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Bauhinia × blakeana

2026-05-30T00:08:09Z

CandelariaSanche: starting stub

{{Short description|Species of legume}}
{{distinguish|Bauhinia purpurea}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}}
{{Speciesbox
|image = Bauhinia blakeana (Key West).jpg
|image_alt = Photograph of an open flower with five petals in various shades of red to pink
|image_caption = Flower
|genus = Bauhinia
|species = × blakeana
|authority = [[Stephen Troyte Dunn|Dunn]]<ref name=POWO_481142-1/>
}}

'''''Bauhinia'' × ''blakeana''''' ({{IPAc-en|b|aU|'|h|I|n|i|@|_|b|l|eI|k|i|'|a:|n|@}}),<ref name=Coom94/> commonly called the '''Hong Kong orchid tree''',<ref>{{GRIN | ''Bauhinia'' × ''blakeana'' | access-date = 15 December 2017}}</ref> is a [[Hybrid (biology)#In plants|hybrid]] [[legume|leguminous]] tree of the [[genus]] ''[[Bauhinia]]''. It has large thick leaves and striking purplish red flowers. The fragrant, orchid-like flowers are usually {{Convert|10|to|15|cm|in}} across, and bloom from early November to the end of March. Although now cultivated in many areas, it originated in [[Hong Kong]] in 1880 and apparently all of the cultivated trees derive from one cultivated at the [[Hong Kong Zoological and Botanical Gardens|Hong Kong Botanical Gardens]] and widely planted in Hong Kong starting in 1914.<ref name="lau" /> It is referred to as '''bauhinia''' in non-scientific literature though this is the name of the genus. It is sometimes called the '''Hong Kong orchid''' ({{lang-zh|c=香港蘭|cy=Hēunggóng làahn|first=j,t}}). In Hong Kong, it is most commonly referred to by its Chinese name of {{lang|zh-Hant-HK|洋紫荊}} ''(yèuhng jígīng)''.

The ''Bauhinia'' double-lobed leaf is similar in shape to a heart or a butterfly, or a camel's footprint - hence the common name camel's foot.{{citation needed|date=October 2021}} A typical leaf is {{Convert|7|to|10|cm|in}} long and {{Convert|10|to|13|cm|in}} wide, with a deep cleft dividing the apex. In Hong Kong the leaf is known as the "clever leaf" ({{lang-zh|c=聰明葉|cy=chūngmìhng yihp|labels=no|first=j,t}}), and is regarded as a symbol of wisdom. Some people use the leaves to make bookmarks in the hope that they will bring them good luck in their studies.

It is sterile, which means it does not generally produce seeds or fruits, and is a [[Hybrid (biology)|hybrid]] between ''[[Bauhinia variegata]]'' and ''[[Bauhinia purpurea]]''.<ref name="lau">{{citation |doi=10.3732/ajb.92.3.525 |title=Hybrid origin of "Bauhinia blakeana" (Leguminosae: Caesalpinioideae), inferred using morphological, reproductive, and molecular data |year=2005 |author1=Lau, C. P. Y. |author2=Ramsden, L. |author3=Saunders, R. M. K. |journal=American Journal of Botany |volume=92 |pages=525–33 |issue=3 |pmid=21652431 |bibcode=2005AmJB...92..525L |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=Mak>{{citation |doi=10.1111/j.1744-7909.2007.00591.x |date=Jan 2008 |author1=Mak, Cy |author2=Cheung, Ks |author3=Yip, Py |author4=Kwan, Hs |title=Molecular evidence for the hybrid origin of ''Bauhinia blakeana'' (Caesalpinioideae) |volume=50 |issue=1 |pages=111–8 |issn=1672-9072 |pmid=18666958 |journal=Journal of Integrative Plant Biology |bibcode=2008JIPB...50..111M}}</ref> The 2008 research was able to identify the female parent as ''[[Bauhinia purpurea]]'', but it could not differentiate the male parent from ''Bauhinia variegata'' var. ''variegata'' or ''Bauhinia variegata'' var. ''candida''. This is not unexpected, as ''Bauhinia variegata'' var. ''candida'' is a white-flowered form of ''Bauhinia variegata'' var. ''variegata'', and not a separate species or sub-species. The 2005 research suggested ''Bauhinia'' × ''blakeana'' is genetically closer to ''[[Bauhinia variegata]]'', while the 2008 research indicated it is closer to ''[[Bauhinia purpurea]]'' instead. In 2025 the Bauhinia Genome Project definitively determined through a complete [[T2T|telomere-to-telomere]] reference assembly that ''[[Bauhinia purpurea]]'' is the maternal parent, and ''[[Bauhinia variegata]]'' the parental strain. Also supporting the hypothesis that ''Bauhinia × blakeana'' more likely originated from a rare single, recent hybridization event rather than recurrent gene flow.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Mu |first1=Weixue |last2=Darian |first2=Joshua Casey |last3=Sung |first3=Wing-Kin |last4=Guo |first4=Xing |last5=Yang |first5=Tuo |last6=Tang |first6=Mandy Wai Man |last7=Chen |first7=Ziqiang |last8=Tong |first8=Steve Kwan Hok |last9=Chik |first9=Irene Wing Shan |last10=Davidson |first10=Robert L |last11=Edmunds |first11=Scott C |last12=Wei |first12=Tong |last13=Tsui |first13=Stephen Kwok-Wing |date=1 January 2025 |title=The haplotype-resolved T2T genome for Bauhinia × blakeana sheds light on the genetic basis of flower heterosis |journal=GigaScience |volume=14 |article-number=giaf044 |doi=10.1093/gigascience/giaf044 |issn=2047-217X |pmc=12012898 |pmid=40276955}}</ref>

Propagation is by grafting. As it is only known in cultivation, it can also be named as a [[cultivar]]: ''Bauhinia'' 'Blakeana'.<ref name="lau"/> Hong Kong orchid trees are usually sterile, yet here, too, there are exceptions. One tree has been found in Hong Kong that produces seeds, perhaps indicating that evolution or mutation has occurred, or that even though ''Bauhinia'' × ''blakeana'' is perhaps sterile when self-pollinated (the scientific study in 2005 established the low fertility of ''Bauhinia'' × ''blakeana'''s pollen when compared with its parental species ''Bauhinia purpurea'' or ''Bauhinia variegata''), however, it may perhaps be able to produce seeds when pollinated instead by its parental species ''Bauhinia purpurea'' or ''Bauhinia variegata'' or other related ''Bauhinia'' species. More scientific research will need to be carried out, e.g., artificial controlled cross-pollination experiments to confirm the ability of ''Bauhinia'' × ''blakeana'' in [[Backcrossing|backcross]] or [[Outcrossing|outcross]] to produce (fertile) seeds.

Lawrence Ramsden of the [[University of Hong Kong|University of Hong Kong's]] Department of Botany is conducting the search to find out if there are any more individuals that can produce seeds – if so, they could benefit propagation of the tree for horticulture.<ref>{{cite web |title=How to Join the Hunt for ''Bauhinia'' Seeds |url=http://web.hku.hk/~lramsden/bauhjoin.html |access-date=15 July 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19991013043744/http://web.hku.hk/~lramsden/bauhjoin.html |archive-date=13 October 1999}}</ref> Two previous instances of seeds found from ''Bauhinia'' × ''blakeana'' specimens failed to germinate.<ref name=Mak/> Development of seed pods (but no seeds) from ''B.'' × ''blakeana'' have been observed on three trees in Tai Po and Kowloon in Hong Kong. These three ''B.'' × ''blakeana'' trees with numerous seed pods were grown alongside ''B. purpurea'', ''B. variegata'' (white flowered form) and ''B. variegata''. At the time (March in Hong Kong), both ''B. blakeana'' and ''B. purpurea'' were flowering, therefore, the pollens for development of ''B. blakeana'' seed pods may have been contributed from ''B. purpurea''.<ref>[http://www.hktree.com/diary/17w05.htm "誰說洋紫荊不結果", ''Ken Lau手記'']</ref>

==History==
[[File:Hong Kong Orchid tree flower.jpg|thumb|220px|Flower]]
This tree was discovered in around 1880 by a French Catholic Missionary of the [[Paris Foreign Missions Society|Paris Foreign Missions]] (MEP), near the ruins of a house above the shore-line of western [[Hong Kong island]] near [[Pok Fu Lam]] and propagated to the formal botanical gardens in Victoria/Central.<ref name="lau" />

The first thorough scientific description of the tree was made by [[Stephen Troyte Dunn]], Superintendent of the Botanical and Forestry Department, who assigned it to the genus ''Bauhinia'' in his paper of 1908.<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/109571#page/377/mode/1up |title=New Chinese Plants |author=S. T. Dunn |pages=324–326 |journal=Journal of Botany, British and Foreign |volume=46 |issue=550 |year=1908}}, Page 325</ref> Dunn named the tree for "Sir Henry and Lady Blake", the former being [[Sir Henry Blake]], [[Governor of Hong Kong|British Governor of Hong Kong]], from 1898 to 1903. Sir Henry and Lady Blake were thus thanked for their promotion of the Hong Kong Botanic Gardens.

Dunn's description was based on the trees in the Hong Kong Botanical Gardens, which had been grown from cuttings taken from trees cultivated in the French Mission at [[Pok Fu Lam|Pokfulam]], on the west coast of Hong Kong Island, which in turn were derived from a tree (or trees) found nearby. As far as is known, all the French Mission cuttings were taken from a single tree, so all Hong Kong orchid trees today would be [[Cloning|clones]] of the original tree. Dr Lawrence Ramsden of the University of Hong Kong’s Department of Botany estimates that this clonal origin would mean that ''B.'' × ''blakeana'' could be susceptible to decimation by epidemics, though it has so far avoided major diseases.

In order to avoid the susceptibility of ''B.'' × ''blakeana'' to diseases due to the lack of genetic diversity from the current clones of a single ''B.'' × ''blakeana'' tree back in 1880s, efforts should be made to re-hybridise the parental species of ''B.'' × ''blakeana'', ie, crossing ''[[Bauhinia purpurea|B. purpurea]]'' and ''[[Bauhinia variegata|B. variegata]]'' to generate new hybrid specimens of ''B.'' × ''blakeana'' instead to add new genetic materials to the current stock of ''B.'' × ''blakeana''.

To solve the mystery of Hong Kong Bauhinia's parentage a community crowdfunded Bauhinia Genome project was launched in 2015,<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 November 2015 |title=Unique project to sequence the genome of the Hong Kong bauhinia tree |url=https://www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/article/1875917/unique-project-sequence-genome-hong-kong-bauhinia-tree |access-date=10 May 2025 |website=South China Morning Post |language=en}}</ref> finally completing the genome and determing the maternal and parenal species in 2025.<ref name=":0" />

==Usage as an emblem==
[[File:HKUrbanCouncil.svg|thumb|''Bauhinia'' × ''blakeana'' was adopted as the [[National emblem|floral emblem]] of Hong Kong by the [[Urban Council, Hong Kong|Urban Council]] in 1965.]]
[[File:Urban Council of Hong Kong Armorial Bearings.png|thumb|Historical Urban Council of Hong Kong armorial bearings, granted by the [[College of Arms]] in 1979. The council was abolished on 31 December 1999.]]
[[Image:Flag of Hong Kong.svg|thumb|right|The [[flag of Hong Kong]] Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China in 1997.]]
Since 1997 the flower appears on Hong Kong's coat of arms, [[Flag of Hong Kong|its flag]] and [[Hong Kong dollar|its coins]]; its Chinese name has also been frequently shortened as 紫荊/紫荆 (洋 ''yáng'' means 'foreign' in Chinese, and this would be deemed inappropriate by the PRC government{{citation needed|date=July 2020}}), although 紫荊/紫荆 refers to another genus called ''[[Cercis]]''. A [[statue]] of the plant has been erected in [[Golden Bauhinia Square]] in Hong Kong.
Although the flowers are bright pinkish purple in colour, they are depicted in white on the Flag of Hong Kong.
[[Hong Kong Airlines]] uses BAUHINIA as its [[Aviation call signs|callsign]].

The [[endemic (ecology)|endemic]] plant of Hong Kong was introduced to [[Taiwan]] in 1967. In 1984 it was chosen to be the city flower of [[Chiayi|Chiayi City]], in southwestern [[Taiwan]].
{{Infobox Chinese|t=洋紫荊|s=洋紫荆|j=joeng4 zi2 ging1|y= yèuhng jígīng|p=yáng zǐjīng|ci={{IPAc-yue|j|oeng|4|-|z|i|2|-|g|ing|1}}}}

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Tree I IMG 2075.jpg|Tree in [[Kolkata]], West Bengal, India.
File:Flowers I IMG 2101.jpg|Flowers in Kolkata
File:Leaf I MG 2069.jpg|Leaf in Kolkata
File:Flower buds I IMG 2064.jpg|Flower buds in Kolkata
File:Bark I IMG 2073.jpg|Bark in Kolkata
File:Bauhinia × blakeana.jpg|flower in [[Ajmiriganj Upazila|Ajmiriganj]], [[Sylhet]], Bangladesh
</gallery>

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name=Coom94>{{Cite book |last=Coombes |first=Allen J. |year=1994 |title=Dictionary of Plant Names |location=London |publisher=Hamlyn Books |isbn=978-0-600-58187-1 |page=22}}</ref>

<ref name=POWO_481142-1>{{cite web |title=''Bauhinia'' × ''blakeana'' Dunn |work=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:481142-1 |access-date=27 May 2020}}</ref>
}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20191106050407/https://readnational.com/national-flower-hong-kong-bauhinia/ National Flower of Hong Kong]
* {{Commons-inline}}
* [http://martinwilliams.tripod.com/hkwildstars/bauhinia.html Bauhinia – Hong Kong emblem]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20051126085028/http://web.hku.hk/~lramsden/bauhinintro.html Hong Kong Bauhinias]

{{Hong Kong topics}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q378062}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bauhinia blakeana}}
[[Category:Bauhinia|blakeana]]
[[Category:Culture of Hong Kong]]
[[Category:Regional symbols of Hong Kong]]
[[Category:Garden plants of Asia]]
[[Category:Ornamental trees]]
[[Category:Hybrid plants]]
[[Category:Fabales of Asia]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Stephen Troyte Dunn]]

Kalyani

2026-05-07T10:06:03Z

CandelariaSanche:

{{wikt|sa:कल्याणी}}
'''Kalyani''' may refer to:

{{TOC right}}

==Film and television==
* [[Kalyani (1940 film)|''Kalyani'' (1940 film)]], a Hindi film
* [[Kalyani (1952 film)|''Kalyani'' (1952 film)]], a Tamil film
* [[Kalyani (1971 film)|''Kalyani'' (1971 film)]], a Kannada film
* [[Kalyani (1979 film)|''Kalyani'' (1979 film)]], a Telugu film
* ''Kalyani'' (1983 film), an Oriya [[List of Ollywood films of 1983|Ollywood film]]
* [[Kalyani (TV series)|''Kalyani'' (TV series)]], an Indian Telugu language soap opera

==Places==
* [[Kalyani, Dakshin Dinajpur]], West Bengal, India
* [[Kalyani, Raebareli]], a village in Uttar Pradesh, India
* [[Kalyani, West Bengal]], a city in the Nadia district of West Bengal, India
* [[Kalyani Dam]], in Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India
* [[Kalyani Nagar]], a neighbourhood in Pune, Maharashtra, India
* [[Kalyani River]], in Barabanki district, Uttar Pradesh, India
* [[Kalyani subdivision]], Nadia district, West Bengal, India
* Ancient name for [[Basavakalyan]], Karnataka, India

==People==
* [[Baba Kalyani]] (born 1949), Indian businessman
* [[Galyani Vadhana]] (1923–2008), princess of Thailand
* [[Shrikant Kalyani]] (born 1964), Indian cricketer
* [[Kalyani Bondre]] (born 1981), academic and Indian classical vocalist
* [[Kalyani Das]] (1907–1983), Indian revolutionary and nationalist from Bengal
* [[Kalyani Dhokarikar]] (born 1971), Indian cricketer
* [[Karate Kalyani]], Indian character actor and comedian
* [[Kalyani Marella]], Indian Kabaddi player
* [[Kalyani Menon]] (born 1951), Indian playback singer
* [[Kalyani Nair]], Indian singer
* [[Kalyani Priyadarshan]], Indian film actress
* [[Kalyani Roy]] (born 1967), Indian politician
* [[Kalyani Varadarajan]], composer of Carnatic music
* [[Kalyani (actress)]], South Indian actress
* [[Poornitha]] (born 1990), South Indian actress also known as Kalyani

==Other uses==
* [[Kalyani Chalukya]], an Indian dynasty
* [[Kalyani (goddess)]], a name of Hindu goddess Parvathi
* [[Kalyani Group]], an Indian industrial conglomerate
* [[Kalyani (raga)]], a rāga in the Carnatic music of South India as well as Hindustani music
* [[Kalyani (well)]], a temple tank in Hindu temples
* [[Kalyani (Vidhan Sabha constituency)]], an assembly constituency in Nadia district, West Bengal
* [[Kalyani Stadium]], a stadium in Kalyani, West Bengal

==See also==
* [[Kalyan (disambiguation)]]
* [[Battle of Kalyani (disambiguation)]]
* [[Temple tank]]
* [[Pyinsa Kalayani]], queen of emperor Anawrahta and mother of emperor Kyansittha from the Pagan kingdom of Myanmar

{{Disambiguation|geo|surname|given name}}

My Dear Donga

2026-05-07T07:34:00Z

CandelariaSanche:

{{Short description|2024 film by B S Sarwagna Kumar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = My Dear Donga
| image = My Dear Donga.jpg
| caption = Release poster
| director = B. S. Sarwagna Kumar
| writer = Shalini Kondepudi
| producer = Maheshwar Reddy Gojala
| starring = [[Abhinav Gomatam]] Shalini Kondepudi [[Divya Sripada]] Nikhil Gajula Sashaank Manduri
| cinematography = SS Manoj
| editing = Sai Murali
| music = Ajay Arasada
| studio = CAM Entertainment
| distributor = [[Aha (streaming service)|Aha]]
| released = {{Film date|2024|04|19|df=yes}}
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| budget =
| gross =
| runtime =
}}

'''''My Dear Donga''''' ({{Translation|My dear thief}}) is a 2024 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[comedy drama]] film directed by B. S. Sarwagna Kumar and written by Shalini Kondepudi. The film stars [[Abhinav Gomatam]], Shalini Kondepudi, [[Divya Sripada]], Nikhil Gajula, Vamsidhar Goud, Shashank Manduri and others.

The film premiered on 19 April 2024 on [[Aha (streaming service)|Aha]], as a direct-to-video film.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024-03-04 |title=Aha Original Movie My Dear Donga Teaser Hilarious |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/brace-yourself-for-a-laughter-riot-coming-soon-on-aha-884155 |access-date=2024-04-22 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |language=en |archive-date=22 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240422115519/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/brace-yourself-for-a-laughter-riot-coming-soon-on-aha-884155 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Plot ==
The story revolves around Suresh, a small-time thief who accidentally breaks into the flat of Sujatha. Instead of reporting him, Sujatha befriends him after witnessing his underlying kindness. The film follows their growing friendship and the subsequent events that occur in their lives, leading to unexpected twists and turns.

== Cast ==

* [[Abhinav Gomatam]] as Suresh, the thief
* Shalini Kondepudi as Sujatha, the flat owner
* [[Divya Sripada]] as Bujji, Sujatha's best friend
* Nikhil Gajula as Vishal, Sujatha's estranged boyfriend
* Vamsidhar Goud as Vamsi
* Shashank Manduri as Varun

== Production ==
In December 2023, [[Aha (streaming service)|Aha]] greenlit Aha original with Shalini Kondepudi as writer and the casting details were made public in January 2024 with [[Abhinav Gomatam]] as leading man alongside Shalini Kondepudi as Writer and female lead.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-04-04 |title=Abhinav Gomata's My Dear Donga gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2024/Apr/04/abhinav-gomatas-my-dear-donga-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2024-04-22 |website=Cinema Express |language=en |archive-date=22 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240422115519/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2024/Apr/04/abhinav-gomatas-my-dear-donga-gets-a-release-date |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Release and reception ==
''My Dear Donga'' was released on 19 April 2024 on Aha.{{cn|date=October 2024}}

The film received mixed reviews from critics, with notable praise for the performances and situational comedy, balanced by criticisms of the story's emotional depth and coherence.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2024/Apr/20/my-dear-donga-movie-review-a-character-driven-comedy-drama-thatis-dry-and-endearing-in-equal-measure|title='My Dear Donga' movie review: A character-driven comedy-drama that is dry and endearing in equal measure|first=B. H.|last=Harsh|date=20 April 2024|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thesouthfirst.com/entertainment/my-dear-donga-telugu-movie-review/|title=My Dear Donga review: A breezy rom-com with a lovable thief|first=Prabhatha|last=Rigobertha|date=19 April 2024|website=The South First|access-date=18 June 2024|archive-date=18 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240618065317/https://thesouthfirst.com/entertainment/my-dear-donga-telugu-movie-review/|url-status=live}}</ref> The film faced criticism for its lack of emotional depth and inconsistency in storytelling.<ref>{{Cite web |last=ABN |date=2024-04-22 |title=My Dear Donga Movie Review: ఎవర్రా ఈ అమ్మాయి? ఇంత టాలెంటెడుగా వుంది {{!}} My Dear Donga gives a few laughs and its a time pass film Kavi |url=https://www.chitrajyothy.com/2024/film-reviews/my-dear-donga-gives-a-few-laughs-and-its-a-time-pass-film-kavi-52732.html |access-date=2024-04-22 |website=Chitrajyothy Telugu News |language=te |archive-date=22 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240422115522/https://www.chitrajyothy.com/2024/film-reviews/my-dear-donga-gives-a-few-laughs-and-its-a-time-pass-film-kavi-52732.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|id=tt31592847}}
*[https://www.aha.video/movie/my-dear-donga ''My Dear Donga''] on [[Aha (streaming service)|Aha]]

{{Portal bar|India|Film}}

[[Category:2024 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2024 Indian films]]
[[Category:2024 comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:2024 films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Films set in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Films shot in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:2024 direct-to-video films]]
[[Category:Indian direct-to-video films]]
[[Category:Aha (streaming service) original films]]

Bhangar Assembly constituency

2026-05-07T03:34:31Z

CandelariaSanche: Starting initial post w/ infobox - done

{{Short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in West Bengal, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2017}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Bhangar
| type = SLA
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Vidhan Sabha constituencies/West Bengal/Bhangar.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Bhangar Vidhan Sabha Constituency
| map_alt =
| mla = [[Nawsad Siddique]]
| party = [[File:Indian Election Symbol Envelope.jpg|20px]] {{Party index link|Indian Secular Front}}
| alliance =
| latest_election_year = [[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| district = [[South 24 Parganas]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Jadavpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jadavpur]]
| constituency_no = 148
| established = 1951
| electors = 271,859
| reservation = None
| abolished =
}}

'''Bhangar Assembly constituency''' is a [[Vidhan Sabha|Legislative Assembly]] constituency of [[South 24 Parganas]] district in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|State]] of [[West Bengal]].

{{Pie chart
| value1 = 31.25
| value2 = 12.50
| value3 = 31.25
| value4 = 6.25
| value5 = 18.75
| label1 = [[Communist Party of India (Marxist) |''' Communist Party of India (Marxist) ''' (5 times)]]
| label2 = [[Trinamool Congress |''' Trinamool Congress ''' (2 times)]]
| label3 = [[Indian National Congress |''' Indian National Congress ''' (5 times)]]
| label4 = [[Indian Secular Front|''' Indian Secular Front ''' (2 times)]]
| label5 = Others
| color1 = red
| color2 = Light green
| color3 = Light blue
| color4 = Blue
| caption = Most Successful parties from Bhangar Assembly Constituency
}}

==Overview==
As per order of the [[Delimitation Commission of India|Delimitation Commission]] in respect of the [[Delimitation of constituencies]] in the [[West Bengal]], Bhangar Assembly constituency is composed of the following:<ref name=delimitation>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/WestBengal/FINAL%20ORDER%20NOTIFICATION_English.pdf| title = Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 dated 15 February 2006 | access-date= 25 October 2010|work = West Bengal| publisher= Election Commission of India}}</ref>
* Jagulgachhi, Narayanpur and Pranganj gram panchayats of [[Bhangar I]] community development block
* [[Bhangar II]] community development block

Bhangar Assembly constituency is a part of No. 22 [[Jadavpur (Lok Sabha constituency)]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Member
! colspan="2" | Party
|-
| rowspan="2"|[[1952 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| Hem Chandra Naskar
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Gangadhar Naskar
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| [[1957 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| Hem Chandra Naskar
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1962 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| A. K. M. Ishaque
|-
| [[1967 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| A. Molla
| {{Full party name with color|Bangla Congress}}
|-
| [[1969 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
| A. K. M. Ishaque
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1971 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
| A. K. M. Hassan Uzzaman
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[1972 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| [[Abdur Razzak Molla]]
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes|rowspan=7}}
|-
| [[1977 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| rowspan="2"|Daud Khan
|-
| [[1982 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
|-
| [[1987 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
| [[Abdur Razzak Molla]]
|-
| [[1991 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
| rowspan="3"|[[Badal Jamadar]]
|-
| [[1996 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|-
| [[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
|-
| [[2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
| [[Arabul Islam]]
| {{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|-
| [[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
| [[Badal Jamadar]]
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes}}
|-
| [[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
| [[Abdur Razzak Molla]]
| {{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|-
| [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|rowspan=2|[[Nawsad Siddique|Nawsad Siddique]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian Secular Front|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
|-
|}

==Election results==

===2026===
In the 2026 elections, [[Nawsad Siddique]] of [[Indian Secular Front|ISF]] defeated his nearest rival [[Saokat Molla]] of [[Trinamool Congress|AITC]].

{{Election box begin|title=[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Bhangar}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Nawsad Siddique]]|party=Indian Secular Front|votes= 1,26,555{{formatnum:}}|percentage=47.33|change={{increase}}2.32}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Saokat Molla]]|party=Trinamool Congress|votes=94,467{{formatnum:}}|percentage=35.33|change={{increase}}1.02}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Jayanta Gayen|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=30,177{{formatnum:}}|percentage=11.29|change={{decrease}}}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]|party=None of the above (India)|votes=1,595{{formatnum:}}|percentage=0.6|change={{decrease}}}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Mahabubul Islam|party=Indian National Congress|votes=598{{formatnum:}}|percentage=0.22|change=New}}
{{Election box majority||votes={{formatnum:32088}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian Secular Front
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2021===
In the 2021 elections, [[Nawsad Siddique]] of [[Indian Secular Front|ISF]] defeated his nearest rival Rezaul Karim of [[Trinamool Congress|TMC]].
{{Election box begin | title=[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|Legislative Assembly Election, 2021]]: Bhangar}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party= Indian Secular Front
|candidate=[[Nawsad Siddique]]
|votes=109,237
|percentage=45.01
|change={{new}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party=Trinamool Congress
|candidate=Rezaul Karim
|votes=83,086
|percentage=34.31
|change=-15.26
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party=Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate=Soumi Hati
|votes=38,726
|percentage=15.99
|change=
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Red Star
|candidate=Mirja Hasan
|votes=4,930
|percentage=2.04
|change=
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party=None of the above
|candidate=[[None of the above]]
|votes=3,243
|percentage=1.34
|change=
}}
{{Election box majority||votes=26,151|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=242,185|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Indian Secular Front
|loser = Trinamool Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2016===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|Legislative Assembly Election, 2016]]: Bhangar}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Abdur Razzak Molla]]
|votes = 1,02087
|percentage = 49.57
|change = +6.76
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Abdur Rasid Gazi
|votes = 83,963
|percentage = 40.77
|change = -4.87
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Abani Kumar Mondal
|votes = 9,563
|percentage = 4.64
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 2,423
|percentage = 1.18
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 18,124
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 205,927
|percentage = 87.99
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2011===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|Legislative Assembly Election, 2011]]: Bhangar<ref name=vidhansabha2011>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2011/stat_WB_May2011.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 2011, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 1 November 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=148| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120513171136/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=148| url-status = usurped| archive-date = 13 May 2012|title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work = Bhangar| publisher =Empowering India |access-date = 30 April 2011}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = [[Badal Jamadar]]
|votes = 81,965
|percentage = 45.65
|change = -0.43
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Arabul Islam]]
|votes = 76,859
|percentage = 42.81
|change = -5.26
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Nannu Hossain
|votes = 10,363
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Madhusudan Sanphui
|votes = 4,006
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 179,550
|percentage = 95.85
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|loser = All India Trinamool Congress
|swing = 4.83
}}
{{Election box end}}

===Legislative Assembly Elections 1977-2006===
In 2006,<ref name=vidhansabha2006>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_WB_2006.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 2006, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 1 November 2014}}</ref> Arabul Islam of [[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]] won the Bhangar Assembly constituency defeating his nearest rival Mosharaf Hossain Laskar of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]. Badal Jamadar of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] defeated Abdus Sattar Molla of [[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]] in 2001,<ref name=vidhansabha2001>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/StatRept_WB_2001.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 2001, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 1 November 2014}}</ref> Azibar Rahaman of [[Indian National Congress|INC]] in 1996,<ref name=vidhansabha1996>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-WB96.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1996, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 1 November 2014}}</ref> and Nuzuzzaman Molla of [[Indian National Congress|INC]] in 1991.<ref name=vidhansabha1991>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-West%20Bengal91.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 1991, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 1 November 2014}}</ref> Abdur Razzak Molla of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] defeated Shaikh Shahidar Rahman of [[Indian National Congress|INC]] in 1987.<ref name=vidhansabha1987>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1987/StatisticalReportWestBengal87.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1987, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 1 November 2014}}</ref> Daud Khan of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] defeated Seriful Aslam Ishaque of [[Indian National Congress|INC]] in 1982<ref name=vidhansabha1982>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1982/StatisticalReportWestBengal82.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1982, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 1 November 2014}}</ref> and Amir Ali Molla of [[Janata Party]] in 1977.<ref name=vidhansabha1977>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportWestBengal77.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1977, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 1 November 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/archive/ElectionAnalysis/AE/S25/Partycomp107.htm |title = 107 - Bhangar Assembly Constituency |work = Partywise Comparison Since 1977 | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 25 October 2010}}</ref>

===Legislative Assembly Elections 1952-1972===
Abdur Razzak Molla of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] won in 1972.<ref name=vidhansabha1972>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_WB_72.pdf |title =General Elections, India, 1972, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 1 November 2014}}</ref> A.K.M Hassan Uzzaman, [[Independent politician]], won in 1971.<ref name=vidhansabha1971>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_WB_71.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1971, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 1 November 2014}}</ref> A.K.M.Ishaque of [[Indian National Congress|INC]] won in 1969.<ref name=vidhansabha1969>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1969/StatReport_WB_69.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 1969, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission |access-date = 1 November 2014}}</ref> A.Molla of [[Bangla Congress]] won in 1967.<ref name=vidhansabha1967>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20report%20WB1967.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1967, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 1 November 2014}}</ref> A.K.M.Ishaque of [[Indian National Congress|INC]] won in 1962.<ref name=vidhansabha1962>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_WB_1962.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1962, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 1 November 2014}}</ref> Hem Chandra Naskar of [[Indian National Congress|INC]] won in 1957.<ref name=vidhansabha1957>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_WB_1957.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1957, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 1 November 2014}}</ref> In 1952,<ref name=vidhansabha1952>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_WestBengal.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1951, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 1 November 2014}}</ref> Bhangar Assembly constituency had joint seats. Hem Chandra Naskar of [[Indian National Congress|INC]] and Gangadhar Naskar of [[Communist Party of India|CPI]], won.

==References==
===Notes===
{{notelist}}
===Citations===
{{Reflist}}

{{South 24 Parganas}}
{{South 24 Parganas topics}}
{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}

{{West Bengal elections}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Politics of South 24 Parganas district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in West Bengal]]

Integrated Rocket Force (India)

2026-05-06T18:30:54Z

CandelariaSanche: starting a article

{{Short description|Proposed Indian military unit}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}}

{{Use Indian English|date=May 2026}}{{Infobox military unit
| unit_name = Integrated Rocket Force
| dates =
| country = {{flag|India}}
| allegiance =
| type = [[Joint warfare|Integrated military command]]
| role = [[Air defence]]
| command_structure = {{Armed forces|India|size=23px}}
| equipment = *Hypersonic weapons
*[[Ballistic Missiles]]
*[[Cruise Missile]]s
}}

The '''Integrated Rocket Force''' ('''IRF''') is a proposed tri-service entity to be formed under the [[Indian Armed Forces]] which will handle [[Ballistic missile|ballistic missiles]], [[Cruise missile|cruise missiles]] and [[Multiple rocket launcher|multi barrel rocket launchers]] with [[Conventional weapon|conventional warheads]] unlike [[Strategic Forces Command]] which is tasked with [[nuclear deterrence]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-04-18 |title=India tests long-range cruise missile for precision-strike capabilities |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/india-tests-long-range-cruise-missile-for-precision-strike-capabilities/articleshow/109411417.cms |access-date=2024-04-21 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
== History ==
The concept of a Rocket Force was initially proposed by India's first [[Chief of Defence Staff (India)|Chief of Defence Staff]], [[General (India)|General]] [[Bipin Rawat]], in September 2021 following the [[2020–2021 China–India skirmishes|2020 Galwan skirmishes]]. This came amid a reported reassessment of India’s capacity to counter the scale and precision of long-range strike capabilities fielded by the [[People's Liberation Army Rocket Force]] (PLARF). The IRF will have up to medium-range surface-to-surface strike capabilities and will assist India's "non-contact" warfare in the future. However, the composition and size of the inventory was yet to be decided.<ref>{{Cite web |title=India’s Coming ‘Rocket Force’ |url=https://thediplomat.com/2021/11/indias-coming-rocket-force/ |access-date=2024-04-21 |website=thediplomat.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bali |first=Pawan |date=2021-09-16 |title=India may set up a rocket force: Chief of Defence Staff |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/160921/india-may-set-up-a-rocket-force-chief-of-defence-staff.html |access-date=2026-05-02 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |language=en}}</ref>

The Rocket Force is in an early discussion stage, and much is not known about its establishment. It is not decided whether IRF will be a tri-service agency like [[Defence Cyber Agency]] and [[Defence Space Agency]] or a tri-service command-level organisation like [[Strategic Forces Command]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Integrated rocket force: Imperfect but a step in the right direction |url=https://www.orfonline.org/expert-speak/integrated-rocket-force |access-date=2024-04-21 |website=orfonline.org |language=en}}</ref> Instead of relying solely on nuclear deterrence, the [[Center for Strategic and International Studies]] argues that India is being forced to reinvest in complementary and mixed strategies due to the proliferation of arms in a new technological era.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ransing |first=Mandar |date=2025-02-25 |title=The Integrated Rocket Force (IRF) as India’s Bid for Conventional Deterrence |url=https://nuclearnetwork.csis.org/the-integrated-rocket-force-irf-as-indias-bid-for-conventional-deterrence/ |access-date=2025-08-02 |website=Nuclear Network |language=en-US}}</ref> A report on 27 January by the ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' indicated that the Army had raised 2 units of the rocket force and has increased the range of its artillery from 150 km to 1,000 km.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-27 |title=Indian Army to monitor low-altitude airspace along China, Pakistan borders |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/indian-army-to-monitor-low-altitude-airspace-along-china-pakistan-borders-101769477379114.html |access-date=2026-01-27 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

== Equipment ==
The Integrated Rocket Force's arsenal will initially consist of surface-to-surface missiles within the arsenal of the Indian Army and Air Force, beginning with the Pralay missiles. Later upon full maturity, all missiles and rocket systems of the Army, Navy, and Air Force will be operatedunder the IRF.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-05-17 |title=Will India finally have a dedicated rocket force? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/will-india-finally-have-a-dedicated-rocket-force/articleshow/100291322.cms |access-date=2024-04-21 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

The proposed weapon systems to remain in IRF's arsenal include [[Prahaar (missile)|Prahaar]], [[Pralay (missile)|Pralay]], [[Nirbhay]], [[BrahMos]], [[Pinaka multi-barrel rocket launcher|Pinaka MBRL]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Newly-proposed rocket forces may get 1,500 km range ballistic missiles |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/newly-proposed-rocket-forces-may-get-1500-km-range-ballistic-missiles-2458495-2023-11-05 |access-date=2024-04-21 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> In 2024, it was reported that the [[Long Range – Anti Ship Missile (India)|Long Range – Anti Ship Missile]] (LRAShM) and its land-based [[hypersonic missile]] variant would form a part of the proposed Integrated Rocket Force. The missiles will be a [[medium-range ballistic missile]] (MRBM) with a range of more than {{Convert|1500|km|abbr=on}}.<ref name=":42">{{Cite news |date=2024-04-18 |title=India tests long-range cruise missile for precision-strike capabilities |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/india-tests-long-range-cruise-missile-for-precision-strike-capabilities/articleshow/109411417.cms |access-date=2024-11-29 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref name=":32">{{Cite web |date=2023-11-05 |title=Newly-proposed rocket forces may get 1,500 km range ballistic missiles |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/newly-proposed-rocket-forces-may-get-1500-km-range-ballistic-missiles-2458495-2023-11-05 |access-date=2024-11-29 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> The [[BM-04]], a derivative of the [[Agni-P]], is being developed to satisfy the need for a conventional ballistic missile with a range of {{Convert|1500|km|abbr=on}} for the proposed Integrated Rocket Force. Utilizing a [[boostglide vehicle]], BM-04 will reach [[Mach]] 5 and beyond in order to neutralize [[anti-access/area denial]] (A2/AD) environment.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Katoch (Retd) |first=Lt. General P.C. |date=2025-03-14 |title=Indigenous Hypersonic Missile |url=https://www.spslandforces.com/experts-speak/?id=1246&h=Indigenous-Hypersonic-Missile |access-date=2025-07-25 |website=spslandforces.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-03-06 |title=BM-04 short-range ballistic missile: DRDO reveals India's latest hypersonic weapon |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/bm-04-short-range-ballistic-missile-drdo-reveals-indias-latest-hypersonic-weapon/articleshow/118755583.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-03-07 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Mandal |first=Sohini |last2=Udoshi |first2=Rahul |date=5 March 2025 |title=India's DRDO unveils BM-04 SRBM |url=https://www.janes.com/osint-insights/defence-news/defence/indias-drdo-unveils-bm-04-srbm |access-date=7 March 2025 |work=[[Janes Information Services]]}}</ref>In January 2026, the Indian Army placed an order for [[PULS (multiple rocket launcher)|''Suryastra'' multi calibre rocket launcher]] with NIBE Limited. The ammunition include rockets with a maximum range of 150 km and 300 km and [[loitering munition]] with 100 km range.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Trivedi |first=Saurabh |date=2026-01-03 |title=Army signs deal to procure long-range rocket launchers Suryastra |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/army-to-procure-long-range-rocket-launchers-in-major-deal-backed-by-israeli-technology/article70468168.ece |access-date=2026-01-04 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The system will be part of the deep strike rocket force which is reported to be a part of the [[Regiment of Artillery (India)|Regiment of Artillery]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Mayank |date=2026-01-02 |title=Army seals Rs 292 crore contract for indigenously manufactured rockets that can strike up to 300 km |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2026/Jan/02/army-to-get-indigenously-manufactured-rockets-that-can-strike-up-to-300-km-in-rs-292-crore-contract |access-date=2026-01-04 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

=== Gallery ===

<gallery>

File:Pinaka Republic day Parade 2024.jpg| Pinaka MBRL
File:Prahaar Missile.jpg|Prahaar tactical ballistic missile
File:Pralay missile - Indian Republic day Parade Rehearsal 2025.jpg|Pralay short range ballistic missile
File:Nirbhay missiles during Republic Day Parade 2018.jpg|Nirbhay subsonic cruise misssile
File:BrahMos missiles during rehearsal of Republic Day Parade 2018.jpg|Brahmos supersonic cruise missile
File:LRAShM Republic day Parade.jpg|LRAShM long range hypersonic anti-ship missile

</gallery>

== See also ==

; Indian Armed forces Integrated entities

* [[Defence Planning Committee]], tri-services command at policy level with NSA as its chief
* [[Chief of Defence Staff (India)]], professional head of the Indian Armed Forces
* [[Integrated Defence Staff]], tri-services command at strategic level composed of MoD, MEA and tri-services staff
* [[Integrated Theatre Command (India)]]
** [[Northern Theatre Command (India)]]
** [[Western Theatre Command (India)]]
** [[Maritime Theatre Command]]
** [[Andaman and Nicobar Command]]
** [[Strategic Forces Command]], nuclear command of India
*** [[Nuclear Command Authority (India)|Indian Nuclear Command Authority]], Strategic Forces Command
** [[Defence Cyber Agency]]
** [[Defence Space Agency]]
** [[Armed Forces Special Operations Division|Special Operations Division]]

; Assets

* [[List of Indian Air Force stations]]
* [[List of Indian Navy bases]]
* [[List of active Indian Navy ships]]
* [[List of countries with overseas military bases#India|India's overseas military bases]]

'''Other Nations'''

* [[People's Liberation Army Rocket Force|Peoples Liberation Army Rocket Force]]
* [[Strategic Rocket Forces]]
* [[Rocket Forces and Artillery (Ukraine)]]
* [[United States Strategic Command]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Indian Army]]
[[Category:Indian Air Force]]

Chelluboyina Venugopala Krishna

2026-04-24T23:32:09Z

CandelariaSanche: Made basic entry needs work

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1962)}}
{{Family name hatnote|Chelluboyina|lang=Telugu}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Chelluboyina Venugopala Krishna
| office = [[Y. S. Jagan Mohan Reddy ministry|Minister of Information & Public Relations and Cinematography]]
| term_start = 11 April 2022 - 3 June 2024
| governor = * [[Biswabhusan Harichandan]]
* [[S. Abdul Nazeer]]
| 1blankname = Chief Minister
| 1namedata = [[Y. S. Jagan Mohan Reddy]]
| predecessor = [[Perni Nani]]
| successor = [[Kolusu Parthasarathy]]
| office1 = [[Y. S. Jagan Mohan Reddy ministry|Minister of Backward Classes Welfare]]
| term_start1 = 29 July 2020
| term_end1 = 10 April 2022
| governor1 = * [[Biswabhusan Harichandan]]
* [[S. Abdul Nazeer]]
| 1blankname1 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata1 = [[Y. S. Jagan Mohan Reddy]]
| predecessor1 = [[Malagundla Sankaranarayana]]
| successor1 =
| office2 = [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Member of Legislative Assembly Andhra Pradesh]]
| term2 = 8 June 2019 - 3 June 2024
| predecessor2 = [[Thota Trimurthulu]]
| constituency2 = [[Ramachandrapuram Assembly constituency|Ramachandrapuram]]
| party = [[YSR Congress Party]]
| other_party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| children = 2
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1962|12|23|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Razole mandal]], Andhra Pradesh, India
| image = Chelluboyina Srinivasa Venugopalakrishna in April 2022.png
| caption = Chelluboyina in April 2022
| occupation = {{hlist|Politician|businessman}}
| successor2 = [[Vasamsetti Subhash]]
}}

'''Chelluboyina Srinivasa Venugopala Krishna''' (born 23 December 1962) is an Indian politician and businessman from the state of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. He is the Minister of Backward Classes Welfare, Public Relations, Information and Cinematography and is elected as the [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]] (MLA) representing [[Ramachandrapuram Assembly constituency]] on behalf of [[YSR Congress Party]]. He started his political career in 2000 with [[Indian National Congress]] and was elected as a member of [[District council (India)|Zilla Parishad]] in 2001 and 2006.

== Early life ==
Chelluboyina was born on 23 December 1962 to Chelluboyina Venkanna and Subhadramma in Adavi Palem, [[Razole mandal]] in erstwhile [[East Godavari district]] (now in [[Konaseema district]]), Andhra Pradesh.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=23 July 2020 |title=మంత్రులుగా చెల్లుబోయిన, సీదిరి |trans-title=Chelluboyina, Seediri as ministers |url=https://www.sakshi.com/news/politics/venugopal-krishna-and-sidiri-appala-raju-swearing-raj-bhavan-1303394 |access-date=9 December 2022 |website=[[Sakshi (newspaper)|Sakshi]] |language=te}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=18 March 2019 |title=తూర్పు గోదావరి వైఎస్సార్‌సీపీ అభ్యర్థుల ప్రొఫైల్స్‌ |trans-title=East Godavari YSRCP candidate profiles |url=https://www.sakshi.com/news/andhra-pradesh/profiles-east-godavari-ysrcp-candidates-1171035 |access-date=9 December 2022 |website=[[Sakshi (newspaper)|Sakshi]] |language=te}}</ref> He graduated in Bachelor of Arts from B. R. Ambedkar Open University.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Srinivasa Venu Gopala Krishna Chelluboyina(YSRCP):Constituency- RAMACHANDRAPURAM(EAST GODAVARI) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/andhrapradesh2019/candidate.php?candidate_id=4681 |access-date=9 December 2022 |website=myneta.info}}</ref>

== Career ==
Chelluboyina is a businessman by profession. He entered politics in 2000 and joined [[Indian National Congress]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Apparasu |first=Srinivasa Rao |date=22 July 2020 |editor-last=Sarkar |editor-first=Sohini |title=Andhra CM Jagan Mohan Reddy inducts two ministers in minor cabinet rejig |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/andhra-cm-jagan-mohan-reddy-inducts-two-ministers-in-minor-cabinet-rejig/story-4h2bEDRl942A7kCaCLTMdO.html |access-date=9 December 2022 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en}}</ref> He was elected as a member of {{Lang|te|Zilla Parishad}} ([[District council (India)|district council]]) from [[Razole, Konaseema district|Razole]] in 2001, and again in 2006 and was made the Chairman.<ref name=":1" /> He was appointed president of East Godavari district's Congress unit in 2008 and again 2012.<ref name=":2" /> He worked as a member of [[Pradesh Congress Committee]] in [[united Andhra Pradesh]].<ref name=":0" /> He also worked as a member of [[Andhra Pradesh Pollution Control Board]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 April 2022 |title=AP: Venu Gopala Krishna Takes Charges as BC Welfare, Cinematography and I&PR |url=https://english.sakshi.com/news/andhrapradesh/ap-venu-gopala-krishna-takes-charges-bc-welfare-cinematography-and-ipr-153413 |access-date=9 December 2022 |website=[[Sakshi (newspaper)|Sakshi]] |language=en}}</ref>

He joined YSR Congress Party (YSRCP){{When|date=December 2022}} and contested the [[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] representing [[Kakinada Rural Assembly constituency]] unsuccessfully. He later contested the [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] from Ramachandrapuram constituency and won as the MLA.<ref name=":2" /> In July 2020, he was inducted into the ministry [[Y. S. Jagan Mohan Reddy]]-led YSRCP government and was allotted the portfolio of Backward Classes Welfare.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 July 2020 |title=AP Cabinet: Portfolios Allocated To 2 Newly Appointed Ministers |url=https://english.sakshi.com/news/andhrapradesh/portfolios-allocated-ministers-gopalakrishna-appalaraju-ap-cabinet-121775 |access-date=9 December 2022 |website=[[Sakshi (newspaper)|Sakshi]] |language=en}}</ref> He was also appointed the in-charge minister for East Godavari district.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 August 2022 |title=Jagananna Women's Safe Haven inaugurated |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/jagananna-womens-safe-haven-inaugurated-758323 |access-date=9 December 2022 |website=[[The Hans India]] |language=en}}</ref> In April 2022, he was given additional ministries of Public Relations, Information and Cinematography.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 April 2022 |title=Andhra Cabinet reshuffle: Here are the portfolios assigned to new ministers |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/andhra-cabinet-reshuffle-here-are-portfolios-assigned-new-ministers-162803 |access-date=9 December 2022 |website=[[The News Minute]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Other work ==
Chelluboyina acts as the president of AP Boxing Association since 1999.<ref name=":1" />

== Personal life ==
Chelluboyina is married to Varalakshmi and has two sons.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Commons category-inline}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chelluboyina, Srinivasa Venugopalakrishna}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1962 births]]
[[Category:People from Konaseema district]]
[[Category:YSR Congress Party politicians]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:State cabinet ministers of Andhra Pradesh]]

Bathula Balaramakrishna

2026-04-24T23:12:04Z

CandelariaSanche: Starting some entry basic info - done

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Bathula Balaramakrishna
| office = Member of the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 2024
| predecessor = [[Jakkampudi Raja]]
| constituency = [[Rajanagaram Assembly constituency|Rajanagaram]]
| party = [[Jana Sena Party]]
| birth_date =
}}
'''Bathula Balaramakrishna''' is an Indian politician from [[Andhra Pradesh]]. He is a member of [[Jana Sena Party]].

== Political career ==
Balaramakrishna was elected as the Member of the Legislative Assembly representing the [[Rajanagaram Assembly constituency]] in [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]s.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Rajanagaram, Andhra Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2024 Highlights: JSP's Bathula Balaramakrishna S/O Gangarao defeats YSRCP's Jakkampudi Raja with 34049 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/rajanagaram-andhra-pradesh-assembly-election-results-2024-live-updates-2548239-2024-06-04 |access-date=2024-06-07 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Rajanagaram Election Result 2024 LIVE Updates Highlights: Assembly Winner, Loser, Leading, Trailing, MLA, Margin |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/rajanagaram-election-result-2024-live-updates-highlights-assembly-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-8917348.html |access-date=2024-06-07 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> He won the elections by a margin of 34049 votes defeating [[Jakkampudi Raja]] of the [[YSR Congress Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajanagaram Constituency Election Results 2024: Rajanagaram Assembly Seat Details, MLA Candidates & Winner |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/andhra-pradesh/constituency-show/rajanagaram |access-date=2025-03-17 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

== Electoral performance ==
{{transcluded section|source= Rajanagaram Assembly constituency}}
{{#section-h:Rajanagaram Assembly constituency|2024}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Balaramakrishna, Bathula}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Jana Sena Party politicians]]
[[Category:Telugu politicians]]
[[Category:1975 births]]

{{AndhraPradesh-JSP-politician-stub}}

Dulal Bhuiyan

2026-04-20T14:37:41Z

CandelariaSanche: Made new details initial version

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2026}}

'''Dulal Bhuiyan''' is an Indian politician and member of the [[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]]. Bhuiyan is a member of the [[Jharkhand Legislative Assembly]] from the [[Jugsalai Assembly constituency|Jugsalai constituency]] in [[East Singhbhum district]] in 1995, 2000 and 2005, and also a minister in Jharkhand Government in 2005-2009.<ref>{{Cite web |title=DULAL BHUIYAN(JMM):Constituency- Jugsalai(East Singhbhum) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/jarka05/candidate.php?candidate_id=45 |access-date=2022-08-15 |website=myneta.info}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Jharkhand: झामुमो में रहते हुए भी क्यों अलग-थलग पड़ गए दुलाल |url=https://www.jagran.com/jharkhand/jamshedpur-jharkhand-former-minister-dulal-bhuiyan-fall-apart-while-living-in-jmm-21103154.html |access-date=2022-08-15 |website=Dainik Jagran |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=JHARKAHND: सीबीआई कोर्ट का फैसला, पूर्व मंत्री दुलाल भुइयां को पांच साल की सजा, दस लाख जुर्माना |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/jharkhand/story-former-minister-dulal-bhuiyan-sentenced-to-five-years-2025955.html |access-date=2022-08-15 |website=Hindustan |language=hi}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhuiyan, Dulal}}
[[Category:People from East Singhbhum district]]
[[Category:Jharkhand Mukti Morcha politicians]]
[[Category:Jharkhand MLAs 2000–2005]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Jharkhand MLAs 2005–2009]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 1995–2000]]

{{Jharkhand-politician-stub}}

Jalgaon Rural Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:27:41Z

CandelariaSanche: starting new details!

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Jalgaon Rural
| constituency_no = 14
| type = SLA
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| map_image = 14-Jalgaon Rural.svg
| loksabha_cons = [[Jalgaon Lok Sabha constituency|Jalgaon]]
| district = [[Jalgaon district|Jalgaon]]
| established = 2008
| reservation = None
| mla = [[Gulab Raghunath Patil]]
| party = {{Party index link|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
| incumbent_image =
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| electors =337,865
}}
'''Jalgaon Rural Assembly constituency''' is one of the eleven constituencies of the Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha located in the [[Jalgaon district]].

==Overview ==
It is a part of the [[Jalgaon (Lok Sabha constituency)]] along with five other assembly constituencies, viz Jalgaon City, [[Erandol Assembly constituency]], [[Amalner Assembly constituency]], Chalisgaon and Pachora.

As per orders of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008, No. 14 Jalgaon Rural Assembly constituency is composed of the following:
1. Jalgaon Tehsil (Part) Revenue Circle Kanalde, Asoda, Jalgaon, Nashirabad and Mhasawad 2. Dharangaon Tehsil of [[Jalgaon district]].<ref name=commission>{{cite web|url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |title = Schedule – XVII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008 of the Election Commission of India|work= Schedule XVII Maharashtra, Part A – Assembly constituencies, Part B – Parliamentary constituencies |publisher = |access-date = 2015-03-11 }}</ref>

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable"
! Year
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| colspan="4"|{{center|''Till 2009 : Constituency did not exist : See [[Jalgaon Assembly constituency|Jalgaon]]''}}
|-
| [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
|[[Gulabrao Deokar]]
| {{Full party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|-
| [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
|rowspan=3|[[Gulab Raghunath Patil|Gulabrao Patil]]
| {{Full party name with color|Shiv Sena|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
|-
| [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| {{Full party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|}

==Election results==
===Assembly Election 2024===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Jalgaon Rural}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Gulab Raghunath Patil]] |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 1,43,408 |percentage = 61.37% |change={{increase}}7.39 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Gulabrao Deokar]] |party=Nationalist Congress Party – Sharadchandra Pawar |votes = 84,176 |percentage = 36.02% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 1,803 |percentage = 0.77% |change={{decrease}}0.44 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Mukunda Ananda Rote |party=Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 1,619 |percentage = 0.69% |change={{decrease}}0.65 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Pravin Jagan Sapkale |party=Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 1,435 |percentage = 0.61% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 59,232 |percentage = 25.35% |change= {{increase}}1.51 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 2,35,469 |percentage = 69.69% |change= {{increase}}7.08 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 2,33,666}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 3,37,865|ref = |change= {{increase}}7.03 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |loser = Shiv Sena |swing= {{increase}}7.39 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2019===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Jalgaon Rural<ref name="election2019">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Gulab Raghunath Patil]] |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 1,05,795 |percentage = 53.98% |change={{increase}}9.33 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Chandrashekhar Prakash Attarde |party=Independent politician |votes = 59,066 |percentage = 30.14% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Pushpa Dnyaneshwar Mahajan |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 17,962 |percentage = 9.17% |change={{decrease}}18.82 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Deshmukh Jitendra Baburao (Ravi Bhau) |party=Independent politician |votes = 5,830 |percentage = 2.97% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Mukunda Ananda Rote |party=Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 2,635 |percentage = 1.34% |change={{increase}}0.68 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 2,382 |percentage = 1.22% |change={{increase}}0.36 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Pradip Bhimrao Motiraya |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,362 |percentage = 0.69% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 46,729 |percentage = 23.84% |change= {{increase}}7.17 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 1,98,446 |percentage = 62.86% |change= {{decrease}}3.45 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 1,95,981}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 3,15,672|ref = |change= {{increase}}9.94 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |loser = Shiv Sena |swing= {{increase}}9.33 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2014===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Jalgaon Rural<ref name="election2014">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2014/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Gulab Raghunath Patil]] |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 84,020 |percentage = 44.65% |change={{increase}}2.85 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Gulabrao Deokar]] |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 52,653 |percentage = 27.98% |change={{decrease}}16.67 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Patil Abasaheb P. C. |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 44,011 |percentage = 23.39% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=D. G. Patil |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 3,968 |percentage = 2.11% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 1,608 |percentage = 0.85% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Mukunda Aannda Rote |party=Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 1,256 |percentage = 0.67% |change={{decrease}}7.80 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 31,367 |percentage = 16.67% |change= {{increase}}13.82 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 1,89,911 |percentage = 66.14% |change= {{increase}}3.47 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 1,88,154}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,87,123|ref = |change= {{increase}}11.20 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |loser = Nationalist Congress Party |swing= {{increase}}0.00 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2009===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Jalgaon Rural<ref>{{cite web|publisher= Chief Eletoral Officer, [[Maharashtra]]|title=General Elections to State Legislative Assembly 2009 |url=https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-url= http://web.archive.org/web/20240708005931/https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-date=8 July 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Gulabrao Deokar]] |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 71,556 |percentage = 44.65% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Gulab Raghunath Patil]] |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 66,994 |percentage = 41.81% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Lalit Vijay Kolhe |party=Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 13,570 |percentage = 8.47% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Chandrakant Ankush Birhade |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 2,500 |percentage = 1.56% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bhagwan Bhawlal Patil |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,431 |percentage = 1.52% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Firake Suresh Kacharu |party=Rashtravadi Janata Party |votes = 1,847 |percentage = 1.15% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Amitkumar Shamrao Salunkhe |party=Lok Sangram |votes = 1,348 |percentage = 0.84% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,562 |percentage = 2.85% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 1,60,388 |percentage = 62.12% |change= }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 1,60,246}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,58,199|ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Nationalist Congress Party |loser = |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Jalgaon]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}

{{coord|21.00|75.57|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Jalgaon]]
[[Category:Jalgaon district]]
[[Category:Politics of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Konaseema district protest

2026-04-19T16:24:28Z

CandelariaSanche: starting location

{{short description|2022 protests in Andhra Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2021}}

[[File:అమలాపురంలో_స్కూల్_బస్సు_దగ్ధం.jpg | thumb | right | alt=Photograph of a burning yellow school bus, lying on in its side | A school bus was set ablaze by demonstrators in protest of the Konaseema district's renaming.]]
The '''Konaseema district''' '''protest''' was a [[protest]] against the change of name of [[Konaseema district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]] to Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Konaseema district.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-24 |title=Mob Goes on a Rampage Over Renaming Konaseema after Dr BR Ambedkar |url=https://english.sakshi.com/news/andhrapradesh/violence-erupts-over-changing-konaseema-name-dr-br-ambedkar-155600 |access-date=2022-05-24 |website=Sakshi Post |language=en |archive-date=2022-05-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220524152444/https://english.sakshi.com/news/andhrapradesh/violence-erupts-over-changing-konaseema-name-dr-br-ambedkar-155600 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The protest was primarily led by the members of Konaseema Sadhana Samiti, Konaseema Parirakshana Samithi and other organisations.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Today |first=Telangana |date=2022-05-24 |title=AP: Konaseema district name change protests lead to lathicharge in Amalapuram |url=https://telanganatoday.com/ap-konaseema-district-name-change-protests-lead-to-lathicharge-in-amalapuram |access-date=2022-05-24 |website=Telangana Today |language=en-US}}</ref>

Opposing the [[Government of Andhra Pradesh|government's]] decision, on 24 May 2022 several youth gathered and started "Chalo Konaseema" [[Marching|march]] in [[Amalapuram]]. During the march, there was a clash between the police personnel and the protesters.<ref>{{Cite web |title=అమలాపురంలో తీవ్ర ఉద్రిక్తతలు.. పోలీసులపై రాళ్ల దాడి, బస్సుకు నిప్పు |url=https://telugu.samayam.com/andhra-pradesh/rajahmundry/high-tension-at-amalapuram-on-dr-br-ambedkar-konaseema-district-name-issue/articleshow/91767143.cms |access-date=2022-05-24 |website=Samayam Telugu |language=te}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |author=Staff Reporter |date=2022-05-24 |title=Dozens of protesters, policemen injured in clash over renaming Konaseema district in Andhra Pradesh |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/andhra-pradesh-dozens-of-protesters-policemen-injured-in-clash-over-renaming-konaseema-district/article65456885.ece |access-date=2022-05-24 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author=Scroll Staff |title=Homes of Andhra minister, MLA set on fire during protests against renaming of Konaseema district |url=https://scroll.in/latest/1024701/andhra-pradesh-ministers-house-set-on-fire-during-protests-against-renaming-of-konaseema-district |access-date=2022-05-24 |website=Scroll.in |language=en-US}}</ref>

After this, agitation started in support of the government's decision to name the district after [[Babasaheb Ambedkar]]. [[Ambedkarite]] [[Dalit]]s and Leaders of various organisations participated in the ‘Ambedkar Vaadula Atmagaurava Neeli Kavatu’ on BRTS Road here on 15 June 2022, demanded that the government rename Konaseema district as Dr. B.R. Ambedkar district.<ref>{{Cite news |author=Staff Reporter |date=2022-06-15 |title='Neeli Kavatu' demands renaming of Konaseema district |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/neeli-kavatu-demands-renaming-of-konaseema-district/article65529303.ece |access-date=2022-07-05 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Even after this, for many days, the supportive movement of Ambedkar's followers started.<ref>{{Cite news |author=Staff Reporter |date=2022-05-26 |title=Andhra Pradesh: Protests continue in support of decision to rename Konaseema district |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/protests-continue-in-support-of-decision-to-rename-konaseema-district/article65463774.ece |access-date=2022-07-05 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

On 24 Jun 2022, the [[government of Andhra Pradesh]] officially renamed Konaseema district as [[Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Konaseema district]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-24 |title=Andhra Pradesh renames newly created Konaseema district after BR Ambedkar |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/hyderabad/andhra-pradesh-konaseema-district-br-ambedkar-7989161/ |access-date=2022-07-05 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Andhra Pradesh government renames Konaseema district after Dr B R Ambedkar |url=https://www.businessinsider.in/india/news/andhra-pradesh-government-renames-konaseema-district-after-dr-b-r-ambedkar/articleshow/92434381.cms |access-date=2022-07-05 |website=Business Insider}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=CM Jagan approves renaming Konaseema district after Dr BR Ambedkar |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2022/jun/25/konaseema-dist-renamed-after-dr-br-ambedkar-2469534.html |access-date=2022-07-05 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:2022 protests]]
[[Category:Protests in India]]
[[Category:May 2022 in India]]
[[Category:2020s in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:2022 in Indian politics]]
[[Category:Konaseema district]]

Saja Assembly constituency

2026-04-18T23:45:29Z

CandelariaSanche: starting pg

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Chhattisgarh State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}

{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Saja
| state = [[Chhattisgarh]]
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 68
| district = [[Bemetara district|Bemetara]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Durg Lok Sabha constituency|Durg]]
| established = 1977
| reservation = None
| mla = [[Ishwar Sahu]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| preceded_by = [[Ravindra Choubey]]
| electors = {{formatnum:250817}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/chhattisgarh-legislative-election-2023-statistical-report |title=State Election, 2023 to the Legislative Assembly Of Chhattisgarh |website=Election Commission of India |date= |accessdate=25 January 2023 |url-access=limited}}</ref>{{update after|2029|1}}
| map_image = Saja Assembly constituency map.svg
}}
'''Saja''' is one of the 90 [[Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Chhattisgarh]] state in [[India]].<ref name=ceoMap>{{cite web |url=https://ceochhattisgarh.nic.in/en/new-maps-assembly-constituency |title=New Maps of Assembly Constituency |website=ceochhattisgarh.nic.in |accessdate= 3 February 2021}}</ref>

It is part of [[Bemetara district]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
! colspan=4|[[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
|-
|colspan=4 |''Prior to 1977: Constituency did not exist''
|-
|[[1977 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|Pradeep Kumar Choubey
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1980 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|Kumari Devi Choubey
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}
|-
|[[1985 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| rowspan=4 |[[Ravindra Choubey]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
|[[1990 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|-
|[[1993 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
|-
|[[1998 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
|-
! colspan=4|[[Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly]]
|-
|[[2003 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2003]]<ref name=election2003>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3882-chhattisgarh-2003/ |title=State Election, 2003 to the Legislative Assembly Of Chhattisgarh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate= 31 December 2021}}</ref>
| rowspan=2 |[[Ravindra Choubey]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2008 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2008]]<ref name=election2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3883-chhattisgarh-2008/ |title=State Election, 2008 to the Legislative Assembly Of Chhattisgarh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate= 31 December 2021}}</ref>
|-
|[[2013 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
|Labh Chand Bafna<ref name=election2013>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3884-chhattisgarh-2013/ |title=State Election, 2013 to the Legislative Assembly Of Chhattisgarh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate= 31 December 2021}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2018 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
| [[Ravindra Choubey]]<ref name=election2018/>
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| [[Ishwar Sahu]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election]]: Saja<ref name=election2023/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Ishwar Sahu]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 1,01,789
|percentage = 48.55
|change = +13.95
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Ravindra Choubey]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 96,593
|percentage = 46.07
|change = -5.55
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Sunil Kumar
|party = Independent politician
|votes = 2,874
|percentage = 1.37
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = 3,600
|percentage = 1.72
|change = -1.43
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 5,196
|percentage = 2.48
|change = -14.54
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 209,647
|percentage = 83.59
|change = +0.98
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2018 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election]]: Saja<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9643-statistical-data-of-general-election-to-chhatisgarh-assembly/ |title=Statistical data of General Election to Chhatisgarh Assembly - 2018 |website=Election Commission of India |accessdate= 3 February 2021}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Ravindra Choubey]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 95,658
|percentage = 51.62
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Labhchand Bafna
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 64,123
|percentage = 34.60
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Teksingh Chandel
|party = Janta Congress Chhattisgarh
|votes = 6,206
|percentage = 3.35
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Basant Agrawal
|party = Independent politician
|votes = 5,700
|percentage = 3.08
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Lochan Sahu
|party = Independent politician
|votes = 4,274
|percentage = 2.31
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = 5,840
|percentage = 3.15
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 31,535
|percentage = 17.02
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 185,321
|percentage = 82.61
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Bemetara district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Chhattisgarh}}
[[Category:Bemetara district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Politics of Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1977]]
{{coord|21.67|81.31|display=title}}

Warli painting

2026-04-14T12:44:00Z

CandelariaSanche:

{{short description|Art created by tribal people from Maharashtra, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}

[[File:Painted prayers, Warli paintings, at Sanskriti Kendra, Anandagram, New Delhi.jpg|right|thumb|Warli paintings at [[Sanskriti Kendra Museum]], Anandagram, New Delhi]]

'''Warli painting''' is [[tribal art]] mostly created by the [[Warli people]] from the North [[Western Ghats|Sahyadri Range]] in Maharashtra, India. Warli paintings exist in cities such as [[Dahanu]], [[Talasari]], [[Jawhar]], [[Palghar]] and [[Mokhada]] and originated in Maharashtra, where it is still practiced today. The paintings are usually done on mud walls, using a white pigment made from rice paste and water. They depict daily life, farming activities, animals, and natural elements in simple geometric shapes. Traditionally, Warli art is created by women and is often linked with rituals and celebrations.<ref>{{cite web |last=Swaminathan |first=Mangalam |date=July-August 2003 |title=From Wall to Walls – the Warll paintings |url=https://ignca.gov.in/from-wall-to-walls-the-warll-paintings/ |website=Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts |location= |publisher=Vihangama News Letter Vol. IV July-August 2003 |access-date=2025-12-23}}</ref>

==Tradition==
[[File:A Warli painting by Jivya Soma Mashe, Thane district.jpg|thumb|210px|Warli painting from [[Thane district]] by [[Jivya Soma Mashe]].]]
The Warli painting tradition in [[Maharashtra]] is among the finest examples of the folk style of paintings. The [[Warli]] tribe is one of the largest in India, located outside Mumbai. Till the 1970s, even though the tribal style of art is thought to date back as early as the 10th century C.E.<ref>{{Cite news|url= https://openart.community/in/history/tales-folk-west-warli-painting/|title=The Tales of the folk from the west - Warli painting {{!}} OpenArt|date=2016-09-28|work=OpenArt|access-date=2017-03-30|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |chapter=Warli Paintings |title=Living Traditions: Tribal and Folk Paintings of India |location=New Delhi |publisher=Centre for Cultural Resources and Training; Ministry of Culture, Government of India |date=2017 |pages=27–32 [29]}}</ref> The Warli culture is centered on the concept of [[Mother Nature]] and elements of nature are often focal points depicted in Warli painting. Farming is their main way of life and a large source of food for the tribe. They greatly respect nature and wildlife for the resources that they provide for life.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.fliptalks.com/ft/lifestyle-of-the-warli-tribe/|title=Warli Tribe Lifestyle, Warli Paintings, Warli Culture|date=2012-02-13|work=FlipTalks - Lifestyle Portal|access-date=2017-03-30|language=en-US}}</ref> Warli artists use their clay huts as the backdrop for their paintings, similar to how ancient people used [[Cave paintings in India|cave walls]] as their canvas.

