https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=CamorabugBharatpedia - User contributions [en]2026-08-06T22:42:31ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.43.6https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thrikaripur_Assembly_constituency&diff=541181Thrikaripur Assembly constituency2026-05-07T05:11:41Z<p>Camorabug: created initial post basic info</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Constituency of the Kerala legislative assembly in India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox Indian constituency<br />
| name = Thrikaripur<br />
| type = SLA<br />
| state = Kerala<br />
| constituency_no = 5<br />
| map_image = Kottappuram-nileshwaram-house-boat.jpg<br />
| map_caption = [[Nileshwaram]] in Thrikaripur Assembly constituency<br />
| established = 1977<br />
| reservation = None<br />
| incumbent_image = Sandeep Varier.jpg<br />
| electors = 2,02,249 (2021)<br />
| mla = [[Sandeep Varier]]<br />
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]<br />
| alliance = {{legend2|#0087BD|'''[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]'''|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}<br />
| latest_election_year = [[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2026]]<br />
| district = [[Kasaragod district|Kasaragod]]<br />
}} <br />
'''Thrikaripur Assembly constituency''', previously '''Nileshwaram Assembly constituency''', is one of the 140 [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|state legislative assembly]] constituencies in [[Kerala]] in southern [[India]]. It is also one of the seven [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|state legislative assembly]] constituencies included in [[Kasaragod Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite web<br />
|url = https://kasargod.gov.in/constituencies<br />
|website = kasargod.gov.in<br />
|title = State Assembly Constituencies in Kasaragod district, Kerala<br />
}}</ref> As of the [[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2021 Assembly elections]], the current MLA is [[Sandeep Varier]] of [[Indian National Congress]].<br />
<br />
Thrikaripur Assembly constituency came into existence in 1977. It was created by replacing [[Nileshwaram]] Assembly constituency, which had existed from 1957 to 1977.<br />
<br />
==Local self-governed segments==<br />
Thrikaripur Assembly constituency is composed of the following local self-governed segments:<ref>{{cite web<br />
|url = http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/kasaragod.html<br />
|title = Local Self Governments in Assembly Constituencies of Kasaragod District<br />
}}</ref><br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%;"<br />
!width="30px" |Sl no.<br />
!width="100px" |Name<br />
!width="130px" |Status ([[Gram panchayat|Grama panchayat]]/[[Municipality]])<br />
!width="100px" |[[Tehsil|Taluk]]<br />
|-<br />
|1<br />
|[[Nileshwaram]]<br />
|Municipality<br />
|[[Hosdurg taluk|Hosdurg]]<br />
|-<br />
|2<br />
|[[Cheruvathur]]<br />
|Grama panchayat<br />
|[[Hosdurg taluk|Hosdurg]]<br />
|-<br />
|3<br />
|[[Padne]]<br />
|Grama panchayat<br />
|[[Hosdurg taluk|Hosdurg]]<br />
|-<br />
|4<br />
|[[Pilicode]]<br />
|Grama panchayat<br />
|[[Hosdurg taluk|Hosdurg]]<br />
|-<br />
|5<br />
|[[Thrikaripur]]<br />
|Grama panchayat<br />
|[[Hosdurg taluk|Hosdurg]]<br />
|-<br />
|6<br />
|[[Valiyaparamba]]<br />
|Grama panchayat<br />
|[[Hosdurg taluk|Hosdurg]]<br />
|-<br />
|7<br />
|[[Kayyur–Cheemeni Grama Panchayat|Kayyur-Cheemeni]]<br />
|Grama panchayat<br />
|[[Hosdurg taluk|Hosdurg]] and [[Vellarikundu]]<br />
|-<br />
|8<br />
|East Eleri<br />
|Grama panchayat<br />
|[[Vellarikundu]]<br />
|-<br />
|9<br />
|West Eleri<br />
|Grama panchayat<br />
|[[Vellarikundu]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Members of Legislative Assembly ==<br />
The following list contains all members of [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]] who have represented the constituency:<br />
<br />
'''Key'''<br />
<br />
{{Party index link|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}} {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}} {{Party index link|Communist Party of India}}<br />
<br />
===As Nileshwaram===<br />
{| class="sortable" width="50%" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: 2px #000000 solid; font-size: x-big;<br />
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" |Election<br />
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" |Niyama<br>Sabha<br />
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" |Member<br />
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" colspan="2"|Party<br />
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" |Tenure<br />
|-<br />
| [[1957 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1957]]<br />
| 1st <br />
| [[E. M. S. Namboodiripad]]<br />
| [[Communist Party of India|CPI]]<br />
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India}}"|<br />
| 1957 – 1960<br />
|-<br />
| [[1960 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1960]]<br />
| 2nd<br />
| C. Kunhikrishnan Nair<br />
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br />
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|<br />
| 1960 – 1965<br />
|-<br />
| [[1967 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1967]]<br />
| 3rd<br />
| rowspan="2" |V. V. Kunhambu<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]<br />
| rowspan="2" width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}"|<br />
| 1967 – 1970<br />
|-<br />
| [[1970 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1970]]<br />
| 4th<br />
| 1970 – 1977<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===As Thrikaripur===<br />
{| class="sortable" width="50%" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: 2px #000000 solid; font-size: x-big;"<br />
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" |Election<br />
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" |Niyama<br />
Sabha<br />
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" |Member<br />
! colspan="2" style="background-color:#666666; color:white" |Party<br />
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" |Tenure<br />
|-<br />
|[[1977 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1977]]<br />
|5th<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[P. Karunakaran]]<br />
| rowspan="11" |[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]<br />
| rowspan="11" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" |<br />
|1977 – 1980<br />
|-<br />
|[[1980 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1980]]<br />
|6th<br />
|1980 – 1982<br />
|-<br />
|[[1982 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1982]]<br />
|7th<br />
|O. Bharathan<br />
|1982 – 1987<br />
|-<br />
|[[1987 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1987]]<br />
|8th<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[E. K. Nayanar]]<br />
|1987 – 1991<br />
|-<br />
|[[1991 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1991]]<br />
|9th<br />
|1991 – 1996<br />
|-<br />
|[[1996 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1996]]<br />
|10th<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[K. P. Satheesh Chandran]]<br />
|1996 – 2001<br />
|-<br />
|[[2001 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2001]]<br />
|11th<br />
|2001 – 2006<br />
|-<br />
|[[2006 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2006]]<br />
|12th<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[K. Kunhiraman (politician)|K. Kunhiraman]]<br />
|2006 – 2011<br />
|-<br />
|[[2011 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2011]]<br />
|13th<br />
|2011 – 2016<br />
|-<br />
|[[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2016]]<br />
|14th<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[M. Rajagopalan]]<br />
| 2016 - 2021<br />
|-<br />
| [[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2021]]<br />
| 15th<br />
| 2021 – 2026<br />
|-<br />
|[[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2026]]<br />
| 16th<br />
|[[Sandeep Varier]]<br />
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br />
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |<br />
|2026 – present <br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
{{notelist}}<br />
<br />
== Election results ==<br />
<br />
===2026===<br />
<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Thrikaripur}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Sandeep Varier]]||votes=83,109|percentage=48.63|change={{Increase}}11.22}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=CPI(M)|candidate=V. P. P. Mustafa||votes=78,678|percentage=46.04|change={{Decrease}}7.67}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Twenty20 Party|candidate=Ravi Kulangara|votes=7837|percentage=4.59|change=-}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=710|percentage=0.42|change=-}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory|<br />
|votes =4431 <br />
|percentage =2.59 <br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout||votes=|percentage=79.64|change=}}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link|<br />
|winner = <br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== 2021 ===<br />
{{Election box begin|title=[[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Thrikaripur}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)<br />
|candidate = [[M. Rajagopalan]]<br />
|votes = 86,151<br />
|percentage = 53.71<br />
|change ={{increase}}2.78<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Kerala Congress<br />
|candidate =M. P. Joseph<br />
|votes =60,014<br />
|percentage =37.41<br />
|change =<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party =Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|candidate =Shibin T. V.<br />
|votes =10,961<br />
|percentage =6.83<br />
|change ={{decrease}}0.09<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party =Social Democratic Party of India<br />
|candidate =Liyakathali P.<br />
|votes =1,211 <br />
|percentage =0.75<br />
|change =<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party =Welfare Party of India<br />
|candidate =T. Mahesh Master<br />
|votes =817 <br />
|percentage =0.51<br />
|change =<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = NOTA<br />
|candidate =NOTA<br />
|votes =558 <br />
|percentage =0.35<br />
|change =<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory|<br />
|votes =26,137<br />
|percentage =16.30<br />
|change ={{increase}}5.41<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout|<br />
|votes =1,60,408 <br />
|percentage =78.95<br />
|change ={{decrease}}2.21<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link|<br />
|winner =Communist Party of India (Marxist)<br />
|loser =Kerala Congress<br />
|swing =<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== 2016 ===<br />
There were 1,90,119 registered voters in the constituency for the 2016 election.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kerala Niyamasabha Election Results 2016, Election commission of India|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3767-kerala-general-legislative-election-2016|website=eci.gov.in}}</ref><br />
<br />
{{Election box begin|title=[[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Thrikkaripur}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=M. Rajagopalan|votes=79,286|percentage=50.93|change={{increase}}1.02|}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=K. P. Kunhikannan|votes=62,327|percentage=40.04|change={{decrease}} 3.42|}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=M. Bhaskaran|votes=10,767|percentage=6.92|change={{increase}}2.91|}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Welfare Party of India|candidate=C. H. Muthalib|votes=1.029|percentage=0.66|change=-|}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Social Democratic Party of India|candidate=M. V. Shaukathali|votes=840|percentage=0.54|change={{decrease}}3.47|-}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=774|percentage=0.50|change=-|}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=P. P. Purushottaman|votes=263|percentage=0.17|change=-|}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent (politician)|candidate=K. P. Kunhikannan Kandothumpurath|votes=183|percentage=0.12|change=-|}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Kunjikannan P. M. Kuruvattu Veedu|votes=109|percentage=0.07|change=-}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=K. M. Sreedharan|votes=93|percentage=0.06|change=-}}{{Election box margin of victory||votes=16,959|percentage=10.89|change={{increase}} 4.44}}<br />
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,55,671|percentage=81.88|change={{increase}} 1.60}}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link||winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|swing={{increase}}1.02}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== 2011 ===<br />
There were 1,78,139 registered voters in the constituency for the 2011 election.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kerala Niyamasabha Election Results 2011, Election commission of India|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3763-kerala-2011|access-date=11 March 2020|website=eci.gov.in}}</ref><br />
<br />
{{Election box begin|title=[[2011 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Thrikkaripur}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=K. Kunhiraman|votes=67,871|percentage=49.91|change=|}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=K. V. Gangadharan|votes=59,106|percentage=43.46|change=|}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=T. Radhakrishnan|votes=5,450|percentage=4.01|change=|}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Social Democratic Party of India|candidate=Razak Haji Parambath|votes=5.450|percentage=4.01|change=|}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Arun Kumar|votes=1,031|percentage=0.76|change=|-}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=K .K .Dileep Kumar|votes=789|percentage=0.58|change=-|}}<br />
<br />
{{Election box margin of victory||votes=8,765|percentage=6.45|change=}}<br />
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,35,988|percentage=80.28|change=}}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link||winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|swing=}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Thrikaripur]]<br />
* [[Kasaragod district]]<br />
* [[List of constituencies of the Kerala Legislative Assembly]]<br />
* [[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Kerala Assembly Constituencies}}<br />
<br />
{{Kerala Niyamasabha elections}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Kerala]]<br />
[[Category:State assembly constituencies in Kasaragod district]]<br />
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1977]]<br />
[[Category:1977 establishments in Kerala]]</div>Camorabughttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dhruva_Natchathiram_(upcoming_film)&diff=496923Dhruva Natchathiram (upcoming film)2026-05-06T19:07:58Z<p>Camorabug: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Upcoming Indian Tamil spy thriller film by Gautham Menon}}<br />
{{distinguish|Dhruva Nakshatram (1989 film)|Dhuruva Natchathiram (1993 film)}}<br />
{{for-multi|the 2022 Indian film|Yuddha Kaandam|other uses|Dhruva (disambiguation)}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| image = Dhruva Natchathiram.jpg<br />
| caption = Poster<br />
| director = [[Gautham Vasudev Menon]]<br />
| writer = {{Ubl | Gautham Vasudev Menon | Deepak Venkateshan}}<br />
| producer = Gautham Vasudev Menon<br />
| starring = {{Plainlist|<br />
*[[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]]<br />
*[[Ritu Varma]]<br />
*[[Aishwarya Rajesh]]<br />
*[[R. Parthiban]]<br />
*[[Radhika Sarathkumar]]<br />
*[[Simran (actress)|Simran]]<br />
*[[Vinayakan]]<br />
}}<br />
| cinematography = {{ubl|[[Manoj Paramahamsa]]|[[S. R. Kathir]]|Vishnu Dev|'''Additional:'''|[[Jomon T. John]]|[[Santhana Krishnan Ravichandran]]}}<br />
| editing = [[Anthony (film editor)|Anthony]]<br />
| music = [[Harris Jayaraj]]<br />
| studio = {{ubl|[[Ondraga Entertainment]]|Oruoorileoru Film House}}<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Tamil<br />
| released = <br />
| runtime = 145 minutes<br />
| budget = {{estimation}} {{INR}}80 crore<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 May 2026 |title=Gautham Vasudev Menon's 13-year struggle to release Vikram's Dhruva Natchathiram explained as HC clears film for release |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/gautham-vasudev-menons-13-year-struggle-to-release-vikrams-dhruva-natchathiram-explained-as-hc-clears-film-for-release-101777635456033.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260502000727/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/gautham-vasudev-menons-13-year-struggle-to-release-vikrams-dhruva-natchathiram-explained-as-hc-clears-film-for-release-101777635456033.html |archive-date=May 2, 2026 |access-date=May 2, 2026 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en}}</ref><br />
| gross = <!-- Add with a Reliable source --><br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Dhruva Natchathiram''''' ({{translation|[[Pole star]]}}), also marketed with the subtitle '''''Chapter One&nbsp;– Yuddha Kaandam''''' ({{translation|War Chapter}}), is an upcoming Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Spy film|spy]] [[action thriller film]] directed and produced by [[Gautham Vasudev Menon]]. The film stars [[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]], alongside an [[ensemble cast]] consisting of [[Ritu Varma]], [[Aishwarya Rajesh]], [[R. Parthiban]], [[Radhika Sarathkumar]], [[Simran (actress)|Simran]] and [[Vinayakan]]. Set in the same [[shared universe]] as Menon's ''[[Joshua: Imai Pol Kaakha]]'' (2024), it follows a [[Covert operation|covert operative]] who leads a team of elite professionals named "The Basement", with the intentions of taking down terrorist organisations secretly without being bound by law and order.<br />
<br />
The film was initially announced with [[Suriya]] in 2013, but several months after the announcement, Menon shelved the project citing creative differences with the actor. He revived the project in 2015 and finalised Vikram as the lead actor. The film began production in 2017 and was shot in seven countries, but languished in [[production hell]] for years owing to Menon's financial constraints and the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], before concluding in February 2023. The film has music composed by [[Harris Jayaraj]], cinematography handled by [[Manoj Paramahamsa]], [[S. R. Kathir]] and Vishnu Dev and editing by [[Anthony (film editor)|Anthony]].<br />
<br />
Originally announced for an August 2017 release, the film remained unreleased for years due to legal and financial issues. It was cleared for release in April 2026 after most of Menon's debts were settled.<br />
<br />
== Premise ==<br />
John, a [[Covert operation|covert operative]], leads a team of elite professionals called "The Basement", with the intention of taking down terrorist organisations secretly without being bound by law and order.<ref name="sleek" /><br />
<br />
== Cast ==<br />
{{Cast listing|<br />
* [[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]] as John / Dhruv<br />
* [[Ritu Varma]]<br />
* [[Simran (actress)|Simran]]<br />
* [[R. Parthiban]]<br />
* [[Radhika Sarathkumar]]<br />
* [[Vinayakan]]<br />
* [[Dhivyadharshini]] as [[Joshua: Imai Pol Kaakha|Madhavi]]<br />
* [[Gautham Vasudev Menon]]<br />
* [[Dhananjayans|V. P. Dhananjayan]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramnath |first=Ambili |date=31 October 2023 |title=Bharatanatyam artists Dhananjayan and Shanta Dhananjayan make their presence felt in cinema |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/bharatanatyam-artists-dhananjayan-and-shanta-dhananjayan-make-their-presence-felt-in-cinema/article67475776.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231108111435/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/bharatanatyam-artists-dhananjayan-and-shanta-dhananjayan-make-their-presence-felt-in-cinema/article67475776.ece |archive-date=8 November 2023 |access-date=24 March 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref><br />
* [[Arjun Das]] as voice for Darkman<br />
* [[Vamsi Krishna]]<br />
* [[Sathish Krishnan]]<br />
* [[Munna Simon]]<br />
* [[Salim Baig]]<br />
* [[Maya S. Krishnan]]<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a__diBrcfD4 |title=Dhruva Natchathiram will have Romance too : Interview with Actress Maya {{!}} Chiyaan Vikram, Teaser 3 |date=25 December 2017 |language=ta |publisher=IndiaGlitz Tamil |access-date=24 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240324043640/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a__diBrcfD4 |archive-date=24 March 2024 |url-status=live |via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref><br />
* [[Abhirami Venkatachalam]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rajendran |first=Gopinath |date=28 September 2019 |title=Bigg Boss fame Abhirami Venkatachalam to star in Dhruva Natchathiram |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2019/Sep/28/bigg-boss-fame-abhirami-venkatachalam-to-star-in-dhruva-natchathiram-2040143.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191006054015/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2019/sep/28/bigg-boss-fame-abhirami-venkatachalam-to-star-in-dhruva-natchathiram-2040143.html |archive-date=6 October 2019 |access-date=24 March 2024 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref><br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Production ==<br />
=== Development ===<br />
Following the successes of ''[[Kaakha Kaakha]]'' (2003) and ''[[Vaaranam Aayiram]]'' (2008), director [[Gautham Vasudev Menon]] and actor [[Suriya]] began discussions on another project featuring the duo. After rejecting two scripts including films titled ''[[Enai Noki Paayum Thota]]'' and ''Thuppariyum Anandhan'', Suriya was impressed and accepted to work on the spy thriller film ''Dhruva Natchathiram'', which Menon hoped to turn into a franchise.<ref name="cinemalead">{{Cite web |date=5 December 2013 |title=Gautham Menon opens up on Dhruva Natchathiram drop, friendship with Suriya and Thala 55 |url=http://cinemalead.com/news-id-gautham-menon-opens-up-on-dhruva-natchathiram-drop-friendship-with-suriya-and-thala-55-gautham-menon-05-12-134004.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161227100004/http://cinemalead.com/news-id-gautham-menon-opens-up-on-dhruva-natchathiram-drop-friendship-with-suriya-and-thala-55-gautham-menon-05-12-134004.htm |archive-date=27 December 2016 |access-date=12 January 2017 |website=Cinema Lead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=13 April 2013 |title=Suriya confirms both Gautham, Lingusamy films |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/suriya-confirms-both-gautham-lingusamy-films/articleshow/19525310.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210221201649/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/suriya-confirms-both-gautham-lingusamy-films/articleshow/19525310.cms |archive-date=21 February 2021 |access-date=4 February 2021 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Revealed to be produced by Menon too,<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 April 2013 |title=Dhruva Natchathiram's logo gets ready |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/dhruva-natchathirams-logo-gets-ready/articleshow/19780116.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125093115/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/dhruva-natchathirams-logo-gets-ready/articleshow/19780116.cms |archive-date=25 January 2022 |access-date=4 February 2021 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> the team released a series of posters in April 2013 indicating that the film would feature 12 pivotal characters.<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 April 2013 |title=Dhruva Natchathiram logo unveiled |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/dhruva-natchathiram-logo-unveiled/articleshow/19797812.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181004211244/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Dhruva-Natchathiram-logo-unveiled/articleshow/19797812.cms |archive-date=4 October 2018 |access-date=4 February 2021 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The film was officially launched at the director's office in May 2013, with a few test shots also taken during the month.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 May 2013 |title=Dhruva Nathachathiram launched |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/dhruva-nathachathiram-launched/articleshow/19830996.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125093107/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/dhruva-nathachathiram-launched/articleshow/19830996.cms |archive-date=25 January 2022 |access-date=4 February 2021 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><br />
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[[A. R. Rahman]] was confirmed as the film's music composer,<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 April 2013 |title=AR Rahman for Suriya's Dhuruva Natchathiram? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/ar-rahman-for-suriyas-dhuruva-natchathiram/articleshow/19610543.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125093106/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/ar-rahman-for-suriyas-dhuruva-natchathiram/articleshow/19610543.cms |archive-date=25 January 2022 |access-date=4 February 2021 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> while [[Rajeevan]] and [[Anthony (film editor)|Anthony]] were announced as the art director and editor respectively.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2 May 2013 |title=Dhruva Natchathiram Kickstarts! |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/dhruva-natchathiram-kickstarts-news-tamil-nfcnHVgfgjfsi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170110091150/http://www.sify.com/movies/dhruva-natchathiram-kickstarts-news-tamil-nfcnHVgfgjfsi.html |archive-date=10 January 2017 |access-date=12 January 2017 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> Menon confirmed later in the month that [[R. Parthiban]] and [[Simran (actress)|Simran]] had been added to the cast to play supporting roles.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 May 2013 |title=Parthiban and Simran join 'Dhruva Natchathiram' |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/parthiban-and-simran-join-dhruva-natchathiram-news-tamil-nfem3abfcchsi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170802134354/http://www.sify.com/movies/parthiban-and-simran-join-dhruva-natchathiram-news-tamil-nfem3abfcchsi.html |archive-date=2 August 2017 |access-date=12 January 2017 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=4 May 2013 |title=Simran in Suriya's flick |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/simran-in-suriyas-flick/articleshow/19864309.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210313090119/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/simran-in-suriyas-flick/articleshow/19864309.cms |archive-date=13 March 2021 |access-date=4 February 2021 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Actors [[Arun Vijay]] and [[Sudhanshu Pandey]], were also signed on to play characters with negative shades.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Udasi |first=Harshikaa |date=23 June 2013 |title=Gender sensitive |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/gender-sensitive/article4840611.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130628005553/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/gender-sensitive/article4840611.ece |archive-date=28 June 2013 |access-date=12 January 2017 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=CR |first=Sharanya |date=25 June 2013 |title=Sudhanshu's got a new look in Dhruva Natchathiram |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/sudhanshus-got-a-new-look-in-dhruva-natchathiram/articleshow/20744139.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125093107/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/sudhanshus-got-a-new-look-in-dhruva-natchathiram/articleshow/20744139.cms |archive-date=25 January 2022 |access-date=4 February 2021 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> However, the film's first schedule was repeatedly postponed and ultimately by October 2013, Menon and Suriya parted ways citing creative differences. Suriya released a press note revealing that Menon had been tinkering the script for six months without any such progress and that he could wait no longer as he had committed to other films. He also recalled that the pair had a similar unfruitful experience when making a film titled ''[[Gautham Vasudev Menon's unrealized projects#Chennaiyil Oru Mazhaikaalam with Suriya|Chennaiyil Oru Mazhaikaalam]]'' in early 2004.<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 October 2013 |title=Suriya dumps Gautham Menon |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Suriya-dumps-Gautham-Menon/articleshow/23952596.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007111309/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Suriya-dumps-Gautham-Menon/articleshow/23952596.cms |archive-date=7 October 2023 |access-date=27 October 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=11 October 2013 |title=Suriya drops Gautham Menon's 'Dhruva Natchathiram' |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/Suriya-drops-Gautham-Menons-Dhruva-Natchathiram/2013/10/11/article1831600.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160508055908/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/Suriya-drops-Gautham-Menons-Dhruva-Natchathiram/2013/10/11/article1831600.ece |archive-date=8 May 2016 |access-date=12 January 2017 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref><br />
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=== Pre-production ===<br />
Following the release of ''[[Yennai Arindhaal]]'' (2015), Menon revived ''Dhruva Natchathiram'' and revealed he was working on the script by March 2015. [[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]] was subsequently signed for the lead role,<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 March 2015 |title=Vikram in Gautham's 'Dhruva Natchathiram'? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vikram-in-gauthams-dhruva-natchathiram/articleshow/46551755.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170123215818/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Vikram-in-Gauthams-Dhruva-Natchathiram/articleshow/46551755.cms |archive-date=23 January 2017 |access-date=4 February 2021 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> while [[Nayanthara]] was also selected to play the leading female role.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 March 2015 |title=Gautham Menon to revive 'Dhruva Natchathiram' with Vikram? |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/gautham-menon-to-revive-dhruva-natchathiram-with-vikram-news-tamil-pdnk9ohbgeaif.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170110015005/http://www.sify.com/movies/gautham-menon-to-revive-dhruva-natchathiram-with-vikram-news-tamil-pdnk9ohbgeaif.html |archive-date=10 January 2017 |access-date=12 January 2017 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> However, Vikram who signed ''[[10 Endrathukulla]]'' and ''[[Iru Mugan]]'' (2016) opted out of the film, citing date issues.<ref name=":6">{{Cite news |date=15 October 2023 |title=Gautham Vasudev Menon explains how Vikram came on board for 'Dhruva Natchathiram' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/gautham-vasudev-menon-explains-how-vikram-came-on-board-for-dhruva-natchathiram/articleshow/104425177.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231106043522/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/gautham-vasudev-menon-explains-how-vikram-came-on-board-for-dhruva-natchathiram/articleshow/104425177.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=6 November 2023 |access-date=5 November 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The project failed to find financiers, before he picked up pre-production work on the film again during November 2015, hoping to start the film with [[Jayam Ravi]]. Despite progress, the film did not take off as a result of Ravi's busy schedule.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 November 2015 |title=Gautham Menon to revive 'Dhruva Natchathiram'? |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/gautham-menon-to-revive-dhruva-natchathiram-news-tamil-plrqp6hiibggb.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170110020651/http://www.sify.com/movies/gautham-menon-to-revive-dhruva-natchathiram-news-tamil-plrqp6hiibggb.html |archive-date=10 January 2017 |access-date=12 January 2017 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Srinivasan |first=Sudhir |date=24 December 2015 |title=After Thani Oruvan |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/after-thani-oruvan/article8025392.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125093110/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/after-thani-oruvan/article8025392.ece |archive-date=25 January 2022 |access-date=12 January 2017 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Menon then narrated the script to producer [[Kalaipuli S. Thanu]], who set up a meeting for Menon to discuss the script with [[Rajinikanth]]. The actor liked the idea of the film, but later turned down the offer and chose to work with Thanu on ''[[Kabali]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 June 2018 |title=Gautham Menon: I had pitched 'Dhruva Natchathiram' to Rajinikanth |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/gautham-menon-i-had-pitched-dhruva-natchathiram-to-rajinikanth-news-tamil-sgzjEfbgdjgbe.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180629041937/http://www.sify.com/movies/gautham-menon-i-had-pitched-dhruva-natchathiram-to-rajinikanth-news-tamil-sgzjEfbgdjgbe.html |archive-date=29 June 2018 |access-date=23 September 2019 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref><br />
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In November 2016, Menon revived the project with Vikram and began working on the script again.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sundar |first=Mrinalini |date=25 November 2016 |title=Gautham Menon gets Vikram for Dhruva Natchathiram |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Gautham-Menon-gets-Vikram-for-Dhruva-Natchathiram/articleshow/55599906.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161127113939/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Gautham-Menon-gets-Vikram-for-Dhruva-Natchathiram/articleshow/55599906.cms |archive-date=27 November 2016 |access-date=12 January 2017 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Production began in early January 2017 in New York City, with a series of promotional posters released by the team.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |date=12 January 2017 |title=Gearing up for new innings |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2017/jan/12/gearing-up-for-new-innings-1558667.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170116145403/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2017/jan/12/gearing-up-for-new-innings-1558667.html |archive-date=16 January 2017 |access-date=10 February 2017 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> [[Harris Jayaraj]] who has worked on most of Gautham Menon's films, was confirmed as the composer.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 January 2017 |title=Dhruva Natchathiram teaser: Vikram's cool quotient in this spy-thriller is its high point. Watch Video |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/dhruva-natchathiram-teaser-vikrams-cool-quotient-in-this-spy-thriller-is-its-high-point-watch-video-4475424/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211081017/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/dhruva-natchathiram-teaser-vikrams-cool-quotient-in-this-spy-thriller-is-its-high-point-watch-video-4475424/ |archive-date=11 February 2017 |access-date=10 February 2017 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> [[Anu Emmanuel]] was added to the cast and also took part in an initial photoshoot.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jyothsna |date=14 January 2017 |title=HEROINE FINALIZED FOR VIKRAM? |url=https://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-17/anu-emmanuel-is-the-heroine-for-vikram-in-dhruva-natchathriam.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170117144808/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-17/anu-emmanuel-is-the-heroine-for-vikram-in-dhruva-natchathriam.html |archive-date=17 January 2017 |access-date=10 February 2017 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref> A two-minute teaser was released in the same month; it was shot in fourteen hours around [[Manhattan]], New York City with a [[Canon EOS 5D|Canon 5D]] SLR camera by cinematographer [[Jomon T. John]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 January 2017 |title=Gautham retains Jomon T John for 'Dhruva Natchathiram' |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/gautham-retains-jomon-t-john-for-dhruva-natchathiram-news-malayalam-rbrpbXjhgfdfc.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170422215902/http://www.sify.com/movies/gautham-retains-jomon-t-john-for-dhruva-natchathiram-news-malayalam-rbrpbXjhgfdfc.html |archive-date=22 April 2017 |access-date=10 February 2017 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=19 January 2017 |title=Still stunned by the Dhruva Natchathiram teaser? You won't believe how long it took to shoot it |url=http://www.thenewsminute.com/article/still-stunned-dhruva-natchathiram-teaser-you-wont-believe-how-long-it-took-shoot-it-55990 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170131194307/http://www.thenewsminute.com/article/still-stunned-dhruva-natchathiram-teaser-you-wont-believe-how-long-it-took-shoot-it-55990 |archive-date=31 January 2017 |access-date=10 February 2017 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref><br />
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The film was initially produced by Menon's [[Ondraga Entertainment]] with [[Escape Artists Motion Pictures]] and Kondaaduvom Entertainment.<ref name=":7" /> However, as the film languished in production hell, the other two companies dropped their names from the promotional materials.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 November 2023 |title=Here's why Gautham Menon's Dhruva Natchathiram is struggling to see the light of day |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/heres-why-gautham-menons-dhruva-natchathiram-is-struggling-to-see-the-light-of-day-9040353/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231125194540/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/heres-why-gautham-menons-dhruva-natchathiram-is-struggling-to-see-the-light-of-day-9040353/ |archive-date=25 November 2023 |access-date=26 November 2023 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> Vels Film International, a production studio led by [[Ishari K. Ganesh]] reportedly agreed to distribute and fund the project. However, it did not come into fruition.<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 July 2021 |title=Vikram's 'Dhruva Natchathiram' to be released in two parts? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vikrams-dhruva-natchathiram-to-be-released-in-two-parts/articleshow/84440347.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231105081654/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vikrams-dhruva-natchathiram-to-be-released-in-two-parts/articleshow/84440347.cms |archive-date=5 November 2023 |access-date=5 November 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The film was later jointly produced by Oruoorileoru Film House, with Preethi Srivijayan as the executive producer.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 April 2023 |title=Makers of Dhruva Natchathiram release new poster on Vikram's birthday |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/apr/17/makers-of-dhruva-natchathiram-release-new-poster-on-vikrams-birthday-42415.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231105073703/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/apr/17/makers-of-dhruva-natchathiram-release-new-poster-on-vikrams-birthday-42415.html |archive-date=5 November 2023 |access-date=5 November 2023 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=22 March 2023 |title=Dhruva Natchathiram: The story of a star-studded film that almost never happened |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/dhruva-natchathiram-the-story-of-a-star-studded-film-that-almost-never-happened-8511587/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230722145125/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/dhruva-natchathiram-the-story-of-a-star-studded-film-that-almost-never-happened-8511587/ |archive-date=22 July 2023 |access-date=5 November 2023 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref><br />
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=== Casting ===<br />
The film began production with only Vikram and Anu Emmanuel as confirmed members of the cast in January 2017. In early February 2017, Anu Emmanuel opted out of the film citing scheduling issues following Vikram's decision to alter his schedule, so that he could simultaneously shoot for ''[[Sketch (2018 film)|Sketch]]'' (2018).<ref>{{Cite news |last=UR |first=Arya |date=8 February 2017 |title=Anu Emmanuel opts out of Gautham Menon's 'Dhruva Natchathiram' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/anu-emmanuel-opts-out-from-gautham-menons-dhruva-natchathiram/articleshow/57037046.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180919194740/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/anu-emmanuel-opts-out-from-gautham-menons-dhruva-natchathiram/articleshow/57037046.cms |archive-date=19 September 2018 |access-date=4 February 2021 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Menon signed on [[Ritu Varma]] to replace her, after being impressed by Varma's performance in the Telugu film ''[[Pelli Choopulu]]'' (2016).<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 February 2017 |title=Ritu Varma replaces Anu Emmanuel in 'Dhruva Natchathiram' |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/ritu-varma-replaces-anu-emmanuel-in-dhruva-natchathiram-news-tamil-rcijUNcgibfbg.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170210195511/http://www.sify.com/movies/ritu-varma-replaces-anu-emmanuel-in-dhruva-natchathiram-news-tamil-rcijUNcgibfbg.html |archive-date=10 February 2017 |access-date=10 February 2017 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=CR |first=Sharanya |date=30 June 2017 |title=Acting with Vikram sir&nbsp;— a dream come true |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/acting-with-vikram-sir-a-dream-come-true/articleshow/59370555.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180830043319/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/acting-with-vikram-sir-a-dream-come-true/articleshow/59370555.cms |archive-date=30 August 2018 |access-date=4 February 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> [[Aishwarya Rajesh]] was also then signed to portray another leading female character in the film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 March 2017 |title=Aishwarya Rajesh paired opposite Vikram in Dhruva Natchathiram |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/dhruva-natchathiram-aishwarya-rajesh-vikram-gautham-965541-2017-03-14 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170318044325/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/dhruva-natchathiram-aishwarya-rajesh-vikram-gautham/1/903767.html |archive-date=18 March 2017 |access-date=22 April 2018 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref> The team also re-signed Parthiban to act in the film, with his character tweaked from his role in the original script.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 February 2017 |title=Parthiepan: Parthiepan not playing the antagonist in 'Dhruva Natchathiram' |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/parthiepan-not-playing-the-antagonist-in-dhruva-natchathiram/articleshow/57165559.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170216133739/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/parthiepan-not-playing-the-antagonist-in-dhruva-natchathiram/articleshow/57165559.cms |archive-date=16 February 2017 |access-date=15 February 2017 |website=[[The Times of India]] |agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=16 February 2017 |title=Parthiepan, key to Dhruva Natchathiram |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/Parthiepan-key-to-Dhruva-Natchathiram/article17311663.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220909043318/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/Parthiepan-key-to-Dhruva-Natchathiram/article17311663.ece |archive-date=9 September 2022 |access-date=22 April 2018 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><br />
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Jomon later opted out of the film during March 2017 citing scheduling conflicts and was replaced by [[Santhana Krishnan Ravichandran]] as the cinematographer, who also exited the film in June 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 March 2017 |title=Ravi K Chandran's son replaces Jomon as 'Dhruva Natchathiram' cinematographer |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2017/mar/13/ravi-k-chandrans-son-replaces-jomon-as-dhruva-natchathiram-cinematographer-1580677.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170919234355/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2017/mar/13/ravi-k-chandrans-son-replaces-jomon-as-dhruva-natchathiram-cinematographer-1580677.html |archive-date=19 September 2017 |access-date=22 April 2018 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> [[Manoj Paramahamsa]], who collaborated with Menon in ''[[Vinnaithaandi Varuvaayaa]]'' (2010) and ''[[Nadunisi Naaygal]]'' (2011), subsequently replaced Santhana Krishnan as the cinematographer.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Menon |first=Thinkal |date=7 July 2018 |title=Cinematographer's replacement galore: Zooming in on why lensmen opt out of films |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/zooming-in-on-why-lensmen-opt-out-of-films/articleshow/64885488.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220909043316/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/zooming-in-on-why-lensmen-opt-out-of-films/articleshow/64885488.cms |archive-date=9 September 2022 |access-date=4 February 2021 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> During the same month, a bevy of supporting actors were signed to portray roles in the film including veteran actresses [[Radhika Sarathkumar]] and Simran,<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 June 2017 |title=Radhika, Simran join Dhruva Natchathiram |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/radhika-simran-join-dhruva-natchathiram/articleshow/59368586.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210313090125/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/radhika-simran-join-dhruva-natchathiram/articleshow/59368586.cms |archive-date=13 March 2021 |access-date=4 February 2021 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> while [[Dhivyadharshini]], was also added to the cast.<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 June 2017 |title=After Pa Paandi, DD to act in Vikram's Dhruva Natchathiram |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/after-pa-paandi-dd-to-act-in-vikrams-dhruva-natchathiram/articleshow/59383438.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190415005759/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/after-pa-paandi-dd-to-act-in-vikrams-dhruva-natchathiram/articleshow/59383438.cms |archive-date=15 April 2019 |access-date=27 September 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Three of Menon's former proteges [[Vamsi Krishna]], [[Salim Baig]] and [[Sathish Krishnan]] were also selected to portray supporting roles, as was [[Munna (actor)|Munna Simon]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 June 2017 |title=Radikaa and Simran on board for Vikram's 'Dhruva Natchathiram' |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/radikaa-and-simran-on-board-for-vikram-s-dhruva-natchathiram-news-tamil-rg3niraiicggg.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170920044218/http://www.sify.com/movies/radikaa-and-simran-on-board-for-vikram-s-dhruva-natchathiram-news-tamil-rg3niraiicggg.html |archive-date=20 September 2017 |access-date=22 April 2018 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=30 June 2017 |title=Dhruva Natchathiram gets bigger |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/300617/dhruva-natchathiram-gets-bigger.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170630180110/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/300617/dhruva-natchathiram-gets-bigger.html |archive-date=30 June 2017 |access-date=22 April 2018 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref><br />
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In mid-April 2018, it was revealed that Malayalam actor [[Vinayakan]] was a part of the film's cast, playing the leading antagonist in the film.<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 April 2018 |title=Revealed: The main villain in Vikram's 'Dhruva Natchathiram' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/revealed-the-main-villain-in-vikrams-dhruva-natchathiram/articleshow/63798036.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181013014253/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/revealed-the-main-villain-in-vikrams-dhruva-natchathiram/articleshow/63798036.cms |archive-date=13 October 2018 |access-date=4 February 2021 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=17 April 2018 |title=Vinayakan to lock horns with Vikram in 'Dhruva Natchathiram' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vinayakan-to-lock-horns-with-vikram-in-dhruva-natchathiram/articleshow/63798990.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180902220603/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vinayakan-to-lock-horns-with-vikram-in-dhruva-natchathiram/articleshow/63798990.cms |archive-date=2 September 2018 |access-date=4 February 2021 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Menon also appeared in the film in a prominent character.<ref name="sleek">{{Cite web |date=24 October 2023 |title='Dhruva Natchathiram' trailer: Dapper Chiyaan Vikram promises a sleek spy-thriller |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/chiyaan-vikram-gautham-vasudev-menon-dhruva-natchathiram-trailer-2453185-2023-10-24 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231029112146/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/chiyaan-vikram-gautham-vasudev-menon-dhruva-natchathiram-trailer-2453185-2023-10-24 |archive-date=29 October 2023 |access-date=5 November 2023 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref> [[Arjun Das]] was reported to be appearing as "Darkman", the character that was introduced in the first two-minute teaser and would be a voice-only role.<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 November 2019 |title=Arjun Das to face off Vikram in Gautham Menon's 'Dhruv Natchathiram' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/arjun-das-to-face-off-vikram-in-gautham-menons-dhruv-natchathiram/articleshow/71940774.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220107154631/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/arjun-das-to-face-off-vikram-in-gautham-menons-dhruv-natchathiram/articleshow/71940774.cms |archive-date=7 January 2022 |access-date=7 January 2022 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Filming ===<br />
Following the shoot of the teaser in New York City, the team moved to [[Coonoor]] to begin the first schedule in late January 2017. Following a brief shoot in the town, the team moved to [[Chennai]] for a further short schedule.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 January 2017 |title=Dhruva Natchathiram: Vikram-Gautham resume shoot in Chennai |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/dhruva-natchathiram-vikram-gautham-menon-anu-emmanuel-957327-2017-01-27 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211081011/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/dhruva-natchathiram-vikram-gautham-menon-anu-emmanuel/1/867623.html |archive-date=11 February 2017 |access-date=10 February 2017 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=6 February 2017 |title=Vikram to start Vijay Chander film on Feb 10 |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/vikram-to-start-vijay-chander-film-on-feb-10-news-tamil-rcgj4Oiddffff.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170208165112/http://www.sify.com/movies/vikram-to-start-vijay-chander-film-on-feb-10-news-tamil-rcgj4Oiddffff.html |archive-date=8 February 2017 |access-date=10 February 2017 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> After a schedule break, the shoot continued intermittently throughout Chennai in early 2017 as Vikram simultaneously worked around his commitments for his other film ''[[Sketch (2018 film)|Sketch]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 February 2017 |title=No rift between Vikram and Gautham Menon |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/no-rift-between-vikram-and-gautham-menon/articleshow/57205274.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180101013057/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/no-rift-between-vikram-and-gautham-menon/articleshow/57205274.cms |archive-date=1 January 2018 |access-date=4 February 2021 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> During the initial schedules, scenes involving Vikram, Aishwarya Rajesh and Ritu Varma were primarily shot.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 May 2017 |title=Gautham Menon introduces Ragini and Anupama from Vikram's 'Dhruva |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/gautham-menon-introduces-ragini-and-anupama-from-vikram-s-dhruva-natchathiram-news-tamil-rfdkB0dbjadjj.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170524205713/http://www.sify.com/movies/gautham-menon-introduces-ragini-and-anupama-from-vikram-s-dhruva-natchathiram-news-tamil-rfdkB0dbjadjj.html |archive-date=24 May 2017 |access-date=22 April 2018 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Dundoo |first=Sangeetha Devi |date=17 May 2017 |title=Beyond tags, Ritu's looking at genres |url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/ritu-varma-gears-up-for-the-revenge-drama-keshava/article18473404.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112041751/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/ritu-varma-gears-up-for-the-revenge-drama-keshava/article18473404.ece |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=22 April 2018 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The makers planned to shoot two schedules abroad, after a brief break, before wrapping the schedules in Chennai and Coonoor. Despite initially wanting to film sequences in the US, the team later chose to use Eastern Europe as the main foreign backdrop for the ease of acquiring permission to shoot and sort out visas.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 April 2017 |title=Vikram: Here's where Vikram will be shooting for 'Dhruva Natchathiram' next |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/heres-where-vikram-will-be-shooting-for-dhruva-natchathiram-next/articleshow/58006643.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171113085231/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/heres-where-vikram-will-be-shooting-for-dhruva-natchathiram-next/articleshow/58006643.cms |archive-date=13 November 2017 |access-date=22 April 2018 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><br />
