga: new a info - done

{{Short description|Medieval Muslim Turkic dynasty and state (977–1186)}}
{{pp-semi-indef}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox country
| conventional_long_name = Ghaznavid Empire
| common_name = Ghaznavids
| native_name = {{lang|fa|غزنویان}} ''Ġaznaviyān''
| era = Medieval
| status = [[Empire]]
| status_text =
| empire =
| government_type = [[Hereditary monarchy]]
| year_start = 977
| year_end = 1186
| event_start =
| date_start =
| event_end =
| date_end =
| p1 = Samanids
| p2 = Saffarid dynasty
| p3 = Ma'munids
| p4 = Farighunids
| p5 = Hindu Shahis
| p6 = Emirate of Multan
| p7 = Chaulukya dynasty
| p8 = Branches of Rashtrakuta dynasty
| p9 = Pratihara dynasty
| p10 = Habbari dynasty
| p11 = Buyid dynasty
| p12 = Ziyarid dynasty
| p13 = Kakuyids
| s2 = Ghurid dynasty
| s1 = Seljuk Empire
| image_flag = 
| flag_type =
| image_coat =
| image_map = {{Switcher|[[File:Ghaznavids.jpg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Ghaznavid Empire at its greatest extent under [[Mahmud of Ghazni|Mahmud]]. {{Circa|1030}}|[[File:Ghaznavids in 11th century.jpg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Ghaznavid Empire {{Circa|1099}}}}
| image_map_caption =
| capital = [[Ghazni]] (977–1163) [[Lahore]] (1163–1186)
| common_languages = [[Persian language|Persian]]{{efn|"''Indeed, since the formation of the Ghaznavids state in the tenth century until the fall of Qajars at the beginning of the twentieth century, most parts of the Iranian cultural regions were ruled by Turkic-speaking dynasties most of the time. At the same time, the official language was Persian, the court literature was in Persian, and most of the chancellors, ministers, and mandarins were Persian speakers of the highest learning and ability.''"{{sfn|Katouzian|2003|p=128}}}} (official and court language; lingua franca) [[Sanskrit]] (coinage){{sfn|Raza|2014|p=224}}
 [[Arabic language|Arabic]] (coinage and theology){{sfn|Raza|2014|p=224}} [[Turkic language|Turkic]] (military){{sfn|Bosworth|1963|p=134}}
| religion = [[Sunni Islam]] (official) [[Hinduism]] (majority in India)
| currency =
| leader1 = [[Sabuktigin]] (first)
| leader2 = [[Khusrau Malik]] (last)
| year_leader1 = 977–997
| year_leader2 = 1160–1186
| title_leader = [[Sultan]]
| title_deputy = [[Vizier]]
| deputy1 = [[Abu'l-Hasan Isfaraini]] (first mentioned)
| year_deputy1 = 998–1013
| deputy2 = [[Abu'l-Ma'ali Nasrallah]] (last mentioned)
| year_deputy2 = 12th century
| stat_year1 = 1029 est.{{sfn|Turchin|Adams|Hall|2006|p=223}}{{sfn|Taagepera|1997|p=496}}<ref name="OxfordArea">{{Cite book|last1=Bang|first1=Peter Fibiger|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9mkLEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA92|title=The Oxford World History of Empire: Volume One: The Imperial Experience|last2=Bayly|first2=C. A.|last3=Scheidel|first3=Walter|year=2020|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-977311-4|pages=92–94|language=en}}</ref>
| stat_area1 = 3400000
| demonym =
| area_km2 =
| area_rank =
| GDP_PPP =
| GDP_PPP_year =
| HDI =
| HDI_year =
| today =
| image_flag2 =
}}
The '''Ghaznavid Empire''' ({{langx|fa|غزنویان|Ġaznaviyān}}) was a culturally [[Persianate]],{{efn|name=b|The Ghaznavids also claimed ancestry from the last [[Sasanian]] Shah, [[Yazdgerd III]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Peacock |first=A. C. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xj9haotAapcC&pg=PA33 |title=Early Seljuq History: A New Interpretation |date=2013-02-01 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-15369-4 |language=en|page=33|quote="The Ghaznavids claimed descent from the last Sasanian shah, Yazdagird III..."}}</ref> but this was "a fictitious genealogy" they themselves had promulgated.<ref>{{cite book |last1=O'Kane |first1=Bernard |title=The Appearance of Persian on Islamic Art |date=2009 |publisher=Persian Heritage Foundation |isbn=978-1-934283-16-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xPU3AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA9 |language=en|quote="a fictitious genealogy connecting them with the Sasanian monarch Yazdegerd III had been promulgated"}}</ref>}} [[Sunni Islam|Sunni Muslim]] state of [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]]<ref>*"The Ghaznavids, '''a Turkish state''' in Afghanistan and Iran" in {{cite book |last1=Ágoston |first1=Gábor |last2=Masters |first2=Bruce Alan |title=Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire |date=2009 |publisher=Infobase Publishing |isbn=978-1-4381-1025-7 |page=516 |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Encyclopedia_of_the_Ottoman_Empire/QjzYdCxumFcC?hl=en&pg=PA516 |language=en}}
*"The '''Turkic Ghaznavid Empire''' came to a formal end." in {{cite book |last1=Kwanten |first1=Luc |title=Imperial Nomads: A History of Central Asia, 500-1500 |date=1979 |publisher=Leicester University Press |isbn=978-0-7185-1180-7 |page=66 |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Imperial_Nomads/YEAKAQAAIAAJ?hl=en |language=en}}
*"The first of the '''Turkic states''' in the region was the Ghaznavid Empire, established in the last years of the tenth century." in {{cite book |last1=Curtis |first1=Glenn Eldon |title=Kazakstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan: Country Studies |date=1997 |publisher=Federal Research Division, Library of Congress |isbn=978-0-8444-0938-2 |page=388 |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Kazakstan_Kyrgyzstan_Tajikistan_Turkmeni/FtBaMIrpU_0C?hl=en |language=en}}
*"Ghaznavid Empire Ghaznavid (GHAZ-nah-vid): '''Turkish empire''', comprising Afghanistan and parts of Iran..." in {{cite book |last1=Goldschmidt |first1=Arthur |title=A Concise History Of The Middle East |date=1999 |publisher=Avalon Publishing |isbn=978-0-8133-3505-6 |page=383 |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/A_Concise_History_Of_The_Middle_East/i0htAAAAMAAJ?hl=en |language=en}}
*"The Muslim Afghan Ghaznavid Empire was the first of a number of Afghan and '''Turkic powers''' who, exploiting divisions among local Hindu rulers , established their hegemony in northern India." {{cite book |last1=Spodek |first1=Howard |title=The World's History: Combined Volume |date=2001 |publisher=Prentice Hall |isbn=978-0-13-028257-6 |page=345 |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_World_s_History/-WsTAQAAIAAJ?hl=en |language=en}}
*"The first of the '''Turkish states''' that succeeded the Samanids – the Ghaznavids." {{cite book |last1=Peacock |first1=A. C. S. |last2=Tor |first2=D. G. |title=Medieval Central Asia and the Persianate World: Iranian Tradition and Islamic Civilisation |date=30 August 2017 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-0-85772-743-5 |page=xxii |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Medieval_Central_Asia_and_the_Persianate/OeiKDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&pg=PR22 |language=en}}
</ref> ''[[mamluk]]'' origin. Flourishing from 977 to 1186, the empire spread from the [[Oxus]] to the [[Indus Valley]] at its greatest extent. The dynasty was founded by [[Sabuktigin]] upon his succession to the rule of [[Ghazni Province|Ghazna]] after the death of his father-in-law, [[Alp Tigin]], who was an ex-general of the [[Samanid Empire]] from [[Balkh]].

Sabuktigin's son, [[Mahmud of Ghazni]], expanded the Ghaznavid Empire to the [[Amu Darya]], the [[Indus River]] and the [[Indian Ocean]] in the east and to [[Ray, Iran|Rey]] and [[Hamadan]] in the west. Under the reign of [[Masʽud I|Mas'ud I]], the Ghaznavid dynasty began losing control over its western territories to the [[Seljuk Empire]] after the [[Battle of Dandanaqan]] in 1040, resulting in a restriction of its holdings to modern-day Afghanistan, Pakistan and Northern India.

In 1151, Sultan Bahram Shah lost Ghazni to the [[Ghurid dynasty|Ghurid]] sultan [[Ala al-Din Husayn]]. The Ghaznavids retook Ghazni, but lost the city to the [[Oghuz Turks|Ghuzz Turks]] who in turn lost it to [[Muhammad of Ghor]]. In response, the Ghaznavids fled to Lahore, their regional capital. In 1186, [[Siege of Lahore (1186)|Lahore was conquered]] by the Ghurid sultan, Muhammad of Ghor, with its Ghaznavid ruler, [[Khusrau Malik]], imprisoned and later executed.

==Rise to power==
[[File:Portrait from the Palace courtroom, Lashkari Bazar.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Ghaznavid portrait, Palace of [[Lashkari Bazar]]. [[Daniel Schlumberger|Schlumberger]] noted that the [[turban]], the small mouth and the strongly slanted eyes were characteristically Turkic.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Schlumberger |first1=Daniel |title=Le Palais ghaznévide de Lashkari Bazar |journal=Syria |date=1952 |volume=29 |issue=3/4 |page=263 & 267|doi=10.3406/syria.1952.4789 |jstor=4390312 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4390312 |issn=0039-7946|url-access=subscription }}</ref> 11th century]]
Two military families arose from the Turkic slave-guards of the [[Samanid Empire]], the [[Simjurids]] and Ghaznavids, who ultimately proved disastrous to the Samanids. The Simjurids received an [[appanage]] in the [[Quhistan|Kohistan]] region of eastern [[Khorasan]]. The Samanid generals Alp Tigin and [[Abu al-Hasan Simjuri]] competed for the governorship of Khorasan and control of the Samanid Empire by placing on the throne [[emir]]s they could dominate after the death of [[Abd al-Malik I (Samanid emir)|Abd al-Malik I]] in 961. His death created a succession crisis between his brothers.

A court party instigated by men of the scribal class – civilian ministers rather than Turkic generals – rejected the candidacy of Alp Tigin for the Samanid throne. [[Mansur I]] was installed instead, and Alp Tigin prudently retired to south of the [[Hindu Kush]], where he captured Ghazna and became the ruler of the city as a Samanid authority.{{sfn|Bosworth|2006}} The Simjurids enjoyed control of Khorasan south of the [[Amu Darya]] but were hard-pressed by a third great Iranian dynasty, the [[Buyid dynasty]], and were unable to survive the collapse of the Samanids and the subsequent rise of the Ghaznavids.

The struggles of the Turkic slave generals for mastery of the throne with the help of shifting allegiance from the court's ministerial leaders both demonstrated and accelerated the Samanid decline. Samanid weakness attracted into Transoxiana the [[Karluks]], a Turkic people who had recently converted to Islam. They occupied [[Bukhara]] in 992, establishing in Transoxania the [[Kara-Khanid Khanate]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Frye |first=Richard N. |author-link=Richard N. Frye |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hvx9jq_2L3EC&pg=PA160 |title=The Cambridge History of Iran |date=1975-06-26 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-20093-6 |volume=IV: From the Arab Invasion to the Saljuqs |pages=156–157 |language=en |chapter=The Sāmānids}}</ref>

Alp Tigin's died in 963, and after two ghulam governors and three years, his slave [[Sabuktigin]] became the governor of Ghazna.

==Domination==

===Sabuktigin===
{{Main|Sabuktigin}}
{{multiple image|perrow=1/2|total_width=350|caption_align=center
| align = right
| direction =horizontal
| image1 = Ghaznavid ruins of Lashkari Bazar (northern view, composite).jpg
| caption1 = Ghaznavid fortress of [[Lashkari Bazar]] in [[Lashkargah]], ancient Bost, southern [[Afghanistan]]. It was founded by [[Mahmud of Ghazni]] in 998–1030 CE.
| image2 = Lashkari_Bazar_guard_drawing.jpg
| caption2 =
| image3 = Ghaznavid figures in the wall paintings from one of the Ghaznavid palaces at Laškarī Bāzār in central Afghanistan, probably built by Masud I (1030-41).jpg
| caption3 =
| footer=Figures in the wall paintings from the Ghaznavid palace of [[Lashkari Bazar]], probably dating to the period of [[Mahmud of Ghazni]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Allegranzi |first1=Viola |title=The Use of Persian in Monumental Epigraphy from Ghazni (Eleventh-Twelfth Centuries) |journal=Eurasian Studies |date=17 October 2015 |volume=13 |issue=1-2 |page=29 |doi=10.1163/24685623-12340003 |quote=... the procession of ġulāms painted in the throne room of the South Palace at Lashkari Bazar, which has been attributed to the Ghaznavid ruler Maḥmūd.}}</ref> Black-and-white [[Line art|line drawing]] of the left figure, by the discoverer [[Daniel Schlumberger]] (1978).<ref>Daniel Schlumberger, Lashkari Bazar: une Résidence Royale Ghaznévide et Ghoride, Mémoires de la Délégation Archéologique Française, XVIII (Paris: Boccard, 1978) vol. 1, plate 123</ref> The figures wear the typical Turkic attire.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Flood |first1=Finbarr Barry |title=A Turk in the Dukhang? Comparative Perspectives on Elite Dress in Medieval Ladakh and the Caucasus |journal=Interaction in the Himalayas and Central Asia |date=2017 |publisher=Austrian Academy of Science Press |page=233, Fig 14 |url=https://www.academia.edu/35061254}}</ref>
}}
Sabuktigin lived as a [[mamluk]], Turkic slave-soldier,{{sfn|Levi|Sela|2010|p=83}}{{efn|The Ghaznavids were a dynasty of Turkic slave-soldiers...{{sfn|Levi|Sela|2010|p=83}}}}{{sfn|Bosworth|1963|p=4}} during his youth and later married the daughter of his master [[Alp Tigin|Alptigin]],{{sfn|Asher|Talbot|2006|p=19}} who fled to [[Ghazni|Ghazna]] following a failed coup attempt, and conquered the city from the local [[Lawik dynasty|Lawik rulers]] in 962.{{sfn|Bosworth|1963|p=37}} After Alptigin death, his son Abu Ishaq Ibrahim governed Ghazna for three years.{{sfn|Bosworth|1963|p=38}} His death was followed by the reign of a former ghulam of Alptigin, Bilgetigin. Bilgetigin's rule was so harsh the populace invited [[Abu Bakr Lawik]] back.{{sfn|Bosworth|1963|p=38}} It was through Sabuktigin's military ability that Lawik was removed, Bilgetigin was exiled, and Sabuktigin gained the governorship.{{sfn|Bosworth|1963|p=39}}

Once established as governor of Ghazna, Sabuktigin was asked to intervene in Khurasan, at the insistence of the Samanid emir, and after a victorious campaign received the governorships of Balkh, Tukharistan, Bamiyan, Ghur and Gharchistan.{{sfn|Bosworth|1963|p=44}} Sabuktigin inherited a governorship in turmoil.{{sfn|Bosworth|1963|p=42}} In Zabulistan, the typical military fief system(''mustaghall'') were being changed into permanent ownership(''tamlik'') which resulted in the Turkic soldiery unwilling to take up arms.{{sfn|Bosworth|1963|p=42}} Sabuktigin reformed the system making them all a ''mustaghall''-type fief.{{sfn|Bosworth|1963|p=42}} In 976, he ended the conflict between two Turkic ghulams at Bust and restored the original ruler.{{sfn|Bosworth|1994|p=203}} Later that same year, Sabuktigin campaigned against Qusdar, catching the ruler(possibly Mu'tazz b. Ahmad) off guard and obtaining an annual tribute from him.{{sfn|Bosworth|1994|p=203}}

After the death of Sabuktigin, his son by Alptigin's daughter, [[Ismail of Ghazni|Ismail]], was given Ghazna.{{efn|Kaushik Roy states Turkic nobles at Balkh chose Ismail as Emir.{{sfn|Roy|2015|p=88}}}}{{sfn|Bosworth|1963|p=45}} Another son, Abu'l-Muzaffar Nasr, was given the governorship of Bust, while in Khorasan, the eldest son Mahmud, was given command of the army.{{sfn|Bosworth|1963|p=44}} Sabuktigin's intent was to ensure governorships for his family, despite the decaying influence of the Samanid Empire, and did not consider his dynasty as independent.{{sfn|Bosworth|1963|p=44}} Ismail, upon gaining his inheritance, quickly traveled to Bust and did homage to Emir Abu'l-Harith Mansur b. Nuh.{{sfn|Bosworth|1963|p=45}} Mahmud, who had been left out of any significant inheritance, proposed a division of power, to which Ismail refused.{{sfn|Bosworth|1975|p=169}} Mahmud marched on Ghazna and subsequently Ismail was defeated and captured in 998 at the [[Battle of Ghazni (998)|Battle of Ghazni]].{{sfn|Roy|2015|p=88}}

===Mahmud, son of Sabuktigin===
{{Main|Mahmud of Ghazni}}

[[File:Mahmud of Ghazni, Ghaznavid ruler, conquering Qasdar (modern Khuzdar) in India, miniature from the Jamiʿ al-Tawarikh of Rashid al-Din Il-Khanid Tabriz Ms Or 20 f.108v.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Mahmud of Ghazni. ''[[Jamiʿ al-Tawarikh]]'', 1314-15]]
In 998, [[Mahmud of Ghaznavid|Mahmud]], son of Sebuktigin, succeeded to the governorship, and Ghazni and the Ghaznavid dynasty became perpetually associated with him. He emphasized his loyalty in a letter to the caliph, saying that the Samanids had only been replaced because of their treason.{{sfn|Kennedy|1986|p=301}} Mahmud received the governorship of Khurasan and titles of Yamin al-Dawla and Amin al-Milla.{{sfn|Kennedy|1986|p=301}} As a representative of caliphal authority, he championed Sunni Islam by campaigning against the Ismaili and Shi'ite Buyids.{{sfn|Kennedy|1986|p=301}} He completed the conquest of the Samanid and [[Hindu Shahi|Shahi]] territories, including the [[Ismaili]] [[Emirate of Multan|Kingdom of Multan]], [[Sindh]], as well as some [[Buyid dynasty|Buwayhid]] territory.

By all accounts, the rule of Mahmud was the golden age and height of the Ghaznavid Empire. Mahmud carried out seventeen expeditions through northern India to establish his control and set up tributary states, and his raids also resulted in the looting of a great deal of plunder. He established his authority from the borders of [[Ray, Iran|Ray]] to [[Samarkand]], from the [[Caspian Sea]] to the [[Yamuna]].

During Mahmud's reign (997–1030), the Ghaznavids settled 4,000 [[Turkmen people|Turkmen]] families near Farana in Khorasan. By 1027, due to the Turkmen raiding neighbouring settlements, the governor of Tus, Abu l'Alarith Arslan Jadhib, led military strikes against them. The Turkmen were defeated and scattered to neighbouring lands.{{sfn|Bosworth|1963|p=224}} Still, as late as 1033, Ghaznavid governor [[Tash Farrash]] executed fifty Turkmen chiefs for raids into Khorasan.{{sfn|Bosworth|1963|p=225}}

====Indian conquests====
{{Main|Ghaznavid campaigns in India}}

[[File:Mahmud ibn Sebuktegin, Ghaznavid ruler, conquering Qasdar (modern Khuzdar) in India, miniature from the Jamiʿ al-Tawarikh of Rashid al-Din Il-Khanid Tabriz Ms Or 20 f.108v.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|Mahmud of Ghazni conquering Qasdar (modern [[Khuzdar]]) in India. ''[[Jamiʿ al-Tawarikh]]'']]
Mahmud of Ghazni led incursions deep into [[India]], as far as [[Mathura]], [[Kannauj]] and [[Somnath]]. In 1001, he defeated the [[Hindu Shahi]] in the [[Battle of Peshawar (1001)|Battle of Peshawar]]. In 1004-5, he invaded the [[Bhera|Principality of Bhatiya]] and in 1006 the neighbouring [[Emirate of Multan]].<ref name="DAA">{{cite book |last1=Ahmad |first1=Dr Aijaz |title=New Dimensions of Indian Historiography : Historical Facts and Hindutva Interpretation |date=6 March 2022 |publisher=K.K. Publications |page=145 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AttiEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA145 |language=en}}</ref> In 1008-9, he again vanquished the [[Hindu Shahis]] at the [[Battle of Chach]], and established Governors in the conquered areas.<ref name="DAA" /> In India, the Ghaznavids were called ''Turushkas'' ("Turks") or ''Hammiras'' (from the Arabic ''Amir'' "Commander").{{sfn|Eaton|2019|p=29}}

In 1018, he laid waste the city of [[Mathura]], which was "ruthlessly sacked, ravaged, desecrated and destroyed".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Grousset |first1=René |title=The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia |date=1970 |publisher=Rutgers University Press |isbn=978-0-8135-1304-1 |page=146 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CHzGvqRbV_IC&pg=PA146 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Sethi |first1=R. R. |last2=Saran |first2=Parmatma |last3=Bhandari |first3=D. R. |title=The March of Indian History |date=1951 |publisher=Ranjit Printers & Publishers |page=269 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LbNGAAAAMAAJ |language=en}}</ref> According to [[Firishta|Muhammad Qasim Hindu Shah]], writing an "History of Hindustan" in the 16th-17th century, the city of Mathura was the richest in India. When it was attacked by Mahmud of Ghazni, [[Art of Mathura|"all the idols" were burnt and destroyed]] during a period of twenty days, gold and silver was smelted for booty, and the city was burnt down.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Firishtah |first1=Muḥammad Qāsim Hindū Shāh Astarābādī |title=The history of Hindustan. Vol. 1 |date=2003 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publisher |isbn=978-81-208-1994-8 |page=60 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bTyRYXtxMSEC&pg=PA60 |language=en}}</ref> In 1018 Mahmud also captured [[Kanauj]], the capital of the [[Pratihara dynasty|Pratiharas]], and then confronted the [[Chandelas of Jejakabhukti|Chandelas]], from whom he obtained the payment of tribute.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mitra |first1=Sisir Kumar |title=The Early Rulers of Khajur |date=1977 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ. |isbn=978-81-208-1997-9 |pages=81–82 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=irHN2UA_Z7gC&pg=PA81 |language=en|edition=Second Revised }}</ref> In 1026, he raided and plundered the [[Somnath temple]], taking away a booty of 20 million dinars.{{sfn|Yagnik|Sheth|2005|pp=39–40}}{{sfn|Thapar|2004|pp=36–37}}

The wealth brought back from Mahmud's [[India]]n expeditions to Ghazni was enormous, and contemporary historians (''e.g.'', [[Abolfazl Beyhaghi]], [[Ferdowsi]]) give glowing descriptions of the magnificence of the capital and of the conqueror's munificent support of literature.<ref>{{EB1911|inline=y|wstitle=Ghazni|volume=11|pages=917–918}}</ref> Mahmud died in April 1030 and had chosen his son, Mohammed, as his successor.{{sfn|Bosworth|1963|p=228}}

==Decline==
===Twin sons of Mahmud===
[[File:Dado panel with club-bearer and abraded inscription, possibly from Rawza, Ghazni (National Museum of Afghanistan Kabul, 1958, inv. no. KM58.2.X).jpg|thumb|Dado panel with club-bearer and abraded inscription, possibly from Rawza, Ghazni. 11th-12th century (National Museum of Afghanistan Kabul, 1958, inv. no. KM58.2.X).]]
Mahmud left the empire to his son Mohammed, who was mild, affectionate and soft. His brother, [[Mas'ud I of Ghazni|Mas'ud]], asked for three provinces that he had won by his sword, but his brother did not consent. Mas'ud had to fight his brother, and he became king, blinding and imprisoning Mohammed as punishment. Mas'ud was unable to preserve the empire and following a disastrous defeat at the [[Battle of Dandanaqan]] in 1040, he lost all the Ghaznavid lands in [[Persia]] and Central Asia to the Seljuks, plunging the realm into a "time of troubles".{{sfn|Bosworth|2006}}{{sfn|Amirsoleimani|1999|p=243}}{{sfn|Spuler|1991|p=1051}} His last act was to collect all his treasures from his forts in hope of assembling an army and ruling from India, but his own forces plundered the wealth and he proclaimed his blind brother as king again. The two brothers now exchanged positions: Mohammed was elevated from prison to the throne, while Mas'ud was consigned to a dungeon after a reign of ten years and was assassinated in 1040. Mas'ud's son, Madood, was governor of Balkh, and in 1040, after hearing of his father's death, he came to Ghazni to claim his kingdom. He fought with the sons of the blind Mohammed and was victorious. However, the empire soon disintegrated and most kings did not submit to Madood. In a span of nine years, four more kings claimed the throne of Ghazni.

===Ibrahim===
In 1058, Mas'ud's son [[Ibrahim of Ghazna|Ibrahim]], a great calligrapher who wrote the Koran with his own pen, became king. Ibrahim re-established a truncated empire on a firmer basis by arriving at a peace agreement with the Seljuks and a restoration of cultural and political linkages.{{sfn|Bosworth|2006}} Under Ibrahim and his successors the empire enjoyed a period of sustained tranquility. Shorn of its western land, it was increasingly sustained by riches accrued from raids across Northern India, where it faced stiff resistance from Indian rulers such as the [[Paramara dynasty|Paramara]] of [[Malwa]] and the [[Gahadvala]] of [[Kannauj]].{{sfn|Bosworth|2006}} He ruled until 1098.

===Mas'ud III===
[[File:Bahram-Shah of Ghazna (Kalila and Dimna, folio 6a) end of 13th century, Topkapi H.363.jpg|thumb|Portrait of Ghaznavid ruler [[Bahram-Shah of Ghazna|Bahrām Shāh]] (d. 1152), (''[[Kalila and Dimna]]'', folio 6a, end of 13th century, Topkapi H.363).<ref>{{cite book |title=Turks: a journey of a thousand years, 600-1600 |date=2005 |publisher=Royal Academy of Arts ; Distributed in the U.S. and Canada by Harry N. Abrams |location=London : New York |isbn=978-1903973578 |page=386, item 37 |quote=(...)The [[:File:Frontispiece, Kalilla wa Dimna of Abu al-Ma'ali Nasrallah, attributed to Iran, c. 1300. Topkapl Palace Museum Library, Istanbul (H . 363, fols. Ib-2a).jpg|frontispiece]] depicts, on the right-hand side, a scene of textual transmission with scholars and scribes, culminating, on the left hand-side, in a scene of enthronement where the book is being presented. This pictorial juxtaposition of textual transmission and courtly patronage is replayed in Nasr Allah Munshi's introduction, where the patron of the translation, Bahram Shah, is praised and portrayed in an enthronement scene ([[:File:Court of Bahram-Shah of Ghazna, Kalila and Dimna, folio 6a, end of 13th century, Topkapi H.363.jpg|fol.6a]]).}}</ref>]]
[[Mas'ud III of Ghazni|Mas'ud III]] became king for sixteen years, with no major event in his lifetime, prologing the period of peace established by his predecessor Ibrahim.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Allegranzi |first1=Viola |title=The Use of Persian in Monumental Epigraphy from Ghazni (Eleventh-Twelfth Centuries) |journal=Eurasian Studies |date=17 October 2015 |volume=13 |issue=1-2 |page=31 |doi=10.1163/24685623-12340003 |quote=Nonetheless, later chronicles report that Ibrāhīm, during his fortyyear reign (451-92/1059-99), made alliances with the Saljuqs, thus establishing a second period of peace and prosperity, which probably lasted up to the reign of Masʿūd III (492-508/1099-1115).}}</ref>

Mas'ud built the [[Palace of Sultan Mas'ud III]] and one of the [[Ghazni Minarets]]. Signs of weakness in the state became apparent when he died in 1115, with internal strife between his sons ending with the ascension of Sultan [[Bahram-Shah of Ghazna|Bahram Shah]] as a Seljuk vassal.{{sfn|Bosworth|2006}} Bahram Shah defeated his brother [[Arslan ibn Mas'ud|Arslan]] for the throne at the [[Battle of Ghazni (1117)|Battle of Ghazni]] in 1117.

===Sultan Bahram Shah===
[[Bahram-Shah of Ghazna|Sultan Bahram Shah]] was the last Ghaznavid King, ruling [[Ghazna|Ghazni]], the first and main Ghaznavid capital, for thirty-five years. In 1148 he was [[Battle of Ghazni (1148)|defeated in Ghazni]] by [[Sayf al-Din Suri]], but he recaptured the capital the next year. [[Ala al-Din Husayn]], a [[Ghorid]] King, [[Battle of Ghazni (1151)|conquered the city]] in 1151, in revenge for his brother Kutubbuddin's death, who was son-in-law of the king but was publicly punished and killed for a minor offence. Ala al-Din Husayn then razed the city, burning it for 7 days, after which he became known as ''"Jahānsuz"'' (''World Burner''). Ghazni was restored to the Ghaznavids by the intervention of the Seljuks, who came to the aid of Bahram.{{sfn|Bosworth|2006}} Ghaznavid struggles with the Ghurids continued in subsequent years as they nibbled away at Ghaznavid territory, and Ghazni and [[Zabulistan]] were lost to a group of [[Oghuz Turks]] before being captured by the Ghurids.{{sfn|Bosworth|2006}} [[Ghazni]] fell to the Ghurids around 1170.<ref name="CEB299">{{cite book |last1=Bosworth |first1=C. Edmund |title=Historic Cities of the Islamic World |date=31 August 2007 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-474-2383-6 |page=299 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CgawCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA299 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=[[Mohammad Habib]]|editor=[[K. A. Nizami]]|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iQ1uAAAAMAAJ |title=Politics and Society During the Early Medieval Period: Collected Works of Professor Mohammad Habib |date=1981 |publisher=People's Publishing House|page=109|language=en}}</ref>

===Late Ghaznavids===
{{Main|Siege of Lahore (1186)}}

{{South Asia in 1175|right|{{center|The last Ghaznavid king [[Khusrau Malik]] had his capital in [[Lahore]], [[Punjab]], until the [[Ghurid Empire|Ghurid]] invasion of the subcontinent.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Chandra |first1=Satish |title=Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals-Delhi Sultanat (1206-1526) - Part One |date=2004 |publisher=Har-Anand Publications |isbn=978-81-241-1064-5 |pages=19–20 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L5eFzeyjBTQC&pg=PA19 |language=en|author-link=Satish Chandra (historian)}}</ref>{{sfn|Schwartzberg|1978|p=32, 146}}}}| {{location map~ |South Asia |lat=31.54|N |long=73.34|E |label=|position=|label_size=|mark=Orange dot (semi-transparent).png|marksize=30}}}}
After the fall of Ghazni in 1163, the Ghaznavids established themselves in [[Lahore]], their regional capital for Indian territories since its conquest by Mahmud of Ghazni, which became the new capital of the Late Ghaznavids.<ref name="CEB299"/> Ghaznavid power in northwestern India continued until the Ghurid conquest of [[Lahore]] by [[Muhammad of Ghor]] in 1186, [[Siege of Lahore (1186)|deposing the last Ghaznavid ruler Khusrau Malik]].{{sfn|Bosworth|2006}} Both [[Khusrau Malik]] and his son were imprisoned and summarily executed in [[Firozkoh]] in 1191, extinguishing the Ghaznavid lineage.{{sfn|Bosworth|1977|p=131}}

==Military and tactics==
The core of the Ghaznavid army was primarily made up of Turks,{{sfn|Wink|2002|p=114}} as well as thousands of native [[Afghans|Afghan]]s who were trained and assembled from the area south of the [[Hindu Kush]] in what is now Afghanistan.{{sfn|Houtsma|1987|p=151}} During the rule of Sultan Mahmud, a new, larger military training center was established in Bost (now [[Lashkar Gah]]). This area was known for [[blacksmith]]s where war weapons were made. After capturing and conquering the [[Punjab region]], the Ghaznavids began to employ [[Hindus]] in their army.{{sfn|Roy|2016|p=24}}

[[File:Ghaznavid soldiers, circa 1100 (Cleveland Museum of Art, 1980.179).jpg|thumb|left|Ghaznavid soldiers, circa 1100 (Cleveland Museum of Art, 1980.179)]]
The Indian soldiers, whom [[Romila Thapar]] presumed to be [[Hindu|Hindus]], were one of the components of the army with their commander called ''[[sipahsalar]]-i-Hinduwan'' and lived in their own quarter of Ghazna practicing their own religion. Indian soldiers under their commander Suvendhray remained loyal to Mahmud. They were also used against a Turkic rebel, with the command given to a Hindu named Tilak according to [[Abu'l-Fadl Bayhaqi|Baihaki]].<ref>Romila Thapar (2005). [https://books.google.com/books?id=PnBMFaGMabYC&pg=PA40 Somanatha: The Many Voices of a History]. Verso. p. 40. {{ISBN|978-1-84467-020-8}}.</ref>

[[File:Confronted warriors, carved marble relief from Ghazna, Ghaznawid, c.1100 AD (David Collection, inv. 22-1989, Copenhagen, Denmark).jpg|thumb|Confronted warriors. Drawing from carved marble relief from Ghazna, Ghaznawid, c.1100 CE. David Collection, inv. 22/1989, Copenhagen, Denmark.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ghaznavid panel fragment |url=https://islamicart.museumwnf.org/database_item.php?id=object;EPM;dn;Mus21;17;en |website=islamicart.museumwnf.org |publisher=Discover Islamic Art - Virtual Museum}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Court and Cosmos: The Great Age of the Seljuqs |publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art |page=144 |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/art/metpublications/Court_and_Cosmos |language=en}}</ref>]]
Like the other dynasties that rose out of the remains of the [[Abbasid Caliphate]], the Ghaznavid administrative traditions and military practice came from the Abbasids. The [[Arabian horse]]s, at least in the earliest campaign, were still substantial in Ghaznavid military incursions, especially in dashing raids deep into hostile territory. There is a record of '6000 Arab horse' being sent against king Anandapala in 1008, and evidence of this Arabian cavalry persists until 1118 under the Ghaznavid governor in [[Lahore]].{{sfn|Bosworth|1963|p=111-112}}

Due to their access to the [[Indo-Gangetic Plain|Indus-Ganges plains]], the Ghaznavids, during the 11th and 12th centuries, developed the first Muslim army to use [[war elephants]] in battle.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Raza |first1=S. Jabir |title=Indian Elephant Corps Under the Ghaznavids |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |date=2012 |volume=73 |pages=212–222 |jstor=44156208 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44156208 |issn=2249-1937}}</ref> The elephants were protected by [[armour plating]] on their fronts. The use of these elephants was a foreign weapon in other regions that the Ghaznavids fought in, particularly in Central Asia.{{sfn|Lewis|1992|p=205}}

==State and culture==
{{See also|List of Ghaznavid Viziers}}
Although the dynasty was of [[Central Asian]] Turkic origin, it was thoroughly [[Persianised]] in terms of language, culture, literature and habits{{efn|"The Ghaznavids inherited Samanid administrative, political, and cultural traditions and laid the foundations for a Persianate state in northern India. ..."{{sfn|Ziad|2006|p=294}}}}{{sfn|Ziad|2006|p=294}}{{efn|Nizam al-Mulk also attempted to organise the Saljuq administration according to the Persianate Ghaznavid model.{{sfn|Meisami|1999|p=143}}}}{{sfn|Meisami|1999|p=143}} and has been regarded as a "Persian dynasty".{{efn|Firdawsi was writing his Shah-nama. One of the effects of the renaissance of the Persian spirit
evoked by this work was that the Ghaznavids were also persianized and thereby became a Persian dynasty"{{sfn|Spuler|1970|p=147}}}}

According to [[Clifford Edmund Bosworth]]:
{{multiple image
| perrow = 2
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| image1 = Ghaznavid ruler portrait, circa 1100 (Cleveland Museum of Art, 1980.179).jpg
| image2 = Ghaznavid salver, circa 1100 (Cleveland Museum of Art, 1980.179).jpg
| footer = Ghaznavid Sultan and his court, on a brass [[salver]] plate. Dated circa 1100, Ghaznavid period, Afghanistan, probably [[Herat]] or [[Ghazni]]. [[Cleveland Museum of Art]].<ref name="CMOA">{{cite web |title=Silver 1100s Afghanistan, Ghaznavid Period, 12th Century |url=https://www.clevelandart.org/art/1980.179 |website=www.clevelandart.org |publisher=Cleveland Museum of Art}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Handbook of the Cleveland Museum of Art |date=1991 |publisher=Cleveland, Ohio: The Museum |isbn=978-0-940717-00-8 |page=39 |url=https://archive.org/details/CMAHandbook1991/page/n53/mode/2up}}</ref> The sultan is seated in the traditional cross-legged Turkish posture, and "the round faces and almond eyes of the figures reflect the Turkish facial type of that period".<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Durdu |first1=Arslan |title=Gazneliler Dönemine Ait Pirinç Tepsi Üzerindeki Taht Sahnesi |journal=Turcology Research |date=30 January 2025 |issue=82 |page=133 |doi=10.62425/turcology.1498413 |url=https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/3993422 |quote=In the center of the tray, the figure of the sultan sits cross-legged on a throne and holds a goblet in his right hand. This is the traditional Turkish ruler’s sitting posture. The goblet in the sultan’s hand symbolizes world domination and immortality. The sultan figure depicted is probably one of the Ghaznavid sultans. The figures on the tray are placed in a certain hierarchical order. In this order, the main theme is the sultan seated on the throne. To the right and left of the sultan are high-ranking state officials. The hierarchical order is once again emphasized by ornamentation on the details of the cone, dress, and caftan of the state officials. Each of the state officials has different cones depending on their status. The round faces and almond eyes of the figures reflect the Turkish facial type of that period. |doi-access=free }}</ref> Inscriptions in Arabic.<ref name="CMOA"/>
}}

{{blockquote|The Ghaznavid sultans were ethnically [[Turkic peoples|Turkish]], but the sources, all in [[Arabic language|Arabic]] or [[Persian language|Persian]], do not allow us to estimate the persistence of Turkish practices and ways of thought amongst them. Yet given the fact that the essential basis of the Ghaznavids' military support always remained their Turkish soldiery, there must always have been a need to stay attuned to their troops' needs and aspirations; also, there are indications of the persistence of some Turkish literary culture under the early Ghaznavids (Köprülüzade, pp. 56–57). The sources do make it clear, however, that the sultans' exercise of political power and the administrative apparatus which gave it shape came very speedily to be within the Perso-Islamic tradition of statecraft and monarchical rule, with the ruler as a distant figure, buttressed by divine favor, ruling over a mass of traders, artisans, peasants, etc., whose prime duty was obedience in all respects but above all in the payment of taxes. The fact that the personnel of the [[bureaucracy]] which directed the day-to-day running of the state, and which raised the revenue to support the sultans' life-style and to finance the professional army, were [[Persian people|Persians]] who carried on the administrative traditions of the Samanids, only strengthened this conception of secular power.<ref>{{cite journal |title=GHAZNAVIDS |journal=Encyclopaedia Iranica |url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/ghaznavids/}}</ref>}}

[[File:Anthropomorphic relief from Ghazni. Kabul Museum (inv. 58.2.1).jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|left|Frieze from Ghazni, depicting Ghanavids with round faces and prominent cheekbones, wearing Turkic clothes. 11th-12th century, [[Kabul Museum]] (inv. 58.2.1).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rugiadi |first1=Martina |title=The Ghaznavid Marble Architectural Decoration: An Overview |journal=MIT online publication (Aga Khan Program for Islamic Architecture at MIT) |date=2010 |page=Fig.5 |quote=On those slabs which had been spared by later iconoclastic obliteration of the faces, the somatic characteristics – rounded face with prominent cheek-bones – descend from the Central-Asian visual traditions (as for example in the paintings in Miran, 5-6th century); the apparent approximated execution of the faces might have been completed with the painted decoration. The clothes of the personages are mainly those of Central Asiatic origin usually referred to as Turkic, as the qabā’.}}</ref> The inscription is in Persian.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Allegranzi |first1=Viola |title=The Use of Persian in Monumental Epigraphy from Ghazni (Eleventh-Twelfth Centuries) |journal=Eurasian Studies |date=17 October 2015 |volume=13 |issue=1-2 |page=40, Plate VII.2 |doi=10.1163/24685623-12340003}}</ref>]]
[[Persianization|Persianisation]] of the state apparatus was accompanied by the Persianisation of high culture at the Ghaznavid court... The level of literary creativity was just as high under Ebrāhīm and his successors up to Bahrāmšāh, with such poets as Abu’l-Faraj Rūnī, Sanāʾī, ʿOṯmān Moḵtārī, Masʿūd-e Saʿd-e Salmān, and Sayyed Ḥasan Ḡaznavī.{{sfn|Bosworth|1977|p=75-77, 107-110}} We know from the biographical dictionaries of poets (taḏkera-ye šoʿarā) that the court in Lahore of Ḵosrow Malek had an array of fine poets, none of whose dīvāns has unfortunately survived, and the translator into elegant Persian prose of Ebn Moqaffaʿ’s Kalīla wa Demna, namely Abu’l-Maʿālī Naṣr-Allāh b. Moḥammad, served the sultan for a while as his chief secretary.{{sfn|Bosworth|1977|p=127-128}} The Ghaznavids thus present the phenomenon of a dynasty of Turkish slave origin which became culturally Persianised to a perceptibly higher degree than other contemporary dynasties of Turkish origin such as [[Seljuq Empire|Saljuqs]] and [[Kara-Khanid Khanate|Qarakhanids]].{{sfn|Bosworth|2006}}

Persian literary culture enjoyed a renaissance under the Ghaznavids during the 11th century.{{sfn|Bosworth|1968|p=44}}{{sfn|Sharlet|2011|p=46}}{{sfn|Rowson|1998|p=251}} The Ghaznavid court was so renowned for its support of Persian literature that the poet [[Farrukhi Sistani|Farrukhi]] traveled from his home province to work for them.{{sfn|Sharlet|2011|p=27}} The poet Unsuri's short collection of poetry was dedicated to [[Mahmud of Ghazni|Sultan Mahmud]] and his brothers Nasr and Yaqub.{{sfn|Sharlet|2011|p=52}} Another poet of the Ghaznavid court, [[Manuchehri]], wrote numerous poems about the merits of drinking wine.{{sfn|Yarshater|1960|p=44}}

Sultan Mahmud, modelling the Samanid Bukhara as a cultural center, made Ghazni into a center of learning, inviting Ferdowsi and al-Biruni. He even attempted to persuade [[Avicenna]], but was refused.{{sfn|Spooner|Hanaway|2012|p=284}} Mahmud preferred that his fame and glory be publicized in Persian and hundreds of poets assembled at his court.{{sfn|Notghi|Sabri-Tabrizi|1994|p=244}} He brought whole libraries from Rayy and Isfahan to Ghazni and even demanded that the Khwarizmshah court send its men of learning to Ghazni.{{sfn|Bosworth|1963|p=132}} Due to his invasion of Rayy and Isfahan, Persian literary production was inaugurated in [[Azerbaijan (Iran)|Azerbaijan]] and [[Persian Iraq|Iraq]].{{sfn|Ahmadi|2004|p=146}}

The Ghaznavids continued to develop historical writing in Persian that had been initiated by their predecessors, the [[Samanid Empire]].{{sfn|Meisami|1993|p=247}} The historian [[Abu'l-Fadl Bayhaqi]]'s ''[[Tarikh-e Beyhaqi]]'', written in the latter half of the 11th century, is an example.{{sfn|Poliakova|1984|p=241}}

[[File:Ghaznavid court scene, circa 1100 (Cleveland Museum of Art, 1980.179).jpg|thumb|upright=1.75|Ghaznavid court scene, circa 1100 (Cleveland Museum of Art, 1980.179)]]
Although the Ghaznavids were Turkic and their military leaders were generally of the same stock,{{sfn|Bosworth|1963|p=4|loc="In this book I have discussed the Ghaznavids as a Turkish dynasty, of slave origin, who established themselves on the eastern margins of the Iranian world [...] these Turkish condotierri became rulers of what was, at Mahmud's death in 1030, the most extensive empire known in the eastern Islamic world, since the dismemberment of the Abassid Caliphate"}} as a result of the original involvement of [[Sebuktigin]] and [[Mahmud of Ghazni]] in Samanid affairs and in the Samanid cultural environment, the dynasty became thoroughly Persianized, so that in practice one cannot consider their rule over Iran one of foreign domination. They also copied their administrative system from the Samanids.{{sfn|Bosworth|1968|p=36}} In terms of cultural championship and the support of Persian poets, they were more Persian than their ethnically-Iranian rivals, the [[Buyid dynasty]], whose support of Arabic letters in preference to Persian is well known.{{sfn|Yarshater|2008}}

The 16th century Persian historian, [[Firishta]], records Sabuktigin's [[genealogy]] as descended from the [[Sasanian Empire|Sasanian kings]]: "Subooktu-geen, the son of Jookan, the son of Kuzil-Hukum, the son of Kuzil-Arslan, the son of Ferooz, the son of [[Yazdegerd III|Yezdijird]], king of Persia." However, modern historians believe this was an attempt to connect himself with the history of old Persia.{{sfn|Bosworth|1968|p=40}}

Historian Bosworth explains: "In fact with the adoption of Persian administrative and cultural ways the Ghaznavids threw off their original Turkish steppe background and became largely integrated with the Perso-Islamic tradition."{{sfn|Bosworth|1996|p=297}} As a result, [[Ghazni]] developed into a great centre of Arabic learning.{{sfn|Bosworth|1963|p=134}}

With Sultan Mahmud's invasions of [[North India]], Persian culture was established at Lahore, which later produced the famous poet, [[Masud Sa'd Salman]].{{sfn|Ziad|2006|p=294}} Lahore, under Ghaznavid rule in the 11th century, attracted Persian scholars from Khorasan, India and Central Asia and became a major Persian cultural centre.{{sfn|Alam|Nalini|Gaborieau|2000|p=24}}{{sfn|Spooner|Hanaway|2012|p=284}} One of the most significant early works on Sufism, the Kashf al-mahjub, was written in Lahore by Abu al-Hasan Hujwiri al-Ghaznawi.{{sfn|Khanbaghi|2016|p=201}} It was also during Mahmud's reign that Ghaznavid coinage began to have bilingual legends consisting of Arabic and Devanagari script.{{sfn|Bosworth|1963|p=44}} The entire range of Persianate institutions and customs that would come to characterize the political economy of most of India would be implemented by the later Ghaznavids.{{sfn|Eaton|2019|p=35}}

The Persian culture established by the Ghaznavids in Ghazna and Eastern Afghanistan survived the Ghurid invasion in the 12th century and endured until the invasion of the Mongols.{{sfn|Bosworth|1968|p=39}}

== Art and Architecture ==
[[File:Minaret of Mas'ud III in 1846.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Mas'ud III of Ghazni|Mas'ud III]]'s [[Ghazni minaret|minaret in Ghazni]] was at least 44 meters tall, before its top half crumbled in 1902 due to an earthquake. It was built between 1099 and 1115 CE. It stood next to the [[Palace of Sultan Mas'ud III]].<ref name="RPW">Ralph Pinder-Wilson (2001) Ghaznavid and Ghūrid Minarets, Iran, 39:1, 155-186, DOI: 10.1080/05786967.2001.11834389</ref>]]
{{main|Palace of Sultan Mas'ud III|Lashkari Bazar|Ghazni Minarets}}

During the Ghaznavid era, artistic production was at its height, due to increased patronage from elites and the economic benefits of spoils gained from increasing raids and forced tributes from India. The height of which being the attack on the [[Somnath temple|Somnath Temple]] in Kathiawar peninsula, resulting in a large hoard of treasure being taken into the empire. Ghaznavid art focused on adapting ancient artistic techniques to new materials and mediums, especially in the etching of precious metals, to leave a lasting impression on the Islamic art world.<ref>{{Cite web |title=GHAZNAVIDS |url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/ghaznavids/ |access-date=2025-12-21 |website=Encyclopaedia Iranica |language=en-US}}</ref> In the plastic arts, bronze-works appear to be influenced by earlier Samanid pieces, yet are unique enough that early versions of trademarks are visible on some pieces. Two bronze ewers, analyzed by Eva Baer, denote an influence from more contemporary ceramics in their shape and construction, while bearing both archaic methods of hatching and novel "oval... with a triangular base" designs, along with the artist’s signatures.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Baer |first=Eva |date=1985 |title=Wider Aspects of Some Ghaznavid Bronzes |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41880456 |journal=Rivista degli studi orientali |volume=59 |issue=1/4 |pages=1–15 |issn=0392-4866}}</ref>

[[File:MNAO-GhazniPalMasudIII-Lastra1.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Marble wall border, [[Palace of Sultan Mas'ud III]], Ghazni, Afghanistan, 12th century CE.]]
Other works such as the garden murals added by [[Masʽud I|Mas'ud I]] in the [[Herat]] palace complex had representational depictions including lewd subject matter of nude figures in "convivial" scenes.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Raza |first=S. Jabir |date=1996 |title=Constructional Activity of the Ghaznavids |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44133422 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=57 |pages=877–890 |issn=2249-1937}}</ref> The capital, Ghazni, was also considered a center for lyrical poetry in the eastern Islamic world due to poets being able to form genres and styles over a long period of time.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bosworth |first=B Edmund |date=1991 |title=Furrukhi's Elegy on the Mahmud of Ghazna |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4299847 |journal=Iran |volume=29 |pages=43-49 |via=JSTOR}}</ref>

Ghaznavid architecture was especially able to flourish, specifically in marble reliefs with geometric, vegetal, and epigraphic designs.<ref>{{Citation |last=Allegranzi |first=Viola |title=CHAPTER NINE Stucco in the Architectural Decoration of the Ghaznavid Palace in Ghazni, Afghanistan, Eleventh–Twelfth Centuries |date=2025-12-31 |work=Stucco in the Islamic World |pages=175–196 |url=https://doi.org/10.1515/9781399543552-012 |access-date=2025-11-20 |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |isbn=978-1-3995-4355-2 |last2=Laviola |first2=Valentina}}</ref> Due to their capital, Ghazni, being near an important trade route it resulted in influences from all aver the region. Near the Palace of Mas'ud III there is a minaret that was constructed of baked and unbaked pressed clay bricks and it is surrounded by a courtyard with four iwans. Excavations at this sites courtyard have uncovered numerous carved marble panels that feature trefoil arches, scrollwork, and inscriptions in Persian and Arabic.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=RUGIADI |first=MARTINA |title=The Ghaznavid Marble Architectural Decoration: An Overview.1 |url=https://web.mit.edu/akpia/www/articlerugiadi.pdf}}</ref> One of the more celebrated works is a marble panel from the courtyard of Sultan Mas'ud III's palace, now in the Brooklyn Museum, which has a Kufic script above intricate vegetal motifs.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Adamec |first=Ludwig W. |last2=Bombaci |first2=Alessio |date=1968 |title=The Kufic Inscription in Persian Verses in the Court of the Royal Palace of Mas'ud III at Ghazni |url=https://doi.org/10.2307/1579952 |journal=Oriens |volume=21 |pages=458 |doi=10.2307/1579952 |issn=0078-6527|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The use of marble instead of more common stucco or brick along with detailed calligraphy reflect both the Ghaznavids' wealth and their artistry.<ref name=":0" />

=== Symbols ===
Since the time of Mahmud till Bahram-Shah of Ghazna, black banner with an image of a [[lion]] were used. Mahmud and his successors received diplomas, titles, and banners from the Abbasid Caliphs in recognition of their sovereignty and victories. Since the Abbasids used black banners, these were likely sent to the Ghaznavids. [[Unsuri]] suggests that Mahmud, like his descendants, bore a lion's image on his banner. His grandson [[Ibrahim of Ghazna|Ibrahim]] is also said to have carried a lion emblem, confirming the continuity of this symbol. The Seljuks also carried banners bearing a lion's image, and it is possible that Ibrahim adopted the symbol under their influence, since he had to ally with [[Malik-Shah I|Malik Shah]]. Before his time, there is no clear evidence of such imagery even in the verses referring to Mahmud. About Sanjar's banner, several verses of poet [[Anvari]] describe the lion emblem, and later petty rulers such as Firoz Shah and Malik Shah likewise used banners with the lion motif. Like Mahmud, also used the crescent as a symbol on his banner. He carried a black canopy and a white crown, while Mas'ud III had a [[falcon]] on his canopy. These emblems, noted by poets such as [[Hassan Ghaznavi|Sayyid Hasan]], highlight the continuity of symbolic imagery within the Ghaznavid dynasty.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Khan|1949|pp=80–83}}</ref>

==Legacy==
{{Continental Asia in 1100 CE|left|{{center|The Ghaznavids and other polities in continental Asia {{circa}} 1100}}|{{Annotation|110|85|[[File:Orange dot (semi-transparent).png|35px]]}}}}
At its height, the Ghaznavid empire grew from the Oxus to the Indus Valley and was ruled from 977 to 1186. The history of the empire, [[Tarikh Yamini]], was written by [[Muhammad ibn Abd al-Jabbar al-Utbi]], who documented the Ghaznavid's achievements, including regaining lost territory from their rivals, the [[Kara-Khanid Khanate|Kara-Khanids]], in present-day Iran and Afghanistan.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Sistan and Its Local Histories |first=C. Edmund |last=Bosworth |journal=Iranian Studies |volume=33| issue = 1/2 (Winter – Spring) |year=2000 |page=37}}</ref>

[[File:MassudOfGhazniCoin.jpg|thumb|Coinage of [[Mas'ud I of Ghazni]] (1030–1041), derived from [[Hindu Shahi]] designs, with the name of Mas'ud ({{langx|fa|مسعود}}) around the head of the horserider.]]
In addition to the wealth accumulated through raiding Indian cities, and exacting tribute from Indian [[raja]]s, the Ghaznavids also benefited from their position as an intermediary along the trade routes between China and the [[Mediterranean]]. The Ghaznavid rulers are generally credited with spreading Islam into the [[Indian subcontinent]].

They were, however, unable to hold power for long and by 1040 the [[Seljuk Empire]] had taken over their [[Persian Empire|Persian]] domains and a century later the [[Ghurid dynasty|Ghurids]] took over their remaining sub-continental lands.

The Ghaznavid conquests facilitated the beginning of the Turko-Afghan period into India, which would be further conducted by the [[Ghurid dynasty|Ghurids]] until the Turko-Afghans successfully established themselves in the [[Delhi Sultanate]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mukerjee |first=Radhakamal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_6i6IOItSe8C&q=sabuktigin+turko-afghan |title=A History of Indian Civilization: Ancient and classical traditions |date=1958 |publisher=Hind Kitabs |language=en|page=73}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Puri |first1=B. N. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y7fUHMEDAyEC&q=khilji+turk+malwa |title=A Comprehensive History of India: Comprehensive history of medieval India |last2=Das |first2=M. N. |date=2003-12-01 |publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd |isbn=978-81-207-2508-9 |language=en|page=9}}</ref>

==List of rulers==
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; text-align:center;"
|-
! width="5%" | #
! width="20%" | Laqab
! width="20%" | Personal Name
! width="15%" | Reign
! width="15%" | Succession right
! width="25%" | Notes
|-
| 1
| Nasir-ud-din
{{Nastaliq|{{Nastaliq|نصر الدين}}}} ''Defender of the Faith''
| [[Sabuktigin]]
| 977–997
|
|
|-
| 2
| No title
| [[Ismail of Ghazni|Ismail]]
| 997–998
| son of Sabuktigin
|
|-
| 3
| Yamin ad-Dawlah Abu Qasim {{Nastaliq|یمین الدولہ ابو لقاسم}} ''Right-hand man of the State''
| [[Mahmud of Ghazni|Mahmud]]
| 998–1030
| first son of Sabuktigin
|
|-
| 4
| Jalal ad-Dawlah {{Nastaliq|جلال الدولہ}} ''Dignity of the State''
| [[Mohammad Ghaznavi|Muhammad]]
| 1030 ''1st reign''
| second son of Mahmud
|
|-
| 5
| Shihab ad-Dawlah {{Nastaliq|شھاب الدولہ}} ''Star of the State''
| [[Ma'sud I of Ghazni|Masud I]]
| 1030–1041
| first son of Mahmud
| Was overthrown, imprisoned and executed, following the [[battle of Dandanaqan]]
|-
| —
| Jalal ad-Dawlah {{Nastaliq|جلال الدولہ}} ''Dignity of the State''
| [[Mohammad Ghaznavi|Muhammad]]
| 1041 ''2nd reign''
| second son of Mahmud
| Raised to the throne following the removal of Masud I.
|-
| 6
| Shihab ad-Dawlah {{Nastaliq|شھاب الدولہ}} ''Star of the State''
| [[Maw'dud Ghaznavi|Mawdud]]
| 1041–1048
| son of Masud I
| Defeated Muhammad at the battle of Nangrahar and gained the throne.{{sfn|Bosworth|1977|p=22-24}}
|-
| 7
| ? {{Nastaliq|?}}
| [[Mas'ud II of Ghazni|Masud II]]
| 1048
| son of Mawdud
|
|-
| 8
| Baha ad-Dawlah {{Nastaliq|بھاء الدولہ }} ''Splendor of the State''
| [[Ali of Ghazna|Ali]]
| 1048–1049
| son of Masud I
|
|-
| 9
| Izz ad-Dawlah {{Nastaliq|عز الدولہ}} ''Glory of the State''
| [[Abd al-Rashid of Ghazna|Abd al-Rashid]]
| 1049–1052
| fifth son of Mahmud
|
|-
| 10
| Qiwam ad-Dawlah {{Nastaliq|قوام الدولہ}} ''Support of the State''
| [[Toghrul of Ghazna|Toghrul]]
| 1052–1053
| Turkish mamluk general
| Usurped the Ghaznavid throne after massacring Abd al-Rashid and eleven other Ghaznavid princes.{{sfn|Bosworth|1977|p=45}}
|-
| 11
| Jamal ad-Dawlah {{Nastaliq|جمال الدولہ}} ''Beauty of the state''
| [[Farrukh-Zad of Ghazna|Farrukh-Zad]]
| 1053–1059
| son of Masud I
|
|-
| 12
| Zahir ad-Dawlah {{Nastaliq|ظھیر الدولہ}} ''Help of the State''
| [[Ibrahim of Ghazna|Ibrahim]]
| 1059–1099
| son of Masud I
|
|-
| 13
| Ala ad-Dawlah {{Nastaliq|علاء الدولہ}} ''Blessing of the State''
| [[Mas'ud III of Ghazni|Mas'ūd III]]
| 1099–1115
| son of Ibrahim
|
|-
| 14
| Kamal ad-Dawlah {{Nastaliq|کمال الدولہ}} ''Perfection of the State''
| [[Shir-Zad of Ghazna|Shir-Zad]]
| 1115–1116
| son of Masud III
| Murdered by his younger brother Arslan ibn Mas'ud.{{sfn|Bosworth|1977|p=90}}
|-
| 15
| Sultan ad-Dawlah {{Nastaliq|سلطان الدولہ}} ''Sultan of the state''
| [[Arslan ibn Mas'ud|Arslan-Shah]]
| 1116–1117
| son of Masud III
| Took the throne from his older brother Shirzad, but faced a rebellion from his other brother Bahram Shah, who was supported by the sultan of the Great Seljuq Empire, [[Ahmad Sanjar]].{{sfn|Bosworth|1977|p=93-95}}
|-
| 16
| Yamin ad-Dawlah {{Nastaliq|یمین الدولہ }} ''Right-hand man of the state''
| [[Bahram-Shah of Ghazna|Bahram Shah]]
| 1117–1157
| son of Masud III
| Under Bahram-Shah, the Ghaznavid empire became a [[Tributary state|tributary]] of the [[Great Seljuq Empire]]. Bahram was assisted by [[Ahmad Sanjar]], sultan of the Great Seljuq empire, in securing his throne.{{sfn|Bosworth|1996|p=297}}
|-
| 17
| Muizz ad-Dawlah {{Nastaliq|معزالدولہ }} ''Honor of the State''
| [[Khusrau Shah of Ghazna|Khusrau Shah]]
| 1157–1160
| son of Bahram-Shah
|
|-
| 18
| Taj ad-Dawlah {{Nastaliq|تاج الدولہ}} ''Crown of the state''
| [[Khusrau Malik]]
| 1160–1186
| son of Khusrau-Shah
|
|-
|}

==Family tree of the Ghaznavid sultans==
{{Family tree of the Ghaznavid sultans}}

==See also==
{{History of Afghanistan|File:Atkinson1839.jpg}}
{{History of Greater Iran}}
{{History of Pakistan}}
{{History of Turkmenistan}}
{{History of the Turks pre-14th century}}
*[[List of battles involving the Ghaznavid Empire]]
*[[History of Afghanistan]]
*[[History of Pakistan]]
*[[List of Sunni Muslim dynasties]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
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*{{cite journal |title=Hail to Heydarbaba: A Comparative View of Popular Turkish & Classical Persian Poetical Languages |first1=Hamid |last1=Notghi |first2=Gholam-Reza |last2=Sabri-Tabrizi |journal=British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies |volume= 21| issue = 2 |year=1994 |pages=240–251 |publisher=Taylor & Francis, Ltd. |doi=10.1080/13530199408705603 }}
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{{refend}}

==Further reading==
* Bosworth, Clifford Edmund (1963) ''The Ghaznavids: Their Empire in Afghanistan and Eastern Iran 994–1040'' Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh, {{OCLC|3601436}}
* Khalid, Kanwal. "[https://ia903205.us.archive.org/31/items/13-kanwal-khalid-lahore-during-the-ghaznavid-period-90-3-2015/%2813%29%20Kanwal%20Khalid%20Lahore%20During%20the%20Ghaznavid%20Period-90-3-2015.pdf Lahore During The Ghaznavid Period: A Socio- Political and Cultural Study]."
* M. Ismail Marcinkowski (2003) ''Persian Historiography and Geography: Bertold Spuler on Major Works Produced in Iran, the Caucasus, Central Asia, India and Early Ottoman Turkey'' Pustaka Nasional, Singapore, {{ISBN|9971-77-488-7}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Ghaznavid Empire}}
{{Wikiquote}}
* [http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/people/A0831222.html Mahmud of Ghazna] – ''Columbia Encyclopedia'' (Sixth Edition)
* [https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9050135/Mahmud Mahmud] – ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]'' (Online Edition)
* [https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9036676/Ghaznavid-Dynasty Ghaznavid Dynasty] – ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' (Online Edition)
* [https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-14003/Central-Asian-arts Ghaznavids and Ghurids] – ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' (Online Edition)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070311042545/http://orbat.com/site/cimh/kings_master/kings/mahmud_ghaznavi/Mahmud%20Ghaznavi.html Mahmud Ghaznavi's 17 invasions of India] (archived 11 March 2007)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070929125948/http://persian.packhum.org/persian/index.jsp?serv=pf&file=80201010&ct=0 ''The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians. The Muhammadan Period''by Sir H. M. Elliot; Edited by John Dowson; London Trubner Company 1867–1877 Elliot, Sir H. M., Edited by Dowson, John. ''The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians. The Muhammadan Period''], published by London Trubner Company 1867–1877 (Online Copy: – Online version posted by: The Packard Humanities Institute; Persian Texts in translation).
* [http://www.smh.com.au/news/web/afghan-secrets-revealed-on-google-earth/2008/07/18/1216163136557.html Afghan secrets revealed] on [[Google Earth]]
*{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Persia |volume=21 |pages=187–252 |first=Karl Hermann |last=Ethé}}
{{Central Asian history}}
{{Empires}}
{{Afghanistan topics}}
{{Iran topics}}
{{Iranian Intermezzo}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Ghaznavid Empire|*]]
[[Category:Dynasties of Afghanistan]]
[[Category:Former monarchies in Afghan history]]
[[Category:History of Ghazni Province]]
[[Category:Ghilman]]
[[Category:Sunni dynasties]]
[[Category:Medieval Indian monarchies]]
[[Category:Muslim period in the Indian subcontinent]]
[[Category:11th century in India]]
[[Category:11th century in Iran]]
[[Category:Medieval Khorasan]]
[[Category:Former monarchies of Iran]]
[[Category:977 establishments]]
[[Category:States and territories established in the 970s]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1186]]

2026 BWF World Championships

2026-05-08T07:27:53Z

CandicePrenderga: starting new details w/ infobox - done

{{short description|2026 badminton tournament in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2022}}
{{for|the World Para-Badminton Championships organsied by Badminton World Federation|2026 BWF Para-Badminton World Championships}}
{{Infobox badminton event
|name = 2026 BWF World Championships
|image =
|size =
|caption =
|dates = 17 – 23 August 2026
|number_edition = 30th
|level = 1
|prize_money =
|other =
|competitors =
|nations =
|venue = [[Indira Gandhi Arena]]
|location = New Delhi, India
|website =
|previous = [[2025 BWF World Championships|2025 Paris]]
|next = ''[[2027 BWF World Championships|2027 TBC]]''
}}

The '''2026 BWF World Championships''' will be the 30th edition of the [[BWF World Championships|world badminton championships]]. It will be held in [[New Delhi]], India in 2026. India is set to host the [[BWF World Championships|World Championships]] for the first time since [[2009 BWF World Championships|2009]].

== Host selection ==
The host nation India was originally supposed to hold the [[Sudirman Cup]] in 2023,<ref>{{cite web |title=BWF Major Event Hosts 2019-2025 Awarded |url=https://corporate.bwfbadminton.com/news-single/2018/11/29/bwf-major-event-hosts-2019-2025-awarded |publisher=[[Badminton World Federation]] |date=29 November 2018|accessdate=9 September 2019}}</ref> however due to all events in China getting cancelled in 2021, the Sudirman Cup was moved to [[Vantaa]] in Finland with the 2023 Sudirman Cup going to [[Suzhou]], China. India thereby was selected as the hosts of the 2026 World Championships due to the transfer of the hosting rights of 2023 Sudirman Cup.<ref>{{Cite web|title=India to host badminton world championships in 2026, lose 2023 Sudirman Cup|url=https://olympics.com/en/news/india-host-badminton-world-championship-2026|access-date=14 July 2021|date=13 July 2021| publisher=[[International Olympic Committee]]}}</ref> [[New Delhi]] was announced to be the host city at the [[2025 BWF World Championships]] at [[Paris]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= Nalwala |first= Ali Asgar |title=New Delhi to host BWF World Championships 2026 as badminton showpiece returns to India after 17 years |url=https://www.olympics.com/en/news/badminton-world-championships-2026-india-new-delhi-host |access-date=7 October 2025 |date=2 September 2025 |publisher=International Olympic Committee}}</ref>

== Competition schedule ==
The tournament lasts over 7 days.