[[Jivya Soma Mashe]], the artist in [[Thane district]], has played a great role in making the Warli paintings more popular.

==Painting technique==
[[File:Warli painting in Warli.JPG|thumb|Warli painting depicting a wedding.]]
[[File:Tarpa player.jpg|thumb|A tarpa player {{circa}}1885]]
These rudimentary [[Mural|wall paintings]] use a set of basic geometric shapes: a circle, a triangle, and a square and also a set of colours usually consisting of brown and white. These shapes are symbolic of different elements of nature. The circle and the triangle come from their observation of nature. The circle represents the sun and the moon, while the triangle depicts mountains and conical trees. In contrast, the square is rendered as a human invention, indicating a [[sacred enclosure]] or a piece of land. The central motif in each ritual painting is the square, known as the "chauk" or "chaukat", mostly of two types known as ''Devchauk'' and ''Lagnachauk''. Inside a ''Devchauk'' is usually a depiction of ''palghat'', the mother goddess, symbolizing fraternity.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Tribhuwan |first1=Robin D.|last2=Finkenauer|first2=Maike|title=Threads Together: A Comparative Study of Tribal and Pre-historic Rock Paintings|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lBXdIQVeIS0C&q=Dev+Chowk&pg=PA13|year=2003|publisher=Discovery Publishing House|location=Delhi|isbn=81-7141-644-6}}</ref>

Male gods are unusual among the Warli and are frequently related to spirits that have taken human shape. The central motif in the ritual painting is surrounded by scenes portraying hunting, fishing, farming, trees and animals.<ref>{{cite book |title=Unique Art of Warli Paintings |publisher=D. K. Printworld Pvt. Ltd. |first=Sudha |last=Satyawadi |date=2010 |pages=4, 5 |isbn=978-8124605578 |quote=... everything in the [Warlis'] household from the wall of their dwellings ... is painted with typical motifs like tree and creepers, birds, animals, sun, moon, man and woman. ... Main motifs are palm impressions, footsteps, representation of tree, leaves, stylized drawings of paddy ..., birds, beasts, men and women in geometrical forms.}}</ref> Festivals and dances are common scenes depicted in the ritual paintings. People and animals are represented by two inverse triangles joined at their tips: the upper triangle depicts the torso and the lower triangle the pelvis. Their precarious equilibrium symbolizes the balance of the universe. The representation also has the practical and amusing advantage of animating the bodies. Another main theme of Warli art is the denotation of a triangle that is larger at the top, representing a man; and a triangle which is wider at the bottom, representing a woman.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://thecraftyangels.com/a-complete-warli-painting-tutorial-guide/|title=A Complete Warli painting Tutorial Guide|date=2015-04-22|publisher=The Crafty Angels|access-date=2016-01-21}}</ref>{{Better source|date=June 2017}} Apart from ritualistic paintings, other Warli paintings covered day-to-day activities of the village people.

One of the central aspects depicted in many Warli paintings is the tarpa dance. The [[Tarpa (instrument)|tarpa]], a trumpet-like instrument, is played in turns by different village men. Men and women entwine their hands and move in a circle around the tarpa player. The dancers then follow him, turning and moving as he turns, never turning their backs to the tarpa. The musician plays two different notes, which direct the head dancer to either move clockwise or counterclockwise. The tarpa player assumes a role similar to that of a snake charmer, and the dancers become the figurative snake. The dancers take a long turn in the audience and try to encircle them for entertainment. The circle formation of the dancers is also said to resemble the circle of life.<ref>{{cite book |chapter=Warli Painting |title=Living Traditions: Tribal and Folk Paintings of India |location=New Delhi |publisher=Centre for Cultural Resources and Training; Ministry of Culture, Government of India |date=2017 |pages=27–32 [31]}}</ref>

===Materials used===
The simple pictorial language of Warli painting is matched by a rudimentary technique. The ritual paintings are usually created on the inside walls of village huts. The walls are made of a mixture of branches, earth and red brick that make a [[red ochre]] background for the paintings. The Warli only paint with a white pigment<ref>{{cite book |title=Unique Art of Warli Paintings |publisher=D. K. Printworld Pvt. Ltd. |first=Sudha |last=Satyawadi |date=2010 |page=1 |isbn=978-8124605578 |quote=Warlis use mud plastered walls of huts as their canvas and paint tribal designs in white or brilliant sindûra or red colour. Painted with white colour on austere brown surface make it different from other tribal paintings of India.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Unique Art of Warli Paintings |publisher=D. K. Printworld Pvt. Ltd. |first=Sudha |last=Satyawadi |date=2010 |page=4 |isbn=978-8124605578 |quote=They [Warlis] paint the mud walls of huts with tribal designs in white on ''geru'' red background.}}</ref> made from a mixture of [[rice flour]] and water, with gum as a binder. A bamboo stick is chewed at the end to give it the texture of a paintbrush. Walls are painted only to mark special occasions such as weddings, festivals or every thing harvests. They make it with a sense that it can be seen by future generations.

==Traditional knowledge and intellectual property==
Warli Painting is traditional knowledge and cultural intellectual property preserved across generations. Understanding the urgent need for intellectual property rights, the tribal non-governmental organization [[Adivasi]] Yuva Seva Sangh helped to register Warli painting with a [[geographical indication]] under the intellectual property rights act.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.ipindia.nic.in/writereaddata/Portal/IPOJournal/1_65_1/gi-journal-59.pdf|title=Geographical Indication Journal|website=ipindia.nic.in |access-date=2016-07-11}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last= |first= |title=Geographical Indications Registry |url=https://search.ipindia.gov.in/GIRPublic/Application/Details/239 |access-date=14 March 2024 |website=GI Search Vision 2.0}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ipindia.nic.in/writereaddata/Portal/Images/pdf/Registered-GIs-of-India.pdf|title=Registration Details of Geographical Indication|website=ipindia.nic.in |access-date=2016-07-11}}</ref> Various efforts are in progress for strengthening the sustainable economy of the Warli with social entrepreneurship.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.dnaindia.com/pune/report-warlis-get-intellectual-property-rights-2003-444 |title= get intellectual property rights |website=dnaindia.com|access-date=2017-07-11}}</ref>

==In contemporary culture==
[[File:Warli Paintings, Mysore.jpg|thumb|Warli Paintings in Mysore]]

The lack of regular artistic activity explains the traditional tribal sense of style for their paintings. In the 1970s, this ritual art took a radical turn when [[Jivya Soma Mashe]] and his son Balu Mashe started to paint. They painted not for ritual purposes, but because of their artistic pursuits. Jivya is known as the modern father of Warli painting. Since the 1970s, Warli painting has moved onto paper and canvas.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.vam.ac.uk/blog/museum-of-childhood/warli-at-moc|title=Telling stories and drawing life – Indian Warli Community projects at the V&A Museum of Childhood|work=Blog|access-date=2017-03-30|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Unique Art of Warli Paintings |publisher=D. K. Printworld Pvt. Ltd. |first=Sudha |last=Satyawadi |date=2010 |page=2 |isbn=978-8124605578 |quote=In early 1970s Warli artists were supplied brown paper and white paint by the Handicraft and Handloom Board.}}</ref>

In 2016, [[Coca-Cola]] India launched a campaign called "Come Home on [[Deepawali]]", which featured Warli paintings. The campaign targeted the youth demographics.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/press-releases/coca-cola-india-celebrates-ancient-warli-folk-art-form-launches-110101200123_1.html |title=Coca-Cola India celebrates ancient Warli folk art form - Launches | Business Standard News |newspaper=Business Standard India |date=12 October 2010 |access-date=2016-01-21}}</ref> The campaign included advertising on traditional mass media, combined with radio, the Internet, and out-of-home media.

According to the India Book of Records, India's largest Warli art painting is hosted at the Manik Public School at Maniknagar, Karnataka. Warli artist Avanti Sandeep Kulkarni designed and hand-painted the sections of painting.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://indiabookofrecords.in/largest-warli-art-painting-made-on-a-wall-by-an-individual/ |title=Largest Warli Art Painting | India Book of Records |newspaper=India Book of Records |date=9 February 2023 |access-date=2023-02-09}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{cite web |last=Swaminathan |first=Mangalam |date=July-August 2003 |title=From Wall to Walls – the Warll paintings |url=https://ignca.gov.in/from-wall-to-walls-the-warll-paintings/ |website=Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts |location= |publisher=Vihangama News Letter Vol. IV July-August 2003 |access-date=2025-12-23}}
* {{cite book |chapter=What About the Warli Painting Tradition? |title=Threads Together: A Comparative Study of Tribal and Pre-historic Rock Paintings |first1=Robin D. |last1=Tribhuwan |first2=Maike |last2=Finkenauer |publisher=Discovery Publishing House |date=2003 |pp=11-61 |isbn=9788171416448}}
* {{cite book |title=Unique Art of Warli Paintings |publisher=D. K. Printworld Pvt. Ltd. |first=Sudha |last=Satyawadi |date=2010 |isbn=978-8124605578}}
* {{cite book |chapter=Warli Painting |title=Living Traditions: Tribal and Folk Paintings of India |location=New Delhi |publisher=Centre for Cultural Resources and Training; Ministry of Culture, Government of India |date=2017 |pages=27–32}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite book |last=Dalmia |first=Yashodhara |date=1988 |title=The Painted World of the Warlis. Art and Ritual of the Warli Tribes of Maharashtra |location=New Dehli |publisher=Lalit Kala Akademi}}
* {{cite journal |first=Tehezee |last=Moitra |title=Terra Firma and Fluid Spaces: Warli Painting from the Neolithic to the Postmodern |journal=Anglistica AION |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=69–78 |date=2015 |url=http://www.serena.unina.it/index.php/anglistica-aion/article/view/8506}}
* {{cite book |chapter=Warli Art |title=The Mystical World of Warlis |publisher=Notion Press |first=Madhukar |last=Vadu |date=2018 |pp=81-104 |isbn=978-1-64429-826-8}}

==External links==

{{commons category| Warli paintings}}

[[Category:Indian folk art]]
[[Category:Geographical indications in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Indian painting]]
[[Category:Palghar district]]
[[Category:Schools of Indian painting]]

Top Cooku Dupe Cooku

2026-04-13T18:55:59Z

CandelariaSanche: starting new article

{{Short description|Indian Tamil-language reality show}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox television
| image =
| caption =
| genre = {{plainlist|
* Cookery
* [[Comedy film|Comedy]]}}
| based_on = ''[[Cooku with Comali]]''
| director = Parthiv Mani
| judges = {{Plainlist|
* [[Samayal Samayal with Venkatesh Bhat|Chef Venkatesh Bhat]] (season 1–present)
* Chef Rammohan (season 1–present)
* [[Binni Krishnakumar|Singer Binni Krishnakumar]] (season 1; special appearance in one episode in season 2)
; Mentor Chefs:
* Chef Adrian (season 2–present)
* Chef Cheruba (season 1–present)
* Chef Sai (season 1–present)
* Chef Saravanan (season 1)
* Chef Yuvasri (season 1)
}}
| presenter = VJ Rakesh (season 1–present) [[Sivaangi Krishnakumar]] (season 2–present)
| producer = [[Media Masons]]
| cinematography = Sudhir Koushik
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| num_seasons = 2
| num_episodes = Season 1: {{#expr:
{{tmpv|Top Cooku Dupe Cooku season 1|Infobox television season||num_episodes}}
}}
| runtime = * Season 1: {{approx}} 65{{ndash}}75 minutes
* Season 2: 50 minutes (each on Saturday and Sunday)
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| network = [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]] [[Sun NXT]]
| company = Media Masons
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=y|2024|05|19}}
| last_aired = present
}}
'''''Top Cooku Dupe Cooku''''' (often abbreviated as '''''TCDC''''') is an Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language comedy [[Cooking show|cooking competition show]], produced by Media Masons. The show is produced and judged by [[Samayal Samayal with Venkatesh Bhat|Venkatesh Bhat]],<ref name=L3/> along with Rammohan. In season one, the show was supported by [[Binni Krishnakumar]] and hosted by Rakesh, while in season two, it was hosted by Rakesh and [[Sivaangi Krishnakumar]].<ref name=L4/><ref name=L5/> The show is based on the reality series ''[[Cooku with Comali]]'', which was also conceived and produced for four seasons by Media Masons, but for a different channel.<ref name=":02">{{cite web |author=Parthiban.A |date=3 May 2024 |title=யாரு தான் Copy அடிக்கல.. CWC vs Top Cooku Dupe Cooku! தீபா அக்கா Exclusive Interview |url=https://cineulagam.com/article/cwc-vs-top-cooku-dupe-cooku-deepa-akka-interview-1714685875 |website=cineulagam.com |language=ta}}</ref><ref name=":1" />

== Format ==
The contestants are referred to as "top cooku" and would be paired up with a "dupe cooku" each week. Some episodes feature one or more guest judges.<ref name="Format1"/>
;Rapid fire round
In season one, the show begins with the rapid fire round, in which the top cookus are given a simple task to complete within 120 seconds. The winner can choose their desired dupe cooku, while others will be paired randomly.<ref name="Format1" /> This round was absent from season two.
; Golden table challenge
After pairing up, teams take part in a 20 minute quick-fire cooking task called the golden table challenge. The winning team earns the right to cook at a special golden workstation equipped with premium amenities, and they enjoy exclusive privileges for the rest of the episode such as immunity, priority access to ingredients, and additional support from their chef mentor.
; Main challenge
In each episode, all teams participate in a themed main cooking challenge, where they must create dishes based on a given concept or cuisine. The chefs can guide their teams from a distance and are allowed a limited chef's time-out, where the chef may step into the kitchen and offer verbal instructions. Teams are judged on taste, presentation, and creativity, and the lowest-scoring cook faces elimination.<ref name="Format1" />

=== Elimination ===
; Elimination box selection (season one)
At the beginning of each episode in season one, the top cookus are presented with two boxes. One box contains a card marked "elimination episode”, while the other contains a card marked “non-elimination episode”. The contestants must jointly choose a box to determine the nature of the episode. If a non-elimination card is selected on two consecutive weeks, the third week automatically becomes an elimination round.<ref name="Format1" /><ref name="SoniaEl" />
;Elimination challenge (season two)
Season two does not use the box selection format. Instead, the show follows a two-week cycle:

* '''Challenger round:''' One or more external challengers compete against the existing contestants. They participate in one or more cooking challenges leading up to the one lakh box challenge. If the challenger wins, all current contestants face an elimination round the following week. If one of the contestants wins, only that contestant is safe for the next week, and the remaining contestants must compete in the elimination round.
* '''Elimination week:''' The week following the challenger round is an elimination episode where the contestants (except the winners, if any) compete to avoid elimination.
; Wild card entry
Halfway through the season, at least one top cooku will join the contestants, called a wild card entry and are assigned a new mentor.<ref name=wild/> Season two featured no wild card entries nor additional mentors.
; Final stage
In the final stage of the season, all episodes are either elimination episodes or ticket to the finale rounds leading up to the season finale.<ref name=fs1-15/><ref name=fs1-17/>

== Judges and hosts ==
{| class="wikitable" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;border:none;text-align:center;font-size:90%;width: 60%;"
|-
! scope="col" | Season
! scope="col" | Host
! scope="colgroup" colspan="3" | Judges (in order of first appearance)
! scope="colgroup" colspan="4" | Mentor chefs
|-
! scope="row" | 1
| VJ Rakesh || [[Samayal Samayal with Venkatesh Bhat|Chef Venkatesh Bhat]] || [[Binni Krishnakumar]]|| Chef Rammohan || Chef Cheruba || Chef Sai || Chef Saravanan || Chef Yuvasri
|-
! scope="row" | 2
| VJ Rakesh & [[Sivaangi Krishnakumar]]|| [[Samayal Samayal with Venkatesh Bhat|Chef Venkatesh Bhat]] || Chef Rammohan || - || Chef Sai ||Chef Adrian|| Chef Cheruba ||-
|}

== Series overview ==
{{Series overview
| auxA = Prize Money
| infoA = Winners
| infoB = Runners-up
| color1 = #FBB700
| link1 = Top Cooku Dupe Cooku season 1
| episodes1 = {{#expr:{{tmpv|Top Cooku Dupe Cooku season 1|Infobox television season||num_episodes}}}}
| start1 = {{Start date|2024|05|19|df=y}}
| end1 = {{Start date|2024|09|29|df=y}}
| network1 = [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]] [[Sun NXT]]
| auxA1 = 20 lakhs
| infoA1 = Narendra Prasath [[Sujatha Sivakumar]]
| infoB1 = [[FEFSI Vijayan]] [[Chaitra Reddy]]
| color2 = #4B0082
| link2 = Top Cooku Dupe Cooku season 2
| episodes2 = {{#expr:{{tmpv|Top Cooku Dupe Cooku season 2|Infobox television season||num_episodes}}}}
| start2 = {{Start date|2025|08|17|df=y}}
| end2 = {{Start date|2025|12|14|df=y}}
| network2 = [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]] [[Sun NXT]]
| auxA2 = 20 lakhs
| infoA2 = [[Besant Ravi]]
| infoB2 = Preetha Delna Davis Kiran Vaahesan
}}

== Production ==
=== Development ===
[[Media Masons]] producer Ravoofa announced at the end of February that their company was quitting [[Star Vijay]] television after 25 years.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/cooku-with-comali-producer-director-walks-out-of-show-fans-shocked-no-new-season-latest-tamil-news-351498|title='Cooku With Comali' new season becomes doubtful as the show's crew moves out one by one - Deets|website=www.indiaglitz.com|date=4 March 2024|language=en}}</ref> Later on, Media Masons decide to produce a new cooking show like ''[[Cooku with Comali]]''<ref name=":0">{{cite web|author=Parthiban.A|url=https://cineulagam.com/article/cwc-vs-top-cooku-dupe-cooku-deepa-akka-interview-1714685875|title=யாரு தான் Copy அடிக்கல.. CWC vs Top Cooku Dupe Cooku! தீபா அக்கா Exclusive Interview|website=cineulagam.com|date=3 May 2024|language=ta}}</ref> on [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tamil.filmibeat.com/top-listing/top-cooku-dupe-cooku-vijay-tv-cook-with-comali-fame-stars-jumped-to-sun-tv-new-program-promo-video-released-5-4031.html|title=டாப் குக்கு டூப் குக்கு - விஜய் டிவியில் இருந்து சன் டிவிக்கு தாவிய குக் வித் கோமாளி பிரபலங்கள்...|website=tamil.filmibeat.com|date=30 April 2024|language=ta}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/venkatesh-bhat-is-the-producer-of-top-cooku-dupe-cooku-in-sun-tv-tamilfont-news-354202|title='டாப் குக்கு டூப் குக்கு' நிகழ்ச்சியின் தயாரிப்பாளர் வெங்கடேஷ் பட்டா? பரபரப்பு தகவல்..!|website=www.indiaglitz.com|date=30 April 2024|language=ta}}</ref>

=== Release ===
The first season's first promo was unveiled on 28 April 2024. The first season's second promo was unveiled on 1 May 2024, featuring the first contestants [[FEFSI Vijayan]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Rajkumar|url=https://tamil.behindtalkies.com/top-cooku-dupe-cooku-new-promo/|title=Top Cooku Dupe Cookuவின் புதிய ப்ரோமோ – போட்டியாளராக வந்த பிரபல வில்லன் நடிகர்|website=tamil.behindtalkies.com|date=2 May 2024|language=ta}}</ref>

== Also See ==

* [[Top Cooku Dupe Cooku season 1|''Top Cooku Dupe Cooku'' season 1]]
* [[Top Cooku Dupe Cooku season 2|''Top Cooku Dupe Cooku'' season 2]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=





<ref name=L3>{{cite web|url=https://www.dinamani.com/cinema/cinema-news/2024/Apr/29/top-cooku-dupe-cooku|title=டாப் குக்கு டூப் குக்கு செஃப் வெங்கடேஷ் பட்!|website=[[Dinamani]]|date=29 April 2024|language=ta}}</ref>
<ref name=L4>{{cite web|url=https://tamil.oneindia.com/television/sun-tv-top-cooku-dupe-cooku-launch-promo-shared-to-venkatesh-bhatt-601979.html|title=சன் டிவிக்கு போன வெங்கடேஷ் பட்டின் புது பதிவு! இதுதான் வார்த்தையை விட்டு சிக்குறதா? ரசிகர்கள் கேள்வி|website=Tamil [[Oneindia]]|date=29 April 2024|language=ta|access-date=19 May 2024|archive-date=3 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240503153539/https://tamil.oneindia.com/television/sun-tv-top-cooku-dupe-cooku-launch-promo-shared-to-venkatesh-bhatt-601979.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name=L5>{{cite web|author=V Vasanthi|url=https://tamil.oneindia.com/television/top-cooku-dupe-cooku-venkatesh-bhatt-shared-the-video-and-praised-gp-muthu-602277.html|title=விஜய் டிவியை விட்டு சன் டிவிக்கு போன காரணம்? ஜி.பி முத்து வீடியோவை பகிர்ந்து.. வெங்கடேஷ் பட் பதிவு|website=Tamil [[Oneindia]]|date=30 April 2024|language=ta|access-date=19 May 2024|archive-date=3 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240803092957/https://tamil.oneindia.com/television/top-cooku-dupe-cooku-venkatesh-bhatt-shared-the-video-and-praised-gp-muthu-602277.html|url-status=live}}</ref>



<ref name="Format1">{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/new-cooking-reality-show-top-cooku-dupe-cooku-set-to-premiere-on-may-19/articleshow/110049993.cms|title=New cooking reality show 'Top Cooku Dupe Cooku' set to premiere on May 19|website=[[Times Of India]]|date=29 April 2024|language=en|access-date=21 May 2024|archive-date=3 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240803092946/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/new-cooking-reality-show-top-cooku-dupe-cooku-set-to-premiere-on-may-19/articleshow/110049993.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="SoniaEl">{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/top-cooku-dupe-cooku-from-chaitra-reddy-winning-the-advantage-to-sonia-agarwals-elimination-a-look-at-major-events/articleshow/111053815.cms|title=Top Cooku Dupe Cooku: From Chaitra Reddy winning the advantage to Sonia Agarwal's elimination - A look at major events|website=[[Times Of India]]|date=18 June 2024|language=ta|access-date=18 June 2024|archive-date=18 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240618015421/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/top-cooku-dupe-cooku-from-chaitra-reddy-winning-the-advantage-to-sonia-agarwals-elimination-a-look-at-major-events/articleshow/111053815.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name=wild>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3TYC81WC_xk |title=Top Cooku Dupe Cooku - Promo {{!}} 04 August 2024 {{!}} Sunday @ 12:30 PM {{!}} Sun TV |date=2024-07-30 |last=Sun TV |access-date=2024-08-02 |via=YouTube |archive-date=2 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240802004122/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3TYC81WC_xk |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name=fs1-15>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7-KQGC_yMIE |title=Top Cooku Dupe Cooku - Promo {{!}} 25 August 2024 {{!}} Sunday @ 12:30 PM {{!}} Sun TV |date=2024-08-23 |last=Sun TV |access-date=2024-08-24 |via=YouTube}}</ref>
<ref name=fs1-17>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FgACuwIDE8I |title=Top Cooku Dupe Cooku - Promo {{!}} 08 Sep 2024 {{!}} Sunday @ 12:30 PM {{!}} Sun TV |date=2024-09-03 |last=Sun TV |access-date=2024-09-08 |via=YouTube}}</ref>



<ref name=SoniaEl>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/top-cooku-dupe-cooku-from-chaitra-reddy-winning-the-advantage-to-sonia-agarwals-elimination-a-look-at-major-events/articleshow/111053815.cms|title=Top Cooku Dupe Cooku: From Chaitra Reddy winning the advantage to Sonia Agarwal's elimination - A look at major events|website=[[Times Of India]]|date=18 June 2024|language=ta|access-date=18 June 2024|archive-date=18 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240618015421/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/top-cooku-dupe-cooku-from-chaitra-reddy-winning-the-advantage-to-sonia-agarwals-elimination-a-look-at-major-events/articleshow/111053815.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>



}}

{{Sun TV shows}}

[[Category:2024 Tamil-language television series debuts]]
[[Category:Top Cooku Dupe Cooku|*]]
[[Category:Sun TV original programming]]
[[Category:Tamil-language cooking television series]]
[[Category:Tamil-language game shows]]
[[Category:Tamil-language reality television series]]
[[Category:Tamil-language television shows]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Tamil Nadu]]

Radha Rani Temple

2026-04-03T14:38:05Z

CandelariaSanche: creating new location!

{{Short description|Hindu temple dedicated to Radha Krishna in Barsana}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2021}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
|name=Shri Radha Rani Temple
|native_name=Shreeji Temple, Shri Laadli Lal Temple
|image= Radharani Temple Barsana 2.jpg
|deity=[[Radha Krishna]]
|festivals=[[Radhashtami]], [[Janmashtami]], [[Lathmar Holi]], [[Holi]], [[Sharad Purnima]], [[Kartik Purnima]]
|location=[[Barsana]]
|district=[[Mathura]]
|elevation_m=250
|year_completed=1675 AD
|founded_by= [[Bir Singh Deo|Raja Bir Singh Deo]], Narayan Bhatt, [[Todar Mal|Raja Todarmal]], King Vajranabh
|caption=[[Radharani]] Temple, [[Barsana]]
|state=[[Uttar Pradesh]]
|website={{URL|radharanimandir.com}}
|coordinates={{coord|27|39|01|N|77|22|25|E|type:landmark_region:IN-UP|display=inline,title}}
|map_caption=Location in [[Uttar Pradesh]]
|map_type=India Uttar Pradesh}}
{{Vaishnavism}}

'''Shri Radha Rani Temple''', is a historical [[Hinduism|Hindu]] temple, located in [[Barsana]] in [[Mathura district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Shriji Temple Barsana{{!}} Mandir History, Architecture & Visiting Time {{!}} UP Tourism |url=https://www.tourmyindia.com/states/uttarpradesh/shriji-temple-barsana.html |access-date=2021-05-08 |website=tour-my-india}}</ref> The temple is dedicated to the goddess [[Radha]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Barsana {{!}} Welcome to UP Tourism-Official Website of Department of Tourism, Government of Uttar Pradesh, India |url=https://www.uptourism.gov.in/en/post/barsana |access-date=2023-03-07 |website=www.uptourism.gov.in }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The main deities of the temple are [[Radha Krishna]] who are worshiped together in the form of '''''Shri [[Radha|Laadli]] [[Krishna|Lal]]''''', which means the beloved daughter and son of the town.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Anand |first=D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EsvSwdUgQYcC&q=radha+purana |title=Krishna: The Living God of Braj |date=1992 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn=978-81-7017-280-2 |pages=60–65 |language=en}}</ref>

The temple is stretched on the top of Bhanugarh hills, which is about 250 meters in height.<ref name=":0" /> It attracts huge crowd of devotees and tourists visiting temple from across the world for its most popular festivals - [[Radhashtami]] and [[Lathmar Holi]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Historical town Barsana set to celebrate ‘Lathmar Holi’ Tuesday |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/lifestyle/historical-town-barsana-set-to-celebrate-lathmar-holi-tuesday/2993719/ |access-date=2023-03-07 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref>

== History ==
Radha Rani Temple is originally believed to be established by King Vajranabh (great-grandson of [[Krishna]]) around 5000 years ago. The temple is said to be in ruins; the icons were rediscovered by Narayan Bhatt (a disciple of [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu]]) and a temple was built in 1675 AD by [[Bir Singh Deo|Raja Bir Singh Deo]]. Later, the present structure of temple was built by Narayan Bhatt with the help of [[Todar Mal|Raja Todarmal]], one of the governors in the Akbar's court.
[[File:Radha Rani Mandir.jpg|thumb|Radha Rani Temple, Barsana]]
There is also a popular legend associated with the temple. According to it, Krishna's father [[Nanda Baba|Nanda]] and Radha's father [[Vrishabhanu|Vrishbhanu]] were close friends. While Nanda was head of [[Gokul]]a, Vrishbhanu was head of Rawal. However, fed up with the atrocities of [[Mathura]]'s king [[Kamsa]], both of them with their people shifted to [[Nandgaon, Uttar Pradesh|Nandgaon]] and [[Barsana]]. Nanda made Nandishvar hill his home and Vrishbhanu made Bhanugarh hill his permanent abode, which also ultimately became the abode of Radha. Presently, in both the twin towns of Barsana and Nandgaon, there stands the historical temples dedicated to Radha and Krishna on the peak of Nandishvar and Bhanugarh hills respectively. While Nandgaon temple is called the Nand Bhawan, Barsana temple is named after Radha, called Radha Rani temple or Shriji (Shreeji temple).

== Architecture ==
[[File:Chhatris of Barsana 02.jpg|thumb|Shreeji Temple]]
Shreeji Temple, with its arches, pillars and red sandstone, looks like a structure dating back to the Mughal era. This popular temple in Barsana is a classic example of the [[Rajput architecture]] prevailing during that time.<ref name=":0" /><ref>[https://magikindia.com/barsana-uttar-pradesh/ Barsana- Magik India]</ref><ref>[https://www.academia.edu/50479474/The_Monumental_Remains_of_the_Bundela_Rajputs_in_Mathura The Monumental Remains of the Bundela Rajputs in Mathura]</ref> The temple looks like a magnificent palace which is made up of red sandstone and adorned with intricate hand carvings, beautiful arches, domes and exquisite paintings on its inner walls and ceilings. Red and white stones have been used for the construction of the temple, which are considered to symbolize the love of Radha and Krishna.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Radha Rani Mandir Barsana {{!}} Barsana Temple {{!}} how to reach, timings |url=https://www.thedivineindia.com/radha-rani-mandir-barsana/6143 |access-date=2021-05-08 |website=thedivineindia.com |language=en |archive-date=4 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210304024432/https://www.thedivineindia.com/radha-rani-mandir-barsana/6143 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

There are more than 200 stairs which leads to the main temple from ground. At the foot of the steps that lead to this temple is the palace of [[Vrishabhanu]] Maharaj where there are idols of Vrishabhanu Maharaj, Kirtida, Shridama (Sibling of Radha) and Shri Radhika. Near this palace is the temple of [[Brahma]]. Also, close by, there is Ashtasakhi temple where Radha along with her principal sakhis (friends) are worshiped.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shriji Temple at Barsana |url=http://radhanathswamiyatras.com/places-around-vrindavan/places-vrindavan/barsana/shriji-temple-barsana/ |access-date=2021-05-08 |website=Radhanath Swami Yatras |date=23 September 2011 |language=en-US |archive-date=13 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513024907/http://radhanathswamiyatras.com/places-around-vrindavan/places-vrindavan/barsana/shriji-temple-barsana/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> As the temple is on the peak of hill, the whole Barsana can be seen from the temple's premises.

== Festivals ==
[[Radhashtami]] and [[Krishna Janmashtami]], birthdays of Radha and Krishna, are the chief festivals of the Radha Rani temple. On both of these days, the temple is decorated with flowers, balloons and lights. The deities are dressed in new dresses and jewellery sets. After performing "[[Arti (Hinduism)|Aarti]]", 56 types of dishes, also called "''Chappan Bhog''" is offered to [[Radha Krishna]] which later gets distributed to the devotees as "[[Prasāda|Prasada]]".<ref name=":1" />
[[File:Barsana Holi Festival.jpg|thumb|Barsana Holi festival inside Radha Rani Temple premises]]
Besides Radhastami and Janmashtami, [[Lathmar Holi]] is also one of the significant festivals of the temple. To celebrate Lathmar Holi, devotees and tourists visit the temple. The [[Holi]] in Barsana starts a week before the actual day of the festival and lasts till [[Rang Panchami]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Barsana |url=https://www.sjbmt.in/about-barsana/ |access-date=2021-05-08 |website=Shree Ji Barsana Mandal Trust |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Timings ==
The time zone ([[UTC+05:30]]) observed through India by the priest.<ref name=":1" />

'''Summer Timings''' - Morning 05:00 am to 02:00 pm and Evening 05:00 pm to 09:00 pm.

'''Winter Timings''' - Morning 05:30 am to 02:00 pm and Evening 05:00 pm to 08:30 pm.

== Gallery ==
<gallery mode="packed">
File:Chhatris of Barsana 03.jpg|Front view of temple
File:Radharani Temple Barsana.jpg|Inside premises of Radha Rani Temple
File:Barsana View from Shriji Temple.jpg|Top View of Barsana from Radha Rani Temple
File:Radharani Temple Barsana 3.jpg|Side view of Temple
File:Chhatris of Barsana 10.jpg|[[Holi]] celebration inside the Temple
File:Chhatris of Barsana 01.jpg|Gathering of devotees on the occasion of [[Holi]] in Temple premises
</gallery>


== Nearby attractions ==
*Rangeeli Mahal Barsana, also called Kirti Temple, named after Radha's mother Kirtida and dedicated to Goddess Radha.
*Maan Mandir, temple dedicated to [[Radha Krishna]].
*Mor Kutir, temple dedicated to peacock forms of Radha and Krishna.
*Khadri Van.
*Sankari Khor Barsana.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=MUKHERJEE |first1=TARAPADA |last2=HABIB |first2=IRFAN |date=1987 |title=Akbar and the Temples of Mathura and its Environs |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44141685 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=48 |pages=234–250 |jstor=44141685 |issn=2249-1937}}</ref>
*Pili Pokhar, also called Priya Kund dedicated to Goddess Radha.
*Radha Bagh.
*Shri Kushal Bihari, Jaipur Temple, Barsana.
*Shri Chitra Sakhi Temple.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Places to Visit in Barsana, Tourist Places in Barsana, Barsana Attractions |url=https://shrimathuraji.com/places-to-visit-in-barsana/ |access-date=2021-05-08 |website=Shri Mathura Ji |language=en-US}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Banke Bihari Temple]]
* [[Radha Kund]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Mathura district]]
[[Category:Radha Krishna temples]]
[[Category:Vrindavan]]
[[Category:17th-century Hindu temples]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Mathura district]]
[[Category:Rajput architecture]]

== External links ==
*{{url|https://radharanimandir.com|Official site}}

Telhara monastery

2026-03-30T20:50:13Z

CandelariaSanche: starting a post

{{Infobox Historic Site
| name = Telhara
| image = IMG B6465FF4640F-1.jpg
| image_size = 250px
| caption =
| location = [[Telhara, Nalanda district]]
| coordinates = {{coord|25.226334|N|85.181587|E|display=inline,title}}
| locmapin = India#India Bihar
| map_caption = Site of Telhara
| built = 1st-century CE
| nearest_city = [[Bihar Sharif]]
| governing_body = [[Archaeological Survey of India]]
| website =
}}
'''Telhara''' (formerly known as '''''Telāḍhaka''''') was a [[Buddhist]] monastic establishment in [[Nalanda district]] of [[Bihar]], [[India]] dating back to the 1st-century CE and active till at least the 12th-century CE.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sanyal |first1=Rajat |title=Discovery of a Buddhist Monastery at Telhara |journal=Monthly Bulletin of the Asiatic Society |date=2016 |url=https://www.academia.edu/43992861}}</ref>
It is notable as it has been mentioned in the travelogues of Chinese monks including [[Xuanzang]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Biswas |first1=Pampa |title=Explored Sculptural Heritage of Telhara, District Nalanda, Bihar: A Recent Visit |journal=Journal of the Directorate of Archaeology & Museums |date=2016 |volume=1 |pages=167–183 |url=https://www.academia.edu/33719583}}</ref>

==History==
It has been mentioned as ''[[Teladhaka]]'' in the writings of the Chinese traveller [[Hiuen Tsang]], who visited the place in the 7th century CE.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Leoshko |first1=Janice |title=Buddhist Images from Telhara, a Site in Eastern India |journal=South Asian Studies |date=1988 |volume=4 |pages=90–97 |doi=10.1080/02666030.1988.9628371 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02666030.1988.9628371?needAccess=true&journalCode=rsas20|url-access=subscription }}</ref> It is mentioned in an inscription found at Nālandā which mentions a temple restored by a man named Bālāditya, a Jyāvisa of Telāḍhaka who had emigrated from Kauśāmbī, in the eleventh year of [[Mahipala]] Deva. <ref>[https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_P%C4%81las_of_Bengal/Chapter_4 The Palas of Bengal, R. D. BANERJI, 1915]</ref> Xuanzang describes the monastery as belonging to followers of the [[Mahayana]] and having around one thousand monks under a chief monk named ''Prajnābhadra'' who was well-renowned. Another Tang-era Chinese traveller, [[Yijing (monk)|Yijing]] also visited Telhara and mentioned it being two [[Yojana|yojana]] away from [[Nalanda]] and also mentioned the name of a scholar named Jñānacandra who resided there.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Prasad Sinha |first1=Bindeshwari |title=Comprehensive History of Bihar, Vol 1, part 2 |date=1974 |publisher=KP Jayaswal Research Institute |page=380 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.534083/page/n403/mode/2up?q=odantapuri}}</ref>

A recently discovered inscription stone inscription confirms that the [[Pithipatis of Magadha]] donated land to the monastic community of Telhara.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Auer |first1=Blain |title=Encountering Buddhism and Islam in Premodern Central and South Asia |date=2019 |publisher=De Gruyter |page=61 |isbn=978-3-11-063168-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Gz_EDwAAQBAJ&q=buddhasena}}</ref>
It has also been mentioned in the ''[[Ain-i-Akbari]]'' as Tiladah, and is shown as one of the 46 mahals (administrative units) of the Bihar [[sarkar (administrative division)|sarkar]]. Telhara was shown as a [[pargana]] in the maps prepared by the [[East India Company]] administration during 1842–45.<ref name="Exc_Report_Atul">{{cite web | url = http://yac.bih.nic.in/Documents/Telhara-(Nalanda)-Excavation-Report.pdf | title = Telhara (Nalanda) Excavation - A Brief Report (PDF) | author = Dr. Atul Kumar Verma | accessdate = 2014-01-15 | archive-date = 2014-06-28 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140628083818/http://yac.bih.nic.in/Documents/Telhara-(Nalanda)-Excavation-Report.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref>

The ruins of Telhara were mentioned in an 1872 letter by A. M. Broadley, the then Magistrate of Nalanda. Broadley noted that a large number of stone and metal images were often found during the digging of graves at the top of one of the mounds. Metal images found were melted down.<ref>Explored Sculptural Heritage of Telhara, District Nalanda, Bihar: A Recent Visit, Pampa Biswas, Puravritta
Volume 1, 2016, p. 167–182</ref> The State Government of Bihar started a new archaeological excavation of the site in December 2009, and later Bihar Virasat Vikas Samiti excavated in 2020-2022 sessions. The work unearthed ancient pottery, antiques, and the remains of a three-storeyed structure mentioned by Hiuen Tsang. Evidence of prayer halls and residential cells in the monastery has been found. The excavation revealed the following chronological layers:<ref>" Sri Prathamsivapura Mahavihara: Excavating an Early Medieval Buddhist Monastery at Telhara in Magadh (Eastern India) 2020-2022" by Dr. Bijoy Kumar Choudhary, Dr. Arun Kumar, Dr. Oishi Roy, Dr. Amit Ranjan, ISBN 9788196122249</ref>

Northern Black Polished Ware (circa 6th century BCE to 2nd Century BCE)

Kushan (2nd Century BCE to 4th century CE)

Gupta (4th to 6th century CE)

Early Medieval (mid 6th century CE to 13th century CE )

Medieval (13th century CE to mid-18th century CE )

Colonial (18th century to mid-20th century CE)

[[File:Bodhisattva Lokeshvara Museum Rietberg RVI 106.jpg|thumb|Bodhisattva Lokeshvara from Telhara, now at [[Rietberg Museum]] ]]

Several sculptures from the site had been moved to museums during the British Raj. The [[Indian Museum]] in [[Kolkata]] houses the [[Maitreya]] and the twelve-armed [[Avalokitesvara|Avalokiteswar]] images from Telhara. A Pala sculpture from the site is present at the [[Rietberg Museum]] in [[Zürich]]. Telhara has a mosque, which is said to have been built with the materials carried from the ruins of the Buddhist monastery.<ref name="Exc_Report_Atul"/> One pillar contained an inscription that mentions the place-name Telāḍhaka.

Remains of an ancient university (Mahavihara) on the site were unearthed in 2014.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Another-ancient-university-found-in-Nalanda/articleshow/28807538.cms|title=Another ancient university found in Nalanda | Patna News - Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1160418/jsp/bihar/story_80647.jsp#.VzVrEvl97IU|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422190830/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1160418/jsp/bihar/story_80647.jsp#.VzVrEvl97IU|url-status=dead|archive-date=April 22, 2016|title=Telhara university}}</ref>

A State Government Museum is under construction to display and store some of the artefacts found.

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Buddhist holy sites in Bihar]]
[[Category:Defunct Buddhist monasteries]]

Hallo (film)

2026-03-29T12:04:54Z

CandelariaSanche: further reworked citations per sources additionally and added references after review

{{Distinguish|Hello (disambiguation)#Films{{!}}Hello (film)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Hallo
| image = Hallo Film.JPG
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Rafi Mecartin]]
| producer = Joy Thomas Shakthikulangara
| writer = Rafi Mecartin
| starring = [[Mohanlal]] [[Parvati Melton]] [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]] [[Jagathy Sreekumar]] [[Saiju Kurup]]
| narrator =
| music = [[Alex Paul]]
| cinematography = Sanjeev Shankar
| editing = [[Don Max (film editor)|Don Max]]
| studio = Jithin Arts
| distributor = Marickar Release
| released = {{Film date|2007|07|05|df=y}}
| country = India
| runtime = 146 minutes
| language = Malayalam
| gross = 
| budget = 
}}

'''''Hallo''''' is a 2007 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[black comedy]] [[Thriller film|thriller]] film written and directed by the [[Rafi Mecartin]] duo. It stars [[Mohanlal]] and [[Parvathy Melton]] (in her Malayalam debut), with [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]],[[Jagathy Sreekumar]],[[K. B. Ganesh Kumar]], [[Madhu (actor)|Madhu]], and [[Saiju Kurup]] in important roles. The music was composed by [[Alex Paul]]. The film received positive reviews from critics, with critics particularly praising Mohanlal"s performance.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/hello-malayalam-movie-review-9187.html|title=Hello Review|work=IndiaGlitz|date=6 July 2007|accessdate=22 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/jul/06sshallo.htm|title=Mohanlal rocks in Hallo|website=[[Rediff.com]]|date=6 July 2007|accessdate=22 August 2017}}</ref> The film was a blockbuster at the box office.<ref name="TH">{{Cite news |last=Pillai |first=Sreedhar |date=28 December 2007 |title=The year that was |website=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/the-year-that-was/article2285164.ece |access-date=6 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200705222402/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/the-year-that-was/article2285164.ece |archive-date=5 July 2020}}</ref>

It was remade in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''[[Naa Style Veru]]'' (2009) and in [[Kannada]] as ''[[Manjunatha BA LLB]]'' (2012). The plot of the movie was reported to have been partially borrowed from the 2004 movie ''[[Cellular (film)|Cellular]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/hallo-review-malayalam-pclwrBidceggh.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709182959/https://www.sify.com/movies/hallo-review-malayalam-pclwrBidceggh.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 July 2021|title=Hallo|website=[[Sify]] }}</ref>

==Plot==
Sivaraman is a once-brilliant criminal lawyer who now seems to be in a self-destructive mode. All the time he is portrayed in a highly intoxicated state. His clients had abandoned him a long time ago. But he has a very devout follower, Chandy. Whenever Sivaraman gets into one of his drunken brawls, it is Chandy who rescues him.

Strangely, that doesn't diminish Sivaraman's public relations skills. After one particularly bad fight, he ends up becoming good buddies with three notorious rowdies in the area: Vadakkancherry Vakkachen / 'Vedakku' Vakkan, Bathery Bappu / Kolakolli, and Pattambi Ravi / 'Chattambi' Ravi. Soon, they too join his gang of loyalists.

The reason why this once-hotshot advocate had hit the bottle is revealed later. He was in love with a girl named Priya and his father and brother weren't happy about it. They come up with a very cruel way of ending the relationship. They lock Sivaraman in a room in the house on the day Sivaraman and Priya decide to elope. Priya, unaware of this happening, waits for Sivaraman. A group of gangsters sees Priya waiting late into the night, molests her, and then kills her. When Sivaraman finds out, he is devastated and reacts by becoming an [[Alcoholism|alcoholic]].

One day, he receives a phone call on his mobile phone from a stranger named Parvathi. She reveals that she is the daughter of a local [[Marwari people|Marwari]] banker. On the phone, she tells him that her life is in grave danger and begs him to rescue her.

Parvathi is the daughter of Bada Bhai, the owner of a very successful bank - Dalal & Dalal. The bank is jointly owned by him and his brothers and relatives. They want to take control of the bank by killing Parvathi. When Sivaraman finds out that the threat is from her family, he takes her home and pretends to be her husband.

Then begins the battle of wits and muscles with her greedy relatives. Slowly, Parvathi gets impressed by his brilliance and ends up falling in love with him.

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
*[[Mohanlal]] as [[Advocate]] Sivaraman Nambiar
*[[Parvati Melton]] as Parvathi
*[[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]] as Mahesh Bhai
*[[Jagathy Sreekumar]] as Chandykkunju / Chandy, Sivaraman's Friend
*[[Madhu (actor)|Madhu]] as Bada Bhai, Parvathi's Father
*[[K. B. Ganesh Kumar]] as ASP Sudheesh Nambiar [[Indian Police Service|IPS]], Sivaraman's Younger Brother
*[[Janardhanan (actor)|Janardhanan]] as Advocate M. N. Nambiar, Sivaraman's and Sudheesh's Father
*[[Bheeman Raghu]] as Bathery Bappu aka Kolakoli, Sivaraman's Friend
*[[Spadikam George]] as Vadakkancherry Vakkachen aka Vedakku Vakkan, Sivaraman's Friend
*[[Mohan Raj]] as Pattambi Ravi aka Chattambi Ravi, Sivaraman's Friend (Voiceover by [[Shobi Thilakan]])
*[[Kundara Johny]] as City Police Commissioner Zachariah Thomas (Voiceover by [[Shobi Thilakan]])
*[[Jagadish]] as Advocate Thomas Jacob
*[[Rizabawa]] as Dinu Bhai / John Samuel
*[[Suraj Venjaramoodu]] as S.I. Stephen
*[[Salim Kumar]] as Chidambaram
*[[Abu Salim (actor)|Abu Salim]] as Hassan, goon
*[[Ajith Kollam]] as Karim, goon
*[[Fathima Babu]] as Lathika, Sivaraman's Mother
*[[Saiju Kurup]] as Praveen
*[[Madhu Warrier]] as Susheel Bhai
*[[Ashokan (actor)|Ashokan]] as Sebastian (cameo)
*[[Ambika Mohan]] as Nithya, Parvathi's relative
*[[Sona Nair]] as Liza
*Sruthy John as Seetha, Parvathi's relative
*Manka Mahesh as Bhavika, Parvathi's relative
*Remadevi as Lakshmi, Parvathi's relative
*Indulekha as Alice Sebastian
*Bindu Murali as Doctor
*Mini Arun as Vidya, Chidambaram's first wife
*Praseetha Menon as Veda, Chidambaram's second wife
*[[Samvrutha Sunil]] as Priya, Shivaraman's lover, (extended cameo appearance)
{{colend}}

==Music==
{{Infobox album
| name = Hallo
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Alex Paul]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2007
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film]]
| length = 27:36 mins
| label = [[Satyam Audios]]
| producer = Joy Thomas
| prev_title = [[Pothan Vava]]
| prev_year = 2006
| next_title = [[Alibhai]]
| next_year = 2007
}}

The songs were composed by [[Alex Paul]], and the lyrics were written by [[Vayalar Sarath Chandra Varma]].

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Track !! Song title !! Singer(s) !! Raga(s) !! Duration
|-
| 1 || "Mazhavillin" || Afsal, [[Manjari Babu|Manjari]], Sangeetha Prabhu || [[Brindabani Sarang]] || 4:18
|-
| 2 || "Kadukittu" || [[M. G. Sreekumar]], Sangeetha Prabhu || || 4:55
|-
| 3 || "Hallo Hallo" || [[Vidhu Prathap]], [[Shweta Mohan|Swetha]] || || 3:53
|-
| 4 || "Chellathamare" || [[K. S. Chithra]], Sangeetha Prabhu || [[Abheri]] || 4.36
|-
| 5 || "Bhajan" || [[Manjari Babu|Manjari]], Akhila, Andriya || [[Abheri]] || 1:06
|-
| 6 || "Kadukittu" || Cochin Ibrahim, Sangeetha Prabhu || || 4:55
|-
| 7 || "Hallo Hallo" || Shweta || || 3:53
|}

== Production ==
[[Jyothika]] was selected as the lead heroine, but was replaced by Parvathy due to her prior commitments in [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] and [[Tamil cinema|Tamil films]].

==Release==
===Reception===
The film received generally positive reviews from critics. [[Sify.com|''Sify'']] gave the film a positive review writing, "What makes the film tick is that the comedy combination is perfect- they want the audience to have a nice laugh and go home happy. Mohanlal the one-man entertainment troupe carries the film on his broad shoulders. The director duo has packaged it using the star's image and their slapstick script to create a laugh riot." About the technical aspects they write, "Technically the film is ok, with Bobban's set designs ( the [[toddy shop]] set), Sanjiv Shankar's camera and [[Don Max (film editor)|Don Max]]'s editing all which enriches the entertainer. Songs by [[Alex Paul]] are just average."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Review {{!}} Hallo |url=http://sify.com/movies/malayalam/review.php?id=14487535&ctid=5&cid=2428 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070708103551/http://sify.com/movies/malayalam/review.php?id=14487535&ctid=5&cid=2428 |archive-date=2007-07-08 |access-date=2025-11-07 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

===Box office===
The film was released on 5 July 2007, in 56 screens in [[Kerala]]. It had the biggest-ever opening day collection for a Malayalam film in 2007.<ref>{{cite web |title='Hallo' - A Super Hit! | website=[[Sify]] |url=http://sify.com/movies/malayalam/fullstory.php?id=14488750&cid=2362 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070711152923/http://sify.com/movies/malayalam/fullstory.php?id=14488750 |archive-date=11 July 2007 |access-date=2008-06-03 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> ''Hallo'' was a blockbuster at the box office.<ref name="TH" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Pillai |first=Sreedhar |date=29 December 2007 |title=Malayalam |website=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/malayalam/article2280826.ece |access-date=6 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161012225753/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/malayalam/article2280826.ece |archive-date=12 October 2016}}</ref> It went on to become the highest grossing movie of the year<ref>{{Cite web |date=2008-06-06 |title='Annan Thampi' completes fifty days - Malayalam News |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/annan-thampi-completes-fifty-days-malayalam-news-39144.html |access-date=2021-06-28 |website=IndiaGlitz.com}}</ref>

===Accolades===
[[Dinesh (choreographer)|Dinesh]] won [[Kerala Film Critics Association Awards|Kerala Film Critics Association Award]] for Best Choreographer.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-10-17 |title=Film Critics Awards Complete List From 1977 Till 2012 |url=https://www.keralafilmcritics.com/2020/10/film-critics-awards-complete-list-from.html |website=Kerala Film Critics Association}}</ref>

==Remakes==
The film was remade in [[Cinema of Andhra Pradesh|Telugu]] as ''[[Naa Style Veru]]'' (2009) with [[Rajasekhar (actor)|Rajasekhar]] and in [[Kannada]] as ''[[Manjunatha BA LLB]]'' (2012) with [[Jaggesh]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|0924225|Hallo}}

{{Rafi Mecartin}}

[[Category:2007 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:2007 action comedy films]]
[[Category:2007 comedy films]]
[[Category:2007 films]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Kerala Police]]
[[Category:Films about alcoholism]]
[[Category:Films about kidnapping in India]]
[[Category:Films about lawyers]]
[[Category:Films about mobile phones]]
[[Category:Films about sham marriage]]
[[Category:Films directed by Rafi–Mecartin]]
[[Category:Films set in Kerala]]
[[Category:Films shot at Varikkasseri Mana]]
[[Category:Films shot in Munnar]]
[[Category:Films shot in Ottapalam]]
[[Category:Indian action comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian chase films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian crime action films]]
[[Category:Indian crime comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Indian crime thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Indian gangster films]]
[[Category:Indian nonlinear narrative films]]
[[Category:Indian political action films]]
[[Category:Indian rape and revenge films]]
[[Category:Malayalam films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Indian remakes of American films]]
[[Category:Films about police misconduct]]

Animal welfare and rights in Goa

2026-03-21T16:56:24Z

CandelariaSanche: Starting some info needs work

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
[[File:Early International Animal Rescue volunteers in Goa, circa late 1990s.jpg|thumb|Sonia Hillidge (right) and Dawn. Early International Animal Rescue volunteers in Goa, circa late 1990s. At Saligao.]]
'''Animal welfare and rights in Goa''' refers to campaigns undertaken in the region of [[Goa]], on the west coast of [[India]], which has been on the rise in recent years. [[Goa]] is a popular tourist destination, visited by those from abroad and the rest of India, and concerns over animal rights has been built up both by local and visitor campaigns over the same.

==Early activism and initiatives==
Among the active [[animal rights]] groups are the [[People for Animals]]-[[Goa]], the [[International Animal Rescue]] group, now managed as the WVS India and known as the Hicks ITC.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Quit Notice on British Dog-Lover|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/quit-notice-on-british-dog-lover/cid/897661|access-date=2020-10-05|website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref> PFA-Goa ([[People for Animals]]-[[Goa]]) is run by trustees and employs two veterinary doctors, two vet assistants, three admin staff and 12 workers at both its shelters.<ref>{{Cite web|title=People for Animals Goa|url=http://pfagoa.org/}}</ref>
[[File:Norma_Alvares.jpg|thumb|Norma Alvares, environmental lawyer, animal rights campaigner]]
Environmental lawyer, campaigner and [[Padma Shree]] award winner Norma Alvares has argued that "working on animal rights was a natural progression from my environmental activism. Animals are a part of the environment.... I cannot imagine a world where only humans have a place and other species must make way for human ideas of development; of cities, townships. My formal entrance into animal rights began when Mrs. [[Maneka Gandhi]] approached me about setting up an animal welfare organization in Goa. This is when we set up People for Animals, which was the first animal welfare organisation in Goa."<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-05-24|title=Once one begins to realize that animals experience the same emotions of sorrow and grief as us, it is difficult to continue t|url=https://www.theleaflet.in/once-one-begins-to-realize-that-animals-experience-the-same-emotions-of-sorrow-and-grief-as-us-it-is-difficult-to-continue-to-treat-them-as-inhumanely-as-we-do-norma-alvares-in-con/|access-date=2020-10-07|website=TheLeaflet|language=en-US}}</ref> Alvares is president of PFA Goa, and member of the State Animal Welfare Board.
Animal rights activists have argued about the rich yet fragile nature of the ecology around Goa, specially in the [[Western Ghat]]/[[Sahayadri]] areas that partly overlap Goa, which are known for their "rare and endemic species of reptiles and amphibians".<ref name="Hypnale">{{Cite web|title=Hypnale Research Station|url=https://herpactive.com/hrs.html|access-date=2020-10-07|website=herpactive.com}}</ref>

==Issues==
===Stray dogs, rabies===
A range of issues have been raised, often dealing with strays and a humane management of the same – dogs and cattle. Related issues taken up include vaccinations campaigns to reduce the risks of rabies, In 2014, a coalition of non-profit and campaign groups in Goa – including International Animal Rescue, People for Animals Goa, South Goa Welfare Trust for Animals, Panjim Animal Welfare Society (PAWS), Goa SPCA and Goa Animal Welfare Trust – came together with the ''Mission Rabies'' to undertake a campaign against rabies, with the aim of making Goa rabies-free by 2018.<ref name="WHO">{{Cite web|title=Education programmes save lives from rabies in India|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/feature-stories/detail/education-programmes-save-lives-from-rabies-in-india|access-date=2020-10-06|website=www.who.int|language=en}}</ref>
The poisoning of stray dogs,<ref>{{Cite web|title=6 Stray Dogs Poisoned To Death In Goa, Animal Rights NGO Alleges|url=https://www.ndtv.com/goa-news/6-stray-dogs-poisoned-to-death-in-goa-animal-rights-ngo-alleges-1984602|access-date=2020-10-07|website=NDTV.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=August 17, 2020|title=15 mysterious dog deaths reported in a week in Goa|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/15-mysterious-dog-deaths-reported-in-a-week-in-state/articleshow/77581614.cms|access-date=2020-10-07|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> among other issues.
Animal shelters are offered by People For Animals Goa. Its facilities also cover sterilisation, vaccination, pet adoption, animal ambulance, rehabilitation of abandoned cattle. PFA has also undertaken litigation in courts over the rights of animals.<ref name=:61>{{Cite web|date=March 4, 2020|first=Nida|last=Sayed |title=PIL in HC against use of elephants for entertainment|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/pil-in-hc-against-use-of-elephants-for-entertainment/articleshow/74261861.cms|access-date=2020-10-06|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> People For Animals Goa is one of the seven organisations from across India that came together to form The Federation of Indian Animal Protection Organisation (FIAPO), according to yourstory dot com.
[[File:WVS, formerly the International Animal Rescue, shifted from Saligao to Assagao.jpg|thumb|WVS, formerly the International Animal Rescue, shifted from [[Saligao]] to [[Assagao]].]] The WVS Hicks ITC, is currently managed by the WVS India, and was formerly known as the International Animal Rescue]. Some two decades ago, International Animal Rescue started with concerns over the large number of stray dogs in Goa. Today it has a training centre for humane dog population control, [[rabies]] diagnosis and control, and a low-cost clinic for sick and injured dogs and cats. Based in [[Assagao]]. It also offers animal ambulance, veterinary clinic with X-ray, shelter, sterilization, vaccination, wildlife rescue, awareness programmes and pet adoption.<ref>{{Cite web|title=List of Animal Welfare Organizations, SPCA, Shelters, Rescue Homes, Humane Societies, Charitable Trusts|url=https://www.weforanimals.com/animal%20welfare%20organizations/animal-welfare-organizations-9.htm|access-date=2020-10-05|website=www.weforanimals.com}}</ref> WVS Hicks' sister-charity ''[[Mission Rabies]]'' also undertakes the vaccination of stray dogs and their release back in their environment.<ref>{{Cite web|date=September 7, 2020|title=Vaccinated stray dogs get unique identifying collars|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/vaccinated-stray-dogs-get-unique-identifying-collars/articleshow/77967127.cms|access-date=2020-10-06|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=September 7, 2020|title=Vaccinated dogs in Tiswadi given collars for identification |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/17-nida-vaccinated-dogs-in-tiswadi-given-collars-for-identification/articleshow/77967071.cms|access-date=2020-10-06|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> Earlier, in 2007, IAR has also worked to save stray cattle in Goa.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2007-10-30|title=Working to save stray cattle in Goa|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/working-to-save-stray-cattle-in-goa/story-OkyZaZzYY6XQOrTX6Wq06M.html|access-date=2020-10-06|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|archive-date=9 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201009062659/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/working-to-save-stray-cattle-in-goa/story-OkyZaZzYY6XQOrTX6Wq06M.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> International Animal Rescue was founded in 1988 by John Hicks from Worthing, Sussex and registered as a UK-based charity in 1989. In India,<ref name="IARSITE">{{Cite web|title=International Animal Rescue|url=https://www.internationalanimalrescue.org/sites/default/files/client/iar-goa-volunteer.pdf|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=}}</ref> IAR has clinics in [[Goa]] and [[Tamil Nadu]]. In Goa, its focus is "to end the suffering of the stray dogs and cats", and says it sterilised and treated over 85,000 animals by the end of 2007.<ref name="IARSITE" />

Prominent ad professional from [[Mumbai]] [[Lynn de Souza]] has set up the Goa SPCA. The Goa SPCA's Socrates Oliver Veterinary Hospital is located at the Torda area of Salvador-do-Mundo village. Services include animal hospital, shelter, anti-rabies vaccination, sterilisation, pet adoption, awareness, animal welfare workshops. [[File:Lynn de Souza, at the SPCA in Torda, Porvorim, Goa.jpg|thumb|Advertising professional Lynn de Souza, right, with staff, at the SPCA in Torda, Porvorim, Goa]] It has been run by former [[Lintas]] chairperson and chief executive Lynn de Souza.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sheikh|first=Aminah|date=2012-10-29|title=Lynn de Souza leaving Lintas|url=https://www.livemint.com/Companies/tXlEmyHGOqdT8xamcPgLAL/Lynn-de-Souza-leaving-Lintas.html|access-date=2020-10-06|website=mint|language=en}}</ref>

Other organisations active in taking care of dogs include I Love Goa Dogs, Goa Dogs Trust at [[Arambol]]; the Noah's Animal Care Centre at [[Calangute]], which is a family charitable trust promoting sterilisation and vaccination of street dogs primarily in [[Calangute]]. PFA has animal shelters at [[Ponda, Goa|Ponda]] and Vasco.<ref name="Lockdown" /> Goa Animal Welfare Trust, Sonsoddo, [[Raia, Goa|Raia]] runs an animal hospital, shelter, animal ambulance, sterilization, anti-rabies vaccination, pet adoption.<ref name="WHO" /> South Goa Welfare Trust for Animals undertakes sterilizing dogs in allotted jurisdiction, rescue, rehabilitate, and treating injured street dogs.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pack of stray dogs attack family in Aquem; injure 3-year-old boy|url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Goa/Pack-of-stray-dogs-attack-family-in-Aquem-injure-3yearold-boy/162871|access-date=2020-10-06|website=oHeraldo}}</ref> No More Puppies sterilizes, feeds and looks after street animals in [[Varca]].

===Cattle, shelters===
Issues of "stray cattle" have also been raised and worked on.<ref name=:40>{{Cite web|date=November 10, 2019|title=After HC rap, Mapusa council inks MoU to tackle stray cattle |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/after-hc-rap-mapusa-council-inks-mou-to-tackle-stray-cattle/articleshow/71989040.cms|access-date=2020-10-06|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> After animal-rights campaigners took up the issues, Goa's traditional [[bullfights]] were also disallowed by the courts after the matter was raised by animal-rights campaigners.<ref>{{Cite web|title=20 yrs and counting: locked horns over bullfights|url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Review/20-yrs-and-counting-locked-horns-over-bullfights/126753|access-date=2020-10-06|website=oHeraldo}}</ref> Cow-shelters are run by organisations such as the Dwarkapuri Goseva Ashram at [[Usgao]] and the Gomantak Gosevak Mahasang, at [[Mayem]].<ref name=:40/> The Corporation of City of Panaji Animal Shelter is run out of the [[St. lnez]] locality. CCP also undertakes other initiatives like ensuring animals have access to water during the pandemic lockdown.<ref name="Lockdown">{{Cite web|title=The Fate of Stray Animals in Goa's COVID Times|url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Review/The-Fate-of-Stray-Animals-in-Goa%E2%80%99s-COVID-Times/160680|access-date=2020-10-06|website=oHeraldo}}</ref>

===Wildlife concerns===
Goa has also seen a growing pressures on wildlife habitats.
Concerns over [[poaching]] and selling of [[wildlife]] meat and organs has also been raised.<ref>{{Cite web|date=October 4, 2020|first=Rajendra P.|last=Kerkar |title=Poachers use Goa as source and market of wild animal meat, organs|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/poachers-use-goa-as-source-and-market-of-wild-animal-meat-organs/articleshow/78470176.cms|access-date=2020-10-06|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

Herpactive/Hypnale Research Station has been working to carry out research on wildlife in the [[Western Ghats]] region of India, including in Goa. It offers a platform for wildlife researchers to document and study the biodiversity of the region that encompasses the states of Goa, Karnataka and Maharashtra."<ref name="Hypnale" /> It also aims at carrying out field projects "related to conservation, biology and data collection and help maintain the stock of biological wealth ... (and) to develop as a repository of scientific knowledge on the Bio-region and a database source on the North Western Ghats that are also known as the [[Sahyadris]]."<ref name="Hypnale" />

===Snake rescue===
Over some time now, local youth – including some women – have also got interested and taken up volunteering in fields like wildlife and [[snake]]-rescue services.<ref name="Hypnale" /> These are found to be useful as snakes can occasionally enter residential and other in-habitation areas, in a state which is still significantly rural. Lists of snake-rescuers in Goa are available online.
Besides wildlife rescue and rehabilitation, [[Mapusa]]-based Green Cross has conducting awareness drives. It has held snake shows too.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Primary students of Mushtifund High School in Panjim sneak a glimpse at a live snake (sand boa), presented by Green Cross, Mapusa on the eve of Naag Panchami|url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Goa/primary-students-of-mushtifund-high-school-in-panjim-sneak-a-glimpse-at-a-live-snake-(sand-boa)-presented-by-green-cross-mapusa-on-the-eve-of-naag-panchami/68259|access-date=2020-10-06|website=oHeraldo}}</ref>

===Awareness campaigns===
Goa has been sensitising its school students over cruelty to animals<ref name="SCERT">{{Cite news|title=Goa students to be sensitised against cruelty to animals|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/goa-students-to-be-sensitised-against-cruelty-to-animals/articleshow/48783677.cms|access-date=2020-10-07}}</ref> The State Council of Educational Research and Training (SCERT) asked schools in the State to teach a program on "compassionate citizens".<ref name="SCERT" />

===Cruelty in festivals, entertainment, pet shops===
Pigling torture during local festivals has also been raised.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-07-03|title=Sausage-loving Goa wakes up to pigling torture|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/west/sausage-loving-goa-wakes-up-to-pigling-torture-744554.html|access-date=2020-10-07|website=Deccan Herald|language=en}}</ref> Using elephants for entertainment has caused concern.<ref name=:61/> Other issues raised by animal rights campaigners in Goa include prevention of cruelty in pet shops.<ref>{{Cite web|date=February 17, 2020|title=Goa: 'Pet shops, breeders must register in 30 days, or face action'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/pet-shops-breeders-must-register-in-30-days-or-face-action/articleshow/74166200.cms|access-date=2020-10-07|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

===Miscellaneous issues===
Artificial waterholes have been attempted to avoid man-animal conflict in forest areas.<ref>{{Cite web|date=June 10, 2020|first=Nida|last=Sayed|title=Goa: Waterholes in Mollem forest curb man-animal conflicts|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/waterholes-in-mollem-forest-curb-man-animal-conflicts/articleshow/76291954.cms|access-date=2020-10-07|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>
Cruel methods to kill male chicks has been raised.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-08-06|title=Stop using cruel methods to kill male chicks: Goa government|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/news/national/stop-using-cruel-methods-to-kill-male-chicks-goa-government-637813|access-date=2020-10-07|website=www.thehansindia.com|language=en}}</ref>
During the 2020 pandemic-related lockdown, attempts were made to ensure that animals did not go hungry during the pandemic lockdown of 2020<ref>{{Cite web|date=April 9, 2020|title=Animal lovers ensure no strays go hungry in Goa|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/animal-lovers-ensure-no-strays-go-hungry/articleshow/75055854.cms|access-date=2020-10-07|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> were also raised.
Individuals have also taken up other causes such as promoting [[veganism]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=December 15, 2019|first=Nida|last=Sayed|title=Vegans vow to liberate animals from cruelty|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/vegans-vow-to-liberate-animals-from-cruelty/articleshow/72630415.cms|access-date=2020-10-06|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>
Panjim Animal Welfare Society, PAWS, in St Inez, [[Panjim]] also undertakes animal welfare work.<ref name="Fedn">{{Cite web|title=Federation of Indian Animal Protection Organisations|url=http://www.fiapo.org/fiaporg/members/panjim-animal-welfare-society-paws/|access-date=2020-10-06|website=Federation of Indian Animal Protection Organisations}}</ref>
ARC South Goa, was launched in 2005 by UK-born ex-model and [[Bollywood]] [[casting agent]], Janie O’Connor in the [[Palolem]] area.
Welfare for Animals in Goa, launched in 2005 by Atul Sarin and Stephanie Panayiotou, works in [[Siolim]] on adoptions, sterilisations, rescuing strays and injured cattle, runs a cattle sanctuary, vet rescue clinic and a shelter for injured cows, goats, pigs, chickens.