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The shoot began in [[Slovenia]] during mid-June 2017 with Vikram and the ensemble supporting cast,<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 June 2017 |title=Slovenia: Slovenia beckons 'Dhruva Natchathiram' team |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/slovenia-beckons-dhruva-natchathiram-team/articleshow/59205161.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171106095118/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/slovenia-beckons-dhruva-natchathiram-team/articleshow/59205161.cms |archive-date=6 November 2017 |access-date=22 April 2018 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> before moving to [[Bulgaria]] by the end of the month.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 June 2017 |title=Dhruva Natchathiram: Vikram shoots in Bulgaria, Radikaa and Simran join star cast. See photos |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/dhruva-natchathiram-vikram-shoots-in-bulgaria-radikaa-simran-join-star-cast-see-photos-4727784/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170919234422/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/dhruva-natchathiram-vikram-shoots-in-bulgaria-radikaa-simran-join-star-cast-see-photos-4727784/ |archive-date=19 September 2017 |access-date=22 April 2018 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> After the completion of their work in Bulgaria, the team moved to [[Abu Dhabi]], [[United Arab Emirates]] to film scenes in the desert and worked in extremely warm temperatures.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 July 2017 |title=Hot progress for Dhruva Natchathiram |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2017/jul/12/hot-progress-for-dhruva-natchathiram-1627410.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170919234453/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2017/jul/12/hot-progress-for-dhruva-natchathiram-1627410.html |archive-date=19 September 2017 |access-date=22 April 2018 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> Following the end of the schedule in mid-July 2017, Menon revealed that approximately thirty more days of shoot were required.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 July 2017 |title=Thirty days shoot remaining in 'Dhruva Natchathiram' |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/thirty-days-shoot-remaining-in-dhruva-natchathiram-news-tamil-rhrnpxhbegdhi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170919190508/http://www.sify.com/movies/thirty-days-shoot-remaining-in-dhruva-natchathiram-news-tamil-rhrnpxhbegdhi.html |archive-date=19 September 2017 |access-date=22 April 2018 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> During mid-August 2017, it was reported that Vikram had resumed shooting for the film, with substantial portions being shot in Chennai.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sundar |first=Mrinalini |date=18 August 2017 |title=Vikram resumes shooting for Dhruva Natchathiram |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vikram-resumes-shooting-for-dhruva-natchathiram/articleshow/60102966.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170824063835/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vikram-resumes-shooting-for-dhruva-natchathiram/articleshow/60102966.cms |archive-date=24 August 2017 |access-date=4 February 2021 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> In late August 2017, the team travelled to [[Tbilisi, Georgia]], to continue the shoot, with the ensemble cast joining the schedule. After several days of shoot in Georgia, the team were briefly left stranded after being denied permission to enter [[Turkey]] as a result of a document oversight.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 September 2017 |title=Vikram starrer 'Dhruva Natchathiram' crew stuck in Turkey |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2017/sep/10/vikram-starrer-dhruva-natchathiram-crew-stuck-in-turkey-1655014.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170919234548/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2017/sep/10/vikram-starrer-dhruva-natchathiram-crew-stuck-in-turkey-1655014.html |archive-date=19 September 2017 |access-date=22 April 2018 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> After two days of no shoot, they were granted permission to travel to [[Istanbul]] and continued filming.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 September 2017 |title=All is well with team 'Dhruva Natchathiram' in Turkey: Gautham Menon |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/all-is-well-with-team-dhruva-natchathiram-in-turkey-gautham-menon-news-tamil-rjlj7Iibaejje.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170920043928/http://www.sify.com/movies/all-is-well-with-team-dhruva-natchathiram-in-turkey-gautham-menon-news-tamil-rjlj7Iibaejje.html |archive-date=20 September 2017 |access-date=22 April 2018 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=11 September 2017 |title=Gautham Menon's crew lands safely in Istanbul |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/gautham-menons-crew-lands-safely-in-istanbul/articleshow/60450047.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190810074954/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/gautham-menons-crew-lands-safely-in-istanbul/articleshow/60450047.cms |archive-date=10 August 2019 |access-date=4 February 2021 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Following the schedule in Turkey, they returned to Georgia to continue the shoot for ten days.<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 March 2018 |title=Check out 'Dhruva Natchathiram' poster featuring Ritu Varma |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/check-out-dhruva-natchathiram-poster-featuring-ritu-varma/articleshow/63265999.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180401080544/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/check-out-dhruva-natchathiram-poster-featuring-ritu-varma/articleshow/63265999.cms |archive-date=1 April 2018 |access-date=31 March 2018 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><br />
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The film subsequently experienced [[production hell]] owing to Menon's financial constraints, with several other films associated with the director such as ''[[Enai Noki Paayum Thota]]'', ''[[Naragasooran]]'', ''[[Nenjam Marappathillai (2021 film)|Nenjam Marappathillai]]'' and the eventually shelved ''Pon Ondru Kandein'' also experiencing the same.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 March 2018 |title=Gautham Menon responds to allegations on Naragasooran dues: 'The misunderstanding has been sorted with Karthick' |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/gautham-menon-responds-to-allegations-on-naragasooran-dues-the-misunderstanding-has-been-sorted-with-karthick-4410629.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209152340/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/gautham-menon-responds-to-allegations-on-naragasooran-dues-the-misunderstanding-has-been-sorted-with-karthick-4410629.html |archive-date=9 February 2021 |access-date=9 December 2018 |website=[[Firstpost]]}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=18 June 2018 |title='Both 'ENPT' and 'Dhruva Natchathiram' will release this year': Gautham Menon |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/both-enpt-and-dhruva-natchathiram-will-release-year-gautham-menon-83237 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190128192757/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/both-enpt-and-dhruva-natchathiram-will-release-year-gautham-menon-83237 |archive-date=28 January 2019 |access-date=4 February 2021 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref> During the period of delay, a second teaser trailer was released on YouTube during June 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 June 2018 |title=Dhruva Natchathiram teaser: An uber stylish Vikram, brilliant sound mixing and classy visuals |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/dhruva-natchathiram-teaser-vikram-gautham-vasudev-menon-5204868/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181210110809/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/dhruva-natchathiram-teaser-vikram-gautham-vasudev-menon-5204868/ |archive-date=10 December 2018 |access-date=9 December 2018 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> The very same month, Menon claimed that the film entered its final leg of shooting and will be completed within August 2018,<ref name=":5">{{Cite news |date=28 June 2018 |title=Gautham Menon to wrap up 'Dhruva Natchathiram' in August |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/gautham-menon-to-wrap-up-dhruva-natchathiram-in-august/articleshow/64778536.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181211005247/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/gautham-menon-to-wrap-up-dhruva-natchathiram-in-august/articleshow/64778536.cms |archive-date=11 December 2018 |access-date=4 February 2021 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> although there was no information about the process.<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 July 2018 |title=Vikram to wrap up 'Saamy Square' and 'Dhruva Natchathiram' soon |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vikram-to-wrap-up-saamy-square-and-dhruva-natchathiram-soon/articleshow/64930584.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210216123512/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vikram-to-wrap-up-saamy-square-and-dhruva-natchathiram-soon/articleshow/64930584.cms |archive-date=16 February 2021 |access-date=4 February 2021 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> In November 2019, Menon said that the film would resume shooting patchwork sequences after his prior commitments with ''[[Joshua: Imai Pol Kaakha]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=27 November 2019 |title=Gautham Menon to complete Dhruva Natchathiram shooting post Joshua |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/gautham-menon-to-complete-dhruva-natchathiram-shooting-post-joshua/articleshow/72254981.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191201031738/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/gautham-menon-to-complete-dhruva-natchathiram-shooting-post-joshua/articleshow/72254981.cms |archive-date=1 December 2019 |access-date=4 February 2021 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=1 May 2020 |title=A refreshing update from Vikram and Gautham Menon's 'Dhruva Natchathiram' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/a-refreshing-update-from-vikram-and-gautham-menons-dhruva-natchathiram/articleshow/75492008.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116194954/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/a-refreshing-update-from-vikram-and-gautham-menons-dhruva-natchathiram/articleshow/75492008.cms |archive-date=16 November 2020 |access-date=4 February 2021 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> However, filming was subsequently delayed due to [[COVID-19 pandemic]] and Vikram's commitments with ''[[Cobra (2022 film)|Cobra]]'' and ''[[Mahaan (2022 film)|Mahaan]]''.<ref name=":8">{{Cite news |date=24 March 2021 |title=Here's why Vikram's 'Dhruva Natchathiram' is delayed |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/heres-why-vikrams-dhruva-natchathiram-is-delayed/articleshow/81667922.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210519114513/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/heres-why-vikrams-dhruva-natchathiram-is-delayed/articleshow/81667922.cms |archive-date=19 May 2021 |access-date=19 May 2021 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> In August 2022, Menon shared a picture of himself with Vikram through social media indicating that the project was nearing completion.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 August 2022 |title=Director Gautham Menon and Vikram's Latest Pics Suggest Dhruva Natchathiram is On |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/director-gautham-menon-and-vikrams-latest-pics-suggest-dhruva-natchathiram-is-on-5682169.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220809074037/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/director-gautham-menon-and-vikrams-latest-pics-suggest-dhruva-natchathiram-is-on-5682169.html |archive-date=9 August 2022 |access-date=9 August 2022 |website=[[News18]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2 August 2022 |title=Director Gautham Menon indirectly announces reviving the long-delayed 'Dhruva Natchathiram' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/director-gautham-menon-indirectly-announces-reviving-the-long-delayed-dhruva-natchathiram/articleshow/93292142.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231105182901/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/director-gautham-menon-indirectly-announces-reviving-the-long-delayed-dhruva-natchathiram/articleshow/93292142.cms |archive-date=5 November 2023 |access-date=5 November 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> In February 2023, Menon resumed filming the patchwork sequences and finished the shoot the very same month.<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 February 2023 |title=Chiyaan Vikram's long pending 'Dhruva Natchathiram' patchwork completed, film to release soon |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/chiyaan-vikrams-long-pending-dhruva-natchathiram-patchwork-completed-film-to-release-soon/articleshow/97684614.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230312001623/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/chiyaan-vikrams-long-pending-dhruva-natchathiram-patchwork-completed-film-to-release-soon/articleshow/97684614.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=12 March 2023 |access-date=3 March 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> [[S. R. Kathir]] and Vishnu Dev filmed the remainder of the portions in this schedule as Paramahamsa was busy with his commitments on other projects.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 October 2023 |title=Dhruva Natchathiram trailer: Vikram leads long-delayed action thriller. Watch |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/dhruva-natchathiram-trailer-vikram-leads-long-delayed-action-thriller-watch-101698158938109.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231105090617/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/dhruva-natchathiram-trailer-vikram-leads-long-delayed-action-thriller-watch-101698158938109.html |archive-date=5 November 2023 |access-date=5 November 2023 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Post-production ===<br />
On 2 November 2019, Menon said the film had undergone post-production which would be completed within two months,<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1190675469349183488 |user=menongautham |title=And The Season doesn't end without this film that's really close to my heart & is hopefully state of the art. Tremendous& positive experience working with THE Chiyaan Vikram! #DN in post-production over the next 60 days and heading towards release. #Johnwillmeetyousoon |author=Gauthamvasudevmenon |author-link=Gautham Vasudev Menon |date=2 November 2019 |access-date=2 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191102171934/https://twitter.com/menongautham/status/1190675469349183488 |archive-date=2 November 2019}}</ref> though by March 2021, Vikram had not yet dubbed his lines, one of the few things needed to finish post-production.<ref name=":8" /> He began dubbing for his portions the following year.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 March 2022 |title=Chiyaan Vikram begins dubbing for 'Dhruva Natchathiram' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/chiyaan-vikram-begins-dubbing-for-dhruva-natchathiram/articleshow/90010061.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220306145048/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/chiyaan-vikram-begins-dubbing-for-dhruva-natchathiram/articleshow/90010061.cms |archive-date=6 March 2022 |access-date=6 March 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> In July 2023, Aishwarya Rajesh's scenes were reported to be cut from the film to reduce the film's duration to its suitable length.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 July 2023 |title=Aishwarya Rajesh's scenes in 'Dhruva Natchathiram' to be chopped |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/aishwarya-rajeshs-scenes-in-dhruva-natchathiram-to-be-chopped/articleshow/102008005.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231025024137/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/aishwarya-rajeshs-scenes-in-dhruva-natchathiram-to-be-chopped/articleshow/102008005.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=25 October 2023 |access-date=24 October 2023 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> In an October 2023 video interaction with cast member Dhivyadharshini, Menon claimed that he pursued acting for the past few years, so that he could use the remuneration for completing post-production works.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 October 2023 |title=Gautham Menon: 'I started acting only to fund Dhruva Natchathiram and finish it' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/gautham-menon-i-started-acting-only-to-fund-dhruva-natchathiram-and-finish-it-8992403/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027165438/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/gautham-menon-i-started-acting-only-to-fund-dhruva-natchathiram-and-finish-it-8992403/ |archive-date=27 October 2023 |access-date=5 November 2023 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=14 October 2023 |title=Gautham Vasudev Menon reveals he had to pursue acting for the sole reason of finishing 'Dhruva Natchathiram' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/gautham-vasudev-menon-reveals-he-had-to-pursue-acting-for-the-sole-reason-of-finishing-dhruva-natchathiram/articleshow/104417641.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231105184316/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/gautham-vasudev-menon-reveals-he-had-to-pursue-acting-for-the-sole-reason-of-finishing-dhruva-natchathiram/articleshow/104417641.cms |archive-date=5 November 2023 |access-date=5 November 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> In September 2023, the film was cleared by the [[Central Board of Film Certification]] with the final edit having a runtime of 145 minutes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 September 2023 |title=Dhruva Natchathiram: The Vikram-starrer action drama censored with U/A, major announcement tomorrow |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/dhruva-natchathiram-the-vikram-starrer-action-drama-censored-with-u-a-major-announcement-tomorrow/38ca051337121 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231105091458/https://www.ottplay.com/news/dhruva-natchathiram-the-vikram-starrer-action-drama-censored-with-u-a-major-announcement-tomorrow/38ca051337121 |archive-date=5 November 2023 |access-date=5 November 2023 |website=[[OTTPlay]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=22 September 2023 |title=Chiyaan Vikram's 'Dhruva Natchathiram' certified U/A |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/chiyaan-vikrams-dhruva-natchathiram-certified-u/a/articleshow/103866971.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231004140307/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/chiyaan-vikrams-dhruva-natchathiram-certified-u/a/articleshow/103866971.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=4 October 2023 |access-date=5 November 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> In February 2024, Menon said that ''Dhruva Natchathiram'' was in the same universe as ''Joshua: Imai Pol Kaakha'', and Dhivyadharshini reprises her role from that film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 February 2024 |title=Gautham Vasudev Menon says Joshua Imai Pol Kaakh is part of Dhruva Naticharam universe; says this about Simbu's sequel |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/gautham-vasudev-menon-says-joshua-imai-pol-kaakh-is-part-of-dhruva-naticharam-universe-says-this-about-simbus-sequel-101708679465274.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240412083416/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/gautham-vasudev-menon-says-joshua-imai-pol-kaakh-is-part-of-dhruva-naticharam-universe-says-this-about-simbus-sequel-101708679465274.html |archive-date=12 April 2024 |access-date=25 November 2024 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Music ==<br />
{{Main|Dhruva Natchathiram (soundtrack)}}<br />
<br />
The film's music and background score was composed by [[Harris Jayaraj]] in his seventh collaboration with Menon, with [[Thamarai]], Paal Dabba, Monica Perez Castillo and Aira, writing the lyrics. The film features five songs in the soundtrack, with "Oru Manam", the first song recorded for this film, released on 7 October 2020.<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 October 2020 |title=Gautham Menon's update on Oru Manam single from Dhruva Natchathiram |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/gautham-menons-update-on-oru-manam-single-from-dhruva-natchathiram/articleshow/78507916.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210102100421/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/gautham-menons-update-on-oru-manam-single-from-dhruva-natchathiram/articleshow/78507916.cms |archive-date=2 January 2021 |access-date=4 February 2021 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=8 October 2020 |title='Oru Manam', new song from Vikram's 'Dhruva Natchathiram' is out |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/oru-manam-new-song-from-vikrams-dhruva-natchathiram-is-out/articleshow/78557301.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011163048/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/oru-manam-new-song-from-vikrams-dhruva-natchathiram-is-out/articleshow/78557301.cms |archive-date=11 October 2020 |access-date=16 October 2020 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Later, four songs were recorded after Harris' request for more musical moments in the film.<ref>{{Cite web |last=S |first=Rajasekar |date=22 November 2023 |title=Gautham Menon speaks on Dhruva Natchathiram, and on producing love stories |url=https://thefederal.com/gautham-menon-speaks-on-dhruva-natchathiram-vikram-harris-jayaraj |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231123062813/https://thefederal.com/gautham-menon-speaks-on-dhruva-natchathiram-vikram-harris-jayaraj |archive-date=23 November 2023 |access-date=30 November 2023 |website=[[The Federal]] |language=en}}</ref> Two of them—"His Name Is John" and "Naracha Mudi"—were released as singles,<ref name=":12">{{Cite news |date=19 July 2023 |title='Dhruva Natchathiram': 'His Name Is John' song from Gautham Menon-Vikram's film out |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/dhruva-natchathiram-his-name-is-john-song-from-gautham-menon-vikrams-film-out/article67097152.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230927055028/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/dhruva-natchathiram-his-name-is-john-song-from-gautham-menon-vikrams-film-out/article67097152.ece |archive-date=27 September 2023 |access-date=5 December 2023 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=28 October 2023 |title=Naracha Mudi song from Vikram's Dhruva Natchathiram is here |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/nov/04/naracha-mudi-song-fromvikrams-dhruva-natchathiram-is-here-49267.amp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231106043542/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/nov/04/naracha-mudi-song-fromvikrams-dhruva-natchathiram-is-here-49267.amp |archive-date=6 November 2023 |access-date=5 November 2023 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref> while the full album released on 28 October 2023 through [[Sony Music India]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 October 2023 |title=Dhruva Natchathiram (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/dhruva-natchathiram-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1718021804 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/wqsM4 |archive-date=20 March 2026 |access-date=5 December 2023 |website=[[Apple Music]]}}</ref><!-- Infobox, tracklist and other information are included in the soundtrack article. --><br />
<br />
== Marketing ==<br />
On 22 September 2023, a 41-second teaser credited as the "Trailblazer" by the film's team was released.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 September 2023 |title=Vikram-starrer Dhruva Natchathiram to release on Nov 24 |url=https://www.dtnext.in/news/cinema/vikram-starrer-dhruva-natchathiram-to-release-on-nov-24-738046 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231105081659/https://www.dtnext.in/news/cinema/vikram-starrer-dhruva-natchathiram-to-release-on-nov-24-738046 |archive-date=5 November 2023 |access-date=5 November 2023 |website=[[DT Next]]}}</ref> A video interaction between Menon and Dhivyadharshini was released on Ondraga Entertainment's [[YouTube]] channel on 13 October 2023, with him highlighting the film's production process.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SizPdHBkjF8 |title=INT. COFFEE SHOP&nbsp;— DAY {{!}} Gautham Vasudev Menon, DD {{!}} Dhruva Natchathiram&nbsp;— In cinemas from 24 Nov |date=13 March 2023 |language=Tamil |publisher=Ondraga Entertainment |access-date=5 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231105081702/https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=SizPdHBkjF8 |archive-date=5 November 2023 |url-status=live |via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> The film's trailer was screened along with ''[[Leo (2023 Indian film)|Leo]] (2023)'' in theatres from 19 October,<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 October 2023 |title=Dhruva Natchathiram trailer hits theaters with Thalapathy Vijay's Leo; Gautham Menon hints online release date |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/dhruva-natchathiram-trailer-hits-theaters-with-thalapathy-vijays-leo-gautham-menon-hints-online-release-date-1252522 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231105081656/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/dhruva-natchathiram-trailer-hits-theaters-with-thalapathy-vijays-leo-gautham-menon-hints-online-release-date-1252522 |archive-date=5 November 2023 |access-date=5 November 2023 |website=[[Pinkvilla]]}}</ref> and debuted through social media platforms on the occasion of [[Vijayadashami]] (24 October 2023).<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 October 2023 |title=Dhruva Natchathiram trailer: Vikram and Gautham Menon promise all the wait will pay off |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/dhruva-natchathiram-trailer-vikram-and-gautham-menon-promise-all-the-wait-will-pay-off-8997699/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231105084741/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/dhruva-natchathiram-trailer-vikram-and-gautham-menon-promise-all-the-wait-will-pay-off-8997699/ |archive-date=5 November 2023 |access-date=5 November 2023 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=24 October 2023 |title='Dhruva Natchathiram' trailer: Gautham Menon and Vikram's slick action-fest could be worth the wait after all |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/dhruva-natchathiram-trailer-gautham-menon-and-vikrams-slick-action-fest-could-be-worth-the-wait-after-all/article67453842.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231104084534/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/dhruva-natchathiram-trailer-gautham-menon-and-vikrams-slick-action-fest-could-be-worth-the-wait-after-all/article67453842.ece |archive-date=4 November 2023 |access-date=5 November 2023 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> [[PVR INOX]] announced that they will be distributing special popcorn tubs labelled with stills featuring Vikram, in order to promote the film, at all of its multiplex chains through [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1716755879268331640 |user=OndragaEnt |title=Get yourself a taste of #DhruvaNatchathiram with the special popcorn tubs at @_PVRCinemas🍿Stay tuned for the #DhruvaNatchathiramTrailer, dropping at 5PM💥#DhruvaNatchathiramFromNov24 |author=Ondraga Entertainment |author-link=Ondraga Entertainment |date=24 October 2023 |access-date=5 November 2023 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/mWnj7 |archive-date=23 December 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Release ==<br />
Initially announced for an August 2017 release, the film faced numerous delays.<ref name=":2" /> Menon then hoped for a late 2018 release, but this did not materialise due to his production house's financial constraints, which also affected his other projects.<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 June 2018 |title=ENPT and Dhruva Natchathiram will surely release this year: GVM |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/enpt-and-dhruva-natchathiram-will-surely-release-this-year-gvm/articleshow/64621103.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210222133623/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/enpt-and-dhruva-natchathiram-will-surely-release-this-year-gvm/articleshow/64621103.cms |archive-date=22 February 2021 |access-date=4 February 2021 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Prabhu |first=Mani |date=28 June 2019 |title=Gautham Menon to play a negative role in Sibiraj's cop film, Walter |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2019/jun/28/gautham-menon-to-play-a-negative-role-in-sibirajs-cop-film-walter-12595.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190629043359/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2019/jun/28/gautham-menon-to-play-a-negative-role-in-sibirajs-cop-film-walter-12595.html |archive-date=29 June 2019 |access-date=29 June 2019 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
In mid-2020, amidst a wave of [[direct-to-streaming]] releases due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], Menon affirmed that ''Dhruva Natchathiram'' was intended for a theatrical release, calling it an "event film bringing audiences back to theatres".<ref name=":4">{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Pradeep |date=10 June 2020 |title=Release work on for Vikram's 'Dhruva Natchathiram', says Gautham Menon |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/release-work-on-for-vikrams-dhruva-natchathiram-says-gautham-menon/article31793369.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200613120911/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/release-work-on-for-vikrams-dhruva-natchathiram-says-gautham-menon/article31793369.ece |archive-date=13 June 2020 |access-date=10 June 2020 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramanujam |first=Srinivasa |date=15 July 2020 |title=Gautham Menon: 'Dhruva Natchathiram will be an event film bringing audiences back to theatres' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/gautham-menon-dhruva-natchathiram-will-be-an-event-film-bringing-audiences-back-to-theatres/article32091344.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210519114513/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/gautham-menon-dhruva-natchathiram-will-be-an-event-film-bringing-audiences-back-to-theatres/article32091344.ece |archive-date=19 May 2021 |access-date=19 May 2021 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref> By mid-2021, reports emerged that Menon had decided to [[List of films split into multiple parts|split the film into two parts]] due to its length of over four hours.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 July 2021 |title=Vikram's long-delayed 'Dhruva Natchathiram' to release in two parts? |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/vikrams-long-delayed-dhruva-natchathiram-to-release-in-two-parts-news-tamil-vhok1Oabicbab.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210714112943/https://www.sify.com/movies/vikrams-long-delayed-dhruva-natchathiram-to-release-in-two-parts-news-tamil-vhok1Oabicbab.html |archive-date=14 July 2021 |access-date=14 July 2021 |website=[[Sify]] |language=en}}</ref> This was partially confirmed in April 2023, when a new poster revealed the subtitle ''Chapter One&nbsp;– Yuddha Kaandam''.<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1647852253783691265 |user=menongautham |title=Wishing @chiyaan a very Happy Birthday! |author=Gauthamvasudevmenon |author-link=Gautham Vasudev Menon |access-date=28 November 2024 |language=en |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/ZyY0o |archive-date=28 November 2024 |url-status=deviated}}</ref><br />
<br />
In September 2023, the production house announced a release date of 24 November 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 September 2023 |title=Vikram and Gautham Menon's 'Dhruva Natchathiram' release date out |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/vikram-and-gautham-menons-dhruva-natchathiram-release-date-out/article67337403.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230923142749/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/vikram-and-gautham-menons-dhruva-natchathiram-release-date-out/article67337403.ece |archive-date=23 September 2023 |access-date=23 September 2023 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref> However, the day before its planned debut, the release was postponed indefinitely due to unresolved financial issues. The [[Madras High Court]] had asked Menon to deposit {{INRConvert|8|c|year=2023}} to ensure a "smooth release", which did not happen.<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 November 2023 |title=Gautham Menon to pay Rs 8 crore at the court for 'Dhruva Natchathiram' release |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/gautham-menon-to-pay-rs-8-crore-at-the-court-for-dhruva-natchathiram-release/articleshow/105434492.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231123084337/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/gautham-menon-to-pay-rs-8-crore-at-the-court-for-dhruva-natchathiram-release/articleshow/105434492.cms |archive-date=23 November 2023 |access-date=23 November 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=23 November 2023 |title='Dhruva Natchathiram' release issue continues! Chiyaan Vikram starrer to be postponed from November 24 release |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/dhruva-natchathiram-release-issue-continues-chiyaan-vikram-starrer-to-be-postponed-from-november-24-release/articleshow/105448676.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231123131325/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/dhruva-natchathiram-release-issue-continues-chiyaan-vikram-starrer-to-be-postponed-from-november-24-release/articleshow/105448676.cms |archive-date=23 November 2023 |access-date=23 November 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> Further legal troubles arose on 7 December, when the court restrained the film's release for another two weeks over unpaid dues.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 December 2023 |title=MHC extends interim injunction restraining release of Vikram's 'Dhruva Natchathiram' |url=https://www.dtnext.in/news/cinema/mhc-extends-interim-injunction-restraining-release-of-vikrams-dhruva-natchathiram-752886 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231211045817/https://www.dtnext.in/news/cinema/mhc-extends-interim-injunction-restraining-release-of-vikrams-dhruva-natchathiram-752886 |archive-date=11 December 2023 |access-date=11 December 2023 |website=[[DT Next]] |language=en}}</ref> Producer [[K. Rajan (producer)|K. Rajan]] estimated the total debt of Menon to be over {{INRConvert|60|c}}.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 December 2023 |title=Producer K Rajan Has This To Say About Delay In Dhruva Natachathiram's Release |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/producer-k-rajan-has-this-to-say-about-delay-in-dhruva-natachathirams-release-8687966.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231211114523/https://www.news18.com/movies/producer-k-rajan-has-this-to-say-about-delay-in-dhruva-natachathirams-release-8687966.html |archive-date=11 December 2023 |access-date=4 June 2024 |website=[[News18]] |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
In January 2024, the makers announced a tentative February 2024 release, which did not occur.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 January 2024 |title=Chiyaan Vikram's Dhruva Natchathiram To Finally Release After 7-Year Delay? |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/chiyaan-vikrams-dhruva-natchathiram-to-finally-release-after-7-year-delay-8746305.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240119123215/https://www.news18.com/movies/chiyaan-vikrams-dhruva-natchathiram-to-finally-release-after-7-year-delay-8746305.html |archive-date=19 January 2024 |access-date=19 January 2024 |website=[[News18]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=18 January 2024 |title=Director Gautham Menon's Dhruva Natchathiram to release in February? |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2024/Jan/18/director-gautham-menons-dhruva-natchathiram-to-release-in-february |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240119123110/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2024/Jan/18/director-gautham-menons-dhruva-natchathiram-to-release-in-february |archive-date=19 January 2024 |access-date=19 January 2024 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Goud |first=M Priyanka |date=7 April 2024 |title=I'm in the most exciting phase of my career: Ritu Varma |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/im-in-the-most-exciting-phase-of-my-career-ritu-varma/articleshow/109105363.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240730163612/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/im-in-the-most-exciting-phase-of-my-career-ritu-varma/articleshow/109105363.cms |archive-date=30 July 2024 |access-date=30 July 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> In January 2025, Menon stated that many of the film's issues were resolved and aimed to release it within a few months.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sidhardhan |first=Sanjith |date=20 January 2025 |title=Gautham Vasudev Menon on Vikram's Dhruva Natchathiram 2025 release date: 'Will be bringing it on screen within...' {{!}} Exclusive |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/gautham-vasudev-menon-on-vikrams-dhruva-natchathiram-2025-release-date-will-be-bringing-it-on-screen-within/04a353f0f0581 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250120111911/https://www.ottplay.com/news/gautham-vasudev-menon-on-vikrams-dhruva-natchathiram-2025-release-date-will-be-bringing-it-on-screen-within/04a353f0f0581 |archive-date=20 January 2025 |access-date=2 February 2025 |website=[[OTTPlay]] |language=en}}</ref> That June, Menon vowed not to commit to new projects until the film was released and said the film's issues were still being resolved, hoping for a launch by July or August 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 June 2025 |title=Gautham Menon vows to stay away from new projects; Focuses on 'Dhruva Natchathiram' release |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/gautham-menon-vows-to-stay-away-from-new-projects-focuses-on-dhruva-natchathiram-release/articleshow/121829611.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/SK6vs |archive-date=13 June 2025 |access-date=13 June 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> In January 2026, he reiterated that the issues were still being resolved, but audiences could expect an official announcement from him soon.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-05 |title=Gautham Vasudev Menon says issues related to Dhruva Natchathiram are "almost solved", teases new announcement |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2026/Jan/05/gautham-vasudev-menon-says-issues-related-to-dhruva-natchathiram-are-almost-solved-teases-new-announcement |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260105135345/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2026/Jan/05/gautham-vasudev-menon-says-issues-related-to-dhruva-natchathiram-are-almost-solved-teases-new-announcement |archive-date=5 January 2026 |access-date=2026-01-05 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> That March, he expressed hope it would release after the [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|Tamil Nadu elections]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 March 2026 |title=Exclusive {{!}} Gautham Menon Reveals His Next Tamil Film Along with Plans For a Broadway-Style Musical |url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/features/interviews/gautham-menon-reveals-his-next-tamil-film-along-with-plans-for-a-broadway-style-musical |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260304113118/https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/features/interviews/gautham-menon-reveals-his-next-tamil-film-along-with-plans-for-a-broadway-style-musical |archive-date=4 March 2026 |access-date=4 March 2026 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter India]] |language=en}}</ref> On 24 April during a hearing held at the Madras High Court, the film's investors agreed to permit its release if revenue was "routed through an [[escrow]] account".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-04-24 |title=Dhruva Natchathiram case: Investors agree to release plan with conditions |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2026/Apr/24/dhruva-natchathiram-case-investors-agree-to-release-plan-with-conditions |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260425013455/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2026/Apr/24/dhruva-natchathiram-case-investors-agree-to-release-plan-with-conditions |archive-date=2026-04-25 |access-date=2026-04-25 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> The court soon cleared the film's release, and a bank account named "Kondaduvom Entertainment" was opened, with a dedicated lawyer hired to supervise the revenue earned through this account.<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 April 2026 |title=Dhruva Natchathiram to finally hit theatres? Madras HC confirms release |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2026/Apr/30/dhruva-natchathiram-to-finally-hit-theatres-madras-hc-confirms-release |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260430093419/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2026/Apr/30/dhruva-natchathiram-to-finally-hit-theatres-madras-hc-confirms-release |archive-date=30 April 2026 |access-date=30 April 2026 |work=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
*[[List of films with the longest production time]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{IMDb title}}<br />
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}<br />
<br />
{{Gautham Vasudev Menon}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2023 controversies]]<br />
[[Category:2024 controversies]]<br />
[[Category:Film productions suspended due to the COVID-19 pandemic]]<br />
[[Category:Films about terrorism in India]]<br />
[[Category:Films directed by Gautham Vasudev Menon]]<br />
[[Category:Films postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic]]<br />
[[Category:Films released in separate parts]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by Harris Jayaraj]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot in Abu Dhabi]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot in Bulgaria]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot in Chennai]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot in Europe]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot in Georgia (country)]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot in India]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot in Istanbul]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot in New York (state)]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot in New York City]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot in Slovenia]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot in Tamil Nadu]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot in Tbilisi]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot in the United Arab Emirates]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot in Turkey]]<br />
[[Category:Films subject to a lawsuit]]<br />
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian crossover films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian films set in New York City]]<br />
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[[Category:Tamil-language action thriller films]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:Unreleased Tamil-language films]]<br />
[[Category:Upcoming Tamil-language films]]<br />
[[Category:Upcoming films]]</div>Camorabughttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=British_rule_in_Assam&diff=492410British rule in Assam2026-05-02T20:13:01Z<p>Camorabug: made a post w/ refs</p>
<hr />
<div>{{About|the period of time when Assam was under British colonial rule|the Assam province of British India|Eastern Bengal and Assam|and|Assam Province}}<br />
{{short description|Period when Assam was under British rule}}<br />
{{Assam History}}<br />
[[File:1776 Rennell - Dury Wall Map of Bihar and Bengal, India - Geographicus - BaharBengal-dury-1776.jpg|thumb|260px|right|{{center|[[James Rennell]]'s 1776 map shows the eastern boundary of the British controlled regions before 1824}}]]<br />
'''British rule in Assam''' started after the [[Treaty of Yandabo]], in which Burma relinquished control over the [[Ahom kingdom]], and the British took it under their protectorate. The kingdom ended in 1833 with British annexation. Other annexed areas in the region were integrated into an [[Assam Province|Assam province]] and governed by a British governor, until the [[Independence of India]] in 1947. <br />
<br />
==British annexation of Assam==<br />
{{main|British Annexation of Assam}}<br />
The region that came to be known as [[undivided Goalpara district]] came under British rule after the British acquired the Deewani for [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal]] from the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal Emperor]] in 1765. Due to indigenous ethnic influences on the region the police ''thanas'' of Dhubri, Nageswari, Goalpara and Karaibari were placed under a special administrative unit called "North-Eastern Parts of Rangpur" (this [[Rangpur, Bangladesh|Rangpur]] being in lower Assam, present-day Bangladesh) in January 1822.<ref>{{harv|Bannerje|1992|pp=4–5}}</ref> The [[First Anglo-Burmese War]] commenced in 1824, and by March 28 the British had occupied [[Guwahati]], with the Raja of [[Darrang district|Darrang]] (a tributary of the Ahom kingdom) and some petty chieftains submitting themselves to the British, who made rudimentary administrative arrangements by October 1824.<ref>{{harv|Bannerje|1992|pp=5–6}}</ref> The Burmese occupiers retreated from the Ahom capital of [[Rangpur, Assam|Rangpur]] in January 1825 and nearly the whole of Brahmaputra Valley fell into the British hands.<ref>{{harv|Bannerje|1992|p=7}}</ref> In the war against the Burmese the [[Ahom Dynasty|Ahom]]s did not help the British. In 1828, the [[Kachari kingdom]] was annexed under the [[Doctrine of Lapse]] after the king Govinda Chandra was killed. In 1832, the [[Khasi Hills|Khasi]] king surrendered and the British increased their influence over the [[Jaintia kingdom|Jaintia]] ruler. In 1833, upper Assam became a British protectorate under the erstwhile ruler of the [[Ahom kingdom]], Purandhar Singha, but in 1838 the region was formally annexed into the British empire. The British annexed the [[Matak rajya|Matak kingdom]] in the east in 1839 and the eastern [[Dooars]] in 1865 following the [[Anglo-Bhutan war]].<br />
<br />
==Bengal Presidency (1826–1873)== <br />
Assam was initially included as a part of the [[Bengal Presidency]]. The reason for the annexation of upper Assam is attributed to the successful manufacture of [[Assam tea|tea]] in 1837, and the beginning of the Assam Company in 1839.{{Citation needed|date=April 2024}} <br />
<br />
===Planter Raj===<br />
Under the Wasteland Rules of 1838, it became nearly impossible for natives to start plantations.{{citation needed|date=August 2014}} After the liberalization of the rules in 1854, there was a [[land run|land rush]].{{citation needed|date=August 2014}} The Chinese staff that was imported earlier for the cultivation of tea left Assam in 1843, when tea plantations came to be tended by local labour solely, mainly by those belonging to the [[Bodo-Kachari]] ethnic groups.<ref>" During the 1840s and 1850s, alongside the Chinese and the Nagas, the Assam Company tried its best to recruit from amongst other local groups in Upper Assam." {{harvcol|Sharma|2009|p=1293}} " Assamese elites played a key role in helping the tea industry identify Kacharis as potential labour." {{harvcol|Sharma|2009|p=1300}}</ref> From 1859 central Indian labour was imported for the tea plantations. This labour, based on an unbreakable contract, led to a virtual slavery of this labour group. The conditions in which they were transported to Assam were so horrific that about 10% never survived the journey.{{citation needed|date=August 2014}} The colonial government imposed a ban on opium cultivation and obtained a monopoly over the [[opium]] trade.<ref>"During the 1840s and 1850s, the East India Company arranged to sell Bengal opium in Assam through government agents. This met with little success due to the abundance of the local supply. At this juncture, a British judge's suggestion was, 'Opium they should have, but to get it they should be made to work for it.' In 1861, a ban on local opium cultivation was instituted in Assam. Opium sales were henceforth to be a state monopoly." {{harvcol|Sharma|2009|p=1297}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Protests and revolts===<br />
There were immediate protests and revolts against the British occupation. In 1828, two years after the Treaty of Yandabo, [[Gomdhar Konwar]] rose in revolt against the British, but he was easily suppressed.{{citation needed|date=August 2014}} In 1830 [[Dhananjoy Burhagohain]], [[Piyali Phukan]] and [[Jiuram Medhi]] rose in revolt, and they were sentenced to death.{{citation needed|reason=they must have had followers. This seems to suggest a 3-person riot!|date=August 2014}} In the [[Indian rebellion of 1857]], the people of Assam offered resistance in the form of non-cooperation, and [[Maniram Dewan]] and Piyali Baruah were executed for their roles.{{citation needed|date=August 2014}} In 1861 peasants of Nagaon [[Phulaguri Dhawa|gathered at Phulaguri]] for a ''raiz mel'' (peoples' assembly) to protest against taxes on betel-nut and paan.<ref>"In September 1861, nearly four thousand peasants in and around Phulaguri came down to the office of the district magistrate at Nowgong and waited upon a deputation to him with the object of presenting a memorandum to protest against government proposal to introduce License Act, Income Tax on betel nut etc." {{harvcol|Chattopadhyay|1991|p=817}}</ref> Lt. Singer, a British officer got into a fracas with the peasants and was killed, after which the protests were violently suppressed.<ref>"(T)he Lieutenant on duty, along with a large contingent of police force, ordered the peasants to disperse. Peasants defied the order which resulted in an encounter causing the death of a few peasants and also of the European lieutenant." {{harvcol|Chattopadhyay|1991|p=817}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Chief Commissioner's Province (1874–1905)== <br />
{{main|Assam Province}}<br />
In February 1874 Assam proper, [[Cachar]], [[Goalpara]] and the Hill districts were instituted as a separate province,<ref>{{harvcol|Hossain|2013|p=260}}</ref> primarily on a long-standing demand from the tea planters.<ref>"The tea planters had long demanded the creation of an exclusive province to secure their own interests and the efficient use of state tools." {{harvcol|Hossain|2013|p=260}}</ref> Also known as ''[[North-East Frontier]]'', its status was upgraded to a Chief Commissioner's Province, a [[non-regulation province]], with the capital at [[Shillong]]. Assamese, which had been replaced in 1837 by Bengali, was reinstated alongside Bengali as the official language.<br />
<br />
In September of the same year, [[Sylhet Division|Sylhet]] was separated from the Bengal Presidency and added to the new province.<ref>"To make (the Province) financially viable, and to accede to demands from professional groups, (the colonial administration) decided in September 1874 to annex the Bengali-speaking and populous district of Sylhet."{{harvcol|Hossain|2013|p=260}}</ref> The people of Sylhet submitted a memorandum to the Viceroy protesting the inclusion in Assam.<ref>" A memorandum of protest against the transfer of Sylhet was submitted to the viceroy on 10 August 1874 by leaders of both the Hindu and Muslim communities." {{harvcol|Hossain|2013|p=261}}</ref> The protests subsided when the Viceroy, [[Thomas Baring, 1st Earl of Northbrook|Lord Northbrook]], visited Sylhet to reassure the people that education and justice would be administered from Bengal,<ref>"It was also decided that education and justice would be administered from Calcutta University and the Calcutta High Court respectively." {{harvcol|Hossain|2013|p=262}}</ref> and when the people in Sylhet saw the opportunity of employment in tea estates in Assam and a market for their produce.<ref>"They could also see that the benefits conferred by the tea industry on the province would also prove profitable for them. For example, those who were literate were able to obtain numerous clerical and medical appointments in tea estates, and the demand for rice to feed the tea labourers noticeably augmented its price in Sylhet and Assam enabling the Zaminders (mostly Hindu) to dispose of their produce at a better price than would have been possible had they been obliged to export it to Bengal." {{harvcol|Hossain|2013|p=262}}</ref> <br />
<br />
The new administration effected a policy of migrations: tea laborers into tea estates and agriculturalists from East Bengal into Assam ignoring history and culture of peoples.<ref>"The administration of this new province adopted two major policies: first, it would ensure the smooth recruitment of tea labourers from outside and, secondly, it would oversee a policy of sponsored migration of Bengali peasants from East Bengal districts to the countryside of Sylhet and Assam to facilitate the expansion of agriculture. This was done under the slogan 'Grow more food'. Evidently, colonial officialdom did not consider historical or cultural contiguity when it declared Assam to be a new administrative province." {{harvcol|Hossain|2013|p=262}}</ref><br />