{|class="wikitable" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:90%; text-align:center"
|-
| bgcolor="#AFEEEE" | #R || Preliminary rounds
| bgcolor="#FFEBCD" | QF || Quarter-finals
| bgcolor="#FFFF00" | SF || Semi-finals
| bgcolor="#D8BFD8" | F || Finals
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:90%; text-align:center"
|-
! Date || rowspan="2" | 17 Aug || colspan="2" rowspan="2" | 18 Aug || rowspan="2" | 19 Aug || rowspan="2" | 20 Aug || rowspan="2" | 21 Aug || rowspan="2" | 22 Aug || rowspan="2" | 23 Aug
|-
! Event
|-
| align="left" | [[2026 BWF World Championships – Men's singles|Men's singles]]
| colspan="3" bgcolor="#AFEEEE" | 1R
| bgcolor="#AFEEEE" | 2R
| bgcolor="#AFEEEE" | 3R
| bgcolor="#FFEBCD" | QF
| bgcolor="#FFFF00" | SF
| bgcolor="#D8BFD8" | F
|-
| align="left" | [[2026 BWF World Championships – Women's singles|Women's singles]]
| colspan="2" bgcolor="#AFEEEE" | 1R
| colspan="2" bgcolor="#AFEEEE" | 2R
| bgcolor="#AFEEEE" | 3R
| bgcolor="#FFEBCD" | QF
| bgcolor="#FFFF00" | SF
| bgcolor="#D8BFD8" | F
|-
| align="left" | [[2026 BWF World Championships – Men's doubles|Men's doubles]]
| bgcolor="#AFEEEE" | 1R
| colspan="3" bgcolor="#AFEEEE" | 2R
| bgcolor="#AFEEEE" | 3R
| bgcolor="#FFEBCD" | QF
| bgcolor="#FFFF00" | SF
| bgcolor="#D8BFD8" | F
|-
| align="left" | [[2026 BWF World Championships – Women's doubles|Women's doubles]]
| bgcolor="#AFEEEE" | 1R
| colspan="3" bgcolor="#AFEEEE" | 2R
| bgcolor="#AFEEEE" | 3R
| bgcolor="#FFEBCD" | QF
| bgcolor="#FFFF00" | SF
| bgcolor="#D8BFD8" | F
|-
| align="left" | [[2026 BWF World Championships – Mixed doubles|Mixed doubles]]
|
| bgcolor="#AFEEEE" | 1R
| colspan="2" bgcolor="#AFEEEE" | 2R
| bgcolor="#AFEEEE" | 3R
| bgcolor="#FFEBCD" | QF
| bgcolor="#FFFF00" | SF
| bgcolor="#D8BFD8" | F
|}

== Point distribution ==
Below is the tables with the point distribution for each phase of the tournament based on the [[BWF World Ranking|BWF points system]] for the World Championships event.<ref>{{cite web |title=World Championship Ranking System |url=https://corporate.bwfbadminton.com/statutes/#1513733528967-47d667b6-0737|publisher=[[Badminton World Federation]]}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! width="75" | Winner
! width="75" | Runner-up
! width="75" | 3/4
! width="75" | 5/8
! width="75" | 9/16
! width="75" | 17/32
! width="75" | 33/64
|-
| 14,500 || 12,500 || 10,500 || 8,200 || 6,000 || 3,750 || 1,450
|}
== Medal summary ==
=== Medal table ===
{{Medals table
| caption = 2026 BWF World Championships medal table
| host = IND
| flag_template = bd
| event =
| team =
}}

=== Medalists ===
{| {{MedalistTable|type=Events}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | Men's singles {{DetailsLink|2026 BWF World Championships – Men's singles}}
| rowspan="2" | {{flagicon|}}
| rowspan="2" | {{flagicon|}}
| {{flagicon|}}
|-
| {{flagicon|}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | Women's singles {{DetailsLink|2026 BWF World Championships – Women's singles}}
| rowspan="2" | {{flagicon|}}
| rowspan="2" | {{flagicon|}}
| {{flagicon|}}
|-
| {{flagicon|}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | Men's doubles {{DetailsLink|2026 BWF World Championships – Men's doubles}}
| rowspan="2" | {{flagicon|}} {{flagicon|}}
| rowspan="2" | {{flagicon|}} {{flagicon|}}
| {{flagicon|}} {{flagicon|}}
|-
| {{flagicon|}} {{flagicon|}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | Women's doubles {{DetailsLink|2026 BWF World Championships – Women's doubles}}
| rowspan="2" | {{flagicon|}} {{flagicon|}}
| rowspan="2" | {{flagicon|}} {{flagicon|}}
| {{flagicon|}} {{flagicon|}}
|-
| {{flagicon|}} {{flagicon|}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | Mixed doubles {{DetailsLink|2026 BWF World Championships – Mixed doubles}}
| rowspan="2" | {{flagicon|}} {{flagicon|}}
| rowspan="2" | {{flagicon|}} {{flagicon|}}
| {{flagicon|}} {{flagicon|}}
|-
| {{flagicon|}} {{flagicon|}}
|-
|}

== Qualifiers ==
{{see also|2026 BWF World Championships qualification}}
=== Number of participants ===
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size:95%; text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="2" | Nation
! MS !! WS !! MD !! WD !! XD !! Total !! Number of players
|-
! rowspan="4" | [[Badminton Confederation of Africa|Africa]]
| align="left" | {{bd|ALG}} || || || 1 || || 1
! 2 !! 2
|-
| align="left" | {{bd|EGY}} || 1 || 1 || || ||
! 2 !! 2
|-
| align="left" | {{bd|RSA}} || || || || 1 ||
! 1 !! 2
|-
| align="left" | {{bd|UGA}} || || 1 || || ||
! 1 !! 1
|-
! rowspan="17" | [[Badminton Asia|Asia]]
| align="left" | {{bd|CHN}} || 3 || 3 || 2 || 3 || 3
! 14 !! 22
|-
| align="left" | {{bd|TPE}} || 3 || 2 || 3 || 3 || 2
! 13 !! 20
|-
| align="left" | {{bd|HKG}} || 2 || 2 || 1 || 2 || 2
! 9 !! 14
|-
| align="left" | {{bd|INA}} || 2 || 2 || 3 || 2 || 3
! 12 !! 20
|-
| align="left" | {{bd|IND}} || 2 || 2 || 2 || 2 || 2
! 10 !! 16
|-
| align="left" | {{bd|ISR}} || 2 || || || ||
! 2 !! 2
|-
| align="left" | {{bd|JPN}} || 3 || 3 || 3 || 3 || 2
! 14 !! 20
|-
| align="left" | {{bd|KAZ}} || 1 || || || ||
! 1 !! 1
|-
| align="left" | {{bd|KOR}} || 2 || 3 || 2 || 3 || 2
! 12 !! 19
|-
| align="left" | {{bd|MAS}} || 2 || 2 || 3 || 2 || 2
! 11 !! 18
|-
| align="left" | {{bd|MYA}} || || 1 || || ||
! 1 !! 1
|-
| align="left" | {{bd|PHI}} || 1 || || || ||
! 1 !! 1
|-
| align="left" | {{bd|SIN}} || 2 || 2 || 2 || || 1
! 7 !! 10
|-
| align="left" | {{bd|SRI}} || 2 || 1 || || ||
! 3 !! 3
|-
| align="left" | {{bd|THA}} || 2 || 3 || 2 || 2 || 3
! 12 !! 18
|-
| align="left" | {{bd|UAE}} || || 1 || 1 || ||
! 2 !! 3
|-
| align="left" | {{bd|VIE}} || 2 || 1 || 1 || ||
! 4 !! 5
|-
! rowspan="24" | [[Badminton Europe|Europe]]
| align="left" | {{bd|AUT}} || 1 || 1 || || ||
! 2 !! 2
|-
| align="left" | {{bd|AZE}} || 2 || 1 || || ||
! 3 !! 3
|-
| align="left" | {{bd|BEL}} || 1 || || || ||
! 1 !! 1
|-
| align="left" | {{bd|BUL}} || || 2 || || 1 ||
! 3 !! 4
|-
| align="left" | {{bd|CRO}} || 1 || || || ||
! 1 !! 1
|-
| align="left" | {{bd|CZE}} || || 2 || 1 || || 1
! 4 !! 6
|-
| align="left" | {{bd|DEN}} || 2 || 2 || 2 || 2 || 3
! 11 !! 17
|-
| align="left" | {{bd|ENG}} || 1 || || 2 || 2 || 2
! 7 !! 12
|-
| align="left" | {{bd|EST}} || || 1 || || ||
! 1 !! 1
|-
| align="left" | {{bd|FIN}} || 2 || || || ||
! 2 !! 2
|-
| align="left" | {{bd|FRA}} || 3 || 2 || 2 || 2 || 2
! 11 !! 14
|-
| align="left" | {{bd|GER}} || 1 || 2 || 2 || 1 || 2
! 8 !! 12
|-
| align="left" | {{bd|HUN}} || || 2 || || ||
! 2 !! 2
|-
| align="left" | {{bd|IRE}} || 1 || || 1 || ||
! 2 !! 3
|-
| align="left" | {{bd|ITA}} || 2 || 1 || || 1 ||
! 4 !! 5
|-
| align="left" | {{bd|NED}} || || || || 1 || 1
! 2 !! 4
|-
| align="left" | {{bd|POL}} || 2 || || || 1 ||
! 3 !! 4
|-
| align="left" | {{bd|SCO}} || || 1 || 2 || 1 || 1
! 5 !! 7
|-
| align="left" | {{bd|ESP}} || || 1 || 2 || 2 || 1
! 6 !! 9
|-
| align="left" | {{bd|SER}} || || || || || 1
! 1 !! 2
|-
| align="left" | {{bd|SWE}} || 1 || || || 1 || 1
! 3 !! 4
|-
| align="left" | {{bd|SWI}} || 1 || 2 || 1 || 1 ||
! 5 !! 7
|-
| align="left" | {{bd|TUR}} || || 2 || || 1 || 1
! 4 !! 3
|-
| align="left" | {{bd|UKR}} || || 2 || || 1 || 1
! 4 !! 6
|-
! rowspan="2" | [[Badminton Oceania|Oceania]]
| align="left" | {{bd|AUS}} || || 2 || || 2 || 1
! 5 !! 7
|-
| align="left" | {{bd|NZ}} || 1 || 1 || 1 || ||
! 3 !! 4
|-
! rowspan="6" | [[Badminton Pan America|Pan Am]]
| align="left" | {{bd|BRA}} || 2 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 2
! 7 !! 5
|-
| align="left" | {{bd|CAN}} || 2 || 2 || 2 || 1 || 2
! 9 !! 12
|-
| align="left" | {{bd|ESA}} || 1 || || || ||
! 1 !! 1
|-
| align="left" | {{bd|GUA}} || 1 || || || ||
! 1 !! 1
|-
| align="left" | {{bd|PER}} || 1 || 1 || || ||
! 2 !! 2
|-
| align="left" | {{bd|USA}} || 2 || 2 || 1 || 2 || 2
! 9 !! 10
|-
! Other
| align="left" | {{bd|AIN}} || || || 1 || ||
! 1 !! 2
|-
! colspan="2" | Total (NOCs)
! 64 !! 64 !! 48 !! 48 !! 48
! 272 !! 377
|}

=== Players participating in two events ===
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size:95%; text-align:center"
|-
! width="250" | Player
! width="50" | Gender
! Singles !! Doubles !! Mixed
|-
|align="left"| {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Christo Popov]]
|| Men || {{ya}} || {{ya}} ||
|-
|align="left"| {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Toma Junior Popov]]
|| Men || {{ya}} || {{ya}} ||
|-
|align="left"| {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Hiroki Midorikawa]]
|| Men || || {{ya}} || {{ya}}
|-
|align="left"| {{flagicon|TPE}} [[Yang Po-hsuan]]
|| Men || || {{ya}} || {{ya}}
|-
|align="left"| {{flagicon|DEN}} [[Mads Vestergaard]]
|| Men || || {{ya}} || {{ya}}
|-
|align="left"| {{flagicon|THA}} [[Dechapol Puavaranukroh]]
|| Men || || {{ya}} || {{ya}}
|-
|align="left"| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Presley Smith]]
|| Men || || {{ya}} || {{ya}}
|-
|align="left"| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Chen Zhi-yi]]
|| Men || || {{ya}} || {{ya}}
|-
|align="left"| {{flagicon|SCO}} [[Alexander Dunn (badminton)|Alexander Dunn]]
|| Men || || {{ya}} || {{ya}}
|-
|align="left"| {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Fabricio Farias]]
|| Men || || {{ya}} || {{ya}}
|-
|align="left"| {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Davi Silva]]
|| Men || || {{ya}} || {{ya}}
|-
|align="left"| {{flagicon|GER}} [[Malik Bourakkadi]]
|| Men || || {{ya}} || {{ya}}
|-
|align="left"| {{flagicon|CZE}} [[Ondřej Král]]
|| Men || || {{ya}} || {{ya}}
|-
|align="left"| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Ruben Garcia]]
|| Men || || {{ya}} || {{ya}}
|-
|align="left"| {{flagicon|CAN}} [[Jonathan Bing Tsan Lai]]
|| Men || || {{ya}} || {{ya}}
|-
|align="left"| {{flagicon|ALG}} [[Koceila Mammeri]]
|| Men || || {{ya}} || {{ya}}
|-
|align="left"| {{flagicon|UKR}} [[Yevheniia Kantemyr]]
|| Women || {{ya}} || {{ya}} || {{ya}}
|-
|align="left"| {{flagicon|UKR}} [[Polina Buhrova]]
|| Women || {{ya}} || {{ya}} ||
|-
|align="left"| {{flagicon|BUL}} [[Stefani Stoeva]]
|| Women || {{ya}} || {{ya}} ||
|-
|align="left"| {{flagicon|CZE}} [[Tereza Švábíková]]
|| Women || {{ya}} || || {{ya}}
|-
|align="left"| {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Sayaka Hobara]]
|| Women || || {{ya}} || {{ya}}
|-
|align="left"| {{flagicon|SCO}} [[Julie Macpherson]]
|| Women || || {{ya}} || {{ya}}
|-
|align="left"| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Lucia Rodriguez]]
|| Women || || {{ya}} || {{ya}}
|-
|align="left"| {{flagicon|SWE}} [[Tilda Sjoo]]
|| Women || || {{ya}} || {{ya}}
|-
|align="left"| {{flagicon|CAN}} [[Crystal Lai]]
|| Women || || {{ya}} || {{ya}}
|-
|align="left"| {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Lizzie Tolman]]
|| Women || || {{ya}} || {{ya}}
|-
|align="left"| {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Nozomi Shimizu]]
|| Women || || {{ya}} || {{ya}}
|-
|align="left"| {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Jaqueline Lima]]
|| Women || || {{ya}} || {{ya}}
|-
|align="left"| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Francesca Corbett]]
|| Women || || {{ya}} || {{ya}}
|-
|align="left"| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Jennie Gai]]
|| Women || || {{ya}} || {{ya}}
|-
|}

== Performance by nations ==
== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{World badminton champs}}

[[Category:BWF World Championships]]
[[Category:International sports competitions hosted by India]]
[[Category:Badminton tournaments in India|World Championships]]
[[Category:2026 in badminton|BWF World Championships]]
[[Category:Scheduled sports events|Badminton World Championships]]
[[Category:2026 in Indian sport|BWF World Championships]]

All India Sunni Jamiyyathul Ulama

2026-04-25T19:45:16Z

CandicePrenderga: starting basic info initial version - done

{{Distinguish|Samastha Kerala Jem-iyyathul Ulama (AP Sunnis)}}
{{Short description|Sunni scholarly body in India}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = All India Sunni Jamiyyathul Ulama
| formation =
| logo =
| logo_size =
| founder =
| type = [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] scholarly council
| location = India
| region_served =
| secretary_general = 
| leader_title = General Secretary
| leader_name = [[Kanthapuram A. P. Aboobacker Musliyar]]
| leader_title2 =
| leader_name2 =
| leader_title3 =
| leader_name3 =
| leader_title4 =
| leader_name4 =
| main_organ =
| parent_organization =
| subsidiaries =
| affiliations =
| website = 
}}
{{Islam}}

'''All India Sunni Jamiyyathul Ulama,''' or '''All India Muslim Scholars Association,''' is an organisation of Islamic scholars in India.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=1 February 2015 |title=Muslim organizations in north India should work together: Kanthapuram|url=https://www.sirajlive.com/2015/02/01/162389.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230616121420/https://www.sirajlive.com/2015/02/01/162389.html |archive-date=2023-06-16 |access-date=2023-06-16 |website=Sirajlive.com |language=ml}}</ref>

[[Kanthapuram A. P. Aboobacker Musliyar]] currently serves as the general secretary of All India Sunni Jamiyyathul Ulama.<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 February 2022 |title=Kerala Muslim Scholar Urges State to lift Hijab Curbs |work=Deccan Herald |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/south/kerala-muslim-scholar-urges-state-to-lift-hijab-curbs-1083853.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=26 April 2022 |title=Madin Ground Gears up For Mega Prayer Meet |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/madin-ground-gears-up-for-mega-prayer-meet/article65357776.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220523192935/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/madin-ground-gears-up-for-mega-prayer-meet/article65357776.ece |archive-date=2022-05-23}}</ref> He also leads the [[Markazu Saquafathi Sunniyya]] in [[Kozhikode]] in [[Kerala]], India.

On 1 February 2015 [[Siraj Daily|Siraj daily]] reported the following:
{{Blockquote|More members were appointed to the national leadership of the All India Sunni Jem-iyyathul Ulama. Maulana Tauqeer Razakhan Barelvi, Maulana Maqbul Ahmad Swadiq Misbahi, Maulana Muazzam Ahmad Fatehpuri, Maulana Sharfaraz Ahmad, Dr. Mumtaz Aala Razvi and Syed Javed Ahmed were elected as members to the existing national council.}}<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=1 February 2015 |title=Muslim organizations in north India should work together: Kanthapuram|url=https://www.sirajlive.com/2015/02/01/162389.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230616121420/https://www.sirajlive.com/2015/02/01/162389.html |archive-date=2023-06-16 |access-date=2023-06-16 |website=Sirajlive.com |language=ml}}</ref>

== Wings ==

* Scholarly bodies
** [[Samastha Kerala Jem-iyyathul Ulama (AP Sunnis)|Samastha Kerala Jem-iyyathul Ulama]] affiliated to All India Sunni Jamiyyathul Ulama
** [[Muslim Jamaat|Kerala Muslim Jama'ath]]
* Mahallu federation — Sunni Management Association
* Educational board
** Samastha Kerala Sunni Vidhyabhyasa Board [https://samastha.in/]
** Islamic Educational Board of India
* Madrasa teachers' association — Sunni Jamiyyathul Muallimeen [https://www.sjmindia.org/]
* Youth wing — Samastha Kerala Sunni Yuvajana Sangham (SYS)<ref>{{Cite web |title=SYS event concludes in Kerala |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/712811/%7B%7B |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240925185020/https://www.arabnews.com/node/712811/%7B%7B |archive-date=2024-09-25 |access-date=2024-09-25 |website=Arab News |language=en}}</ref>
* Student wing — [[Sunni Students' Federation|Sunni Students Federation]] (SSF)
* Children's wing — Sunni Bala Sangham (Let' Smile)
* Mouthpiece (daily) — [[Siraj Daily|Siraj]] [https://www.sirajlive.com/]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Sunni Islam in India]]
[[Category:Sunni organizations]]
[[Category:All India Sunni Jamiyyathul Ulama| ]]

Phulaguri Uprising

2026-04-25T17:49:24Z

CandicePrenderga: added some details first draft

{{Short description|Agrarian uprising against the British Raj}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| image = [[File:Phulaguri martyrs.jpg|Phulaguri martyrs]]
| caption = The Phulaguri Dhawa memorial
| conflict = Phulaguri Dhawa
| partof =
| date = October 1861
| place = Phulaguri, [[Assam]]
| result = Uprising suppressed
| combatant1 = {{flagicon|British Empire}} [[British Raj]]
| combatant2 = Phulaguri farmers and fishermen
| commander1 = Lieutenant G B Singer Major Henry Hopkinson Major Campbell
| casualties1 = 3
| casualties2 = 54
}}
The '''Phulaguri Uprising''' (also '''Phulaguri Dhawa/Dhewa''') was an agrarian uprising in Phulaguri village in the [[Brahmaputra Valley]], in October 1861 against the new income and farm taxation policies of the [[British Raj|British Indian Empire]] following the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]]. The murders of Lieutenant G B Singer and two police constables on 18 October 1861 led to mass reprisals in which at least 54 [[Assamese people|Assamese farmers]] were killed.<ref name="rck_pu1861">{{Citation |last=Kalita |first=R C |title=The Phulaguri Uprising of 1861: A Peasant Mass Movement |date=1989 |url=http://dspace.nehu.ac.in/handle/1/9245 |pages=310–324 |publisher=North East India History Association (NEIHA) |series=NEIHA Session Proceedings (10th Session, 1989)|location=North East Hill University |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200704210113/http://dspace.nehu.ac.in/bitstream/1/9245/1/Phulaguri%20uprising%20%28R%20C%20Kalita%29.pdf |archive-date=2020-07-04}}</ref>
<ref> Benudhar Kalita. Phulagurir Dhewa. 1961. Sepoy Rebellion, 1857-1858, Deurigaon, Nagaon, Assam, India. Second edition published in 1994.</ref>
<ref>Benudhar Kalita. 2006. The Uprising of Phulaguri, translator: Nityananda Pattanayaka, Publisher: Krantikal Prakashan, Nagaon. (translation of Phulagurir Dhewa into English from Assamese) </ref>

==Background==
The [[British Raj]] was charged all of the expenses the [[East India Company]] and the [[British Crown]] supposedly bore to suppress the Indian Rebellion of 1857. The British Crown also sought to recover all of the compensation paid to the shareholders of the East India Company when it ceded all Indian territory to the crown.<ref>{{Citation|last=Robins|first=Nick|title=A Skulking Power|date=2012|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt183pcr6.16|work=The Corporation That Changed the World|pages=171–198|series=How the East India Company Shaped the Modern Multinational|publisher=Pluto Press|doi=10.2307/j.ctt183pcr6.16|jstor=j.ctt183pcr6.16|isbn=978-0-7453-3195-9|access-date=30 January 2021|archive-date=3 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210203145408/https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt183pcr6.16|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

The income and license taxes imposed on Indian citizens as a result caused hardships in the [[Brahmaputra Valley]] too, where crops, fisheries, fodder, timber and trees on which [[silkworms]] feed were all taxed. A ban in 1860 on [[poppy]] cultivation made matters worse.<ref name="ssarmatelegraph">{{cite news |last=Sarma |first=Sarat |date=19 October 2011 |title=Phulaguri martyrs fail to stir memory |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/phulaguri-martyrs-fail-to-stir-memory-handful-observe-anniversary-of-uprising/cid/338803 |work=[[Telegraph India]] |location=[[Nagaon]] |access-date=9 October 2022}}</ref> The British had earlier encouraged poppy cultivation, to help them export [[opium]] to China. After the [[Opium Wars]] ended with the [[Treaty of Tientsin]] they no longer had a market for it. The British move to taxation of [[betel leaf]] and [[areca nut]] farming was the final spark for the farmer revolt.<ref name="ptideccanherald">{{cite news |date=25 October 2011 |title=Few remember anti-British Phulaguri uprising 150 years ago. |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/200319/few-remember-anti-british-phulaguri.html |work=[[Deccan Herald]] |location=[[Guwahati]] |access-date=9 October 2022}}</ref>

==Uprising==
The situation became especially tense in [[Nagaon|Nowgong]], whose deputy commissioner at the time, Lieutenant Herbert Sconce, dealt peremptorily with mass protests outside his office. A large group of farmers had marched on 17 September 1861 to petition him for redressal of their tax grievances.<ref name="shiromani">{{cite journal |last1=Baruah |first1=Dr Shirumani |date=April 2019 |title=19th Century's Peasant Movements of Assam: Its Impact and Importance |url=https://www.thecho.in/files/19.-Dr.-Shirumani-Baruah.pdf |journal=Pratidhwani the Echo |volume=VII |issue=IV |pages=145–153 |issn=2278-5264 |access-date=9 October 2022}}</ref> He refused to meet with them, so 15-20 of them burst into his chamber, and were arrested.<ref name="rck_pu1861" />

The farmers returned on 9 October 1861 for another demonstration. Rather than meeting them, Sconce again dismissed them with vague reassurances that there were no plans to tax betel farms. Unable to make headway through discussions with the British bureaucracy, the farmers organized a meeting of their own, called ''[[raijmel]]'' (people's assembly), in which they conducted long debates culminating in a consensus on the next steps that was binding on all participants.<ref name="slbaruah1">{{cite book |last=Baruah |first=Dr Swarna Lata |author-link= |date=1985 |title=A Comprehensive History of Assam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_Ni3PAAACAAJ |location=[[New Delhi]] |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers |page=501 |isbn=978-8121500159}}</ref><ref name="rck_pu1861" />

When Sconce heard of the ''raijmel'', he sent a police force to arrest the organizing leaders. On 15 October 1861, a police force of five arrived in Phulaguri to find one thousand locals amassed in the assembly. They refused to disperse and instead forced the police to retreat.<ref name="rck_pu1861" />

Sconce ordered reinforcements to the area, and 13 additional policemen, including the Nowgong [[Daroga]], arrived in Phulaguri on 16 October 1861. Farmers were still travelling to join the ''raijmel'', and the participants swelled to three or four thousand, a few hundred being armed with lathis. Sconce sent another police party to assist the Daroga.<ref name="slbaruah1" />

On 17 October 1861, the police were unable to persuade the meeting to dissolve, despite assuring their leaders that they'd get an audience with Sconce. The daroga reported its inability to make headway, and Sconce responded by sending Lieut G B Singer, Assistant Commissioner in Nowgong, with 20 more policemen.<ref name="ssarmatelegraph" /> Singer arrived in Phulaguri on the 18th,<ref name="ptideccanherald" /> and found the meeting in progress again. He discussed the situation with their spokesman, Jati Kalita, telling him that the meeting was illegal, and the farmers could write a petition to the authorities on their issues. He asked the crowd to disarm and disperse.<ref name="rck_pu1861" />

Singer ordered the policemen to begin collecting the lathis and he attempted to snatch some from the protestors himself. In the ensuing melee, Singer tried to disarm a farmer called Mora Singh, when a fisherman, Babu Doom, struck him on the head with a lathi. Other policemen were also beaten; they fled, leaving Singer defenceless. The lieutenant was beaten again and thrown into the [[Kolong river]].<ref name="shiromani" /><ref name="rck_pu1861" />

Sconce learnt of the disaster in the evening, and fearing a full-scale assault on Nowgong, split the remaining police force in the town into two halves, one sent to Phulaguri to retrieve Singer's body and the other to protect the Nowgong treasury. On 19 October 1861, the police force that reached Phulaguri fired on the farmers when they attacked it.<ref name="rck_pu1861" />

==Battle==
Fortuitously for the British, Major Henry Hopkinson, the agent of the [[North East Frontier Agency|North East Frontier]] Governor General and Assam Commissioner, was in [[Tezpur]], on board a steamer. Learning of the uprising on 19 October, Hopkinson requisitioned the steamer and with the help of fellow-passenger Major Campbell, recruited a force from the 2nd Assam Light Infantry to leave immediately for Nowgong. Hopkinson himself sailed to [[Gauhati]], obtained reinforcements under a Captain Chambers, and reached Nowgong on 23 October 1861.<ref name="rck_pu1861" />

Meanwhile Campbell's force had already been attacked by the Phulaguri farmers. On 24th, Sconce and Campbell arrived in Phulaguri and in the ensuing battle on the banks of the Kolong, killed 39 farmers with another 15 succumbing to their injuries later. 141 farmers from Phulaguri and the neighbouring regions were imprisoned in temporary jails built out of bamboo poles.<ref name="ptideccanherald" /> The armed forces garrisoned at Phulaguri for six months and forced the residents to provide for their food and shelter.<ref name="rck_pu1861" />

==Aftermath==
Lakshman Singh Deka, Sangbar Lalung and Rangbar Deka<ref name="rck_pu1861" /> were executed in Nowgong for their alleged roles in Singer's murder.<ref name="ptideccanherald" /> Six others - Rupsing Lalung, Sibsing Lalung, Narsing Lalung, Hebera Lalung, Babu Doom Kaibarta and Banamali Kaibarta - were sentenced by the Calcutta High Court to transportation for life, two banished for 14 years and one was to undergo rigorous imprisonment for 7 years.<ref name="rck_pu1861" />

Sconce was criticized for his handling of the situation, demoted to Assistant Commissioner and transferred to [[Kamrup district]].<ref name="rck_pu1861" />

== References ==

{{reflist}}

{{British colonial campaigns}}
{{Portal bar|India}}

[[Category:British India]]
[[Category:Resistance to the British Empire]]
[[Category:1861 in British India]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1861]]
[[Category:19th-century rebellions]]
[[Category:Rebellions in India]]
[[Category:History of Assam]]
[[Category:Taxation in India]]
[[Category:Opium in India]]

Morada Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:29:41Z

CandicePrenderga: created some entry initial version

{{Short description|Constituency of the Odisha legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}

{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Morada
| state = [[Odisha]]
| constituency_no = 34
| type = SLA
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| division = Central Division
| district = [[Mayurbhanj district|Mayurbhanj]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Mayurbhanj (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mayurbhanj]]
| established = 1951
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image = Krushna Chandra Mahapatra 2024.jpg
| mla = [[Krushna Chandra Mohapatra]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| electors = 2,34,075{{efn|as on 2024}}{{efn|as data published by election commission}}
}}

'''Morada''' (Sl. No.: 34) is a [[Odisha Legislative Assembly|Vidhan Sabha]] [[List of constituencies of Odisha Vidhan Sabha|constituency]] of [[Mayurbhanj district]], [[Odisha]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=283&cid=34|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221155423/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=283&cid=34|url-status=usurped|archive-date=21 February 2014|title= Orissa Assembly Election 2009 |work=empoweringindia.org |quote= Constituency: Morada (34) District : Mayurbhanj |accessdate= 18 February 2014}}</ref>

The area of this constituency includes Morada block, Rasagobindapur block, and Suliapada block.<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Orissa/orissa.pdf Assembly Constituencies and their Extent]</ref><ref>[http://eci.nic.in/delim/paper1to7/Orissa.xls Seats of Odisha]</ref>

Constituency didn't exist in 1957 and between 1974 & 2004. It was revived in 2008 Delimitation<ref>{{Cite web |title=Delimitation 2008 |url=https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/forms/int1.pdf |website=[[Election Commission of India|ECI]]}}</ref> and went for polls in [[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009 election]].

== Elected members ==

{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|2024|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|43.33}}
{{bar percent|2019|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|38.23}}
{{bar percent|2014|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|32.03}}
{{bar percent|2009|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|28.87}}
}}

Since its formation in 1951, 8 elections have been held till date.

The list of members elected from Morada Vidhan Sabha constituency is:<ref name=prevMLAs>{{cite web|url=http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/453-501.pdf |title=Odisha Reference Annual - 2011 - List of Members of Odisha Legislative Assembly - (1951–2004) |access-date=6 October 2021 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217121136/http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/453-501.pdf |archive-date=17 December 2013 }}</ref>

{|class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Morada Assembly Election Results 2024: Morada Election Candidates List, Election Date, Vote Share - IndiaToday |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/odisha/morada-constituency-result-18034 |access-date=2025-06-19 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
|Dr. [[Krushna Chandra Mohapatra]]
|{{full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019]]<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Morada Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/morada-odisha-assembly-constituency |access-date=2025-06-19 |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref>
|[[Rajkishore Das]]
|{{full party name with color|rowspan=3|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2014]]<ref name=":1" />
| rowspan="2" |Praveen Chandra Bhanj Deo
|-
|[[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009]]<ref name=":2" />
|-
| colspan="4" |{{center|''1973-2008: Constituency didn't exist''}}
|-
|[[1971 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
|Kuanria Majhi
|{{full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
|[[1967 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| rowspan="2" |Sakila Soren
|{{full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
|[[1961 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1961]]
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| colspan="4" |{{center|''1957 : Constituency didn't exist''}}
|-
|[[1951 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1951]]
|Prasanna Kumar Dash
|{{full party name with color|Socialist Party}}
|}

== Election results ==

=== 2024 ===
Voting was held on 1 June 2024 in the 4th phase of the Odisha Assembly Election & 7th phase of the Indian General Election. The counting of votes was on 4 June 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=General Election to Legislative Assembly of Odisha 2024 |url=https://elections24.eci.gov.in/election-details-odisa.html |website=[[Election Commission of India|ECI]]}}</ref> In 2024 election, [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate Dr. [[Krushna Chandra Mohapatra]] defeated [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate Preetinanda Kanungo by a margin of 33,270 votes.<ref name=":0" />

{{Election box begin |
|title= [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024 Odisha Vidhan Sabha Election]], Morada}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Dr. [[Krushna Chandra Mohapatra]]
|votes = 77,980
|percentage = 43.33
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = Preetinanda Kanungo
|votes = 44,710
|percentage = 24.84
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Pravas Kar Mahapatra
|votes = 27,886
|percentage = 15.49
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 780
|percentage = 0.43
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 33,270
|percentage = 18.49
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,79,978
|percentage = 76.89
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link no swing|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2019 ===
In 2019 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Rajkishore Das]] defeated [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate Dr. [[Krushna Chandra Mahapatra]] by a margin of 6,704 votes.<ref name="election2019">{{cite web |title=State Election, 2019 to the Legislative Assembly of Odisha |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11679-odisha-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |url-access=limited |access-date=7 October 2021 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref><ref name=":1" />

{{Election box begin|
|title= [[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election]]: Morada}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Rajkishore Das]]
|votes = 68,551
|percentage = 38.23
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Dr. [[Krushna Chandra Mohapatra]]
|votes = 61,847
|percentage = 34.49
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Pravash Kar Mahapatra
|votes = 23,600
|percentage = 13.16
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Jharkhand Mukti Morcha
|candidate = Kalinga Keshari Jena
|votes = 11,847
|percentage = 6.61
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 1,556
|percentage = 0.87
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 6,704
|percentage = 3.74
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,79,329
|percentage = 79.85
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2014 ===
In 2014 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate Praveen Chandra Bhanjdeo defeated [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate [[Rajkishore Das]] by a margin of 6,956 votes.<ref name=":1" />

{{Election box begin |
|title= [[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election]], Morada}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = Praveen Chandra Bhanjdeo
|votes = 52,207
|percentage = 32.03
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Rajkishore Das]]
|votes = 45,251
|percentage = 27.76
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Pravash Kar Mahapatra
|votes = 24,790
|percentage = 15.21
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Jharkhand Mukti Morcha
|candidate = Manoranjan Dhal
|votes = 17,391
|percentage = 10.67
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 1,176
|percentage = 0.72
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 6,956
|percentage = 4.27
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,63,015
|percentage = 82.33
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2009 ===
In 2009 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate Praveen Chandra Bhanjdeo defeated [[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]] candidate Bimal Lochan Das by a margin of 6,201 votes.<ref name=":2">{{cite web |url=http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/431-odisha-election-result-2009-votemargin.html |title=Orissa Election Result 2009 With Vote Margin |work=leadtech.in |quote=6201 |accessdate=8 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130527163949/http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/431-odisha-election-result-2009-votemargin.html |archive-date=27 May 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

{{Election box begin|
|title= [[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election]], Morada<ref name=election2009>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3630-orissa-2009/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2009 to the Legislative Assembly of Orissa |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 6 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = Praveen Chandra Bhanjdeo
|votes = 37,609
|percentage = 28.87
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Jharkhand Mukti Morcha
|candidate = Bimal Lochan Das
|votes = 31,408
|percentage = 24.11
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Rajkishore Das]]
|votes = 26,955
|percentage = 20.69
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Jnanendra Nath Das
|votes = 20,587
|percentage = 15.80
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 6,201
|percentage = 4.6{{efn|% of total valid votes}}
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,30,306
|percentage = 76.00
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box new seat win|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mayurbhanj district}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Odisha}}
{{coord|21.85|86.99|display=title}}

[[Category:Politics of Mayurbhanj district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Odisha]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Orissa]]

Chachiot Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:20:36Z

CandicePrenderga: Creating first data v1

{{short description|Former Assembly constituency in Himachal Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
|name = Chachiot
|state = [[Himachal Pradesh]]
|constituency_no =
|type= SLA
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
|district = [[Mandi district|Mandi]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Mandi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mandi]]
|established = 1951
|abolished = 2012
|electors = 
|reservation = None
}}
'''Chachiot''' was one of the 68 constituencies in the [[Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] of [[Himachal Pradesh]] a northern state of [[India]]. It was also part of [[Mandi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mandi Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Sitting and previous MLAs from Chachiot Assembly Constituency |url=http://elections.traceall.in/vidhan-sabha-assembly-election-results/Chachiot-in-Himachal-Pradesh |work=Elections.in |access-date= November 2, 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=DELIMITATION OF PARLIAMENTARY AND ASSEMBLY CONSTITUENCIES ORDER, 2008 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |work=Election commission of India |access-date= November 2, 2017 }}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
| |[[1952 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || Krishna Chandar Piru || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1967 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || rowspan=2 | [[Karam Singh]]
|-
| [[1972 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|-
| [[1977 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]] || rowspan=2 | Moti Ram || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1982 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1982]] || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[1985 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || [[Shivlal Sharma]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1990 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1990]] || rowspan=2 | Moti Ram ||
|-
| [[1993 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1998 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1998]] || rowspan=3 | [[Jai Ram Thakur]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2003 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
|-
| [[2007 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2007 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2007 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Chachiot}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Jai Ram Thakur]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=27,102 |percentage=49.50% |change={{increase}}5.86 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Shivlal Sharma]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=23,917 |percentage=43.68% |change={{increase}}24.69 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jagdish Thakur |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=1,675 |percentage=3.06% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jagdish Reddy |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,304 |percentage=2.38% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,185 |percentage=5.82% |change= {{decrease}}9.92 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=54,755 |percentage=82.82% |change= {{increase}}0.48 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 66,110 |ref = |change= {{increase}}12.89 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}5.86 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2003 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2003 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Chachiot}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Jai Ram Thakur]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=21,040 |percentage=43.63% |change={{increase}}4.89 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Shivlal Sharma]] |party=Himachal Vikas Congress |votes=13,452 |percentage=27.90% |change={{increase}}3.77 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chet Ram |party=Indian National Congress |votes=9,158 |percentage=18.99% |change={{decrease}}5.15 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jassi Devi |party=Loktantrik Morcha Himachal Pradesh |votes=3,664 |percentage=7.60% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sant Ram |party=Communist Party of India |votes=907 |percentage=1.88% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,588 |percentage=15.74% |change= {{increase}}1.14 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=48,221 |percentage=82.49% |change= {{increase}}6.27 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 58,562 |ref = |change= {{increase}}12.53 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}4.89 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1998 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1998 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Chachiot}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Jai Ram Thakur]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=15,337 |percentage=38.74% |change={{increase}}15.64 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Moti Ram |party=Indian National Congress |votes=9,558 |percentage=24.14% |change={{decrease}}4.60 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Shivlal Sharma]] |party=Himachal Vikas Congress |votes=9,553 |percentage=24.13% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Damodar Dass Thakur |party=Independent politician |votes=3,306 |percentage=8.35% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jawahar Lal |party=Independent politician |votes=692 |percentage=1.75% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mast Ram Chauhan |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=508 |percentage=1.28% |change={{decrease}}3.66 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Het Ram |party=All India Rashtriya Janata Party |votes=338 |percentage=0.85% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Govind Ram Thakur |party=Independent politician |votes=296 |percentage=0.75% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,779 |percentage=14.60% |change= {{increase}}8.96 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=39,588 |percentage=76.46% |change= {{increase}}3.33 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 52,042 |ref = |change= {{increase}}9.43 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}10.00 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1993 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1993 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Chachiot}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Moti Ram |party=Indian National Congress |votes=9,944 |percentage=28.75% |change={{increase}}9.63 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Jai Ram Thakur]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=7,993 |percentage=23.11% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vir Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=5,592 |percentage=16.17% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Shivlal Sharma]] |party=Independent politician |votes=5,544 |percentage=16.03% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chet Ram Thakur |party=Independent politician |votes=3,406 |percentage=9.85% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bir Singh |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,711 |percentage=4.95% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Padam Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=178 |percentage=0.51% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,951 |percentage=5.64% |change= {{decrease}}12.69 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=34,592 |percentage=73.21% |change= {{increase}}2.01 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 47,556 |ref = |change= {{increase}}10.47 }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= {{decrease}}12.81 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1990 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1990 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Chachiot}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Moti Ram |party=Janata Dal |votes=12,654 |percentage=41.56% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vir Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=7,072 |percentage=23.23% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Shivlal Sharma]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=5,822 |percentage=19.12% |change={{decrease}}31.51 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bir Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=4,418 |percentage=14.51% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nok Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=272 |percentage=0.89% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,582 |percentage=18.33% |change= {{increase}}10.97 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=30,448 |percentage=71.11% |change= {{decrease}}3.87 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 43,047 |ref = |change= {{increase}}25.48 }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner= |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}9.07 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1985 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1985 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Chachiot}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Shivlal Sharma]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=12,958 |percentage=50.63% |change={{increase}}9.00 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Moti Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=11,074 |percentage=43.27% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bale Ram |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=837 |percentage=3.27% |change={{decrease}}5.25 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lachhman Das |party=Independent politician |votes=491 |percentage=1.92% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Uttam Singh |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=232 |percentage=0.91% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,884 |percentage=7.36% |change= {{increase}}5.41 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=25,592 |percentage=75.16% |change= {{decrease}}1.37 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 34,306 |ref = |change= {{increase}}5.83 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Independent politician |swing= {{increase}}7.05 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1982 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1982 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Chachiot}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Moti Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=10,733 |percentage=43.58% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Karam Singh]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=10,252 |percentage=41.63% |change={{increase}}13.22 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lal Singh |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=2,098 |percentage=8.52% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lotam Ram Chauhan |party=Independent politician |votes=936 |percentage=3.80% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jai Chand |party=Janata Party |votes=608 |percentage=2.47% |change={{decrease}}62.07 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=481 |percentage=1.95% |change= {{decrease}}34.18 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=24,627 |percentage=76.53% |change= {{increase}}17.86 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 32,416 |ref = |change= {{increase}}16.65 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}20.96 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1977 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Chachiot}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Moti Ram |party=Janata Party |votes=10,423 |percentage=64.54% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Karam Singh]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,588 |percentage=28.41% |change={{decrease}}37.25 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Khem Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=1,138 |percentage=7.05% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,835 |percentage=36.13% |change= {{decrease}}2.54 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=16,149 |percentage=58.83% |change= {{increase}}10.07 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 27,789 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}6.49 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Chachiot}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Karam Singh]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=9,374 |percentage=65.66% |change={{increase}}10.45 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Moti Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=3,853 |percentage=26.99% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jai Chand |party=Independent politician |votes=1,049 |percentage=7.35% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,521 |percentage=38.67% |change= {{increase}}28.25 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=14,276 |percentage=49.02% |change= {{decrease}}1.75 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 29,717 |ref = |change= {{increase}}0.92 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Chachiot}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Karam Singh]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=8,095 |percentage=55.21% |change={{increase}}32.47 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=6,567 |percentage=44.79% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,528 |percentage=10.42% |change= {{increase}}5.26 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=14,662 |percentage=51.64% |change= {{increase}}16.71 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 29,447 |ref = |change= {{increase}}2.99 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}32.47 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1952 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1952 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Chachiot}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Krishna Chandar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,151 |percentage=22.74% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Singh |party=Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party |votes=1,663 |percentage=17.58% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Piru |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,653 |percentage=17.48% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Minu |party=Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party |votes=1,529 |percentage=16.17% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gulab Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=973 |percentage=10.29% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dugla |party=Socialist Party |votes=883 |percentage=9.34% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Devi Rup |party=Socialist Party |votes=606 |percentage=6.41% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=488 |percentage=5.16% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=9,458 |percentage=33.08% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 28,591 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://ceohimachal.nic.in/ HP official website of the Chief Electoral Officer]

{{coord|31.55|77.01|display=title}}

{{Mandi district}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Himachal Pradesh}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Mandi district]]
[[Category:Politics of Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2012]]
[[Category:2012 disestablishments in India]]

V. T. Dehejia

2026-04-13T00:33:18Z

CandicePrenderga: New

{{Use Indian English|date=June 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = V. T. Dehejia
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office = 5th [[Chairman of State Bank of India]]
| predecessor = [[Borra Venkatappaiah]]
| successor = [[Raj Kumar Talwar]]
| spouse =
| parents =
| children =
| networth =
}}
'''V. T. Dehejia''' was an Indian career civil servant and bank executive. He is most notable for having served as the fifth [[Chairman of State Bank of India]].<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|date=February 3, 2000|title=State Bank Of India|url=https://hemindrahazari.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/SBI-BUY-3-Feb-2000.pdf|url-status=live|access-date=June 6, 2021|website=hemindrahazari.com|archive-date=14 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414044425/https://hemindrahazari.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/SBI-BUY-3-Feb-2000.pdf}}</ref><ref name="auto3">{{Cite web|last=Admin|date=2021-05-27|title="State Bank of India- Story of the Largest Bank in India"|url=https://edifying.in/state-bank-of-india-story-of-the-largest-bank-in-india/|access-date=2021-06-06|website=edifying-worth to know about {{!}} A Complete Guide to increase your awareness {{!}} News Articles &more {{!}}{{!}}|language=en-US|archive-date=3 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210603085116/https://edifying.in/state-bank-of-india-story-of-the-largest-bank-in-india/|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Career ==

=== Early career ===

Dehejia was one of the early recipients of the ''Jamsetjee Nusserwanjee Tata Scholarship'' established in 1892.<ref name="auto2">{{Cite web|url=https://magazine.xpert.tv/education-grants-by-tata-trusts/|title=Education Grants By Tata Trusts|date=7 May 2020|access-date=13 June 2021|archive-date=3 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210603064834/https://magazine.xpert.tv/education-grants-by-tata-trusts/|url-status=live}}</ref> He was known for being an outstanding scholar in his school days and achieved many laurels.<ref name="auto2"/>

=== Civil Service ===

Dehejia joined the [[Imperial Civil Service]] before India's independence in 1947.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://ahmednagar.nic.in/history-of-collectors/|title=History of Collectors | Ahmednagar | India|access-date=13 June 2021|archive-date=2 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602215437/https://ahmednagar.nic.in/history-of-collectors/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Dehejia was the district collector of [[Ahmednagar district]] in Maharashtra from 27 April 1935 to 7 December 1935.<ref name="auto"/>

Dehejia has also served in the post of secretary to the [[Ministry of Finance (India)]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=1975-02-27|title=UNION OF INDIA & ORS. vs SETH R. DALMIA|url=https://api.sci.gov.in/jonew/judis/6038.pdf|website=SUPREME COURT OF INDIA|access-date=13 June 2021|archive-date=2 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602212652/https://main.sci.gov.in/jonew/judis/6038.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=30 July 1962|title=Minutes of Evidence given before the Select Committee on the Customs Bill, 1962|url=https://taxindiaonline.com/RC2/pdfdocs/wnew/evidence%20A.pdf|access-date=13 June 2021|archive-date=2 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602213218/https://taxindiaonline.com/RC2/pdfdocs/wnew/evidence%20A.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Banking career ===

Dehejia served as the fifth [[Chairman of State Bank of India]] from March 1965 until February 1969.<ref name="auto1"/><ref name="auto3"/>

After his retirement in 1990, he was succeeded by [[Raj Kumar Talwar]] as the [[Chairman of State Bank of India]].<ref name="auto1"/><ref name="auto3"/> [[Raj Kumar Talwar]] went on to have one of the longest tenures of any [[Chairman of State Bank of India|Chairman of the State Bank of India]]<ref name="auto1"/><ref name="auto3"/>

During his tenure, The National Credit Council (NCC) was established in October 1968, to estimate the credit requirements in Indian trade and industry. The committee came to be known as the ''Dehejia Committee'' and made several important recommendations on working capital estimation.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.accountingnotes.net/working-capital/top-5-committees-to-control-the-regulation-of-bank-finance/7174|title=Top 5 Committees to Control the Regulation of Bank Finance|date=18 June 2016|access-date=13 June 2021|archive-date=12 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220212161429/https://www.accountingnotes.net/working-capital/top-5-committees-to-control-the-regulation-of-bank-finance/7174|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Legacy ==

V. T. Dehejia is notable for being one of the last members of the [[Imperial Civil Service]] to serve as [[Chairman of State Bank of India]]. After him, all the future [[Chairman of State Bank of India|Chairmen of State Bank of India]] were either career bankers or were sourced from the [[Indian Administrative Service]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2017/state-editions/forgotten-talwar-was-a-sabre-that-could-slay-any-sate-enemy.html|title=Forgotten Talwar was a sabre that could slay any sate enemy|first=The|last=Pioneer|website=The Pioneer|access-date=13 June 2021|archive-date=2 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602215240/https://www.dailypioneer.com/2017/state-editions/forgotten-talwar-was-a-sabre-that-could-slay-any-sate-enemy.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.epw.in/journal/2002/19/commentary/obituary-raj-kumar-talwar.html|title=Obituary : Raj Kumar Talwar|date=5 June 2015|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|pages=7–8|via=www.epw.in|access-date=13 June 2021|archive-date=2 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602221706/https://www.epw.in/journal/2002/19/commentary/obituary-raj-kumar-talwar.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://hemindrahazari.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/SBI-BUY-3-Feb-2000.pdf SBI chairmen]
* [https://edifying.in/state-bank-of-india-story-of-the-largest-bank-in-india/ SBI history] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210603085116/https://edifying.in/state-bank-of-india-story-of-the-largest-bank-in-india/ |date=3 June 2021 }}
* [https://rbidocs.rbi.org.in/rdocs/content/PDFs/90087.pdf Biography at the Reserve Bank of India]
* [https://www.rbi.org.in/scripts/chro_1968.aspx Dehejia Committee]

{{SBI}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:V. T. Dehejia}}
[[Category:Indian civil servants]]
[[Category:Indian bankers]]
[[Category:Central bankers]]
[[Category:State Bank of India]]
[[Category:Reserve Bank of India]]
[[Category:Chairmen of the State Bank of India]]
[[Category:Indian corporate directors]]

Rani Srikumar

2026-04-11T21:03:31Z

CandicePrenderga: added initial biography initial version

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Rani Srikumar
| image =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Sankarankovil]], [[Tenkasi district]], [[Tamilnadu]]
| office = [[Member of Parliament]], [[Lok Sabha]]
| term_start = 4 June 2024
| constituency = [[Tenkasi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tenkasi]]
| predecessor = [[Dhanush M. Kumar]]
| party = [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| spouse = Srikumar
| children = 1
| occupation = [[Politician]], [[Doctor (title)|Doctor]], [[Anesthesiologist]]
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| source =
}}
'''Rani Srikumar''' is an Indian politician and doctor. She was elected to the [[Lok Sabha]], [[lower house]] of the [[Parliament of India]] from [[Tenkasi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tenkasi]], [[Tamil Nadu]] in the [[2024 Indian general election]] as member of the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]].<ref name="f653">{{cite web | title=Tenkasi Election Result 2024 Live Updates: DMK's Rani Sri Kumar Has Won This Lok Sabha Seat, Elections Latest News | website=TheQuint | date=4 June 2024 | url=https://www.thequint.com/news/tenkasi-election-result-2024-live-updates-counting-of-votes-tamil-nadu-lok-sabha-seat-latest-news | access-date=5 June 2024}}</ref><ref name="j086">{{cite web | author=The Hindu Bureau | title=DMK fields anaesthetist for Tenkasi constituency | website=The Hindu | date=20 March 2024 | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/dmk-fields-anaesthetist-for-tenkasi-constituency/article67972504.ece | access-date=5 June 2024}}</ref><ref name="j144">{{cite web | last=Sharma | first=Niral Ramesh | title=TN Election Results 2024: Full list of winners in Tamil Nadu Lok Sabha polls | website=mint | date=4 June 2024 | url=https://www.livemint.com/elections/tamil-nadu-election-results-2024-tn-lok-sabha-polls-dmk-aiadmk-bjp-coimbatore-thoothukkudi-annamalai-maran-a-raja-11717429520890.html | access-date=5 June 2024}}</ref><ref name="Doctors {{!}} Healthy corps">{{cite news|last1=India Today|title=Doctors {{!}} Healthy corps|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/18th-lok-sabha-the-debutants/story/20240722-doctors-healthy-corps-2565856-2024-07-13|accessdate=9 November 2024|date=13 July 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241109153202/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/18th-lok-sabha-the-debutants/story/20240722-doctors-healthy-corps-2565856-2024-07-13|archivedate=9 November 2024|language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Srikumar, Rani}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:India MPs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Women members of the Lok Sabha]]
[[Category:Women in Tamil Nadu politics]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance candidates in 2024 Indian general election]]

Services Preparatory Institute

2026-03-23T20:36:23Z

CandicePrenderga: refine details also and cleaned formatting for accuracy

{{Use Indian English|date=November 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox school
| name = Services Preparatory Institute (SPI)
| native_name = {{Lang|mr|सैनिकी सेवापूर्व शिक्षण संस्था}}
| motto = {{Langx|mr|दृढ़ प्रयत्नेन सिद्ध्यते}}
| motto_translation = Hard Work Pays
| address = Sector N-12, CIDCO
| city = [[Chhatrapati Sambhajinagar]]
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| postal_code = 431003
| country = India
| coordinates = {{Coord|19.9065|75.3495|display=inline,title}}
| type = [[State school|Public]] [[military school]]
| established = {{Start date|1977}}
| director = Col. Makarand Deshmukh
| grades = Classes 11 and 12
| enrolment = 60
| gender = Boys
| colours = Blue and grey
| campus_size = {{Convert|10|acre|ha|0|disp=flip}}
| website = {{URL|https://www.spiaurangabad.com}} {{URL|https://girlspinashik.co.in}}
}}

[[File:Service_Preparatory_Institute.jpg | thumb | right | Logo of Services Preparatory Institute]]
'''Services Preparatory Institute (SPI)''' ({{Langx|mr|सैनिकी सेवापूर्व शिक्षण संस्था}}) is a state-run institution in [[Chhatrapati Sambhajinagar]], [[Maharashtra]] that prepares youth for the officer cadre of the [[Indian Armed Forces]]. The institute has consistently performed well in the [[National Defence Academy (India)|National Defence Academy]] (NDA) and [[Indian Naval Academy]] (INA) entrance examinations.<ref name=toi1>Atul Bamne (3 January 2016). [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/aurangabad/spi-cadets-continue-to-rule-defence-cradle-entrance-exams/articleshow/50424782.cms SPI cadets continue to rule defence cradle entrance exams]. ''The Times of India''. Accessed January 2016.</ref>

== History ==
After the establishment of the NDA at Khadakwasla, [[Pune]] in 1954, it was observed that although the academy was located in Maharashtra, few candidates from the state were being admitted. The [[Government of Maharashtra]] therefore formed a committee under the chairmanship of Lt. Gen. [[S. P. P. Thorat]] (Retd.), Kirti Chakra, Padma Shri, DSO, to study the issue and recommend solutions. Based on the committee's recommendations, the Services Preparatory Institute (SPI) was established in [[Chhatrapati Sambhajinagar]] in 1977 with the aim of preparing boys academically, mentally, and physically for entry into the NDA and other defence academies.<ref name=nt2>Atul Bamne (5 November 2016). [https://www.nagpurtoday.in/free-guidance-seminar-for-10th-students-for-joining-government-of-maharashtras-defence-preparatory-institute/11051557 Free guidance seminar for 10th students for joining Government of Maharashtra's Defence Preparatory Institute]. ''Nagpur Today''. Accessed November 2016.</ref>

== Objectives and Training ==
SPI serves as a feeder institution for the NDA, the 10+2 Technical Entry Scheme (B.Tech.), and the INA (B.Tech.). The institute emphasizes comprehensive education and personality development. It provides coaching for the [[Union Public Service Commission]] (UPSC) NDA written examination, and its training curriculum also prepares students for [[Services Selection Board|SSB]] interviews.<ref name=nt2 />

== Achievements ==
=== Services Preparatory Institute ===
In 2017, SPI received 9,017 applications for 60 seats.<ref name=toi3>Prasad Joshi (28 April 2017). [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/aurangabad/services-institute-gets-9017-applications-for-60-seats/articleshow/58406080.cms Services institute gets 9,017 applications for 60 seats]. ''The Times of India''. Accessed January 2018.</ref> In 2019, 13 cadets were selected to the NDA and INA.<ref name=toi4>Atul Bamne (8 November 2019). [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/aurangabad/13-spi-cadets-selected-for-natl-defence-and-naval-academies/articleshow/71960642.cms 13 SPI cadets selected for National Defence and Naval Academies]. ''The Times of India''. Accessed January 2020.</ref> In 2020, there were over 13,000 applicants for 60 seats, and 22 cadets were selected to the [[Indian Armed Forces]].<ref name=toi5>Atul Bamne (12 March 2020). [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/aurangabad/over-13000-applicants-in-race-for-60-seats-at-spi/articleshow/74584231.cms Over 13,000 applicants in race for 60 seats at SPI]. ''The Times of India''. Accessed March 2020.</ref><ref name=toi6>Atul Bamne (17 September 2020). [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/aurangabad/22-cadets-from-spi-in-aurangabad-make-it-to-indian-armed-forces/articleshow/78154706.cms 22 cadets from SPI in Aurangabad make it to Indian Armed Forces]. ''The Times of India''. Accessed September 2020.</ref>
In 2021, SPI received 5,779 applications, and 11 cadets were selected to the NDA and INA.<ref name=toi7>Atul Bamne (11 February 2021). [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/aurangabad/spi-gets-5779-applications-for-60-seats/articleshow/80791708.cms SPI gets 5,779 applications for 60 seats]. ''The Times of India''. Accessed February 2021.</ref><ref name=toi8>Atul Bamne (15 July 2021). [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/aurangabad/11-spi-cadets-make-it-to-nda-ina/articleshow/84418005.cms 11 SPI cadets make it to NDA, INA]. ''The Times of India''. Accessed July 2021.</ref> In 2023, 44 cadets cleared the UPSC–NDA examination.<ref name=toi9>Atul Bamne (9 October 2023). [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/aurangabad/44-cadets-of-spi-crack-upsc-exam/articleshow/104272170.cms 44 cadets of SPI crack UPSC exam]. ''The Times of India''. Accessed October 2023.</ref> A total of 22 students were selected for the 156th NDA batch from SPI and GSPI.<ref name=lt13>Atul Bamne (12 February 2026). [https://www.lokmattimes.com/aurangabad/chhatrapati-sambhajinagars-spi-students-shine-in-nda-exam/ Chhatrapati Sambhajinagars SPI students shine in NDA exam]. ''Lokmat Times''. Accessed February 2026.</ref>

=== Girls Services Preparatory Institute ===
From 2023, a separate SPI for girls, known as the '''Girls Services Preparatory Institute (GSPI)''', was established in [[Nashik]] by the Government of Maharashtra.<ref name=ie10>Atul Bamne (13 March 2023). [https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/states-first-institute-to-train-girls-for-defence-service-exam-to-begin-session-this-june-8492922/ State's first institute to train girls for defence service exam to begin session this June]. ''The Indian Express''. Accessed December 2024.</ref> Three girls from the first course cleared the UPSC–NDA written exam, and in 2025, two girl cadets from the SPI made it to the NDA.<ref name=toi11>Atul Bamne (13 April 2025). [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/2-girl-cadets-from-states-preparatory-institute-make-it-to-nda/articleshow/120240543.cms 2 girl cadets from state's preparatory institute make it to NDA]. ''The Times of India''. Accessed November 2025.</ref>

== Administration ==
Since 9 October 2025, Col. Makarand Deshmukh serves as the Director of SPI.<ref name=lt12>Atul Bamne (14 October 2025). [https://www.lokmattimes.com/aurangabad/60-students-of-spi-qualify-upsc-nda-exam/ Col Makarand Deshmukh joins as Director]. ''Lokmat Times''. Accessed November 2025.</ref>

== External links ==
* [https://www.spiaurangabad.com Services Preparatory Institute – Chhatrapati Sambhajinagar]
* [https://girlspinashik.co.in Girls Services Preparatory Institute – Nashik]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Military schools in India]]
[[Category:Schools in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1977]]
[[Category:1977 establishments in Maharashtra]]

Bharat Ratna Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam Government Arts and Science College

2026-03-23T17:50:38Z

CandicePrenderga: Created redirect page

#REDIRECT [[List of things named after A. P. J. Abdul Kalam#Colleges]]

{{Rcat shell|
{{R to related topic}}
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Mumbai Metro

2026-03-22T15:31:28Z

CandicePrenderga: Minor edits and structural improvements

{{Short description|Rapid transit system in Mumbai, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox Public transit
| box_width = 25em
| name = Mumbai Metro
| image = Mmmocl-logo.svg
| imagesize = 150px
| image2 = Mumbai Metro at Gundavali Station.jpg
| imagesize2 = 300px
| caption2 = Mumbai Metro at Gundavali Station
| owner = {{ubl|
*[[Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority]]
*Mumbai Metro One Pvt Ltd
*Mumbai Metro Rail Corporation Ltd}}
| area served = [[Mumbai Metropolitan Region]]
| locale = [[Mumbai]]
| transit_type = [[Train]]
| began_operation = {{start date and age|2014|6|8|df=yes}}
| operator = {{ubl|
*Mumbai Metro One Pvt Ltd (Blue line)
*Mumbai Metro Rail Corporation Ltd (Aqua line)
*Maha Mumbai Metro Operation Corporation Ltd (others)}}
| chief_executive = S.V.R Srinivas, CMD & Metropolitan Commissioner
| headquarters = NaMMTRI Building, Plot No. R-13, E-Block, [[Bandra Kurla Complex]], [[Bandra]] (E), [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]] 400051.
| lines = {{ubl|
*Operational: 4
*Under-construction: 8
*Approved: 3}}
| line_number = '''Operational'''{{ubl|
*{{rcb|Mumbai Metro|1|route}}
*{{rcb|Mumbai Metro|2A|route}}
*{{rcb|Mumbai Metro|3|route}}
*{{rcb|Mumbai Metro|7|route}}}}
'''Under Construction'''{{ubl|
*{{rcb|Mumbai Metro|2B|route}}
*{{rcb|Mumbai Metro|4|route}}
*{{rcb|Mumbai Metro|5|route}}
*{{rcb|Mumbai Metro|6|route}}
*{{rcb|Mumbai Metro|9|route}}
*{{rcb|Mumbai Metro|10|route}}
*{{rcb|Mumbai Metro|11|route}}
*{{rcb|Mumbai Metro|12|route}}}}
'''Approved & Proposed'''{{ubl|
*{{rcb|Mumbai Metro|8|route}}
*{{rcb|Mumbai Metro|13|route}}
*{{rcb|Mumbai Metro|14|route}}}}
| character = {{bulleted list|Elevated (Blue, Yellow, Red lines)|Underground and At-Grade (Aqua line)}}
| annual_ridership = 27.3 [[crore]] (273 million, 2024-25)
| ridership = 7.47 [[lakh]] (0.74 million, 2024-25)
| website = {{bulleted list|{{URL|https://www.mmmocl.co.in/|MMMOCL}}|{{URL|https://mmrda.maharashtra.gov.in/mumbai-metro-rail-project|MMRDA}}}}
| train_length = {{bulleted list|4 (Blue line)|6 (Yellow, Red lines)|8 (Aqua line)}}
| headway = {{bulleted list|4 minutes (peak hours)|8 minutes (off-peak hours)}}
| system_length = {{cvt|80.03|km|mi}} (Operational) {{cvt|132.45|km|mi}} (Under Construction) {{cvt|138.92|km|mi}} (Approved & Proposed)
| track_gauge = {{track gauge|sg|allk=on}}
| el = {{25 kV 50 Hz}} [[Overhead line]]<ref name="PoweringUp">{{cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Mumbai/Overhead-Metro-wires-to-be-charged/Article1-1018028.aspx |title=Overhead Metro wires to be charged |newspaper=Hindustan Times |date=27 February 2014 |access-date=5 March 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131223143403/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Mumbai/Overhead-Metro-wires-to-be-charged/Article1-1018028.aspx |archive-date=23 December 2013 }}</ref>
| average_speed =
| top_speed = {{cvt|80|km/h}}<ref>{{cite web | title=Mumbai metro lines 7, 2A get CCRS certification for full-speed operations | url=https://www.business-standard.com/india-news/mumbai-metro-lines-7-2a-get-ccrs-certification-for-full-speed-operations-125011100420_1.html }}</ref>
| map = {{switcher
|{{Rapid transit OSM map|system_qid=Q646414|single_line=y|stations_qid=Q646414|zoom=11|frame-width=270|frame-align=center|frame-height=640}}
|Show interactive map
|[[File:Mumbai Metro Schematic Map.svg|Mumbai Metro and Monorail Map|300px]]
|Show static map
|{{Mumbai Metro}}
|Show route diagram map
}}
| stations = [[List of Mumbai Metro stations#Metro stations|68]]
}}

The '''Mumbai Metro''' is a [[rapid transit|rapid transit train]] system serving the city of [[Mumbai]] and the wider [[Mumbai Metropolitan Region]] in [[Maharashtra]], [[India]].

While the [[Maharashtra Metro Rail Corporation Limited]] is responsible for all metro rail projects being developed in Maharashtra, except for those in the Mumbai Metropolitan Area, the [[Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority]] is the authority responsible for maintaining the metro system in the Greater Mumbai area.

The rapid transit metro system is designed to reduce traffic congestion in the city and supplement the overcrowded [[Mumbai Suburban Railway]] network. It is being built in three phases, over 15 years, with overall completion, expected in October 2026. The Mumbai Metro is the [[Urban rail transit in India#List of systems|third longest operational metro network in India]] with an operational length of {{cvt|80.43|km|mi}} as of October 2025. When completed, the core system will comprise sixteen high-capacity [[metro railway]] lines, spanning a total of more than {{convert|523|km|mi|1}} (25% underground, the rest elevated, with a minuscule portion built at-grade) and serviced by 350 stations.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-11 |title=Mumbai Metro: Route, Map, Metro Lines, Stations List and Latest Updates - Infra Info Hub |url=https://infrainfohub.com/mumbai-metro/ |access-date=2024-11-12 |language=en-US}}</ref>

[[Blue Line (Mumbai Metro)|Blue Line 1]] of the Mumbai Metro is operated by Mumbai Metro One Private Limited (MMOPL), a joint venture between [[Reliance Infrastructure]] (74%), the [[Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority]] (26%) and formerly by [[RATP Dev Transdev Asia]] (5%).<ref name=ratp>{{cite web|url=https://www.reliancemumbaimetro.com/web/reliance-mumbai-metro/overview|title=Mumbai Metro One Pvt. Ltd. (MMOPL)|publisher=MMOPL|access-date=4 March 2020|archive-date=21 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421053252/https://www.reliancemumbaimetro.com/web/reliance-mumbai-metro/overview|url-status=dead}}</ref> While lines [[Yellow Line (Mumbai Metro)|2]], [[Green Line (Mumbai Metro)|4]], [[Orange Line (Mumbai Metro)|5]], [[Pink Line (Mumbai Metro)|6]], [[Red Line (Mumbai Metro)|7]] and their extensions will be built by the [[Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority]] (MMRDA) and operated by the Maha Mumbai Metro Operations Corporation Limited (MMMOCL), the completely underground [[Aqua Line (Mumbai Metro)|Aqua Line 3]] and [[Green Line (Mumbai Metro)|Green Line 11]] will be built by Mumbai Metro Railway Corporation Ltd (MMRC).

In June 2006, [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Manmohan Singh]] laid the foundation stone for the first phase of the Mumbai Metro project, although construction work began in February 2008.<ref name="BS">{{cite news|url= http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/mumbai-monorail-to-be-ready-by-dec-metro-by-march/174429/on|title=Mumbai monorail to be ready by Dec, Metro by March|work=[[Business Standard]]|date=12 June 2012|access-date=7 July 2013}}</ref><ref name="DNA-I2013">{{cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report_mumbais-first-metro-may-chug-in-march-2013_1685026|title=Mumbai's first metro may chug in 2013|date=6 May 2012|newspaper=DNA India|access-date=8 May 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/metro-monorail-projects-could-miss-deadline/831682/|title=Metro, Monorail projects could miss deadline|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|date=14 August 2011|access-date=21 September 2011}}</ref> A successful trial run was conducted in May 2013,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/drJn4FpNSSy2mGpbR4B91K/Mumbai-The-connected-city.html|title=Mumbai: The connected city|publisher=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]|date=20 June 2013|access-date=7 July 2013}}</ref><ref name="VersGhatTrial">{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-05-01/mumbai/38957142_1_versova-ghatkopar-mumbai-metro-metropolitan-region-development-authority |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130629124140/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-05-01/mumbai/38957142_1_versova-ghatkopar-mumbai-metro-metropolitan-region-development-authority|url-status=dead |archive-date=29 June 2013|title=Mumbai Metro trial run successful|date=1 May 2013|newspaper=[[Times of India]] |access-date=5 June 2013}}</ref><ref name="TrialRunNDTV2013">{{cite news|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/cities/mumbai-metro-trial-run-with-train-draped-in-flowers-361185|title=Mumbai Metro: trial run with train draped in flowers|newspaper=NDTV|date=1 May 2013 |access-date=5 June 2013}}</ref> and the system's [[Blue Line (Mumbai Metro)|first line]] commenced operations on 8 June 2014. Many metro projects were delayed because of late environmental clearances, land acquisition troubles, and protests.