==See also==
* [[Animal welfare and rights in India]]
* [[Conservation in India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Animal welfare and rights in India]]
[[Category:Society of Goa]]

Taj Mahal metro station

2026-03-21T06:52:12Z

CandelariaSanche: starting new info

{{notability|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Taj Mahal
| image = Taj Mahal metro station.jpg
| image_upright = 1.3
| caption = Facade of the station
| address = Nai Basti, Khairati Tola, Agra, Uttar Pradesh - 282001
| country = {{flag|India}}
| coordinates = {{coord|27.1684|78.0356|type:railwaystation_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| system = [[Agra Metro]]
| owned = [[Uttar Pradesh Metro Rail Corporation]]
| operator = Uttar Pradesh Metro Rail Corporation
| line = {{rcb|Agra Metro|Yellow|croute}}
| platforms = 2 (2 [[island platform]])
| tracks = 2
| structure = [[Subterranea (geography)|Underground]], [[Double track]]
| levels = 1
| parking = Available
| bicycle =
| accessible = 
| code =
| opened = {{start date|df=yes|2024|03|06}}
| passengers =
| pass_system =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_rank = 
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Agra Metro|line1=Yellow|left1=Dr. Ambedkar Chowk|right1=Fatehabad Road}}
| route_map =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-marker = rail
| mapframe-marker-color = #{{rail color|Mumbai Metro|Line 2}}
| mapframe-zoom = 14
| map_state = expanded
}}

'''Taj Mahal''' metro station is the under-ground station of the [[Yellow Line (Agra Metro)|Yellow Line]] of the [[Agra Metro]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Station details UPMRC |url=https://agra.upmetrorail.com/station/SCSG}}</ref> This station is owned by the [[Uttar Pradesh Metro Rail Corporation]] (UPMRC), and was opened to the public on 6 March 2024.<ref>{{Cite news |title=PM Modi inaugurates priority section of Agra Metro; here's a look at the project |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/delhi/pm-modi-inaugurates-agra-metro-all-you-need-to-know-9198469/}}</ref>

== Station layout ==
{|table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=50 valign=top|'''G'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=85 valign=top|Ground level
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=400 valign=top|Exit/Entrance
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;"|'''L1'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;"|Concourse
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;"|Customer Service, Shops, Vending machine, ATMs
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=50 rowspan=3 valign=top|'''L2 Platforms'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px white;" width=85|'''Platform 2''' '''Westbound'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px white;" width=400|Towards ← {{stl|Agra Metro|Mankameshwar}} '''Next Station:''' {{stl|Mumbai Metro|Dr. Ambedkar Chowk}}
|-
|style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" colspan=2|[[Island platform]] | Doors will open on the right {{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=50|'''Platform 1''' '''Eastbound'''
| style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width="400" | Towards → {{stl|Agra Metro|Taj East Gate}} '''Next Station:''' {{stl|Agra Metro|Fatehabad Road}}
|-
| style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width="50" valign="top" |'''L2'''
| style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width="85" valign="top" |
| style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width="400" valign="top" |
|}

== Entry/Exits ==
Source:<ref name=":0" />
* '''Gate 1''' - Purani Mandi Chauraha

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Railway stations in Agra]]

Nivia Sports

2026-03-20T17:10:59Z

CandelariaSanche: creating a entry!

{{Multiple issues|
{{AI-generated|date=December 2025}}
{{More citations needed|date=December 2025}}
{{Notability|1=Companies|date=December 2025}}
}}

{{short description|Indian sports equipment manufacturing company}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Nivia Sports
| logo = Nivia Sports logo.svg
| logo_size = 200px
| image = NIVIA SPORTS PREMISE VIEW.jpg
| image_size = 250px
| image_caption = Headquarters in [[Jalandhar]], India.
| type = [[Privately held company|Private]]
| traded_as =
| fate =
| industry = [[Sports equipment]], [[textile industry|textile]]
| foundation = {{start date and age|1934}}
| founder = Nihal Chand Kharabanda
| hq_location_city = [[Jalandhar, Punjab|Jalandhar]]
| location_country = India
| area_served = World Wide
| key_people = {{ubl|Vijay Kharabanda {{small|(Chairman & managing director; 1940–2017)}}|Rajesh Kharabanda {{small|(managing director)}}}}
| products = Sports Shoes, Sports Balls and more
| brands = Nivia
| num_employees = 2000
| homepage = {{official URL}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Nivia Sports''', founded in 1934 in [[Sialkot]], is an Indian sports equipment company now headquartered in [[Jalandhar]], Punjab.{{citation needed|date=September 2025}} It manufactures sports gear, accessories, athletic wear, and footwear and serves as the official ball partner for leagues like ISL and FIBA-certified events.{{citation needed|date=September 2025}} The brand name, a blend of founder Nihal Chand Kharabanda and his son Vijay’s names, reflects its legacy.{{citation needed|date=September 2025}} In 2024, Nivia signed a five-year MoU with Arunachal Pradesh Football Association to provide sportswear and footballs.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-14 |title=Nivia to partner with APFA {{!}} The Arunachal Times |url=https://arunachaltimes.in/index.php/2024/07/14/nivia-to-partner-with-apfa/ |access-date=2024-10-15 |language=en-US}}</ref>

Freewill Sports Pvt Ltd was founded in 1934 in Sialkot by Nihal Chand Kharabanda, who laid the groundwork for the company’s focus on sports equipment.{{citation needed|date=September 2025}} In the subsequent years, his son, Vijay Kharabanda, joined the business, taking on management responsibilities and contributing to its development.{{citation needed|date=September 2025}} It's listed in one of the top ten brands in sports industry in India.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhatti |first=Ayushi |date=2022-06-08 |title=Top 10 Indian Sports Brands: An Amalgamation of Style & Wellness |url=https://www.kreedon.com/best-indian-sports-brands#Nivia |access-date=2024-09-21 |website=Voice of Indian Sports - KreedOn}}</ref>

The brand name "Nivia" is a portmanteau created from the initial letters of the founders' names: "Ni" from Nihal and "Vi" from Vijay.{{citation needed|date=September 2025}} This naming convention reflects the familial connection and continuity within the company.{{citation needed|date=September 2025}} Over the years, Nivia has become known for its diverse range of sports products, emphasizing the legacy and vision established by its founders.<ref>{{cite news |first=Aakanksha N |last=Bhardwaj |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/chandigarh/man-who-blazed-a-trail-gave-sports-industry-a-firm-foothold/424973.html |title=Man who blazed a trail, gave sports industry a firm foothold |date=20 June 2017 |access-date=22 March 2018 |newspaper=The Tribune |location=India |archive-date=15 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170815182319/http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/chandigarh/man-who-blazed-a-trail-gave-sports-industry-a-firm-foothold/424973.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== History ==

[[File:Nivia Official Logo-01.svg|thumb|Logo used till 2022]]

=== The founder's era ===
Freewill was established in 1934 at Sialkot, by Nihal Chand Kharabanda.{{citation needed|date=September 2025}} After the partition of the Indian subcontinent into two separate countries of India and Pakistan, the company shifted its base from Sialkot to Mumbai, India.{{citation needed|date=September 2025}} From Mumbai, it shifted to Meerut and finally settled down in Jalandhar, Punjab in 1950.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |title=About Nivia Sports |url=http://www.niviasports.com/#/about |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170918070330/http://www.niviasports.com/#/about |archive-date=18 September 2017 |access-date=24 January 2016}}</ref> He was a post-graduate in political science from Jalandhar, Punjab and joined the [[National Institute of Sports]] in [[Patiala]], Punjab to enhance his knowledge about sports equipment and worked according to the needs of [[Indian sports|Indian sports industries]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Tribune News |title=Sports industry loses its colossus |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/jalandhar/sports-industry-loses-its-colossus-424983 |access-date=2022-11-09 |website=Tribuneindia News Service |language=en |archive-date=9 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221109114408/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/jalandhar/sports-industry-loses-its-colossus-424983 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Vijay Kharabanda era ===
Nihal Chand Kharabanda's son, Vijay Kharabanda joined his father's business in 1960.{{citation needed|date=September 2025}} The brand Nivia was registered in 1962 and the letters "VI" of the brand name were taken from his first name.<ref name="hist">[https://www.niviasports.com/history History] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211127180607/https://www.niviasports.com/history|date=27 November 2021}} on Nivia website, 13 August 2020</ref> He introduced the nozzles in football to the sports equipment manufacturing industry football and managed to get [[FIFA Pro Licence|FIFA Pro]] Approvals.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-10-04 |title=NIVIA Antrix certified as 'FIFA PRO' ball |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/sports/nivia-antrix-certified-as-fifa-pro-ball/articleshow/49215540.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-03-23 |issn=0013-0389 |archive-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326130638/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/sports/nivia-antrix-certified-as-fifa-pro-ball/articleshow/49215540.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref> He also helped revolutionize the Indian footwear market by launching a plastic sole shoe called NIVIA Low Cut.{{citation needed|date=September 2025}}

The company launched a full range of hand-stitched leather balls for football, volleyball, and basketball games.<ref name=":0" />

===Rajesh Kharabanda era ===
In 1991, Rajesh Kharabanda, son of Vijay Kharabanda, joined the company.{{citation needed|date=September 2025}}

In 2005, Rajesh Kharabanda was appointed as the managing director.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajesh Kharabanda, Chair & Managing Director of NIVIA Sports |url=https://www.theceomagazine.com/executive-interviews/sport-recreation/rajesh-kharabanda/ |access-date=2024-03-09 |website=The CEO Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref> He put his experience and succeed to get certification for basketball from the [[International Basketball Federation]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Service|first=Tribune News|title=Nivia's basketball gets FIBA certification|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/jalandhar/nivias-basketball-gets-fiba-certification-167340|access-date=2021-07-14|website=Tribuneindia News Service|language=en|archive-date=6 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211206050014/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/jalandhar/nivias-basketball-gets-fiba-certification-167340|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2015, Rajesh Kharabanda signed a partnership with [[BRICS]] Football Cup, and Nivia has become the official ball partner of BRICS.{{citation needed|date=September 2025}} The agreement was signed in the presence of H. E Tovar da Silva Nunes, the ambassador of Brazil in India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 September 2015 |title=Indian players will witness an evolution like never before: Roberto Carlos |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/football/indian-players-will-witness-an-evolution-like-never-before-roberto-carlos/ |access-date=2022-09-29 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=29 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929094519/https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/football/indian-players-will-witness-an-evolution-like-never-before-roberto-carlos/ |url-status=live }}</ref> He was successfully got the FIFA Pro approval for Nivia balls.<ref name="indiansuperleague.com">{{Cite web |title=NIVIA becomes the Official Ball Partner for the Hero Indian Super League |url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/press-releases/nivia-becomes-the-official-ball-partner-for-the-hero-indian-super-league |access-date=2023-03-23 |website=Indian Super League |date=18 August 2018 |language=en |archive-date=1 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101064822/https://www.indiansuperleague.com/press-releases/nivia-becomes-the-official-ball-partner-for-the-hero-indian-super-league |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2021, His efforts to get approval from the FIBA and BFI were worthy and Nivia became the official ball partner af all matches played under Basketball Federation of India.{{citation needed|date=September 2025}} The ball has been used by both junior-level and national-level competitions.<ref name="Nair">{{Cite web |last=Nair |first=Abhijit |date=18 October 2021 |title=Basketball Federation of India onboards Nivia as official ball partners |url=https://thebridge.in/sports-market/basketball-federation-india-onboards-nivia-ball-partner-26036 |access-date=2022-08-29 |website=thebridge.in |language=en |archive-date=5 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221105074918/https://thebridge.in/sports-market/basketball-federation-india-onboards-nivia-ball-partner-26036 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2022, Rajesh Kharabanda along with [[Abhishek Bachchan]], and Vita Dani the co-owner of [[Chennaiyin FC]] had launched a kit for the 2022–23 season.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chennaiyin FC launch fan-designed kits for 2022–23 campaign |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/sports/football/chennaiyin-fc-launch-fan-designed-kits-for-2022-23-campaign-article-93112107 |access-date=2022-08-02 |website=TimesNow |date=25 July 2022 |language=en |archive-date=12 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230312161903/https://www.timesnownews.com/sports/football/chennaiyin-fc-launch-fan-designed-kits-for-2022-23-campaign-article-93112107 |url-status=live }}</ref> This includes all three home, away, and third together. These were designed by the fans through a contest held during the year 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chennaiyin FC launch fan-designed kits for 2022–23 campaign |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/sports/football/chennaiyin-fc-launch-fan-designed-kits-for-2022-23-campaign-article-93112107 |access-date=2022-08-02 |website=TimesNow |date=25 July 2022 |language=en |archive-date=12 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230312161903/https://www.timesnownews.com/sports/football/chennaiyin-fc-launch-fan-designed-kits-for-2022-23-campaign-article-93112107 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Rajesh Kharabanda is also appointed as chairperson by SGMEA, he projected a workforce to work remotely for stitching footballs.{{citation needed|date=September 2025}} This would help workers who couldn't resume their jobs after the pandemic.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 October 2022 |title=Jalandhar {{!}} Sports industry to teach women to stitch footballs |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/jalandhar-sports-industry-to-teach-women-to-stitch-footballs-101665258437832.html |access-date=2022-12-27 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=27 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221227115434/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/jalandhar-sports-industry-to-teach-women-to-stitch-footballs-101665258437832.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Products ==

Nivia Sports manufactures and markets sports products, [[Sportswear|sports wear]], [[bag]]s and accessories used for training and competition for sports including [[association football|football]], [[volleyball]], [[basketball]], [[handball]], [[cricket]], [[running]], [[Physical fitness|fitness]] etc.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Nivia Sports Official Website {{!}} Step Out and play|url=https://www.niviasports.com/about-us|access-date=2021-07-05|website=www.niviasports.com|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709185201/https://www.niviasports.com/about-us|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Football ===
[[File:1950s Nivia Football.png|thumb|Nivia Sports hand-stitched football from 1960s]]
{{multiple image
| align = right
| direction = horizontal
| total_width = 350
| image1 = Nivia-Antrix-raavimohantydelhi.jpg|thumb|Nivia Antrix
| image2 = Nivia Ashtang Football.jpg|thumb|Nivia Ashtang
| footer = '''Nivia Antrix''' (top left), '''Nivia Ashtang''' (top right)
}}

{{multiple image
| align = right
| direction = horizontal
| total_width = 350
| image1 = NIVIA Ashtang 2.0.jpg|thumb|Ashtang 2.0 models
| image2 = Nivia Shastra 2 0 FIFA Approved Official Ball for Hero ISL.jpg|thumb|Nivia Shastra 2.0
| footer = '''Ashtang 2.0 models''' (bottom left), '''Nivia Shastra 2.0''' (bottom right)
}}

Nivia Sports was the first Indian sports equipment manufacturer to produce hand-stitched balls including [[ball (association football)|footballs]].{{citation needed|date=September 2025}} In the 1950s, under Freewill Sports Pvt Ltd, Nivia Sports started manufacturing hand-stitched leather footballs, [[basketball (ball)|basketballs]], and [[volleyball (ball)|volleyballs]].{{citation needed|date=September 2025}} The company exported its balls to international markets, with its first consignment of 30 balls shipped to [[Indonesia]]. In the 1960s Nivia football received the approval of the National Institute of Sports, Patiala, Punjab, India.{{citation needed|date=September 2025}} Its football became the official ball for the National Football Championship and for the [[All India Football Federation]] (AIFF).<ref name="hist" /> In the 1980s, Nivia was selected as the official ball for the International Football Tournament Jawaharlal Nehru Gold Cup and South Asian Federation (SAF) Games.<ref name="hist" /> Also it has been the official ball partner for the Hero [[Indian Super League]] (ISL).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-08-18 |title=NIVIA becomes the Official Ball Partner for the Hero Indian Super League |url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/press-releases/nivia-becomes-the-official-ball-partner-for-the-hero-indian-super-league |access-date=2024-09-16 |website=www.indiansuperleague.com |language=en}}</ref>

Nivia Sports has also produced and sponsored other accessories related to football, such as [[football boot|boots]], uniforms, [[goalkeeper glove]]s, goal nets, training gear, [[shin guard]]s, ball pump.<ref name="bend">[https://www.tribuneindia.com/2010/20100619/spr-trib.htm Bend it like Ronaldo] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211206054117/https://www.tribuneindia.com/2010/20100619/spr-trib.htm |date=6 December 2021 }}, The Tribune of India, 19 June 2010</ref>

NIVIA Sports introduced Astra, the official match ball for Indian Super League 2021–2022.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/2021/news/official-ball-partner-nivia-unveils-match-ball-for-hero-isl-2021-22|title=Official Ball Partner NIVIA unveils match ball for Hero ISL 2021–22|date=9 March 2021 |access-date=27 January 2022|archive-date=27 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127112116/https://www.indiansuperleague.com/2021/news/official-ball-partner-nivia-unveils-match-ball-for-hero-isl-2021-22|url-status=live}}</ref> The soccer ball is made with PU micro-fiber leather, in 8-panel structure which technically reduces the seam length by 23%. Astra replaced Ashtang soccer ball in the new season.{{citation needed|date=September 2025}}

In August 2024, the Hero [[Indian Super League]] (ISL) announced a three-year partnership with Nivia, appointing them as the official ball partner. {{citation needed|date=September 2025}}As part of this agreement, Nivia will supply the league with its latest ball model, the NIVIA 'Ashtang,' starting from the 2024 season. Ashtang is the official ball throughout the [[I-League]] sessions.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-08-20 |title=Hero ISL gets NIVIA as ball partner for 3 years |url=https://admin.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/sports/hero-isl-gets-nivia-as-ball-partner-for-3-years-180820 |access-date=2024-09-16 |website=admin.indiantelevision.com |language=en}}</ref>

The football Shastra 2.0 by Nivia Sports has been selected as the official ball for the Hero Indian Super League (ISL). Starting with the 2024 season, this ball will be used in all ISL matches over the next three years.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-04 |title=ISL 2024-25 {{!}} OFFICIAL MATCH BALL by NIVIA SPORTS |url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/videos/isl-2024-25-official-match-ball-by-nivia-sports |access-date=2024-09-10 |website=www.indiansuperleague.com |language=en}}</ref>

=== Basketball ===
{{multiple image
| align = right
| direction = vertical
| total_width = 150
| image1 = Nivia Basketball, Top Grip, BB-195, Jan2017.jpg
| image2 =
| footer = Nivia basketball (above), and G20-20 volleyball
}}

Nivia makes handmade balls.{{citation needed|date=September 2025}} The basketball initially goes to a machine where a rubber blob is squeezed to flatten it to a thinner size, giving it a round shape. Then other stitching, and painting works are done manually by hand. [[CNNMoney]] showed the making of basketballs in Nivia's factory in [[Jalandhar]] ([[Punjab, India|Punjab]]), India.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://edition.cnn.com/videos/cnnmoney/2017/04/27/in-the-making-blob-of-rubber-turn-into-basketball-orig.cnnmoney |title=In the making of Nivia's Basketball |access-date=2 May 2017 |archive-date=29 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170929164539/http://edition.cnn.com/videos/cnnmoney/2017/04/27/in-the-making-blob-of-rubber-turn-into-basketball-orig.cnnmoney |url-status=live }}</ref>

NIvia Sports's basketball 'Top Gear 3.0' has received certification from [[International Basketball Federation|International Basketball Federation (FIBA)]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Tribune News |title=Nivia's basketball gets FIBA certification |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/jalandhar/nivias-basketball-gets-fiba-certification-167340 |access-date=2022-08-29 |website=Tribuneindia News Service |language=en |archive-date=6 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211206050014/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/jalandhar/nivias-basketball-gets-fiba-certification-167340 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Nivia has become the official ball partner for the [[Basketball Federation of India|Basketball Federation of India (BFI)]] from 2021 until 2025.{{citation needed|date=September 2025}} It has provided official game balls for all matches organised by the BFI and FIBA.<ref name="Nair"/>

=== Volleyball ===
[[File:Volleyball Nivia Vayu.jpg|thumb|Nivia Vayu Volleyball]]
In 1963, for the Pre-Olympic [[Volleyball]] Championship in New Delhi, India, the Nivia volleyball was chosen as the official ball for the tournament.{{citation needed|date=September 2025}}

=== Handball ===
[[File:NIVIA_HB-3651_PRO_TOUCH_MEN.jpg|thumb|Nivia Handball]]
Nivia Sports is a manufacturer of [[Handball (schoolyard game)|handballs]]. {{citation needed|date=September 2025}}

The Delhi Panzers, a team in the [[Premier Handball League (India)|Premier Handball League]] (PHL), have established a partnership with Nivia Sports, designating Nivia as their official kit supplier. Nivia Sports will provide the Delhi Panzers with their playing kits and equipment.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mishra |first=Shivam |date=2023-05-13 |title=Premier Handball League: All you need to know about Delhi Panzers |url=https://thebridge.in/handball/phl-all-you-need-to-know-about-delhi-panzers-41798 |access-date=2024-05-16 |website=thebridge.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Telugu Talons, Delhi Panzers join Premier Handball League {{!}} Sports-Games |url=https://www.devdiscourse.com/article/sports-games/2426338-telugu-talons-delhi-panzers-join-premier-handball-league |access-date=2024-05-16 |website=Devdiscourse |language=en}}</ref>

Nivia Sports, in partnership with the Women's Handball League (WHL), has announced the initiation of the 'Future Handball Champions Program,' set to commence in January 2025.{{citation needed|date=September 2025}} This initiative aims to identify and nurture young female handball talent across India, providing a structured pathway for emerging athletes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=WHL Launches 'Future Handball Champions Program' in India {{!}} Sports-Games |url=https://www.devdiscourse.com/article/sports-games/2974061-whl-launches-future-handball-champions-program-in-india |access-date=2024-06-18 |website=Devdiscourse |language=en}}</ref>

=== Cricket ===
Nivia Sports also manufactures cricket balls, and cricketing apparels.{{citation needed|date=September 2025}}

=== Athletic shoes ===
[[File:NIVIA Shastra shoes.jpg|thumb|NIVIA Shastra, Football shoes]]
During the 1980s, Nivia Sports started manufacturing sports footwear in India.{{citation needed|date=September 2025}} Through the years, the company added footwear for use in other games such as [[cricket]], football, basketball, volleyball, badminton, tennis, kabaddi, [[wrestling]], and [[track & field]]. They also produced [[shoelaces]] and gel insoles.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://niviasports.com/#!/Footwear/Track%20&%20Field/27|title=Footwear for Games|access-date=24 October 2017|archive-date=24 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171024042711/http://niviasports.com/#!/Footwear/Track%20&%20Field/27|url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Football boots ====
[[File:Nivia Ashtang Gold.jpg|thumb|Nivia Ashtang Gold Football]]
[[File:Nivia-oslar-blade.png|thumb|Nivia Oslar Blade, football boot]]
The series of shoes includes identical properties as per their categories. It involves, Aviator, Brasil, Crane, Dominator, Ditmar, Destroyer, England, Encounter, Pro Encounter, Germany,{{citation needed|date=September 2025}} Invader, Oslar, Oslar blade, Premier, Premier Carbonite, Premier Cleats, Spain, Tough, and Ultra.{{citation needed|date=September 2025}}

=== Apparels ===

Nivia sports has been appointed as the official apparel partner for BFI and [[FIBA]] Backed 3x3 Pro Basketball League.{{citation needed|date=September 2025}}

==== Jersey ====

Nivia Sports manufactures jerseys for all sports. It has been the official sports partner for many of the sports clubs. Nivia Jerseys are made up of micro polyester and Nivia is the official partner for the largest clubs like [[Mohun Bagan AC|Mohun Bagan SG]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Saha |first=Rajdeep |date=14 October 2022 |title=ISL 2022–23: Who are the sponsors of the Indian Super League teams? |url=https://thebridge.in/isl/2022-23-who-are-sponsors-indian-super-league-teams-36304 |access-date=2022-11-24 |website=thebridge.in |language=en |archive-date=24 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221124110551/https://thebridge.in/isl/2022-23-who-are-sponsors-indian-super-league-teams-36304 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Chennaiyin FC]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chennaiyin FC unveil fan-designed jersey kits for 2022–23 campaign |url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/chennaiyin-fc-unveil-fan-designed-jersey-kits-for-2022-23-campaign |access-date=2022-11-24 |website=Indian Super League |date=24 July 2022 |language=en |archive-date=24 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221124110547/https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/chennaiyin-fc-unveil-fan-designed-jersey-kits-for-2022-23-campaign |url-status=live }}</ref> and sports leagues as [[Indian Super League|ISL]], [[FIBA]], [[BFI]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 March 2022 |title=BFI and FIBA Backed 3x3 Pro Basketball League to Tip Off with Season 3 |url=https://www.news18.com/news/sports/bfi-and-fiba-backed-3x3-pro-basketball-league-to-tip-off-with-season-3-4835417.html |access-date=2022-11-24 |website=News18 |language=en |archive-date=9 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220909114806/https://www.news18.com/news/sports/bfi-and-fiba-backed-3x3-pro-basketball-league-to-tip-off-with-season-3-4835417.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Accessories ===
Nivia Sports produces sports accessories such as kits or bags, tracksuits, shorts, lowers, shocks, and windcheaters for use in cricket, football, basketball, and volleyball.{{citation needed|date=September 2025}} The company has contributed sports equipment, footwear and accessories including badminton rackets and shuttlecocks, strings, skateboards, skating wheels, squash rackets, and swimming accessories like earplugs, fins, masks, and aqua boards.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://niviasports.com/#!/Swimming/17|title=Nivia Accessories|access-date=24 October 2017|archive-date=24 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171024042711/http://niviasports.com/#!/Swimming/17|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Sponsorships==
===Basketball===
==== National Team====
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[Basketball Federation of India|India]]<ref>{{cite tweet |author=Nivia Sports |author-link=Nivia Sports |user=niviasports |number=1450054764134219781 |date=18 October 2021 |title=From School Leagues to National Championships #NIVIA basketballs are the Official balls for the @BFI_basketball #MoveUpWithNivia #StepOutAndPlay #NiviaSports #Indianbasketball https://t.co/AwWCS6cddH |language=en |access-date=30 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028165936/https://twitter.com/niviasports/status/1450054764134219781 |archive-date=28 October 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Futsal===
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[Futsal Club Championship]]<ref>{{cite tweet |author=Indian Football Team |user=IndianFootball |number=1454385916407992324 |date=30 October 2021 |title=Presenting to you, the @niviasports Force Futsal, official match ball ⚽ of the Hero Futsal Club Championship 2021–22!!! 💙🏆💙🏆 #IndianFootball ⚽️ https://t.co/YmEjhRtusg |language=en |access-date=30 October 2021}}</ref>
'''Handball'''

* {{flagicon|IND}} [[Handball Federation of India#:~:text=Handball Federation of India, Rohtak,Federation (IHF) since 1974.|Handball Federation of India]]

===Football===
====National Teams====
* {{flagicon|BHU}} [[Bhutan national football team|Bhutan]]
* {{flagicon|MUS}} [[Mauritius national football team|Mauritius]] (2023–present)
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[India national football team|India]] (2026–present)

====Federations and associations====
* {{flagicon|BHU}} [[Bhutan Football Federation]] (Official match ball sponsor)
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[All India Football Federation]] (2018 – Present)
* {{flagicon|SL}} [[Football Sri Lanka]] (2019- 2021)

====Clubs Teams====
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[ATK (Football Club)]] (2015–19)
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[Delhi FC]] (2023–present)
* {{flagicon|SL}} [[Colombo FC]] (2018–present)
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[DSK Shivajians FC]] (2015–17)
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[Shillong Lajong FC]] (2017–18)
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[Jamshedpur FC]] (2017–present)
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant]] (2020–2024)
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[Chennaiyin FC]] (2021–2023)<ref name="Chennaiyin sponsors">{{cite web|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/brandwagon/nivia-becomes-official-kit-partner-of-chennaiyin-fc/2307088/|title=Nivia becomes official kit partner of Chennaiyin FC|date=9 August 2021 |access-date=11 July 2022|archive-date=11 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711065844/https://www.financialexpress.com/brandwagon/nivia-becomes-official-kit-partner-of-chennaiyin-fc/2307088/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[Chennai City FC]] (2019–2023)
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[TRAU FC]] (2019–20)
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[Corbett FC]] (2021–present)
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[Churchill Brothers]] (2011–17; 2018–present)
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[Sreenidi Deccan FC]] (2016–present)
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[NEROCA FC]] (2021–present)<ref name="NEROCA sponsors">{{cite web|url=https://bizbehindsports.com/2021/08/23/neroca-football-club-ropes-in-saikhom-mirabai-chanu-as-its-global-brand-ambassador/|title=Neroca Football Club ropes in Saikhom Mirabai Chanu as its global brand ambassador|website=bizbehindsports.com|publisher=Biz Behind Sports|date=23 August 2021|first=Mohit|last=Edupuganti|access-date=27 February 2022|location=Imphal, Manipur|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220506144218/https://bizbehindsports.com/2021/08/23/neroca-football-club-ropes-in-saikhom-mirabai-chanu-as-its-global-brand-ambassador/|archive-date=6 May 2022}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[Real Kashmir FC]] (2022–present)

===Domestic leagues===

* {{flagicon|IND}} [[Indian Super League]] (Official match ball and staff officials kit sponsor) (2018–present)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://khelnow.com/football/isl-2018-19-nivia-official-match-ball-sponsor|title=Nivia joins hands with ISL as official match ball sponsor|website=khelnow.com|publisher=Khel Now|date=18 August 2018|access-date=16 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804054434/https://khelnow.com/football/isl-2018-19-nivia-official-match-ball-sponsor|archive-date=4 August 2020}}</ref>
* {{Flagicon|IND}} [[I-League]]
* {{Flagicon|IND}} [[I-League 2|I-League 2nd Division]]
* {{Flagicon|IND}} [[Durand Cup]]
* {{Flagicon|IND}} [[Super Cup (India)]]
* {{flagicon|NEP}} [[Nepal Super League]] (Official match ball sponsor)
* {{flagicon|BAN}} [[Bangladesh Women's Super League]] (Official match ball sponsor) (2023–present)
* {{flagicon|SL}} [[Sri Lanka Super League]] (Official match ball sponsor)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.insidesport.in/isl-ball-partners-nivia-signs-with-srilanka-football/|title=ISL ball partners Nivia signs with SriLanka football|work=Inside Sport India |date=10 April 2019|access-date=11 July 2022|archive-date=11 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711065103/https://www.insidesport.in/isl-ball-partners-nivia-signs-with-srilanka-football/|url-status=live |last1=Desk |first1=Insidesport }}</ref>
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[Kerala Women's League]]
* {{flagicon|Singapore}} [[Singapore Cup|Singa Cup]] (2018 – 2019)<ref>{{Cite web |title=NIVIA extends partnership with Singa Cup {{!}} SingaCup – Asia's Premier International Youth Football Tournament |url=http://singacup.com/2013/06/nivia-extends-partnership-with-singa-cup/ |access-date=2023-03-24 |archive-date=24 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324124842/http://singacup.com/2013/06/nivia-extends-partnership-with-singa-cup/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[Subroto Cup]] (2017–Present)
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[3x3 Pro Basketball League (3BL)|3x3 Pro Basketball League]] (3BL) (2021 – Present)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-04 |title=BFI and FIBA Backed 3x3 Pro Basketball League to Tip Off with Season 3 |url=https://www.news18.com/news/sports/bfi-and-fiba-backed-3x3-pro-basketball-league-to-tip-off-with-season-3-4835417.html |access-date=2023-03-24 |website=News18 |language=en |archive-date=9 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220909114806/https://www.news18.com/news/sports/bfi-and-fiba-backed-3x3-pro-basketball-league-to-tip-off-with-season-3-4835417.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[Indian National Basketball League]] (2021 – Present)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Release |first=Press |date=2021-10-18 |title=Basketball Federation of India onboards Nivia as official ball partners |url=https://thebridge.in/sports-market/basketball-federation-india-onboards-nivia-ball-partner-26036 |access-date=2023-03-24 |website=thebridge.in |language=en |archive-date=5 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221105074918/https://thebridge.in/sports-market/basketball-federation-india-onboards-nivia-ball-partner-26036 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[Elite Pro Basketball League]] (2021 – Present)
* {{flagicon|BHU}} [[Bhutan Premier League]] (2019 – Present)
* {{Flagicon|IND}} [[2024 Gujarat Super League|2024 Gujarat Super League]] (2024)
* {{Flagicon|IND}} [[Bengal Super League|2025 Bengal Super League]] (2025)

===Referees===
* {{Flagicon|LBR}} [[LFA First Division]]
** [[Liberian Second Division]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Sports equipment brands}}

[[Category:Athletic shoe brands]]
[[Category:Companies based in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Indian brands]]
[[Category:Manufacturing companies established in 1934]]
[[Category:Sporting goods brands]]
[[Category:Sporting goods manufacturers of India]]
[[Category:Sportswear brands]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1934]]

Shreyas Talpade

2026-03-14T13:24:34Z

CandelariaSanche: expand page additionally and corrected details to improve readability

{{Short description|Indian actor, director, and producer (born 1976)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2015}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Shreyas Talpade
| image = Shreyas Talpade at the launch of 'Its Only Cinema' magazine 05.jpg
| caption = Talpade in 2012
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1976|1|27|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Bombay]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| education = [[Mithibai College]]
| occupation = {{hlist|[[Actor]]|[[Film director|director]]|[[Film producer|producer]]|[[voice over artist]]}}
| spouse = {{marriage|Deepti Talpade|2004}}
| children = 1
| relatives = [[Jayshree T.|Jayshree Talpade]] (aunt)
}}

'''Shreyas Talpade''' (born 27 January 1976) is an [[India|Indian]] actor, film director and producer who appears in [[Hindi]] and [[Marathi language|Marathi]] films. He has appeared in several critically and commercially successful films. He is better known for his role as [[Shah Rukh Khan]]'s friend Pappu Master in ''[[Om Shanti Om]]'' (2007), the grand [[reincarnation]] [[melodrama]] of [[Farah Khan]]. He appeared in the comedies ''[[Golmaal Returns]]'' (2008), ''[[Welcome to Sajjanpur]]'' (2008), ''[[Golmaal 3]]'' (2010), ''[[Housefull 2]]'' (2012) and ''[[Golmaal Again]]'' (2017). Talpade also dubbed for [[Allu Arjun]] in the Hindi version of ''[[Pushpa: The Rise]]'' (2021) and it's sequel ''[[Pushpa 2: The Rule]]'' (2024).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-27 |title=Shreyas Talpade Birthday: Did You Know The Actor Is The Voice Of Allu Arjun In Pushpa's Hindi Version? |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/shreyas-talpade-birthday-did-you-know-the-actor-is-the-voice-of-allu-arjun-in-pushpas-hindi-version-9197928.html |access-date=2025-01-30 |website=News18}}</ref>

==Early life==
Shreyas Talpade was born in [[Bombay]], [[Maharashtra]] (Present-day [[Mumbai]]) on 27 January 1976.<ref name=desh>{{cite web|last1=Deshmukh|first1=Gayatrieee|title=Shreyas Talpade to celebrate his birthday with family|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/Shreyas-Talpade-Poshter-Boyz-Baji-Shrirang-Godbole/articleshow/29442042.cms|website=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=17 April 2016|date=27 January 2014|archive-date=5 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170805214104/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/Shreyas-Talpade-Poshter-Boyz-Baji-Shrirang-Godbole/articleshow/29442042.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> His father is the brother of actresses Meena T. and [[Jayshree T.]] (full name "Jayshri Talpade"). Shreyas attended Shree Ram Welfare Society’s High School in [[Andheri]] West followed by [[Mithibai College]] in [[Vile Parle]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Shreyas Talpade -''I'm madly in love with Katrina Kaif...''|url=http://filmfare.com/interviews/shreyas-talpade-im-madly-in-love-with-katrina-kaif-1039.html|newspaper=Filmfare|date=9 August 2012|access-date=12 September 2012|archive-date=13 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120813034849/http://filmfare.com/interviews/shreyas-talpade-im-madly-in-love-with-katrina-kaif-1039.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Career==

Talpade began his acting career appearing in Marathi [[soap operas]] and doing stage shows across Maharashtra. He also appeared in the [[Zee TV]] soap opera ''Woh'' (1998) in which he was the main lead. He has also acted in mini serials for the production "Adhikari Brothers". His role, in a very popular Marathi serial ''Aabhal Maya'', as the character Tejas was very popular among Marathi audiences. He also appeared in ''Jaane Anjaane'' (2001) aired on [[Doordarshan]] where he played the role of a son who dislikes his father because he felt that his father was the reason for his accident. Viewers liked the content of the same. Fame arrived after he made his [[Bollywood]] debut in [[Nagesh Kukunoor]]'s ''[[Iqbal (film)|Iqbal]]'' which was written by [[Vipul K Rawal]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Did Kukunoor steal Rawal's script?|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/hyderabad-times/did-kukunoor-steal-rawals-script/articleshow/1218912.cms|newspaper=Times of India|date=2 September 2005|access-date=12 September 2012|archive-date=2 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151102004128/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad-times/Did-Kukunoor-steal-Rawals-script/articleshow/1218912.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> in which he played the role of a deaf & mute youngster aspiring to be a [[cricketer]].<ref>{{cite news|title=From Iqbal to Behrupia|url=http://inhome.rediff.com/movies/2006/sep/20shreyas.htm|newspaper=Rediff|date=20 September 2006|access-date=12 September 2012|archive-date=4 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140904033029/http://inhome.rediff.com/movies/2006/sep/20shreyas.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> The film and his performance were well received by both audiences and critics.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2005/sep/27sld1.htm |title=rediff.com: At home with Shreyas Talpade |publisher=Specials.rediff.com |access-date=2011-11-30 |archive-date=15 September 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070915152715/http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2005/sep/27sld1.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> His next film was Kukunoor's ''[[Dor (film)|Dor]]'' in which he played the comic role of a ''[[Behrupiya|behroopiya]]'', a man with many disguises. This film was also well received by critics.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/sep/20shreyas.htm |title=Shreyas Talpade on Dor |work=Rediff.com |date=2004-12-31 |access-date=2011-11-30 |archive-date=13 November 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071113090258/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/sep/20shreyas.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2006, he starred in the comedy, ''[[Apna Sapna Money Money]]'' and in 2007, he starred in [[Farah Khan]]'s blockbuster reincarnation drama, ''[[Om Shanti Om]]'', with [[Shah Rukh Khan]], where he played the role of Pappu Master, the best friend of Khan's character. In 2008, he was seen in Kukunoor's cross-cultural comedy film, ''[[Bombay To Bangkok]]''. He also produced a Marathi film, ''[[Sanai Choughade (film)|Sanai Chaughade]]'', which was released the same year. He also did movies like [[Shyam Benegal]]'s ''[[Welcome to Sajjanpur]]'', along with ''[[Golmaal Returns]]'' and [[Sangeeth Sivan]]'s horror flick, ''[[Click (2010 film)|Click]]''. Shreyas was also seen in the horror film, ''[[Help (2010 film)|Help]]''. Shreyas next appeared in the movie ''[[Will You Marry Me? (film)|Will You Marry Me?]]'' which released in 2012.<ref>{{cite news|last=Vijayakar|first=Rajiv|title=Films, fame, etc|newspaper=Deccan Herald|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/Content/Nov182007/enter2007111736270.asp|date=18 November 2007|archive-date=18 November 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071118123548/http://www.deccanherald.com/Content/Nov182007/enter2007111736270.asp}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Shreyas Talpade|url=http://magnamags.com/magna_stardust/node/1706|newspaper=Stardust|date=16 November 2007|archive-date=29 December 2007|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071229014431/http://magnamags.com/magna_stardust/node/1706}}</ref>

Shreyas has produced a Marathi film, titled ''[[Poshter Boyz]]'', under his home production banner, Affluence Movies.<ref>{{cite news|title=I was always game for Marathi films — Shreyas Talpade|url=http://www.sakaaltimes.com/NewsDetails.aspx?NewsId=5105567916056280874&SectionId=4724885822106096577|publisher=Sakal Times|access-date=2014-01-05|archive-date=23 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141223214104/http://www.sakaaltimes.com/NewsDetails.aspx?NewsId=5105567916056280874&SectionId=4724885822106096577|url-status=usurped}}</ref> The movie which released on 1 August 2014 was launched by Bollywood veteran [[Subhash Ghai]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Subhash Ghai launches Shreyas Talpade's Marathi venture|url=http://www.bollywoodlife.com/news-gossip/subhash-ghai-launches-shreyas-talpades-marathi-venture/|publisher=Bollywoodlife.com|access-date=2014-01-05|archive-date=6 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106040234/http://www.bollywoodlife.com/news-gossip/subhash-ghai-launches-shreyas-talpades-marathi-venture/|url-status=live}}</ref> The film is directed by Sameer Patil and the music for it is composed by [[Lesle Lewis (composer)|Lesle Lewis]].

''Poshter Boyz'' was remade in Hindi as ''[[Poster Boys (2017 film)|Poster Boys]]'' and Shreyas made his directorial debut with this film which released on 8 September 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/poster-boys-first-look-sunny-deol-bobby-deol-shreyas-talpade-film-bollywood-news/17825181 |title=Poster Boys First Look |date=12 December 2016 |access-date=14 December 2016 |archive-date=19 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171219004508/http://www.mid-day.com/articles/poster-boys-first-look-sunny-deol-bobby-deol-shreyas-talpade-film-bollywood-news/17825181 |url-status=live }}</ref> The film stars Shreyas himself along with [[Sunny Deol]] and [[Bobby Deol]].

== Public image ==
In a series of sting operations carried out by [[Cobrapost]] code-named Operation Karaoke, Shreyas Talpade has been named as one of many celebrities who can be seen agreeing to promote the agenda of parties on social media platforms in exchange for money, on camera.<ref name=cobrapost>{{Cite web |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2019/feb/19/more-than-30-bollywood-celebs-accepted-money-to-promote-political-parties-on-social-media-cobrapost-1940948.html |title=More than 30 Bollywood celebs accepted money to promote political parties on social media: Cobrapost- the New Indian Express |access-date=26 February 2019 |archive-date=26 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190226173329/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2019/feb/19/more-than-30-bollywood-celebs-accepted-money-to-promote-political-parties-on-social-media-cobrapost-1940948.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Shreyas Talpade is married to Deepti Talpade, a [[psychiatrist]] and is father to a daughter Aadya.<ref name="Dec-2023">{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/shreyas-talpades-wife-deepti-shares-health-update-he-is-now-in-stable-condition-4678012/|title=Shreyas Talpade's Wife Deepti Shares Health Update: "He Is Now In Stable Condition"|work=NDTV|first=Pranita|last=Chaubey|date=15 December 2023|accessdate=15 December 2023|archive-date=15 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231215085229/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/shreyas-talpades-wife-deepti-shares-health-update-he-is-now-in-stable-condition-4678012|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/bollywood/shreyas-talpade-father-baby-5168238/ |title=Shreyas Talpade and wife Deepti welcome baby girl | the Indian Express |date=8 May 2018 |access-date=8 May 2018 |archive-date=8 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180508140145/http://indianexpress.com/article/bollywood/shreyas-talpade-father-baby-5168238/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In December 2023, he suffered a [[heart attack]] and underwent [[angioplasty]].<ref name="Dec-2023"/><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-01-04 |title="Clinically, I was dead": Shreyas Talpade opens up on health condition post heart attack |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/health-fitness/health-news/clinically-i-was-dead-shreyas-talpade-opens-up-on-health-condition-post-heart-attack/articleshow/106529019.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-01-21 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=13 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240113035519/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/health-fitness/health-news/clinically-i-was-dead-shreyas-talpade-opens-up-on-health-condition-post-heart-attack/articleshow/106529019.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Filmography==
{{Pending films key}}
=== Films ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Language
! class="unsortable"| Notes
! class="unsortable"| {{Reference column heading|multi=yes}}
|-
| 2002
| ''[[Aankhen (2002 film)|Aankhen]]''
| Mushtaq
| rowspan="2"|[[Hindi]]
| Cameo appearance
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/did-you-know/shreyas-talpade-amitabh-bachchan-aankhen-golmaal-housefull/articleshow/25043416.cms|title=Shreyas Talpade was a chaiwallah|website=The Times of India|date=June 2014 |access-date=17 January 2022|archive-date=18 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220118190911/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/did-you-know/shreyas-talpade-amitabh-bachchan-aankhen-golmaal-housefull/articleshow/25043416.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"|2003
| ''Raghu More Bachelor Of Hearts''
|
|
|<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://specials.rediff.com/movies/2005/sep/27sld5.htm|title=At home with Shreyas Talpade|website=[[Rediff.com]]|date=27 September 2005|access-date=24 February 2024|archive-date=27 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627053543/http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2005/sep/27sld5.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''Resham Ghaat''
|
| rowspan="3"|[[Marathi language|Marathi]]
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2004
| ''[[Pachadlela]]''
| Ravi
|
|
|-
| ''[[Savarkhed Ek Gaon]]''
| Ajay
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2005
| ''[[Revati (film)|Revati]]''
| Chandu
| rowspan="2" |Hindi
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=1713|title=Revati - Movie - Box Office India|website=[[Boxofficeindia.com]]|access-date=25 February 2024|archive-date=17 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231117104512/https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=1713|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Iqbal (film)|Iqbal]]''
| Iqbal Saeed Khan
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/your-week/story/20050829-film-review-of-iqbal-directed-by-nagesh-kukunoor-2005-787211-2005-08-28|title=Film review: 'Iqbal' starring Naseeruddin Shah, Shreyas Talpade|website=India Today|date=29 August 2005 |access-date=25 February 2024|archive-date=25 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240225062316/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/your-week/story/20050829-film-review-of-iqbal-directed-by-nagesh-kukunoor-2005-787211-2005-08-28|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Sarivar Sari]]''
|
| Marathi
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4"| 2006
| ''[[Apna Sapna Money Money]]''
| Arjun Fernandes
| rowspan="2" |Hindi
|
|<ref>{{cite interview |last=Talpade |first=Shreyas |interviewer=Priyanka Jain |title='I play a serious role in this comedy' |date=9 November 2006 |publisher=Rediff.com |location=Mumbai |url=https://rediff.com/movies/2006/nov/09shreyas.htm |access-date=25 February 2024 |archive-date=26 July 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080726235559/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/nov/09shreyas.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Dor (film)|Dor]]''
| Bahuroopiya
|
|<ref>{{cite interview |last=Talpade |first=Shreyas |interviewer=Priyanka Jain |title=Shreyas Talpade on Dor |date=20 September 2006 |publisher=Rediff.com |location=Mumbai |url=https://rediff.com/movies/2006/sep/20shreyas.htm |access-date=25 February 2024 |archive-date=5 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005110339/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/sep/20shreyas.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''Aai Shappath..!''
| Akash Mohan Ranade
| rowspan="2" |Marathi
|
|
|-
| ''[[Vikram Gokhale|Bayo]]''
| Vishwanath
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2007
| ''[[Aggar (2007 film)|Aggar]]''
| Dr. Aditya Merchant
| rowspan="7" |Hindi
|
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/sep/14aggar.htm |title=Aggar: Good performances, great plot |last=N |first=Patcy |date=14 September 2007 |website=[[Rediff.com]] |access-date=10 January 2024 |archive-date=25 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240225062315/https://www.rediff.com/amp/movies/2007/sep/14aggar.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Dil Dosti Etc]]''
| Sanjay Mishra
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/sep/28manish.htm|title=The 'two Indias' in Dil Dosti Etc|website=[[Rediff.com]]|date=28 September 2007|access-date=25 February 2024|archive-date=7 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207165031/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/sep/28manish.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Om Shanti Om]]''
| Pappu Master
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://specials.rediff.com/movies/2007/nov/09slide3.htm|title=rediff.com: Of bell bottoms and chappals|website=Rediff.com|access-date=25 February 2024|archive-date=25 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240225052331/https://specials.rediff.com/movies/2007/nov/09slide3.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="5" |2008
| ''[[Bombay to Bangkok]]''
| Shankar Singh / Dr. Bhatawdekar{{efn|Talpade played a single character with two or more names.|name=more}}
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://specials.rediff.com/movies/2008/jan/15sld1.htm|title=rediff.com: 'Bombay To Bangkok is Nagesh Kukunoor's first masala film'|website=Rediff.com|access-date=25 February 2024|archive-date=27 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627051616/http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2008/jan/15sld1.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Welcome to Sajjanpur]]''
| Mahadev Kushwaha
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://specials.rediff.com/movies/2008/sep/16sd3.htm|title=rediff.com: From Mandi to Welcome to Sajjanpur|website=specials.rediff.com|access-date=25 February 2024|archive-date=6 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306153433/http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2008/sep/16sd3.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Golmaal Returns]]''
| Laxman Prasad Apte / Anthony Gonsalves{{efn|Talpade played a single character with two or more names.|name=more}}
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2007-12-13 |title=Celina Jaitley goes de-glam- News-News & Gossip-Indiatimes - Movies |url=http://movies.indiatimes.com/articleshow/2547815.cms |access-date=2022-04-28 |website= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071213010306/http://movies.indiatimes.com/articleshow/2547815.cms |archive-date=13 December 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Dashavatar (2008 film)|Dashavatar]]''
| [[Narada|Narad]]
| Voice only
| <ref>{{Cite news |title=Bollywood celebs who dubbed for animated films |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/photo-features/bollywood-celebs-who-dubbed-for-animated-films/photostory/64445382.cms |access-date=2022-04-28 |website=The Times of India |archive-date=28 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220428212417/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/photo-features/bollywood-celebs-who-dubbed-for-animated-films/photostory/64445382.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Sanai Choughade]]''
| Aniket
| Marathi
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2009
| ''[[Paying Guests]]''
| Bhavesh Verma / Karishma{{efn|Talpade played a single character with two or more names.|name=more}}
| rowspan="15" |Hindi
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-04-02 |title="I have known Abhishek since Mohabbatein days" – Jimmy Sheirgill |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/i-have-known-abhishek-since-mohabbatein-days-jimmy-sheirgill/ |access-date=2022-04-28 |language=en |archive-date=4 July 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080704151111/http://indiafm.com/news/2008/02/14/10898/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Aage Se Right]]''
| SI Dinkar "Dinu" Waghmare
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/clumsy-cop-shreyas-on-a-gun-hunt-55599-2009-08-31|title='Clumsy cop' Shreyas on a gun hunt|website=India Today|date=September 2009 |access-date=25 February 2024|archive-date=25 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240225052330/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/clumsy-cop-shreyas-on-a-gun-hunt-55599-2009-08-31|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="6" |2010
| ''[[Click (2010 film)|Click]]''
| Avinash "Avi" Mehra
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://movies.rediff.com/report/2010/feb/19/review-click-is-scary.htm|title=Review: Smile, click, get scared|first=Nithya|last=Ramani|website=Rediff|access-date=25 February 2024|archive-date=26 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126052717/http://movies.rediff.com/report/2010/feb/19/review-click-is-scary.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[The Hangman (2005 film)|The Hangman]]''
| Ganesh S. Sathe
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/few-takers-for-hangman-66932-2010-02-08|title=Few takers for Hangman|website=India Today|date=9 February 2010 |access-date=25 February 2024|archive-date=25 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240225052332/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/few-takers-for-hangman-66932-2010-02-08|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Help (2010 film)|Help]]''
| Dr. Aditya Motwani
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/help-review/20100813.htm|title=Review: Help could have been edgier|first=Sunil|last=Sharma|website=Rediff|access-date=25 February 2024|archive-date=11 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181111221314/http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/help-review/20100813.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Aashayein (film)|Aashayein]]''
| Himself
| Special appearance in song "Ab Mujhko Jeena"
| <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/aashayein/critic-review/aashayein-movie-review/ | title=Aashayein Review 1.5/5 | Aashayein Movie Review | Aashayein 2010 Public Review | Film Review | website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] | date=27 August 2010 | access-date=25 February 2024 | archive-date=25 February 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240225064426/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/aashayein/critic-review/aashayein-movie-review/ | url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Golmaal 3]]''
| Laxman Chopra
|
|<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/shreyas-talpade-character-not-stammering-in-golmaal-again-4790269/|title=Shreyas Talpade's character not stammering in Golmaal Again|date=10 August 2017|access-date=25 February 2024|archive-date=29 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190929211318/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/shreyas-talpade-character-not-stammering-in-golmaal-again-4790269/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Mirch]]''
| Manjul
|
|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/Mirch/722090/|title=Mirch|date=10 December 2010|work=The Indian Express|access-date=25 February 2024|archive-date=11 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011122010/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/Mirch/722090|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2011
| ''[[Teen Thay Bhai]]''
| Fancy Gill
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/glossary/story/20110425-triple-trouble-film-review-teen-thay-bhai-745717-2011-04-15|title=Teen Thay Bhai: Pungent, often puerile fun|website=India Today|date=16 April 2011 |access-date=25 February 2024|archive-date=25 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240225052404/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/glossary/story/20110425-triple-trouble-film-review-teen-thay-bhai-745717-2011-04-15|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Hum Tum Shabana]]''
| Karthik Iyer
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/shreyas-talpade-hum-tum-shabana-hema-malini-amitabh-bachchan-139774-2011-08-23|title=Shreyas Talpade to don Amitabh garb in new film|website=India Today|date=24 August 2011 |access-date=25 February 2024|archive-date=25 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240225052438/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/shreyas-talpade-hum-tum-shabana-hema-malini-amitabh-bachchan-139774-2011-08-23|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" |2012
| ''[[Will You Marry Me? (film)|Will You Marry Me?]]''
| Aarav Birla
|
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-will-you-marry-me-fails-to-impress/20120302.htm |title=Review: Will You Marry Me fails to impress – Rediff.com Movies |work=Rediff.com |date=2 March 2012 |accessdate=5 February 2015 |archive-date=5 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150205050743/http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-will-you-marry-me-fails-to-impress/20120302.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Housefull 2]]''
| Jai Babani
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Shreyas joins Housefull 2 |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/shreyas-joins-housefull-2/articleshow/16132186.cms |access-date=2024-03-05 |website=Mumbai Mirror |language=en |archive-date=25 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240225080657/https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/shreyas-joins-housefull-2/articleshow/16132186.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Joker (2012 film)|Joker]]''
| Babban
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/shreyas-enters-big-league-with-joker-126426-2011-01-11|title=Shreyas enters big league with Joker|website=India Today|date=12 January 2011 |access-date=25 February 2024|archive-date=25 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240225052439/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/shreyas-enters-big-league-with-joker-126426-2011-01-11|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Kamaal Dhamaal Malamaal]]''
| Johnny Belinda
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://news.rediff.com/commentary/2023/feb/13/actor-shreyas-talpade-apologises-for-old-film-video/5f9afcab71c05b3ce0a7422912bd2b07|title=Actor Shreyas Talpade apologises for old film video|website=Rediff.com|access-date=25 February 2024|archive-date=25 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240225052408/https://news.rediff.com/commentary/2023/feb/13/actor-shreyas-talpade-apologises-for-old-film-video/5f9afcab71c05b3ce0a7422912bd2b07|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2014
| ''[[Entertainment (2014 film)|Entertainment]]''|| Johnny
| Cameo appearance
|
|-
| ''[[Poshter Boyz]]''
| Chief Minister
| rowspan="2" |Marathi
| Also producer
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.forbesindia.com/article/work/how-indias-regional-cinema-is-breaking-boundaries/46185/1 |title=How India's regional cinema is breaking boundaries |work= Forbes India }}</ref>
|-
| 2015
| ''[[Baji (2015 film)|Baji]]''
| Baji / Chiddvilas "Chidu" / Akash
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2016
| ''[[Great Grand Masti]]''
| Babu Rangeela
| rowspan="9" |Hindi
| Cameo appearance
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/shreyas-talpade-on-doing-great-grand-masti-as-well-as-dor-didn-t-want-to-limit-myself-to-some-fake-illusion-101625220555347.html |title=Shreyas Talpade on doing Great Grand Masti as well as Dor: 'Didn't want to limit myself to some fake illusion' | Bollywood - Hindustan Times |date=5 July 2021 |access-date=30 August 2024 |archive-date=14 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220814170920/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/shreyas-talpade-on-doing-great-grand-masti-as-well-as-dor-didn-t-want-to-limit-myself-to-some-fake-illusion-101625220555347.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Wah Taj]]''
| Tukaram Raosaheb Marathe
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-shreyas-talpade-s-wah-taj-made-tax-free-in-up-even-before-its-release-2257808|title=Shreyas Talpade's 'Wah Taj' made tax free in UP even before its release|website=DNA India|access-date=30 August 2024|archive-date=16 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190216094201/https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-shreyas-talpade-s-wah-taj-made-tax-free-in-up-even-before-its-release-2257808|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2017
| ''[[Poster Boys (2017 film)|Poster Boys]]''
| Arjun Singh
| Also director and producer
| <ref>{{cite interview |last=Talpade |first=Shreyas |interviewer=Jahnavi Patel |title='Films are bombing left, right and centre' |date=14 September 2017 |publisher=Rediff.com |location=Mumbai |url=https://rediff.com/movies/report/films-are-bombing-left-right-and-centre/20170914.htm |access-date=25 February 2024 |archive-date=26 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200226232658/https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/films-are-bombing-left-right-and-centre/20170914.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Golmaal Again]]''
| Laxman
|
|<ref name="auto1"/>
|-
| rowspan="2"|2018
| ''[[Bhaiaji Superhit]]''
| Tarun Porno Ghosh
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/bhaiaji-superhit-movie-review-the-most-incompetent-and-tasteless-vanity-vehicle-of-the-year|title=Bhaiaji Superhit Movie Review: The Most Incompetent And Tasteless Vanity Vehicle Of The Year|first=Rahul|last=Desai|date=23 November 2018|website=www.filmcompanion.in}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Simmba]]''
| Himself
| Special appearance in song "[[Aankh Maarey]]"
|
|-
| 2019
| ''[[Setters (film)|Setters]]''
| Apurva Chaudhary
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/setters-trailer-aftab-shivdasani-and-shreyas-talpade-take-on-education-scams-in-new-thriller-1500197-2019-04-12|title=Setters trailer: Aftab Shivdasani and Shreyas Talpade take on education scams in new thriller|website=India Today|date=12 April 2019 |access-date=25 February 2024|archive-date=28 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210428111421/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/setters-trailer-aftab-shivdasani-and-shreyas-talpade-take-on-education-scams-in-new-thriller-1500197-2019-04-12|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2021
| ''Speed Dial''
| Kabir
| Short film
|
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2022
| ''[[Kaun Pravin Tambe?]]''
| [[Pravin Tambe]]
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/shreyas-talpade-says-it-was-tough-to-get-cricketing-portions-right-at-47-for-kaun-pravin-tambe-1928435-2022-03-23|title=Shreyas Talpade says it was tough to get cricketing portions right at 47 for Kaun Pravin Tambe|website=India Today|date=23 March 2022 |access-date=25 February 2024|archive-date=14 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230214081041/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/shreyas-talpade-says-it-was-tough-to-get-cricketing-portions-right-at-47-for-kaun-pravin-tambe-1928435-2022-03-23|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Aapdi Thaapdi]]''
| Sakharam Patil
| rowspan="2" |Marathi
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |2024
| ''[[Hi Anokhi Gaath]]''
| Shreeniwas
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-02-06 |title='Hi Anokhi Gath': Shreyas Talpade and Gauri Ingawale to star in Mahesh Manjrekar's next |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/hi-anokhi-gath-shreyas-talpade-and-gauri-ingawale-to-star-in-mahesh-manjrekars-next/articleshow/107463771.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-02-24 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Luv You Shankar]]''
| Rudra
| rowspan="15" |Hindi
|
|
|-
| ''[[Kartam Bhugtam]]''
| Dev
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=28 March 2024|title=Shreyas Talpade's Psychological Thriller 'Kartam Bhugtam' To Release On May 17|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/shreyas-talpades-psychological-thriller-kartam-bhugtam-to-release-on-may-17|access-date=28 March 2024|website=Outlook|language=en|archive-date=27 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240327183102/https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/shreyas-talpades-psychological-thriller-kartam-bhugtam-to-release-on-may-17/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Chandu Champion]]''
| [[Inspector#India|Inspector]] Sachin Kamble
|
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |2025
| ''[[Emergency (2025 film)|Emergency]]''
| [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
|
| <ref>{{Cite web|date=27 July 2022|title=Shreyas Talpade to play former PM Atal Bihari Vajpayee in Kangana Ranaut directorial Emergency, see first look|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/shreyas-talpade-play-former-pm-atal-bihari-vajpayee-kangana-ranaut-directorial-emergency-see-first-look/|access-date=20 August 2022|website=Bollywood Hungama|language=en|archive-date=20 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220820060309/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/shreyas-talpade-play-former-pm-atal-bihari-vajpayee-kangana-ranaut-directorial-emergency-see-first-look/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Kapkapiii]]''
| Manu
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 March 2024 |title=Shreyas Talpade and Tusshar Kapoor To Star Next In Horror Comedy Kapkapiii |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/shreyas-talpade-and-tusshar-kapoor-to-star-next-in-horror-comedy-kapkapiii-8824790.html |access-date=20 August 2024 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Housefull 5]]''
| Shiraz
|
|
|-
| ''[[Baaghi 4]]''
| Jeetendra "Jeetu" Pratap Singh
|
|
|-
| ''[[Single Salma]]''
| Sikander Khan
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Huma Qureshi, Shreyas Talpade and Sunny Singh to star in Single Salma; trailer out on this date
|work=[[Cinema Express]] |date=29 September 2025 |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/hindi/news/2025/Sep/29/huma-qureshi-shreyas-talpade-and-sunny-singh-to-star-in-single-salma-trailer-out-on-this-date|access-date=29 September 2025}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2026
|''[[Azad Bharath]]''
| [[Subhas Chandra Bose]]
|
|
|-
| {{Pending film|The Game Of Girgit}}
| rowspan="3"| {{TableTBA}}
| Filming
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 May 2023 |title=Adah Sharma, Shreyas Talpade-starrer The Game Of Girgit's First Look Out |url=https://www.news18.com/entertainment/regional-cinema/adah-sharma-shreyas-talpade-starrer-the-game-of-girgits-first-look-out-7798603.html |access-date=21 January 2024 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| {{Pending film|Welcome to the Jungle}}
| Completed
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 September 2023 |title=Akshay Kumar shares hilarious 'Welcome 3' teaser on his birthday, film to release in December next year |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/akshay-kumar-shares-hilarious-welcome-3-teaser-on-his-birthday-film-to-release-in-december-next-year/articleshow/103532240.cms?from=mdr |access-date=10 September 2023 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| {{TBA}}
| {{Pending film|Golmaal 5}}
| Filming
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 March 2026 |last=Srivastava |first=Soumya |title=Golmaal 5 announced on Rohit Shetty's birthday: This time, Akshay Kumar joins Ajay Devgn and gang for another epic ride |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/golmaal-5-announced-on-rohit-shettys-birthday-this-time-akshay-kumar-joins-ajay-devgn-and-gang-for-another-epic-ride-101773491787043.html |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |access-date=14 March 2026}}</ref>
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Language
! class="unsortable"| Notes
! class="unsortable"| Ref.
|-
| 1995
| ''Julalya Surel Tara''
|
| Marathi
|
|
|-
| 1997–1998
| ''Damini''
| Tejas
| rowspan="4" |Hindi
|
|
|-
| 1998
| ''[[Woh]]''
| Ashutosh Dhar
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/hollywood-features/how-two-men-pulled-off-a-52-episode-indian-adaptation-of-stephen-kings-it-without-eading-a-single-page/|title=How Two Men Pulled off a 52-Episode Indian Adaptation of Stephen King's It... Without Reading a Single Page|access-date=16 September 2019}}</ref>
|-
| 1999–2000
| ''[[Amanat (Indian TV series)|Amanat]]''
| Dr. Manoj
|
|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.screenindia.com/old/20010622/tvcov5.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080604143823/http://www.screenindia.com/old/20010622/tvcov5.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 June 2008|title=Amanat on Zee TV|publisher=Screen India|date=22 June 2001}}</ref>
|-
| 2001
| ''Jaane Anjaane''
| Pankaj Vashisht
|
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.tribuneindia.com/2001/20011007/spectrum/tv.htm|title=Watch out for more on the father-son rift|access-date=2001-10-07|archive-date=5 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230705113959/https://m.tribuneindia.com/2001/20011007/spectrum/tv.htm|website=Tribune India|url-status=live}}</ref>'
|-
| 2000–2002
| ''[[Aabhalmaya]]''
| Nishant Mahajan
| rowspan="2" |Marathi
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-05-14 |title=Abhalmaya: Here's how the cast of the first super hit Marathi show looks like now |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/abhalmaya-heres-how-the-cast-of-the-first-super-hit-marathi-show-looks-like-now/photostory/69323149.cms |access-date=2022-04-28 |website=The Times of India |archive-date=23 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023051424/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/abhalmaya-heres-how-the-cast-of-the-first-super-hit-marathi-show-looks-like-now/photostory/69323149.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 2002–2005
| ''[[Avantika (TV series)|Avantika]]''
| Abhishek Jahagirdaar
|
|
|-
| 2003–2004
| ''Ek Hota Raja''
| Jai
| rowspan="2" |Hindi
|
|
|-
| 2011
| ''[[Comedy Ka Maha Muqabala]]''
| Judge
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/comedy-show-paid-me-better-than-jdj-4-shreyas/story-q43i0eQSIzBCcz8vOwTVpJ.html|title=Comedy show paid me better than JDJ 4: Shreyas Talpade|date=16 March 2011|website=Hindustan Times|access-date=24 February 2024|archive-date=24 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240224191613/https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/comedy-show-paid-me-better-than-jdj-4-shreyas/story-q43i0eQSIzBCcz8vOwTVpJ.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2013
| ''[[Jhunj Marathmoli]]''
| Host
| rowspan="2" |Marathi
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Shreyas Talpade to host Zhunj Marathmoli |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/zhunj-marathmoli-shreyas-talpade-pandaharinath-kamble-parag-kanhere/articleshow/35112219.cms |website=The Times of India |access-date=28 April 2022 |archive-date=24 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240224120425/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/zhunj-marathmoli-shreyas-talpade-pandaharinath-kamble-parag-kanhere/amp_articleshow/35112219.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 2015
| ''Tumcha Aamcha Same Asta''
| {{N/A}}
| Producer
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2017
| ''[[Partners Trouble Ho Gayi Double]]''
| Himself
| rowspan="3" |Hindi
| Guest appearance
|
|-
| ''[[The Great Indian Laughter Challenge]]''
| Judge
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/the-great-indian-laughter-challenge-akshay-kumar-show-sajid-khan-shreyas-talpade-to-replace-mallika-dua-hussain-dalal-zakir-khan-4892741/|title=The Great Indian Laughter Challenge: Sajid Khan and Shreyas Talpade to replace Mallika Dua, Hussain Dalal and Zakir Khan|date=16 October 2017|access-date=24 February 2024|archive-date=22 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022233141/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/the-great-indian-laughter-challenge-akshay-kumar-show-sajid-khan-shreyas-talpade-to-replace-mallika-dua-hussain-dalal-zakir-khan-4892741/|website=The Indian Express|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2019
| ''[[My Name Ijj Lakhan]]''
| Lakhan
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shreyas Talpade returns to TV with My Name Ijj Lakhan {{!}} TV Videos |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/tv/hindi/shreyas-talpade-returns-to-tv-with-my-name-ijj-lakhan/videoshow/67571418.cms |access-date=2022-04-28 |website=The Times of India |archive-date=28 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220428184910/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/tv/hindi/shreyas-talpade-returns-to-tv-with-my-name-ijj-lakhan/videoshow/67571418.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 2021–2023
| ''[[Majhi Tujhi Reshimgath]]''
| Yashvardhan "Yash" Choudhary
| rowspan="2" |Marathi
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Shreyas Talpade all excited about his Marathi show Mazhi Tuzhi Reshimgath; says 'Happy to be back home' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/shreyas-talpade-all-excited-about-his-marathi-show-majhi-tujhi-reshimgath-says-happy-to-be-back-home/articleshow/84825141.cms |access-date=2022-04-28 |website=The Times of India |date=28 July 2021 |archive-date=28 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220428184909/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/shreyas-talpade-all-excited-about-his-marathi-show-majhi-tujhi-reshimgath-says-happy-to-be-back-home/articleshow/84825141.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 2025–present
| ''Chal Bhava Citit''
| Host
|
|
|}