<br />
The new Province included the five districts of Assam proper ([[Undivided Kamrup district|Kamrup]], [[Nagaon]], [[Darrang]], [[Sibsagar]] and [[Lakhimpur district|Lakhimpur]]), [[Undivided Goalpara district|Goalpara]], [[Cachar]], the Hill districts ([[Khasi-Jaintia Hills]], [[Garo Hills]], [[Naga Hills District, British India|Naga Hills]]), and [[Sylhet district|Sylhet]] comprising about 54,100 sq miles.<ref>[https://www.timesofassam.com/articles/the-assam-legislative-assembly-and-the-prime-minister/ The Assam Legislative Assembly]</ref><br />
<br />
In 1889, oil was discovered at [[Digboi]] giving rise to an oil industry. In this period Nagaon witnessed starvation deaths, and there was a decrease in the indigenous population, which was more than adequately compensated by the immigrant labor. [[Colonialism]] was well entrenched, and the tea, oil and coal-mining industries were putting increasing pressure on the agricultural sector which was lagging behind.<br />
<br />
The peasants, burdened under the opium monopoly and the [[usury]] by money lenders, rose again in revolt. Numerous ''raiz mels'' decided against paying the taxes. The protests culminated in a bayonet charge against the protesters at [[Patharughat]] in 1894. At least 15 were left dead and in the violent repression that followed villagers were tortured and their properties were destroyed or looted. In 1903, Assam Association was formed with Manik Chandra Baruah as the first secretary.<br />
<br />
==Eastern Bengal and Assam under Lt. Governor (1906–1912)== <br />
[[File:1907-east-bengal-assam3.jpg|thumb|250px]]<br />
{{main|Eastern Bengal and Assam}}<br />
Bengal was [[1905 Partition of Bengal|partitioned]] and [[East Bengal]] was added to the Chief Commissioner's Province of [[Eastern Bengal and Assam]]. The new region, now ruled by a Lt. Governor, had its capital at [[Dhaka]]. This province had a 15-member legislative council in which Assam had two seats. The members for these seats were recommended (not elected) by rotating groups of public bodies.<br />
<br />
The [[1905 Partition of Bengal|Partition of Bengal]] was strongly protested in Bengal, and the people of Assam were not happy either. Opposition to partition was co-ordinated by [[Indian National Congress]], whose President was then Sir [[Henry John Stedman Cotton]] who had been Chief Commissioner of Assam until he retired in 1902. The partition was finally annulled by an imperial decree in 1911, announced by the King-Emperor at the [[Delhi Durbar]]. The [[Swadeshi movement]] (1905-1908) from this period, went largely unfelt in Assam, though it stirred some, most notably Ambikagiri Raychoudhury.<br />
<br />
Beginning 1905 peasants from [[East Bengal]] began settling down in the riverine tracts (''char'') of the [[Brahmaputra river|Brahmaputra]] valley encouraged by the colonial government to increase agricultural production. Between 1905 and 1921, the immigrant population from East Bengal increased four folds. The immigration continued in post colonial times, giving rise to the [[Assam Agitation]] of 1979.<br />
<br />
== Assam province (1912–1947) ==<br />
<br />
=== Assam Legislative Council (1912–1920) ===<br />
[[File:AssamProvince1936_Map.png|thumb|250px]]<br />
The administrative unit was reverted to a Chief Commissioner's Province (Assam plus Sylhet),<ref>{{harv|Imperial Gazetteer of India|1931|p=32}}</ref> with a Legislative Council added and [[Assam Province]] was created. The council had 25 members, of which the Chief Commissioner and 13 nominated members{{clarify|nominated by the Raj?|date=August 2014}} formed the bulk. The other 12 members were elected by local public bodies like municipalities, local boards, landholders, tea planters and Muslims.<br />
<br />
As Assam became involved in the [[non-cooperation movement (1919–22)|non-cooperation movement]], the Assam Association slowly transformed itself into the Assam Pradesh Congress Committee (with five seats in [[All India Congress Committee|AICC]]) in 1920–21.<ref>"After the formation of a few district Congress Committees, the Assam provincial Congress Committee was constituted in June, 1921. By then the Assam Association had fully assimilated itself with the Congress." {{harvcol|Saikia|1985|p=397}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Dyarchy (1921–1937) ===<br />
Under the [[Government of India Act 1919]] the Assam Legislative Council membership was increased to 53, of which 33 were elected by special constituencies. The powers of the council were increased too; but in effect, the official group, consisting of the Europeans, the nominated members etc. had the most influence. [[Muhammed Saadulah|Syed Muhammed Saadulah]] served as Minister of Education and Agriculture from 1924 to 1929. He was later made a Member of the Executive Council of the Governor of Assam holding the portfolios for Law and Order and Public Works from 1929 to 1930 and for Finance and Law and Order from 1930 to 1934.<br />
<br />
=== Assam Legislative Assembly (1937–1947) ===<br />
Under the [[Government of India Act 1935]], the council was expanded into an assembly of 108 members, with even more powers. The period saw the sudden rise of [[Gopinath Bordoloi]] and [[Muhammed Saadulah]] and their tussle for power and influence.<br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
{{reflist|2}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{refbegin}}<br />
* {{cite book |last=Bannerje |first=A C |editor-first=H K |editor-last=Barpujari |title=The Comprehensive History of Assam: Modern Period |publisher=Publication Board, Assam |place=Guwahati |year=1992 |pages=1–43 |chapter=Chapter 1: The New Regime, 1826-31 |volume=IV}}<br />
* {{Citation |last=Baruah |first=S. L. |year=1993 |title=Last Days of Ahom Monarchy |place=New Delhi}}<br />
* {{Citation |last=Gait |first=Edward A |year=1906 |title=A History of Assam |place=Calcutta}}<br />
* {{Cite journal| last = Chattopadhyay| first=Ramkrishna| title = Colonisation of Assam and Phulaguri Peasant Uprising (1861): Summary| journal= Proceedings of the Indian History Congress| volume=52 | year=1991| pages= 817–818| jstor=44142714}}<br />
* {{Citation |last=Guha |first=Amalendu |year=1977 |title=Planter-Raj to Swaraj |place=Delhi}}<br />
* {{Cite journal| last = Hossain| first=Ashfaque| title = The Making and Unmaking of Assam-Bengal Borders and the Sylhet Referendum| journal= Modern Asian Studies| volume=47 |number=1 | year=2013| pages= 250–287| jstor=23359785| doi=10.1017/S0026749X1200056X| s2cid=145546471}}<br />
* {{Cite journal| last = Saikia| first=Rajendranath| title = Assam Association as the Forerunner of Congress Movement| journal= Proceedings of the Indian History Congress| volume=46 | year=1985| pages= 393–399| jstor=44141379}}<br />
* {{Cite journal| last = Sharma| first=Jayeeta| title = 'Lazy' Natives, Coolie Labour, and the Assam Tea Industry| journal= Proceedings of the Indian History Congress| volume=43 |number=6 | year=2009| pages= 1287–1324| jstor=40285014}}<br />
* {{Citation |last=Sharma |first=Jayeeta |year=2011 |title=Empire's Garden: Assam and the Making of India |publisher=Duke University Press |place=Durham and London}}<br />
* {{cite map |publisher=Imperial Gazetteer of India |title=Assam with Bhutan |year=1931 |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gaz_atlas_1931/pager.php?object=39 |page=32 |access-date=February 5, 2013 |ref={{harvid|Imperial Gazetteer of India|1931}}}}<br />
{{refend}}<br />
<br />
{{Assam}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:History of Assam|*]]<br />
[[Category:Subdivisions of British India|Assam]]<br />
[[Category:1826 establishments in British India]]<br />
[[Category:1947 disestablishments in British India]]<br />
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1947]]</div>Camorabughttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Krishna_Cottage&diff=510780Krishna Cottage2026-05-02T07:04:44Z<p>Camorabug: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{More citations needed|date=December 2023}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Krishna Cottage<br />
| image = Krishna Cottage.jpg<br />
| caption = Poster<br />
| director = [[Santram Varma]]<br />
| producer = [[Ekta Kapoor]]<br />[[Shobha Kapoor]]<br />
| screenplay = R. M. Joshi, Abhigyan Jha & Nirav Vidya<br />
| story = R. M. Joshi, Abhigyan Jha & Nirav Vidya<br />
| starring = {{ubl|[[Sohail Khan]]|[[Isha Koppikar]]|[[Anita Hassanandani|Natassha]]|[[Rati Agnihotri]]}}<br />
| music = [[Anu Malik]]<br />
| editing = K. Ravi Kumar<br />
| cinematography = Basheer Ali, Sethuraman M<br />
| distributor = [[Balaji Motion Pictures|Balaji Films Ltd.]]<br />
| released = {{Film date|2004|04|16|df=yes}}<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Hindi<br />
| runtime = 129 minutes<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/krishna-cottage-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0zndq3nze|title=Krishna Cottage|website=[[British Board of Film Classification]]}}</ref><br />
| budget = {{INR}}40 million<ref name=BO>{{cite web|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=488|title=Krishna Cottage - Movie|website=[[Box Office India]]|access-date=25 July 2024|archive-date=25 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240725164459/https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=488|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
| gross = {{INR}}59 million<ref name=BO/><br />
}}<br />
'''''Krishna Cottage''''' is a 2004 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[supernatural horror film]] directed by [[Santram Varma]] and produced by the mother-daughter duo of [[Shobha Kapoor]] and [[Ekta Kapoor]], better known for producing Indian television [[soap opera]]s. The film stars [[Sohail Khan]], [[Isha Koppikar]], [[Anita Hassanandani|Natassha]] and [[Rati Agnihotri]]. In the film, the surviving copy of an unfinished book containing nine-and-a-half stories turns out to be cursed, and imperils the lives of a group of college friends.<br />
<br />
Upon its release on 2 April 2004, the film received mixed reviews and became a commercial success . Also it gained a cult status following due to home video and TV runs.<ref name=BO/><br />
<br />
==Plot==<br />
The film opens at a function celebrating the launch of a book titled ''Kahi-Ankahi Baatein'' (Said-Unsaid Things) by Professor Siddharth Das. He donates a copy of the book, which contains nine-and-a-half stories, to JC College. One year later, the college principal quietly removes the book from the library and places it in an abandoned storeroom.<br />
<br />
Some time later, a group of close college friends, Manav, his girlfriend Shanti, Kabir, Akshay, Kabir's girlfriend Nupur, and Talli, are shown attending JC College. When Disha, a new student, joins the college, she is invited to Manav and Shanti’s engagement. During the event, Manav saves her just in time, moments before a chandelier crashes down. Later, while the group is driving Disha home, their car collides with an ice wall that vanishes immediately, leaving the car broken down. The group is then forced to spend the night at an old halfway house, Krishna Cottage, where Talli and Disha experience supernatural events. Disha reveals that the spirit of her deceased boyfriend, Amar Khanna, is behind the chaos.<br />
<br />
Meanwhile, at the library, Talli learns that ''Kahi-Ankahi Baatein'' is Disha’s favourite book. He asks Nupur to read it so that he can use romantic lines from it to impress Disha. Nupur reads the book but is haunted and eventually killed by a mysterious supernatural force. Talli then overhears a conversation between Professor Siddharth Das and the college principal, through which he learns that the book is cursed, so it must be destroyed to prevent further tragedies.<br />
<br />
Talli rushes to Nupur’s house to retrieve the book and return it to the library, but cannot find her, as she is already dead. He takes the book and meets Kabir, but accidentally leaves it in Kabir’s car. Kabir reads it out of curiosity and is also killed by the spirit. Manav later confesses to Shanti that while Disha has a strange magnetic pull, he is in love with Shanti alone. This confession enrages Shanti, and she drives off to confront Disha at her home.<br />
<br />
There, she meets Disha’s elderly mother, who reveals that Disha has been dead for 22 years.<br />
<br />
Realising that both Nupur and Kabir are dead, Shanti faints near a shrine. She is rescued by renowned spiritual medium Sunita Menon, who performs a séance to summon Disha’s spirit. Meanwhile, Talli reads the book and discovers that it centres around Krishna Cottage, but before he can act further, he is killed by Disha.<br />
<br />
Professor Das, who was in love with Disha, burns the last few pages of the book and fondly remembers her. However, he dies of a heart attack before Manav and the others can reach him.<br />
<br />
Manav discovers Amar Khanna’s corpse preserved in ice, and it is revealed that he himself was Amar in a past life. He and Disha were students at JC College. Disha had confessed her love to him at Krishna Cottage, but he rejected her by saying their bond was more than friendship but less than love. In a fit of obsession, Disha killed some men Amar had earlier fought with and framed him as the prime suspect, hoping they would flee together. Upon learning the truth, Amar tried to escape but crashed the car into a mountain, leading to his death. Disha, refusing to leave his body despite pleas from the principal and the professor, was buried by an avalanche at the site.<br />
<br />
Sunita suggests that the only way to stop Disha’s spirit is for Manav and Shanti to get married, as the sanctity of that bond is too strong for any spirit to break. However, their wedding is interrupted by Disha's spirit, who attacks and kills Sunita by impaling her on a tree branch. Manav agrees to go with the spirit but tells Disha that his heart belongs to his wife, Shanti, and he is ready to die for his true love. He jumps to his death but miraculously survives, waking up in a nearby cottage. The caretaker informs him that a woman had dropped him there.<br />
<br />
He finds a letter from Disha appearing on the window, in which she finally accepts that his happiness lies with Shanti, and that the true meaning of love is to give, not to possess.<br />
<br />
== Cast ==<br />
* [[Sohail Khan]] as Manav / Amar Khanna<br />
* [[Isha Koppikar]] as Disha<br />
* [[Anita Hassanandani]] as Shanti (credited as "Natassha" in film credits)<br />
* [[Rati Agnihotri]] as Sunita Menon<br />
* [[Vrajesh Hirjee]] as Puneet "Talli" Kumar<br />
* [[Divya Palat]] as Nupur<br />
* [[June Malia]] as Disha's Friend<br />
* [[Hiten Tejwani]] as Akshay Badola <br />
* [[Alihassan Turabi]] as Kabir<br />
* [[Roopa Ganguly]] as The Nun of the church<br />
* [[Rajendranath Zutshi]] as Professor Siddharth Das<br />
* [[Rajendra Gupta]] as J.C. College's Principal<br />
* [[Usha Nadkarni]] as Disha's mother<br />
<br />
== Soundtrack ==<br />
{{Infobox album<br />
| name = Krishna Cottage<br />
| type = [[Soundtrack album]]<br />
| artist = [[Anu Malik]]<br />[[Vishal–Shekhar]]<br />
| cover = <br />
| alt = <br />
| released = 9 February 2004<br />
| recorded = <br />
| venue = <br />
| studio = <br />
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]<br />
| length = <br />
| label = [[Times Music]]<br />
| producer = <br />
| prev_title = <br />
| prev_year = <br />
| next_title = <br />
| next_year = <br />
}}<br />
The film's soundtrack contains seven songs composed by [[Anu Malik]]. Lyrics were penned by [[Sanjay Chhel]], [[Neelesh Mishra]], [[Sameer (lyricist)|Sameer]], and [[Shekhar Ravjiani]]. The album was released on 9 February 2004. The music album received a lukewarm response; however, the romantic track "Suna Suna" (Bepanah Pyaar Hai Aaja) has since attained success and become a cult classic. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"<br />
! Title !! Singer(s) !! Lyrics !! Length<br />
|-<br />
| "Bindaas"<br />
| [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]], [[Sunidhi Chauhan]]<br />
| [[Sanjay Chhel]]<br />
| 6:03<br />
|-<br />
| "Suna Suna" (Bepanah Pyaar Hai Aaja)<br />
| [[Shreya Ghoshal]]<br />
| [[Neelesh Mishra]]<br />
| 7:24<br />
|-<br />
| "Aaju Mein Tum"<br />
| [[Alka Yagnik]], [[Kumar Sanu]]<br />
| [[Sameer (lyricist)|Sameer]]<br />
| 6:22<br />
|-<br />
| "Uff Yun Maa"<br />
| Sunidhi Chauhan, Shaan<br />
| Sanjay Chhel<br />
| 7:15<br />
|-<br />
| "Hamesha Tere Saath"<br />
| [[Vishal Dadlani]]<br />
| [[Shekhar Ravjiani]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Reception ==<br />
[[Taran Adarsh]] wrote for ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'', "''Krishna Cottage'' has its moments, but not enough to enjoy an innings like some of the films belonging to this genre".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adarsh |first=Taran |author-link=Taran Adarsh |date=16 April 2004 |title=Krishna Cottage Movie Review: Krishna Cottage Movie |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/krishna-cottage/critic-review/krishna-cottage-movie-review/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231211115642/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/krishna-cottage/critic-review/krishna-cottage-movie-review/ |archive-date=11 December 2023 |access-date=11 December 2023 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref> Shilpa Bharatan Iyer of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' wrote, "All in all a movie worth watching once -- if cheesy spook shows are your thing".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Iyer |first=Shilpa Bharatan |date=16 April 2004 |title=Scare factor: Maybe. Cheese factor: Plenty |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2004/apr/16cottage.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131006101610/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2004/apr/16cottage.htm |archive-date=6 October 2013 |access-date=11 December 2023 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> Parul Gupta of ''[[The Times of India]]'' wrote, "Producer Ektaa Kapoor takes the horror film genre literally, making a film that's truly a horror to watch."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gupta |first=Parul |date=16 April 2004 |title=Krishna Cottage will haunt you |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/krishna-cottage-will-haunt-you/articleshow/621193.cms |url-status=live |access-date=11 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231211114037/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/krishna-cottage-will-haunt-you/articleshow/621193.cms |archive-date=11 December 2023}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{IMDb title|408976}}<br />
<br />
{{Balaji Telefilms}}<br />
[[Category:2004 Hindi-language films]]<br />
[[Category:2000s romantic thriller films]]<br />
[[Category:2004 films]]<br />
[[Category:2004 horror films]]<br />
[[Category:Balaji Motion Pictures films]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by Anu Malik]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by Vishal–Shekhar]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot in Mussoorie]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot in Uttarakhand]]<br />
[[Category:Films set in Uttarakhand]]<br />
[[Category:Indian ghost films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian romantic horror films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian romantic thriller films]]</div>Camorabughttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jaipur_Rural_Lok_Sabha_constituency&diff=505294Jaipur Rural Lok Sabha constituency2026-04-24T02:45:47Z<p>Camorabug: Starting Details...</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Lok Sabha constituency in Rajasthan}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox Indian constituency<br />
| name = Jaipur Rural<br />
| type = LS<br />
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok Sabha constituencies/2019/Rajasthan/Jaipur Rural.map}}<br />
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Jaipur Rural Lok Sabha Constituency<br />
| established = 2008<br />
|reservation= None<br />
| party = [[Bhartiya Janta Party]]<br />
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general elections|2024]]<br />
| mp = [[Rao Rajendra Singh]]<br />
| state = [[Rajasthan]]<br />
| assembly_cons =[[Kotputli (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Kotputli]]<br />[[Viratnagar (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Viratnagar]]<br />[[Shahpura, Jaipur (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Shahpura]]<br />[[Phulera (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Phulera]]<br />[[Jhotwara (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Jhotwara]]<br />[[Amber (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Amber]]<br />[[Jamwa Ramgarh (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Jamwa Ramgarh]]<br />[[Bansur (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Bansur]]<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/youth-leader-who-took-on-govt-over-paper-leaks-gets-bjp-ticket/articleshow/104997592.cms | title=Youth leader who took on govt over paper leaks gets BJP ticket | newspaper=The Times of India | date=6 November 2023 }}</ref><br />
}}<br />
'''Jaipur Rural''' is one of the 25 [[Lok Sabha]] (parliamentary) constituencies in [[Rajasthan]] state in western [[India]].<ref name="Jaipur Rural Lok Sabha Constituency">{{cite news |last1= |title=Jaipur Rural Lok Sabha Constituency |url=https://zeenews.india.com/lok-sabha-general-elections-2019/jaipur-rural-lok-sabha-constituency-2198065.html |access-date=14 October 2022 |date=2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221014090711/https://zeenews.india.com/lok-sabha-general-elections-2019/jaipur-rural-lok-sabha-constituency-2198065.html |archive-date=14 October 2022 |language=en}}</ref> This constituency came into existence in 2008 as a part of the implementation of [[Electoral boundary delimitation|delimitation]] of parliamentary constituencies.This seat is dominated by Yadavs followed by Jat community after them Gujjars also has significant presence.<ref>{{Cite web |last=जयपुर |first=संतोष कुमार पांडेय |date=2023-10-29 |title=राजस्थान में यादव समाज ने दी राष्ट्रीय पार्टियों को चेतावनी, 20 सीटों के लिए उठाई मांग |url=https://www.abplive.com/states/rajasthan/rajasthan-election-2023-yadav-samaj-demand-10-10-seats-each-national-party-ann-2525145 |access-date=2024-01-30 |website=www.abplive.com |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/rajasthan/jaipur/shahpura/news/manish-yadav-congress-candidate-from-shahpura-132099183.html | title=शाहपुरा से मनीष यादव कांग्रेस प्रत्याशी: 2018 में पार्टी के टिकट पर लड़ चुके हैं चुनाव, राजस्थान विश्वविद्यालय के रहे छात्रसंघ अध्यक्ष | work=Dainik Bhaskar | date=4 November 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-11-24 |title=RJP candidate likely to be held |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/rjp-candidate-likely-to-be-held/articleshow/26292563.cms |access-date=2024-01-30 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | title=Minister of State Yadav announced; Will resign in January if Kotputli is not made a district {{!}} 6 नए जिलों की चर्चा से बढ़ने लगा टकराव: राज्यमंत्री यादव का ऐलान; कोटपूतली को जिला नहीं बनाया तो जनवरी में देंगे इस्तीफा {{!}} Dainik Bhaskar | url=https://www.bhaskar.com/politics/news/minister-of-state-yadav-announced-will-resign-in-january-if-kotputli-is-not-made-a-district-130564337.html | access-date=2025-12-28 | website=www.bhaskar.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://chanakyya.com/Parliament-Details/Jaipur_Rural | title=Parliament Seat Details - Chanakyya }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajasthan Patrika ePaper:hindi |url=https://epaper.patrika.com/jaipurcity |access-date=2024-04-19 |website=epaper.patrika.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-07 |title=जयपुर ग्रामीण लोकसभा सीट के मुद्दे-यहां मजबूत कौन, वोटर्स का क्या है मिजाज; जानेें ग्राउंड रिपोर्ट {{!}} Jaipur Rural Lok Sabha Seat Ground Report |url=https://www.patrika.com/jaipur-news/jaipur-rural-lok-sabha-seat-ground-report-8803632 |access-date=2024-05-15 |website=Patrika News |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/rajasthan/jaipur/news/yadav-community-supported-colonel-rajyavardhan-rathore-132168179.html | title=यादव समाज ने कर्नल राज्यवर्द्धन राठौड़ को दिया समर्थन: उत्कर्ष भारत व उत्कर्ष राजस्थान के निर्माण हेतु पीएम मोदी के अभियान की बात पर दिया जोर - Jaipur News | work=Dainik Bhaskar | date=20 November 2023 }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Assembly segments==<br />
Presently, Jaipur Rural Lok Sabha constituency comprises eight [[Vidhan Sabha]] (legislative assembly) segments. These are:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceorajasthan.nic.in/PC-ACWISE-ELECTORS.pdf|title=Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies wise Polling Stations & Electors|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Rajasthan website|access-date=10 August 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726003649/http://ceorajasthan.nic.in/PC-ACWISE-ELECTORS.pdf|archive-date=26 July 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> <br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
!#<br />
!Name<br />
!District<br />
!Member<br />
! colspan="2" |Party<br />
! colspan="2" |2024 Lead<br />
|-<br />
|40<br />
|[[Kotputli (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Kotputli]]<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[Kotputli-Behror district | Kot Behror]]<br />
|Hansraj Patel<br />
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}<br />
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}<br />
|-<br />
| 41<br />
|[[Viratnagar (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Viratnagar]]<br />
|Kuldeep Dhankad<br />
|-<br />
|42<br />
|[[Shahpura, Jaipur (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Shahpura]]<br />
|rowspan="5" |[[Jaipur district|Jaipur]]<br />
|[[Manish Yadav]]<br />
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}<br />
|-<br />
|44<br />
|[[Phulera (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Phulera]]<br />
|[[Vidhyadhar Singh]]<br />
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}<br />
|-<br />
|46<br />
|[[Jhotwara (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Jhotwara]]<br />
|[[Rajyavardhan Singh Rathore]]<br />
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
|47<br />
|[[Amber (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Amber]]<br />
|[[Prashant Sharma (politician)|Prashant Sharma]]<br />
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}<br />
|-<br />
|48<br />
|[[Jamwa Ramgarh (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Jamwa Ramgarh]] (ST)<br />
|Mahendra Pal Meena<br />
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}<br />
|-<br />
|63<br />
|[[Bansur (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Bansur]]<br />
|[[Kotputli-Behror district | Kot Behror]]<br />
|Devi Singh Shekhawat<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Members of Parliament ==<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
!Year!!Member!!colspan=2|Party<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="4" |{{Center|''Till 2009 : Constituency did not exist''}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[2009 Indian general election|2009]]<br />
| [[Lalchand Kataria]]<br />
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |<br />
| [[Indian National Congress]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[2014 Indian general election|2014]]<br />
| rowspan="2" | [[Rajyavardhan Singh Rathore]]<br />
| rowspan="3" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |<br />
| rowspan="3" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[2019 Indian general election|2019]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]<br />
|[[Rao Rajendra Singh]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Election results==<br />
===2024===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general election]]: Jaipur Rural}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Rao Rajendra Singh]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=617,877|percentage=48.96|change={{decrease}}15.28}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Anil Chopra|party=Indian National Congress|votes=616,262|percentage=48.83|change={{increase}}15.39}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Hanuman Sahay|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|votes=3,850|percentage=0.31|change={{decrease}}0.31}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=7,519|percentage=0.60|change={{decrease}}0.13}}<br />
{{Election box majority||votes=1,618|percentage=0.12|change={{decrease}}30.68}}<br />
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,262,054|percentage=56.70|change={{decrease}}8.84}}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link|<br />
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===2019===<br />
{{Election box begin | title =[[2019 Indian general elections]] : [[Jaipur|Jaipur Rural]] }}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|candidate = [[Col. Rajyavardhan Singh Rathore]]<br />
|votes = 820,132<br />
|percentage = 64.24<br />
|change ={{increase}}1.96<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Indian National Congress<br />
|candidate = [[Krishna Poonia]]<br />
|votes = 426,961<br />
|percentage = 33.44<br />
|change = {{increase}}3.92<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = None of the above<br />
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]<br />
|votes = 9,351<br />
|percentage = 0.73<br />
|change = {{decrease}}0.40<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|candidate = Virender Singh Bidhuri<br />
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br />
|votes =7,976<br />
|percentage = 0.62<br />
|change = ''N/A''<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory|<br />
|votes = 3,93,171<br />
|percentage = 30.80<br />
|change = {{decrease}}1.96<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout|<br />
|votes = 12,79,667<br />
|percentage = 65.54<br />
|change = {{increase}}5.92<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link|<br />
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===2014===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: [[Jaipur|Jaipur Rural]]}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br />
|candidate = [[Col. Rajyavardhan Singh Rathore]]<br />
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|votes = 6,32,930<br />
|percentage = 62.28<br />
|change = {{increase}}29.36<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|candidate = [[C.P. Joshi|Dr. C. P. Joshi]]<br />
|party = Indian National Congress<br />
|votes = 3,00,034<br />
|percentage = 29.52<br />
|change = {{decrease}}11.01<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|candidate = [[Naveen Pilania]]<br />
|party = National People's Party (India)<br />
|votes = 31,617<br />
|percentage = 3.11<br />
|change = ''New''<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate|<br />
|party = [[Independent (politician)|IND.]]<br />
|candidate = Kamal Kumar Gaur<br />
|votes = 9,480<br />
|percentage = 0.93<br />
|change =''N/A''<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Aam Aadmi Party<br />
|candidate = Anil Godara<br />
|votes = 6,917<br />
|percentage = 0.68<br />
|change = ''New''<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]<br />
|party = None of the above<br />
|votes = 11,533<br />
|percentage= 1.13<br />
|change = ''N/A''<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority|<br />
|votes = 3,32,896<br />
|percentage = 32.76<br />
|change = {{increase}}25.15<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout|<br />
|votes = 10,13,691<br />
|percentage = 59.62<br />
|change = {{increase}}12.10<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link|<br />
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|loser = Indian National Congress<br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===2009===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general elections]]: [[Jaipur|Jaipur Rural]] }}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br />
|candidate = [[Lal Chand Kataria]]<br />
|party = Indian National Congress<br />
|votes = 2,78,266<br />
|percentage = 40.53<br />
|change = ''---''<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|candidate = [[Rao Rajendra Singh]]<br />
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|votes = 2,26,029<br />
|percentage = 32.92<br />
|change = ''---''<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate|<br />
|candidate = [[Sukhbir Singh Jaunapuria]]<br />
|party = [[Independent (politician)|IND.]]<br />
|votes = 1,27,664<br />
|percentage = 18.59<br />
|change = ''---''<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|candidate = Ramniwas Yadav<br />
|party = Janata Dal (United)<br />
|votes = 8,505<br />
|percentage = 1.24<br />
|change = ''---''<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|candidate = Rajesh Sharma<br />
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br />
|votes = 7,568<br />
|percentage = 1.10<br />
|change = ''---''<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority|<br />
|votes = 52,237<br />
|percentage = 7.61<br />
|change = ''---''<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout|<br />
|votes = 6,86,585<br />
|percentage = 47.52<br />
|change = ''---''<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box new seat win|<br />
|winner = Indian National Congress<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Jaipur Rural district]]<br />
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]<br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[https://www.indiaelections2014.info/parliament/2019/states/rajasthan/jaipur_rural/lok_sabha_parliamentary_election_2019_results.html Jaipur Rural lok sabha constituency election 2019 result details]<br />
{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Rajasthan}}<br />
<br />
{{coord|27.1|75.6|display=title}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Jaipur Rural (Lok Sabha Constituency)}}<br />
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Rajasthan]]<br />
[[Category:Jaipur district]]<br />
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies established in 2008]]</div>Camorabughttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maya_Naroliya&diff=516974Maya Naroliya2026-04-20T03:34:14Z<p>Camorabug: Starting A Info</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| name = Maya Naroliya<br />
| image =<br />
| caption = <br />
| birth_date = <br />
| birth_place = <br />
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]]<br />
| term_start = 2024<br />
| term_end = <br />
| constituency = [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Madhya Pradesh|Madhya Pradesh]]<br />
| predecessor = <br />
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
| other_party = <br />
| spouse = <br />
| children = <br />
}}<br />
'''Maya Naroliya''' is an Indian politician. She is a [[Member of Parliament]], representing [[Madhya Pradesh]] in the [[Rajya Sabha]] the [[upper house]] of [[Parliament of India|India's Parliament]] as a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref name="Noronha 2024 w751">{{cite web | last=Noronha | first=Rahul | title=Who are the 5 Rajya Sabha members from MP, and why were they nominated? | website=India Today | date=21 February 2024 | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india-today-insight/story/who-are-the-5-rajya-sabha-members-from-mp-and-why-were-they-nominated-2505273-2024-02-21 | access-date=4 March 2024}}</ref><ref name="The Times of India 2024 b618">{{cite web | title=All 4 BJP candidates file papers for RS Bhopal | website=The Times of India | date=16 February 2024 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhopal/all-4-bjp-candidates-file-papers-for-rs-bhopal/articleshow/107738053.cms | access-date=4 March 2024}}</ref><ref name="The Times of India 2024 i949">{{cite web | title=BJP Nominates 3 New Faces for Rajya Sabha, Including Sadhu from Ujjain | website=The Times of India | date=15 February 2024 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhopal/bjp-nominates-3-new-faces-for-rajya-sabha-including-sadhu-from-ujjain/articleshow/107706327.cms | access-date=4 March 2024}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Madhya Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Madhya Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br />
<br />
{{MadhyaPradesh-BJP-politician-stub}}</div>Camorabughttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gangs_of_Wasseypur_2&diff=499876Gangs of Wasseypur 22026-04-19T14:36:16Z<p>Camorabug: made first post w/ infobox</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|2012 film directed by Anurag Kashyap}}<br />
{{Use British English|date=March 2013}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Gangs of Wasseypur 2<br />
| image = Gangs_of_wasseypur_II.jpg<br />
| caption = Theatrical release poster<br />
| director = [[Anurag Kashyap]]<br />
| writer = {{ubl|[[Zeishan Quadri]]|[[Akhilesh Jaiswal]]|Sachin Ladia|Anurag Kashyap}}<br />
| producer = {{ubl|[[Guneet Monga]]|Anurag Kashyap|[[Sunil Bohra]]}}<br />
| starring = {{ubl|[[Nawazuddin Siddiqui]]|[[Manoj Bajpayee]]|[[Richa Chadha]]|[[Huma Qureshi]]|[[Reema Sen]]|[[Anurita Jha]]|[[Piyush Mishra]]|[[Jameel Khan]]|[[Vineet Kumar Singh]]|[[Pankaj Tripathi]]|[[Zeishan Quadri]]|Aditya Kumar|[[Rajkummar Rao|Rajkumar Rao]]|[[Tigmanshu Dhulia]]}}<br />
| narrator = [[Piyush Mishra]]<br />
| cinematography = [[Rajeev Ravi]]<br />
| editing = Shweta Venkat<br />
| music = {{ubl|'''Songs:'''|[[Sneha Khanwalkar]]|Piyush Mishra|'''Score:'''|[[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]}}<br />
| studio = {{ubl|Tipping Point Films|[[AKFPL]]|[[Phantom Films]]|Bohra Bros|[[Jar Pictures]]}}<br />
| distributor = [[Viacom18 Motion Pictures]]<br />
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2012|5||[[2012 Cannes Film Festival|Cannes]]|2012|08|08}}<br />
| runtime = 159 minutes<ref name=Runtime>{{cite web|title=''Gangs of Wasseypur II'' |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/gangs-wasseypur-ii-2013 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130419223200/http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/gangs-wasseypur-ii-2013 |url-status=dead |archive-date=19 April 2013 |work=[[British Board of Film Classification]] |access-date=9 February 2013 }}</ref><br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Hindi<br />
| budget = {{INR}}9.20 crores <ref name="RichaBhatia">{{cite news|author=Richa Bhatia |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Anurag-defends-Gangs-Of-Wasseypur-budget/articleshow/14389842.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120628132541/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-06-25/news-interviews/32408382_1_anurag-kashyap-wasseypur-gangs |url-status=live |archive-date=28 June 2012 |title=Anurag defends 'Gangs of Wasseypur' budget |date=25 June 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=2012-06-29}}</ref><br />
| gross = {{estimation}} {{INR|22.04}} crore<ref name="bo">{{Cite web|title=Gangs of Wasseypur 2 Box Office|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/gangs-of-wasseypur-2/box-office/|access-date=2 July 2024|website=Bollywood Hungama|date=8 August 2012 }}</ref><br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Gangs of Wasseypur 2'''''{{Efn|Stylised as ''Gangs of {{lang|hi|वासेपुर}}: II''.}} is a 2012 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[crime drama film|crime film]] co-written, produced and directed by [[Anurag Kashyap]]. It follows ''[[Gangs of Wasseypur – Part 1|Part 1]]'' as the second of the two-part film, centered on the [[Mafia Raj|coal mafia of Dhanbad, Jharkhand]] and the underlying power struggles, and dynamics of politics and vengeance between three crime families. Part two features an ensemble cast with [[Nawazuddin Siddiqui]], [[Manoj Bajpayee]], [[Richa Chadda|Richa Chadha]], [[Huma Qureshi]], [[Reema Sen]], [[Piyush Mishra]], [[Pankaj Tripathi]], [[Zeishan Quadri]], [[Rajkummar Rao|Rajkumar Rao]] and [[Tigmanshu Dhulia]] in major roles. Its story spans from the 1990s to 2009.<br />
<br />
Both parts were originally shot as a 319-minute single film and screened at the 2012 [[Cannes]] [[Directors' Fortnight]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Gangs of Wasseypur: World premiere at Cannes|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/gangs-of-wasseypur-world-premiere-at-cannes/251742-8-66.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425212045/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/gangs-of-wasseypur-world-premiere-at-cannes/251742-8-66.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 April 2012|access-date=24 April 2012|newspaper=IBN Live|date=24 April 2012|agency=Indo-Asian News Service}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Leffler|first=Rebecca|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/michel-gondry-cannes-film-festival-directors-fortnight-314985|title=Cannes 2012: Michel Gondry's 'The We & The I' to Open Director's Fortnight|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|access-date=2012-04-25|date=24 April 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.quinzaine-realisateurs.com/2012-selection-h201.html |title=2012 Selection |work=quinzaine-realisateurs.com |publisher=[[Directors' Fortnight]] |access-date=2012-04-25 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426224019/http://www.quinzaine-realisateurs.com/2012-selection-h201.html |archive-date=26 April 2012}}</ref> but since no Indian theatre would volunteer to screen a five-plus hour movie, it was divided into two parts (160 mins and 159 mins respectively) for the Indian market.<br />
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The film received an ''Adults Only'' certification from the [[Indian Censor Board]] and is unusually explicit for Indian standards in both language and violence.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Now-Wasseypur-in-censor-trouble/articleshow/14084556.cms | archive-url=https://archive.today/20130126133337/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-06-13/news-interviews/32214107_1_cbfc-anurag-kashyap-fresh-trouble | url-status=live | archive-date=26 January 2013 | work=[[The Times of India]] | title= Now, Wasseypur in censor trouble| date=13 June 2012 }}</ref> The film's soundtrack is heavily influenced by traditional Indian folk songs, tending to be philosophical and liberal with its heavy use of sexual innuendos. ''Gangs of Wasseypur 2'' was released on 8 August 2012 across India and had some paid previews on 7 August 2012.<ref>{{cite news|title=Gangs of Wasseypur Part 2 Has Poor Paid Previews|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=4763&nCat=|access-date=8 August 2012|publisher=Box Office India|date=8 August 2012|archive-date=11 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120811011424/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=4763&nCat=|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
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Both parts of the film were acclaimed by the critics upon release. The combined film won the [[National Film Award for Best Audiography|Best Audiography]], [[Re-recording (filmmaking)|Re-recordist's of the Final Mixed Track]] (Alok De, Sinoy Joseph and Shreejesh Nair) and [[National Film Award – Special Mention (feature film)|Special Mention for acting]] ([[Nawazuddin Siddiqui]]) at the [[60th National Film Awards]].<ref name="60thaward">{{cite press release|title=60th National Film Awards Announced|url=http://pib.nic.in/archieve/others/2013/mar/d2013031801.pdf|publisher=Press Information Bureau, India|access-date=18 March 2013}}</ref> The film won four [[Filmfare Awards]], including [[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Film|Best Film (Critics)]] and [[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actress|Best Actress (Critics)]], at the [[58th Filmfare Awards]].<ref>{{cite web|title=58th Idea Filmfare Awards nominations are here!|url=http://www.filmfare.com/news/58th-idea-filmfare-awards-nominations-are-here-2123.html|publisher=Filmfare|date=13 January 2013|access-date=13 January 2013}}</ref> The individual film was declared flop at box-office,<ref>{{Cite web|date=2012-08-13|title='Gangs of Wasseypur 2' disappoints at box office|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/gangs-of-wasseypur-2-disappoints-at-box-office-498174.html|access-date=2021-10-08|website=News18|language=en}}</ref> although the meagre combined budget of ₹18.5 [[crore]] allowed the two parts to be cumulatively commercially successful, with net domestic earnings of ₹50.81 crore. It is regarded by many as a modern [[cult film]].<br />
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==Plot==<br />
At the end of ''[[Gangs of Wasseypur – Part 1]]'', Sultan Qureshi had Sardar Khan murdered by three associates. Danish, Faizal, and Asgar track down two of his killers and murder them, but Danish is arrested in the process. Sultan and Fazlu gun him down at his court appearance. At Danish's funeral, Nagma doubts Faizal's ability to exact revenge, but Faizal promises her that he will.<br />
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Realizing that he has been duped by Fazlu, Faizal meets him on the pretext of congratulating him for winning a local election but instead beheads him. By doing so, Faizal makes his mark and eventually comes to control the illegal iron trade in the area. Faizal then makes a truce with Ramadhir Singh - he will not attempt to avenge his family as long as Ramadhir provides him political support. As Faizal's business grows, he marries his sweetheart, Mohsina Hamid. Faizal eventually tracks down his father's third killer and murders him, completing his revenge; in the process, he also unwittingly avenges his grandfather Shahid after a failed attempt to retain guns he purchased from Yadav, Shahid's killer who was on Ramadhir's payroll, on the way back home aboard a train, causes him to return to Yadav to purchase another gun, only to kill him with the gun; Yadav's death sends him off on a trail of revenge.<br />
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In 2003, a small-time goon named Shamshad Alam becomes allied with Faizal. Shamshad offers to increase Faizal's profits with his knowledge of the scrap iron business, but keeps increasingly significant portions of the profit for himself. When this is revealed to Faizal, Shamshad goes to the police and provides phone calls as evidence of Faizal's involvement in the illegal iron trade. Meanwhile, local shopkeepers lose their patience with Faizal's younger brother Perpendicular's antics and hire Sultan to kill him. Ramadhir is losing faith in his son J.P.'s ability to run his empire, and J.P. often finds himself in line of fire for his inability. This results in the waning of JP's prominence and influence.<br />
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In December 2003, Sultan's men track down Perpendicular and kill him. When Faizal goes to retrieve the body, he is arrested by the police. With Faizal in jail, Definite decides to kill Shamshad before Shamshad tries to fill Faizal's vacant position, but his pistol jams at the last moment, and he is forced to run. Definite eludes Shamshad but jumps onto a train car full of Army soldiers. He is arrested and jailed; there he meets Faizal.<br />
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Ramadhir advises Shamshad to bail Definite out of jail and then instigate him against his own brother for his empire. Ramadhir feels like he can influence Definite due to his connection with Definite's mother Durga. Faizal is aware of Shamshad's plan and cautions Definite before he leaves. Definite carries out a grenade attack at Shamshad's office, causing Shamshad to lose a leg. Sultan narrowly escapes injury and chases Definite back to Faizal's house. There he finds his own sister Shama. Angry at her for marrying Danish, Sultan shoots her and leaves her for dead. She survives but falls into a coma.<br />
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In January 2004, when Faizal is released from jail, J.P. cautions Sultan and advises him to kill Faizal in a preemptive strike. Sultan launches a massive fire strike (depicted at the beginning of Part I) on Faizal's house, but Faizal and his entire family have a lucky escape. As Sultan's gang is leaving, they find a police checkpoint waiting for them and realise that they were double crossed by J.P., but Sultan escapes in the ensuing firefight. A few days later, Sultan's men kill Nagma and Asgar in a market; Definite and his men track Sultan to [[Bhagalpur]] and kill him in revenge. Upon realising that Definite has avenged Danish, Shama, Nagma, and Asgar, Faizal tells him to surrender to cement his reputation. With Definite in jail, Ramadhir then aims to create a rift between Definite and Faizal.<br />
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In 2005, Iqlakh, an educated English speaker, enters Faizal's gang. Iqlakh actually wants to exact revenge and is Ramadhir's mole; his father was killed by Sardar during the Sabrina Khan episode. Faizal is initially impressed with Iqlakh's skills and is later made aware of Iqlakh's background but decides to ignore it. Iqlakh has an astute knowledge of business and bags scrap auctions by force. This brings in a lot of profit for Faizal and causes him to neglect Definite. Iqlakh advises Faizal to enter politics in order to provide political protection to all his activities. Faizal decides to contest from Ramadhir's constituency to exact his own revenge.<br />
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Ramadhir, feeling threatened, has Definite released from jail and sends J.P. to negotiate a deal. J.P., however, is tired of his father's insults and wants to use Faizal to kill him. Ramadhir's plan is that Iqlakh will kill Faizal on election day, and if he is unable, Definite will take the shot. On election day, Definite's gang disrupts the elections to prevent Faizal from winning. Iqlakh leads Faizal to an isolated place and tries to kill them, but Definite arrives, double-crosses Iqlakh, and kills him, explaining to Faizal that Ramadhir changed the plan.<br />
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Despite a now-pregnant Mohsina's pleas, Faizal decides to attack Ramadhir. Faizal, Definite, and his men attack a meeting between Ramadhir and Shamshed and murder both. In the ensuing firefight with the police, Faizal and Definite are the only survivors and are arrested. En route to prison, the police halt at a roadside restaurant for refreshments, leaving Faizal alone in the police van. Faizal is then shot dead by Definite, released by the police. It is revealed that J.P. was the architect of the massacre, and Definite is seen free, walking towards his mother.<br />
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Four years later, in 2009, Mohsina and Nasir have moved to Mumbai with Faizal's young son, Feroz. Definite now rules Wasseypur. Nasir describes that Wasseypur was not affected by Ramadhir's and Faizal's deaths and concludes that it is still a battlefield like before.<br />
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==Cast==<br />
* [[Nawazuddin Siddiqui]] as Faizal Khan <br />
* [[Manoj Bajpayee]] as Sardar Khan (cameo appearance) <br />
* [[Richa Chadha]] as Nagma Khatoon: Sardar's first widow; Danish, Faizal and Perpendicular's mother; Shama and Mohsina's mother-in-law; Feroz's grandmother.<br />
* [[Huma Qureshi]] as Mohsina Hamid: Faizal's wife; Feroz's mother; Sardar and Nagma's daughter in law; Danish, Perpendicular, Shama's sister-in-law<br />
* [[Reema Sen]] as Durga 'Bangalan' Khan: Sardar's second widow; Definite's mother; Danish, Faizal, Perpendicular's stepmother.<br />
* Sanjay Singh as Fazlu, Faizal's friend<br />
* [[Anurita Jha]] as Shama Parveen: Sultan's cousin; Danish's wife; Sardar and Nagma's daughter-in-law.<br />
* [[Piyush Mishra]] as Nasir Ahmed<br />
* [[Jameel Khan]] as Asgar Khan<br />
* [[Vineet Kumar Singh]] as Danish Khan<br />
* [[Pankaj Tripathi]] as Sultan Qureshi<br />
* [[Satyakam Anand]] as J P Singh<br />
* Murari Kumar as Guddu<br />
* Gaurav Sharma as Iqlakh<br />
* [[Faisal Malik]] as Inspector Gopal Singh<br />
* Sankalp Acharekar as "Tangent"<br />
* [[Rajkumar Rao]] as Shamshad Alam<br />
* [[Mukesh Chhabra]] as Nawab, Shamshad's partner<br />
* [[Zeishan Quadri]] as Definite Khan: Sardar and Durga's son; Danish, Faizal and Perpendicular's half-brother<br />
* Aditya Kumar as Babu "Perpendicular" Khan<br />
* [[Tigmanshu Dhulia]] as Ramadhir Singh<br />
* [[Yashpal Sharma (actor)|Yashpal Sharma]] as Occasional Singer (special appearance)<br />
* Ishtiyaq Anas as Munna Sultan gang member<br />
* Pramod Pathak as Badoor Qureshi<br />
* [[Vasan Bala]] as School teacher in Song Bahut Khoob<br />
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== Production ==<br />
=== Development ===<br />
Anurag Kashyap said he had wanted to make a film on [[Bihar]] with the name ''Bihar'' for some time, but for various reasons it didn't take off. In 2008 he met [[Zeishan Quadri]] (the writer of Gangs of Wasseypur) who told him about Wasseypur's story. He found it unreal to believe that mafia activity and gang war existed at such a high level, and what really attracted him was not gang war but the entire story of the emergence of the mafia. According to him, to tell the story through a few families is what interested him but that also meant a longer reel. "We all know mafia exists but what they do, how they operate, why they do we don't know and that is something which forms the basis of the film".<br />
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=== Casting ===<br />
According to Bajpayee, the role of Sardar Khan is the most negative role he has done till date. His motivation for doing this role came from the fact that there was "something new" with the character of Sardar Khan.<ref>{{cite news |title='Gangs of Wasseypur' most negative role so far: Manoj Bajpai |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/gangs-of-wasseypur-most-negative-role-so-far-manoj-bajpai/962816/ |newspaper=The Indian Express}}</ref> [[Piyush Mishra]] and [[Tigmanshu Dhulia]] were given the discretion to decide who, among them, would perform the roles of Nasir and Ramadhir. Mishra chose the role of Nasir and Dhulia portrayed Ramadhir Singh.<ref>{{cite web |title=Piyush Mishra interview for Gang of Wasseypur | date=21 May 2012 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0R0PGA1SPtQ |publisher=Express Bollywood}}</ref> Chadda revealed in an interview that this role helped her bag 11 film roles.<ref>{{cite news |title=I am looking for a boyfriend, says Gangs of Wasseypur actress Richa Chadha |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_story.aspx?Section=Movies&ID=ENTEN20120209161&subcatg=MOVIESINDIA&keyword=bollywood&nid=242560 |newspaper=NDTV |access-date=18 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120715035134/http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_story.aspx?section=Movies&Id=ENTEN20120209161&keyword=bollywood&subcatg=MOVIESINDIA&nid=242560 |archive-date=15 July 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> This was Huma Qureshi's first film, and she characterised this as her "dream debut". Qureshi landed this role after director Anurag Kashyap spotted her in a Samsung commercial he was directing.<ref>{{cite news |title=Gangs of Wasseypur is like a Muslim Mahabharat |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-gangs-of-wasseypur-is-like-a-muslim-mahabharat/20120607.htm |newspaper=Rediff}}</ref><br />