After nearly eight years, two new metro corridors, 2A and 7, were inaugurated on 2 April 2022, and are now operational. On 5 October 2024, the {{Convert|12|km|abbr=on}} underground BKC to Aarey Jogeshwari-Vikhroli Link Road section of the [[Aqua Line (Mumbai Metro)|Aqua Line 3]] was inaugurated. On 9 October 2025, Aqua Line further extension till Cuffe Parade was inaugurated and is now fully operational. Additionally, there are 8 other metro lines currently under construction in the city.

==History==
Being the capital of [[Maharashtra]], Mumbai is among the [[List of urban areas by population|largest cities in the world]], with a total [[metropolitan area]] population of over 2 [[crore]] (20 million) as of 2011,<ref>[http://esa.un.org/unup/p2k0data.asp United Nations Population Division - City Population] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070310025702/http://esa.un.org/unup/p2k0data.asp |date=10 March 2007 }}. Retrieved 5 October 2011.</ref> and a population growth rate of around 2% per annum.<ref>[http://esa.un.org/unup/p2k0data.asp Average Annual Rate of Change] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070310025702/http://esa.un.org/unup/p2k0data.asp |date=10 March 2007 }}. United Nations Population Division. Retrieved 5 October 2011.</ref> Mumbai has the advantage of a high [[modal share]] of the public (88%) in favour of a public mass transport system.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 June 2009 |title=Businessworld - 7 Questions You Wanted to Ask |url=http://www.businessworld.in/index.php/7-Questions-You-Wanted-to-Ask.html |access-date=8 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090625151715/http://www.businessworld.in/index.php/7-Questions-You-Wanted-to-Ask.html |archive-date=25 June 2009 }}</ref> The existing [[Mumbai Suburban Railway]] carries over 70 [[lakh]] (7 million) passengers per day,<ref>[http://www.wr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1,283 Mumbai Suburban Railway Network]. Western Railway – Indian Railways. Updated 9 April 2012. Retrieved 26 April 2012.</ref> and is supplemented by the [[Brihanmumbai Electric Supply and Transport]] (BEST) bus system, which provides feeder services to station-going passengers to allow them to complete their journeys. Until 1980s, transport in Mumbai was not a big problem. The discontinuation of trams resulted in a direct increase of passenger pressure on the suburban railway network. By 2010, the population of Mumbai doubled. However, due to the city's geographical constraints and rapid population growth, road and rail infrastructure development has not been able to keep pace with the growing demand over the last 4-5 decades.<ref name = "mmrda1">{{cite web|url=http://202.54.119.40/projects_metro_rail.htm |title=Mmrda – Projects – Mumbai Metro Rail Project |publisher=Mmrdamumbai.org|access-date=12 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120319164955/http://202.54.119.40/projects_metro_rail.htm|url-status=dead |archive-date=19 March 2012}}</ref> Moreover, the Mumbai Suburban Railway, though extensive, is not built to rapid transit specifications. The main objective of the Mumbai Metro is to provide mass rapid transit services to people within an approach distance of between {{Convert|1 and 2|km}}, and to serve the areas not connected by the existing Suburban Rail network.
The master plan unveiled by the MMRDA in 2004 encompassed a total of {{convert|146.5|km|mi|2}} of track, of which {{convert|32|km|mi|2}} would be underground.<ref name = "economictimes1">{{cite news |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/news-by-industry/transportation/railways/metro-rail-i-to-be-operational-in-mumbai-in-2012/articleshow/9873315.cms |title=Metro Rail-I to be operational in Mumbai in 2012 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |date=5 September 2011 |access-date=24 October 2011 |archive-date=20 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020042022/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/news-by-industry/transportation/railways/metro-rail-i-to-be-operational-in-mumbai-in-2012/articleshow/9873315.cms |url-status=dead }}</ref> The Mumbai Metro was proposed to be built in three phases, at an estimated cost of {{INR}}19,525 crore.<ref name = "mmrda1"/> In September 2009, the proposed [[Hutatma Chowk]] – [[Ghatkopar]] was reduced to a line between Hutatma Chowk and [[Carnac Bunder metro station|Carnac Bunder]].

In 2011, the MMRDA unveiled plans for an extended [[Line 3 (Mumbai Metro)|Colaba-Bandra-SEEPZ]] metro line. According to its earlier plans, a {{Cvt|20|km|2}} [[Colaba]]-to-[[Bandra]] metro line was to be constructed, running underground for {{convert|10|km|mi|2}} from Colaba to [[Mahalaxmi, Mumbai|Mahalaxmi]], and then on an elevated track from Mahalaxmi to Bandra. However, the MMRDA decided to increase the ridership on the line by running it out past Bandra to [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport]]. The {{convert|33.5|km|mi|2|adj=on}} [[Line 3 (Mumbai Metro)|Colaba-Bandra-SEEPZ line]] will be built at a cost of {{INRConvert|21000|c}},<ref name=CSIAtalks>[http://www.indianexpress.com/news/development-body-in-talks-with-csia/899608/1 "Development body in talks with CSIA"]. ''The Indian Express''. 14 January 2012. Retrieved 16 January 2012.</ref> and will be the city's first underground metro line. It will have 27 stations.<ref>[http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report_views-on-colaba-seepz-underground-metro-sought_1625495 "Views on Colaba-Seepz underground metro sought"]. DNA India. 14 December 2011. Retrieved 30 December 2011.</ref>[[File:Mumbai_Line_1_metro_rake.jpg|thumb|278x278px|[[CRRC Nanjing Puzhen|CRRC Puzhen]] trainset on [[Line 1 (Mumbai Metro)|Line 1]] approaching [[Andheri metro station|Andheri station]] in 2019]] On 27 February 2012, the [[Government of India|Union Government]] gave in-principle approval to the plan for Line 3. Money for the project is being borrowed from [[Japanese International Cooperation Agency]] (50%), the state government (16%), the central government (14%), and others.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Centre-paves-way-for-3rd-Metro-line/articleshow/12062872.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202094859/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-02-28/mumbai/31107110_1_colaba-bandra-underground-line-mmrda |url-status=live |archive-date=2 February 2014 |title=Centre paves way for 3rd Metro line |date=28 February 2012|work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=28 March 2012}}</ref> In April 2012, the MMRDA announced plans to grant the Mumbai Metro Rail Company increased management autonomy, in an effort to enhance the project's operational efficiency.<ref>[http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report_mumbai-metro-likely-to-get-autonomy-status-mmrda_1681205 "Mumbai Metro likely to get autonomy status: MMRDA"]. DNA India. 27 April 2012. Retrieved 3 May 2012.</ref> In July 2012, the MMRDA announced plans to add more metro lines to its existing plan, including a line parallel to the [[Western Express Highway]] from [[Bandra]] to [[Dahisar]]. This line is expected to reduce the passenger load on the [[Western line (Mumbai Suburban Railway)|Western Line]] and vehicle traffic on the highway. Another proposed route, the {{convert|30|km|mi|2|adj=on}}, 28-station [[Wadala]]–[[Kasarvadavali]] line, received in-principle approval from the state government in 2013.<ref>[http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Mumbai/Soon-take-a-metro-from-south-Mumbai-to-Thane/Article1-1048837.aspx "Soon, take a metro from south Mumbai to Thane"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130430164802/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Mumbai/Soon-take-a-metro-from-south-Mumbai-to-Thane/Article1-1048837.aspx |date=30 April 2013 }}. ''Hindustan Times''. 23 April 2013. Retrieved 5 June 2013.</ref> The MMRDA also intends to convert the proposed [[Mumbai Monorail|Lokhandwala–SEEPZ–Kanjurmarg monorail route]] into a metro line.<ref>[http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report_mmrda-to-add-more-lines-to-mumbai-metro-railway-project_1712139 "MMRDA to add more lines to Mumbai Metro railway project"]. DNA India. 8 July 2012. Retrieved 27 July 2012.</ref> The Mumbai Metro master plan was revised by the MMRDA in 2012, increasing the total length of the proposed network to {{Cvt|160.90|km}}.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/logistics/Third-phase-of-metro-rail-inaugurated/article20852374.ece|title=Third phase of metro rail inaugurated|website=@businessline|date=26 August 2014 }}</ref> In June 2015, two new lines were proposed. A line from [[Andheri|Andheri West]] to Dahisar West, and a line from BKC to [[Mankhurd]].<ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/over-130-km-of-metro-lines-to-criss-cross-city-by-2020/|title=Over 130 km of Metro lines to criss-cross city by 2020|date=16 June 2015}}</ref> The following table shows the updated master plan unveiled by the MMRDA:
{| class="wikitable" style="margin-right: 5px; float: left;"
|+ Original Mumbai Metro master plan<ref name = "mmrda1"/>
! Phase !! Line !! Name of the corridor !! Length (km)
|-
| rowspan="3" | Phase I (2006–2011) || [[Blue Line (Mumbai Metro)|1]] || [[Blue Line (Mumbai Metro)|Versova – Andheri – Ghatkopar]] || 11.07
|-
| 2 || [[Yellow Line (Mumbai Metro)|Bandra – Kurla – Mankhurd]] || 13.37
|-
| 3 || [[Aqua Line (Mumbai Metro)|Colaba – Bandra – Charkop]] || 38.24
|-
| rowspan="2" | Phase II (2011–2016) || 4 || [[Yellow Line (Mumbai Metro)|Charkop – Dahisar]] || 7.5
|-
| 5 || [[Green Line (Mumbai Metro)|Ghatkopar – Mulund]] || 12.4
|-
| rowspan="4" | Phase III (2016–2021) || 6 || [[Pink Line (Mumbai Metro)|BKC – Kanjur Marg via Airport]] || 19.5
|-
| [[Red Line (Mumbai Metro)|7]] || [[Red Line (Mumbai Metro)|Andheri (East) – Dahisar (East)]] || 16.5
|-
| 8 || Hutatma Chowk – Ghatkopar || 21.8
|-
| 9 || Sewri – Prabhadevi || 3.5
|}

[[File:Azad Nagar Station.jpg|thumb|280x280px|A metro station under construction in [[Andheri]] in March 2012]]
[[File:SVR Srinivas, IAS, CMD-MMMOCL while announcing trip based passes on Mumbai 1 card.jpg|thumb|Metro passes were included with the Mumbai 1 card introduced in 2021<ref>{{Cite web |last=Livemint |date=8 July 2021 |title=Mumbai: One Mumbai Metro Card launched for more convenience to commuters |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/mumbai-one-mumbai-metro-card-launched-for-more-convivence-to-commuters-11625742768319.html |access-date=26 February 2024 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref>]]
On 18 February 2013, the MMRDA signed a [[memorandum of understanding]] with [[Transport for London]], the [[transit authority]] in [[Greater London]]. The arrangement will facilitate the exchange of information, personnel and technology in the transportation sector.<ref>[http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/industry-and-economy/logistics/mumbai-transport-body-london-counterpart-ink-mou/article4428664.ece "Mumbai transport body, London counterpart ink MoU"]. Business Line. 2 March 2013. Retrieved 5 June 2013.</ref><ref>[http://www.indianexpress.com/news/mmrda-inks-pact-with-uk-transport-authority/1076275/ "MMRDA inks pact with UK transport authority"]. ''Indian Express''. 19 February 2013. Retrieved 5 June 2013.</ref><ref>[http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/mmrda-transport-for-london-ink-mou-for-under-ground-metro-in-mumbai-113021800620_1.html "MMRDA, Transport for London ink MoU for under ground metro in Mumbai"]. ''Business Standard''. 18 February 2013. Retrieved 5 June 2013.</ref><ref>[http://www.deccanherald.com/content/313125/mumbai-metro-run-150-km.html Mumbai metro to run 150 km] ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' 18 February 2013</ref>

The revised Mumbai Metro master plan had proposed a line along the [[Thane]]-Teen Haath Naka-Kapurbavadi-Ghodbunder Road route. The feasibility report concluded that the line was not feasible as most residents of Thane and its neighbouring areas travelled to Mumbai for work daily. On 14 June 2014, Chavan announced that the MMRDA was instead examining a proposal for a metro line along the new proposed route of Wadala-Ghatkopar-Teen Haat Naka route. RITES will prepare the detailed project report and is expected to submit it by August 2014. The preliminary report proposed a {{Cvt|32|km|2}} line with 29 stations, to be built at an estimated cost of {{INR}}22,000 crore.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/mumbai-metro-services-to-be-extended-till-thane-prithviraj-chavan/articleshow/36547492.cms|title=Mumbai Metro services to be extended till Thane: Prithviraj Chavan|date=14 June 2014|newspaper=The Economic Times}}</ref> This would be the fourth line of the metro, after the previously proposed Charkop-Dahisar route was merged with the Charkop-Bandra-Mankhurd route to form Line 2.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/First-Metro-line-to-be-extended-to-Wadala-and-Thane/articleshow/36565838.cms|title=First Metro line to be extended to Wadala and Thane|website=The Times of India|date=15 June 2014 }}</ref>

In May 2015, the MMRDA said that it had begun planning for the Andheri-Dahisar line and Seepz-Kanjurmarg. Both lines are expected to be elevated, although the latter could be constructed underground if a proposal to extend Line 3 to Kanjurmarg is undertaken. DPRs for both lines had been prepared in 2004, along with the master plan, and the MMRDA would now update the DPRs. The agency also intends to construct Line 9 of the metro as an underground corridor from [[Sewri]] to [[Worli]]. However, planning for the project will only begun after the construction of the proposed [[Mumbai Trans Harbour Link]] commences.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai/mmrda-plans-two-new-metro-lines-for-mumbai/story-s5zWVrm5HYn1dJhKdhUNjM.html|title=MMRDA plans two new Metro lines for Mumbai|date=20 May 2015|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

In a report on 14 November 2014 about the cancellation of the PPP agreement for Line 2, ''Mint'' quoted a senior MMRDA official: "''as decided earlier, all future lines of Mumbai Metro will be constructed by the Mumbai Metro Railway Corp. Ltd (MMRCL), a joint venture between the state government and the Union government.''"<ref name="livemint.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/Companies/bKzM6yXoPKaxW1YelH9FBL/Reliance-Infra-pulls-out-of-Mumbai-Metro-Line-2.html|title=Reliance Infra pulls out of Mumbai Metro Line 2|date=13 November 2014|website=Mint}}</ref> On 20 May 2015, [[Chief minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]] [[Devendra Fadnavis]] requested officials to consider constructing the Charkop-Bandra-Dahisar and the Wadala-Thane-Kasarvadavali lines as elevated corridors. Although both corridors had been planned as elevated lines in the Mumbai Metro master plan, the previous [[Indian National Congress|Congress]]-NCP had decided to construct all metro lines underground, after delays and difficulties caused by acquiring land for Line 1. However, Fadnavis believes that the two proposed lines can be constructed quicker and cheaper if they were elevated due to the proposed route of the alignment.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/mumbai-metro-rail-state-considers-elevated-metro-route/|title=Mumbai metro rail: State considers elevated Metro route|date=21 May 2015}}</ref> The Government plans to implement all future metro lines (except Line 3) as elevated corridors.<ref name="hindustantimes.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai/metro-2-to-be-built-in-three-phases-2-other-routes-also-on-cards/story-6eaO58ams57i7DyDX15LNM.html|title=Metro 2 to be built in three phases, 2 other routes also on cards|date=16 June 2015|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> On 15 June 2015, the MMRDA announced that it would implement Line 2 of the metro in three parts. The Andheri-Dahisar line will have connectivity with the existing Line 1 and the proposed [[Jogeshwari–Vikhroli Link Road|JVLR]]-[[Kanjurmarg]] line.<ref name="hindustantimes.com"/>

In June 2015, Fadnavis announced that he would request the [[Delhi Metro Rail Corporation]] (DMRC) to assist in the implementation of the Mumbai Metro. He said that he intends to expand the metro system by {{Cvt|109|km|2}} before the state assembly elections in October 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/article/economy/devendra-fadnavis-plans-to-ask-dmrc-team-to-assist-in-metro-expansion/82971/|title = Business News: Business News India, Business News Today, Latest Finance News, Business News Live| date=11 June 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/mumbai-metro-seeks-delhi-counterpart-s-help-to-expedite-project-115061500504_1.html|title=Mumbai Metro seeks Delhi counterpart's help to expedite project|newspaper=Business Standard India|date=16 June 2015|via=Business Standard|last1=Jog|first1=Sanjay}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/business/business-others/pan-mumbai-metro-network-by-2019-targets-maharashtra/|title=Pan-Mumbai Metro network by 2019, targets Maharashtra|date=11 June 2015}}</ref> In July 2015, UPS Madan announced that the State Government formally appointed the DMRC to revise and update the Mumbai Metro master plan. The DMRC will prepare DPRs for the Andheri East to Dahisar East, Jogeshwari to Kanjurmarg, Andheri West to Dahisar West and Bandra Kurla Complex to Mankhurd lines.<ref name="ReferenceB">{{Cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-mumbai-metro-master-plan-maharashtra-government-nod-for-delhi-body-revise-and-update-blueprint-2100949|title=Mumbai Metro master plan: Maharashtra government nod for Delhi body revise and update blueprint|date=2 July 2015|website=dna}}</ref> The Andheri-Dahisar line will have connectivity with the existing Line 1 and the proposed JVLR-Kanjurmarg line.<ref name="hindustantimes.com"/> All four lines are proposed to be elevated and constructed as cash contracts. The lines are estimated to cost a total of {{INRConvert|21000|c|nolink=yes}}, or about {{INRConvert|350|c|nolink=yes}} per km.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> In addition, the planned Line 3 and Wadala-Ghatkopar-Thane-Kasarvadavli line of the metro would also be constructed.<ref name="ReferenceB"/>

Fadnavis announced on 8 April 2017 that the government was considering a circular metro loop line along the Kalyan-Dombivli-Taloja route. The proposed {{Cvt|15|km|2}} line would link [[Kalyan]] and [[Shil Phata]] with 13 stations, bring metro connectivity to [[Kalyan|Kalyan (East)]], [[Dombivli]], [[Ambarnath]] and [[Diva, Maharashtra|Diva]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Metro loop to connect central suburbs, Navi Mumbai on cards|url=http://www.asianage.com/metros/mumbai/090417/metro-loop-to-connect-central-suburbs-navi-mumbai-on-cards.html|website=Asian Age|access-date=9 April 2017|date=9 April 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Kalyan-Dombivli-Taloja metro under consideration: Devendra Fadnavis|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/kalyan-dombivli-taloja-metro-under-consideration-devendra-fadnavis/articleshow/58082529.cms|website=The Economic Times|access-date=9 April 2017}}</ref>

The Mumbai Metro resumed services for general public on 19 October 2020, after being shut down since March 2020 due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=22 March 2020|title=Mumbai local services suspended till March 31 due to Covid-19: All you need to know|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/mumbai-local-services-suspended-till-march-22-due-to-covid-19-all-you-need-to-know/story-YDrytVUldu4rsstKGTQWxM.html|access-date=10 August 2021|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|agency=ANI|date=19 October 2020|title=Mumbai Metro News: Mumbai Metro resumes operations with Covid protocols |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/mumbai-metro-resumes-operations-with-covid-protocols/articleshow/78744863.cms|access-date=10 August 2021|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

;Protests and delay
The project has faced significant and costly legal challenges.<ref>[https://infra.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/urban-transportation/mumbai-litigations-delaying-metro-car-shed-project-and-causing-loss-of-public-money-hc-told/97978616 Mumbai: Litigations delaying metro car shed project and causing loss of public money, HC told.] ''Press Trust of India''. Published on ''Economic Times''. 16 February 2013.</ref> In 2018, protestors rallied to protect trees that were to be chopped down as part of construction plans. The central government first proposed the construction of a metro station at Aarey Milk colony.<ref>[https://scroll.in/article/937002/saving-aarey-why-a-city-with-a-weak-protest-culture-is-demonstrating-to-protect-mumbais-green-lung Saving Aarey: Why a city with a weak protest culture is demonstrating to protect Mumbai's green lung.] Aarefa Johari. ''Scroll''. 15 September 2019.</ref> The protest resulted in several arrests.<ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/18-protesters-held-at-aarey-as-metro-yard-trees-get-axed/articleshow/66011604.cms 18 protesters held at Aarey as Metro yard trees get axed.] ''Times News Network''. 30 September 2018.</ref> Protests again flared in 2022.<ref>[https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/finally-voices-of-aarey-protesters-fall-silent-101669749870675.html Finally, voices of Aarey protesters fall silent.] Prayag Arora-Desai. ''Hindustan Times''. 30 November 2022.</ref>

==Network==
{{main|List of Mumbai Metro stations}}
[[File:Mumbai Metro and Suburban Railway Schematic Map.svg|thumb|left|Map showing all of the railway services in Mumbai, including the Metro, Monorail, and Suburban services]]

Lines on the Mumbai Metro are currently identified by numbers. In March 2016, MMRDA Metropolitan Commissioner, U.P.S. Madan, announced that all lines on the system would be colour-coded after more lines are opened.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center; width: 100%;"
! colspan="8" style="background:#ADD8E6;" |Operational Lines
|-
!No.
!Line Name
!Number
! colspan="2" |Terminals
!Stations
!Distance (km)
!Opening Date
|-
!1
| style="background:#{{rail color|Mumbai Metro|blue}};text-align: center;" | [[Blue Line (Mumbai Metro)|'''Blue''']]
|1
|{{stl|Mumbai Metro|Versova}}
|{{stl|Mumbai Metro|Ghatkopar}}
| style="text-align:center;" |12
| style="text-align:center;" |{{Cvt|11.40|km|}}
| style="text-align:center;" |8 June 2014
|-
! rowspan="2" |2
| rowspan="2" style="background:#{{rcr|Mumbai Metro|yellow}}; text-align: center;" | [[Yellow Line (Mumbai Metro)|'''Yellow''']]
| rowspan="2 " |2A
|{{stl|Mumbai Metro|Dahisar (East)}}
|{{stl|Mumbai Metro|Dahanukarwadi}}
| style="text-align:center;" |9
| style="text-align:center;" |{{Cvt|9.8|km|}}
| style="text-align:center;" |2 April 2022
|-
|{{stl|Mumbai Metro|Dahanukarwadi}}
|{{stl|Mumbai Metro|Andheri (West)}}
| style="text-align:center;" |8
| style="text-align:center;" |{{Cvt|8.8|km|}}
| style="text-align:center;" |19 January 2023
|-
! rowspan="3" |3
| rowspan="3" style="background:#{{rcr|Mumbai Metro|aqua}}; text-align: center;" | [[Aqua Line (Mumbai Metro)|'''Aqua''']]
| rowspan="3" |3
|{{stl|Mumbai Metro|Aarey JVLR}}
|{{stl|Mumbai Metro|Bandra Kurla Complex}}
| style="text-align:center;" |10
| style="text-align:center;" | {{Cvt|12.69|km|}}
| style="text-align:center;" |7 October 2024
|-
|{{stl|Mumbai Metro|Bandra Kurla Complex}}
|{{stl|Mumbai Metro|Acharya Atre Chowk}}
|6
|{{Cvt|9.77|km|}}
|9 May 2025
|-
|{{stl|Mumbai Metro|Acharya Atre Chowk}}
|{{stl|Mumbai Metro|Cuffe Parade}}
|11
|{{Cvt|10.99|km|}}
|9 October 2025
|-
! rowspan="2" |4
| rowspan="2" style="background:#{{rcr|Mumbai Metro|red}}; text-align: center;" | [[Red Line (Mumbai Metro)|'''Red''']]
| rowspan="2 " |7
|{{stl|Mumbai Metro|Dahisar (East)}}
|{{stl|Mumbai Metro|Aarey}}
| style="text-align:center;" |10
| style="text-align:center;" |{{Cvt|10.7|km|}}
| style="text-align:center;" |2 April 2022
|-
|{{stl|Mumbai Metro|Aarey}}
|{{stl|Mumbai Metro|Gundavali}}
| style="text-align:center;" |4
| style="text-align:center;" |{{Cvt|5.8|km|}}
| style="text-align:center;" |19 January 2023
|-
! colspan="5" |
!70
!{{Cvt|79.95|km|}}
!
|-
! colspan="8" style="background:#ADD8E6;" |Under Construction Lines
|-
|-
!No.
!Line Name
!Number
! colspan="2" |Terminals
!Stations
!Distance (km)
!Opening Date
|-
! rowspan="3" |1
| rowspan="3" style="background:#{{rcr|Mumbai Metro|yellow}}; text-align: center;" | [[Yellow Line (Mumbai Metro)|'''Yellow''']]
| rowspan="3 " |2B
|{{stl|Mumbai Metro|Andheri (West)}}
|[[Yellow Line (Mumbai Metro)|Saraswat Nagar]]
|6
| rowspan="3" | {{Cvt|23.6|km|}}
|April 2027
|-
|[[Yellow Line (Mumbai Metro)|Saraswat Nagar]]
|{{stl|Mumbai Metro|Diamond Garden}}
|9
|December 2027
|-
|{{stl|Mumbai Metro|Diamond Garden}}
|{{stl|Mumbai Metro|Mandale}}
|5
|March 2028
|-
! rowspan="4" | 2
| rowspan="4" style="background:#{{rcr|Mumbai Metro|green}}; text-align: center;" | [[Green Line (Mumbai Metro)|'''Green''']]
|4A
|{{stl|Mumbai Metro|Gaimukh}}
|{{stl|Mumbai Metro|Kasarvadavali}}
|2
|{{Cvt|2.88|km|}}
|March 2027
|-
| rowspan="3" |4
|{{stl|Mumbai Metro|Kasarvadavali}}
|{{stl|Mumbai Metro|Cadbury Junction}}
|8
| rowspan="3" |{{Cvt|32.32|km|}}
|March 2027
|-
|{{stl|Mumbai Metro|Cadbury Junction}}
|{{stl|Mumbai Metro|Gandhi Nagar (Kanjurmarg)}}
|11
|December 2027
|-
|{{stl|Mumbai Metro|Gandhi Nagar (Kanjurmarg)}}
|{{stl|Mumbai Metro|Bhakti Park (Wadala)}}
|13
|November 2027
|-
! rowspan="2" |3
| rowspan="2" style="background:#{{rcr|Mumbai Metro|orange}}; text-align: center;" | [[Orange Line (Mumbai Metro)|'''Orange''']]
|5
|{{stl|Mumbai Metro|Kapurbawdi}}
|{{stl|Mumbai Metro|Bhiwandi}}
|8
|{{Cvt|12.81|km|}}
|March 2028
|-
|12
|{{stl|Mumbai Metro|Kalyan APMC}}
|{{stl|Mumbai Metro|Taloja}}
|17
|{{Cvt|20.75|km|}}
|December 2032
|-
!4
| style="background:#{{rcr|Mumbai Metro|pink}}; text-align: center;" | [[Pink Line (Mumbai Metro)|'''Pink''']]
|6
|{{stl|Mumbai Metro|Swami Samarth Nagar (Lokhandwala)}}
|{{stl|Mumbai Metro|Vikhroli EEH}}
|13
|{{Cvt|14.47|km|}}
|December 2028
|-
! rowspan="3" |5
| rowspan="3" style="background:#{{rcr|Mumbai Metro|red}}; text-align: center;" | [[Red Line (Mumbai Metro)|'''Red''']]
|7A
|{{stl|Mumbai Metro|Gundavali}}
|{{stl|Mumbai Metro|Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport - T2}}
|2
|{{Cvt|3.17|km|}}
|June 2028
|-
| rowspan="2" |9
|{{stl|Mumbai Metro|Subhash Chandra Bose Stadium}}
|{{stl|Mumbai Metro|Kashigaon}}
|4
| rowspan="2" |{{Cvt|11.38|km|}}
|December 2027
|-
|{{stl|Mumbai Metro|Kashigaon}}
|{{stl|Mumbai Metro|Dahisar (East)}}
|4
|December 2027
|-
! colspan="5" |
!102
!{{Cvt|121.38|km|}}
!
|-
! colspan="8" style="background:#ADD8E6;" |Proposed Lines
|-
|-
!No.
!Line Name
!Number
! colspan="2" |Terminals
!Stations
!Distance (km)
!Opening Date
|-
! rowspan="2" |1
| rowspan="2" style="background:#{{rcr|Mumbai Metro|green}}; text-align: center;" ; | [[Green Line (Mumbai Metro)|'''Green''']]
|10
|{{stl|Mumbai Metro|Gaimukh}}
|{{stl|Mumbai Metro|Shivaji Chowk (Mira Road)}}
|8
|{{Cvt|9.2|km|}}
|Awaiting environment clearance
|-
|11
|{{stl|Mumbai Metro|Bhakti Park (Wadala)}}
|{{stl|Mumbai Metro|Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus}}
|15
|{{Cvt|18|km|}}
|Undergoing soil testing
|-
!2
| style="background:#{{rcr|Mumbai Metro|orange}}; text-align: center;" | [[Orange Line (Mumbai Metro)|'''Orange''']]
|5
|{{stl|Mumbai Metro|Bhiwandi}}
|{{stl|Mumbai Metro|Kalyan APMC}}
|9
|{{Cvt|10.72|km|}}
|DPR undergoing modifications
|-
!3
| style="background:#{{rcr|Mumbai Metro|gold}}; text-align: center;" | [[Gold Line (Mumbai Metro)|'''Gold''']]
|[[Gold Line (Mumbai Metro)|8]]
|{{stl|Mumbai Metro|Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport - T2}}
|[[Navi Mumbai International Airport]]
|20
|{{Cvt|35|km|}}
|DPR submitted
|-
!4
| style="background:#{{rcr|Mumbai Metro|purple}}; text-align: center;" | [[Purple Line (Mumbai Metro)|'''Purple''']]
|[[Purple Line (Mumbai Metro)|13]]
|{{stl|Mumbai Metro|Shivaji Chowk (Mira Road)}}
|[[Virar]]
|20
|{{Cvt|23|km|}}
|DPR in preparation
|-
!5
| style="background:#{{rcr|Mumbai Metro|magenta}}; text-align: center;" | [[Magenta Line (Mumbai Metro)|'''Magenta''']]
|[[Magenta Line (Mumbai Metro)|14]]
|{{stl|Mumbai Metro|Vikhroli EEH}}
|[[Badlapur]]
|40
|{{Cvt|45|km|}}
|DPR submitted
|-
! colspan="5" |
!112
!{{Cvt|140.92|km|}}
!
|-
|}

==Lines==
==={{rcb|Mumbai Metro|blue|route}}===
{{Main|Blue Line (Mumbai Metro)}}
{{Multiple image
| align = right
| direction = vertical
| image1 = Mumbai Metro train arriving at Ghatkopar.jpg
| image2 = Metro arriving at Sakinaka.jpg
| caption2 = Metro trains arriving
| caption3 =
| total_width = 300px
| alt1 =
}}
The Blue Line connects Versova in the Western Suburbs to Ghatkopar in the Central Suburbs, covering a distance of {{convert|11.4|km|mi}}.<ref name="features">{{cite web |url=http://www.reliancemumbaimetro.com/features.html |title=Know Your Metro - Features |publisher=Reliance Mumbai Metro |access-date=8 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924085903/http://www.reliancemumbaimetro.com/features.html |archive-date=24 September 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> It is fully elevated, and consists of 12 stations.<ref name="features" /> Work on the [[Versova, Mumbai|Versova]]-[[Andheri]]-[[Ghatkopar]] corridor, a part of Phase I, began on 8 February 2008. A crucial bridge on the project was completed at the end of 2012.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Metro-ride-in-June-13-Work-on-crucial-bridge-completed/articleshow/17761691.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928194223/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-12-26/mumbai/36007202_1_metro-bridge-mumbai-metro-one-pvt-cable-stay-bridge |url-status=live |archive-date=28 September 2013 |title=Metro ride in June '13? Work on crucial bridge completed |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=26 December 2012 |access-date=6 January 2013}}</ref> The line opened for service on 8 June 2014.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Maharashtra-CM-Prithivraj-Chavan-flags-off-Mumbai-Metro/articleshow/36238569.cms |title=Maharashtra CM Prithivraj Chavan flags off Mumbai Metro |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=8 June 2014 |access-date=8 June 2014}}</ref>

==={{rcb|Mumbai Metro|yellow|route}}===
{{Main|Yellow Line (Mumbai Metro)}}

This corridor is being executed in two phases. Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] launched phase 2A in January 2023.<ref>[https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/pm-narendra-modi-to-launch-mumbai-metro-line-2a-line-7-all-you-need-to-know-about-these-lines/articleshow/97130932.cms PM Narendra Modi to launch Mumbai Metro Line 2A and Line 7, what you need to know about the new routes]. ''Economic Times''. 19 January 2023.</ref> The {{convert|18.589|km|mi|abbr=on}}<ref name="MM2A">{{cite web|url=https://mmrda.maharashtra.gov.in/metro-line-2a|title=Mumbai Metro Line 2A (DAHISAR - D.N. NAGAR)|date=6 June 2017|access-date=6 June 2017}}</ref> long 2A corridor was executed by [[Delhi Metro Rail Corporation|DMRC]] on behalf of MMRDA. The corridor has 17 stations ([[Dahisar (East) metro station|Dahisar (East)]] to [[D N Nagar metro station|D N Nagar]]), and cost {{INRConvert|6410|c|2|lk=|year=2017}}. The line had been partially operational since 2 April 2022 and became fully operational from 19 January 2023.

The 2B line will be {{convert|23.643|km|mi|abbr=on}} long, and is estimated to cost {{INRConvert|109.7|b|2|year=2017|to=USD}}, including land acquisition cost of {{INRConvert|1274|c|2|lk=|year=2017}}. This section will have 22 stations ([[D N Nagar metro station|D N Nagar]] to [[Mandale metro station|Mandale]]), work on which began in mid 2018.<ref name="asianage.com">{{Cite news|url=http://www.asianage.com/metros/mumbai/040318/contractors-appointed-for-metro-2b-and-metro-4.html|title=Contractors appointed for Metro 2B and Metro 4|date=4 March 2018|work=asianage.com|access-date=6 March 2018}}</ref>

==={{rcb|Mumbai Metro|aqua|route}}===
{{Main|Aqua Line (Mumbai Metro)}}

[[File:Metro_Line_3_Rake_at_Aarey_Metro_Station.jpg|thumb|300px|An Aqua line Driverless [[Alstom Metropolis]] departing [[Aarey JVLR metro station]], bound for [[Cuffe Parade]]]]

A fully underground section of the metro, Line 3 is {{cvt|33.50|km|mi}} long, and has 27 stations.<ref name="CabinetClears">{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/Cabinet-clears-Mumbai-Metros-third-line/articleshow/20826251.cms|title=Cabinet clears Mumbai Metro's third line|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=29 June 2013|access-date=7 July 2013}}</ref> The line connects the [[Cuffe Parade]] business district in the [[South Mumbai|south of Mumbai]] with [[SEEPZ]] and [[Aarey Forest|Aarey]] in the north.<ref name="business-standard">{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/further-delay-in-colaba-seepz-metro-as-govt-tweaks-bid-norms-114020401319_1.html|title=Further delay in Colaba-Seepz metro as govt tweaks bid norms | Business Standard|newspaper=Business Standard India|date=4 February 2014|publisher=business-standard.com|access-date=3 April 2014|agency=Press Trust of India}}</ref> It also passes through the Domestic and International terminals of Mumbai Airport, for which the airport operator ([[GVK (conglomerate)|GVK]]) has promised an equity infusion of {{INRConvert|777|c|2|lk=|year=2015}}.

The cost of this corridor was estimated at {{INRConvert|23136|c|2|lk=|year=2017}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mumbaimirror.com/mumbai/others/Mumbai-Metro-Line-3-plan-kicks-off/articleshow/20823732.cms|title=Mumbai Metro Line 3 plan kicks off|work=Mumbai Mirror|date=29 June 2013|access-date=7 July 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://zeenews.india.com/business/news/economy/cabinet-approves-mumbai-metro-line-3-fm_78850.html|title=Cabinet approves Mumbai Metro Line 3: FM|publisher=Zee News|date=28 June 2013|access-date=7 July 2013}}</ref> The original deadline for the project was 2016, but it was extended due to several delays including COVID.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 November 2023 |title=Mumbai Metro Aqua Line (3): Connecting the unconnected |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/opinion/mumbai-metro-aqua-line-3-connecting-the-unconnected-11797381.html |access-date=24 November 2023 |website=Moneycontrol |language=en}}</ref><ref name="5lines">{{Cite web |date=4 March 2024 |title=Mumbai: Five New Metro Lines To Roll Out Next Year, Details Inside |url=https://www.lokmattimes.com/maharashtra/mumbai-five-new-metro-lines-to-roll-out-next-year-details-inside-a514/ |access-date=7 June 2024 |website=Lokmat Times |language=en}}</ref> A section of the corridor from Aarey Colony to BKC was opened on 5 October 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-07 |title=BKC to Aarey stretch of Mumbai Metro Line 3 opens today — Know timings, fare, speed - CNBC TV18 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/india/mumbai-metro-line-3-bkc-to-aarey-jvlr-stretch-opens-today-know-timings-fare-speed-key-details-19488162.htm |access-date=2024-10-12 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-07 |title=Mumbai Metro-3 Second Phase On Track: Aarey-BKC Services Begin, Link To Cuffe Parade May Be Ready by 2025 |url=https://www.news18.com/india/mumbai-metro-3-second-phase-on-track-aarey-bkc-services-begin-bkc-to-cuffe-parade-link-may-be-ready-by-2025-9076938.html |access-date=2024-10-12 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> This section cost ₹14,120 crore, and consists of 10 stations in a {{Convert|12.44|km|abbr=on}} stretch. The stretch from BKC to [[Acharya Atre Chowk metro station|Acharya Atre Chowk]], consisting of six stations was opened on 10 May 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-05-10 |title=Metro Line 3 (Aqua Line): Big relief for Mumbai commuters, BKC to Worli stretch now operational |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/metro-line-3-aqua-line-big-relief-for-mumbai-commuters-bkc-to-worli-stretch-now-operational/articleshow/121051289.cms |access-date=2025-05-10 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The remaining 10.99 km long final stretch from Acharya Atre Chowk to [[Cuffe Parade metro station|Cuffe Parade]] was opened on 8 October 2025.

The line has interchanges with the [[Blue Line (Mumbai Metro)|Blue Line 1]] at [[Marol Naka metro station|Marol Naka]], under-construction [[Pink Line (Mumbai Metro)|Pink Line 6]] at [[Aarey JVLR metro station|Aarey JVLR]], under-construction [[Red Line (Mumbai Metro)|Red Line 7A]] and proposed [[Gold Line (Mumbai Metro)|Gold Line 8]] at CSMI Airport T-2, under-construction [[Yellow Line (Mumbai Metro)|Yellow Line 2B]] at [[Bandra Kurla Complex metro station|BKC]], [[Central line (Mumbai Suburban Railway)|Central Line]] & proposed [[Green Line (Mumbai Metro)|Green Line 11]] at [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus]], [[Mumbai Monorail]] at Mahalaxmi (Sant Gadge Maharaj Chowk) and [[Western line (Mumbai Suburban Railway)|Western Line]] at [[Dadar railway station|Dadar]], [[Mahalaxmi railway station|Mahalaxmi]], [[Mumbai Central railway station|Mumbai Central]], [[Grant Road railway station|Grant Road]] and [[Churchgate railway station|Churchgate]].

==={{rcb|Mumbai Metro|green|route}}===
{{main|Green Line (Mumbai Metro)}}

The {{Cvt|60.409|km|}} long Mira Bhayandar-Gaimukh-Kasarvadavali-Wadala connection will be fully elevated and have 38 stations. During the construction, this main line was divided into 3 smaller lines - Line 4 ({{stl|Mumbai Metro|Kasarvadavali}} to {{stl|Mumbai Metro|Bhakti Park (Wadala)}}), Line 4A ({{stl|Mumbai Metro|Kasarvadavali}} to {{stl|Mumbai Metro|Gaimukh}}), and the northwestern extension Line 10 ({{stl|Mumbai Metro|Gaimukh}} to {{stl|Mumbai Metro|Shivaji Chowk (Mira Road)}}). After giving proposed southern extension Line 11 from MMRDA to MMRC, there was a new, more central alignment announced to be a spur line from {{stl|Mumbai Metro|Anik Nagar Bus Depot}} to [[Gateway of India]] via Byculla.

MMRCL has also proposed an extension of this line to [[Dharavi]], providing a connection with the Aqua line under the Dharavi Multi Modal Transport Hub (MMTH) Project. The extension contains 2 stations, including another station in [[Sion, Mumbai|Sion]].

Construction of Line 4 started in October 2018 while the construction of Line 4A started in September 2019. Meanwhile, the proposed Line 10 is currently under environmental review. Line 11 started construction at Zakaria Bunder Rd, but is on hold now, while other sections are still undergoing soil testing. 34 of the 38 elevated stations of the main line are under construction. In addition, the proposed new spur Line 11 has 15 stations of which 13 are proposed to be underground and the remaining 2 are elevated.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://themetrorailguy.com/2024/07/28/mmrc-publishes-mumbai-metro-line-11s-revised-alignment-map/|title=MMRC Publishes Mumbai Metro Line 11's Revised Alignment Map|publisher=TheMetroRailGuy|date=28 July 2024|access-date=2025-06-10}}</ref>

==={{rcb|Mumbai Metro|orange|route}} ===
{{Main|Orange Line (Mumbai Metro)}}

The {{Cvt|45.70|km|}}-long Thane-Bhiwandi-Kalyan-Taloja line will have 34 stations. During construction, the line was divided into 2 smaller lines - Line 5 ({{stl|Mumbai Metro|Kapurbawdi}} to {{stl|Mumbai Metro|Kalyan APMC}}) and Line 12 ({{stl|Mumbai Metro|Kalyan APMC}} to {{stl|Mumbai Metro|Taloja}}). Construction of Line 5 began in February 2020. However, the section from Bhiwandi to Kalyan APMC was put on hold by the State Government. Meanwhile, the construction of Line 12 started in March 2020. The line majorly elevated except for a small underground section in Bhiwandi. The line has a total of 34 stations of which 33 stations are elevated while the station in Bhiwandi is set to be the only underground station in the line.

The line was approved by Chief Minister Devendra Fadnavis on 19 October 2016. The {{Convert|12,.811|km|abbr=on}} Thane – Bhiwandi section is under construction. Bhiwandi – Kalyan is on-hold (route modification in progress).<ref>{{cite web|title=MMRDA seeks nod to take Mumbai's Metro Line 5 underground|url=https://www.constructionworld.in/transport-infrastructure/metro-rail-and-railways-infrastructure/mmrda-seeks-nod-to-take-mumbai---s-metro-line-5-underground/35810}}</ref> The corridor is being constructed by [[Shapoorji Pallonji Group|Afcons]] in one package from Kalyan to Bhiwandi including 7 stations.

==={{rcb|Mumbai Metro|pink|route}}===
{{main|Pink Line (Mumbai Metro)}}

The {{convert|14.47|km|mi|abbr=on}} long Lokhandwala-Jogeshwari-Vikhroli-Kanjurmarg Metro-VI corridor will have 13 stations and cost ₹6,672 crore. It will be an elevated corridor. It will connect [[Lokhandwala Complex]] in Andheri in the western suburbs to [[Vikhroli]] and [[Kanjur Marg|Kanjurmarg]] in the eastern suburbs. The stations include Lokhandwala Complex, Adarsh Nagar, Momin Nagar, JVLR, Shyam Nagar, Mahakali Caves, SEEPZ Village, Saki Vihar Road, Ram Baug, Powai Lake, IIT Powai, Kanjurmarg (West), Vikhroli-Eastern Express Highway.

Metro 6 will provide interchange with Metro 2 at Infinity Mall in Andheri, with Metro 3 at SEEPZ, with Metro 4 and the Mumbai Suburban Railway at Jogeshwari and Kanjurmarg, and with Metro 7 at JVLR.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mumbai's east-west connectivity to get a boost with another Metro corridor|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/mumbai-s-east-west-connectivity-to-get-a-boost-with-another-metro-corridor/story-TYqh3bLxtzHek6IJtjfYaM.html|website=Hindustan Times|access-date=2 March 2017|language=en|date=2 March 2017}}</ref>

The line was approved by Chief Minister [[Devendra Fadnavis]] on 19 October 2016.<ref name="business-standard.com">{{cite news|title=New metro lines for Mumbai and Thane; project to cost Rs 15,000 crore|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/new-metro-lines-for-mumbai-and-thane-project-to-cost-rs-15-000-crore-116101900847_1.html|website=Business Standard India|access-date=12 February 2017|date=19 October 2016}}</ref><ref name="dnaindia.com">{{cite web|title=Kalyan-Thane, Lokhandwala-Kanjurmarg metro lines get approval|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-kalyan-thane-lokhandwala-kanjurmarg-metro-lines-get-approval-2265755|website=dna|access-date=12 February 2017|date=20 October 2016}}</ref> The MMRDA issued a tender to conduct a detailed aerial mapping survey of the alignment in April 2017. Authorities will also be able to determine the location of trees along the alignment accuracy of up to 10 cm utilizing a differential GPS (DGPS), while a digital aerial triangulation system will help determine the types of trees, their heights and diameters.<ref>{{cite web|title=MMRDA to begin tree count for Metro 6|url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/mmrda-to-begin-tree-count-for-metro-6/18142172|website=mid-day|date=6 April 2017|access-date=6 April 2017|language=en}}</ref>

==={{rcb|Mumbai Metro|red|route}}===
{{main|Red Line (Mumbai Metro)}}

This corridor is {{Cvt|31.045|km|}} long Mira Bhayandar-Dahisar (East)-Gundavali-Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport corridor will have 23 stations. During construction the line was divided into 3 smaller lines - Line 7 ({{stl|Mumbai Metro|Dahisar (East)}} to {{stl|Mumbai Metro|Gundavali}}), Line 7A ({{stl|Mumbai Metro|Gundavali}} to {{stl|Mumbai Metro|Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport - T2}}), and Line 9 ({{stl|Mumbai Metro|Subhash Chandra Bose Stadium}} to {{stl|Mumbai Metro|Dahisar (East)}}). Construction of Line 7 began in August 2016, meanwhile Line 7A and Line 9 started their construction in March 2020. The line is majorly elevated with the Airport section being the only section underground. There are a total of 22 stations in the line of which 21 are elevated and 1 underground.

A section of the line from Dahisar East to Aarey (along with the section of Yellow Line from Dahanukarwadi to Dahisar (East)) was opened on 2 April 2022, by the then CM [[Uddhav Thackeray]]. The next section of the line (along with the final section of Yellow Line 2A from Dahanukarwadi to Andheri (West)) was inaugurated on 19 January 2023 by Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]].

==={{rcb|Mumbai Metro|gold|route}}===
{{main|Gold Line (Mumbai Metro)}}

This is a proposed metro line between the [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport]] and the [[Navi Mumbai International Airport]].<ref name="MMRDA_L8plans">{{Cite web|url=https://mmrda.maharashtra.gov.in/metro-line-8|title=Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority - Metro Line - 8|website=mmrda.maharashtra.gov.in}}{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> It will connect Mumbai airport to upcoming Navi Mumbai airport and its length would be approx 32 km. The corridor was initially to be executed by MMRDA, however, as per a government resolution (GR), the City & Industrial Development Corporation (CIDCO) has been appointed as the nodal agency to execute it under a PPP Model.

It's expected to cost ₹15,000 crore and finish construction by October 2026. The line has an anticipated daily ridership of 3 lakh.<ref>https://mmrda.maharashtra.gov.in/documents/10180/11273712/62%2C943+cr+for+METRO+PROJECTS.pdf/cb92ba27-a1af-45d5-8047-7e145368e7cb{{Dead link|date=April 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

==={{rcb|Mumbai Metro|purple|route}}===
It is a proposed metro project to connect [[Mira Road]] with [[Virar]]. The project length is {{Cvt|23|km}} and the estimated cost of the project is ₹6,900 crore.

==={{rcb|Mumbai Metro|magenta|route}}===
It is an approved metro project to connect Kanjurmarg to [[Ambarnath]]-[[Badlapur]]. It will have an intersection at Kanjurmarg with Line 6, the Pink Line. This project is now at the DPR stage. The project length is {{convert|45|km|mi|abbr=on}} and the estimated cost of the project is ₹13,500 crore.

<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px">
MumbaiMetroOne(747).jpg|[[Railcar]]s of the Mumbai Metro in 2010
Mumbai Metro Inside.jpg|Interior of a metro train
Trial Run of Metro.JPG|A metro train on an elevated [[viaduct]]
Metro Bridge.jpg|Metro bridge, part of the Mumbai Metro
</gallery>

==Rolling stock==
Reliance Infrastructure consulted a number of major international [[rolling stock]] builders to provide the train fleet for the Mumbai Metro. Bidders for the contract included established metro-vehicle manufacturers such as [[Kawasaki Heavy Industries|Kawasaki]], [[Alstom]], [[Siemens Mobility|Siemens]] and [[Bombardier Transportation|Bombardier]], but [[CRRC Nanjing Puzhen]] of China was ultimately chosen to supply rolling stock for ₹600 crore.<ref name=RGI250310>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150306185020/http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/single-view/view/mumbais-beautiful-butterfly-emerges.html Mumbai's beautiful butterfly emerges] ''[[Railway Gazette International]]'' 25 March 2010</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mumbai-metro.com/projec-update |title=Mumbai Metro One Project updates |publisher=mumbai-metro.com |access-date=25 August 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111118081246/http://www.mumbai-metro.com/projec-update |archive-date=18 November 2011 }}</ref> In May 2008, CSR Nanjing completed the first 16 trains, each comprising four cars.<ref name=RGI250310/> The first ten trains were reported to be ready for operation in January 2013.<ref name=January2013Where>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report_mumbai-metro-trains-rearing-to-run-but-where-are-tracks_1791594|publisher=DNAIndia|title=Mumbai metro trains raring to run, but where are tracks?|date=23 January 2013|access-date=6 February 2013}}</ref>

The coaches are [[fire retardant]],<ref>[http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/1829482/report-a-mumbai-metro-train-every-three-minutes "A Mumbai Metro train every three minutes"]. DNA India. 1 May 2013. Retrieved 7 July 2013.</ref> [[air-conditioned]] and designed to reduce noise and vibration, and will feature both high [[seating capacity]] and ample space for standing passengers. They will be outfitted with a number of features for safety and convenience, including [[LCD]] screens, 3D route maps, first-aid kits, wheelchair facilities, fire-fighting equipment and intercom systems permitting communication with the train driver. Each coach will furthermore feature a [[Train event recorder|black box]] to assist in accident investigations.<ref name="ToI70">[https://web.archive.org/web/20130928033938/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-10-11/mumbai/30266316_1_pillars-metro-rail-mmopl "Metro first line hinges on Andheri bridge"]. ''[[Times of India]]''. 11 October 2011. Retrieved 18 October 2011.</ref> The trains will be capable of carrying over 1,100 passengers in a four-car unit, with each carriage being approximately {{convert|3.2|m|ftin}} wide.<ref>{{cite web|last=Katkurwar |first=Saurabh |url=http://www.mid-day.com/news/2012/feb/260212-CIDCO-opts-for-wider-metro-coaches.htm |title=CIDCO opts for wider metro coaches |publisher=[[MiD DAY]] |date=26 February 2012 |access-date=28 March 2012}}</ref>

In 2018, the [[Mumbai Metro Rail Corporation]] chose [[Alstom]] to supply 31 eight car trains for [[Line 3 (Mumbai Metro)|Aqua line (line 3)]]. These trains are capable of driverless operations and were built at Alstom's factory in [[Sri City]], [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite web|access-date=13 April 2020|title=Mumbai Metro Line 3: Alstom wins 'Make in India' contract for modern train sets worth 315 million euros|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/infrastructure/mumbai-metro-line-3-alstom-wins-make-in-india-contract-for-modern-train-sets-worth-315-million-euros/1309591/|date=11 September 2018|first=Devanjana|last=Nag|website=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]]}}</ref>

In 2018, [[Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority]] which will operate all metro lines except Line 3, awarded a tender to [[Bharat Earth Movers Ltd.]] (BEML) to supply 63 trainsets (378 coaches) for [[Line 2 (Mumbai Metro)|Yellow Line (Line 2)]] and [[Line 7 (Mumbai Metro)|Red Line (Line 7)]] at a cost of ₹3,015 crores ($427.33 million). Capable of driverless operations, the trains are manufactured at BEML's factory in [[Bengaluru]] and the first train set for the Yellow Line arrived in [[Mumbai]] on 27 January 2021, and will continue to receive the rest of the sets until 2022.<ref name="beml3015">{{cite news |title=BEML receives order worth Rs 3015 crore for Mumbai Metro |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-cm/beml-receives-order-worth-rs-3015-crore-for-mumbai-metro-118112400212_1.html |access-date=30 November 2018 |work=Capital Market |publisher=Business Standard |date=24 November 2018}}</ref><ref name="beml427">{{cite news |title=BEML secures $427.33m Mumbai metro car supply contract |url=https://www.railway-technology.com/news/beml-secures-427-33m-mumbai-metro-car-supply-contract/ |access-date=30 November 2018 |publisher=Railway Technology |date=26 November 2018}}</ref> On 17 January 2021, [[Bombardier Transportation|Bombardier]] won the tender to supply 234 driverless coaches for the [[Line 4 (Mumbai Metro)|Green Line (Line 4)]] of six-car configuration for Mumbai metro. However, the contract was cancelled in March 2022 due to delays and uncertainties of the project.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.railjournal.com/fleet/alstom-terminates-mumbai-line-4-fleet-contract/|title=Alstom terminates Mumbai Line 4 fleet contract|date=10 March 2022|access-date=6 April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/economy/alstom-cancels-order-bagged-from-mmrda-for-supply-of-coaches-for-mumbai-metro-4-8195151.html|title=Alstom cancels order bagged from MMRDA for supply of coaches for Mumbai Metro 4|date=4 March 2022|accessdate=6 April 2022}}</ref> In August 2025, the MMRDA awarded a contract to [[Larsen & Toubro|L&T]] to supply 39 trainsets of 6 cars each for the Green Line (Line 4), to be manufactured by Alstom as part of an integrated systems package.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sharma |first1=Swastika Das |title=Mumbai Metro Line 4 to get 39 driverless trainsets soon: Designed for comfort, made in India, check details |url=https://www.livemint.com/industry/infrastructure/mumbai-metro-line-4-to-get-39-driverless-trainsets-soon-designed-for-comfort-made-in-india-check-details-11756202909591.html |access-date=16 November 2025 |work=mint |date=26 August 2025 |language=en}}</ref> In the absence of a depot and delay in procuring rolling stock, the MMRDA also decided to temporarily transport eight idle trains from the Mandale depot on the Yellow Line to the Green Line to commence trials on a section of the line.<ref>{{cite news |title=Metro 4 to be first line to begin operations sans a depot |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/metro-4-to-be-first-line-to-begin-operations-sans-a-depot-101752520866092.html |access-date=16 November 2025 |work=Hindustan Times |date=15 July 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

In 2025, the MMRDA awarded two contracts to [[Titagarh Rail Systems]] for 108 coaches and 132 coaches to be delivered for the [[Orange Line (Mumbai Metro)|Orange Line]] and [[Pink Line (Mumbai Metro)|Pink Line]] respectively.<ref>{{cite news |title=Titagarh Rail Systems bags Rs 1,600-crore contract to supply 108 coaches to Mumbai Metro |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/titagarh-rail-systems-bags-rs-1600-crore-contract-to-supply-108-coaches-to-mumbai-metro/articleshow/123094543.cms?from=mdr |access-date=16 November 2025 |work=The Economic Times |date=4 August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Titagarh Rail bags ₹2,481 crore order from MMRDA for Mumbai Metro Line 5 |url=https://www.business-standard.com/companies/news/titagarh-rail-bags-2-481-crore-order-from-mmrda-for-mumbai-metro-line-5-125103101477_1.html |access-date=16 November 2025}}</ref>

==Power supply==
Mumbai Metro runs on alternating current (AC) which is typically more labour and cost-intensive. MMRDA joint project director Dilip Kawathkar stated that AC power was chosen "''after a proper study by a team of experts''" which found that the AC model was "a better option". Bidders for Line 3 were reportedly in favour of the DC model. Experts believe that the decision to use AC will escalate the project cost of underground lines by 15%, since more digging is required for the rail to work on AC.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/mumbai-s-metro-3-will-be-one-of-the-few-in-the-world-to-run-on-ac/15298168|title=Mumbai's Metro-3 will be one of the few in the world to run on AC|date=15 May 2014|website=mid-day}}</ref>

==Signalling and communications==
The Mumbai Metro will feature an advanced [[railway signal|signalling]] system, including an automatic [[train protection system]] (ATPS) and automated signalling to control train movements on the {{convert|11|km|mi|adj=on}} Line 1. A four-minute service interval is anticipated on the route.<ref name="Mummetro">{{cite web|url=http://www.mmrdamumbai.org/|title=Mumbai Metro project|publisher=[[MMRDA]]|date=1 January 2008|access-date=1 January 2010|archive-date=31 August 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090831070601/http://www.mmrdamumbai.org/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[Siemens]] will supply the signalling systems required for the project, while [[Thales Group]] will supply the Metro's communication systems. The network's signalling and train control systems will be based on LZB 700M technology.<ref name="Contracts">{{cite web|url=http://www.projectstoday.com/News/NewsDetails.aspx?smid=16&nid=22722|title=MMOPL awards contract to ABB, Siemens, SEW |publisher=Projects Today|date=8 January 2008|access-date=15 January 2010}}</ref>

==Ridership and Impact==
In October 2025 after the Aqua line became fully operational, the average daily ridership on all Mumbai Metro lines is approximately 900,000 per day, with Blue line at about 460,000, followed by Yellow plus Red at 260,000 and Aqua at 160,000 daily average ridership. On 21 October 2019, 1,960 days (approx. 5 years) after Mumbai Metro Line 1's inception, the system crossed 600 million passengers, with an average daily ridership of around 450,000 passengers.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/versova-ghatkopar-metro-one-crosses-60-crore-ridership-in-5-years/articleshow/71679574.cms |title=Versova-Ghatkopar Metro One crosses 60 crore ridership in 5 years |work=The Times of India |date=21 October 2019 |access-date=21 October 2019}}</ref> Opening of subsequent lines has relieved pressure on the [[Mumbai Suburban Railway]], which had become over congested and unsafe due to open doors, unlike the Metro which has closed door air-conditioned coaches.<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://www.msn.com/en-in/news/India/major-relief-for-mumbai-commuters-as-metro-line-2b-trial-run-begins/ar-AA1D1yMQ|title= Major relief for Mumbai commuters as Metro Line 2B trial run begins|website= [[MSN]]}}</ref> Furthermore, the Metro has been credited for sustainability due to reduced carbon emissions by employing energy saving methods like regenerative braking systems and cutting down traffic congestion, besides eco-friendly construction methods.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.mid-day.com/mumbai/mumbai-news/article/mumbai-metro-line-9-advancing-sustainable-growth-with-eco-friendly-infrastructure-23503310|title= Mumbai Metro Line-9: Advancing sustainable growth with eco-friendly infrastructure|date= 20 March 2025}}</ref>

Furthermore, the Mumbai Metro has allowed bicycles with special racks for commuters at no extra charge on [[Red Line (Mumbai Metro)|Red]] and [[Yellow Line (Mumbai Metro)|Yellow]] lines.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.ndtv.com/offbeat/viral-video-man-travels-on-mumbai-metro-with-his-bicycle-calls-it-a-unique-adventure-4506135|title= Watch: Man Travels On Mumbai Metro With His Bicycle, Calls It A ''Unique Adventure''}}</ref> However, on [[Aqua Line (Mumbai Metro)|Aqua]] line, they are currently not allowed for crowd rush during peak hours, although officials plan to allow it on completion of the line, while on [[Blue Line (Mumbai Metro)|Blue]] line, foldable bicycles are allowed.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.msn.com/en-in/news/India/mumbai-no-cycles-allowed-on-metro-3-cyclists-claim-discrimination-against-riders/ar-AA1rZfHB|title= Mumbai: No Cycles Allowed On Metro 3, Cyclists Claim Discrimination Against Riders|website= [[MSN]]}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Urban rail transit in India]]
*[[List of rapid transit systems]]
*[[Public transport in Mumbai]]
**[[Mumbai Suburban Railway]]
**[[Brihanmumbai Electric Supply and Transport|BEST]]
**[[Navi Mumbai Metro]]
**[[Thane Metro]]
*[[Mumbai Monorail]]
*[[M-Indicator]]
*[[Delhi Metro]]
*[[Delhi–Meerut Regional Rapid Transit System|Delhi Meerut RRTS]]
{{Clear}}
{{Portal bar|Transport}}

==References==
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Reddiar

2026-03-19T21:44:33Z

CandicePrenderga: adjust section additionally and cleaned formatting

{{short description|Hindu agrarian caste}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{more citations needed|date=November 2019}}
{{infobox caste

|languages=[[Tamil language|Tamil]] (majority)
 [[Telugu language|Telugu]] (minority; native)|population=400,000|country=[[India]]|populated_states=[[Tamil Nadu]]
 [[Pondicherry]]|ethnicity=[[Telugu people|Telugu]]|region=[[South India]]|religions=[[Hinduism]]|caste_name_in_local=ரெட்டியார் ([[Tamil language|Tamil]])
 రెడ్డియార్ ([[Telugu language|Telugu]])}}

'''Reddiar''' (also spelt as '''Reddiyar''') is an ethnic-[[Telugu people|Telugu]] Warrior,landowning, merchantile, agricultural [[social group]] in [[Tamil Nadu]] and [[Puducherry (city)|Pondicherry]] in India.

Reddiars, [[Reddy]], Reddappa are of the same origins but spelled differently and they spread across the lands of Southern and [[Central India]]. They are the patrons/financial supporters of local temples in Tamil Region. The names have been believed to be derived according to the regions they are spread across. Reddy in Andhra Pradesh and Telangana, Reddiar (Reddy + ar) in Tamil Nadu, Pondicherry, and Kerala. Reddy, Reddappa (Reddy + appa- signifying respect) in Karnataka.

Many Reddiars moved from the Andhra region in search of rich soil for cultivation and settled in [[Puducherry (city)|Pondicherry]] and the northern districts of [[Cuddalore]], [[Villupuram]] and [[Chengalpet]] in Tamil Nadu during [[Vijayanagar Empire]].<ref>https://ncbc.nic.in/Writereaddata/addpudl5.pdf{{Dead link | date=July 2025 | fix-attempted=yes}}</ref>

The migration of the Reddys/Reddiars to Tamil Nadu is assumed to have occurred during the [[Reddy dynasty]] expansion till Kanchipuram areas.<ref name="Pollock2003">{{cite book|author=Sheldon I. Pollock|title=Literary cultures in history: reconstructions from South Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ak9csfpY2WoC&q=Reddy+kings+kondavidu+addanki+rajahmundry&pg=PA385|access-date=8 July 2011|year=2003|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-22821-4|pages=385–}}</ref>

Following are the districts that have significant Reddiar Population.
[[Chennai district|Chennai]], [[Tiruvallur district|Tiruvallur]], [[Kanchipuram district|Kanchipuram]], [[Chengalpattu district|Chengalpattu]], [[Ranipet district|Ranipet]], [[Vellore district|Vellore]], [[Tiruppattur, Tirupathur district|Thirupattur]], [[Tiruvannamalai district|Thiruvannamalai]], [[Krishnagiri district|Krishnagiri]], [[Dharmapuri district|Dharmapuri]], [[Puducherry district|Puducherry]], [[Cuddalore district|Cuddalore]], [[Villupuram district|Villupuram]], [[Kallakurichi district|Kallakurichi]], [[Salem district|Salem]], [[Erode district|Erode]], [[Tiruppur district|Tiruppur]], [[Coimbatore district|Coimbatore]], [[Karur district|Karur]], [[Perambalur district|Perambalur]], [[Tiruchirappalli district|Tiruchirappalli]], [[Dindigul district|Dindigul]], [[Madurai district|Madurai]],
[[Virudhunagar district|Virudhunagar]], [[Thoothukudi district|Thoothukudi]] and [[Tirunelveli district|Tirunelveli]].

==Origins==

Anavota Reddy (1335-1364 CE) of [[Reddy dynasty]] extended the dominion of the kingdom to Rajahmundry on the north, Kanchi on the south and Srisailam on the west. In a battle at Vallioor, Reddiapuram army defeated Travancore army in the 14th century.<ref name="-page 94 History of Travancore from the earliest times">{{cite book|last=Shungoonny Menon|first=P|title=History of Travancore from the earliest times|year=1998|publisher=Asian Educational Services|location=Madras|isbn=9788120601697|pages=523|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gxsrz7DAPxIC}}</ref> In an information Board at the entrance of the Vallioor Murugan Temple it is stated that 14th century Vallioor War - Reddiapuram army defeated Travancore Army at vallioor Battle. After this war Reddiars settled at Samugarengapuram, Seelathikulam, Parameswarapuram and all over Tirunelveli Region in the 14th century.{{citation needed|date=March 2016}}

A mural at the Tiruppudaimaruthur temple in Tirunelveli district in Tamil Nadu, shows the emissaries of the Vijayanagara king Achyutadeva Raya serving an ultimatum to the Travancore ruler Bhoothala Veera Udaya Marthanda Varma to pay tributes to him and return the Pandya territory to Sri Vallabhan. It also depicts the battle between the armies of Achyutadeva Raya and Bhoothala Varma.They are believed moved into [[Tamil Nadu]] with the Vijayanagara Emperor Kumara Kampana to liberate Madurai [Madura Vijayam] from Islamic rule and expansion of [[Vijayanagara Empire|Vijayanagar]] empire along with other Telugu and [[Kannada]] origin social groups.

==Diaspora==
[[File:Kondavid-drug. Signed 'W.R.'.jpg|thumb|left|225px|Water colour painting - Kondavidu fort, Reddy Kingdom.]]
Through emigration, there are now many Reddiars in the United States, South Africa, Singapore, Australia and United Kingdom. Many were brought to South Africa during British colonial era to work on the sugarcane farms as indentured labourers. The descendants of such Reddiars can still be found in South Africa today.

==Reddy versus Reddiars==

Reddys predominantly speak Telugu and follow Telugu cultural norms like [[Ugadi]], [[Dussehra]] and [[Sankranthi]] and follow all other Andhra norms, whereas Reddiars who came from [[Andhra Pradesh|Andhra]] to the Tamil region speak both Tamil and Telugu, and follow both Tamil and Telugu cultural norms. They also celebrate [[Pongal (festival)|Thai Pongal]], Tamil [[New Year]] and Ugadi. Some have represented in Tamil literary circles as great patrons and scholars of Tamil language.