=== Web series ===
* ''All series are in Hindi unless otherwise noted.''
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable"| Notes
! class="unsortable"| {{Reference column heading|multi=yes}}
|-
| 2018
| ''[[Baby Come Naa]]''
| Aditya Tendulkar
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Full Interview: Baby Come Na interview {{!}} Shreyas Talpade |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/videos/celeb-interviews/full-interview-baby-come-na-interview-shreyas-talpade/ |access-date=2022-04-28 |language=en |archive-date=29 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211029161831/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/videos/celeb-interviews/full-interview-baby-come-na-interview-shreyas-talpade/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|-
| 2021
| ''[[Teen Do Paanch]]''
| Vishal Sahu
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shreyas Talpade to play a father in 'Teen Do Paanch' |url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/entertainment/bollywood/shreyas-talpade-to-play-a-father-in-teen-do-paanch/ar-BB1gtwYy |access-date=2022-04-28 |website=MSN |language=en-IN |archive-date=28 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220428184909/https://www.msn.com/en-in/entertainment/bollywood/shreyas-talpade-to-play-a-father-in-teen-do-paanch/ar-BB1gtwYy |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 2024
| ''[[Zindaginama]]''
| Mukul
| Episode: "Swagatam"
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prajakta Koli, Shreyas Talpade, Sumeet Vyas to star in anthology Zindaginama; trailer out |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/amp/entertainment/prajakta-koli-shreyas-talpade-sumeet-vyas-to-star-in-anthology-zindaginama-trailer-out/cid/2052870 |access-date=12 October 2024 |website=The Telegraph |date=3 October 2024}}</ref>
|}
=== Dubbing roles ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Original language
! Dubbing language
! class="unsortable"| {{Reference column heading|multi=yes}}
|-
| 2019
| ''[[The Lion King (2019 film)|The Lion King]]''
| [[Timon and Pumbaa|Timon]]
| [[English language|English]]
| rowspan="4" | Hindi
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 19, 2019 |title=Shreyas Talpade on dubbing for The Lion King: Did it for my daughter |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/hollywood/story/shreyas-talpade-on-dubbing-for-the-lion-king-did-it-for-my-daughter-1571174-2019-07-19 |access-date=2022-04-28 |website=India Today |language=en |archive-date=28 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220428211011/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/hollywood/story/shreyas-talpade-on-dubbing-for-the-lion-king-did-it-for-my-daughter-1571174-2019-07-19 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 2021
| ''[[Pushpa: The Rise]]''
| rowspan="2" | Pushpa Raj
| rowspan="2" | [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=9 December 2021|title=Allu Arjun's Pushpa: Shreyas Talpade Lends Voice for Hindi Version|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/allu-arjuns-pushpa-shreyas-talpade-lends-voice-for-hindi-version-4535837.html|access-date=4 January 2022|website=News18|language=en|archive-date=4 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220104052751/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/allu-arjuns-pushpa-shreyas-talpade-lends-voice-for-hindi-version-4535837.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2024
| ''[[Pushpa 2: The Rule]]''
| <ref>{{cite news |access-date=15 April 2024 |title=Shreyas Talpade Will Be Allu Arjun's Voice Again In The Hindi Version Of 'Pushpa 2' - Exclusive |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/shreyas-talpade-will-be-allu-arjuns-voice-again-in-the-hindi-version-of-pushpa-2-exclusive/articleshow/109128210.cms |website=Times of India|date=15 April 2024 }}</ref>
|-
|2024
|''[[Mufasa: The Lion King]]''
|Timon
|English
|<ref>{{cite news |access-date=29 July 2025 |title=Shah Rukh Khan to Sanjay Mishra, celebs who have done Hindi dubbing for Mufasa: The Lion King |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/photos/entertainment-shah-rukh-khan-to-sanjay-mishra-celebs-who-have-done-hindi-dubbing-for-mufasa-the-lion-king-2024-12-16-966534 |website=IndiaTV|date=16 December 2024 }}</ref>
|}

== Accolades ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Film
!Award
!Category
!Result
!Ref.
|-
|2002
| ''Reshamgaath''
|[[Maharashtra State Film Awards]]
| Best Actor
|{{Won}}
|<ref name=2002RRTD>{{cite web |url=http://www.rrtd.nic.in/Film%20Bulletin-May03.htm |title=Maharashtra State Film Awards presented; 10th F is best film |date=9 May 2003 |accessdate=7 March 2014 |publisher=Research, Reference and Training Division ([[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Ministry of Information and Broadcasting]]) |archive-date=3 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303172449/http://www.rrtd.nic.in/Film%20Bulletin-May03.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|2005
| rowspan="2" |''[[Iqbal (film)|Iqbal]]''
|[[Filmfare Awards]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Male Debut|Best Male Debut]]
|{{nom}}
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
|2006
|[[Zee Cine Awards]]
|[[Zee Cine Critics Award for Best Actor – Male|Best Actor (Critics)]]
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zee Cine Critics' Choice Award For Best Actor - Zee Cine Award For Best Actor & Winners |url=http://www.awardsandshows.com/features/zee-cine-award-for-best-actor-446.html |access-date=2022-04-28 |website=www.awardsandshows.com |archive-date=20 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230320095920/http://www.awardsandshows.com/features/zee-cine-award-for-best-actor-446.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|2007
|''[[Dor (film)|Dor]]''
|[[Screen Awards]]
|[[Screen Award for Best Comedian|Best Comedian]]
|{{won}}
| rowspan="5" |<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Shreyas Talpade Awards |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1662277/awards |access-date=2022-04-28 |website=IMDb |language=en |archive-date=28 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220428191218/https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1662277/awards |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" |2008
| rowspan="4" |''[[Om Shanti Om]]''
|[[Filmfare Awards]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[International Indian Film Academy Awards]]
|[[IIFA Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Zee Cine Awards]]
|[[Zee Cine Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role – Male|Best Supporting Actor]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Stardust Awards]]
|[[Stardust Award for Breakthrough Performance – Male|Best Breakthrough Performance - Male]]
|{{Won}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |2021
| rowspan="2" |''[[Mazhi Tuzhi Reshimgath]]''
| rowspan="2" |[[Zee Marathi Utsav Natyancha Awards|Zee Marathi Awards]]
|Best Actor
|{{Won}}
| rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-11-01 |title=Zee Marathi Awards 2021 : 'येउ काशी मी नंदयला' और 'माझी तुझी रेशीमगाठ' की रही धूम, कई अवॉर्ड्स किए अपने नाम |url=https://www.tv9hindi.com/entertainment/south-cinema/zee-marathi-awards-2021-mazhi-tuzhi-reshimgaath-and-yeu-kashi-tashi-me-nandayla-win-many-awards-897242.html |access-date=2022-04-28 |website=TV9 Bharatvarsh |language=hi |archive-date=28 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220428191219/https://www.tv9hindi.com/entertainment/south-cinema/zee-marathi-awards-2021-mazhi-tuzhi-reshimgaath-and-yeu-kashi-tashi-me-nandayla-win-many-awards-897242.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|Best Friend
|{{Won}}
|-
|2022
|''[[Kaun Pravin Tambe?]]''
|[[2022 Filmfare OTT Awards|Filmfare OTT Awards]]
| Best Actor in a Web Original Film (Male)
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/filmfare-ott-awards-winners-list-rocket-boys-gullak-tabbar-panchayat-win-big-101671681454880.html |title= Filmfare OTT Awards winners list: Rocket Boys dominates, Gullak, Tabbar and Panchayat also win big |website= Hindustan Times |date=December 22, 2022|access-date=December 22, 2022|language=en-In}}</ref>
|}

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons}}
* {{IMDb name}}
* {{BH person}}
* {{Instagram}}

{{Screen Award Best Comedian}}
{{ZeeCineAwardBestActorMale}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Talpade, Shreyas}}
[[Category:1976 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Marathi actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors in Marathi cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Mithibai College alumni]]
[[Category:Male actors in Marathi television]]
[[Category:Screen Awards winners]]
[[Category:Zee Cine Awards winners]]

Tamil Nadu Police Museum, Chennai

2026-03-10T18:58:07Z

CandelariaSanche: starting new entry

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox museum
| name = Tamil Nadu Police Museum, Chennai
| image = TN Police museum 41.jpg
| imagesize = 250px
| caption = Entrance arch of the TN Police museum
| map_type = India Chennai
| map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|13.0741228|80.2626140|display=inline,title}}
| established = {{start date and age|2021|df=yes}}
| dissolved =
| location = 483 Pantheon Road, [[Egmore]], [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
| type = [[History museum]]
| director =
| curator = Tmt.S.Dhanalakshmi
| owner = [[Tamil Nadu Police]]
| publictransit = [[Chennai Egmore|Chennai Egmore (Suburban)]], [[Egmore metro station]]
|collections =
|collection_size =
|visitors =
| website = {{url|https://tnpolicemuseumchennai.com/}}
}}

'''Tamil Nadu Police Museum''' is a [[museum]] in [[Chennai]], [[India]]. Located in Pantheon Road in the neighbourhood of [[Egmore]], the museum was opened in September 2021. The museum has a repository of exhibits marking the passage of the state's law enforcement agency from [[British Raj]] to the modern day.

==History==
The building was constructed in 1842 and originally owned by Arunagiri Mudaliar.<ref name="NIE_Peacekeepers">{{cite news
| last = Balasubramanian
| first = Roshne
| title = New police museum in Chennai is a place of pride for peacekeepers
| newspaper = The New Indian Express
| location = Chennai
| pages =
| language =
| publisher = Express Publications
| date = 10 October 2021
| url = https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2021/oct/10/new-police-museum-in-chennai-is-aplace-of-pride-for-peacekeepers-2370078.html
| access-date = 13 December 2021}}</ref><ref name="IndiaToday_Museum"/><ref name="TH_Khaki"/> In 1856, the structure and its outlying grounds covering a total of 14 acres were brought for {{INR}} 21,000 and was converted into the headquarters of the first Police Commissioner of Madras, Lieutenant-Colonel John Carne Boulderson.<ref name="TH_MuseumOpen">{{cite news
| last =
| first =
| title = The Tamil Nadu Police Museum is now open
| newspaper = The Hindu
| location = Chennai
| pages =
| language =
| publisher = Kasturi & Sons
| date = 28 September 2021
| url = https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/watch-the-tamil-nadu-police-museum-is-now-open/article36714107.ece
| access-date = 13 December 2021}}</ref> The building remained the Madras Commissioner's office until 2013.<ref name="IndiaToday_Museum"/> The building was initially about to be demolished.<ref name="TH_Khaki"/> However, the Tamil Nadu Police Housing Corporation, Reach Foundation and Conservation Mainstream later considered the adaptive reuse of the building.<ref name="TH_Khaki"/> Restoration works began in October 2020 and completed in 9 months.<ref name="TH_Khaki"/> The heritage structure was converted into a museum in September 2021 at a cost of {{INR}} 64.7 million.<ref name="IndiaToday_Museum"/>

==The museum==
The museum is a two-storied [[Indo-Saracenic]] structure,<ref name="TH_Khaki">{{cite news
| last = Alexander
| first = Deepa
| title = Tamil Nadu Police Museum, Chennai, showcases the history of our men and women in khaki
| newspaper = The Hindu
| location = Chennai
| pages =
| language =
| publisher = Kasturi & Sons
| date = 18 August 2021
| url = https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/tamil-nadu-police-museum-chennai-police-commissionerate-headquarters-1856/article35976012.ece
| access-date = 13 December 2021}}</ref><ref name="TH_MuseumOpen"/> consisting of high parapet walls, wooden spiral stairway, Madras terrace roofing, and traditional lime-plastered walls.<ref name="NIE_Peacekeepers"/> The grand portico at the entrance features [[Doric order|Doric]] columns.<ref name="TH_MuseumOpen"/> The interiors feature massive louvred doors that open in from the deep verandah running around the building.<ref name="TH_Khaki"/> The first high-ceiling hall of the building features wooden beams.<ref name="TH_MuseumOpen"/> A red baize-lined wooden staircase leads to the upper storey.<ref name="TH_Khaki"/>

The first curator of the museum is Steve Borgia<ref name="IndiaToday_Museum"/> and the present government-appointed curator is D. Bharath Raj, followed by M.Kodhandan. The Newly appointed Curator by the present government is Tmt.S.Dhanalakshmi<ref>{{Cite news |title=From virtual selfies to dog shows, see it all at police museum |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/from-virtual-selfies-to-dog-shows-see-it-all-at-police-museum/articleshow/110457496.cms |access-date=2024-06-02 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==Exhibits==
Almost 200-year-old artifacts are exhibited in the museum.<ref name="IndiaToday_Museum">{{cite news
| last = Madhav
| first = Pramod
| title = Tamil Nadu Police Museum unveiled in Chennai, showcases history of men in khaki
| newspaper = India Today
| location = Chennai
| pages =
| language =
| publisher =
| date = 28 September 2021
| url = https://www.indiatoday.in/cities/chennai/story/tamil-nadu-police-museum-unveiled-in-chennai-showcases-history-of-men-in-khaki-1858322-2021-09-28
| access-date = 13 December 2021}}</ref> All of the artifacts were collected from various police stations and none of them was purchased.<ref name="IndiaToday_Museum"/> Exhibits at the museum includes a blue [[Plymouth Belvedere]], once the car that Police Commissioners and Chiefs travelled to work in, parked at the portico; a parade of vehicles that were used as a means of transport by the beat constable ([[penny-farthing]] bicycle), the despatcher (Royal Enfield bike), and coastal security personnel (motorised speedboat); landmark cases dealt by the city's police department displayed in the first hall (including the 1965 anti-Hindi agitation, the 1975 [[LIC Building#Incidents|LIC building fire]], and images depicting the 1982 event of the LTTE chief V. Prabakaran and PLOTE leader Uma Maheswaran shooting at each other in [[Pondy Bazaar]]); a wall panel depicting the [[Auto Shankar]] case; a model sub-jail; mannequins displaying [[Sam Browne belt]]s and [[Pith helmet|sola topees]] and the uniforms of the various wings; musical instruments of the police bandsman; rare temple sculptures recovered by the department's idol wing; a confidential document copier from the 1900s; primitive wireless sets; 1955 photographs of uniformed men in mitre-shaped caps and shorts in the control room; and a battery of guns ranging from the old faithful 303 to a Bren light-machine, along with Winchester and 12-bore bullets.<ref name="NIE_Peacekeepers"/><ref name="TH_Khaki"/><ref name="TH_MuseumOpen"/> The museum also displays artifacts seized from sandalwood smuggler [[Veerappan]] and [[LTTE]] leader [[Velupillai Prabhakaran]].<ref name="IndiaToday_Museum"/> Former Chief Minister J. Jayalalithaa's bullet-proof sports utility vehicle (SUV) is also on display.<ref name="TH_Khaki"/> A time-map charting out the evolution of the law enforcement department beginning from the [[Sangam era]], through the poligars and the [[Vellore Mutiny]], and the establishment of the various departments such as the Chief Office in 1865, the criminal investigation department, women's battalions, the fingerprint and the State crime records bureau.<ref name="TH_Khaki"/> It also includes depictions of the police involvement in flood relief and COVID-19 regulations.<ref name="TH_Khaki"/> Ceremonial swords, cameras that have captured crime scenes, riot gear, explosives, manacles, handcuffs and service medals are also on display.<ref name="TH_Khaki"/>

The far end of the building displays a series of burnished brass bells used by firemen as different alarms.<ref name="TH_Khaki"/>

==See also==
* [[Government Museum, Chennai|Government Museum]]
* [[List of Tamil Nadu Government Estates, Complexes, Buildings and Structures]]
* [[Heritage structures in Chennai]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Commons category|Tamil Nadu Police museum, Chennai}}

{{Chennai Topics}}

[[Category:State museums in India]]
[[Category:Museums in Chennai]]
[[Category:Museums established in 2021]]
[[Category:2021 establishments in India]]
[[Category:British colonial architecture in India]]
[[Category:Heritage sites in Chennai]]

Infosys

2026-03-10T10:34:31Z

CandelariaSanche: page edit

{{Short description|Indian multinational technology company}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Infosys Limited
| logo = Infosys logo.svg
| logo_alt = Infosys Logo
| logo_size = 175px
| image = Infosys (4911287704).jpg
| image_alt = Infosys Pyramid
| image_caption = Headquarters in [[Bengaluru]]
| image_size = 250px
| former_name = Infosys Consultants (1981–1992) Infosys Technologies (1992–2011)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-12 |title=Not Just Narayana Murthy, Here's The Untold Story Of Infosys' Six Other Co-Founders |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/worth/news/untold-story-of-infosys-co-founders-617481.html |access-date=12 October 2023 |website=IndiaTimes }}</ref>
| type = [[Public company|Public]]
| traded_as = {{Unbulleted list|{{BSE|500209}}|{{NSE|INFY}}|{{NYSE|INFY}}|[[BSE SENSEX]] constituent|[[NIFTY 50|NSE NIFTY 50]] constituent}}
| ISIN = {{ISIN|sl=n|pl=y|INE009A010321}}
| industry = [[Information technology]] [[Consulting]] [[Outsourcing]]
| foundation = {{Start date and age|2 July 1981}} in [[Pune]], India
| founders = {{Unbulleted list|[[N. R. Narayana Murthy]]|[[Nandan Nilekani]]|[[Kris Gopalakrishnan]]|[[S. D. Shibulal]]|K. Dinesh|[[N. S. Raghavan]]|Ashok Arora}}
| hq_location_city = [[Bengaluru]], [[Karnataka]]
| hq_location_country = India
| area_served = Worldwide
| key_people = [[Nandan Nilekani]] {{small|([[Chairman]])}} [[Salil Parekh]] {{small|([[Managing Director|MD]] & [[Chief Executive Officer|CEO]])}}<ref>{{cite news|title=Infosys appoints Salil S. Parekh as CEO and Managing Director|newspaper=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/company/corporate-trends/infosys-appoints-salil-s-parekh-as-ceo-and-managing-director/articleshow/61892804.cms|access-date=2 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171202161427/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/company/corporate-trends/infosys-appoints-salil-s-parekh-as-ceo-and-managing-director/articleshow/61892804.cms|archive-date=2 December 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
| services =
| revenue = {{Increase}} {{INRConvert|166590|c}} (2025)
| operating_income = {{Increase}} {{INRConvert|37608|c}} (2025)
| net_income = {{Increase}} {{INRConvert|26750|c}} (2025)
| assets = {{Increase}} {{INRConvert|148903|c}}
| assets_year = 2025
| equity = {{Increase}} {{INRConvert|96203|c}}
| equity_year = 2025
| num_employees = 337,034 (December 2025)<ref>{{cite news |title=Infosys adds 5000 employees in December quarter,|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/information-tech/infosys-adds-5000-employees-in-december-quarter/articleshow/126527637.cms?from=mdr |access-date=10 March 2026 |work=Economic Times}}</ref>
| divisions = {{Unbulleted list|[[Infosys Consulting]]|[[Infosys BPM]]|[[EdgeVerve Systems]]}}
| products = {{hlist|[[Finacle]]|[[Panaya]]}}
| footnotes = Financials {{as of|2025|03|31|lc=y|df=yes}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Results For The Quarter And Year Ended March 31, 2025 |url=https://www.bseindia.com/xml-data/corpfiling/AttachLive/b1d733ba-5cdf-415d-89f7-d7161b4c03b5.pdf |website=BSE |publisher=Infosys |access-date=17 April 2025}}</ref>
| homepage = {{URL|https://www.infosys.com|infosys.com}}
}}

'''Infosys Limited''' is an Indian [[multinational corporation|multinational]] [[technology company]] that offers [[information technology]], [[business consulting]], and [[outsourcing]] services. Founded in 1981 by seven engineers, the company is headquartered in [[Bengaluru]] and considered one of the [[Big Tech (India)|Big Six]] Indian IT companies.

Infosys has also attracted controversies due to allegations of visa and tax fraud in the [[United States]] and for creating malfunctioning government websites.

==History==
Infosys was founded by [[N. R. Narayana Murthy]], [[Nandan Nilekani]], [[Kris Gopalakrishnan]], [[S. D. Shibulal]], K. Dinesh, [[N. S. Raghavan]], and Ashok Arora, with an initial capital of $250.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/business/slide-show/slide-show-1-tech-major-events-in-the-history-of-infosys/20130602.htm#1 |title=Major events in the history of Infosys |publisher=Rediff.com Business |access-date=7 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171007171414/http://www.rediff.com/business/slide-show/slide-show-1-tech-major-events-in-the-history-of-infosys/20130602.htm#1 |archive-date=7 October 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> It was incorporated as Infosys Consultants Private Limited in [[Pune]] on 2 July 1981,<ref name="Company hyHistory of Infosys">{{cite web |url=http://www.moneycontrol.com/company-facts/infosys/history/IT#IT |title=Company History of Infosys |publisher=Moneycontrol.com |access-date=7 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171007171610/http://www.moneycontrol.com/company-facts/infosys/history/IT#IT |archive-date=7 October 2017 |url-status=live |last1=Com |first1=Moneycontrol }}</ref> before relocating to [[Bangalore]] in 1983.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.infosys.com/about/Pages/history.aspx |title=About Infosys |publisher=Infosys |access-date=23 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927071331/http://www.infosys.com/about/Pages/history.aspx |archive-date=27 September 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> Arora left the company in 1989 and sold his shares to the other co-founders.<ref>{{cite news|title=There's life after Infosys|author=Bibhu Ranjan Mishra|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/technology/there-s-life-after-infosys-109070600021_1.html|publisher=Business Standard, 7 September 2013}}</ref>

In the 1980s, Infosys briefly made hardware products like electronic [[telex]] machines and keyboard [[concentrator]]s.<ref>{{cite news |title=Infosys' hardcore 80s: When the company had a hardware business |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/ites/infosys-hardcore-80s-when-the-company-had-a-hardware-business/articleshow/48137889.cms |access-date=23 July 2025 |work=The Economic Times |date=20 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Infosys link to telegram service |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/infosys-link-to-telegram-service/article4912659.ece |access-date=23 July 2025 |work=The Hindu |date=14 July 2013 |language=en-IN}}</ref> Its core business of [[offshore custom software development]] witnessed growth after the 1991 [[Economic liberalisation in India|economic liberalisation of India]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Srikanth |first1=Chandra R. |title=In 1990, there was an offer to buy us out for Rs 2 crore. Infosys has Rs 6.5 lakh crore m-cap now: NR Narayana Murthy on 1991 reforms |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/nr-narayana-murthy-1991-reforms-impact-economic-liberalisation-infosys-7194741.html |access-date=23 July 2025 |work=Moneycontrol |date=21 July 2021}}</ref>

In February 1993, Infosys launched its [[initial public offering]] (IPO) with an offer price of {{INR}}95 per share. The IPO was initially undersubscribed which led American investment bank [[Morgan Stanley]] to price stabilize the IPO by acquiring a 13% equity stake in INFY.<ref name=in.com_ITL_Bio>{{cite web |title=Infosys Technologies Bio |publisher=in.com |url=http://www.in.com/infosys-technologies/biography-1818.html |access-date=7 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130722234644/http://www.in.com/infosys-technologies/biography-1818.html |archive-date=22 July 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The share price eventually opened at {{INR}}145 per share in June 1993.<ref>{{cite web |title=Equity Shares Information |publisher=Infosys |url=http://www.infosys.com/investors/investor-services/Pages/FAQs.aspx |access-date=7 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130622152112/http://www.infosys.com/investors/investor-services/Pages/FAQs.aspx |archive-date=22 June 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Infosys released its banking automation software package Bancs2000 in 1994,<ref name="finacle">{{cite web |last1=Trimble |first1=Chris |title=Infosys in a Distinct Business: Finacle |url=https://mba.tuck.dartmouth.edu/pages/faculty/chris.trimble/research/Case_Downloads/DisciplinedInnovation/20025-Infosys_Finacle_11.2007.pdf |publisher=Tuck School of Business at Dartmouth College |access-date=23 July 2025 |date=2008}}</ref> [[middleware]] [[Multitier architecture|architecture]] product Entark in 1995,<ref name="faces"/> and [[Year 2000 problem|Y2K problem]] toolset "In2000" a year later.<ref>{{cite news |title=Infosys reins in Y2K projects |url=https://www.rediff.com/computer/may/29infosy.htm |access-date=23 July 2025 |work=Rediff |date=29 March 1997}}</ref> In the mid to late 1990s, Infosys also [[Business incubator|incubated]] software product subsidiaries like [[Omnichannel order fulfillment|e-fulfillment]] and [[Warehouse management system|WMS]] software provider Yantra, and [[Value-added service|mobile VAS]] developer OnMobile, which were subsequently [[Corporate spin-off|spun off]] and divested.<ref name="faces">{{cite news |last1=Talgeri |first1=Kunal N. |last2=Bhuva |first2=Rajiv |title=Infy's many faces |url=https://www.fortuneindia.com/technology/infys-many-faces/100595 |access-date=23 July 2025 |work=Fortune India |date=6 November 2013 |language=en}}</ref>

Infosys listed its [[American depositary receipt]]s (ADRs) on [[Nasdaq]] in March 1999, making it the first Indian company to be listed on Nasdaq.<ref name="nasdaq"/> Infosys was then among the top 20 companies by [[market capitalization]] on the Nasdaq.<ref name="in.com_ITL_Bio"/> The ADR listing was later transferred to [[NYSE Euronext]] to provide European investors with better access to the company's shares.<ref>{{cite web|title=Infosys to shift listing of ADS to NYSE Euronext from Nasdaq|publisher=Infosys|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/ites/infosys-to-shift-listing-of-ads-to-nyse-euronext-from-nasdaq/articleshow/17430643.cms|date=30 November 2012|access-date=7 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171007000000/http://201710071s.indiatimes.com/tech/ites/infosys-to-shift-listing-of-ads-to-nyse-euronext-from-nasdaq/articleshow/17430643.cms|archive-date=7 October 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 1999, Infosys rolled out [[Finacle]], a core banking software suite developed as the successor to Bancs2000.<ref>{{cite news |title=Infosys' Finacle is finally having a moment two decades after launch |last1=Moorthy| first1=Swathi|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/infosys-finacle-is-finally-having-a-moment-two-decades-after-launch-5817511.html |access-date=17 August 2024 |work=Moneycontrol|date=17 September 2020}}</ref><ref name="finacle"/> The same year, Infosys started its research and innovation arm called SETLabs (later renamed Infosys Labs). In 2004, SETLabs formed an [[intellectual property]] (IP) cell; Infosys was reported to be earning about 10% of its total revenue from [[patent pending]] IP assets in 2006.<ref>{{cite news |title=Setlabs gives Infosys services edge |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/setlabs-gives-infosys-services-edge/articleshow/754519.cms |access-date=23 July 2025 |work=The Economic Times |date=26 June 2004}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=IT cos enjoy revenue gains from patents |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/it-cos-enjoy-revenue-gains-from-patents/articleshow/1982257.cms |access-date=23 July 2025 |work=The Times of India |date=1 May 2007}}</ref>

In 2002, Infosys created a [[business process management]] division called [[Infosys BPM|Progeon]] (now Infosys BPM), with [[Citigroup]] taking a minority stake in the venture for $20 million.<ref>{{cite news |title=Infy creates Progeon, gets $20m from Citigroup |url=https://www.ciol.com/infy-creates-progeon-usd20m-citigroup/ |access-date=17 April 2025 |work=CIOL |language=en |date=16 April 2002}}</ref> In 2004, Infosys established a wholly owned consulting subsidiary called [[Infosys Consulting]], based in [[Fremont, California]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Menon |first1=Ravi |title=Infosys Consulting eyes US buy |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/technology/infosys-consulting-eyes-us-buy-109112000057_1.html |access-date=17 April 2025 |work=Business Standard |date=20 November 2009}}</ref> In 2006, Infosys bought out Citigroup's entire 23% stake in Progeon for $115 million.<ref>{{cite news |title=Infosys buys Citi out of Progeon for $115mn |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/technology/infosys-buys-citi-out-of-progeon-for-115mn-106042101029_1.html |access-date=17 April 2025 |work=Business Standard |date=20 April 2006}}</ref>

[[File:Bangalore Infosys .JPG|thumb|right|Infosys, [[Bengaluru]]]]
In 2009, Infosys set up a subsidiary, Infosys Public Services, based in [[Rockville, Maryland]], with a focus on federal and state government projects in the US, Canada, and the UK.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chari |first1=Sridhar K. |title=Infosys US unit ramps up hiring, investment |url=https://www.livemint.com/Companies/thyAojOLxZSE9d99QbP18L/Infosys-US-unit-ramps-up-hiring-investment.html |access-date=23 July 2025 |work=Mint |date=18 July 2011}}</ref> In 2012, Infosys opened its 18th US office, in [[Milwaukee]], primarily to serve [[Harley-Davidson]]; the company also announced having hired over 1,200 employees in the US in 2011 and an additional 2,000 employees in 2012.<ref name="Milwaukee">{{cite web |publisher=Infosys.com |title=Infosys to expand its U.S. operations with a new Delivery Center in Wisconsin |url=http://www.infosys.com/newsroom/press-releases/Documents/2012/delivery-center-wisconsin.pdf |access-date=3 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101071446/http://www.infosys.com/newsroom/press-releases/Documents/2012/delivery-center-wisconsin.pdf |archive-date=1 November 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In July 2014, Infosys established an [[enterprise software]] products subsidiary named [[EdgeVerve Systems]], with products in business operations, customer service, procurement, and commerce network domains.<ref>{{cite news|title=Edgeverve is born|url=http://wap.business-standard.com/article/companies/infy-s-edgeverve-moves-out-of-parent-s-shadow-114111700414_1.html|access-date=11 December 2015|newspaper=Business Standard|date=17 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222130629/http://wap.business-standard.com/article/companies/infy-s-edgeverve-moves-out-of-parent-s-shadow-114111700414_1.html|archive-date=22 December 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> In August 2015, Infosys transferred assets of Finacle to EdgeVerve Systems.<ref>{{cite news|title=Finacle joins Edgeverve|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/we-want-to-be-india-s-top-employer-for-products-michael-reh-115090500596_1.html|access-date=11 December 2015|newspaper=Business Standard|date=5 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222104502/http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/we-want-to-be-india-s-top-employer-for-products-michael-reh-115090500596_1.html|archive-date=22 December 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2015, Infosys launched the $500 million Infosys Innovation Fund to invest in early-stage startups focused on [[emerging technologies|emerging]] and [[deep tech]],<ref>{{cite news |title=With liquid assets worth $5.5 bn, Infosys raises start-up fund size to $500 mn |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/business/companies/with-liquid-assets-worth-5-5-bn-infosys-raises-start-up-fund-size-to-500-mn/ |access-date=7 August 2025 |work=The Indian Express |date=10 January 2015 |language=en}}</ref> including a $250 million allocation for Indian startups.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Doulatramani |first1=Chandni |title=Infosys CEO Vishal Sikka meets Modi; dedicates $250 mn to Innovate in India |url=https://www.livemint.com/Companies/j6do7WFfbe5pNaP5qs8rKP/Infosyss-Sikka-meets-Modi-dedicates-250-million-to-innova.html |access-date=7 August 2025 |work=LiveMint |date=16 January 2015}}</ref>

In 2018, Infosys formed a [[Singapore]]-based 60:40 joint venture with [[Temasek Holdings]] known as Infosys Compaz (iCompaz), serving clients in the [[Southeast Asian]] markets.<ref>{{cite news |title=Indian tech giant Infosys says it has created a joint venture with Singapore's Temasek |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2018/09/07/infosys-says-it-has-created-a-joint-venture-with-singapores-temasek-.html |access-date=23 July 2025 |work=CNBC |date=7 September 2018 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Goled |first1=Shraddha |title=Infosys-Temasek extend JV collaboration by five years for growth in Southeast Asian market |url=https://www.techcircle.in/2023/10/12/infosys-temasek-extend-jv-collaboration-by-five-years-for-growth-in-southeast-asian-market |access-date=23 July 2025 |work=Techcircle |date=12 October 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

On 24 August 2021, Infosys became the fourth Indian company to achieve a market capitalization of {{currency|100|USD}} billion.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Infosys becomes 4th Indian company to touch $100 bn market cap|work=The Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/infosys-becomes-fourth-indian-firm-to-touch-100-billion-market-cap/articleshow/85612033.cms|access-date=2021-08-25}}</ref>

==Services and products==
Infosys offers software development, maintenance, and independent validation services across industries such as finance, insurance, manufacturing, among others.<ref>{{cite news|title=Infosys realigns organisation structure|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/article/companies/infosys-realings-organisation-structure/39490/|work=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]]|date=16 February 2015|access-date=4 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150219080055/http://www.financialexpress.com/article/companies/infosys-realings-organisation-structure/39490/|archive-date=19 February 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> Through its subsidiary [[Infosys Consulting]], it provides consulting services in digital experience, [[Cloud computing|cloud]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Infosys Cobalt: Cloud-Based Enterprise Transformation Services |url=https://www.infosys.com/services/cloud-cobalt.html|access-date=17 August 2024|website=www.infosys.com}}</ref> data analytics, artificial intelligence, engineering,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.infosys.com/services/engineering-services.html|title=Enhance Business Value With Digital Engineering Services {{!}} Infosys|website=www.infosys.com|access-date=17 August 2024}}</ref> and sustainability.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.infosys.com/services/consulting.html/|title=Management Consulting Services|website=www.infosys.com|access-date=17 September 2024}}</ref> Its subsidiary [[Infosys BPM]] provides outsourcing services for business processes such as finance, procurement, customer service, and HR.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/profile/company/INFY:US|title=Infosys Ltd - Company Profile and News - Bloomberg Markets|website=www.bloomberg.com|access-date=17 September 2024}}</ref>

Infosys offers digital products and platforms for digital transformation, including digital banking software [[Finacle]], application delivery platform [[Panaya]], digital commerce platform Infosys Equinox, workplace platform Infosys Meridian, and customer engagement platform Infosys Cortex.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gartner.com/reviews/market/sap-application-services-worldwide/vendor/infosys/|title=Infosys Reviews, Ratings & Features 2024 - Gartner Peer Insights|website=www.gartner.com|access-date=17 September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://finance.yahoo.com/quote/INFY/profile/|title=Infosys Limited (INFY) Company Profile & Facts - Yahoo Finance|website=www.yahoo.com|access-date=17 September 2024}}</ref> It also provides sets of services and platforms in domains such as [[cloud computing|cloud]] with Cobalt,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Infosys bets on cloud business with launch of Cobalt |url=https://www.livemint.com/technology/tech-news/infosys-bets-on-cloud-business-with-launch-of-cobalt-11597917155771.html |access-date=23 July 2025 |website=Mint}}</ref> [[generative AI]] with Topaz,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Infosys launches generative AI solutions |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/technology/infosys-launches-generative-ai-solutions/articleshow/100447572.cms |access-date=23 July 2025 |website=The Economic Times}}</ref> and [[Artificial intelligence marketing|AI marketing]] with Aster.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Infosys launches Aster for AI-powered marketing for business growth |url=https://www.business-standard.com/markets/capital-market-news/infosys-launches-aster-for-ai-amplified-marketing-capabilities-124061800905_1.html |access-date=17 August 2024 |website=Business Standard}}</ref>

==Acquisitions==
{{See also|Infosys BPM#Acquisitions}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Name !! Based in !! Acquisition cost !! Acquisition date !! Business
|-
| Expert Information Services || Australia || $23 million || Dec 2003<ref>{{cite web |title=Infosys to buy Australian firm Expert for $22.9 m |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2003/12/19/stories/2003121902640100.htm |date=19 December 2003 |access-date=7 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090921224359/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2003/12/19/stories/2003121902640100.htm |archive-date=21 September 2009 |url-status=live }}</ref> || IT services
|-
| Gen-i Software || New Zealand || Undisclosed || Jun 2011<ref>{{cite news |title=Infosys acquires Gen-i's software solutions business |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/infosys-acquires-gen-is-software-solutions-business/articleshow/8775451.cms |access-date=28 August 2024 |work=The Times of India |date=8 June 2011}}</ref> || Software consulting
|-
| Lodestone Holding || Switzerland || $345 million || Sep 2012<ref>{{cite web |title=Infosys acquires Swiss firm Lodestone for Rs. 1,925 crore |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/business/infosys-acquires-swiss-firm-lodestone-for-rs1925-crore/article3880535.ece |date=10 September 2012 |access-date=22 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927134254/http://www.thehindu.com/business/infosys-acquires-swiss-firm-lodestone-for-rs1925-crore/article3880535.ece |archive-date=27 September 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> || Management consultancy
|-
| [[Panaya]]|| Israel || $200 million || Mar 2015<ref>{{cite web |title=Infosys buys automation technology startup Panaya, deal valued at Rs 1200 crore |work=The Economic Times |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/ites/infosys-buys-automation-technology-startup-panaya-deal-valued-at-rs-1200-crore/articleshow/46258808.cms |date=17 February 2015 |access-date=7 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171007122812/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/ites/infosys-buys-automation-technology-startup-panaya-deal-valued-at-rs-1200-crore/articleshow/46258808.cms |archive-date=7 October 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> || Automation technology
|-
| Skava (Kallidus) || United States || $120 million || Apr 2015<ref>{{cite web |title=Infosys completes Skava acquisition for $120 million |work=The Economic Times |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/ites/infosys-completes-skava-acquisition-for-120-million/articleshow/47539280.cms |date=4 June 2015 |access-date=7 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171007123357/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/ites/infosys-completes-skava-acquisition-for-120-million/articleshow/47539280.cms |archive-date=7 October 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> || Digital experience solutions
|-
| Noah Consulting || United States || $70 million || Nov 2015<ref>{{cite news | title=Infosys completes acquisition of Noah Consulting | work=The Economic Times | url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/ites/infosys-completes-acquisition-of-noah-consulting/articleshow/49844733.cms | access-date=3 February 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170207075428/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/ites/infosys-completes-acquisition-of-noah-consulting/articleshow/49844733.cms | archive-date=7 February 2017 | url-status=live }}</ref> || Information management consulting services
|-
|Skytree
|United States
|Undisclosed
|Apr 2017<ref>{{cite web |title=Infosys is reaching for the sky with holistic automation strategy |work=Horses for Sources |url=https://www.horsesforsources.com/Infosys-reaching-sky-holistic-automation-strategy_042117 |date=26 April 2017 |access-date=20 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190620100614/https://www.horsesforsources.com/Infosys-reaching-sky-holistic-automation-strategy_042117 |archive-date=20 June 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|Machine learning
|-
| Brilliant Basics || United Kingdom || £7.5 million || Aug 2017<ref>{{cite web |title=Infosys completes Brilliant Basics acquisition |work=Money Control |url=http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/infosys-completes-brilliant-basics-acquisition-2384159.html |date=11 September 2017 |access-date=7 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171007120006/http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/infosys-completes-brilliant-basics-acquisition-2384159.html |archive-date=7 October 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> || Product design and customer experience
|-
|Fluido Oy
|Finland
|€65 million
|Oct 2018<ref>{{cite web |title=Infosys Consulting buys Finnish Salesforce partner Fluido Oy for €65 million |work=Consultancy.eu |url=https://www.consultancy.eu/news/1791/infosys-consulting-buys-finnish-salesforce-partner-fluido-oy-for-65-million |date=17 September 2018 |access-date=20 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190620094745/https://www.consultancy.eu/news/1791/infosys-consulting-buys-finnish-salesforce-partner-fluido-oy-for-65-million |archive-date=20 June 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|Salesforce advisor and consulting partner
|-
|WongDoody
|United States
|$75 million
|Jan 2019<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wongdoody.com/work/wongdoody-joins-infosys/|title=Wongdoody Joins Infosys|website=wongdoody.com|access-date=15 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190116045807/http://www.wongdoody.com/work/wongdoody-joins-infosys/|archive-date=16 January 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|Advertising and creative strategy services
|-
|Stater N.V.
|Netherlands
|€127.5 million
|Apr 2019<ref>{{cite web|last=Zacks|first=Publisher|title=Infosys Ups the Ante in Mortgage Servicing With Stater Buyout|url=https://www.nasdaq.com/articles/infosys-ups-the-ante-in-mortgage-servicing-with-stater-buyout-2019-04-01|access-date=29 September 2020|publisher=NASDAQ}}</ref>
|Mortgage services
|-
|Simplus
|United States
|$250 million
|Feb 2020<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mendonca |first1=Jochelle |title=Infosys to pay as much as $250 million for Simplus acquisition |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/ites/infosys-to-pay-as-much-as-250-million-for-simplus-acquisition/articleshow/74075744.cms |access-date=17 August 2024 |work=The Economic Times |date=11 February 2020}}</ref>
|Salesforce consulting
|-
|Kaleidoscope
|United States
|$42 million
|Sep 2020<ref>{{Cite news|title=Infosys to acquire US-based firm Kaleidoscope for $42 mn|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/ites/infosys-to-acquire-us-based-firm-kaleidoscope-for-42-mn/articleshow/77914364.cms|access-date=29 September 2020}}</ref>
|Product design and development
|-
|GuideVision
|Czech Republic
|€30 million
|Sep 2020<ref>{{cite news|title=Czech-based GuideVision joins consulting arm of Infosys|work=Consultancy.eu|url=https://www.consultancy.eu/news/4976/czech-based-guidevision-joins-consulting-arm-of-infosys|access-date=30 September 2020}}</ref>
|ServiceNow partner
|-
|Blue Acorn iCi
|United States
|$125 million
|Oct 2020<ref>{{cite news |last1=Baruah |first1=Ayushman |title=Infosys to acquire US-based Blue Acorn iCi for up to $125 million |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/infosys-to-acquire-us-based-blue-acorn-ici-for-up-to-125-million-11602139117339.html |access-date=28 August 2024 |work=Mint |date=8 October 2020}}</ref>
|Digital transformation
|-
| Carter Digital || Australia || Undisclosed || Jan 2021<ref>{{cite news |title=Infosys to acquire assets, onboard employees of Australia's Carter Digital |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/infosys-to-acquire-assets-onboard-employees-of-australia-s-carter-digital-121011301265_1.html |access-date=28 August 2024 |work=Business Standard |date=13 January 2021}}</ref> || Design agency
|-
|Oddity
|Germany
|€50 million
|Mar 2022<ref>{{cite news|title=Infosys to acquire German digital marketing firm Oddity for Euro 50 mn|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/infosys-to-acquire-german-digital-marketing-firm-oddity-for-euro-50-mn-122032201008_1.html|access-date=22 March 2022}}</ref>
|Digital marketing
|-
|BASE life science
|Denmark
|€110 million
|Jul 2022<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ishwarbharath |first=Sai |date=2022-07-13 |title=Infosys to acquire BASE life science for €110 million |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/information-tech/infosys-to-acquire-base-life-science-for-110-million/articleshow/92858909.cms |access-date=2023-12-07 |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>
|Life science consulting and technology
|-
|InSemi
|India
|{{INR}}280 crore
|Jan 2024<ref>{{cite news |title=Infosys to acquire InSemi for ₹280 crore |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/infosys-to-acquire-insemi-for-280-crore-semiconductor-design-and-embedded-firm/articleshow/106744822.cms |access-date=17 April 2025 |work=The Times of India |date=12 January 2024}}</ref>
|Semiconductor design services
|-
|in-tech
|Germany
|€450 million
|Apr 2024<ref>{{cite news |title=Infosys to acquire 100% stake in German firm in-tech for €450 million |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/market/infosys-share-price-to-acquire-100-pc-stake-in-german-firm-in-tech-for-450-million-euros-19398674.htm |access-date=17 August 2024 |work=CNBCTV18 |date=18 April 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
|Engineering R&D services
|-
|MRE Consulting
|United States
|$36 million
|Apr 2025<ref name="q1fy26">{{cite news |title=Infosys set to acquire MRE Consulting and The Missing Link in Q1 FY26 |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/infosys-set-to-acquire-mre-consulting-and-the-missing-link-in-q1-fy26/article69460798.ece |access-date=17 April 2025 |work=BusinessLine |date=17 April 2025 |language=en}}</ref>
|Consulting
|-
|The Missing Link
|Australia
|A$98 million
|Apr 2025<ref name="q1fy26"/>
|Cybersecurity and cloud services
|}

==Listing and shareholding pattern==
[[File: Infosys Mcity, Building number 5.jpg|thumb|Main block in the [[Chennai]] campus]]

In India, Infosys shares are listed on the [[Bombay Stock Exchange|BSE]], where it is a part of the [[BSE SENSEX]], and on the [[National Stock Exchange of India|NSE]], where it is included in the [[NIFTY 50]] index.<ref>{{cite web |title=Stock Share Price {{!}} Get Quote {{!}} BSE |url=https://www.bseindia.com/stock-share-price/infosys-ltd/infy/500209/ |website=www.bseindia.com |access-date=9 May 2020}}</ref> Infosys also trades its shares through [[American depositary receipt]]s (ADRs) on the [[New York Stock Exchange]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Selina |first1=Hossain |title=Infosys Q4 results: Profit rises 6% to Rs 4,321 crore; firm suspends guidance |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/earnings/infosys-q4-results-profit-rises-6-to-rs-4321-crore-firm-suspends-guidance/articleshow/75251808.cms |access-date=9 May 2020 |work=The Economic Times |date=20 April 2020}}</ref>

Over the years, the shareholding of Infosys's promoters has steadily decreased. This trend began in June 1993, when Infosys first listed its shares on the BSE. The promoter shareholding further declined when Infosys instated [[employee stock option]] scheme in 1993 and listed ADRs on [[Nasdaq]] on 11 March 1999.<ref name="nasdaq">{{Cite news |last1=Ramesh |first1=Jairam |title=Bangalore-based software firm Infosys becomes first Indian company to list on Nasdaq |newspaper=India Today |date=29 March 1999 |access-date=9 March 2018 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/guest-column/story/19990329-bangalore-based-software-firm-infosys-becomes-first-indian-company-to-list-on-nasdaq-780532-1999-03-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180310010640/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/guest-column/story/19990329-bangalore-based-software-firm-infosys-becomes-first-indian-company-to-list-on-nasdaq-780532-1999-03-29 |archive-date=10 March 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Life Insurance Corporation|Life Insurance Corporation of India]] is the biggest shareholder in Infosys.<ref>{{cite news|title=Did you know who the biggest shareholder in Infosys Is?|url=https://zeenews.india.com/photos/business/did-you-know-who-the-biggest-shareholder-in-infosys-is-it-s-not-narayana-murthy-sudha-murty-rohan-murty-akshata-murty-or-nandan-nilekani-it-is-2900512|publisher=[[Zee News|ZeeNews]], 13 May 2025}}</ref>

[[File:Thiruvananthapuram Infosys Building.JPG|thumb|A building in [[Thiruvananthapuram]] campus]]

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Infosys shareholding and stakeholders pattern (as of 31 March 2024)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Infosys shareholdings: Find Infosys Shareholding Pattern and Ownership |url=https://www.infosys.com/investors/reports-filings/annual-report/annual/documents/infosys-annual-report-2024.pdf |access-date=16 August 2024 |website=Infosys.com }}</ref>
! Shareholders !! Shareholding
|-
| [[Corporate promoter#Entrepreneur promoters|Promoters group]] || {{0|0}}14.61%
|-
| Foreign institutional investors (FII) || {{0|0}}32.74%
|-
| Domestic institutional investors (DII) || {{0|0}}37.59%
|-
| Public || {{0|0}}14.81%
|-
| Others || {{0|0}}{{pad|0.3em}}0.25%
|-
| Total || 100.00%
|}

==Operations==
===Geographical presence===
[[File:India Technology.jpg|thumb|Glass building in [[Pune]] campus]]
As of 31 March 2024, Infosys operates 94 sales and marketing offices and 139 development centers globally. The company's operations are spread across key regions, including India, the United States, Canada, China, Australia, Japan, the Middle East, and Europe.<ref>{{citation |url=https://www.infosys.com/about.html |title=About Us |publisher=Infosys.com |access-date=17 August 2024}}</ref>

In the fiscal year 2023-24, Infosys generated approximately 61% of its revenue from North America, 25% from Europe, 3% from India, and 11% from other regions, including the Middle East, Australia, and Japan.<ref>{{citation |url=https://www.infosys.com/investors/reports-filings/annual-report/annual/documents/infosys-annual-report-2023.pdf |title=Infosys Annual Report 2023-24 |publisher=Infosys.com |access-date=16 August 2024 }}{{Dead link|date=September 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref>

Infosys faced scrutiny over its continued operations in Moscow following Russia's [[Russian invasion of Ukraine|invasion of Ukraine]] in February 2022. The company clarified that it had no active business with Russian firms.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-61017993 |title=Rishi Sunak faces questions over wife Akshata Murty's non-dom tax status |publisher=[[BBC News]] |date=2022-03-25 |accessdate=2022-04-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-26 |title=Infosys has team of less than 100 in Russia, transitioning them outside: CEO Parekh |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/corporate/story/infosys-has-team-of-less-than-100-in-russia-transitioning-them-outside-ceo-parekh-339217-2022-06-26 |access-date=2022-12-13 |website=Business Today }}</ref> By November 2022, only administrative staff remained, handling the transfer of contracts to other contractors.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-04 |title=Infosys still operating from Russia eight months after saying it was pulling out |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/nov/04/infosys-still-operating-russia-rishi-sunak-akshata-murty |access-date=2022-12-13 |website=[[The Guardian]] }}</ref>

=== Training centre in Mysore ===
[[File:Mysore India Infosys.JPG|thumb|The Development Centre on the [[Mysore]] campus]]
As the world's largest corporate university, the Infosys Global Education Centre, located on a 337-acre<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.infosys.com/sustainability/green-innovation/Pages/mysore-campus.aspx |title=Infosys campus reflects commitment to a greener world |publisher=Infosys |access-date=9 September 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927071333/http://www.infosys.com/sustainability/green-innovation/Pages/mysore-campus.aspx |archive-date=27 September 2013}}</ref> campus in [[Mysore]], features 400 instructors and over 200 classrooms.<ref name="100000T">{{cite news |url=http://www.mathrubhumi.com/english/story.php?id=124351 |title=Infosys has trained 100,000 graduates at Mysore campus |newspaper=Mathrubhumi |date=1 June 2012 |access-date=9 September 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928180432/http://www.mathrubhumi.com/english/story.php?id=124351 |archive-date=28 September 2013}}</ref> Established in 2002, it had trained approximately 125,000 engineering graduates by June 2015.<ref name="100000T" /> The centre can accommodate and train up to 14,000 employees at any given time across various technologies.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mysoresamachar.com/info_trg_cent.htm |title=Infosys builds world's biggest training centre in Mysore |publisher=Mysore Samachar |date=9 September 2013 |access-date=9 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130922195511/http://www.mysoresamachar.com/info_trg_cent.htm |archive-date=22 September 2013 |url-status=usurped }}</ref><ref name="MysoreET" />

The Infosys Leadership Institute (ILI), located in Mysore, trains approximately 4,000 trainees annually.<ref name="MysoreET">{{cite news |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2004-06-18/news/27400436_1_training-centre-mysore-employee-care-centre |title=Infy plans biggest training centre |newspaper=The Economic Times |date=18 June 2004 |access-date=9 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110165403/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2004-06-18/news/27400436_1_training-centre-mysore-employee-care-centre |archive-date=10 November 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Its primary objective is to cultivate and develop senior leaders within Infosys, preparing them for both current and future executive roles.

===Employees===
As of 31 March 2024, Infosys employed a total of 317,240 people, commonly referred to as "Infoscions," with 39.3% of them being women.<ref name="InvestorSheet2024">{{cite web|last=Ltd.|first=Infosys|date=April 2024|title=Infosys Annual Report FY23-24|url=https://www.infosys.com/investors/reports-filings/annual-report/annual/documents/infosys-ar-24.pdf|access-date=2024-08-17|website=Infosys|publisher=infosys.com}}</ref> In 2023, 85% of Infosys' employees were located in India.

Starting mid-2015, Infosys did away with its dress code, allowing jeans and casual clothes every day. This change is noticeable because, since 2008, a formal dress code—including a tie for males twice a week—had been mandatory at the company.<ref>{{cite news|title=Infosys does away with dress code|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/ites/infosys-does-away-with-dress-code-keeps-it-casual-for-all-working-days/articleshow/47501003.cms| publisher=Economic Times, June 1, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Infosys imposes tie code|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/cover-story/infosys-imposes-tie-code/articleshow/22423461.cms|publisher=Bangalore Mirror, 7 September 2008}}</ref>

=== CEOs ===
From its establishment in 1981 until 2014, Infosys' CEOs were its founders, with [[N. R. Narayana Murthy]] leading the company for the initial 21 years. Vishal Sikka was the first external CEO, serving for approximately three years.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gadgets.ndtv.com/others/news/infosys-names-vishal-sikka-as-first-external-ceo-540106?pfrom=home-rightnow|title=Infosys Names Vishal Sikka First External CEO; Chairman Murthy to Step Down|work=NDTV Gadgets|date=12 June 2014 |access-date=2 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150703035326/http://gadgets.ndtv.com/others/news/infosys-names-vishal-sikka-as-first-external-ceo-540106?pfrom=home-rightnow|archive-date=3 July 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> Sikka resigned in August 2017. Following his departure, UB Pravin Rao was appointed as Interim CEO and Managing Director of the company.<ref name="Vishal_resigns">{{cite news|title=vishal-sikka-resigns-as-md-ceo-of-infosys|newspaper=The Economic Times |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/vishal-sikka-resigns-as-md-ceo-of-infosys/articleshow/60113175.cms|access-date=17 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170820054852/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/vishal-sikka-resigns-as-md-ceo-of-infosys/articleshow/60113175.cms|archive-date=20 August 2017|url-status=live|last1=Mandavia |first1=Megha }}</ref> Infosys appointed [[Salil Parekh]] as Chief Executive Officer (CEO) and Managing Director (MD), effective from 2 January 2018.<ref name="Parekh">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/infosys-appoints-capgeminis-salil-parekh-as-md-ceo/articleshow/61893756.cms|title=Infosys appoints Capgemini's Salil Parekh as MD & CEO|work=The Times of India|access-date=3 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171203055511/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/infosys-appoints-capgeminis-salil-parekh-as-md-ceo/articleshow/61893756.cms|archive-date=3 December 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

;List of CEOs
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|-
! scope="col" | Name
! scope="col" | Period
|-
! scope="row" | [[N. R. Narayana Murthy]]
| 1981 to March 2002
|-
! scope="row" | [[Nandan Nilekani]]
| March 2002 to April 2007
|-
! scope="row" | [[S. Gopalakrishnan|Kris Gopalakrishnan]]
| April 2007 to August 2011
|-
! scope="row" | [[S. D. Shibulal]]
| August 2011 to July 2014
|-
! scope="row" | [[Vishal Sikka]]
| August 2014 to August 2017
|-
! scope="row" | [[U. B. Pravin Rao]] (interim)
| August 2017 to December 2017<ref name="Vishal_resigns" />
|-
! scope="row" | [[Salil Parekh]]
|January 2018 onwards<ref name="Parekh" />
|}

== Controversies ==

=== Settlement of visa and tax fraud cases in the US ===

In 2011, Infosys was accused of visa fraud for using [[B visa|B-1]] (visitor) visas for work that required [[H-1B visa|H-1B]] (work) visas. The allegations originated from an internal complaint by an American employee of Infosys, who subsequently filed a lawsuit against the company, claiming harassment and marginalization after raising the issue. Although the lawsuit was dismissed,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/21/us/alabama-judge-dismisses-infosys-whistle-blower-suit.html|title=Judge Dismisses Infosys Suit|work=The New York Times|date=20 August 2012|access-date=29 October 2012|first=Julia|last=Preston|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021012506/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/21/us/alabama-judge-dismisses-infosys-whistle-blower-suit.html|archive-date=21 October 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> along with another similar case,<ref>[https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10000872396390443537404577578653130863044 "Former Employee Sues Infosys"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170709234620/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10000872396390443537404577578653130863044|date=9 July 2017}}, 9 August 2012, ''The Wall Street Journal''</ref><ref>[http://www.deccanherald.com/content/271636/infosys-slashed-80-my-portfolio.html {{"'}}Infosys Slashed 80% of My Portfolio{{'"}}] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121109081132/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/271636/infosys-slashed-80-my-portfolio.html|date=9 November 2012}}, Shayan Ghosh, 14 August 2012, ''Deccan Herald''</ref><ref>[http://www.indianexpress.com/news/infosys-says-settles-whistleblower-satya-dev-tripuraneni-visa-fraud-lawsuit/1045403 "Infosys Says Settles Whistleblower..."], 14 December 2012, ''The Indian Express''</ref> these allegations were brought to the attention of U.S. authorities, leading to investigations by the [[U.S. Department of Homeland Security]] and a [[federal grand jury]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Thibodeau|first=Patrick|title=Whistleblower to Continue Helping U.S. Infosys Probe|url=http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9230419/Whistleblower_to_continue_helping_U.S._Infosys_probe|work=Computerworld|date=21 August 2012|access-date=27 September 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102154924/http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9230419/Whistleblower_to_continue_helping_U.S._Infosys_probe|archive-date=2 November 2012|url-status=live}}</ref>

In October 2013, Infosys agreed to settle the civil suit with U.S. authorities by paying $34 million. While the company did not admit guilt, it stated that it settled to avoid the complications of "prolonged litigation".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.gadgetsnow.com/tech-news/software-services/Infosys-to-pay-34m-fine-within-10-days-settlement-not-to-affect-future-visas/articleshow/24952527.cms|title=Infosys to Pay $34m Fine Within 10 Days; Settlement Not to Affect Future Visas|date=31 October 2013|access-date=2 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103021546/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-10-31/software-services/43558764_1_b-1-visas-bangalore-based-infosys-infosys-statement|archive-date=3 November 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|url-status=live}}</ref> Infosys asserted that, "As reflected in the settlement, Infosys denies and disputes any claims of systemic visa fraud, misuse of visas for competitive advantage, or immigration abuse. Those claims are untrue and are assertions that remain unproven."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-10-30/software-services/43526427_1_infosys-visa-programmes-immigration-abuse|title=Infosys Settles Visa Fraud Investigation, Pays $34m|date=30 October 2013|access-date=2 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102080442/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-10-30/software-services/43526427_1_infosys-visa-programmes-immigration-abuse|archive-date=2 November 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In December 2019, Infosys reached an $800,000 settlement with the State of California in a visa and tax fraud case. Between 2006 and 2017, nearly 500 Infosys employees were found to be working in the state on Infosys-sponsored B-1 visas instead of the required H-1B visas, enabling the company to avoid paying California [[payroll taxes]], including unemployment insurance, disability insurance, and employment training taxes.<ref>{{cite web|date=19 December 2019|first=Shilpa|last=Phadnis|title=Infosys Pays California $800,000 to Settle Visa Case|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/infosys-pays-california-8-lakh-to-settle-visa-case/articleshow/72878135.cms|access-date=23 October 2020|website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=18 December 2019|title=Infosys to Pay $800,000 to Settle Worker Misclassification, Tax Fraud Charges|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/infosys-to-pay-800000-to-settle-worker-misclassification-tax-fraud-charges/articleshow/72862110.cms|access-date=23 October 2020|website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=17 December 2019|title=Attorney General Becerra Announces $800,000 Settlement Against Infosys for Misclassification of Foreign Workers and Tax Fraud|url=https://oag.ca.gov/news/press-releases/attorney-general-becerra-announces-800000-settlement-against-infosys|access-date=23 October 2020|website=State of California – Department of Justice – Office of the Attorney General}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=18 December 2019|title=Infosys to Settle Visa Violation Case in California for $800,000|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/infosys-to-settle-visa-violation-case-in-california-for-800000/article30335612.ece|access-date=23 October 2020|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

=== Malfunctioning government portals ===

In 2013, technical issues emerged after Infosys took over the [[Ministry of Corporate Affairs|MCA21]] portal from [[Tata Consultancy Services]].<ref>{{cite news|title=MCA Portal Cripples After Switching Vendor from TCS to Infosys on January 17|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/internet/mca-portal-cripples-after-switching-vendor-from-tcs-to-infosys-on-january-17/articleshow/18248032.cms|access-date=10 July 2024|work=The Economic Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-06-22|title=Infosys Earlier Drew Flak for MCA21, GSTN Portal 'Issues'|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/business/companies/infosys-earlier-drew-flak-for-mca21-gstn-portal-issues-7369755/|access-date=2022-10-30|website=The Indian Express}}</ref> Similar problems arose in 2016 after a [[system migration]] and [[Software versioning|version update]].<ref>{{cite news|title=MCA21 Woes: Corporate Affairs Ministry Might Deduct Payments to Infosys|url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/mca21-woes-corporate-affairs-ministry-might-deduct-payments-to-infosys/article8523912.ece|access-date=10 July 2024|work=The Hindu|date=26 April 2016|language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Why the MCA21 Portal Is a Pain to Use|url=https://www.livemint.com/Companies/RaT3ci2PpOjCKazJSdnakN/Why-the-MCA21-portal-is-a-pain-to-use.html|access-date=10 July 2024|work=Mint}}</ref>

In 2020, the finance ministry identified glitches in the [[Goods and Services Tax (India)|GSTN]] portal, leading to a summons for Infosys executives.<ref>{{cite news|title=FinMin Flags 17 'Areas of Dissatisfaction' with Infosys-Designed GSTN|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/finmin-flags-17-areas-of-dissatisfaction-with-infosys-designed-gstn-120031100903_1.html|access-date=10 July 2024|work=Business Standard}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=GST Glitches: Top Infosys Executives Get Summons from Finance Ministry|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/gst-glitches-top-infosys-executives-get-summons-from-finance-ministry/articleshow/73787360.cms|access-date=10 July 2024|work=The Times of India|date=31 January 2020}}</ref> In 2022, chartered accountants and [[tax professional]]s raised concerns over technical issues with the GSTN portal.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-10-21|title=Slow GST Portal: September Returns Filing Due Date May Be Extended|url=https://www.zeebiz.com/india/news-slow-gst-portal-september-returns-filing-due-date-may-be-extended-204217|access-date=2022-10-30|website=Zee Business}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=GST at 5: Accountants Still Confront Major Issues in Filing Returns|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/banks/gst-at-5-accountants-still-confront-major-issues-in-filing-returns-8742191.html|access-date=2022-10-30|website=Moneycontrol|date=27 June 2022}}</ref>

In 2021, the newly launched [[Income Tax Department|Income Tax]] portal, developed by Infosys, encountered multiple glitches. Despite a summons for Infosys CEO [[Salil Parekh]], the issues remained unresolved for months, forcing an extension of the tax filing deadline.<ref>{{cite news|title=Finance Ministry Summons Infosys CEO Again on Tax Portal Glitches|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/finmin-summons-infosys-md-ceo-salil-parekh-to-explain-non-resolution-of-i-t-portal-glitches/article36042487.ece|access-date=10 July 2024|work=The Hindu Businessline}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=CBDT Extends Due Date for Filing of IT Returns for AY 2021-22 Till December 31|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/business/cbdt-extends-due-date-for-filing-of-it-returns-for-ay-2021-22-till-december-31-101631196079624.html|access-date=10 July 2024|work=Hindustan Times|date=9 September 2021|language=en}}</ref> In 2022, users continued to report malfunctions and issues on the first anniversary of the portal's launch.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Income Tax Portal Develops Snag on First Anniversary, Govt Asks Infosys to Look into Issue|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/policy/a-year-on-since-launch-i-t-portal-marred-with-another-glitch-infosys-directed-to-fix-issue/articleshow/92056970.cms|access-date=2022-10-30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-07-03|title=Taxpayers Facing Issues in Accessing Income Tax Dept Portal; Infosys Reacts|url=https://tech.hindustantimes.com/tech/news/taxpayers-facing-issues-in-accessing-income-tax-dept-portal-infosys-reacts-71656826720808.html|access-date=2022-10-30|website=HT Tech}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-06-08|title=Infosys' I-T Portal Continues to Experience Glitch Issues Since Its Launch in June 2021|url=https://www.news18.com/news/tech/taxing-experience-how-infosys-designed-i-t-portal-has-been-mired-in-glitches-since-launch-in-june-2021-5334193.html|access-date=2022-10-30|website=News18}}</ref>

=== Tracking software ===
It was reported in late 2013 that Infosys’ plan to install software to track the actual time staff spent on their computers caused resentment among employees.<ref>{{cite news|author=Vivek Sinha|title=Infosys employees upset over software meant to 'spy' on them| url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/infosys-employee-upset-over-software-meant-to-spy-on-them/story-uK3oDfe0qdNSNidLZlKNXN.html|publisher=[[Hindustan Times]]}} 26 December 2013</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of IT consulting firms]]
*[[List of Indian IT companies]]

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Siege of Diu (1538)

2026-03-04T19:41:14Z

CandelariaSanche: general enhanced information for accuracy further and added references

{{Short description|Portuguese victory against Gujarat in India}}
{{For|other sieges of Diu|Siege of Diu (1546)|Siege of Diu (1531)}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Siege of Diu (1538)
| partof = [[Ottoman–Portuguese confrontations]] and [[Gujarati–Portuguese conflicts]]
| image = Primeiro cerco de Diu. Solimão, General otomano, é constrangido a levantá-lo, e pôr-se em fuga.jpg
| caption = ''First siege of Diu. Suleiman, Ottoman general, is constrained to lift it, and run away''. [[Lithograph]] by Manuel Luís da Costa, 1840
| date = 26 Jun 1538 – 6 November 1538 ({{Age in months, weeks and days |day1=26|month1=06|year1=1538|day2=06|month2=11|year2=1538}})
| place = [[Diu, India|Diu]], [[Portuguese India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|20.71|70.98|type:event|display=inline}}
| map_type = India
| map_size = 300px
| map_caption =
| map_label = Siege of Diu (1538)
| territory =
| result = [[Portugal| Portuguese]] victory
| status =
| combatant1 = [[File:Flag Portugal (1521).svg|25px|border]] [[Portuguese Empire]]
| combatant2 = [[File:Naval_Ensign_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_(1453–1793).svg|25px]] [[Ottoman Empire]] [[Gujarat Sultanate]]
| combatant3 =
| commander1 = [[File:Flag Portugal (1521).svg|25px|border]] [[António da Silveira]] [[File:Flag Portugal (1521).svg|25px|border]] [[Martim Afonso de Sousa]] [[File:Flag Portugal (1521).svg|25px|border]] Francisco Pacheco
| commander2 = [[File:Naval_Ensign_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_(1453–1793).svg|25px]] [[Hadım Suleiman Pasha|Suleyman Pasha]] [[Khoja Zufar|Khadjar Safar]]{{WIA}}
| commander3 =
| units1 =
| units2 =
| units3 =
| strength1 = 600 men (garrison)<ref>Asiatic Society of Bombay: ''Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bombay (Edition 25)'', The Society, 1922, [https://books.google.com/books?ei=DaLXT6-KJIjNsgbCi93WDw&hl=de&id=CokFAAAAMAAJ&dq=%22siege+of+diu%22+1538+garrison&q=%22garrison+of+only%22 page 316].</ref> 139 ships 186 cannon
| strength2 = 16,000 Gujarati<ref>Gonçalo Feio (2013), [http://repositorio.ul.pt/bitstream/10451/10965/1/ulsd068126_td_Goncalo_Feio.pdf ''O ensino e a aprendizagem militares em Portugal e no Império, de D. João III a D. Sebastião: a arte portuguesa da guerra''] p.114</ref> 6,000 Ottomans<ref name="Gaspar Correia 1563 pp.868-870">Gaspar Correia (1558–1563) ''Lendas da Índia'', 1864 edition, Academia Real das Sciencias de Lisboa, book IV pp.868–870.</ref> 79 ships<ref name="Gaspar Correia 1563 pp.868-870">Gaspar Correia (1558–1563) ''Lendas da Índia'', 1864 edition, Academia Real das Sciencias de Lisboa, book IV pp.868–870.</ref> 130 cannon<ref name="İnalcik"/>
| strength3 =
| casualties1 = All but 40 killed or wounded<ref name="churchill"/>
| casualties2 = Unknown<ref name="churchill">Churchill: ''A Collection of Voyages and Travels: Some Now First Printed from Original Manuscripts'', Awnsham and John Churchill, 1704, [https://books.google.com/books?id=msdguP8O3hIC&q=%22men+left+fit+for+service%22&pg=PA594 page 594].</ref>
| casualties3 =
| notes =
| image_size = 300px
}}
{{Campaignbox Ottoman-Portuguese conflicts (1538–1559)}}

The '''siege of Diu''' occurred when an army of the [[Sultanate of Gujarat]] under Khadjar Safar, aided by forces of the [[Ottoman Empire]], attempted to capture the city of [[Diu, India|Diu]] in 1538, then held by the [[Portugal|Portuguese]]. The siege was part of the Ottoman-Portuguese war. The [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese]] successfully resisted the four-month long siege.