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=== Filming ===<br />
Major portions of the film were shot at villages near [[Bihar]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_story.aspx?Section=Movies&ID=ENTEN20120210513&subcatg=MOVIESINDIA&keyword=bollywood&nid=247765/ |title=My role in Wasseypur Part 2 will be bigger and better: Anurita Jha }}{{Dead link|date=July 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>[http://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/2012/jul/260712-Anurita-Jha-bonds-with-a-Bihari.htm/ Anurita Jha bonds with a Bihari]</ref> Shooting also took place in [[Chunar]].<ref>[https://archive.today/20130103092410/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-05-17/news-interviews/31748732_1_manoj-tiwari-anurag-kashyap-bhojpuri/ Manoj sings without any fee for Anurag Kashyap]</ref> During filming in [[Varanasi]] in December 2010, film's chief assistant director Sohil Shah died while performing one of the stunt shot scenes.<ref>{{cite news |last=Singh |first=Mauli |title=Kashyap's AD dies in freak accident |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Kashyaps-AD-dies-in-freak-accident/articleshow/7155188.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130812134517/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-12-24/news-interviews/28265391_1_freak-accident-banaras-anurag-kashyap |url-status=live |archive-date=12 August 2013 |access-date=24 April 2012 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=24 December 2012}}</ref> The movie was dedicated to Sohil Shah, as is seen in the opening titles. The film finished production in late March 2011.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Anurag-s-next-with-Rahul-Bhat/Article1-678895.aspx |title=Anurag's next with Rahul Bhat |work=Hindustan Times |date=29 March 2011 |access-date=2012-06-16 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110830031113/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Anurag-s-next-with-Rahul-Bhat/Article1-678895.aspx |archive-date=30 August 2011}}</ref><br />
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The production cost was ₹18.4&nbsp;crore.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodlife.com/news-gossip/gangs-of-wasseypur-and-teri-meri-kahaani-box-office-report-below-expectations/ |title='Gangs of Wasseypur' and 'Teri Meri Kahaani' box office report: Below expectations&nbsp;- Bollywood News & Gossip, Movie Reviews, Trailers & Videos at |publisher=Bollywoodlife.com |date=25 June 2012 |access-date=2012-06-29}}</ref> Anurag Kashyap has said that it is his most expensive film, and he reportedly had to spend {{INR}} 15&nbsp;crore on paying the actors.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/Gangs-of-Wasseypur-gets-thumbs-up-runs-housefull-in-theatres/Article1-877547.aspx/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120623132140/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/Gangs-of-Wasseypur-gets-thumbs-up-runs-housefull-in-theatres/Article1-877547.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 June 2012|title=Gangs of Wasseypur gets thumbs up, runs housefull in theatres}}</ref> However, he has tweeted that "45&nbsp;crore as reported in the media is false."<br />
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==Soundtrack==<br />
{{Main|Gangs of Wasseypur – Part 2 (soundtrack)}}<br />
The soundtrack album of the two-part compilation of ''Gangs of Wasseypur'' has a whopping 27 songs, which are composed by [[Sneha Khanwalkar]] and [[Piyush Mishra]], with lyrics by Mishra and [[Varun Grover (writer)|Varun Grover]]. However, the album was split up according to the film's release.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/gangs-of-wasseypur-has-25-item-songs/254741-8-66.html/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120508113617/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/gangs-of-wasseypur-has-25-item-songs/254741-8-66.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2012-05-08|title=News18.com: Gangs of Wasseypur has whooping 27 songs|website=News18|language=en-US|access-date=2020-01-23}}</ref> The film score is composed by [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]. Part-2 has 13 songs which were released on 11 July 2012.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/story/gangs-of-wasseypur-anurag-kashyap-cannes-106579-2012-06-22|title=Gangs of Wasseypur: What to expect?|date=June 22, 2012|website=India Today|language=en|access-date=2020-01-23}}</ref><br />
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==Marketing==<br />
[[File:Nawazuddin Siddiqui,Huma Qureshi,Richa Chadda,Manoj Tiwari From The Press meet of 'Gangs Of Wasseypur' (9).jpg|right|thumb|Actors from the film, Chadha and Qureshi (right) in 2012.]]<br />
The ''Gangs of Wasseypur'' franchise promoted a fake electoral campaign through the streets of [[Mumbai]] and [[Delhi]] to market the second instalment of the political thriller. In several areas of the two cities, political posters had been plastered, in which the two opposing contestants from the movie Ramadhir Singh and Faizal Khan, vied for votes.<ref>[https://archive.today/20130126155856/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-05/bollywood/32551021_1_political-thriller-gangs-film Gangs of Wasseypur invade your city!]</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatimes.com/bollywood/gangs-of-wasseypur-invade-your-city-30544.html|title=Gangs of Wasseypur invade your city!|date=4 July 2012|website=The Times of India}}</ref><br />
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The main cast of ''Gangs of Wasseypur 2'' shot with the cast of [[Afsar Bitiya]]. Actors [[Nawazuddin Siddiqui]] (Faisal Khan) and [[Huma Qureshi]] (Mohsina) made a special appearance on the show.<ref>{{cite web |agency=Indo-Asian News Service |url=http://entertainment.in.msn.com/tv/article.aspx?cp-documentid=250492671 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130104082418/http://entertainment.in.msn.com/tv/article.aspx?cp-documentid=250492671 |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 January 2013 |title=Huma Qureshi, Nawazuddin in 'Afsar Bitiya' |publisher=MSN |date=8 August 2012 |access-date=2013-01-26 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/idiotbox/huma-qureshi-nawazuddin-in-afsar-bitiya_116723.html|title=Huma Qureshi, Nawazuddin in 'Afsar Bitiya'|date=7 August 2012|website=Zee News}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/nawazuddin-siddiqui-huma-qureshi-afsar-bitiya-112574-2012-08-06 |title=Nawazuddin Siddiqui, Huma Qureshi in Afsar Bitiya : Bollywood, News|work=India Today |date=7 August 2012 |access-date=2013-01-26}}</ref> The show was aired on 7–8 August 2012.<ref>{{cite news|author=Vijaya Tiwari |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-08-03/tv/33019205_1_afsar-bitiya-mitali-nag-gangs-of-wasseypur-2 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130704020451/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-08-03/tv/33019205_1_afsar-bitiya-mitali-nag-gangs-of-wasseypur-2 |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 July 2013 |title=Gangs of Wasseypur 2 on Afsar Bitiya |date=3 August 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=2013-01-26}}</ref><br />
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As a part of the marketing campaign, the 'Wasseypur Patrika', a fictitious newspaper was made available online.<ref name="Budhraja 2012">{{cite web | last=Budhraja | first=Sakshi | title=Wasseypur gets moody | website=The Times of India | date=2012-06-20 | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Wasseypur-gets-moody/articleshow/14268780.cms | access-date=2015-12-03}}</ref><br />
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==Reception==<br />
===Critical response===<br />
;India<br />
''Gangs of Wasseypur 2'' received mostly positive reviews.<br />
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[[Mayank Shekhar]] rated the movie 4/5 stars on [[Dainik Bhaskar]]<ref name="Review 2" /> and his review at theW14.com reads, "This is India's equivalent of; take your pick, Sergio Leone's Once Upon A Time in America (1984), or Robert Rodriguez's Once Upon A Time in Mexico (2003), though I suppose it could possibly be better than both. It's the definitive "litti western" to borrow the stock phrase "spaghetti western" for Leone's film. With 320 minutes broken into two parts, allows Kashyap the scope to seriously self-indulge and unabashedly entertaining. The reason you prefer this sequel to the first installment, besides it being more contemporary is, well, this is where the beginning ties up with the end. You get a full sense of the film's ambitions."<ref>{{cite web |author=[[Mayank Shekhar]] |title=Mayank Shekhar Review: Gangs of Wasseypur 2 |url=http://thew14.com/2012/08/08/mayank-shekhar-review-gangs-of-wasseypur-2/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120811060009/http://thew14.com/2012/08/08/mayank-shekhar-review-gangs-of-wasseypur-2/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=11 August 2012}}</ref><br />
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[[Taran Adarsh]] of [[Bollywood Hungama]] gave the movie 4/5 stars, saying that "On the whole, ''Gangs of Wasseypur – Part 2'' is an Anurag Kashyap show all through and without an iota of doubt, can easily be listed as one amongst his paramount works. An engaging movie with several bravura moments. Watch it for its absolute cinematic brilliancy!"<ref name="Review 3" /><br />
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Saibal Chatterjee of [[NDTV]] gave the movie 4/5 stars, stating that "The revenge, filmed with an operatic slo-mo rhythm, is bloodier than anything you would have seen before. But if you liked ''Gangs of Wasseypur'', there is no reason why won't have another blast watching ''Gangs of Wasseypur – Part 2''. But be warned: be sure that your stomach for blood and gore doesn't give way."<ref name="Review 4" /><br />
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Blessy Chettiar of [[DNA India]] gave the movie 4/5 stars, commenting that "Guns speak where abusive language fails. Patience and a real kaleja will see you through this fast-paced, exhilarating blood fest. Kashyap makes sure the gore is beyond redemption. If you're turned off by it, not his fault."<ref name="Review 5" /><br />
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Madhureeta Mukherjee of [[The Times of India]] gave the movie 4/5 stars, saying that "With excellent performances, a screenplay that's strung together beautifully (Zeishan Quadri, Akhilesh, Sachin Ladia, Anurag Kashyap) a revenge story that touches a dramatic crescendo and music that plays out perfectly in sync with tragic twists of the tale – ' GOW II' is an interesting watch, for the brave-hearted. Like the first part, the movie slows down at times (with pointless pistols, hordes of characters and wasted sub-plots); the length needs to be shot down desperately. But otherwise, it's revenge on a platter – served cold (heartedly) and definitely worth a 'second' helping."<ref name="Review 6" /><br />
<br />
Ananya Bhattacharya of [[Zee News]] gave the movie 4/5 stars, concluding that "While watching 'Wasseypur', the entire film takes your life away! ''Gangs of Wasseypur 2'' is a film, which, with its predecessor, is one that is here to stay, to break conceptions, to demolish structures. With the history of Wasseypur, 'Wasseypur' has created another history."<ref name="Zee News 2012">{{cite web | title='Gangs of Wasseypur 2' review: Spectacular end to Wasseypur's revenge saga! | website=Zee News | date=2012-12-01 | url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/bollywood/gangs-of-wasseypur-2-review-spectacular-end-to-wasseypurs-revenge-saga_116795.html | access-date=2015-12-03}}</ref><br />
<br />
Raja Sen of [[Rediff]] gave the movie 3.5/5 stars, stating that "Anurag Kashyap shines once again in the concluding part of ''Gangs of Wasseypur'' even though the film is a tad too long. For all its folly – and the fact that an hour could have been lopped off its running length, easy – ''Gangs of Wasseypur II'' provides enough cinematic memorabilia to single-handedly last us the summer."<ref name="Rediff 2012">{{cite web | title=Review: Gangs of Wasseypur 2 is fantastic but too long | website=Rediff | date=2012-08-08 | url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-gangs-of-wasseypur-two/20120808.htm | access-date=2015-12-03}}</ref><br />
<br />
;International<br />
International critics have given ''Gangs of Wasseypur'', the first mainstream Bollywood film to be selected for the Director's Fortnight, rave reviews following its world premiere at the 65th Cannes Film Festival. ''Gangs of Wasseypur'' premiered at the 65th Cannes Film Festival on the evening of 22 May 2012 as the most highly anticipated Indian film. Deborah Young of [[The Hollywood Reporter]] called the film "an extraordinary ride through Bollywood's spectacular, over-the-top filmmaking".<br />
<br />
Kashyap, whose reputation as a screenwriter and controversial director reach a culmination in this film, is the real behind-the-scenes godfather, never losing control over the story-telling or hundreds of actors, and allowing tongue-in-cheek diversions in the second half that confirm his command over the sprawling material. In the spirit of Bollywood, Rajiv Ravi's lensing is fast on its feet, with a continually moving camera that always seems to be in the right spot to capture the action. Referring to the violence and pace of the film she says "''Gangs of Wasseypur'' puts Tarantino in a corner with its cool command of cinematically inspired and referenced violence, ironic characters and breathless pace".<ref>{{cite news|last=Young|first=Deborah|title=Gangs of Wasseypur: Cannes Review|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/gangs-wasseypur-cannes-review-328768|work=The Hollywood Reporter|access-date=29 June 2012|date=23 May 2012}}</ref><br />
<br />
Maggie Lee of [[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] notes Kashyap never lets his diverse influences of old-school Italo-American mafia classics a la Coppola, Scorsese and Leone, as well as David Michod's taut crime thriller "Animal Kingdom," override the distinct Indian colour. Calling the film "the love child of Bollywood and Hollywood," she felt the film was "by turns pulverizing and poetic in its depiction of violence."<ref>{{cite news|last=Lee|first=Maggie|title=Gangs of Wasseypur (India)|url=https://www.variety.com/review/VE1117947719?refcatid=31|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|access-date=29 June 2012}}</ref><br />
<br />
Lee Marshall of [[Screen International]] writes "the script alternates engagingly between scenes of sometimes stomach-churning violence and moments of domestic comedy, made more tasty by hard-boiled lines of dialogue like "in Wasseypur even the pigeons fly with one wing, because they need the other to cover their arse" ". He describes song lyrics "as if mouthed by a Greek chorus of street punks" commenting sarcastically on what's happening onscreen.<ref>{{cite web|last=Marshall|first=Lee|title=Gangs of Wasseypur|url=http://www.screendaily.com/reviews/the-latest/-gangs-of-wasseypur/5042672.article|publisher=Screen International|access-date=29 June 2012}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Box office===<br />
<br />
''Gangs of Wasseypur 2'' collected {{INR|15.44 crore}} in the first weekend and {{INR|17.80 crore}} by end of first week. Film ended with a total collection of {{INR|22.04 crore}}.<ref name="bo" /><br />
<br />
==Historical accuracy==<br />
The character of Faizal Khan is allegedly based on Fahim Khan. The latter was not killed but is currently in jail in [[Hazaribagh]], sentenced to life imprisonment.<ref name="thehindu.com">http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/pangs-of-wasseypur/article3967902.ece Pangs of Wasseypur</ref><br />
<br />
The character of Faizal Khan's friend Fazlu is based on Sabir Alam. In the film, Fazlu is killed and decapitated by Faizal. While Sabir and Fahim Khan were also childhood friends turned enemies, Sabir was sentenced to life imprisonment in 2007 for the murder of Fahim Khan's mother and aunt (who in the film where murdered by Sultan Qureshis' men), but was out on bail in Wasseypur as of 2013.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120622/jsp/jharkhand/story_15642956.jsp|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130203113310/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120622/jsp/jharkhand/story_15642956.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 February 2013|title=Gangland past haunts coal pocket}}</ref><br />
<br />
The mafia's downfall in Dhanbad didn't come from gang wars but rather it came from the differences between Kunti Singh, the widow of Surajdeo Singh, and his three brothers – Baccha Singh, Rajan Singh and Ram Dhani Singh – which gave others an opportunity to make space for themselves.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.timescrest.com/opinion/don-2-a-new-avatar-6869|title=The Rise of the Mining Mafia|access-date=6 October 2012|archive-date=3 April 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130403100842/http://www.timescrest.com/opinion/don-2-a-new-avatar-6869|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
{{notelist}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist|2|refs=<br />
<ref name="Review 2">{{cite web|title=Movie Review: Gangs of Wasseypur 2 – Daily Bhaskar|url=http://daily.bhaskar.com/article/ENT-movie-review-gangs-of-wasseypur-2-3629506-.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120811064829/http://daily.bhaskar.com/article/ENT-movie-review-gangs-of-wasseypur-2-3629506-.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 August 2012|author=Mayank Shekhar|date=8 August 2012|work=Daily Bhaskar|access-date=8 August 2012}}{{Rating|4|5}}</ref><br />
<ref name="Review 3">{{cite web|title=Gangs of Wasseypur 2 – Hindi Movie Critic Review by Taran Adarsh – Bollywood Hungama|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/criticreview/id/553285|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120709230815/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/criticreview/id/553285|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 July 2012|author=Taran Adarsh|date=7 August 2012|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date=7 August 2012}}{{Rating|4|5}}</ref><br />
<ref name="Review 4">{{cite web|title=Gangs of Wasseypur II review – NDTV |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_review.aspx?lang=hindi&id=735&moviename=Gangs%20of%20Wasseypur%20II%20review |author=Saibal Chatterjee |date=8 August 2012 |publisher=NDTV |access-date=8 August 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121016200132/http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_review.aspx?lang=hindi&id=735&moviename=Gangs%20of%20Wasseypur%20II%20review |archive-date=16 October 2012}}{{Rating|4|5}}</ref><br />
<ref name="Review 5">{{cite web|title=Review: Gangs of Wasseypur II – DNA|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/review_review-gangs-of-wasseypur-ii_1725368|author=Blessy Chettiar|date=8 August 2012|publisher=DNA India|access-date=8 August 2012}}{{Rating|4|5}}</ref><br />
<ref name="Review 6">{{cite news|title=Gangs of Wasseypur 2 – Movie Review at Times of India|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/hindi/Gangs-of-Wasseypur-2/movie-review/15387551.cms|author=Madhureeta Mukherjee|date=8 August 2012|work=The Times of India|access-date=8 August 2012}}{{Rating|4|5}}</ref><br />
}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{official website|http://www.wasseypurworld.com}}<br />
* {{IMDb title|1954470|Gangs of Wasseypur}}<br />
<br />
{{Anurag Kashyap}}<br />
{{Vaicom18 Studios}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Gangs of Wasseypur - Part 2}}<br />
[[Category:2012 Hindi-language films]]<br />
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[[Category:2012 crime action films]]<br />
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[[Category:Indian crime thriller films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian gangster films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian epic films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian films about revenge]]<br />
[[Category:Films set in Bihar]]<br />
[[Category:Films set in Jharkhand]]<br />
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[[Category:Films about organised crime in India]]<br />
[[Category:Films about corruption in India]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot in Bihar]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by Sneha Khanwalkar]]<br />
[[Category:Films that won the Best Audiography National Film Award]]<br />
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[[Category:Films with screenplays by Anurag Kashyap]]<br />
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[[Category:Films set in Dhanbad]]<br />
[[Category:Indian black comedy films]]</div>Camorabughttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mogalirekulu&diff=518062Mogalirekulu2026-04-14T18:28:27Z<p>Camorabug: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Telugu language soap opera}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2015}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2015}}<br />
{{Infobox television<br />
| image = Mogalirekulutitle.png<br />
| director = Manjula Naidu<br />
| caption = Title Card<br />
| camera = Baba<br />Ravi Chepur<br />
| editor = Raam<br />
| runtime = 20 minutes<br />
| creator = Srikanth Entertainment Pvt. Ltd<br />
| developer = <br />
| producer = {{ubl|Sudhakar Pallamala | Shashank Pallamala}}<br />
| executive_producer = <br />
| based_on = {{based_on|''Mogali Rekulu''|[[Yaddanapudi Sulochana Rani]]}}<br />
| writer = Manjula Naidu (dialogues)<br />
| screenplay = Manjula Naidu<br />Bindu Naidu<br />
| story = Manjula Naidu<br />
| starring = {{ubl|Indraneil|[[Sagar (actor)|Sagar]]| Sheela Singh | Likitha Kamini | Karuna | Medha Bihri| Ravi Varma/Selvaraj | Muktar | Shruthi|[[Ravi Krishna (actor, born 1989)|Ravi Krishna]]}}<br />
| narrated = <br />
| theme_music_composer = Bunty<br />
| opentheme = <br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Telugu<br />
| network = [[Gemini TV]]<br />
| first_aired = {{Start date|2008|02|18|df=yes}}<br />
| last_aired = {{End date|2013|05|24|df=yes}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/mogalirekulu-to-make-a-comeback/articleshow/52125575.cms|title=Mogalirekulu to make a comeback!|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=5 May 2016|access-date=24 March 2026}}</ref><br />
| num_episodes = 1,240<br />
| related = {{Plainlist|<br />
* [[Sravana Sameeralu]]<br />
* [[Chakravakam (TV series)]]<br />
}}<br />
| num_seasons = 2<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Mogalirekulu''''' was an Indian [[Telugu-language]] [[Drama (film and television)|drama]] television series which originally premiered on 18 February 2008 on [[Gemini TV]] and ran until 24 May 2013. It was directed by Manjula Naidu, who co-wrote alongside Bindu Naidu.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/All-in-the-family/article16366956.ece|title=All in the family|date=2010-04-16|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=2026-03-24|issn=0971-751X|url-access=subscription|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241206075348/https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/All-in-the-family/article16366956.ece|archive-date=6 December 2024}}</ref> It is one of the longest-running Telugu series. The show starred [[Sagar (RK Naidu)|Sagar]], Sheela, Likhitha Kamini, Indraneel and Medha in the lead roles.<br />
<br />
''Mogalirekulu'' focuses on vengeance. Season 1 focuses on Dharma, the eldest of five orphans, looks after the younger ones, Satya, Daya, Santhi and Keerthana, who also want to avenge their parents' death. The story has many twists, drama and touches upon social responsibilities, too. Season 2 focuses on their children Mahidhar Naidu/Munna, Devi, Durga, Pallavi, Eshwar and Sindhu.<br />
<br />
==Synopsis==<br />
<br />
The story begins with three boys Dharma, Satya and Daya and their little sister, Shanti. Four of them are the victims of a family feud where their parents and grandmother are murdered by their step grandmother and uncles. They are joined by their neighbor's child Keerthana, who is a victim of a mother's innocent passion for music. They decide to leave for Hyderabad but the things take twists and turns resulting the three brothers and Keerthana was being in Hyderabad and their sister Santi, after separating from her brothers, living with her uncle and step-grandmother.<br />
<br />
ACP RK Naidu (who is later the DGP, Mumbai) is a strict, dynamic and responsible IPS officer who marries Shanti after saving her from clutches of her uncle and grandmother. Dharma meets Selva Swamy who indulges in illegal activities which brings the enmity between RK and Selva.<br />
<br />
After knowing that Dharma is Santi's brother and many misunderstandings RK come to conclusion that Dharma being an honest friend and sensitive person is just helping his friend Selva in his activities and start adoring him. RK successfully puts the culprits of santi's parents behind the bars as promised to Dharma. A love triangle start confusion among Dharma, Keerthana and Selva (created by Selva's mother where she blackmailed Keerthana to marry Selva for saving Dharma) results in dire enmity of Selva for Dharma and RK where he plans a bomb blast to kill them and the results being death of Daya and Rk and Santi losing their son Mahidhar Naidu.<br />
<br />
The serial is into second generation then having Munna, the son of RK Naidu as the hero, who has been orphaned due to the bomb blast who is brought up in a criminal background by a don Sikandar Bhai. Munna falls in love with Devi who is the niece of Selva. Selva feels attached to her as she resemble Selva's wife Meenakshi. Hence he decides to have her marry his elder son Eshwar. Due to some clashes Munna and Eshwar argue and fight. But Munna and Devi become friends and her marriage with Eshwar is called off when she reveals her true feelings for munna on the day before wedding, bothering her parents, Eshwar and his grandmother. Munna and Devi marry. Munna plots to attack DGP RK as a part of his criminal life but decides not to because of his good nature and later learns that RK is his father. Munna unable to face his father, hides his identity and changes his name to 'Mahendhra' and starts a health service called AHS to serve rural people and comes back to RK after protecting RK from a bomb blast. While he is away, Devi goes to stay with RK's family by hiding her identity saying that she needs protection until her husband Munna comes back. Meanwhile, RK learns that Munna aka Mahidhar is indeed their son Mahi through Selva Swamy. In Meanwhile, Pallavi and Durga love each other despite their parents' rivalry. RK's family accepts Devi as their daughter-in-law and Devi conceives. The story ends with the families of RK and Selva uniting when Selva's sons marry Dharma and Satya's daughters and they learn that Dharma is alive.<br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! Actor <br />
! Character <br />
|-<br />
| [[Sagar (RK Naidu)|Sagar]]<br />
| RK Naidu, Munna/Mahidhar Naidu <br />
|-<br />
| Sheela Singh<br />
| Shanti <br />
|-<br />
| Indraneil Varma<br />
| Dharma <br />
|-<br />
| Selva Raj Arumugam and [[Ravi Varma Adduri|Ravi Varma (Santhosh Adduri)]]<br />
| Selva Swamy <br />
|-<br />
| [[Madhusudhan Rao (actor)|Madhusudhan Rao]] <br />
| Shankar <br />
|-<br />
| Likitha Kamini and Karuna Bhushan<br />
| Devi Priya <br />
|-<br />
| Sruthi<br />
| Gomathi <br />
|-<br />
| Mukhtar Khan<br />
| Sikandar Bhai <br />
|-<br />
| Pavan Sai<br />
| Eshwar<br />
|-<br />
| [[Ravi Krishna (actor, born 1989)|Ravi Krishna]]<br />
| Durga<br />
|-<br />
| Hari Krishna<br />
| Ali<br />
|-<br />
| Sireesha Dhamera and Medha Bahri<br />
| Sindhu<br />
|-<br />
| Reshma Rathore and Sonia<br />
| Pallavi <br />
|-<br />
| Medha Bahri and Raga Madhuri<br />
| Keerthana <br />
|-<br />
| Vijay Reddy and Dwarakesh<br />
| Satya Vardhan <br />
|-<br />
| Pavitranath<br />
| Daya Sagar <br />
|-<br />
| Likitha Kamini <br />
| Meenakshi <br />
|-<br />
| Vijay Bhargav<br />
| Shiva <br />
|-<br />
| [[Y. Vijaya]]<br />
| Mahalakshmi <br />
|-<br />
| Anjali<br />
| Anjali <br />
|-<br />
| Radha Krishna and Madhusudhan<br />
| Shankar <br />
|-<br />
| Sripriya <br />
| Rajini <br />
|-<br />
| Nagamani<br />
| Muniamma <br />
|-<br />
| Rajani, Sowjanya, and Kalpana Latha<br />
| Madhurima <br />
|-<br />
| Nitesh<br />
| Phani <br />
|-<br />
| Lahari Vishnuwazhala<br />
| Aishwarya <br />
|-<br />
| Muskaan Chowdhry<br />
| Megha <br />
|-<br />
| Mohan Kumar<br />
| Mohan <br />
|-<br />
| Kasi<br />
| Sateesh <br />
|-<br />
| Ashok Rao<br />
| Raghavendra <br />
|-<br />
| Vijay<br />
| Pratap <br />
|-<br />
| Surya<br />
| Surya <br />
|-<br />
| Sameera<br />
| Swathi <br />
|-<br />
| Ranganath <br />
|Brigadier Chandra Sekhar Rao <br />
|-<br />
| Sai Satish <br />
| Imran <br />
|-<br />
| Bank Srinivas<br />
| Viswanathan <br />
|-<br />
| Jyothi<br />
| Rajeshwari <br />
|-<br />
| Harsha<br />
| Mahidhar<br />
|-<br />
| BHEL Prasad<br />
| DGP <br />
|-<br />
| [[Sri Lakshmi (actress)|Sri Lakshmi]]<br />
| Annapoornamma <br />
|-<br />
| Irneni Ramesh<br />
| Ram Moorthy <br />
|-<br />
| Madhumani<br />
| Susheela <br />
|-<br />
| Uday<br />
| Narayana Rao <br />
|-<br />
| Deepa<br />
| Uma Devi <br />
|-<br />
| Swetha<br />
| Gowri <br />
|-<br />
| Roja<br />
| Smitha <br />
|-<br />
| Sravani<br />
| Keerthana's mother <br />
|-<br />
| [[Mime Madhu]]<br />
| Shiva Ram <br />
|-<br />
| Ravi Kishore<br />
| Varma <br />
|-<br />
| Shiva Kumar<br />
| Shivalkar <br />
|-<br />
| Jyothi Reddy<br />
| Megha's mother <br />
|-<br />
| Captain Raju<br />
| Chief Minister <br />
|-<br />
| Vara Prasad<br />
| Surya's Brother <br />
|-<br />
| Raghavayya<br />
| Home Minister <br />
|-<br />
| Sravani<br />
| Manasa <br />
|-<br />
| Rajitha and Lalitha<br />
| Raziya <br />
|-<br />
| Mohan Bhagath<br />
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/mohan-bhagath-karthik-rathnam-and-praneeta-patnaik-pin-their-hopes-on-co-kancharlapalem/article24881860.ece|title=Meet the actors of ‘C/o Kancharapalem’|first=Y. Sunita|last=Chowdary|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=6 September 2018|url-access=subscription|archive-date=28 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230428175121/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/mohan-bhagath-karthik-rathnam-and-praneeta-patnaik-pin-their-hopes-on-co-kancharlapalem/article24881860.ece|access-date=24 March 2026}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| Pawon Sae<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Production ==<br />
''Mogalirekulu'' marked the debut of Pavan Sai.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/telugu-television-actor-pavan-sais-dreams-get-bigger/article66360478.ece|title=Telugu television actor Pavan Sai's dreams get bigger|first=Neeraja|last=Murthy|archive-date=13 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230113121914/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/telugu-television-actor-pavan-sais-dreams-get-bigger/article66360478.ece|access-date=24 March 2026}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Soundtrack==<br />
{{Track listing<br />
| headline = Track listing<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=18N31EL12n0|title=<br />
Title Song - MogaliRekulu Telugu Daily Serial {{!}}{{!}} Srikanth Entertainments|work=[[Gemini TV]]|date=16 May 2016|via=[[YouTube]]|access-date=24 March 2026}}</ref><br />
| extra_column = Singer(s)<br />
| total_length = <br />
| all_writing = <br />
| title1 = Title Song<br />
| note1 = <br />
| length1 = 2:41<br />
| lyrics1 = Balabadrapatruni Madhu<br />
| music1 = Bunty<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/medicine-with-a-musical-touch/article2782972.ece|title=Medicine with a musical touch|date=25 July 2016|work=[[The Hindu]]|url-access=subscription |access-date=24 March 2026}}</ref><br />
| extra1 = Bunty<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Accolades==<br />
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! scope="col"| Award<br />
! scope="col"| Category<br />
! scope="col"| Recipient(s)<br />
! scope="col"| Result<br />
! scope="col" class="unsortable"| {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}<br />
|-<br />
| Ugadi Gemini TV Awards || Best Primetime Serial || ''Mogalirekulu'' || {{Won}} || style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1jMF-VfvgDw|title=Ugadi Gemini TV Awards - 4th Apr Part10|date=4 April 2011|via=YouTube}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* [http://www.sunnetwork.in/tv-channel-details.aspx?Channelid=4&channelname=GEMINI%20TV&LanguageID=2&Type=2 Gemini Tv Official Website]<br />
* [https://www.youtube.com/user/geminitvvideos/search?query=mogali+rekulu Gemini Tv on YouTube]<br />
* [https://www.sunnxt.com/tv/detail/13203 Mogali Rekulu Serial Watch Full Episodes]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Telugu-language television shows]]<br />
[[Category:2008 Indian television series debuts]]<br />
[[Category:2013 Indian television series endings]]<br />
[[Category:Sun Gemini original programming]]</div>Camorabughttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jakkur_Cross_metro_station&diff=505359Jakkur Cross metro station2026-04-14T14:31:03Z<p>Camorabug: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Upcoming Namma Metro station under Blue Line}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}<br />
{{Infobox station<br />
| name = Jakkur Cross<br />
| type = {{Namma Metro Infobox station line|line=Blue}}<br />
| style = Namma Metro<br />
| image = Jakkur Cross metro station (Oct '24).jpg<br />
| image_size = <br />
| image_caption = Under construction of this metro station as of October 2024 under Phase 2B of [[Blue Line (Namma Metro)|Blue Line]] of [[Namma Metro]]<br />
| address = Jakkuru Layout, Byatarayanapura, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560092<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|13.07038|77.59347|display=inline,title}}<br />
| line = {{rcb|Namma Metro|Blue|croute}}<br />
| other = <br />
| structure = [[Elevated]], [[Double track]]<br />
| platform = [[Island platform]] <small>''(TBC)''</small><br><br />
Platform-1 → {{stl|Namma Metro|Hebbala}} *<br>Platform-2 → {{stl|Namma Metro|KIAL Terminals}}<br><small>''Platform Numbers (TBC)''<br>* ''(Further extension to '''{{stl|Namma Metro|Krishnarajapura}} / {{stl|Namma Metro|Central Silk Board}} ''' in the future)''</small><br />
| operator = [[Namma Metro]]<br />
| depth = <br />
| levels = 2 '''''(TBC)'''''<br />
| tracks = 2 '''''(TBC)'''''<br />
| connections = {{rint|rail|1}} Kodigehalli railway station<br />
| parking = '''''(TBC)'''''<br />
| bicycle = <br />
| baggage_check = <br />
| opened = <br />
| opening = {{start date and age|June 2027|df=yes}} '''''(TBC)'''''<br />
| closed = <br />
| rebuilt = <br />
| electrified = '''''(TBC)'''''<br />
| accessible = '''''(TBC)'''''<br />
| status = Under Construction<br />
| code = JKRC '''''(TBC)'''''<br />
| owned = [[Bangalore Metro Rail Corporation Ltd]] (BMRCL)<br />
| architect = <br />
| architectural_style = <br />
| wifi = <br />
| zone = <br />
| smartcardname = <br />
| smartcardstatus = <br />
| former = <br />
| passengers = <br />
| pass_year = <br />
| pass_rank = <br />
| pass_percent = <br />
| pass_system = <br />
| mpassengers = <br />
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Namma Metro|line1=Blue|left1=Kodigehalli|to-left1=Hebbala|note-mid1=''(Operational around June 2027)''|right1=Yelahanka|to-right1=KIAL Terminals|line2=Blue|left2=Kodigehalli|to-left2=Krishnarajapura or Central Silk Board|note-mid2=''(Operational around December 2027)''|right2=Yelahanka|to-right2=KIAL Terminals|note-row2=''Train services bound for '''{{stl|Namma Metro|KIAL Terminals}}''' will skip '''Jakkur Plantation''' and proceed towards '''{{stl|Namma Metro|Yelahanka}}'''''}}<br />
| route_map = {{BMR Blue Line}}<br />
| map_state = collapsed<br />
| mapframe = yes<br />
| mapframe-marker = rail<br />
| mapframe-marker-color = #{{rail color|Namma Metro|Blue}}<br />
| mapframe-zoom = 14<br />
}}<br />
'''Jakkur Cross''' is an upcoming elevated metro station on the North-South corridor of the [[Blue Line (Namma Metro)|Blue Line]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bengaluru Metro Blue Line: Explore the City Like Never Before! - TimesProperty |url=https://timesproperty.com/news/post/all-about-bengaluru-metro-blue-line-blid5532 |access-date=2023-12-14 |website=timesproperty.com}}</ref> of [[Namma Metro]] in [[Bangalore]], India. This metro station will consist of the main '''Phoenix Mall of Asia''', [[Jakkur]] suburban area, [[Jakkur Aerodrome]] followed by many neighbouring areas like [[Kodigehalli]], [[Jakkur Lake]] and [[Gandhi Krishi Vigyana Kendra]], a Deemed-to-be-University in North Bengaluru, India. This metro station is slated to be operational around June 2027.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bureau|first=The Hindu|date=2026-03-06|title=₹500 crore for suburban rail, 41 km of metro line to be operational in 2026-27, says Chief Minister|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/500-crore-for-suburban-rail-41-km-of-metro-line-to-be-operational-in-2026-27-says-chief-minister/article70711959.ece|access-date=2026-04-14|work=The Hindu|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=L&T bags track contracts worth ₹501 crore for Bangalore Metro Phase 2A & 2B {{!}} Metro Rail Today |url=https://metrorailtoday.com/news/lt-bags-track-contracts-worth-501-crore-for-bangalore-metro-phase-2a-2b |access-date=2023-12-14 |website=Metro Rail Today: Gateway to Rail & Metro Industry}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-06 |title=Metro line to Bengaluru Airport to be ready by June 2026: D K Shivakumar |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/metro-bengaluru-airport-june-2026-d-k-shivakumar8649143/ |access-date=2023-12-14 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-07 |title=Bengaluru Airport Metro Line from KIA to Devanahalli Set for Completion by June 2026 |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/bengaluru/bengaluru-airport-metro-line-from-kia-to-devanahalli-set-for-completion-by-june-2026-article-100827006 |access-date=2023-12-14 |website=TimesNow |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Metro's ORR, Airport line to be ready by Sept 2026, will benefit IT industry hugely: BMRCL |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2023/sep/16/metros-orr-airport-line-to-be-ready-by-sept-2026-will-benefit-it-industry-hugely-bmrcl-2615489.html |access-date=2023-12-14 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref><br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
On November 17 2020, the Bangalore Metro Rail Corporation Limited (BMRCL) invited bids for the construction of the Jakkur Cross metro station, part of the 11.678 km Reach 2B – Package 2 (Hebbala - Bagalur Cross) of the 37.692 km [[Blue Line (Namma Metro)|Blue Line]] of Namma Metro. On September 14 2021, Nagarjuna Construction Company Ltd. '''(NCC Ltd.)''' was chosen as the lowest bidder for this segment, with their proposal closely matching the initial cost estimates. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-09-14 |title=NCC Wins Bangalore Metro Airport Line’s Construction Work |url=https://themetrorailguy.com/2021/09/14/ncc-wins-bangalore-metro-airport-lines-construction-work/ |access-date=2024-10-24 |website=The Metro Rail Guy |language=en-US}}</ref> As a result, the contract was awarded to the company, which led to the beginning of the construction works of this metro station as per the agreed terms. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2021-09-16 |title=Nagarjuna Construction Company wins bid to build Namma Metro’s Airport Line |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2021/Sep/16/nagarjuna-construction-companywinsbid-to-build-namma-metros-airport-line-2359335.html |access-date=2024-10-24 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Station layout==<br />
'''''Station Layout - To Be Confirmed'''''<br />
{{stack|{{Routemap<br />
| title = Jakkur Cross track layout<br />
| title-bg = #{{rail color|Namma Metro|Blue}}<br />
| title-color = white<br />
| legend = track<br />
| collapsible = no<br />
| map = HSTg\HSTf<br />
PSTR(L)\PSTR(R) ~~ ~~ ~~ to {{stl|Namma Metro|Yelahanka}} *<br />
*'''P#'''\PSTR(L)\PSTR(R)\*'''P#'''<br />
PSTR(L)\PSTR(R) ~~ ~~ ~~ to {{stl|Namma Metro|Kodigehalli}} **<br />
HSTg\HSTf<br />
| bottom = <div style="width:23.5em;text-align:center">Station with two tracks and one Island platform<br/>* '''Skipping ''Jakkur Plantation''<br/>** Under Construction'''</div><br />
}}}}<br />
{| border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3"<br />
| width="30" valign="top" style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |'''G'''<br />
| width="85" valign="top" style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |Street level<br />
| width="500" valign="top" style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |Exit/Entrance<br />
|-<br />
| style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |'''L1'''<br />
| style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |Mezzanine<br />
| style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |Fare control, station agent, Ticket/token, shops<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" width="30" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |'''L2'''<br />
| width="85" style="border-bottom:solid 1px white;" |<span style="color:#{{rail color|Namma Metro|Blue}}">'''Platform #'''<br />'''Northbound'''</span><br />
| width="500" style="border-bottom:solid 1px white;" |Towards → [[KIAL Terminals metro station|KIAL Terminals]]<br><small>'''Next Station:''' [[Yelahanka metro station|Yelahanka]] *</small><br />
|-<br />
| colspan="2" style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" |<small>[[Island platform]]<nowiki> | Doors will open on the right </nowiki>{{access icon}}</small><br />
|-<br />
| width="85" style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |<span style="color:#{{rail color|Namma Metro|Blue}}">'''Platform #'''<br />'''Southbound'''</span><br />
| width="500" style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |Towards ← {{stl|Namma Metro|Hebbala}} **<br><small>'''Next Station:''' [[Kodigehalli metro station|Kodigehalli]] </small><br />
|-<br />
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=30 rowspan=2 valign=top|'''L2'''<br />
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=85|'''''Note:'''''<br />
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=500|<small>* ''Skipping '''Jakkur Plantation''' - Future Station''<br>** '''''To be further extended to {{stl|Namma Metro|Krishnarajapura}} / {{stl|Namma Metro|Central Silk Board}} in the future'''''</small><br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[Bangalore]]<br />
*[[List of Namma Metro stations]]<br />
*[[Transport in Karnataka]]<br />
*[[List of metro systems]]<br />
*[[Rapid transit in India|List of rapid transit systems in India]]<br />
*[[Bangalore Metropolitan Transport Corporation]]<br />
{{Portal bar|Bangalore|Trains|Transport|Engineering}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [http://english.bmrc.co.in ''BMRCL English''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190630181732/http://english.bmrc.co.in/ |date=30 June 2019 }} - BMRCL Official Website<br />
* [http://www.urbanrail.net ''UrbanRail.Net''] – descriptions of all metro systems in the world, each with a schematic map showing all stations.<br />
{{Namma Metro|blue line=yes}}<br />
__FORCETOC__<br />
<br />
[[Category:Namma Metro stations]]<br />
[[Category:Proposed railway stations in India]]</div>Camorabughttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=K._Annamalai_(AIADMK_politician)&diff=506822K. Annamalai (AIADMK politician)2026-04-07T19:22:58Z<p>Camorabug: Starting A Data</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian hotelier and politician (born 1948)}}<br />
{{pp-move-indef}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}<br />
'''K. Annamalai''' (born 15 August 1948) is an Indian hotelier and former politician who served in the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]] from 2001 until 2006. A member of the [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]], he represented the [[Tenkasi Assembly constituency|Tenkasi constituency]].<br />
<br />
== Biography ==<br />
K. Annamalai was born on 15 August 1948 in the village of Karisaloor, located near [[Pavoorchatram]] in [[Tamil Nadu]]. He is a hotel owner, and funded the construction of religious structures. He is married with four children.<ref name="Who's Who">{{cite book |title=Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly "Who's Who": Twelfth Assembly |date=2001 |publisher=[[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]] |location=Chennai |pages=647–649 |url=https://assembly.tn.gov.in/archive/12th_2001/12th_2001.pdf}}</ref> In 1980, Annamalai became a member of the [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]], and was secretary of the Karisaloor branch of the party in 1990. By 2000, he was the chairman of the [[Tirunelveli district|Tirunelveli East]] district council.<ref name="Oneindia">{{cite web |title=முன்னாள் எம்.எல்.ஏ அண்ணாமலை நெல்லை அதிமுக வேட்பாளர் |url=https://tamil.oneindia.com/news/2009/04/10/tn-ex-mla-is-nellais-admk-candidate.html |website=[[Oneindia]] |access-date=22 March 2024 |language=ta |trans-title=Former MLA Annamalai Nellie is AIADMK Candidate |date=10 April 2009}}</ref><br />
<br />
Annamalai ran for the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]] in the [[2001 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|2001 state election]], standing in the [[Tenkasi Assembly constituency|Tenkasi constituency]]. He was elected with 62,454 votes, defeating [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] candidate [[Karuppasamy Pandian]], who received 53,662 votes.<ref name="Who's Who" /><ref>{{cite book |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2001 to the Legislative Assembly of Tamil Nadu |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |location=New Delhi |page=300 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006173934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf |archive-date=October 6, 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Annamalai was a member of the Committee on Estimates.<ref>{{cite book |title=Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly (Twelfth Assembly) Review 2001-2006 |publisher=[[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]] |location=Chennai |pages=597–599 |url=https://assembly.tn.gov.in/archive/12th_2001/Review_12_2001-2006.pdf}}</ref> He did not seek re-election in the [[2006 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|2006 state election]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2006 to the Legislative Assembly of Tamil Nadu |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |location=New Delhi |page=472 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007200819/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf |archive-date=October 7, 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2006, Annamalai was appointed president of the unified Tirunelveli district council.<ref name="Oneindia" /><br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[K. Ravi Arunan]]<br />
* [[Karuppasamy Pandian]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Portal bar|Biography|India|Politics|Law|Society}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Annamalai, K.}}<br />
[[Category:All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:People from Tirunelveli district]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian politicians]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2001–2006]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil Nadu district councillors]]<br />
[[Category:Indian hoteliers]]<br />
[[Category:1948 births]]</div>Camorabughttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bandaru_Satyananda_Rao&diff=489492Bandaru Satyananda Rao2026-04-07T01:50:38Z<p>Camorabug: put up the bio w/ refs</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| name = Bandaru Sathyananda Rao<br />
| image =<br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = <br />
| office = [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]<br />
| term_start = 1994<br />
| term_end = 2004<br />
| predecessor = Chirla Somasundar Reddy<br />
| successor = [[Chirla Jaggi Reddy]]<br />
| constituency = Kothapeta<br />
| term_start1 = 2009<br />
| term_end1 = 2014<br />
| term_start2 = 2024<br />
| constituency1 = [[Kothapeta Assembly constituency|Kothapeta]]<br />
| birth_name = <br />
| birth_date = <br />
| birth_place = [[Vadapalem East godavari, East Godavari|Vadapalem]]<br />
| death_date = <br />
| death_place = <br />
| occupation = [[Politician]]<br />
| years_active = <br />
| spouse = <br />
| party = [[Telugu Desam Party]] <br />
}}<br />
'''Bandaru Satyananda Rao''' is an Indian politician from East Godavari in [[Andhra Pradesh]]. He is a Senior leader of [[Telugu Desam Party]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Raghavendra |first=V. |date=2024-02-24 |title=A.P. Assembly elections: TDP-JSP alliance releases first list of candidates |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/ap-assembly-elections-tdp-jsp-alliance-releases-first-list-of-candidates/article67881974.ece |access-date=2024-06-07 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Political career ==<br />
Bandaru Sathyananda Rao is a four time MLA from Kothapeta Constituency. He won 1994,1999,2009 and 2024 elections.He was first elected as the Member of the Legislative Assembly from the [[Kothapeta Assembly constituency]] in [[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1994 elections]].In 2008,He joined in [[Praja Rajyam Party]] in the presence of [[Chiranjeevi]].In 2009 elections,He elected as a 3rd time MLA from [[Praja Rajyam Party]].Later in 2014,he again joined in [[Telugu Desam party]].In the recent [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]s,He secured a massive victory with a record breaking margin of 56479 votes defeating [[Chirla Jaggi Reddy|Chirla Jaggireddy]] of the [[YSR Congress Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Kothapeta, Andhra Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2024 Highlights: TDP's Bandaru Satyananda Rao wins Kothapeta with 134286 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/kothapeta-andhra-pradesh-assembly-election-results-2024-live-updates-2548237-2024-06-04 |access-date=2024-06-07 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Kothapeta Election Result 2024 LIVE Updates Highlights: Assembly Winner, Loser, Leading, Trailing, MLA, Margin |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/kothapeta-election-result-2024-live-updates-highlights-assembly-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-8917305.html |access-date=2024-06-07 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Electoral performance ==<br />
{{transcluded section|source= Kothapeta Assembly constituency}} <br />
{{#section-h:Kothapeta Assembly constituency|2004}}<br />
{{#section-h:Kothapeta Assembly constituency|2009}}<br />
{{#section-h:Kothapeta Assembly constituency|2014}}<br />
{{#section-h:Kothapeta Assembly constituency|2019}}<br />
{{#section-h:Kothapeta Assembly constituency|2024}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Telugu politicians]]<br />
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2024–2029]]<br />
[[Category:Telugu Desam Party politicians]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:1965 births]]</div>Camorabughttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bengaluru_Town_Hall&diff=490475Bengaluru Town Hall2026-04-06T08:21:20Z<p>Camorabug: put up basic place from scratch</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox building<br />
| name = Bangalore Town Hall<br />
| former_names = <br />
| alternate_names = Sir Puttanna Chetty Town Hall<br />
| image = Sir_Puttanna_Chetty_Town_Hall_Bangalore Edit1.jpg<br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = The Town Hall, in 2010<br />
| pushpin_map = <br />
| map_caption = <br />
| coordinates = {{coord|12.9581|77.5833|display=inline}}<br />
| altitude = <br />
| building_type = [[City and town halls|Town hall]]<br />
| architectural_style = [[Neoclassical architecture]]<br />
| structural_system = <br />
| cost = Rs 175,000 (Unadjusted for inflation)<br />
| ren_cost = <br />
| location = [[Bangalore Urban]]<br>[[Karnataka]]<br>[[India]]<br />
| address = 112 [[J C Road]], [[Bangalore]]<br>Karnataka<br />
| client = <br />
| owner = [[Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike]]<br />
| current_tenants = <br />
| construction_start_date = 6 March 1933<br />
| completion_date = 11 September 1935<br />
| inauguration_date = <br />
| renovation_date = March 1990<br />
| demolished_date = <br />
| destruction_date = <br />
| height = <br />
| diameter = <br />
| other_dimensions = <br />
| floor_count = 2<br />
| floor_area = <br />
| main_contractor = Sri Chikkananjundappa<br />
| architect = Sri S. Lakshminarasappa<br />
| architecture_firm = <br />
| structural_engineer = <br />
| services_engineer = <br />
| civil_engineer = [[Sir Mirza Ismail]]<br />
| other_designers = <br />
| quantity_surveyor = <br />
| awards = <br />
| references = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
The '''Bengaluru Town Hall''', officially known as '''Sir K. P. Puttanna Chetty Town Hall''' is a [[City and town halls|municipal building]] in central [[Bengaluru]], India. Foundation stone for the building was laid by [[Krishna Raja Wadiyar IV|Maharaja Krishnaraja Wadiyar IV]] on 6 March 1933. It was designed by [[Sir Mirza Ismail]]. The building was commissioned and inaugurated by [[Kanteerava Narasimharaja Wadiyar|Yuvaraja Kanteerava Narasimharaja Wadiyar]] in 1935. It was designed in a [[Neoclassical architecture|neo classical]] reminiscent of [[ancient Greece]]. It has a broad portico with tall [[Tuscan order|Tuscan columns]] and a triangular pediment. It was built on land donated by [[K. P. Puttanna Chetty|Sir K. P. Puttanna Chetty]], former president of [[Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike|Bangalore City Municipality]]. It serves as a key venue for public gatherings, cultural events and official functions. The building was later renovated in 1990 to gain proper [[acoustics]]. Over the decades, the Town Hall has remained an important landmark in Bengaluru’s social and political life, symbolizing the city’s modern heritage and democratic ideal.<br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
[[File:The Town Hall Bangalore.jpg|thumb|An old picture of the hall]]<br />