==Prominent Reddiars==
===Former Chief Ministers===
* [[A. Subbarayalu Reddiar]] - First Chief Minister of Madras Presidency from Dec 1920 - June 1921
* [[O. P. Ramaswamy Reddiyar]] - Former Premier of Madras Presidency from 1947-1949 and Former Member of Legislative Council of Madras Presidency from 1946 to 1958
* [[V. Venkatasubba Reddiar]] - Former Chief Minister of Puducherry from 1959 - 1963, 1964 - 1967 and 1968 and a prominent [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]] freedom fighter<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/2005/06/07/stories/2005060704130300.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140107220913/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2005/06/07/stories/2005060704130300.htm|url-status=usurped|archive-date=7 January 2014|title=The Hindu : Other States / Pondicherry News : Venkatasubba Reddiar remembered|website=www.hinduonnet.com|access-date=2018-05-25}}</ref>
* [[V. Vaithilingam]] - Former Chief Minister of Puducherry - July 4, 1991 to May 13, 1996 (first term), September 4, 2008 – April 13, 2011, Member of Parliament from [[Puducherry Lok Sabha constituency|Puducherry]], 2019 -
* [[M. D. R. Ramachandran]] - Former Chief Minister of Puducherry - 16 January 1980 to 23 June 1983 and 8 March 1990 – 3 March 1991

===Ministers and Former Ministers of State===
* [[K. K. S. S. R. Ramachandran]] - Minister for Revenue and Disaster Management in DMK Cabinet (2021-), Former Co-operation, PWD Minister in MGR Cabinet (1980 - 1988), Former Minister for Backward Classes (2006-2011),
* [[K. N. Nehru]] - Minister For Municipal Administration and Urban and Water Supply in DMK cabinet (2021-), Former Minister for Electricity (1989-1991), Former Minister for Food & Public Distribution System (1996–2001), Former Transport Minister in DMK Cabinet (2006–2011),
* [[Napoleon (actor)|Napoleon]] - Actor and Former [[Member of Parliament|MP]] of [[Perambalur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Perambalur Constituency]] Former Central Minister Of State for Social Justice and Empowerment, 2009 - 2013, Former Vice-President of [[Nadigar Sangam]]
*[[P. Balakrishna Reddy]] - Former Animal Husbandry Minister and Former Youth Welfare and Sports Development Minister of Tamil Nadu, 2016 - 2019
* N. Nallusamy - Former Housing and Slum Clearance Board Minister of Tamil Nadu in MGR Cabinet, 1985-1986
*C. Perumalswamy Reddiar - Former Industries, Mines and Materials Minister of Madras Presidency from 1949 - 1952 and Member of [[Indian Constituent Assembly]] from [[Madras Presidency]]

===Freedom Fighters===
* Muthukomarappa Reddiar - Freedom Fighter, who spearheaded the revolution to allow Puducherry to join with Indian Union.
* [[K. S. Venkatakrishna Reddiar]] - Freedom Fighter, Politician and, President of [[Congress Reform Committee]] and Former Member of Madras State Legislative Assembly
* Purushothama Reddiar R.L - Freedom Fighter who organized and presided over the French India People’s Convention in 1947 which fought for the conditional withdrawal of the French Regime in Puducherry and Former Member of Puducherry Legislative Assembly from [[Kuruvinatham Assembly constituency|Kuruvinatham Kariambuthur]], 1956 - 1959 and 1959 - 1964.
* Venugopal Reddiar R. - Freedom Fighter who fought for the independence of Puducherry from French Regime.
* Chandrasekara Reddiar - Freedom Fighter who fought for the independence of Puducherry from French Regime.
* B.B.K. Raja Chidambara Reddiar - Freedom Fighter who took part in the Quit India Movement in 1941 and was imprisoned for one year in Trichy central jail. He was a member of the Trichy Jilla Board and he was a member of the Madras Legislative Assembly.
*J.Ramadoss Reddiar - Freedom Fighter from Villivakkam, Chennai.
*V.Ganapathi Reddiar - Freedom Fighter from Perambalur and Participated in Various Freedom Struggles and Donated Land to Poor for the Initiative of [[Bhoodan Movement]].

===Judiciary===
*[[N. Krishnaswami Reddy]] - Former Justice of [[Madras High Court]] from 1964 to 1966.

===Elected Representatives And Former Elected Representatives===
====Elected Representatives====
* [[Arun Nehru (Tamil Nadu politician)]] - Member of Parliament of [[Lok Sabha]] from [[Perambalur Lok Sabha constituency]], 2024 -
* [[R. Girirajan]] - Member of Parliament of [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Tamil Nadu|Rajya Sabha from Tamil Nadu]], 2022 -
* [[S. R. Raja]] - Member of Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly from [[Tambaram Assembly constituency|Tambaram Constituency]], 2016 -
* [[M. Varalakshmi]] - Member of Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly from [[Chengalpattu Assembly constituency|Chengalpattu Constituency]], 2016 -
* [[G. V. Markandayan]] - Member of Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly from [[Vilathikulam Assembly constituency|Vilathikulam Constituency]], 2021 -, 2011 - 2016
* [[S. Kathiravan]] - Member of Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly from [[Manachanallur Assembly constituency|Manachanallur Constituency]], 2021 -
* [[M. Sivasankar]] - Member of Puducherry Legislative Assembly from [[Ozhukarai Assembly constituency|Ozhukarai Constituency]], 2021 -
* R. Senthilkumar - Member of Puducherry Legislative Assembly from [[Bahour Assembly constituency|Bahour Constituency]], 2021 -

====Former Elected Representatives====
* R.Venkatasubbu Reddiar - Former Member of Parliament of [[Lok Sabha]] from [[Tindivanam (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tindivanam Constituency]], 1962 - 1967
* [[M. R. Lakshmi Narayanan]] - Former Member of Parliament of [[Lok Sabha]] from [[Tindivanam (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tindivanam Constituency]] 1971 - 1977 and 1977 - 1979
*[[S. R. Vijayakumar]] - Former Member of Parliament of [[Lok Sabha]] from [[Chennai Central Lok Sabha constituency|Chennai Central Constituency]], 2014 - 2019
* [[R. Radhakrishnan (politician, born 1971)|R. Radhakrishnan (politician)]] - Former Member of Parliament of [[Lok Sabha]] from [[Puducherry Lok Sabha constituency|Puducherry Constituency]], 2014 - 2019 and Former Member of Puducherry Legislative Assembly from [[Kuruvinatham Assembly constituency|Kuruvinatham Constituency]], 2001 - 2011
* [[Jayarama Reddiar]] - Former Member of Madras State Legislative Assembly from [[Aruppukottai Assembly constituency|Aruppukottai Constituency]],1952 - 1957
*[[Venkatasubba Reddy|O.Venkatasubba Reddi]] - Former Member of Madras State Legislative Assembly from [[Maduranthakam Assembly constituency|Maduranthakam Constituency]], 1952 - 1957 and 1957 - 1962 and Former Member of Madras State Legislative Assembly from [[Acharapakkam Assembly constituency|Acharapakkam constituency]],1962 - 1967
* Gajapathi Reddiar - Former Member of Madras State Legislative Assembly from [[Ponneri Assembly constituency|Ponneri Constituency]], 1952 - 1957
* P. Rangaswami Reddiar - Former Member of Madras State Legislative Assembly from [[Thuraiyur Assembly constituency|Thuraiyur Constituency]], 1952 - 1957
* A. Ramachandra Reddiar - Former Member of Madras State Legislative Assembly of from [[Tiruvannamalai Assembly constituency|Tiruvannamalai Constituency]], 1952 - 1957
*M. Muni Reddy - Former Member of Madras State Legislative Assembly from [[Hosur Assembly constituency|Hosur constituency]], 1952 - 1957 and Former Member of Madras State Legislative Assembly from [[Uddanapalle Assembly constituency|Uddanapalle Constituency]], 1957 - 1962
*[[M. G. Sankar]] - Former Member of Madras State Legislative Assembly from [[Nanguneri Assembly constituency|Nanguneri Constituency]], 1952 - 1962, Philanthropist
*Thirukamu Reddi - Former Member of Puducherry Legislative Assembly from [[Mannadipet Assembly constituency|Sellipet Constituency]], 1956 - 1959
*R.Krishnaswami Reddiar - Former Member of Madras State Legislative Assembly from [[Perambalur Assembly constituency|Perambalur Constituency]], 1957 - 1962
*A.V.P.Periavalaguruva Reddy - Former Member of Madras State Legislative Assembly from [[Tirumangalam Assembly constituency|Tirumangalam Constituency]] from 1957 - 1962
*M. Ramachandra Reddy- Former Member Of Madras State Legislative Assembly from [[Vandavasi Assembly constituency|Vandavasi Constituency]],1957 - 1962
*P.Doraisamy Reddiar - Former Member of Madras State Legislative Assembly from [[Arni Assembly constituency|Arni Constituency]], 1957 - 1962
*A.S.Doraiswamy Reddiar - Former Member of Madras State Legislative Assembly from [[Saidapet Assembly constituency|Saidapet Constituency]], 1957 - 1962
* M.Jangal Reddiar - Former Member of Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly from [[Gingee Assembly constituency|Gingee Constituency]], 1957 - 1962
* P.C. Purushottam Reddiar - Former Member of Puducherry Legislative Assembly from [[Thavalakuppam|Thavalakuppam Constituency]], 1959 - 1964
* [[N. Ramachandra Reddy]] - Former Member Of Madras State Legislative Assembly from [[Hosur Assembly constituency|Hosur Constituency]],1962 - 1967 and Former Member of Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly from [[Hosur Assembly constituency|Hosur Constituency]], 1977 - 1980, 1989 - 1991
*A.Somasundara Reddiar - Former Member of Madras State Legislative Council,1962 - 1968
*Kesava Reddiar - Former Member of Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly from [[Polur Assembly constituency|Polur Constituency]], 1962 - 1967
*O.Srinivasa Reddiar - Former Member of Madras State Legislative Assembly from [[Uthiramerur Assembly constituency|Uthiramerur Constituency]], 1962 - 1967
*A.Raghava Reddi - Former Member of Madras State Legislative Assembly from [[Gummidipoondi Assembly constituency|Gummidipoondi Constituency]],1962 - 1967
* R.Rengasamy Reddiar- Former Member of Madras State Lesgislative Assembly from [[Dindigul Assembly constituency|Dindigul Constituency]],1962-1967
*K.Thiruvengadam - Former Member of Madras State Legislative Assembly from [[Tirumangalam Assembly constituency|Tirumangalam Constituency]], 1962 - 1967
*V. Bashyam Reddy - Former Member of Madras State Legislative Assembly from [[Purasawalkam Assembly constituency|Purasawalkam Constituency]], 1962 - 1967
* Manickavasaga Reddiar - Former Member of Puducherry Legislative Assembly from [[Mannadipet Assembly constituency|Mannadipet Constituency]], 1964 - 1969
*[[P. S. Muthuselvan]] - Former Member of Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly from [[Musiri Assembly constituency|Musiri Constituency]], 1967 - 1976
*[[M. Kandaswamy (Tamil Nadu politician)|M. Kandaswamy]] - Former Member of Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly from [[Kulithalai Assembly constituency|Kulithalai Constituency]], 1967 - 1976
* E.M.Subramaniam - Former Member of Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly from [[Tirukkoyilur Assembly constituency|Tirukkoyilur Constituency]], 1967 - 1971
* D. Ramachandran - Former Member of Puducherry Legislative Assembly from [[Mannadipet Assembly constituency|Mannadipet Constituency]], 1974 - 1990 and 2001 - 2006
* P.E.Srinivasa Reddiar - Former Member of Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly from [[Kulithalai Assembly constituency|Kulithalai Constituency]], 1977 - 1980
*A.Ekambara Reddy - Former Member of Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly from [[Pallipattu Assembly constituency|Pallipattu Constituency]], 1977 - 1980, 1989 - 1991 and 1991 - 1996
*[[S. Pakkur Subramanyan|Pakkur S.Subramanian]] - Former Member of Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly from [[Uthiramerur Assembly constituency|Uthiramerur constituency]], 1977 - 1980
*[[R. K. Perumal]] - Former Member of Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly from [[Vilathikulam Assembly constituency|Vilathikulam Constituency]],1977 - 1984
* T.R.Rajaram Reddy - Former Member of Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly from [[Tindivanam Assembly constituency|Tindivanam Constituency]], 1977 - 1980
* K.Narayanasamy - Former Member of Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly from [[Tiruvannamalai Assembly constituency|Tiruvannamalai Constituency]], 1980 - 1984
*[[S. Kumara Kurubara Ramanathan]] - Former Member of Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly from [[Vilathikulam Assembly constituency|Vilathikulam Constituency]], 1984- 1987
*[[T. Venkata Reddy]] - Former Member of Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly from [[Hosur Assembly constituency|Hosur Constituency]], 1980 - 1989.
*[[R. Ramanathan]] - Former Member of Puducherry Legislative Assembly, [[Kuruvinatham Assembly constituency|Kurivinatham Constituency]], 1985 - 1991
* G.G.Gurumoorthy - Former Member of Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly from [[Bhavani Assembly constituency|Bhavani Constituency]], 1989 - 1991.
* M.Venkatarama Reddy - Former Member of Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly from [[Thalli Assembly constituency|Thalli Constituency]], 1991 - 1996
* [[A. Pappasundaram]] - Former Member of Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly from [[Kulithalai Assembly constituency|Kulithalai Constituency]],1989 - 1996, 2001 - 2006, 2011 - 2016
* [[S. Raja Reddy]] - Former Member of Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly from [[Thalli Assembly constituency|Thalli Constituency]], 1996 - 2001
*[[K. Ravisankar]] - Former Member of Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly from [[Vilathikulam Assembly constituency|Vilathikulam Constituency]], 2001 - 2006
*[[N. K. Perumal]] - Former Member of Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly from [[Vilathikulam Assembly constituency|Vilathikulam Constituency]], 2001 - 2006
* [[P. Chinnappan]] - Former Member of Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly from [[Vilathikulam Assembly constituency|Vilathikulam Constituency]], 2006-2011 and 2019 - 2021
* Sorathur [[R. Rajendran (AIADMK politician)]] - Former Member of Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly from [[Kurinjipadi Assembly constituency|Kurinjipadi Constituency]], 2011 - 2016
* [[V. Muthukumar]] - Former Member of Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly from [[Virudhachalam Assembly constituency|Virudhachalam Constituency]], 2011 - 2016
* [[P. R. Manogar]] - Former member of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]] from the [[Sholingur Assembly constituency|Sholingur constituency]], 2011 - 2016.
*E. Ramar - Former Member of Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly from [[Kulithalai Assembly constituency|Kulithalai Constituency]], 2016 - 2021
* [[K. Uma Maheswari]] - Former Member of Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly from [[Vilathikulam Assembly constituency|Vilathikulam Constituency]], 2016 - 2019
* [[R. B. Ashok Babu]] - Former Nominated Member of Puducherry Legislative Assembly, 2021 - 2025

===Politicians===
*Trichy Velusamy - [[Indian National Congress]] Spokesperson
*Prof. Dr. R. Srinivasan - Tamil Nadu [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] General Secretary and Spokesperson and Independent Director of [[NABARD]]

===Tamil Writers and Poets===
* [[Annamalai Reddiyar]] - Tamil Poet
* A.Ve.Ra Krishnaswami Reddiar - Renowned Journalist and Tamil Writer
* Ve.Vengadarajulu Reddiar - Notable Tamil Researcher and Tamil Writer
* Prof. Dr. N Subbu Reddiar - Eminent Tamil Writer and Researcher
* Illakiyaveedhi Iniyavan - Prominent Tamil Writer
* Va.Ko.Shanmugam - Renowned Tamil Poet and Writer
* Nesamigu S.Rajakumaaran - Prominent Tamil Poet and Writer and Directed Various Documentary Films

===Doctors and Health Practitioners===
*[[Muthulakshmi Reddi]] - First Indian Woman Doctor and Former Legislator, Founder of [[Cancer Institute (WIA)]], [[Padma Bhushan]] Awardee
* Dr.T.Sundara Reddi - First Indian doctor to become a Fellow of the Royal Society of Civil Surgeons (FRCS) and he had set up the Clinic for Poor and Downtrodden People, Husband of [[Muthulakshmi Reddi]] and Nephew of [[A. Subbarayalu Reddiar]]
* Krishnamurthy Reddiar - Notable Herbal Practitioner from Sri Lanka
* Dr. Venugopal S Reddiar - Physician, Success Coach & Behavioural Scientist
* Dr S Venkatesh Babu,FRCS, FACS - Orthopaedic & Trauma Surgeon from Tirunelveli. Founder of Sri Sakthi Hospital, Tirunelveli City.

===Agriculture===
* [[T. Venkatapathi Reddiar]] - Famous Horticulturist and Florist and a Recipient of [[Padma Shri]] Award
* G. Sundarama Reddiar - Prominent leader in the South India Farmers’ Union

===Education===
*Dhanalakshmi A. Srinivasan - Founder - Chancellor of Dhanalakshmi Group of Institutions
*K.Ramaswamy - Founder of [[National Engineering College]], Kovilpatti
*K.R.Arunachalam - Managing Trustee of K.R Group of Institutions
*R.Shanmugaiah - Founder of RSR International School, Sivakasi
*Ramesh Prabha - Educationist, Chairman of Galaxy Institute of Management Chennai, Career Guidance Specialist and a Television Presenter.
* N.Narayanasamy Reddiyar - Renowned Teacher and Tamil Writer and Founder of Narayana Gardens
* T.Kalathur Pulavar Rengaraju Reddiyar - Won the Best Teacher Award from then [[President of India]] [[K. R. Narayanan]] in 1997 & Best Teacher Award (state level) from the Ex-Chief Minister of Tamilnadu [[J. Jayalalithaa]] in 1993. Also a Tamil poet.
*M.Sathya Kumar - Educationist and Renowned Economic & Tax Law Advisor in India. He Completed Chartered Accountancy, Cost Accountancy and Company Secretary courses, becoming one of the few triple-qualified finance professionals in India and now practicing as an Advocate.

===Arts and Cinema===
* [[C. V. Sridhar]] - Famous Film Director
*[[K.M. Adimoolam]] - Prominent Artist and a recipient of [[Lalit Kala Akademi]] National Award
*[[Sirpy]] - Renowned Tamil, Telugu Music Composer
* [[Vasanth Ravi]] - Tamil Film Actor
* Alagesh alias Venkatesh - Tamil Film and Serial Actor

===Sports===
*[[G. R. Vaishnav]] - Indian Volleyball Player
*Muthamizh Selvi - First Woman from [[Tamil Nadu]] to Climb [[Mount Everest]]

===Entrepreneurs===
* A.Muthukrishnan - Co-Founder of [[Namma Veedu Vasanta Bhavan]] Chain of Restaurants, Tamil Nadu
* A.Rengasamy - Co-Founder of [[Namma Veedu Vasanta Bhavan]] Chain of Restaurants, Tamil Nadu
*M.Ravi - Owner of [[Namma Veedu Vasanta Bhavan]] Chain of Restaurants, Tamil Nadu
*R. Kandasamy Reddiar - Founder of Valarmathi Hotels(Now Known as Temple City Group of Hotels), Madurai, Tamil Nadu
*Temple City Lakshamana Kumar - Owner of Temple City Group of Hotels, Madurai, Tamil Nadu
*G. Renganathan - Owner of Guru Hotel, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu
*E.V.Perumalsamy Reddy - Founder of EVP Group of Companies
*E.V.P.Santhosh Reddy - Managing Director of EVP Group of Companies
*S.T. Reddiar - Founder of ST Reddiar Press, Ernakulam, Kerala
* Veeraiah Reddiar - Founder of Seematti, One of Kerala's Big Textile and Silk Showrooms.
*[[Beena Kannan]] - Owner of Seematti, Kerala
* Aiyappa Reddiar - Founder of Aiyappas, Kottayam, Kerala
*K. Lakshmana Reddiar - Textile Tycoon, Founder of Parthas, Textile and Silk Showroom Chain, Kerala
*M. Venkatanarayana Reddiar - Textile Tycoon, Founder of Sreenivas Fabrics, Kerala
*T.K.Perumal Reddiar - Prominent Pulses and Grains Merchant, Kollam,Kerala
*Nataraja Reddiar - Founder of Famous Grand Sweets & Snacks, Chennai
*K. Santhanam Reddiar - Founder of Sanco Trans Group, Chennai
*M. Vengadasubbu - Founder of Darling Electronics
*Ramanuja Reddiar Kumar - Founder of Anuj Tiles
*K.R.V. Ganesan - Founder of Aswins Sweets, Perambalur
*R.Manoharan - Founder of Banana Leaf Group of Restaurants
*Preetha Jagadeesh Reddiar - Co-Founder of Godavari Restaurant and Nalas Kitchen, Minneapolis, Veedu Indian Kitchen, Michigan USA

===Intrapreneur===
*Rajmohan Rajagopalan - General Manager at Microsoft, Palo Alto, California
*Nindhana Paranthaman - Executive Medical Director at Summit Therapeutics, Menlo Park, California

==See also==
*[[Tamil diaspora]]
*[[Telugu diaspora]]
*[[List of Reddy dynasties and states]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Telugu social groups]]
[[Category:Tamil society]]
[[Category:Indian castes]]
[[Category:South Indian communities]]
[[Category:Social groups of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Tamil-language surnames]]

Mendora mandal

2026-03-18T06:45:43Z

CandicePrenderga:

{{Other uses|Mendora (disambiguation){{!}}Mendora}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Mendora
| other_name =
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| image_skyline =
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| pushpin_map = India Telangana#India
| pushpin_label_position =
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| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Telangana, India
| coordinates = {{coord|18|57|N|78|24|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flagu|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Telangana]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Nizamabad district|Nizamabad]]
| established_title = 
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| named_for =
| government_type =
| | governing_body =
| leader_title1 = [[Member of Parliament]]
| leader_name1 = [[Dharmapuri Arvind]]
| leader_title2 = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]]
| leader_name2 = Vemula Prashanth Reddy
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web|title=Mendora Village Info|url=https://villageinfo.in/telangana/nizamabad/balkonda/mendora.html}}</ref>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 15.29
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 384
| population_total = 4,981
| population_Rank =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web|title=2011 Census of India|url=https://data.gov.in/resources/villagetown-wise-primary-census-abstract-2011-nizamabad-district-andhra-pradesh/download|website=data.gov.in|publisher=Census department of Government of India}}</ref>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 503219
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 91-8463
| registration_plate = TS 16<ref>{{cite web|title=District Codes|url=http://www.transport.telangana.gov.in/html/registration-districtcodes.html|publisher=Government of Telangana Transport Department|accessdate=4 September 2014}}</ref>
| blank1_name_sec1 = Literacy
| blank1_info_sec1 = 48.5%
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = Nizamabad
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = Balkonda
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Mendora''' is a mandal in [[Nizamabad district]] in the state of [[Telangana]] in India. Mendora is situated beside [[National Highway 44 (India)|NH 44]]. There are 1306 houses in Mendora. It is located 54 km towards East from District headquarters Nizamabad.

== Demographics ==
Total Population in 2011 census is approximately 4981 of whom 2431 are male and 2550 are female. Average Sex Ratio of Mendora village is 1049 which is higher than the national average.<ref>{{cite web|title= Census 2011|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/570786-mendora-andhra-pradesh.html}}</ref> There are 450 children of age group 0 to 6 years. Among them 237 are boys and 213 are girls.

== Work profile ==
In Mendora village out of total population, 2945 were engaged in work activities. 82.55% of workers describe their work as Main Work (Employment or Earning more than 6 Months) while 17.45% were involved in Marginal activity providing livelihood for less than 6 months. Of 2945 workers engaged in Main Work, 854 were cultivators (owner or co-owner) while 913 were Agricultural labourer.<ref>{{cite web|title=work profile|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/570786-mendora-andhra-pradesh.html}}</ref>

== Geography ==
Coordinates: 18°57′N 78°24′E

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Nizamabad district|state=expanded}}

[[Category:Mandals in Nizamabad district]]

Ranjit Vilas Palace (Ratlam)

2026-03-13T05:32:53Z

CandicePrenderga:

{{Short description|Palace in Ratlam, Madhya Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2022}}
The '''Ranjit Vilas Palace''' is a [[palace]] in [[Ratlam]], [[Madhya Pradesh]] that was the residence of the [[royal family]] of Ratlam. Built in 1880 and named for the then ruler, the palace is noted for its [[Italianate architecture|Italian architecture]] and [[Interior design|décor]] and is a key part of the city’s heritage. Owned by the [[Government of Madhya Pradesh]] since the death of the last ruler, the palace has suffered from encroachments and several proposals have been made to [[Renovation|renovate]] and [[Repurposing|repurpose]] the building.

{{Infobox building
| name = Ranjit Vilas Palace
| image = Ranjit Vilas Palace, Ratlam.jpg
}}

==History==
The palace was constructed in 1880 by the then ruler of the [[princely state]] of [[Ratlam State|Ratlam]], [[Maharaja]] [[Ranjit Singh of Ratlam]] and has been named after him. Popularly known as the Old Palace, it is an important part of the architectural heritage of Ratlam.<ref>{{cite news |title=रतलाम की धरोहर महलवाड़ा के बदलेंगे दिन:कलेक्टर और एसपी ने रणजीत विलास पैलेस का किया दौरा, कलेक्टर बोले- लौटाया जाएगा महलवाड़ा का पुराना वैभव |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/mp/ratlam/news/collector-and-sp-visited-ranjit-vilas-palace-collector-said-old-splendor-of-mahalwara-will-be-returned-129654814.html |access-date=13 September 2022 |work=Dainik Bhaskar}}</ref> The palace was the official residence of Lokendra Singh, the last ruler of Ratlam. Following his death in 1991 and his wife Prabharaje in 1993, the palace was taken over by the Government of Madhya Pradesh as the ruler had no [[Lineal descendant|lineal descendants]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Lokendra Singh Rathore vs Wealth-Tax Officer And Anr. on 30 January, 1985 |url=https://indiankanoon.org/docfragment/1378298/?formInput=ratlam |access-date=13 September 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=रणजीत विलास पैलेस को सरकारी आस |url=https://www.naidunia.com/madhya-pradesh/ratlam-ranajeet-vilas-palace-1109416 |access-date=13 September 2022 |work=Nai Dunia |date=18 April 2017 |language=hi}}</ref>

==Architecture==
The palace is noted for its Italian architecture and craftsmanship reflected in the carvings done on the palace floor.<ref>{{cite news |title=रणजीत विलास पैलेस को सरकारी आस |url=https://www.naidunia.com/madhya-pradesh/ratlam-ranajeet-vilas-palace-1109416 |access-date=13 September 2022 |work=Nai Dunia |date=18 April 2017 |language=hi}}</ref> [[Wallpaper]] imported from [[Europe]] and Belgian glass figure in its décor. It also featured an [[elevator]] which the first such utility in Ratlam and a rarity in buildings of the time.<ref>{{cite news |title=रतलाम की धरोहर महलवाड़ा के बदलेंगे दिन:कलेक्टर और एसपी ने रणजीत विलास पैलेस का किया दौरा, कलेक्टर बोले- लौटाया जाएगा महलवाड़ा का पुराना वैभव |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/mp/ratlam/news/collector-and-sp-visited-ranjit-vilas-palace-collector-said-old-splendor-of-mahalwara-will-be-returned-129654814.html |access-date=13 September 2022 |work=Dainik Bhaskar}}</ref>

== Present status==
The palace has been the subject of much litigation and has been declared as property of the government of Madhya Pradesh. The building itself has been used to house various government offices.<ref>{{cite web |title=City Development Plan, Ratlam |url=https://www.rmcratlam.in/assets/front/images/CDP-Ratlam-E.pdf |publisher=Madhya Pradesh Urban Services for the Poor, Urban Administration and Development Department, Madhya Pradesh |access-date=13 September 2022}}</ref> In 2011 the Palace was the venue of rival [[Coronations in Asia|coronations]] by claimants to the titular kingship of Ratlam.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bhopal: Property disputes of royal families become talk of the town |url=https://www.freepressjournal.https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ranjit_Vilas_Palace_(Ratlam)&action=edit&redlink=1#in/bhopal/bhopal-property-disputes-of-royal-families-become-talk-of-the-town |access-date=13 September 2022 |work=The Free Press Journal |date=29 May 2019}}</ref>
Over the years the property has been encroachmed upon extensively with houses and shops being built on the encroached land. This forced the [[Ratlam district|district administration]] to ban all commercial transactions on the property in 2017. Proposals to get the state government to declare the building as a [[State Protected Monuments of India|protected monument]], to develop it as heritage hotel under the [[Ministry of Tourism (India)|Ministry of Tourism]] or convert it into a museum have all seen little progress.<ref>{{cite news |title=रतलाम की बेशकीमती राजसम्पत्तियों खरीद फरोख्त पर रोक,एडीएम डॉ.बुन्देला ने इन्दौर व रतलाम के रजिस्ट्रार को दिए आदेश |url=https://ekhabartoday.com/newekt/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE-%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80-%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80-%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D/ |access-date=13 September 2022 |work=E Khabar Today |date=13 February 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=राजपरिवार के वंशज जर्मनी निवासी मार्क इसी साल आएंगे महलवाड़ा देखने |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/mp/indore/news/establishment-day-of-ratlam-marks-member-of-the-royal-family-will-visit-the-palace-this-01487203.html |access-date=13 September 2022 |work=Dainik Bhaskar}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Coord|23|19|27|N|75|02|28|E|display=title}}

[[Category:Royal residences in India]]
[[Category:Palaces in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rajput architecture]]

National Film Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role

2026-03-12T09:13:57Z

CandicePrenderga:

{{Short description|Indian film award}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Infobox award
| name = National Film Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role
| alt =
| awarded_for = Best performance by an actress in a leading role
| image = Rani Mukerji, Best Actress for Mrs Chatterjee Vs Norway.jpg
| caption = The 2023 recipient: [[Rani Mukerji]]
| sponsor = [[National Film Development Corporation of India]]
| firstawarded = 1967
| reward = {{ubl|Rajat Kamal (Silver Lotus)|{{INR|2,00,000}}}}
| former name = Urvashi Award (1967–1973) National Film Award for Best Actress (1974–2021)
| holder_label = Most recent winner
| holder = [[Rani Mukerji]], ''[[Mrs. Chatterjee vs Norway]]'' (2023)
| most_wins = [[Shabana Azmi]] (5)
}}
The '''National Film Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role''' is an honour presented annually at the [[National Film Awards]] of India since 1968 to an actress for the best performance in a leading role within the [[Cinema of India|Indian film industry]].<ref name="Sabharwal2007">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LKySGJAGVEQC&pg=PA116 |title=India Since 1947: The Independent Years |last=Sabharwal |first=Gopa |publisher=Penguin Books |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-14-310274-8 |location=India |page=116}}</ref><ref name=nfa>{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/nfa.asp |title=About National Film Awards |publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]] |access-date=24 October 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111025223102/http://dff.nic.in/nfa.asp |archive-date=25 October 2011 }}</ref> The National Film Awards were called the "State Awards for Films" when established in 1954. The State Awards instituted the "Best Actress" category in 1968 as the "Urvashi Award for the Best Actress";<ref name="Sabharwal2007" /><ref name=1974NFA>{{cite web |url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm21stNFAAward.aspx?PdfName=21NFA.pdf |title=21st National Awards For Films (1974) |publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals |access-date=12 March 2012 |page=17|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928071446/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm21stNFAAward.aspx?PdfName=21NFA.pdf |archive-date=28 September 2011 }}</ref><ref name=1975NFA>{{cite web |url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm22ndNFAAward.aspx?PdfName=22NFA.pdf |title=22nd National Film Festival (1975) |publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals |access-date=30 July 2011 |page=15|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928072522/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm22ndNFAAward.aspx?PdfName=22NFA.pdf |archive-date=28 September 2011 }}</ref> in 1975, the '''Urvashi Award''' was renamed as the "Rajat Kamal Award for the Best Actress". Throughout the years, accounting for ties and repeat winners, the [[Government of India]] has presented a total of 61 Best Actress awards to 49 different actresses. Since the 70th National Film Awards, the name was changed to "National Film Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role".<ref name=":0">{{cite web|author=Under Secretary to the Government of India|title=Report on Rationalization of Awards Conferred by the Ministry of Information & Broadcasting {{!}} Ministry of Information and Broadcasting {{!}} Government of India|url=https://mib.gov.in/filmsdocuments/report-rationalization-awards-conferred-ministry-information-broadcasting|publisher=[[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Ministry of Information and Broadcasting]]|access-date=25 August 2024|date=14 December 2023}}</ref>

Until 1974, winners of the National Film Award received a [[figurine]] and certificate; since 1975, they have been awarded with a "Rajat Kamal" (silver [[Nelumbo nucifera|lotus]]), certificate and a cash prize that amounted to {{INRConvert|2|l}} in the 70th edition.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=1974NFA /> Although the Indian film industry produces films in more than 20 [[Languages of India|languages and dialects]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Central Board of Film Certification – Annual Report 2011 |url=http://cbfcindia.gov.in/CbfcWeb/fckeditor/editor/images/Uploadedfiles/file/Publications/ANNUAL_2011.pdf |publisher=[[Central Board of Film Certification]] |access-date=25 November 2012 |page=33|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130124081428/http://cbfcindia.gov.in/CbfcWeb/fckeditor/editor/images/Uploadedfiles/file/Publications/ANNUAL_2011.pdf |archive-date=24 January 2013 }}</ref> the actresses whose performances have won awards have worked in eleven major languages: [[Hindi]] (25 awards),[[Tamil language|Tamil]] (8 awards), [[Bengali language|Bengali]] (7 awards), [[Malayalam]] (6 awards), [[Telugu language|Telugu]] (4 awards), [[Kannada]] (3 awards), [[Indian English|English]] (3 awards), [[Marathi language|Marathi]] (2 awards), [[Assamese language|Assamese]] (one award), [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] (one award) and [[Urdu]] (one award).

The first recipient was [[Nargis|Nargis Dutt]] from [[Hindi cinema]], who was honoured at the [[15th National Film Awards]] (1967) for her performance in ''[[Raat Aur Din]]''.<ref name="1968award">{{cite web |url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm15thNFAAward.aspx?PdfName=15NFA.pdf |title=National Awards for Films – 1967 – Nargis Dutt |publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals |date=25 November 1968|page=29 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928071652/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm15thNFAAward.aspx?PdfName=15NFA.pdf |archive-date=28 September 2011 }}</ref> The actress who won the most Rajat Kamal awards is [[Shabana Azmi]] with five wins,<ref>{{cite news|title=Coffee break with Shabana Azmi |last=Nagarajan |first=Saraswathy |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/12/18/stories/2004121801660100.htm|newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=18 December 2004 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120610045954/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/12/18/stories/2004121801660100.htm |archive-date=10 June 2012 }}</ref> followed by [[Sharada (actress)|Sharada]] and [[Kangana Ranaut]] with three wins. As of 2021, four actresses—[[Smita Patil]], [[Archana (actress)|Archana]], [[Shobana]], and [[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]] who have won the award two times. [[Sharada (actress)|Sharada]], [[Archana (actress)|Archana]] and [[Shobana]] are the only three actresses to get the award for performing in two different languages. Sharada was bestowed with the awards for her performances in two Malayalam films: ''[[Thulabharam]]'' and ''[[Swayamvaram (1972 film)|Swayamvaram]]'' in 1968 and 1972 respectively, and in 1978 for the Telugu film ''[[Nimajjanam]]''. Archana was first honoured in 1987 for the Tamil film ''[[Veedu]]'' and was awarded for the second time in 1988 for the Telugu film ''[[Daasi (1988 film)|Daasi]]''. Shobana received her first award for the Malayalam film ''[[Manichitrathazhu]]'' in 1993, and her second for the English film ''[[Mitr, My Friend]]'' in 2001. As of 2020, the late [[Monisha Unni]] remains the youngest recipient of the honour; she was awarded for the Malayalam film ''[[Nakhakshathangal]]'' in 1986 when she was 16.<ref name=1986award>{{cite web |url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm34ndNFAAward.aspx?PdfName=34NFA.pdf |title=34th National Film Awards |publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals |access-date=19 January 2011 |page=27|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141017014114/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm34ndNFAAward.aspx?PdfName=34NFA.pdf |archive-date=17 October 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Bharathan |first=Hemjit |title=Grit to conquer grief |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2008/10/27/stories/2008102750590400.htm|date=27 October 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308220043/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2008/10/27/stories/2008102750590400.htm |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=8 March 2012 }}</ref> [[Indrani Haldar]] and [[Rituparna Sengupta]] are the only two actresses to be honoured for the same film—''[[Dahan (1997 film)|Dahan]]''. [[Kangana Ranaut]] is the only actress to be honoured for her performance in two different films (''[[Manikarnika: The Queen of Jhansi]]'' and ''[[Panga (film)|Panga]]'') in the same year. [[Sridevi]] is the only actress who was honoured posthumously for her performance in ''[[Mom (film)|Mom]]'' (2017).<ref>{{cite news |title=National Film Awards: Sridevi Honoured Posthumously; Boney Kapoor Remembers His Wife, Wishes She Was Here |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/national-film-awards-sridevi-honoured-posthumously-boney-kapoor-remembers-his-wife-wishes-she-was-here-1737647.html |access-date=7 December 2021 |website=[[News18 India]] |date=3 May 2018 }}</ref> The most recent recipient is [[Rani Mukerji]], who was honoured at the [[71st National Film Awards]] for her performance in the 2023 Hindi film ''[[Mrs. Chatterjee vs Norway]]''.
{{TOC limit|2}}

==Key==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" border="1"
|-
! scope="col" style="width:50px" | Symbol
! scope="col" style="width:350px" | Meaning
|-
|style="text-align:center;" |Year
|Indicates the year in which the film was [[Censorship in India#Censorship by medium|censored]] by the [[Central Board of Film Certification]] (CBFC)
|-
|align=center style="background-color:#ADD8E6"|{{dagger}}
|Indicates a joint award for that year
|-
|style="text-align:center; background:#ffecc8;"|{{double-dagger}}
|Indicates that the winner won the award for two performances in that year
|}

== Recipients ==
<gallery>
Shabana Azmi SFU honorary degree (cropped).jpg|With five wins, [[Shabana Azmi]] is the most awarded actor in this category. She is also the actress with most consecutive wins (3).
Ms. Shobana Chandrakumar, a well-known Classical dancer, Choreographer teacher and actress, in 2006 (cropped).jpg|[[Shobana]] with 2 Wins in two different Indian Languages.
KanganaRanaut 67thNationalFilmAwards1 (cropped).jpg|[[Kangana Ranaut]] has won the award three times. She is the only actress to be honoured for two different films in a same year.
</gallery>

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|+List of award recipients, showing the year, role(s), film(s) and language(s)
! scope="col" |Year{{efn|Denotes The year in which the film was [[Censorship in India#Censorship by medium|censored]] by the [[Central Board of Film Certification]].}}
! scope="col" |Recipient(s)
! scope="col" |Role(s)
! scope="col" |Work(s)
! scope="col" |Language(s)
! scope="col" class="unsortable" style="text-align:center;" |Refs.{{efn|Cites the recipient and the role played by them in the film.}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | [[15th National Film Awards|1967 {{small|(15th)}}]]
! scope="row" | [[Nargis|Nargis Dutt]]
| Varuna / Peggy{{efn|Dutt played the role of a woman suffering from [[multiple personality disorder]] in the film.<ref>{{cite news|last=Sinha|first=Meenakshi|title=New ailments to spice up BO|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/New-ailments-to-spice-up-BO/articleshow/5135544.cms|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130126080529/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-10-18/india/28106966_1_conditions-films-diseases|url-status=live|archive-date=26 January 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=18 October 2009}}</ref>}}
| ''[[Raat Aur Din]]''
| [[Hindi]]
|<ref>{{cite web |title=15th National Film Awards |url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm15thNFAAward.aspx |publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals |access-date=19 November 2012|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020065700/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm15thNFAAward.aspx |archive-date=20 October 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Raat Aur Din – Cast & credits |url=http://explore.bfi.org.uk/4ce2b804453cb |publisher=[[British Film Institute]] |access-date=1 December 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150408122003/http://explore.bfi.org.uk/4ce2b804453cb |archive-date=8 April 2015 }}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | [[16th National Film Awards|1968 {{small|(16th)}}]]
! scope="row" | [[Sharada (actress)|Sharada]]
| Vijaya
| ''[[Thulabharam]]''
| [[Malayalam]]
|<ref>{{cite web |title=16th National Film Awards – 1970 |url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm16thNFAAward.aspx |publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals |access-date=13 January 2013|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020065718/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm16thNFAAward.aspx |archive-date=20 October 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=B. Vijayakumar |title=Thulabharam 1968 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/metroplus/article822028.ece|newspaper=The Hindu |date=10 October 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110219024239/http://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/metroplus/article822028.ece |archive-date=19 February 2011 }}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | [[17th National Film Awards|1969 {{small|(17th)}}]]
! scope="row" | [[Madhabi Mukherjee]]
| Supriya
| ''[[Dibratrir Kabya]]''
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
|<ref name=1970nfa>{{cite web |title=17th National Film Awards |url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm17thNFAAward.aspx |publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals |access-date=19 November 2012|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020065742/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm17thNFAAward.aspx |archive-date=20 October 2012 }}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | [[18th National Film Awards|1970 {{small|(18th)}}]]
! scope="row" | [[Rehana Sultan]]
| Salma Ahmed
| ''[[Dastak (1970 film)|Dastak]]''
| [[Hindi]]
|<ref name=1970nfa /><ref>{{cite journal|title=The Illustrated Weekly of India|year=1971|volume=92|page=57|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5Gc6AQAAIAAJ}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | [[19th National Film Awards|1971 {{small|(19th)}}]]
! scope="row" | [[Waheeda Rehman]]
| Reshma
| ''[[Reshma Aur Shera]]''
| [[Hindi]]
|<ref>{{cite news|last=Kohli|first=Suresh|title=Blast from the past – Reshma Aur Shera 1971|url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2008/10/25/stories/2008102550471000.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130125142010/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2008/10/25/stories/2008102550471000.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 January 2013|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=25 October 2008}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | [[20th National Film Awards|1972 {{small|(20th)}}]] 
! scope="row" | [[Sharada (actress)|Sharada]]
| Sita
| ''[[Swayamvaram (1972 film)|Swayamvaram]]''
| [[Malayalam]]
|<ref>{{cite web |title=20th National Film Awards – 1972 |url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm20thNFAAward.aspx |publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals |access-date=1 December 2012 |page=43|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105220349/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm20thNFAAward.aspx |archive-date=5 November 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Adoor made us forget our identities |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/sep/08sarada.htm |work=[[Rediff.com]] |date=8 September 2005|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121026081832/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/sep/08sarada.htm |archive-date=26 October 2012 }}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | [[21st National Film Awards|1973 {{small|(21st)}}]]
! scope="row" | [[Nandini Bhaktavatsala]]
| Kamali
| ''[[Kaadu (1973 Kannada film)|Kaadu]]''
| [[Kannada]]
|<ref name=1974NFA /><ref name="Purohit1988">{{cite book|last=Purohit|first=Vinayak|title=Arts of transitional India twentieth century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ArsrAAAAMAAJ|year=1988|publisher=Popular Prakashan|isbn=978-0-86132-138-4|page=1136}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | [[22nd National Film Awards|1974 {{small|(22nd)}}]]
! scope="row" | [[Shabana Azmi]]
| Lakshmi
| ''[[Ankur (film)|Ankur]]''
| rowspan="2" | [[Hindi]]
|<ref name=1975NFA />
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | [[23rd National Film Awards|1975 {{small|(23rd)}}]]
! scope="row" | [[Sharmila Tagore]]
| Chanda Thapa, Kajli{{efn|Tagore performed dual roles in the film.<ref>{{cite news|last=A. Chatterji |first=Shoma |title=I was different from other actresses |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2005/20051016/spectrum/main7.htm|newspaper=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] |date=16 October 2005 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304025009/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2005/20051016/spectrum/main7.htm |archive-date=4 March 2016 }}</ref>}}
| ''[[Mausam (1975 film)|Mausam]]''
|<ref>{{cite web |title=23rd National Film Awards |url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm23rdNFAAward.aspx |publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals |access-date=13 January 2013|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140219064158/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm23rdNFAAward.aspx |archive-date=19 February 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Raheja |first=Dinesh |title=Mausam – The tantalising ambiguity of relationships |url=http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2002/nov/09dinesh.htm |work=Rediff.com |access-date=1 December 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121015210501/http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2002/nov/09dinesh.htm |archive-date=15 October 2012 }}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | [[24th National Film Awards|1976 {{small|(24th)}}]]
! scope="row" | [[Lakshmi (actress)|Lakshmi]]
| Ganga
| ''[[Sila Nerangalil Sila Manithargal (1977 film)|Sila Nerangalil Sila Manithargal]]''
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|<ref name="Baskaran1996">{{cite book|last=Baskaran |first=Sundararaj Theodore |title=The eye of the serpent: an introduction to Tamil cinema |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PhFlAAAAMAAJ|year=1996|publisher=East West Books |page=149 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131009044850/http://books.google.com/books?id=PhFlAAAAMAAJ |archive-date=9 October 2013 }}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | [[25th National Film Awards|1977 {{small|(25th)}}]]
! scope="row" | [[Smita Patil]]
| Urvashi / Usha{{efn|Smita played a single character which had two different names.}}
| ''[[Bhumika: The Role|Bhumika]]''
| [[Hindi]]
|<ref>{{cite web |title=25th National Film Awards |url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm25NFAAward.aspx?PdfName=25th_nff.pdf |publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals |access-date=15 November 2012 |pages=6–7|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130130000902/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm25NFAAward.aspx?PdfName=25th_nff.pdf |archive-date=30 January 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The Best of Smita Patil – Bhumika |author1=Dinesh Raheja |author2=Jitendra Kothari |url=http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2006/dec/14slide1.htm |work=Rediff.com |access-date=1 December 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120910143936/http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2006/dec/14slide1.htm |archive-date=10 September 2012 }}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | [[26th National Film Awards|1978 {{small|(26th)}}]]
! scope="row" | [[Sharada (actress)|Sharada]]
| Bharathi
| ''[[Nimajjanam]]''
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|<ref>{{cite web |title=26th National Film Awards – 1979 |url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm26NFAAward.aspx |publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals |access-date=1 December 2012 |page=36|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140219064258/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm26NFAAward.aspx |archive-date=19 February 2014 }}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | [[27th National Film Awards|1979 {{small|(27th)}}]]
! scope="row" | [[Shoba]]
| Kuppamma
| ''[[Pasi (film)|Pasi]]''
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|<ref>{{cite news|last=Ashok Kumar |first=S. R |title=It's a heavy price to pay |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/05/03/stories/2002050300330300.htm|date=3 May 2002 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111026015934/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/05/03/stories/2002050300330300.htm |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=26 October 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Rajadhyaksha |first1=Ashish |last2=Willemen |first2=Paul |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian cinema |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R0EOAQAAMAAJ|year=1999|publisher=[[British Film Institute]] |page=442 |isbn=9781579581466 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130607111056/http://books.google.com/books?id=R0EOAQAAMAAJ |archive-date=7 June 2013 }}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | [[28th National Film Awards|1980 {{small|(28th)}}]]
! scope="row" | [[Smita Patil]]
| Amma
| ''[[Chakra (1981 film)|Chakra]]''
| [[Hindi]]
|<ref>{{cite web |title=28th National Film Awards |url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm28thNFAAward.aspx |publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals |access-date=13 January 2013|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140219064301/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm28thNFAAward.aspx |archive-date=19 February 2014 }}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | [[29th National Film Awards|1981 {{small|(29th)}}]]
! scope="row" | [[Rekha]]
| Amiran (Umrao Jaan){{efn|Rekha played a single character which had two different names.<ref>{{cite news|last=Devi|first=Sangeetha|title=Umrao Jaan unplugged|url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2006/11/03/stories/2006110301160100.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130125103303/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2006/11/03/stories/2006110301160100.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 January 2013|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=3 November 2006}}</ref>}}
| ''[[Umrao Jaan (1981 film)|Umrao Jaan]]''
| [[Urdu]]
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm29thNFAAward.aspx?PdfName=29NFA.pdf |title=29th National Film Awards |publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals |access-date=7 August 2011 |page=12|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721170327/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm29thNFAAward.aspx?PdfName=29NFA.pdf |archive-date=21 July 2011 }}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | [[30th National Film Awards|1982 {{small|(30th)}}]]
! rowspan="3" scope="row" | [[Shabana Azmi]]
| Pooja Inder Malhotra
| ''[[Arth (film)|Arth]]''
| rowspan="3" | [[Hindi]]
|<ref>{{cite web |title=30th National Film Awards – 1983 |url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm30thNFAAward.aspx |publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals |access-date=13 January 2013|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151003130200/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm30thNFAAward.aspx |archive-date=3 October 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Raheja |first=Dinesh |title='Arth': an ode to relationships |url=http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2003/jul/08dinesh.htm |work=Rediff.com |date=8 July 2003|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120904135556/http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2003/jul/08dinesh.htm |archive-date=4 September 2012 }}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | [[31st National Film Awards|1983 {{small|(31st)}}]]
| Jamini
| ''[[Khandhar]]''
|<ref>{{cite web |title=31st National Film Awards – 1984 |url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm31stNFAAward.aspx |publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals |access-date=13 January 2013|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112200555/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm31stNFAAward.aspx |archive-date=12 November 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Shabana Azmi on Classiness in Cinema |url=http://forbesindia.com/article/recliner/shabana-azmi-on-classiness-in-cinema/32756/1 |work=[[Forbes]] |date=27 April 2012|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121031154502/http://forbesindia.com//article/recliner/shabana-azmi-on-classiness-in-cinema/32756/1 |archive-date=31 October 2012 }}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | [[32nd National Film Awards|1984 {{small|(32nd)}}]]
| Rama
| ''[[Paar (film)|Paar]]''
|<ref>{{cite web |title=32nd National Film Awards – 1985 |url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm32ndNFAAward.aspx |publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals |access-date=13 January 2013|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130926054317/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm32ndNFAAward.aspx |archive-date=26 September 2013 }}</ref><ref name="Bowker1986">{{cite book|author=Bowker |title=Variety's Film Reviews: 1983–1984 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UXJZAAAAMAAJ|year=1986|publisher=[[R. R. Bowker]] |isbn=978-0-8352-2798-8 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131231082643/http://books.google.com/books?id=UXJZAAAAMAAJ |archive-date=31 December 2013 }}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | [[33rd National Film Awards|1985 {{small|(33rd)}}]]
! scope="row" | [[Suhasini Maniratnam|Suhasini]]
| Sindhu
| ''[[Sindhu Bhairavi (film)|Sindhu Bhairavi]]''
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm32ndNFAAward.aspx?PdfName=32NFA.pdf |title=32nd National Film Awards |publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals |access-date=7 August 2011 |page=25|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928072238/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm32ndNFAAward.aspx?PdfName=32NFA.pdf |archive-date=28 September 2011 }}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | [[34th National Film Awards|1986 {{small|(34th)}}]]
! scope="row" | [[Monisha Unni]]
| Gouri
| ''[[Nakhakshathangal]]''
| [[Malayalam]]
|<ref name=1986award />
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | [[35th National Film Awards|1987 {{small|(35th)}}]]
! rowspan="2" scope="row" | [[Archana (actress)|Archana]]
| Sudha
| ''[[Veedu]]''
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm35thNFAAward.aspx?PdfName=35NFA.pdf |title=35th National Film Awards – 1988 |publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals |access-date=7 August 2011 |page=29|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721170111/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm35thNFAAward.aspx?PdfName=35NFA.pdf |archive-date=21 July 2011 }}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | [[36th National Film Awards|1988 {{small|(36th)}}]]
| Kamalakshi
| ''[[Daasi (1988 film)|Daasi]]''
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|<ref>{{cite web |title=36th National Film Festival – 1989 |url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm36NFAAward.aspx |publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals |access-date=1 December 2012 |page=28|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140505173742/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm36NFAAward.aspx |archive-date=5 May 2014 }}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | [[37th National Film Awards|1989 {{small|(37th)}}]]
! scope="row" | [[Sreelekha Mukherji]]
| Lakkhi
| ''[[Parshuramer Kuthar]]''
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm37NFAAward.aspx?PdfName=37nfa.pdf |title=37th National Film Awards – 1990 |publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals |access-date=19 January 2011 |page=34|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141018073449/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm37NFAAward.aspx?PdfName=37nfa.pdf |archive-date=18 October 2014 }}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | [[38th National Film Awards|1990 {{small|(38th)}}]]
! scope="row" | [[Vijayashanti]]
| Vyjayanthi
| ''[[Karthavyam (1990 film)|Karthavyam]]''
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|<ref>{{cite web |title=38th National Film Awards – 1991 |url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm38thNFAAward.aspx |publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals |access-date=13 January 2013|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105174944/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm38thNFAAward.aspx |archive-date=5 November 2013 }}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | [[39th National Film Awards|1991 {{small|(39th)}}]]
! scope="row" | [[Moloya Goswami]]
| Ritu
| ''[[Firingoti]]''
| [[Assamese language|Assamese]]
|<ref>{{cite web |title=39th National Film Festival – 1992 |url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm39thNFAAward.aspx |publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals |access-date=1 December 2012 |page=38|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140315101348/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm39thNFAAward.aspx |archive-date=15 March 2014 }}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | [[40th National Film Awards|1992 {{small|(40th)}}]]
! scope="row" | [[Dimple Kapadia]]
| Shanichari
| ''[[Rudaali]]''
| [[Hindi]]
|<ref>{{cite web|title=40th National Film Awards – 1993 |url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/40th_nff_1993.pdf |publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals – 1993 |access-date=15 November 2012 |pages=40–41|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309053748/http://dff.nic.in/2011/40th_nff_1993.pdf |archive-date=9 March 2016 }}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | [[41st National Film Awards|1993 {{small|(41st)}}]]
! scope="row" | [[Shobana]]
| Ganga / Nagavalli{{efn|Shobana played the role of a woman suffering from [[multiple personality disorder]] in the film.}}
| ''[[Manichitrathazhu]]''
| [[Malayalam]]
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm41thNFAAward.aspx?PdfName=41NFA.pdf |title=41st National Film Awards – 1994 |publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals |access-date=7 August 2011 |pages=36–37|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928072259/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm41thNFAAward.aspx?PdfName=41NFA.pdf |archive-date=28 September 2011 }}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | [[42nd National Film Awards|1994 {{small|(42nd)}}]]
! scope="row" | [[Debashree Roy]]
| Dr. Aditi Sen
| ''[[Unishe April]]''
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
|<ref>{{cite web |title=42nd National Film Awards – 1995 |url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm42thNFAAward.aspx?PdfName=42NFA.pdf |publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals |access-date=15 November 2012 |pages=26–27|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121012140929/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm42thNFAAward.aspx?PdfName=42NFA.pdf |archive-date=12 October 2012 }}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | [[43rd National Film Awards|1995 {{small|(43rd)}}]]
! scope="row" | [[Seema Biswas]]
| [[Phoolan Devi]]
| ''[[Bandit Queen]]''
| rowspan="2" | [[Hindi]]
|<ref>{{cite web |title=43rd National Film Awards – 1996 |url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm43thNFAAward.aspx |publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals |pages=26–27 |access-date=13 January 2013|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131215065528/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm43thNFAAward.aspx |archive-date=15 December 2013 }}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | [[44th National Film Awards|1996 {{small|(44th)}}]]
! scope="row" | [[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]]
| Virender Kaur
| ''[[Maachis]]''
|<ref>{{cite web |title=44th National Film Awards – 1997 |url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm44thNFAAward.aspx |publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals |access-date=1 December 2012 |page=24|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140505172151/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm44thNFAAward.aspx |archive-date=5 May 2014 }}</ref>
|-
|style="background:#ADD8E6" rowspan="2| [[45th National Film Awards|1997 {{small|(45th)}}]] {{dagger}}
! scope="row" | [[Indrani Haldar]]
| Jhinuk
|rowspan="2"| ''[[Dahan (1997 film)|Dahan]]''
|rowspan="2"| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| rowspan="2|<ref name="45th NFA">{{cite web |title=45th National Film Awards – 1998 |url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm45thNFAAward.aspx |publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals |access-date=1 December 2012 |page=27|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140505170923/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm45thNFAAward.aspx |archive-date=5 May 2014 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[Rituparna Sengupta]]
| Romita Chaudhury
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | [[46th National Film Awards|1998 {{small|(46th)}}]]
! scope="row" | [[Shabana Azmi]]
| Rambhi{{efn|The character played by Shabana Azmi was loosely based on the Porbandar-based lady underworld don [[Santokben Jadeja]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/other-states/article1588846.ece|title=Underworld don Santokben Jadeja dead|last=Dasgupta|first=Manas|date=1 April 2011|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=6 May 2011|location=AHMEDABAD}}</ref>}}
| ''[[Godmother (film)|Godmother]]''
| [[Hindi]]
|<ref>{{cite web |title=46th National Film Awards – 1999 |url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm46NFAAward.aspx |publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals |access-date=1 December 2012|page=26 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203091624/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm46NFAAward.aspx |archive-date=3 December 2013 }}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | [[47th National Film Awards|1999 {{small|(47th)}}]]
! scope="row" | [[Kirron Kher]]
| Banalata
| ''[[Bariwali]]''
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
|<ref>{{cite web |title=47th National Film Awards – 2000 |url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm47NFAAward.aspx |publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals |access-date=1 December 2012 |page=26|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140505163411/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm47NFAAward.aspx |archive-date=5 May 2014 }}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | [[48th National Film Awards|2000 {{small|(48th)}}]]
! scope="row" | [[Raveena Tandon]]
| Durga Saikia
| ''[[Daman (2001 film)|Daman: A Victim of Marital Violence]]''
| rowspan="2" | [[Hindi]]
|<ref>{{cite web |title=48th National Film Awards – 2001 |url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm48NFAAward.aspx?PdfName=48NFA.pdf |publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals |access-date=1 December 2012 |page=42|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121016222029/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm48NFAAward.aspx?PdfName=48NFA.pdf |archive-date=16 October 2012 }}</ref>
|-
|style="background:#ADD8E6" rowspan="2| [[49th National Film Awards|2001 {{small|(49th)}}]] {{dagger}}
! scope="row" | [[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]]
| Mumtaz Ali Ansari
| ''[[Chandni Bar]]''
| rowspan="2|<ref name=49NFA>{{cite web |title=49th National Film Awards – 2002 |url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm49NFAAward.aspx |publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals |access-date=1 December 2012 |pages=32–33|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224105444/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm49NFAAward.aspx |archive-date=24 December 2013 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[Shobana]]
| Lakshmi
| ''[[Mitr, My Friend]]''
| rowspan="2" | [[Indian English|English]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | [[50th National Film Awards|2002 {{small|(50th)}}]]
! scope="row" | [[Konkona Sen Sharma]]
| Meenakshi S. Iyer
| ''[[Mr. and Mrs. Iyer]]''
|<ref>{{cite web |title=50th National Film Awards – 2003 |url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm50NFAAward.aspx |publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals |access-date=1 December 2012 |pages=34–35|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140505171754/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm50NFAAward.aspx |archive-date=5 May 2014 }}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | [[51st National Film Awards|2003 {{small|(51st)}}]]
! scope="row" | [[Meera Jasmine]]
| Shahina
| ''[[Paadam Onnu: Oru Vilapam]]''
| [[Malayalam]]
|<ref>{{cite web |title=51st National Film Awards – 2004 |url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm51NFAAward.aspx |publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals |access-date=1 December 2012 |page=30|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140505174032/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm51NFAAward.aspx |archive-date=5 May 2014 }}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | [[52nd National Film Awards|2004 {{small|(52nd)}}]]
! scope="row" | [[Tara (Kannada actress)|Tara]]
| Hasina
| ''[[Hasina (film)|Hasina]]''
| [[Kannada]]
|<ref>{{cite web |title=52nd National Film Awards – 2005 |url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm52NFAAward.aspx |publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals |access-date=13 January 2013 |page=31|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140505173444/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm52NFAAward.aspx |archive-date=5 May 2014 }}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | [[53rd National Film Awards|2005 {{small|(53rd)}}]]
! scope="row" | [[Sarika]]
| Shernaz
| ''[[Parzania]]''
| [[Indian English|English]]
|<ref>{{cite web |title=53rd National Film Awards – 2006 |url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm53NFAAward.aspx |publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals |access-date=1 December 2012 |page=30|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160815224948/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm53NFAAward.aspx |archive-date=15 August 2016 }}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | [[54th National Film Awards|2006 {{small|(54th)}}]]
! scope="row" | [[Priyamani]]
| Muththazhagu
| ''[[Paruthiveeran]]''
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|<ref>{{cite web |title=54th National Film Awards – 2006 |url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm54NFAAward.aspx |publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals |access-date=1 December 2012 |page=28|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140505172308/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm54NFAAward.aspx |archive-date=5 May 2014 }}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | [[55th National Film Awards|2007 {{small|(55th)}}]]
! scope="row" | [[Umashree]]
| Gulabi
| ''[[Gulabi Talkies]]''
| [[Kannada]]
|<ref>{{cite web |title=55th National Film Awards – 2007 |url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm55NFAAward.aspx |access-date=1 December 2012 |publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals |page=34|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002034853/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm55NFAAward.aspx |archive-date=2 October 2013 }}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | [[56th National Film Awards|2008 {{small|(56th)}}]]
! scope="row" | [[Priyanka Chopra]]
| Meghna Mathur
| ''[[Fashion (2008 film)|Fashion]]''
| [[Hindi]]
|<ref>{{cite web |title=56th National Film Awards – 2008 |url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm56NFAAward.aspx |publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals |access-date=1 December 2012 |page=36|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131015045700/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm56NFAAward.aspx |archive-date=15 October 2013 }}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | [[57th National Film Awards|2009 {{small|(57th)}}]]
! scope="row" | [[Ananya Chatterjee]]
| Shikha Sarkar (Srimati Sarkar){{efn|Chatterjee played a single character which had two different names.}}
| ''[[Abohomaan]]''
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
|<ref>{{cite web |title=57th National Film Awards – 2009 |url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm57NFAAward.aspx |publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals |access-date=1 December 2012 |page=66|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104162233/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm57NFAAward.aspx |archive-date=4 November 2013 }}</ref>
|-
|style="background:#ADD8E6" rowspan="2| [[58th National Film Awards|2010 {{small|(58th)}}]] {{dagger}}
! scope="row" | [[Mitalee Jagtap Varadkar]]
| Shirmi
|''[[Baboo Band Baaja]]''
| [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| rowspan="2|<ref name=58NFA>{{cite web |title=58th National Film Awards – 2010 |url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm58NFAAward.aspx |access-date=1 December 2012 |publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals |page=78|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120414003922/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm58NFAAward.aspx |archive-date=14 April 2012 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[Saranya Ponvannan]]
| Veerayi
| ''[[Thenmerku Paruvakaatru]]''
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | [[59th National Film Awards|2011 {{small|(59th)}}]]
! scope="row" | [[Vidya Balan]]
| Reshma (Silk){{efn|Balan played a single character which had two different names.<ref name=DP>{{cite web|last=Chopra |first=Sonia |title=The Dirty Picture review: Take a bow, Vidya Balan! |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/the-dirty-picture-review-take-a-bow-vidya-balan-review-bollywood-14984702.html |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=1 December 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130612003337/http://www.sify.com/movies/the-dirty-picture-review-take-a-bow-vidya-balan-review-bollywood-14984702.html |archive-date=12 June 2013 }}</ref>}}
| ''[[The Dirty Picture]]''
| [[Hindi]]
|<ref>{{cite news|last=Jebaraj |first=Priscilla |title=Byari, a winning debut; Vidya Balan best actress |url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article2969914.ece|newspaper=The Hindu |date=7 March 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120725055452/http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article2969914.ece |archive-date=25 July 2012 }}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;" | [[60th National Film Awards|2012 {{small|(60th)}}]]
! scope="row"| [[Usha Jadhav]]
| Yashoda
| ''[[Dhag (film)|Dhag]]''
| [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
|<ref name="60thaward">{{cite press release|title=60th National Film Awards Announced|url=http://pib.nic.in/archieve/others/2013/mar/d2013031801.pdf|publisher=Press Information Bureau (PIB), India|access-date=18 March 2013}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;" | [[61st National Film Awards|2013 {{small|(61st)}}]]
! scope="row"| [[Geetanjali Thapa]]
| Kamala
| ''[[Liar's Dice (film)|Liar's Dice]]''
| rowspan="3" | [[Hindi]]
|<ref name=61stNFA>{{cite press release|title=61st National Film Awards Announced|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=104863|publisher=Press Information Bureau (PIB), India|date=16 April 2014}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;" | [[62nd National Film Awards|2014 {{small|(62nd)}}]]
! rowspan="2" scope="row" | [[Kangana Ranaut]]
| Rani Mehra
| ''[[Queen (2014 film)|Queen]]''
|<ref name="nfa15">{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/62nd-national-film-awards-winners-haider-wins-five-queen-two/ |title=62nd National Film Awards' winners: 'Haider' wins five, Kangana Ranaut's 'Queen' two |work=The Indian Express |date=24 March 2015|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150325062007/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/62nd-national-film-awards-winners-haider-wins-five-queen-two/ |archive-date=25 March 2015 }}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;" | [[63rd National Film Awards|2015 {{small|(63rd)}}]]
| Tanuja "Tanu" Trivedi, Kusum "Datto" Sangwan{{efn|Ranaut performed dual roles in the film.<ref>{{cite news|title=Check out: Kangna Ranaut's warming up session on Tanu Weds Manu sets |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/7558|work=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=25 November 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141126021756/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/7558 |archive-date=26 November 2014 }}</ref>}}
| ''[[Tanu Weds Manu Returns]]''
|<ref>{{cite news |title=63rd National Film Awards: List of winners |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/63rd-National-Film-Awards-List-of-winners/articleshow/51580133.cms |work=The Times of India |date=28 March 2013|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331075309/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/63rd-National-Film-Awards-List-of-winners/articleshow/51580133.cms |archive-date=31 March 2016 }}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;" | [[64th National Film Awards|2016 {{small|(64th)}}]]
! scope="row"| [[Surabhi Lakshmi]]
| Mother{{efn|The character remained unnamed throughout the film.}}
| ''[[Minnaminungu – the Firefly]]''
| [[Malayalam]]
|<ref name="64thaward">{{cite press release |title=64th National Film Awards |url=http://www.dff.nic.in/writereaddata/NFA64PressNote2016.pdf|page=21 |publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals |access-date=13 July 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170606051143/http://dff.nic.in/writereaddata/NFA64PressNote2016.pdf |archive-date=6 June 2017}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;" | [[65th National Film Awards|2017 {{small|(65th)}}]]
! scope="row"| [[Sridevi]]{{efn|Sridevi was awarded posthumously.<ref>{{cite web|title=National Film Awards 2018: Unfortunately, Sridevi Was Honoured After She Left, Says Boney Kapoor |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/national-film-awards-2018-unfortunately-sridevi-was-honoured-after-she-left-says-boney-kapoor-1846778|publisher=NDTV |date=3 May 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612011902/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/national-film-awards-2018-unfortunately-sridevi-was-honoured-after-she-left-says-boney-kapoor-1846778 |archive-date=12 June 2018 }}</ref>}}
| Devki Sabarwal
| ''[[Mom (film)|Mom]]''
| [[Hindi]]
|<ref name="65thaward">{{cite press release |title=65th National Film Awards |url=http://www.dff.nic.in/writereaddata/NFA64PressNote2016.pdf|page=21 |publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals |access-date=13 July 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170606051143/http://dff.nic.in/writereaddata/NFA64PressNote2016.pdf |archive-date=6 June 2017}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;" | [[66th National Film Awards|2018 {{small|(66th)}}]]
! scope="row"| [[Keerthy Suresh]]
| [[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]]{{efn|Keerthy Suresh played the role based on the life of Indian actress [[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]] in the film.<ref>{{Cite web |title= Mahanati actor Keerthy Suresh: Playing Savitri changed me as a person |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/mahanati-actor-keerthy-suresh-playing-savitri-changed-me-as-a-person/story-bUszRXWWqakzoimDSkpaYP.html | website=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=6 May 2018 }}</ref>}}
| ''[[Mahanati]]''
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dff.gov.in/images/News/66th_NFA_Results.pdf|access-date=9 August 2019|title=66th National Film Awards|publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]] |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190809152118/https://dff.gov.in/images/News/66th_NFA_Results.pdf |archivedate=2019-08-09 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| style="background:#ffecc8;" rowspan="2|[[67th National Film Awards|2019 {{small|(67th)}}]] {{double-dagger}}
! rowspan="2" scope="row" | [[Kangana Ranaut]]
| [[Rani Laxmibai|Rani Lakshmi Bai]]<ref name="hindustantimes.com">{{Cite news|date=March 22, 2021|title=67th National Film Awards: Kangana Ranaut, Sushant Singh Rajput's Chhichhore win. See complete list of winners here|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/67th-national-film-awards-kangana-ranaut-sushant-singh-rajput-s-chhichhore-win-101616411773402-amp.html|access-date=2021-03-22|website=[[Hindustan Times]]|language=en}}</ref>
| ''[[Manikarnika: The Queen of Jhansi]]''
|rowspan="2"| [[Hindi]]
|rowspan="2"|<ref name="hindustantimes.com"/>
|-
|Jaya Nigam
|''[[Panga (film)|Panga]]''
|-
|style="text-align:center;" | [[68th National Film Awards|2020 {{small|(68th)}}]]
! scope="row"| [[Aparna Balamurali]]
| Sundari "Bommi" Nedumaaran
| ''[[Soorarai Pottru]]''
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=22 July 2022|title=National Film Awards 2022 highlights: Soorarai Pottru and Tanhaji The Unsung Warrior win big|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/68th-national-film-awards-live-updates-winners-to-be-announced-soon-101658484602705.html|access-date=22 July 2022|website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan=2 style="background:#ADD8E6" rowspan="2| [[69th National Film Awards|2021 {{small|(69th)}}]] {{dagger}}
! scope="row"| [[Alia Bhatt]]
| [[Gangubai Kothewali|Gangubai Kathiawadi]]
| ''[[Gangubai Kathiawadi]]''
| rowspan="2"|[[Hindi]]
|rowspan="2"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/69th-national-film-awards-2023-winners-list-8907028/|title=69th National Film Awards 2023 complete winners list: Rocketry, Alia Bhatt, Kriti Sanon, Allu Arjun, RRR, Gangubai Kathiawadi win big|accessdate=24 August 2023|work=Indian Express}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| [[Kriti Sanon]]
| Mimi Rathore
| ''[[Mimi (2021 Hindi film)|Mimi]]''
|-
|rowspan=2 style="background:#ADD8E6" rowspan="2| [[70th National Film Awards|2022 {{small|(70th)}}]] {{dagger}}
! scope="row"| [[Nithya Menen]]
| Shobana
| ''[[Thiruchitrambalam]]''
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|rowspan="2"|<ref>{{cite web |title=70th National Film Awards: Nithya Menen and Manasi Parekh Share Best Actress Honour |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/en/!entertainment/70th-national-film-awards-nithya-menen-and-manasi-parekh-share-best-actor-honour-enn24100803760 |website=ETV Bharat |date=8 October 2024 |access-date=8 October 2024}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| [[Manasi Parekh]]
| Monghi
| ''[[Kutch Express (film)|Kutch Express]]''
| [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]
|-
|style="text-align:center;" | [[71st National Film Awards|2023 {{small|(71st)}}]]
! scope="row"| [[Rani Mukerji]]
| Debika Chatterjee
| ''[[Mrs. Chatterjee vs Norway]]''
| [[Hindi]]
|<ref name="71st National Film Awards complete winners list: Shah Rukh Khan, Vikrant Massey share 'Best Actor', Rani Mukerji wins best actress, 'Katthal' wins best Hindi film">{{cite news |date=1 August 2025 |title=71st National Film Awards complete winners list: Shah Rukh Khan, Vikrant Massey share 'Best Actor', Rani Mukerji wins best actress, 'Katthal' wins best Hindi film |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/71st-national-film-awards-complete-winners-list-shah-rukh-khan-vikrant-massey-share-best-actor-katthal-wins-best-hindi-film-vash-is-best-gujarati-film/articleshow/123044344.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250801133927/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/71st-national-film-awards-complete-winners-list-shah-rukh-khan-vikrant-massey-share-best-actor-katthal-wins-best-hindi-film-vash-is-best-gujarati-film/articleshow/123044344.cms |archive-date=1 August 2025 |access-date=1 August 2025 |work=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
|}

== See also ==
{{portal|Bollywood|Film}}
* [[List of Indian film actresses]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist|2}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://dff.nic.in/ Official Page for Directorate of Film Festivals, India]
* [http://dff.nic.in/NFA_archive.asp National Film Awards Archives]

{{National Film Award for Best Actress}}
{{National Film Awards}}

{{featured list}}

[[Category:Film awards for lead actress]]
[[Category:National Film Awards (India)|Actress]]

Bangladeshis in India

2026-03-10T17:51:18Z

CandicePrenderga: new some page with sources...