==Background==
In 1509, the major [[Battle of Diu (1509)]] took place between the Portuguese and a joint fleet of the [[Mahmud Begada|Sultan of Gujarat]], the [[Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)|Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt]], the [[Zamorin of Calicut]] with support of the Ottoman Empire. Since 1517, the Ottomans had attempted to combine forces with [[Gujarat]] in order to fight the Portuguese away from the [[Red Sea]] and in the area of India.<ref name="İnalcik"/> Pro-Ottoman forces under Captain [[Hoca Sefer]] had been installed by [[Selman Reis]] in Diu.<ref name="İnalcik"/>

Diu in [[Gujarat]] (now a state in western India), was with [[Surat]], one of the main points of supply of [[spices]] to Ottoman Egypt at that time. However, Portuguese intervention thwarted that trade by controlling the traffic in the [[Red Sea]].<ref name="İnalcik"/> In 1530, the [[Republic of Venice|Venetians]] could not obtain any supply of spices through Egypt.<ref name="İnalcik"/>

Under the command of Governor [[Nuno da Cunha]], the Portuguese [[Siege of Diu (1531)|had attempted to capture Diu by force in February 1531]], unsuccessfully.<ref name="İnalcik"/> Thereafter, the Portuguese waged war on Gujarat, devastating its shores and several cities like [[Surat]].<ref name="Castanheda, p.20">Fernão Lopes de Castanheda, ''História do Descobrimento e Conquista da Índia pelo Portugueses'' 1833 edition, Lisboa Typographia Rollandiana, book VIII p.20</ref>

Soon after however, the Sultan of Gujarat, [[Bahadur Shah of Gujarat|Bahadur Shah]], who was under threat from the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal emperor]] [[Humayun]], made an agreement with the Portuguese, granting them Diu in exchange for Portuguese assistance against the Mughals and protection should the realm fall.<ref name="İnalcik"/> The Portuguese seized the stronghold of [[Gogala]] (Bender-i Türk) near the city,<ref name="İnalcik"/> and built the [[Diu Fort]]. Once the threat from Humayun was removed, Bahadur tried to negotiate the withdrawal of the Portuguese, but on 13 February 1537 he died drowning during the negotiations on board of a Portuguese ship in unclear circumstances, both sides blaming the other for the tragedy.<ref name="Percival 14"/>

Bahadur Shah had also appealed to the Ottomans to expel the Portuguese, which led to the 1538 expedition.<ref name="İnalcik"/>

==Ottoman fleet==

Upon the arrival of Sultan Bahadur's envoy to Egypt with a large tribute in 1536, the Ottoman governor (pasha) of Egypt, 60-year-old eunuch [[Hadim Suleiman Pasha]], was nominated by [[Suleiman the Magnificent|Sultan Suleiman ''the Magnificent'']] to organize and personally lead an expedition to India.<ref name="İnalcik"/> Sultan Suleiman instructed the pasha to wage a "holy war... and to capture and hold those Indian posts and to avenge the evil deeds of the Portuguese infidels".<ref name=":0">K. M. Matthew: ''History of the Portuguese Navigation in India'', Mittal Publications, 1988, p. 214.</ref> Pasha Suleiman forbade any shipping out of the Red Sea to avoid leaking information to the Portuguese in India.<ref>Saturnino Monteiro (1995) ''Portuguese Sea Battles – Volume II – Christianity, Commerce and Corso 1522–1538'', p. 332</ref> He also secured funds for the expedition by executing many wealthy individuals and seizing their property.<ref name=":1">Frederick Charles Danvers: ''The Portuguese in India: A.D. 1481-1571'', London: W. H. Allen & Co. Limited, 1894, p. 425.</ref> There were delays however due to the [[Siege of Coron (1533–1534)|siege of Coron]] in the Mediterranean, and the [[Ottoman–Safavid War (1532–1555)|Ottoman–Safavid war]] of 1533–1535.<ref name="İnalcik"/>

According to the ''Tarikh al-Shihri'', Ottoman forces amounted to 80 vessels and 40,000 men.<ref>Tarikh al-Shihri, in SERJEANT, Robert Bertram (1963). [https://books.google.com/books?id=Ec5tAAAAMAAJ ''The Portuguese off the South Arabian Coast''] Clarendon Press, p. 79</ref> Others sources state 70 vessels.<ref name=":1" /> Gaspar Correia provided a more specific account, claiming that the Turks assembled at [[Suez]] an armada composed of 15 "bastard galleys" ([[:it:Galea bastarda|it]]), 40 "royal galleys", 6 galliots, 5 [[galleon]]s "with four masts each" that were "dangerous ships to sail, for they were shallow with no keel"; five smaller craft, six [[fusta|foists]] from Gujarat, and two brigs. It carried over 400 artillery pieces in total, over 10,000 sailors and rowers (of which 1,500 were Christian) and 6,000 soldiers, of which 1,500 were [[janissaries]]. The Pasha employed a Venetian renegade, Francisco, as captain of 10 galleys, plus 800 Christian mercenaries.<ref>Gaspar Correia (1558–1563) ''Lendas da Índia'', 1864 edition, Academia Real das Sciencias de Lisboa, book IV pp. 868–870. Gaspar Correia states to have gotten this information from a "Christian rower that fled to Diu from the galleys"</ref> Some sailors were forcibly conscripted from Venetian galleys then at [[Alexandria]].<ref name=":2">Danvers, 1874, p. 426.</ref> 200 soldiers were executing for protesting being put to oars duty.<ref name=":2" /> On 20 July 1538 the armada set sail from [[Jeddah]], stopping by [[Kamaran|Kamaran Island]] before proceeding to [[Aden]].

At Aden, Pasha Suleiman captured the city after inviting its ruler, Sheikh Amir bin Dawaud, favourable towards the Portuguese, aboard his ships, then hanging him. Thus, Aden was occupied without a siege, and plundered.<ref name="İnalcik"/><ref>Saturnino Monteiro (1995) ''Portuguese Sea Battles – Volume II – Christianity'', Commerce and Corso 1522–1538, p. 331</ref>

The expedition left Aden on 19 August and then called at Socotra, thereafter making its way to the western coast of Gujarat, despite losing some ships that got separated from the fleet during the passage of the Indian Ocean.<ref name="İnalcik"/><ref>Saturnino Monteiro (1995) ''Portuguese Sea Battles – Volume II – Christianity'', Commerce and Corso 1522–1538, p. 321–323</ref> It was the largest Ottoman fleet ever sent into the [[Indian Ocean]].<ref>Nicola Melis, "The chronicle of Lopo de Sousa Coutinho as a major source of the first siege of Diu", in "The Indian Ocean and the Presence of the Ottoman Navy in the 16th and 17th Centuries", edited by Naval Forces Staff, Naval Printing House, Istanbul 2009, part III, pp. 15–25.</ref>

==Siege==
[[File:Códice Casanatense Gujarati Lascarins.jpg|thumb|right|Portuguese depiction of a Gujarati foot-soldier (and his wife)]]

The captain of Diu at the time was the experienced António da Silveira, former captain of [[Fort Bassein|Bassein]] and [[Fort of Our Lady of the Conception|Hormuz]] who had participated in the Portuguese-Gujarati War of 1531–34.<ref name="Castanheda, p.20"/> The Portuguese fortress housed about 3,000 people, of which solely 600 were soldiers.

===First attacks===
After the death of Bahadur, his successor assembled an army that numbered 10,000 footmen and 5,000 horsmen at [[Champaner]].<ref name=":2" /> He was instigated by the lord of Surat [[Khoja Zufar|Khadjar Safar]] – ''Coge Sofar'' in Portuguese, an Albanian renegade from [[Otranto]] and an influential lord in Gujarat.<ref>"Cosa Zaffer" in RAMUSIO, Giovanni Battista (1550–1606) ''Navigazioni e Viaggi'' Turin, Giulio Einaudi editore, 1978 edition, p.684</ref><ref name=":0" /> Upon receiving information of the impending siege, António da Silveira prepared for a long and difficult siege.<ref name=":2" /> He had the passage points onto the island guarded, though there was a lack of everything inside the fort.<ref name=":0" />

Under the command of Khadjar Safar, the Gujarati forces began crossing the channel of Diu onto the western side of the island on 26 June 1538, being held back by the city's western walls just long enough for the Portuguese to fill their water reserves and burn their supply storages in the city before finally retreating to the fortress on the eastern end of the island. Coge Sofar was initially repulsed, but after the bulk of the Gujarati army arrived, Silveira realized he could not hold them back with so small a force as his and retreated.<ref name=":2" /> Coge Sofar and general Alu Cham then took control of the city.<ref name=":2" />

For the following two months the Gujaratis were unable to threaten the besieged with more than a low-intensity bombardment, while the Portuguese conducted occasional raids on the Gujarati positions.

When António da Silveira received reports of the possible arrival of an Ottoman fleet, he dispatched a craft to Goa advising governor Nuno da Cunha to prepare a relief force.<ref name=":3">Danvers, 1874, p. 427.</ref> It left in August under one Miguel Vaz.<ref name=":4">Matthew, 1988, p. 215.</ref>
[[File:Tiro de Diu3.jpg|thumb|"[[Tiro de Diu]]", a Gujarati basilisk captured by the Portuguese in the 1538 siege.]]

Lopo de Sousa Coutinho, who would later write his memoirs on the siege, distinguished himself on 14 August after leading 14 Portuguese in a ''[[sortie]]'' into the city to capture supplies, defeating 400 soldiers of Khadjar Safar.

=== The arrival of the Ottoman fleet ===
On 4 September the Ottoman fleet arrived in Diu, catching the Portuguese garrison by surprise and thus blockading the fortress by sea.<ref name="İnalcik">''An economic and social history of the Ottoman Empire'' by Halil İnalcik p.324''ff'' [https://books.google.com/books?id=Ovg_RQlklU4C&pg=PA326]</ref> Captain da Silveira immediately sent a small craft to run the blockade with a distress call to [[Goa]], while Pasha Suleiman promptly landed 600<ref name=":3" /> to 700<ref name=":4" /> janissaries, the following day on the 5th.<ref name=":4" /> The janissaries proceeded to plunder the city – causing Suleiman to fall out of favour with the lords of Gujarat except Khadjar Safar.<ref name="Saturnino Monteiro 1995">Saturnino Monteiro (1995) ''Portuguese Sea Battles – Volume II – Christianity'', Commerce and Corso 1522–1538, p.325</ref> The janissaries then attempted to scale the fortress' walls but were repelled with 50 dead.<ref name=":3" /> There was a respite on the 6th.<ref name=":4" />

A strong storm fell upon Diu on 7 September, forcing the Ottomans to relocate their fleet to a shelterened harbour at [[Mahuva, Bhavnagar|Mahuwa]], where they remained for twenty days, during which the Portuguese took the opportunity to strenghten their defenses, while a first relief fleet arrived.<ref name=":3" /> Four [[foist]]s from [[Goa]] and [[Chaul]] arrived with reinforcements on 14 September. The storm damaged part of the Ottoman fleet (and helped the Portuguese restore their water supplies), after which the Turks began unloading their artillery and a further 1,000 men, and raising a number of defensive and siege works around the fort. It seems by then the Gujarati lords became distrustful of the Ottomans, possibly fearing that they might establish themselves in Diu after expelling the Portuguese, and the following day refused to provide any further supplies.<ref name="Saturnino Monteiro 1995" />
[[File:Sloane 3584 f.78v Turkish galleys in battle, c.1636.PNG|thumb|right|Turkish galleys, 17th century]]

A distant eyewitness, the famous Portuguese traveler [[Fernão Mendes Pinto]] later recounted how, passing by the fortress, Turkish galleys came close to seizing the tradeship he traveled in:

{{Quote|Having decided to stop for news of what was going on there, we began our approach to land, and by nightfall we were able to distinguish a lot of fires all along the coast as well as the occasional burst of artillery. Not knowing what to make of it, we shortened sail and hove to for the rest of the night until daybreak, when we got a clear view of the fortress surrounded by an enormous number of lateen-rigged vessels. [...] While we were arguing back and forth and becoming gradually more alarmed by the possibilities confronting us, five ships moved out from the middle of the fleet. They were huge galleys, with their fore-and-aft sails in a checkerboard pattern of green and purple, the deck awnings literally covered in flags, and long banners streaming so far down from the mastheads that the ends brushed the surface of the water.<ref>Fernão Mendes Pinto: [https://books.google.com/books?id=PRqGfeAwryIC&q=diu&pg=PA12 ''The Travels of Fernão Mendes Pinto''] translated edition 1989, University of Chicago Press.</ref>|Fernão Mendes Pinto, in ''Peregrinação''}}

The Ottoman artillery opened fire on the fortress on the 28th, as their galleys bombarded it from the sea, with the Portuguese replying in suit – the Portuguese sank a galley but lost several men as two of their [[Basilisk (cannon)|basilisks]] exploded.<ref>Lopo de Sousa Coutinho ''O Primeiro Cerco de Diu'' Lisboa, Publicações Alfa, 1989 edition, p.130 – According to Coutinho, a witness, the Portuguese accidentally swapped the gunpowder barrels, using finer gunpowder meant for arquebuses instead of cruder gunpowder for the cannon, causing them to explode, killing 4 men</ref>

===Attack on the Village of the Rumes' Redoubt===
[[File:Fortress of Diu in 1539.jpg|thumb|16th century Portuguese sketch of Diu by Dom João de Castro.]]
Across the Diu channel on the mainland shore, the Portuguese kept a [[redoubt]] by a village dubbed ''Vila dos Rumes'' – "Village of the [[Rûm|Rumes]]" (Turks) modern day [[Gogolá]] – commanded by Captain Francisco Pacheco and defended by 30–40 Portuguese, which came under attack by Gujarati forces. On 10 September the army of Khadjar Safar bombarded the fortlet with Turkish artillery pieces before attempting to assault it with the aid of janissaries, but were repelled.

Khadjar Safar then ordered a craft be filled with timber, [[sulphur]], and [[tar]], which he hoped to place by the redoubt and smoke the Portuguese out. Realizing his intentions, António da Silveira sent Francisco de Gouveia with a small crew on a craft to burn the device with fire bombs under cover of night, despite coming under enemy fire.<ref>Fernão Lopes de Castanheda, ''História do Descobrimento e Conquista da Índia pelos Portugueses'', 1833 edition, Lisbon, Typographia Rollandiana, book VIII p.448</ref> Another assault on 28 September with 700 janissaries failed after a prolonged bombardment.

The Portuguese garrison resisted until its captain Pacheco agreed to surrender to the Pasha on 1 October, who had granted them safe passage to the fortress unharmed. When they surrendered however, Suleiman promptly had them imprisoned on his galleys.<ref>Correia, Gaspar (1558–1563) ''Lendas da Índia'', 1864 edition, Academia Real das Sciencias de Lisboa, book IV chapter XI pp.29–35</ref>

===Francisco Pacheco's message===
[[File:A Janissary "of War" with a Lion MET DP146518.jpg|thumb|right|Janissary, circa 1577]]

Thus under the Pashas power, former captain Francisco Pacheco wrote a letter to captain António da Silveira, advising him to lay down arms; it was delivered by a Portuguese renegade António Faleyro, who had converted to Islam and dressed in the Turkish fashion, that he was at first unrecognizable by his former comrades. It read:

{{Quote|I have surrendered to the great captain ''Çoleymam baxá'' through an agreement sealed in gold under his name, in which he granted us our lives, liberties, belongings and slaves, old and young, except the weapons and artillery: and had us go greet him on his galley, and as we were led to the city, they divided us by the houses, in groups of two: me and Gonçalo D'Almeida my cousin, and António Faleyro were taken to Suleiman's bastard galley, who received us well and gave each of us fine clothes; after which I told him to spare me such procedure of his and release us (as had been promised) and he responded that we ought not to wear ourselves out, for he had fulfilled his part. But as he wanted to attack that fortress by land and sea, he'd entertain us as long as that took; and upon capturing it, he'd send us to India; otherwise he'd release us, so we might return to the fortress. Then he ordered two very sound basilisks unloaded, and he'll unload as many as he wishes, which he can very well do. And allow me to write to you to surrender without further delay, otherwise he'll have you all by the sword. Now see what you must and be well advised<ref>Lopo de Sousa Coutinho: [https://books.google.com/books?id=lOZAAQAAMAAJ&dq=lopo%20de%20sousa%20coutinho&pg=SL177-PA56 Liuro primeyro do cerco de Diu, que os Turcos poseram à fortaleza de Diu], 1556 edition, p.56-57</ref>}}

Captain António da Silveira, who considered the Pasha's conduct to have been treasonous (and Pachecos advice outrageous), seized paper and ink and replied in the following manner:

{{Quote|For such a great and powerful Captain as you claim he is, he ought to better keep his charters, and yet I'm not as surprised by his lack of truth, which they are born with, as by your writing; be well advised, tell him to do as much as he can, for over the smallest stone of this fortress we shall all perish. Be warned not to bring me nor send me more of such messages, for as enemies I shall have the bombards fire upon you.<ref>Lopo de Sousa Coutinho: [https://books.google.com/books?id=lOZAAQAAMAAJ&dq=lopo%20de%20sousa%20coutinho&pg=SL177-PA57 Liuro primeyro do cerco de Diu, que os Turcos poseram à fortaleza de Diu], 1556 edition, p.57</ref>}}

The writer Gaspar Correia provided a different account of the exchange, however it is not in accordance with that of the veteran Lopo de Sousa Coutinho, who personally participated in the siege.<ref>Gaspar Correia (1558–1563) ''Lendas da Índia'', 1864 edition, Academia Real das Sciencias de Lisboa, book IV p.35</ref>

===Assault on the fortress===
[[File:The Portuguese Fortress of Diu in the mid-16th century.png|thumb|The Portuguese fortress of Diu as sketched by [[Gaspar Correia]].]]
By 5 October the Turks had finished their siege works and assembled all their artillery, which included nine basilisks, five great bombards, fifteen heavy guns, and 80 medium and smaller cannon<ref>Lopo de Sousa Coutinho (1556) ''O Primeiro Cerco de Diu'' Lisboa, Publicações Alfa, 1989 edition, p.148</ref> that bombarded the fortress for the following 27 days. That night, 5 more craft from Goa with gunpowder and reinforcements arrived. After seven days of bombardment, part of the bulwark of Gaspar de Sousa collapsed and the Turks attempted to scale it "with two banners", but were repelled with heavy losses to bombs and arquebus fire. Another assault the following morning was met with equally fierce resistance by the Portuguese. Afterwards, the Turks forced labourers into the moat to undermine the fortress' walls and, in spite of several losses, managed to open a breach with gunpowder, but already the Portuguese had raised a barricade around the breach from the inside, which caused many losses on the assailants once they attempted to break through.<ref>Gaspar Correia (1558–1563) ''Lendas da Índia'', 1864 edition, Academia Real das Sciencias de Lisboa, book IV pp.37–39</ref> When at night the bombardment ceased, the Portuguese repaired the fortress' walls under the cover of darkness.

On the 17th of October, eyewitness and officer Lopo de Sousa Coutinho was wonded while on guard duty and forced to a sickbed, and afterwards could only compile an account of the siege based on what he heard.<ref name=":5">Matthew, 1988, p. 216.</ref>
[[File:Banner of the Order of Christ.svg|thumb|Portuguese naval and military banner featuring the [[Order of Christ Cross|Cross of the Order of Christ]].]]

From an artillery battery on the opposite shore, the Turks bombarded the "Sea Fort" (''Baluarte do Mar'') that stood in the middle of the river mouth bombarding the flank of Muslim positions. On 27 October Suleiman Pasha ordered 6 small galleys to attempt to scale the fortlet, but came under heavy Portuguese cannon fire. The following day, the Turks drew 12 galleys and again attempted to "board" the fortlet, but were repelled with heavy losses due to fire bombs.<ref>Gaspar Correia (1558–1563) ''Lendas da Índia'', 1864 edition, Academia Real das Sciencias de Lisboa, book IV pp.42–45</ref>

Scurvy broke out inside the fort, causing great privation and death.<ref name=":4" />

On 30 October Pasha Suleiman attempted a final ruse by faking the withdrawal of his forces.<ref name=":5" /> He embarked 1,000 men but ever cautious, António da Silveira ordered the sentries to be alert – at daybreak, 14,000 men divided in three "banners" attempted to scale the fortress as it was bombarded with no regard to friendly fire. A few hundred troops managed to scale the walls and raise banners but the Portuguese managed to repel the assailants, killing 500 and wounding a further 1,000 from gunfire and bombs out of the ''São Tomé'' bastion. One João Rodrigues threw a barrel of gunpowder over the walls with a lit fuse attached, which killed over 100 men upon exploding.<ref name=":6">Danvers, 1894, p. 429.</ref>

At the end of that day no more than 40 able-bodied Portuguese remained, the gunpowder was nearly exhausted and the forts walls were thoroughly shattered.<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":5" /> Yet, the Pasha was unaware of the exact condition of the defenders.<ref name=":6" />

With his relation with Coja Safar and the Gujaratis degrading and increasingly fearful of being caught off-hand by the Viceroy's armada, on 1 November Suleiman finally decided to abandon the siege and began re-embarking his troops. Suspecting another ruse from the Pasha, Captain Silveira ordered 20 of his last men on a ''sortie'' to deceive the enemy of their dwindling forces. The party managed to capture a Turkish banner. The Pasha however, truly intended on departing on 5 November, but was unable due to unfavourable weather. That night, two small galleys reached Diu with reinforcements and supplies, firing their guns and signal rockets. [[File:Saint Francis Xavier Inspiring Portuguese Troops.png|thumb|right|Portuguese soldiers, 1619. Painting by André Reinoso]]

The following morning, a fleet of 24 small galleys was sighted and believing it to be the vanguard of the governor's rescue fleet, the Pasha hurriedly departed, leaving 1,200 dead and 500 wounded behind. Khadjar Safar then set fire to his encampment and abandoned the island with his forces shortly after. In reality, it was just a forward fleet under the command of António da Silva Meneses and Dom Luís de Ataíde, dispatched from Goa with reinforcements, supplies, and news that the governor would depart soon to their aid. Although they took no part in the fighting, the small force was triumphantly received within the ruined fortress by its last survivors. The Portuguese were by then critically low on gunpowder and supplies and with less than 40 valid men; in the final stages of the siege, the Portuguese record that even the women assisted in its defence. [[Catarina Lopes]] and [[Isabel Madeira]] are examples of two female captains who actively participated during the siege, they led a squad of female soldiers.<ref>Saturnino Monteiro (1995) ''Portuguese Sea Battles – Volume II – Christianity'', Commerce and Corso 1522–1538 p.330</ref> Dona Isabel da Veiga, wife of Manuel de Vasconcelos and Ana Fernandes, wife of a physician, took some duties upon themselves to allow the more soldiers to man the bulwarks, while also encouraging them and even being present at assaults.<ref>Danvers, 1894, p. 428.</ref> Ana "used to go round the fortress and the walls... telling each one how great was his obligation to be brave both to defend his life and to win honour. She did not take refuge in her house from firing" but carried the dead and wounded.<ref>Matthew, 1988, pp. 215-216.</ref>

==Goa==
[[File:AMH-6577-KB Bird's eye view of the city of Goa.jpg|thumb|right|Goa, head of all Portuguese possessions in the East]]

The craft sent by António da Silveira arrived in [[Goa]] in mid-September, but already governor [[Nuno da Cunha]] was well aware of the presence of the Turks in India: the Portuguese had intercepted a Turkish galleon in southern India and another galley that got separated from the fleet and called at [[Honavar]], which the Portuguese destroyed with the aid of the locals (a fight in which [[Fernão Mendes Pinto]] participated). The governor had assembled a relief force of 14 galleons 8 galleys, several caravels and over 30 smaller oar ships, but on 14 September the new viceroy appointed by Lisbon arrived, and demanded the immediate succession in office.<ref>Saturnino Monteiro (1995) ''Portuguese Sea Battles – Volume II – Christianity'', Commerce and Corso 1522–1538 p.331</ref>

By the end of 1537, reports on Ottoman preparations in Egypt had reached Lisbon through Venice, and [[John III of Portugal|King John III]] promptly ordered a reinforcement of 11 ''naus'' and 3,000 soldiers, of which 800 were ''fidalgos'', to be dispatched to India as soon as possible along with the new viceroy, [[Garcia de Noronha|Dom Garcia de Noronha]]. At Goa however, Dom Garcia considered the relief force organized by governor Nuno da Cunha to be insufficient, though the Portuguese veterans in India argued otherwise. The viceroy remained in Goa for two more months, organizing his forces until he had gathered an imposing fleet, which according to João de Barros numbered 170 sail and 4500 Portuguese soldiers, and according to a detailed report by Francisco de Andrade, was composed of 152 vessels, which included 9 heavy carracks, 14 galleons, 13 small carracks, 8 war-caravels, 5 latin caravels, 1 bastard galley, 13 royal galleys, 15 galleots, 11 Mediterranean brigantines, 2 ''albetoças'', 18 light galleys and 44 light vessels and oarcraft, bearing 5000 Portuguese soldiers, 3000 Indian auxiliaries, 1500 Portuguese sailors, uncounted number of native sailors, oarsmen and combat slaves and a little under 400 heavy cannon and 600 light cannon.<ref>[https://upload.wikimedia.org/Bharatpedia/commons/0/02/Primeiro_roteiro_da_costa_da_India.pdf Primeiro Roteiro da Costa da Índia; desde Goa até Diu; Narrando a viagem que fez o Vice-Rei D. Garcia de Noronha, Em Socorro Desta Última Cidade, 1538-1539, por D. João de Castro] VIII - XI</ref> Just as the expedition was about to set sail to Diu however, a craft arrived in Goa with the information that the siege had been lifted.<ref>Saturnino Monteiro (1995) ''Portuguese Sea Battles – Volume II – Christianity, Commerce and Corso 1522–1538'', p.332-334</ref>

The Portuguese learnt from Turkish prisoners of war or Christian captives who managed to flee from the Ottoman fleet that Suleiman Pasha had ordered his captains to link his galleys together side-by-side with their stern to land and cannons out to the sea in case they were attacked by the Portuguese relief fleet before they had managed to withdraw, a tactic similar to the one employed by the Mamluk fleet which was annihilated at the [[Battle of Diu]] in 1509.<ref>Saturnino Monteiro: ''Batalhas e Combates da Marinha Portuguesa, 1139-1975'', volume II, p. 334.</ref>

==Aftermath==
[[File:Dom João de Castro - Roteiro do Mar Roxo - Suakin.jpg|thumb|Portuguese [[Battle of Suakin (1541)|attack on Suakin in 1541.]]]]

The defeat of the combined Turkish and Gujarati forces at Diu represented a critical setback in Ottoman plans for expanding their influence into the Indian Ocean. Without a suitable base or allies, failure at Diu meant the Ottomans were unable to proceed with their campaign in India, leaving the Portuguese uncontested in the western Indian coast. Never again would the Ottoman Turks ever send so large an armada to India.

After the failed siege, the Ottomans returned to [[Aden]], where they fortified the city with 100 pieces of artillery.<ref>''An economic and social history of the Ottoman Empire'' by Halil İnalcik p.326 [https://books.google.com/books?id=Ovg_RQlklU4C&pg=PA326]</ref> One of them is still visible today at the [[Tower of London]], following the capture of Aden by [[British Empire|British]] forces in 1839.<ref>[[Tower of London]] exhibit</ref> Suleiman Pasha also established Ottoman [[suzerainty]] over [[Shihr]] and [[Zabid]], and reorganized the territories of Yemen and Aden as an Ottoman province, or [[Beylerbey]]lik.<ref name="İnalcik"/>

The veteran Lopo de Sousa Coutinho later recounted that "it was said" that the Portuguese who had surrendered to Suleiman Pasha were all killed off in the Red Sea, on their way back to Egypt. Indeed, at [[As-Salif]], by [[Kamaran Island]], the Pasha had all prisoners under his control massacred, 140 in total, and their heads put on display in Cairo.<ref>Tarikh al-Shihri, in SERJEANT, Robert Bertram (1963). [https://books.google.com/books?id=Ec5tAAAAMAAJ ''The Portuguese off the South Arabian Coast''] Clarendon Press, p. 86</ref>

Suleiman Pasha left behind a number of very heavy cannon that could not be quickly moved, called "Sulaimani guns" by Persian authors.<ref name="commissariat">M. S. Commissariat: ''A history of Gujarat, Including a Survey of its Chief Architectural Monuments and Inscriptions'', 1938, Longmans, Green & Co., p.408.</ref> Several were salvaged by the governor of [[Junagadh]] Mujahid Khan Bahlim, and moved to that city.<ref name="commissariat"/> Many were broken up in the following centuries, but two survived in Junagadh, one of which stands in front of a mosque in Uparkot and bears an inscription which reads:

{{cquote|This cannon was ordered to be made in Egypt in the cause of God in 937 H by [[Suleiman the Magnificent|Sultan Sulaiman]], son of [[Selim I|Salim Khan]], the king of Arabia and Ajam, may he be victorious, in order to subdue the enemies of the state and of the faith, the cursed Portuguese, the infidels who wish to enter India. It is cast by Muhammad, son of Hamza.<ref name="commissariat"/>
}}

Suleiman Pasha intended to launch a second expedition against the Portuguese in Diu, but this did not happen.<ref name="İnalcik"/>

Turkish and Indian historians pass over the 1538 siege in very summary ways and attributed its outcome to the failure of the Gujaratis to provide the Turks with adequate supplies.<ref name=dames/> [[Firishta]] and Sikandar, author of the Mirat-i-Sikandari, a history dedicated to Gujarat, both omitted the failed siege on Diu in their works, just as they similarly omitted the great Portuguese victory at Diu in 1509 against a combined Gujarati, Egyptian and Malabar fleet, though they mentioned the much smaller [[Battle of Chaul]] of 1508 where the Portuguese were defeated.<ref name=dames> M. Longworth Dames: "The Portuguese and the Turks in the Indian Ocean" in ''Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society'' 1921, part I, January 1921, pp. 1- 28.</ref>

In 1540, the Portuguese sent a retaliatory expedition to Suez with a fleet of 72 ships, sacking [[Suakin]], [[El Qoseir|Kusayr]], and spreading panic in Egypt.<ref name="İnalcik"/><ref>''Mecca: a literary history of the Muslim Holy Land'' by Francis E. Peters p.405 [https://books.google.com/books?id=6uSGM6YsAwsC&pg=PA405]</ref> In 1546, the Ottoman established a new naval base in [[Basra]], thus threatening the Portuguese in [[Ormus|Hormuz]].<ref name="İnalcik"/> The Ottomans would suffer a strong naval defeat against the Portuguese in the [[Persian Gulf]] in 1554 at the [[Battle of the Gulf of Oman]].<ref name="İnalcik"/> Further conflict between the Ottomans and the Portuguese would lead to the [[Ottoman embassy to Aceh]] in 1565.

The siege of Diu was one of the most significant achievements of the Portuguese in the East.<ref name=":7">Matthew, 1988, p. 217.</ref> The Portuguese ability to maintain a naval supply line open ensured the capacity to resist the siege.<ref>Hélder Carvalho: ''The First World Empire: Portugal, War and Military Revolution,'' 2021, Taylor & Francis, p. 159.</ref> In March 1539, peace was signed with Gujarat.<ref name=":7" /> Portugal would remain in possession of the Diu enclave until [[Operation Vijay (1961)|Operation Vijay]] in 1961.<ref>McGregor, Andrew James ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=WrbCziCWJPEC&pg=PA30 A military history of modern Egypt: from the Ottoman Conquest to the Ramadan War]''; p. 30</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Diu1.jpg|The gateway of the outer walls of Diu.
File:The siege of Diu by the "Arabians.jpg|The siege of Diu by the "Arabians"
File:Diu map1729.jpg|Map of [[Diu, India|Diu]], 1729.
File:Diubattle.jpg|An 18th-century depiction of the siege of Diu
File:Ottoman fleet Indian Ocean 16th century.jpg|Ottoman fleet in the Indian Ocean in the 16th century
File:Inside Diu Fort - panoramio.jpg|Original inner wall and moat
File:Diu Fort - panoramio.jpg|View within the walls
File:Pani Kotha - panoramio.jpg|Sea Fort, nowadays known as Panikota, as seen from the citadel
File:Diu fort, India.JPG|''São Jorge'' bastion
File:Diu.in Portugues Fort - panoramio - SINHA.jpg|Sea wall
File:Diu.in Portugues Fort - panoramio.jpg|Gate
File:Diu Fortress, July 2012.jpg|Moat
File:Diu3.jpg|Inner and outer walls
File:Cannon of Suleyman founded by Mohammed ibn Hamza in 1530 1531 for a Turkish invasion of India taken in the capture of Aden in 1839 by Cap H Smith of HMS Volage with inscriptions.jpg|Cannon of [[Hadım Suleiman Pasha]], taken in the capture of Aden in 1839, now in the [[Tower of London]].
File:Death of Sultan Bahadur in front of Diu against the Portuguese 1537 Akbar Nama end of 16th century.jpg|Death of [[Bahadur Shah of Gujarat|Sultan Bahadur]] in front of Diu during negotiations with the Portuguese, in 1537.<ref name="Percival 14">[https://books.google.com/books?id=Y-08AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA14 ''The Cambridge history of the British Empire, Volume 2'' by Arthur Percival Newton p.14]</ref> ''[[Akbarnama]]'', end of the 16th century.
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[Battle of Diu]]
* [[Siege of Diu (1531)]]
* [[Siege of Diu (1546)]]
* [[Catarina Lopes]]
* [[Isabel Madeira]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

{{Major Ottoman sieges}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Former Portuguese colonies]]
[[Category:Sieges involving the Ottoman Empire|Diu]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1538|Diu]]
[[Category:Gujarat Sultanate]]
[[Category:Sieges involving Portugal|Diu]]
[[Category:History of Daman and Diu]]
[[Category:1538 in India]]
[[Category:Portuguese India]]
[[Category:Suleiman the Magnificent]]
[[Category:Sieges of the Ottoman–Portuguese conflicts|Diu]]
[[Category:1538 in the Ottoman Empire]]
[[Category:16th century in Portuguese India]]
[[Category:Diu, India]]

Punjab Assembly Committee on Co-operation and its allied activities

2026-02-14T17:04:59Z

CandelariaSanche: creating article!

{{short description|Indian Legislative committee}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox
| title = Committee on Co-operation and its allied activities
| abovestyle = border-top: 2px solid #015843; border-bottom: 2px solid #015843; font-size: small;
| above = [[Punjab Legislative Assembly#Committees|Committee of the House]]
| headerstyle = border-top: 2px solid #015843; border-bottom: 2px solid #015843;
| header = [[16th Punjab Assembly]]
| labelstyle =
| datastyle =
| data2 =
| subheader = '''<big>[[16th Punjab Assembly]]</big>'''
| label3 = [[Date of establishment|Founded]]
| data3 = 
| label4 = State
| data4 = Punjab
| header5 = Leadership
| label6 = Chaiperson
| data6 = [[Saravjit Kaur Manuke]]
| label7 = Chairperson party
| data7 = [[Aam Aadmi Party]]
| label8 = Appointer
| data8 = [[List of speakers of the Punjab Legislative Assembly|Punjab Assembly speaker]]
| header9 = Structure
| data10= {{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes
|image = [[File:India Punjab Assembly Committee on Petitions 2022.svg|200px|alt=India Punjab Assembly Committee on Petitions 2022.svg]]
|caption =
| title =
| label10 = Seats
| data10 = 13
| label11 = Political Parties
| data11 ={{legend2|{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}|[[Aam Aadmi Party|AAP]] (11)|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}} 
{{legend2|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|[[Indian National Congress|INC]] (2)|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}} {{legend2|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (1)|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
}}
| label12 = Election criteria
| data12 = The members are elected every year from amongst its members of house according to the principle of proportional representation.
| label13 = Tenure
| data13 = 1 Year
| header14 = Jurisdiction
| label15 = Purpose
| data15 = Legislative oversight of the questions, replies and debates in the Assembly
| header16 =
| data17 =
| header18 = Rules & Procedure
| label20 = Applicable rules
| data20 = Article 208 of the [[Constitution of India]] section 32 of the [[States Reorganisation Act, 1956]] Rules 232(1) and 2(b) of Rules of Procedure and Conduct of Business in Punjab Legislative Assembly
}}
'''Punjab Assembly Committee on Co-operation and its allied activities''' of [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]] is constituted annually for a one year period from among the members of the Assembly. This Committee consists of thirteen members.<ref name="Committee on Co-operation and its allied activities" /><ref name=Grover>{{cite book |last1=Grover |first1=Verinder |title=Legislative Council in State Legislatures |date=1989 |publisher=Deep & Deep Publications |isbn=978-81-7100-193-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fRqrO0Hx0Y0C&dq=%22Punjab%22+%2B+%22Committee+on+Privileges%22&pg=PA165 |access-date=12 June 2022 |language=en |archive-date=12 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220612133550/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Legislative_Council_in_State_Legislature/fRqrO0Hx0Y0C?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%22Punjab%22+%2B+%22Committee+on+Privileges%22&pg=PA165&printsec=frontcover |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Appointment ==
The speaker appoints the committee and its members every year for a one year term according to the powers conferred by Article 208 of the [[Constitution of India]] read with section 32 of the [[States Reorganisation Act, 1956]] (37 of 1956), and in pursuance of Rules 232(1) and 2(b) of the Rules of Procedure and Conduct of Business in the Punjab Legislative Assembly.<ref name="Punjab Government Gazette 2021">{{cite web |title=Punjab Government Gazette Extraordinary, 4 March 2021 |url=https://www.punjabassembly.nic.in/images/docs/punjab%20govt%20gaz.pdf |publisher=Government of Punjab |access-date=22 June 2022 |archive-date=13 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613104044/http://www.punjabassembly.nic.in/images/docs/punjab%20govt%20gaz.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Members==
For the one year period starting May 2022, the Committee on Co-operation and its allied activities of [[16th Punjab Assembly#Committees|16th Punjab Assembly]] had following members:<ref name="Committee on Co-operation and its allied activities">{{cite web |title=Vidhan Sabha |url=http://punjabassembly.nic.in/index.php/component/content/article?id=805&Itemid=119 |website=punjabassembly.nic.in}}</ref><ref name="HT Appointment 22">{{cite news |title=Punjab speaker appoints heads of House committees |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/punjab-speaker-appoints-heads-of-house-committees-101653170285870.html |access-date=11 June 2022 |work=Hindustan Times |date=22 May 2022 |language=en |archive-date=22 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220522184912/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/punjab-speaker-appoints-heads-of-house-committees-101653170285870.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Committee on Co-operation and its allied activities (2022–23)
!Sr. No.
!Name
!Post
! colspan="2" |Party
|- align="center"
|1 || [[Saravjit Kaur Manuke]] || Chairperson
|{{Party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|- align="center"
|2 || [[Amandeep Singh Musafir]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|- align="center"
|3 || [[Amarpal Singh]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|- align="center"
|4 || [[Ashwani Kumar Sharma (Punjab politician)|Ashwani Kumar Sharma]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|- align="center"
|5 || [[Daljit Singh Grewal|Daljit Singh Grewal (Bhola)]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|- align="center"
|6 || [[Devinderjeet Singh Laddi Dhose]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|- align="center"
|7 || [[Dinesh Kumar Chadha]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|- align="center"
|8 || [[Inderjit Kaur Mann]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|- align="center"
|9 || [[Jagtar Singh Diyalpura]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|- align="center"
|10 || [[Jaswant Singh Gajjan Majra]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|- align="center"
|11 || Naresh Puri || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|12 || [[Rupinder Singh]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|- align="center"
|13 || [[Sandeep Jakhar]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|}

== Chairpersons ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Tenure
!Terms
!Name
! colspan="2" |Political party
|- align="center"
| [[15th Punjab Assembly#2021-2022|2021-22]]
|1
| [[Fatehjang Singh Bajwa]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Punjab Vidhan Sabha speaker nominates various committees of House for year 2021-22 |url=https://www.punjabnewsexpress.com/punjab/news/punjab-vidhan-sabha-speaker-nominates-various-committees-of-house-for-year-2021-22-136750 |access-date=15 June 2022 |work=punjabnewsexpress.com |date=28 April 2021 |archive-date=15 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220615134142/https://www.punjabnewsexpress.com/punjab/news/punjab-vidhan-sabha-speaker-nominates-various-committees-of-house-for-year-2021-22-136750 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Punjab Vidhan Sabha Speaker nominates various committees of House for year 2021-22 – TheFactNews |date=29 April 2021 |url=https://thefactnews.in/punjab-vidhan-sabha-speaker-nominates-various-committees-of-house-for-year-2021-22/ |access-date=15 June 2022 |archive-date=22 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220622113345/https://thefactnews.in/punjab-vidhan-sabha-speaker-nominates-various-committees-of-house-for-year-2021-22/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
| [[16th Punjab Assembly#2022-2023|2022-23]]
|1
|[[Saravjit Kaur Manuke]]<ref name="HT Appointment 22" />
| {{Full party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|}

==Previous members==
===2021–22===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Committee on Co-operation and its allied activities (2021–22)<ref>{{cite web |title=COMMITTEE ON AGRICULTURE AND ITS ALLIED ACTIVITIES |publisher=Punjab Legislative Assembly |url=http://punjabassembly.gov.in/index.php/component/content/article?id=805&Itemid=119 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220302231540/http://punjabassembly.gov.in/index.php/component/content/article?id=805&Itemid=119 |archive-date=2 March 2022}}</ref>
!Sr. No.
!Name
!Post
! colspan="2" |Party
|- align="center"
|1. || [[Fatehjang Singh Bajwa]] || Chairperson
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|2. || Santokh Singh Bhalaipur || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|3. || Harminder Singh Gill || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|4. ||Satkar Kaur || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|5. || Dalvir Singh Goldy || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|6. || Dharambir Agnihotri || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|7. || Indu Bala || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|8. ||Hardev Singh Laddi || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|9. || Sukhpal Singh Bhullar || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|10. || Jagtar Singh Jagga Hissowal || Member
|{{Party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|- align="center"
|11. || Aman Arora || Member
|{{Party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|- align="center"
|12. || Parminder Singh Dhindsa || Member
|{{Party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}
|- align="center"
|13. || Manpreet Singh Ayali || Member
|{{Party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}
|- align="center"
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Punjab Legislative Assembly|state=expanded}}

[[Category:Committees of the Punjab Legislative Assembly]]

Kanika Maheshwari

2026-02-07T23:23:25Z

CandelariaSanche: starting new stub

{{short description|Indian television actress (born 1981)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Kanika Maheshwari
| image = Kanica maheshwari colors indian telly awards.jpg
| caption = Maheshwari at Colors' [[Indian Telly Awards]], 2012
| birth_place = [[Aligarh]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]<ref name="Who is kanika Maheshwari">{{cite web|url=http://kanikamaheshwari.com/about-kanika/|title= Who is kanika Maheshwari?}}</ref>
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1981|04|24|df=yes}}
| occupation = [[Actress]]
| years_active = 2001–present
| alma_mater =
| height =
| spouse = {{marriage|''Ankur Ghai'' |2012|2024|end=divorce}}<ref name="Marriage">{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv/Kanika-Maheshwari-to-play-a-mom/articleshow/13735653.cms | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110014142/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-06-03/tv/31985191_1_mom-baby-motherhood | url-status=live | archive-date=10 November 2013 | title=Kanika Maheshwari to play a mom | date=3 June 2012 | access-date=22 June 2012 | newspaper=[[The Times of India]] | author=Sinha, Seema}}</ref><ref name="Ankur">{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv/Wedding-bells-for-Kanika-Maheshwari/articleshow/10828992.cms | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130620151638/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-11-23/tv/30429430_1_wedding-bells-career-post-marriage-negative-characters | url-status=live | archive-date=20 June 2013 | title=Wedding bells for Kanika Maheshwari | date=23 Nov 2011 | access-date=22 June 2012 | newspaper=[[The Times of India]] | author=Maheshwri, Neha}}</ref>
| website = {{URL|http://kanikamaheshwari.com/}}
| children = 1
}}

'''Kanika Maheshwari''' (born 24 April 1981) is an Indian [[television]] [[actress]]. She is best known for her roles in serials like ''[[Kahaani Ghar Ghar Kii]]'', ''[[Raja Ki Aayegi Baraat (TV series)|Raja Ki Aayegi Baraat]]'', ''[[Kabhi Aaye Na Judaai]]'', ''[[Viraasat (STAR One)|Viraasat]]'', ''[[Geet (TV series)|Geet - Hui Sabse Parayi]]'' and ''[[Diya Aur Baati Hum]]''. Kanika won [[Zee Gold Awards]] (2012-2013). She reprised her role of Meenakshi Vikram Rathi in the sequel of ''[[Diya Aur Baati Hum]]'', ''[[Tu Sooraj, Main Saanjh Piyaji]]''.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/diya-aur-baati-hum-sequel-now-has-a-title-tu-sooraj-main-saanjh-piyaji/story-awzCZE3wU3avQRbVBaalVL.html|title=Diya Aur Baati Hum sequel now has a title: Tu Sooraj Main Saanjh Piyaji|date=20 February 2017|newspaper=Hindustan Times|access-date=12 November 2018|author=IANS}}</ref>

==Early life==
Maheshwari was born in a [[Marwari people|Marwari]] [[Maheshwari]] Family. She is an Indian Television actor and has made memorable appearances as varied characters of the years. She was born in [[Aligarh]]<ref name="Who is kanika Maheshwari"/> from where her family moved to [[New Delhi]], she is the only child of her parents.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Kanika-Maheshwari-gives-Marwari-lessons-to-new-actors-in-Tu-Sooraj-Main-Saanjh-Piyaji/articleshow/57877789.cms|title=Kanika Maheshwari gives Marwari lessons to new actors in 'Tu Sooraj Main Saanjh Piyaji'|website=Times Of India}}</ref> After her graduation, she learned the fine art of Vaastu Shastra and Color Therapy before dabbling into acting. At the academy she learned performing arts and experimented her talents, she was encouraged by her teachers and mentors to find her place in Mumbai and create a niche for herself in the industry.
Kanica did just that with her streak of award-winning roles and shows over the years. Known for her hard work, punctuality and persistence – her cheerful spirit brings new shades to evlays.<ref name="Who is kanika Maheshwari"/>

==Personal life==
Kanika married businessman Ankur Ghai in January 2012. She gave birth to a boy in April 2015.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/kanika-maheshwari-pregnant-diya-aur-baati-hum-feature-meenakshis-real-baby-shower-619954|title=Kanika Maheshwari Pregnant: 'Diya Aur Baati Hum' to Feature Meenakshi's Real Baby Shower|website=IB Times}}</ref> They separated in 2023 and got divorced in 2024.

==Television==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 2001–2002||''[[Kabhi Aaye Na Judaai]]''|| ||Debut role<ref name="Debut">{{cite news | url=http://archive.deccanherald.com/Content/Apr52009/enter20090404128112.asp | title=Tele Buzz: Being fair | newspaper=[[Deccan Herald]] | date=5 April 2009 | access-date=9 July 2012 | author=Venkatesh, Jyothi | archive-url=https://archive.today/20131110004519/http://archive.deccanherald.com/Content/Apr52009/enter20090404128112.asp | archive-date=10 November 2013 | url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| 2002-2003 ||''[[Lipstick (TV series)|Lipstick]]''|| ||<ref name="Debut" />
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2004–2005 || ''[[Kahaani Ghar Ghar Kii]]'' || Neelima Garg ||<ref name="Shows" />
|-
| ''[[Hey...Yehii To Haii Woh!]]''|| Shahana||<ref name="Debut" />
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2005 ||''[[Reth (TV series)|Reth]]'' || ||<ref name="Shows" />
|-
|''[[Kkavyanjali]]''|| ||
|-
|| ''[[Piya Ka Ghar (TV series)|Piya Ka Ghar]]'' || Mantara || <ref name="Shows" />
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2006||''[[Ek Ladki Anjaani Si]]''|| ||
|-
|''[[Viraasat (STAR One)|Viraasat]]''|| Juhi Lamba ||<ref name="Shows">{{cite news | url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report_smooch-queen_1038478 | title=Smooch queen | newspaper=[[DNA India]] | date=29 June 2006 | access-date=9 July 2012 | author=Padukone, Chaitanya}}</ref>
|-
|''[[India Calling]]''|| Ami ||<ref name="Debut" />
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2007 || ''[[Sinndoor Tere Naam Ka]]'' || Sneha ||
|-
|''[[Dill Mill Gayye]]''||Maya
|| <ref>{{cite web|url =https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/diya-aur-baati-hum-actress-kanika-maheshwari-is-having-a-whale-of-a-time-in-california-see-pics/articleshow/67944309.cms
|title= Diya Aur Baati Hum actress Kanika Maheshwari is having a whale of a time in California |work= Times of India |date= 11 February 2019}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[F.I.R. (TV series)|F.I.R.]]''|| Various characters ||<ref name="Debut" />
|-
| 2007-2008 || ''[[Doli Saja Ke]]'' || Sukanya Singhania ||
|-
| 2008–10||''[[Raja Ki Aayegi Baraat (TV series)|Raja Ki Aayegi Baraat]]''|| Princess Bhoomi ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://photogallery.indiatimes.com/tv/shows/raja-ki-aayegi-baraat/articleshow/3402794.cms|title=Raja Ki Aayegi Baraat|website=Times Of India}}</ref>
|-
| 2009||''[[Shaurya Aur Suhani]]''|| Princess Mallika ||<ref name="SAS">{{cite news | url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/chatter-box/476514/0 | title=Chatter box: New princess in town | newspaper=[[Indian Express]] | date=15 June 2009 | access-date=9 July 2012}}</ref>
|-
| 2010||''[[Geet (TV series)|Geet]]''|| Sasha ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Kanika-Maheshwari-last-seen-as-Sasha-in-Star-Ones-Geet-Hui-Sabse-Pararyi-as-Sasha-in-a-relationship-with-a-guy-who-is-into-construction-business-/articleshow/8949130.cms|title=Kanika Maheshwari last seen as Sasha in Star One's Geet Hui Sabse Parayi as Sasha in a relationship with a guy who is into construction|website=Times Of India}}</ref>
|-
| 2011–16 ||''[[Diya Aur Baati Hum]]''|| Meenakshi Rathi || won best actress in negative role([[Zee Gold Awards]] - 2012,13 & [[Indian Telly Awards]] 2012)
<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/kanika-maheshwari-meenakshi-role-adds-personal-touch-to-diya-aur-baati-hum-sequel-tv-telly-news/18100150|title=Kanika Maheshwari adds personal touch to 'Diya Aur Baati Hum' sequel|website=Mid Day}}</ref>
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Nach Baliye 6]]'' || || Contestant with Ankur Ghai<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/kanica-takes-dancing-lessons-for-nach-baliye/articleshow/21727844.cms?referral=PM|title=Kanica takes dancing lessons for 'Nach Baliye'|website=Times Of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Kanica-Ankur-to-quit-dance-show/articleshow/28284413.cms|title=Kanica-Ankur to quit 'Nach Baliye'|website=Times Of India}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2017 ||''[[Dil Se Dil Tak]]''|| Madamji || Cameo
|-
|''[[Tu Sooraj, Main Saanjh Piyaji]]''|| Meenakshi Rathi ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/amphtml/television/news/2017/tu-sooraj-main-saanjh-piyaji-oh-no-kanika-maheshwari-quits-the-show-269144.html|title=Tu Sooraj Main Saanjh Piyaji: Oh No! Kanika Maheshwari Quits The Show! - Filmibeat|website=www.filmibeat.com|language=en|access-date=2018-04-15}}</ref><ref name=":0" />
|-
| 2021 || ''[[Kyun Utthe Dil Chhod Aaye]] '' || Mogar ||
|-
| 2022–2023
| ''[[Dil Diyaan Gallaan]]''
| Nimrit Randeep Brar
|
|-
| 2026–present
| ''[[Seher – Hone Ko Hai]]''
| Husnara Niyazi
|
|}

==Web series==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 2019 || ''[[BOSS: Baap of Special Services]]'' || Safia || <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/karan-singh-grover-sagarika-ghatge-boss-5873373/ |title=Karan Singh Grover and Sagarika Ghatge: We had a lot of fun shooting for BOSS |newspaper=Indian Express |date=2 August 2019}}</ref>
|}

==Awards==
For the role of Meenakshi Rathi in ''[[Diya Aur Baati Hum]]'', Maheshwari has won following awards.
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Award ceremony!! Category !! Result
|-
|2012 || [[Gold Awards]]|| Best Actress in a negative Role ||{{won}}{{citation needed|date=November 2013}}
|-
|2012 || [[Indian Telly Awards]] || Best Actress in a negative role ||{{won}}{{citation needed|date=January 2016}}
|-
|2013 || [[Gold Awards]] || Best Actress in a negative Role || {{won}}{{citation needed|date=November 2013}}
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|4640116}}

{{Nach Baliye 6}}

{{Navboxes
| title = Awards for Kanika Maheshwari
| list =
{{Indian Telly Award Best Negative Actress}}
}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Maheshwari, Kanika}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:1981 births]]
[[Category:People from Aligarh]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi television]]
[[Category:Actresses from Mumbai]]

Rishi Saxena

2026-02-06T14:23:19Z

CandelariaSanche:

{{Short description|Indian actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date= October 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| image =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1990|03|03|df=y}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-03 |title='You Are Bestest': Isha Keskar Wishes Boyfriend Rishi Saxena On His Birthday |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/you-are-bestest-isha-keskar-wishes-boyfriend-rishi-saxena-on-his-birthday-7212673.html |access-date=2023-10-22 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Jaipur]], [[Rajasthan]], India
| occupation = Actor
| years_active = 2016–present
| known_for = ''[[Kahe Diya Pardes]]''
| partner = [[Isha Keskar]] (2018–present)
}}

'''Rishi Saxena''' (born 3 March 1990<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-03 |title='You Are Bestest': Isha Keskar Wishes Boyfriend Rishi Saxena On His Birthday |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/you-are-bestest-isha-keskar-wishes-boyfriend-rishi-saxena-on-his-birthday-7212673.html |access-date=2024-02-18 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>), is an Indian actor who primarily works in [[Marathi cinema|Marathi]] and [[Television in India|Hindi]] television and films. He is best known for his lead role in [[Zee Marathi]]'s ''[[Kahe Diya Pardes]]'' as Shivkumar Shukla.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-03-21 |title=काहे दिया परदेसची कहाणी |url=https://zeenews.india.com/marathi/news/kallabaji/what-is-the-real-story-of-kahe-diya-pardesh-on-zeemarathi/306856 |access-date=2023-10-22 |website=24taas.com |language=mr}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Rishi Saxena and [[Isha Keskar]] are currently in a live-in relationship. Their relationship was first hinted at when Rishi posted a picture with Isha on his Instagram story in 2018. The couple initially met on the set of ''[[Chala Hawa Yeu Dya]]'', where Isha was impressed by Rishi's calm demeanor during their first meet. Later, they began conversing at the [[Zee Marathi Awards]], with Isha taking the initiative to approach Rishi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-06 |title=लग्न कधी करणार? ऋषी सक्सेनाने घेतलं ईशाचं नाव; म्हणाला, "मी तयारच आहे पण... |url=https://www.lokmat.com/filmy/marathi-cinema/rishi-saxena-talks-about-marriage-with-isha-keskar-says-ask-her-i-am-ready-a-a945/ |access-date=2024-06-07 |website=[[Lokmat]] |language=mr}}</ref>

==Career==
Saxena started his career in 2016 with [[Zee Marathi]]'s ''[[Kahe Diya Pardes]] as'' Shivkumar Shukla''.'' He also starred in [[Colors Marathi]]'s ''[[Ghadge & Suun]]''. He mostly appeared in [[Digpal Lanjekar]]'s movie such as ''[[Fatteshikast]]'', ''[[Pawankhind]]'', ''[[Sher Shivraj]]'', ''[[Subhedar]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-30 |title="डोळ्यात लेन्स, लांबलचक दाढी अन्..." ऋषी सक्सेनाने 'असं' साकारलं 'सुभेदार'मधील नकारात्मक पात्र, पाहा व्हिडीओ |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/marathi-cinema/marathi-tv-actor-rishi-saxena-subhedar-negative-character-look-watch-video-nrp-97-3884669/ |access-date=2023-10-22 |website=Loksatta |language=mr}}</ref>

In 2023, he appeared in [[Colors TV]]'s ''[[Saavi Ki Savaari]]'' as Manav Jain.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-30 |title=kahe diya pardes fame actor rishi saksena debut in hindi tv show savi ki savari video |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/television/kahe-diya-pardes-fame-actor-rishi-saksena-debut-in-hindi-tv-show-savi-ki-savari-video-kak-96-3555146/ |access-date=2023-10-22 |website=www.loksatta.com |language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rishi Saxena joins the cast of Saavi Ki Savaari |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/marathi-tv-actor-rishi-saxena-joins-the-cast-of-saavi-ki-savaari--news-272171/}}</ref> From 2023 to 2024, he has been playing ACP Bajirao Rane in [[StarPlus]]''<nowiki/>'s [[Ghum Hai Kisikey Pyaar Meiin]].''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-27 |title=Ghum Hai Kisikey Pyaar Meiin: सवि-ईशान के बीच एंट्री मारेगा ये हैंडसम हंक, TRP के लिए मेकर्स ने खेला दांव |url=https://www.timesnowhindi.com/entertainment/television/ghum-hai-kisikey-pyaar-meiin-to-have-rishi-saxena-in-pivotal-role-sai-ishaan-will-face-new-twist-article-103985068 |access-date=2023-10-22 |website=Times Now Navbharat |language=hi}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
=== Films ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Notes
|-
|2017
|''PFA: Love Mom & Dad''
|Son
| rowspan="2" |Short film
|-
| rowspan="2" |2018
|''Yours Truly Roohani''
|Rishi Chauhan
|-
|''Aakhri Baar Hi Sahi''
|Shiva
|Short film<ref>{{Cite news |title=Meera and Rishi gear up for a short film |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/meera-and-rishi-gear-up-for-a-short-film/articleshow/63161655.cms?amp_gsa=1&amp_js_v=a9&usqp=mq331AQIUAKwASCAAgM=#amp_tf=From%20%251$s&aoh=16979614800081&referrer=https://www.google.com&ampshare=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/meera-and-rishi-gear-up-for-a-short-film/articleshow/63161655.cms |access-date=2023-10-22 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|2019
|''[[Fatteshikast]]''
|Fatteh Khan
|<ref>{{Citation |title=MAKING OF FATTESHIKAST - EXCLUSIVE {{!}} फतेह खानची तलवारबाजी {{!}} Rishi Saxena & Sameer Dharmadhikari |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aT4wHR2FH5g |access-date=2023-10-22 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2021
|''[[Gud Boy]]''
|Pranav Kulkarni
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-09-09 |title=Rishi Saxena new series Gud Boy |url=https://www.loksatta.com/photos/entertainment-gallery/2412773/rishi-saxena-khushboo-tawde-new-web-series-gud-boy-sdn-96/ |access-date=2023-10-22 |website=Loksatta |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|''The Right One''
|Dishant
|Short film
|-
| rowspan="2" |2022
|''[[Pawankhind]]''
|[[Rustam Zaman]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=An Interview with Young and Versatile Actor - Rishi Saxena |url=https://www.neeldeshpande.in/amp/an-interview-with-young-and-versatile-actor-rishi-saxena?amp_gsa=1&amp_js_v=a9&usqp=mq331AQIUAKwASCAAgM=#amp_tf=From%20%251$s&aoh=16979616186310&referrer=https://www.google.com&ampshare=https://www.neeldeshpande.in/post/an-interview-with-young-and-versatile-actor-rishi-saxena |access-date=2023-10-22 |website=www.neeldeshpande.in |archive-date=22 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022080900/https://www.neeldeshpande.in/amp/an-interview-with-young-and-versatile-actor-rishi-saxena?amp_gsa=1&amp_js_v=a9&usqp=mq331AQIUAKwASCAAgM=#amp_tf=From%20%251$s&aoh=16979616186310&referrer=https://www.google.com&ampshare=https://www.neeldeshpande.in/post/an-interview-with-young-and-versatile-actor-rishi-saxena |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
|''[[Sher Shivraj]]''
|[[Fazal Khan]]
|
|-
|2023
|''[[Subhedar]]''
|Kubad Khan
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=भीतीदायक लेन्स, वाढलेली दाढी अन् लांब केस... TVचा सोज्वळ अभिनेता कसा झाला खलनायक 'कुबादखान'? |url=https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/bollywood-news/subhedar-marathi-movie-kubadkhan-role-played-by-rishi-saxena-know-how-he-got-prepared-for-this-make-up-video-viral/articleshow/103225955.cms |access-date=2023-10-22 |website=Maharashtra Times |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2024
|''[[Hi Anokhi Gaath]]''
|Rohit
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Information |first=Film |date=2024-03-01 |title=‘HEE ANOKHI GAATH…’ (MARATHI) REVIEW {{!}} 1 March, 2024 – Film Information |url=https://filminformation.com/featured/hee-anokhi-gaath-marathi-review-1-march-2024/ |access-date= |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Malhar (film)|Malhar]]''
|Laxman
| <ref>{{cite web |title=Malhar Movie (2024): Cast, Trailer, OTT, Songs, Release Date {{!}} मल्हार {{!}} Exclusive 2024 - Rang Marathi |url=https://rangmarathi.com/malhar-movie/ |website=Rang Marathi |access-date=16 May 2024 |date=15 May 2024}}</ref>
|-
|2026
|''[[Ranapati Shivray: Swari Agra]]''
|[[Ram Singh I|Ramsingh]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-02-06 |title=Ranapati Shivray Review: शिवरायांच्या आग्रा स्वारीचा थरार अन् पडद्यामागची कथा! भट्टी जमली की फसली? कसा आहे सिनेमा? |url=https://www.lokmat.com/filmy/reviews/ranpati-shivray-swari-aagra-digpal-lanjekar-historical-movie-review-a-a971/ |access-date=2026-02-06 |website=Lokmat |language=mr}}</ref>
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Language
!Notes
|-
|2016–2017
|''[[Kahe Diya Pardes]]''
|Shivkumar Shukla (Shiv)
| rowspan="4" |[[Marathi language|Marathi]]
|Debut & lead role<ref>{{Cite news |title=Celebration time for Kahe Diya Pardes team |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/trade-news/marathi/kahe-diya-pardes/articleshow/57740564.cms |access-date=2023-10-22 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|2017
|''Prem He''
| rowspan="2" |Rishi
|Episodic role
|-
|2018
|''[[Ghadge & Suun]]''
|Cameo appearance <ref>{{Cite news |title=Rishi enters Ghadge & Suun! |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/rishi-enters-ghadge-suun/articleshow/64454239.cms?amp_gsa=1&amp_js_v=a9&usqp=mq331AQIUAKwASCAAgM=#amp_tf=From%20%251$s&aoh=16979611976372&referrer=https://www.google.com&ampshare=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/rishi-enters-ghadge-suun/articleshow/64454239.cms |access-date=2023-10-22 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|2019
|''#Movingout''
|Reva's boyfriend
|
|-
|2023
|''[[Saavi Ki Savaari]]''
|Manav Jain
| rowspan="2" |[[Hindi]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=तब्बल पाच वर्षांनी छोट्या पडद्यावर परतला 'काहे दिया परदेस' फेम अभिनेता; मिळालेली तुफान लोकप्रियता |url=https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/television-news/rishi-saxena-from-kahe-diya-pardes-will-be-seen-in-saavi-ki-sawari-on-tv/articleshow/99185527.cms |access-date=2023-10-22 |website=Maharashtra Times |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|2023–2024
|''[[Ghum Hai Kisikey Pyaar Meiin]]''
|ACP Bajirao Rane
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rishi Saxena play cop in Ghum Hai Kisikey Pyaar Meiin |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/html/television/news/2023/ghum-hai-kisikey-pyaar-meiin-new-entry-twist-will-rishi-saxena-play-cop-shakti-arora-bhavika-sharma-367439.html?amp_gsa=1&amp_js_v=a9&usqp=mq331AQIUAKwASCAAgM%3D#amp_tf=From%20%251%24s&aoh=16979612344640&csi=1&referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com&ampshare=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.filmibeat.com%2Ftelevision%2Fnews%2F2023%2Fghum-hai-kisikey-pyaar-meiin-new-entry-twist-will-rishi-saxena-play-cop-shakti-arora-bhavika-sharma-367439.html}}</ref>
|-
|2024
|''[[Aai Kuthe Kay Karte!]]''
|Mihir Sharma
|Marathi
|
|-
|2025–present
|''[[Itti Si Khushi]]''
|Inspector Sanjay Bhosale
|Hindi
|<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=17 July 2025|title=Itti Si Khushi: Rishi Saxena joins the cast; to play the role of a cop and Anvita’s silent lover|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/itti-si-khushi-rishi-saxena-joins-the-cast-to-play-the-role-of-a-cop-and-anvitas-silent-lover/articleshow/122624464.cms|access-date=19 August 2025|work=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>
|}

=== Music video ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Co-actor
!Notes
!Ref.
|-
|2018
|''Ishkkachi Nauka''
|Pranjal Palkar
|Debut
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Ishkkachi Nauka Video - इश्काची नाैका {{!}} New Marathi Songs 2018 {{!}} Pranjal Palkar - Rishi Saxena {{!}} CGP |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-b15TI-Mi-E |access-date=2023-10-22 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2020
|''Lajira''
|[[Sayali Sanjeev Chandsarkar|Sayali Sanjeev]]
|Lead
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Seta |first=Keyur |title=Sayali Sanjeev, Rishi Saxena return in the single 'Lajira' |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2020/apr/18/25365/sayali-sanjeev-rishi-saxena-return-in-the-single-lajira |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220304225402/https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2020/apr/18/25365/sayali-sanjeev-rishi-saxena-return-in-the-single-lajira |url-status=live |archive-date=4 March 2022 |access-date=4 March 2022 |website=Cinestaan}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|id=8946495}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Saxena, Rishi}}
[[Category:Male actors in Marathi television]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi television]]
[[Category:Male actors in Marathi cinema]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:1990 births]]

X Force (Chinese Expeditionary Force)

2026-01-31T22:01:18Z

CandelariaSanche:

{{Short description|Nationalist Chinese military division in the Southeast Asian Theater of WWII}}
{{about|the WWII military unit|the Marvel comics superhero team|X-Force|other uses|X force (disambiguation)}}
[[File:Sun Liren.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Chinese Army in India, Commander [[Sun Li-jen|Sun Li-Jen]]]]
{{Campaignbox Burma}}
{{Campaignbox Second Sino-Japanese War}}
{{Campaignbox South-East Asian Theatre}}
{{Campaignbox South-East Asia}}
{{Japanese colonial campaigns}}
{{Campaignbox World War II}}
[[File:US equipped Chinese Army in India marching.jpg|thumb|250px|US equipped Chinese Army in India.]]
'''X Force''' was the name given to the portion of the [[National Revolutionary Army]]'s [[Chinese Expeditionary Force in Burma|Chinese Expeditionary Force]] that [[Japanese capture of Burma|retreated from Burma]] into [[British Raj|British India]] in 1942. [[Chiang Kai-shek]] sent troops into Burma from [[Yunnan]] in 1942 to assist the [[United Kingdom|British]] in holding back the Japanese. These Chinese forces became broken up, and in the retreat out of Burma part of these forces entered India. These were cantoned at [[Ramgarh Cantonment]] in the [[Bihar Province]] (now in [[Jharkhand]] State), brought up to five-Division strength (Chinese New 30th, New 22nd, New 38th, 14th and 50th Divisions),<ref name=ibiblio>{{cite book|url=http://book.newdu.com/pbs/Print.asp?ArticleID=11831&Page=459|title=中国抗日战争正面战场作战记|language=zh|pages=459–460|access-date=28 December 2015}}</ref> and re-equipped and re-trained by [[United States|American]] instructors at British expense.