The Bangalore town hall was proposed during [[World War I]] era, and [[Bengaluru]] was one of the last [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|British Indian]] cities to construct a town hall. A design was proposed by [[List of British architects|British architect]] E.W. Fritchley, after the war and was abandoned due to lack of funds.<ref name="Men">{{Cite web |last=Chandrasekhar |first=Arnav |date=2023-06-30 |title=Know Your City: Bengaluru Town Hall and the men behind its construction |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/know-your-city-bengaluru-town-hall-men-behind-its-construction-8583111/ |access-date=2025-06-22 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> In the early 1930s, the [[Kingdom of Mysore|Mysore state]] government revived the idea. The land for construction was donated by [[K. P. Puttanna Chetty|Sir K. P. Puttanna Chetty]], then President of the [[Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike|Bangalore City Municipal Council]] to mark the silver jubilee of the city corporation.<ref name="breathe">{{Cite web |title=BBMP to breathe new life into Town Hall |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/bbmp-to-breathe-new-life-into-town-hall/articleshow/21432289.cms |access-date=2025-06-22 |website=Bangalore Mirror |language=en}}</ref> Chetty also contributed {{INR convert|0.75|l|year=1933}} for the construction.<ref name="Men"/><br />
<br />
Construction of the Town Hall began in March 1933. Maharaja [[Krishna Raja Wadiyar IV]] laid the foundation stone, and the building was completed in 1935. It was officially inaugurated on 11 September 1935 by the Maharaja’s son, Prince [[Kanteerava Narasimharaja Wadiyar|Kanteerava Narasimharaja]]. The total construction cost of the porject is {{INR convert|1.75|l|year=1935}}.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Story of Town Hall - www.bangalorebest.com |url=http://www.bangalorebest.com/discoverbangalore/sightseeing/TimeLine/town.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100324003810/http://www.bangalorebest.com/discoverbangalore/sightseeing/TimeLine/town.asp |archive-date=2010-03-24 |access-date=2025-06-22 |website=www.bangalorebest.com}}</ref> The hall was named in honor of K. P. Puttanna Chetty (often spelled "Shetty") as Sir Puttannachetty Town Hall.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jayapal |first=Maya |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Bangalore/UEluAAAAMAAJ |title=Bangalore: The Story of a City |date=1997 |publisher=Eastwest Books (Madras) |page=134 |isbn=978-81-86852-09-5 |language=en}}</ref><br />
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[[Mirza Ismail|Sir Mirza Ismail]], the Mysore state [[Dewan]] who later governed [[Jaipur]] and [[Hyderabad]], was the civil engineer for the Town Hall project.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gupta |first=Narayani |date=2020-01-05 |title=Mirza Ismail, the 'serial Diwan' who made industrial Bangalore beautiful, painted Jaipur |url=https://theprint.in/opinion/sahapedia/mirza-ismail-serial-diwan-who-made-industrial-bangalore-beautiful-painted-jaipur/344807/ |access-date=2025-06-22 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref> The design was inspired by a stately façade of dressed stone with a front like [[Ancient Greek temple|Greek temple]]. Inside, the building originally accommodated about 1,038 people on wooden benches. Over time, the Town Hall became a focal point for Bangalore’s civic and cultural activities. It was used for city council meetings, public ceremonies, concerts, plays and exhibitions throughout the 20th century.<ref name="Divya">{{Cite news |last=Shekhar |first=Divya |date=2015-05-28 |title=The British tried to promote democratic values through Bengaluru's Town Hall |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/the-british-tried-to-promote-democratic-values-through-bengalurus-town-hall/articleshow/47454384.cms |access-date=2025-06-22 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><br />
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In 1976, [[Chief Minister of Karnataka|Karnataka’s Chief Minister]] [[D. Devaraj Urs|Devaraj Urs]] ordered a renovation of the aging structure. However, the work was only completed around 1990.<ref name="Divya"/> Decades later, the city’s ''Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike (BBMP)'' again renovated the Town Hall in 2014–2015 at a reported cost of about ₹5 crore. During this modernization, they added centralized air-conditioning, new lighting and sound systems, a rebuilt stage and improved seating. The hall was closed for renovation in late 2014 and re‑opened in April 2015.<ref name="Mike">{{Cite web |title=Mike testing 1, 2, 3...With that, BBMP has spent your Rs 97 lakh |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/cover-story/mike-testing-1-2-3-with-that-bbmp-has-spent-your-rs-97-lakh/articleshow/69965757.cms |access-date=2025-06-22 |website=Bangalore Mirror |language=en}}</ref> In 2013–2014, the BBMP briefly proposed [[Mortgage|mortgaging]] the Town Hall to secure loans for city projects. Backlash from public led officials to abandon the loan scheme and instead focus on raising funds through repairs and rental income.<ref name="rental">{{Cite web |last=Chaturvedi |first=Atul |title=Town Hall rentals to be slashed to Rs 30k–Rs 67k |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/civic/bbmp-sir-puttanna-chetty-town-hall/articleshow/49328833.cms |access-date=2025-06-22 |website=Bangalore Mirror |language=en}}</ref> Around that time, there was also rumour of "renaming" the building to ''Puttanna Shetty Hall'' and installing a statue of Chetty as a way to honor the donor.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-06-26 |title=Town Hall to Get Facelift |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2014/Jun/26/town-hall-to-get-facelift-628850.html |access-date=2025-06-22 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><br />
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== Architecture and design ==<br />
Bengaluru Town Hall is designed in a [[Neoclassicism|neoclassical style]] with façade including a broad [[portico]] with [[Tuscan order|Tuscan-style columns]] supporting a triangular pediment.<ref name="Men"/> The front elevation is built of pale stone, with six massive columns (in [[Doric order|Doric]]/Tuscan form) framing three arched doorways topped by a [[Cornice|corniced entablature]]. Above the entablature is a high pediment inscribed with “Sir Puttannachetty Townhall” in both English and Kannada (reflecting the hall’s heritage). This stately classical temple-like face gives the Town Hall its distinctive Athens inspired look.<ref name="Men"/><br />
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The main hall has dimensions of 150 feet length by 110 feet wide, with a high, gently curved ceiling. The interior was originally plain plaster and wood, following later renovations, it has now a painted ceiling with decorative moldings.<ref name="Mike"/> The focal area is a [[Proscenium|proscenium style]] stage at one end of the hall, with back-stage rooms and green rooms behind the stage. Originally the hall was fitted with long wooden benches for 1,038 people. In the 2014–15 update, many of these benches were replaced by individual cushioned seats and were later reconfigured to about 810 total.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Khajane |first=Muralidhara |date=2014-09-10 |title=Town Hall turns 80 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/town-hall-turns-80-today/article6398146.ece |access-date=2025-06-22 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The interior flooring and finishes were also partly updated. The entrance lobby and side corridors are paved with large cement blocks, while the main platform and steps were originally granite or marble.<br />
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According to BBMP reports, the exterior portico and side corridors were originally laid with [[Makrana marble|Rajasthani marble]] slabs were also renovated. Doorways that were plain wood were upgraded: the large front doors were replaced with carved teak doors decorated with geometric and floral motifs. Structurally, the Town Hall was built with thick walls of dressed stone. The façade columns are partially squared (not fully round), a version of the Tuscan/Doric order without fluting. These support a heavy horizontal cornice with classical [[Molding (decorative)|moldings]]. The pediment above has minimal ornamentation, originally plain, it is now embossed with lettering.<ref name="breathe"/><br />
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Later upgrades have subtly altered the design details. In 2014–15, a steel framework was built over the stage and a new lighting grid was installed. The ceiling was repainted white for brightness, and new chandeliers were fitted in the middle of the hall in a shape vaguely inspired by [[Victoria Hall, Saltaire|Victorian hall]] lights.<ref name="breathe"/> The balcony railings were re-cast with decorative [[baluster]]s, and now carry bands of gold paint as part of an aesthetic overhaul. On the exterior, the renovation left the façade mostly intact, only applying an acid-wash cleaning to remove sootbangaloremirror.indiatimes.com. The original script (“Sir Puttannachetty Townhall” in Kannada and English) has been preserved on the portico.<ref name="Men"/><br />
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== Cultural significance ==<br />
[[File:Bangalore Gay Pride Parade (37).jpg|thumb|[[Bengaluru Namma Pride March]] at Bangalore Town Hall]]<br />
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Bengaluru Town Hall has long been one of the city’s principal cultural and civic venues. Throughout its history it has hosted [[Play (theatre)|theatrical plays]], [[Concert|music concerts]], dance recitals, [[film festival]]s, public lectures, and film premieres.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tourism {{!}} District Bengaluru Urban, Government of Karnataka {{!}} India |url=https://bengaluruurban.nic.in/en/tourism/ |access-date=2025-06-22 |language=en-US}}</ref> It has accommodated official city functions such as swearing-in ceremonies and legislative addresses. The availability of a large hall in the city centre made it the "foremost address" for big gatherings when it was built. The Town Hall played a symbolic role in opening up public space. In the [[British Raj|colonial era]], gatherings were normally held in temples or mosques, the creation of a secular civic auditorium was seen as a democratizing move.<ref name="Divya"/> BBMP officials report about ten events per month on average as of 2019.<ref name="Mike"/> In mid-2010s, the BBMP’s rental schedule was even restructured to lower costs for local-language and non-profit events.<ref name="rental"/><br />
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In terms of heritage status, Bengaluru Town Hall is widely recognized as historically and architecturally significant, but it has not been formally declared a protected heritage structure by the government. Local heritage experts have noted that the building meets criteria (age, architecture and cultural value), yet no official nomination was made. In practice, the BBMP has treated it as a heritage site when planning renovations, for example, in 2013 an official said the Town Hall’s "heritage status" would guide restoration work.<ref name="breathe"/><br />
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==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
{{Commons category|Sir Puttanna Chetty Town Hall}}<br />
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* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100324003810/http://www.bangalorebest.com/discoverbangalore/sightseeing/TimeLine/town.asp The Story of Town Hall]<br />
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{{Bangalore topics}}<br />
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[[Category:City and town halls in India]]<br />
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Bengaluru]]<br />
[[Category:Government buildings completed in 1935]]<br />
[[Category:1935 establishments in British India]]<br />
[[Category:British colonial architecture in India]]<br />
[[Category:Neoclassical architecture in India]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century architecture in India]]</div>Camorabughttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Montagu_Sherard_Dawes_Butler&diff=518383Montagu Sherard Dawes Butler2026-04-04T21:17:41Z<p>Camorabug: Starting New Stub</p>
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<div>{{short description|Pakistani politician}}<br />
{{Use British English|date=November 2017}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2017}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
|honorific_prefix = Sir<br />
|name = Montagu Butler<br />
|honorific_suffix = [[Order of the Star of India|KCSI]] [[Order of the Bath|CB]] [[Order of the Indian Empire|CIE]] [[Royal Victorian Order|CVO]] [[Order of the British Empire|CBE]]<br />
|image = Sir Montagu Butler 1932.jpg<br />
|alt = <br />
|caption = <br />
|order = 16th<br />
|office = Lieutenant Governor of the Isle of Man<br />
|term_start = 1933<br />
|term_end = 1937<br />
|monarch = [[George V]]<br>[[Edward VIII]]<br>[[George VI]]<br />
|predecessor = [[Claude Hill]]<br />
|successor = [[William Leveson-Gower, 4th Earl Granville|Earl Granville]]<br />
|birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1873|05|19}}<br />
|birth_place = <br />
|death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1952|11|07|1873|05|19}}<br />
|death_place = <br />
|birth_name = Montagu Sherard Dawes Butler<br />
|spouse = Ann Gertrude Smith<br />
|children = [[Rab Butler|Richard]], [[Iris Butler|Iris]], [[Dorothy Middleton|Dorothy]], John<br />
|alma_mater = [[Pembroke College, Cambridge]] <br />
|occupation = <br />
<!--Military service--><br />
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| rank = <br />
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}}<br />
'''Sir Montagu Sherard Dawes Butler''', {{postnominals|country=GBR|size=100%|sep=,|KCSI|CB|CIE|CVO|CBE}} (19 May 1873 – 7 November 1952) was [[List of Governors of the Central Provinces and Berar|Governor of the Central Provinces]] of British India (1925–33), [[Lieutenant Governor of the Isle of Man]] (1933–37), and [[List of masters of Pembroke College, Cambridge|Master]] of [[Pembroke College, Cambridge]] (1937–48).<br />
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==Career==<br />
Born at Julian Hill, a grade II [[listed building]] in [[Harrow, London|Harrow]], London, to Spencer Percival Butler and Mary Kendall, Butler was educated at [[Haileybury and Imperial Service College|Haileybury]] and [[Pembroke College, Cambridge]].<ref>{{acad|id=BTLR891MS|name=Butler, Montagu Sherard Dawes}}</ref> He graduated with a [[double first]], having also been [[list of Cambridge Union Society presidents|President]] of the [[Cambridge Union Society]] in Easter (summer) Term 1895.<ref>Jago 2015, p.2</ref> He became a Fellow of Pembroke in 1895 and entered the [[Indian Civil Service]] in 1896,<ref name="auden" /> having come top in the entrance exam.<ref>Matthew 2004, p199</ref><br />
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He was appointed a [[Companion of the Order of the Indian Empire]] in 1909.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=28263|supp=y|page=4856|date=22 June 1909}}</ref> From 1912 to 1916 he was secretary of the [[Royal Commission on the Public Services in India|Islington Commission]] on Public Services in India.<ref>Jago 2015, p7</ref> He was appointed a [[Companion of the Order of the Bath]] in 1916,<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=29423|supp=y|page=81|date=31 December 1915}}</ref> a [[Commander of the Royal Victorian Order]] in 1918 and a [[Commander of the Order of the British Empire]] on 30 December 1919; he was Deputy Commissioner for the Punjab at the time.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=31709|supp=y|page=16098|date=30 December 1919}}</ref> In 1921 he became President of the [[Punjab Legislative Assembly (British India)|Punjab Legislative Council]].<ref>Howard 1987, p.15</ref><br />
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He was appointed a [[Knight Bachelor]] in the 1924 King's Birthday Honours,<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=32941|supp=y|page=4407|date=30 May 1924}}</ref> and was further knighted as a [[Knight Commander of the Order of the Star of India]] in December of that year upon his appointment as Governor of the [[Central Provinces]].<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=33002|page=9149|date=16 December 1924}}</ref> He was President of the [[Council of State (India)|Council of State]] of India from 1924 to 1925<ref name="auden" /> and Governor of the Central Provinces from 1925 to 1933,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nagpur District Gazette|url=http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/FINAL_GAZETTEE/history.html}}</ref> and during this same time was chancellor of [[Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University|Nagpur University]].<ref name="auden" /><br />
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Butler did not approve of the policies of [[Edward Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax|Lord Irwin]], whom he thought a "weak, well-meaning [[Viceroy of India|viceroy]]" for his moves towards greater Indian self-government. Whereas no Indians had been included in the [[Simon Commission]] of the late 1920s, Irwin wanted them involved in further talks, and issued the famous Irwin Declaration on 31 October 1929.<ref name="Jago 2015, p65-7">Jago 2015, p65-7</ref> Butler, by contrast, wrote to his son Rab (13 August 1930) that "There is nothing like a cut across the buttocks for checking religious emotions – I have generally ordered whipping for the low class people caught at this game".<ref name="Howard 1987, p. 49-50">Howard 1987, p. 49-50</ref> The first [[Round Table Conference]] began in November 1930. The [[Gandhi–Irwin Pact]] followed on 5 March 1931, followed by a release of prisoners.<ref name="Jago 2015, p65-7"/> Butler had wanted to be an official delegate to the Round Table Conference and wrote of [[Mahatma Gandhi|Gandhi]] (28 July 1931) "All this slobber over him disgusts me".<ref name="Howard 1987, p. 49-50"/> The Second Round Table Conference began in September 1931, with the [[Indian National Congress|Indian Congress Party]] taking part.<ref name="Jago 2015, p65-7"/><br />
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Butler was passed over for two other major governorships. His son [[Rab Butler|Rab]], then [[Under-Secretary of State for India]], lobbied [[Buckingham Palace]] and the [[Home Office]] for his father to be given a job. He returned to the British Isles and was appointed [[Lieutenant Governor of the Isle of Man]] on 1 May 1933.<ref>Howard 1987, p. 59-60</ref> He held that post from 1933 to 1937, and was then [[List of masters of Pembroke College, Cambridge|Master of Pembroke College, Cambridge]] from 1937 to 1948.<ref name="auden" /><br />
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Butler and his wife visited their son Rab, then [[Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs]], at the Foreign Office on 23 November 1938. The diarist [[Chips Channon]], who was Rab's [[Parliamentary Private Secretary|PPS]], thought Sir Monty "a fat little fellow of sixty" but Lady Butler "a grand old girl".<ref>Jago 2015, p14</ref> Butler was also [[Mayor of Cambridge]] for two years between 1941 and 1943.<ref name="auden" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cambridge.gov.uk/ccm/content/council-and-democracy/how-the-council-works/the-mayor/cambridge-mayors-1940-1950.en|title=Cambridge mayors 1940–1950|publisher=Cambridge City Council|access-date=4 March 2011}}{{Dead link|date=April 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><br />
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Butler died on 7 November 1952. His obituary in ''[[The Times]]'' wrote of his "knack in the handling of men" and of how "ardent disciples of the Gandhian cult were turned into loyal supporters through the tonic effect of responsibility for administration". A memorial service was held at Pembroke on 15 November. The [[Hamidullah Khan|Nawab of Bhopal]] and the Maharao of [[Kota State]] wrote to Rab (who by then was [[Chancellor of the Exchequer]]) praising his "illustrious" father. [[Oliver Franks, Baron Franks|Oliver Franks]] wrote to Rab that his father had been kind to him when he took over as [[List of provosts of The Queen's College, Oxford|Provost of Queen's College, Oxford]] in 1946. A recent Pembroke graduate wrote to tell Rab of the affection in which his father had been held.<ref>Jago 2015, p220</ref><br />
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Butler's estate was valued for probate in 1952 at £33,413 7s 1d (approximately £850,000 at 2015 prices).<ref name="measuringworth.com">{{Cite web |url=http://www.measuringworth.com/ukcompare/result.php |title=Compute the Relative Value of a U.K. Pound |access-date=28 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331194822/https://measuringworth.com/ukcompare/result.php |archive-date=31 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>Jago 2015, p17</ref><br />
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==Family==<br />
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His parents were Spencer Perceval Butler (son of [[George Butler (headmaster)|George Butler]], a former headmaster of [[Harrow School]]) and Mary, the only child of the Rev. Nicholas Kendall of Bodmin.<ref name="auden" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/32215/?back=,30886|title=Butler, Sir Montagu Sherard Dawes |publisher=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography|access-date=19 June 2012}}</ref> His brothers included Sir Cyril Kendall Butler [[Commander of the Order of the British Empire|KBE]], [[Harcourt Butler|Sir Spencer Harcourt Butler]], [[Geoffrey G. Butler|Sir George Geoffrey Gilbert Butler KBE]] and Arthur Francis Norman-Butler [[Commander of the Order of the British Empire|OBE]].<ref name="auden" /><br />
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In 1901 he married Ann Gertrude Smith, daughter of [[George Smith (1833-1919)|George Smith]] and sister of the Indian administrators Sir [[James Dunlop Smith]] and [[Charles Aitchison Smith]] and Sir [[George Adam Smith]], Principal of the [[University of Aberdeen]].<ref name="auden" /> They had two sons and two daughters:<br />
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* [[Rab Butler|Richard Austen "Rab" Butler]] (1902–1982), the [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]] statesman<br />
* [[Iris Mary Butler]] (1905–2002), a journalist and historian, the mother of [[Jane Williams, Baroness Williams of Elvel|Lady Williams of Elvel]] and the grandmother of [[Justin Welby]], [[Archbishop of Canterbury]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://thepeerage.com/p8009.htm#i80086 |title=The Peerage Site}}</ref><br />
* [[Dorothy Middleton]] (1909–1999), a writer and geographer<br />
* John Perceval Butler (1914–1942), a [[Pilot Officer]]<br />
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==References==<br />
{{Reflist|refs=<br />
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<ref name="auden">{{cite web|title=W. H. Auden - 'Family Ghosts'|url=http://auden.stanford.edu/cgi-bin/auden/individual.php?pid=I13969&ged=auden-bicknell.ged|access-date=4 March 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720045225/http://auden.stanford.edu/cgi-bin/auden/individual.php?pid=I13969&ged=auden-bicknell.ged|archive-date=20 July 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
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|30em}}<br />
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==Works cited==<br />
* [[Anthony Howard (journalist)|Howard, Anthony]] ''RAB: The Life of R. A. Butler'', Jonathan Cape 1987 {{ISBN|978-0224018623}}<br />
* Jago, Michael ''Rab Butler: The Best Prime Minister We Never Had?'', Biteback Publishing 2015 {{ISBN|978-1849549202}}<br />
* {{cite book|editor-last = Matthew |editor-first = Colin| author-link = Colin Matthew| year = 2004| title = Dictionary of National Biography|volume = 9| location = Oxford| publisher = Oxford University Press| isbn = 978-0198614111}} (essay on [[Rab Butler]])<br />
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==External links==<br />
*{{NPG name|80454|Sir Montagu Sherard Dawes Butler}}<br />
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{{s-start}}<br />
{{S-gov}}<br />
{{succession box |title=[[Lieutenant Governor of the Isle of Man]]|<br />
years=1933–1937|<br />
before=[[Claude Hill|Sir Claude Hill]]|<br />
after=[[William Leveson-Gower, 4th Earl Granville|Earl Granville]]}}<br />
|-<br />
{{s-aca}}<br />
{{s-bef|before=[[Arthur Hutchinson (mineralogist)|Arthur Hutchinson]]}}<br />
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of Masters of Pembroke College, Cambridge|Master of Pembroke College, Cambridge]]|years=1937–1948}}<br />
{{s-aft|after=[[Sydney Castle Roberts]]}}<br />
{{s-end}}<br />
{{Speaker Provincial Assembly Punjab}}<br />
{{Governor of the Isle of Man}}<br />
{{Masters of Pembroke College, Cambridge}}<br />
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{{Authority control}}<br />
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Butler, Montagu Sherard Dawes}}<br />
[[Category:1873 births]]<br />
[[Category:1952 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:Indian Civil Service (British India) officers]]<br />
[[Category:Masters of Pembroke College, Cambridge]]<br />
[[Category:Knights Commander of the Order of the Star of India]]<br />
[[Category:Knights Bachelor]]<br />
[[Category:Companions of the Order of the Bath]]<br />
[[Category:Commanders of the Royal Victorian Order]]<br />
[[Category:Companions of the Order of the Indian Empire]]<br />
[[Category:Commanders of the Order of the British Empire]]<br />
[[Category:Lieutenant governors of the Isle of Man]]<br />
[[Category:Alumni of Pembroke College, Cambridge]]<br />
[[Category:Mayors of Cambridge]]<br />
[[Category:Presidents of the Cambridge Union]]<br />
[[Category:People educated at Haileybury and Imperial Service College]]<br />
[[Category:Members of the Council of State (India)]]<br />
[[Category:Montagu Butler family|Montagu]]</div>Camorabughttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aaquib_Wani&diff=484044Aaquib Wani2026-04-01T18:59:57Z<p>Camorabug: put up new article from scratch</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Indian designer}}<br />
{{Orphan|date=March 2026}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2026}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Aaquib Wani<br />
| image = <br />
| caption = <br />
| birth_place = [[New Delhi]], India<br />
| occupation = Experiential designer, art director<br />
| organization = Aaquib Wani Design<br />
| known_for = Designing official sports kits for the [[India national cricket team]], [[2024 Paris Olympics]] Indian contingent, and [[2022 Asian Games]] Indian contingent<br />
| awards = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Aaquib Wani''' is an Indian experiential designer and art director based in New Delhi. He is the founder and creative director of Aaquib Wani Design. Wani is recognized for integrating traditional Indian heritage and crafts into contemporary spatial and apparel design.<ref name="Forbes2021">{{cite web |first=Benu |last=Joshi Routh |date=Feb 5, 2021 |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/30-under-30-2021/aaquib-wani-bringing-technology-to-experiential-design/66271/1 |title=Aaquib Wani: Bringing technology to experiential design |website=Forbes India |access-date=2026-02-23 }}</ref> He has designed official sports kits for the [[India national cricket team]], as well as the Indian contingents for the [[2024 Summer Olympics]] and the [[2022 Asian Games]].<ref name="IE2025">{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Shweta |date=2025-01-09 |title=Inside the mind of Aaquib Wani, man behind Team India's Olympic kit, national cricket jerseys, and more |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/life-style/aaquib-wani-man-behind-team-india-olympic-kit-mens-cricket-jersey-design-9766577/ |access-date=2026-02-23 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> In 2021, he was included in the ''Forbes India'' 30 Under 30 list for Design.<ref name="Forbes2021" /><br />
<br />
==Early life==<br />
Wani was born and raised in New Delhi, though his family is from Kashmir. His father's involvement in the Kashmiri arts and crafts business exposed Wani to traditional artisans and intricate local designs during his childhood.<ref name="ElleMedia">{{Cite web |last=Bajpai |first=Shivpriya |date=2023-04-04 |title=Transcending Artistic Media With Aaquib Wani |url=https://elle.in/transcending-artistic-media-aaquib-wani/ |access-date=2026-02-23 |website=Elle India |language=en}}</ref> Growing up, Wani struggled with academics and failed the 11th grade twice. Despite having no formal education or collegiate training in design, he took a keen interest in music and art, participating in his school's orchestra.<ref name="RollingStone2026">{{Cite web |last=Nair |first=Sharanyaa |date=2026-01-08 |title=Front Of House: The Backbone of Indian Concert Culture |url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/front-of-house-the-backbone-of-indian-concert-culture/ |access-date=2026-02-23 |website=Rolling Stone India |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="HT2023">{{Cite web |first=Kriti |last=Kambiri |date=2023-09-25 |title=Designer Aaquib Wani: Didn't go to college but my designs are at the Asian Games |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/htcity/htcity-delhi-junction/designer-aaquib-wani-didn-t-go-to-college-but-my-designs-are-at-the-asian-games-101695106363943.html |access-date=2026-02-23 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Career==<br />
===Early career (2006–2017)===<br />
Wani's career in design began through his passion for music. From 2006 to 2014, he was the lead guitarist for a thrash metal band named Phobia. To help promote the band, he began designing their merchandise, album covers, and gig posters, which eventually led to design requests from other musical acts.<ref name="Forbes2021" /><ref name="RollingStone2026" /> In 2009, he joined the music magazine ''Rock Street Journal'' as a graphic design intern. By 2013, he had been promoted to the role of art director.<ref name="Forbes2021" /><br />
<br />
In 2014, Wani joined Scenografia Sumant, a studio run by contemporary scenographer [[Sumant Jayakrishnan]]. There, Wani transitioned from print graphics to large-scale 3D spatial design, working on music festivals, weddings, and exhibitions.<ref name="Forbes2021" /> As part of Jayakrishnan's team, he represented India at the [[London Design Biennale]] in 2016.<ref name="ElleMedia" /><br />
<br />
===Aaquib Wani Design (2018–present)===<br />
Wani founded his independent studio, Aaquib Wani Design, in 2018, focusing on world-building, interactive installations, and experiential design.<ref name="TheHindu2024">{{Cite news |first=Varun |last=Rana |first2=Anurag |last2=Tagat |first3=Aatish |last3=Nath |date=2025-02-28 |title=World building is their forte {{!}} Eeshaan Kashyap to Aaquib Wani, the most wanted creatives |url=https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/eeshaan-kashyap-tablescape-aaquib-wani-world-building-design-styling-doyel-joshi-neil-ghose-balser-tahir-sultan/article69265543.ece |access-date=2026-02-23 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name="News182024">{{Cite news |first=Akshata |last=Shetty |date=July 30, 2025 |title=Aaquib Wani: A Good Set Is One That Expands The World The Designer Is Creating |url=https://www.news18.com/lifestyle/aaquib-wani-a-good-set-is-one-that-expands-the-world-the-designer-is-creating-9472660.html |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20251105164358/https://www.news18.com/lifestyle/aaquib-wani-a-good-set-is-one-that-expands-the-world-the-designer-is-creating-9472660.html |archive-date=2025-11-05 |access-date=2026-02-23 |work=News18 |language=en-US}}</ref> His work is noted for blending modern aesthetics with traditional Indian art forms. For [[Isha Ambani]]'s wedding events in [[Udaipur]], his studio conceptualized the "Swadesh Bazaar," a craft exhibition featuring 108 traditional Indian crafts. For this project, Wani brought 150 artisans from West Bengal to create intricate decor using ''[[sholapith]]''.<ref name="ElleMedia" /><ref name="IE2025" /> He also led the spatial design and brand identity for the international music festival [[Lollapalooza India]].<ref name="RollingStone2026" /><br />
<br />
Wani also launched "Aaquib Wani Custom Wearables," an initiative where he partnered with local street sign painters and rural artisans to create hand-painted jackets and apparel, incorporating traditional styles like [[Madhubani art|Madhubani]] and [[Pattachitra]].<ref name="ElleMedia" /><br />
<br />
====Sports apparel design====<br />
Wani's studio has gained significant recognition for designing apparel for major Indian sports teams, aiming to embed cultural storytelling into athletic wear.<br />
<br />
* Real Kashmir FC: Reflecting his own heritage, Wani incorporated traditional Kashmiri Kani [[Pashmina shawl]] patterns into the jersey design for [[Real Kashmir FC]].<ref name="Siasat2023">{{Cite web |last=Manikandan |first=Abhishek |date=2023-06-24 |title=Aaquib Wani and the jerseys that stay true to their roots |url=https://www.siasat.com/aaquib-wani-and-the-jerseys-that-stay-true-to-their-roots-2623482/ |access-date=2026-02-23 |website=The Siasat Daily |language=en}}</ref><br />
* Rajasthan Royals: For the 2023 [[Indian Premier League]], Wani designed kits for the [[Rajasthan Royals]]. The playing jersey was inspired by Rajasthan's traditional [[stepwell]]s, while the training kit featured ''[[jali]]'' (latticed screen) motifs.<ref name="Siasat2023" /><br />
* Asian Games 2022: Wani designed the official tracksuits and sportswear for the Indian contingent at the [[2022 Asian Games]]. He sourced diverse regional motifs—such as [[Bagh print]]s, bamboo basketry patterns, and ''[[Telia Rumal]]''—inspired by [[Aditi Ranjan]]'s book ''Handmade in India''.<ref name="HT2023" /><br />
* Indian National Cricket Team: Working with [[Adidas]], Wani designed the official match kits for India's men's and women's cricket teams. The [[One Day International|ODI]] jersey featured an [[Ikat]] pattern inspired by the tiger, while the [[Twenty20|T20]] jersey incorporated architectural arches from Indian heritage monuments and a tricolor shoulder design.<ref name="IE2025" /><ref name="Siasat2023" /><ref name="ForbesCricket">{{cite web |first=Mohsin |last=Kamal |date=Jun 21, 2023 |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/news/meet-the-man-who-designed-the-new-jerseys-for-indian-cricketers/85985/1 |title=Meet the man who designed the new jerseys for Indian cricketers |website=Forbes India |access-date=2026-02-23 }}</ref><br />
* Paris 2024 Olympics: [[JSW Group]] commissioned Wani to design the official ceremonial and athletic kits for Team India at the [[2024 Summer Olympics]]. The designs were conceptualized around the diverse terrains and topographical landscapes of India.<ref name="IE2025" /><ref name="ElleOlympics2024">{{Cite web |last=Sinha |first=Ekta |date=2024-07-12 |title=In Conversation With Aaquib Wani On Designing Team India's Olympic Kit |url=https://elle.in/aaquib-wani-on-designing-team-india-olympic-kit-2024/ |access-date=2026-02-23 |website=Elle India |language=en}}</ref><br />
* Ahmedabad Marathon: Wani designed the official jersey for the 9th Adani Ahmedabad Marathon, utilizing community-sourced design ideas and incorporating visual elements inspired by recycled plastic bottle caps to promote sustainability.<ref name="Tribune2025">{{Cite web |agency=ANI |date=Oct 8, 2025 |title=Aaquib Wani to design Ahmedabad Marathon jersey with community creativity |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/sports/aaquib-wani-to-design-ahmedabad-marathon-jersey-with-community-creativity/ |access-date=2026-02-23 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Awards and recognition==<br />
* 2021: ''[[Forbes India]]'' 30 Under 30 for Design.<ref name="Forbes2021" /><br />
* 2023: Featured in the ''Grazia'' Cool List.<ref name="Grazia2023">{{cite web |url=https://www.grazia.co.in/people/grazia-cool-list-2023-aaquib-wani-11453.html |title=Grazia Cool List 2023: Aaquib Wani |website=Grazia India}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Wani, Aaquib}}<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian designers]]<br />
[[Category:Indian art directors]]<br />
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]</div>Camorabughttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shobha_Gasti&diff=535201Shobha Gasti2026-03-31T13:14:00Z<p>Camorabug: created the stub added tags</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian activist}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}<br />
[[File:Nari Shakti Puraskar to Shobha Gasti for remarkable efforts in empowerment of women and girls.jpg|Gasti receives the [[Nari Shakti Puraskar]] from [[Ram Nath Kovind]], March 2022|thumb|right|alt=Man presents award to woman]]<br />
'''Shobha Gasti''' is an Indian activist based in [[Belgaum]] in the Indian state of [[Karnataka]]. She founded Mahila Abhivrudhi Mattu Samrakshana Samasthe (MASS) in 1997. It helps former [[Devadasi]] women in 360 villages in Karnataka to move forward in their lives.<ref name="HT-22">{{cite news |title=Shobha Gasti and Nivruti Rai from Karnataka honoured by the President |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/bengaluru-news/shobha-gasti-and-nivruti-rai-from-karnataka-honoured-by-the-president-101646749992326.html |access-date=21 April 2022 |work=Hindustan Times |date=9 March 2022 |language=en |archive-date=19 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319155333/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/bengaluru-news/shobha-gasti-and-nivruti-rai-from-karnataka-honoured-by-the-president-101646749992326.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="ToI">{{cite news |last1=Boruah |first1=Maitreyee |title=NGOs hail SC directive to stop Devadasi system – Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/ngos-hail-sc-directive-to-stop-devadasi-system/articleshow/30500056.cms |access-date=21 April 2022 |work=The Times of India |date=16 February 2014 |language=en |archive-date=5 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151005222546/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/NGOs-hail-SC-directive-to-stop-Devadasi-system/articleshow/30500056.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Having begun with 2,500 members, by 2014 it had 3,600 participants.<ref name="ToI" /> MASS succeeded in securing pensions for former Devadasis who were over 45 years old.<ref name="ToI-2014">{{cite news |title=Elusive pension pushes devadasis into distress |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/elusive-pension-pushes-devadasis-into-distress/articleshow/34700042.cms |access-date=21 April 2022 |work=The Times of India |date=6 May 2014 |language=en |archive-date=30 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930013913/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/Elusive-pension-pushes-devadasis-into-distress/articleshow/34700042.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Gasti also promotes [[children's rights]], working with groups such as [[Child Rights and You]] (CRY).<ref name="BNN">{{cite news |title=The President of India Recognized Shobha Gasti's work on Girl Child Education and Devadasi Women |url=http://bangalorenewsnetwork.com/news_detail.php?f_news_id=1954 |access-date=21 April 2022 |work=Bangalore News Network |date=10 January 2020 |language=English |archive-date=21 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220421193621/http://bangalorenewsnetwork.com/news_detail.php?f_news_id=1954 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
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In recognition of her work, Gasti was given the 2021 [[Nari Shakti Puraskar]] by President [[Ram Nath Kovind]] in 2022.<ref name="IE">{{cite news |title=Karnataka Bengaluru News Highlights: State reports 197 Covid-19 cases, 8 deaths |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/karnataka-bengaluru-news-live-covid-bjp-congress-bitcoin-hacker-case-7806146/ |access-date=21 April 2022 |work=The Indian Express |date=8 March 2022 |language=en |archive-date=8 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220308185542/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/karnataka-bengaluru-news-live-covid-bjp-congress-bitcoin-hacker-case-7806146/ |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
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== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Nari Shakti Puraskar}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Gasti, Shobha}}<br />
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br />
[[Category:People from Belgaum]]<br />
[[Category:Indian women activists]]<br />
[[Category:Indian children's rights activists]]<br />
[[Category:Nari Shakti Puraskar winners]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian people]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian women]]<br />
[[Category:Activists from Karnataka]]</div>Camorabughttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kempegowda_International_Airport&diff=469972Kempegowda International Airport2026-03-28T15:54:08Z<p>Camorabug: minor refine structure for consistency and updated info</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Airport serving Bengaluru, Karnataka, India}}<br />
{{pp-semi-indef|small=yes}}<br />
{{good article}}<br />
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2025}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox airport<br />
| name = Kempegowda International Airport<br />
| image = Kempegowda International Airport Bengaluru Logo.svg<br />
| image-width = 200<br />
| image2 = 2024-12-08-00 00 2024-12-08-23 59 Sentinel-2 L2A True color (1).jpg<br />
| caption2 = Satellite image of the airport<br />
| IATA = BLR<br />
| ICAO = VOBL<br />
| pushpin_map = India Karnataka#India<br />
| pushpin_label = '''BLR'''<br />
| pushpin_map_caption = Location of airport in Karnataka<br />
| image_map_caption = Location of airport in [[Karnataka]]<br />
| type = Public<br />
| owner-oper = Bengaluru International Airport Limited (BIAL)<br />
{{smalldiv|<br />
*[[Fairfax Financial|Fairfax India Holdings]] (54%)<br />
*[[Siemens Financial Services|Siemens Project Ventures GmbH]] (20%)<br />
*[[Airports Authority of India]] (13%)<br />
*Karnataka State Industrial and Infrastructure Development Corp. Ltd. (13%)<ref>{{cite news |title=Prem Watsa's Fairfax now owns Bengaluru Airport – Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/prem-watsas-fairfax-now-owns-bengaluru-airport/articleshow/63547437.cms |website=The Times of India |date=30 March 2018 |access-date=20 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190508231430/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/prem-watsas-fairfax-now-owns-bengaluru-airport/articleshow/63547437.cms |archive-date=8 May 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
}}<br />
| city-served = [[Bengaluru]]<br />
| location = [[Devanahalli]], [[Bengaluru Rural district]], [[Karnataka]], India<br />
| opened = {{start date and age|2008|05|24|df=yes}}<br />
| hub = {{ubl|class=nowrap<br />
| [[Air India]]<ref>{{cite tweet |author=BLR Airport |user=BLRAirport |number=1759578709508387050 |title=We are thrilled to announce a significant milestone in Bengaluru's journey towards being a global aviation hub. Air India Limited has chosen BLR Airport as its hub in South India |date=19 February 2024 |access-date=20 February 2024}}</ref><br />
| [[Alliance Air (India)|Alliance Air]]<br />
| [[DHL Aviation]]<ref name="auto1">{{cite web |url=https://enmobile.prnasia.com/releases/apac/dhl-express-opens-its-eur22-million-expanded-bengaluru-gateway-to-support-e-commerce-growth-338361.shtml |title=DHL Express opens its EUR22 million expanded Bengaluru Gateway to support e-commerce growth |access-date=1 February 2022 |website=enmobile.prnasia.com}}</ref><br />
| [[FedEx Express]]<br />
| [[Star Air (India)|Star Air]]}}<br />
| focus_city = <br />
| operating_base = {{ubl|class=nowrap<br />
| [[Air India Express]]<ref>url=https://www.ndtvprofit.com/business/air-india-express-to-merge-with-aix-connect-in-october-hamish-maxwell-named-coo/</ref><br />
| [[Akasa Air]]<ref>url=https://theprint.in/ani-press-releases/bengaluru-based-akasa-air-unveils-new-livery-the-rising-a/785950/</ref><br />
| [[IndiGo]]}}<br />
| elevation-f = 3,002<br />
| elevation-m = 915<br />
| metric-elev = yes<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|13|11|56|N|077|42|20|E|type:airport_region:IN-KA|display=inline,title}}<br />
| website = {{URL|www.bengaluruairport.com}}<br />
| r1-number = 09L/27R<br />
| r1-length-f = 13,123<br />
| r1-length-m = 4,000<br />
| r1-surface = [[Asphalt concrete|Asphalt]]<br />
| r2-number = 09R/27L<br />
| r2-length-f = 13,123<br />
| r2-length-m = 4,000<br />
| r2-surface = Asphalt<br />
| metric-rwy = yes<br />
| stat1-header = Passengers<br />
| stat1-data = 41,875,620 ({{increase}} 11.6%)<br />
| stat2-header = International passengers<br />
| stat2-data = 5,834,155 ({{increase}} 25%)<br />
| stat3-header = Aircraft movements<br />
| stat3-data = 264,553 ({{increase}} 7.5%)<br />
| stat4-header = Cargo tonnage<br />
| stat4-data = 502,509 ({{increase}} 14.3%)<br />
| stat-year = April 2024 - March 2025<br />
| footnotes = Source: [[Airports Authority of India|AAI]]<ref name="AAI3"/><ref>{{cite web|title=Annexure II – Aircraft Movement Data|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k25Annex2.pdf|website=aai.aero|access-date=26 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Annexure IV – Freight Movement Data|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k25Annex4.pdf|website=aai.aero|access-date=26 April 2025}}</ref><br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Kempegowda International Airport''' {{airport codes|BLR|VOBL}} is an [[international airport]] serving [[Bengaluru]], the capital of the Indian state of [[Karnataka]]. Spread over {{convert|16|sqkm}}, it is located about {{convert|35|km||abbr=on}} north of the city, near the suburb of [[Devanahalli]]. It is owned and operated by Bengaluru International Airport Limited (BIAL), a [[public–private partnership|public–private consortium]]. The airport opened in May 2008, as an alternative to the increasingly congested [[HAL Airport]], the original commercial airport serving the city. It is named after [[Kempe Gowda I]], the founder of Bengaluru. It is Karnataka's first fully [[solar power]]ed airport, developed by CleanMax Solar.<ref>{{cite news |title=CleanMax Solar to power Chennai Metro – Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/cleanmax-solar-to-power-chennai-metro/articleshow/59285311.cms |work=The Times of India |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170927041952/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/cleanmax-solar-to-power-chennai-metro/articleshow/59285311.cms |archive-date=27 September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Kempegowda International Airport |url=https://cleanmaxsolar.com/pdf/BIAL-case-study.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170922194708/https://cleanmaxsolar.com/pdf/BIAL-case-study.pdf |archive-date=22 September 2017 |access-date=19 September 2017}}</ref><br />
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The airport is the [[List of the busiest airports in India|third-busiest in India]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Top 5 Airports of India by cargo traffic in 2020 |work=Reliant Logistics Institute |date=7 September 2020 |url=https://www.reliantlogisticsinstitute.com/five-busiest-airports-in-india-in-terms-of-volume-of-freight-as-per-fy-2019-2020/ |access-date=14 June 2021 |archive-date=14 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210614080258/https://www.reliantlogisticsinstitute.com/five-busiest-airports-in-india-in-terms-of-volume-of-freight-as-per-fy-2019-2020/ |url-status=live}}</ref> behind the airports in [[Indira Gandhi International Airport|Delhi]] and [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport|Mumbai]]. It is the [[List of the busiest airports in Asia|26th busiest airport in Asia]] and the 54th busiest airport in the world as of 2024.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.panynj.gov/content/dam/airports/statistics/statistics-general-info/annual-atr/ATR_2023.pdf |title=2023 Airport Traffic Report |work=Port Authority of New York and New Jersey |date=April 2024 |page=32}}</ref> In FY2024-25, the airport handled over 41.87 million passengers and {{convert|502509|t|ST}} of cargo.<ref name="AAI3">{{cite web|title=Annexure III – Passenger Data|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k25Annex3.pdf|website=aai.aero|access-date=26 April 2025}}</ref><ref name="AAI4">{{cite web |title=Annexure IV – Freight Movement Data |url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k24Annex4.pdf |website=aai.aero |access-date=20 April 2024}}</ref> The airport offers connecting flights to all 6 inhabited continents, and direct flights to 5.<br />
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The airport has two passenger terminals that handle both domestic and international operations, and two runways, the second of which was commissioned on 6 December 2019.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/airlines-/-aviation/lt-bags-bengaluru-airport-contract-to-build-terminal-two/articleshow/66054706.cms |newspaper=Economic Times |title=L&T bags Bengaluru airport contract to build terminal two |date=3 October 2018 |access-date=7 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=First flight takes off from second runway at Bengaluru airport |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/first-flight-takes-off-from-second-runway-at-bengaluru-airport/article30219423.ece |access-date=9 December 2019 |work=The Hindu |date=6 December 2019 |language=en-IN |archive-date=9 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191209170431/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/first-flight-takes-off-from-second-runway-at-bengaluru-airport/article30219423.ece |url-status=live}}</ref> The second terminal was inaugurated by [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Narendra Modi]] on 11 November 2022.<ref>{{cite news |title=PM inaugurates swanky Terminal-2 of Bengaluru airport |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2022/Nov/11/pm-inaugurates-swanky-terminal-2-of-bengaluru-airport-2517262.html |work=The New Indian Express |date=11 November 2022 |access-date=13 November 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=All international flights from Bengaluru airport will move to Terminal 2 from September 1 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/all-intl-flights-from-kia-will-move-to-t2-from-september-1/articleshow/100861031.cms |work=The Times of India |date=9 June 2023 |access-date=13 June 2023 |language=en}}</ref> There is also a cargo village with 3 cargo terminals.<br />
<br />
The airport serves a hub for [[Air India]], [[Alliance Air (India)|Alliance Air]], [[DHL Aviation]], [[FedEx Express]] and [[Star Air (India)|Star Air]],<ref name="auto1">{{cite web |url=https://enmobile.prnasia.com/releases/apac/dhl-express-opens-its-eur22-million-expanded-bengaluru-gateway-to-support-e-commerce-growth-338361.shtml |title=DHL Express opens its EUR22 million expanded Bengaluru Gateway to support e-commerce growth |access-date=1 February 2022 |website=enmobile.prnasia.com}}</ref> as well as an operating base for [[Air India Express]], [[Akasa Air]] and [[IndiGo]].<br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
=== Planning (1991–2004) ===<br />
The original airport serving Bengaluru was [[HAL Airport]], located {{convert|5|km}} from the city centre. It was the primary airport in the city until 2008. Originally established in 1942 for military and defence purposes, HAL began domestic operations for the first time in the late 1970s. The unexpected popularity of newly offered domestic flights encouraged rapid expansion of the airport. In the late 1990s, the first international services begun, with [[Air India]] flights to [[Changi Airport|Singapore]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bangalore-blr.airports-guides.com/blr_history.html |title=Bangalore Airport History |access-date=5 January 2022}}</ref> In 2000, the first foreign carrier, [[Royal Nepal Airlines]], commenced operations with flights to [[Tribhuvan International Airport|Kathmandu]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://archive.nepalitimes.com/news.php?id=8141 |title=Royal Nepal Airlines to Bangalore |access-date=5 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210713054008/http://archive.nepalitimes.com/news.php?id=8141 |archive-date=13 July 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> followed by [[Lufthansa]]'s [[Airbus A340|A340]] service to [[Germany]] a year later.<ref>{{cite news |title=Lufthansa to fly to Bangalore from September 1 |url=https://rediff.com/money/2001/mar/20air.htm |access-date=11 March 2025 |agency=[[Reuters]] |work=[[Rediff.com]] |date=20 March 2001 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010619022418/https://www.rediff.com/money/2001/mar/20air.htm |archive-date=19 June 2001 |url-status=live}}</ref> Several other major international carriers such as [[British Airways]] and [[Air France]] started serving the old airport by 2005.<ref>{{cite news |title=British Airways celebrates 10 years of flying to Bengaluru |url=https://www.india.com/business/british-airways-celebrates-10-yrs-of-flying-to-bengaluru-628042/ |access-date=11 March 2025 |work=[[Press Trust of India]] |publisher=[[India.com]] |date=13 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151018050022/https://www.india.com/business/british-airways-celebrates-10-yrs-of-flying-to-bengaluru-628042/ |archive-date=18 October 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Trévidic |first1=Bruno |title=Air France-KLM veut faire de Roissy la nouvelle porte de l'Inde |url=https://www.lesechos.fr/2005/12/air-france-klm-veut-faire-de-roissy-la-nouvelle-porte-de-linde-625475 |access-date=11 March 2025 |work=[[Les Echos (France)|Les Echos]] |date=16 December 2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250311144718/https://www.lesechos.fr/2005/12/air-france-klm-veut-faire-de-roissy-la-nouvelle-porte-de-linde-625475 |archive-date=11 March 2025 |language=fr |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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An expansion of the airport's international terminal was impossible, since there was no space in the surrounding environment, and the [[airport apron]] could only park six aircraft.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/2005/10/31/stories/2005103117400400.htm |title=Hard times ahead for city airport authorities |date=31 October 2005 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=9 March 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160403153630/http://www.thehindu.com/2005/10/31/stories/2005103117400400.htm |archive-date=3 April 2016}}</ref> In March 1991, former Chairman of the [[Airports Authority of India#History|National Airports Authority of India]] (NAAI), S. Ramanathan, convened a panel to select a site for the new airport. The panel decided on [[Devanahalli]], a village about {{convert|30|km}} north of Bengaluru.<ref name="grou">{{cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/economy/story/19970131-wranglings-between-the-centre-and-karnataka-puts-proposed-devanahalli-airport-in-limbo-831751-1997-01-30 |title=Grounded by politics |last=David |first=Stephen |date=31 January 1997 |work=[[India Today]] |access-date=30 March 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160403153833/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/wranglings-between-the-centre-and-karnataka-puts-proposed-devanahalli-airport-in-limbo/1/276255.html |archive-date=3 April 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://archives.digitaltoday.in/indiatoday/20051107/cover2.html |title=Cover Story: Bangalore |date=7 November 2005 |work=[[India Today]] |access-date=30 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091001005146/http://archives.digitaltoday.in/indiatoday/20051107/cover2.html |archive-date=1 October 2009}}</ref> The [[Government of Karnataka|State Government]] drafted a proposal to build the airport with private assistance, which the [[Government of India|Union Government]] approved in 1994.<ref name="govt">{{cite web |url=http://www.idd.kar.nic.in/bail.htm |title=Airport Projects: Bangalore International Airport |website=Infrastructure Development Department, Government of Karnataka |access-date=9 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310133412/http://www.idd.kar.nic.in/bail.htm |archive-date=10 March 2016}}</ref> In 1995, the [[Airports Authority of India]] (AAI) and the [[Government of Karnataka]] decided to call for international consortia to own, build and operate the new [[greenfield airport]].<ref name="BH">{{cite news |title=Realising the new Bangalore Airport |url=https://www.internationalairportreview.com/article/1361/realising-the-new-bangalore-airport/ |access-date=23 February 2025 |work=International Airport Review |date=28 September 2007}}</ref><br />