{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}

'''Bangladeshis in India''' are members of the [[Bangladesh diaspora]] who currently reside in [[India]]. The mass migration into India since Bangladesh independence has led to the creation of anti-foreigner movements, instances of mass violence and political tension between Bangladesh and India, but it has also created measurable economic benefits for both nations.<ref name="Gupta 2009 p148" />

Estimates of the number of Bangladeshis in India vary widely. According to the [[2001 Census of India]], there were in India 3.1 million Bangladeshis based on place of last residence, and 3.7 million Bangladeshis based on place of birth.<ref name="Chhabra 2011 p25" /> A different 2009 estimate claimed that there were 15 million Bangladeshis who had taken residence in the country.<ref name="Rudnick 2009 p31" /> In 2007 the Indian government stated that there were up to 12 million Bangladeshis [[Illegal immigration in India|living in India illegally]],<ref name="Gupta 2009 p148" /> though Samir Guha Roy of the Indian Statistical Institute called these estimates "motivatedly exaggerated". After examining the population growth and demographic statistics, Roy instead states that many of the presumed illegal Bangladeshis are actually Indian citizens migrating from neighbouring states.<ref name="facingglobal" />

==Pre partition – 1970s==

Before the [[Partition of India]] internal migration was commonplace between the region which is now Bangladesh and the regions of [[Assam]] and [[West Bengal]]. While under colonial rule Assam was sparsely populated and the British, who wanted to exploit the resources from the region, wished to see it settled. Through internal migration labour was brought from the northern regions of India, West Bengal and the region which now comprises Bangladesh.<ref name="Sadiq 2010 pp38-39" />

During the [[Bangladesh liberation war]] it is estimated that up to 10 million people fled from [[East Pakistan]] to India so as to escape the [[1971 Bangladesh genocide|genocidal]] actions being carried out by the [[West Pakistan]] armed forces.<ref name="Mitra 2010 p191" /> There were outbreaks of [[cholera]] throughout the refugee camps, the [[World Health Organization]] estimated 51,000 cases and it is estimated that 3000 people died from the disease.<ref name="Scully 2007 p170" />

==Anti-immigrant reaction==
{{main|Assam Movement}}
In 1978, observers noticed the names of an estimated 45,000 Bengali illegal immigrants on the electoral rolls in Assam. This led to a popular movement against undocumented immigrants known as the [[Assam Movement]],<ref name="Rudolph 2010 p241" /> which insisted on striking the names of illegal immigrants from the electoral register and advocated for their deportation from the state. The movement demanded that anyone who had entered the state illegally since 1951 be deported, though the central government insisted on a cutoff date of 1971. There was widespread support for the movement, though it tapered off between 1981 and 1982.<ref name="Chatterji" />

Toward the end of 1982 the central government called elections, and the Assam Movement called for people to boycott them.<ref name="Chatterji" /> This resulted in the 1983 [[Nellie massacre]], described by Antara Datta, as one of the largest and most severe [[pogrom]]s since [[World War II|the Second World War]]. Previously, the [[All Assam Students Union]] (AASU) had emphasised economic reasons for the protests and had employed only nonviolent methods. The Nellie massacre, a result of a buildup of resentment over immigration,<ref name="Datta" /> claimed the lives of at least 2,191 people, though unofficial figures run to more than 5,000.<ref name="Ghosh" /><ref name="Hussain" /> No investigation of the incident has ever been launched.<ref name="Saikia" /> The AASU denied any involvement in the massacre, and since then there have been no instances of communal violence in Upper Assam.<ref name="Saikia 2005 p65" />

== Estimates of Bangladeshis in India ==
Samir Guha Roy of the [[Indian Statistical Institute]] called the government estimates of illegal Bangladeshis "motivatedly exaggerated". After examining the population growth and demographic statistics, Roy instead states that a significant numbers of internal migration is sometimes falsely thought to be illegal immigrants. An analysis of the numbers by Roy revealed that on average around 91000 Bangladeshi nationals might have crossed over to India every year during the years 1981–1991, but how many of them were identified and pushed back is not known. It is possible that a large portion of these immigrants returned on their own to their place of origin.<ref name="facingglobal" />

Most of the Bengali speaking people deported from Maharashtra as illegal immigrants are originally Indian citizens from West Bengal.<ref name=facingglobal>{{cite book | title=Facing Global Environmental Change: Environmental, Human, Energy, Food, Health and Water Security Concepts | publisher=Springer |author1=Hans Günter Brauch |author2=John Grin |author3=Úrsula Oswald | year=2009 | page=304 | isbn=978-3540684886}}</ref> In Assam, [[Miya people|Muslims]] are usually targeted by the protesters, being branded as illegal immigrants, "though many have lived in the region for generations". There were also reports of harassment of Muslims in the ''char'' areas by policemen despite submitting proof of citizenship.<ref name="fearofimmigrants">{{Citation |last=Kaushik |first=Krishn |title=Politicians play on the fear of immigrants in Assam |url=https://caravanmagazine.in/reportage/the-spectre-assam-elections-immigrants-fear |access-date=2018-10-20}}</ref>

In 2004, [[Sriprakash Jaiswal]], India's minister of state for home affairs, stated in the Indian parliament that, there were 12 million illegal Bangladeshis in the country, of whom 5 million were in Assam, as of 31 December 2001. However, according to Prateek Hajela, the NRC's coordinator in Assam, the number of identified illegal immigrants in the state were "in thousands" after covering a third of the total population in 2016. According to [[Prodyut Bora]], a former [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] leader, "Bangladeshis would have very little, if any motivation to migrate to Assam, since all indicators of development in Bangladesh are better than Assam."<ref name="fearofimmigrants2">{{Citation |last=Kaushik |first=Krishn |title=Politicians play on the fear of immigrants in Assam |date=1 April 2016 |url=https://caravanmagazine.in/reportage/the-spectre-assam-elections-immigrants-fear |work=[[The Caravan]] |access-date=2018-10-20}}</ref>

As per the insights shared by [[Dhaka University]]'s esteemed Professor, Dr. [[Abul Barkat (economist)|Abul Barkat]], as reported by the ''Dhaka Tribune'', approximately 2.3 lakh [[Hinduism in Bangladesh|Hindus]] migrate from Bangladesh to India every year seeking refugee.<ref>{{cite news |last=Hasan |first=Md. Kamrul |title='No Hindus will be left after 30 years' |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/10113/%E2%80%98no-hindus-will-be-left-after-30-years%E2%80%99 |work=Dhaka Tribune |date=20 November 2016}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Bangladesh–India relations]]
* [[Illegal Migrants (Determination by Tribunal) Act, 1983]]
* [[East Bengali refugees]]
* [[Migrant labourers in Kerala]]

==References==
{{reflist
| colwidth = 30em
| refs =

<ref name="Chhabra 2011 p25">
{{cite book |last1=Chhabra |first1=Amit Pal Singh |author2=Meenakshi Rishi |author3=Nicholas Harkiolakis |author4=Sylva Caracatsanis |chapter=India: Female Immigrant Entrepreneurship in New Delhi |year=2011 |editor1=Daphne Halkias |editor2=Paul Thurman |editor3=Nicholas Harkiolakis |editor4=Sylva Caracatsanis |display-editors=2 |title=Female Immigrant Entrepreneurs: The Economic and Social Impact of a Global Phenomenon |publisher=Gower |page=25 |isbn=978-0-566-08913-8}}</ref>

<ref name="Rudnick 2009 p31">
{{cite book|last=Rudnick|first=Anja|title=Working Gendered Boundaries: Temporary Migration Experiences of Bangladeshi Women in the Malaysian Export Industry from a Multi-Sited Perspective|year=2009|publisher=Amsterdam University Press|isbn=978-9056295608|pages=49–51}}</ref>

<ref name="Gupta 2009 p148">
{{cite book|last=Gupta|first=Charu|title=Contested Coastlines: Fisherfolk, Nations and Borders in South Asia|year=2007|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0415449052|page=148|author2=Mukul Sharma}}
</ref>

<ref name="Sadiq 2010 pp38-39">
{{cite book|last=Sadiq|first=Irvine Kamal|title=Paper Citizens: How Illegal Immigrants Acquire Citizenship in Developing Countries|year=2010|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0199764631|pages=38–39|edition=Reprint}}
</ref>

<ref name="Mitra 2010 p191">
{{cite book|last=Mitra|first=Subrata K.|title=Politics in India: Structure, Process and Policy|year=2010|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0415585880|page=191}}
</ref>

<ref name="Scully 2007 p170">
{{cite book|last=Scully|first=Mary-Louise|title=Encyclopedia of Plague and Pestilence: From Ancient Times to the Present|year=2007|publisher=Facts on File|isbn=978-0816069354|page=170|edition=3rd Revised|editor=George C. Kohn}}
</ref>

<ref name="Rudolph 2010 p241">
{{cite book|last=Rudolph|first=Christopher|title=Citizenship, Borders, and Human Needs|year=2010|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|isbn=978-0812242836|page=241|editor=Rogers M. Smith|quote=About forty-five thousand Bengali illegal immigrants on the electoral rolls. By voting and behaving as full citizens, these illegal immigrants had clearly breached the conceptual wall separating immigrants and citizens. Further, because they had obtained the "proper" documentation no-one questioned their claim to citizenship and thus these "documentary citizens" were able to access the national franchise. Without naturalisation and authentication from the state, illegal Bangladeshi immigrants had gained Indian citizenship}}
</ref>

<ref name=Ghosh>
{{cite book|last=Ghosh|first=Partha S.|title=Peace Studies: An Introduction To the Concept, Scope, and Themes|year=2004|publisher=SAGE|isbn=978-0761996606|page=312|editor=Ranabir Samaddar}}
</ref>

<ref name=Hussain>
{{cite book|last=Hussain|first=Monirul|title=The Fleeing People of South Asia: Selections from Refugee Watch|publisher=Anthem|isbn=978-8190583572|page=261|editor=Sibaji Pratim Basu|date=1 February 2009}}</ref>

<ref name=Datta>
{{cite book|last=Datta|first=Antara|title=Refugees and Borders in South Asia: The Great Exodus of 1971|year=2012|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0415524728|page=183}}
</ref>

<ref name=Chatterji>
{{cite book|last=Chatterji|first=Joya|title=The Bangladesh Reader: History, Culture, Politics|year=2013|publisher=Duke University Press|isbn=978-0822353188|page=418|editor=Meghna Guhathakurta |editor2=Willem van Schende}}
</ref>

<ref name=Saikia>
{{cite book|last=Saikia|first=Yasmin|title=Women, War, and the Making of Bangladesh: Remembering 1971|year=2011|publisher=Duke University Press|isbn=978-0-8223-5038-5|pages=262–263}}</ref>

<ref name="Saikia 2005 p65">
{{cite book|last=Saikia|first=Yasmin|title=Fragmented Memories: Struggling to be Tai-Ahom in India|year=2005|publisher=Duke University Press|isbn=978-0822333739|page=65}}
</ref>

}}

{{Bangladeshi diaspora}}
{{Immigration to India}}

[[Category:Bangladeshi diaspora|India]]
[[Category:Diasporas in India]]

Sare Jahan se Accha

2026-03-10T14:51:22Z

CandicePrenderga: cleanup

{{short description|Patriotic Urdu poem}}
{{about|the Urdu poem|other use(s)}}
{{EngvarB|date= August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2015}}
{{Infobox poem
| name = ''Sare Jahan se Accha''
| author = [[Muhammad Iqbal]]
| language = [[Urdu]]
| original_title = ''Taranah-e-Hindi''
| original_title_lang = ur
| country = [[British Raj|British India]]
| form = [[Ghazal]]
| first = ''Ittehad''
| publication_date = 16 August 1904
| image =
| caption =
}}

[[File:Iqbal.jpg|thumb|right|[[Muhammad Iqbal]], then president of the [[Punjab Muslim League|Muslim League]] in 1930 and address deliverer]]

[[File:Saare Jahan Se Achha - Melody - Sheet Music.png|thumb|right|300px]]

"'''Sare Jahan se Accha'''" ([[Urdu]]: {{nastaliq|سارے جہاں سے اچھا}}; ''Sāre Jahāṉ se Acchā''), formally known as "'''Tarānah-e-Hindi'''" (Urdu: {{Nastaliq|ترانۂ ہندی}}, "Anthem of the People of [[Hindustan]]"), is an [[Urdu]] language patriotic song written by philosopher and poet [[Muhammad Iqbal]] in the [[ghazal]] style of [[Urdu poetry]].{{efn|"'Taranah-e Hindi' (1904) was explicitly written as a patriotic song for children; Iqbal also composed a number of others meant for children, but this one has always been the most popular. This little ghazal ...."<ref name=pritchett/>}} The poem was published in the weekly journal ''Ittehad'' on 16 August 1904.<ref name=pritchett>Pritchett, Frances. 2000. [http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00urdu/taranahs/juxtaposition.html "Tarana-e-Hindi and Taranah-e-Milli: A Study in Contrasts."] Columbia University Department of South Asian Studies.</ref> Publicly recited by Iqbal the following year at [[Government College, Lahore]], [[British India]] (now in [[Pakistan]]), it quickly became an anthem of opposition to the [[British Raj]]. The song, an [[ode]] to [[Hindustan]] — the land comprising present-day [[Bangladesh]], [[India]], and [[Pakistan]] — was later published in 1924 in the ''[[Bang-i-Dara]],'' Iqbal's first [[Urdu]] philosophical poetry book.<ref name="Indiatoday">{{cite news|title=Saare Jahan Se Accha: Facts about the song and its creator|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/saare-jahan-se-accha-facts-319075-2016-04-21|access-date=17 October 2016|publisher=India Today|date=21 April 2016|archive-date=23 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170123084302/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/education/story/saare-jahan-se-accha-facts/1/647730.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

By 1910, Iqbal's worldview had changed to become global and Islamic. In a new song for children, "[[Tarana-e-Milli]]," written in the same metre, he changed the homeland from "Hindustan" to the "whole world." In 1930, in his presidential address to the Muslim League annual conference in Allahabad, he supported a separate nation-state in the Muslim-majority areas of the subcontinent, an idea that inspired the creation of Pakistan.

Saare Jahan se Accha has remained popular, but only in India.{{efn|This little ghazal, composed by the man widely considered to be the philosophical father of Pakistan, is now extremely popular—but only in India."<ref name=pritchett/>}} An abridged version is sung and played there as a patriotic song and as a marching song of the [[Indian Armed Forces]].<ref name="wire">{{cite news|last1=Imam|first1=Sharjeel|title=Sare Jahan Se Acha: The Idea of India in Early 20th Century Urdu Poetry|url=http://thewire.in/49087/sare-jahan-se-acha-the-idea-of-india-in-early-20th-century-urdu-poetry/|access-date=17 October 2016|publisher=The Wire|date=6 July 2016}}</ref> The most popular [[musical composition]] is that of [[sitar]] maestro [[Ravi Shankar]].

==Text of poem==

{|
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|'''Urdu'''
|style="text-align:center;"|'''Romanisation ([[ALA-LC]])'''
|-
| 
<blockquote><div align=right>
{{Nastaliq|سارے جہاں سے اچھا ہندوستاں ہمارا 
ہم بلبلیں ہیں اس کی، یہ گلستاں ہمارا}}

{{Nastaliq|غربت میں ہوں اگر ہم، رہتا ہے دل وطن میں 
سمجھو وہیں ہمیں بھی دل ہو جہاں ہمارا}}

{{Nastaliq|پربت وہ سب سے اونچا، ہمسایہ آسماں کا 
وہ سنتری ہمارا، وہ پاسباں ہمارا}}

{{Nastaliq|گودی میں کھیلتی ہیں اس کی ہزاروں ندیاں 
گلشن ہے جن کے دم سے رشکِ جناں ہمارا}}

{{Nastaliq|اے آبِ رودِ گنگا! وہ دن ہیں یاد تجھ کو؟ 
اترا ترے کنارے جب کارواں ہمارا}}

{{Nastaliq|مذہب نہیں سکھاتا آپس میں بیر رکھنا 
ہندی ہیں ہم، وطن ہے ہندوستاں ہمارا}}

{{Nastaliq|یونان و مصر و روما سب مٹ گئے جہاں سے 
اب تک مگر ہے باقی نام و نشاں ہمارا}}

{{Nastaliq|کچھ بات ہے کہ ہستی مٹتی نہیں ہماری 
صدیوں رہا ہے دشمن دورِ زماں ہمارا}}

{{Nastaliq|اقبال! کوئی محرم اپنا نہيں جہاں میں 
معلوم کیا کسی کو دردِ نہاں ہمارا!}}{{rlm}}
</div></blockquote>
| 
{{Transliteration|ur|
<blockquote>
Sāre jahāṉ se acchā, Hindositāṉ<ref name=poetic-pronunciation/> hamārā 
Ham bulbuleṉ haiṉ is kī, yih gulsitāṉ<ref name=poetic-pronunciation>"Here they are to be pronounced not {{Transliteration|ur|Hindūstāṉ}} and {{Transliteration|ur|gu-lis-tāṉ}}, respectively, as usual, but {{Transliteration|ur|Hindositāṉ}} and {{Transliteration|ur|gul-si-tāṉ}}, respectively, to suit the meter." From: Pritchett, F. 2004. [http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00urdu/taranahs/hindi_text.html "Taraanah-i-Hindii"] Columbia University, Department of South Asian Studies.</ref> hamārā

G̱ẖurbat meṉ hoṉ agar ham, rahtā hai dil wat̤an meṉ 
Samjho wuhīṉ hameṉ bhī dil ho jahāṉ hamārā

Parbat wuh sab se ūṉchā, hamsāyah āsmāṉ kā 
Wuh santarī hamārā, wuh pāsbāṉ hamārā

Godī meṉ kheltī haiṉ is kī hazāroṉ nadiyāṉ 
Guls̱ẖan hai jin ke dam se ras̱ẖk-i janāṉ hamārā

Ai āb-i rūd-i Gangā! wuh din haiṉ yād tujh ko? 
Utrā tire<ref>Pronounced "tiray" to suit the meter, in contrast to the usual "tayray." From: From: Pritchett, F. 2004. [http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00urdu/taranahs/hindi_text.html "Taraanah-i-Hindii"] Columbia University, Department of South Asian Studies.</ref> kināre jab kārwāṉ hamārā

Maẕhab nahīṉ sikhātā āpas meṉ bair rakhnā 
Hindī haiṉ ham, wat̤an hai Hindositāṉ hamārā

Yūnān o-Miṣr o-Rūmā, sab miṭ ga'e jahāṉ se 
Ab tak magar hai bāqī, nām o-nis̱ẖaṉ hamārā

Kuch bāt hai kih hastī, miṭtī nahīṉ hamārī 
Ṣadiyoṉ rahā hai dus̱ẖman daur-i zamāṉ hamārā

Iqbāl! ko'ī maḥram apnā nahīṉ jahāṉ meṉ 
Maʿlūm kyā kisī ko dard-i nihāṉ hamārā!
</blockquote>
}}
|}

== English translation ==
Better than the entire world, is our [[Hindustan]], 
We are its nightingales, and it (is) our garden abode.

If we are in an alien place, the heart remains in the homeland, 
consider us too [to be] right there where our heart would be.

That tallest mountain, that shade-sharer of the sky, 
It (is) our sentry, it (is) our watchman

In its lap where frolic thousands of rivers, 
Whose vitality makes our garden the envy of Paradise.

O the flowing waters of the [[Ganges river|Ganges]], do you remember that day 
When our caravan first disembarked on your waterfront?

Religion does not teach us to bear animosity among ourselves 
We are of [[Etymology of India#Hindustan and Hind|Hind]], our homeland is [[India]].

In a world in which ancient [[Ancient Greece|Greece]], [[Ancient Egypt|Egypt]], and [[Ancient Rome|Rome]] have all vanished 
Our own attributes (name and sign) live on today.

There is something about our existence for it doesn't get wiped 
Even though, for centuries, the time-cycle of the world has been our enemy.

Iqbal! We have no confidant in this world 
What does any one know of our hidden pain?

==Composition==
Iqbal was a lecturer at the [[Government College, Lahore]] at that time, and was invited by a student [[Lala Har Dayal]] to preside over a function. Instead of delivering a speech, Iqbal sang "Saare Jahan Se Achcha". The song, in addition to embodying yearning and attachment to the land of Hindustan, expressed "cultural memory" and had an [[elegy|elegiac]] quality. In 1905, the 27-year-old Iqbal viewed the future society of the [[Indian subcontinent|subcontinent]] as both a pluralistic and composite Hindu-Muslim culture. Later that year he left for Europe for a three-year sojourn that was to transform him into an Islamic philosopher and a visionary of a future Islamic society.<ref name="Indiatoday"/>

==Iqbal's transformation and Tarana-e-Milli==

In 1910, Iqbal wrote another song for children, "[[Tarana-e-Milli]]" (Anthem of the Religious Community), which was composed in the same metre and rhyme scheme as "Saare Jahan Se Achcha", but which renounced much of the sentiment of the earlier song.<ref name=milli>[http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00urdu/taranahs/milli_text.html Iqbal: Tarana-e-Milli, 1910]. Columbia University, Department of South Asian Studies.</ref> The sixth stanza of "Saare Jahan Se Achcha" (1904), which is often quoted as proof of Iqbal's secular outlook:
{{Verse translation|{{Transliteration|ur|Maẕhab nahīṉ sikhātā āpas meṉ bair rakhnā
Hindī haiṉ ham, wat̤an hai Hindūstāṉ hamārā}}
|
Religion does not teach us to bear ill-will among ourselves
We are of [[Etymology of India#Hindustan and Hind|Hind]], our homeland is Hindustan.}}

contrasted significantly with the first stanza of ''Tarana-e-Milli'' (1910) reads:<ref name=milli/>
{{Verse translation|{{Transliteration|ur|Chīn o-ʿArab hamārā, Hindūstāṉ hamārā
Muslim haiṉ ham, wat̤an hai sārā jahāṉ hamārā}}
|
Central Asia<ref>Although "Chin" refers to China in modern Urdu, in Iqbal's day it referred to Central Asia, coextensive with historical [[Turkestan]]. See also, [http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00urdu/taranahs/milli_text.html Iqbal: Tarana-e-Milli, 1910]. Columbia University, Department of South Asian Studies.</ref> and [[Arabia]] are ours, Hindustan is ours
We are Muslims, the whole world is our homeland.<ref name=milli/>}}

Iqbal's world view had now changed; it had become both global and Islamic. Instead of singing of Hindustan, "our homeland," the new song proclaimed that "our homeland is the whole world."<ref>Pritchett, Frances. 2000. [http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00urdu/taranahs/comparison.html ''Tarana-e-Hindi and Tarana-e-Milli: A Close Comparison'']. Columbia University Department of South Asian Studies.</ref> Two decades later, in his presidential address to the [[All-India Muslim League|Muslim League]] annual conference in [[Allahabad]] in 1930, he supported a [[Two-nation theory|separate nation-state]] in the Muslim majority areas of the sub-continent, an idea that inspired the creation of Pakistan.<ref>[http://www.tribuneindia.com/2006/20060528/spectrum/book7.htm A look at Iqbal; The Sunday Tribune – May 28, 2006]</ref>

==Popularity in India==
* ''Saare Jahan Se Achcha'' has remained popular in India for nearly a century. [[Mahatma Gandhi]] is said to have sung it over a hundred times when he was imprisoned at [[Yerwada Central Jail|Yerawada Jail]] in [[Pune]] in the 1930s.<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com">[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/1082625.cms Times of India: Saare Jahan Se..., it's 100 now]</ref>
* In the 1930s and 1940s, it was sung to a slower tune. In 1945, while working in Mumbai with the [[Indian People's Theatre Association]] (IPTA), the sitarist [[Pandit Ravi Shankar]] was asked to compose the music for the [[Khwaja Ahmad Abbas|K. A. Abbas]] film ''[[Dharti Ke Lal]]'' and the [[Chetan Anand (director)|Chetan Anand]] movie ''[[Neecha Nagar]]''. During this time, Ravi Shankar was asked to compose music for the song "Saare Jahan se Accha". In an interview in 2009 with [[Shekhar Gupta]], Ravi Shankar recounts that he felt that the existing tune was too slow and sad. To give it a more inspiring impact, he set it to a stronger tune which is today the popular tune of this song, which they then tried out as a group song.<ref name="NDTV">{{cite news|last1=Gupta|first1=Shekhar|title=Walk the talk - Interview with Pandit Ravi Shankar|url=http://www.ndtv.com/video/player/walk-the-talk/walk-the-talk-with-pandit-ravi-shankar-aired-on-december-05-2009/258009|access-date=12 August 2015|publisher=NDTV|date=5 December 2009}}</ref> It was later recorded by the singer [[Lata Mangeshkar]] to a 3rd altogether different tune. Stanzas (1), (3), (4), and (6) of the song became an unofficial national song in India,<ref name=pritchett/> and the Ravi Shankar version was adopted as the official quick march of the [[Indian Armed Forces]].<ref>[http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/LAND-FORCES/Army/Marches.html Indian Military Marches] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090302211705/http://bharat-rakshak.com/LAND-FORCES/Army/Marches.html |date=2 March 2009 }}.</ref> This arrangement as [[Marching band|marching tune]] of this song was made by Antsher Lobo.{{citation needed|date= July 2018}}
* [[Rakesh Sharma]], the first Indian [[astronaut]], employed the first line of the song in 1984 to describe to then prime minister [[Indira Gandhi]] how India appeared from outer space.<ref>[http://www.financialexpress.com/print.php?content_id=110972 India Empowered to Me Is: Saare Jahan Se Achcha, the home of world citizens]</ref>
* In his inaugural speech, the former prime minister of India [[Manmohan Singh]] quoted this poem at his first press conference after becoming the [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]].<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com"/>
* The song is popular in India in schools as a patriotic song, sung during morning assemblies, and as a marching song for the Indian armed forces, played during public events and parades.<ref name="Indiatoday"/> It is played by the Armed forces Massed Bands each year for the [[Independence Day (India)|Indian Independence Day]], [[Republic Day (India)|Republic Day]] and at the culmination of [[Beating the Retreat]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Indian tunes to set mood at 'Beating Retreat' today |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/indian-tunes-to-set-mood-at-beating-retreat-today/535386.html |access-date=5 June 2018 |work=The Tribune |date=29 January 2018}}</ref>

===Text in the Devanagari script===
In India, the text of the poem is often rendered in the [[Devanagari]] script of [[Hindi]]:
{|
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |'''[[Devanagari]]'''
|-
|
<blockquote>
सारे जहाँ से अच्छा हिन्दोसिताँ हमारा 
हम बुलबुलें हैं इसकी यह गुलसिताँ हमारा

ग़ुर्बत में हों अगर हम, रहता है दिल वतन में 
समझो वहीं हमें भी दिल हो जहाँ हमारा

परबत वह सबसे ऊँचा, हम्साया आसमाँ का 
वह संतरी हमारा, वह पासबाँ हमारा

गोदी में खेलती हैं इसकी हज़ारों नदियाँ 
गुल्शन है जिनके दम से रश्क-ए-जनाँ हमारा

ऐ आब-ए-रूद-ए-गंगा! वह दिन हैं याद तुझको? 
उतरा तिरे किनारे जब कारवाँ हमारा

मज़्हब नहीं सिखाता आपस में बैर रखना 
हिंदी हैं हम, वतन है हिन्दोसिताँ हमारा

यूनान-ओ-मिस्र-ओ-रूमा सब मिट गए जहाँ से 
अब तक मगर है बाक़ी नाम-ओ-निशाँ हमारा

कुछ बात है कि हस्ती मिटती नहीं हमारी 
सदियों रहा है दुश्मन दौर-ए-ज़माँ हमारा

इक़्बाल! कोई महरम अपना नहीं जहाँ में 
मालूम क्या किसी को दर्द-ए-निहाँ हमारा !
</blockquote>
|}

== See also ==
* [[Index of Muhammad Iqbal–related articles]]
*[[Iqbal bibliography]]
*[[Amar Shonar Bangla]]
*[[Jana Gana Mana]]
*[[Vande Mataram]]
*[[National Pledge (India)]]

== Notes and references ==
===Notes===
{{Notelist|40em}}

===Citations===
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
*{{cite web|title=Tarana-e-Hindi at Rabia Memorial School, Fatehpur Mau (UP) India| website=[[YouTube]] |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4FvKguGfnII|date=23 January 2013}} (Children singing the complete lyrics of the song.)
{{Muhammad Iqbal}}

[[Category:Poetry by Muhammad Iqbal]]
[[Category:Indian patriotic songs]]
[[Category:Indian poems]]
[[Category:Culture of India]]
[[Category:Literature of Indian independence movement]]
[[Category:Urdu words and phrases]]
[[Category:1904 songs]]
[[Category:Indian military marches]]

Sen (surname)

2026-03-09T08:17:38Z

CandicePrenderga: updated details

{{Infobox surname
|name = Sen
|pronunciation =
|image =
|caption =
|meaning =
|region = [[Bengal]]
|origin = [[Bengali Hindu]]
|variant =
|footnotes =
}}

'''Sen''' is a native [[Bengali Hindu]] surname .The meaning of the Sanskrit word is "being a lord, master or leader" .<ref>{{Cite web |last=Apte |first=Vaman Shivaram |date=1957–1959 |title=Revised and Enlarged Edition of Prin. V. S. Apte's The Practical Sanskrit-English Dictionary |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/apte_query.py?page=1702 |access-date=2025-12-21 |website=dsal.uchicago.edu}}</ref>

The surname is commonly found in the [[Bengal region]] of the [[Indian subcontinent]]; namely [[Bangladesh]] & [[West Bengal]], [[India]] mainly among [[Bengalis|Bengali]] [[Baidya]] and [[Bengali Kayastha|Kayastha]]<ref name="Indenp40">{{cite book | author= Ronald. B. Inden |title= Marriage and Rank in Bengali Culture : A History of Caste and Clan in Middle Period Bengal|date= January 1976| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P8b9A7J_v-UC&pg=PA40|page=40|isbn= 9780520025691}}</ref> communities. The [[Sena Dynasty|Sena]] kings of [[Bengal]] claimed themselves as [[Brahmakshatriya]] or [[Kshatriya]] in their own inscriptions.<ref name="Indenp60">{{cite book | author= Ronald. B. Inden |title= Marriage and Rank in Bengali Culture : A History of Caste and Clan in Middle Period Bengal|date= January 1976| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P8b9A7J_v-UC&pg=PA60|page=60|isbn= 9780520025691}}</ref> The surname is also found among some other castes of [[Bengal]] like [[Suvarna Banik]], [[Gandhabanik]] and [[Teli]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gupta |first=Sankar Sen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x0AiAAAAMAAJ |title=Folklore of Bengal: A Projected Study |date=1976 |publisher=Indian Publications |pages=24 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Mukherjee |first=Rila |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A4HtAAAAMAAJ |title=Merchants and Companies in Bengal: Kasimbazar and Jugdia in the Eighteenth Century |date=2006 |publisher=Pragati Publications |isbn=978-81-7307-109-6 |pages=36, 37 |language=en}}</ref>

==History==

The use of 'Sena' as a title is first found among the kings of a dynasty named as [[Vakataka]]<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=irh9dvlLz3MC Indian Costume By Govind Sadashiv Ghurye, Popular Prakashan Publications, Page 43]</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=V3KDaZY85wYC Dynastic History of Magadha, Cir. 450-1200 A.D. By Bindeshwari Prasad Sinha, Page 28]</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=s5Up306hrBIC Rabindranath Tagore: The Poet of India] by A. K. Basu Majumdar, Indus Publishing, Page 50(Vakatakas and Chalukyas-both of [[Brahmin]] origin)</ref> (Vidarbha). This surname is also used by [[Raja Dahir]], the last king of [[Brahman dynasty of Sindh]] (Southeastern Pakistan) and then followed by [[Sena Dynasty]] (Eastern India and Bangladesh).

==Notables==

===A===

* [[Abhijit Sen]] is a former member of the [[Planning Commission of India]], which was disbanded in 2014.<ref name="PC">{{Cite web |url=http://planningcommission.nic.in/aboutus/history/index.php?about=abhibody.htm |title=Planning Commission, Government of India |access-date=2022-05-29 |archive-date=2013-01-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120105106/http://planningcommission.nic.in/aboutus/history/index.php?about=abhibody.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Abhijit sen|url=https://fincomindia.nic.in/writereaddata/html_en_files/oldcommission_html/fincom14/members/FFProfAbhijitSen.htm}}</ref>
* [[Akshay Kumar Sen]] the 19th-century Bengali mystic, saint and writer
* [[Amal Sen]] was a Bangladeshi politician. He was the founding president of the [[Workers Party of Bangladesh]].<ref name=b/><ref name=f>{{cite news |title=Struggle against Imperialism & Fundamentalism Cannot be Seen in Isolation |url=https://peoplesdemocracy.in/2015/0614_pd/struggle-against-imperialism-fundamentalism-cannot-be-seen-isolation |work=People's Democracy |date=14 June 2015}}</ref>
* [[Amalesh Sen]] ({{langx|bn|অমলেশ সেন}}; 2 March 1943 – 7 October 2017<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.dhakatribune.com/sport/football/2017/10/07/former-bangladesh-footballer-amalesh-sen-no/|title=Former Bangladesh footballer and Abahani coach Amalesh Sen no more |work=Dhaka Tribune}}</ref>) was a [[Football in Bangladesh|Bangladeshi football]] player and coach.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://int.soccerway.com/coaches/amalesh-sen/278198/|title=Bangladesh - A. Sen - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway|website=int.soccerway.com}}</ref>
* [[Amarendra Nath Sen]], jurist who served as the chief justice of the [[Calcutta High Court]] in 1979 and as a judge in the [[Supreme Court of India]].<ref name=Supreme_Court>{{Cite web |url=http://supremecourtofindia.nic.in/judges/bio/ansen.htm |title=Hon'ble Mr. Justice A.N. Sen |access-date=14 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120215024716/http://www.supremecourtofindia.nic.in/judges/bio/ansen.htm |archive-date=15 February 2012 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
* [[Amartya Sen]] (born 1933), Indian economist and philosopher, [[Nobel Prize in Economics|Nobel Prize]] winner
* [[Amiya Sen (cricketer)]] (1925–2000), Indian cricketer
* [[Amiya Prosad Sen]] (born 1952), historian and religious scholar
* [[Ananda Prakash Sen]] (1923–?), often known as A. P. Sen, is an Indian former judge who served as a Chief Justice of the [[Supreme Court of India]]
* [[Anil Kumar Sen]], jurist
* [[Anindya Sen]] Economist
* [[Antara Dev Sen]] (born 1963), British–Indian journalist
* [[Anupam Sen (politician)|Anupam Sen]] (1920s-2015), Indian politician, West Bengal Legislative Assembly
* [[Anupam Sen]] (born August 5, 1940) is a Bangladeshi academic and social scientist.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thedailystar.net/prof-anupam-sen-honoured-for-winning-ekushey-padak-24710|title=Prof Anupam Sen honoured for winning Ekushey Padak|date=May 19, 2014|access-date=June 17, 2016|newspaper=The Daily Star}}</ref>
* [[Anushka Sen]] (born 2002), Indian model and television actress
* [[Aparna Sen]] (born 1945), an Indian filmmaker, screenwriter and actress
* [[Arunava Sen]] (born January 3, 1959) is a professor of economics at the [[Indian Statistical Institute]].<ref name=":0" /> He works on [[Game theory|Game Theory]], [[Social choice theory|Social Choice Theory]], [[Mechanism design|Mechanism Design]], [[Voting]] and [[Auction theory|Auctions]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web | url=https://www.isid.ac.in/~asen/index.html | title=Planning Unit, Indian Statistical Institute}}</ref>
* [[Ashalata Sen]] (5 February 1894 - 13 February 1986) was an activist, poet, social worker, and a leading figure in the [[Indian independence movement]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=GUPTA|first=Sarmistha Dutta|date=2013|title=Death and Desire in Times of Revolution|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23528276|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume=48|issue=37|pages=59–68|jstor=23528276 |issn=0012-9976}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=June 27, 2019|title=5 unknown women freedom fighters of India who did as much as Gandhi and Nehru|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/5-unknown-women-freedom-fighters-of-india-who-did-as-much-as-gandhi-and-nehru-1557264-2019-06-27|access-date=2021-02-05|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-08-15|title=Remembering the women who fought for India's freedom|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/remembering-the-women-who-fought-for-india-s-freedom-873533.html|access-date=2021-02-05|website=Deccan Herald|language=en}}</ref>
* [[Ashish Sen]] is an American professor and transportation statistician based in Chicago
* [[Ashoke Sen]], theoretical physicist
* [[Ashoke Kumar Sen]] former law minister, lawyer, and parliamentarian
* [[Asit Sen (actor)]] (1917–1993), prolific Indian film actor and comedian in the Hindi film industry
* [[Asit Sen (director)]] (24 September 1922 – 25 August 2001) was an Indian film director, cinematographer and screenwriter, who worked in both [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali]] and [[Hindi cinema]]. He was born in [[Dhaka]], now in modern-day [[Bangladesh]], when it was part of [[East Bengal]] in [[British India]]. He directed 17 feature films in Hindi and Bengali
* [[Atul Sen]] (? – 5 August 1932) (Bengali: অতুল সেন) was a Bengali Indian independence movement revolutionary activist against British rule in India.
* [[Atul Prasad Sen]] ({{langx|bn|অতুল প্রসাদ সেন}}; 20 October 1871 – 26 August 1934) was a Bengali composer, lyricist and singer, and also a lawyer, philanthropist, social worker, educationist and writer.<ref name="som">{{cite book|first=Shovan|last=Som|title=Atul Prasad Sen'er Shreshtha Kabita|publisher=Bharbi|year=2002|page=142}}</ref>

===B===

* [[Baikuntha Nath Sen]] {{post-nominals|country=GBR|CIE}} (1843 – 1922) was a [[Bengalis|Bengali]] scholar, lawyer and philanthropist. His grandson [[Amarendra Nath Sen]] was a judge of [[Supreme Court of India]].<ref name=":1" />
* [[Basiswar Sen]] also known as "Boshi" Sen (1887 – 31 August 1971), [[Indian people|Indian]] [[agricultural]] [[scientist]].
* [[Benu Sen]] (26 May 1932 – 17 May 2011) was an awarded Indian photographer from Kolkata, India.
* [[Bhim Sen Sachar|Bhim Sen]] (1 December 1894<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rajbhavanorissa.gov.in/formergovernor.asp |title=Our Governors |accessdate=2 February 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120225081608/http://www.rajbhavanorissa.gov.in/formergovernor.asp |archivedate=25 February 2012 |publisher=Rajbhavanorissa.gov.in}}</ref> – 18 January 1978<ref>[https://www.mapsofindia.com/who-is-who/history/bhim-sen-sachar.html Bhim Sen Sachar Biography, History and Facts]. Mapsofindia.com.</ref>) was an Indian politician. He was the [[Chief Minister of Punjab (India)|Chief Minister of Punjab]], thrice.
* [[Bhupati Mohan Sen]] was an Indian [[physicist]] and [[mathematician]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=INSA :: Deceased Fellow Detail|url=http://insaindia.res.in/detail/F00-0719|access-date=2020-10-24|website=insaindia.res.in|archive-date=2020-08-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200812201812/http://insaindia.res.in/detail/F00-0719|url-status=dead}}</ref> He made remarkable contributions in the fields of [[Quantum mechanics|Quantum Mechanics]] and [[Fluid mechanics|Fluid Mechanics]].
* [[Bijoy Sen]] is a Bangladeshi art director. He won [[Bangladesh National Film Award for Best Art Direction]] for the film ''Andha Biswas'' (1992).<ref name=nfa>{{cite web|url=http://www.fdc.gov.bd/site/page/f3bb17fe-d9ad-4b61-bd8a-5824262691ad/%E0%A7%A7%E0%A7%AF%E0%A7%AD%E0%A7%AB-%E0%A7%A8%E0%A7%A6%E0%A7%A7%E0%A7%A8|script-title=bn:জাতীয় চলচ্চিত্র পুরস্কার প্রাপ্তদের নামের তালিকা (১৯৭৫-২০১২)|language=bn|trans-title=List of the winners of National Film Awards (1975-2012)|access-date=25 March 2019|publisher=Bangladesh Film Development Corporation|work=Government of Bangladesh|archive-date=23 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181223211753/http://www.fdc.gov.bd/site/page/f3bb17fe-d9ad-4b61-bd8a-5824262691ad/%E0%A7%A7%E0%A7%AF%E0%A7%AD%E0%A7%AB-%E0%A7%A8%E0%A7%A6%E0%A7%A7%E0%A7%A8|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=bdnews24>{{cite news|url=http://glitz.bdnews24.com/details.php?catry=2&showns=2012 |script-title=bn:চার দশকে আমাদের সেরা চলচ্চিত্রগুলো |work=bdnews24 |author=Rashed Shaon |access-date=November 4, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121228185658/http://glitz.bdnews24.com/details.php?catry=2&showns=2012 |archive-date=December 28, 2012 }}</ref>
* [[Binay Ranjan Sen]], former Director General of the [[Food and Agriculture Organization]] of the [[United Nations]]
* [[Binayak Sen]], human rights activist
* [[Bireswar Sen]], (1897–1974) Indian painter, writer and teacher, influenced by the [[Bengal School of Art]] and Western modernism, but later developed a visual language of miniatures.

===C===

* [[Chandan Sen]] a Bengali stage, television and film actor, playwright and director
* [[Chandan K. Sen]] is an Indian-American scientist who is known for contributions to the fields of regenerative medicine and wound care
* [[Chitra Sen]], an Indian actress and dancer who works in Bengali language films and television series

===D===

* [[Raja Dahir|Dahir Sen]], last ruler of the [[Brahman dynasty of Sindh]]
* [[Deben Sen]] (1897 – 19 April 1971) was an Indian trade union activist and politician.
* [[Dinesh Chandra Sen]], researcher of Bengali folklore
* [[Dola Sen]] (born 26 March 1967) is an Indian politician and [[trade union]]ist. From 2020 she is now the central president of the [[Indian National Trinamool Trade Union Congress]] (INTTUC).<ref name="a">{{Cite web|date=2014-03-08|title=MIRIK {{!}} INTTUC welcomes Dola Sen as poll candidate|url=http://echoofindia.com/mirik-inttuc-welcomes-dola-sen-poll-candidate-50983|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512222548/http://echoofindia.com/mirik-inttuc-welcomes-dola-sen-poll-candidate-50983|archive-date=2014-05-12|access-date=2021-04-27|website=echoofindia.com|publisher=The Echo of India}}</ref><ref name="b">{{Cite web|date=2014-05-06|title=The Statesman: Supriyo makes it tricky for TMC, Left|url=http://www.thestatesman.net/news/53121-Supriyo-makes-it-tricky-for-TMC--Left.html?page=2|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512222108/http://www.thestatesman.net/news/53121-Supriyo-makes-it-tricky-for-TMC--Left.html?page=2|archive-date=2014-05-12|access-date=2021-04-27|website=thestatesman.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-09-03|title=Trinamul trade union leader in assault row|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1120218/jsp/calcutta/story_15149750.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180903013321/https://www.telegraphindia.com/1120218/jsp/calcutta/story_15149750.jsp|archive-date=2018-09-03|access-date=2021-04-27|website=[[The Telegraph (Kolkata)|The Telegraph]]}}</ref>

===E===

* [[Erroll Chunder Sen]] (1899 – after 1941?), First World War Indian pilot in the Royal Flying Corps

===G===

* [[Gautam Sen]] is an Indian journalist, writer and automotive design consultant and expert.
*[[Gertrude Emerson Sen]] (6 May 1890<ref name="tandon07">{{cite journal|author=B. N. Tandon|year=2007|title=Untitled <nowiki>[</nowiki>review of Nearer Heaven than Earth: The Life and Times of Boshi Sen and Gertrude Emerson Sen, by Girish Mehra<nowiki>]</nowiki>|journal=Indian Literature|publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]]|volume=51|issue=3 (239)|pages=199–203|issn=0019-5804|jstor=23340474}}</ref>–1982), early 20th-century expert on [[Asia]] and a founding member of the [[Society of Woman Geographers]]
* [[Girish Chandra Sen]]({{circa|1835}} – 15 August 1910), Bengali religious scholar and first Bengali translator of the Quran<ref>{{cite book |author=U. A. B. Razia Akter Banu |year=1992 |title=Islam in Bangladesh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XyzqATEDPSgC&pg=PA52 |publisher=BRILL |page=52 |isbn=90-04-09497-0}}</ref>

===H===

* [[Haimabati Sen]] (1866 – 1932 or 1933), was an Indian physician
* [[Hannah Sen]] (1894–1957) was an Indian educator, politician, and feminist, wife of Satish Chandra Sen.<ref name=":0b">{{Cite web|title=Baghdadi Jewish Women in India|url=https://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/baghdadi-jewish-women-in-india|access-date=2020-11-28|website=Jewish Women's Archive|language=en}}</ref> She was a member of the first Indian [[Rajya Sabha]] (upper house of Parliament) from 1952 to 1957 and the president of the [[All India Women's Conference]] in 1951-52
* [[Hari Keshab Sen]] (9 February 1905 - 1 September 1976), popularly known as H. K. Sen was an Indian Bengali scientist, astrophysicist
* [[Hiralal Sen]] is generally considered the first filmmaker of indian subcontinent
*[[H. Nida Sen]] H.Nida Sen is an ophthalmologist researching mechanisms involved in different forms of human uveitis. She is a clinical investigator at the [[National Eye Institute]]

===I===

*[[Inder Sen]] is an Indian film director, producer and screenwriter working in Bengali cinema.
*[[Indra Sen]] (13 May 1903 – 14 March 1994) was a [[psychologist]], author, and educator, and the founder of [[Integral psychology]] as an academic discipline. Sen was born in the [[Jhelum District]] of [[Punjab region|Punjab]] (now part of Pakistan) in a [[Punjabi Hindu]] family from [[Punjab]].
* [[Indrani Sen]] A Bengali singer who is known for [[Nazrul Geeti|Nazrul geeti]] and [[Rabindra Sangeet]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/series-on-journey-of-popular-faces-hits-the-web/articleshow/63771318.cms|title=Series on journey of popular faces hits the web|last=Sen|first=Debolina|date=15 April 2018|work=Times of India|access-date=10 September 2018}}</ref>
*[[Ivan Sen]] (born 1972) is an Indigenous Australian filmmaker.

===J===
* [[Jaladhar Sen]] Rai Bahadur Jaladhar Sen ({{langx|bn|জলধর সেন}}; 13 March 1860 – 15 March 1939) was a Bengali writer, poet, editor and also a philanthropist, traveler, social worker, educationist and littérateur.<ref name=abasar>{{cite web|url=http://www.abasar.net/Lit_JaladharSen.htm|title=Jaladhar Sen|publisher=Abasar|language=bn|access-date=30 July 2018|archive-date=14 August 2005|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050814004503/http://www.abasar.net/Lit_JaladharSen.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> He was awarded with the title Ray Bahadur (রায় বাহাদুর) by the British Government.<ref name= bpedia >{{cite web|url=https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Sen,_Raibahadur_Jaladhar|title=Jaladhar Sen |website= Banglapedia|access-date=30 July 2018}}</ref>
* [[Jogendra Nath Sen]], First Bengali soldier to die in the First World War
* [[Joginder Sen]] Raja Sir Joginder Sen Bahadur [[Order of the Star of India|KCSI]] (20 August 1904 – 16 June 1986)<ref name="India_Burma_Office">{{cite book |date=1947 |title=The India List and Burma Office List 1947 |location=London |publisher=[[HM Stationery Office]] |page=40 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.211481/page/n43/mode/2up?q=}}</ref> was the last ruling Raja of [[Mandi State]], and was subsequently a diplomat and [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Member of Parliament]].<ref name="Lok_Sabha">{{cite journal |author= |date=17 July 1986 |title=Lok Sabha Debates (Sixth Session, Eighth Lok Sabha)|url=https://eparlib.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/3685/1/lsd_08_06_17-07-1986.pdf |journal=Lok Sabha Debates |volume=18|issue=1 |pages=5 |doi= |access-date=2 January 2022}}</ref>

===K===

* [[Kaushik Sen]] (or Koushik Sen; born 19 September 1968), Indian film, television and theatre actor based in Kolkata
* [[Keshava Sena|Keshav Sen]] (reigned 1225–1230), ruler of the Sen Empire, reformer of "Kaulinya" and "Varna" in vernacular literature
* [[Keshav Sen]] (born 21 September 1923) is an Indian former [[Shooting sport|sports shooter]]. He competed in the [[Shooting at the 1960 Summer Olympics – Men's trap|trap event]] at the [[1960 Summer Olympics]].<ref name="SportsRef">{{cite web |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ke/sen-keshav-1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418080841/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ke/sen-keshav-1.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 April 2020 |title=Sen Keshav |accessdate=11 July 2015 |work=Sports Reference}}</ref>
* [[Keshub Chandra Sen]] (1838–1884), Hindu philosopher and social reformer
* [[Konkona Sen]] (born 3 December 1979), Indian actress, writer, and director
* [[Krishna Sen]] (19 October 1956 – 27 May 2002), Nepalese writer and journalist
* [[Kshitimohan Sen]] (2 December 1880 – 12 March 1960), Indian scholar, writer, and [[Sanskrit]] professor

===L===

* [[Lakshmana Sena|Lakshman Sen]], Emperor
* [[Lakshya Sen]] (born 2001), Indian badminton player
* [[Lalmohan Sen]] (Bengali: লালমোহন সেন) was an Indian revolutionary who took part in the Chittagong Armoury Raid
* [[Lionel Protip Sen]] [[Lieutenant-General]] Lionel Protip "Bogey" Sen [[Distinguished Service Order|DSO]] (20 October 1910 – 17 September 1981) was an Indo-British decorated [[Indian Army]] general. He served as the [[Chief of General Staff (India)|Chief of the General Staff]] during 1959–1961 and commanded the [[Eastern Command (India)|Eastern Command]] during 1961–1963

===M===

* [[Mala Sen]] (3 June 1947 – 21 May 2011) was a [[Bengali people|Bengali]]-[[India]]n-[[British Indian|British]] writer and [[human rights activist]]
* [[Malabika Sen]], Dancer
* [[Mandakranta Sen]] (born 1972<ref name="dolchhut">{{cite book|last1=Sen|first1=Mandakranta|title=Dalchhoot|date=2002|publisher=Ananda|location=Kolkata|isbn=8177561960|edition=1. saṃskaraṇa.}}</ref>) is an Indian poet writing in [[Bengali language|Bengali]]. She became the youngest-ever winner of [[Ananda Puraskar]] in 1999 for her very first poetry book. In 2004 she was awarded [[Sahitya Akademi Award|Sahitya Akademi Golden Jubilee Award]] for poetry.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://pib.gov.in/newsite/erelcontent.aspx?relid=4653|title= Sahitya Akademi Golden Jubilee Awards |publisher= Government of India Ministry of Culture|access-date= 26 January 2022}}</ref> She is also a lyricist, composer, fiction writer, dramatist and cover designer. She quit medical studies to become a full-time writer.<ref name="dolchhut"/>
* [[Manikuntala Sen]] ({{langx|bn|মণিকুন্তলা সেন}}; c. 1911–1987) was one of the first women to be active in the [[Communist Party of India]].
* [[Mantu Sen]] (21 June 1923 – 12 April 1990) was an Indian cricketer. He played eighteen first-class matches for Bengal between 1942 and 1959.
* [[Mayukh Sen]] is an American writer. He was nominated for a [[James Beard Foundation Award|James Beard Award]] in 2018 and 2019, winning the award in 2018 for his profile of Princess Pamela.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The 2018 James Beard Award Nominees {{!}} James Beard Foundation|url=https://www.jamesbeard.org/blog/the-2018-james-beard-award-nominees|access-date=2021-05-28|website=www.jamesbeard.org|language=en}}</ref>
* [[Mihir Sen]] (born 1930), a famous Indian long-distance swimmer
* [[Mimlu Sen]] (born 1949) is an Indian author, translator, musician, composer and producer.
* [[Minati Sen]] (born 2 October 1943) Politician, was a member of the 14th Lok Sabha of India.
* [[Mithu Sen]] is an Indian conceptual artist. Born in West Bengal in 1971.
* [[Mohit Sen]] was a communist intellectual. He was general secretary of the [[United Communist Party of India]] until of his death.
* [[Moon Moon Sen]] (born 1954), an Indian actress working in Bengali, Hindi and other regional films
* [[Mrinal Sen]], [[Dadasaheb Phalke]] award-winning film director
* [[Mrinal Kanti Sen]], an Indian-American geophysicist.
* [[Mrinalini Sen]] (3 August 1879 - 8 March 1972) was a Bengali writer in [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|British India]]. On 19 December 1910, she became the first Indian to fly in a plane.<ref name=":0c">{{Cite web|agency=TNN|date=Dec 23, 2018|title=One December over a century ago, a woman became first Indian to fly in country {{!}} Mumbai News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/one-dec-over-a-century-ago-a-woman-became-first-indian-to-fly-in-country/articleshow/67212686.cms|access-date=2021-01-27|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=Johari|first=Aarefa|title=Finding Mrs Sen: The first Indian woman to fly in a plane was a poet called Mrinalini Devi|url=https://scroll.in/magazine/907444/finding-mrs-sen-the-first-indian-woman-to-fly-in-a-plane-was-a-poet-called-mrinalini-devi|access-date=2021-01-27|website=Scroll.in|language=en-US}}</ref>
* [[Mukunda Sen]] (sometimes known as Makanda Sen) was the King of [[Kingdom of Palpa|Palpa]] from 1518 to 1553 of Sena dynasty (Nepal).<ref>{{Cite book|last=Whelpton|first=John|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KoNT6tjk9mQC|title=A History of Nepal|date=17 February 2005|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-80470-7|pages=91|language=en}}</ref> In 1524, he invaded [[Kathmandu Valley]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lecomte-Tilouine|first=Marie|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xmAMAQAAMAAJ|title=Hindu Kingship, Ethnic Revival, and Maoist Rebellion in Nepal|date=2009|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-569792-6|language=en}}</ref>

===N===

* [[Nabaneeta Dev Sen]]
* [[Nabhendu Sen]] (31 August 1944 – 25 September 2008) a Bengali dramatist, sculptor and artist
* [[Nabinchandra Sen]], poet and writer
* [[Nandana Sen]] (born 1967), daughter of [[Amartya Sen]], actress in [[Hindi cinema]], screenwriter
* [[Narayan Sen]] (1912–1956) was a Bengali revolutionary in the Indian independence movement
* [[Neeta Sen]] (1935 – 1 April 2006) was an Indian classical music director and singer
* [[Nibedita Sen]] is a queer Bengali-born writer of speculative fiction
* [[Nikhil Sen]] (16 April 1931 – 25 February 2019)<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/city/news/nikhil-sen-passes-away-1707349|title=Nikhil Sen passes away|date=2019-02-26|work=The Daily Star|language=en|access-date=2019-02-25}}</ref> was a Bangladeshi dramatist. He was awarded [[Ekushey Padak]] in 2018 by the [[Government of Bangladesh]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thedailystar.net/backpage/ekushey-padak-goes-21-persons-1532002|title=21 named for Ekushey Padak|date=2018-02-09|work=The Daily Star|access-date=2018-02-09|language=en}}</ref>
* [[Nilima Sen]] (1928 [[Kolkata]] –1996) was a famous [[Rabindrasangeet]] singer.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/2005/05/08/d50508140185.htm|title=The voice that continues to enchant|date=8 May 2005|publisher=The Daily Star|accessdate=2009-03-07}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1050423/asp/weekend/story_4652657.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060302140737/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1050423/asp/weekend/story_4652657.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=March 2, 2006|title=Singing new tunes |date=23 April 2005|newspaper=The Telegraph|accessdate=2009-03-07}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://nation.ittefaq.com/issues/2007/08/17/news0770.htm|title=An evening of Rabindra Sangeet|date=17 August 2007|publisher=The new Nation|accessdate=2009-03-07|archive-date=2011-06-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110614062844/http://nation.ittefaq.com/issues/2007/08/17/news0770.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1060310/asp/atleisure/story_5948150.asp|title=Evocative style|date=10 March 2006|newspaper=The Telegraph|accessdate=2009-03-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110526041700/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1060310/asp/atleisure/story_5948150.asp|archive-date=26 May 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/2003/11/02/d31102140290.htm|title=Under the shady trees of Shantiniketan: Aditi Mohsin recalls her days at Tagore's university|date=2 November 2003|publisher=The Daily Star|accessdate=2009-03-07}}</ref>
* [[Nirupam Sen (cricketer)]]
* [[Nirupam Sen (diplomat)]]
* [[Nirupam Sen (politician)]]
* [[Nirupam Sen Chowdhary]] (born 23 October 1990) is an Indian first-class cricketer who plays for Tripura
* [[Nivaan Sen]] also known as Naveen Sen, is an Indian actor and producer
*[[Noel Swaranjit Sen]] (born 24 December 1946) is a retired [[Director General of Police|Director-General and Inspector-General of Police]] in the state of Andhra Pradesh, India. After a stint with the [[Indian Army]] (Short Service Commission) in the 1960s, he became an Officer of the Indian Police Service. He was also a Commandant of the 1st Battalion of [[Border Security Force]]

===O===

*[[Orijit Sen]] (born 1963) is an Indian graphic artist and designer.