Each of the five divisions had about 15,000 troops, for a total of 75,000 for the whole force. The New 30th and New 38th Divisions formed the [[New 1st Army]] which was commanded by [[Sun Li-Jen]]. The New 22nd, 14th and 50th Divisions formed the [[New 6th Army]] which was commanded by [[Liao Yaoxiang]].<ref name=ibiblio/> They were named X Force and used by [[Joseph Stilwell|General Joseph Stilwell]] as the spearhead of his drive to open a land route to China (the [[Ledo Road]]). The outstanding Chinese commander in X Force was General [[Sun Li-Jen]], who led the Chinese 38th Division and was praised by the [[British Fourteenth Army]] Commander General (later Field Marshal) [[William Slim]] in his book ''Defeat into Victory''. The Chinese forces which re-entered Burma from [[Yunnan]] were correspondingly known as [[Y Force]].

== China Defensive 1942-1945 ==

China Defensive 1942-1945 was an essay prepared for the [[United States Army Center of Military History]] by Mark D. Sherry.

{{quote|The U.S. Army's main role in China was to keep China in the war through the provision of advice and materiel assistance. As long as China stayed in the war, millions of Imperial Japanese Army soldiers could be tied down on the Asian mainland instead of being used to fight on other fronts. Success was thus measured differently than in most theaters. How well both General Stilwell and General Wedemeyer persuaded the theater commander-in-chief, Generalissimo Chiang, to support U.S. strategic goals, and how effectively U.S. training and material support could build selected Chinese divisions into modern tactical units, capable of standing up to the Japanese, were secondary objectives. What mattered most was simply keeping China in the war against Japan.

The major U.S. failure in China was logistical: America was not able to meet its lend-lease commitments. The closing of the Burma Road in 1942 made it impossible to deliver sufficient equipment, weapons, and munitions to build the dream of a well-equipped and trained thirty-division Chinese force.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.history.army.mil/brochures/72-38/72-38.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071214234903/http://www.history.army.mil/brochures/72-38/72-38.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=December 14, 2007|title=China Defensive 1942-1945|publisher=CMH Online|access-date=2009-10-02}}</ref>}}

==See also==
* [[India-China Division]]
* [[China Burma India Theater]]
* [[Northern Combat Area Command]]
* [[New 1st Army]]
* [[Burma Road]]
* [[V Force]]
* [[Z Force (Burma)]]
* [[Chinese Expeditionary Force (Burma)]]

==Notes==
{{refimprove|date=February 2013}}
{{Reflist}}

==References==
* {{Citation |last=Slim |first=Field Marshal William |author-link=William Slim |year=1956 |title=Defeat into Victory |publisher=Cassell}}
* {{Citation |last=Tuchman |first=Barbara W. |title=Stilwell and the American Experience in China }}
* {{citation |last=Webster |first=Donovan |title=The Burma Road}}

== External links ==
* {{citation|url=http://cbi-theater-1.home.comcast.net/~cbi-theater-1/cai/cai.html |title=Chinese Army India-Burma Campaign, A unique pictorial history from a Chinese perspective |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090207082351/http://cbi-theater-1.home.comcast.net/~cbi-theater-1/cai/cai.html |archive-date=February 7, 2009 }}

{{commons}}

[[Category:Units and formations of the National Revolutionary Army]]
[[Category:Second Sino-Japanese War]]

[[Category:Military units and formations of China in World War II]]
[[Category:South-East Asian theatre of World War II]]
[[Category:Military units and formations in Burma in World War II|C]]

Mongalkote (community development block)

2026-01-28T04:43:12Z

CandelariaSanche: updated page per sources and fixed typos

{{Infobox settlement
|official_name = Mongalkote
|other_name =
|native_name =
|native_name_lang =
|nickname =
|settlement_type = Community development block
|motto =
|image_skyline =
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|image_flag =
|flag_size =
|image_seal =
|seal_size =
|image_map = File:Mangolkote in Purba Bardhaman (West Bengal).svg
|mapsize =
|map_caption = Location in West Bengal
|pushpin_map =
|pushpin_label_position =right
|pushpin_mapsize=
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|subdivision_type = Country
|subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
|subdivision_type1 = [[States of India|State]]
|subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
|subdivision_type2 = [[Districts of India|District]]
|subdivision_name2 = [[Purba Bardhaman district|Purba Bardhaman]]
|subdivision_type3 = Parliamentary constituency
|subdivision_name3 = [[Bolpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bolpur]]
|subdivision_type4 = Assembly constituency
|subdivision_name4 = [[Mangalkot (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Mangalkot]]
|leader_title =
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|area_magnitude =
|unit_pref = Imperial
|area_footnotes =
|area_total_km2 = 365.44
|area_land_km2 =
|population_as_of = 2011
|population_footnotes =
|population_note =
|population_total = 263,240
|population_density_km2 = auto
|timezone = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|utc_offset = +5.30
|coordinates = {{coord|23|30|51|N|87|53|28|E|display=inline}}
|elevation_footnotes =
|elevation_m = 19
|elevation_ft =
|postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
|postal_code = 713147 (Mongalkote/ Nutanhat)
|area_code_type = Telephone/[[Subscriber trunk dialling|STD]] code
|area_code = 03453
|registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-37,[[List of RTO districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-38,[[List of RTO districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-41,[[List of RTO districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-42,[[List of RTO districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-44
|blank_name = Literacy Rate
|blank_info = 67.97 per cent
|website = http://purbabardhaman.gov.in/
|footnotes =
}}
'''Mongalkote''' (also spelled variously as Mangalkot, Mangolkot, Mongolkot etc.) is a [[Community development block in India|community development block]] that forms an administrative division in [[Katwa subdivision]] of [[Purba Bardhaman district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==History==
Damage to embankments of the [[Ajay River|Ajay]] and consequent flooding was a regular problem in the Ausgram and Mangalkot area. The devastating flood of 1943 caused immense suffering and led to a mass movement for restoration/ repair of the embankments. A massive meeting was organised at [[Guskara]] in 1944, with [[Bardhaman Raj#Udaychand Mahtab|Uday Chand Mahtab]], Maharaja of Bardhaman. However, the government did not take any action. Ultimately, the Communist Party, which had been at the forefront of agitations for some years, provided a huge work force for the purpose and completed the repair work. It laid the foundation for the party's popularity in the area.<ref>Chattopadhyay, Akkori, Bardhaman Jelar Itihas O Lok Sanskriti (History and Folk lore of Bardhaman District.), {{in lang|bn}}, Vol I, p. 482, Radical Impression. {{ISBN|81-85459-36-3}}</ref>

==Geography==
[[File:Map of purba bardhaman district.jpg|500px|thumb|left|CD blocks of Purba Bardhaman district]]

===Location===
Mongalkote is located at {{coord|23.5141379|N|87.8912258|E|format=dms|}}.

Mangolkote CD Block is part of the Kanksa Ketugram plain, which lies along the [[Ajay River|Ajay]]. The river forms a boundary with Birbhum district on the north for a long stretch and then forms the boundary between Managolkote and Ketugram I & II CD Blocks.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/DCHB/DCHB_A/19/1909_PART_A_DCHB_BARDDHAMAN.pdf |title = Census of India 2011, West Bengal: District Census Handbook, Barddhaman |work = Physiography, pages 13-14| publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal | access-date = 23 January 2017}}</ref> The uneven laterite territory found in the western part of Bardhaman district extends up to Ausgram and then the alluvial flood plains commence.<ref>Chattopadhyay, Akkori, ''Bardhaman Jelar Itihas O Lok Sanskriti'' (History and Folk lore of Bardhaman District.), {{in lang|bn}}, Vol I, p18,28, Radical Impression. {{ISBN|81-85459-36-3}}</ref> The entire [[Durgapur]]-[[Kanksa (community development block)|Kanksa]] -[[Faridpur Durgapur|Faridpur]]-[[Ausgram II|Ausgram]] area was densely forested even in more recent times. The influx of refugees from East Pakistan and their rehabilitation in the area, and irrigation facilities extended by [[Damodar Valley Corporation]] led to destruction of much of the forests in the area, but some still remain.<ref>Chattopadhyay, Akkori, p38, 542</ref>

Mangolkote CD Block is bounded by [[Nanoor (community development block)|Nanoor]] CD Block, in Birbhum district, and [[Ketugram I]] and [[Ketugram II]] CD Blocks on the north, [[Katwa I]] CD Block on the east, [[Bhatar (community development block)|Bhatar]] CD Block on the south and [[Ausgram I]] CD Block in the west.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/westbengal/tehsil/barddhman.html |title = Tehsil Map of Barddhaman |work = CD Block/ Tehsil | publisher= Maps of India | access-date = 23 January 2017}}</ref>

Mongalkote CD Block has an area of 365.44 km2. It has 1 [[Panchayat Samiti (Block)|panchayat samity]], 15 [[gram panchayat]]s, 198 gram sansads (village councils), 132 [[mouza]]s and 130 inhabited villages. [[Mongolkote#Police station|Mongolkote]] police station serves this block.<ref name=handbook2014/> The headquarters of this CD block is at [[Nutanhat]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/1909_PART_B_DCHB_BARDDHAMAN.pdf |title = District Census Handbook: Barddhaman | work= Map of Barddhaman with CD Block HQs and Police Stations (on the fourth page) |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | access-date = 22 January 2017 }}</ref>

[[Kunur River]], one of main tributaries of the [[Ajay River|Ajay]], 112 km in length, has its origin near Bansgara in the Faridpur police station area. With water from several small streams swelling it during the monsoons, it often floods large areas of Ausgram and Mangalkot police stations. It joins the Ajay near Ujani village.<ref>Chattopadhyay, Akkori, p.35</ref>

[[Gram panchayat]]s of Mongalkote block/[[panchayat samiti]] are Bhaluagram, Chanak, Gotistha, Jhiloo I, Jhiloo II, Kaichar I, Kaichar II, Kshirogram, Lakhuria, Majhigram, Mongalkote, Negun, Paligram, Simulia I and Simulia II.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://wbprd.gov.in/HtmlPage/PANCHAYATS.aspx |title = Directory of District, Subdivision, Panchayat Samiti/ Block and Gram Panchayats in West Bengal |work = Bardhaman - Revised in March 2008 | publisher= Panchayats and Rural Development Department, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 30 January 2017}}</ref>

==Demographics==
===Population===
As per the [[2011 Census of India]] Mangolkote CD Block had a total population of 263,240, all of which were rural. There were 134,693 (51%) males and 128,547 (49%) females. Population below 6 years was 31,133. [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Castes]] numbered 81,950 (31.13%) and [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribes]] numbered 7,462 (2.83%).<ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = C.D. Block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= 2011 census: West Bengal – District-wise CD Blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 16 January 2017}}</ref>

As per 2001 census, Mongalkote block had a total population of 233,944, out of which 120,634 were males and 113,310 were females. Mongalkote block registered a population growth of 13.85 per cent during the 1991-2001 decade. Decadal growth for Bardhaman district was 14.36 per cent.<ref name=census>{{cite web | url = http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/02/Table4_9.htm | title = Provisional population totals, West Bengal, Table 4, Barddhaman District | access-date = 4 February 2017 | work = Census of India 2001 | publisher = Census Commission of India|url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110928205026/http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/02/Table4_9.htm|archive-date= 28 September 2011}}</ref> Decadal growth in West Bengal was 17.84 per cent.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wbcensus.gov.in/DataTables/02/Table4_1.htm |title=Provisional Population Totals, West Bengal. Table 4 |access-date= 4 February 2017 |work=Census of India 2001 |publisher=Census Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927041813/http://www.wbcensus.gov.in/DataTables/02/Table4_1.htm |archive-date=27 September 2007 }}</ref> [[Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes|Scheduled castes]] at 73,568 formed around one-third the population. Scheduled tribes numbered 7,296.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/HouseListingF/SCST/All_distSCST(TRU1)9.htm |title=TRU for all Districts (SC & ST and Total) |access-date= 4 February 2017 |work=Census 2001 |publisher=Census Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719040022/http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/HouseListingF/SCST/All_distSCST(TRU1)9.htm |archive-date=2011-07-19 }}</ref>

Large villages (with 4,000+ population) in Mangolkote CD Block are (2011 census figures in brackets): [[Nutanhat]] (5,349), [[Mongalkote]] (11,537), Jhilu (5,311), Simulia (6,498), Palisgram (6,123), [[Majigram]] (4,622), Kalsuna (5,630), [[Bankapasi]] (6,250), Purbba Gopalpur (7,315), [[Jageswardihi]] (4,404), Kaichar (7,347), Nigan (6,825) and Gobardhanpur (4,227).<ref name=census2011/>

Other villages in Mangalkote CD Block included (2011census figures in brackets): Chanak (1,953), Gatistha (3,475), Lakhuria (3,214), [[Kshirgram]] (2,474), Bhalugram (3,494) and Paligram (3,758).<ref name=census2011/>

===Literacy===
As per the 2011 census the total number of literates in Mangolkote CD Block was 157,769 (67.97% of the population over 6 years) out of which males numbered 87,674 (73.67% of the male population over 6 years) and females numbered 70,095 (61.98% of the female population over 6 years). The [[Literacy#Gender disparities|gender disparity]] (the difference between female and male literacy rates) was 11.69%.<ref name=census2011/>

As per 2001 census, Mongalkote block had a total literacy of 59.37 per cent for the 6+ age group. While male literacy was 67.78 per cent female literacy was 50.40 per cent. Bardhaman district had a total literacy of 70.18 per cent, male literacy being 78.63 per cent and female literacy being 60.95 per cent.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/02/Table5_9.htm |title=Provisional population totals, West Bengal, Table 5, Bardhaman District |access-date= 4 February 2017 |work=Census of India 2001 |publisher=Census Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928211117/http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/02/Table5_9.htm |archive-date=2011-09-28 }}</ref>

See also – [[List of West Bengal districts ranked by literacy rate]]

{{Literacy in CD Blocks of Bardhaman district|collapsible=y}}

===Languages and religion===

{{bar box
|title=Religion in Mangalkote CD block (2011)<ref name="religion"/>
|titlebar=#FCD116
|left1=
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in West Bengal|Hinduism]]|darkorange|64.74}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam in West Bengal|Islam]]|green|34.93}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.33}}
}}

In the 2011 census Hindus numbered 170,420 and formed 64.74% of the population in Mangolkote CD Block. Muslims numbered 91,949 and formed 34.93% of the population. Christians numbered 500 and formed 0.19% of the population. Others numbered 371 and formed 0.14% of the population.<ref name="religion">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: West Bengal |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11396/download/14509/DDW19C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

In Bardhaman district the percentage of Hindu population has been declining from 84.3% in 1961 to 77.9% in 2011 and the percentage of Muslim population has increased from 15.2% in 1961 to 20.7% in 2011.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/DCHB/DCHB_A/19/1909_PART_A_DCHB_BARDDHAMAN.pdf |title = Census of Indiia 2011: District Census Handbook, Barddhaman | work= Table 9: Population by religion in Badhaman district (1961-2011), Page 50|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 27 January 2017}}</ref>

{{Pie chart
|caption = Languages of Mangalkote CD block (2011)<ref name="languages"/>
|label1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]] |value1 = 98.06 |color1 = orchid
|label2 = [[Santali language|Santali]] |value2 = 1.69 |color2 = darkturquoise
|label3 = Others |value3 = 0.25 |color3 = grey
}}

At the time of the 2011 census, 98.06% of the population spoke [[Bengali language|Bengali]] and 1.69% [[Santali language|Santali]] as their first language.<ref name="languages">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: West Bengal |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10226/download/13338/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1900.XLSX |website=www.censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

==Rural poverty==
As per poverty estimates obtained from household survey for families living [[Below Poverty Line (India)|below poverty line]] in 2005, [[rural poverty]] in Mangalkote CD Block was 44.41%.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/District%20DEV%20Report.%20Burdwan%20%202012%20total%20Book%20Curve%20Red.pdf |title = District Human Development Report: Bardhaman |work = Table 4.2: Empirical Measurement of Rural Poverty in Bardhaman 2005, page 94 |publisher = Development and Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2011 |access-date = 30 January 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170814062640/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/District%20DEV%20Report.%20Burdwan%20%202012%20total%20Book%20Curve%20Red.pdf |archive-date = 14 August 2017 |url-status = dead }}</ref>

==Economy==

===Livelihood===
In Mongalkote CD Block in 2011, amongst the class of total workers, cultivators formed 22.73%, agricultural labourers 54.03%, household industry workers 3.60% and other workers 19.65%.<ref name=handbook2014>{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Bardhaman | work = Tables 2.7, 2.1, 8.2, 16.1, 17.2, 18.1, 18.2, 20.1, 21.2, 4.4, 3.1, 3.3 – arranged as per use | publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 30 January 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | archive-date = 21 January 2019 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

In Mongalkote CD Block, cultivators or agricultural labourers formed a large portion of the workforce, comparatively less workers were engaged in the secondary and tertiary sectors.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/District%20DEV%20Report.%20Burdwan%20%202012%20total%20Book%20Curve%20Red.pdf |title = District Human Development Report: Bardhaman |work = Block/ Sub-division wise Variation in Occupational Distribution of Workers, page 47 |publisher = Development and Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2011 |access-date = 30 January 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170814062640/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/District%20DEV%20Report.%20Burdwan%20%202012%20total%20Book%20Curve%20Red.pdf |archive-date = 14 August 2017 |url-status = dead }}</ref>

===Infrastructure===
There are 130 inhabited villages in Mongalkote CD block. All 130 villages (100%) have power supply. All 130 villages (100%) have drinking water supply. 53 villages (40.77%) have post offices. All 130 villages (100%) have telephones (including landlines, public call offices and mobile phones). 66 villages (50.77%) have a pucca (paved) approach road and 76 villages (58.46%) have transport communication (includes bus service, rail facility and navigable waterways). 38 villages (29.23%) have [[Primary Agricultural Credit Society|agricultural credit societies]]. 27 villages (20.77%) have banks.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1909_PART_A_DCHB_BARDDHAMAN.pdf |title = District Census Handbook Barddhaman, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Page 102 Table 36: Distribution of villages according to availability of different amenities, 2011 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 9 February 2019}}</ref>

In 2013-14, there were 148 fertiliser depots, 5 seed stores and 75 [[Public distribution system|fair price shops]] in the CD Block.<ref name=handbook2014/>

===Agriculture===
{{Pie chart
|caption= '''Persons engaged in agriculture in Mongalkote CD Block'''
|value1 = 6.48
|label1 = Bargadars
|value2 = 10.31
|label2 = Patta holders
|value3 = 6.67
|label3 = Small farmers
|value4 = 18.30
|label4 = Marginal farmers
|value5 = 58.23
|label5= Agricultural labourers}}

Although the Bargadari Act of 1950 recognised the rights of [[bargadar]]s to a higher share of crops from the land that they tilled, it was not implemented fully. Large tracts, beyond the prescribed limit of land ceiling, remained with the rich landlords. From 1977 onwards major land reforms took place in West Bengal. Land in excess of land ceiling was acquired and distributed amongst the peasants.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | title = District Human Development Report: South 24 Parganas | work = (1) Chapter 1.2, South 24 Parganas in Historical Perspective, pages 7-9 (2) Chapter 3.4, Land reforms, pages 32-33 | publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2009 | access-date = 7 August 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161005044029/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | archive-date = 5 October 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref> Following [[Land reform in India|land reforms]] land ownership pattern has undergone transformation. In 2013-14, persons engaged in agriculture in Mongalkote CD Block could be classified as follows: [[bargadar]]s 6.48%, patta (document) holders 10.31%, small farmers (possessing land between 1 and 2 hectares) 6.67%, marginal farmers (possessing land up to 1 hectare) 18.30% and agricultural labourers 58.23%.<ref name=handbook2014/>

In 2003-04 net cropped area in Mongalkote CD Block was 30,077 hectares and the area in which more than one crop was grown was 17,805 hectares.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/District%20DEV%20Report.%20Burdwan%20%202012%20total%20Book%20Curve%20Red.pdf | title = District Human Development Report, Bardhaman | work = Table 3.10, Gross Cropped Area, Net Cropped Area and Cropping Intensity of different blocks of Bardhaman district 2003-04, Page 53 | publisher = Development and Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, May 2011 | access-date = 30 January 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170814062640/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/District%20DEV%20Report.%20Burdwan%20%202012%20total%20Book%20Curve%20Red.pdf | archive-date = 14 August 2017 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

In 2013-14, Mongalkote CD Block produced 124,360 tonnes of [[Rice#Ecotypes and cultivars|Aman paddy]], the main winter crop from 38,442 hectares, 856 tonnes of Aus paddy (summer crop) from 271 hectares, 71,544 tonnes of Boro paddy (spring crop) from 16,710 hectares, 63 tonnes of wheat from 21 hectares, 634 tonnes of jute from 33 hectares, 10,731 tonnes of potatoes from 770 hectares and 5,052 tonnes of sugar cane from 52 hectares. It also produced pulses and oilseeds.<ref name=handbook2014/>

In Bardhaman district as a whole Aman paddy constituted 64.32% of the total area under paddy cultivation, while the area under Boro and Aus paddy constituted 32.87% and 2.81% respectively. The expansion of Boro paddy cultivation, with higher yield rates, was the result of expansion of irrigation system and intensive cropping.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/District%20DEV%20Report.%20Burdwan%20%202012%20total%20Book%20Curve%20Red.pdf | title = District Human Development Report: Bardhaman | work = Occupational Structure, Status and levels of Livelihood, page 55 | publisher = Development and Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2011 | access-date = 30 January 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170814062640/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/District%20DEV%20Report.%20Burdwan%20%202012%20total%20Book%20Curve%20Red.pdf | archive-date = 14 August 2017 | url-status = dead }}</ref> In 2013-14, the total area irrigated in Mongalkote CD Block was 17,870.30 hectares, out of which 17,561.80 hectares were irrigated by canal water and 308.50 hectares by deep tube wells.<ref name=handbook2014/>

===Banking===
In 2013-14, Mongalkote CD Block had offices of 9 commercial banks and 4 [[Regional Rural Bank|gramin banks]].<ref name=handbook2014/>

==Transport==
{{Bardhaman-Katwa line|collapse=yes}}

Mongalkote CD Block has 6 ferry services and 20 originating/ terminating bus routes.<ref name=handbook2014/>

The [[McLeod's Light Railways#Burdwan-Katwa Railway|Bardhaman-Katwa line]] after conversion from narrow gauge to electrified broad gauge was opened to the public on 12 January 2018.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.anandabazar.com/district/bardhaman/katwa-burdwan-broad-gauge-trains-started-at-last-1.739229 |title = Baro rail Katwae, jamlo bhidr (Big railway in Katwa, crowd gathers) | work= Bengali |publisher= Ananda Bazar Patrika, 13 January 2018 | access-date = 13 January 2018}}</ref> There are stations at [[Saota railway station|Saota]], [[Nigan railway station|Nigan]], [[Kaichar railway station|Kaichar]] and [[Bankapasi railway station|Bankapasi]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1909_PART_A_DCHB_BARDDHAMAN.pdf | title = District Census Handbook Barddhaman, Series 20 Part XII A, Census of India 2011| work= Page 367: Map of Mangalkote CD Block | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations 2011 |access-date = 21 January 2019}}</ref>

[[State Highway 7 (West Bengal)|SH 7]] running from Rajgram (in Birbhum district) to Midnapore (in Paschim Medinipur district) and State Highway 14 (West Bengal), running from Dubrajpur (in Birbhum district) to Betai (in Nadia district), cross in this CD Block.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.wbtrafficpolice.com/state-highways.php |title = List of State Highways in West Bengal | publisher= West Bengal Traffic Police | access-date = 5 February 2017}}</ref>

==Education==
In 2013-14, Mangolkote CD Block had 176 primary schools with 15,623 students, 4 middle schools with 249 students, 20 high school with 13,687 students and 10 higher secondary schools with 9,281 students. Mangolkote CD Block had 2 technical/ professional institutions with 200 students and 441 institutions for special and non-formal education with 1,798 students<ref name=handbook2014/>

As per the 2011 census, in Mongalkote CD block, amongst the 130 inhabited villages, 7 villages did not have a school, 67 villages had two or more primary schools, 41 villages had at least 1 primary and 1 middle school and 37 villages had at least 1 middle and 1 secondary school.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1909_PART_A_DCHB_BARDDHAMAN.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, Barddhaman, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Page 1082, Appendix I A: Villages by number of Primary Schools and Appendix I B: Villages by Primary, Middle and Secondary Schools | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. | access-date = 9 February 2019}}</ref>

More than 6,000 schools (in erstwhile Bardhaman district) serve cooked [[Midday Meal Scheme|midday meal]] to more than 900,000 students.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://bardhaman.nic.in/middam/mdm.htm| title = Midday Meal – Burdwan, WB| publisher = District Authorities |access-date = 12 February 2019}}</ref>

[[Mangalkote Government College]] was established at [[Mongalkote]] in 2015.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://mangalkotegovtcollege.org/#!/about/ |title = Government General Degree College, Mangalkote | publisher= GGDC | access-date = 2 March 2017}}</ref>

==Healthcare==
In 2014, Mongalkote CD Block had 1 rural hospital, 1 block primary health centre and 4 primary health centres with total 81 beds and 10 doctors (excluding private bodies). It had 38 family welfare subcentres. 8,533 patients were treated indoor and 360,917 patients were treated outdoor in the hospitals, health centres and subcentres of the CD Block.<ref name=handbook2014/>

Singot Rural Hospital at [[Singot]], PO Mathrun (with 50 beds) is the main medical facility in Mongalkote CD block. Mongalkote block primary health centre at [[Nutanhat]] functions with 15 beds. There are [[Primary Health Centre (India)|primary health centres]] at Chanakkasem, PO Kasem Nagar (with 6 beds), [[Kshirgram|Khirogram]] (with 2 beds), Lakhoria (with 10 beds) and Nigon (with 6 beds).<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/ | title = Health & Family Welfare Department | work= Health Statistics | publisher = Government of West Bengal |access-date = 19 January 2019}}</ref>

Mongalkote CD Block is one of the areas of Bardhaman district which is affected by a low level of arsenic contamination of ground water.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.soesju.org/arsenic/wb7.htm | title = Groundwater Arsenic contamination in West Bengal-India (20 years study )| access-date = 9 September 2011 | work = Bardhaman | publisher = SOES }}</ref>

==External links==
* [http://bardhaman.gov.in/blocks/blocks.htm District map showing blocks]

==References==
{{Reflist|3}}

{{Municipalities of West Bengal}}
{{Purba Bardhaman topics}}

[[Category:Community development blocks in Purba Bardhaman district]]

Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda Centenary College

2026-01-20T18:41:16Z

CandelariaSanche: refined references further based on references

{{Short description|College in West Bengal}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}

{{Infobox university
| name = Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda Centenary College
| image = Emblem-Ramakrishna-Mission-Transparent.png
| image_size = 240px
| established = 1963
| caption = [[Ramakrishna Mission#Emblem|Emblem]]
| type = Undergraduate and Postgraduate
| principal = Swami Kamalasthananda
| free_label = Controller Of examinations
| free = Swami Vedanuragananda
| city = [[Rahara, Kolkata|Rahara]], [[Khardaha]]
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| country = [[India]]
|coordinates = {{coord|22.726070|N|88.380531|E|region:LK_type:edu|display=inline,title}}
| campus = Urban
| affiliations = [[West Bengal State University]]
| website = [http://www.rkmvccrahara.org/ rkmvccrahara.org]
|}}

[[File:Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda Centenary College, Rahara.jpg|thumb|College buildings, April 2010]]
'''Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda Centenary College''', popularly known as Rahara V.C. College, is one of the best colleges in India. The college is exclusively for boys. The institute is currently autonomous and affiliated to the [[West Bengal State University]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Affiliated College of West Bengal State University |url=http://www.wbsubcollegeinfo.org/list_colleges.php |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121029065002/http://www.wbsubcollegeinfo.org/list_colleges.php |archivedate=2012-10-29 }}</ref> It is named after [[Swami Vivekananda]]. It was formerly affiliated with the [[Calcutta University]]. It is administered by the [[Ramakrishna Mission]] Order. The college is situated in Rahara, [[Khardaha]], [[North 24 Parganas district]] in the state of [[West Bengal]], [[India]]. The college is ranked 3rd among colleges in India by the [[National Institutional Ranking Framework]] (NIRF) in 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2024 NIRF Ranking |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/nirfpdfcdn/2024/pdf/Report/IR2024_Report.pdf}}</ref>{{Infobox India university ranking
|type=College
|NIRF_C_2024=3
}}

== Courses ==
The college offers undergraduate level courses in Chemistry, Botany, Physics, Mathematics, Zoology, Microbiology and Computer Science leading to the honours degree. The college has already started postgraduate course in Chemistry and Botany. A new postgraduate course in mathematics has also started from the year 2018 and postgraduate course in physics also started in 2022. The college also provides P.hd.degree for the interested students. The college also has status "potential for excellence (CPE)" and it is a DST-FIST sponsored centre.{{fact|date=January 2019}} It has been granted autonomous status by UGC, New Delhi.{{fact|date=January 2019}}

==Accreditation and affiliation==
The college is accredited 'A++' grade by the [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council]] with a CGPA score of 3.8 and it is affiliated to [[West Bengal State University]]. The college has a very good reputation for its discipline and administration. The college now enjoys autonomous status By [[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]] from the session 2017-18 to 2022-2023.

==Departments==
* [[Physics]]
* [[Chemistry]]
* [[Mathematics]]
* [[Botany]]
* [[Zoology]]
* [[Computer Science]]
* [[Microbiology]]

== Student life and culture ==

=== Festivals ===
Freshers' Welcome, Annual Prize Distribution Ceremony, Blood Donation Camps, Seminars, Eye Operation Camps, Birthday Ceremony of Sri [[Ramakrishna]], [[Sarada Devi|Maa Sarada]] and [[Swami Vivekananda]] and many other monastic disciples of Sri Ramakrishna Paramahansa Deva.

=== Auditorium ===
The college has two auditoriums, R. K. Hall with a capacity of 500 seats; and Vivekananda Hall, fully air-conditioned with a capacity of 200 seats, opened on the golden jubilee celebration of the college, inaugurated by [[Bratya Basu]], Minister for Higher Education, [[Government of West Bengal]]. A new community hall named "Sri Ramakrishna Hall", fully air-conditioned with a capacity of 1000 seats, opened on the celebration of 150th birth anniversary of sister Nivedita, inaugurated by Prof. Tathagata Roy, [[Governor of Tripura]] on 9 December 2016.

=== Sister Nivedita Multigym ===
On the 150th birth anniversary of sister Nivedita, a multi gym, named after sister Nivedita was inaugurated by Brian McEldulf, Ambassador of Ireland on 9 December 2016.

=== Alumni===
* [[Tapan K. Datta]]
* [[Manoj Prasad]]
* [[Sankar K. Pal]]
* [[Ujjwal Maulik]]
* [[Goutam Halder]]
* Chinmoy Biswas

==See also==
* [[List of Ramakrishna Mission institutions]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.rkmvccrahara.org Official website]
*[http://www.rkmvcc.com/index.html Golden Jubilee website]
* [http://tanmoy-bhaduri.blogspot.in/2012/02/judgements-of-ramakrishna-mission.html Judgements on Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda Centenary College]

{{Swami Vivekananda}}
{{West Bengal State University}}

[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1963]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges affiliated with the Ramakrishna Mission]]
[[Category:Colleges affiliated to West Bengal State University]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in North 24 Parganas district]]
[[Category:1963 establishments in West Bengal]]

2008 BWF World Junior Championships

2026-01-07T02:39:01Z

CandelariaSanche: updated details

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{infobox badminton event
|name = 2008 BWF World Junior Championships
|image =
|image_size =
|caption =
|dates = {{start date|2008|10|29}} - {{end date|2008|11|2}}
|number_edition = 10th
|level = 1
|nations =
|venue = [[Shree Shiv Chhatrapati Sports Complex]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Pune to host World Junior Badminton Championship |url=https://www.mykhel.com/badminton/pune-to-host-world-junior-badminton-championship-023010.html|website=MyKhel|access-date=3 November 2018}}</ref>
|location = [[Pune]], India
|previous = [[2007 BWF World Junior Championships|2007 Waitakere City]]
|next = [[2009 BWF World Junior Championships|2009 Alor Setar]]
}}

The '''2008 BWF World Junior Championships''' took place in [[Pune]], India, from 29 October to 2 November 2008.

==Medalists==

{| {{MedalistTable|type=Event}}
|-
|Teams
|{{CHN}} [[Chai Biao]] [[Gan Zhaolong]] [[Gao Huan (badminton)|Gao Huan]] [[Li Gen (badminton)|Li Gen]] [[Qiu Zihan]] [[Wang Zhengming]] [[Zhang Nan (badminton)|Zhang Nan]] [[Zhang Sheng]] [[Chen Xiaojia (badminton)|Chen Xiaojia]] [[Li Xuerui]] [[Lin Shen (badminton)|Lin Shen]] [[Lu Lu (badminton)|Lu Lu]] [[Wang Shixian]] [[Xia Huan]] [[Xie Jing (badminton)|Xie Jing]] [[Zhong Qianxin]]

|{{KOR}} [[Choi Seung-il]] [[Choi Young-woo]] [[Kang Ji-wook]] [[Kim Dae-eun (badminton)|Kim Dae-eun]] [[Kim Gi-jung]] [[Kim Ki-eung]] [[Lee Dong-keun (badminton)|Lee Dong-keun]] [[Park Sung-min]] [[Bae Youn-joo]] [[Choi Hye-in]] [[Eom Hye-won]] [[Jung Kyung-eun]] [[Lee Joo-hee (badminton)|Lee Joo-hee]] [[Lee Se-rang]] [[Sung Ji-hyun]] [[Yang Ran-sun]]

|{{MAS}} [[Muhammad Syawal Mohd Ismail]] [[Iskandar Zulkarnain Zainuddin]] [[Chooi Kah Ming]] [[Goh Soon Huat]] [[Kuan Kam Chung]] [[Mak Hee Chun]] [[Pang Zheng Lin]] [[Teo Kok Siang]] [[Sannatasah Saniru]] [[Tiffany Chase Currier]] [[Chong Vee Vian]] [[Vivian Hoo Kah Mun]] [[Lai Pei Jing]] [[Florah Ng Siew Fong]] [[Ng Sin Er]] [[Tee Jing Yi]]

|-
|rowspan=2|[[2008 BWF World Junior Championships – boys' singles|Boys' singles]]
|rowspan=2|{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Wang Zhengming]]
|rowspan=2|{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Gao Huan (badminton)|Gao Huan]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Gurusai Dutt]]
|-
|{{flagicon|KOR}} [[Lee Dong-Keun (badminton)|Lee Dong-Keun]]
|-
|rowspan=2|[[2008 BWF World Junior Championships – girls' singles|Girls' singles]]
|rowspan=2|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Saina Nehwal]]
|rowspan=2|{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Sayaka Sato]]
|{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Wang Shixian]]
|-
|{{flagicon|THA}} [[Porntip Buranaprasertsuk]]
|-
|rowspan=2|[[2008 BWF World Junior Championships – boys' doubles|Boys doubles]]
|rowspan=2|{{flagicon|MAS}} [[Mak Hee Chun]] {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Teo Kok Siang]]
|rowspan=2|{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Chai Biao]] {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Qiu Zihan]]
|{{flagicon|KOR}} [[Kim Dae-eun (badminton)|Kim Dae-eun]] {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Kim Ki-eung]]
|-
|{{flagicon|MAS}} [[Chooi Kah Ming]] {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Pang Zheng Lin]]
|-
|rowspan=2|[[2008 BWF World Junior Championships – girls' doubles|Girls doubles]]
|rowspan=2|{{flagicon|SIN}} [[Fu Mingtian]] {{flagicon|SIN}} [[Yao Lei]]
|rowspan=2|{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Xie Jing (badminton)|Xie Jing]] {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Zhong Qianxin]]
|{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Lu Lu (badminton)|Lu Lu]] {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Xia Huan]]
|-
|{{flagicon|INA}} [[Anneke Feinya Agustin]] {{flagicon|INA}} [[Annisa Wahyuni]]
|-
|rowspan=2|[[2008 BWF World Junior Championships – mixed doubles|Mixed doubles]]
|rowspan=2|{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Chai Biao]] {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Xie Jing (badminton)|Xie Jing]]
|rowspan=2|{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Zhang Nan (badminton)|Zhang Nan]] {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Lu Lu (badminton)|Lu Lu]]
|{{flagicon|KOR}} [[Kim Ki-jung]] {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Eom Hye-won]]
|-
|{{flagicon|MAS}} [[Mak Hee Chun]] {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Vivian Hoo Kah Mun]]
|}

==Team competition==
A total of 21 countries competed at the team competition in 2008 BWF World Junior Championships.

===Final positions===
{{colbegin}}
# {{#invoke:flagg||unpe|China|avar=bd}}
# {{#invoke:flagg||unpe|South Korea|avar=bd}}
# {{#invoke:flagg||unpe|Malaysia|avar=bd}}
# {{#invoke:flagg||unpe|India|avar=bd}}
# {{#invoke:flagg||unpe|Thailand|avar=bd}}
# {{#invoke:flagg||unpe|Japan|avar=bd}}
# {{#invoke:flagg||unpe|Indonesia|avar=bd}}
# {{#invoke:flagg||unpe|Hong Kong|avar=bd}}
# {{#invoke:flagg||unpe|Chinese Taipei|avar=bd}}
# {{#invoke:flagg||unpe|Canada|avar=bd}}
# {{#invoke:flagg||unpe|Singapore|avar=bd}}
# {{#invoke:flagg||unpe|France|avar=bd}}
# {{#invoke:flagg||unpe|England|avar=bd}}
# {{#invoke:flagg||unpe|Russia|avar=bd}}
# {{#invoke:flagg||unpe|New Zealand|avar=bd}}
# {{#invoke:flagg||unpe|Germany|avar=bd}}
# {{#invoke:flagg||unpe|Scotland|avar=bd}}
# {{#invoke:flagg||unpe|Sri Lanka|avar=bd}} ''(Debut)''
# {{#invoke:flagg||unpe|Turkey|avar=bd}}
# {{#invoke:flagg||unpe|Czech Republic|avar=bd}}
# {{#invoke:flagg||unpe|Estonia|avar=bd}} ''(Debut)''
{{colend}}

===Results===

====Final round====
{{ Badmintonbox
|team1=China
|team2=South Korea
|venue= [[Pune]], [[India]]
|date=
|score1=3
|score2=1
|R1={{ BadmintonMatch |T1P1=[[Zhang Nan (badminton)|Zhang Nan]] |T1P2=[[Lu Lu (badminton)|Lu Lu]] |21 |15 |14 |T2P1=[[Kim Gi-jung]] |T2P2=[[Eom Hye-won]] |15 |21 |21 }}
|R2={{ BadmintonMatch |T1P1=[[Gao Huan (badminton)|Gao Huan]] |21 |21 | |T2P1=[[Lee Dong-keun (badminton)|Lee Dong-keun]] |14 |15 | }}
|R3={{ BadmintonMatch |T1P1=[[Chai Biao]] |T1P2=[[Qiu Zihan]] |17 |21 |22 |T2P1=[[Kim Gi-jung]] |T2P2=[[Choi Young-woo]] |21 |19 |20 }}
|R4={{ BadmintonMatch |T1P1=[[Li Xuerui]] |21 |21 | |T2P1=[[Sung Ji-hyun]] |13 |14 | }}
|R5={{ BadmintonMatch |T1P1=[[Lu Lu (badminton)|Lu Lu]] |T1P2=[[Xia Huan]] | | | |T2P1=[[Jung Kyung-eun]] |T2P2=[[Eom Hye-won]] | | |np= }}
}}

==Medal table==
{{#invoke:Medals table|createTable
| caption =
| host =
| flag_template =
| event =
| team =
| gold_CHN = 3 | silver_CHN = 4 | bronze_CHN = 2
| gold_MAS = 1 | silver_MAS = 0 | bronze_MAS = 3
| gold_IND = 1 | silver_IND = 0 | bronze_IND = 1
| gold_SIN = 1 | silver_SIN = 0 | bronze_SIN = 0
| gold_KOR = 0 | silver_KOR = 1 | bronze_KOR = 3
| gold_JPN = 0 | silver_JPN = 1 | bronze_JPN = 0
| gold_THA = 0 | silver_THA = 0 | bronze_THA = 1
| gold_INA = 0 | silver_INA = 0 | bronze_INA = 1
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20081030143551/http://www.internationalbadminton.org/2008%20World%20Junior%20Championships%20_%20Revised.doc 2008 World Junior Championships] at ''Badminton World Federation''
*[http://www.tournamentsoftware.com/sport/tournament.aspx?id=21869485-AAB1-4ACA-996B-FB3AD89AAA36 Team Results] at ''Tournamentsoftware.com''
*[http://www.tournamentsoftware.com/sport/tournament.aspx?id=8BC7C6A0-744F-49B8-8995-0F41D033684A Individual Results] at ''Tournamentsoftware.com''

{{World Junior badminton champs}}

[[Category:BWF World Junior Championships]]
[[Category:2008 in badminton|Bwf World Junior Championships, 2008]]
[[Category:Badminton tournaments in India|World Junior Championships]]
[[Category:2008 in Indian sport]]
[[Category:Sports competitions in Pune]]
[[Category:2008 in youth sport]]
[[Category:October 2008 sports events in India]]
[[Category:November 2008 sports events in India]]
[[Category:2008 BWF World Junior Championships]]

Exotel Techcom

2025-12-30T06:48:16Z

CandelariaSanche: Made the entry with sources

{{Multiple issues|
{{Orphan|date=December 2025}}
{{COI|date=January 2025}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Exotel Techcom
| logo = Exotel Techcom logo (2025).png
| type =
| industry = [[Software]]
| founded = {{Start date and age|2011}}
| founders = Shivakumar Ganesan Ishwar Sridharan Siddharth Ramesh
| hq_location_city = [[Bengaluru]]
| hq_location_country = India
| area_served = 
| key_people = Shivakumar Ganesan ([[CEO]]) Ishwar Sridharan (COO) Sachin Bhatia (CGO)
| products =
| owner = 
| num_employees =
| num_employees_year = 
| parent =
| website = {{URL|exotel.com}}
}}

'''Exotel Techcom''' is an Indian company that provides cloud-based [[Voice over IP|voice-over-Internet protocol]] (VoIP) services, enabling users to make and receive calls and messages.<ref name="auto2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.fortuneindia.com/technology/under-cover-inside-your-cellphone/100347|title=Under cover, inside your cellphone|first=Nirmal|last=John|date=5 February 2016|website=[[Fortune India]]}}</ref><ref name="auto3">{{Cite web|url=https://the-ken.com/story/exotel-unusual-startup-funding-story/|title=Exotel's US$5.4 million Series B—an unusual startup funding story|first=Sumanth|last=Raghavendra|date=28 January 2021|website=The Ken}}</ref> It is based in [[Bengaluru]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/industry-and-economy/in-the-cloud-calling-smes/article4775438.ece|title=In the cloud, calling SMEs |first=N. |last=Ramakrishnan|date=31 January 2014|website=[[The Hindu|The Hindu Business Line]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140131081914/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/industry-and-economy/in-the-cloud-calling-smes/article4775438.ece |archive-date=31 January 2014 }}</ref>

==History==
Exotel was founded in July 2011 by Shivakumar Ganesan, Ishwar Sridharan, and Siddharth Ramesh.<ref name="auto2"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/trends/features/-1193533.html|title=Exotel: Your business phone line gets smarter|website=[[Moneycontrol]]}}</ref> In 2012, Exotel raised its first seed funding round from Mumbai Angels and Blume Ventures, to develop cloud contact centers for small and medium-sized businesses in India.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/startup/the-rise-fall-and-resurrection-of-a-startup-how-exotel-persevered-through-a-tumultuous-decade-7960221.html|title=The rise, fall and resurrection of a startup: How Exotel persevered through a tumultuous decade |date=20 January 2022 |first=M. |last=Sriram |website=[[Moneycontrol]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://in.reuters.com/article/cloud-telephony-startup-exotel-gets-rs-idINDEE82R06G20120328|title=Cloud Telephony startup Exotel gets Rs 2.5cr from Mumbai Angels, Blume|date=5 March 2016|website=Reuters|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305212850/http://in.reuters.com/article/cloud-telephony-startup-exotel-gets-rs-idINDEE82R06G20120328 |archive-date=5 March 2016 }}</ref> In 2013, Exotel introduced developer APIs in India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thenextweb.com/news/smart-telephony-begins-to-take-shape-in-india-as-exotel-launches-developer-api-in-beta|title=India's Exotel Launches Smart Telephony API in Beta|first=Abhimanyu|last=Ghoshal|date=27 May 2013|website=[[The Next Web|TNW]]}}</ref>

In late 2020, A91 led a $5.4 million Series B funding round for Exotel.<ref name="auto"/><ref name="auto3"/>

In September 2021, Exotel raised $35 million in a Series C funding.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/startups/exotel-acquires-cogno-ai-to-build-a-full-stack-customer-engagement-platform/articleshow/87643914.cms|title=Exotel acquires Cogno AI to build a full-stack customer engagement platform|date=11 November 2021|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/startup/customer-engagement-platform-exotel-raises-about-rs-300-crore-funding-led-by-steadview-capital-7896811.html|title=Customer engagement platform Exotel raises $40 million funding led by Steadview Capital |first=Vikas |last=SN |website=[[Moneycontrol]]}}</ref>

In January 2022, Exotel raised $40 million in a Series D financing round led by Steadview Capital.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|url=https://techcrunch.com/2022/01/03/exotel-raises-40-million-for-its-full-stack-customer-engagement-platform/|title=Cloud telephony startup Exotel raises $40 million|first=Manish|last=Singh|date=4 January 2022|website=[[TechCrunch]]}}</ref>

=== Mergers and acquisitions ===
In February 2015, Exotel acquired Singapore-based voice recognition platform, Croak.it.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/cloud-telephony-start-up-exotel-acquires-voice-recognition-platform-croak-it-115020401288_1.html|title=Cloud telephony start-up Exotel acquires voice recognition platform Croak.it |website=[[Business Standard]]}}</ref>

In June 2021, Ameyo, a cloud-based contact center services provider, was merged into Exotel.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/information-tech/exotel-ameyo-join-forces-to-address-cloud-based-contact-centre-services/articleshow/83933191.cms?from=mdr|title=Exotel, Ameyo join forces to address cloud-based contact centre services|date=29 June 2021|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India}}</ref> In November 2021, Exotel acquired Cogno AI.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/startups/exotel-acquires-cogno-ai-to-build-a-full-stack-customer-engagement-platform/articleshow/87643914.cms?from=mdr|title=Exotel acquires Cogno AI to build a full-stack customer engagement platform|date=11 November 2021|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India}}</ref>

In June 2024, Exotel launched multilingual autonomous contact centers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/exotel-unveils-multilingual-autonomous-contact-centers/article68341473.ece|title=Exotel unveils multilingual autonomous contact centers|date=27 June 2024|via=''[[The Hindu]]''}}</ref>

==Platform==
Exotel has developed a telephone privacy platform that encrypts, and routes calls through its servers, allowing customers of online services to communicate with service providers without disclosing their actual mobile numbers.<ref name="auto2"/> Its platform includes a contact center, application programming interfaces (APIs), and chat bots.<ref name="auto1"/> The platform enables clients to interact with users through multiple touchpoints such as co-browsing, video communication, or web chat.<ref name="auto1"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-03-26/strategy/38039994_1_ishwar-sridharan-exotel-mumbai-angels|title=â€‹Meet your next-gen telephone operator - Times Of India|date=29 March 2013|website=[[The Times of India]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130329071256/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-03-26/strategy/38039994_1_ishwar-sridharan-exotel-mumbai-angels |archive-date=29 March 2013 }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Companies based in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Telecommunications companies of India]]
[[Category:2011 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Telecommunications companies established in 2011]]

National Investment and Infrastructure Fund

2025-12-27T01:38:45Z

CandelariaSanche: creating a info initial version!

{{Short description|Sovereign wealth fund of India dedicated to infrastructure}}
{{Infobox company
| name = National Investment and Infrastructure Fund Limited
| logo = National Investment and Infrastructure Fund.svg
| logo_size = 250px
| image =
| type = [[Public Sector|Public Sector Company]]
| foundation = {{Start date and age|2015|2}}
| location = Mumbai, India
| predecessor =
| key_people = Sanjiv Aggarwal, CEO & MD
| industry = Institutional Investor, Fund Management
| products =
| area_served = India
| revenue =
| aum =
| assets = ₹ 39,000 crore (US$4.9 billion)
| num_employees =
| num_locations =
| members =
| parent =
| website = {{URL|https://niifindia.in/}}
}}

'''National Investment and Infrastructure Fund Limited''' ('''NIIFL''') is an Indian public sector company which maintains infrastructure investments funds for international and Indian investors anchored by the [[Government of India]]. The objective behind creating this organisation was to catalyse capital into the country and support its growth needs across sectors of importance.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Budget 2020: Tax exemption for sovereign funds to boost India infra play|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/infrastructure/budget-2020-tax-exemption-for-sovereign-funds-to-boost-india-infra-play/articleshow/73839614.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2020-11-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/infrastructure/modis-ambitious-india-infrastructure-fund-gets-another-boost-to-jointly-invest-3-billion-with-dubais-dp-world/1024974/|title=Modi's ambitious India infrastructure fund gets another boost; to jointly invest $3 billion with Dubai's DP World|date=2018-01-22|work=The Financial Express|access-date=2018-07-23|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.livemint.com/Money/2CKhI1veyiR1OS2hWLYeAK/NIIF-to-sign-first-investment-proposal-in-next-few-days-CEO.html|title=NIIF to sign first investment proposal in next few days: CEO|date=2018-01-17|work=Live Mint|access-date=2018-07-23}}</ref>

In [[2016 Union budget of India|Union Budget 2015-16]], India's then-Finance Minister, [[Arun Jaitley]] announced the creation of NIIFL. It was proposed to be established as an Alternative Investment Fund with an inflow of {{INR}}20,000 [[crore]] from the Government of India, with their commitment being 49% of the total corpus.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/industry/national-investment-and-infrastructure-fund-an-untrodden-path-that-holds-promise/198384/|title=NIIF: An untrodden path that holds promise|date=2016-01-20|work=The Financial Express|access-date=2018-07-23|language=en-US}}</ref> NIIFL was approved in August 2015 by the Department of Economic Affairs. First meeting of its governing council was held in December 2015 further to which it was registered with [[Securities and Exchange Board of India|SEBI]] as Category II Alternative Investment Fund.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/opinion/the-niifs-tough-challenge/208574/|title=The NIIF's tough challenge|date=2016-02-08|work=The Financial Express|access-date=2018-07-23|language=en-US}}</ref> In June 2016, Finance Ministry announced that they appointed Sujoy Bose as the first Chief Executive Office of NIIFL who was then the Director and Global Co-Head, Infrastructure and Natural Resources [[International Finance Corporation]] (IFC).<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/policy/sujoy-bose-appointed-as-new-ceo-of-niif/articleshow/52941898.cms|title=Sujoy Bose appointed as new CEO of NIIF|last=Tiwari|first=Dheeraj|date=2016-06-27|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2018-07-23}}</ref> In February 2024, Sanjiv Aggarwal was appointed as chief executive officer & Managing Director of NIIFL.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=5 January 2024 |title=National Investment and Infrastructure Fund Limited Appoints Mr. Sanjiv Aggarwal as Chief Executive Officer & Managing Director |url=https://www.niifindia.in/uploads/media_releases/Press%20Release%20-%20NIIF%20CEO%20Appointment%2005012024.pdf}}</ref> Aggarwal previously worked with London-based [[Actis Capital|Actis]], where he became a partner in 2010. At Actis, Aggarwal was responsible for the company's energy investments in Asia including India.<ref name=":1" />

As of April 2024, NIIFL has over US$4.9 billion in [[assets under management]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=NIIF {{!}} India's Largest Domestic Infrastructure Fund |url=https://www.niifindia.in/ |access-date=2024-04-28 |website=www.niifindia.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Five years on, National Investment and Infrastructure Fund (NIIF) yet to hit target |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/economy/five-years-on-national-investment-and-infrastructure-fund-niif-yet-to-hit-target/2069958/ |access-date=2022-09-14 |website=Financialexpress |date=31 August 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=NIIF inks $400 mn agreement with Singapore's Temasek |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/finance/niif-inks-400-mn-agreement-with-singapores-temasek/articleshow/65710868.cms |website=The Economic Times |access-date=21 January 2019 |date=6 September 2018}}</ref>

== History ==
The Government of India founded the National Investment and Infrastructure Fund Limited (NIIFL) in February 2015 as a sovereign-anchored fund.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2022-07-18 |title=NIIFL to invest Rs 3,036 crore in J&K tunnel road Navayuga Quazigund Expressway |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/business/companies/niifl-to-invest-rs-3036-crore-in-jk-tunnel-road-navayuga-quazigund-expressway-14167512.htm |access-date=2022-09-14 |website=cnbctv18.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kalyanaraman |first=Anand |date=2019-02-25 |title=All you wanted to know about...NIIF |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/columns/slate/all-you-wanted-to-know-about-niif/article26367277.ece |access-date=2022-09-14 |website=The Hindi Business Line |language=en}}</ref> Its creation was announced in the [[2015 Union budget of India|Union Budget of 2015-16]] by the then Finance Minister [[Arun Jaitley]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-02-28 |title=Union Budget 2015: Full text of finance minister's speech |url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/GIkYvubNVzBM2lsrW5pKjM/Union-Budget-2015-Full-text-of-finance-minister-Arun-Jaitle.html |access-date=2022-09-14 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Singh |first=Sarita C. |title=Union Budget 2015: Government to set up Rs 20,000 crore infrastructure fund, auction projects with clearances |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/infrastructure/union-budget-2015-government-to-set-up-rs-20000-crore-infrastructure-fund-auction-projects-with-clearances/articleshow/46408448.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2022-09-14}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-03-01 |title=Budget 2016: Five-pronged strategy to boost public investment in infrastructure |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/union-budget-2016-five-pronged-strategy-to-boost-public-investment/ |access-date=2022-09-14 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> In October 2016, Sujoy Bose was appointed as the managing director and CEO of NIIF.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Tiwari |first=Dheeraj |title=Sujoy Bose appointed as new CEO of NIIF |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/policy/sujoy-bose-appointed-as-new-ceo-of-niif/articleshow/52941898.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2022-09-14}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Nair |first=Remya |date=2016-06-27 |title=Sujoy Bose appointed as CEO of NIIF |url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/IzsS9tAiRivZUr95J2A1XI/Sujoy-Bose-appointed-as-CEO-of-NIIF.html |access-date=2022-09-14 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref> In May 2023, Rajiv Dhar, executive director and Chief Operating Officer was named as the chief executive officer & Managing Director of NIIFL on an interim basis. His interim appointment followed Sujoy Bose's request to relieve him from his responsibilities as managing director and chief executive officer, a position he held since 2016 in the company.<ref>{{Cite web |title=National Investment and Infrastructure Fund Limited Announces the appointment of Rajiv Dhar, Executive Director and Chief Operating Officer as Chief Executive Officer & Managing Director on an interim basis |url=https://www.niifindia.in/uploads/media_releases/Press%20Release%20-%20NIIFL%20Announces%20the%20appointment%20of%20Rajiv%20Dhar,%20Executive%20Director%20and%20Chief%20Operating%20Officer%20as%20Chief%20Executive%20Officer%20and%20MD.pdf}}</ref> In February 2024, Sanjiv Aggarwal was appointed as chief executive officer & Managing Director of NIIFL.<ref name=":1" /> In December 2020, NIIFL achieved the final close of its infrastructure Fund, NIIF Master Fund USD 2.34 billion.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NIIF infuses $300 mn in UAE-based DP World's unit Hindustan Ports |url=https://www.vccircle.com/niif-infuses-300-mn-in-uae-based-dp-world-s-unit-hindustan-ports |access-date=2022-09-14 |website=VCCircle |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Leadership ==
The Governing Council of the National Investment and Infrastructure Fund (NIIF) is chaired by the Hon’ble [[Minister of Finance (India)|Finance Minister of India]] and has members from corporate bodies, investments and policy sectors. The Governing Council meets once a year and provides suggestions of the overall strategic decisions of the NIIFL. The Governing Council is currently chaired by Hon’ble Finance Minister of India [[Nirmala Sitharaman]], Finance Minister of India.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Seth |first=Dilasha |date=2022-09-07 |title=Growth, jobs, equitable wealth distribution top priorities for govt: Sitharaman |url=https://www.livemint.com/economy/growth-jobs-equitable-wealth-distribution-top-priorities-for-govt-sitharaman-11662545639791.html |access-date=2022-09-14 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref> Among the other council members are Debasish Panda (Secretary of Financial Services), Ajay Seth (Secretary, Department of Economic Affairs), Dinesh Khara (chairman, [[State Bank of India]]), Hemendra Kothari (chairman, [[DSP Group]]), T. V. Mohandas Pai (chairman, Manipal Global Education).

NIIFL's Board of Directors establishes and reviews the business strategy that guides the business affairs of the organization. It is composed of shareholder representatives and/or nominees and independent directors. Sanjiv Aggarwal is the [[Managing Director]] and [[CEO]] of the organization. In April 2024, Rajiv Dhar was named as the first Chief Investment Officer of NIIFL.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-04-10 |title=India Investment Fund NIIF Said to Pick Rajiv Dhar as First CIO |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-04-10/india-investment-fund-niif-said-to-pick-rajiv-dhar-as-first-cio |access-date=2024-04-28 |work=Bloomberg.com |language=en}}</ref> Dhar has been associated with NIIF since 2017. He initially joined as executive director and Chief Operating Officer before stepping in as CEO & MD of NIIF on an interim basis in May 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NIIF {{!}} Our Team {{!}} Culture {{!}} Jobs |url=https://www.niifindia.in/work_with_us#leadership |access-date=2024-04-28 |website=www.niifindia.in}}</ref> Erstwhile Managing Director – India of Temasek, Padmanabh Sinha is the executive director and CIO – Growth Equity, managing the Strategic Opportunities Fund.

==Funds==
NIIF manages four funds: Master Fund, Private Markets, Strategic Opportunities Fund and India-Japan Fund.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NIIF {{!}} Private Markets{{!}} Master Fund {{!}} India-Japan Fund {{!}} Strategic Opportunities |url=https://www.niifindia.in/our_funds |access-date=2024-04-28 |website=www.niifindia.in}}</ref> The funds were set up to make investments in India by raising capital from domestic and international institutional investors.

===Master Fund===
The Master Fund is an infrastructure fund with the objective of primarily investing in operating assets in the core infrastructure sectors such as [[road]]s, [[port]]s, [[airport]]s, power etc.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/industry/niif-plans-5-bn-master-fund-to-oil-infrastructure-sector-wheel/844291/|title=NIIF plans $5 bn master fund to oil infrastructure sector wheel|date=2017-09-07|work=The Financial Express|access-date=2018-07-23|language=en-US}}</ref> The Fund made its final close in December 2020, achieving a size of INR equivalent of US$2.34 billion, exceeding its target of US$2.1 billion.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NIIF Master Fund Closes at 2.34 Billion |url=https://hcisingapore.gov.in/pages?id=eyJpdiI6IkxBOTRpeklsVWFCWlwveFZmOWdMVVZRPT0iLCJ2YWx1ZSI6IlVibmJodGx0cmZWcDU2V2NJU1wvN1pRPT0iLCJtYWMiOiJjZTVkNjZiNGYyZmU2ODI4Y2NmMGNhYmYxZDkyOGE3OTUyNTBkNTZlMjg3ZmIzOTYzYWYwMjk3NmJmY2MzNDU2In0=&subid=eyJpdiI6Im5DdXNzbzJ0bHd1WmxPOFBkVFJVZGc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoid0k4ODZcL2RkOFFQVm50Q2IxOFpnY3c9PSIsIm1hYyI6IjBmYjYxNjcxMWZiNmIyYmUyYjRjNjQ4OWYyNWFkMjE3MDhjMWJmYjZjMTJhMGE2YmQ0MTUyYzkyNTBjZGIxMzQifQ==&nextid=eyJpdiI6IlB5RUtoM0h4Tk9wMzJ0c0hmWHkwOFE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiOEk0SWFkR2ZOVmk0RFAzc3ZLWVJ2Zz09IiwibWFjIjoiYzAyMTMxMjYxZTdmZmE0NWMxMTJjYzk2NzdhNmUxYzdiNGI5M2Q3MDc1MTZlZTY2MTcxMzI2NTAzMmMwOTRjOCJ9 |website=hcisingapore.gov.in}}</ref>

=== Private Markets Fund ===
The Private Markets Fund (formerly known as Fund of Funds) is a US$600 million fund that anchors and/or invests in funds managed by fund managers who have good track records of delivering returns to investors.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/aiib-to-invest-100-mn-for-india-s-development-projects-118062500560_1.html|title=AIIB to invest $100 mn for India's development projects|date=2018-06-25|work=Business Standard India|access-date=2018-07-23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://irei.com/news/niif-launch-2b-fund-finance-projects/|title=NIIF to launch $2b fund to finance projects |work=Institutional Real Estate, Inc.|access-date=2018-07-23|language=en-US}}</ref> In February 2024, NIIF announced a commitment of INR 207 crores (~USD 25 million) from its Private Markets Fund to Amicus Capital's Fund II.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Raghavan |first=Ranjani |date=2024-02-19 |title=NIIF invests ₹207 crore in Amicus Capital |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/niif-invests-rs-207-crore-in-amicus-capital-11708330570375.html |access-date=2024-04-28 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref> With the commitment to Amicus Capital Fund II, PMF has utilised 100% of its aggregate capital commitments and has created a portfolio of eight funds across various strategies such as growth equity, venture capital, buyout and credit. Across the 8 funds, PMF has exposure to key sectors that drive the growth of the Indian economy including climate, healthcare, affordable housing, manufacturing, technology-enabled businesses, start-ups that drive innovation, financial services, and small and medium-sized businesses.<ref name=":2" />

===Strategic Opportunities Fund===
Strategic Opportunities Fund invests in growth equity and provides long-term capital to strategic and growth-oriented sectors in the country with the aim to build domestic leaders.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NIIF raises over half of its $2 bn PE fund |url=https://www.vccircle.com/niif-raises-over-half-of-its-2-bn-pe-fund |access-date=2022-09-14 |website=VCCircle |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=NIIF makes equity investment of Rs 4,689 crore in 5 years |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/niif-makes-equity-investment-of-less-than-rs-4689-crore-in-5-years/articleshow/80433702.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2022-09-14}}</ref><ref>[http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=181490 "Extract from Press information bureau", 03-August-2018]</ref>

=== India-Japan Fund ===
In October 2023, NIIFL announced the establishment of its first bilateral fund, the India-Japan Fund (IJF) in partnership with [[Japan Bank for International Cooperation]] (JBIC), a policy based financial institution wholly owned by the [[Government of Japan]]. IJF has a target corpus of INR 49 billion (~USD 600 million), with the Government of India contributing 49% and the remaining 51% contributed by JBIC.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NIIFL launches ~USD 600 million bi-lateral India-Japan Fund |url=https://www.niifindia.in/uploads/media_releases/Press%20Release%20-%20NIIFL%20launches%20~USD%20600%20million%20bi-lateral%20India-Japan%20Fund.pdf}}</ref> In January 2024, IJF made its first investment, when it invested {{INR}}400 crore in Mahindra Last Mile Mobility Limited, which houses [[Mahindra & Mahindra|Mahindra & Mahindra Ltd]]'s last-mile mobility business including three wheelers (Alfa, Treo, Zor) and four-wheeler SCV (Jeeto) brands.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=NIIF's India-Japan Fund to invest Rs. 400 Crore at a valuation of up to Rs. 6600 Crore in Mahindra Last Mile Mobility Limited |url=https://www.niifindia.in/uploads/media_releases/NIIF%E2%80%99s%20India-Japan%20Fund%20to%20invest%20Rs.%20400%20Crore%20at%20a%20valuation%20of%20up%20to%20Rs.%206600%20Crore%20in%20Mahindra%20Last%20Mile%20Mobility%20Limited.pdf}}</ref>

==Investors in the Fund==
The [[government of India]] has anchored the NIIFL funds and is a 49% investor in each of the funds managed by NIIFL.<ref>{{cite news |title=A $4 billion India fund is clashing with Its government backer |url=https://www.livemint.com/market/stock-market-news/a-4-billion-india-fund-is-clashing-with-its-government-backer-11671757676283.html |work=mint |date=23 December 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

NIIF Master Fund announced its final close in December 2020 at US$2.34 billion. Its investors include the [[Government of India]], [[Abu Dhabi Investment Authority]] (ADIA), Temasek, Ontario Teachers’ Pension Plan, AustralianSuper, CPP Investments, PSP Investments, US International Development Finance Corporation, and domestic institutional investors including HDFC Group, [[ICICI Bank]], Kotak Mahindra Life, and [[Axis Bank]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Canada's PSP, US' DFC, Axis Bank invest USD 107 million in NIIF's master fund |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/banking/finance/canadas-psp-us-dfc-axis-bank-invest-usd-107-million-in-niifs-master-fund/articleshow/79838879.cms |work=The Economic Times}}</ref>

NIIF Private Markets Fund (formerly known as Fund of Funds) is a US$600 million fund with investors including the Government of India, the [[Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank]], the [[Asian Development Bank]], and the [[New Development Bank]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Saxena |first1=Ridhima |title=CPPIB pledges $600 mn in NIIF's master fund |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/cppib-to-invest-up-to-600-million-in-niif-s-master-fund-11575558595062.html |work=mint |date=5 December 2019 |language=en}}</ref>

==Investments==
===NIIF Master Fund===
NIIF Master Fund has 7 platforms across ports & logistics, smart meters, renewable energy, roads, airports and digital infrastructure.