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In December 1995, a consortium made up of the [[Tata Group]], [[Raytheon]] and [[Singapore Changi Airport]] signed a [[memorandum of understanding|memorandum of understanding (MoU)]] with the State Government regarding participation in the project. In June 1998, however, the consortium announced it was pulling out of the project due to delays in government approval. These included disputes over the location of the new airport and the fate of HAL Airport.<ref name="grou"/><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/economy/story/19980727-tripped-by-politics-tata-group-airline-project-falls-apart-826792-1998-07-19 |title=This flight is delayed |last=Chakravarti |first=Sudeep |date=20 July 1998 |work=[[India Today]] |access-date=30 March 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160403154129/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/tripped-by-politics-tata-group-airline-project-falls-apart/1/264643.html |archive-date=3 April 2016}}</ref><br />
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In May 1999, the [[Airports Authority of India]] (AAI) and the Karnataka State Industrial and Infrastructure Development Corporation (KSIIDC) signed a memorandum of understanding (MoU) regarding the project. It would be a [[public–private partnership]], with AAI and KSIIDC holding a 26% share and private companies holding the remaining 74%.<ref name="govt"/> In January 2001, the State Government created the company Bengaluru International Airport Limited (BIAL) as a [[special purpose entity]], and began searching for partners.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2001/01/10/stories/1410043z.htm |title=Hunt for Devanahalli airport partners begins |last=D. S. |first=Madhumathi |date=9 January 2001 |newspaper=[[The Hindu Business Line]] |access-date=9 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160403154257/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2001/01/10/stories/1410043z.htm |archive-date=3 April 2016}}</ref> By November, the project had attracted [[Zurich Airport (company)|Zürich Airport]], [[Siemens Project Ventures]] and [[Larsen & Toubro]].<ref name="pp">{{cite news |url=http://www.rediff.com/money/2001/nov/01siemen.htm |title=Siemens team wins bid to build international airport in Bangalore: Reuters |date=1 November 2001 |work=[[Rediff]] |access-date=22 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024213153/http://www.rediff.com/money/2001/nov/01siemen.htm |archive-date=24 October 2012}}</ref> Construction was expected to begin in October 2002;<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/2005/05/07/stories/2005050709660500.htm |title=Devanahalli airport work has begun |date=7 May 2005 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=9 March 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160403154427/http://www.thehindu.com/2005/05/07/stories/2005050709660500.htm |archive-date=3 April 2016}}</ref> however, governmental delays persisted.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.livemint.com/Opinion/UlZNfeC5zHuAMc2rWN3eIK/Grounded-at-the-word-go.html |title=Grounded at the word go |last=Ramanathan |first=Ramesh |date=11 February 2008 |newspaper=[[Live Mint]] |access-date=9 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310220155/http://www.livemint.com/Opinion/UlZNfeC5zHuAMc2rWN3eIK/Grounded-at-the-word-go.html |archive-date=10 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2004/03/19/stories/2004031901131700.htm |title=Ministry clears Bangalore airport project – BIAL seeks review of draft version of concession pact |last=D. S. |first=Madhumathi |date=18 March 2004 |newspaper=[[The Hindu Business Line]] |access-date=9 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050913114523/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2004/03/19/stories/2004031901131700.htm |archive-date=13 September 2005}}</ref> The [[Union Council of Ministers|Union Cabinet]] approved the project in February 2000.<ref>{{cite news |title=Cabinet nod for Devanahalli airport project |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/feb02/nod.htm |access-date=5 May 2024 |work=Deccan Herald |date=2 February 2000 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000302181644/http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/feb02/nod.htm |archive-date=2 March 2000}}</ref> The [[concession (contract)|concession agreement]] between the State Government, the Union Government and BIAL was signed in July 2004, and it required the closure of HAL Airport.<ref>{{cite news |date=5 July 2004 |title=Concession agreement for airport signed |url=http://www.thehindu.com/2004/07/06/stories/2004070606800600.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050216222735/http://www.thehindu.com/2004/07/06/stories/2004070606800600.htm |archive-date=16 February 2005 |access-date=9 March 2016 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/2004/06/16/stories/2004061615330100.htm |title=All clear now for new Bangalore airport |date=15 June 2004 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=30 March 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160403154641/http://www.thehindu.com/2004/06/16/stories/2004061615330100.htm |archive-date=3 April 2016}}</ref><br />
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It took nearly a decade to progress from the initial stages of land allocation and acquisition, to the signing of shareholder agreements in 2002 and the start of construction.<ref name="BH" /><br />
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=== Design ===<br />
When the project was initiated, BIAL anticipated traffic of approximately 5 million passengers per annum in the first few years of operations. However, the scale of air traffic growth in the city meant that the figure was already breached by 2008. It took more than 9 months to redesign the project and gain permission for expansion. By the time the approvals for the reworked project were sanctioned, construction was half completed. Despite the challenges, BIAL expected the airport to be operational by the initially proposed date of completion.<ref name="BH" /><br />
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The revised increase in capacity catered to 11 million passengers per annum, more than doubling the previous estimates. BIAL's modified plan was to build a terminal with 8 [[Jet bridge|passenger boarding bridges]], 1 double arm aerobridge, 9 remote bus gates and a single, {{convert|4000|m}} long runway. BIAL also planned to build an apron with 42 Code-C aircraft stands (with 8 contact stands), as well as an air and land-side road system. The estimated cost for the entire project at the time was {{INRConvert|1930|c}}.<ref name="BH" /><br />
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=== Construction and opening (2005–2008) ===<br />
Construction commenced on 2 July 2005, and was completed in 32 months. BIAL set the launch date for 30 March 2008.<ref>{{cite news |date=27 June 2005 |title=Bangalore airport work to begin on July 2 |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-logistics/bangalore-airport-work-to-begin-on-july-2/article2181575.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160403154706/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-logistics/bangalore-airport-work-to-begin-on-july-2/article2181575.ece |archive-date=3 April 2016 |access-date=9 March 2016 |newspaper=[[The Hindu Business Line]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-logistics/bangalore-international-airport-launch-set-for-march-30/article1672728.ece |title=Bangalore international airport launch set for March 30 |last=D. S. |first=Madhumathi |date=23 October 2007 |newspaper=[[The Hindu Business Line]] |access-date=9 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160403154757/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-logistics/bangalore-international-airport-launch-set-for-march-30/article1672728.ece |archive-date=3 April 2016}}</ref> However, due to delays in establishing [[air traffic control]] services at the airport, the launch date was pushed to 11 May,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.oneindia.com/2008/03/13/bial-relents-sets-may-11-as-new-date-for-airport-opening-1205422348.html |title=BIAL relents, sets May 11 as new date for airport opening |date=13 March 2008 |work=Oneindia |access-date=9 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310135237/http://www.oneindia.com/2008/03/13/bial-relents-sets-may-11-as-new-date-for-airport-opening-1205422348.html |archive-date=10 March 2016}}</ref> and further to 24 May 2008.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.mydigitalfc.com/2008/bengaluru-airport-wait-gets-longer |title=Bengaluru airport wait gets longer |last=Urvashi |first=Jha |date=2008 |website=mydigitalfc.com |access-date=9 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160403154925/http://www.mydigitalfc.com/2008/bengaluru-airport-wait-gets-longer |archive-date=3 April 2016}}</ref><br />
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Public criticism arose with the opening of the new airport, mainly due to the closure of HAL Airport. In March 2008, AAI employees initiated a massive strike against the closure of HAL Airport in Bengaluru and [[Begumpet Airport]] in Hyderabad, fearing they would lose their jobs.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://gulfnews.com/news/asia/india/slow-take-off-for-airport-stir-1.91196 |title=Slow take-off for airport stir |date=13 March 2008 |work=Gulf News |access-date=30 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304105007/http://gulfnews.com/news/asia/india/slow-take-off-for-airport-stir-1.91196 |archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref> The Bangalore City Connect Foundation, a group of citizens and businessmen, staged a rally in mid-May, claiming the new airport was too small for the latest demand projections.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/jMGy6T5cnMis3F87KFkqOM/Citizen8217s-body-protests-closure-of-old-Bangalore-airpo.html |title=Citizen's body protests closure of old Bangalore airport |last=Raghu |first=K. |date=17 May 2008 |newspaper=[[Live Mint]] |access-date=30 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160403155052/http://www.livemint.com/Politics/jMGy6T5cnMis3F87KFkqOM/Citizen8217s-body-protests-closure-of-old-Bangalore-airpo.html |archive-date=3 April 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/7405287.stm |title=Battle over new Bangalore airport |last=Vaswani |first=Karishma |date=16 May 2008 |work=[[BBC News]] |access-date=30 March 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080521042652/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/7405287.stm |archive-date=21 May 2008}}</ref> On 23 May, a hearing was held at the [[Karnataka High Court]] over poor connectivity between the city and the airport. Ultimately, the State Government decided to go ahead with inaugurating the new airport and closing HAL Airport.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.rediff.com/money/2008/may/23airport1.htm |title=Decks cleared for new Bangalore airport |last=Nanjappa |first=Vicky |date=23 May 2008 |work=[[Rediff]] |access-date=30 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080924132902/http://www.rediff.com/money/2008/may/23airport1.htm |archive-date=24 September 2008}}</ref><br />
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The first commercial flight, [[Air India]] Flight 609 (AI609) from [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport|Mumbai]], was allowed to land at 10:40PM on 23 May,<ref>{{cite news |last=Nanjappa |first=Vicky |date=24 May 2008 |title=Bangalore airport takes wings |url=http://www.rediff.com/money/2008/may/24airport.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080920100513/http://www.rediff.com/money/2008/may/24airport.htm |archive-date=20 September 2008 |access-date=9 March 2016 |work=[[Rediff]]}}</ref> the day before the official inauguration, as it would be continuing to [[Changi Airport|Singapore]] shortly after midnight. The airport became the third [[greenfield airport]] to open under a public–private partnership ([[Public–private partnership|PPP]]) model in India, after [[Rajiv Gandhi International Airport]] in [[Hyderabad]] and [[Cochin International Airport]] in [[Kochi]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://centreforaviation.com/analysis/indias-airport-sector-vibrant-with-tenders-for-six-ppp-concessions-capa-mumbai-summit-34-feb-205433 |title=India's airport sector vibrant, with tenders for six PPP concessions: CAPA Mumbai Summit, 3/4 Feb |date=20 January 2015 |work=CAPA – Centre for Aviation |access-date=9 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150415144041/http://centreforaviation.com/analysis/indias-airport-sector-vibrant-with-tenders-for-six-ppp-concessions-capa-mumbai-summit-34-feb-205433 |archive-date=15 April 2015}}</ref><br />
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=== Renaming and expansion (2009–present) ===<br />
The airport was originally called 'Bengaluru International Airport'.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.anna.aero/2008/05/16/bangalores-new-airport-almost-ready-for-action/ |title=Bangalore's new airport almost ready for use |date=16 May 2008 |work=anna.aero |access-date=30 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100730085521/http://www.anna.aero/2008/05/16/bangalores-new-airport-almost-ready-for-action |archive-date=30 July 2010}}</ref> In February 2009, the State Government sent a proposal to the Union Government to rename the airport after the founder of the city, [[Kempe Gowda I]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/Karnataka-govt-proposes-renaming-Bengaluru-International-Airport/articleshow/4201639.cms |title=Karnataka govt proposes renaming Bengaluru International Airport |date=27 February 2009 |newspaper=[[Times of India]] |access-date=14 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160403155611/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/Karnataka-govt-proposes-renaming-Bengaluru-International-Airport/articleshow/4201639.cms |archive-date=3 April 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> When no action was taken, the State Government passed a resolution for the name change in December 2011.<ref name="bizstandard">{{cite news |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/bangalore-airport-named-after-city-founder-kempe-gowda-113071701013_1.html |title=Bangalore airport named after city founder Kempe Gowda |date=17 July 2013 |newspaper=[[Business Standard]] |access-date=14 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305035047/http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/bangalore-airport-named-after-city-founder-kempe-gowda-113071701013_1.html |archive-date=5 March 2016}}</ref> The Union Government accepted the proposal in 2012,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-04-06/news/31300330_1_kempegowda-bengaluru-international-airport-centre |title=Centre accepts proposal to name Bengaluru International Airport after Kempegowda |date=6 April 2012 |newspaper=[[The Economic Times]] |access-date=14 March 2016 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130126135053/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-04-06/news/31300330_1_kempegowda-bengaluru-international-airport-centre |archive-date=26 January 2013}}</ref> and formally approved it in July 2013.<ref name="bizstandard"/> The airport was officially renamed 'Kempegowda International Airport' on 14 December 2013, alongside the inauguration of the expanded terminal building.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-11-24/news/44412735_1_kempegowda-international-airport-december-14-bial |title=Bangalore International Airport Ltd will be Kempegowda International Airport from December 14 |date=24 November 2013 |newspaper=[[The Economic Times]] |access-date=14 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160315113811/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-11-24/news/44412735_1_kempegowda-international-airport-december-14-bial |archive-date=15 March 2016}}</ref><br />
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[[Kingfisher Airlines]] used the airport as a [[airline hub|hub]], and was one of the largest airlines at the airport. Following its collapse in October 2012, other airlines stepped in to fill the gap in domestic connectivity and establish hubs.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/bangalore-airport-looks-to-woo-domestic-airlines-to-set-up-hub/1140732/ |title=Bangalore Airport looks to woo domestic airlines to set up hub |last=Sukumaran |first=Ajay |date=12 July 2013 |newspaper=[[Indian Express]] |access-date=31 March 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160403155910/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/bangalore-airport-looks-to-woo-domestic-airlines-to-set-up-hub/1140732/ |archive-date=3 April 2016}}</ref> [[Air Pegasus]] and [[AirAsia India]] started using the airport as a hub from 2014.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/Air-Pegasus-3rd-airline-to-take-off-from-Bangalore/articleshow/29125947.cms |title=Air Pegasus 3rd airline to take off from Bangalore |last1=Dhamija |first1=Anshul |last2=Kurian |first2=Boby |date=21 January 2014 |newspaper=[[Times of India]] |access-date=31 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160121184804/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/Air-Pegasus-3rd-airline-to-take-off-from-Bangalore/articleshow/29125947.cms |archive-date=21 January 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/airasia-launches-india-ops-from-bangalore/article6107551.ece |title=AirAsia launches India ops from Bangalore |date=12 June 2014 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=31 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105155306/http://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/airasia-launches-india-ops-from-bangalore/article6107551.ece |archive-date=5 January 2016}}</ref><br />
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The first phase of expansion was launched in June 2011 and completed in December 2013.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/bangalore/report-work-on-bangalore-international-airport-expansion-set-to-begin-in-june-1546798 |title=Work on Bangalore International Airport expansion set to begin in June |date=24 May 2011 |newspaper=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |access-date=12 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160403161430/http://www.dnaindia.com/bangalore/report-work-on-bangalore-international-airport-expansion-set-to-begin-in-june-1546798 |archive-date=3 April 2016}}</ref><ref name="deccan122013">{{cite news |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/131215/news-current-affairs/article/new-terminal-inaugurated-airport |title=New terminal inaugurated at airport |last=G. |first=Chandrashekar |date=15 December 2013 |newspaper=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |access-date=11 October 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308003932/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/131215/news-current-affairs/article/new-terminal-inaugurated-airport |archive-date=8 March 2016}}</ref> The {{INRConvert|1500|c}} project doubled the size of the passenger terminal to {{convert|150556|m2}}. It included the construction of additional check-in, immigration, security and baggage reclaim facilities.<ref name="deccan122013" /><ref name="bialupdate">{{Cite web |last=Meharchandani |first=Dhwani |date=16 November 2023 |title=Bangalore Airport: Terminals, facilities, and food outlets |url=https://housing.com/news/all-about-kempegowda-international-airport-in-bangalore/ |access-date=29 December 2024 |website=Housing News |language=en-GB}}</ref> 1 domestic gate and 3 international gates were added to increase capacity. A large, sweeping roof was built to connect the original building with the expansion.<ref name="dhns">{{cite news |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/374653/master-plan-develop-airport-real.html |title=Master plan to develop airport real estate |date=14 December 2013 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=13 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219120243/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/374653/master-plan-develop-airport-real.html |archive-date=19 December 2013}}</ref> The expanded terminal, dubbed "Terminal 1A", raised the capacity of the airport to 25 million passengers per annum.<ref name="acharjee">{{cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/bangalore-kempegowda-international-airport-launched-civil-aviation-minister-ajit-singh-state-chief-minister-siddaramaiah-220935-2013-12-15 |title=Bangalore unveils its new international airport terminal |last=Acharjee |first=Sonali |date=16 December 2013 |work=[[India Today]] |access-date=11 October 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222121531/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/bangalore-kempegowda-international-airport-launched-civil-aviation-minister-ajit-singh-state-chief-minister-siddaramaiah/1/331452.html |archive-date=22 December 2015}}</ref><br />
<br />
In October 2019, [[Ethiopian Airlines]] began flights to [[Addis Ababa Bole International Airport|Addis Ababa]] with [[Boeing 737 MAX]]s, marking the first nonstop connection between Bengaluru and [[Africa]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 October 2019 |title=Bengaluru gets 1st direct flight to Africa |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/bengaluru-gets-1st-direct-flight-to-africa/articleshow/71800426.cms |access-date=29 December 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> In January 2021, [[Air India]] began flights to [[San Francisco International Airport|San Francisco]] with [[Boeing 777]]s, marking the first nonstop connection between Bengaluru and [[North America]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nair |first=Shalini |date=11 January 2021 |title=First non-stop connecting flight from the US touches down in Bengaluru |url=https://www.airport-technology.com/news/sfo-bengaluru-air-india-flight/ |access-date=29 December 2024 |website=Airport Technology |language=en-US}}</ref> In September 2022, [[Qantas]] began flights to [[Sydney Airport|Sydney]] with [[Airbus A330]]s, marking the first nonstop connection between Bengaluru and [[Oceania]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 April 2022 |title=Qantas announces direct flights from Sydney-Bengaluru |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/qantas-announces-direct-flights-from-sydney-bengaluru/article65303044.ece |access-date=6 July 2022 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Sinha |first=Saurabh |date=9 April 2022 |title=Qantas to start Bengaluru-Sydney nonstop flights from September 14 |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/qantas-to-start-bengaluru-sydney-nonstop-flights-from-september-14/articleshow/90737636.cms |access-date=6 July 2022}}</ref> The following month, [[Emirates (airline)|Emirates]] began serving the airport with its [[Airbus A380]], the world's largest passenger plane, with daily flights to [[Dubai International Airport|Dubai]], marking the airport's first A380 service.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/bengalurus-nikhil-sandeep-piloted-emirates-a380-cloud-nine-historic-flight-city-8225153/ |title=Bengaluru's Nikhil and Sandeep who piloted Emirates A380 on cloud nine after historic flight to city |work=The Indian Express |date=22 October 2022 |access-date=8 November 2022 |author=Prasad, Sanath}}</ref><br />
<br />
The now-completed second phase of expansion encompassed the construction of a second runway and a second passenger terminal in 2 phases. Since completion, the airport has been able to handle 55-60 million passengers per year.<ref name="at20jan">{{cite news |url=http://www.airport-technology.com/news/newsindias-bengaluru-airport-to-construct-second-terminal-and-runway-in-2016-4789146 |title=India's Bengaluru airport to construct second terminal and runway in 2016 |work=Airport Technology |access-date=22 January 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160122093232/http://www.airport-technology.com/news/newsindias-bengaluru-airport-to-construct-second-terminal-and-runway-in-2016-4789146 |archive-date=22 January 2016}}</ref><ref name="bs19jan">{{cite news |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/bengaluru-airport-t2-phase-1-by-2021-will-handle-20-mn-more-flyers-116011901213_1.html |title=Bengaluru airport T2 phase-1 by 2021, will handle 20 mn more flyers |date=19 January 2016 |newspaper=[[Business Standard]] |access-date=21 January 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160126071332/http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/bengaluru-airport-t2-phase-1-by-2021-will-handle-20-mn-more-flyers-116011901213_1.html |archive-date=26 January 2016}}</ref> The approximately {{INRConvert|4000|c}} project received clearance from India's [[Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change]] (MoEFCC) in September 2014.<ref name="p2updateapr2016">{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/work-on-terminal-2-at-kia-begins/article8434676.ece |title=Work on Terminal 2 at KIA begins |last=Peter |first=Petlee |date=5 April 2016 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=8 April 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221104456/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/work-on-terminal-2-at-kia-begins/article8434676.ece |archive-date=21 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/Clearance-for-Airport-Expansion/2014/09/05/article2415419.ece |title=Clearance for Airport Expansion |date=5 September 2014 |newspaper=[[New Indian Express]] |access-date=15 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160320071703/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/Clearance-for-Airport-Expansion/2014/09/05/article2415419.ece |archive-date=20 March 2016}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Ownership ==<br />
The airport is owned and operated by Bengaluru International Airport Limited (BIAL), a [[public limited company]].<ref>{{cite press release |title=Bengaluru International Airport renamed as Kempegowda |url=https://www.gvk.com/files/pressreleases/Bengaluru_International_Airport_renamed_as_Kempego_3f3bc5edeb844e4c807a618e2050c518.pdf |publisher=[[GVK Industries]] |access-date=28 February 2025 |date=14 December 2013}}</ref> The Government of India has granted BIAL the rights to operate the airport for 30 years, with the option to continue for an additional 30 years.<ref>{{cite web |title=Extension of term of the Concession Agreement in respect of Kempegowda lnternational Airport, Bengaluru. |url=https://www.civilaviation.gov.in/sites/default/files/2023-07/7%20Extension-of-Concession-Agreement.pdf |publisher=[[Ministry of Civil Aviation (India)|Ministry of Civil Aviation]] |access-date=2 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231014152151/https://www.civilaviation.gov.in/sites/default/files/2023-07/7%20Extension-of-Concession-Agreement.pdf |archive-date=14 October 2023 |language=en-IN |date=1 July 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> The company is a [[public–private partnership|public–private consortium]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Kempegowda International Airport had over 33 million passengers in 2019 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/kia-had-over-33-million-passengers-in-2019/article30670171.ece |access-date=2 March 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=27 January 2020 |language=en-IN |url-access=subscription}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[Zurich Airport (company)|Zürich Airport]] sold its 5% stake in the airport to Fairfax Financial in April 2016 for {{INRConvert|410|c}}.<ref>{{cite news |date=18 April 2016 |title=Zurich Airport sells 5% stake in Bangalore airport to Fairfax for $48.9 mn |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/logistics/zurich-airport-sells-5-stake-in-bangalore-airport-to-faifax-for-489-mn/article8489613.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160419152811/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/logistics/zurich-airport-sells-5-stake-in-bangalore-airport-to-faifax-for-489-mn/article8489613.ece |archive-date=19 April 2016 |access-date=3 June 2016 |work=[[The Hindu Business Line]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
Indian [[Conglomerate (company)|conglomerate]] [[GVK Industries|GVK Group]] initially owned 43% of the [[Shareholder|shares]] of Bengaluru Airport, but divested 33% of its stake to [[Fairfax Financial]] for {{INRConvert|2149|c}} in 2016.<ref name="ET GVK Stake">{{cite news |title=GVK to sell stake in Bangalore Airport for Rs 2,149 crore |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/airlines-/-aviation/gvk-to-sell-stake-in-bangalore-airport-for-rs-2149-crore/articleshow/51586157.cms |access-date=2 March 2025 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |date=28 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release |title=GVK divests 33% stake in Bangalore International Airport Limited to Fairfax Group for INR 2,149 Crore |date=28 March 2016 |publisher=[[GVK Industries]] |url=https://www.gvk.com/files/pressreleases/GVK_divests_33_stake_in_Bangalore_International_A_a897568282344e7ba631d4427f7cca17.pdf |access-date=2 March 2025}}</ref> GVK closed the deal in March 2017.<ref>{{cite news |title=GVK Power jumps over 5% on selling residual stake in Bangalore airport |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/gvk-power-jumps-6-on-selling-residual-stake-in-bangalore-airport/articleshow/58995502.cms |access-date=2 March 2025 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |date=5 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170623034931/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/gvk-power-jumps-6-on-selling-residual-stake-in-bangalore-airport/articleshow/58995502.cms |archive-date=23 June 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> In January 2018, GVK decided to sell its remaining 10% in shares to Fairfax India Holdings for {{INRConvert|1290|c}}, and exited BIAL completely.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sundarajan |first1=Priya |title=GVK to sell 10% stake in Bengaluru airport to Fairfax for ₹1,290 |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/gvk-to-sell-10-stake-in-bengaluru-airport-to-fairfax-for-1290-crore/article64271283.ece |access-date=21 April 2022 |work=Business Line |date=11 January 2018}}</ref><br />
<br />
26% of shares are held by government entities [[Government of Karnataka|Karnataka State Industrial Investment and Development Corporation]] (13%) and the [[Airports Authority of India]] (13%). 74% is held by private companies [[Fairfax Financial]] (54%) and [[Siemens Project Ventures]] (20%).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://s1.q4cdn.com/293822657/files/doc_financials/annual_reports/2018/Website-Fairfax-India-2018-Shareholders-Letter.pdf |title=Fairfax India Holdings Corporation |access-date=21 November 2019 |archive-date=26 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191226173407/https://s1.q4cdn.com/293822657/files/doc_financials/annual_reports/2018/Website-Fairfax-India-2018-Shareholders-Letter.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
In March 2021, the Airports Authority of India announced their intention to sell their 13% stake in order to raise funds. Between FY22–25, the government aims to raise up to {{INRConvert|20782|c}} through aviation. This process will begin with the auction of shares held in Bengaluru Airport, followed by the sales of shares held in the airports of [[Rajiv Gandhi International Airport|Hyderabad]], [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport|Mumbai]] and [[Indira Gandhi International Airport|Delhi]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/asset-monetisation-government-to-exit-hyderabad-bengaluru-jv-airports-first/articleshow/86391963.cms |title=Government to exit Hyderabad & Bengaluru JV airports |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=21 September 2021 |access-date=27 November 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Facilities ==<br />
[[File:DutyFree-BLR-Airport.jpg|thumb|Duty free at the old international arrivals area]]<br />
<br />
=== Runways ===<br />
Kempegowda International Airport has two parallel [[runways]] in operation.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kempegowda International Airport, Bengaluru, India |url=https://www.airport-technology.com/projects/kempegowda-international-airport-bangalore/ |access-date=23 February 2025 |work=Airport Technology |date=7 June 2023}}</ref><br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|+ Active runways at Kempegowda International Airport<br />
|-<br />
! Runway designation !! Length !! Width !! Approach lights/[[Instrument landing system|ILS]]<br />
|-<br />
| 09L/27R || {{convert|4000|m}} || {{convert|45|m}} || CAT III / CAT III<ref name=":0">{{cite web |date=26 May 2016 |title=VOBL – Kempegowda Int/ Bengaluru Airport |url=https://skyvector.com/airport/VOBL/Kempegowda-Int-Bengaluru-Airport |work=SkyVector |access-date=3 June 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160625145527/https://skyvector.com/airport/VOBL/Kempegowda-Int-Bengaluru-Airport |archive-date=25 June 2016}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| 09R/27L || {{convert|4000|m}} || {{convert|45|m}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://aim-india.aai.aero/eaip-v2-6-2023/eAIP/IN-AD%202.1VOBL-en-GB.html |title=Technical Information |publisher=[[Airports Authority of India]] |access-date=6 October 2023}}</ref> || CAT III / CAT III<ref name=":1">{{cite web |url=http://www.aai.aero/allAirports/blr_ti.jsp |title=Technical Information |publisher=[[Airports Authority of India]] |access-date=12 March 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313120410/http://www.aai.aero/allAirports/blr_ti.jsp |archive-date=13 March 2016}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
Four years after it was opened, the first runway (now designated 09L/27R) was entirely resurfaced due to a serious decline in quality.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.sunday-guardian.com/business/bangalore-airport-to-close-down-for-repairs |title=Bangalore airport to close down for repairs |last=Taneja |first=Kabir |date=4 March 2012 |newspaper=[[Sunday Guardian]] |access-date=12 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313125950/http://www.sunday-guardian.com/business/bangalore-airport-to-close-down-for-repairs |archive-date=13 March 2016}}</ref> From 11 March to 3 April 2012, it was closed daily between 10:30AM and 5:30PM.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/no-flights-at-bia-for-7-hrs-from-today/articleshow/12214910.cms?referral=PM |title=No flights at BIA for 7 hrs from today |date=11 March 2012 |newspaper=[[Times of India]] |access-date=12 March 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150331031333/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bangalore/No-flights-at-BIA-for-7-hrs-from-today/articleshow/12214910.cms?referral=PM |archive-date=31 March 2015}}</ref> BIAL accused construction company [[Larsen & Toubro]] of building the runway poorly.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/bangalore-airport-turns-the-heat-on-l-t-over-runway-112030600004_1.html |title=Bangalore airport turns the heat on L&T over runway |last=Badrinath |first=Raghuvir |date=6 March 2012 |newspaper=[[Business Standard]] |access-date=12 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313123720/http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/bangalore-airport-turns-the-heat-on-l-t-over-runway-112030600004_1.html |archive-date=13 March 2016}}</ref><br />
<br />
The construction of the second runway (09R/27L) at the airport was completed and the runway inaugurated on 6 December 2019, with the departure of [[IndiGo]] Flight 466 (6E466) to [[Rajiv Gandhi International Airport|Hyderabad]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/state/top-karnataka-stories/first-flight-takes-off-from-second-runway-of-kia-783345.html |title=First flight takes off from second runway of KIA |date=6 December 2019 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en |access-date=14 December 2019 |archive-date=7 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191207064130/https://www.deccanherald.com/state/top-karnataka-stories/first-flight-takes-off-from-second-runway-of-kia-783345.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The runway can cater to Code-F aircraft such as the [[Airbus A380]] and [[Boeing 747-8]]. It is equipped with [[Category III approach|CAT IIIB ILS]]. The runway also features a parallel taxiway and two cross-field taxiways in the east, linking the new runway to the old runway and the aprons at Terminal 1 and Terminal 2. The original runway (09L/27R) was also upgraded as part of the expansion work.<ref>{{cite web |title=KIA begins work on 2nd runway; to be linked to Terminal 2 apron |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/578752/kia-begins-work-2nd-runway.html |website=Deccan Herald |access-date=17 March 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118161410/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/578752/kia-begins-work-2nd-runway.html |archive-date=18 January 2017 |date=November 2016}}</ref><br />
<br />
The old runway (09L/27R) was closed from 22 June 2020 for nine months for rehabilitation and strengthening.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Closed Kempegowda International Airport runway to begin operations by March-end |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2021/feb/08/closed-kempegowda-international-airport-runway-to-begin-operations-by-march-end-2261000.html |access-date=6 April 2021 |work=The New Indian Express |date=8 February 2021 |archive-date=25 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225093105/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2021/feb/08/closed-kempegowda-international-airport-runway-to-begin-operations-by-march-end-2261000.html |url-status=live}}</ref> It was opened for operations again on 31 March 2021, along with the operational south runway. On doing so, KIA became the first airport in [[South India]] to facilitate parallel runway operations.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=26 March 2021 |title=Bengaluru: Kempegowda International Airport gets parallel runways, first in south India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/bengaluru-kempegowda-international-airport-gets-parallel-runways-first-in-south-india/articleshow/81698799.cms |access-date=6 April 2021 |work=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=27 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210327095251/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/bengaluru-kempegowda-international-airport-gets-parallel-runways-first-in-south-india/articleshow/81698799.cms |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
The north runway (09L/27R) is approved for and capable of low-visibility takeoffs, allowing aircraft movement even when the runway visual range (RVR) is as low as 125m. Civil works to also equip this runway with a [[Category III approach|CAT IIIB ILS]] system were completed in December 2024.<ref name="MC">{{cite news |last1=Mathew Philip |first1=Christin |date=4 October 2024 |title=Bengaluru airport's elevated taxiway work to commence in Q1 2025: BIAL |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/india/bengaluru-airports-elevated-taxiway-work-to-commence-in-q1-2025-bial-12835684.html |work=MoneyControl |access-date=5 October 2024}}</ref> The calibration for the [[Instrument landing system|ILS]] was completed in January 2025 and full [[Category III approach|CAT IIIB ILS]] capability was made operational in May 2025.<ref name="CATIII IE">{{cite news |last1=S |first1=Lalitha |date=11 January 2025 |title=AAI successfully calibrates ILS on KIA's north runway, set for full operation by May 2025 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2025/Jan/11/aai-successfully-calibrates-ils-on-kias-north-runway-set-for-full-operation-by-may-2025 |work=The New Indian Express |access-date=11 January 2025}}</ref> With runway upgrades on the Northern runway completed, both runways and associated taxiways are capable of handling Code-F aircraft such as the [[Airbus A380]] and [[Boeing 747-8]].<ref name="Runway">{{cite news |last1=C S |first1=Hemanth |date=5 September 2025 |title=Both runways at KIA Bengaluru can now handle Airbus A380 aircraft |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/both-runways-of-kia-now-compatible-for-wide-bodied-aircraft-operations/article70012737.ece |work=The Hindu |access-date=16 September 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Terminals ===<br />
====Terminal 1====<br />
{{multiple image<br />
| width = 150<br />
| perrow = 2<br />
| image1 = Terminal 1 of Kempegowda International Airport.jpg<br />
| image2 = Bengaluru Airport International Departures.jpg<br />
| footer = ''(Left)'': Front view of Terminal 1; ''(Right)'': Erstwhile international departures section at Terminal 1<br />
| alt1 = sdas<br />
| total_width = 350<br />
}}<br />
The original terminal building can handle 35 million passengers per annum, and handles all domestic flights operated by [[IndiGo]], [[Akasa Air]], [[Alliance Air (India)|Alliance Air]] and [[SpiceJet]].<ref name="bialupdate" /> Check-in and baggage reclaim is situated on the lower floor, while departure gates are located on the lower & upper floors. Boarding gates 1&2, 12–18 and 28–43 on the upper floor are equipped with jet bridges. Boarding gates 3–9 and 19–25 on the lower floor form the Western and Eastern bus gates respectively.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bengaluruairport.com/map |title=Terminal Maps |work=Kempegowda International Airport Bengaluru}}</ref> Gates 41–42 are equipped to serve the world's largest passenger aircraft, the [[Airbus A380]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.ndtv.com/bangalore-news/bangalore-airport-named-after-city-founder-kempegowda-544566 |title=Bangalore airport named after city founder Kempegowda |date=15 December 2013 |work=[[NDTV]] |access-date=15 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160319002923/http://www.ndtv.com/bangalore-news/bangalore-airport-named-after-city-founder-kempegowda-544566 |archive-date=19 March 2016}}</ref><br />
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Since 12 September 2023, with the shift of all international flights to Terminal 2, Terminal 1 has become a domestic-only operation.<ref name="The Hindu KIA T-2">{{cite news |date=10 September 2023 |title=KIA's Terminal-2 will handle both international and domestic flights |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/kias-terminal-2-will-handle-both-international-and-domestic-flights/article67292029.ece |access-date=12 September 2023 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><br />
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In 2019, BIAL retracted the rights of Above Ground Level and Plaza Premium to operate the lounges in Terminal 1, and decided to operate them by themselves. Following this decision, and the transfer of international flights, there are now only two lounges in Terminal 1: the BLR Domestic Lounge and the new 080 Domestic Lounge (which is split into 2 disconnected lounges, as 1 used to serve the erstwhile international departures).<ref>{{Cite web |title=BLR Airport Lounge Guide: Kempegowda International |url=https://www.loungepair.com/blog/airport-lounge-guide-kempegowda-international-airport-bengaluru |access-date=29 December 2024 |website=LoungePair |language=en-NZ}}</ref> Named "080" after the trunk dial code of the city, the new lounge aims to pay an ode to the culture of Bengaluru with local artistry, regional culture-inspired interiors and botanical elements. Both lounges are operated by Travel Food Services on behalf of the airport.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/bengaluru-airport-080-lounge-terminal-one-7959508/ |title=Bengaluru airport unveils '080 Lounge' at terminal one |date=9 June 2022 |access-date=15 September 2022}}</ref><br />
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====Terminal 2====<br />
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The airport's second terminal was designed as a tribute to the 'Garden City' title of [[Bengaluru]] by [[Skidmore, Owings & Merrill]], and was constructed by [[Larsen & Toubro]]. Construction of the first phase commenced in 2018, but the project faced delays owing to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>{{cite web |date=17 September 2021 |title=Pandemic delays completion of Bengaluru airport's Terminal II |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/pandemic-delays-completion-of-bengaluru-airports-terminal-ii-7514695/ |access-date=10 November 2022 |website=The Indian Express |language=en-US}}</ref> It was inaugurated on 11 November 2022 by [[Narendra Modi|Prime Minister of India Narendra Modi]], and began operations in January 2023. The first phase of Terminal 2, built at a cost of {{INRConvert|5000|c}}, is {{convert|255000|m2}} and will help augment the capacity of the airport by an additional 25 million passengers per annum.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bengaluru's Kempegowda International Airport gets SWANKY new Terminal 2: All you need to KNOW - Design, Features, Capacity |url=https://zeenews.india.com/aviation/bengalurus-kempegowda-international-airport-gets-swanky-new-terminal-2-all-you-need-to-know-design-features-capacity-2533361.html |access-date=10 November 2022 |website=Zee News |language=en-US}}</ref> The second phase of Terminal 2 is under construction to increase capacity by an additional 20 million passengers per annum.<ref>{{cite web |title=KIA's garden-themed Terminal-2 massive in size |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/653955/kias-garden-themed-terminal-2.html |access-date=10 November 2022 |website=Deccan Herald |date=15 January 2018 |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
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Arrivals are situated on the ground floor, while departures are on the first floor. The first phase of Terminal 2 features 95 check-in counters, 17 security lanes, 9 baggage claim belts, 34 conventional and 6 electronic immigration gates. With provisions for Code-F gates to handle larger aircraft like the [[Airbus A380]] and the [[Boeing 747-8]], the first phase of Terminal 2 began domestic operations on 15 January 2023, with [[Star Air (India)|Star Air]] Flight 117 (S5117) to [[Kalaburagi Airport|Kalaburagi]] being the first scheduled flight to use the new terminal.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bengaluru airport's Terminal 2 to begin domestic operations on January 15 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/bengaluru-airport-terminal-2-begin-domestic-operations-on-january-15-8373826/ |access-date=11 January 2023 |website=Indian Express |date=10 January 2023 |language=en-US}}</ref> On 12 September 2023, Terminal 2 began handling all international operations, with [[Saudia]] Flight 867 (SV867) from [[King Abdulaziz International Airport|Jeddah]] operating the first international arrival and subsequent departure.<ref>{{cite web |title=International flight operations to commence from Terminal 2 of Bengaluru airport Tuesday |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/bengaluru-airport-terminal-2-international-flight-operations-8935449/ |access-date=12 September 2023 |website=Indian Express |date=11 September 2023 |language=en-US}}</ref> In addition to handling all international operations, Terminal 2 also handles all domestic flights operated by [[Air India]], [[Air India Express]] and [[Star Air (India)|Star Air]].<ref name="The Hindu KIA T-2" /><br />
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=== Aviation fuel services ===<br />
The airport has a fuel farm spread over {{convert|11|acre}}, west of the cargo village and passenger terminal. It was built by [[Indian Oil|Indian Oil Skytanking Ltd (IOSL)]], but is shared by multiple oil companies.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.rediff.com/money/2008/aug/19oil.htm |title=Fuel deals: Indian Oil JV eyes Mumbai, Delhi airports |last=Kulkarni |first=Mahesh |date=19 August 2008 |work=[[Rediff]] |access-date=12 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110415173317/http://www.rediff.com/money/2008/aug/19oil.htm |archive-date=15 April 2011}}</ref> In October 2008, [[Indian Oil Corporation|IndianOil]] commissioned a {{convert|36|km|mi|adj=on}} fuel [[pipeline transport|pipeline]] between its storage terminal in Devanagonthi and Kempegowda International Airport.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/ioc-does-its-groundwork-for-devanahalli-airport/article1357276.ece |title=IOC does its groundwork for Devanahalli airport |date=15 October 2008 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=12 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160403162339/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/ioc-does-its-groundwork-for-devanahalli-airport/article1357276.ece |archive-date=3 April 2016}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Cargo facilities ===<br />
The airport has 3 cargo terminals. One is operated by AISATS Ltd. (Air India Singapore Airport Terminal Services Limited) and includes a facility for storing [[pharmaceutical drug|pharmaceuticals]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://aircargoworld.com/menzies-opens-pharma-cold-zone-in-bangalore-9993/ |title=Menzies opens pharma cold zone in Bangalore |date=25 August 2014 |work=Air Cargo World |access-date=12 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150326025459/http://aircargoworld.com/menzies-opens-pharma-cold-zone-in-bangalore-9993/ |archive-date=26 March 2015}}</ref> [[DHL Aviation|DHL]] and [[Blue Dart Aviation]] jointly operate a {{convert|221000|ft2|m2|order=flip|adj=on|}} terminal.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.bangaloreaviation.com/2008/11/dhl-and-blue-dart-open-integrated.html |title=DHL and Blue Dart open integrated terminal at Bangalore airport |last=Agarwal |first=Devesh |date=21 November 2008 |work=Bangalore Aviation |access-date=31 March 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160412203947/http://www.bangaloreaviation.com/2008/11/dhl-and-blue-dart-open-integrated.html |archive-date=12 April 2016}}</ref><br />
<br />
The third cargo terminal is operated by Menzies Aviation Bobba (Bangalore) Pvt. Ltd, a joint venture between [[Menzies Aviation]] and Bobba Group (a sales agency for [[Lufthansa Cargo]]). The {{convert|170000|ft2|m2|order=flip|adj=on|}} cargo terminal began operations in May 2008. Additionally, a greenfield domestic cargo terminal spanning {{convert|305000|ft2|m2|order=flip|adj=on|}} opened in February 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 February 2025 |title=Bengaluru airport gets country's largest greenfield domestic cargo terminal, new facility spread over 7 acres |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/bengaluru-airport-greenfield-domestic-cargo-terminal-facility-9860260/ |access-date=2 March 2025 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Combined, the terminal has the capacity to handle {{convert|680000|t|ST}} tons of cargo annually.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.menziesbobba.com/cargo.php |title=Mezies Aviation Cargo |access-date=23 November 2022 |archive-date=1 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221201200932/https://menziesbobba.com/cargo.php |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
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Altogether, the airport has the capacity to process up to {{convert|1400000|t|ST}} of cargo annually and currently sees ~{{convert|450000|t|ST}} handled per year.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 April 2024 |title=Bengaluru Airport cargo handled up 7% in FY2024 |url=https://www.itln.in/aviation/bengaluru-airport-cargo-handled-up-7-in-fy2024-1351865 |access-date=29 December 2024 |website=www.itln.in |language=en}}</ref> The airport processes the highest amount of [[Shelf life|perishable]] cargo in the country.<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 July 2024 |title=Bengaluru airport tops in perishable exports from India for fourth year |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/airlines-/-aviation/bengaluru-airport-tops-in-perishable-exports-from-india-for-fourth-year/articleshow/111488708.cms?from=mdr#:~:text=Bengaluru's%20Kempegowda%20International%20Airport%20remains,share%20for%20FY%202023-24. |access-date=29 December 2024 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><br />
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BIAL inaugurated a separate cargo village in December 2008. The village is spread over {{convert|11|acre}} and includes office spaces, conference rooms, a cafeteria for staff and parking space for nearly 80 trucks.<ref name="bsvillage">{{cite news |date=10 December 2008 |title=Cargo village takes off at B'lore airport |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/cargo-village-takes-off-at-b-39-lore-airport-108121001006_1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160403162431/http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/cargo-village-takes-off-at-b-39-lore-airport-108121001006_1.html |archive-date=3 April 2016 |access-date=31 March 2016 |newspaper=[[Business Standard]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Other facilities===<br />
<br />
====IndiGo iFly Training Academy====<br />
<br />