===P===

* [[Pabitra Kumar Sen]], scientist and social reformer
* [[Palash Sen]], Band member of [[Euphoria (Indian band)]]
* [[Paritosh Sen]] (Bengali: পরিতোষ সেন) (18 October 1918 – 22 October 2008) was a leading Indian artist. He was born in Dhaka (then known as Dacca)
* [[Partha Sen]] was an economist
* [[Prafulla Chandra Sen]] (1897–1990), Bengali freedom fighter and politician, [[Chief Minister of West Bengal]] from 1962 to 1967.<ref>With West Bengal Chief Ministers: Memoirs, 1962 to 1977 by Saroj Chakrabarti</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Sengupta|first=Subodhchandra |title=Sansad Bangali charitabhidhan|script-title=bn:সংসদ বাঙ্গালি চরিতাভিধান|editor=অঞ্জলি বসু |publisher=Sahitya Samsad (সাহিত্য সংসদ)|location=Kolkata|year=2002|edition=4th|volume=II|page=190|isbn=81-85626-65-0|language=Bengali}}</ref>
* [[Prafulla Kumar Sen]] (died 1942), also known as "Swami Satyananda Puri" Indian revolutionary and philosopher
* [[Prajesh Sen]] G. Prajesh Sen (also spelt G. Prajesh Sen; born 29 May 1979) is an Indian filmmaker and writer
* [[Pranab Kumar Sen]] (1937–2023)<ref name="cv">[http://www.sph.unc.edu/images/stories/cv_storage/704289903_cv.pdf Curriculum vitae] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720092739/http://www.sph.unc.edu/images/stories/cv_storage/704289903_cv.pdf |date=20 July 2011 }}, retrieved 2011-07-03.</ref> was a [[statistician]]
* [[Prasenjit Sen]] (born 11 January 1956) Physical Scientist
* [[Probir Sen]], wicket-keeper, the only wicket-keeper to have stumped out Sir [[Donald Bradman]]
* [[P. K. Sen (surgeon)]] (1915–1982), Indian surgeon

===R===

* [[Raima Sen]] (born 1979), Indian actress
* [[Raja Sen]] (born 10 November 1955), Indian film & television director and the winner of three [[National Film Awards]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Film Director Raja Sen Speaks About His New Movie (Interview)|url=http://www.voanews.com/bangla/archive/2007-10/2007-10-29-voa4.cfm?moddate=2007-10-29 |date=29 October 2007 |publisher= [[VOA News]]}}{{dead link|date=April 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
* [[Rajanikanta Sen]] (26 July 1865 – 13 September 1910) was a Bengali poet and composer, known for his devotional (bhakti) compositions
* [[Rajat Sen]] (1913 ― 6 May 1930) alias Rajat Kumar Sen was a Bengali revolutionary who joined in the Chittagong armoury raid.
* [[Ramesh Chandra Sen]] (born 30 April 1940),<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://parliament.gov.bd/index.php/en/mps/members-of-parliament/current-mp-s/list-of-11th-parliament-members-bangla/309-mps-category/mps-of-11th-parliament/3588-constituency-03-11th-en|title=Constituency 03_11th_En|website=Bangladesh Parliament|access-date=2020-02-04}}</ref> Bangladeshi politician
* [[Ramkamal Sen]] (Bengali: রামকমল সেন) (1783–1844) was the Diwan of the Treasury, Treasurer of the Bank of Bengal and Secretary of the Asiatic Society
* [[Ramprasad Sen]], singer and lyricist
* [[Rangalal Sen]] (24 September 1933{{snd}}10 February 2014) was a Bangladesh academician and writer. In 2011, he was inducted as the [[National Professor]] of Bangladesh.<ref name=death>{{cite news|url=http://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/2014/02/10/rangalal-sen-passes-away|title=Rangalal Sen passes away|date=February 10, 2014|accessdate=February 3, 2016|newspaper=bdnews24.com}}</ref>
* [[Reema Sen]] (born 1981), Indian actress and model primarily working in Tamil, Telugu and Hindi films
* [[Riddhi Sen]], an Indian Bengali film actor
* [[Rii Sen]], actress
* [[Rimi Sen]] (born 1981), Indian actress and film producer who has appeared in Bollywood, Telugu and Bengali films
* [[Rinku Sen]] is an [[Indian-American]] author, activist, political strategist and the executive director of Narrative Initiative. She is also the co-president of the [[Women’s March]] Board of Directors. Sen is the former president and executive director of the [[racial justice]] organization [[Race Forward]] and publisher of [[ColorLines|Colorlines.com]] and ''Mother Jones'' magazine.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rinku Sen|url=https://forwomen.org/staff/rinku-sen/|access-date=2021-04-15|website=Ms. Foundation for Women|language=en-US}}</ref>
* [[Rittika Sen]], an Indian actress
* [[Riya Sen]] (born 1981), Indian film actress and model
* [[Robin Sen]] was an Indian politician belonging to the [[Communist Party of India]](Marxist). He was elected to the Lok Sabha, lower house of the Parliament
* [[Ronen Sen]] Ranendra "Ronen" Sen (born 9 April 1944) is a veteran Indian diplomat who was India's ambassador to the United States of America

===S===

* [[Sagar Sen]] (15 May 1932 – 4 January 1983) was a [[Bengali people|Bengali]] singer
* [[Samar Sen (economist)|Samar Sen]] (c. 1916-2004), Indian agricultural economist
* [[Samar Sen (poet)|Samar Sen]], ({{langx|bn|সমর সেন}};)(10 October 1916 – 23 August 1987), Indian poet and journalist<ref name=oldpoetry>[http://oldpoetry.com/oauthor/show/Samar%20Sen.html Old Poetry Website retrieved on 4 February 2007]</ref>
* [[Samar Sen (diplomat)]] (10 August 1914 {{endash}} 16 February 2003), Indian diplomat<ref name="The Tribune, Chandigarh, India 2003">{{cite web | title=World | website=The Tribune, Chandigarh, India | date=2003-02-18 | url=https://m.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030218/world.htm#6 | access-date=2021-12-02}}</ref>
* [[Samita Sen]], historian and professor
* [[Sandip Sen]] (born 4 October 1966) is an Indian business executive.
* [[Sandipta Sen]] (born 1987), Bengali television actress
* [[Sanjoy Sen]], Football coach and manager
* [[Sankar Sen]] ({{circa|1928}} – 8 February 2020) was a Minister, Vice Chancellor, Electrical engineer and politician from [[West Bengal]] belonging to [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]. He was the vice-chancellor of [[Jadavpur University]]. He served as a legislator of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]. He also served as the [[Ministry of Power (West Bengal)|Minister of Power]] of the [[Government of West Bengal]] from 1991 to 1999.
* [[Sankar Sen (marketing academic)]] A marketing academic.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sankar Sen |url=https://zicklin.baruch.cuny.edu/faculty-profile/sankar-sen/ |access-date=4 April 2022 |publisher=Zicklin School of Business}}</ref>
* [[Santunu Sen]] is an Indian doctor and politician. He was a councilor in the [[Kolkata Municipal Corporation]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.kmcgov.in/KMCPortal/jsp/Councillors1.jsp | title=Councillors | publisher=[[Kolkata Municipal Corporation]] | accessdate=10 March 2018}}</ref> He is a [[Rajya Sabha]] member from [[West Bengal]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/mamata-fields-3-new-faces-for-rs-polls-decides-to-back-congress-for-5th-seat/articleshow/63236778.cms | title=Mamata fields 3 new faces for RS polls, decides to back Congress for 5th seat | publisher=[[The Times of India]] | work=Debashis Konar | date=9 March 2018 | accessdate=10 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/tmc-to-back-abhishek-singhvi-in-rs-polls-mamata-banerjee-5092616/ | title=TMC to back Abhishek Singhvi in RS polls: Mamata Banerjee | publisher=Indian Express | date=10 March 2018 | accessdate=10 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/rajya-sabha-poll-tmc-to-support-abhishek-singhvi-from-west-bengal-says-mamata-banerjee/articleshow/63234280.cms | title=Rajya Sabha poll: TMC to support Abhishek Singhvi from West Bengal, says Mamata Banerjee | publisher=[[The Economic Times]] | date=9 March 2018 | accessdate=10 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/230318/counting-of-votes-for-rs-polls-begins-bjps-saroj-pandey-wins-from-c.html|title=RS polls: TMC bags 4 seats in WB; TRS wins all 3 in T'gana; Cong 3 in K'taka|date=2018-03-23|work=Deccan Chronicle|access-date=2018-07-20|language=en}}</ref> He was the President of the Indian Medical Association.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/trinamool-ministers-mps-go-all-guns-blazing-against-central-teams/1814721 | title=Trinamool ministers, MPs go all guns blazing against Central teams | publisher=Outlook | date=25 April 2020 | accessdate=10 May 2020}}</ref>
* [[Santosh Kumar Sen]] (1910–1979) was an Indian surgeon and the president of the Association of Surgeons of India.<ref name="A cut above : the remarkable life of Dr. S.K. Sen, surgeon extraordinaire, 1910-1979">{{Cite book |author=Anand, Ela |date=2007 |title=A cut above : the remarkable life of Dr. S.K. Sen, surgeon extraordinaire, 1910-1979 |location=New Delhi |publisher=Ela Anand & Ketaki Sood |isbn=9788175258914 |oclc=213495610}}</ref> He was the first Indian surgeon to be elected to the [[Fellowship of the Royal Colleges of Surgeons|Fellowship of the Royal College of Surgeons of England]].<ref name="Sen, Santosh Kumar - Biographical entry - Plarr's Lives of the Fellows Online">{{Cite web |url=https://livesonline.rcseng.ac.uk/biogs/E006926b.htm |title=Sen, Santosh Kumar - Biographical entry - Plarr's Lives of the Fellows Online |last=Royal College of Surgeons of England |date=2018-05-24 |website=livesonline.rcseng.ac.uk |language=en-gb |access-date=2018-05-24}}</ref>
* [[Sarajubala Sen]](Bengali: লেখক:সরযূবালা সেন) (1889 - 1949) was a Bengali writer and educator.
* [[Satrajit Sen]] (born 1977) an Indian film director, producer and entrepreneur, who won a Lee Strasberg: National Award in 2014 for best Bengali Film Bakita Byaktigato
* [[Satyen Sen]] ({{langx|bn|সত্যেন সেন}}), (28 March 1907 - 5 January 1981), a historian of [[Bengali literature]] from [[Bangladesh]].<ref name=":0d">{{Cite web|date=19 December 2020|title=Winner of Bangla Academy Literary Award|url=https://banglaacademy.portal.gov.bd/site/page/4b4922ae-d2be-4478-b9bf-08b5dbf50cf2|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20201219132317/https://banglaacademy.portal.gov.bd/site/page/4b4922ae-d2be-4478-b9bf-08b5dbf50cf2|archive-date=19 December 2020|access-date=23 January 2022|website=[[Bangladesh National Portal]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=9 January 2022|title=Let the Bangla Academy Award go to the deserving people|language=bn|work=[[Jagonews24.com]]|url=https://www.jagonews24.com/literature/news/729981|access-date=24 January 2022|archive-url=https://archive.today/20220116011647/https://www.jagonews24.com/literature/news/729981|archive-date=16 January 2022}}</ref>
* [[Shekhar Sen]] is a singer, a music composer, a lyricist, and an actor, Awards: [[Padma Shri]](2015)
* [[Shobha Sen]] (1923–2017), also known as Sova Sen, Bengali theatre and film actress
* [[Shoma Sen]] An women's rights activist, professor and head of the English literature department of the Nagpur University
* [[Shyamal Kumar Sen]], jurist and former [[List of Governors of West Bengal|governor of West Bengal]]
* [[Sohag Sen]] (Bengali: সোহাগ সেন) is a Bengali theatre actress, director and casting director.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1140606/jsp/t2/story_18483042.jsp#.Vt1uDEBQbIU |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140611002041/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1140606/jsp/t2/story_18483042.jsp#.Vt1uDEBQbIU |url-status=dead |archive-date=June 11, 2014 |title=Tollywood's acting coach |work=The Telegraph |accessdate=7 March 2016}}</ref>
* [[Sohail Sen]] (born 24 June 1984) is a contemporary Indian film composer, musician and singer who works in Bollywood
* [[Sen Sōshitsu XV]] (1923–2025), Japanese tea master
* [[Soumik Sen]] an Indian contemporary screenwriter
* [[Soumitra Sen]] is a former [[judge]] of the [[Calcutta High Court]]. He was the first judge in independent India whose removal motion was passed in [[Rajya Sabha]] for [[misappropriation]] of funds.<ref name="Rajya Sabha Approves Impeachment of Justice Sen">{{cite news | url=http://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid=731693 | title=Rajya Sabha Approves Impeachment of Justice Sen | date=18 August 2011 | access-date=23 March 2012 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://archive.today/20130131001619/http://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid=731693 | archive-date=31 January 2013}}</ref>
* [[Srabani Sen]] (also spelt as Sraboni Sen), singer of Rabindra Sangeet and other genres of Bengali songs
* [[Subir Sen]] (24 July 1934<ref name="abp3">{{cite web |url= http://archives.anandabazar.com/archive/1140118/18mukhomukhi.html |title= এত সুর আর এত কষ্ট |accessdate= 2018-11-23 |archive-date= 2022-02-24 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220224132950/http://archives.anandabazar.com/archive/1140118/18mukhomukhi.html |url-status= dead }}</ref> – 29 December 2015<ref name="tribune">{{cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/briefly/177046.html|title=Singer Subir Sen dead|accessdate=2018-11-23|archive-date=2018-11-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181123201049/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/briefly/177046.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>) was an Indian [[playback singer]] who sang modern songs in [[Bengali language|Bengali]] and [[Hindi]]. He was also one of the artists of [[Rabindra Sangeet]]
* [[Suchitra Sen]] (born as Roma Dasgupta, 1931), Indian actress
* [[Sudeep Sen]], poet
* [[Sukomal Sen]] (14 June 1934 – 22 November 2017) was an Indian [[trade union]] and [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] leader.
* [[Sukumar Sen (civil servant)]] -(2 January 1898 – 13 May 1963) The first Chief Election Commissioner of India
* [[Surya Sen]] (1894–1934), revolutionary and Bengali [[Indian independence movement|freedom fighter]]
* [[Sukumar Sen (linguist)|Sukumar Sen]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]] linguist
* [[Supriyo Sen]] a contemporary independent filmmaker from India. He produced and directed the film Tangra Blues (2021)
* [[Sushil Sen]] full name Shushil Kumar Sen ([[Bengali language|Bengali]]: সুশিল কুমার সেন; 1892 – 30 April 1915) participated in the [[Indian Independence Movement]].<ref>{{cite book |author1=Calcutta Historical Society |authorlink1=Calcutta Historical Society |title=Bengal, Past & Present: Journal of the Calcutta Historical Society, Volume 98 |date=1979 |publisher=The Society |page=85 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qpK1AAAAIAAJ&q=Sushil+Sen}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=Som Nath Aggarwal |title=The heroes of Cellular Jail |date=1995 |publisher=Publication Bureau, [[Punjabi University]] |isbn=9788173801075 |pages=52, 56, 58 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9pBHAAAAMAAJ&q=Sushil+Sen}}</ref>
* [[Susmit Sen]], member of the band [[Indian Ocean (band)|Indian Ocean]]
* [[Sushmita Sen]] (born 1975), Indian actress, model and beauty queen; former [[Miss Universe]]
* Suvam Sen (born 14 November 1989) an Indian athlete (footballer and goalkeeper of Indian football team)
* [[Swati Sen]] An Indian actress most known for her roles in ''[[Udedh Bun]]'', which won the [[Silver Bear]] for Best Film at the 2008 [[Berlin International Film Festival]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Siddharth Sinha's short film Udhed Bun win's Berlin's Silver Bear |url=http://www.screenindia.com/news/siddharth-sinhas-short-film-udhed-bun-wins-berlins-silver-bear/275084/ |work=[[Screen (magazine)|Screen]] |author=Uma da Cunha |date=22 February 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080302213920/http://www.screenindia.com/news/Siddharth-Sinhas-short-film-Udhed-Bun-wins-Berlins-Silver-Bear/275084/ |archive-date=2 March 2008 }}</ref> and the [[National Film Award (India)|National Film Award]]-winning ''[[Antardwand]]'' (2010),<ref name="national_award">{{cite web |url=http://pib.nic.in/archieve/others/2009/sep/r2009090707.pdf |title=55th National Film Award Winners (2007) |publisher=Press Information Bureau, Govt. of India}}</ref><ref>[https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/news-by-industry/media/entertainment-/entertainment/antardwand-movie-review/articleshow/6447484.cms Antardwand: Movie Review] [[The Economic Times|Economic Times]], 27 August 2010.</ref>

===T===

* [[Tanima Sen]] is a [[Bengali people|Bengali]] film and television actress.<ref name="Tanima Sen – about">{{cite web|title=Tanima Sen – about|url=http://www.kolkatapages.com/TanimaSen/|access-date=11 August 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120512005630/http://www.kolkatapages.com/TanimaSen/|archive-date=12 May 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
* [[Tapan Kumar Sen]] A politician from the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]], General Secretary of [[Centre of Indian Trade Unions]], a Member of the [[Parliament of India]] representing [[West Bengal]] in the [[Rajya Sabha]], the upper house of the [[Indian Parliament]]
*[[Tapas Sen]] (11 September 1924 – 28 June 2006) was a noted Indian stage lighting designer, who was an important figure in 20th-century Indian theatre
*[[Tapen Sen]](born 2 September 1953) is a former judge of the [[Calcutta High Court]], the [[Punjab & Haryana High Court|Punjab and Haryana High Court]] and the [[Jharkhand High Court]] and is currently holding the chair as the President of the Jharkhand State Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission
* [[Triguna Sen]] (24 December 1905 – 11 January 1998) was Union Minister for education in Government of India. He got [[Padma Bhushan]] in 1965

===U===

* [[Utpala Sen]] (12 March 1924 – 13 May 2005) was a prominent [[Indian people|Indian]] [[Bengali people|Bengali]] playback singer.

===V===

*[[Vikramajit Sen]] (born 31 December 1950) is an Indian Judge, who has served as a sitting judge of the Supreme Court of India
*[[Vishwak Sen]] (born 1995), Indian actor who works in Telugu films

==Fictional characters==
*[[Banalata Sen]], fictional character in [[Jibanananda Das]]'s poem
*Mr. Saurav Sen, fictional characters in [[Jhumpa Lahiri]]'s short story, Mrs. Sen's, from her collection of short stories, [[Interpreter of Maladies]].

==See also==
*[[Şen]], Turkish surname

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{surname|Sen}}

[[Category:Bengali Hindu surnames]]

Karuvaki

2026-03-07T08:25:07Z

CandicePrenderga:

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Short description|Wife and Second Chief Queen of the emperor Ashoka}}
{{Infobox royalty
| image = File:Ashoka Inscriptions Queen's edict.jpg
| caption = The "[[Queen's edict]]" in [[Prayagraj]] mentions the charitable deeds of Karuvaki.
| birth_place = [[Kalinga (historical region)|Kalinga]]
| dynasty = [[Maurya Empire|Maurya]]
| title = [[Empress Consort]] of the [[Mauryan Empire]]
| father =
| spouse = [[Ashoka The Great]]
| issue = Prince [[Tivala]]
| religion = [[Buddhism]]
}}
'''Karuvaki''' was the "Second [[Maharani|Queen Consort]]"<ref>{{cite book|last1=Shah|first1=Kirit K.|title=The problem of identity : women in early Indian inscriptions|date=2001|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New Delhi [u.a.]|isbn=9780195653229|pages=33, 180}}</ref> of the third Mauryan Emperor, [[Ashoka The Great]]. She was Ashoka's fourth wife and 2nd [[Empress consort]]. She was the mother of Ashoka's fourth son, Prince [[Tivala]].

==Life==

Karuvaki is mentioned in the Queen Edict wherein her religious and charitable donations were recorded as per her wishes. This gives an image of her being a self-possessed and strong-willed consort, who wanted an act of philanthropy recorded as specifically hers.<ref>{{cite book|title=Ashoka in Ancient India|year=2015|publisher=Harvard University Press|author=Nayanjot Lahiri|page=283}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=History of India, Volume 2; Volume 6|year=1906|publisher=The Grolier Society|author1=Romesh Chunder Dutt |author2=Vincent Arthur Smith |author3=Stanley Lane-Poole |author4=Henry Miers Elliot |author5=William Wilson Hunter |author6=Alfred Comyn Lyall |page=175}}</ref>

The edict also identifies her as mother to their son, Prince [[Tivala]] (also referred to as Tivara), who is the only son of Ashoka mentioned by name in his inscriptions.<ref>{{cite web |title = The Queen Edict |url=http://www.katinkahesselink.net/tibet/asoka1b.html#The_Queen|accessdate = 2009-03-05 |year = 1999 |publisher = Buddha's World}}</ref><ref name=Thapar>{{cite book|last=Thapar|first=Romila|title=Aśoka and the decline of the Mauryas|year=1973|page=30|publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Cambridge Shorter History of India|page=53 |publisher=Cambridge University Press Archive}}</ref>

Despite the fact that Ashoka had many [[Rani|queens]], Karuvaki is the only queen of Ashoka who was named in his inscriptions and edicts.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Gupta|first1=Subhadra Sen|title=Ashoka|date=2009|publisher=Penguin UK|isbn=9788184758078|chapter=Ashoka's family}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=University of Allahabad. Dept. of Modern Indian History, University of Kerala. Dept. of History, University of Travancore, University of Kerala|title=Journal of Indian History|publisher=Department of Modern Indian History|year=1963|volume=41|page=155}}</ref>

==Queen's Edict==
The Queen's Edict on the [[Allahabad Pillar]] refers to the charitable deeds of Karuvaki:{{sfn|Bhandarkar|1925|p=336}}{{sfn|Smith|1920|pp=215–219}}

{{quote|On the order of the Beloved of the Gods, the officers everywhere are to be instructed that whatever may be the gift of the second queen, whether a mango-grove, a monastery, an institution for dispensing charity or any other donation, it is to be counted to the credit of that queen ... the second queen, the mother of Tīvala, Karuvakī.<ref name="thapar">{{cite book|last1=Thapar|first1=Romila|author-link1=Romila Thapar|title=Aśoka and the Decline of the Mauryas|date=2012|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New Delhi|isbn=9780198077244|pages=388–390|edition=3rd|chapter-url=http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198077244.001.0001/acprof-9780198077244-appendix-5|access-date=8 February 2016|chapter=Appendix V: A Translation of the Edicts of Aśoka|chapter-url-access=subscription }}</ref>
}}

==In popular culture==
* Karuvaki was portrayed by [[Kareena Kapoor]] in the 2001 [[Bollywood]] film, ''[[Aśoka (film)|Aśoka]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0249371/|title=Ashoka the Great (2001)|website=[[IMDb]]|accessdate=December 15, 2012}}</ref>
* [[Saumya Seth]] portrays Karuvaki in [[Colors TV]]'s 2015 historical drama, ''[[Chakravartin Ashoka Samrat]]'' while [[Reem Sheikh]] portrays the young Karuvaki.<ref>{{cite news|title=Reem to play Ashoka's love interest|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/chakravartin-ashoka-samrat/photostory/49243582.cms|access-date=8 January 2016|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
* She is the main character of ''The Ashoka Trilogy'', The Prince of Pataliputra by Shreyas Bhave.
* Kalinga Karuvaki Award established by [[Kalinga Literary Festival]] to honour the great warrior princess of Kalinga<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dailypioneer.com/state-editions/bhubaneswar/kalinga-lit-fest-begins-in-city-on-june-10.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180526190051/http://www.dailypioneer.com/state-editions/bhubaneswar/kalinga-lit-fest-begins-in-city-on-june-10.html |archive-date=26 May 2018 |title=Kalinga Lit Fest begins in city on June 10}}</ref>
* [[Mallika Singh]] portrays Karuvaki in [[Ekta Kapoor]]'s historical drama series ''[[Pracchand Ashok]]'' on [[Colors TV]].<ref name="Ashok">[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/adnan-khan-and-mallika-singh-starrer-new-historical-show-pracchand-ashok-is-all-set-to-launch-soon-watch-promo/articleshow/106484016.cms Adnan Khan and Mallika Singh to play leads in Ekta Kapoor's new historical drama series 'Pracchand Ashok']</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
* {{cite book | last1=Bhandarkar | first1=D. R. | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hhlfSZLDjRsC | title=Ashoka | publisher=Asian Educational Services | date=1925 | author-link=D. R. Bhandarkar | pages=336 | isbn=8120613333 }}* {{cite book | last=Smith | first=Vincent Arthur | author-link=Vincent Arthur Smith | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4o_URem5WMcC | title=Ashoka, the Buddhist Emperor of India | publisher=Asian Educational Services| year=1920 | pages=215–219 | isbn=8120613031 }}

[[Category:3rd-century BC women]]
[[Category:Women from Odisha]]
[[Category:Kalinga (India)]]
[[Category:Buddhism and Hinduism]]
[[Category:Indian Buddhists]]
[[Category:Converts to Buddhism from Hinduism]]
[[Category:Wives of Ashoka]]
[[Category:3rd-century BC Buddhists]]
[[Category:3rd-century BC Indian people]]

Renuka

2026-03-06T13:25:11Z

CandicePrenderga: General improvements to article content

{{Short description|Major Hindu Goddess; The Mother of the Universe}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Copy edit|for=grammar and consistency|date=November 2024}}
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{{Infobox deity
| type = Hindu
| image = Renuka Mata.jpg
| alt = Renuka
| caption = The [[Mahur, Maharashtra|Mahur]] shrine of Renuka, venerated as a [[Shakti Pitha]] in [[Shaktism]]
| Devanagari = रेणुका
| Sanskrit_transliteration = Rēṇuka
| affiliation = [[Devi]]
| consort = [[Jamadagni]]
| children = Ṛumaṇvān, Suhotra, Vasu, Viśvāvasu, [[Parashurama]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/compilation/puranic-encyclopaedia/d/doc241636.html | title=Story of Jamadagni | date=28 January 2019 }}</ref>
| deity_of = Goddess of the Fallen<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nDfZDQAAQBAJ&dq=renuka+goddess+of&pg=PA82 | title=Rajam Krishnan and Indian Feminist Hermeneutics | isbn=9781443864916 | last1=Thallam | first1=Sarada | date=6 January 2017 | publisher=Cambridge Scholars }}</ref>
| region = [[India]]
| mantra = ॐ रेणुकायै विद्महे मातृरूपाय धीमहि । तन्नो देवी प्रचोदयात् ॥
| texts = Renuka Tantram<ref>{{cite book |last=Khandelwal |first=S. N. |title=श्री रेणुका तन्त्रम् |publisher=Chowkhamba Krishnadas Academy |isbn=9788121804035}}</ref>
}}
'''Goddess Renuka or Mahur Renuka''', also known as '''Renuka Bhavani, Yellamma Devi''', is a Hindu mother goddess venerated predominantly in the South & Western Indian states of [[Karnataka]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Telangana]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Gujarat]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Madhya Pradesh]].<ref name="Sri Renuka Amman Parameswari">{{Cite web|url = http://www.renukaparameswari.org/|title = Sri Renuka Mahar Amman Parameswari|access-date = 2015-04-29|url-status = dead|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150518065743/http://www.renukaparameswari.org/|archive-date = 18 May 2015|df = dmy-all}}</ref> She is regarded as the mother of [[Parashurama]], the sixth avatar of [[Vishnu]] and is considered a manifestation of the Mother Goddess or Shakti in regional devotional traditions in [[Hindu mythology]], and was the wife of sage [[Jamadagni]], one of the [[Saptarishi]]s.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Varadpande |first=Manohar Laxman |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_XrFh2S8nlEC&dq=renuka+goddess+of&pg=PA88 |title=Mythology of Vishnu and His Incarnations |date=2009 |publisher=Gyan Publishing House |isbn=978-81-212-1016-4 |language=en}}</ref>

==Names==
Renuka is venerated across India under various regional names, including '''Aai Yellamma''', [[Ekvira]], [[Yamai Temple|Yamai]], Ellai Amman, Padmakshi Renuka, Ucchangi [[Mariamman|Mariamma]], and Ellai Amma Mahar. Her worship spans multiple local traditions, where she is regarded as a protective mother goddess. She is worshipped in the [[Hindu]] pantheon as a goddess associated with several communities and is often regarded as the divine protector. Devotees revere her as [[Jagadamba]] (Mother of the Universe).

==Legends==
Legends surrounding Renuka are chronicled in Hindu scriptures such as the ''[[Mahabharata]]'', [[Harivaṃśa|''Harivamsa'']], and ''[[Bhagavata Purana]]''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pattanaik |first=Devdutt |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8wKK7KNnMzAC&dq=renuka+bhagavata+purana&pg=PT176 |title=Myth = Mithya: Decoding Hindu Mythology |date=2014-07-11 |publisher=Penguin UK |isbn=978-81-8475-021-8 |language=en}}</ref>

[[File:Saundatti Renuka Sagara 21.11.2008.jpg|thumb|right|Renuka Sagara, [[Malaprabha River]], [[Saundatti]]. ([[Belgaum District]]), [[North Karnataka]], [[Karnataka]]]]

===Incarnations of Adi Parashakti===
In Hindu tradition, Renuka is identified as one of four principal incarnations of Adi Parashakti (the primordial goddess):
# [[Kamakshi]] (worshipped in Kanchi).<ref name=Hindu>{{cite book|title=Hindu Pilgrimage Centres|last=Harshananda|first=Swami|ref=Harsha|edition=second|publisher=Ramakrishna Math|location=Bangalore|year=2012|isbn=978-81-7907-053-6|page=61}}</ref>
# [[Vishalakshi]] (venerated in Varanasi, North India).<ref>{{lang|bn-Latn|Bangala Bhasar Abhidhaan}} [''Dictioanary of the Bengali Language''], Kolkata: Shishu Sahitya Samsad, Volume 2, p.1600. (ed. 1988)</ref>
# Renukakshi (also called Padmakshi Renuka in Konkan, notably Alibag).<ref name="Sri Renuka Amman Parameswari"/>{{clarify|reason=Bad punctuation and grammar makes this text incomprehensible|date=August 2023}}
# [[Meenakshi]] (revered in Madurai, South India)<ref name="William P. Harman 1992 24">{{cite book |first=William P. |last=Harman |title=The Sacred Marriage of a Hindu Goddess |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F_siW9T3ev4C&pg=PA24 |year=1992 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0810-2 |page=24 }}</ref> and [[Bahulakshi]] (associated with East India).<ref>{{Cite book|last=পাইন|first=সুগত|title=নানারূপে সতীঅঙ্গ|year=2021|pages=27}}</ref>

===Early life===
Renuka was born to King Renu after he performed a [[yajna]] (ritual fire sacrifice) to ensure peace and prosperity. Emerging from the sacrificial fire, she became her parents' cherished child. At age eight, the sage [[Agastya]], advised her marriage to [[Jamadagni]], when she reached maturity. Jamadagni was the son of Richika and Satyavati, who had earned divine blessings through [[penance]]. Renuka assisted Jamadagni in rituals.

Renuka's daily ritual involved bathing in the [[Malaprabha River]] with intense focus. Her spiritual power enabled her to mold sand into an unbaked pot and use a coiled serpent as a rope to carry water for her husband's [[Oblation|oblations]].

===Married life===
Renuka and Jamadagni had a daughter, Anjana, and five sons: Ṛumaṇvān, Suhotra, Vasu, Viśvāvasu, and Rama Bhargava (later known as Parashurama, Vishnu's sixth avatar).<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2019-01-28 |title=Story of Jamadagni |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/compilation/puranic-encyclopaedia/d/doc241636.html |access-date=2022-09-25 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref> [[Parashurama]] earned [[Shiva]]'s favor through penance, receiving an axe (''[[parashu]]''), which became his namesake.<ref>{{Cite news |first=Sunil A. |last=Shah |url=http://religion.divyabhaskar.co.in/2010/05/13/a-great-lord-parshuram-966560.html |title=ચિરંજીવી, શૌર્યતા, જ્ઞાનના સંગમ સમાન ભગવાન પરશુરામ |trans-title=Ciran̄jīvī, śauryatā, jñānanā saṅgam samān Bhagavān Paraśurām |language=gu |work=[[Divya Bhaskar]] |date=May 2010 |access-date=2015-04-29 |archive-date=5 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305110700/http://religion.divyabhaskar.co.in/2010/05/13/a-great-lord-parshuram-966560.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

One day, when Renuka went to the river, she saw a king making love to his wives. She was captivated by the sight and momentarily lost her concentration and devotion to her husband. As she was distracted, she lost her spiritual power, granted to her through her [[chastity]], causing her to lose the water she collected. When she came back to the [[ashram]], Jamadagni divined these events through his yogic power, and cursed her lack of devotion.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pattanaik |first=Devdutt |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OVsoDwAAQBAJ&dq=Jamadagni+renuka&pg=PP17 |title=Indian Mythology: Tales, Symbols, and Rituals from the Heart of the Subcontinent |date=2003-04-24 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=978-1-59477-558-1 |language=en}}</ref>

After being cursed by her husband, Renuka went east and sat in the forest to meditate. In her penance, she met with the saints Eknath<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chugh |first=Lalit |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fdEkDwAAQBAJ&dq=eknath+joginath&pg=PT55 |title=Karnataka's Rich Heritage – Temple Sculptures & Dancing Apsaras: An Amalgam of Hindu Mythology, Natyasastra and Silpasastra |date=2017-05-23 |publisher=Notion Press |isbn=978-1-947137-36-3 |language=en}}</ref>  and Joginath; and requested them to gain the mercy of her husband. They first consoled her and then instructed her to follow their advice exactly as told. They told her to purify herself, first bathing in a nearby lake, and then to worship a [[Shivalinga]], which they had given to her. Next, she was asked to visit the nearby town and beg for rice from the houses (this ritual, called "Joga Bedodu", is still carried out by women during a particular month in Karnataka/ "Jogawa" in Marathi, "Yellamma Jogu" in Telangana).

After collecting the rice, she was to give half to the saints and cook the remaining half, adding [[jaggery]], partaking of the cooked rice with full devotion. They said that if she performed this ritual for three days, she would be able to visit her husband on the fourth day.

[[File:Yellamma temple at Badami.jpg|thumb|left|Yellamma temple at [[Badami]].]]
Knowing the anger of Jamadagni, they warned her that she may not be fully pardoned by him and that she would have to experience the most difficult time of her life for a few minutes. "After that," they said, "you will be eternally revered and will be blessed with your husband. You will be worshipped by all the people henceforth." After blessing her thus, they disappeared. Renuka followed their instructions with devotion and worshipped the Shivalinga with reverence. On the fourth day, she went to see her husband.

===Decapitation and resurrection ===
Jamadagni was still furious with Renuka and ordered his elder four sons to kill his wife, but all of them refused to kill their mother. Jamadagni cursed his four sons and reduced them to ashes for disobeying his order. Then, Jamadagni called his fifth son Parashurama, who was meditating on Shiva, and ordered him to behead Renuka. [[Parashurama]] immediately obeyed his father's words and beheaded his mother with his axe. Jamadagni was pleased by Parashurama's devotion and obedience towards him.

[[File:Renuka temple 2.JPG|thumb|right|200px|Renuka temple at Yallammagudi, [[Saundatti]] ([[Belgaum District]]). [[North Karnataka]], [[Karnataka]]]]

He then offered a boon to Parushurama, who wisely asked for his mother and brothers to be brought back to life. Jamadagni was impressed by Parshuram's pragmatism and brought Renuka and her four sons back to life. Jamadagni felt strong remorse for what he had done to his beloved and compassionate wife. He then vowed not to get angered ever again and gave up ''[[Krodha (Mental factor)|krodha]]'' forever. However, in that happiness of bringing his mother's life back, Parashurama brings another head belonging to another lady called Yellamma. Hence she is now called Renuka Yellamma. She becomes the deity of transgender community. Parashurama's father cursed the other sons who didn't listen to him that they would lose their masculinity. Once Renuka Yellamma is brought back to life, the other sons go and seeks shelter and she protects them.

A common version of this story in South India is that a low or out caste woman sees Renuka/Yellamma being taken to the forest to be killed by her son, and the woman intervenes. Unfortunately this only results in her head and Renuka's being cut off, and when the women are restored to life they become goddesses (sometimes this is used as the origin of Yellamma and Mariamman, with each goddess coming from each woman).<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Jaganathan V.R. |first=Arun |date=April 2013 |title=Yellamma Cult and Divine Prostitution: Its Historical and Cultural Background |journal=International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications |volume=3 |issue=4}}</ref>

=== Disappearance ===

According to one legend, the emperor Sahastarva wanted to marry Renuka. When Parashuram was away, Sahastarva killed [[Jamadagni]] and his four sons and then Renuka jumped in the pond known as ''Ramsarover''. This lake is today venerated as [[Renuka Sanctuary]].<ref name="yadav">{{cite book | last=Yadav | first=Krishna | title=The Royal Bargain | publisher=Har Anand | year=2010 | isbn=978-81-241-1530-5 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uRM4l9Ee7PcC&pg=PA119 | access-date=2023-04-23 | page=119}}</ref>

A version among [[Deori people]] states that Jamadagni asked his sons to kill Renuka to prove their obedience before bringing her back to life.<ref name="Behera">{{cite book | last=Behera | first=M.C. | title=Pilgrim Centre Parashuram Kund: Articulation of Indian Society, Culture, and Economic Dimension | publisher=Commonwealth Publishers | year=1998 | isbn=978-81-7169-503-4 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QU0vAAAAYAAJ | page=38}}</ref>

==Temples and related places==
There is a Renuka Amba temple in Shahalibanda Banda Charminar, Hyderabad. This is a 17th century ancient temple. It is located in the Devdi of Renukadas Bhalerao,a king and the prime minister of Hyderabad during the nizam rule. It is believed that this goddess is the granter of wishes and just visiting her wards off all evil and black magic. The temple is open for public only during the 9 days of Navratri and is visited by lakhs of devotees.
[[File:Sri Ellai Amman, Renukaparameswari, Triplicane, Chennai, India.jpg|thumb|Renuka as Ellai Amman, [[Chennai]]]]
One of the famous temples of [[Balkampet Yellamma Temple]], located in the [[Balkampet]] neighbourhood of [[Hyderabad]] where every year in the [[Ashadha]] month Yellamma Kalyanothsavam is celebrated with thousands of pilgrims performing special rituals to receive the goddess's blessing. The [[Murti|statue]] of the goddess is 10 feet deeper than the ground level. There is also a well in the Balkampet Yellamma temple complex and some devotees believe that the water in the well heals all ills. Taking a bath here is supposed to purify one of all disorders and skin diseases.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Iyer |first1=Lalita |date=7 April 2018 |title=Jala Durga at Balkampet fulfills all your desires |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/080418/jala-durga-at-balkampet-fulfills-all-your-desires.html |access-date=28 October 2024 |publisher=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref> This holy water is called 'tirtham'. An [[Akhand Jyoti]] is also present in the temple that was lit during the renovation.

Every year, there is a gathering of 200,000 to 600,000 devotees at the [[Yellamma Temple, Saundatti|Yellamma Gudi temple (Yellamma Temple) in Saundatti]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=2017-01-12|title=Six lakh devotees throng Yellamma temple|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/Six-lakh-devotees-throng-Yellamma-temple/article17030361.ece|access-date=2021-05-30|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2010-01-30|title=Lakhs visit Yellamma temple on Bharat Hunnime fair|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/49861/lakhs-visit-yellamma-temple-bharat.html|access-date=2021-05-30|website=Deccan Herald|language=en}}</ref>

Another temple Renukambe [Yellamma] is atop a hill in Chandragutti, [[Soraba]] Taluk in [[Shivamogga|Shimoga]]. This temple is an example of ancient architecture and dates back to the [[Kadamba Dynasty|Kadamba]] period. Another temple is in [[Mahur, Maharashtra]], the supposed birthplace of the goddess, which finds mention in ''Devi Gita'', the final chapter of [[Devi Bhagawatam]] as, "Matripura in the [[Sahyadri]] mountain; here the Devi Renuka dwells".<ref>{{cite book |url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/dg/dg08.htm |chapter=Chapter XXXVIII: The Vow and the Sacred Places of the Devi |title=The Devi Gita |trans-title=Song of the Goddess |series=Excerpt from the [[Devi Bhagawatam|Srimad Devi Bhagawatam]] |translator=Swami Vijnanananda (Hari Prasanna Chatterji) |year=1921 |quote=O King of Mountains! Still, I am now telling something out of My affection to My [[Bhakta]]s. Hear.}}</ref>

Another temple of Devi is at [[Dhamnand village|Dhamnand-Posare]], Taluka Khed, Maharashtra known as "Devi Yalubai".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/dg/dg08.htm |title=Devi Yalubai |at=Verses: 3-10 |access-date=2013-03-03 |df=dmy-all |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012124820/http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/dg/dg08.htm |archive-date=12 October 2013}}</ref>

[[File:Renugambal Amman Temple.JPG|thumb|Renugambal Amman Temple Padavedu, Thiruvannamalai District]]
In Tamil Nadu, Renugambal Amman Temple (it is Kuladaivam for Jambu Maharishi (Jamadagini) gotra Vanniyars), Senguntha Muthaliyars and other communities' people tracing their origin in that locality. The temple is situated in Padavedu, Thiruvannamalai District and it is one of the most important Sakthi Sthalas, another temple is located at Manthangal village, Ranipet district, Tamil Nadu. The presiding deity here is called Kondi Amman (worshipped by Pokanati Reddys settled from the Carnatic-Andhra regions).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.renugambal.com/ |title=Arulmigu Renugambal Amman Temple, A.K. Padavedu |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140108174225/http://www.renugambal.com/ |archive-date=8 January 2014}}</ref>

[[File:Renuka Lake.jpg|thumb|left|Renuka Lake in Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Renuka Lake]] in the [[Renuka Sanctuary]] in [[Himachal Pradesh]] is named after the goddess. According to one legend, the [[Heheya Kingdom|Haihaya]] King Sahasrarjuna ([[Kartavirya Arjuna]]) wanted the [[Kamadhenu]] cow from [[Jamadagni]] and Renuka. So for this he killed Jamadagni, and Renuka jumped into pond here along with Jamadagni at Renuka, [[Sirmaur district|Sirmour]] ([[Himachal Pradesh]]).<ref name="yadav" /><ref>{{cite book |last=Kohli |first=M. S. |title=Mountains of India Tourism, Adventure, and Pilgrimage |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GIs4zv17HHwC&pg=PA303 |year=2002 |publisher=Indus Publishing |isbn=978-81-7387-135-1 |page=303}}</ref>

== In popular culture ==

* ''Sri Renukadevi Mahathme'', a Kannada film released in 1977 in which [[B. Saroja Devi|B.Saroja devi]] played the title role; Sri Renuka Devi(2003), another Kannada film in which [[Soundarya]] played the role of Goddess Renuka.
* The Marathi film ''Jai Renuka Devi Yellamma'' from 1985 is a notable full-length feature about Goddess Renuka Devi.
* The TV serial ''Udho Udho Shri Renuka Yellamma'' is also about Renuka Devi, the avatar of Goddess Parvati.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-12-24 |title=Devotional show Udho Udho Shri Renuka Yellamma marks 300 episodes milestone |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/devotional-show-udho-udho-shri-renuka-yellamma-marks-300-episodes-milestone/articleshow/106245298.cms |access-date=2024-01-05 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>   
* For the past 40 years, Padma Shri Awardee [[Manjamma Jogathi]] has been practicing the Jogathi folk dance form. In a distinctive performance, Manjamma dances with the metal-crafted Yellamma deity positioned on her head.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-02-19 |title=The Padma Shri for Manjamma Jogathi does her, her community and Karnataka proud |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/arts-and-culture/the-padma-shri-for-manjamma-jogathi-does-her-her-community-and-karnataka-proud/article33872818.ece |access-date=2024-01-05 |website=Frontline |language=en}}</ref>
* The Jogappa community comprises transgender individuals devoted to serving Goddess Renuka Yellamma.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jogappas, the Men Who Marry a Goddess to Become Women |url=https://thewire.in/gender/jogappas-goddess-gender |access-date=2024-01-05 |website=The Wire}}</ref> According to folklore, members of the Jogappa community are regarded as being spiritually wedded to the goddess. These trans women willingly devote themselves to Goddess Renuka Yellamma during their transformation, following a cultural tradition observed in different regions of Karnataka, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, and neighboring areas.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Transgender folk dancer Manjamma Jogati receives Padma Shri {{!}} Watch |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/transgender-folk-dancer-manjamma-jogati-receives-padma-shri-1874871-2021-11-09 |access-date=2024-01-05 |website=India Today |date=9 November 2021 |language=en}}</ref> "Accompanied by the melodious tones of Chowdki and Shruthi, we sing and perform the legend of the Goddess, seeking alms. As we share the tale of the revered deity through our performance, people perceive us not only as conveyors of her spirit but also as messengers and voices sharing her life story."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-11-10 |title=Manjamma Jogati: The Story Of Transgender Folk Dancer Who Was Conferred The Padma Shri |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/manjamma-jogati-story-of-transgender-folk-dancer-who-was-conferred-the-padma-shri-553805.html |access-date=2024-01-05 |website=IndiaTimes |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Latest in entertainment, lifestyle, fashion {{!}} t2ONLINE - Vibe With The tRIBE |url=https://www.t2online.in/ |access-date=2024-01-05 |website=www.t2online.in |language=en}}</ref> Occasionally transgender men have also been recorded as devotees of Yellamma. These particular devotees of hers are sometimes called Yellavva and Yellappa (possibly meaning "Yell-mother" and "Yell-father").<ref name=":0" />
* Jogathi Nruthya, a ritualistic performance dedicated to the Goddess Yellamma, is practiced by the Jogathi community. This folk form, also known as Yellammaanata, is observed by individuals from the [[Devadasi]] and Jogathi (transgender) communities in [[Bidar]], [[Kalaburagi]], and [[Ballari]]. It is intricately tied to the worship of Goddess Renuka Yellamma and maintains profound connections with marginalized communities.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Madhukar |first=Jayanthi |date=March 8, 2019 |title=Gender Roles Over Centuries |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/080319/gender-roles-over-centuries.html |website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref> Bengaluru-born filmmaker and artist [[Shilpa Mudbi]] is currently engaged in documenting Yellammaanata, a traditional art form practiced by the Devadasi and Jogathi communities in Bidar, Kalaburagi, and Ballari.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-26 |title=Shilpa Mudbi |url=https://23in23.deccanherald.com/shilpa-mudbi |access-date=2024-01-05 |website=DH Changemakers |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Chandragutti Renukamba Temple]]
*[[Sirsi Marikamba Temple]]
*[[LGBTQ rights in Telangana]]

==Further reading==
* ''The Village Gods of South India'' (London, 1921) by H. Whitehead
* ''Yellamma: A Goddess of South India'' (1995) by [[Channappa Uttangi]]
* ''Given to the Goddess: South Indian Devadasis and the Sexuality of Religion'' (2004) by Lucinda Ramberg
* {{cite book|title=Encyclopedia of Prostitution and Sex Work: A-N. Vol. 1|editor=Melissa Hope Ditmore|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|year=2006|isbn=9780313329685|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fcYq72qYRTcC|pages=103–104}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{commons category-inline}}

{{Hindu deities and texts}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Hindu goddesses]]
[[Category:Characters in the Bhagavata Purana]]
[[Category:Hindu folk deities]]
[[Category:Renuka| ]]
[[Category:Characters in the Mahabharata]]

Shakuntala (1965 film)

2026-03-04T09:23:43Z

CandicePrenderga: slightly enhance information per standard format also and corrected details based on references

{{For|other depictions of Shakuntala in film|Shakuntala (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Shakuntala
| image =
| caption =
| director = [[Kunchacko]]
| producer = M Kunchacko
| writer = Kalidasan [[Lalithambika Antharjanam]] (dialogues)
| screenplay = [[Lalithambika Antharjanam]]
| starring = [[Prem Nazir]] [[Sathyan (Malayalam actor)|Sathyan]] [[Thikkurissy Sukumaran Nair]] [[Kalaikkal Kumaran]] [[Rajasree]] [[Prema (Malayalam actress)|Prema]]
| music = [[G. Devarajan]] [[K. Raghavan]]
| cinematography =
| editing =
| studio = Excel Productions
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1965|11|13|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
}}

'''''Shakuntala''''' is a 1965 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language film, directed and produced by [[Kunchacko]]. The film stars [[Prem Nazir]], [[Sathyan (Malayalam actor)|Sathyan]], [[Thikkurissy Sukumaran Nair]] and [[K R. VIJAYA (Malayalam actress)|K. R. VIJAYA.]]The film had musical score by [[G. Devarajan]] and [[K. Raghavan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movie.php?i=161|title=Shakunthala|accessdate=2014-10-11|publisher=www.malayalachalachithram.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?3692|title=Shakunthala|accessdate=2014-10-11|publisher=malayalasangeetham.info|archive-date=16 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141016064345/http://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?3692|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://spicyonion.com/title/shakuntala-malayalam-movie/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141016014753/http://spicyonion.com/title/shakuntala-malayalam-movie/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=16 October 2014|title=Shakunthala|accessdate=2014-10-11|publisher=spicyonion.com}}</ref> The film is adapted from the 1961 Bollywood film [[Stree (1961 film)|''Stree'']].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://php/createMovieIndex.php?m_director=M%20Kunchacko&submit=Search+For+Movie+Names| title=Kunchacko|publisher= Malayalam Movie Database|accessdate=11 March 2011}}</ref> The film had its opening sequence in Eastmancolor.

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
*[[Prem Nazir]]
*[[Kalaikkal Kumaran]]
*[[Sathyan (Malayalam actor)|Sathyan]]
*[[Thikkurissy Sukumaran Nair]]
*[[Prema (Malayalam actress)|Prema]]
*[[Aranmula Ponnamma]]
*KS Gopinath
*[[Rajasree]]
*Jolly
*[[K. R. Vijaya]]
*MS Namboothiri
*Rani
{{colend}}

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Shakuntala
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[G. Devarajan]]
| cover =
| released = 13 November 1965
| recorded = 1965
| venue = [[Chennai]]
| studio = Revathi Studios
| genre = [[World Music]]
| length =
| label = Odeon Records
| producer = [[Kunchacko]]
| prev_title = [[Daaham]]
| prev_year = 1965
| year = 1965
| next_title = [[Kaliyodam]]
| next_year = 1965
}}
{{Track listing

| extra_column = Artist(s)

| all_lyrics = [[Vayalar Ramavarma]] except where noted
| all_music = [[G. Devarajan]]

All the 10 songs penned by Vayalar were set to tune by Devarajan based on classical ragas. Most of the songs became super hits. The romantic number sung by P. Susheela, ‘Priyatama Priyatama pranayalekhanam...’ based on Bilahari raga; the Desh based ‘Sankhu pushpam kannezhuthumbol...’ and Kharaharapriya based ‘Swarana thamara ithalilurangum...,’ both sung by K. J. Yesudas remain among the best songs of the two singers.
The romantic Yesudas-Susheela duet, set in Mohanam, ‘Malini nadiyil kannadi nokkum maane...’ is considered one of the best romantic duets in Malayalam. P. B. Sreenivas imparted a highly emotional touch to the Charukesi-based ‘Vanadevathamare Vida nalkoo...,’ while the dance number ‘Manichilamboli kettunaroo...’ sung by S. Janaki became hits.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Vijayakumar |first1=B. |title=Shakuntala (1965)|url=http://oldmalayalam.blogspot.com/2009/05/sakunthala-1965.html |website=Old is Gold |date=25 May 2009 |access-date=11 July 2022}}</ref>

| title1 = Guru Brahma
| note1 = Traditional
| extra1 = M. L. Vasanthakumari

| title2 = Kaamavardhiniyaam [Varnippathengine (Krishnakuchela)]
| lyrics2 = [[P. Bhaskaran]]
| extra2 = [[P. Leela]], [[M. L. Vasanthakumari]]

| title3 = Kalil Chilanka
| extra3 = K. J. Yesudas, M. L. Vasanthakumari

| title4 = Kannil Ashrujalamode
| extra4 = [[G. Devarajan]]

| title5 = Maalini Nadiyil
| extra5 = [[K. J. Yesudas]], [[P. Susheela]]

| title6 = Mandaarathalir Pole
| extra6 = K. J. Yesudas

| title7 = Manichilamboli
| extra7 = [[S. Janaki]]

| title8 = Manoradhamennoru
| extra8 = P. Susheela, [[Choir]]

| title9 = Pitha Rakshathi
| note9 = Traditional
| extra9 = P. B. Sreenivas

| title10 = Priyathamaa
| extra10 = P. Susheela

| title11 = Pulliman Mizhi
| extra11 = G. Devarajan

| title12 = Shaarikappaithale
| extra12 = P Susheela

| title13 = Shankhupushpam Kannezhuthumbol
| extra13 = K. J. Yesudas

| title14 = Swarnathaamarayithalil
| extra14 = K. J. Yesudas

| title15 = Vanadevathamaare
| extra15 = [[P. B. Sreenivas]]

}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0234709|Shakuntala}}

{{Shakuntala}}

[[Category:1965 films]]
[[Category:1965 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Films based on works by Kalidasa]]
[[Category:Works based on Shakuntala (play)]]
[[Category:Films scored by G. Devarajan]]
[[Category:Films scored by K. Raghavan]]

{{1960s-Malayalam-film-stub}}

Majhgaon Assembly constituency

2026-03-04T04:04:27Z

CandicePrenderga:

{{Short description|Constituency of the Jharkhand legislative assembly in India}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = SLA
| reservation = ST
| name =Majhgaon
| map_image =Majhgaon constituency map.svg
| state =[[Jharkhand]]
| loksabha_cons =[[Singhbhum Lok Sabha constituency|Singhbhum]]
| established = 2000
| district =[[West Singhbhum district|West Singhbhum]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| mla =[[Niral Purty]]
| party = {{Party index link|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|Mahagathbandhan (Jharkhand)}}
| electors = {{formatnum:192939}}
| constituency_no =53}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
'''Majhgaon Assembly constituency''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in the Indian [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Jharkhand]].<ref name=jhceo>{{cite web |url=http://164.100.150.3/ceoweb_bk/ACPCList.htm |title=AC & PC List- Jharkhand |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191218152343/http://164.100.150.3/ceoweb_bk/ACPCList.htm |archive-date=18 December 2019}}</ref><ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |title=Schedule – XIII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005180821/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |archive-date=5 October 2010 |access-date=13 October 2021 }}</ref>
{{Pie chart|caption=Most successful parties after separate [[Jharkhand|Jharkhand state]].|label1=[[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha|JMM]]|value1=80|color1={{party color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}|label2=[[Bharatiya Janta Party|BJP]]|value2=20|color2={{party color|Bharatiya Janta Party}}}}

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
! colspan=4|[[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
|-
| colspan="4" |{{center|''Before 1957: Constituency did not exist''}}
|-
| [[1957 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1957]] ||rowspan="2"|Saran Balmuchu || {{Full party name with color|Jharkhand Party}}
|-
| [[1962 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1967 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1967]] ||rowspan="2"|Purna Chandra Birua || {{Full party name with color|Independent|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1969 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|-
| [[1972 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1972]] ||Debendra Nath Champia
|-
| [[1977 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1977]] ||Gobardhan Nayak || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1980 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1980]] ||rowspan="3"|Devendra Nath Champia || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1985 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|-
| [[1990 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|-
| [[1995 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1995]] ||Gobardhan Nayak || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
| [[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2000]] ||Badkunwar Gagrai || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
! colspan=4|[[Jharkhand Legislative Assembly]]
|-
| [[2005 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2005]] || [[Niral Purty]] || {{Full party name with color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}
|-
| [[2009 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2009]] || Barkuwar Gagrai || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2014 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2014]] || rowspan=3 | [[Niral Purty]] || {{Full party name with color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2019 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
|-
|[[2024 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly election 2024===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2024 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Majhgaon<ref>{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of India |title=Jharkhand Assembly Election Results 2024 - Seats won by JMM |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/partywisewinresult-852S27.htm |access-date=24 November 2024 |date=24 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241124045445/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/partywisewinresult-852S27.htm |archive-date=24 November 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Niral Purty]] |party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |votes=94,163 |percentage=60.96% |change={{increase}}9.38 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Barkuwar Gagrai |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=34,560 |percentage=22.37% |change={{increase}}6.72 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Madhav Chandra Kunkal |party=Independent politician |votes=16,139 |percentage=10.45% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Saroti Deogam |party=Independent politician |votes=1,398 |percentage=0.91% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bahalen Champia |party=Bharat Adivasi Party |votes=1,133 |percentage=0.73% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=3,770 |percentage=2.44% |change={{increase}}1.93 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=59,603 |percentage=38.59% |change= {{increase}}2.66 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,54,464 |percentage=71.27% |change= {{increase}}3.19 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,16,721 |ref = |change= {{increase}}12.33 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |loser=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |swing= {{increase}}9.38 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly election 2019===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2019 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Majhgaon<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/11813-jharkhand-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Jharkhand Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=9 February 2022 |date=6 February 2020}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Niral Purty]] |party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |votes=67,750 |percentage=51.58% |change={{increase}}16.31 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bhupendra Pingua |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=20,558 |percentage=15.65% |change={{decrease}}6.92 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Barkuwar Gagrai |party=Bhartiya Azad Sena |votes=13,502 |percentage=10.28% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nandlal Birua |party=All Jharkhand Students Union |votes=7,653 |percentage=5.83% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Madhav Chandra Kunkal |party=Independent politician |votes=5,170 |percentage=3.94% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Joseph Purty |party=Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik) |votes=2,660 |percentage=2.03% |change={{decrease}}2.48 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ashok Birua |party=Independent politician |votes=2,259 |percentage=1.72% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=669 |percentage=0.51% |change={{decrease}}2.15 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=47,192 |percentage=35.93% |change= {{increase}}27.22 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,31,352 |percentage=68.08% |change= {{decrease}}5.12 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,92,939 |ref = |change= {{increase}}10.04 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |loser=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |swing= {{increase}}16.31 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly election 2014===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Majhgaon<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3787-jharkhand-2014/ |title=Jharkhand General Legislative Election 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Niral Purty]] |party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |votes=45,272 |percentage=35.27% |change={{increase}}9.89 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Madhu Kora |party=Jai Bharat Samanta Party |votes=34,090 |percentage=26.56% |change={{increase}}17.79 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Barkuwar Gagrai |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=28,969 |percentage=22.57% |change={{decrease}}13.01 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sukhdeo Biruli |party=Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik) |votes=5,777 |percentage=4.50% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Devendra Nath Champia |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,652 |percentage=3.62% |change={{decrease}}6.08 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Subhash Chandra Pingua |party=Jharkhand People's Party |votes=2,383 |percentage=1.86% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vinay Kumar Pingua |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=2,073 |percentage=1.62% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=3,408 |percentage=2.66% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=11,182 |percentage=8.71% |change= {{decrease}}1.48 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,28,346 |percentage=73.20% |change= {{increase}}5.65 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,75,337 |ref = |change= {{increase}}22.02 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}0.30 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly election 2009===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2009 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Majhgaon<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3786-jharkhand-2009/ |title=Jharkhand 2009 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |date=20 August 2018 |access-date= 23 May 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Barkuwar Gagrai |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=34,534 |percentage=35.58% |change={{decrease}}3.17 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Niral Purty]] |party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |votes=24,644 |percentage=25.39% |change={{decrease}}19.35 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Anil Kumar Buriuly |party=Indian National Congress |votes=9,416 |percentage=9.70% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Roshan Pat Pingua |party=Jai Bharat Samanta Party |votes=8,513 |percentage=8.77% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sukhdeo Biruli |party=Independent politician |votes=4,145 |percentage=4.27% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chandra Mohan Birua |party=United Goans Democratic Party |votes=3,552 |percentage=3.66% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lankeshwar Tamsoy |party=Independent politician |votes=2,752 |percentage=2.84% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=9,890 |percentage=10.19% |change= {{increase}}4.20 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=97,069 |percentage=67.55% |change= {{increase}}4.92 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,43,692 |ref = |change= {{increase}}3.70 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |swing= {{decrease}}9.16 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly election 2005===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2005 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Majhgaon<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3785-jharkhand-2005/ |title=Jharkhand General Legislative Election 2005 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Niral Purty]] |party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |votes=38,827 |percentage=44.74% |change={{increase}}21.80 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Barkuwar Gagrai |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=33,626 |percentage=38.74% |change={{increase}}5.50 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Goberdhan Nayak |party=Rashtriya Janata Dal |votes=4,006 |percentage=4.62% |change={{decrease}}3.49 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Manoher Sinku |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=2,666 |percentage=3.07% |change={{increase}}0.67 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jaipal Singh Bodra |party=All Jharkhand Students Union |votes=2,567 |percentage=2.96% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Harish Chandra Alda |party=Independent politician |votes=2,126 |percentage=2.45% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gopal Sirka |party=Jharkhand Party |votes=1,594 |percentage=1.84% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,201 |percentage=5.99% |change= {{decrease}}4.31 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=86,788 |percentage=62.63% |change= {{increase}}2.79 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,38,565 |ref = |change= {{increase}}9.53 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}11.50 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly election 2000===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Majhgaon<ref>{{cite web|url = https://ceobihar.nic.in/BiharElection/Statistical%20Report/2000.pdf |title = Statistical Report on General Election, 2000 to the Legislative Assembly of Bihar |access-date = 16 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005142035/https://ceobihar.nic.in/BiharElection/Statistical%20Report/2000.pdf |archive-date= 5 October 2023 |website=ceobihar.nic.in |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Bihar}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Badkunwar Gagrai |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=25,163 |percentage=33.24% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Niral Purty]] |party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |votes=17,364 |percentage=22.94% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Devendra Nath Champia |party=Indian National Congress |votes=14,537 |percentage=19.20% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gobardhan Nayak |party=Rashtriya Janata Dal |votes=6,133 |percentage=8.10% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chitrsen Sinku |party=Independent politician |votes=3,487 |percentage=4.61% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Amar Kalundia |party=Independent politician |votes=2,444 |percentage=3.23% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Radha Kishan Birua |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,820 |percentage=2.40% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,799 |percentage=10.30% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=75,699 |percentage=61.95% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,26,505 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
*[[Vidhan Sabha]]
*[[List of states of India by type of legislature]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Jharkhand}}

{{coord|23.21|84.10|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Politics of Jharkhand]]
[[Category:West Singhbhum district]]
[[Category:Constituencies established in 2000]]
[[Category:2000 establishments in Jharkhand]]

Paisa (2014 film)

2026-03-03T17:51:37Z

CandicePrenderga: added a entry w/ refs

{{for|the 1946 film|Paisan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Paisa
| image = Paisa poster.jpg
| caption = Movie poster
| director = [[Krishna Vamsi]]
| producer = Ramesh Puppala
| writer = {{plainlist|
*Padmasri
*K. K. Benoji
*[[Patrikeya]]
}}
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Nani (actor)|Nani]]
*[[Catherine Tresa|Catherine]]
}}
| music = [[Sai Karthik]]
| cinematography = Santosh Rai Pathaje
| editing = M. Thiyagarajan
| studio = [[Yellow Flowers]]
| runtime = 144 mins
| country = India
| budget = {{INR}}20 crores
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2014|02|07}}
| language = Telugu
| gross = {{Estimation}}{{INR}}22.34 crores
}}
'''''Paisa''''' is a 2014 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[Action comedy|action comedy film]] directed by [[Krishna Vamsi]], produced by Ramesh Puppala under [[Yellow Flowers]] banner, featuring [[Nani (actor)|Nani]] and [[Catherine Tresa|Catherine]] in the lead. It was written by Padmasri, K. K. Binojee and [[Patrikeya]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/telugu/news-interviews/Nanis-Paisa-shooting-wrapped-up/articleshow/19415696.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130627025250/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-04-06/news-interviews/38326646_1_forthcoming-film-paisa-nani-yellow-flowers-banner|url-status=live|archive-date=27 June 2013|title=Nani's Paisa shooting wrapped up|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=6 April 2013}}</ref> It deals with the power of money and how the whole world revolves around it.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/in-the-end-krishna-vamsis-paisa-is-all-about-the-moolah/article5661409.ece?homepage=true|title=In the end, Krishna Vamsi's Paisa is all about the moolah|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=6 February 2014|accessdate=7 February 2014|last1=Krishnamoorthy|first1=Suresh}}</ref>

The film was scheduled to release on 20 December 2013 with an 'A' certificate from the censor board for its excessive violence and profanity.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.123telugu.com/mnews/paisa-gets-a-certificate.html|title=Paisa gets 'A' certificate|publisher=123telugu.com|date=28 November 2013|accessdate=7 February 2014}}</ref> However, the film released worldwide on 7 February 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.123telugu.com/mnews/nani-vs-srikanth-at-the-bo.html|title=Nani Vs Srikanth at the BO|publisher=123telugu.com|date=6 February 2014|accessdate=7 February 2014}}</ref>

Upon release, the film received mixed reviews from the critics and audience, alike. It was a flop at the box office.

==Plot==
Kalamoorthy, a minister of Andhra Pradesh Cabinet, is removed from his post after the Central Bureau of Investigation proves his involvement in liquor mafia, and the Election Commission of India declares the first by-election after the main elections of that term in that constituency. While a senior ruling party leader Saradhi is willing to spend {{INR}}25 crore for the election, other senior members ask Sanyasi Naidu to shell out {{INR}}50 crores, and if he wins in the by election, he would become the Chief Minister of AP. Since it is his ambition to rule the state, Sanyasi Naidu accepts to spend {{INR}}50 crores. With the help of his trusted aid, the Assistant Commissioner of Police (ACP), Sanyasi Naidu brings {{INR}}50 crores to India through Hawala transaction into Old City in Hyderabad. The ACP is tasked with transporting the money to the constituency. On completion of the task and if Sanyasi Naidu becomes the Chief Minister, then the ACP would be promoted as Inspector General (IG) of Police. The ACP goes to the Old City to collect the amount, and the money is wrapped in big black plastic bags and is placed in the deck lid of a black [[Toyota]] Innova.

Another story runs parallel to the above plot. Prakash is a model of an Old city sherwani firm who dreams to become rich. He has such an obsession for money that he often pronounces his name as "Pra-cash". He has two friends: Tabar, a cab driver, and Gokul. Noor, who also works in the same firm, is in love with him. However, as Prakash is in love with Sweety, the daughter of Sanyasi Naidu, Noor decides to leave him and marry an old sheikh in order to solve her family's financial problems on the pressure of their creditor and the local don Yadav. But Prakash does not know that Sweety is Sanyasi Naidu's daughter and Sweety is not aware of Prakash's intentions and takes his advances lightly. When Prakash learns of Noor's marriage, he beats the sheikh, Yadav, and his men in disguise and takes away Noor along with his friends. The two plots converge here as Prakash escapes in the Innova along with Noor and his friends, while the ACP is left severely injured. Neither Prakash nor his companions are aware of the money in the car.

To save Noor, Prakash arranges her stay in Sweety's house, to which she accepts. In the meantime, Sanyasi Naidu calls his henchmen to Hyderabad to kill the ACP and find the money. Another gang of Sanyasi Naidu is approached by Saradhi, who tells them to find the {{INR}}50 crores and distribute it among themselves, and this stint makes the other gang turning into Saradhi's henchmen. The ACP makes a deal with encounter specialist Daniel to find the money and share it between them equally. Prakash realizes that his phone is missing and is in the Innova and goes to the parking lot along with Tabar in the latter's cab. There Prakash finds the money in the deck lid and shifts the bags into the deck lid of the cab. Tabar and Prakash go to the place where abandoned vehicles are kept, and there they see the money. The keys are with Prakash, and both go away from there. Meanwhile, Daniel and his subordinate go to the parking lot and find only a part of the money in the Innova's deck lid. While they are informing about it to the ACP, Sanyasi Naidu's henchmen kill him and see the photo of Daniel in the caller image when he dials again.

Daniel arrests all the Old City youngsters along with Prakash and Tabar, and Daniel's subordinate asks all of them about the money. Meanwhile, the local MLA intervenes, and all of them are released. Just as Prakash and Tabar leave the station, Saradhi's henchmen attack Prakash about the money, and Prakash manages to beat them and escapes with Tabar. After an inquiry with the local Qazi, Daniel learns about Yadav's presence in the only marriage that happened on the day of the missing Innova. Yadav's men steal the cab from the new area. While Prakash and Tabar blame each other of stealing the money, Yadav makes a call to Prakash and threatens to sell the cab if he does not bring Noor, but Yadav is unaware of the money in the cab. When Prakash, Tabar and Gokul see Yadav's men with the cab, they try to attack them, but Daniel arrests Yadav's men and Sanyasi Naidu's henchmen rob the car. While Prakash, Tabar and Gokul chase them on a bike, they hit the car of Daniel, and since Daniel knows that Prakash is also involved in the robbery of the Innova after beating Yadav's men at the spot, Prakash and Tabar are arrested. They are tortured, and when Daniel tries to shoot Prakash, Tabar tells that the money is in his cab. Tabar is shot by Daniel, and Sanyasi Naidu's men kill Daniel and his subordinate and kidnap Prakash. Gokul reaches the spot and takes Tabar along with him, whom Prakash believes to be dead.

Sanyasi Naidu sees Prakash and threatens to kill Noor (who is present in his house) if he does not tell the place where the money is. Sanyasi Naidu's henchmen inform him that the cab is at the place where they robbed it as there was no petrol in it to drive. Prakash goes there along with Sanyasi Naidu's henchmen and is informed by Sweety that he is going to be murdered after they reach the spot. Prakash beats them up and refuels the cab. He goes to Yadav's place, where Tabar and Gokul are being held. He calls Sanyasi Naidu to come there along with Noor if he wants him. Meanwhile, Prakash leaves petrol cans open inside the cab and plans to explode the cab once the petrol leaks. The two parties meet each other, and while everything is going smoothly, Saradhi's henchmen arrive along with Sweety and threaten Sanyasi Naidu to kill her if Prakash and the {{INR}}50 crores are not handed to them. Prakash and Sanyasi Naidu are not at all happy as Yadav is now aware of the money's presence, and Prakash displays the money in the deck lid. He locks it and throws away the key. In the chaos that ensues, Sweety's life is endangered, which worries Sanyasi Naidu.