In February 2018, Master Fund created its first platform along with [[DP World]] to invest in the ports and [[logistics]] sector in India.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/niif-dp-world-to-invest-3-bn/article22492180.ece|title=NIIF, DP World to invest $3 bn|date=2018-01-22|work=The Hindu|access-date=2018-07-23|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Together, NIIF and DP world announced the investment of $3 billion in the platform.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/niif-s-first-investment-a-3-bn-fund-for-logistics-biz-with-uae-s-dp-world-118012200421_1.html|title=NIIF's first investment: A $3 bn fund for logistics biz with UAE's DP World|date=2018-01-22|work=Business Standard India|access-date=2018-07-23}}</ref> In March 2018, Hindustan Infralog, the [[joint venture]] platform between DP World and the NIIF announced that it bought 90% stake in the logistics firm Continental Warehousing.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.livemint.com/Companies/jCQOHr1ptz8ybNNRnEvJXO/Hindustan-Infralog-acquires-90-stake-in-Continental-Warehou.html|title=Hindustan Infralog acquires 90% stake in Continental Warehousing|date=2018-03-18|work=Live Mint|access-date=2018-07-23}}</ref> In June 2022, NIIF expanded its partnership with DP World through an investment of around INR 2,250 crore (approximately US$300 million) to acquire 22.5% in Hindustan Ports Pvt Ltd (HPPL). Hindustan Ports is a wholly owned subsidiary of DP World. The transaction is under customary completion conditions and is expected to be closed by Q1 CY2023.<ref>{{cite news |title=NIIF infuses $300 mn in UAE-based DP World's unit Hindustan Ports |url=https://www.vccircle.com/niif-infuses-300-mn-in-uae-based-dp-world-s-unit-hindustan-ports |work=VCCircle}}</ref>

In February 2019, Master Fund announced a partnership with BII (formerly known as CDC Group) and EverSource Capital (a joint venture between [[Everstone Capital Asia]] and Lightsource BP) to cumulatively invest US$300 million in Ayana Renewable Power, the [[renewable energy]] platform founded by BII. In December 2020, all three investors injected further capital into the platform. Following this, Master Fund became the majority shareholder in the company.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Balakrishnan |first1=Reghu |title=EverSource, NIIF buy stake in Ayana Renewable for $330 million |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/energy/power/eversource-niif-buy-stake-in-ayana-renewable-for-330-million/articleshow/68197372.cms?from=mdr |work=The Economic Times}}</ref> In January 2022, Ayana Renewable Power announced that its portfolio has crossed 1 GWac of operational renewable energy capacity.<ref>{{cite news |title=NIIF-backed Ayana Renewable crosses 1-GW operational portfolio mark, Energy News, ET EnergyWorld |url=https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/renewable/niif-backed-ayana-renewable-crosses-1-gw-operational-portfolio-mark/89093378 |work=ETEnergyworld.com |language=en}}</ref>

In October 2019, Master Fund and Energy Efficiency Services Limited (EESL) announced the creation of a joint venture, IntelliSmart Infrastructure Private Limited, to implement, finance and operate the [[smart meter]] roll-out program of power distribution companies.<ref>{{cite news |title=EESL and NIIF Partner for Smart Meters deployment across India |url=https://www.eqmagpro.com/eesl-and-niif-partner-for-smart-meters-deployment-across-india/ |work=The Leading Solar Magazine In India}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=NTPC and NIIF Sign Pact to Attract Investment for India's Renewable Sector |url=https://mercomindia.com/ntpc-niif-sign-pact-india-renewable-sector/ |work=Mercom India |date=17 July 2020}}</ref>

In November 2020, NIIF announced the acquisition of Essel Devanahalli Tollway (22 km six lane toll road in the state of Karnataka) and Essel Dichpally Tollway (60 km four lane toll road in the state of Telangana) through the Master Fund. These roads are managed by Athaang Infrastructure, NIIF's proprietary roads platform. In 2022, NIIF announced the acquisition of another two roads in Jammu & Kashmir to be managed by Athaang Infrastructure - Navayuga Quazigund Expressway Private Limited and SP Jammu Udhampur Highway Limited.<ref>{{cite news |title=NIIF to acquire two toll road projects from Essel |url=https://www.vccircle.com/niif-to-acquire-two-toll-road-projects-from-essel |work=VCCircle}}</ref>

In December 2022, GMR Airports Limited (GAL), the airport business holding entity and a subsidiary of GMR Airports Infrastructure Limited and NIIF announced a financial partnership for NIIF to invest in the equity capital of three airport projects.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=GMR Airports Limited and NIIF announce partnership to invest in three airports. NIIF to invest INR 6.31 billion in upcoming greenfield airport at Mopa, North Goa |url=https://www.niifindia.in/uploads/media_releases/Press%20Release%20-%20GMR%20Airports%20Limited%20and%20NIIF%20announce%20partnership%20to%20invest%20in%20three%20airports.pdf}}</ref> These included the greenfield international airports at Mopa, Goa and Bhogapuram, Andhra Pradesh.<ref name=":4" /> The transaction envisaged NIIF making a primary investment of INR 6.31 billion in the form of Compulsory Convertible Debenture (CCD) in GMR Goa International Airport Limited (GGIAL), a special purpose vehicle to run and operate the [[Manohar International Airport|Manohar International Airport Goa]]. In December 2023, NIIF announced that it is investing up to INR 6.75 billion in GMR Visakhapatnam International Airport Limited (GVIAL), a special purpose vehicle to develop and operate the [[Bhogapuram International Airport]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=NIIF to invest upto INR 6.75 billion in the upcoming greenfield airport at Bhogapuram, Andhra Pradesh being developed by GMR Airports Limited |url=https://www.niifindia.in/uploads/media_releases/Press%20Release%20-%20NIIF%20to%20invest%20upto%20INR%206.75%20billion%20in%20the%20upcoming%20greenfield%20airport%20at%20Bhogapuram,%20Andhra%20Pradesh%20being%20developed%20by%20GMR%20Airports%20Limited.pdf}}</ref>

In January 2023, NIIF, Digital Edge (Singapore) Holdings Pte. Ltd., and AGP DC InvestCo Pte Ltd entered into a partnership to develop a pan-India portfolio of hyperscale data centres.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Digital Edge, NIIF and AGP announce partnership to build pan-India data center platform |url=https://www.niifindia.in/uploads/media_releases/Press%20Release%20-%20Digital%20Edge%20NIIF%20and%20AGP%20announce%20partnership%20to%20build%20pan-India%20data%20center%20platform.pdf}}</ref> The partnership's first project is a US$2 billion greenfield 300MW hyperscale facility in Navi Mumbai, which is India's biggest data centre hub offering access to infrastructure, including power and fibre connectivity.

In April 2024, NIIF announced an investment of around US$200 million in iBUS Network and Infrastructure Private Limited to support the growth of India's digital infrastructure.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-04-10 |title=NIIF invests $200 million in Ibus to boost digital infrastructure in India |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/funding/niif-invests-200-million-in-ibus-to-boost-digital-infrastructure-in-india/articleshow/109195416.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-04-28 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> The investment in iBUS marked the eighth investment by NIIF's infrastructure fund and the second in digital infrastructure.

===NIIF Private Markets Fund===
PMF has utilised 100% of its aggregate capital commitments and has created a portfolio of eight funds across various strategies such as growth equity, venture capital, buyout and credit. Across the 8 funds, PMF has exposure to key sectors that drive the growth of the Indian economy including climate, healthcare, affordable housing, manufacturing, technology-enabled businesses, start-ups that drive innovation, financial services, and small and medium-sized businesses.<ref name=":2" />

In April 2018, NIIF partnered with the UK government to launch the Green Growth Equity Fund (GGEF) under its Fund of Funds to invest in renewable energy, clean transportation, water and waste management, and other related sectors in India.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Gaur |first1=Vatsala |title=NIIF commits 120 million pounds in partnership with UK govt to launch Green Growth Equity Fund |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/banking/finance/niif-commits-120-million-pounds-in-partnership-with-uk-govt-to-launch-green-growth-equity-fund/articleshow/63834725.cms |work=The Economic Times}}</ref>

NIIF Fund of Funds and the UK Government committed GBP 120 million each into the Fund. GGEF announced its final close in January 2022 at US$741 million, making it one of the largest single-country funds focused on climate change in emerging markets.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dhanjal |first1=Swaraj |title=EverSource closes its climate impact fund at $741 million |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/eversource-closes-its-climate-impact-fund-at-741-million-11642485927165.html |work=mint |date=18 January 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

In October 2018, NIIF Fund of Funds invested INR 660 crore in HDFC Capital Affordable Real Estate – 2 (H-CARE 2), an investment platform, managed by HDFC Capital Advisors, a wholly owned subsidiary of HDFC Ltd.<ref>{{cite news |title=NIIF invests Rs 660 cr in HDFC Capital realty platform |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/markets/niifs-fund-of-funds-invests-rs-660-cr-in-h-care-2/article25235795.ece |work=www.thehindubusinessline.com |date=16 October 2018 |language=en}}</ref>

In October 2020, NIIF Funds of Funds committed to Somerset Indus Healthcare India Fund, an affordable healthcare fund.<ref>{{cite news |title=Somerset Indus Healthcare India Fund to invest in SME companies |url=https://indiamedtoday.com/somerset-indus-healthcare-india-fund-to-invest-in-sme-companies/#:~:text=According%20to%20a%20report%20in,offshore%20entity%20domiciled%20in%20Mauritius. |work=IndiaMedToday |date=29 October 2020}}</ref>

In April 2022, NIIF Fund of Funds made its first commitment to a venture fund, YourNest Innovative Products VC Fund III. It made a US$15 million commitment and was the anchor investor in the Fund.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sharan |first1=Gunja |title=NIIF Invests $15 Mn In YourNest Venture Capital Via Its Funds Of Fund |url=https://inc42.com/buzz/niif-invests-15-mn-in-yournest-venture-capital-via-its-funds-of-fund/ |work=Inc42 Media |date=6 April 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

NIIF Fund of Funds has also invested in Multiples Private Equity Fund III managed by Multiples Alternate Asset Management Pvt. Limited focusing on the mid-market space and in Arpwood Partners Fund I, which focuses on the mid-market buyout/control segment.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Saxena |first1=Ridhima |title=NIIF may invest $100 million in Multiples PE's third fund |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/niif-may-invest-100-million-in-multiples-pe-s-third-fund-1563210961171.html |work=mint |date=15 July 2019 |language=en}}</ref>

In January 2023, NIIF Private Markets Fund (formerly Fund of Funds) made an anchor commitment of INR 400 crores to Lighthouse India Fund IV AIF.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NIIF announces INR 400 crore commitment to Lighthouse India Fund IV AIF |url=https://www.niifindia.in/uploads/media_releases/Press%20Release%20-%20NIIF%20announces%20INR%20400%20crore%20commitment%20to%20Lighthouse%20India%20Fund%20IV%20AIF.pdf}}</ref>

In February 2024, NIIF Private Markets Fund committed INR 207 crores (~USD 25 million) to Amicus Capital's Fund II.<ref name=":2" />

===NIIF Strategic Opportunities Fund===
In October 2018, NIIF announced the acquisition of IDFC Infrastructure Finance Limited (IDFC-IFL), a Non- Banking Finance Company registered with the Reserve Bank of India as an Infrastructure Debt Fund. This acquisition was made by NIIF's Strategic Opportunities Fund. The Fund incubated Aseem Infrastructure Finance Limited (AIFL) in 2020, an Infrastructure Financing Company that can lend across the project life cycle. As of FY22, the two entities had jointly disbursed over INR 10,000 crores.<ref>{{cite news |date=October 31, 2018 |title=NIIF to acquire controlling stake in IDFC infra finance arm for undisclosed amount|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/niif-to-acquire-controlling-stake-in-idfc-infra-finance-arm-for-undisclosed-amount/articleshow/66446111.cms |work=The Times of India |language=en |access-date=April 29, 2024}}</ref>

On 22 November 2020, the Union Cabinet approved ₹6,000 crore investment by the Government of India into Aseem Infrastructure Finance Limited and NIIF Infrastructure Finance Limited as part of [[Atmanirbhar Bharat]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cabinet approves Capital infusion into NIIF Infrastructure Debt Financing Platform comprising Aseem Infrastructure Finance Limited and NIIF Infrastructure Finance Limited |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1675599 |website=pib.gov.in}}</ref> Additionally, in 2022, Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation (SMBC), a Japanese Bank also invested in AIFL.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ray |first1=Anulekha |title=Cabinet approves equity infusion of ₹6,000 crore into NIIF |url=https://www.livemint.com/politics/policy/cabinet-approves-equity-infusion-of-rs-6-000-crore-into-niif-11606296889837.html |work=mint |date=25 November 2020 |language=en}}</ref>

In April 2021, the Strategic Opportunities Fund invested INR 2,100 crore in Manipal Hospitals, one of India's largest multi-speciality healthcare providers. In April 2023, NIIFL exited its investment in Manipal Hospitals, when [[Temasek Holdings|Temasek]] acquired a majority stake in the company.[https://www.reuters.com/markets/deals/temasek-acquires-41-stake-indias-manipal-health-2023-04-10/] The Strategic Opportunities Fund made its next investment in May 2022 in Ather Energy, an electric two-wheeler company. This was its first direct investment in the manufacturing sector and in electric mobility, both areas of national importance given India's green mission and decarbonisation goals.<ref>{{cite news |title=NIIFL to invest Rs 2,100 crore in Manipal Hospitals through NIIF Strategic Opportunities Fund |url=https://www.constructionweekonline.in/business/17147-niifl-to-invest-rs-2100-crore-in-manipal-hospitals-through-niif-strategic-opportunities-fund |date=3 April 2021}}</ref>

=== India-Japan Fund ===
In January 2024, IJF made its first investment, committing {{INR}}400 crore to Mahindra Last Mile Mobility Limited, which houses [[Mahindra & Mahindra|Mahindra & Mahindra Ltd]]'s last-mile mobility business including three wheelers (Alfa, Treo, Zor) and four-wheeler SCV (Jeeto) brands.<ref name=":3" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{Official website|https://www.niifindia.in/}}

[[Category:Investment in India]]
[[Category:Investment funds]]
[[Category:Sovereign wealth funds]]

Blaira ornata

2025-12-18T04:11:12Z

CandelariaSanche: Made first post w/ infobox

{{Short description|Species of amphibian}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Speciesbox
| status = EN
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 20 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=S.D. Biju, Sushil Dutta, M.S. Ravichandran |date=2004 |title=''Ghatophryne ornata'' |volume=2004 |article-number=e.T54478A11138528 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2004.RLTS.T54478A11138528.en |access-date=20 November 2021}}</ref>
| image = Ghatophryne ornata or Malabar Torrent Toad.jpg
| taxon = Blaira ornata
| authority = ([[Albert Günther|Günther]], 1876)
| synonyms = ''Ansonia ornata'' Günther, 1876 
''Bufo pulcher'' Boulenger, 1882 
''Ghatophryne ornata''
}}

'''''Blaira ornata''''', known with common names '''ornate toad''', '''Malabar torrent toad''' or ''' black torrent toad''', is a rare and endangered species of [[toad]] endemic to the [[Western Ghats]].<ref name="iucn status 20 November 2021" /><ref name=frost>{{cite web |url=http://research.amnh.org/vz/herpetology/amphibia/Amphibia/Anura/Bufonidae/Ghatophryne/Ghatophryne-ornata |title=''Ghatophryne ornata'' (Günther, 1876) |author=Frost, Darrel R. |year=2014 |work=Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0 |publisher=American Museum of Natural History |access-date=7 September 2014}}</ref> In 2009, this species along with ''A. rubigina'' was shifted from ''[[Ansonia (frog)|Ansonia]]'' to the genus ''[[Ghatophryne]]''.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Biju, S D |author2=Ines Van Bocxlaer |author3=Varad B Giri |author4=Simon P Loader |author5=Franky Bossuyt |name-list-style=amp |year=2009 |title=Two new endemic genera and a new species of toad (Anura: Bufonidae) from the Western Ghats of India |journal=BMC Research Notes |volume=2 |page=241 |doi=10.1186/1756-0500-2-241|pmid=19968866 |pmc=2797014 |doi-access=free }}</ref> The publication of the new genus however did not meet ICZN requirements and a new genus ''Blaira'' was created in 2021.

==Description==
Habit slender. Crown without bony ridges; snout short, obliquely truncated, with angular canthus rostralis and vertical loreal region; interorbital space a little broader than the upper eyelid; tympanum distinct, about half the size of the eye. ringers rather slender, first much shorter than second; toes short, nearly entirely webbed; subarticular tubercles single, not very prominent; tips of fingers and toes slightly swollen; metatarsal tubercles two, not very prominent; no tarsal fold. The hind limb being carried forwards along the body, the tibio-tarsal articulation reaches to between the eye and the tip of the snout. Anterior half of the back finely tubercular, the remainder smooth; no parotoids. Black; upperside of head and a dorsal line generally grey; beneath with large bright yellow spots. Male with a subgular vocal sac.<ref>Boulenger, G. A. (1890) Fauna of British India. Reptilia and Batrachia.</ref> From snout to vent 1.2 inches. Brahmagiri Hills, Coorg.
The toad lives in crevices among small rocks to large boulders in streams. Observed to be both active during day and night.
[[File:Ghatophryne ornata - Malabar Torrent Toad.jpg|thumb|Malabar Torrent Toad]]

The skin of these toads is slightly rough and usually dry. The underbelly is usually held above the ground. Overall coloration on dorsum varies from dark brick red to black. Underside has bright red color with yellow circular spots. Base of mandible has two yellow spots. The bright coloration on the underside could be for [[unken reflex]].
[[File:Front view and Posture.jpg|thumb|Front view and posture]]

It is known from the Western Ghats and the adjoining Nilgiris regions.

==References==
{{Commons category}}
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q1394471}}

[[Category:Blaira|ornata]]
[[Category:Frogs of India]]
[[Category:Endemic fauna of the Western Ghats]]
[[Category:Endemic amphibians of India]]
[[Category:Amphibians described in 1876]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Albert Günther]]

{{Bufonidae-stub}}

StarLife (India)

2025-12-08T02:35:12Z

CandelariaSanche: Stub.

{{multiple issues|
{{More citations needed|date=December 2016}}
{{promotional|date=December 2017}}
{{tone|date=December 2017}}
}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}
{{Infobox television channel
| name = Star Life
| logo = Star Life (India).svg
| launch_date = {{start date and age|2008|11|22|df=yes}}
| closed_date = {{End date and age|2025|3|15|df=y}}
| replaced = FOX Life
| country = [[India]]
| headquarters = [[Mumbai]]
| language = [[English language|English]] [[Hindi language|Hindi]] [[Tamil language|Tamil]] [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| picture_format = [[576i]] ([[SDTV]]) [[1080i]] ([[High-definition television|HDTV]])
| former_names = Fox History & Entertainment (22 November 2008 – 17 May 2011) Fox History & Traveller (17 May 2011 – 30 October 2011) Fox Traveller (30 October 2011 – 15 June 2014) Fox Life (15 June 2014 – 13 April 2024)
| area = [[India]]
| network = [[JioStar]]
| owner = [[JioStar]]
| sister_channels = [[Disney Star#Owned channels|JioStar Channels]]
}}

'''Star Life''' was an Indian [[pay television]] channel operated by [[JioStar]], a subsidiary of [[Disney India]]. HD feed along with SD have been discontinued from 15 March 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=JioStar to close niche channels on 15 March |url=https://www.broadcastandcablesat.co.in/jiostar-to-close-niche-channels-on-15-march/ |date=12 March 2025 |website=Broadcast & Cablesat |language=English}}</ref>

Star Life was aimed at viewers in [[India]] and other neighbouring countries including [[Nepal]], [[Bhutan]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Pakistan]] and [[Sri Lanka]]. It was available in [[English language|English]], [[Hindi]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Bengali language|Bengali]].

==History==
Star Life (formerly known as Fox History & Entertainment and Fox Life) was initially owned by [[Fox Networks Group]], which also operated and distributed many other channels in India including [[FX (TV channel)|FX]], [[Fox Crime]] and [[BabyTV]].

The channel was launched as a rebrand to [[History TV18|The History Channel]], which was renamed on 22 November 2008 as Fox History & Entertainment.

Fox History & Entertainment experimented with a dedicated Traveller Band (weeknights from 9 to 10 pm) in January 2011.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2011-05-17 |title=Fox History & Entertainment rebranded as Fox History & Traveller: Best Media Info |url=https://bestmediainfo.com/2011/05/fox-history-entertainment-rebranded-as-fox-history-traveller |access-date=2024-02-15 |website=bestmediainfo.com}}</ref> The first local Indian production of 2011 was a show that explored the psyche of Indian men across the country through the eyes of two sassy, urban women – Sugandha Garg and [[Indrani Dasgupta]] called ''What’s With Indian Men''.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2011-04-08 |title=Fox History & Entertainment increases focus on local content: Best Media Info |url=https://bestmediainfo.com/2011/04/fox-history-entertainment-increases-focus-on-local-content |access-date=2024-02-15 |website=bestmediainfo.com}}</ref>

The channel was renamed once again as Fox History & Traveller on 17 May 2011<ref name=":0" /> and further as Fox Traveller on 30 October 2011.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-11-01 |title=Fox Traveller turns one, reiterates 'this journey is fun': Best Media Info |url=https://bestmediainfo.com/2012/11/fox-traveller-turns-one-reiterates-this-journey-is-fun |access-date=2024-02-15 |website=bestmediainfo.com}}</ref>

On 15 June 2014, Fox Traveller was replaced by the Indian feed of [[Fox Life]], which ran in other countries.<ref>{{Cite web |title='Fox Traveller' is now 'Fox Life' |url=https://www.disneystar.com//newsroom/fox-traveller-is-now-fox-life/ |access-date=2023-08-21 |website=disneystar.com}}</ref> On 14 March 2024, Disney announced that Fox Life would be rebranded as Star Life on 13 April 2024,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Name change of channels "Fox Life" to "Star Life" and "Fox Life HD" to "Star Life HD" |url=https://www.disneystar.com/media/4547/intimation-fox-life-and-fox-life-hd-website-copy-14032024.pdf |access-date=2024-03-14 |website=disneystar.com}}</ref> thus phasing out the Fox brand in Asia.

==Programming==
All the programmes are currently being telecast in [[English language|English]], [[Hindi]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]], and [[Marathi language|Marathi]] in India.
* ''[[5 Ingredient Fix]]''
* ''[[Eat St.]]''
* ''[[Food Safari]]''
* ''[[From Spain with Love with Annie Sibonney]]''
* ''[[Getaway (TV series)|Getaway]]''
* ''[[The Janice Dickinson Modeling Agency]]''
* ''[[Kitchen Nightmares]]''
* ''[[MasterChef (British TV series)|MasterChef]]''
* ''[[My Sri Lanka with Peter Kuruvita]]''
* ''[[Project Runway]]''
* ''[[Street Food Around the World]]''
* ''What's with Indian Men?''<ref name=":1" />

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:2008 establishments in India]]
[[Category:2025 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Defunct television channels in India]]
[[Category:Television stations in India]]
[[Category:English-language television stations in India]]
[[Category:Television channels and stations established in 2008]]
[[Category:Fox Life|India]]
[[Category:Disney Star]]
[[Category:Television channels and stations disestablished in 2025]]
[[Category:Former subsidiaries of The Walt Disney Company]]

Machi, Manipur

2025-11-19T18:04:47Z

CandelariaSanche: minor correct details per sources and updated info as per guidelines

{{Short description|Village in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{refimprove|date=May 2025}}

'''Machi village''' (MACHI BLOCK under tengnoupal district) is located in India and listed under Taluk : Machi, in the district of [[Tengnoupal district|Tengnoupal]], in [[Manipur]] state, India.<ref>{{cite web |author= |date=2011 |title=Basic Population Figures of India, States, Districts, Sub-District and Village, 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]] |access-date=May 10, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711042331/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |archive-date=2022-07-11}}</ref>

It is located 28 km towards North from Chandel District Headquarter.

==Machi Village Location==
[[File:Machi view.jpg|thumb|the view of machi]]
:Tehsil Name : Machi
:District : Tengnoupal
:State : Manipur
:Language : Maring
:Time zone: IST (UTC+5:30)
:Telephone Code / Std Code: 03848

==Pincodes==
:near Machi Village 795135
:Langol village,
:Parentong village,
:Lamlong village,
:Khunbi village,
:Kakching, 795148
:[[Wangjing, Manipur]], 795131 (Moreh)

==Places near Machi Village==
===Places===
:Itanagar- 326 km
:Khonsa- 344 km
:Changlang- 372 km
:Ziro- 378 km
:Tirap- 379 km

===Cities===
*Kakching- 24 km
*Thoubal- 40 km
*Mayang Imphal- 29 km
*Lilong- 50 km

===Taluks===
*Machi- 3 km
*Kakching- 16 km
*Thoubal- 20 km
*Imphal East Ii- 21 km

===Airports===
*Imphal Municipal Airport- 41 km
*Kumbhirgram Airport- 140 km
*Dimapur Airport- 175 km
*Aizawl Airport- 191 km

===District Headquarters===
*Thoubal- 20 km
*Chandel- 35 km
*Imphal West- 44 km
*Bishnupur- 47 km

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord|24|58|N|79|00|E|display=title|region:IN_type:city_source:GNS-enwiki}}

[[Category:Villages in Tengnoupal district]]

{{Manipur-geo-stub}}

Akshaya Bhandar

2025-11-07T02:19:00Z

CandelariaSanche: Starting initial info w/ infobox

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{coord|12.296347|N|76.628816|E|display=title}}
[[File:Akshay Bhandar temple.jpg|thumb|right|170px|Adishkathi, Bandanthamma, Kaalamma Temple]]
'''Akshaya Bhandar''' is a suburb of [[Mysore]] in [[Karnataka]], [[India]].

==Location==
Akshaya Bhandar junction and residential suburb are located between Kuvempu Nagar and Saraswathipuram in southern Mysore.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/Akshaya+Bhandar,+Saraswathipuram,+Mysuru,+Karnataka/@12.3027621,76.6240956,15z/data=!4m5!3m4!1s0x3baf7aa52dc0e77d:0xb6a04cb1721889d2!8m2!3d12.3035376!4d76.6333291|title=Akshaya Bhandar · Saraswathipuram, Mysuru, Karnataka, India|website=Google Maps|accessdate=19 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://wikimapia.org/21589704/Akshay-Bhandar|title=Akshay Bhandar - Mysuru|website=wikimapia.org|accessdate=19 September 2021}}</ref> Panchamantra road from Kuvempu complex junction meets [[New Kantharaj Urs Road]] at Akshaya Bhandar forming a T-junction.

==Etymology==
''Akshaya'' means everlasting and ''Bhandar'' means shop. The reference is to the oldest grocery store of the locality which still operates near the junction.

==Educational Organizations==
* Gnana Ganga School
* J.S.S.Law College [http://jsslawcollege.in/ JSS Law College – Law College in Mysore]
* Raghavendra PU College
* Kaginele B.Ed College

==Other Landmarks==

* Bandantamma Temple
* Thaponandana Park
* Vishwanandana Park
* Bhanavi Hospital
* Sri Bandanthamma Kaalamma Community Hall
* Apollo BGS Hospital [http://www.apollobgshospitalsmysore.com/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170507092359/http://www.apollobgshospitalsmysore.com/ |date=7 May 2017 }}
* Sri Adishkathi Sri Bandanthamma Sri Kaalamma Temple<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://in.99nearby.com/place/sri-adishkathi-sri-bandanthamma-sri-kaalamma-temple/216592 | title=Sri Adishkathi Sri Bandanthamma Sri Kaalamma Temple at 8th Main Road, Kuvempu Nagara, Mysuru, Karnataka 570023, India }}</ref>

==Pincode==
There are two post offices in Akshaya Bhandar, namely Saraswathipuram and Tonachi Koppal(T.K.) Layout, both with the pin code being 570009.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mobida.in/address/near-akshaya-bhandar-mysore|title=Near Akshaya Bhandar, Mysore Pin Code Number | Mobida.In|website=mobida.in|accessdate=19 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Pin Code: 570009, List of Post Offices, MYSORE, KARNATAKA Pincode.net.in|url=https://pincode.net.in/570009|access-date=2021-09-19|website=pincode.net.in}}</ref>

==Transportation==
The nearest railway station is [[Chamarajapuram railway station|Chamarajapuram]] one kilometer away.
Bus No.62 connects this junction to the city bus station.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://mitra.ksrtc.in/MysoreMBus/busspd.jsp?value=A+-+B|title=KSRTC ITS | Bus Stop|website=mitra.ksrtc.in|accessdate=19 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=How to get to Akshaya Bhandar in Mysuru by Bus|url=https://moovitapp.com/index/en/public_transit-Akshaya_Bhandar-Mysuru-site_27244394-4082|access-date=2021-09-19|website=moovitapp.com|language=en-IN}}</ref>

==Economy==
Akshaya Bhandar is an upmarket residential locality with numerous banks, shops and educational institutions around the junction.

==See also==
* [[Kuvempunagar|Kuvempunagara]]
* [[Jayanagar, Mysore|Jayanagara]]
* [[Saraswathipuram, Mysore|Saraswathipuram]]

==Image gallery==
<gallery>
File:Apollo hispital.jpg|Apollo Hospital
File:Akshaya Bhandar.3.jpg|Vishwanandana Park
File:Akshaya Bhandar.jpg|Akshaya Bhandar Junction
File:Akshaya Bhandara Temple.jpg|Adishakthi Temple
File:Akshaya Bhandara.2.jpg|JSS Law College
</gallery>

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

[[Category:Mysore South]]
[[Category:Suburbs of Mysore]]

Nandu Ram

2025-10-30T02:42:51Z

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{{short description|Indian sociologist and retired professor}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{notability|Academics|date=December 2016}}
{{Orphan|date=January 2019}}
}}
{{Infobox academic
| name = Nandu Ram
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date=
| birth_place= India
| death_date= {{Death date and age|df=y|2025|07|13|1946|07|28}}
| death_place=
| education =
| discipline= Sociologist
| workplaces=[[Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi|Jawaharlal Nehru University]]
}}
'''Nandu Ram''' was an Indian [[Sociology|sociologist]] and retired [[professor]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.jnu.ac.in/FacultyStaff/ShowProfile.asp?SendUserName=nram|title=Faculty Profile|last=|first=|date=|website=www.jnu.ac.in|publisher=|access-date=2017-01-22}}</ref> He was the former dean of school of social sciences at the [[Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi|Jawaharlal Nehru University]], [[New Delhi]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.jnu.ac.in/JNUNewsArchives/JNUNews_Sep_Dec09/movements.htm|title=New Appointments|last=|first=|date=|website=www.jnu.ac.in|publisher=|access-date=2017-01-22}}</ref> and was one of the founding professors of the Dr. Ambedkar Chair in Sociology at JNU.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.jnu.ac.in/AnnualReports/43AnnualReport_Eng_II.pdf|title=Jawaharlal Nehru University 2012-13 Annual Report, Part II|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=|access-date=}}</ref>

== Books ==
Ram had published more than three dozen research articles and was the author of three books. His major works are as follows:
* The Mobile Scheduled Castes: Rise of a New Middle Class (1988)<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EevZAAAAMAAJ|title=The Mobile Scheduled Castes: Rise of a New Middle Class|last=Ram|first=Nandu|date=1988-01-01|publisher=Hindustan Publishing Corporation|isbn=9788170750079|language=en}}</ref>
* Beyond Ambedkar: Essays on Dalits in India (1995)<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BV0FuSXACbUC|title=Beyond Ambedkar: Essays on Dalits in India|last=Ram|first=Nandu|date=2009-01-01|publisher=Har-Anand Publications|isbn=9788124114193|language=en}}</ref>
* Ambedkar, Dalits and Buddhism, (ed.) Manak Publications, Delhi, 2008, Nandu Ram, CSSS.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.jnu.ac.in/jnunewsarchives/JNUNews_Sep_Oct08/publications.htm|title=Our Publications|website=www.jnu.ac.in|access-date=2017-01-22}}</ref>
* Dalits in Contemporary India, (ed.) Siddhant Publications, New Delhi, 2008, Nandu Ram, CSSS.<ref name=":0" />
* Caste System and Untouchability in South India, Manak Publications, Delhi, 2008, Nandu Ram, CSSS.<ref name=":0" />
* Encyclopedia of Scheduled Castes in India : In 5 Volumes.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fi_1AQAACAAJ|title=Encyclopaedia of Scheduled Castes in India: (in 5 Volumes)|last=Ram|first=Nandu|year=2007|publisher=Gyan Publishing House|isbn=9788121205887|language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ram, Nandu}}{{India-sociologist-stub}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian sociologists]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Jawaharlal Nehru University]]

National Highway 11C (India, old numbering)

2025-10-29T00:35:11Z

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#REDIRECT [[National Highway 248 (India)]]

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[[Category:National highways in Rajasthan|11C]]

National Highway 109 (India, old numbering)

2025-10-17T05:54:04Z

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#REDIRECT [[National Highway 107 (India)]]

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Umakanta Samantaray

2025-09-30T00:11:38Z

CandelariaSanche: starting details

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = Member of [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Satyabadi Assembly constituency|Satyabadi]]
| term_start = 2014
| term_end = 2024
| profession = Politician
| predecessor = [[Prasad Kumar Harichandan]]
| party = [[Biju Janata Dal]]
| image =
}}
'''Umakanta Samantaray''' is an Indian politician from Odisha. He was a two time elected [[Odisha Legislative Assembly|Member of the Odisha Legislative Assembly]] from [[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2014]] as an Independent candidate, representing [[Satyabadi Assembly constituency]] and from [[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019]] as a Member of the [[Biju Janata Dal]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Satyabadi Election Result 2024 LIVE Updates Highlights: Assembly Winner, Loser, Leading, Trailing, MLA, Margin |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/satyabadi-election-result-2024-live-updates-highlights-assembly-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-8917657.html |access-date=2024-10-16 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Satyabadi Lok Sabha Election 2024 Live: Get Satyabadi Lok Sabha Election Results and Candidate List |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/odisha-assembly-election/satyabadi-constituency/ |access-date=2024-10-16 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election]]
* [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Samantaray, Umakanta}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Odisha MLAs 2014–2019]]
[[Category:Odisha MLAs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:Biju Janata Dal politicians]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{Odisha-BJD-politician-stub}}

Mandana Bharati Dham

2025-09-27T18:52:01Z

CandelariaSanche: creating first post needs work!

{{Related|[[Mandana Mishra]]|[[Adi Shankaracharya]]|[[Sanskrit and Vedic learning in Mithila]]|[[Mimansa]]}}

{{Infobox historic site
| name = Mandan Bharti Dham
| native_name = मंडन भारती धाम
| native_language = Maithili
| founded = Mandana Misra
| architecture = Hinduism
| built_for = Teaching of Mimansa Shastra
| location = Mahishi Village, Saharsa District, Mithila region, Bihar
| image =
| caption =
}}
'''Mandan Bharti Dham''' is a historically significant site and a residential location associated with the Indian Vedic philosopher [[Maṇḍana Miśra|Mandana Mishra]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Mandan Dham |url=https://tourism.bihar.gov.in/en/destinations/saharsa/mandan-bharti-dham |website=Bihar Tourism}}</ref> It is situated in [[Mahishi]] village, within the [[Saharsa district]] in the [[Mithila (region)|Mithila region]] of Bihar, India. This site holds great reverence as a Hindu pilgrimage destination. Notably, it was the location where a significant Shastrartha (philosophical debate) occurred between two eminent Indian scholars, [[Adi Shankara|Adi Guru Shankaracharya]] and Mandana Mishra, within the Sanatana tradition.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mandan Bharti Dham, Mahishi {{!}} Saharsa District {{!}} India |url=https://saharsa.nic.in/tourist-place/mandan-bharti-dham-mahishi/ |access-date=2023-10-18 |language=en-US}}</ref> In this Shastrartha, [[Ubhay Bharati]], the wife of Mandana Mishra was chosen as the impartial judge to adjudicate the philosophical discourse. Moreover, this location served as an educational center for the study of the [[Mīmāṃsā|Mimansa Shastra]] in [[Sanskrit and Vedic learning in Mithila|Mithila]]. The Mimansa Shastra is one of the six schools of Indian philosophy.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nadkarni |first=Vithal C. |date=2009-05-29 |title=It's a question of perception |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/opinion/vedanta/its-a-question-of-perception/articleshow/4595382.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-10-18 |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jha |first=Bishwambhar |date=2010 |title=Education in Early Mithila: A Reappraisal |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44147484 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=71 |pages=160–164 |jstor=44147484 |issn=2249-1937}}</ref>

== History ==
It is said that a university was once located here whose Chancellor was Mandan Mishra. In the 8th-9th century, Adi Guru Shankaracharya came to Mahishi to debate with Mandan Mishra on Advaita Vedanta.<ref>{{Cite web |title=मंडन धाम में तोते भी करते थे संस्कृत में बातें - |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/saharsa-15636694.html |access-date=2023-10-27 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> It is said that the debate continued for 42 days.<ref>{{Cite web |title=मंडन धाम पर मंदिर का होगा निर्माण... पत्नी भारती ने शंकराचार्य को कामशास्त्र के इन सवालों से किया था परास्त - Temple will be constructed at Mandan Dham... Wife ubhay Bharati defeated Shankaracharya with these questions of Kamashastra |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/bhagalpur-temple-will-be-constructed-at-mandan-dham-in-bihar-saharsa-22882031.html |access-date=2023-10-27 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref> Alan Thraser, the scholar of Harvard University did his PhD on Mandan Mishra's work [[Brahmasiddhi]] in 1972. It was later published by Motilal Banarasi Das Prakashan. In 2015, the state [[government of Bihar]] declared it as a protected religious site. The initiative for declaring the site as protected religious site was initiated by the state archeological department. The site was also inspected by the local chapter of the [[Archaeological Survey of India|Archeological Survey of India]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bihar declares Mandan Dham in Saharsa a protected site |url=https://news.biharprabha.com/2015/03/bihar-declares-mandan-dham-in-saharsa-a-protected-site/ |access-date=2023-10-27 |website=Biharprabha News {{!}} Connecting Bihar with the entire World |language=en-US}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Saharsa district]]
[[Category:Sanskrit and Vedic learning in Mithila]]

Ravi Shankar Jha

2025-09-06T21:04:47Z

CandelariaSanche: adjust intro for accuracy and improved wording per sources

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{short description|Former Chief Justice of Punjab and Haryana High Court}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Ravi Shanker Jha
| office = [[Chief Justice]] of [[Punjab and Haryana High Court]]
| termstart = 6 October 2019
| termend = 13 October 2023
| appointer = [[Ram Nath Kovind]]
| nominator = [[Ranjan Gogoi]]
| office1 = [[Acting (law)|Acting]] [[Chief Justice]] of [[Madhya Pradesh High Court]]
| termstart1 = 10 June 2019
| termend1 = 5 October 2019
| appointer1 = Ram Nath Kovind
| predecessor = [[Rajeev Sharma (judge)|Rajeev Sharma]]
| office2 = [[Judge]] of [[Madhya Pradesh High Court]]
| termstart2 = 18 October 2005
| termend2 = 9 June 2019
| nominator2 = [[Ramesh Chandra Lahoti]]
| appointer2 = [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1961|10|14|df=y}}
| birth_place =
| honorific_prefix = Hon'ble Chief Justice (Retd.)
| alma_mater = [[Rani Durgavati Vishwavidyalaya]]
}}
'''Ravi Shanker Jha''' (born 14 October 1961) is an Indian retired judge, who served as the [[chief justice]] of [[Punjab and Haryana High Court]] from October 2019 to October 2023. He is a former acting chief justice of [[Madhya Pradesh High Court]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.barandbench.com/news/justice-ravi-shanker-jha-acting-chief-justice-madhya-pradesh-hc-appointment-justice-akil-kureshi-notified|title=Justice Ravi Shanker Jha appointed Acting Chief Justice of Madhya Pradesh HC; Appointment of Justice Akil Kureshi yet to be notified|last=Krishnan|first=Murali|date=7 June 2019|work=Bar & Bench|access-date=7 June 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://doj.gov.in/sites/default/files/latest-notification-07-06-2019_0.pdf|title=Order of Appointment of Shri Justice Ravi shanker Jha, as acting Chief Justice M.P High Court ( 07 June 2019)|last=|first=|date=7 June 2019|website=|access-date=7 June 2019}}</ref>

== Career ==
Jha obtained a law degree in 1986 from [[Rani Durgavati Vishwavidyalaya]], [[Jabalpur]], and was enrolled as an [[advocate]] on 20 September 1986 with the State Bar Council of Madhya Pradesh, joining the chamber of [[P. P. Naolekar]] that year. Jha practiced in Madhya Pradesh High Court since the day of enrollment. He was elevated as additional [[judge]] of Madhya Pradesh High Court on 18 October 2005 and became a permanent judge on 2 February 2007. Jha was appointed [[acting (law)|acting]] chief justice of Madhya Pradesh High Court on 10 June 2019 after retirement of Chief Justice [[Sanjay Kumar Seth]], and was appointed chief justice of Punjab and Haryana High Court on 6 October 2019.

==References==
<references />

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jha, Ravi Shankar}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian judges]]
[[Category:Judges of the Madhya Pradesh High Court]]
[[Category:1961 births]]

{{India-law-bio-stub}}

Napham

2025-08-10T01:07:01Z

CandelariaSanche: slightly improved formatting for clarity and corrected details

{{Multiple issues|
{{Orphan|date=August 2025}}
{{More citations needed|date=October 2023}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}

'''Napham''' is a unique dish in [[Bodo cuisine]]. It is made by pounding smoke dried fish with taro stems and/or leaves and the mixture is allowed to ferment in a sealed bamboo cylinder. Thereafter, aged napham could be fried or used as is. Napham is similar to chutney and is made from tiny fermented fish. These are pounded with red chillies, mustard oil, spices and salt, and preserved for use accompanying rice and dal dishes later in the year.<ref>[http://www.chefatlarge.in/culture/bodo-cuisine-46686/ Bodo cuisine] Chef at Large</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Indian cuisine]]

{{assam-stub}}
{{india-cuisine-stub}}

Ramcharitmanas

2025-07-06T23:20:05Z

CandelariaSanche: typo fix

{{Short description|Awadhi poem about Rama by Tulsidas}}
{{use dmy dates|date=March 2016}}
{{use Indian English|date=March 2016}}{{italic title}}
{{Infobox religious text
| image = File:Rāmacaritamānasa manuscript (19th century).png
| name = ''Ramcharitmanas''
| alt = ''Ramcharitmanas''
| caption = A 19th century manuscript of the Ramcharitmanas
| language = [[Awadhi language|Awadhi]]
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
|author = [[Tulsidas]]
|verses = 10,902
|chapters=7 Khands/Sopans
}}'''''Ramcharitmanas''''' ({{lang-deva|रामचरितमानस|rāmacaritamānasa}}), is an [[Epic poetry|epic poem]] in the [[Awadhi language]], composed by the 16th-century Indian [[bhakti]] poet [[Tulsidas]] (c. 1511–1623). It has many inspirations, the primary being the ''[[Ramayana]]'' of [[Valmiki]].

This work is also called, in popular parlance, ''Tulsi Ramayana'', ''Tulsikrit Ramayana'', ''Tulsidas Ramayana'' or simply '' Manas''. The word ''Ramcharitmanas'' literally means "Lake of the deeds of [[Rama]]".<ref name="jindal1955">{{Citation | title=A history of Hindi literature | author=K.B. Jindal | year=1955 | publisher=Kitab Mahal | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IkA9AAAAIAAJ | quote=... The book is popularly known as the ''Ramayana'', but the poet himself called it the ''Ramcharitmanas'' or the 'Lake of the Deeds of Rama' ... the seven cantos of the book are like the seven steps to the lake ... | access-date=15 November 2015 | archive-date=26 January 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240126145811/https://books.google.com/books?id=IkA9AAAAIAAJ | url-status=live }}</ref> It is considered one of the greatest works of Hindu literature. The work has variously been acclaimed as "the living sum of Indian culture", "the tallest tree in the magic garden of medieval Indian poetry", "the greatest book of all devotional literature" and "the best and most trustworthy guide to the popular living faith of the Indian people".<ref name="Lutgendorf 1991, p. 1">Lutgendorf 1991, p. 1.</ref>

{{Hindu scriptures}}
Tulsidas was a great scholar of [[Sanskrit]], but due to limited accessibility of the language, he chose to write it in the [[vernacular]], Awadhi, making his work more accessible to the general public.<ref>{{cite book |last=Grierson |first=George Abraham |author-link=George Abraham Grierson |url= |title=Linguistic Survey Of India, Volume 6 |date= |publisher= |isbn= |location= |pages=12}}</ref> Tradition has it that Tulsidas had to face much criticism from the Sanskrit scholars of [[Varanasi]] for being a vernacular poet. However, Tulsidas remained steadfast in his resolve to simplify the knowledge contained in the [[Veda]]s, the [[Upanishad]]s and the [[Puranas]] to the common people. Subsequently, his work was widely accepted.

''Ramcharitmanas'' made available the story of Rama to the common man to sing, meditate and perform on. The writing of ''Ramcharitmanas'' also heralded many a cultural tradition, most significantly that of the tradition of [[Ramlila]], the dramatic enactment of the text.<ref name="Subramanian V. K.">{{Harvnb|Tulasīdāsa|Subramanian|2008|p=19}}</ref> ''Ramcharitmanas'' is considered by many as a work belonging to the [[Saguna brahman|Saguna]] school<ref name="McLean121">{{Harvnb| McLean|1998|p=121}}</ref><ref name="PuriDas230">{{Harvnb| Puri|Das|2003|p=230}}</ref> of the [[Bhakti movement]]<ref name="Lele75">{{Harvnb| Lele|1981|p=75}}</ref><ref name="Lorenzen160">{{Harvnb| Lorenzen|1995|p=160}}</ref>{{refn|group=n|name=BhaktiPoets|Tulsidas, [[Kabir]], [[Mirabai]], and [[Surdas]] are considered the greatest devotional poets of [[Bhakti]] kāl<ref name=Lutgendorf92>{{Harvnb|Lutgendorf|2006|p=92}}</ref><ref name=Sadarangani78>{{Harvnb|Sadarangani|2004|p=78}}</ref><ref name=Kumar161>{{Harvnb|Kumar|2001|p=161}}</ref>}} in [[Hindi literature]].

In May 2024, during the tenth meeting of the Memory of the World Committee for Asia and the Pacific, the Ramcharitamanas manuscripts were added to UNESCO's Memory of the World Asia-Pacific Regional Register. One manuscript was authored by Tulsidas, and the other was written in Arabic in the 18th century, showcasing the text's appeal in West Asia and other parts of the world.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-15 |title=Ramcharitmanas included in UNESCO's Memory of the World Regional Register: Its significance |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-culture/indian-literary-works-unesco-memory-world-register-9331289/ |access-date=2024-05-19 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

==Background==

[[File:Goswami Tulsidas Awadhi Hindi Poet.jpg|thumb|Picture of author, Tulsidas published in the ''Ramcharitmanas'', 1949.]]

Tulsidas began writing the ''Ramcharitmanas'' in [[Ayodhya]] in [[Vikram Samvat]] 1631 (1574 CE).{{refn|group=n|name=date1574|In verse 1.33.2<ref>{{Harvnb|Gita Press|1923|p=63}}</ref> of Bālkānd, the first chapter of ''Rāmcaritmanas'', Tulsidas mentions 1631, Tuesday, as the date according to Vikram Samvat calendar, which is 1574 in [[Gregorian calendar]] or [[Common Era]].<ref name=Saraswati485>{{Harvnb| Saraswati|2001|p=485}}</ref>}}<ref name="ralhan1997">{{Citation | title=The Great Gurus of the Sikhs, Volume 1 | author=O.P. Ralhan | year=1997 | isbn=978-81-7488-479-4 |publisher=Anmol Publications Pvt Ltd | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KNJ_FMzw72AC | quote=''... It was on a Tuesday, the ninth day of Chaitra in the Samvat year 1631, that Tulsidas started writing the ''Ramcharitmanas'' in the city of [[Ayodhya]] on the banks of the sacred [[Sarayu River (Ayodhya)|Saryu]]. The place and date are significant, Ayodhya being the birthplace and the day being the birthday of Sri [[Rama]] ...''}}</ref> The exact date is stated within the poem as being the ninth day of the month of [[Chaitra]], which is the birthday of Rama or [[Rama Navami]].<ref name="ralhan1997"/> ''Ramcharitmanas'' was composed at [[Ayodhya (Ramayana)|Ayodhya]], [[Varanasi]] and [[Chitrakoot, Madhya Pradesh|Chitrakoot]].<ref>Rambhadracharya, Swami (2008). Ramcharitmanas Bhavarthbodhini Hindi Tika. Page No. xxxi</ref>

The ''Ramcharitmanas'' is written in [[vernacular]] [[Awadhi language|Awadhi]] language.<ref name="Lochtefeld7132">{{Harvnb|Lochtefeld|2002|p=713}}</ref><ref name="Coogan1412">{{Harvnb|Coogan|2003|p=141}}</ref><ref name="Richman92">{{Harvnb|Richman|2001|p=9}}</ref> The core of the work is considered by some to be a poetic retelling of the events of the Sanskrit epic ''[[Ramayana]]''[1]<ref name="Agarwal1142">{{Harvnb|Agarwal|2005|p=114}}</ref><ref name="MacFie1152">{{Harvnb|MacFie|2004|p=115}}</ref><ref name="Bakker1222">{{Harvnb|Bakker|2009|p=122}}</ref><ref name="Rajagopal992">{{Harvnb|Rajagopal|2001|p=99}}</ref> by [[Valmiki]]. The Valmiki Ramayana is centered on the narrative of Rama. Rama was the crown prince of Ayodhya and is considered in [[Hindu]] tradition as the seventh [[avatar]] of [[Vishnu]]. However, the ''Ramacharitmanas'' is by no means a replica of the Valmiki ''Ramayana'' nor an abridged re-telling of it. ''Ramcharitmanas'' has elements from many other Ramayanas written earlier in Sanskrit, and other [[Languages of India|Indian]] [[dialects]] as well as stories from [[Puranas]]. Tulsidas is said to have some spiritual powers to see the events occurred till [[Tretayuga]] that he used to narrate ''Ramcharitmanas''. He calls the epic ''Ramcharitmanas'' as the story of Rama, which was narrated by Shiva to his wife, [[Parvati]]. Tulsidas claims to have received the story through his guru, Narharidas as a child until he wrote it down as the ''Ramcharitmanas''. His guru graciously repeated it again and again so that he could understand and remember it. Then he narrated the story and named it ''Ramcharitmanas'' as [[Shiva]] himself called it. The epic poem is, therefore, also referred to as ''Tulsikrit Ramayana'' (literally, ''The Ramayana composed by Tulsidas'').<ref name="vyas19922">{{Citation|title=Ramayana, its universal appeal and global role|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AiQqAAAAYAAJ|year=1992|quote=... Its original name is Ram Charit Manas, but people call it Tulsi Krit Ramayan. (This has been the custom to name the Ramayan after its author). Tulsi Krit Ramayan was written in the 16th Century AD. This is the most popular and a work by a world renowned ...|author=Lallan Prasad Vyas|publisher=Har-Anand Publications|isbn = 9788124100011}}</ref>

== Etymology ==
The word ''Ramcharitmanas'' literally means "Lake of the deeds of [[Rama]]".<ref name="jindal1955" /> Additionally, Phillip Lutgendorf uses W.D.P Hill's English translation of the ''Ramcharitmanas'' titled "The Holy Lake of the Acts of Ram." The word ''Ram'' refers to the main character of the epic, the Hindu god [[Rama]]; ''carita'' means "acts or deeds" and ''manas'' loosely refers to the "mind or heart." ''Manas'' is also a proper noun, referring to a Himalayan lake, thus rendering Hill's entire translation of "The Holy Lake of the Acts of Ram."<ref name=":0" />

==Manuscripts==
A manuscript of the ''Ramcharitatmanas'' dated to 1648 CE is kept at a Hanuman temple in Tulsi Ghat, Varanasi.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-08-10 |title=17th century Ramayana manuscript under lock and key after theft |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/17th-century-ramayana-manuscript-under-lock-and-key-after-theft/article6301530.ece |access-date=2023-03-30 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330060103/https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/17th-century-ramayana-manuscript-under-lock-and-key-after-theft/article6301530.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Structure==

[[File:MND31.jpg|thumb|upright|Scene ''Ramayana'', Gupta art]]

''Ramcharitmanas'' consists of seven Kānds (literally "books" or "episodes", [[cognate]] with ''[[canto]]s'') and composed of approximately 12,800 lines, divided into 1,073 stanzas.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Lutgendorf |first=Philip |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=19zvfkwXyzUC&q=tulsidas+life |title=The Life of a Text: Performing the Rāmcaritmānas of Tulsidas |date=1991 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-06690-8 |pages=12–20 |language=en}}</ref> Tulsidas compared the seven Kāndas of the epic to seven steps leading into the holy waters of [[Lake Manasarovar]] "which purifies the body and the soul at once".<ref name="ghose2004">{{Citation|title=Legend of Ram: Antiquity to Janmabhumi Debate|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rfgkCrumMfYC|year=2004|quote=... Lake of the Deeds of Ram. He says that the seven cantos or sections of the work are like the beautiful flights of steps to the holy water of a lake, which purifies the body and the soul at once ...|author=Sanujit Ghose|publisher=Bibliophile South Asia|isbn=978-81-85002-33-0}}</ref><ref name="classe2000">{{Citation|title=Encyclopedia of literary translation into English: M-Z, Volume 2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C1uXah12nHgC|year=2000|quote=... ''Rāmcāritmānas'', composed in the Avadhi dialect of Hindi, is an epic of some 13,000 lines divided into seven kandas or 'books.' The word ''mānas'' (which Hindi speakers often use as an abbreviation of the longer title) alludes to a sacred lake in the Himalayas, and so the title may be rendered 'the divine lake of Ram's deeds' ...|author=Olive Classe|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-884964-36-7}}</ref>

The first two parts, Bāl Kāṇḍ (Childhood Episode) and Ayodhyā Kāṇḍ (Ayodhya Episode), make up more than half of the work. The other parts are Araṇya Kāṇḍ (Forest Episode), Kiśkindhā Kāṇḍ (Kishkindha Episode), Sundar Kāṇḍ (Pleasant Episode), Laṅkā Kāṇḍ (Lanka Episode), and Uttar Kāṇḍ (Later Episode). The work is primarily composed in the [[Chaupai (poetry)|Chaupai]] [[metre (poetry)|metre]] (four-line quatrains), separated by the [[Doha (poetry)|Doha]] metre (two-line couplets), with occasional ''Soratha'' and various [[Chhand]] metres.<ref>Impact of Ramayan - http://www.bhuvaneshwarmandir.com/resources/impact.htm {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100602125602/http://www.bhuvaneshwarmandir.com/resources/impact.htm |date=2 June 2010 }}</ref><ref name=":0" />[[File:An Ramlila Actor In The Role of Ravana.jpg|thumb|A [[Ramlila]] actor playing Ravana in traditional attire.]]

=== Invocations ===

Every chapter of the ''Ramcharitmanas'' begins with an invocation or [[Mangalacharana|Mangalācharaņ]]. It is customary in the Indian tradition of writing for the author to begin a new book with invocation to the gods to ensure that the sankalpa is finished unhindered. The first three or four verses of each Kānd are typically in the form of invocations.

Bāl Kāṇḍ begins with a hymn honouring the goddess [[Saraswati]] and the god [[Ganesha]], the deities related to knowledge, wisdom, speech and auspiciousness.<ref name="Gita Press">{{cite book|title=Shri Ramacharitamanasa, A Romanized Edition|publisher=Gita Press|location=Gorakhpur|edition=1968}}</ref> The deities Lord Shiva, Lord Rama, and Goddess Sita are also honoured in succeeding verses.<ref name="Gita Press" /> In the ''Pushpavatika Nireekshan'' chapter, the detailed description of the legendary garden [[Baag Taraag Pushpavatika]] is explained.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sumana |first=Ambāprasāda |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XvAPAAAAMAAJ |title=Rāmacaritamānasa: vāgvaibhava |date=1973 |publisher=Vijñāna Bhāratī |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=शर्मा |first=जगदीश |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-fxEAQAAIAAJ |title=वाल्मीकि रामायण और रामचरितमानस: सौन्दर्य-विधान का तुलनात्मक अध्ययन |date=1969 |publisher=Bhāratīya Śodha-Saṃsthāna, Gāndhī Śikshaṇa-Samiti |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Upādhyāya |first=Rāmakiṅkara |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cdhlAAAAMAAJ |title=Mānasa-muktāvalī |date=1982 |publisher=Biralā Akādamī āpha Ārṭa eṇḍa Kalcara |language=hi}}</ref>

Ayodhyā Kāṇḍ begins with the famous verse dedicated to the god Shiva: ''May He in whose lap shines forth Parvati, the daughter of the mountain-king, who carries the celestial stream Ganga on His head, on whose brow rests the crescent moon, whose throat holds deadly poison & whose breast is graced by serpent-king, & who is adorned by the ashes on His body, may that chief of gods, the Lord of all, the Destroyer of the universe, the omnipresent Shiva, the moon-like Shankar, ever protect me.''<ref name="Gita Press"/>

Araṇya Kāṇḍ{{'s}} first verse again extols Shiva: ''I reverence [[Bhagavan]] Śańkara, the progeny of Brahmā, the very root of the tree of piety, the beloved, devotee of King Śri Rama, the full moon that brings joy to the ocean of wisdom, the sun that opens the lotus of dispassion, the wind that disperses the clouds of ignorance, who dispels the thick darkness of sin & eradicates the threefold agony & who wipes off all calumny and obloquy.''<ref name="Gita Press"/>

Kiśkindhā Kāṇḍ commences with the following verse: ''Lovely as a jasmine & a blue lotus, of surpassing strength, repositories of wisdom, endowed with natural grace, excellent bowmen, hymned by the [[Veda]]s, & lovers of the cow & the host of Brāhmaņas, who appeared in the form of mortal men through their own Māyā (deluding potency) as the two noble scions of Raghu's lineage, the armours of true [[dharma]], friendly to all & journeying in quest for Sita, may they Sri Rama & Laksmana both grant us Devotion.''<ref name="Gita Press"/>

Sundar Kāṇḍ begins with a hymn in the praise of Rama: ''I adore the Lord of the universe bearing the name of Rama, the chief of the Raghu's line & the crest-jewel of kings, the mine of compassion, the dispeller of all sins, appearing in human form through His Māyā (deluding potency), the greatest of all gods, knowable through Vedānta (the [[Upanishads]]), constantly worshiped by Brahmā (the Creator), Śhambhu (Śivā), & Śeşa (the serpent-god), the bestower of supreme peace in the form of final beatitude, placid, eternal, beyond the ordinary means of cognition, sinless & all-pervading.''<ref name="Gita Press"/>

Laṅkā Kāṇḍ begins with this hymn: ''I adore Śri Rama, the supreme Deity, the object of worship even of Śivā (the destroyer of Cupid), the Dispeller of the fear of rebirth, the lion to quell the mad elephant in the form of Death, the Master of Yogīs, attainable through knowledge, the repository of good qualities, unconquerable, attributeless, immutable, beyond the realm of Māyā, the Lord of celestials, intent on killing the evil-doers, the only protector of the Brāhmaņas, beautiful & dark complexioned as a cloud laden with moisture, who has lotus-like eyes & Supreme Brahma, who appeared in the form of an earthly king.''<ref name="Gita Press"/>

Uttar Kāṇḍ begins with the following hymn: ''I unceasingly adore Śri Ramā, the praiseworthy lord of Jānakī, the chief of Raghu's lineage, possessed of a form greenish blue as the neck of a peacock & adorned with a print of Brahmāna's lotus-foot, which testifies to His being the greatest of all gods, rich in splendour, clad in yellow robes, lotus-eyed, ever-propitious, holding a bow & arrow in His hands, mounted on the aerial car named Puşpakā, accompanied by a host of monkeys & waited upon by His own brother Lakşmaņa.''<ref name="Gita Press"/>

===Kānd endings===

Tulsidas ends every chapter in a similar manner describing the ending in the Sanskrit language.<ref>Gita press ShriRamcharitmanas - End of each Kānd of Gitapress version</ref>

Every Kānd is formally concluded by Goswami Tulsidas. The following is an example of the ending of Kiśkindhā Kāṇḍ:

{{center|"''Iti Srimadramacharitamanase sakalakalikalusavidhvamsane caturthah sopanah samaptah.''"}}

Translation: "Thus ends the fourth descent into the Mānasa lake of Sri Rama's exploits, that eradicate all the impurities of the Kali age." All the other Kāndas are concluded in the same way where the word caturthah is substituted, according to the Kānd being concluded.

==Narrative==

''Ramcharitmanas'' is structured around three separate conversations. The conversations happen between Shiva and Parvati, Sages [[Bharadvaja|Bharadwaj]] and [[Yajnavalkya]] and finally [[Kakabhushundi|Kakbhushundi]] and the king of birds, [[Garuda]]. Some scholars are of the opinion that there is also an underlying personal conversation between Tulsidas and Lord Rama all through the text of ''Ramcharitmanas''.<ref>Morari Bapu 2000, pp. 58, 59, 134. https://openlibrary.org/b/OL2164668M/Mangal_Ramayan {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240126145807/https://openlibrary.org/books/OL2164668M/Mangal_Ramayan |date=26 January 2024 }}</ref>

===Bāl Kāṇḍ===

'''The Child Episode'''

Tulsidas begins the story with an invocation to various deities, his [[guru]] and saints who have preceded him and those who will succeed him in the future. Homage is paid to Valmiki for bringing the ''Ramayana'' to the devotees of [[Rama]]. Next, the various characters of the ''Ramayana'' are introduced and praised beginning with the birthplace of Rama, the holy city of Ayodhya. Praises are bestowed on [[Dasharatha]], the king of Ayodhya and Rama's father and his queens [[Kausalya]], [[Kaikeyi]] and [[Sumitra]]. Tulsidas then praises King Janaka (the father-in-law of Rama), and his family. He goes on to praise the brothers of Rama - [[Bharata (Ramayana)|Bharata]], [[Lakshman]] and [[Shatrughna]] and sings the glories of [[Hanuman]], the constant companion to Rama, [[Sugriva]], the monkey king and [[Jambavan]], the leader of bears. Next, the characters of [[Sita]] and Rama are introduced.

[[File:Four Sons of Dasaratha.jpg|thumb|The birth of the four sons of [[Dasharatha]].]]

The story of ''Ramcharitmanas'' is then underway. It begins with the meeting of two sages - Bharadwaj and Yajnavalkya. Bharadwaj asks Yajnavalkya to narrate in detail the story of Rama. Yajnavalkya begins with how Shiva came about retelling the story of Rama to his wife Parvati. (The story of Sati's self-immolation, the destruction of her father [[Daksha]]'s sacrifice, the rebirth of Sati as Parvati and her marriage to Shiva). Shiva explains five different reasons as to why Rama incarnated on earth in different ages or [[Kalpa (aeon)]]. Each of these stories is discussed in detail, with the primary message being that Rama incarnated on earth to protect the righteous who followed the path of [[Dharma]]. The story then moves to the birth of [[Ravana]] and his brothers. Following this, the narration is done at different times by Shiva, Yajnavalkya, Kakbhushundi and Tulsidas.

The story now moves to the abode of [[Brahma]] where Brahma and the other Hindu Devas ({{Translation|deities}}) are found mulling on the ways to rid the earth of Ravana and his excesses. Unable to find a solution, they pray to Shiva and ask him for his guidance on where to find the supreme God who will come to their rescue. [[Shiva]] tells them that they don't need to go anywhere to find the Supreme God for he resides in the hearts of his devotees. All the [[Deva (Hinduism)|Devas]] then pray to the supreme Brahman/Vishnu to rid the earth of the demons wreaking havoc on men as well as Devas. Brahman shows compassion to all and announces in an [[Akashvani (term)|Akashvani]] that he will be born in the Sun Dynasty to save the Devas and his devotees from the demons.

The story then moves to Ayodhya. One fine day, Dasharatha, the king of Ayodhya, realizes that he has become old and still without children. He conveys his distress to sage [[Vasistha]], the family [[guru]], and seeks the way forward. Vasistha comforts Dasharatha and tells him that he will have four sons. Vasistha requests [[Rishyasringa]] to perform the Putrakām [[yajna]] (vedic yajna for the birth of sons). Tulsidas states that the birth of Rama and his brothers took place on the ninth day of the [[Chaitra]] month. It was the fortnight of the moon, known as the shukla period.

The story then moves on and Rama and his brothers are now grown-up boys. The sage [[Vishvamitra]] arrives at Dasharatha's royal court where the King receives his eminent guest with great honour. Vishvamitra lived in the forest and was performing great sacrifices. However, the demons [[Maricha]] and [[Subahu]] would always desecrate the ceremonial offerings. He knew that Rama had taken birth on earth to protect his devotees and so he decided to visit Dasharatha to ask him a favor. The sage asks the king to let his sons accompany him to the forest. Reluctantly the king agrees. Rama knew beforehand the intention of Vishvamitra in asking him to come along with him. He assures the sage that he would obey his commands. Lakshman kills Subahu and Rama kills [[Tataka]] and defeats Maricha, the dreaded demons.

[[File:Ravi Varma-Rama-breaking-bow.jpg|thumb|Vishvamitra looks as Ram breaks the bow, to win the hand of Sita in marriage.]]

The story then moves to the deliverance of [[Ahalya]]. Rama, Lakshman and Vishvamitra venture on a journey and reach the beautiful kingdom of the [[Videha]]s, [[Mithila (ancient)|Mithila]]. The king of Mithila, [[Janaka]], welcomes the great sage and asks him who are the two boys accompanying him. Janaka is overcome by great emotion as he is able to sense the true nature of their mission. The brothers then set out to discover the beautiful city and visit Janaka's garden. This is an important section of the Ramcharitmanas as it portrays the first meeting of Rama and Sita.

In the meanwhile, King Janaka arranges a [[swayamvara]] ceremony for his daughter [[Sita]]. A swayamvara ceremony is a [[Vedic]] ritual in which a prospective bride selects her groom from among a group of suitors who attend the ceremony. Sita falls in love with Rama at first sight in Janaka's garden and prays to Parvati that she may get Rama as her husband. King Janaka sends a messenger to invite Rama, [[Laksman]] and Sage [[Vishvamitra]] to attend the swayamvara. Janaka puts a condition to identify the right groom for Sita. The great bow of Shiva by the name of [[Shiva Dhanush|Pinaka]] was kept in the arena. Any suitor who would be able to string Pinaka would be married to Sita. Many princes tried but failed to even nudge the bow. This caused great distress to Janaka who wonders aloud if the earth has become devoid of brave men. This statement of Janaka angers Lakshman who retorts that no one should talk in this vain manner, when a gathering like this, has the presence of scions of the Sun Dynasty. Rama gently nudges him to keep calm as [[Vishwamitra]] asks him to break the bow and make Janaka happy once again. Rama steps in and effortlessly lifts and strings the divine bow. In a swift move, he breaks the bow. The breaking of Pinaka causes a great noise that disturbs the great sage [[Parashurama]] in his meditation and he storms into the swayamvara arena in great anger vowing to kill whoever had dared to break the bow of lord Shiva. Lakshman enters into an argument with Parashurama, paying scant respect to the sage who was known for his bursts of anger and was known to slay whoever dared to oppose him. Ultimately, Rama brings him around. Parashurama discovers the real nature of Lord Rama as the ultimate Brahman, pays his respects and leaves for the forests for meditation. Sita places the wreath of victory around the neck of Rama in accordance with the rules of the swayamvara and is thus wedded to him.

However, Sita being his beloved daughter, Janaka desired to conduct a grand marriage of Sita and Rama in accordance with both Vedic and laukik (traditional) customs. [[Janaka]] dispatches messengers to Ayodhya to inform Dasharatha and his family about the marriage of Rama and Sita and invites them for the formal consummation of the marriage ceremony. Dasharatha starts with a great marriage procession, consisting of Rama's family, friends and well wishers in addition to Shiva, Brahma and all Devas arrive in [[Mithila (ancient)|Mithila]]. Along with Rama-Sita, Bharat-Mandavi, Lakshman-Urmila and Shatrughna-Shrutakirti's marriages are also arranged.