On 4 September 2019, India's biggest airline [[IndiGo]] announced that it would extend its learning academy, iFly, to Bengaluru, its 2nd such facility in the country.<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 September 2019 |title=IndiGo launches 2nd ifly facility in Bengaluru |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/airlines-/-aviation/indigo-launches-2nd-ifly-facility-in-bengaluru/articleshow/70976545.cms?from=mdr |access-date=1 January 2025 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> From 6 September 2019 onwards, iFly began facilitating training to IndiGo flight crew. With over 27,000 employees, there are over 100 instructors in the academy who conduct workshops and training exercises on a regular basis.<ref>{{cite web |date=4 September 2019 |title=IndiGo launches second iFLY facility in Bengaluru |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/business/news-bengaluru-indigo-launches-second-ifly-facility-547238 |access-date=26 February 2022}}</ref><br />
<br />
====Maintenance, Repair and Overhaul Facilities====<br />
[[IndiGo]]'s second MRO facility to service their fleet of [[Airbus]] jets is located at KIA. The {{convert|218000|ft2|m2|order=flip|adj=on|}} facility has capacity for narrow-body aircraft and houses a single bay catering for widebody aircraft.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://aviationweek.com/mro/services-support/indigo-expands-maintenance-capabilities-bangalore |title=IndiGo Expands Maintenance Capabilities To Bangalore |date=26 July 2022 |access-date=15 September 2022}}</ref> The MRO became operational in November 2022.<ref>{{cite news |title=IndiGo inaugurates second MRO facility at Bengaluru airport |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/airlines-/-aviation/indigo-inaugurates-second-mro-facility-at-bengaluru-airport/articleshow/95707291.cms |work=The Economic Times |date=23 November 2022 |access-date=25 November 2022 |language=en}}</ref> As of May 2025, IndiGo is currently in the process of constructing a second MRO of roughly {{convert|1400000|ft2|m2|order=flip|adj=on|}} at the airport, in order to service wide-body aircraft.<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 May 2025 |title=IndiGo to build another MRO facility at Kempegowda International Airport in Bengaluru |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/indigo-to-build-another-mro-facility-at-kempegowda-international-airport-in-bengaluru/article69636931.ece |access-date=2 August 2025 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><br />
<br />
Aligning with their vision to establish a hub at the airport, [[Air India]] signed a [[Memorandum of understanding|memorandum of understanding (MoU)]] in February 2024 to build Maintenance, Repair, and Overhaul (MRO) facilities at Kempegowda International Airport, for airframe maintenance of both [[Wide-body aircraft|wide-body]] and [[Narrow-body aircraft|narrow-body]] jets, including heavy structural checks.<ref>{{cite news |title=Air India and Tata Advanced Systems sign an MOU with Government of Karnataka, to invest INR 2300 Crore |url=https://www.bengaluruairport.com/corporate/media/news-press-releases/air-india-and-tata-advanced-systems-limited-sign-mou-with-government-of-karnataka |work=Kempegowda International Airport Press Releases |date=19 February 2024 |access-date=19 February 2024 |language=en}}</ref> The MRO will be built on a {{convert|1524000|ft2|m2|order=flip|adj=on|}} parcel of land, and is expected to be operational by early 2026.<ref>{{cite news |title=Air India MRO in Bengaluru will be ready by early 2026, says CEO Wilson |url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/air-india-mro-in-bengaluru-will-be-ready-by-early-2026-says-ceo-wilson/article68605881.ece |work=The Hindu |date=4 September 2024 |access-date=5 October 2024 |language=en}}</ref><br />
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==== Central Kitchen ====<br />
Food services provider [[SATS (company)|SATS]] set up their first central kitchen in India at the airport on 16 March 2024. A {{convert|150690|ft2|m2|order=flip|adj=on|}} facility, it was built with an investment of {{INRConvert|210|c}},<ref>{{cite web |date=26 July 2021 |title=SATS to establish Rs 210 cr central kitchen in India at Bengaluru airport |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/sats-to-establish-rs-210-cr-central-kitchen-in-india-at-bengaluru-airport-121072601232_1.html |work=Business Standard}}</ref> to cater to demand in the region. SATS already has a long-standing partnership with the airport, through its aviation catering associate TajSATS and ground handling associate AISATS.<br />
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== Future plans ==<br />
As part of the airport's masterplan, the completion of Terminal 2's Phase 2 will add an additional capacity of 20 million passengers per annum. There are also plans to build an [[People mover|APM]] (Automated People Mover) system that will seamlessly connect passengers between all terminals.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Philip |first1=Christin Mathew |date=30 November 2023 |title=Bengaluru airport likely to get automated people mover for seamless transfers between terminals |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/technology/bengaluru-airport-likely-to-get-automated-people-mover-for-seamless-transfers-between-terminals-11836171.html |work=Moneycontrol |access-date=9 January 2024}}</ref><br />
<br />
The final phase of the master plan involves identifying a location for Terminal 3, though this is only expected in the late 2020s or early 2030s depending on passenger traffic. With Terminal 3, the airport is eyeing a capacity of 90-100 million passengers per annum.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Prasad |first1=Sanath |date=1 December 2023 |title=Bengaluru airport to roll out its master plan with renovation of T1, new place for T3 by 2030 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/bengaluru-airport-master-plan-renovation-9049746/ |work=The Indian Express |access-date=9 January 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=With T3, Kempgowda airport eyeing a traffic of 90-100 million passengers |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/business/with-t3-kempgowda-airport-eyeing-a-traffic-of-90-100-mn-passengers-2791809 |access-date=29 December 2024 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> In the interim, several infrastructure projects such as the construction of the Airport's Metro & Suburban Rail stations, as well as the Airport City, are planned.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Adnal |first1=Madhuri |date=25 December 2023 |title=Namma Metro Blue Line To KIA: Airport City Metro Station Construction Underway |url=https://www.oneindia.com/bengaluru/bengaluru-namma-metro-blue-line-to-kempegowda-international-airport-city-station-set-to-take-off-3712545.html |work=One India |access-date=9 January 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Air India & Tata Advanced Systems to invest Rs 2,300 cr in Karnataka |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/company/corporate-trends/air-india-tata-advanced-systems-to-invest-rs-2300-cr-in-karnataka/articleshow/107814246.cms |work=Economic Times |date=19 February 2024 |access-date=19 February 2024 |language=en}}</ref><br />
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As of August 2025, the airport's new Western cross-field taxiway is under construction, with civil works set to complete by H12026. Approximately {{convert|1.4|km|mi|order=flip|adj=on|}} in length, the 2 parallel taxiways will link the airport's 2 runways on the Western side of the airfield and will be able to accommodate Code-F aircraft. The taxiway will cross the main access road, the North cargo road and the upcoming [[Blue Line (Namma Metro)|Airport line]].<ref name="MC"/><br />
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== Airlines and destinations ==<br />
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=== Passenger ===<br />
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[[File:Kempegowda International Airport2.png|thumb|center|800px|Kempegowda International Airport passenger destinations]]<br />
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{{Airport destination list<br />
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| {{nowrap|[[Air Arabia]]}} | [[Sharjah International Airport|Sharjah]]<ref>{{OAGWorldMay2025Ref|title=Sharjah, United Arab Emirates SHJ|pages=1056-1057}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Where is Air Arabia flying to? |url=https://www.timeoutabudhabi.com/dubai-airport/465954-where-is-air-arabia-flying-to |access-date=4 March 2025 |work=Time Out Abu Dhabi |date=12 October 2021}}</ref><br />
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| {{nowrap|[[Air France]]}} | [[Charles de Gaulle Airport|Paris–Charles de Gaulle]]<ref>{{cite news| url=https://travel.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/aviation/international/air-france-and-klm-to-add-11-new-frequencies-on-india-route-for-winter/114975938|title=Air France-KLM to increase frequencies to India}}</ref><br />
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| {{nowrap|[[Air India]]}} | [[Indira Gandhi International Airport|Delhi]],<ref name="Air India metro route optimization">{{cite news|url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/india/air-india-optimises-5-metro-routes-post-vistara-merger-1.10117172|title=Air India metro route optimization}}</ref> [[Heathrow Airport|London–Heathrow]]<ref name="swap">{{cite news |url=https://livefromalounge.com/air-india-bengaluru-london-airport-swap/ |title=Air India Bangalore London flight swap}}</ref> [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport|Mumbai–Shivaji]]<ref name="Air India metro route optimization" /><br />
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| {{nowrap|[[Air India Express]]}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Flight Schedule |url=https://www.airindiaexpress.com/book-and-manage/flight-schedule |website=Air India Express |access-date=11 December 2024}}</ref> | [[Zayed International Airport|Abu Dhabi]],<ref>{{cite news |last=Velani |first=Bhavya |title=Air India Express Launching New Bengaluru to Abu Dhabi Flight |url=https://aviationa2z.com/index.php/2024/06/08/air-india-express-bengaluru-to-abu-dhabi-flight/ |work=Aviation A2Z |date=8 June 2024 |access-date=14 June 2024 |language=en}}</ref> [[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel International Airport|Ahmedabad]],<ref name="financialexpress.com">{{cite news| url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/airlines-aviation-air-india-express-launches-daily-bengaluru-flights-to-ahmedabad-chandigarh-and-dehradun-from-sept-1-check-fares-here-3947488/|title=Air India Express launches new flights from Bangalore}}</ref> [[Suvarnabhumi Airport|Bangkok–Suvarnabhumi]],<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.devdiscourse.com/article/headlines/3631634-air-india-express-expands-new-direct-bengaluru-bangkok-flights-launched|title=Air India Express launches daily Bangalore to Bangkok flights}}</ref> [[Biju Patnaik Airport|Bhubaneswar]], [[Shaheed Bhagat Singh International Airport|Chandigarh]],<ref name="financialexpress.com">{{cite news| url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/airlines-aviation-air-india-express-launches-daily-bengaluru-flights-to-ahmedabad-chandigarh-and-dehradun-from-sept-1-check-fares-here-3947488/|title=Air India Express launches new flights from Bangalore}}</ref> [[Chennai International Airport|Chennai]], [[King Fahd International Airport|Dammam]],<ref>{{cite news| url=https://aviationa2z.com/index.php/2025/02/14/air-india-express-adds-13-new-routes-in-jan-2025/|title=Air India Express global expansion}}</ref> [[Jolly Grant Airport|Dehradun]],<ref name="financialexpress.com">{{cite news| url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/airlines-aviation-air-india-express-launches-daily-bengaluru-flights-to-ahmedabad-chandigarh-and-dehradun-from-sept-1-check-fares-here-3947488/|title=Air India Express launches new flights from Bangalore}}</ref> [[Indira Gandhi International Airport|Delhi]], [[Hamad International Airport|Doha]] (begins 29 March 2026),<ref name="Air India Express adds new flights from Bangalore">{{cite news| url=https://aviationa2z.com/index.php/2026/01/29/air-india-express-adds-more-international-flights-from-bengaluru/|title=Air India Express adds new flights from Bangalore}}</ref> [[Dubai International Airport|Dubai–International]] (begins 29 March 2026),<ref name="Air India Express adds new flights from Bangalore"/> [[Dabolim Airport|Goa–Dabolim]], [[Manohar International Airport|Goa–Mopa]],<ref>{{cite news| url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/airlines-/-aviation/air-india-express-takes-off-from-north-goas-manohar-airport-with-40-weekly-flights-more-routes-coming-in-may/articleshow/120330381.cms?from=mdr| title=Air India Express launches new flights from Manohar International Airport}}</ref> [[Lokpriya Gopinath Bordoloi International Airport|Guwahati]], [[Gwalior Airport|Gwalior]],<ref>{{cite news |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/airlines-/-aviation/air-india-express-starts-gwalior-bengaluru-flight-service/articleshow/106903459.cms?from=mdr |title=Air India Express starts Gwalior-Bengaluru flight service |date=16 January 2024 |access-date=19 November 2024}}</ref> [[Rajiv Gandhi International Airport|Hyderabad]], [[Devi Ahilya Bai Holkar Airport|Indore]],<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/mp/indore/news/air-india-express-from-indore-to-mumbai-and-bangalore-131698187.html |title=Air India Express will operate new flights from Indore to Mumbai-Bengaluru in winter schedule |work=[[Dainik Bhaskar]] |date=17 August 2023 |access-date=18 August 2023 |language=hi}}</ref> [[Jaipur International Airport|Jaipur]], [[King Abdulaziz International Airport|Jeddah]],<ref name="Air India Express adds 3 flight to">{{cite news| url=https://aviationa2z.com/index.php/2025/09/26/air-india-express-adds-three-new-routes-from-bengaluru/|title=Air India Express adds 3 flight to the middle East from Bangalore}}</ref> [[Jodhpur Airport|Jodhpur]],<ref name= "Air India Express launches 2 new flights to Rajasthan">{{cite news| url=https://www.traveldailymedia.com/air-india-express-adds-jodhpur-and-udaipur-as-new-domestic-destinations/|title=Air India Express Rajasthan expansion}}</ref> [[Kannur International Airport|Kannur]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://centreforaviation.com/news/air-india-express-to-commence-bangalore-kannur-service-in-nov-2023-1228212 |title=Air India Express to commence Bangalore-Kannur service in Nov-2023 |work=CAPA |access-date=11 October 2023}}</ref> [[Tribhuvan International Airport|Kathmandu]],<ref>{{cite news| url=https://aviationa2z.com/index.php/2025/04/19/air-india-express-adds-more-flights-from-south-indian-cities/|title=Air India Express Adds More flights from South Indian Cities|access-date=22 April 2025}}</ref> [[Cochin International Airport|Kochi]], [[Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport|Kolkata]], [[Calicut International Airport|Kozhikode]],<ref>{{cite news |url=https://traveltradejournal.com/air-india-express-to-commence-daily-direct-flights-on-bengaluru-kozhikode-route-from-january-16/ |title=Air India Express to commence daily direct flights on Bengaluru – Kozhikode route from January 16}}</ref> [[Kuwait International Airport|Kuwait City]],<ref name="Air India Express adds 3 flight to">{{cite news| url=https://aviationa2z.com/index.php/2025/09/26/air-india-express-adds-three-new-routes-from-bengaluru/|title=Air India Express adds 3 flight to the middle East from Bangalore}}</ref> [[Chaudhary Charan Singh International Airport|Lucknow]], [[Madurai Airport|Madurai]],<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.travelandtourworld.com/news/article/air-india-makes-a-strong-comeback-to-madurai-with-new-direct-flights-to-new-delhi-and-chennai-starting-december-offering-enhanced-connectivity-and-more-travel-options-for-passengers/|title=Air India Express resumes flights to Madurai}}</ref> [[Mangalore International Airport|Mangaluru]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://centreforaviation.com/news/air-india-express-to-resume-bangalore-mangaluru-service-from-nov-2023-1227755 |title=Air India Express to resume Bangalore-Mangaluru service from Nov-2023 |work=CAPA |access-date=10 October 2023}}</ref> [[Navi Mumbai International Airport|Mumbai–Navi]],<ref>{{cite news| url=https://aviationa2z.com/index.php/2025/11/22/air-india-express-launching-navi-mumbai-flights/|title=Air India Express launches flights from Mumbai's 2nd airport}}</ref> [[Nagpur Airport|Nagpur]],<ref>{{cite news| url=https://aviationa2z.com/index.php/2025/11/08/air-india-express-adds-2-new-flights-to-this-city/|title=Air India Express expands from Bangalore to Nagpur}}</ref> [[Jay Prakash Narayan Airport|Patna]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Air India Express launches daily flights from Patna to Bengaluru, Bhubaneswar and Hyderabad – Details inside |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/airlines-aviation-air-india-express-launches-daily-flights-from-patna-to-bengaluru-bhubaneswar-and-hyderabad-details-inside-3716543/ |access-date=4 March 2025 |work=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]] |date=16 January 2025}}</ref> [[Veer Savarkar International Airport|Port Blair]],<ref>{{cite news |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/money/air-india-express-expands-domestic-network-to-new-holiday-destinations-jammu-and-port-blair-1.10018415 |title=Starting December 1, 2024, Air India Express will operate direct flights connecting Sri Vijaya Puram (Port Blair) toto Bengaluru and Kolkata |date=25 September 2024}}</ref> [[Pune Airport|Pune]], [[Birsa Munda Airport|Ranchi]], [[King Khalid International Airport|Riyadh]],<ref name="Air India Express adds 3 flight to">{{cite news| url=https://aviationa2z.com/index.php/2025/09/26/air-india-express-adds-three-new-routes-from-bengaluru/|title=Air India Express adds 3 flight to the middle East from Bangalore}}</ref> [[Bagdogra Airport|Siliguri]], [[Srinagar Airport|Srinagar]],<ref name="Air India Express Bangalore domestic network">{{cite news| url=https://aviationa2z.com/index.php/2025/08/14/air-india-express-adds-new-destinations-from-bengaluru/|title=Air India Express Bangalore domestic network}}</ref> [[Surat Airport|Surat]], [[Thiruvananthapuram International Airport|Thiruvananthapuram]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://centreforaviation.com/news/air-india-express-to-commence-bangalore-thiruvananthapuram-service-in-nov-2023-1228213 |title=Air India Express to commence Bangalore-Thiruvananthapuram service in Nov-2023 |work=CAPA |access-date=11 October 2023}}</ref> [[Tiruchirappalli International Airport|Tiruchirappalli]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Air India Express Adds More flights from South Indian Cities| url=https://aviationa2z.com/index.php/2025/04/19/air-india-express-adds-more-flights-from-south-indian-cities/}}</ref> [[Maharana Pratap Airport|Udaipur]],<ref name= "Air India Express launches 2 new flights to Rajasthan"/> [[Lal Bahadur Shastri Airport|Varanasi]],<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/air-india-express-to-start-two-new-flights-to-bluru/articleshow/105159979.cms |title=Air India Express to start two new flights to Bengaluru |date=25 September 2024}}</ref> [[Vijayawada Airport|Vijayawada]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://telugu.samayam.com/andhra-pradesh/vijayawada/air-india-express-to-launch-daily-direct-flights-between-vijayawada-and-bangalore-from-september-1st/articleshow/111577393.cms |title=Daily flight between Vijayawada - Bangalore |date=8 July 2024 |access-date=11 July 2024}}</ref> [[Visakhapatnam Airport|Visakhapatnam]]<ref name="Air India Express Bangalore domestic network"/><br />
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| {{nowrap|[[AirAsia]]}} | [[Kuala Lumpur International Airport|Kuala Lumpur–International]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/airasia-to-resume-flights-connecting-india-with-malaysia-thailand-122040600192_1.html |title=AirAsia resumes flights from India to Malaysia, Thailand |date=7 January 2025}}</ref><br />
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| {{nowrap|[[Akasa Air]]}} | [[Zayed International Airport|Abu Dhabi]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/city/ahmedabad/akasa-air-launches-abu-dhabi-flights-from-ahmedabad-and-bengaluru-from-march-2025-article-115857171 |title=Akasa Air launches flights from Abu Dhabi to Ahmedabad and Bengaluru|date=December 2024 }}</ref> [[Maharaja Bir Bikram Airport|Agartala]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Akasa Air launches Agartala-Bengaluru flight |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/business/akasa-air-launches-agartala-bengaluru-flight-1155807.html |access-date=4 March 2025 |work=[[Deccan Herald]] |date=22 October 2022}}</ref> [[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel International Airport|Ahmedabad]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Akasa Air launches direct connectivity between Bengaluru, Ahmedabad, and Abu Dhabi - ET TravelWorld |url=https://travel.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/aviation/international/akasa-air-launches-direct-connectivity-between-bengaluru-ahmedabad-and-abu-dhabi/118650987 |access-date=4 March 2025 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |date=2 March 2025}}</ref> [[Ayodhya Airport|Ayodhya]],<ref>{{cite news |last1=Payal |first1=Priyanka |title=Ayodhya Ram Mandir: After SpiceJet, Akasa Air Announces Direct Flights To Ayodhya From Feb 15; Check Routes |url=https://www.goodreturns.in/news/ayodhya-ram-mandir-akasa-air-announces-direct-flights-to-ayodhya-from-feb-15-1324801.html |access-date=4 March 2025 |work=Goodreturns |date=18 January 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=C S |first1=Yamini |title=Ayodhya airport on high alert after bomb threat to Bengaluru-bound Akasa Air flight |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/bengaluru-news/ayodhya-airport-on-high-alert-after-bomb-threat-to-bengaluru-bound-akasa-air-flight-101730104761745.html |access-date=4 March 2025 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=28 October 2024}}</ref> [[Biju Patnaik Airport|Bhubaneswar]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Akasa Air forays into Odisha with daily flights to Pune & Bengaluru - ET TravelWorld |url=https://travel.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/aviation/domestic/akasa-air-forays-into-odisha-with-daily-flights-to-pune-bengaluru/99587358 |access-date=4 March 2025 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |date=18 April 2023}}</ref> [[Chennai International Airport|Chennai]], [[Indira Gandhi International Airport|Delhi]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Akasa Air starts operations from Delhi two months after launch; Delhi-Bengaluru flight commences |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/business-economy/companies/akasa-air-starts-operations-from-delhi-two-months-after-launch-delhi-bengaluru-flight-commences-article-94704007 |access-date=4 March 2025 |work=[[Times Now]] |date=7 October 2022}}</ref> [[Gorakhpur Airport|Gorakhpur]],<ref>{{cite news|title=Akasa Air Launches Direct Flights from Gorakhpur to Delhi, Bengaluru| url=https://money.rediff.com/news/market/akasa-air-launches-direct-flights-from-gorakhpur-to-delhi-bengaluru/10584120240530 |access-date=4 March 2025 |work=[[Press Trust of India]] |publisher=[[Rediff.com]] |date=30 May 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Akasa Air passenger claims expired food was served on flight, airline says probing matter |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/airlines-/-aviation/akasa-air-passenger-claims-expired-food-was-served-on-flight-airline-says-probing-matter/articleshow/113178051.cms |access-date=4 March 2025 |work=[[Press Trust of India]] |publisher=[[The Economic Times]] |date=9 September 2024}}</ref> [[Lokpriya Gopinath Bordoloi International Airport|Guwahati]], [[Rajiv Gandhi International Airport|Hyderabad]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Akasa Air starts daily flights from Hyderabad to Bengaluru, Goa |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/akasa-air-starts-daily-flights-from-hyderabad-to-bengaluru-goa/article66428809.ece |access-date=4 March 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=24 January 2023}}</ref> [[King Abdulaziz International Airport|Jeddah]],<ref name="NewAKJ">{{cite news|last=Ahmed|first=Arfath|title=Akasa Air Adds 2 New International Routes from Bengaluru – Exclusive|url=https://aviationa2z.com/index.php/2025/08/25/akasa-air-adds-2-international-routes-from-bengaluru/|work=Aviation A2Z|date=25 August 2025|access-date=25 August 2025|language=en}}</ref> [[Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport|Kolkata]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Akasa Air commences daily flight operations from Kolkata: Report |url=https://www.business-standard.com/companies/news/akasa-air-commences-daily-flight-operations-from-kolkata-report-123051801339_1.html |access-date=4 March 2025 |work=[[Business Standard]] |date=19 May 2023}}</ref> [[Calicut International Airport|Kozhikode]],<ref>{{cite tweet|user=AviationAll|number=1972930721246556506|date=30 September 2025|access-date=30 September 2025|language=en|title=Akasa Air to launch Bengaluru - Kozhikode eff 27OCT2025}}</ref> [[Chaudhary Charan Singh International Airport|Lucknow]],<ref>{{cite news |last1=Gupta |first1=Mayank |title=Akasa Air Adds Lucknow as 11th Destination, Starts Flights to Mumbai, Bengaluru |url=https://www.news18.com/news/auto/akasa-air-adds-lucknow-as-11th-destination-starts-flights-to-mumbai-bengaluru-6695437.html |access-date=4 March 2025 |work=[[CNN-News18]] |date=26 December 2022}}</ref> [[Navi Mumbai International Airport|Mumbai-Navi]] (begins 29 March 2026),<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/navi-mumbai-airport-to-connect-46-domestic-destinations-from-april-11270518|title=New flights to Navi Mumbai}}</ref> [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport|Mumbai–Shivaji]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Akasa Air launches flights on Bengaluru-Mumbai route |url=https://travel.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/aviation/domestic/akasa-air-launches-flights-on-bengaluru-mumbai-route/93670600 |access-date=4 March 2025 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |date=20 August 2022}}</ref> [[Phuket International Airport|Phuket]],<ref name="NewAKJ"/> [[Pune Airport|Pune]],<ref>{{cite news |last1=Thadhagath |first1=Pathi Venkata |title=Akasa Air begins flight service between Bengaluru and Pune |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/bengaluru-news/akasa-air-begins-flight-service-between-bengaluru-and-pune-101669473081084.html |access-date=4 March 2025 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=26 November 2022}}</ref> [[Bagdogra Airport|Siliguri]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Five flights, including Delhi-Chicago Air India plane, get bomb threats online |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/second-air-india-flight-gets-bomb-threat-in-a-day-delhi-to-chicago-jet-diverted-to-canada/articleshow/114251577.cms |access-date=4 March 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=15 October 2024}}</ref> [[Lal Bahadur Shastri Airport|Varanasi]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Akasa Air launches direct flights between Varanasi and Bengaluru |url=https://travel.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/aviation/domestic/akasa-air-launches-direct-flights-between-varanasi-and-bengaluru/98035267 |access-date=4 March 2025 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |date=18 February 2023}}</ref><br />
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| {{nowrap|[[Alliance Air (India)|Alliance Air]]}} | [[Rajiv Gandhi International Airport|Hyderabad]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Alliance Air to Commence Daily Flights Between Bengaluru and Hyderabad |url=https://www.news18.com/news/auto/alliance-air-to-commence-daily-flights-between-bengaluru-and-hyderabad-from-july-12-3900563.html |access-date=5 July 2021 |archive-date=9 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709184804/https://www.news18.com/amp/news/auto/alliance-air-to-commence-daily-flights-between-bengaluru-and-hyderabad-from-july-12-3900563.html |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Kochi International Airport|Kochi]], [[Salem Airport (India)|Salem]],<ref>{{cite news |last=Sivapriyan |first=E.T.B. |title=Salem Airport resumes operation with inaugural flight from Bengaluru |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/tamil-nadu/salem-airport-resumes-operation-with-inaugural-flight-from-bengaluru-2729001 |work=Deccan Herald |date=16 October 2023 |access-date=16 October 2023 |language=en}}</ref> [[Jindal Vijaynagar Airport|Vidyanagar]]<ref>{{cite web |author1=Narayan, Subhash |title=Jindal Vijayanagar Airport hosts Alliance Air's new flights to Hyd, Bengaluru |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/jindal-vijayanagar-airport-hosts-alliance-air-s-new-flights-to-hyd-bengaluru-11667125081893.html |work=Livemint |date=30 October 2022 |access-date=1 November 2022 |language=en}}</ref><br />
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| {{nowrap|[[Batik Air Malaysia]]}} | [[Kuala Lumpur International Airport|Kuala Lumpur–International]]<ref>{{cite news| url=https://en.tempo.co/read/1618286/batik-air-offer-direct-flights-to-bangalore-airfares-start-from-rp1-9-mln|title=Batik Air begins flights to Bangalore}}</ref><br />
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| {{nowrap|[[British Airways]]}} | [[Heathrow Airport|London–Heathrow]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/british-airways-introduces-new-plane-on-bengaluru-london-route-11578571437973.html |title=Flights to Bangalore |work=mint |date=9 January 2020 }}</ref><br />
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| {{nowrap|[[Cathay Pacific]]}} | [[Hong Kong International Airport|Hong Kong]]<ref>{{OAGWorldAug2025Ref|title=Hong Kong (SAR) China HKG|pages=543-547}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Indiablooms |url=https://www.indiablooms.com/travel-details/N/1697/cathay-pacific-to-commence-direct-flights-from-bengaluru-to-hong-kong.html |title=Cathay Pacific to commence direct flights from Bengaluru to Hong Kong &#124; Indiablooms - First Portal on Digital News Management |date=30 August 2022 |publisher=Indiablooms |access-date=7 June 2023}}</ref><br />
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| {{nowrap|[[Emirates (airline)|Emirates]]}} | [[Dubai International Airport|Dubai–International]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/bengaluru-news/bengaluru-flyers-to-get-premium-economy-class-service-on-emirates-a380-flights-101686800270807.html |title=Flights to Bengaluru (BLR) |date=15 June 2023 }}</ref><br />
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| {{nowrap|[[Ethiopian Airlines]]}} | [[Addis Ababa Bole International Airport|Addis Ababa]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Taneja |first1=Nawal K. |title=Personalization in air travel: data-driven, technology-enabled, human-supported |date=2025 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=London |isbn=9781041126652 |doi=10.4324/9781003665939}}</ref><br />
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| {{nowrap|[[Etihad Airways]]}} | [[Zayed International Airport|Abu Dhabi]]<ref>{{OAGWorldAug2025Ref|title=Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates AUH|pages=14-16}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Etihad Airways Marks 20 Years of Growth in India with Network Expansion to 11 Destinations Including Ahmedabad, Bengaluru, Mumbai and more |url=https://www.travelandtourworld.com/news/article/etihad-airways-marks-20-years-of-growth-in-india-with-network-expansion-to-11-destinations-including-ahmedabad-bengaluru-mumbai-and-more/ |work=Travel And Tour World |date=19 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241221080037/https://www.travelandtourworld.com/news/article/etihad-airways-marks-20-years-of-growth-in-india-with-network-expansion-to-11-destinations-including-ahmedabad-bengaluru-mumbai-and-more/ |archive-date=21 December 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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| {{nowrap|[[Fly91]]}} | [[Sindhudurg Airport|Sindhudurg]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Flight Schedule| url=https://fly91.in/resources/flight-schedule.pdf| website=[[Fly91]]|access-date=3 June 2025}}</ref><br />
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| {{nowrap|[[Gulf Air]]}} | [[Bahrain International Airport|Bahrain]]<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.traveldailymedia.com/gulf-air-makes-new-changes-for-flights-to-india-for-summer-2025/|title=Gulf Air India frequency changes}}</ref><br />
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| {{nowrap|[[IndiGo]]}} | [[Zayed International Airport|Abu Dhabi]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/bengaluru-news/indigo-launches-daily-flights-along-bengaluru-abu-dhabi-route-from-august-1-report-101719639238678.html |title=Indigo launches daily flights along Bengaluru-Abu Dhabi route from August 1 |work=hindustantimes.com |date=29 June 2024 |access-date=29 June 2024}}</ref> [[Maharaja Bir Bikram Airport|Agartala]], [[Agatti Airport|Agatti]],<ref>{{cite news |title=IndiGo announces direct flight from Bengaluru to Lakshadweep from March 31 |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/india/story/indigo-announces-direct-flight-from-bengaluru-to-lakshadweep-from-march-31-421954-2024-03-18 |work=Business Today |date=18 March 2024 |access-date=19 March 2024 |language=en}}</ref> [[Agra Airport|Agra]],<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/indigo-to-start-new-bengaluru-flight-to-connect-agra-11578456623999.html |title=IndiGo to start new Bengaluru flight to connect Agra |date=8 January 2020 |access-date=13 November 2024}}</ref> [[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel International Airport|Ahmedabad]], [[Sri Guru Ram Dass Jee International Airport|Amritsar]], [[Aurangabad Airport|Aurangabad]], [[Ayodhya Airport|Ayodhya]],<ref name="TH">{{cite news |title=IndiGo to launch Bengaluru-Ayodhya direct flights from December 31 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/indigo-to-launch-bengaluru-ayodhya-direct-flights-from-december-31/article68950686.ece |work=The Hindu |date=5 December 2024 |access-date=5 December 2024 |language=en}}</ref> [[Suvarnabhumi Airport|Bangkok–Suvarnabhumi]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/bengaluru-thailand-flights-resume/articleshow/90236870.cms |title=Bengaluru-Thailand flights resumes |access-date=26 July 2022}}</ref> [[Bareilly Airport|Bareilly]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/sectors/aviation/indigo-to-begin-bareilly-to-mumbai-bengaluru-flights-from-april-29/story/432989.html |title=IndiGo to begin Bareilly to Mumbai, Bengaluru flights from April 29 |work=Busine s Today |date=4 March 2021 |access-date=4 March 2021 |archive-date=4 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210304125158/https://www.businesstoday.in/sectors/aviation/indigo-to-begin-bareilly-to-mumbai-bengaluru-flights-from-april-29/story/432989.html |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Belgaum Airport|Belgaum]], [[Raja Bhoj Airport|Bhopal]], [[Biju Patnaik Airport|Bhubaneswar]], [[Chandigarh Airport|Chandigarh]], [[Chennai International Airport|Chennai]], [[Coimbatore International Airport|Coimbatore]], [[Bandaranaike International Airport|Colombo–Bandaranaike]],<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/industry/aviation/story/indigo-resumes-regular-international-flights-from-today-check-details-327481-2022-03-27 |title=IndiGo resumes regular international flights from today; check details |date=27 March 2022 |access-date=13 November 2024}}</ref> [[Dehradun Airport|Dehradun]], [[Indira Gandhi International Airport|Delhi]], [[Ngurah Rai International Airport|Denpasar]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/nri/visit/after-jakarta-indigo-announces-daily-flights-to-indonesias-bali/articleshow/107872811.cms |title=After Jakarta, IndiGo announces daily flights to Indonesia's Bali |work=The Economic Times |date=21 February 2024 |access-date=22 February 2024}}</ref> [[Deoghar Airport|Deoghar]],<ref>{{cite news |last=Pall |first=Samreen |title=Direct Flight from Deoghar To Bengaluru To Begin From June 1, Check Price |url=https://www.news18.com/auto/direct-flight-from-deoghar-to-bengaluru-to-begin-from-june-1-check-price-8882124.html |work=News18 |date=8 May 2024 |access-date=8 May 2024 |language=en}}</ref> [[Dibrugarh Airport|Dibrugarh]],<ref>{{cite news |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/india/indigo-expands-network-dubai-flights-malaysia-kyrgyzstan-1.10033662 |title=Indigo Domestic Expansion}}</ref> [[Hamad International Airport|Doha]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://m.gulf-times.com/story/714777/Qatar-Airways-and-IndiGo-reactivate-strategic-cooperation |title=Qatar Airways and IndiGo reactivate strategic cooperation |date=19 April 2022 |access-date=21 April 2022}}</ref> [[Dubai International Airport|Dubai–International]], [[Kazi Nazrul Islam Airport|Durgapur]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Indigo to operate 22 new domestic flights from 28 March |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/bengaluru-airport-now-connects-61-domestic-destinations-mostly-non-metro-cities-7194549/lite/ |website=www.livemint.com |access-date=11 February 2021 |archive-date=12 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412084956/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/bengaluru-airport-now-connects-61-domestic-destinations-mostly-non-metro-cities-7194549/lite/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/airlines-aviation-indigo-expands-connectivity-starts-direct-flights-from-chennai-to-durgapurnbspthrice-a-week-3462630/ |title=IndiGo will now operate 28 weekly flights from Durgapur to major metro cities, including Delhi, Mumbai, Bengaluru, and Hyderabad |date=19 April 2024 |access-date=4 March 2025}}</ref> [[Hindon Airport|Ghaziabad]],<ref>{{cite news| url=https://orissadiary.com/indigo-adds-a-new-gateway-to-delhi-ncr-launches-direct-flights-from-hindon-to-8-cities-across-india/|title=Indigo to launch 93rd domestic destination to Hindon}}</ref> [[Dabolim Airport|Goa–Dabolim]], [[Manohar International Airport|Goa–Mopa]],<ref>{{cite news |title=IndiGo's largest ever new station launch at New Goa International Airport |url=https://www.gomantaktimes.com/news/goa/goas-new-mopa-airport-finally-gets-operational}}</ref> [[Gorakhpur Airport|Gorakhpur]],<ref name="TH"/> [[Lokpriya Gopinath Bordoloi International Airport|Guwahati]], [[Hubli Airport|Hubli]], [[Rajiv Gandhi International Airport|Hyderabad]], [[Devi Ahilya Bai Holkar Airport|Indore]], [[Jabalpur Airport|Jabalpur]],<ref name="inex">{{cite news |url=https://www.travelandtourworld.com/news/article/indigo-expands-domestic-network-with-new-bengaluru-routes-to-jabalpur-and-nashik/ |title=Indigo flights to Jabalpur and Nashik}}</ref> [[Jaipur International Airport|Jaipur]],<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/industry-indigo-to-add-14-new-flights-from-next-month-244603/|title=Indigo Bangalore to Jaipur}}</ref> [[Jammu Airport|Jammu]],<ref>{{cite news|title=Jammu to bangalore flights| url=https://www.travelandtourworld.com/news/article/indigo-unveils-four-new-routes-in-summer-schedule-expansion/}}</ref> [[King Abdulaziz International Airport|Jeddah]],<ref>{{cite news |url=https://traveltradejournal.com/indigo-to-commence-bengaluru-jeddah-direct-flights-from-september-30-2024/ |title=IndiGo to commence Bengaluru-Jeddah direct flights from September 30, 2024 |date=28 August 2024 |access-date=13 November 2024}}</ref> [[Jharsuguda Airport|Jharsuguda]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Now flying to Jharsuguda from Bengaluru |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/1st-indigo-flight-to-bluru-from-jharsuguda-takes-off/articleshow/105248360.cms}}</ref> [[Jodhpur Airport|Jodhpur]], [[Kannur International Airport|Kannur]], [[Kanpur Airport|Kanpur]],<ref>{{cite news |title=IndiGo suspends city-B'luru flights for three months |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kanpur/indigo-suspends-city-bluru-flights-for-three-months/articleshow/106306999.cms |newspaper=Times Of India |date=27 December 2023 |access-date=30 January 2024}}</ref> [[Cochin International Airport|Kochi]], [[Kolhapur Airport|Kolhapur]],<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1891158 |title=IndiGo introduces exclusive flights between Bengaluru-Kolhapur}}</ref> [[Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport|Kolkata]], [[Calicut International Airport|Kozhikode]], [[Kuala Lumpur International Airport|Kuala Lumpur–International]],<ref>{{cite news| url=https://aviationa2z.com/index.php/2024/12/21/indigo-launch-penang-and-kuala-lumpur-flights/|title=Indigo launches more flights to Malaysia}}</ref> [[Kurnool Airport|Kurnool]],<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/indigo-flights-from-kurnool-to-begin-on-march-28/article33702271.ece |title=IndiGo flights from Kurnool to begin on March 28 |work=The Hindu |date=30 January 2021 |access-date=30 January 2021 |last1=Susarla |first1=Ramesh |archive-date=30 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210130075338/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/indigo-flights-from-kurnool-to-begin-on-march-28/article33702271.ece |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Langkawi International Airport|Langkawi]],<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/airlines-aviation-indigo-launches-direct-flights-from-bengaluru-to-malaysias-langkawi-this-december-check-booking-info-flight-schedule-here-3663989/ |title=IndiGo launches direct flights from Bengaluru to Malaysia's Langkawi this December |date=13 November 2024 |access-date=13 November 2024}}</ref> [[Chaudhary Charan Singh Airport|Lucknow]], [[Madurai Airport|Madurai]], [[Velana International Airport|Malé]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/travel-news/india-maldives-flights-to-resume-from-july-15-details-inside/articleshow/84203277.cms |title=India-Maldives flights to resume from July 15 |website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=8 November 2021}}</ref> [[Mangalore International Airport|Mangaluru]], [[Sir Seewoosagur Ramgoolam International Airport|Mauritius]],<ref>{{cite news |url=https://networkthoughts.com/2024/09/23/indigo-to-start-bengaluru-mauritius-flights-on-16-october/ |title=IndiGo to start Bengaluru Mauritius flights on 19 November |date=23 September 2024 |access-date=23 September 2024}}</ref> [[Navi Mumbai International Airport|Mumbai–Navi]],<ref>{{cite news |last=S |first=Naresh |title=IndiGo, Akasa Air to launch new flight routes from Navi Mumbai on December 25 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/indigo-akasa-air-launch-new-flight-routes-from-navi-mumbai-date-10367157/ |publisher=The Indian Express |date=15 November 2025 |access-date=15 November 2025}}</ref> [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport|Mumbai–Shivaji]], [[Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar International Airport|Nagpur]], [[Nashik Airport|Nashik]],<ref name="inex"/> [[Jay Prakash Narayan Airport|Patna]], [[Phuket International Airport|Phuket]],<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.zeebiz.com/economy-infra/aviation/news-indigo-announces-new-flights-from-mumbai-and-bengaluru-to-phuket-marks-25-increase-in-weekly-flights-to-thailand-268508 |title=IndiGo announces new flights from Mumbai and Bengaluru to Phuket, marks 25% increase in weekly flights to Thailand |date=12 December 2023 |access-date=13 December 2023 |last=Pandey |first=Ambarish |work=zeebiz.com}}</ref> [[Pondicherry Airport|Pondicherry]],<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2024/Nov/09/indigo-launches-daily-flights-from-pondy-to-hyderabad-bengaluru |title=Flights to pondicherry}}</ref> [[Veer Savarkar International Airport|Port Blair]], [[Prayagraj Airport|Prayagraj]], [[Pune Airport|Pune]], [[Swami Vivekananda Airport|Raipur]], [[Rajahmundry Airport|Rajahmundry]], [[Rajkot International Airport|Rajkot]],<ref>{{cite news |last=Mondal |first=Anish |title=Gujarat: Rajkot International Airport starts functioning, IndiGo to operate all its services from here – Details inside |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/airlines-aviation-gujarat-rajkot-international-airport-starts-functioning-indigo-to-operate-all-its-services-from-here-details-inside-3238365/ |work=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]] |date=10 September 2023 |access-date=10 September 2023 |language=en}}</ref> [[Birsa Munda Airport|Ranchi]], [[King Khalid International Airport|Riyadh]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://aviationa2z.com/index.php/2025/10/30/indigo-adds-new-flight-from-bengaluru-to-riyadh/|title=Indigo begins flights between Bangalore and Riyadh}}</ref> [[Salem Airport (India)|Salem]],<ref>{{cite news |last=Sengupta |first=Joy |title=IndiGo commences operations from Salem |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/indigo-commences-operations-from-salem/articleshow/104827375.cms |work=The Times of India |date=30 October 2023 |access-date=30 October 2023 |language=en}}</ref> [[Shirdi Airport|Shirdi]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Indigo to operate 22 new domestic flights from 28 March |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/indigo-to-operate-22-new-domestic-flights-from-28-march-11613050923466.html |website=www.livemint.com |date=11 February 2021 |access-date=11 February 2021 |archive-date=11 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210211145503/https://www.livemint.com/news/india/indigo-to-operate-22-new-domestic-flights-from-28-march-11613050923466.html |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Shimoga Airport|Shimoga]],<ref>{{cite news| url=https://travel.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/aviation/domestic/indigo-launches-bengaluru-shivamogga-flights/103243472|title=Indigo begins flights to Shimoga from Bangalore}}</ref> [[Bagdogra Airport|Siliguri]], [[Changi Airport|Singapore]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://centreforaviation.com/news/indigo-to-resume-bangalore-singapore-service-from-mar-2022-1116813 |title=IndiGo to resume Bangalore-Singapore service from Mar-2022 |access-date=13 February 2022}}</ref> [[Sheikh ul-Alam International Airport|Srinagar]],<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.travelandtourworld.com/news/article/indigo-unveils-four-new-routes-in-summer-schedule-expansion/ |title=IndiGo announces 4 new domestic routes to facilitate travel this summer}}</ref> [[Surat Airport|Surat]],<ref name="aviationa2z.com">{{cite news |url=https://aviationa2z.com/index.php/2025/01/02/indigo-bengaluru-network-expansion-2024-25/ |title=Indigo domestic expansion at Bangalore}}</ref> [[Thiruvananthapuram International Airport|Thiruvananthapuram]],<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/trivandrum-international-airport-winter-schedule-new-flights-to-kuwait-pune-and-ahmedabad/articleshow/114631839.cms |title=Trivandrum flight schedule}}</ref> [[Tiruchirappalli International Airport|Tiruchirappalli]],<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/trichy/two-more-flights-to-chennai-bluru-from-trichy-as-passenger-traffic-rises/articleshow/108758207.cms |title=Additional flights to Trichy}}</ref> [[Tirupati Airport|Tirupati]],<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/airlines-aviation-indigo-launches-daily-direct-flights-from-new-delhi-to-tirupati-aiming-to-enhance-pilgrim-connectivity-3634019/ |title=Indigo Tirupati expansion}}</ref> [[Tuticorin Airport|Tuticorin]],<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/airlines-aviation/bengaluru-kempegowda-international-airport-adds-5-new-domestic-2-international-routes-check-winter-schedule/1760860/ |title=Indigo BLR expansion}}</ref> [[Maharana Pratap Airport|Udaipur]],<ref>{{cite news |url=https://udaipurtimes.com/travel-and-tourism/udaipur-airport-summer-schedule-effective-till-october/cid14007245.htm |title=Udaipur Airport expansion}}</ref> [[Vadodara Airport|Vadodara]], [[Lal Bahadur Shastri Airport|Varanasi]],<ref name="aviationa2z.com">{{cite news |url=https://aviationa2z.com/index.php/2025/01/02/indigo-bengaluru-network-expansion-2024-25/ |title=Indigo domestic expansion at Bangalore}}</ref> [[Vijayawada Airport|Vijayawada]],<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/indigo-to-operate-daily-flights-from-vijayawada-to-bengaluru-hyderabad-and-chennai-/articleshow/62251100.cms |title=Indigo Bangalore to Vijayawada}}</ref> [[Visakhapatnam Airport|Visakhapatnam]]<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.yovizag.com/indigo-airlines-visakhapatnam-bangalore-flight-service/ |title=Indigo Bangalore to Vizag}}</ref><br/>'''Seasonal:''' [[Jaisalmer Airport|Jaisalmer]]<ref>{{cite web| url=https://aviationa2z.com/index.php/2025/09/28/indigo-launches-new-winter-routes/|title=Indigo launches seasonal flights to Jaisalmer |date=28 September 2025}}</ref><br />
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| {{nowrap|[[Japan Airlines]]}} | [[Narita International Airport|Tokyo–Narita]]<ref>{{cite news |title=JAL to operate Bengaluru-Tokyo flight five times a week from October |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/jal-to-operate-bengaluru-tokyo-flight-five-times-a-week-from-october/article68551010.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=21 August 2024}}</ref><br />
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| {{nowrap|[[Jazeera Airways]]}} | [[Kuwait International Airport|Kuwait City]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://curlytales.com/jazeera-airways-starts-direct-flights-between-bengaluru-to-kuwait-from-nov-3-travellers-rejoice/ |title=Jazeera Airways Starts Direct Flights Between Bengaluru To Kuwait From Nov 3. Travellers, Rejoice! |date=3 November 2022 |access-date=3 November 2022}}</ref><br />
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| [[KLM]] | [[Amsterdam Airport Schiphol|Amsterdam]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/airlines-/-aviation/klm-to-resume-flight-services-on-bengaluru-amsterdam-route-from-may-25/articleshow/90818289.cms |title=KLM to resume flight services on Bengaluru-Amsterdam route from May 25 |work=The Economic Times |date=13 April 2022 |access-date=14 April 2022}}</ref><br />
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| {{nowrap|[[Kuwait Airways]]}} | [[Kuwait International Airport|Kuwait City]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://kuwaittimes.com/kuwait-airways-re-launches-flight-to-11-destinations/|title=Kuwait Airways resumes flights to India}}</ref><br />
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| {{nowrap|[[Lufthansa]]}} | [[Frankfurt Airport|Frankfurt]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://aviationa2z.com/index.php/2023/12/28/lufthansa-to-add-more-flights-to-india/ |title=Lufthansa Schedule and Flight Status|date=28 December 2023 }}</ref> [[Munich Airport|Munich]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/lufthansa-to-double-bengaluru-munich-flight-frequency/article67637962.ece |title=Lufthansa: New long-haul destinations in the winter |website=[[The Hindu]]|date=14 December 2023 }}</ref><br />
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| {{nowrap|[[Malaysia Airlines]]}} | [[Kuala Lumpur International Airport|Kuala Lumpur–International]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://travelobiz.com/malaysia-airlines-announced-resumption-of-schedule-operations-between-india-and-malaysia-effective-march-27/ |title=Malaysia Airlines Announced Resumption of Schedule Operations Between India And Malaysia Effective March 27 |date=21 March 2022 |access-date=20 April 2022}}</ref><br />
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| {{nowrap|[[Nepal Airlines]]}} | [[Tribhuvan International Airport|Kathmandu]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Nepal Airlines to resume Mumbai-Kathmandu flights |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/travel-news/nepal-airlines-to-resume-mumbai-kathmandu-flights/articleshow/90436389.cms |access-date=23 February 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=25 March 2022}}</ref><br />
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| {{nowrap|[[Oman Air]]}} | [[Muscat International Airport|Muscat]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://m.timesofoman.com/article/144148-oman-air-launches-new-schedule-for-summer-2024 |title=Flight Resumption from Muscat}}</ref><br />
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| {{nowrap|[[Qantas]]}} | [[Sydney Airport|Sydney]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Qantas launches Bengaluru-Sydney flight, first direct flight to connect South India to Australia |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/bengaluru-news/qantas-launches-bengaluru-sydney-flight-first-direct-flight-to-connect-south-india-to-australia/articleshow/94192503.cms |work=The Economic Times |date=14 September 2022 |access-date=14 September 2022}}</ref><br />
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| {{nowrap|[[Qatar Airways]]}} | [[Hamad International Airport|Doha]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Driessche |first1=Maarten Van Den |title=Qatar Airways to increase capacity to Bengaluru |url=https://www.aviation24.be/airlines/qatar-airways/qatar-airways-to-increase-capacity-to-bengaluru/ |access-date=28 February 2025 |work=Aviation24.be |date=30 March 2015}}</ref><br />
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| {{nowrap|[[SalamAir]]}} | [[Muscat International Airport|Muscat]]<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.news18.com/auto/omans-salamair-to-launch-new-flights-from-bengaluru-8983686.html|title=SalamAir begins flights to Bangalore}}</ref><br />
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| {{nowrap|[[Saudia]]}} | [[King Abdulaziz International Airport|Jeddah]]<ref>{{OAGWorldAug2025Ref|title=Jeddah, Saudi Arabia JED|pages=597-600}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://travel.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/destination/global/saudia-strengthens-its-presence-in-india-with-enhanced-connectivity-and-services/115926691 |title=Saudia Network}}</ref><br />
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| {{nowrap|[[Singapore Airlines]]}} | [[Changi Airport|Singapore]]<ref>{{OAGWorldAug2025Ref|title=Singapore, Singapore SIN|pages=1214-1219}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/singapore-airlines-to-resume-services-across-india/article37758988.ece |title=Singapore Airlines to resume services across India |website=www.thehindubusinessline.com |date=29 November 2021}}</ref><br />