Once Sweety and Noor are saved, the petrol starts leaking profusely, and Prakash throws a burning stick on it, which blasts the car and the entire money is burnt into ashes. Sanyasi Naidu is a reformed man. Prakash marries Noor and goes to Dubai along with his friends. There, when Prakash's friends blame him for burning the money, Prakash replies that before reaching Yadav's place, he took {{INR}}50 lakhs from the lot and replaced it with white papers. Out of the {{INR}}49.5 crores, he donates {{INR}}45 crores to Saheli, an organization established for the welfare of poor women in Old City to ensure that there is no financial problem to the Old City families, among which Noor's family is also one. The rest {{INR}}4.5 cores are retained by Prakash with which he starts a very successful Sherwani business in Dubai with his wife and friends as employees.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
* [[Nani (actor)|Nani]] as Prakash
* [[Catherine Tresa|Catherine]] as Noor
* [[Sidhika Sharma|Sidhika]] as Sweety (voice dubbed by [[Anasuya Bharadwaj]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiaherald.com/Movies/Read/29400/Hidden-talent-of-sexy-Anasuya-revealed-/|title = Hidden talent of sexy Anasuya revealed}}</ref>
* [[Bharath Reddy (actor)|Bharath Reddy]] as Saradhi
* [[Charan Raj]] as Sanyasi Raju
* [[Raja Ravindra]] as Daniel
* [[Duvvasi Mohan]] as Daniel's subordinate
* Akbar Bin Tabar as Tabar, Prakash's friend
* [[Dheer Charan Shrivastav]] as Prakash's friend
* R.K. as Yadav
}}

== Production ==

=== Development ===
After Krishna Vamsi's failure [[Mogudu (film)|Mogudu]], he began working on his next film. The film was officially launched on 29 June 2011 at Hyderabad in the production office in the morning. Krishna Vamsi declared that a New Music Director would work for this film and Prasad Murella would handle the camera.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://raagalahari.com/news/12064/krishnavamsi-nani-film-launched.aspx|title=Krishnavamsi-Nani film launched|publisher=raagalahari.com|date=29 June 2011|accessdate=7 February 2014}}</ref> In the end of April 2012, while shooting was continuing, the film's title was declared as ''Paisa''. In January 2013, a press note was issued stating that Nani would sport a Swarovski Crystal Suit which costed {{INR}}0.45 million. It was said to be an inspiration of the outfits used by [[Michael Jackson]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/nani-dons-rs45-lakh-costume-in-paisaa/article4300074.ece|title=Nani dons Rs.4.5 lakh costume in Paisaa|newspaper=The Hindu|date=12 January 2013|accessdate=7 February 2014}}</ref>

=== Casting ===
[[Nani (actor)|Nani]] was recruited to play the role of Prakash, a Sherwani Model in Old City who is obsessed to gain Money which even makes him pronounce his name as Pra'cash'.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/telugu/news-interviews/Nani-as-Prakash-Catherine-as-Noor-in-Paisa/articleshow/19125885.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130419052431/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-03-22/news-interviews/37935565_1_paisa-noor-catherine-tresa|url-status=live|archive-date=19 April 2013|title=Nani as Prakash, Catherine as Noor in Paisa|date=22 March 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=7 February 2014}}</ref> [[Catherine Tresa]] was recruited to play the role of Noor, a Muslim girl.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/today/paisa-catherine-noor.html|title=Catherine Tresa plays Muslim girl Noor in Paisa film|publisher=idlebrain.com|date=20 March 2013|accessdate=7 February 2014}}</ref> This film was supposed to be her Debut in Telugu cinema, but her other projects ''[[Chammak Challo (film)|Chammak Challo]]'' and ''[[Iddarammayilatho]]'' released before this film.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gulte.com/movienews/24792/Paisa-Time-pass-for-2-only-choice-for-1|title=Paisa – Time pass for '2', only choice for '1'|publisher=gulte.com|date=5 February 2014|accessdate=7 February 2014}}</ref> [[Charan Raj]] was selected to play the main antagonist of the film.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/today/paisa-chranrajreturns.html|title=The Charan Raj Returns! with Paisa|publisher=idlebrain.com|date=22 March 2013|accessdate=7 February 2014}}</ref> In this film, he played the role of a corrupt politician.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/article/92078.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130324030549/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/article/92078.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 March 2013|title=Charan Raj as a politician in 'Paisa'|website=IndiaGlitz|date=22 March 2013|accessdate=7 February 2014}}</ref> Hyderabadi Cinema Comedian Akbar Bin Tabar, who is well known for his unique dialogue delivery, was selected to play the role of a Taxi Driver in this film.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/telugu/news/2013/tabar-alternative-for-brahmanandam-paisa-vamsi-106762.html|title=Tabar is an alternative for Brahmanandam in Paisa: Vamsi|publisher=Oneindia Entertainment|date=3 April 2013|access-date=7 February 2014|archive-date=14 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014203256/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/telugu/news/2013/tabar-alternative-for-brahmanandam-paisa-vamsi-106762.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Marketing ===
The first look posters and teaser were released on 24 February 2013 on the occasion of Nani's Birthday.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/today/paisa-firstlook.html|title=Nani – Krishna Vamsi's Paisa first look poster|publisher=idlebrain.com|date=24 February 2013|accessdate=7 February 2014}}</ref> The logo of the film was officially launched on the same day at Hyderabad on the eve of Nani's Birthday.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/article/91299.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130228111834/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/article/91299.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 February 2013|title=Logo launch of Nani- Krishna Vamsi's 'Paisa'|website=IndiaGlitz|date=25 February 2013|accessdate=7 February 2014}}</ref> On 27 March 2013 two posters were released by the production team on the eve of Holi festival which carried the team's wishes to the people.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://raagalahari.com/news/16249/holi-wishes-by-paisa-team.aspx|title=Holi wishes by Paisa team|publisher=raagalahari.com|date=27 March 2013|accessdate=7 February 2014}}</ref> On 18 May 2013 the Audio release poster featuring Catherine Tresa was released along with few other posters on the Internet.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gulte.com/movienews/17264/Pic-Talk-Director-plays-with-Heroines-navel|title=Pic Talk: Director plays with Heroine's navel|publisher=gulte.com|date=18 May 2013|accessdate=7 February 2014}}</ref> The film's Trailer was released on 19 May 2013 along with the soundtrack Album.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions1/audio-paisa.html|title=Paisa music launch|publisher=idlebrain.com|date=19 May 2013|accessdate=7 February 2014}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Paisa
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Sai Karthik]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = {{Start date|df=yes|2013|5|19}}
| recorded = 2013
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Soundtrack]]
| length = 22:24
| label = [[Aditya Music]]
| producer = Sai Karthik
| prev_title = [[Jinke Mari]]
| prev_year = 2013
| next_title = [[Rowdy (2014 film)|Rowdy]]
| next_year = 2014
}}

The soundtrack of the film was composed by [[Sai Karthik]]. The album was launched through [[Aditya Music]] label on 19 May 2013 in a promotional event held at [[Shilpakala Vedika]] in Hyderabad. Nani and [[Allari Naresh]] anchored the event. The film's crew and many well known celebrities attended the event. Veteran director [[Dasari Narayana Rao]] launched the trailer in the same event.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/article/93790.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130607075036/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/article/93790.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 June 2013|title=Nani's 'Paisa' Audio Launch|website=IndiaGlitz|date=19 May 2013|accessdate=7 February 2014}}</ref>

The soundtrack album received positive response. ''123telugu.com'' gave a review stating "Paisa has some pretty decent music. The film’s theme song, ‘Paisa Theme’, is highly entertaining and music director Sai Karthik has done a very good job with this number. Among the other tracks, ‘Govindaa Govindaa’ ‘Neetho Edho’ and ‘Mayya Mayya’ are good. Sai Karthik has played a safe game, by coming up with pleasant but slightly routine music. Krishna Vamsi is known for coming up with very good visuals for his songs, so let us see what magic he can do this time."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.123telugu.com/reviews/paisa-pleasant-tunes.html|title=Audio Review : Paisa – Pleasant Tunes|publisher=123telugu.com|date=20 May 2013|accessdate=7 February 2014}}</ref> ''IndiaGlitz'' gave a review stating "It is time for yet another Krishna Vamsi audio – something where each song is driven by the needs of the script rather than any other extraneous consideration. Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry, the director's favourite, doesn't disappoint. When the theme is paisa, his talent comes to the fore like best. The singers, right from Tippu and Vijay Prakash to Shweta Mohan and others give their best. Sai Karthik gives one of his career bests."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/musicreview/17273.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130620125821/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/musicreview/17273.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=20 June 2013|title=Paisa – A worthy album|website=IndiaGlitz|date=3 June 2013|accessdate=7 February 2014}}</ref> ''Apherald.com'' gave a review stating "All together Paisa audio is impressive and songs will get more popular once film comes before audiences."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.apherald.com/Movies/Reviews/22312/Paisa-Music-Audio-Review/|title=Paisa Music Audio Review|publisher=Apherald.com|date=21 May 2013|accessdate=7 February 2014}}</ref>

{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 22:24
| title1 = Eppudaithe Puttindo
| lyrics1 = [[Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry]]
| extra1 = [[Krishna Vamsi]], Vitthal, Venu, Dhanraj, [[Thagubothu Ramesh]], Chandra
| length1 = 3:34
| title2 = Govindaa Govindaa
| lyrics2 = [[Ananta Sriram]]
| extra2 = [[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]], Baby Thillu
| length2 = 3:28
| title3 = Mayya Mayya
| lyrics3 = Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry
| extra3 = [[Vijay Prakash]]
| length3 = 4:18
| title4 = Neetho Edo
| lyrics4 = Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry
| extra4 = [[Shweta Mohan]], Sai Karthik
| length4 = 4:25
| title5 = Paisa Paisa
| lyrics5 = Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry
| extra5 = [[Ranjith (singer)|Ranjith]], [[Rahul Nambiar]], Karthik Kumar
| length5 = 4:14
| title6 = Paisa Theme
| note6 = [[Instrumental]]
| length6 = 2:25
}}

== Reception ==
[[The Hindu]] gave a review stating "A cocktail of crime, comedy and politics requires a solid plot, believable characters and racy storytelling. With Paisa, Krishna Vamsi tries to deliver a dizzying fun outing but tries to make do without a strong plot. Paisa has many things going for it by way of standing out from routine potboilers. There are witty lines, many well-conceived and well-executed scenes but on the whole, this isn’t Krishna Vamsi’s best."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/paisa-dance-of-money/article5664640.ece|title=Paisa: Dance of money|newspaper=The Hindu|date=8 February 2014|accessdate=10 February 2014|last1=Dundoo|first1=Sangeetha Devi}}</ref> [[Deccan Chronicle]] gave a review stating "Krishna Vamsi, unlike his earlier films, does not give attention to the emotional details making the storyline appear routine. His direction is lacking in many aspects making this one not one of his bests. The predictability of the plot is further marred by logical loopholes. The film might disappoint, but you can watch it for Nani" and rated the film 2.5/5.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140209/entertainment-movie-reviews/article/telugu-movie-paisa-review-nani-excels-sub-par-film|title=Telugu movie Paisa review: Nani excels in sub-par film|publisher=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|date=9 February 2014|access-date=10 February 2014}}</ref> Desimartini.com gave a review stating "Not as talked about as RGV’s but Krishna Vamsi's descent into the restless madness is an equally interesting story. A super exciting auteur until a point for whatever reasons had turned into this insecure and loudly eager man that would try anything to distract the audience than letting the film have a shot longer than 12 frames. For the head to handle about 893 cuts in less than a minute and of something that wasn’t shot for such a pacey cut, the audience should be real brain dead to not feel irritated" and rated the film 2/5.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.desimartini.com/reviews/rohit-penumatsa-paisa/rd24385md2828.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140214074226/http://www.desimartini.com/reviews/rohit-penumatsa-paisa/rd24385md2828.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=14 February 2014|title=Paisa Review – An interesting descent|publisher=Desimartini|date=7 February 2014|access-date=10 February 2014}}</ref>

Oneindia Entertainment gave a review stating "Krishna Vamsi, who wants to deal with Hawala and money laundering issues in a different way, has chosen wonderful story for Paisa, but he has failed to execute his ideas on screen. Overall, Paisa is a good commercial entertainer, but it is not up to the mark of Krishna Vamsi's previous ventures. Nani's performance is the saving grace in the film. You can watch the film, If you are a hardcore fan of Nani or Krishna" and rated the film 3/5.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/telugu/reviews/2014/paisa-movie-review-131536.html|title=Paisa – Movie Review|publisher=Oneindia Entertainment|date=7 February 2014|access-date=10 February 2014|archive-date=10 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140210040226/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/telugu/reviews/2014/paisa-movie-review-131536.html|url-status=live}}</ref> 123telugu.com gave a review stating "Paisa is a movie that will not give you a paisa vasool experience at the Box Office. Despite some good efforts from Nani, this movie will face huge challenges at the Box Office. Poor technical values, lack of an engaging screenplay and low entertainment value will hurt the film" and rated the film 2.5/5.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.123telugu.com/reviews/review-paisa-no-paisa-vasool.html|title=Review : Paisa – No Paisa Vasool|publisher=123telugu.com|date=7 February 2014|accessdate=10 February 2014}}</ref> IndiaGlitz gave a review stating "The script is full of lacunae. Nani's character is inappropriately happy-go-lucky. Moreover, his expression should have been intense in the second part of the film but that is not so. The screenplay was terribly written and executed, as the result, the audience feel that, barring Raja Ravindar, the others were less than perturbed by the mess. It is a Run-of-the-mill film from a director who has seemingly run out of ideas" and rated the film 2.25/5.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/review/17273.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130822130039/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/review/17273.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 August 2013|title=Paisa – Pedestrian Paisaa|website=IndiaGlitz|date=7 February 2014|accessdate=10 February 2014}}</ref>

greatandhra.com gave a review stating "The opening few minutes of the film doesn’t waste any time and gets the audience into the story. It is not until the interval caption that one realizes that first half is over. But trouble begins in second half. It could not sustain the same speed and had a dip which eventually played the spoilsport. Krishna Vamsi has tapped the element of human greed for money so while it appeals to the masses it doesn’t have enough for other genre of audience to like it" and rated the film 2/5.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.greatandhra.com/movies/reviews/paisa-review-its-like-rupee-value-53775.html|title='Paisa' Review: It's Like Rupee Value|publisher=greatandhra.com|date=7 February 2014|accessdate=10 February 2014}}</ref> gulte.com gave a review stating "Apart from Nani's performance there is nothing much to talk about Paisa. Krishna Vamsi failed execution let the film down. There are few impressive moments in the film, but those are not enough to hold the film together. Krishna Vamsi's eccentric style of filmmaking will not impress many. Even his diehard fans will be disappointed to see him making a mess out of this interesting plot" and rated the film 2.75/5.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gulte.com/moviereviews/363/Paisa-Movie-Review|title=Paisa Telugu Movie Review|publisher=gulte.com|date=7 February 2014|accessdate=10 February 2014}}</ref> Apherald.com gave a review stating "These are hard times for Telugu Cinegoers as good movies are hard to find. The poor viewer is not demanding trailblazing or superb art at the movies. All they want is paisa vasool entertainers. Krishna Vamsi's Paisa could have been a great entertainer, unfortunately it isn't!" and rated the film 2/5.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.apherald.com/Movies/Reviews/46833/Paisa-Telugu-Movie-Review-Rating/|title=Paisa Telugu Movie Review, Rating|publisher=Apherald.com|date=7 February 2014|accessdate=10 February 2014}}</ref>

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|3369096}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{Pasupuleti Krishna Vamsi}}

[[Category:2014 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Krishna Vamsi]]
[[Category:2014 films]]
[[Category:Indian action comedy films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Sai Karthik]]
[[Category:Indian slapstick comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian crime comedy films]]
[[Category:Money forgery]]
[[Category:Indian interfaith romance films]]
[[Category:2014 masala films]]
[[Category:2014 action comedy films]]
[[Category:2014 crime comedy films]]

Thirumullavaram Beach

2026-02-27T07:22:27Z

CandicePrenderga: Adding.

{{Short description|Popular beach in India}}{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox landform
| name = Thirumullavaram Beach തിരുമുല്ലവാരം ബീച്ച്
| other_name =
| image = Thirumullavaram DTPC Notification board.jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption = Navigation Board at Thirumullavaram Beach
| pushpin_map = India Kollam#Kerala
| map_width =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_relief =
| pushpin_label =
| mark =
| marker_size =
| location = [[Thirumullavaram]], [[Kollam]], [[India]]
| grid_ref =
| grid_ref_UK =
| grid_ref_Ireland =
| coordinates = {{coord|8|53|41|N|76|33|13|E|display=inline}}
| coordinates_ref =
| range =
| part_of =
| water_bodies =
| length = 100+ m
| formed_by =
| type = Beach
| free_label_1 = Patrolled by
| free_data_1 =
| free_label_2 = Hazard rating
| free_data_2 = '''Low'''
| free_label_3 = Access
| free_data_3 = [[Kollam KSRTC Bus Station|Bus Station]] {{rint|bus}} - 4.2 km, [[Kollam Junction railway station|Railway Station]] {{rint|rail}} - 5.5 km, [[Kollam KSWTD Ferry Terminal|Ferry Terminal]] {{rint|ferry}} - 4.2 km
| embedded = {{succession links|left=[[Kollam Beach]]|right=[[Azheekal Beach]]}}
}}
'''Thirumullavaram Beach''' ([[Malayalam]]: തിരുമുല്ലവാരം ബീച്ച്), is one of the popular beaches in the city of [[Kollam]] and a tourist destination in the state of [[Kerala]].<ref>[http://www.swadeshnews.com/lifestyle/gods-own-country-kerala God’s own country : Kerala]</ref> The beach is situated at [[Thirumullavarum|Thirumullavaram]], an important neighbourhood of [[Kollam]] city. The beach is very famous for conducting the Karkidaka Vavubali rituals.<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/thirumullavaram-readying-for-vavubali/article3644487.ece Thirumullavaram readying for Vavubali]</ref> Thousands of devotees arrive on the beach to perform the Vavubali Tharpanam every year. It is one of the most attractive beaches located in South India.

==Importance of Thirumullavaram beach==

Thirumullavaram beach is one of two main beaches in the [[Kollam]] (known as the 'Cashew Capital of the World').<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kollams-cashew-crunch/article23701507.ece |title=Kollam’s cashew crunch |publisher=The Hindu |date=28 April 2018 |access-date=10 August 2018}}</ref> The beach area is full of coconut palms which makes the place a shady and quiet silent place.{{fact|date=June 2018}} The beach is ideal for early morning walks<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/thirumullavaram-readying-for-vavubali/article3644487.ece Thirumullavaram readying for Vavubali]</ref> The beach is ideal for swimming and sun bathing and no danger zones are identified. The beach is connected with all the major roads around the state and it can be easily accessed to reach the place.<ref>[http://www.rainbowskill.com/medium/the-most-beautiful-thirumullavaram-beach-in-kerala.php The most beautiful Thirumullavaram Beach in Kerala]</ref> The taste of local cuisine that is mostly flavoured with coconut and spices like cardamom, black pepper, cloves, cinnamon and ginger are also attract a good number of visitors. A water hillock named '''Njarazhcha Para''' which means '''Sunday Rock''', is another allurement for the tourists visiting here. During low tides, this hillock can be seen clearly from the shore about one and a half km into the sea. As per the 2018 study report by [[Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute|Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute(CMRFRI)]] of India, Thirumullavaram beach is one of the 16 best-kept beaches in India, topper from the state of [[Kerala]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://travel.manoramaonline.com/travel/travel-news/2018/08/14/kerala-has-sisteen-of-indias-best-beaches.html| title=Kerala has 16 of India's best-kept beaches |publisher=On Manorama |date=15 August 2018 |access-date=16 August 2018}}</ref>

==Location==
The beach is situated at 6 km away from the heart of [[Kollam]] city. It is a picnic centre and has frequent bus connections to the city.<ref>[http://www.keralatourslane.ezeetips.com/kerala-beaches/thirumullavaram-beach.html Thirumullavaram Beach - Kerala Tours]</ref> Kollam KSRTC Bus station is situated at a distance of 5  from here. The nearest rail head is [[Kollam Junction railway station]], which is 7 km away. The nearest airport is [[Thiruvananthapuram International Airport]] which is at a distance of 80 km.

===Major road destinations===

# [[Thangassery]] - {{nowrap|3 km}}
# [[Kollam]] [[Kerala State Road Transport Corporation|KSRTC]] Bus station - {{nowrap|5 km}}
# [[Kollam Beach]] - {{nowrap|6 km}}
# [[Chinnakada]] - {{nowrap|6 km}}
# [[Kollam Junction railway station]] - {{nowrap|7 km}}
# [[Karunagappalli]] - {{nowrap|22 km}}
# [[Paravur, Kollam|Paravur]] - {{nowrap|29 km}}
# [[Paravur railway station]] - {{nowrap|29 km}}
# [[Thekkumbhagam|Thekkumbhagam beach]] - {{nowrap|33 km}}
{{wide image|Thirumullavaram Panorama Sep 2015.jpg|1950px|Panorama of Thirumullavaram beach, in September 2015}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Thirumullavarum}}

{{Kollam |state=expanded}}
{{Tourism in Kerala}}

[[Category:Beaches of Kollam]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Kollam district]]

Nasir ad-Din Qabacha

2026-02-26T05:29:44Z

CandicePrenderga: reworked formatting based on references additionally

{{Short description|Sultan of Multan (1210–1228)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox royalty
|name = Nasir ad-Din Qabacha
|succession1 = [[List of monarchs of Punjab|Governor of Multan]]
|succession = [[List of monarchs of Punjab|Sultan of Multan]]
|image =
|caption =
|reign1 = 1203 – 1210
|reign = 1210 – 1228
|coronation =
|full name = Nasir ad-Dunya Wa ad-Din Qabacha
|predecessor1 = [[Mu'izz al-Din]]
|successor = [[Iltutmish]]
|spouse = Uzma Begum
|issue =
|royal house =
|dynasty = [[Mamluk dynasty (Delhi)|Mamluk]]
|father =
|mother =
|birth_date = {{circa|1150}}
|birth_place = [[Turkestan]]
|death_date = May 1228
|death_place = [[Bukkur]], [[Delhi Sultanate]]
|burial_date =
|burial_place =
|religion = [[Islam]]
}}
'''Nasir ad-Din Qabacha''' or '''Kaba-cha''' ({{langx|fa|ناصرالدین قباچه}}) was the [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] Muslim governor of [[Multan]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/stream/journalasiatics16benggoog/journalasiatics16benggoog_djvu.txt|title=Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal|year=1882}}</ref> appointed by the [[Ghurid]] ruler [[Muhammad Ghori]] in 1203.

== Background ==
[[Muhammad of Ghor|Mohammad of Ghor]] had no offspring, but he treated thousands of his [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] [[Mamluks|slaves]] as his sons, who were trained both as soldiers and administrators and provided with the best possible education. Many of his hardworking and intelligent slaves rose to positions of importance in Ghori's army and government.

When a courtier lamented that the Sultan had no male heirs, Ghori retorted:

<blockquote>"Other monarchs may have one son, or two sons; I have thousands of sons, my Turkic slaves who will be the heirs of my dominions, and who, after me, will take care to preserve my name in the [[Khutbah]] (Friday sermon) throughout these territories."</blockquote>

Ghori's prediction proved true. After his assassination, his vast empire was divided amongst his Turkic slaves. Most notably:

* [[Qutb ud-Din Aibak]] became ruler of [[Lahore]] in 1206, establishing the [[Delhi Sultanate]], which marked the start of the [[Mamluk dynasty (Delhi)|Mamluk dynasty]] of India<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.amritworld.com/main/muslim_rule_in_india/slave_dynasty/ |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2010-02-24 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090221000011/http://www.amritworld.com/main/muslim_rule_in_india/slave_dynasty/ |archivedate=2009-02-21 }}</ref>
* Nasir ad-Din Qabacha became ruler of [[Multan]]
* [[Taj al-Din Yildiz]] became ruler of [[Ghazni]]
* [[Muhammad Bakhtiyar Khalji]] became ruler of [[Bengal]]
* [[Bahauddin Tughril]] became ruler of [[Bayana]]

== Reign==
In 1210 Nasir-ud-Din Qabacha declared himself independent. He twice repulsed the attacks of [[Tajuddin Elduz]] of Ghazni, but could not defeat [[Iltutmish|Shams-ud-Din Iltutmish]] and drowned in the [[Indus River]] while trying to escape.

In 1214 [[Muhammad II of Khwarezm]] drove [[Tajuddin Elduz]] from [[Ghazni]], and took him to [[Lahore]], and gave the authority to Nasir-ud-Din Qabacha. Iltutmish protested against this act of aggression, and when the protest was disregarded marched towards [[Lahore]]. [[Tajuddin Elduz]] accepted the challenge and on 25 January 1216, the armies met on the already famous field of [[Taraori]]. [[Tajuddin Elduz]] was defeated and taken, and after being led through the streets of Delhi was sent to [[Budaun]], where he was put to death in the same year.{{citation needed|date=February 2020}} After the overthrow of [[Tajuddin Elduz]], Nasir-ud-Din Qabacha again occupied [[Lahore]].

Iltutmish faced a number of challenges to his rule. In the aftermath of Aibak's death, the [[Ghurids]] dominions in [[India]] had divided into four. Iltutmish controlled [[Delhi]]. At that time Nasir-ud-Din Qabacha was the Governor of [[Uch]] and [[Multan]] asserted his independence.<ref name = "Mehta9192">{{harvnb|Mehta|1986|pp=91–92}}</ref> [[Ali Mardan Khalji|Ali Mardan]], a [[Khalji]] noble, who had been appointed Governor of [[Gauḍa (city)|Lakhnauti]] by Aibak in 1206, had thrown off his allegiance to [[Delhi]] after his death and styled himself [[Sultan]] [[Ala-ud-din]]. His successor, [[Ghiyas ud din Balban]], conquered [[Bihar]].<ref name="Mehta93">{{harvnb|Mehta|1986|p=93}}</ref> [[Lahore]] was contested by Iltutmish, Nasir-ud-Din Qabacha and [[Tajuddin Elduz]], [[Muhammad of Ghor]] adopted son and successor in [[Ghazni]]. Elduz attempted to bring Delhi under his control. Initially, Iltutmish acknowledged Elduz's suzerainty by accepting the symbolic presents of the chatr and durbash.<ref name="Wink184">{{harvnb|Wink|1997|p=184}}</ref> The Hindu princes and chiefs were discontented at their loss of independence and had recovered [[Kannauj]], [[Benaras]], [[Gwalior]], and [[Kalinjar]] had been lost during Aibak's reign<ref name="Mehta94">{{harvnb|Mehta|1986|p=94}}</ref> while [[Ranthambore Fort|Ranthambore]] had been reconquered by the [[Chauhan dynasty|Chauhan]]s during [[Aram Shah]]'s rule.

In 1217, Iltutmish moved towards Nasir-ud-Din Qabacha at the head of a large army. Nasir-ud-Din Qabacha attempted to retreat from [[Lahore]] towards [[Multan]] but was defeated at Mansura. Iltutmish refrained from attacking [[Sindh]] due to the presence of [[Mongols]] on his north-west frontier. Iltutmish was preoccupied with the [[Mongol]] threat and did not threaten Nasir-ud-Din Qabacha until 1227.<ref name="Mehta9192" />

== Personal life ==
He was married to the sister of [[Qutbuddin Aibak]] in 1205.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.third-millennium-library.com/readinghall/UniversalHistory/INDIA/Cambridge/III/III-SLAVEKINGSOFDELHI.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20111005103909/http://www.third-millennium-library.com/readinghall/UniversalHistory/INDIA/Cambridge/III/III-SLAVEKINGSOFDELHI.html|url-status=usurped|archive-date=5 October 2011|title = Third Millennium Library}}</ref>

===Origin===
He was originally a [[Kipchak people|Kipchak]], an ancient [[Turkic people]] that have since been absorbed into modern [[Kazakh people]], moved during the [[Islamic Golden Age]] were [[Muslims]] were moving towards the East to expand in [[Asia]]. The [[Khwarezmid Empire]] was established by [[Turkmen people|Turkmen]] and [[Kipchaks]] Turks who had converted to [[Islam]] due to [[Persians|Persian]] and [[Arab]] missionary missions from the 7th century onwards.

=== Death===
As [[Iltutmish]] approached Uch his [[lieutenant]], [[Nasiruddin Aiyitim]], advanced from [[Lahore]] and besieged [[Multan]], Qabacha took to his boats and fled to the island-fortress of [[Bhakkar]], in the [[Indus River]], leaving his minister to follow him with the treasure stored at [[Uch]].

On 9 February 1228, Iltutmish arrived at [[Uch]] and opened the siege, at the same time dispatching a force under his minister, [[Nizam al-Mulk|Kamaluddin Muhammad Junaidi]], entitled [[Nizam al-Mulk]], in pursuit of Qabacha, who in his despair sent Alauddin Bahram Shah, his son by Aibak's daughter, to make terms. Bahram was successful, and in accordance with the treaty Uch was surrendered in 4 May, but Junaidi was either not informed of the treaty or wilfully disregarded it, for he continued to besiege [[Bukkur]], and Qabacha drowned in the [[Indus River]]. The circumstances of his death are variously related; some writers say that he was accidentally drowned in attempting to escape, and others that he committed suicide by throwing himself into the river. His death ended the campaign, and his troops transferred their services to [[Iltutmish]], who returned to [[Delhi]] in August, leaving [[Junaidi]] to complete the conquest of lower [[Sindh]].

== See also ==
* [[Mohammad of Ghor]]
* [[Iltutmish|Shams-ud-Din Iltutmish]]
* [[History of Multan]]

== External links ==
* [https://archive.org/stream/journalasiatics16benggoog/journalasiatics16benggoog_djvu.txt Asiatic Society of Bengal]
* [http://www.shamimgulzar-e-saidan.com/journey_multan_kalas.htm Multan History]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

===Bibliography===
* {{cite book |last1=Mehta |first1=Jaswant Lal |title=Advanced Study in the History of Medieval India: 1000-1526 A.D |date=1986 |publisher=Sterling Publishers |isbn=978-81-207-0573-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=82puAAAAMAAJ |language=en}}
* {{citation|first=Andre|last= Wink |title=Al-Hind: The Making of the Indo-Islamic World, Vol. II - The Slave Kings and the Islamic Conquest 11th-13th centuries|year=1997|publisher=Brill|isbn=90-04-10236-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=75FlxDhZWpwC}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nasir-Ud-Din Qabacha}}
[[Category:History of Sindh]]
[[Category:Mamluk dynasty (Delhi)]]
[[Category:13th-century deaths]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:Ghurid generals]]
[[Category:Turkic people]]
[[Category:12th-century slaves]]
[[Category:People from the Delhi Sultanate]]

Mahesh Landge

2026-02-11T10:49:01Z

CandicePrenderga:

{{short description|Indian politician from Maharashtra}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Mahesh (Dada) Landge
| office1 = Member of the [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start1 = 2014
| predecessor1 = Vilas Vithoba lande
| constituency1 = [[Bhosari Assembly constituency]]
| image = Mahesh landge.jpg
| birth_name = Mahesh Kisanrao Landge
| signature_alt =
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (2014-present)
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=y|1975|11|27}}
| birth_place = [[Bhosari]], Poona district, ({{small|now Pune district}}) Maharashtra, India
| restingplacecoordinates =
| nationality = [[India]]n
| otherparty = [[Nationalist Congress Party]] (till 2014)
| spouse = Pooja Maheshdada Landge
| children = Malhar Maheshdada Landge and Sakshi Ninad Bhondve
| residence = [[Bhosari]]
| alma_mater = [[Savitribai Phule Pune University]]
| occupation = Politician
| profession =
| cabinet =
| committees =
| portfolio =
| term_start =
| citizenship = [[India]]n
| office2 = President of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] [[Pimpri-Chinchwad|Pimpri-Chinchwad City]]
| term_start2 = 16 January 2020
| term_end2 = 2023
}}
'''Mahesh Kisanrao Landge''' (born 27 November 1975) is an Indian politician. He is currently a member of the [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]] representing [[Bhosari (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bhosari Vidhan sabha constituency]] in the Pune district.

== Political career ==
Before entering politics, Landge was a wrestler. {{citation needed|date=December 2024}} His political career began with [[National Students' Union of India|National Students' Union of India (NSUI)]], student wing of [[Indian National Congress]].{{citation needed|date=December 2024}} In 2002, he contested his first election for the position of corporator but was defeated. However, he won a by-election in 2004 and became a corporator in [[Pimpri-Chinchwad Municipal Corporation|Pimpri Chinchwad Municipal Corporation (PCMC)]].

Landge served as a corporator for three consecutive terms as a member of [[Nationalist Congress Party|Nationalist Congress Party (NCP)]]. In 2014, after being denied a ticket by the NCP for [[Bhosari Assembly constituency|Bhosari Assembly Constituency]], he contested the election as an independent candidate. He won the election and subsequently joined [[Bharatiya Janata Party|Bhartiya Janata Party (BJP)]].

Mahesh became a member of the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] (RSS), a far-right Hindu nationalist paramilitary volunteer organisation.

In the 2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly elections, Landge was re-elected as a BJP candidate from Bhosari.<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/azam-pansare-stuns-ncp-joins-bjp/articleshow/56429203.cms Azam Pansare stuns NCP, joins BJP]</ref><ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/MLA-Mahesh-Landge-set-to-join-BJP/articleshow/54259779.cms MLA Mahesh Landge set to join BJP]</ref><ref name="IT-20141103">{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/assembly-elections-2015/story/maharashtra-assembly-poll-results-bjp-shiv-sena-ncp-congress-223847-2014-10-19|title=Results of Maharashtra Assembly polls 2014 |work=India Today|access-date=11 August 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/Its-Family-Inc-in-Pimpri-Chinchwad/articleshow/11933814.cms|title=It's Family Inc in Pimpri-Chinchwad |work=The Times of India|access-date=14 November 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-27 |title=महेश लांडगे : क्रीडाप्रेमी आमदार {{!}} mahesh landge sports enthusiast person {{!}} Loksatta |url=https://www.loksatta.com/politics/mahesh-landge-sports-enthusiast-person-print-politics-news-asj-82-3297852/ |access-date=2023-09-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230127122554/https://www.loksatta.com/politics/mahesh-landge-sports-enthusiast-person-print-politics-news-asj-82-3297852/ |archive-date=27 January 2023 }}</ref>

=== Positions held ===

* 2004-2014: Corporator, Pimpri Chinchwad Municipal Corporation (three consecutive terms)
* 2014-2019: Member of the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly, Bhosari (Independent candidate, later joined BJP)
* 2019-2024: Member of the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly, Bhosari (BJP)
* 2024-present: Member of the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly, Bhosari (BJP)
* 2020-2023: City president, BJP Pimpri-Chinchwad

==Electoral history==
{| class="sortable wikitable"
|+Election candidature history in Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election
|-
! |Year
! colspan = "2" |Party BJP
! |Constituency
! colspan = "3" |Opponent
! |Result
! |Margin
|-
|[[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
|{{party name with color|Independent politician}}
|rowspan = "3"|[[Bhosari Assembly constituency|Bhosari]]
|{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}
| Ubale Rambhau
|{{yes2|Won}}
|{{yes2|15,314}}
|-
|[[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{party name with color|Independent politician}}
| Vilas Lande
|{{yes2|Won}}
|{{yes2|77,567}}
|-
|[[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<ref name="Maharashtra Assembly election results 2024 {{!}} Who won in Pune?">{{cite news |last1=The Hindu |first1=Sruthi |date=23 November 2024 |title=Maharashtra Assembly election results 2024 {{!}} Who won in Pune? |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/maharashtra-assembly/maharashtra-assembly-election-results-2024-who-won-in-pune/article68901246.ece |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241124060803/https://www.thehindu.com/elections/maharashtra-assembly/maharashtra-assembly-election-results-2024-who-won-in-pune/article68901246.ece |archivedate=24 November 2024 |accessdate=12 December 2024 |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
|Ajit Damodar Gavhane
|{{yes2|Won}}
|{{yes2|63,765}}
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Landge, Mahesh}}
[[Category:Politicians from Pune]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 2014–2019]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Marathi politicians]]
[[Category:1975 births]]
[[Category:Nationalist Congress Party politicians from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 2024–2029]]

{{Maharashtra-BJP-politician-stub}}

Ranjit Desai

2026-02-10T02:56:18Z

CandicePrenderga: added references

{{Short description|Indian writer (1928–1992)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Ranjit Desai
| birth_name = {{nowrap|Ranjit Ramchandra Desai}}
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=y|1928|04|08}}
| birth_place = [[Kowad]], [[Kolhapur]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1992|03|06|1928|04|08}}
| death_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| occupation = Novelist, Writer
| awards = [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] (1964) [[Padma Shri]] (1973)
| image =
}}

'''Ranjit Ramchandra Desai''' (8 April 1928 – 6 March 1992) was an Indian [[Marathi language|Marathi-language]] writer from [[Maharashtra]], India. He is best known for his historical novels ''Swami'' and ''Shriman Yogi''. He was awarded the [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] in 1964 and the [[Padma Shri]] in 1973.<ref name=pad>{{cite web|title=Padma Awards Directory (1954-2013)|publisher=[[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]]|quote=1973: 30: Shri Ranjit Ramchandrarao Desai|url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf|access-date=23 December 2013|archive-date=15 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Works==
Desai's most prominent creations are "Swami" and "Shriman Yogi". His other works are as below.

===Novels===
* Radheya - A Story narrating the life of 'Karna' - The Eldest of all Pandav's and his tyranny.
*Swami - Received Sahitya Akademi award
* Shriman Yogi - Based on [[Shivaji I]]<ref name="Katamble2003">{{cite book|author=V. D. Katamble|title=Shivaji the great|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N5mIVt_Zd-0C&pg=PA50|access-date=29 June 2011|year=2003|publisher=Balwant Printers Pvt. Ltd.|isbn=978-81-902000-0-4|pages=50–}}</ref>
* Baari
* Raja Ravi Varma
* Pavankhind<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.menakabooks.com/literature-and-fiction/1235-pavankhind-ranjit-desai-mehta-publishing-house-buy-online.html?nosto=nosto-page-product2|title=Pavankhind written by Ranjit Desai published by Mehta Publishing House {{!}} Buy Marathi Books Online|website=www.menakabooks.com|language=en|access-date=2018-05-02}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Pavankhind|last=Desai|first=Ranjit|publisher=Mehta Publishing House|year=1981|isbn=9788177661835|location=India}}</ref>
* Lakshavedh
* Maza Gaon
* Shekara
* Pratiksha
* Abhogi
* Samidha

===Collections of short stories===
* Roop Mahal
* Madhumati
* Jaan
* Kanav
* Gandhali
* Aalekh
* Kamodini
* Morpankhi Sawalya
* Katal
* Babulmora
* Sanket
* Prapat
* Megh
* Vaishakh
* Ashadh
* Mekh Mogari
* Sneha Dhara

===Plays===
* Kanchan Mrug
* Dhan Apure
* Pankh Zale Vairi
* Sangeet Samrat Tansen
* Garud Zep
* Ram Shashtri
* Shriman Yogi
* Swami
* Warasa
* Pangulgada
* Lok Nayak
* He Bandh Reshmache
* Tuzi Wat Wegali
* Sawali Unnhachi

===Movie scripts===
* Rangalya Ratri Ashya
* Sawal Maza Aika
* Nagin
*Sangoli Rayana
* [[Rang Rasiya]]

==Awards==
* Maharashtra Rajya Award (1963) (for ''Swami'')
* [[Hari Narayan Apte]] Award (1963) (for ''Swami'')
* [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] (1964) (for ''Swami'')
* [[Padma Shri]] from the Government of India (1973)<ref name=pad/>
* Maharashtra Gaurav Puraskar (1990)

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Desai, Ranjit}}
[[Category:Indian male poets]]
[[Category:Marathi-language writers]]
[[Category:People from Kolhapur district]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Marathi]]
[[Category:1928 births]]
[[Category:1992 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:Poets from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Indian male novelists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:Novelists from Maharashtra]]

{{india-writer-stub}}

Dhanora Assembly constituency

2026-02-04T07:22:26Z

CandicePrenderga: Creating some details more to come

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Dhanora
| type= SLA
| state = Maharashtra
| established = 1961 <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/146-archive-delimitation-orders |title= Archive Delimitation Orders - DPACO 1961 |access-date=31 January 2026 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
| abolished = 1964 <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/146-archive-delimitation-orders |title= Archive Delimitation Orders - Delimitation Commission (1964) |access-date=31 January 2026 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
| electors = 60,356
| mla = Raja Fatelalshah Rajaranshah Sayam
| party = {{Party index link|Independent politician}}
| constituency_no =
| latest_election_year = [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| district =
| loksabha_cons =
| reservation = ST
}}

'''Dhanora Assembly constituency '''was an assembly constituency in the [[India]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Maharashtra]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || Raja Fatelalshah Rajaranshah Sayam || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 1962===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Dhanora<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117085627/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Raja Fatelalshah Rajaranshah Sayam |party=Independent politician |votes = 18,466 |percentage = 53.70% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Narayansinh Sampatsinh Weakey |party=Praja Socialist Party |votes = 7,751 |percentage = 22.54% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kirtimantrao Bhujangrao Atram |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 3,233 |percentage = 9.40% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 10,715 |percentage = 31.16% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 34,387 |percentage = 48.79% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 60,356 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Independent politician |loser = |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}

{{coord missing|Maharashtra}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]

{{Maharashtra-geo-stub}}

The British Bank of Madras (1795)

2026-02-01T00:58:02Z

CandicePrenderga: Done.

{{Use Indian English|date=December 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2021}}
{{Infobox company
| name = The British Bank of Madras (1795)
| logo =
| native_name =
| type = [[Private sector]]
| traded_as =
| industry = [[Financial services]]
| fate = Merged with the [[Bank of Madras]]
| predecessor =
| successor = [[Bank of Madras]]
| foundation = {{Start date|1795|04|01|df=yes}} (as The British Bank of Madras)
| founder =
| defunct = {{End date|df=yes|1843|07|01}}
| location_city = [[Chennai]]
| location_country = [[India]]
| locations = [[Madras Presidency]]
| area_served = [[India]]
| key_people =
| products = [[Deposit (finance)|Deposits]], [[Personal banking|Personal Banking Schemes]], C & I Banking Schemes, Agri Banking Schemes, [[Small and medium enterprises|SME Banking Schemes]]
| services = Banking, Trade Finance
| num_employees =
| parent = [[State Bank of India]]
}}

'''The British Bank of Madras (1795)''' was an Indian [[bank]] founded in the year 1795 in [[Company rule in India|British India]]. The bank was the [[List of oldest banks in India|eighth oldest bank in India]].<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|url=https://rbi.org.in/scripts/ms_banks.aspx|title=Reserve Bank of India – Museum|website=rbi.org.in}}</ref>

The bank was eventually merged with the [[Bank of Madras]] in 1843.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=http://madrasmusings.com/Vol%2020%20No%206/madras-oldest-bank.html|title=Madras Musings – We care for Madras that is Chennai}}</ref>

== History ==

=== Founding ===

The British Bank of Madras was the second oldest bank founded in the [[Madras Presidency]] after the [[Carnatic Bank]] and served many cities in South India.<ref name="auto2">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/society/Before-Madras/article14583548.ece|title=Before Madras|newspaper=The Hindu|date=22 August 2016|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref>

The bank was founded and largely managed by European traders. They worked closely with the English East India Company.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.businessmanagementideas.com/banking/evolution-of-banking/list-of-4-banks-in-india-before-independence/5336|title = List of 4 Banks in India Before Independence|date = 10 August 2016}}</ref>

=== Management ===

The bank was staffed by mostly British nationals who were drawn mainly from the [[East India Company]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indiancolumbus.blogspot.com/2018/01/SBIRajajiSalai.html|title=The Banking Heritage Building of Madras|date=7 January 2018}}</ref>

The bank had most of its offices and branches in the [[Madras Presidency]].<ref name="auto2"/><ref name="cdn.s3waas.gov.in">{{Cite web | url=https://cdn.s3waas.gov.in/s313f3cf8c531952d72e5847c4183e6910/uploads/2018/06/2018062956.pdf | title=District Profile - 2017 | website=cdn.s3waas.gov.in}}</ref><ref name="nluo.ac.in">{{Cite web | url=https://www.nluo.ac.in/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/Legal-Fortnight-Febedn-vol1.pdf | title=Legal Fortnight | website=www.nluo.ac.in}}</ref> The bank was headquartered in George Town in Chennai.<ref name="nluo.ac.in"/>

=== Final years ===

The bank was one of four banks that were merged to form the [[Bank of Madras]] in 1843: the Madras Bank, the [[Carnatic Bank]], The British Bank of Madras (1795), and the Asiatic Bank (1804). The [[Bank of Madras]] is one of the precursors of the [[Imperial Bank of India]] and eventually the [[State Bank of India]].<ref name="auto2"/><ref name="cdn.s3waas.gov.in"/><ref name="nluo.ac.in"/>

== Legacy ==

The bank is notable for being the [[List of oldest banks in India|eighth oldest bank in India]].<ref name="auto1"/>

The bank is also notable for being one of the precursors of the [[State Bank of India]], through its predecessors the [[Imperial Bank of India]] and the [[Bank of Madras]].<ref name="auto"/>

==See also==

{{Portal|Banks}}
*[[Indian banking]]
*[[List of banks in India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://rbi.org.in/scripts/ms_banks.aspx Oldest Banks in India]
* [http://madrasmusings.com/Vol%2020%20No%206/madras-oldest-bank.html History of the Bank]

{{Banking in India}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Defunct banks of India|British Bank of Madras]]
[[Category:Financial services companies based in Chennai]]
[[Category:Banks established in 1795]]

Mirzapur Lok Sabha constituency

2026-01-26T17:42:11Z

CandicePrenderga:

{{short description|Lok Sabha constituency in Uttar Pradesh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
| name = Mirzapur {{Small|UP-63}}
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok Sabha constituencies/2019/Uttar Pradesh/Mirzapur.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Mirzapur Lok Sabha constituency
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image = Anupriya Singh Patel with PM Modi in 2021.jpg
| established = 1952–present
| party = {{Party index link|Apna Dal (Soneylal)}}
| mp = [[Anupriya Singh Patel]]
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
| preceded_by = [[Bal Kumar Patel]]
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| assembly_cons = [[Chhanbey Assembly constituency|Chhanbey]] [[Mirzapur Assembly constituency|Mirzapur]] [[Majhawan Assembly constituency|Majhawan]] [[Chunar Assembly constituency|Chunar]] [[Marihan Assembly constituency|Marihan]]
}}
'''Mirzapur''' is one of the 80 [[Lok Sabha]] (parliamentary) constituencies in [[Uttar Pradesh]], a state in northern [[India]]. This constituency covers the entirety of the [[Mirzapur district]].

==Assembly segments==
The Mirzapur Lok Sabha constituency comprises five [[Vidhan Sabha]] (legislative assembly) segments. These are:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/079_PC_Statistics_English.aspx|title=Information and Statistics-Parliamentary Constituencies-79-Mirzapur|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Uttar Pradesh website}}</ref><ref name="ceo">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|publisher=The Election Commission of India|page=505}}</ref>
{|class="wikitable sortable"
!No
!Name
!District
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
! colspan="2" |2024 Lead
|-
|395
|[[Chhanbey Assembly constituency|Chhanbey]] (SC)
| rowspan="5" |[[Mirzapur district|Mirzapur]]
|[[Rinki Kol]]
|{{party name with color|Apna Dal (Soneylal)}}
|{{party name with color|Apna Dal (Soneylal)|rowspan=4}}
|-
|396
|[[Mirzapur Assembly constituency|Mirzapur]]
|[[Ratnakar Mishra]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=4}}
|-
|397
|[[Majhawan Assembly constituency|Majhawan]]
|[[Suchismita Maurya]]
|-
|398
|[[Chunar Assembly constituency|Chunar]]
|[[Anurag Singh (politician)|Anurag Singh]]
|-
|399
|[[Marihan Assembly constituency|Marihan]]
|[[Rama Shankar Singh|Rama Shankar Patel]]
|{{party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}
|}

==Members of Parliament==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Member<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mirzapur (Uttar Pradesh) Lok Sabha Election Results 2019 -Mirzapur Parliamentary Constituency, Winning MP and Party Name |url=https://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/parliamentary-constituencies/mirzapur.html |access-date= |website=www.elections.in}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1951–52 Indian general election|1952]]
| rowspan="2" |[[John N. Wilson]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[1957 Indian general election|1957]]
|-
|[[1962 Indian general election|1962]]
|[[Shyam Dhar Mishra]]
|-
|[[1967 Indian general election|1967]]
|Bansh Narain Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
|[[1971 Indian general election|1971]]
|[[Aziz Imam]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
|[[Faquir Ali Ansari]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
|[[Aziz Imam]]
| rowspan="2" style=background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}|
| rowspan="2" |[[Indian National Congress|Indian National Congress (I)]]
|-
|1981^
|rowspan=2|[[Umakant Mishra]]
|-
|[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
|Yusuf Beg
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
|[[Virendra Singh (Mirzapur)|Virendra Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
|[[Phoolan Devi]]
|{{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}
|-
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
|[[Virendra Singh (Mirzapur)|Virendra Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
|[[Phoolan Devi]]
| {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|2002^
|[[Ram Rati Bind]]
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
|[[Narendra Kumar Kushwaha|Narendra Kushwaha]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|2007^
|[[Ramesh Dube]]
|-
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
|[[Bal Kumar Patel]]
|{{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Anupriya Patel]]
|{{Full party name with color|Apna Dal (Kamerawadi)|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|{{Full party name with color|Apna Dal (Soneylal)|dab=yes|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|}
^By-Poll

==Election results==
===2024===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general elections]]: [[Mirzapur]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Apna Dal (Sonelal)
|candidate = [[Anupriya Patel]]
|votes =4,71,631
|percentage = 42.67
|change ={{decrease}}10.67
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Samajwadi Party|candidate=[[Ramesh Chand Bind]]|votes=4,33,821|percentage=39.25|change={{increase}}6.83}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Manish Kumar|votes=1,44,446|percentage=13.07|change={{increase}}13.07}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above (India)|candidate=[[None of the Above]]|votes=15,049|percentage=1.36|change={{decrease}}0.02}}
{{Election box majority||votes=37,810|percentage=3.42|change={{decrease}}17.50}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=11,05,405|percentage=57.99|change={{decrease}}2.12}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Apna Dal (Sonelal)
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2019===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: [[Mirzapur]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Apna Dal (Sonelal)
|candidate = [[Anupriya Singh Patel]]
|votes = 5,91,564
|percentage= 53.34
|change = {{increase}}10.02
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Ram Charitra Nishad]]
|party = Samajwadi Party
|votes = 3,59,556
|percentage = 32.42
|change = {{increase}}21.62
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Lalitesh Pati Tripathi
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 91,501
|percentage = 8.25
|change = {{decrease}}6.9
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above|None of the Above]]
|votes = 15,353
|percentage = 1.38
|change = {{increase}}0.93
}}
{{Election box candidate |
|party = Bhartiya Republican Party (Insan)
|candidate = Radheshyam Inshan
|votes = 14,142
|percentage = 1.28
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|party = Satya Bahumat Party
|candidate = Archana Mishra
|votes = 9,206
|percentage = 0.83
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation
|candidate = Jeera Bharti
|votes = 8,553
|percentage = 0.77
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Rashtriya Samaj Paksha
|candidate = Dinesh Kumar Pal
|votes = 7,145
|percentage = 0.64
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Pragatisheel Samajwadi Party (Lohiya)
|candidate = Ashish Kumar Tripathi
|votes = 4,024
|percentage = 0.36
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 2,32,008
|percentage = 20.92
|change = {{decrease}}0.82
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 11,09,059
|percentage = 60.11
|change = {{increase}}1.55
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Apna Dal (Sonelal)
|loser = Apna Dal (Kamerawadi)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: [[Mirzapur]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Apna Dal (Kamerawadi)
|candidate = [[Anupriya Singh Patel]]
|votes = 4,36,536
|percentage = 43.32
|change ={{increase}}40.72
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Samudra Bind
|votes = 2,17,457
|percentage = 21.58
|change = {{decrease}}5.60
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Lalitesh Pati Tripathi
|votes = 1,52,666
|percentage = 15.15
|change = {{increase}}7.48
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = [[Surendra Singh Patel]]
|votes = 1,08,859
|percentage = 10.80
|change = {{decrease}}19.07
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|party = [[Independent (politician)|IND.]]
|candidate = Ashok Kumar
|votes = 11,245
|percentage = 1.12
|change ={{increase}}1.12
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = 4,539
|percentage = 0.45
|change = {{increase}}0.45
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 2,19,079
|percentage = 21.74
|change ={{increase}}19.05
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 10,07,646
|percentage = 58.56
|change = {{increase}}6.43
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Apna Dal (Kamerawadi)
|loser = Samajwadi Party
|swing = {{increase}}13.45
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Mirzapur district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.indiaelections2014.info/parliament/2019/states/uttar_pradesh/mirzapur/lok_sabha_parliamentary_election_2019_results.html Mirzapur lok sabha constituency election 2019 result details]

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Uttar Pradesh}}
{{Mirzapur Division topics}}

{{Coord|25.14|82.57|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mirzapur Lok Sabha constituency}}
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Mirzapur district]]

Lalitha Kumari

2026-01-18T18:20:05Z

CandicePrenderga: created new biography added tags

{{Short description|Indian actress}}
{{About|the actress|the Indian Baptist missionary|Lalitha Kumari (pastor)|the writer|P. Lalita Kumari}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Lalitha Kumari
| image =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1969
|09|29}}<ref name="web.archive.org">[https://web.archive.org/web/20001206120300/http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/cinebio/01-07-00/prakas.htm dinakaran]. Web.archive.org. Retrieved 10 June 2014.</ref>
| birth_place = [[Chennai district|Madras]], [[Madras State]], India
| occupation = Actress
| parents = {{ubl|[[C. L. Anandan]]|Lakshmi}}
| years_active = 1987–1995
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Prakash Raj]]|1994|2009|reason=divorced}}
<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Ex-wife-comes-to-Prakash-Rajs-rescue/articleshow/7471965.cms |title=Ex-wife comes to Prakash Raj's rescue |date=11 February 2011 |accessdate=1 July 2020 |newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref>
| children = 3
| relatives = [[Disco Shanti]] (sister) [[Jai Varma]] (brother)
}}

'''Lalitha Kumari''' (born 18 May 1967) is an Indian actress who worked in Tamil films. She is the daughter of Tamil actor [[C. L. Anandan]] and the younger sister of actress [[Disco Shanti]].

==Personal life==
Lalitha Kumari married actor Prakash Raj in 1994 and the couple has two daughters and a son (who died in 2004). The couple have got divorced in 2009.<ref>{{Cite web |title=10-year-old Son's Death To Failed First Marriage, A Look At Prakash Raj's Personal Life |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/10-year-old-sons-death-to-failed-first-marriage-a-look-at-prakash-rajs-personal-life-8833699.html |access-date=2025-04-06 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

==Career life==
Lalitha Kumari starred in many movies, alongside the likes of [[Goundamani]], [[Senthil]] and other senior actors. She has also played major roles in films such as ''[[Manadhil Urudhi Vendum]]'', ''[[Pudhu Pudhu Arthangal (film)|Pudhu Pudhu Arthangal]]'', ''[[Pulan Visaranai]]'' and ''[[Sigaram]]''.<ref name="ref1">{{cite web |url=http://www.kollytalk.com/cinenews/prakash-rajs-former-wife-lalitha-kumari-returns-to-films-29173.html |title=Prakash Rajs former wife Lalitha Kumari returns to films |accessdate=9 December 2014 |publisher=kollytalk.com |archive-date=31 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141231000507/http://www.kollytalk.com/cinenews/prakash-rajs-former-wife-lalitha-kumari-returns-to-films-29173.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Lalitha Kumari has performed around 30 films and has made her mark in the Tamil film industry. In 1995, after her marriage to actor [[Prakash Raj]], Kumari left the film industry.

She made her re-entry into [[Kollywood]] and [[South Indian cinema]] in the Tamil movie ''[[Muriyadi]],''<ref name="ref2">{{cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/prakash-rajs-wife-to-act-news-tamil-kkfrpggfeeesi.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905025632/http://www.sify.com/movies/prakash-rajs-wife-to-act-news-tamil-kkfrpggfeeesi.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 September 2015 |title=Prakash Raj's wife to act! |accessdate=17 May 2018}}</ref> playing the wife of [[Sathyaraj]]'s character. However the film was, and as of July 2022 still is, shelved and delayed for unknown reasons.

==Partial filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Language !! Notes
|-
| 1987 || ''[[Manadhil Urudhi Vendum]]'' || Vasu || style="text-align:center;"|[[Tamil language|Tamil]] ||
|-
| 1988 || ''[[Veedu Manaivi Makkal]]'' || || style="text-align:center;"|Tamil ||
|-
| 1989 || ''[[Pudhu Pudhu Arthangal (film)|Pudhu Pudhu Arthangal]]'' || Jolly's wife || style="text-align:center;"|Tamil ||
|-
| 1989 || ''[[Mappillai (1989 film)|Mappillai]] '' || Dilip lover|| style="text-align:center;"|Tamil ||
|-
| 1990 || ''[[Pulan Visaranai]]'' || Kasthuri || style="text-align:center;"|Tamil ||
|-
| 1990 || ''[[Aarathi Edungadi]]'' || || style="text-align:center;"|Tamil ||
|-
| 1990 || ''[[Ulagam Pirandhadhu Enakkaga]]'' || || style="text-align:center;"|Tamil ||
|-
| 1990 || ''[[Neengalum Herothan]]'' || Rani || style="text-align:center;"|Tamil ||
|-
| 1990 || ''[[Madurai Veeran Enga Saami]]'' || || style="text-align:center;"|Tamil ||
|-
| 1990 || ''[[Pathimoonam Number Veedu]]'' || Rekha / Ghost || style="text-align:center;"|Tamil ||
|-
| 1991 || ''[[Sigaram]]'' || || style="text-align:center;"|Tamil ||
|-
| 1992 || ''[[Pokkiri Thambi]]'' || Maruthu's sister || style="text-align:center;"|Tamil ||
|-
| 1993 || ''[[Parvathi Ennai Paradi]]'' || || style="text-align:center;"|Tamil ||
|-
| 1993 || ''[[Vedan]]'' || || style="text-align:center;"|Tamil ||
|-
| 1995 || ''[[Karnaa]]'' || Chellamma || style="text-align:center;"|Tamil ||
|-
| 1995 || ''[[Marumagan]]'' || Kannamma || style="text-align:center;"|Tamil ||
|-
| 1995 || ''[[Nadodi Mannan (1995 film)|Nadodi Mannan]]'' || Kuyil Aatha || style="text-align:center;"|Tamil ||
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|id=2975840|name=Lalitha Kumari}}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.filmibeat.com/celebs/lalitha-kumari/biography.html |title=Lalitha Kumari Biography |accessdate=9 December 2014 |publisher=filmibeat.com}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kumari, Lalitha}}
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:1972 births]]

Ashok V. Desai

2026-01-08T18:15:11Z

CandicePrenderga:

{{Short description|Indian economist}}
{{for|other people with same name|Ashok Desai (disambiguation)}}
{{BLP sources|date=February 2013}}
{{Infobox economist
|name = Ashok V. Desai
|image = Desai ashok.jpg
|caption = Ashok Desai
|birth_date = 1936
|workplaces = [[Stanford University]] [[University of Oxford]] [[Delhi School of Economics]] [[University of South Pacific]] [[University of Sussex]]
|birth_place = [[India]]
|alma_mater = ([[BCom]]) [[Sydenham College of Commerce and Economics]] [[University of Mumbai]] 
([[Bachelor of Arts|B.A.]] Economics) [[King's College, Cambridge]] ([[PhD]]Economics) [[University of Cambridge]]
| doctoral_advisor = [[Phyllis Deane]]
| thesis_title =Real Wages in Germany 1871–1913
| thesis_url = https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-economic-history/article/abs/real-wages-in-germany-18711913-by-ashok-v-desai-oxford-the-clarendon-press-1968-pp-xiv-184-880/C61E356ABFF483679A937C565F960A8C
| citizenship = [[Indian people|Indian]]
|death_date =
|death_place =
|occupation = [[Professor]] [[Economist]]
}}

'''Ashok V. Desai''',<ref>{{Cite web |title= Ashok V Desai |url= https://muckrack.com/ashok-v-desai|access-date= 8 January 2026|website= Muck Rack |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title= Ashok V. Desai|url=https://theorg.com/org/asa-in/org-chart/ashok-v-desai |access-date= 8 January 2026|website= The Org|language=en}}</ref> (born 1936), is an [[Indian people|Indian]] [[economist]]. He has served as Chief Consultant in the [[Ministry of Finance (India)|Ministry of Finance]] from 1991 to 1993, and helped overcome [[India]] from [[economic crisis]] and design the early reforms.
His inputs in the reform of taxation, trade policy and financial market regulation were particularly notable. In recent years Desai has carried out major studies of the Indian information technology and telecommunications industries. In the 1980s, Desai coordinated a large survey of research on energy and environment for [[International Development Research Centre]] in [[Ottawa]].<ref>{{Cite web|title= Ashok Desai profile|url= https://theorg.com/org/asa-in/org-chart/ashok-v-desai|access-date= 8 January 2026|website= The Org|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title= Ashok Desai Independent Researcher|url=https://independent.academia.edu/AshokDesai11 |access-date= 8 January 2026|website= Academia .edu|language=en}}</ref>

==Education and Career==
He graduated from [[Sydenham College]], [[Bombay University]], with a BCom, proceeded to [[King's College, Cambridge]] for a BA in Economics where [[Nicholas Kaldor]] was his supervisor; his student contemporaries included [[Jagdish Bhagwati]] and [[Manmohan Singh]].

He received the PhD in Economics of [[Cambridge University]] in 1963 for a thesis on German economic growth before [[World War I]], titled "Real Wages in Germany 1871–1913", done under supervision of [[Phyllis Deane]].

He has been a noted economic journalist and private business consultant in India, and was also Chief Consultant in the Indian Ministry of Finance in 1991–1993 under Manmohan Singh's ministership.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/news/column-good-advisor-but-whos-listening/519391/0|title=Column : Good advisor, but who's listening?|date=21 September 2009 |publisher=The Financial Express|accessdate=17 February 2013}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304222442/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1080311/jsp/opinion/story_8992089.jsp ]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Desai, Ashok}}
[[Category:20th-century Indian economists]]
[[Category:1936 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Cambridge]]
[[Category:Indian economists]]
[[Category:Alumni of King's College, Cambridge]]
[[Category:University of Mumbai alumni]]

Palpu Pushpangadan

2025-12-23T05:32:53Z

CandicePrenderga:

{{Short description|Indian botanist (1944–2025)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Palpu Pushpangadan
| birth_date = 23 January 1944
| birth_place = [[Prakkulam]], [[Kollam]], [[Kerala]], India
| death_date = {{Death date and given age|df=yes|2025|12|19|81}}
| death_place = [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Kerala]], India
| death_cause =
| citizenship = India
| fields = Botany
| known_for = Development of ''Jeevani'' drug
| work_institutions = {{ubl|[[Tropical Botanical Garden and Research Institute]]|[[National Botanical Research Institute]]|[[Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology]]}}
| awards = [[Padma Shri]] [[Borlaug Award]] Dingra Memorial Award John W. Harshberger Medal UN-Equator Initiative Prize Ayurved Gaurav Award [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam|Dr. A P J Abdul Kalam]] Memorial -NABS -Life time achievement Award
}}
'''Palpu Pushpangadan''' (23 January 1944 – 19 December 2025) was an Indian ethnobiologist and botanist, who was a director of the [[National Botanical Research Institute]] (NBRI), [[Lucknow]]. He was also the director of the [[Tropical Botanical Garden and Research Institute]] (TBGRI), Palode, [[Kerala]].<ref name="Previous Director">{{Cite web |title=Previous Director |url=https://jntbgri.res.in/previous-director/ |access-date=2025-12-19 |website=Home - Jawaharlal Nehru Tropical Botanic Garden and Research Institute |language=en-US}}</ref>, [[Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology]] (RGCB), [[Thiruvananthapuram]] and [[Central Institute for Medicinal and Aromatic Plants]] (CIMAP), Lucknow.

A Fellow of the [[National Academy of Sciences, India]] and [[National Academy of Agricultural Sciences]],<ref name="National Academy of Agricultural Sciences">{{Cite web |title=National Academy of Agricultural Sciences |url=https://naas.org.in/detail.php?id=370 |access-date=2025-12-19 |website=naas.org.in}}</ref> He was known for the development of ''Jeevani'', a formulation developed from the medicinal plant, ''Arogyapacha'' ([[Trichopus zeylanicus]]), which was found to enhance immunity in humans and the 'TBGRI-Kani Model' of Benefit sharing. <ref name="Pushpangadan, ‘Jeevani’ pioneer who ensured tribal share in science, passes away">{{Cite web |last=IANS |date=December 19, 2025 |title=Pushpangadan, ‘Jeevani’ pioneer who ensured tribal share in science, passes away |url=https://ianslive.in/jeevani-pioneer-who-ensured-tribal-share-in-science-dr-p-pushpangadan-passes-away--20251219144633 |access-date=2025-12-20 |website=IANS News |language=en}}</ref> He received the [[Padmashri]] Award from the [[Government of India]] in 2010.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://india.gov.in/myindia/padmashri_awards_list1.php?start=40|title=Padma Shri Awardees|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=5 March 2010}}</ref>

==Life and career==
Born on 23 January 1944 at [[Prakkulam]] in [[Kollam district]] in [[Travancore]], Pushpangadan was known for his contribution to plant sciences. He was educated at SNDP High School, Neeravil (1961), [https://snckollam.ac.in/ Sree Narayana College Kollam] (1962-65), [[Aligarh Muslim University]] (1966-75) and started career at [https://iiim.res.in/herbarium/introduction.htm Regional Research Laboratory] (renamed IIIM in 2007), Jammu (1969-1990)<ref name="P. Pushpangadan, plant scientist and ethnobiologist, passes away aged 81">{{Cite news |date=December 19, 2025 |title=P. Pushpangadan, plant scientist and ethnobiologist, passes away aged 81 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/p-pushpangadan-plant-scientist-and-ethnobiologist-passes-away-aged-81/article70415997.ece |access-date=2025-12-20 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name="https://keralakaumudi.com/news/news.php?id=1667010&u=dr.-p-pushpangadan-passes-away">{{Cite web |last=Daily |first=Keralakaumudi |title=Scientist Passes Away |url=https://keralakaumudi.com/news/news.php?id=1667010&u=dr.-p-pushpangadan-passes-away |access-date=2025-12-19 |website=Keralakaumudi Daily |language=ml}}</ref> He got multidisciplinary training in [[cytogenetics]], [[plant breeding]], [[bioprospecting]], [[biotechnology]], [[conservation biology]], [[ethnobiology]], [[ethnopharmacology]] and [[pharmacognosy]].