After a grand wedding, the kind of which had never been witnessed in the universe, Rama and Sita return to Ayodhya where there was a great celebration and much rejoicing.<ref>Bālakāṇḍa section of Gitapress version</ref>

===Ayodha Kāṇḍ===

'''The Ayodhya Episode'''

Ayodhya was described as being like a heaven on earth ever since Rama and Sita came back from Mithila. As King Dasharatha was getting old, he wanted to install his son Rama as Prince Regent. He decided to start the ceremonies for his coronation the very next day. The Devas however became very concerned at the prospect of Rama remaining in Ayodhya and not pursuing the wicked Ravana, and vanquishing him. Something had to happen if Rama was to embark on his mission to rid the world of Ravana. They approached Goddess Saraswati for help.

King Dasharatha had three wives. Queen [[Kaushalya]] is the principal queen and the mother of Rama. Queen Kaikeyi is the mother of Bharata and Queen [[Sumitra]] is the mother of Lakshman and Shatrughna. Saraswati decides to influence the mind of one of Queen Kaikeyi's maid servants named [[Manthara]]. Manthara's mind harbors evil intentions and she begins to talk to Queen Kaikeyi in harsh and conceited tones. She finds fault with Kaikeyi for being supportive of the king's plan of installing Rama as Prince Regent when her own mind tells her that Bharata would clearly be a greater king. At that time Bharata is visiting his uncle and so he is unaware of what is happening in Ayodhya. Slowly, Queen Kaikeyi becomes influenced. Manthara reminds Queen Kaikeyi of the two boons that the King had promised her. Kaikeyi enters the private room in the royal palace, where the King gives audience to his queens and awaits Dasharatha. Dasharatha is greatly alarmed and concerned that Kaikeyi is sitting in the sulking chamber, while the entire population of Ayodhya is greatly happy and eagerly anticipating the coronation of Rama. Queen [[Kaikeyi]] reminds him of the two boons he promised her and to his bewilderment, asks him to install her son Bharata as Prince Regent and send Rama into the forest for fourteen years. Queen Kaikeyi is unmoved by Dasharatha's lamentations and finally the king emotionally breaks down. The king's assistant Sumantra sends for Rama with a request to meet his father.

Queen Kaikeyi speaks to Rama and explains to him the boons that she had asked of his father. Rama is actually the Supreme Personality of Godhead incarnated on earth, yet he accepts his stepmother's request and decides to leave the kingdom as it serves his purpose as well. The people of Ayodhya remonstrate against Queen Kaikeyi who firmly believes that she is doing the right thing. Rama attempts to dissuade Lakshman and Sita from joining him but is unable to do so. The scene becomes very emotional as Rama, Sita and Lakshman greet their mothers before finally going to Dashratha to take leave of him. Dasharatha attempts, in vain, to try to talk Sita out of joining Rama in the forest.

[[File:Rama, Sita, and Lakshmana at the Hermitage of Bharadvaja Page from a dispersed Ramayana (Story of King Rama), ca. 1780.jpg|thumb|Rama, Sita and Lakshman meeting Sage Bharadwaj at his ashram in Prayag.]]

The residents of Ayodhya can't spare the thought of being away from Rama and decide to join him in the forest. Rama, Sita, Lakshman and Sumantra go incognito and in the dead of the night leave the city and head for the forest. They leave for a place called Sringaverapur after which they meet Guha, the [[Nishada|Nishad]] king. They arrive at [[Allahabad|Prayag]], the holy city where the Rivers [[Ganges]], [[Yamuna]] and Saraswati meet. Rama meets with the Sage Bharadwaj at his ashram. Rama is overwhelmed with the reception and love shown by the people inhabiting the banks of the [[Yamuna]]. Rama then meets Sage Valmiki, the author of the [[Ramayan]] at [[Chitrakoot Dham (Karwi)|Chitrakoot dham]]. [[Valmiki]] recognises the true opulence of Rama and sings his praises. At this point Tulsidas takes great care to describe the beauty of the land of [[Chitrakoot, Madhya Pradesh|Chitrakoot]] with some inspiring poetry.

Rama asks Sumantra to return to Ayodhya which saddens Sumantra. He not only wants to stay with Rama, he is also afraid of going back only to face the anger and wrath of the citizens of Ayodhya. Rama persuades him to go back. On returning to Ayodhya, Sumantra meets Dasharatha, who asks him of the whereabouts of Rama. Unable to bear the pain of separation from Rama Dasharatha dies.

Sage [[Vashishtha]] knows that Rama will not return to the kingdom and so immediately sends an envoy to call Bharata and Shatrughna back to Ayodhya. Bharata learns of all that has happened and chastises his mother, Queen Kaikeyi. He is greatly pained and blames himself for Rama leaving Ayodhya. He accuses her of bringing ruin to the family. Shatrughna comes across Manthara and beats her in rage. They approach Queen [[Kaushalya]] and see her in a sorry state. Bharata begs for her forgiveness and loudly laments while the Queen attempts to pacify him. She asks him to carry out his duty and rule Ayodhya, but Bharata cannot bear the thought of sitting on the throne with his father dead and his brothers in exile in the forest. The cremation of King Dasharatha takes place. Bharata and [[Shatrughna]] decide to go into the forest and ask Rama to return to Ayodhya and take the throne. Many citizens as well as the royal family, who have been grieving ever since Rama had left them, decide to join the brothers.

[[File:Rama-Bharata-Paduka.jpg|thumb|upright|Bharata asks for Rama's [[paduka]] (footwear).]]

The Nishads see the approaching royal party and become suspicious. Guha approaches Bharata to understand his motive for bringing such a large party to the forest. He assumes that Bharata has some sinister motive. Bharata shows his love for Rama and Guha is moved to tears by his love for his brother. The royal procession then moves forward to [[Chitrakoot, Madhya Pradesh|Chitrakoot]]. Lakshman sees the huge army of people with Bharata and immediately begins to chastise Bharata. Rama counters this by praising the greatness of Bharata, leaving Lakshman feeling sorry for his harsh words. Bharata finally arrives at Chitrakoot where the brothers are all reunited once again. They collectively mourn the passing of their father and perform his ''[[Śrāddha|Shraddha]]'' (obsequies) along with Sage [[Vashistha]] leading the ceremony.

Despite all of Bharata's convincing, Rama is true to the word given to his father and step mother Kaikeyi, and vows that he will fulfill her wish. Bharata says that he simply cannot sit on the throne while Rama wanders in the forest. He asks Rama for his sandals, which he would place at the throne and would only act as Rama's representative and not as a full-fledged king.

With much sorrow and hurt, Bharata leaves Rama and returns to Ayodhya. He decides that he would not live in the kingdom while Rama is in exile and so lives like a hermit in a nearby town called Nandigram.<ref>Ayodhya Kānd section of Gitapress version</ref>

===Araṇya Kāṇḍ===

{{Main|Araṇya-Kāṇḍa (The forest episode)}}
'''The Forest Episode'''

[[File:Ravi Varma-Ravana Sita Jathayu.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Ravana]] fights [[Jatayu]] as he carries off the kidnapped Sita.]]

Rama, Sita and Lakshman wander in the forest and come across the hermitage of a sage called [[Atri]]. Atri sees them approaching and is overcome with great joy. Sita is embraced by Atri's wife, [[Anasuya]]. [[Anusuya]] talks to Sita at length about the duties of a devoted wife.

Rama, Sita and Lakshman venture further into the forest and encounter Viradha. Viradha attempts to capture Sita. Rama kills him by burying him in a ditch. They then visit the ashram of Sage Sarabhanga. Rama asks him of where he should go for shelter in the forest. He is advised to visit the sage Sutiksna. As Rama approaches Sutiksna, the latter comes out of his meditation. He tells Rama that he had been awaiting his arrival and had even turned down the offer of entering the heavenly planets.

Thirteen years pass. Continuing on their journey through the forest, they meet with Sage [[Agastya]] where Rama pays his respect to the sage. Agastya gifts divine weapons to Rama and advises him to venture further into the forest and into the region of Dandaka. Rama meets with the eagle, [[Jatayu]]. Rama, Sita and Lakshman take up abode at Panchavati and build a beautiful ashram, as per the advice of Agastya. Lakshman becomes nostalgic of the past and begins to talk harshly about Kaikeyi. Rama pacifies him and explains that it is sinful to speak of his mother in such a way.

The story takes a new turn, as Rama, Sita and Lakshman are approached by the sister of the demon-king Ravana, called [[Surpanakha]]. She immediately takes a liking to Rama and falls in love with him. She disguises herself and talks to Rama in sweet tones. Rama rejects her advances explaining that he is already married and advises her to approach Laksman as he is unmarried. However, Laksman also rejects her advances. Surpanakha takes it as a great insult to be spurned like this, and attempts to hurt Sita. Laksman takes hold of his sword and lops off Surpanakha's ear lobes and nose. Feeling humiliated, Surpanakha leaves the forest and goes to the abode of her brothers Khara and Dusana. They are angry at the treatment meted out to their sister and leave with the intention of killing Rama. Both the brothers are vanquished by Rama.

Surpanakha is greatly upset and visits Ravana at his residence in Lanka. She explains all that has happened, after which Ravana calls for his old friend Maricha. Ravana hatches a plot and asks Maricha to disguise himself as a golden deer, so that Ravana may then kidnap Sita. Maricha has already felt the power of Rama (as mentioned in Bālakāṇḍa) and is apprehensive, however, he thinks that he is going to die either way since Ravana will kill him in rage for refusing him. Ravana and Marich immediately leave for Rama's forest abode.

Maricha takes his position and instantly Sita is attracted by his deer form. Rama knows that Ravana's intentions and orders Sita to place her shadow ([[Maya Sita]]) in her place, while she would hide in the fire. She asks Rama time and time again to hunt for the deer and bring it to her. Rama runs after the deer and is soon quite a far distance away from the ashram. Rama releases an arrow and hits the deer. Impersonating Rama's voice, Marich shouts out to Lakshman to help him. Maya Sita (hereafter called simply Sita) hears the cry and orders Laksman to go help his brother. Ravana, while posing as a begging minstrel, uses this opportunity to forcibly kidnap Sita from the ashram.

Jatayu, the eagle, sees Ravana's sinful act and attempts to fight with him, but Ravana has too much power and cuts off Jatayu's wings and leaves him for dead. Rama and Lakshman return to find the ashram empty. They anxiously set out to find Sita and find the severely wounded eagle. Jatayu dies in Rama's lap and receives liberation.

As they continue to look for Sita they come across the hermitage of [[Shabari]]. Tulsidas says that Shabari washes the feet of Ram with tears from her eyes and feeds him half eaten wild berries to ensure he gets only sweet ones. She is given liberation by Rama. The brothers then head towards the Pampasarovar lake.<ref>Aranya Kānd section of Gitapress version</ref>

===Kiśkindhā Kāṇḍ===

'''The Kiśkindhā Region Episode'''

[[File:Episode from Kishkinda Kanda.jpg|thumb|Lakshman meets with Tara, Sugriva and Hanuman in the Palace of Kishkandha]]

High up in the Rishyamukha mountains, [[Sugriva]] sees Rama and Laksman at the foothills. He consults Hanuman as to whether he thinks they have been sent by his brother [[Vali (Ramayana)|Bali]]. Hanuman disguises himself as a Brahmin and approaches the brothers. Hanuman recognises the true nature of Rama as God-incarnation and surrenders himself to his Holy feet. He tells the brothers that his king, Sugriva, wishes to extend his friendship to them and will help them to find Sita. Rama asks Sugriva why he resides in the mountains instead of Kishkindha, where Sugriva tells of his feud with his brother Bali. Rama sympathises with Sugriva and decides to help Sugriva in return for the latter's help in finding Sita. Rama kills Bali and installs Sugriva as king of Kishkindha and [[Angada]], Bali's son, as prince regent.

Sugriva becomes too attached to his new regal lifestyle and forgets about his agreement with Rama, which fills Rama with great anger. Rama asks Lakshman to bring Sugriva to him. Lakshman enters the royal court and threatens to burn the entire city to ashes. Sugriva is gravely worried and asks Hanuman to pacify him. Lakshman escorts Sugriva to Rama and upon seeing Him, Sugriva falls as his feet and begs forgiveness.

Sugriva immediately orders the gathering of the region's bear and monkey community. Armies of bears and monkeys are dispatched north, south east and west to search for Sita. Rama knew that only Hanuman was really capable of finding Sita. He asks Hanuman to narrate the agony of separation from her and then hands over his ring. Hanuman is joined by [[Angad]], [[Nala]], [[Nila (Ramayana)|Nila]], [[Kesari (Ramayana)|Kesari]] and Jambavan as well as many others as they head to the south. As the army approach the coast, Jambavan and Angad see a cave by the shore of the ocean. The cave is occupied by [[Sampati]] (who is actually Jatayu's older brother). There is a conversation during which Angad explains that Jatayu died serving Rama and thereafter Sampati narrates his biography. He tells the monkeys that he is sure that Sita is captive in [[Ashok Vatika]] in Lanka. The island is 400 miles away and requires someone who is able to jump the distance. Jambavan deduces that Hanuman is the only one capable of the task.<ref>Kishkinha Kānd section of Gitapress version</ref>

===Sundar Kāṇḍ===

'''The Pleasant Episode'''
[[File:Rama and monkey chiefs.jpg|thumb|Rama and the monkey chiefs.]]

[[Hanuman]] takes Jambavan's suggestion and immediately takes off for Lanka. He climbs onto the mountain and using it as a pivot, launches himself into the air. He meets [[Surasa]], the mother of serpents and passes her test. The ocean demoness tries to capture Hanuman, thinking of him as a bird. He quickly kills her and then lands on the shore of the ocean in Lanka. He sees beautiful lush gardens, groves, lakes and reservoirs. Hanuman takes a minute form and remembering Rama, enters Lanka. He is accosted by the demon [[Lankini]] whom he hits with his fist and causes her to fall to the ground. She recites that curse given to her would cure only when a huge monkey hits her and on the same day the starting of the end of Lankesh Ravan would be marked.

Hanuman flies through the various palaces and gardens for his search of Sita and amongst all the demonic activities going on in Lanka, Hanuman sees a palace where Shri Hari's name is being chanted. He is drawn towards the palace and decides to visit the inhabitant. The palace belongs to Ravana's brother, [[Vibhishan]]. Hanuman narrates Rama katha (story) and then introduces himself. Hanuman proceeds to Ashok Vatika where he finally sees Sita. He positions himself on a branch of a tree, under which Sita was sitting and contemplates his next move. He sees Ravana walk towards Sita and beg her to glance at least once toward him. She simply looks at a blade of grass to insult him. Ravana threatens to behead Sita but is calmed down by his wife, [[Mandodari]]. Hanuman has to use all his powers of calm not to react to Ravana's threats. When all is quiet again, Hanuman begins to sing the glory of Rama in sweet tones. He then approaches Sita and explains who he is. He presents the ring lord Rama had given him and Sita is overjoyed. She blesses Hanuman with many kind words and boons.

Hanuman tells Sita that he is hungry and asks for her permission to eat fruits from the grove. He not only eats but manages to destroy large parts of it. He easily kills one of Ravana's sons, prince Akshaya. [[Indrajit]] arrives in the grove and Hanuman allows himself to be captured. He is brought in front of the king of Lanka, Ravana. Ravana orders his death, however, Vibhishan reminds him that Hanuman is an envoy and cannot be killed according to religious principle. Ravana decides to humiliate Hanuman by setting his tail on fire. Large amounts of clothes are tied to his tail and soaked in oil. Hanuman chants the name of Rama and his tail begins to get longer and more cloth and oil is used. He changes from his small form into a gigantic form and decides to torch alight the whole of Lanka.

He returns to the ocean to extinguish his tail and then goes to Sita to reassure her that the next time she sees him, it will be with Rama. He bids farewell to Sita and leaps back towards Angad and Jambavan. The monkey army then ventures back to where Sugriva, Rama and Lakshman are waiting. On arrival, [[Hanuman]] explains all that happened and immediately an army is prepared to go south towards Lanka.

Meanwhile, in Lanka, both Mandodari and Vibhishan ask Ravana to hand Sita back to Rama. Ravana takes great exception to this suggestion and begins to insult Vibhishan particularly. He tells him he has no need for a weakling like him and that he is no longer needed. Vibhishan decides to join Rama at Kishkindha. Vibhishan falls at Ram's feet and asks him for protection.

The army deliberate over how to cross the ocean to Lanka. The deity of the seas tells Rama of the boon obtained by the monkey brothers [[Nila (Ramayana)|Nila]] and [[Nala]] and that they have the power to build a bridge to link the seashore to Lanka.<ref>Sunder Kānd section of Gitapress version</ref>

===Lanka Kāṇḍ===

'''The War Episode'''
[[File:Building a Bridge to Sri Lanka.jpg|thumb|Building [[Adam's Bridge|Rama Setu]] Bridge to [[Lanka]].]]

Jambavan asks the monkeys Nala and Nila to begin work on building the bridge across the sea. The Mānas states that entire mountain ranges were used by Nala and Nila to complete their objective. Rama remembers Lord Shiva and decides to install a shrine for [[Rameswaram]]. Upon completion, the army of Rama begins to cross the bridge and arrives at Lanka, taking camp on Mount Suvela. Ravana hears of the advances of Rama's army and feels greatly agitated. Mandodari asks Ravana to return Sita to Rama as she fears for her husband's life. Ravana is dismissive of Rama's power and pacifies his wife. Next, Ravana's son Prahasta attempts to reinforce his mother's sentiments, but all to no avail.

Rama fires a warning shot from his retreat in Suvela. The arrow strikes Ravana's crown and royal umbrella. [[Mandodari]] once again attempts to convince Ravana of handing Sita back to Rama. Meanwhile, Rama asks Jambavan what should be done. Jambavan suggests that they send Angada, as messenger, to give Ravana a chance to return Sita. On reaching Ravana's court, Angada explains he is the ambassador of Rama and tells Ravana that he still has time to save himself from destruction. Ravana insults Angada and his refusal to comply makes war inevitable.

The war begins with great ferocity as Ravana loses half of his army on the first day. Indrajit, [[Ravana|Ravan]]'s son, is required to enter the battle far earlier than he expected. He severely wounds Lakshman with his special weapon, the Saang. Hanuman is ordered to fetch the doctor of Lanka called Sushena. Sushena tells Rama that there exists a herb called Sanjivani which can only be found in the [[Himalaya]]n mountains. It is the only hope to save Lakshman. Hanuman immediately reassures Rama that he shall find this herb. As Hanuman is about to leave, Ravana orders the demon Kalanemi to impede him. However, Hanuman kills Kalanemi with ease. Hanuman reaches the mountain and can't find the herb. In his frustration he decides to take the entire mountain to Lanka.

[[File:Hanuman flies to the Himalayas in search of sacred herbs, From the Mewar Ramayana.jpg|thumb|Hanuman searching for the Sanjivani herb. Miniature by [[Sahibdin]] from the [[Mewar Ramayana]], 1653. [[British Library]]]]

Hanuman makes good speed towards Lanka when suddenly he is shot by an arrow as he approaches Nandigram. Hanuman is mistaken to be a demon by Bharat. Hanuman falls to the ground together with the great hill. Hanuman regains consciousness and recognises that Bharata is Rama's brother. He continues on to Lanka where he delivers the Sanjivani herb and Sushena treats Lakshman. Rama embraces Hanuman with great pride and affection. [[Ravana|Ravan]] takes the news of Lakshman's recovery very badly and decides to awaken his brother [[Kumbhakarna]].

Kumbhakarna kills indiscriminately and wreaks much havoc. Rama releases an arrow which kills him instantly. The death of his brother scares Ravan greatly. Indrajit hastily tries to arrange a ceremony to receive great boons and powers but is interrupted by Hanuman and Angada. Lakshman takes up arms against Indrajit and kills him. Rama throws numerous arrows at Ravana but is unable to kill him. He asks Vibhishan on how to kill his brother after which Rama finally kills Ravana. The war is over.

Ravana's funeral takes place and Vibhishan is crowned the king of Lanka. Hanuman carries the happy news to Sita in Ashok Vatika. Finally Rama and Sita are reunited. Rama and the army prepare to depart Lanka and return towards Ayodhya. Rama, Sita, Lakshman and the senior monkeys travel back in Ravana's flying vehicle, Pushpak Vimaan.<ref name="ReferenceA">Lanka Kānd section of Gitapress version</ref>

===Uttar Kānd===

'''The epilogue'''

[[File:Ravivarmapress Rama family.jpg|thumb|The Family of Rama]]

It is now the day before Rama is to return to Ayodhya after serving his exile. Bharata is anxious that his brother still hasn't arrived. The Mānas mentions that Bharata had passed his days shedding tears for fourteen years in Nandigram. Hanuman meets Bharata telling him of the arrival of Rama, Sita and [[Laksman]]. Bharata rushes to Ayodhya to tell the citizens of the great news. As the Pushpak Vimaan landed in Ayodhya the citizens shouted chants of 'Glory be to Ramchandra'. Rama, Sita and Laksman collectively touch the feet of the sage [[Vashishta]] on arriving in Ayodhya and thereafter greet all that have gathered in the assembly. Lastly Rama meets Bharata with great affection and love. Rama's coronation takes place and he is finally crowned king of Ayodhya. Shiva arrives to glorify the festivities further and asks Rama of the boon that he may have firm and undeviating devotion of Rama's feet.

In conclusion to the tale, Rama has twin sons named [[Lava (Ramayana)|Lava]] and [[Kusha (Ramayana)|Kusha]]. The other brothers each have two sons as well. It is mentioned that great sages like Nārad and Sanaka visit Ayodhya to meet with Rama and to see his great city.

In the subsequent passages of Uttar Kānd the biography of Saint Kakbhushundi is given, followed by a description of what is to be expected in the current age of ''[[Kali Yuga]]''. Shiva ends his narration of the Rama Katha to Parvati as does Kakbhushundi to [[Garuda]]. It is not mentioned whether Yajnavalkya finishes his recitation to Bharadwaj. Finally, Goswami Tulsidas concludes his retelling of the ''Shri Ramcharitmanas''.<ref>Uttar Kānd section of Gitapress version</ref> The [[Rudrastakam]] in Sanskrit is a part of this Kanda.

==Stories behind the incarnation of Rama==
During the Bālakāṇḍa, it is mentioned that Shiva is retelling the story of Rama (Rama Katha) to his spouse [[Parvati]]. During this retelling, Shiva explains as many as five reasons why Rama incarnated on earth.

===Jay and Vijay===
[[File:Vishnu with Jay and Vijay - Indian Museum, Kolkata.jpg|thumb|[[Vishnu]] with [[Jaya-Vijaya|Jay and Vijay]]]]
The brothers Jay and Vijay are the two favoured gate keepers of [[Hari|Vishnu]]. Due to a curse by the [[four Kumaras]], Jay and Vijay were born as demons. One took the birth of [[Ravana]] and the other was born as [[Kumbhakarna]]. Vishnu then incarnated as Rama to kill Ravana and Kumbhakarna.<ref>Morari Bapu 2000, pp. 159–161</ref>

===The Curse of Nārad Muni===

Nārad Muni was wandering in the Himalayan mountains and begins to think of Vishnu. He instantly falls into a deep meditative trance. Seeing the sage's state, [[Indra]] becomes apprehensive as he sees Nārad's trance as a threat to his own position as the chief of demigods in heaven. Indra asks [[Kamadeva]] to disturb Nārad's trance. Unable to defeat Narada, Kamadeva falls at Nārad's feet, addressing him with deep humility. Narada recalls all that happened to Shiva and becomes prideful of defeating Kamadeva. Shiva admonishes him not to repeat the story to Vishnu.

Nārad visits Vishnu at his abode and unable to control his pride, re-tells his episode with Kamadeva, ignoring all that Shiva had advised. [[Vishnu]] further fans Nārad's pride by telling him that his steadfast vow of [[celibacy]] is so strong that he can never be smitten. Nārad then departs Vishnu's abode. Vishnu tells [[Laksmi]] that he has a plan and sets his illusory powers ([[Maya (illusion)|maya]]) into operation. As Nārad departs [[Vaikuntha]], Vishnu creates a beautiful illusory city with illusionary inhabitants. The city is ruled by King Sheelanidhi, who has a beautiful daughter called Vishvamohini. Nārad is intrigued with the city and decides to visit the king. Nārad sees the king's daughter and falls in love with her. The king explains that he wishes to marry his daughter to a suitable man. Nārad devises a plot to get the princess to choose him.

Nārad approaches Vishnu and asks him for the gift of great beauty. Vishnu says that he will do only that which is beneficial to Nārad. The sage is glad at heart and thinks that with Vishnu's favor, the princess will surely choose him. Narad desired the appearance of Vishnu. He asked Lord to give him "Hari mukh", which translates into "face of Hari." The word "Hari" also refers to "monkey." Vishnu granted his wish by giving him face of a monkey. The entire royal court is aware of Nārad's appearance, but says nothing. The princess filled with rage as soon as she sees Nārad's ugly form and completely ignores him. When Narad sees his reflection in water he curses Vishnu, "You made me look like a monkey; therefore You shall have monkeys for Your mates. And as You have grievously wronged me, so shall You suffer the pangs of separation from Your wife." Vishnu accepts Nārad's curse and instantly withdraws his illusionary spell.

Nārad realises that there is no city and there is no Visvamohini, and is dismayed at what he has done. He begs Vishnu to invalidate his curse. Vishnu explains that it was His will and advises Nārad to chant his name to absolve himself of any sin. Nārad returns to his abode chanting the praises of Ram.<ref>Nārad Muni's curse - http://www.boloji.com/hinduism/109.htm {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100114220016/http://boloji.com/hinduism/109.htm |date=14 January 2010 }}</ref>

===Svayambhuva Manu and Shatarupa===

[[Svayambhuva Manu]] had a wife named Shatarupa. After ruling the earth for many years, he decides pass the throne to his son and retires to the forest with Shatarupa and meditate upon the Lord.

Manu and Shatarupa first sacrifice food and then water and are finally willing to sacrifice air. Brahma, Hari and Shiva call on Manu but Manu and Satarupa are resolute and do not swerve on their sacrifices. A great voice from the heavens tells Manu, in sweet tones, to ask for a boon. Rama and Sita approach Manu in a beautiful form,<ref>Śrīrāmacaritamānasa (Gita Press) 2004, pp. 107–108: भृकुटि बिलास सृष्टि लय होई। राम बाम दिसि सीता सोई ॥ ... Sītā, who stood to the left of Śrī Rāma, was the same was the same ... the mere play of whose eyebrows brings the cosmos into existence.</ref> which leaves Manu overcome with emotion. Manu explains now that he and Satarupa have seen the Lord's lotus feet, all their desires have been met. Manu has one longing but doesn't know how to ask the Lord. Finally he asks, "O gracious Lord, I tell You my sincere wish: I would have a son like You. I have nothing to conceal from You."

The Lord announces that it shall be, however, where would he find a son like Himself? The Lord tells Manu that He Himself would be a son to him. The Lord then asks Satarupa of her wish. She says that she greatly likes the boon received by her husband and wants the same. Bowing at the Lord's feet, Manu then asks one more favour. He asks that he be dependent on which is granted. The Lord then commands the couple to dwell in Indra's capital in heaven.

The Lord explains that after some time Manu would be born as the king of Ayodhya, Dasharatha and Satarupa as Kausalya. He would then manifest Himself in the royal household as their son. He reassured the couple that their desire would be accomplished.<ref>Morari Bapu 2000, pp. 173–180</ref>

===Tale of King Pratapbhanu===

Prior to the birth of Rama, Muni [[Bharadwaja]] is told the story of King Pratapbhanu by [[Yajnavalkya]].

Once Pratapbhanu goes into the forest to hunt and sees a wild boar. The boar is actually the demon Kalaketu in disguise who runs away from the king. Pratapbhanu gives chase deeper into the forest. Pratapbhanu chases for many miles and becomes thirsty. He approaches a fake saint's ashram, where the resident fake saint wants to hurt and insult Pratapbhanu due to a previous incident. Pratapbhanu doesn't recognize the saint, who begins to sweet talk the king and says that by pure love, he wishes to impart boons onto the king. The king asks to be invincible and never ageing, which the fake saint grants, but with the condition that he needs to win favor of all Brahmans. The fake saint advises that the king arrange the cooking of holy food ([[prasadam]]) to feed the bramanas, who would surely be in his favor for such an act of kindness. The fake saint's real intention is to trap the king and repay him for his old grievances.

The fake saint asks the king to go rest, and that he would arrange the feast for the bramanas using his mystic powers. Pratapbhanu waits for three days for the fake saint. Kalaketu, now disguised as a priest, approaches the King in his court and says that he has been sent to cook the holy food. The entire brahmana community is invited. A heavenly voice from above warns the brahmanas that the food is impure and they should run away immediately. They curse the king that he, his kingdom and entire family are wiped from the face of earth. They also curse that he be born a demon in his next life. The heavenly voice says that the brahmana's curse is ill thought, as Pratapbhanu is not to blame. Since their curse cannot be taken back, the voice says that it is the Brahmana community that will bear the brunt of the evil of his next life.

Pratapbhanu is distraught and quickly goes to his kitchen to find Kalaketu. The king is pained and cries as he realizes Kalaketu has vanished. The brahmanas feel sorry for Pratapbhanu and tell him that his evil next life will be ended by Supreme Vishnu himself. As per the curse, Pratapbhanu, Arimardam and Dharmaruchi are all killed as other neighboring kings invade Kaikay.

Pratapbhanu is reborn as Ravan, Arimardam is reborn as Kumbhkarna and Dharmaruchi as Vibhishan. All three take great penances and are approached by Brahma and Shiva and are asked for any boon. Ravan asks that no one should be able to kill me except the tribes of man and monkeys. Kumbhkarna asks for uninterrupted sleep for periods of six months. Vibhishan asks for unshakable love for the feet of Vishnu.<ref>Pratapbhanu's tale - (Reason v) {{cite web |url=http://charm.cs.uiuc.edu/~bhatele/ramayan.htm |title=Archived copy |access-date=2010-03-06 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100504170154/http://charm.cs.uiuc.edu/~bhatele/ramayan.htm |archive-date=4 May 2010 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

==The immolation of Sati and the incarnation of Parvati==
The story of how Shiva came about retelling Ramkatha to his consort Parvati is retold in great detail within the Bālakāṇḍa. This part of the story is narrated by Sant Yajnavalkya to Bharadvaj Muni.

===Sati's doubts===

In the age of Treta, Shiva, accompanied by his consort Bhavani Sati, went to visit Rishi Agastya. The Rishi being pleased with Shiva's visit, began to narrate the eternal story of Ram. Shiva listens with great pleasure and then they return towards Their abode. Around these exact days Ram had descended on earth and was wandering the Dandaka forest with Sita and Lakshman. Shiva ponders how he can catch sight of Ram. He finally sees Ram, who is frantically searching for Sita and instantly joins his palms and prays "Glory to the Redeemer of the universe, who is Truth, Consciousness and Bliss". Sati cannot recognize Ram and wonders why her Supreme Shiva is praising a mortal. Shiva is the knower of all truth and instantly reads Sati's thoughts. He advises her to not harbor such doubts and accept that she had seen Ram, whom Agastya had praised earlier. He finally says that if she is still not convinced then she should seek to verify this truth herself. Shiva observes as Sati takes the guise of Sita. Ram and Lakshman instantly see through Sati's disguised and asks about Shiva's whereabouts. Sati feels very uncomfortable and heads towards Shiva, thinking of how she is going to explain her folly of questioning his word.

Shiva asks her to tell the truth of how she tested Ram. Sati is unable to tell the truth and says that she did not test Ram, but praised his as You had. Sati forgets that Shiva knows all that has happened and is disappointed that she was disguised as his Sita. He decides that Sati is too chaste to abandon and it is a sin to continue to be her Husband and so from then he has no connection with Sati in her current body. Sati concludes that Shiva has come to know everything and feels foolish for having tried to deceive Him. Shiva sits under a banyan tree and enters into a long trance. Sati feels sorry but accepts that providence is repaying her for her sins. Many years pass and Shiva finally ends his trance whilst praising Ram. Sati bows down at Shiva's feet, after which he seats Sati opposite him and he begins to tell stories of Vishnu's exploits.

===Daksha's sacrifice===
[[File:Daksha yagna.jpg|thumb|Daksha insults Sati in his sacrifice]]
While Shiva is narrating the stories of Vishnu, the air is filled with celestial beings. Sati asks Shiva what the occasion is. Shiva explains that her father Daksha has organised [[Daksha yajna|a great sacrifice]] where many demigods were invited. All except Brahma, Vishnu and Shiva were invited as Daksha had developed a hatred towards the Gods. Sati thinks of her father and asks if She may visit him at this time. Shiva says that they have no formal invite and that all of Sati's sisters are invited but because of his animosity towards Shiva, Her father has not invited us. Shiva tries to reason with Sati, that no good can come of her attending, but Tulsidas explains that a daughters ties to her father are very strong.

When she reaches her father's abode, no one welcomes her apart from her mother. Daksha does not even acknowledge her and actually burns with anger that she has turned up uninvited. Sati looks around and sees no oblations set apart for Shiva and the lack of respect of her father causes her mind to rage with great anger. She faces her father's court and announces that Shiva is the father of the universe and the beneficent of all. It is the same Shiva that her father vilifies. She burns her body with the fires of Yoga. Her guards are beaten and thrashed. When Shiva discovers this, he sends Virabhadra, who wreaks havoc of the sacrifice and Daksha is slain. As Sati is about to die, she asks Lord Hari of the boon that she be devoted to Shiva's feet in successive births. She is reborn as Parvati, the daughter of Himavan and Mainavati.

===Parvati and Nārad's prophecy===

Years after the birth of Parvati, Nārad Muni visits her parents Himavan and Maina. Himavan asks Nārad what the future holds for his daughter. Nārad says that Parvati will be adorned with good traits and win unfailing love of her husband. She will remain ever united with him and bring great glory upon her parents. The only drawback is that her husband will be an ascetic with matted hair who is naked and of hideous accouterments. Himavan and Maina become disconsolate while Parvati is greatly pleased, as she senses from Nārad's words that her boon from Vishnu is coming true. Nārad explains to Himachal that the only person who shows the virtues as described by him is Shiva. Parvati's parents are immediately uplifted and as Nārad leaves, he asks Parvati to fix Her thoughts on Hari and practice austerity. The young Parvati enters the forest and performs great penances in order to obtain Shiva. Her body thins greatly due to her self-mortification after which Brahma declares that she should cease her severe penances as Shiva would soon be hers. History had produced many great sages, but none had performed such penances as this. Brahma instructs that her father would soon come for her and that she should return home with him.

Ever since Sati had quit her body, Shiva had begun chanting Ram's name and entered into a great trance. Through his mystic power, Ram asks Shiva to marry Parvati. Shiva says that this is not a justifiable request but the word of a master cannot be set aside and must be obeyed. Shiva remains in his great trance. Around that time the demon Tāraka was causing distress and was in full flourish. Brahma declares that the son of Shiva will kill Tāraka, but for this to happen His wedding with Parvati needs to be arranged and for that to happen, Shiva's trance has to be broken. It is decided that the God of Love should be sent to awaken Shiva. He fires five arrows of flowers at Shiva's breast, the trance is broken and Shiva awakens. Shiva is enraged and, through his third eye, reduces Love to ashes. Love's consort Rati faints as soon as she hears of her husband's demise. Seeing the helpless woman, Shiva foretells that her husband will now be called bodiless and shall dominate all without a body form. When Krishna descends on earth, her husband would be born as his son [[Pradyumna]]. Thereafter Brahma and other gods approach Shiva and declare that they wish to witness His wedding with their own eyes. Remembering Vishnu's early request, Shiva gladly agrees and Brahma proceeds to arrange the marriage.

===The wedding of Shiva and Parvati===

Shiva has no real family and so his attendants begin to adorn him for his wedding to Parvati. His hair is formed into a crown with serpents forming a crest. Serpents form His earrings, bracelets and adorn his neck and He is smeared in ashes and has lion's skin wrapped around His loins. He heads the wedding procession and Vishnu and Brahma, as well as a host of spirits, Gandharavs and Danavs follow behind. After the wedding, Parvati and Shiva return to Kailash where Parvati asks questions around Rama's divinity. Here Shiva begins his narration of Ram Leela.

==The divinity of Ram in the Manas==

===Ram's divine birth===

On the ninth day of the Chaitra month, the Manas describes that the Sun is at its meridian and the climate is neither cold nor hot. There is a cool, soft and fragrant breeze. The woods are full of blossom and the rivers are in full flow. Brahma deduces that the time for Ram's birth is approaching and the heavenly beings all crowd over the skies to glimpse sight of the auspicious moment. The sky resounds of music and songs as the heavenly beings offer their praises to the Supreme Personality of Godhead.

Here begins one of the most famous chhands from the Manas, the Ram Janam Stuti.<ref>Ram Janam Stuti from the Manas - http://www.iiramii.net/stuti_ram_janam_stuti.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090121140712/http://iiramii.net/stuti_ram_janam_stuti.html |date=21 January 2009 }}</ref> The stuti begins with the appearance of Ram. Mother Kaushalya's heart is filled with joy as she marvels over Ram's dark complexion and his four armed form. He is adorned with jewels and a garland of Sylvan flowers and is described as being an ocean of beauty. Kaushalya joins her palms and prays. "O Infinite, How can I praise You! The Vedas and Puranas reveal you to be the repository of all virtues. You are the Lord of Lakshmi and the lover of all of Your devotees and have appeared for my good. Every pore of Your body contains multitudes of universes and the thought that You stayed in my womb is truly staggering." Ram smiles and exhorts Kaushalya by telling her the charming account of her previous birth so that she can accept Him as her own child. Kaushalya asks Ram to give up his current superhuman form and to start to indulge in childish sports that are dear to a mother's heart. Ram, described as the Lord of immortals, immediately becomes an infant and begins to cry.

Tulsidas concludes that whoever sings this Stuti attains the abode of Lord Vishnu and never falls into the well of mundane existence. The Stuti has therefore been immortalized and it is a popular prayer sung on the occasion of Ram's birthday.

===Deliverance of Ahalya===
[[File:Ahalyoddhara.jpg|thumb|Rama touches the stone by his foot, which turns to Ahalya]]
[[Ahalya]], the wife of Rishi Gautam, was a beautiful woman. [[Indra]], king of the gods, was tempted and decided to seduce her with trickery. Early morning Rishi Gautam when the dawn had arrived go down to the nearby [[Ganges]] for his usual morning bath. While the Rishi was bathing at the river, Indra assumed Gautam's form and visited Ahalya, fooling her into thinking he was her husband. When Gautam returned, he encountered Indra, emerging from his hut in his (Gautam's) form. Spiritually powerful, Gautam employed his divine vision to see the whole episode. Enraged, he cursed Indra with [[impotence]]. Losing his potency, Indra lost heaven to [[asura|demons]] and sat prayerfully in a lotus flower for thousands of years in order to repent. Rishi Gautam, in a blind rage, also cursed his wife, Ahalya, to turn into a boulder. Innocent of any intentional wrongdoing, Ahalya begged for forgiveness. Gautam relented somewhat and said that when Ram is incarnated, he will bless her and break her curse.

Ram, while going to Mithila for Sita Svayamvar along with Sage Vishwamitra and Laksman, stopped at the, then-uninhabited, hermitage of Rishi Gautam. Vishwamitra narrated Ahalya's story to Ram, and asked him to free her. Ram touched the boulder with his foot and Ahalya was immediately released from the curse. She fell to Ram's feet and washed his feet with her tears. She felt that her curse had become her fortune as she got the opportunity to seek Ram's refuge in person. She then returned to her husband's place.

==The abrupt ending==

Many scholars have commented on the sudden ending to the Manas. Valmiki's Uttar Kānd goes into great detail about Sita going into the forest, as a result of disapproving gossip of the citizens of Ayodhya, during the rule of Ram over Ayodhya. Sitaji asks mother Earth to receive her and Ram leaves his human form and returns to his celestial abode. Tulsidas decides not to mention these at all. The Katha Kar Morari Bapu has mentioned in many of his retellings of Ram Katha, that Tulsidasji didn't want to end the Manas in heartache for Sita. Tulsidas refers to Sita as his mother (as well as the mother of the entire universe) many times in the poem and so, on an emotional level, this becomes very understandable. She has endured enough pain throughout the Manas and so ends his retelling at a relatively happy moment. It is said that there are some Vaishnav devotees who will only recite the Bālakāṇḍa of the Manas, as this is seen as the happiest period of Ram and Sita's leela on earth.<ref>Morari Bapu 2000, p. 635</ref>

== Translations ==
===English===
[[Frederic Growse]] translated the ''Ramcharitmanas'' into English under the title ''The Ramayan of Tulsidas'' during the nineteenth century.<ref name="ref64cixux">{{Citation | title=The Ramayan of Tulsidas Or the Bible of Northern India | author=J. M. Macfie | publisher=Kessinger Publishing, 2004 | isbn=978-1-4179-1498-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AbG4yfdE1b4C | quote=... The splendid English translation by FC Growse has also been used (the sixth edition, 1914, published by Ram Narayan, Allahabad). Another admirer of the poet whose studies in the Indian Antiquary, 1893, and in the Indian Gazetteer are of much value, is Sir George Grierson, who speaks of the ''Ramcharitmanas'' as worthy of the greatest poet of any age ... | date=May 2004 | access-date=15 November 2015 | archive-date=26 January 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240126072506/https://books.google.com/books?id=AbG4yfdE1b4C | url-status=live }}</ref>

===Malayalam===
[[C. G. Rajagopal]] translated Ramcharitmanas into Malayalam as ''Tulasidasasa Ramayanam''.<ref name="Mathrubhumi">{{Cite web |date=2022-06-05 |title=പ്രൊഫ. സി.ജി.രാജഗോപാലിന് നവതി |url=https://newspaper.mathrubhumi.com/thiruvananthapuram/news/thiruvananthapuram-1.7580980 |access-date=2023-04-22 |website=[[Mathrubhumi]] |language=ml |archive-date=22 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422101439/https://newspaper.mathrubhumi.com/thiruvananthapuram/news/thiruvananthapuram-1.7580980 |url-status=live }}</ref> For this translation, he received the [[Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize]] 2019, presented by [[Sahitya Akademi]], India's National Academy of Letters.<ref name="Mathrubhumi"/>

==See also==
*[[Tulsi Manas Mandir]]
*[[Vaishnava Matabja Bhaskara]]
*[[Sri Ramarchan Paddati]]
*[[Valmiki Samhita]]
*[[Maithili Maha Upanishad]]
*[[Ramnami Samaj]]

{{Portal bar|India|Religion}}

==Notes and references==
'''Notes'''
{{reflist|group=n|30em}}
'''References'''
{{reflist|18em}}
'''Online sources'''
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite web
|title = 1318_Sri Ramchritmanas_Roman
|url = http://www.gitapress.org/BOOKS/1318/1318_Sri%20Ramchritmanas_Roman.pdf
|location = Gorakhpur, India
|publisher = [[Gita Press]]
|access-date = 4 October 2013
|ref = {{harvid|Gita Press|1923}}
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130922023438/http://www.gitapress.org/BOOKS/1318/1318_Sri%20Ramchritmanas_Roman.pdf
|archive-date = 22 September 2013
|df = dmy-all
}}
{{refend}}
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==External links==
{{Prone to spam|date=December 2013}}

{{wikisource|The Rámáyana of Tulsi Dás|''The Rámáyana of Tulsi Dás''}}
{{Wikiquote}}
* [http://www.jagadgururambhadracharya.org/books/bhavarthabodhini/ Ramcharitmanas Bhavarth Bodhini Tika by Swami Rambhadracharya]
* [https://drive.google.com/file/d/193ooEDVyuWWxJs0A6MVt9PhpaIn-ZP7h/view Avadhi and Romanised text with translation by Gita Press, Gorakhpur]
* [https://www.akhilbhaktiyoga.org/ Akhil Bhakti Yoga Foundation]
* [https://sites.google.com/site/oldhindilyricsbol/shri-ramcharitamanas-tulsidas Complete Ramcharitmanas] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220820075650/https://sites.google.com/site/oldhindilyricsbol/shri-ramcharitamanas-tulsidas |date=20 August 2022 }}
{{Ramayana}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Epic poems in Hindi]]
[[Category:Hindu texts]]
[[Category:Indian poems]]
[[Category:Works based on the Ramayana]]
[[Category:16th-century Indian books]]
[[Category:16th-century poems]]

List of villages in Loharu tehsil

2025-05-19T16:22:47Z

CandelariaSanche: creating some location needs work!

{{short description|None}}

{{More citations needed|date=May 2025}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2018}}

Villages located in [[Loharu]] [[Tehsil]], [[Haryana]] State, [[India]].<ref>{{cite web |date=2011 |title=Primary Census Abstract Data Tables – India: Final Population Totals |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711042331/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |archive-date=11 July 2022 |access-date=27 April 2025 |website=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India}}</ref>

==List==
===A===
*[[Ahmedwas]]
*[[Akberpur]]
*[[Allaudinpur]]
*[[Amirwas]]
*[[Azempur]]

===B===
*[[Barahlu]]
*[[Bardu Chaina]]
*[[Bardu Dhirja]]
*[[Bardu Jogi]]
*[[Bardu Mughal]]
*[[Bardu Puran]]
*[[Barwas]]
*[[Basirwas]]
*[[Bahal, India|Bahal]]
*[[Bairan, India|Beran]]
*[[Bidhnoi]]
*[[Bisalwas]]
*[[Bithan]]
*[[Budhera]]
*[[Budheri]]

===C===
*[[Cheher Kalan]]
*[[Cheher Khurd]]

===D===
*[[Damkora]]
*[[Dhana Jogi]]
*[[Dhani Ahmed]]
*[[Dhani Dholan]]
*[[Dhani Lachman]]
*[[Dhani Mansukh]]
*[[Dhani Shama]]
*[[Dhani Pitram]]
*[[Dhigawa Jattan]]
*[[Dhigawa Shamyan]]

===F===
*[[Fartia Bhima]]
*[[Fartia Kaher]]
*[[Fartia Tal]]

===G===
*[[Gagarwas]]
*[[Garanpura]]
*[[Gignaw]]
*[[Gokalpura, Haryana|Gokalpura]]
*[[Gopalwas]]
*[[Gothra]]
*[[Gurera]]

===H===
*[[Hariawas]]
*[[Hasanpur]]

===J===
*[[Jhanjara Sheoran]]
*[[Jhanjra Toda]]
*[[Jhumpa Kalan]]
*[[Jhumpa Khurd]]

===K===
*[[Kasni Kalan]]
*[[Kasni Khurd]]
*[[Kharkari, Haryana|Kharkari]]
*[[Kharkhari 52 wali]]
*[[Kurdal]]
*[[Kushal Pura]]

===L===
*[[Ladawas]]
*[[Loharu]]

===M===
*[[Mandhol Kalan]]
*[[Mohamad Nagar]]

===N===
*[[Nakipur]]
*[[Nangal]]
*[[Nunsar]]

===O===
*[[Obra, Haryana|Obra]]

===P===
*[[Pahari, Haryana|Pahari]]
*[[Paju]]
*[[Patwan]]
*[[Phartia Bhiman]]
*[[Phartia Kehar]]
*[[Phartia Tal]]

===R===
*[[Rahimpur]]

===S===
*[[Salempur, Haryana|Salempur]]
*[[Sirsi, Haryana|Sirsi]]
*[[Sehar, Bhiwani|Sehar]]
*[[Serla]]
*[[Sheharyarpur]]
*[[Shehzmanpur]]
*[[Shezadpur]]
*[[Sidhanwa]]
*[[Singhani]]
*[[Sohansara]]
*[[Sorda Jadid]]
*[[Sorda Kadim]]
*[[Sudhiwas]]
*[[Surpura Kalan]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:Villages in Bhiwani district|Loharu]]
[[Category:Lists of villages in India|Loharu]]
[[Category:Lists of villages in Haryana]]

Palasan River

2025-05-14T15:13:17Z

CandelariaSanche: creating a location!

{{Short description|River in the Alwar District, Rajasthan}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{More citations needed|date=October 2023}}
{{One source|date=October 2023}}
}}
{{Infobox river
| name = Palasan River
| image =
| image_caption =
| map =
| map_caption =
| source1_location = Near Rajpura village, Alwar District
| source1_coordinates = {{coord|27|02|N|76|25|E|display=inline}}
| mouth_location = Near Indiana village
| mouth_coordinates = {{coord|27|18|N|76|49|E|display=inline}}
| length_km = 48
| basin_size_km2 = 539
}}

The '''Palasan River''' is a river located in the [[Alwar district|Alwar District]] of [[Rajasthan]]. It has a basin size of approximately {{convert|539|km2|abbr=on}} and merges with [[Banganga River (Rajasthan)|Banganga River]] after {{cvt|48|km}}.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last1=Jain |first1=Sharad K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZKs1gBhJSWIC&q=%22Palasan+River%22&pg=PA350 |title=Hydrology and Water Resources of India |last2=Agarwal |first2=Pushpendra K. |last3=Singh |first3=Vijay P. |date=2007-05-16 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=978-1-4020-5180-7 |pages=350 |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Rivers of Rajasthan]]

Hinduism in Colombia

2025-03-17T20:07:52Z

CandelariaSanche: New

{{Short description|none}} 
{{Hinduism by country}}

Hinduism is a minority faith in [[Colombia]] represented mainly by the Hare Krishna devotees and Indian and Nepalese expats. The [[International Society for Krishna Consciousness]] (ISKCON) has temples in 20 cities in the country.<ref>{{Cite web
|agency=Europa Press
|date=2016-02-27
|title=Los hare krishna, el movimiento religioso que se está expandiendo en Colombia
|language=es
|url=https://www.notimerica.com/sociedad/noticia-hare-krishna-movimiento-religioso-expandiendo-colombia-20160227185229.html
|access-date=2020-11-17
|website=[[notimérica]]}}</ref> The community consists of about 700 members.<ref>{{Cite web
|agency=[[El Colombiano]]
|title=Miran el cielo con distintos ojos
|url=https://www.elcolombiano.com/blogs/salderrio/miran-el-cielo-con-distintos-ojos/1227
|access-date=2020-11-17
|website=Salderrío
|language=es
|archive-date=2019-03-28
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328031424/https://www.elcolombiano.com/blogs/salderrio/miran-el-cielo-con-distintos-ojos/1227
|url-status=dead}}</ref> There are also many hotels and restaurants in the country named after the [[Hindu deities]] as a tribute to [[Colombia–India relations|Colombian–Indian relations]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Stoneman |first=Phil |date=2019-05-22 |title=Colombia Connection: Namaste, India! |url=https://thebogotapost.com/colombia-connection-namaste-india/38241/ |access-date=2022-04-15 |website=The Bogotá Post |language=en-GB}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}{{South America topic|Hinduism in}}

[[Category:Hinduism by country|Colombia]]

Mohalla, Jammu and Kashmir

2024-12-03T22:36:47Z

CandelariaSanche: creating basic page w/ refs!

{{Short description|Village in Jammu and Kashmir}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Mohalla
| type = Village/[[Tehsil]]
| image_map =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Jammu and Kashmir
| pushpin_label_position = center
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Jammu and Kashmir, India
| coordinates = {{coord|33.159549|N|75.718990|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = [[Country]]
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|Union Territory]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|Government of Jammu and Kashmir.svg}} [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu & Kashmir]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Administrative divisions of India|Division]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Jammu Division|Jammu]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Region]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Chenab Valley]]
| subdivision_type4 = [[Districts of Jammu and Kashmir|District]]
| subdivision_name4 = [[Doda district|Doda]]
| demographics_type1 = Language
| demographics_name1 =
| demographics_title =
| demographics1_title1 = Spoken
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]], [[Sarazi]], [[Gojri]]
| demographics1_title2 = Official
| demographics1_info2 = [[Urdu]]
| area_total_km2 =
| population_demonym =
| population_total = 8,556
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_density_km2 = auto
| postal_code_type = Pin Code
| postal_code = 182201
| registration_plate =
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Tehsildar]]
| blank_info_sec1 = Majid Jahengir<ref name="legalref"/>
| website =
| official_name = Mohalla
}}

'''Mohalla''' (also spelt as '''Mahalla''') is a village and [[tehsil]] in the [[Doda district]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], India.<ref name="legalref">{{Cite web |title=Tehsil in Doda district|url=https://doda.nic.in/tehsil/|publisher=[[Doda district|Doda Administration]], [[Government of Jammu and Kashmir]]|access-date=18 September 2022}}</ref> In 2022, Mohalla became the part of [[Doda Assembly constituency]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Delimitation: Locate Where You Are Placed In Jammu Kashmir's New Legislative Map|url=https://kashmirlife.net/delimitation-locate-where-you-are-placed-in-jammu-kashmirs-new-legislative-map-288509/|date=14 March 2022|publisher=[[Kashmir Life]]|access-date=18 September 2022}}</ref>

==History==
Mahalla tehsil was created in 2014 along with 10 new tehsils for [[Doda district]]. It was one of the 659 new administrative units which includes 135 tehsils, 46 sub divisions, 177 CD blocks and 301 nayabats.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Irfan |first1=Shams |title=J&K Is Abundant In Tehsils Now! |url=https://kashmirlife.net/jk-is-abundant-in-tehsils-now-01022014-53074/ |access-date=16 January 2023 |work=[[Kashmir Life]] |date=1 February 2014}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Jammu and Kashmir}}
{{India topics}}

[[Category:Villages in Doda district]]
[[Category:Tehsils of Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)]]

{{India-geo-stub}}

2000–01 NKP Salve Challenger Trophy

2024-11-30T01:01:24Z

CandelariaSanche: Starting new page from scratch - done

{{use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}
{{Infobox cricket series
|series=NKP Salve Challenger Trophy 2000/01 <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/challenger-series-2000-01-99042|title=NKP Salve Challenger Trophy, NKP Salve Challenger Trophy 2000/01 score, Match schedules, fixtures, points table, results, news|work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
|image=
|caption=
|date=12th - 15th February 2001
|place= {{flagicon|IND}} [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
|result= Won by India Seniors
|player of series= [[Hemang Badani]] (India Seniors)
|team1=India Seniors
|team2=India A
|team3=India B
|captain1={{flagicon|IND}} [[Sourav Ganguly]]
|captain2={{flagicon|IND}} [[Rahul Dravid]]
|captain3={{flagicon|IND}} [[Robin Singh (cricketer)|Robin Singh]]
|runs1= [[Hemang Badani]] (238)
|runs2= [[Rahul Dravid]] (194)
|runs3= [[Dinesh Mongia]] (185)
|wickets1= [[Ashish Nehra]] (5)
|wickets2= [[Ajit Agarkar]] (8)
|wickets3= Surinder Singh (3)
|previous= [[NKP Salve Challenger Trophy 1999–2000|1999–2000]]
|next= [[NKP Salve Challenger Trophy 2001-02|2001–02]]
}}

The 7th [[NKP Salve Challenger Trophy]] was an [[Limited overs cricket|Indian domestic cricket]] tournament that was held in [[Chennai]] from 12 February to 15 February 2001. The series involved the domestic and national players from India who were allocated in India Seniors, India A, and India B. India Seniors defeated India A by 4 wickets in the final to become the champions of the tournament.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/challenger-series-2000-01-99042/india-vs-india-a-final-99293/match-report|title=Badani, Sehwag script remarkable India Seniors triumph|work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>

==Squads==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="width:15%;"| {{flagicon|IND}} India Seniors <ref>{{Cite web |title=India Seniors Squad - India Seniors Squad - NKP Salve Challenger Trophy, 2000/01 Squad |url=http://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/2000-01/IND_LOCAL/CHLNGR/CHLNGR_2000-01_IND-SQUAD.html |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
! style="width:15%;"| {{flagicon|IND}} India A <ref>{{Cite web |title=India A Squad - India A Squad - NKP Salve Challenger Trophy, 2000/01 Squad |url=http://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/2000-01/IND_LOCAL/CHLNGR/CHLNGR_2000-01_IND-A-SQUAD.html |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
! style="width:15%;"| {{flagicon|IND}} India B <ref>{{Cite web |title=India B Squad - India B Squad - NKP Salve Challenger Trophy, 2000/01 Squad |url=http://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/2000-01/IND_LOCAL/CHLNGR/CHLNGR_2000-01_IND-B-SQUAD.html |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
|- style="vertical-align:top"
|
* [[Sourav Ganguly]] ([[captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[SS Das]]
* [[Yuvraj Singh]]
* [[Hemang Badani]]
* [[VVS Laxman]]
* [[Virender Sehwag]]
* [[Vijay Dahiya]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Aashish Kapoor]]
* [[Debashish Mohanty]]
* [[Javagal Srinath]]
* [[Zaheer Khan]]
* [[Sunil Joshi]]
|
* [[Rahul Dravid]] ([[captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Sadagoppan Ramesh]]
* [[Sridharan Sriram]]
* [[Jacob Martin (cricketer)|Jacob Martin]]
* [[Reetinder Singh Sodhi]]
* [[Hrishikesh Kanitkar]]
* [[Nayan Mongia]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Venkatesh Prasad]]
* [[Ajit Agarkar]]
* [[Iqbal Siddiqui]]
* [[Rahul Sanghvi]]
* [[Balaji Rao (Canadian cricketer)|WD Balaji Rao]]
|
* [[Robin Singh (cricketer)|Robin Singh]] ([[captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Sachin Tendulkar]]
* [[Jai Prakash Yadav (cricketer)|JP Yadav]]
* [[Mohammad Kaif]]
* [[Dinesh Mongia]]
* [[Amay Khurasiya]]
* [[Sukhvinder Singh (cricketer)|Sukwinder Singh]]
* [[Nikhil Chopra]]
* [[Rakesh Patel]]
* Surinder Singh
* [[Dodda Ganesh]]
* [[Vikram Rathour]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
|}

* [[Robin Singh (cricketer)|Robin Singh]] was asked to lead India B instead of [[Sachin Tendulkar]], after he chose not to captain the side and contribute as a player instead.<ref>[https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/robin-singh-to-lead-india-b-99094 'Robin Singh to lead India B']</ref>

==Points Table==
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=CricketRR
|update=complete
|source=[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/challenger-series-2000-01-99042/points-table-standings 'Points Table']
|winpoints=2
|nrpoints=1
|show_tie=no
|showteam={{{team}}}

|team1=India A|team2=India Seniors
|team3=India B

|result1=Q |result2=Q |result3=

|win_India A=2 |loss_India A=0 |nr_India A=0 |nrr_India A=+0.232
|win_India Seniors=1 |loss_India Seniors=1 |nr_India Seniors=0 |nrr_India Seniors=+0.136
|win_India B=0 |loss_India B=2 |nr_India B=0 |nrr_India B=-0.401

|name_India A={{flagicon|IND}} '''India A'''
|name_India Seniors={{flagicon|IND}} '''India Seniors'''
|name_India B={{flagicon|IND}} '''India B'''

|col_Q=#cfc
|col_O=#fcc
}}

==Matches==
===Group stage===
{{Limited Overs Matches
| date = 12 February 2001
| team1 = India Seniors {{flagicon|IND}}
| score1 = 240/9(50 overs)
| score2 = 243/6 (47.5 overs)
| team2 = {{flagicon|IND}} India A
| runs1 = [[VVS Laxman]] 78 (72)
| wickets1 = [[Ajit Agarkar]] 3/47 (10 overs)
| runs2 = [[Hrishikesh Kanitkar]] 55 (75)
| wickets2 = [[Rajesh Pawar]] 2/55 (10 overs)
| result = India A won by 4 wickets.
| report = <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/challenger-series-2000-01-99042/india-vs-india-a-99191/full-scorecard|title=Full Scorecard of India Seniors vs India A 2000/01 - Score Report |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
| venue = [[M. A. Chidambaram Stadium|M. A. Chidambaram Stadium, Chennai]]
| toss = India Seniors won the toss and elected to bat.
| umpires = [[Krishna Hariharan]] (IND) and [[Satish Gupta]] (IND)
| motm =
| rain = Points: India A 2, India Seniors 0
}}
----
{{Limited Overs Matches
| date = 13 February 2001
| team1 = India Seniors {{flagicon|IND}}
| score1 = 392/6 (50 overs)
| score2 = 362 (46.4 overs)
| team2 = {{flagicon|IND}} India B
| runs1 = [[Sourav Ganguly]] 142 (106)
| wickets1 = Surinder Singh 2/56 (7 overs)
| runs2 = [[Dinesh Mongia]] 102 (87)
| wickets2 = [[Ashish Nehra]] 2/75 (10 overs)
| result = India Seniors won by 30 runs.
| report = <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/challenger-series-2000-01-99042/india-vs-india-b-99223/full-scorecard|title=Full Scorecard of India Seniors vs India B 2000/01 - Score Report |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
| venue = [[M. A. Chidambaram Stadium|M. A. Chidambaram Stadium, Chennai]]
| toss = India Seniors won the toss and elected to bat.
| umpires = [[S Lakshmanan]] (IND) and [[Shavir Tarapore]] (IND)
| motm =
| rain = Points: India Seniors 2, India B 0
| notes =
}}
----
{{Limited Overs Matches
| date = 14 February 2001
| team1 = India B {{flagicon|IND}}
| score1 = 284 (49.3 overs)
| score2 = 285/4 (48.4 overs)
| team2 = {{flagicon|IND}} India A
| runs1 = [[Amay Khurasiya]] 90 (84)
| wickets1 = [[Venkatesh Prasad]] 4/48 (9.3 overs)
| runs2 = [[Rahul Dravid]] 92 (88)
| wickets2 = [[Rakesh Patel]] 2/63 (10 overs)
| result = India A won by 6 wickets.
| report = <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/challenger-series-2000-01-99042/india-a-vs-india-b-99251/full-scorecard|title=Full Scorecard of India A vs India B Final 2000/01 - Score Report |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
| venue = [[M. A. Chidambaram Stadium|M. A. Chidambaram Stadium, Chennai]]
| toss = India B won the toss and elected to bat.
| umpires = [[Satish Gupta]] (IND) and [[Krishna Hariharan]] (IND)
| motm =
| rain =
| notes = Points: India A 2, India B 0
}}

==Final==
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 15 February 2001
| team1 = India A {{flagicon|IND}}
| score1 = 311/6 (50 overs)
| score2 = 312/6 (48.1 overs)
| team2 = {{flagicon|IND}} India Seniors
| runs1 = [[Rahul Dravid]] 88 (105)
| wickets1 = [[Javagal Srinath]] 2/50 (10 overs)
| runs2 = [[Hemang Badani]] 104* (87)
| wickets2 = [[Ajit Agarkar]] 2/54 (10 overs)
| result = India Seniors won by 4 wickets.
| report = <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/challenger-series-2000-01-99042/india-vs-india-a-final-99293/full-scorecard|title=Full Scorecard of India Seniors vs India A Final 2000/01 - Score Report |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
| venue = [[M. A. Chidambaram Stadium|M. A. Chidambaram Stadium, Chennai]]
| toss = India B won the toss and elected to bat.
| umpires = [[S Lakshmanan]] (IND) and [[Shavir Tarapore]] (IND)
| motm =
| rain =
| notes = India Seniors became the winners of the NKP Salve Challenger Trophy 2000/01.
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:NKP Salve Challenger Trophy, 2000-01}}
[[Category:2000 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:2001 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:Domestic cricket competitions in 2000–01]]
[[Category:NKP Salve Challenger Trophy]]

{{Indian-domestic-cricket-competition-stub}}

Darchik

2024-11-25T02:24:48Z

CandelariaSanche: Made the data w/ refs

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Darchik
| other_name =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| settlement_type = village
| pushpin_map = India Ladakh#India
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in [[Ladakh, India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|34.6331626|76.3831383|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = [[Country]]
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|Union Territory]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|Flag of Ladakh, India.svg}} [[Ladakh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of Ladakh|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kargil district|Kargil]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of tehsils in India|Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Kargil]]
| established_title =
| established_date =
| founder =
| seat_type = [[Panchayati raj in India|Panchayat]]
| seat = [[Garkon]]
| leader_party =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 =
| area_land_ha = 95.50
| elevation_m =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 624
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Brokskat]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 194103
| area_code_type = 
| area_code =
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Census of India|Census]] code
| blank_info_sec1 =
| footnotes =
| area_rural_sq_mi =
| subdivision_name4 = 85
| subdivision_type4 = Household
| official_name = Derchiks
}}

'''Darchik'''{{efn|Alternative spellings: '''Darchiks''',<ref>{{citation |title=Ethnologue, 15th Edition |publisher=SIL International |year=2005 |url=https://archive.org/details/ethnologuelangua0000unse_g7e1 |via=archive.org |url-access=registration |page=357}}</ref> and '''Derchiks'''<ref name="census"/>}} is a village in the [[Kargil district|Kargil]] district of [[Ladakh]], primarily populated by the [[Brokpa]] people. The main language spoken here is known as Brokskat (in [[Ladakhi language|Ladakhi]]) which is part of the [[Dardic language]] of the Indo-European branch.

Darchik is one of the four villages comprising the [[Aryan valley]] (with two in [[Kargil]] district and two in [[Leh]] district).

== Geography ==
The village includes three [[hamlet (place)|hamlet]]s: Gund (Barjay), Hordass and Sanachay.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Village wise Hamlet detail |url=https://www.dseokargil.ladakh.gov.in/hamlet.html |access-date=2022-12-27 |website=District statistics & Evaluation office Kargil, Ladakh |archive-date=27 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221227154101/https://www.dseokargil.ladakh.gov.in/hamlet.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== History ==
Historically, Chulichan and the adjacent regions were populated by [[Brokpa]] people — folklore maintains that they arrived at their current habitat from the [[Gilgit]] region.<ref name="Vohra2">{{Cite journal |last=Vohra |first=Rohit |date=1982 |title=Ethnographic Notes on the Buddhist Dards of Ladakh: The Brog-Pā |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25841799 |journal=Zeitschrift für Ethnologie |volume=107 |issue=1 |pages=72, 81–82 |issn=0044-2666}}</ref> The Brokpa chieftains wielded autonomy in the region, pledging nominal allegiance to the Maqpon rulers of [[Skardu]].<ref name="Vohra2"/>

However, things changed in the seventeenth century when [[Jamyang Namgyal]] of Ladakh had a conflict with [[Ali Sher Khan Anchan]] of Skardu and had to accept Gurgurdho as a boundary between their territories.<ref name="Vohra2"/> Consequently, Darchik integrated with Ladakh, though probably not to any substantial extent. In the early nineteenth century, as the village came under the Dogras of Jammu upon their annexation of Ladakh, it became part of Leh tehsil in the [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|princely State of Jammu and Kashmir]].

In 1947, as Jammu and Kashmir joined India, Darchik became part of the Ladakh Division. In 1979, it became a part of the newly-formed Kargil District. Local Brokpas have demanded representation to the seats reserved for minorities in the [[Ladakh Autonomous Hill Development Council, Kargil|hill council]]. In the aftermath of the [[Kargil War]], the Indian Army adopted Darchik as a model village under [[Indian Army operations in Jammu and Kashmir#Operation Sadbhavana (Goodwill)|Operation Sadbhavana]].

==Demography==

Darchik falls in the Soudh [[community development block]].<ref name=":0" /> As per the [[2011 Census of India|2011 census of India]], it has a population of 624 people living in 85 [[household]]s.<ref name="census">{{Citation |title=Kargil District Census Handbook, Part B |url=https://cdn.s3waas.gov.in/s341ae36ecb9b3eee609d05b90c14222fb/uploads/2018/09/2018091067.pdf |page=56 |year=2011 |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations}}</ref>

==See also==

* [[Geography of Ladakh]]
* [[Tourism in Ladakh]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Kargil tehsil]]

{{Ladakh-geo-stub}}