Pushpangadan published about 515 research papers/articles in various national and international journals, authored/edited 26 books, contributed 41 chapters in books in [[taxonomy (biology)|taxonomy]], [[plant breeding]], [[conservation biology]], [[biotechnology]], [[ethnobiology]], [[ethnopharmacology]] and [[Intellectual property]], etc. Filed/Awarded 232 patents in herbal drugs/products jointly with other scientists.<ref name="Profile: Dr P Pushpangadan – Gitamritam">{{Cite web |title=Profile: Dr P Pushpangadan – Gitamritam |url=https://www.gitamritam.com/profile-palpu/ |access-date=2025-12-19 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="Palpu Pushpangadan">{{Cite web |title=Palpu Pushpangadan |url=https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=qgHdQ_sAAAAJ&hl=en |access-date=2025-12-19 |website=scholar.google.com}}</ref><ref name="Glimpses of Indian ethnopharmacology">{{Cite web |title=Glimpses of Indian ethnopharmacology |url=https://wellcomecollection.org/works/azwjfgjp |access-date=2025-12-19 |website=Wellcome Collection |language=en}}</ref><ref name="P. Pushpangadan - Semantic Scholar">{{Cite web |title=P. Pushpangadan - Semantic Scholar |url=https://www.semanticscholar.org/author/P.-Pushpangadan/4190448 |access-date=2025-12-19 |website=www.semanticscholar.org |language=en}}</ref> 15 of his patented products are already commercialized.<ref name="Dr. P. Pushpangadan passed away" /> He was a recipient of several awards and honors which include Dingra Memorial Award (1980, 1983), [[Borlaug Award]] (1998),<ref name="Borlaug Award To Go To Three Conservationists">{{Cite web |title=Borlaug Award To Go To Three Conservationists |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/specials/borlaug-award-to-go-to-three-conservationists-198032801103_1.html |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20230906062129/https://www.business-standard.com/article/specials/borlaug-award-to-go-to-three-conservationists-198032801103_1.html |archive-date=2023-09-06 |access-date=2025-12-19 |website=www.business-standard.com |language=en-US}}</ref> John W. Harshberger Medal (2001), UN-Equator Initiative Prize (2002), Ayurved Gaurav Award (2009), and [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam|Dr. A P J Abdul Kalam]] Memorial -NABS -Life time achievement award (2020).<ref name="National Academy of Agricultural Sciences" />

Pushpangadan died on 19 December 2025, at the age of 81.<ref name="Dr. P. Pushpangadan passed away">{{Cite web |date=December 19, 2025 |title=Dr. P. Pushpangadan passed away |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/environment/news/dr-p-pushpangadan-passes-away-ethnobotanist-w8geaqyq |access-date=2025-12-19 |website=@mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref>
==Eponymy==
''Garcinia pushpangadaniana'' T.Sabu, N.Mohanan, Krishnaraj & Shareef (Clusiaceae), ''Heptapleurum pushpangadanii'' (Chakrab.) G.M.Plunkett & Lowry (Araliaceae), ''Ischaemum pushpangadanii'' Ravi, N.Mohanan & Kiran Raj (Poaceae), ''Meliola pushpangadanii'' Hosag. & T.K.Abraham (Meliolaceae), ''Myristica pushpangadaniana'' M.G.Govind & Dan ex Kottaim.(Myristicaceae), ''Pedicularis pushpangadanii'' T.Husain & Arti Garg (Orobanchaceae), ''Schefflera pushpangadanii'' Chakrab. (Araliaceae),<ref>{{cite web |title=Binomials in honor of Dr Palpu Pushpangadan |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/results?q=pushpangadanii |website=POWO |access-date=20 December 2025}}</ref>

{{botanist|Pushp.}}
==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{official website|http://drpalpupushpangadan.com/profile.php}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081120224007/http://www.nbri-lko.org/director%20data/index5.htm P. Pushpangadan Model of benefit sharing]
* [http://www.goodnewsindia.com/index.php/Supplement/article/285/ A model to fight bio-piracy]
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20081204121002/http://infochangeindia.org/2002100354/Agriculture/Changemaker/Kani-tribals-reap-financial-benefits-from-wonderdrug-Jeevani.html Kani tribals reap financial benefits from wonderdrug Jeevani]}}
* [http://www.nbri-lko.org/director%20data/index5.htm P. Pushpangadan Model of benefit sharing]

{{2000s Padma Shri Award Recipients in Science & Engineering}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pushpangadan, Palpu}}
[[Category:1944 births]]
[[Category:2025 deaths]]
[[Category:Malayali people]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in science & engineering]]
[[Category:Scientists from Kollam]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian botanists]]
[[Category:Indian agriculturalists]]
[[Category:Indian geneticists]]
[[Category:Cytogenetics]]
[[Category:Fellows of the National Academy of Agricultural Sciences]]
[[Category:Fellows of the National Academy of Sciences, India]]

Dev Agarwal

2025-12-11T20:22:45Z

CandicePrenderga:

{{Short description|Indian cinematographer and director}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Dev Agarwal
| image = Dev Agarwal.jpg
| caption = Dev Agarwal filming CITYLIGHTS
| birth_date = {{birth date text |1984}}
| birth_place = [[Kolkata, West Bengal]], [[India]]
| alma_mater = [[Film and Television Institute of India]], [[Pune]]
| occupation = [[Cinematographer]], [[Director of Photography]]
| known_for = ''[[CityLights (2014 film)|CityLights]]'' ''[[Bollywood Diaries]]'' ''Ghamasaan'' ''Vatarani'' ''Bakra Kriket''
| years active = 2010 - present
| website = {{URL|https://www.devagarwaldp.com}}
| employer =
}}

'''Dev Agarwal''' is an Indian [[cinematographer]] based in [[Mumbai]].<ref name="wica2">{{cite web|url=http://www.wica.in/dev-agarwal-in-a-chat-with-a-cinematographer/|title=Dev Agarwal : In A Chat With A Cinematographer | Western India Cinematographers Association|website=wica.in|date=20 April 2018 |accessdate=2019-09-27}}</ref><ref name="tibetbureau">{{cite web|url=https://tibetbureau.in/the-foundation-for-universal-responsibility/|title=The Foundation for Universal Responsibility | Bureau of His Holiness the Dalai Lama |website=tibetbureau.in|accessdate=2019-09-27}}</ref> An alumnus of the [[Film and Television Institute of India]] (FTII), his work spans feature films, documentaries, shorts, advertising, and corporate films. He is best known for his cinematography in ''[[CityLights (2014 film)|CityLights]]'' directed by [[Hansal Mehta]] and starring [[Rajkummar Rao]]<ref name="jagran.com">{{cite web |title=सिटी लाइट फिल्म के सिनमेटोग्राफर देव अग्रवाल ने सिखाए फोटोग्राफी के गुर - |url=https://www.jagran.com/haryana/rohtak-city-light-film-cinematographer-dev-agarwal-taught-tricks-of-photography-19086087.html |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref> and ''GHAMASAAN'' directed by [[Tigmanshu Dhulia]] starring [[Pratik Gandhi]] & [[Arshad Warsi]].<ref>{{cite web |title=tt33744610 |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt33744610/ |website=IMDb |access-date=2 October 2025}}</ref> He directed the documentary film ''Moved by Love'', which was screened at Cannes film festival.<ref name="jamuura">{{cite web|url=http://www.jamuura.com/blog/41-indian-films-in-the-cannes-short-film-corner-this-year/|website=jamuura.com|title=Jamuura Blog|accessdate=2019-08-29|archive-date=29 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190829103333/http://www.jamuura.com/blog/41-indian-films-in-the-cannes-short-film-corner-this-year/|url-status=dead}}</ref> He was nominated for his work in the international feature film ''[[Invasion 1897]]'' at BON awards in West Africa for best cinematography.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://nigerianentertainment.com/2015/12/14/2015-best-of-nollywood-bon-awards-full-list-of-winners/|title=2015 BON Awards -Best of Nollywood Full List of Winners|date=13 December 2015}}</ref><ref name="Bon Awards">{{Cite web |url=http://www.bonawards.com/ |title=Bon Awards |access-date=27 November 2019 |archive-date=13 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201013002045/https://www.bonawards.com// |url-status=dead }}</ref> He filmed an advertising campaign for Manforce Condoms "Shut The Phone Up 3"<ref>Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211208/em6Uem8bx8w Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20191123002149/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=em6Uem8bx8w&feature=youtu.be Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{cite AV media| url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=em6Uem8bx8w&t=25s/| title = Manforce Condoms {{!}} Shut The Phone Up 3 | website=[[YouTube]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> which won two golds in the Foxglove advertising awards.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.afaqs.com/news/advertising/40-golds-won-at-foxglove-awards-2020/|title = 39 golds won at Foxglove Awards 2020| date=20 August 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://foxgloveawards.com/winners-award-table.html |title=Winners Table | Foxglove Awards 2020 |access-date=2020-08-23 |archive-date=2020-08-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200823191654/https://foxgloveawards.com/winners-award-table.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Dev’s recent work includes Tigmanshu Dhulia’s biopic Ghamasaan, starring [[Pratik Gandhi]] and [[Arshad Warsi]], which premiered at the MAMI International Film Festival to strong acclaim. His upcoming projects include the Telugu feature film Vaitarani starring [[Rashmi Gautam]] and the Hindi feature Bakra Kriket starring [[Prit Kamani]] & [[Swanand Kirkire]].

== Early life and education ==
Dev Agarwal was born in 1984 in [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], India. Growing up in a city rich in cultural heritage, he was exposed to visual arts, theatre, and cinema from an early age, which significantly influenced his later work as a cinematographer.
Agarwal pursued his undergraduate studies in [[Mass Communication]] and [[Film Studies]] at [[St. Xavier's College, Kolkata]]. During this time, he began assisting renowned filmmakers such as [[Govind Nihalani]] and [[Anik Dutta]], gaining practical experience in the industry. He further honed his skills by obtaining a diploma in photography from the Society of Photographers, Kolkata.
He then attended the Film and Television Institute of India (FTII), Pune, where he completed his postgraduate training in cinematography. At FTII, Agarwal received formal grounding in both technical practice and visual theory, shaping his approach to cinematography.
Agarwal's visual philosophy is influenced by a diverse range of filmmakers and artists. He draws inspiration from the painterly use of light and color by [[Vittorio Storaro]], the humanist realism of [[Satyajit Ray]], and the socio-political imagery of [[Ritwik Ghatak]] and [[Mrinal Sen]]. Additionally, he finds influence in Italian neorealism, particularly Vittorio De Sica's [[Bicycle Thieves]], and the visual storytelling of Charlie Chaplin's The Gold Rush. Beyond cinema, Agarwal has acknowledged the impact of impressionist painters such as Claude Monet on his sensitivity to natural light and tonal gradation.<ref name="wica">{{cite web|url=http://www.wica.in/dev-agarwal-in-a-chat-with-a-cinematographer/|title=Dev Agarwal : In A Chat With A Cinematographer | Western India Cinematographers Association|website=wica.in|date=20 April 2018 |accessdate=2019-08-29}}</ref>

==Career==

After completing his education, Dev Agarwal began working as a cinematographer on travel documentaries, which took him to various countries across Southeast Asia and beyond. His early documentary work includes Unheard Voices, which focused on the experiences of Tibetan refugees and was screened at multiple film festivals. Another notable documentary, Moved by Love (2015), explored the welfare of abandoned donkeys and was screened at the Cannes Court Métrage section of the Cannes Film Festival. .<ref name="jamuura"/>
Agarwal made his feature film debut as cinematographer with [[CityLights (2014 film)|CityLights]] (2014),<ref name="jagran.com"/> directed by [[Hansal Mehta]] and starring [[Rajkummar Rao]]. The film, a remake of the BAFTA-nominated British film Metro Manila, received critical acclaim for its storytelling and performances. Critics highlighted Agarwal’s cinematography for its naturalistic lighting, immersive framing, and emotional resonance.
He later worked on the international historical drama Invasion 1897 (2014), which earned him a nomination for Best Cinematography at West Africa’s BON Awards. .<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://nigerianentertainment.com/2015/12/14/2015-best-of-nollywood-bon-awards-full-list-of-winners/|title=2015 BON Awards -Best of Nollywood Full List of Winners|date=13 December 2015}}</ref><ref name="Bon Awards"/> In addition to feature films, Agarwal has shot advertising campaigns, including the Manforce Condoms campaign Shut The Phone Up 3, which won two Golds at the Foxglove Advertising Awards. .<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.afaqs.com/news/advertising/40-golds-won-at-foxglove-awards-2020/|title = 39 golds won at Foxglove Awards 2020| date=20 August 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://foxgloveawards.com/winners-award-table.html |title=Winners Table | Foxglove Awards 2020 |access-date=2020-08-23 |archive-date=2020-08-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200823191654/https://foxgloveawards.com/winners-award-table.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
Known for his versatile approach, Agarwal adapts his cinematographic style to the narrative requirements of each project, balancing naturalism with lyrical visual composition. His recent work includes Tigmanshu Dhulia’s biopic Ghamasaan, starring [[Pratik Gandhi]] and [[Arshad Warsi]], which premiered at the MAMI International Film Festival. Upcoming projects include the Telugu feature Vaitarni, starring [[Rashmi Gautam]], and Bakra Kriket, produced by [[Harman Baweja]].

==Selected filmography==
{| class="wikitable"
|+Key
| style="background:#ffc;"| {{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}
| Denotes projects that have not yet been released
|}

===Feature film===
{| class="wikitable"
! Year
! Title
! Director
! Artists
|-
| 2014
| ''[[CityLights (2014 film)|CityLights]]''
| [[Hansal Mehta]]
|[[Rajkummar Rao]] & [[Patralekha]]
|-
|2014
| ''[[Invasion 1897]]''
| [[Lancelot Oduwa Imasuen]]
| Mike Omoregbee & [[Charles Venn]]
|-
|2016
| ''[[Bollywood Diaries]]''
| K.D.SATYAM
|[[Ashish Vidyarthi]]&[[Raima Sen]]
|-
| 2022
| ''[[Masoom Sawaal]]''
| Santosh Upadhyay
|[[Nitanshi Goel]] & [[Ekavali Khanna]]
|-
| 2024
| ''One Last Time''
| Mohinder Pratap Singh
|[[Amitosh Nagpal]] & [[Boloram Das]]
|-
| 2026
| {{Pending film|''Ghamasaan''}}
| [[Tigmanshu Dhulia]]
|[[Pratik Gandhi]] & [[Arshad Warsi]]
|-
| 2026
| {{Pending film|''Vaitarani''}}
| Akhil Babu
|[[Rashmi Gautam]] & Pradeep Rudra
|-
| 2026
| {{Pending film|''Bakra Kriket''}}
| Rohandeep Singh Bhist
|[[Swanand Kirkire]] & [[Prit Kamani]]
|-
|}

'''Additional Cinematography'''
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Director
! Credit
|-
| 2014
| ''[[Tubelight (2017 Hindi film)|Tubelight]]''
| [[Kabir Khan (director)|Kabir Khan]]
| second unit cinematography
|-
| 2019
| ''Criminal Justice Season 1 (Indian TV series)''
| [[Tigmanshu Dhulia]]
| additional cinematography
|}

'''Documentary film'''
{| class="wikitable"
! Year
! Title
! Director
|-
| 2012
| Unheard Voices and notes to myself
| Dev Agarwal
|-
| 2014
| Light from many lamps: beyond the last rainbow
| Dev Agarwal
|-
| 2015
| Everest: the other side of belief
| Dev Agarwal
|-
| 2015
| Moved by love
| Dev Agarwal
|-
| 2025
| Riderboy
| Mohinder Pratap Singh
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|id=5070495|name=Dev Agarwal}}
*[http://devagarwaldp.com/ Dev Agarwal Website ]
*[https://www.instagram.com/devagarwal_dp/ Dev Agarwal INSTAGRAM ]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F1AkW_UQ3A8&t=4s/ Dev Agarwal INTERVIEW ]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Agarwal, Dev}}
[[Category:1984 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian cinematographers]]
[[Category:Film and Television Institute of India alumni]]
[[Category:St. Xavier's College, Kolkata alumni]]
[[Category:Indian documentary film directors]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian photographers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian photographers]]
[[Category:Cinematographers from West Bengal]]

Ashlesha Thakur

2025-12-07T05:48:55Z

CandicePrenderga: Revised and enhanced article content

{{Short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Ashlesha Thakur
| image =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]]
| occupation = {{hlist|Actress|model}}
| years_active = 2017-present
}}
'''Ashlesha Thakur''' is an Indian actress and model. She is best known for playing the role of Dhriti Tiwari, daughter of Srikant Tiwari (played by [[Manoj Bajpai|Manoj Bajpayee]]) in the Hindi web series, ''[[The Family Man (Indian TV series)|The Family Man]]''.<ref>Handoo, Ritika. 2021. "The Family Man Actress Ashlesha Thakur Aka Dhriti Says Kissing Scene Was No Fun and She Has a Lot of Rishtas in Her DMs!" Zee News, 10 July 2021. Accessed 9 September 2023. https://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/web-series/the-family-man-actress-ashlesha-thakur-aka-dhriti-says-kissing-scene-was-no-fun-and-she-has-a-lot-of-rishtas-in-her-dms-2375296.html.</ref>

== Career ==
In 2017, Thakur started acting with a role in the TV show ''[[Shakti - Astitva Ke Ehsaas Ki]]'' on [[Colors TV]]. In the same year, she worked in the Hindi movie ''[[Jeena Isi Ka Naam Hai]]''. She also acted in movies like ''[[Pagglait]]'' and web series like ''Sarvam Shakthi Mayam'', ''[[Gutar Gu]]'', and ''Gupt Gyaan''.

She gained recognition for her role as Dhriti Tiwari, the daughter of [[Manoj Bajpayee]] and [[Priyamani]], in the web series ''[[The Family Man (Indian TV series)|The Family Man]]''. Recently in 2023, she did a film called ''[[Jawan (film)|Jawan]]'', in which she played the role of Kalee Gaikwad's daughter named Alia, where Kalee was played by [[Vijay Sethupathi]]. In the same year, she played the titular character in a [[Telugu-language]] film ''Shanthala'', thus making her debut in [[Telugu cinema|Tollywood]]. The film was released on 15 December 2023.

She has also done ads for brands like [[Himalaya Herbals|Himalaya]], Kissan, [[Cadbury]], [[Reliance Fresh]], [[Amazon (company)|Amazon]], [[Swiggy]], [[Samsung]], and [[Larsen & Toubro|L&T]].

== Personal life ==
The popularity of ''[[The Family Man (Indian TV series)|The Family Man]]'' series brought Thakur into the limelight, and led to a significant rise in her social media following.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-07-10 |editor-last=Handoo |editor-first=Ritika |title=The Family Man actress Ashlesha Thakur aka Dhriti says 'kissing scene was no fun' and she has 'a lot of rishtas' in her DMs! |url=https://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/web-series/the-family-man-actress-ashlesha-thakur-aka-dhriti-says-kissing-scene-was-no-fun-and-she-has-a-lot-of-rishtas-in-her-dms-2375296.html |access-date=2023-04-30 |website=[[Zee News]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Filmography ==

=== Films ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
! scope="col" |Year
! scope="col" |Title
! scope="col" |Role
! scope="col" |Language
! scope="col" |Notes
|-
|2017
|''[[Jeena Isi Ka Naam Hai (film)|Jeena Isi Ka Naam Hai]]''
|{{Unknown}}
|rowspan="4"|[[Hindi Language| Hindi]]
|
|-
|2017
|''[[Badrinath Ki Dulhania]]''
|Young girl in school
|
|-
|2021
|''[[Pagglait]]''
|Aditi Giri
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|2023
|''[[Jawan (film)|Jawan]]''
|Alia Gaikwad
|
|-
|''Shantala''
|Shantala
|[[Telugu Language |Telugu]]
|Tollywood debut
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable wiki table"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Language
!Channel
!Notes
!{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
|2017
|''[[Shakti - Astitva Ke Ehsaas Ki|Shakti: Astitva Ke Ehsaas Ki]]''
|{{Unknown}}
|rowspan="5"|Hindi
|[[Colors TV]]
|61 episodes
|<ref>Aajtak.In. (8 June 2021). Ashlesha Thakur Filmography. आज तक. Retrieved 13 September 2023, from https://www.aajtak.in/entertainment/news/photo/ashlesha-thakur-actress-the-family-man-2-drishti-manoj-bajpayee-daughter-cadbury-ad-pagglait-tmov-1268522-2021-06-08</ref>
|-
|2019-Present
|''[[The Family Man (Indian TV series)|The Family Man]]''
|Dhriti Tiwari
|[[Amazon Prime Video]]
|
|
|-
|2021
|''Gupt Gyaan''
|Ritu
|rowspan="2"|[[Amazon Mini TV]]
|Short Film
|<ref>Jha, L. (19 November 2021). Amazon miniTV premieres new short film ‘Gupt Gyaan’ | Mint. Mint. Retrieved 13 September 2023, from https://www.livemint.com/industry/media/amazon-minitv-premieres-new-short-film-gupt-gyaan-11637297003764.html</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2"|2023
|''[[Gutar Gu]]''
|Ritu Chauhan
|season 1,2,3
|
|-
|''Sarvam Sakthi Mayam''
|Revathi
|[[ZEE5]]
|
|
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|id=nm10487216}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Thakur, Ashlesha}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]

Radha Raman Temple, Vrindavan

2025-11-05T06:44:12Z

CandicePrenderga: added initial location from scratch

{{Short description|Hindu temple dedicated to combined form of Radha Krishna in Vrindavan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Radha Raman Temple
| image = Radha Raman Temple 2.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Entrance of Radha Raman Temple, Vrindavan
| native_name = श्री राधारमण मन्दिर
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| district = [[Mathura]]
| locale = [[Vrindavan]]
| elevation_m = 169.77
| deity = [[Radha Ramana]]
| festivals =
| architecture = [[Rajasthani architecture|Rajasthani]]
| temple_quantity =
| monument_quantity =
| inscriptions =
| year_completed = c. 1542 CE
| creator = [[Gopala Bhatta Goswami]]
| website = {{URL|http://www.radharamanmandir.com/}}
| map_type = India Uttar Pradesh
| map_type_alt =
| map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|27|35|7.335|N|77|41|55.56|E|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
}}
{{Vaishnavism}}

'''Sri Radha Raman Temple''', is a [[Hindu]] temple situated in [[Vrindavan]], [[India]]. It is dedicated to [[Krishna]] who is worshiped as [[Radha Ramana]]. This temple is counted as one of the Seven most revered ancient temples of Vrindavan along with [[Radha Vallabh Temple, Vrindavan|Radha Vallabh Temple]], [[Radha Damodar Temple, Vrindavan|Radha Damodar Temple]], [[Radha Madan Mohan Temple, Vrindavan|Radha Madanmohan Temple]], Radha Govindji Temple, Radha Shyamsundar Temple and Radha Gokulnandan Temple. The temple houses the original [[Shaligram]] deity of Krishna alongside goddess [[Radha]].<ref>http://www.salagram.net/sstp-RadhaRamanVrindavan.html The history of Sri Radha Raman Temple</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Anand |first=D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EsvSwdUgQYcC&q=radha+purana |title=Krishna: The Living God of Braj |date=1992 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn=978-81-7017-280-2 |pages=103 |language=en}}</ref>

==History of the temple==
Radha Raman means the lover (''ramana'') of Sri Radha. The temple was established over 500 years ago by [[Gopala Bhatta Goswami]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.radharaman.org/|title=Home|work=Sri Radha Raman|access-date=2017-06-09|language=en}}</ref> At the age of thirty, Gopala Bhatta Gosvami came to Vrindavana. After [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu]]'s disappearance, Gopala Bhatta Gosvami felt intense separation from the Lord. To relieve his devotee from the pangs of separation, the Lord instructed Gopala Bhatta in a dream "If you want My Darshan then make a trip to Nepal".

In [[Nepal]], Gopala Bhatta bathed in the famous [[Kali-Gandaki River]]. Upon dipping his waterpot in the river, he was surprised to see several [[Shaligrama]] ''Shilas'' enter his pot. He dropped the ''Shilas'' back into the river, but the S''hilas'' re-entered his pot when he refilled it.

[[File:Radha Raman Temple, Vrindavan.jpg|thumb|left|220px|Deity at Radha Raman Temple, Vrindavan.]]
[[Gopala Bhatta Gosvami]] found twelve Shaligrama S''hilas''. It is believed that once a wealthy man came to Vrindavan and offered Gopala Bhatta a variety of clothes and ornaments for his Shaligramas in charity. However, Gopala Bhatta couldn't use these for his round-shaped Shaligramas. He advised the donor to give the deity decorations to someone else. It is believed that the donor refused to take them back and Gopala Bhatta kept the clothes and ornaments with his shilas.

On the [[Full Moon|Purnima]] (full moon) day, in the evening after offering [[naivedhya]] to his Shaligrama S''hilas'', Gopala Bhatta put them to rest covering Them with a wicker basket. Late in the night, Gopala Bhatta took a little rest. in the early morning he went to take bath in the Yamuna river. Returning from his bath, he uncovered the Shaligramas in order to render [[puja (Hinduism)|puja]], and saw amongst them a Deity of Krishna playing the flute. There were now only eleven S''hilas'' and a Deity. The "Damodara shila" had manifested as the beautiful three-fold bending form of ''Tri-Bhangananda-Krishna''. In this way Radha Raman emerged in a perfectly shaped deity form from a sacred Shaligrama ''Shila''.<ref name="Hawley">{{cite book
|author=Hawley, John C.
|title=At Play with Krishna: Pilgrimage Dramas From Brindavan
|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Pub
|year=1992
|pages= 4–5
|isbn=81-208-0945-9
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NHdZH-d2xM4C&pg=PA4
}}</ref> Devotees consider this image to be alive and that he grants a chosen family the privilege of assisting him in his daily schedule.<ref name="Hawley"/> In this way "the Lord has granted his wish and the stone was turned into the [[murti]] of Sri Krishna".<ref name="isbn81-7017-280-2">{{cite book
|author=D. Anand
|title=Krishna: The Living God of Braj
|publisher=Abhinav Pubns
|year=1992
|page=162
|isbn=81-7017-280-2
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EsvSwdUgQYcC&pg=RA1-PA162
}}</ref> As a narrative account of actualized Krishna-[[bhakti]], Radharamana's appearance story highlights the divine-human relationship of love as the ontologically central category of ultimate reality.<ref>{{cite book
|author=Valpey, Kenneth Russell
|title=Attending Kṛṣṇa's image: Caitanya Vaiṣṇava mūrti-sevā as devotional truth
|publisher=Routledge
| location =New York
|year=2006
|isbn=0-415-38394-3
|url=https://www.amazon.com/gp/reader/0415383943
}}p.53</ref>

The [[Prasad (food offering)|Prasad]] for Shri Radha Raman Ji is prepared by the male members of the Goswami families in the temple kitchen. The fire in the kitchen lit in early days of the temple still continues today. The Goswami families are allotted a calendar in advance for their personal ''seva'' (service) period and they perform ''seva'' accordingly. They also invite their disciples during their period and celebrate major family functions and ceremonies.

Inside the temple complex, the ''samadhi'' of Srila Gopal Bhatta Goswami is also situated. There the rarely available ''Unag vastra'' of Sri Chaitanya Mahaprabhu is kept.

<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://rfp.org/shrivatsa-goswami/|title=Shrivatsa Goswami|website=rfp.org|access-date=2020-03-03|language=en}}{{Dead link|date=January 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://interfaithharmonyweek.info/speakers/139-acharya-shri-shrivatsa-goswami.html|title=Hinduism, Interfaith Dialogue, and Cooperation|website=interfaithharmonyweek.info|access-date=2020-03-03|language=en|archive-date=20 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240920114407/https://interfaithharmonyweek.info/speakers/139-acharya-shri-shrivatsa-goswami.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=K.H |first=Team |date=2024-08-06 |title=श्री राधा रमण मंदिर: वृन्दावन का पवित्र तीर्थस्थल {{!}} जानें इसके इतिहास और महत्व - खबर हरतरफ |url=https://khabarhartaraf.in/spirituality/shri-radha-raman-temple-the-holy-pilgrimage-site-of-vrindavan-know-its-history-and-importance/ |access-date=2024-08-09 |language=en-US}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Radha-vallabha]]
*[[Krishna Balaram Mandir]]
*[[Prem Mandir Vrindavan]]
*[[Nidhivan, Vrindavan]]
*[[Vrindavan Chandrodaya Mandir]]
*[[Bankey Bihari Temple|Banke Bihari Temple]]
*[[Radha Rani Temple]]
*[[Govind Dev Ji Temple]]
*[[Radha Damodar Temple, Vrindavan]]
*[[Radha Madan Mohan Temple, Vrindavan]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Krishna}}
{{Hindu temples in Uttar Pradesh |state=expanded}}

[[Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1542]]
[[Category:16th-century Hindu temples]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Mathura district]]
[[Category:Radha Krishna temples]]
[[Category:Krishna temples]]
[[Category:Gaudiya Vaishnavism]]
[[Category:Vrindavan]]
[[Category:Religious buildings and structures completed in 1542]]
[[Category:1542 establishments in India]]

List of Monuments of National Importance in Manipur

2025-10-18T02:58:23Z

CandicePrenderga:

{{Short description|none}}
{{refimprove|date=September 2012}}

This is a list of [[Monument of National Importance|Monuments of National Importance]] (ASI) as officially recognized by and available through the website of the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] in the [[India]]n state [[Manipur]].<ref name="ASI MNI">[http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_alphalist.asp List of Monuments of National Importance as published by the Archaeological Survey of India] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140627005558/http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_alphalist.asp |date=2014-06-27 }}.</ref> The monument identifier is a combination of the abbreviation of the subdivision of the list (state, ASI circle) and the numbering as published on the website of the ASI. 1 Monument of National Importance have been recognized by the ASI in Manipur.

 
{{ASI Monument header|state_iso=IN-MN}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-MN-1
| description =Temple of Vishnu
| location =Bishenpur
| address =
| district =Bishnupur
| lat = 24.62017
| lon = 93.75985
| image = Vishnu temple, Bishnupur 02.jpg
| commonscat = Vishnu temple, Bishnupur, Manipur
}}
|}

==See also==
{{commons category|Monuments of National Importance in Manipur}}
* [[List of Monuments of National Importance in India]] for other Monuments of National Importance in India
* [[List of State Protected Monuments in Manipur]]

== Footnotes and references ==
<references />

{{Monuments in India}}

[[Category:Lists of Monuments of National Importance (India)|Manipur]]
[[Category:Monuments and memorials in Manipur|Monuments of National Importance]]
[[Category:Manipur-related lists|Monuments of National Importance]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Manipur]]

Prosun Kumar Ghosh

2025-07-17T00:32:13Z

CandicePrenderga: added initial biography and citations

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
'''Prosun Kumar Ghosh''' (died 1972) was an Indian politician from [[West Bengal]], belonging to the [[Indian National Congress]]. He was a local leader of the Congress Party in the South 24 Parganas. He was elected to the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]] in 1972, but died just a few weeks after being elected.

==Biography==
Ghosh graduated from the [[Scottish Church College]] in [[Calcutta]].<ref name=obi/> He served as the chairman of the [[Jaynagar Majilpur Municipality|Joynagar Majilpur Municipality]]<ref name=obi/> He was the Joint Secretary of the 24 Parganas District Congress Committee, and after bifurcation of the Congress Party District organisation, he became the chairman of the South 24 Parganas Congress District Committee. He was active in many social organisations.<ref name=obi/>

The Congress Party fielded Ghosh as its candidate for the [[Jaynagar Assembly constituency|Joynagar seat]] in the [[1971 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]], confronting the incumbent [[Socialist Unity Centre of India]] legislator [[Subodh Banarjee|Subodh Banerjee]]. Banerjee retained the seat, with Ghosh finishing in second place with 23,656 votes (40.76%%).<ref>Election Commission of India. ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20140718182727/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_WB_71.pdf STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1971 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF WEST BENGAL]''</ref> Ghosh again stood as the Congress Party candidate for the Joynagar seat in the [[1972 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|March 11, 1972 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]], this time defeating Banerjee having obtained 29,675 votes (51.60%).<ref>Election Commission of India. ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20140404195120/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_WB_72.pdf STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1972 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF WEST BENGAL]''</ref>

Ghosh died on 19 April 1972, shortly after the election.<ref name=obi>''[https://books.google.at/books?id=YmWjlBQVVA0C Assembly Proceedings; Official Report, Vol. 52, Issues 1-2]''. West Bengal Legislative Assembly. West Bengal Government Press, 1972. p. 379</ref> A by-election was held for the Joynagar assembly seat on 6 June 1972, which was won by Congress Party candidate Nirad Kumar Saha.<ref name=who>''[https://books.google.at/books?newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&id=I78yAAAAMAAJ Who's who 1972: General Election, March 1972]''. West Bengal Legislative Assembly Secretariat, 1974. p. 63</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ghosh, Prosun}}
[[Category:1972 deaths]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 1972–1977]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:People from Jaynagar Majilpur]]
[[Category:Scottish Church College alumni]]

Mohan Lal Kureel

2025-05-18T16:37:02Z

CandicePrenderga: improve layout and fixed typos for consistency

{{Short description|British Indian Army officer}}
{{more citations needed|date=October 2019}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date = August 2019}}

{{Infobox person
| name = Mohan Lal Kureel
| birth_date = {{Birth date |1910|01|01|df=yes}}
| birth_place = Purwa, [[Unnao]], [[British State of Oudh]], [[British India]] (now in [[Unnao District]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India)
| death_date = {{Death date |1980|12|12|df=yes}}
|death_place = [[Lucknow]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India
| other_names =
| organization = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| relatives = Piare Lal Talib Unnavi (brother)
}}

'''Mohan Lal Kureel''' was a [[British Indian Army]] officer who served in [[The Chamar Regiment]] and later an [[Indian National Congress]] politician in the Indian state of [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/sc-commission-asks-defence-secretary-why-chamar-regiment-shouldnt-be-reinstated-1355131.html|title=SC Commission Asks Defence Secretary Why 'Chamar Regiment' Shouldn't be reinstated|website=News18|access-date=2019-08-31}}</ref>

== Life ==
In 1942, Kureel enlisted with the post of [[captain]] in the British Indian Army at the time that the [[Chamar Regiment]] was commissioned. In mid-1944, he accompanied his battalion to take part in the [[Burma campaign 1944–45|Burma Campaign]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/delhi/story-of-chamar-regiment-army-day-british-army-ina-dlop-1654131.html|title=चमार रेजीमेंट ने क्यों किया था ब्रिटिश आर्मी और अंग्रेजों से विद्रोह...!|date=2019-01-15|website=News18 India|language=hi|access-date=2019-08-31}}</ref> There he learned that the [[British Indian Army]] was plotting against the [[Indian National Army]]. He joined with comrades to rebel against the [[British Indian Army]]. Kureel was arrested and declared a [[Prisoner of War]]. While Kureel was in prison he joined the INA. Kureel also fought against the British in Singapore under Netaji.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kaul |first=Vimla |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gScKAQAAIAAJ&q=captain+mohan+lal+kureel |title=India Since Independence: Chronology of Events |date=1978 |publisher=Sagar Publications |language=en}}</ref>

==Politics==
Kureel was freed from prison following the [[Independence of India]] at which time he became an Activist and social worker. In 1952, he was elected by the Safipur Constituency to run in the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly elections. After winning the election, Kureel became a member of the [[Indian National Congress]]. He was elected by the [[Safipur (Assembly constituency)|Safipur constituency]] in the [[1952 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]s.{{citation needed|date=September 2019}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 1952–1957]]
[[Category:1910 births]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:1980 deaths]]

People's Anti-Fascist Front

2025-04-27T04:04:32Z

CandicePrenderga: added new stub initial version

{{Short description|Kashmir militant group}}
{{pp-protect|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox War Faction
| name = People's Anti-Fascist Front
| war = [[Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir]]<ref name="TRAC">{{cite web |title=People's Anti-Fascist Front (PAFF) - Jammu & Kashmir |website=Tracking Terrorism |url=https://trackingterrorism.org/group/peoples-anti-fascist-front-paff-jammu-and-kashmir/ |archive-date=4 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004180601/https://trackingterrorism.org/group/peoples-anti-fascist-front-paff-jammu-and-kashmir/ |url-status=live |url-access=subscription}}</ref>
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| active = 2020–present<ref name="TRAC"/>
| motives = Kashmiri separatism
| headquarters =
| area = [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| attacks =
| strength =
| partof =
| previous =
| next =
| status = Active
| allies =
| opponents = *[[File:Flag of India.svg|22px]] [[India]]
| designated_as_terror_group_by = *[[File:Flag of India.svg|22px]] India
| url =
}}
The '''People's Anti-Fascist Front''' ('''PAFF''') is a militant organization, designated as a terrorist group by the Indian government,<ref name="Hindu 7 Jan 2023">{{Cite news |date=7 January 2023 |title=PAFF, a proxy of JeM, declared a terrorist organisation |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/govt-bans-paff-a-proxy-outfit-of-jaish-e-mohammed/article66347897.ece }}</ref><ref name="GOI 7 Jan n2023">{{Cite web |date=7 January 2023 |title=List of Organisations Designated as 'Terrorist Organizations' under Section 35 of the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act, 1967 |website=Ministry of Home Affairs, India |url=https://www.mha.gov.in/sites/default/files/2023-01/NAMESBTORG_20012023.pdf
}}</ref><ref name="TRAC"/> actively engaged in [[insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir]], an ongoing armed conflict between Kashmiri separatist militants and Indian forces in [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. PAFF was established in 2020 by [[Jaish-e-Mohammed|Jaish-e-Mohammad]] or [[Lashkar-e-Taiba]], two Pakistan-based [[jihadist]] militant groups.<ref name="TRAC"/><ref name="Hindu 7 Jan 2023"/>

The group is responsible for killing of civilians,<ref>{{Cite web |title=PAFF twin suicide attacks in Rajouri, Jammu and Kashmir |website=Tracking Terrorism |url=https://trackingterrorism.org/chatter/paff-twin-suicide-attacks-in-rajouri-jammu-kashmir-trac/ |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=13 August 2023 |title=People's Anti-Fascist Front claims responsibility for Rajouri attack |work=ABP News |url=https://news.abplive.com/videos/crime/people-s-anti-fascist-front-claims-responsibility-for-rajouri-attack-1475887 }}</ref> several government officials,<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 October 2022 |title=Lashkar-e-Taiba's Indian offshoot, the People's Anti-Fascist Force (PAFF), has claimed responsibility for the killing of Jammu and Kashmir DGP (Prisons Department) Hemant Kumar Lohia. |work=India Today |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/j-k-prisons-dgp-hemant-kumar-lohia-murder-terror-group-paff-claims-responsibility-2008029-2022-10-04 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=4 October 2022 |title=Terror outfit PAFF claims responsibility for killing Jammu and Kashmir Police's prison chief |work=WION |url=https://www.wionews.com/india-news/india-jk-dgp-prisons-found-dead-at-friends-residence-cops-suspect-murder-522206 }}</ref><ref name="NDTV Bandipora">{{Cite web |title=2 Policemen Killed In Terror Attack In Kashmir's Bandipora District |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/2-policemen-killed-in-terror-attack-in-kashmirs-bandipora-district-2645704 |access-date=2023-04-25 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref><ref name="TRAC Nawa Kadal"/> attacking Indian forces,<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 April 2023 |title=Jaish arm PAFF claims Poonch ambush |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jammu/jaish-arm-paff-claims-poonch-ambush-with-captioned-photos/articleshow/99769210.cms }}</ref><ref name="IT Rajouri"/><ref name="TRAC Kakpora"/> radicalizing youth for recruitment and training in handling guns, ammunition and explosives.<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 January 2023 |title=PAFF, a proxy of JeM, declared a terrorist organisation |quote=Along with other organisations, the PAFF is indulging in the radicalisation of impressionable youth for recruitment and training in handling guns, ammunition and explosives. The group has also been involved in terrorism. It has committed and participated in various acts of terrorism in India, MHA said |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/govt-bans-paff-a-proxy-outfit-of-jaish-e-mohammed/article66347897.ece }}</ref>

==Description==
PAFF emerged after the 2019 removal of [[Article 370 of the Constitution of India]] by the Indian government which [[Revocation of the special status of Jammu and Kashmir|revoked the special status]] of the [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]].<ref name="IE 7 Jan 2023"/><ref name="TRAC"/>
According to ''Tracking Terrorism'', the group was started in 2020 by [[Jaish-e-Mohammed|Jaish-e-Mohammad]] or [[Lashkar-e-Taiba]].<ref name="TRAC"/>

PAFF is among several newly emerged militant groups<ref name="GOI 7 Jan n2023"/> like [[The Resistance Front]],<ref>{{Cite news |last=Iqbaal |first=Naveed |date=7 January 2023 |title=What is The Resistance Front, active in Jammu and Kashmir, recently declared a terrorist organisation |work=The Indian Express |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/what-is-the-resistance-front-recently-declared-a-terrorist-organisation-8367077/}}</ref><ref>Saptarshi Basak [https://www.thequint.com/news/india/the-resistance-front-the-invisible-let-backed-outfit-terrorising-kashmir The Resistance Front], The Quint, 11 October 2021.</ref> United Liberation Front,<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 October 2021 |title=J&K: ULF claims responsibility for 11 civilian killings |work=India TV |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/jammu-kashmir-ulf-united-liberation-front-claims-responsibility-for-civilian-killings-migrant-workers-740886 }}</ref><ref name="gnet ULF">Kabir Taneja, Khalid Shah, [https://gnet-research.org/2021/02/24/the-social-media-anatomy-of-new-radical-groups-in-kashmir/ The Social Media Anatomy of New Radical Groups in Kashmir], Global Network of Extremism & Technology, 24 February 2021.</ref> and Ghaznavi Force.<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 February 2023 |title=Properties of 3 J&K Ghaznavi Force operatives in Ramban attached |work=Hindustan Times |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/properties-of-3-j-k-ghaznavi-force-operatives-in-ramban-attached-101677259875066.html }}</ref><ref>[https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2023/feb/17/govt-bans-jammu-and-kashmir-ghaznavi-force-for-terror-acts-2548365.html Govt bans Jammu and Kashmir Ghaznavi Force for terror acts], The New Indian Express, 17 February 2023.</ref> These groups strive to appear more 'secular'<ref name="South Asian Voices">{{Cite web |last=Shah |first=Khalid |date=24 November 2021 |title=The Evolution of Homegrown Militancy in Kashmir Since August 5, 2019 |quote=Changing Militancy in Kashmir: These brands have adopted a more secularized idiom and ideology to justify their activities, emphasizing resistance against occupation, fascism and hindutva as raison d'etre instead of jihad or a religious war. |url=https://southasianvoices.org/the-evolution-of-homegrown-militancy-in-kashmir-since-august-5-2019/ |website=South Asian Voices}}</ref><ref name="IDSA">{{Cite web |last=Shukla |first=Tejusvi |date=4 July 2022 |title=Secularization of Militancy in Kashmir: Myth or Reality? "Terror Outfits and Perception Management" |url=https://www.idsa.in/issuebrief/Secularization-of-Militancy-in-Kashmir-Myth-or-Reality-tshukla-040722 |website=Manohar Parrikar Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses}}</ref> unlike their predecessor militant groups like [[Jaish-e-Mohammed]], [[Lashkar-e-Taiba]], [[Hizbul Mujahideen]], in terms of their nomenclature, logos and slogans, as well as the nature and tone of messaging and communication through their pamphlets. For instance, the names of each of the newly emergent groups depict a clear departure from Islamic nomenclature as adopted by their predecessors.<ref name="IDSA"/> The emphasis of groups like the PAFF or Lashkar-e-Taiba backed The Resistance Front<ref>Basak, Saptarchi (11 October 2021) [https://www.thequint.com/news/india/the-resistance-front-the-invisible-let-backed-outfit-terrorising-kashmir The Resistance Front: The Invisible, LeT-Backed Outfit Terrorising Kashmir], ''The Quint''</ref> on terminology such as "resistance against occupation," "fascism" and "fascist forces" stems from a desire to justify their activities using a more secular-looking messaging instead of a call for [[jihad]] against non-muslims used by their parent organisations.<ref name="South Asian Voices"/><ref name="IDSA"/><ref>{{Cite web |date=13 March 2023 |title=The "New Militancy" in Jammu and Kashmir: Contextualising the Emergent Trends: The "Secular Phase" of Militancy in J&K? |url=https://www.thedefencehorizon.org/post/militancy-jammu-kashmir-trends |website=The Defence Horizon Journal}}</ref> This change is also seen in the logos used by People's Anti-Fascist Front and other outfits.<ref name="IDSA"/>

The PAFF, along with other militant groups have engaged in a form of 'Hybrid Militancy'. A method by which ordinary citizens are recruited into the organization, and return to their normal lives after committing acts of terrorism.<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 July 2021 |title='Hybrid' militants, a new challenge for security forces in Kashmir |quote=Security forces in Kashmir are facing a new challenge on the militancy front — the presence of "hybrid" militants who are not listed as ultras but persons radicalised enough to carry out a terror strike and then slip back into the routine life. |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/hybrid-militants-a-new-challenge-for-security-forces-in-kashmir/article35139620.ece }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Shah |first=Khalid |date=24 November 2021 |title=The Evolution of Homegrown Militancy in Kashmir Since August 5, 2019 |quote=Security forces have increased pistol recoveries post-encounters, and in many cases, the slain militants were found weapon-less. While the dearth of weaponry may have come as a challenge, militants improvised tactics, leading to security forces grabbling with what they describe as "Hybrid Militancy." |url=https://southasianvoices.org/the-evolution-of-homegrown-militancy-in-kashmir-since-august-5-2019/ |website=South Asian Voices}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kapur |first=Roshni |date=17 February 2022 |title=A New Phase of Militancy in Kashmir: Challenges for India: Emergence of "Hybrid Militancy" |url=https://www.mei.edu/publications/new-phase-militancy-kashmir-challenges-india |website=Middle East Institute}}</ref>

===Designation as a terrorist group===
On 7 January 2023, India's [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]] designated PAFF as a terrorist group.<ref name="GOI 7 Jan n2023"/><ref name="IE 7 Jan 2023">{{Cite news |date=7 January 2023 |title=Jaish affiliate PAFF declared terrorist group |quote=According to a notification issued by the MHA, the PAFF emerged in 2019 as a proxy outfit of JeM, a proscribed terrorist organisation. |work=The Indian Express |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/jaish-affiliate-paff-declared-terrorist-group-8366404/ }}</ref>

==Attacks and activities==
===Attacks===
The PAFF has claimed responsibility for several attacks in Jammu and Kashmir against Indian forces.<ref name="IT Rajouri">{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/pakistan-terror-outfit-video-rajouri-suicide-fidayeen-attack-responsibility-g-20-summit-next-target-1987816-2022-08-14 |title=J&K prisons DGP death: No terror angle, CCTV shows domestic help fled crime scene, says police |quote=Pak terror outfit releases video claiming Rajouri attack responsibility, says G-20 summit next target |access-date=4 October 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/new-terror-outfit-claims-responsibility-for-poonch-attack/article37061604.ece |title=New terror outfit claims responsibility for Poonch attack |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=18 October 2021 |last1=Singh |first1=Vijaita |access-date=4 October 2022 }}</ref><ref name="TRAC Kakpora">{{Cite web |title=TRAC Incident Report: People's Anti-Fascist Front (PAFF) Militants Launch Grenades at the Police Station in Kakpora, Pulwama, Jammu and Kashmir, India & Pakistan |url=https://trackingterrorism.org/chatter/trac-incident-report-militants-launch-grenades-at-the-police-station-in-kakpora-pulwama-jammu-and-kashmir-india-pakistan-25-october-2021/ |website=TRAC}}</ref><ref name="TRAC Nawa Kadal">{{Cite web |last=Value |first=Grace |title=TRAC Incident Report: People's Anti-Fascist Front (PAFF) Injured a Police Officer During an Encounter in Nawa Kadal, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India & Pakistan |url=https://trackingterrorism.org/chatter/trac-incident-report-peoples-anti-fascist-front-paff-injured-a-police-officer-during-an-encounter-in-nawa-kadal-srinagar-jammu-and-kashmir-india-pakistan-14-november-2021/ |website=TRAC}}</ref>

===Activities===
The PAFF has utilised social media videos and posters to disseminate its messaging.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Value |first=Grace |title=People's Anti-Fascist Front (PAFF): "People's Anti Fascist Front Congratulates the Kashmiri Nation on Completion of One Month of the Ongoing Poonch Operations" |url=https://trackingterrorism.org/chatter/video-posters-peoples-anti-fascist-front-paff-peoples-anti-fascist-front-congratulates-the-kashmiri-nation-on-completion-of-one-month-of-the-ongoing-poonch-operations-11-november-2021/ |website=TRAC}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Value |first=Grace |title=(Poster) People's Anti-Fascist Front (PAFF): "The Adjustment Games Begin" |url=https://trackingterrorism.org/chatter/poster-peoples-anti-fascist-front-paff-the-adjustment-games-begin-13-november-2021/ |website=TRAC}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/defaultinterstitial.cms |title=JeM-backed terrorist outfit PAFF threatens to attack Lithium deposits in Jammu and Kashmir, saID 'will attack companies stealing our resources' |date=12 February 2023 |access-date=15 February 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Poonch Attack: JeM offshoot PAFF releases photos of army truck ambush, claims will release video too |url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/poonch-terror-attack-jem-offshoot-paff-releases-photos-of-army-truck-ambush-claims-will-release-video-too-12503382.html |access-date=25 April 2022}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Militant Islamism in South Asia}}
{{War on Terrorism}}
{{Kashmir separatist movement}}

[[Category:2020 establishments in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Organizations established in 2020]]
[[Category:Lashkar-e-Taiba]]
[[Category:Jihadist groups in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Jihadist groups in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Paramilitary organisations based in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Kashmir separatist movement]]
[[Category:Anti-Hindu violence in Kashmir]]
[[Category:Organisations designated as terrorist by India]]
[[Category:Organizations based in Asia designated as terrorist]]

Shareef Zandani

2025-03-13T23:24:46Z

CandicePrenderga: Adding

{{Short description|Indian Sufi Saint}}
{{More citations needed|date=November 2021}}
{{Infobox religious biography
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| name = Shareef Zandani
| titles =
| birth_date = {{birth year|1098}}
| birth_place =
| death_date = {{death date and age|1215|11|10|1098}}
| death_place = [[Kannauj]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India
| religion = [[Islam]]
| school = [[Hanafi]]
| order = [[Chishti Order]]
| influences = [[Maudood Chishti]]
| influenced = [[Usman Harooni]]
}}
'''Shareef Zandani''' (1098 – 10 November 1215), also known as '''Nooruddin''', was a [[Sufi]] saint in India. He was a successor to [[Maudood Chishti]], 13th link in the Sufi [[silsila]] of the [[Chishti Order]], and the peer of [[Usman Harooni]].<ref name="scribd">{{cite web|url=https://www.scribd.com/document/96341849/The-Mashaikh-of-Chisht-by-Shaykh-Muhammad-Zakariya-Kandhlawi|title=The Mashaikh of Chisht by Shaykh Muhammad Zakariya Kandhlawi|website=Scribd|accessdate=2020-06-04}}</ref>

He was born {{circa|1098}} in a city called Zandanah in Iraq and died on 10 November 1215. He is buried in [[Kannauj]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India.

==Spiritual Lineage==

The traditional silsila (spiritual lineage) of the Chishti order is as follows

#[[Hasan al-Basri|Al-Ḥasan al-Baṣrī]] (d. 728, an early Persian Muslim theologian)
#[[Abdul Waahid Bin Zaid|'Abdul Wāḥid Bin Zaid Abul Faḍl]] (d. 793, an early Sufi saint)
#[[Fudhail Bin Iyadh|Fuḍayll ibn 'Iyāḍ Bin Mas'ūd Bin Bishr al-Tamīmī]]
#[[Ibrahim Bin Adham|Ibrāhīm bin Adham]] (a legendary early Sufi ascetic)
#Ḥudhayfah al-Mar'ashī
#Amīnuddīn Abū Ḥubayrah al-Baṣrī
#Mumshād Dīnwarī Al Alawi
#[[Abu Ishaq Shami]] chishti (d. 940, founder of the Chishti order proper)
#Abu Abdaal Chishtī
#Naseruddin Abu Muhammad Chishtī
#[[Abu Yusuf Bin Saamaan|Abu Yusuf Nasar-ud-Din Chishtī]] (d. 1067)
#[[Maudood Chishti|Qutab-ud-Din Maudood Chishtī]] (Abu Yusuf's son, d. 1139)
#Haji Sharif Zindani (d. 1215CE, 612H)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
* [http://chishtysabiree.com/saints/haji_shareef.htm Haji Shareef]. Chishtysabiree.com.

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Zandani, Shareef}}{{India-reli-bio-stub}}
[[Category:Iranian Sufi saints]]
[[Category:Chishtis]]
[[Category:Indian Sufi saints]]
[[Category:1098 births]]
[[Category:1215 deaths]]
[[Category:12th-century Indian monks]]
[[Category:12th-century Indian philosophers]]
[[Category:13th-century Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:13th-century Indian people]]
[[Category:Indian Sunni Muslim scholars of Islam]]

Gertrude Emerson Sen

2025-02-17T22:22:17Z

CandicePrenderga:

{{short description|American educator, writer, and editor}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Gertrude Emerson Sen
| image = GertrudeEmersonSen1936.png
| alt = A white woman wearing a dark cloche-style hat, with the front of the brim folded upward
| caption = Sen from a 1936 issue of ''The Indian Listener''
| birth_date = May 6, 1890
| death_date = {{death date and age|1982| | |1890|5|6|df=yes}}
| alma_mater = [[University of Chicago]]
| occupation = Educator, writer, editor
| relatives = [[Alfred E. Emerson]] (brother); [[Edith Emerson]] (sister)
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Basiswar Sen]]|1932|1971|end=d.}}
| awards = [[Padmashri]] (1976)
}}

'''Gertrude Emerson Sen''' (6 May 1890<ref name="tandon07">{{cite journal|author=B. N. Tandon|year=2007|title=Untitled <nowiki>[</nowiki>review of Nearer Heaven than Earth: The Life and Times of Boshi Sen and Gertrude Emerson Sen, by Girish Mehra<nowiki>]</nowiki>|journal=Indian Literature|publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]]|volume=51|issue=3 (239)|pages=199–203|issn=0019-5804|jstor=23340474}}</ref> – 1982) was an early 20th-century expert on [[Asia]] and a founding member of the [[Society of Woman Geographers]].

== Early life and education ==
Gertrude Emerson was the daughter of Alfred Emerson, Sr., and Alice Edwards Emerson.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|date=1932-11-07|title=Gertrude Emerson Wed in Calcutta; Author of "Voiceless India" Married to Basiswar Sen, Scientist, on Nov. 2|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1932/11/07/archives/gertrude-emerson-wed-in-calcutta-author-of-voiceless-india-married.html|access-date=2021-11-19|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Her father was an archaeologist and professor at [[Cornell University]];<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|date=1943-10-20|title=Dr. Emerson Dead; Archaeologist, 84|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1943/10/20/archives/dr-b1vibr0n-dead-archaeologist-841-former-professor-at-cornell.html|access-date=2021-11-19|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> her mother was a concert pianist.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Gertrude Emerson Sen|url=https://www.womeninexploration.org/timeline/gertrude-emerson-sen/|access-date=2021-11-19|website=Women in Exploration|language=en}}</ref> She was the sister of famed entomologist [[Alfred E. Emerson|Alfred Emerson]], and of artist [[Edith Emerson]] who served as president and curator of Philadelphia's Woodmere Art Gallery (1940–1978).<ref>{{Cite news|title=Obituary, Edith Emerson|date=November 23, 1981|work=The Philadelphia Inquirer}}</ref> Another brother, Willard, was a banker.<ref name=":2" />

Emerson graduated from the [[University of Chicago]].<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
[[File:GertrudeEmerson1920.png|alt=A young white woman dressed in a leather cap and thigh-lenght coat, wearing lettings and boots, standing in front of a brick wall with one leg bent at the knee|left|thumb|A photograph of Emerson taken by Elizabeth Buehrmann, from a 1920 publication]]
After teaching [[English language|English]] in [[Japan]],<ref>{{Cite news|date=1929-07-14|title=Globe Trottin' Lady Extraordinary|pages=7|work=The Havre Daily News|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/84279755/globe-trottin-lady-extraordinary/|access-date=2021-08-28}}</ref> Sen returned to the [[United States]] to become the associate editor of ''[[Asia (magazine)|Asia]]'' magazine in 1917.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=|last2=|date=1920|title=Asia's Expedition to the Orient|url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/012257904|journal=Asia and the Americas.|volume=20|pages=754}}</ref> In 1920, she undertook a round-the-world expedition with photographer [[Donald C. Thompson (photographer)|Donald Thompson]] which included stunt flying and caving.<ref>{{Cite news|date=1920-08-15|title=Shopping for a Year's Trip into an Asiatic Wilderness|pages=58|work=New-York Tribune|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/84221750/shopping-for-a-years-trip-into-an/|access-date=2021-08-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=1920-07-10|title=Going into Orient. Mr. and Mrs. Donald Thomson on a Historical Expedition|pages=14|work=The Topeka State Journal|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/82330278/going-into-orient-mr-and-mrs-donald/|access-date=2021-09-30}}</ref> In 1925, she was one of the founding members of the Society of Women Geographers.<ref name=":1" /> In 1926, she traveled from Beirut through the Arabian Desert and Afghanistan to India.<ref>{{Cite news|date=1926-08-10|title=Editor of Asia Sails; Gertrude Emerson to Study Village Life in Remote India|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1926/08/10/archives/editor-of-asia-sails-gertrude-emerson-to-study-village-life-in.html|access-date=2021-11-19|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> In 1941, she was named a contributing editor to ''Asia'' magazine.<ref>{{Cite news|date=1941-12-16|title=Asia Magazine Gets New Editors|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1941/12/16/archives/asia-magazine-gets-new-editors.html|access-date=2021-11-19|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

Eventually she settled in Almora in northeastern [[India]], participated in rural life, and came to love the culture of her adopted country. Her attachment is reflected in her books ''Voiceless India'' (1930),<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sen|first=Gertrude Emerson|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=74VCAAAAIAAJ|title=Voiceless India|date=1930|publisher=Doubleday, Doran, Incorporated|language=en}}</ref> ''Pageant of India's History'' (1948),<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sen|first=Gertrude Emerson|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3oVCAAAAIAAJ|title=The Pageant of India's History|date=1948|publisher=Longmans, Green|language=en}}</ref> and ''Cultural Unity of India'' (1965).<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sen|first=Gertrude Emerson|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QBFuAAAAMAAJ|title=Cultural Unity of India|date=1965|publisher=Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India|language=en}}</ref> Although not born in India herself, she strongly disapproved on the involvement of non-Indians in subcontinental matters.
She was awarded with [[Padmashri]] for literature and education in 1976 by Government of India.<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web |url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |title=Padma Awards |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |date=2015 |accessdate=21 July 2015 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |archivedate=15 October 2015}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Emerson married Indian native [[Basiswar Sen]] on November 1, 1932, in [[Kolkata|Calcutta]].<ref name=":0" /> Basiswar Sen was a scientist and one of the favorite students of legendary scientist [[Jagadish Chandra Bose]]. He was also a very close associate of [[Swami Vivekananda]], [[Sister Nivedita]]. Gertrude Emerson Sen died in 1982, aged 91 or 92. Her papers are with the Emerson family's papers at the [[New York Public Library]].<ref name=":1" />

== Sources ==

* Girish N. Mehra, ''Nearer Heaven Than Earth—The Life and Times of Boshi Sen and Gertrude Emerson Sen'', foreword by M.S. Swami. New Delhi: Rupa & Co., 2007.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* The [[National Portrait Gallery, London|National Portrait Gallery]] has [https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person/mp85081/gertrude-emerson-sen three photographs of Gertrude Emerson Sen], all taken in 1935 by [[Lady Ottoline Morrell]]

==See also==

* [[Ernestine Evans]]
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sen, Gertrude Emerson}}
[[Category:1890 births]]
[[Category:1982 deaths]]
[[Category:Members of the Society of Woman Geographers]]

Vedapureeswarar Temple

2024-11-17T20:08:21Z

CandicePrenderga: Adding

'''Vedapureeswarar Temple''' may refer to:

* [[Vedapureeswarar Temple, Cheyyar]], a temple in Cheyyar, Tiruvannamalai district, Tamil Nadu, India
* [[Vedapureeswarar Temple, Puducherry]], a temple in Puducherry, India
* [[Vedapureeswarar Temple, Therazhundur]], a temple in Therazhundur, Nagapattinam district, Tamil Nadu, India
* [[Vedapureeswarar Temple, Thiruverkadu]], a temple in Thiruverkadu, Tiruvallur district, Tamil Nadu, India
* [[Vedapuriswarar Temple, Thiruvedhikudi]], a temple in Thiruvedikudi, Thanjavur district, Tamil Nadu, India

{{disambiguation}}

Government Degree College, Doda

2024-11-05T21:13:45Z

CandicePrenderga: Redirect article

#REDIRECT [[University of Jammu]]

{{Rcat shell|
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Main Aisi Kyunn Hoon

2024-11-05T19:20:21Z

CandicePrenderga: quick refine structure for clarity additionally and corrected details

{{refimprove|date=November 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2015}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Makh serial.jpg
| caption =
| runtime = Approx. 25 minutes
| creator = Hemal Thakar
| director =
| opentheme = "Main Aisi Kyunn Hoon" by Gayatri Ganjawala,
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| network = [[Sahara One]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=yes|2007|10|8}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=yes|2008|8|22}}
| num_episodes = 235
}}
'''''Main Aisi Kyunn Hoon''''' ({{Translation|''Why I'm like this''}}) is a Hindi television serial that was shown on [[Sahara One]] channel worldwide starting from 8 October 2007 to 22 August 2008. It is based on the story of a middle-class girl Sanjana Patil, a strong-headed girl with modern outlook on life despite being born to a traditional family.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Paresh Rawal ready with Main Aisi Kyun Hoon |url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/paresh-rawal-ready-main-aisi-kyun-hoon-070929 |access-date=2024-09-20 |website=www.tellychakkar.com |language=en}}</ref> It was shown on weekdays at 8:30pm.

==Plot==
Sanjana Patil, who has imagination and a great sense of humor. She is modern in her thoughts despite being born in a middle-class joint family. Like any ordinary Indian family, Sanjana's family also pressure her to get married since she is nearing her 30s. But Sanjana has been in love with her childhood sweetheart Siddharth who is in the US, pursuing his further studies and is waiting to marry him.

Like any other love story, this story also has twist when Sanjana discovers that the man she loves (Siddharth) has been married to her boss Anuradha. Now, she is completely shattered and unable to face the reality. She wants to know to a great extent that why Siddharth broke his promise and married someone else and how she will face the man who she is in love with, who is now married to someone else.

The story takes off when caught between her modern feelings and traditional values, Sanjana refuses to move on and chooses to live in her past.

== Cast ==
* [[Nazneen Patel]] as Sanjana Patil<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 7, 2011 |title=Nazneen to play journalist in Main Aisi Kyou Hoon |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/television/news/2007/nazneen-patel-to-patil-031007.html }}</ref>
* Aamir Dalvi as Rahul Oberoi, Sanjana's fiancé
* [[Khalid Siddiqui]] as Siddharth, Anuradha's husband and Sanjana's childhood friend/love
* Anokhi Shrivastav as Anuradha, Siddharth's wife
* [[Mohan Bhandari]] as Mr Oberoi, builder
* [[Savita Prabhune]] as Pushpa, Sanjana's mother
* [[Amit Dolawat]] as Vicky Mehta, Anuradha's friend
* Vishal Puri as Vikram, Sanjana's fiancé

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20071215025822/http://www.saharaone.in/makh.asp Main Aisi Kyunn Hoon] on Sahara One

{{Sahara One Programmes}}

[[Category:2007 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Indian television soap operas]]
[[Category:Sahara One original programming]]
[[Category:2008 Indian television series endings]]

Narangi railway station

2024-07-29T02:30:48Z

CandicePrenderga: quick update

{{Short description|Railway station in Assam}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2017}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Narangi
| type = [[Indian Railways]] station
| style = Indian Railways
| image = File:Narengi Railway Station.jpg
| image_size =
| image_caption = Narangi railway station
| address = [[Chandrapur Road]], [[Birkuchi]], [[Narengi]], [[Guwahati]], [[Assam]]
| country = India
| coordinates = {{coord|26.1821|91.8333|type:railwaystation_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| map_type = Guwahati#India Assam
| map_dot_label =
| map_caption = Location in Guwahati##Location in Assam
| line =
| other = Auto stand
| elevation = {{convert|58|m|ft}}
| structure = Standard (on-ground station)
| platform = 2
| depth =
| levels =
| tracks = 4
| parking = No
| bicycle = No
| opened =
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = No
| accessible =
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = NNGE
| zone = [[Northeast Frontier Railway zone|Northeast Frontier Railways]]
| division = {{rwd|Lumding}}
}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| status = Double diesel line
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mpassengers =
}}
'''Narangi Railway Station''' is a small railway station in [[Guwahati]], [[Assam]]. Its code is '''NNGE'''. It serves the [[Narengi]] area of Guwahati City. The station consists of 2 platforms. A small local vegetable market called Kolong Par Bazaar lies just beside the exit from the station.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IndiaRailInfo|3086}}
{{wikivoyage|Guwahati}}
{{Adjacent stations|noclear=y
|system=Indian Railways|line=Northeast Frontier Railway zone|left=Noonmati|right=Panikhaiti|type=[[Guwahati–Lumding section]]}}

{{Railway stations in Assam}}

[[Category:Railway stations in Guwahati]]
[[Category:Lumding railway division]]

{{Assam-railstation-stub}}

Nitawali

2024-02-24T16:16:58Z

CandicePrenderga: added new biography basic info

{{Short description|Village in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Nitawali
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|27.09676|N|78.94804|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Mainpuri district|Mainpuri]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Karhal]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011 A"/>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 8.444
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 2878
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011 A"/>
| demographics_type1 =
| demographics1_title1 =
| demographics1_info1 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Nitawali''' ({{IAST|Nitāwālī}}) is a village in [[Barnahal]] block of [[Mainpuri district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India. As of 2011, it has a population of 2,878, in 492 households.

== Demographics ==
As of 2011, Nitawali had a population of 2,878, in 492 households.<ref name="Census 2011 A"/>{{rp|124}} This population was 52.6% male (1,513) and 47.4% female (1,365). The 0-6 age group numbered 458 (222 male and 236 female), or 15.9% of the total population. 771 residents were members of Scheduled Castes, or 26.8% of the total.<ref name="Census 2011 B">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Mainpuri, Part B (Village and Town Wise Primary Census Abstract) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1259/download/4050/DH_2011_0917_PART_B_DCHB_MAINPURI.pdf |website=Census of India |access-date=19 June 2023}}</ref>{{rp|100-1}}

The [[1961 Census of India|1961 census]] recorded Nitawali as comprising 5 hamlets, with a total population of 1,186 people (649 male and 537 female), in 220 households and 171 physical houses. The area of the village was given as 2,087 acres.<ref name="Census 1961">{{cite book |title=Census 1961: District Census Handbook, Uttar Pradesh (24 - Mainpuri District) |date=1965 |location=Lucknow |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/28772/download/31954/22833_1961_MAI.pdf |access-date=25 December 2021}}</ref>{{rp|lii}}

== Infrastructure ==
As of 2011, Nitawali had 1 primary school; it did not have any kind of healthcare facility. Drinking water was provided by hand pump and tube well; there were no public toilets. The village had a post office and public library, as well as at least some access to electricity for all purposes. Streets were made entirely of ''[[Indian vernacular architecture#kachcha|kachcha]]'' materials.<ref name="Census 2011 A">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Mainpuri, Part A (Village and Town Directory) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1258/download/4046/DH_2011_0917_PART_A_DCHB_MAINPURI.pdf |website=Census of India |access-date=19 June 2023}}</ref>{{rp|124-9}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mainpuri district}}

[[Category:Villages in Mainpuri district]]

Song of Youth (album)

2024-01-18T20:32:20Z

CandicePrenderga: redirect created

#REDIRECT [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]

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Halotali

2023-11-20T20:29:48Z

CandicePrenderga: updated page

{{use dmy dates|date=February 2018}}
{{use Indian English|date=February 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Halotali
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| settlement_type = Village
| pushpin_map = India Punjab#India
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Punjab, India
| coordinates = {{coord|31.274844|N|75.6050176|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Jalandhar district|Jalandhar]]
| subdivision_type3 =
| subdivision_name3 =
| government_type = [[Panchayati raj (India)|Panchayat raj]]
| governing_body = [[Gram panchayat]]
| unit_pref = Metric


| elevation_m = 240
| population_as_of =
| population_footnotes =
| population_total =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_note =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| demographics1_title2 =
| demographics1_info2 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| area_code_type = Telephone
| area_code =
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#PB.E2.80.94Punjab|PB]]- 08
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-PB]]

| blank1_name_sec2 = Post office
| blank1_info_sec2 =
| website = {{URL|jalandhar.nic.in}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Halotali''' is a village in [[Jalandhar district]] of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] [[States and territories of India|State]], India. It is located {{convert|9|km}} from district headquarter [[Jalandhar]] and {{convert|146|km}} from state capital [[Chandigarh]]. The village is [[Administration (government)|administrated]] by a [[sarpanch]] who is an [[elected representative]] of village as per [[Panchayati raj (India)]].<ref name=census>{{cite web|url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/30371-halotali-punjab.html |title=Village population per Census India|work=[[Census of India, 2011]]}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of villages in India]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0303_PART_B_DCHB_JALANDHAR.pdf List of villages in Jalandhar district] at [[Census of India, 2011]]

{{Jalandhar district}}


[[Category:Villages in Jalandhar district]]

{{Jalandhar-geo-stub}}

M. Abdurahman Salafi

2023-02-28T11:11:04Z

CandicePrenderga: quick expand content per standard format and updated info

{{Orphan|date=October 2022}}

{{Infobox officeholder
| name = M. Abdurahman Salafi
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1959|05|30}}{{citation needed|date=January 2018}}
| birth_place = Mangada, [[Malappuram district|Malappuram District]], [[Kerala]], [[India]]{{citation needed|date=January 2018}}
| residence = Pathappiriyam near Edavanna [[Malappuram district|Malappuram District]]{{citation needed|date=January 2018}}
| education = [[Sullamussalam Arabic College]]{{citation needed|date=January 2018}}
| known_for =
| occupation =
| office =
| successor =
| order =
| office1 =
| order1 =
| father =
| mother =
| spouse =
| children =
| nationality = [[India]]n
}}
{{Islam in India}}
'''M. Abdurahman Salafi''' is an Islamic scholar, and Arabic professor.<ref name="The Hindu 10 September 2013"/> He served as one of the secretaries of the [[Kerala Nadvathul Mujahideen]] state committee,<ref name="K N M State Committee">{{cite web|title=K N M State Committee secretories|url=http://knm.org.in/en/committee/k-n-m-state-committee|publisher=K N M State Committee|access-date=23 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160629131554/http://knm.org.in/en/committee/k-n-m-state-committee|archive-date=29 June 2016}}</ref> managing trustee of [[Kerala Nadvathul Mujahideen]]<ref name="The Hindu 4 January 2015">{{cite news|title=Governor’s pat for Jamia Nadviyya|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/governors-pat-for-jamia-nadviyya/article6753096.ece|access-date=23 May 2016|publisher=[[The Hindu]]|date=4 January 2015}}</ref> and syndicate member of [[Calicut University]].<ref name="The Hindu 10 September 2013">{{cite news|title=Calicut University not to change PhD norms for now|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/calicut-university-not-to-change-phd-norms-for-now/article5111070.ece|access-date=23 May 2016|publisher=[[The Hindu]]|date=10 September 2013}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Salafi, M Abdurahman}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:21st-century Muslim scholars of Islam]]
[[Category:1959 births]]
[[Category:People from Malappuram district]]
[[Category:Indian Sunni Muslim scholars of Islam]]

{{Islam-bio-stub}}