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| {{nowrap|[[SpiceJet]]}} | [[Chennai International Airport|Chennai]],<ref>{{cite tweet| user=AviationAll_| number=1981354629209477304| title=SpiceJet to resume Bengaluru - Chennai eff 8NOV2025|date=23 October 2025}}</ref> [[Darbhanga Airport|Darbhanga]],<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ojha |first1=Sangeeta |title=SpiceJet starts booking for flights for Delhi, Mumbai, Bengaluru from Darbhanga |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/spicejet-starts-bookings-for-daily-flights-for-delhi-mumbai-bengaluru-from-darbhanga-11600667152183.html |access-date=11 March 2025 |work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |date=21 September 2020}}</ref> [[Jolly Grant Airport|Dehradun]],<ref name="Spicejet domestic expansion">{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/airlines-/-aviation/spicejet-adds-24-new-flights-connecting-more-cities-for-travellers-this-summer/articleshow/119524105.cms?from=mdr|title=Spicejet domestic expansion}}</ref> [[Indira Gandhi International Airport|Delhi]],<ref name="Spicejet BLR domestic routes">{{cite news| url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/bengaluru/no-impact-of-spicejet-s-troubles-on-bengaluru-airport-3171510|title=Spicejet BLR domestic routes}}</ref> [[Shirdi Airport|Shirdi]],<ref name="Spicejet BLR domestic routes" /> [[Tuticorin Airport|Tuticorin]]<ref name="Spicejet domestic expansion" /><br />
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| {{nowrap|[[SriLankan Airlines]]}} | [[Bandaranaike International Airport|Colombo–Bandaranaike]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.businesstraveller.com/business-travel/2021/08/31/srilankan-airlines-resumes-regular-flights-from-nine-indian-cities/ |title=SriLankan Airlines resumes regular flights to and from India |date=31 August 2021 |access-date=8 November 2021}}</ref><br />
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| {{nowrap|[[Star Air (India)|Star Air]]}} | [[Bidar Airport|Bidar]],<ref>{{cite news|title=Bidar airport to restart flight operations on April 15 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/bidar-airport-to-restart-flight-operations-from-april-15/article69344700.ece|website=The Hindu|date=18 March 2025}}</ref> [[Manohar International Airport|Goa–Mopa]],<ref name="Star Air Navi Mumbai destinations">{{cite web| url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/airlines-/-aviation/star-air-to-launch-flight-services-from-navi-mumbai-airport/articleshow/125985047.cms?from=mdr|title=Star Air to commence flights from and to Navi Mumbai International Airport|access-date=19 December 2025}}</ref> [[Rajiv Gandhi International Airport|Hyderabad]], [[Shri Guru Gobind Singh Ji Airport|Nanded]],<ref>{{cite news |title=BLR-NDC Dailights starting March 31st |url=https://www.100knots.com/star-air-to-launch-new-routes/ |website=100knots.com}}</ref> [[Jindal Vidyanagar Airport|Vidyanagar]]<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.travelandtourworld.com/news/article/star-airs-new-daily-flight-route-from-bengaluru-to-hampi-set-to-transform-tourism-landscape-in-ballari-and-vijayanagara-districts-starting-november/|title=Star Air resumes flights to Hampi}}</ref><br />
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| {{nowrap|[[Thai AirAsia]]}} | [[Don Mueang International Airport|Bangkok–Don Mueang]]<ref name="ReferenceA">{{OAGWorldAug2025Ref|title=Bangkok, Thailand BKK|pages=109-113}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Thai AirAsia launches Bengaluru-Bangkok direct flight {{!}} India.com |url=https://www.india.com/news/world/thai-airasia-launches-bengaluru-bangkok-direct-flight-440784/ |access-date=11 March 2025 |work=[[Indo-Asian News Service]] |publisher=[[India.com]] |date=29 June 2015}}</ref><br />
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| {{nowrap|[[Thai Airways International]]}} | [[Suvarnabhumi Airport|Bangkok–Suvarnabhumi]]<ref name="ReferenceA">{{OAGWorldAug2025Ref|title=Bangkok, Thailand BKK|pages=109-113}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Thai Airways to resume service to bangalore|work=Bangkok Post |date=14 October 2021 |url=https://www.bangkokpost.com/business/2197755/thai-airways-to-resume-international-services |last1=Wancharoen |first1=Supoj }}</ref><br />
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| {{nowrap|[[Thai Lion Air]]}} | [[Don Mueang International Airport|Bangkok–Don Mueang]]<ref name="ReferenceA">{{OAGWorldAug2025Ref|title=Bangkok, Thailand BKK|pages=109-113}}</ref><br />
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| {{nowrap|[[VietJet Air]]}} | [[Tan Son Nhat International Airport|Ho Chi Minh City]]<ref>{{OAGWorldAug2025Ref|title=Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam SGN|pages=538-541}}</ref><br />
<!-- --> <br />
| {{nowrap|[[Vietnam Airlines]]}} | [[Noi Bai International Airport|Hanoi]]<ref>{{OAGWorldAug2025Ref|title=Hanoi, Viet Nam HAN|pages=522-524}}</ref><br />
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| {{nowrap|[[Virgin Atlantic]]}} | [[Heathrow Airport|London–Heathrow]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Virgin Atlantic to start daily flights from UK to Bengaluru from next year |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/virgin-atlantic-to-start-daily-flights-from-uk-to-bengaluru-from-next-year-8646721/ |website=The Indian Express |date=5 June 2023 |access-date=5 June 2023 |language=en}}</ref><br />
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}}<br />
<br />
=== Cargo ===<br />
<br />
{{Airport destination list<br />
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| [[AeroLogic]] | [[Suvarnabhumi Airport|Bangkok–Suvarnabhumi]], [[Frankfurt Airport|Frankfurt]],<ref>{{cite news |url=http://postandparcel.info/42873/news/dhl-express-adds-boeing-777-link-from-india-to-germany/ |title=DHL Express adds Boeing 777 link from India to Germany |date=13 October 2011 |work=Post & Parcel |access-date=17 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160327033337/http://postandparcel.info/42873/news/dhl-express-adds-boeing-777-link-from-india-to-germany/ |archive-date=27 March 2016}}</ref><br />
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| [[Amazon Air]] | [[Coimbatore International Airport|Coimbatore]], [[Indira Gandhi International Airport|Delhi]], [[Rajiv Gandhi International Airport|Hyderabad]], [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport|Mumbai–Shivaji]]<ref>{{cite news |author=<!--Not stated--> |title=Amazon Air takes off in India |url=https://www.aboutamazon.in/news/operations/amazon-air-takes-off-in-india |work=[[Amazon (company)|Amazon]] |date=23 January 2023 |access-date=18 February 2023 |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
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| [[Blue Dart Aviation]] | [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport|Mumbai–Shivaji]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Bengaluru-bound flight makes landing in Chennai airport due to severe fog |url=https://www.dtnext.in/news/chennai/bengaluru-bound-flight-makes-landing-in-chennai-airport-due-to-severe-fog-823927 |access-date=2 March 2025 |work=[[DT Next]] |date=22 February 2025}}</ref>, [[Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose International Airport|Kolkata]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Welcome to Blue Dart Aviation Ltd.|url=https://bluedartaviation.com/|access-date=4 August 2020|website=bluedartaviation.com|archive-date=28 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728223435/https://bluedartaviation.com/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Destinations, Blue Dart Aviation|url=https://www.bluedartaviation.com/corporatebg_net.htm|access-date=30 October 2021|website=bluedartaviation.com|archive-date=28 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728223435/https://bluedartaviation.com/|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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| [[Cathay Cargo]] | [[Hong Kong International Airport|Hong Kong]]<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/logistics/cathay-pacific-cargo-to-add-more-ports-in-india/article2322445.ece |title=Cathay Pacific Cargo to add more ports in India |last=Chandramouly |first=Anjana |date=4 August 2011 |newspaper=[[The Hindu Business Line]] |access-date=17 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160403161950/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/logistics/cathay-pacific-cargo-to-add-more-ports-in-india/article2322445.ece |archive-date=3 April 2016}}</ref><br />
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| [[Challenge Group]] | [[Al Maktoum International Airport|Dubai–Al Maktoum]], [[Ben Gurion International Airport|Tel Aviv]]<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.aircargonews.net/freighter-operators/challenge-expands-india-presence-with-new-freighter-flight/1080075.article|title=Challenge group expansion in India}}</ref><br />
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| [[Emirates SkyCargo]] | [[Al Maktoum International Airport|Dubai–Al Maktoum]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Emirates adds Budapest, Bangalore |url=https://www.joc.com/article/emirates-adds-budapest-bangalore-5296157 |access-date=4 March 2025 |work=[[Journal of Commerce]] |date=30 March 2004 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250304134856/https://www.joc.com/article/emirates-adds-budapest-bangalore-5296157 |archive-date=4 March 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Emirates SkyCargo sees Bangalore airport attracting Southern business |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/emirates-skycargo-sees-bangalore-airport-attracting-southern-business-112031600036_1.html |access-date=4 March 2025 |work=[[Business Standard]] |date=13 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161120125523/http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/emirates-skycargo-sees-bangalore-airport-attracting-southern-business-112031600036_1.html |archive-date=20 November 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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| [[Ethiopian Airlines Cargo]] | [[Addis Ababa Bole International Airport|Addis Ababa]],<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/ethiopian-airlines-starts-cargo-operation-to-bengaluru-115121400639_1.html |title=Ethiopian Airlines starts cargo operation to Bengaluru |date=14 December 2015 |newspaper=[[Business Standard]] |access-date=17 March 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160324134043/http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/ethiopian-airlines-starts-cargo-operation-to-bengaluru-115121400639_1.html |archive-date=24 March 2016}}</ref><br />
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| [[Etihad Cargo]] | [[Zayed International Airport|Abu Dhabi]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.transglobalexpress.co.uk/news/1005/ |title=Starting this month, Etihad Cargo is offering new weekly freighter services from Abu Dhabi (AUH) to Johannesburg (JNB) and Bangalore (BLR). |date=6 March 2018 |access-date=1 February 2022}}</ref><br />
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| [[FedEx Express]] | [[Cologne Bonn Airport|Cologne/Bonn]], [[Dubai International Airport|Dubai–International]], [[Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport|Guangzhou]], [[Liège Airport|Liège]], [[Charles de Gaulle Airport|Paris–Charles de Gaulle]]<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-logistics/bangalore-is-fedexs-global-hub-for-south/article1001207.ece |title=Bangalore is FedEx's global hub for South |date=12 August 2010 |newspaper=[[The Hindu Business Line]] |access-date=17 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160403162126/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-logistics/bangalore-is-fedexs-global-hub-for-south/article1001207.ece |archive-date=3 April 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Manoj |first1=P. |url=https://www.livemint.com/Companies/Z7Y8fYjz1LItEnloc0CVIM/FedEx-launches-direct-cargo-flight-from-Bangalore-to-Europe.html |title=FedEx launches direct cargo flight from Bangalore to Europe, US |work=mint |date=12 August 2010 |access-date=7 November 2021 |archive-date=4 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104223243/https://www.livemint.com/Companies/Z7Y8fYjz1LItEnloc0CVIM/FedEx-launches-direct-cargo-flight-from-Bangalore-to-Europe.html |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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| [[MASkargo]] | [[Kuala Lumpur International Airport|Kuala Lumpur–International]]<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thestar.com.my/business/business-news/2015/05/22/maskargo-adds-banglore-to-its-cargo-network/ |title=MASkargo adds Bangalore to its cargo network |date=22 May 2015 |work=The Star Online |access-date=17 March 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160513090516/http://www.thestar.com.my/business/business-news/2015/05/22/maskargo-adds-banglore-to-its-cargo-network/ |archive-date=13 May 2016}}</ref><br />
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| [[National Airlines (N8)|National Airlines]] | [[Chicago Rockford International Airport|Chicago/Rockford]], [[Munich Airport|Munich]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://media-exp1.licdn.com/dms/image/C4E22AQENTThaRBiBCg/feedshare-shrink_2048_1536/0/1640234968155?e=1643241600&v=beta&t=XyzZauW0WvgmS7-JNwt0Z88WiNCzaa0SWr581yxyf-E |title=Connecting BLR with EU, US |access-date=6 January 2022 |archive-date=18 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418094700/https://media-exp1.licdn.com/dms/image/C4E22AQENTThaRBiBCg/feedshare-shrink_2048_1536/0/1640234968155?e=1643241600&v=beta&t=XyzZauW0WvgmS7-JNwt0Z88WiNCzaa0SWr581yxyf-E |url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
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| [[Oman Air|Oman Air Cargo]] | [[Muscat International Airport|Muscat]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Nair |first1=Vinod |title=Oman Air announces flights to Indian destinations |url=https://www.omanobserver.om/article/1116595/oman/transport/oman-air-announces-flights-to-indian-destinations |access-date=4 March 2025 |work=[[Oman Daily Observer]] |date=23 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Gurav |first1=Ajinkya |title=InterGlobe appointed as Oman Air's exclusive GSSA across India - Air Cargo Week |url=https://aircargoweek.com/interglobe-appointed-as-oman-airs-exclusive-gssa-across-india/ |access-date=4 March 2025 |work=Air Cargo Week |date=24 December 2024}}</ref><br />
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| [[Qatar Airways Cargo]] | [[Hamad International Airport|Doha]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Qatar Airways Cargo Division Adds Three New Routes |url=https://oananews.org/node/175163 |access-date=4 March 2025 |work=[[Qatar News Agency]] |agency=[[Organization of Asia-Pacific News Agencies]] |date=12 April 2011}}</ref><br />
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| [[Quikjet Cargo]] | [[Indira Gandhi International Airport|Delhi]], [[Rajiv Gandhi International Airport|Hyderabad]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dedhia |first1=Zinal |title=Quikjet Airlines resumes operations in India; to fly for Amazon |url=https://www.stattimes.com/air-cargo/quikjet-airlines-resumes-operations-in-india-to-fly-for-amazon-1347526 |access-date=4 March 2025 |work=STAT Trade Times |date=10 January 2023}}</ref><br />
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| [[Sichuan Airlines|Sichuan Airlines Cargo]] | [[Chengdu Shuangliu International Airport|Chengdu–Shuangliu]], [[Chongqing Jiangbei International Airport|Chongqing]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ecns.cn/m/business/2021-03-29/detail-ihaixiqm7137683.shtml |title=Sichuan Airlines Begin Cargo Service To Bangalore |date=29 March 2021 |access-date=7 April 2021 |archive-date=1 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210401060045/http://www.ecns.cn/m/business/2021-03-29/detail-ihaixiqm7137683.shtml |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<!-- --><br />
| {{nowrap|[[Singapore Airlines Cargo]]}} | [[Amsterdam Airport Schiphol|Amsterdam]], [[Sharjah International Airport|Sharjah]], [[Changi Airport|Singapore]]<ref>{{cite news |title=What is the current Singapore Airlines cargo schedule? |url=https://mainlymiles.com/2020/04/30/what-is-the-current-singapore-airlines-cargo-schedule/ |access-date=7 March 2025 |work=Mainly Miles |date=30 April 2020}}</ref><br />
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| {{nowrap|[[SF Airlines]]}} | [[Ezhou Huahu International Airport|Ezhou]],<ref>{{cite news |title=New air cargo route links China's Ezhou with Bangalore, India |url=https://english.news.cn/20250306/6ce68e7a9e87450289e57643c7004018/c.html |access-date=7 March 2025 |work=[[Xinhua News Agency]] |date=6 March 2025}}</ref> [[Shenzhen Bao'an International Airport|Shenzhen]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aviacionline.com/sf-airlines-launches-new-cargo-route-between-shenzhen-and-bangalore|title=SF Airlines launches new cargo route between Shenzhen and Bangalore|publisher=Aviacionline|date=11 March 2025|accessdate=13 June 2025}}</ref><br />
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| [[Turkish Airlines|Turkish Airlines Cargo]] | [[Bandaranaike International Airport|Colombo–Bandaranaike]], [[King Fahd International Airport|Dammam]], [[Istanbul Airport|Istanbul]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2018/oct/27/kempegowda-international-airport-will-link-to-seven-more-cities-1890700.html |title=Kempegowda International Airport will link to seven more cities |publisher=The New Indian Express |date=29 October 1947 |access-date=29 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181030035425/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2018/oct/27/kempegowda-international-airport-will-link-to-seven-more-cities-1890700.html |archive-date=30 October 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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| [[UPS Airlines]] | [[Cologne Bonn Airport|Cologne/Bonn]],<ref>{{cite web |title=UPS flags off second airport gateway in India at Bengaluru airport |url=https://www.stattimes.com/air-cargo/ups-flags-off-second-airport-gateway-in-india-at-bengaluru-airport-1346005 |access-date=March 1, 2026}}</ref> [[Shenzhen Bao'an International Airport|Shenzhen]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://centreforaviation.com/news/ups-launches-bangalore-services-and-opens-second-facility-in-india-1149199 |title=UPS launches Bangalore services and opens second facility in India |access-date=20 July 2022}}</ref><br />
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}}<br />
<br />
==Statistics==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" <br />
|+ '''Busiest domestic routes from BLR (2024–25)'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Home {{!}} Directorate General of Civil Aviation {{!}} Government of India |url=https://www.dgca.gov.in/digigov-portal/?page=monthlyStatistics/259/9373/html&mainundefined|access-date=15 June 2025 |website=www.dgca.gov.in}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
! Rank<br />
! Airport<br />
! Carriers<br />
! Passengers<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1<br />
| [[Indira Gandhi International Airport|Delhi]]<br />
| [[Air India]], [[Air India Express]], [[Akasa Air]], [[IndiGo]], [[SpiceJet]]<br />
|4,681,042<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;" | 2<br />
| [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport|Mumbai, Maharashtra]]<br />
| [[Air India]], [[Akasa Air]], [[IndiGo]]<br />
|4,114,574<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;" | 3<br />
| [[Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport|Kolkata, West Bengal]]<br />
| [[Air India Express]], [[Akasa Air]], [[IndiGo]]<br />
|2,326,777<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 4<br />
| [[Rajiv Gandhi International Airport|Hyderabad, Telangana]]<br />
| [[Air India]], [[Air India Express]], [[Akasa Air]], [[Alliance Air (India)|Alliance Air]], [[IndiGo]], [[Star Air (India)|Star Air]]<br />
|2,293,602<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;" | 5<br />
| [[Pune Airport|Pune, Maharashtra]]<br />
| [[Air India Express]], [[Akasa Air]], [[IndiGo]]<br />
|1,881,109<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 6<br />
| [[Cochin International Airport|Kochi, Kerala]]<br />
| [[Air India Express]], [[Alliance Air (India)|Alliance Air]], [[IndiGo]]<br />
|1,482,441<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;" | 7<br />
| [[Chennai International Airport|Chennai, Tamil Nadu]]<br />
| [[Air India]], [[Air India Express]], [[IndiGo]]<br />
|1,474,948<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;" | 8<br />
| [[Dabolim Airport|Goa–Dabolim, Goa]]<br />
| [[Air India Express]], [[IndiGo]]<br />
|1,163,301<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;" | 9<br />
| [[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel International Airport|Ahmedabad, Gujarat]]<br />
| [[Air India]], [[Akasa Air]], [[IndiGo]]<br />
|980,653<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;" | 10<br />
| [[Lal Bahadur Shastri Airport|Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
| [[Air India Express]], [[Akasa Air]], [[IndiGo]]<br />
|882,200<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" <br />
|+ '''Busiest international routes from BLR (2024–25)'''<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dgca.gov.in/digigov-portal/baseLocale=en_US?page=jsp/dgca/InventoryList/dataReports/aviationDataStatistics/airTransport/international/quaterly/25Q1_4.pdf&mainundefined|title=International Air Transport: Statistics for Q1 2025 |access-date=5 July 2025}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
! Rank<br />
! Airport<br />
! Carriers<br />
! Passengers<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1<br />
| [[Dubai International Airport|Dubai, United Arab Emirates]]<br />
| [[Emirates (airline)|Emirates]], [[IndiGo]]<br />
|889,571<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2<br />
| [[Changi Airport|Singapore]]<br />
| [[IndiGo]], [[Singapore Airlines]]<br />
|587,319<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;" | 3<br />
| [[Abu Dhabi International Airport|Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates]]<br />
| [[Air India Express]], [[Akasa Air]], [[Etihad Airways]], [[IndiGo]]<br />
|482,525<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 4<br />
| [[Heathrow Airport|London–Heathrow, United Kingdom]]<br />
| [[Air India]], [[British Airways]], [[Virgin Atlantic]]<br />
|397,722<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 5<br />
| [[Hamad International Airport|Doha, Qatar]]<br />
| [[IndiGo]], [[Qatar Airways]]<br />
|331,936<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;" | 6<br />
| [[Suvarnabhumi Airport|Bangkok–Suvarnabhumi, Thailand]]<br />
| [[IndiGo]], [[Thai Airways International]]<br />
|301,026<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;" | 7<br />
| [[Frankfurt Airport|Frankfurt, Germany]]<br />
| [[Lufthansa]]<br />
|297,496<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 8<br />
| [[Kuala Lumpur International Airport|Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia]]<br />
| [[AirAsia]], [[Batik Air Malaysia]], [[Malaysia Airlines]], [[IndiGo]]<br />
|252,161<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 9<br />
| [[Charles de Gaulle Airport|Paris–Charles de Gaulle, France]]<br />
| [[Air France]]<br />
|204,236<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 10<br />
| [[Bandaranaike International Airport|Colombo–Bandaranaike, Sri Lanka]]<br />
| [[IndiGo]], [[SriLankan Airlines]]<br />
|161,197<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Ground transport ==<br />
[[File:BIAL trumpet interchange.JPG|thumb|The [[trumpet interchange]] between [[National Highway 44 (India)|NH44]] and the road leading to the airport.]]<br />
[[File:BIAL Volvo buses.JPG|thumb|[[Bengaluru Metropolitan Transport Corporation|BMTC]]'s erstwhile [[Volvo]] buses that served the ''Vayu Vajra'' routes.]]<br />
<br />
=== Road ===<br />
{{Main|Vayu Vajra}}<br />
Kempegowda International Airport is connected to Bengaluru by [[National Highway 44 (India)|National Highway 44]] (NH44). In January 2014, a six-lane [[overpass|flyover]] above NH44 was completed to connect [[Hebbal, Bengaluru|Hebbal]] and the airport, helping to reduce travel time to and from the city.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/Hebbal-to-Kempegowda-International-Airport-in-20-minutes/articleshow/29573300.cms |title=Hebbal to Kempegowda International Airport in 20 minutes |date=30 January 2014 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=13 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150708210631/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/Hebbal-to-Kempegowda-International-Airport-in-20-minutes/articleshow/29573300.cms |archive-date=8 July 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/drive-to-airport-to-be-smoother-by-monthend/article5530974.ece |title=Drive to airport to be smoother by month-end |date=2 January 2014 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=10 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140418180205/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/drive-to-airport-to-be-smoother-by-monthend/article5530974.ece |archive-date=18 April 2014}}</ref> Two alternative routes run through [[Thanisandra]] and [[Budigere]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/two-alternate-roads-from-the-east-to-bengaluru-airport-by-march-2017/article9231212.ece |title=Two alternate roads from the east to the airport by March 2017 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=18 October 2016 |access-date=18 October 2016 |archive-date=7 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211107080614/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/Two-alternate-roads-from-the-east-to-the-airport-by-March-2017/article16074740.ece |url-status=live}}</ref> The airport has 4 parking lots located at ground level.<ref name="at">{{cite web |url=http://www.airport-technology.com/projects/bangalore/ |title=Bangalore International Airport, India |website=Airport Technology |access-date=9 March 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160315203449/http://www.airport-technology.com/projects/bangalore/ |archive-date=15 March 2016}}</ref> Alongside BIAL's own taxi service, ride-sharing companies [[Ola Consumer|Ola]] and [[Uber]] have dedicated 'taxi zones' outside both terminals.<ref>{{cite news |last=Urs |first=Anil |date=19 May 2016 |title=Ola signs pact with Kempegowda international airport |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/logistics/ola-signs-pact-with-kempegowda-international-airport/article8620486.ece |work=[[The Hindu Business Line]] |access-date=20 May 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180320173458/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/logistics/ola-signs-pact-with-kempegowda-international-airport/article8620486.ece |archive-date=20 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Ray |first=Aparajita |date=25 May 2016 |title=Uber too, gets space at Bengaluru international airport |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/Uber-too-gets-space-at-Bengaluru-international-airport/articleshow/52433360.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=25 May 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160814002747/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/Uber-too-gets-space-at-Bengaluru-international-airport/articleshow/52433360.cms |archive-date=14 August 2016}}</ref><br />
<br />
The [[Bengaluru Metropolitan Transport Corporation]] (BMTC) has a dedicated pick-up zone outside both terminals and provides bus transportation to all parts of the city through the ''Vayu Vajra'' ([[Kannada language|Kannada]] for "Diamond in the Air") service.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/cover-story/Vayu-Vajra-bleeds-BMTC-of-Rs-5-lakh-a-day/articleshow/22364739.cms |title=Vayu Vajra bleeds BMTC of Rs 5 lakh a day |date=3 November 2008 |newspaper=[[Bangalore Mirror]] |access-date=13 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160403162738/http://www.bangaloremirror.com/bangalore/cover-story/Vayu-Vajra-bleeds-BMTC-of-Rs-5-lakh-a-day/articleshow/22364739.cms |archive-date=3 April 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> It is operated using a fleet of [[Switch Mobility|Switch]] EiV12 buses.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/india/bengaluru-s-bmtc-begins-trial-runs-of-ac-electric-buses-12907868.html |title=Bengaluru's BMTC begins trial runs of AC electric buses |date=11 January 2025 |newspaper=MoneyControl |access-date=15 January 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
Additionally, the [[Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation]] (KSRTC) operates a nonstop bus service called "Flybus" between Kempegowda International Airport and [[Mysore]], as well as a route to [[Manipal]] via [[Mangaluru]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/ksrtc-to-operate-flybus-between-manipal-and-kia/article7549125.ece |title=KSRTC to operate Flybus between Manipal and KIA |last=Sastry |first=Anil Kumar |date=17 August 2015 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=12 March 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217073229/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/ksrtc-to-operate-flybus-between-manipal-and-kia/article7549125.ece |archive-date=17 December 2016}}</ref><br />
<br />
Upcoming projects include the construction of an Eastern Tunnel Access Road which will decongest the route taken by passengers arriving from [[Whitefield, Bengaluru|Whitefield]], thus reducing travel times by 30%. It is expected to cost {{INRConvert|200|c}} and finish construction by 2027. BIAL is also considering the construction of access roads that link the airport to the new [[Satellite Town Ring Road]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=BIAL to build 2.5 km tunnel road to help decongest Bengaluru's eastern parts |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/bengaluru/bial-to-build-25-km-tunnel-road-to-help-decongest-bengalurus-eastern-parts-3298659 |access-date=29 December 2024 |work=[[Deccan Herald]] |date=1 December 2024}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Rail ===<br />
A [[Kempegowda International Airport halt railway station|halt]] at the KIA boundary commenced operations in January 2021.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/bengaluru-kempegowda-airport-suburban-train-finally-start-monday-140744 |title=Bengaluru-Kempegowda airport suburban train to finally start from Monday |work=The News Minute |date=3 January 2021 |access-date=3 January 2021 |archive-date=3 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210103090003/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/bengaluru-kempegowda-airport-suburban-train-finally-start-monday-140744 |url-status=live}}</ref> The train halt is connected to the airport terminal via 5-minute shuttle buses. 5 trains from the city operate daily to [[Devanahalli]] station at the KIA halt.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/train-services-bengaluru-city-kempegowda-international-airport-7133408/ |title=Trains between Bengaluru city and Kempegowda International Airport: All you need to know |work=The Indian Express |date=5 January 2021 |access-date=12 February 2021 |archive-date=25 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125233025/https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/train-services-bengaluru-city-kempegowda-international-airport-7133408/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Future plans include turning Devanahalli station into a mega rail terminal to decongest the city's railway stations and serve as the hub for the {{convert|287|km|mi|order=flip|adj=on|}} circular rail network and [[High-speed rail in India|high-speed rail]] (HSR) lines.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Proposed mega rail terminal near Bengaluru airport moves forward, site identified |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/bengaluru/proposed-mega-rail-terminal-near-bengaluru-airport-moves-forward-site-identified-3332239 |access-date=29 December 2024 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=1 July 2024 |title=Bengaluru Circular Rail Link project work starts. Key updates, routes and other details |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/bengaluru-circular-rail-link-project-work-starts-key-updates-routes-and-other-details/articleshow/111409652.cms?from=mdr |access-date=29 December 2024 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><br />
<br />
The Airport and Airport City will also be connected to the city by the Sampige line of the under-construction [[Bengaluru Suburban Rail|Bengaluru Suburban Rail Project]] (BSRP). It is expected to be operational by December 2027.<ref>{{Cite web |title=K-RIDE sets ball rolling for suburban railway line from Majestic to Bengaluru airport |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/bengaluru/k-ride-sets-ball-rolling-for-suburban-railway-line-from-majestic-to-bengaluru-airport-3125386 |access-date=29 December 2024 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><br />
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The plan to build a metro link between Bengaluru and its airport was revived in 2020, and is now under construction as part of the [[Blue Line (Namma Metro)|Blue Line]].<ref name="TNIE Rs 800">{{cite news |first=S |last=Lalitha |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=12 October 2021 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2021/oct/12/bmrcl-will-spend-rs-800-cr-for-infra-for-2-metro-stations-to-airport-line-will-be-ready-by-dec-2024-2370708.html |title=BMRCL will spend Rs 800 crore for infra for two Metro stations to airport, line will be ready by December 2024 |access-date=8 November 2021}}</ref> The project will link [[Bengaluru]] with the airport under Phase 2 of the [[Namma Metro]] project, and is {{convert|58|km|mi|order=flip|adj=on|}} long. The line connects with the [[Red Line (Namma Metro)|Red]] & [[Orange Line (Namma Metro)|Orange]] Lines at [[Hebbala metro station|Hebbal]], the [[Pink Line (Namma Metro)|Pink]] Line at [[Nagawara metro station|Nagawara]], the [[Purple Line (Namma Metro)|Purple]] Line at [[Krishnarajapura metro station|K.R. Puram]] and the [[Yellow Line (Namma Metro)|Yellow]] Line at [[Central Silk Board metro station|Central Silk Board]], thus serving the entire city. The project is expected to open in 3 phases between June and December 2026.<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 March 2023 |title=𝐁𝐚𝐧𝐠𝐚𝐥𝐨𝐫𝐞 𝐀𝐢𝐫𝐩𝐨𝐫𝐭 𝐌𝐞𝐭𝐫𝐨 {{!}} Namma Metro Blue Line - Route, Map, & Cost |url=https://www.magicbricks.com/blog/bangalore-airport-metro/131352.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240923215049/https://www.magicbricks.com/blog/bangalore-airport-metro/131352.html |archive-date=23 September 2024 |access-date=29 December 2024 |work=Magicbricks Blog |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
There are 2 metro stations being built in the airport campus; 1 to serve the upcoming Airport City and the other one in the [[Transport hub|Multi Modal Transport Hub]] opposite [[Airport terminal|Terminal 2]]. The cost of building these 2 stations is estimated to be {{INRConvert|800|c}}.<ref name="TNIE Rs 800" /><br />
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=== Air ===<br />
Bengaluru-based startup [[Sarla Aviation]] has signed a [[Memorandum of understanding|memorandum of understanding (MoU)]] with BIAL to establish 'air taxi' operations between [[Electronic City]] in Bengaluru South and the airport using [[eVTOL]] aircraft. Tickets are expected to cost {{INRConvert|1700|}} and the service is expected to cover the {{convert|52|km|mi|order=flip|adj=on|}} stretch in just 19 minutes.<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 October 2024 |title=Bengaluru Airport to Electronics City in just 19 minutes: Electric flying taxis to launch soon with Rs 1,700 fare |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/bengaluru-news/bengaluru-airport-to-electronics-city-in-just-19-minutes-electric-flying-taxis-to-launch-soon-with-rs-1700-fare/articleshow/114315560.cms?from=mdr |access-date=29 December 2024 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><br />
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== See also ==<br />
* [[List of airports in India]]<br />
* [[List of airports in Karnataka]]<br />
* [[List of busiest airports in India]]<br />
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== References ==<br />
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}<br />
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== External links ==<br />
{{Commons-inline}}<br />
* {{Official website|https://www.bengaluruairport.com}}<br />
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{{portal bar|India|Aviation|Bangalore}}<br />
{{Airports in India}}<br />
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[[Category:Airports in Bengaluru]]<br />
[[Category:Airports in Karnataka]]<br />
[[Category:Airports in India]]<br />
[[Category:2008 establishments in India]]<br />
[[Category:Airports established in 2008]]<br />
[[Category:Fairfax Financial]]<br />
[[Category:Airports Authority of India]]</div>Camorabughttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raghavendra_Math_(Mantralayam)&diff=461198Raghavendra Math (Mantralayam)2026-03-27T16:48:23Z<p>Camorabug: quick enhance intro after review additionally</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Hindu monastery in India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}<br />
[[File:Ragavendratemple.jpg|thumb|Sri Raghavendra Swamy Mutt, [[Mantralayam]]]]<br />
{{Dvaita}}<br />
[[File:MoolaRama 2.png|thumb|373x373px|Sri Moola rama, Digvijaya rama and Jayarama Idols at Raghavendra Math]]<br />
'''Sri Raghavendra Swamy Mutt, Mantralayam''' is one of the [[Dvaita Vedanta]] monasteries ([[Matha]]) descended from [[Madhvacharya]] through Sri Jayatirtha further with Vibudhendra Tirtha (a disciple of ''Ramchandra Tirtha''). It is one of the three premier monasteries descended in the lineage of [[Jayatirtha]] the other two being [[Uttaradi Math]] and [[Vyasaraja Math (Sosale)|Vyasaraja Math]] and are jointly referred as ''Mathatraya(ಮಠತ್ರಯ)''.{{Sfn|Sharma|2000|p=199}}<ref>{{cite book|title=Vaisnavism|author=Steven Rosen|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers|date=30 November 1994|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4IrQkw5x2o4C&pg=PA132|page=132|isbn=9788120812352}}</ref>{{Sfn|Sharma|2000|p=193}} It is the pontiffs and pandits of the ''Mathatraya'' that have been the principle architects of post-Madhva Dvaita Vedanta through the centuries.<ref>{{cite book|title=Viśiṣṭādvaita and Dvaita: A Systematic and Comparative Study of the Two Schools of Vedānta with Special Reference to Some Doctrinal Controversies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NrHWAAAAMAAJ|author=B. N. Hebbar|page=29|publisher=Bharatiya Granth Niketan|year=2004|isbn = 9788189211011}}</ref> <br />
<br />
Ramachandra Tirtha's disciples are Vidyanidhi Tirtha and Vibhudendra Tirtha. Vidyanidhi Tirtha started new branch matha [[Uttaradi Matha]] and Vibhudendra Tirtha who was senior plonitff and only successor continued linage. These lineages were formed and continued for the benefit of the Madhva philosophy so that more and more individuals consequently have access to the philosophy and get [[Upadeśa]] (spiritual guidance). Later this matha came to be known by the name of Kumbhakona Matha. After the times of famous [[Vijayendra Tirtha]] it came to be known as Vijayendra Math. Post the period of Sri Subodhendra Tirtha (1799 - 1835) the mutt was stationed at Nanjanagud, hence it is also known as Nanjanagud Sri Raghavendra Swamy Mutt in later days. In recent decades, the mutt has established it headquarters at Mantralayam. It is the holy abode of Sri Raghavendra teertha (1621 - 1671) who is one of the prominent personalities in the lineage of Madhvacharya. Sri Raghavendra Swami Mutt (the temple and monastery surrounding the burial site of Sri Raghavendra Teertha) is located on the bank of [[Tungabhadra River]] in [[Mantralayam]] in Adoni taluk of [[Kurnool district]] in [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite book|title=History of the Dakshinatya Saraswats|author=Venkataraya Narayan Kudva|publisher=Samyukta Gowda Saraswata Sabha|year=1972|page=196|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x0NuAAAAMAAJ}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Purabhilekh-puratatva: Journal of the Directorate of Archives, Archaeology and Museum, Panaji-Goa, Volume 2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WJZPAQAAMAAJ|publisher=The Directorate|year=2001|page=90|quote= This matha was established by one Vibhdeendra Teertha in the middle of the 15th century. He was the spiritual progenitor of Sri Ramachandra Teertha of the Uttaradi matha. Both belong to Dvaita philosophy.}}</ref><br />
<br />
==History==<br />
Raghavendra Math is descended from Jagadguru Shri [[Madhvacharya]] through Vibhudendra Tirtha and came to existence in 15th century.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Yi5uAAAAMAAJ|title=Sources of the History of India, Volume 3|page=390|author=Siba Pada Sen|publisher=Institute of Historical Studies|year=1980|quote=Sri Vibudendra-Tirtha founded the Kumbhakona Matha. This Matha came into existence in the fifteenth century.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Purabhilekh-puratatva: Journal of the Directorate of Archives, Archaeology and Museum, Panaji-Goa, Volume 2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WJZPAQAAMAAJ|publisher=The Directorate|year=2001|page=90|quote= This matha was established by one Vibhudeendra Teertha in the middle of the 15th century. He was the spiritual progenitor of Sri Ramachandra Teertha of the Uttaradi matha. Both belong to Dvaita philosophy.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Quarterly Journal of the Mythic Society (Bangalore)., Volume 83|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JPxtAAAAMAAJ|publisher=Mythic Society|year=1992|page=133|quote=During the 15th century Ramachandra Teertha had initiated two sanyasis and of the two Vibhudendra Teertha founded a new Matha in the far South at Kumbhakonam.}}</ref> The Raghavendra Math was founded in 15th century by Vibhudendra Tirtha in [[Kumbhakonam]]. So, earlier the matha was known as Kumbhakonam Matha or Dakshinadi Math and later the matha was made popular as Sri Vijayendra Mutt after [[Vijayendra Tirtha]] by [[Sudhindra Tirtha]], a disciple and successor to the pontificate of Kumbakonam Matha. After Sudhindra Tirtha his disciple, the most venerated [[dvaita]] saint [[Raghavendra Tirtha]] continued in the pontifical lineage as the pontiff of the matha.<br />
<br />
; Deities worshipped <br />
The Moola Rama is the main deity of the matha.{{cn|date=May 2025}} Along with Mool Rama, Sri Digvijaya Rama (Worshipped by Sri Madhvacharya) and Jaya Rama (worshipped by Sri Jayateertha) are being worshipped at Sri Raghavendra Swamy Mutt.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sameer.joshi |date=2023-10-04 |title=द्वैत दर्शन ದ್ವೈತ ದರ್ಶನ [ DWAITA DARSHANA ] : ರಾಮನ ನೋಡಿರೈ.... ರಾಮನ ನೋಡಿರೈ .... |url=https://dwaitadarshana.blogspot.com/2023/10/blog-post.html |access-date=2023-10-04 |website=द्वैत दर्शन ದ್ವೈತ ದರ್ಶನ [ DWAITA DARSHANA ]}}</ref> Two Vyasamushtis,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-04 |title=ಶ್ರೀರಾಘವೇಂದ್ರವಿಜಯ ಉಲ್ಲೇಖಿಸುವ ಶ್ರೀರಾಘವೇಂದ್ರತೀರ್ಥರ ಪಟ್ಟಾಭಿಷೇಕ. |url=https://www.sushameendra.org/2022/%e0%b2%b6%e0%b3%8d%e0%b2%b0%e0%b3%80%e0%b2%b0%e0%b2%be%e0%b2%98%e0%b2%b5%e0%b3%87%e0%b2%82%e0%b2%a6%e0%b3%8d%e0%b2%b0%e0%b2%b5%e0%b2%bf%e0%b2%9c%e0%b2%af-%e0%b2%89%e0%b2%b2%e0%b3%8d%e0%b2%b2%e0%b3%87/ |access-date=2023-10-04 |website=Sri Sushameendra Seva Pratishtana |language=en-US}}</ref> Sri Shodasha bahu Narasimha worshipped by Sri Vibudhendra teertha and Santana Gopala Krishna, Vaikuntha Vasudeva, Vitthala and other prominent deities with significant historical importance are worshipped in the mutt.<br />
<br />
[[Purandara Dasa]] has meaningfully described the worship of Moolarama performed by his contemporary Yatishwara Srisurendratirtha.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ಪುರಂದರದಾಸರು – ಸಮಗ್ರ ದಾಸ ಸಾಹಿತ್ಯ |url=https://kanaja.karnataka.gov.in/dasasahitya/%e0%b2%aa%e0%b3%81%e0%b2%b0%e0%b2%82%e0%b2%a6%e0%b2%b0%e0%b2%a6%e0%b2%be%e0%b2%b8%e0%b2%b0%e0%b3%81-2/ |access-date=2024-04-12 |language=en-US}}</ref> [[ Gopala Dasa|Sri Gopala Dasa]] mentions Vasudhendratirtha eight times in Moolarama's Suladi called 'Taranikulotpanna Taputakanchanavarna'. Sri [[Jagannatha Dasa (Kannada poet)|Jagannath Dasa]] composed kirtans on many Yativarenyas of Sri Raghavendra Math, quoting Moolaram. He also dearly mentions his beloved guru Sri Raghavendra teertha. He also describes the Moola rama as beloved god of Vasudhendra teertha̤. <ref>{{Cite web |title=ರಾಮನ ನೋಡಿರೈ {{!}} ಹರಿದಾಸ ಸಂಪದ |url=https://haridasa.sampada.net/%E0%B2%A6%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF/%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%A8-%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%A1%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%88/1453 |access-date=2024-04-12 |website=haridasa.sampada.net}}</ref><br />
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== Guru Parampara ==<br />
The Guru Parampara (Lineage of Saints) of Sri Raghavendra Swamy Mutt is given below.<br />
<br />
#'''Sri [[Madhvacharya]]'''<br />
#Sri [[Padmanabha Tirtha]]<br />
#Sri [[Narahari Tirtha]]<br />
#Sri [[Madhava Tirtha]]<br />
#Sri [[Akshobhya Tirtha]]<br />
#Sri [[Jayatirtha]]<br />
#Sri [[Vidyadhiraja Tirtha]]<br />
# Sri Kavindra Thirtha<br />
#Sri Vaageesha Thirtha<br />
#Sri Ramachandra Tirtha<br />
#Sri Vibudhendra Tirtha<br />
#Sri Jitamitra Tirtha<br />
#Sri Raghunandana Tirtha<br />
#Sri Surendra Tirtha<br />
#Sri [[Vijayindra Tirtha|Vijayeendra Tirtha]]<br />
# Sri [[Sudhindra Tirtha]]<br />
#'''Sri [[Raghavendra Tirtha]]'''<br />
#Sri Yogeendra Tirtha<br />
#Sri Sooreendra Tirtha<br />
# Sri [[Sumatindra Tirtha|Sumateendra Tirtha]]<br />
#Sri Upendra Tirtha<br />
#Sri Vadeendra Tirtha<br />
# Sri Vasudhendra Tirtha<br />
# Sri Varadendra Tirtha<br />
# Sri Dheerendra Tirtha<br />
# Sri Bhuvanendra Tirtha<br />
# Sri Subodhendra Tirtha<br />
# Sri Sujanendra Tirtha<br />
# Sri Sujnanendra Tirtha<br />
# Sri Sudharmendra Tirtha<br />
#Sri Sugunendra Tirtha<br />
#Sri Suprajnendra Tirtha<br />
#Sri Sukrutheendra Tirtha<br />
#Sri Susheelendra Tirtha<br />
#Sri Suvrateendra Tirtha<br />
#Sri Suyameendra Tirtha<br />
#Sri Sujayeendra Tirtha<br />
#Sri Sushameendra Tirtha<br />
#Sri Suyateendra Tirtha<br />
#Sri Subudhendra Tirtha – (Present Pontiff)<ref>{{cite news|title=Subudhendra Tirtha takes charge of Mantralayam math|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/subudhendra-tirtha-takes-charge-of-mantralayam-math/article5774415.ece|work=The Hindu|access-date=12 March 2014}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==Bibliography==<br />
* {{cite book|title = A History of the Dvaita School of Vedānta and Its Literature, Vol 1. 3rd Edition|first = B. N. Krishnamurti| last = Sharma| publisher=Motilal Banarsidass (2008 Reprint) |isbn = 978-8120815759| year= 2000 }}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[https://www.srsmatha.org/ Raghavendra Math official website]<br />
*[https://srsmatha.org/latestnews.php Shree Guru Raghavendra Swamy Matha at Mantralaya - news]<br />
* [http://www.dvaita.org Website on Dvaita] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230613064759/https://www.dvaita.org/ |date=13 June 2023 }}<br />
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{{coord missing|Karnataka}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Dvaita Vedanta]]<br />
[[Category:Vaishnavism]]<br />
[[Category:Hindu monasteries in India]]<br />
[[Category:Madhva mathas]]<br />
[[Category:Hindu temples in Thanjavur district]]<br />
[[Category:Mathatraya]]</div>Camorabughttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lal_Bahadur_Shastri&diff=458135Lal Bahadur Shastri2026-03-22T23:45:23Z<p>Camorabug: small changes</p>
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<div>{{short description|Prime Minister of India from 1964 to 1966<!-- Do NOT add counts or ordinals, as per [[BP:CONSENSUS]] -->}}<br />
{{redirect|Shastri}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2021}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| image = Lal Bahadur Shastri (cropped).jpg<br />
| caption = Shastri in 1965<br />
| office = <!-- Do NOT add counts or ordinals, as per [[BP:CONSENSUS]] -->[[Prime Minister of India]]<br />
| term_start = 9 June 1964<br />
| term_end = 11 January 1966<br />
| president = [[Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan]]<br />
| vice_president = [[Zakir Husain (politician)|Zakir Husain]]<br />
| predecessor = [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]<br>[[Gulzarilal Nanda]] (acting)<br />
| successor = Gulzarilal Nanda (acting)<br>[[Indira Gandhi]]<br />
| office2 = <!-- Do NOT add counts or ordinals, as per [[BP:CONSENSUS]] -->[[Minister of External Affairs (India)|Union Minister of External Affairs]]<br />
| prime_minister2 = ''Himself''<br />
| term_start2 = 9 June 1964<br />
| term_end2 = 18 July 1964<br />
| predecessor2 = Gulzarilal Nanda<br />
| successor2 = [[Sardar Swaran Singh]]<br />
| office3 = <!-- Do NOT add counts or ordinals, as per [[BP:CONSENSUS]] -->[[Minister for Home Affairs (India)|Union Minister of Home Affairs]]<br />
| prime_minister3 = Jawaharlal Nehru<br />
| term_start3 = 4 April 1961<br />
| term_end3 = 29 August 1963<br />
| predecessor3 = [[Govind Ballabh Pant]]<br />
| successor3 = Gulzarilal Nanda<br />
| office4 = <!-- Do NOT add counts or ordinals, as per [[BP:CONSENSUS]] -->[[Minister of Railways (India)|Union Minister of Railways]]<br />
| term_start4 = 13 May 1952<br />
| term_end4 = 7 December 1956<br />
| prime_minister4 = Jawaharlal Nehru<br />
| predecessor4 = [[N. Gopalaswami Ayyangar]]<br />
| successor4 = [[Jagjivan Ram]]<br />
| birth_name = Lal Bahadur Srivastava<br />
| birth_date = {{birth date|1904|10|02|df=yes}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Mughalsarai]], [[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh]], [[British Raj|British India]]<br />
| death_date = {{death date and age|1966|01|11|1904|10|02|df=yes}}<br />
| death_place = [[Tashkent]], [[Uzbek SSR]], [[Soviet Union]]<br />
| death_cause = [[Heart attack]]; possible [[CIA]] [[assassination]] <br />
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]<br />
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Lalita Shastri]]|1928}}<br />
| children = 6; including [[Anil Shastri]], [[Hari Krishna Shastri]] and [[Sunil Shastri]]<br />
| profession = Politician<br />
| alma_mater = [[Mahatma Gandhi Kashi Vidyapith]], [[Varanasi]]<br />
| awards = <br />
| nickname = ''Nanhe''<br />
| order = <!-- Do NOT add counts or ordinals, as per [[BP:CONSENSUS]] --><br />
| order2 = <!-- Do NOT add counts or ordinals, as per [[BP:CONSENSUS]] --><br />
| order1 = <!-- Do NOT add counts or ordinals, as per [[BP:CONSENSUS]] --><br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Lal Bahadur Shastri}}<br />
'''Lal Bahadur Shastri'''{{efn|{{IPA|hi|laːlᵊ bəˈɦaːd̪ʊɾ ˈʂaːst̪ᵊɾiː|pron|Lal Bahadur Shastri.ogg}}}} (2 October 1904{{snd}}11 January 1966) was an Indian politician and statesman who served as the <!-- Do NOT add counts or ordinals, as per [[BP:CONSENSUS]] --> [[Prime Minister of India|prime minister of India]] from 1964 to 1966. He previously served as [[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|home minister]] from 1961 to 1963.<br />
<br />
Shastri was born to Sharad Prasad Srivastava and Ramdulari Devi in [[Mughalsarai]] on 2 October 1904. He studied in East Central Railway Inter college and the Harish Chandra High School, which he left to join the [[Non-cooperation movement (1919–1922)|non-cooperation movement]]. He worked for the betterment of the [[Harijan]]s at [[Muzaffarpur]] and dropped his caste-derived surname of "Srivastava". Influenced by Mahatma Gandhi, he joined the [[Indian independence movement|Indian Independence movement]] in the 1920s. He served as the president of [[Servants of the People Society]], founded by [[Lala Lajpat Rai]] and held prominent positions in the [[Indian National Congress]] (INC). Following Indian independence in 1947, Shastri led several union ministries under [[Prime Minister of India|prime minister]] [[Jawaharlal Nehru]].<br />
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As prime minister, Shastri promoted the [[Operation Flood|White revolution]], a national campaign to increase the production and supply of milk, by supporting the [[Amul]] milk co-operative and creating the [[National Dairy Development Board]]. Underlining the need to boost India's food production, Shastri also promoted the [[Green Revolution in India]] in 1965. This led to an increase in food grain production, especially in the states of [[Punjab]], [[Haryana]] and [[Uttar Pradesh]]. He led the country during the [[India–Pakistan war of 1965]]. His slogan "[[Jai Jawan Jai Kisan|Jai Jawan, Jai Kisan]]" ("Hail to the soldier; Hail to the farmer") became very popular during the war. The war formally ended with the [[Tashkent Declaration]] on 10 January 1966; [[Death of Lal Bahadur Shastri|Shastri died]] the next day.<br />
<br />
==Early years (1904–1920)==<br />
Shastri was born on 2 October 1904 at the home of his maternal grandparents.<ref>{{cite book |last=Bellenoit |first=Hayden J. |title=The Formation of the Colonial State in India: Scribes, Paper and Taxes, 1760–1860 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iEMlDgAAQBAJ&pg=PT182 |publisher=Routledge |date=17 February 2017 |page=182 |isbn=978-1-134-49436-1}}</ref><ref name="britannica">{{citation |title=Lal Bahadur Shastri |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Lal-Bahadur-Shastri |encyclopedia=britannica.com |date=23 June 2023 |access-date=17 April 2020 |archive-date=6 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906033024/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Lal-Bahadur-Shastri |url-status=live}}</ref> Shastri's paternal ancestors were in the service of the ''[[zamindar]]'' of [[Ramnagar, Varanasi|Ramnagar]] in [[Varanasi|Banaras]], and Shastri lived there for the first year of his life. Shastri's father, Sharad Prasad Srivastava, was a school teacher who later became a clerk in the revenue office at [[Prayagraj]], while his mother, Ramdulari Devi, was the daughter of Munshi Hazari Lal, the headmaster and English teacher at a railway school in [[Mughalsarai]]. Shastri was the second child and eldest son of his parents; he had an elder sister, Kailashi Devi (b. 1900).{{sfn|Bakshi|1991|pp=1, 2}}{{sfn|Dhawan|1991|p=81}}<br />
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In April 1905, when Shastri was hardly 18 months old, his father, who had recently been promoted to the post of deputy [[tehsildar]], died in an epidemic of [[bubonic plague]]. Ramdulari Devi, then only 23 years old and pregnant with her third child, took her two children and moved from Ramnagar to her father's house in Mughalsarai and settled there for good. She gave birth to a daughter, Sundari Devi, in July 1906.{{sfn|C.P. Srivastava|1995|pp=12–17}}<ref name="pmindia">{{citation |title=Shri Lal Bahadur Shastri |url=https://www.pmindia.gov.in/en/former_pm/shri-lal-bahadur-shastri/ |publisher=[[Government Of India]] |work=pmindia.gov.in |access-date=19 May 2019 |archive-date=17 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190617080922/https://www.pmindia.gov.in/en/former_pm/shri-lal-bahadur-shastri/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Thus, Shastri and his sisters grew up in the household of his maternal grandfather, Hazari Lalji.<ref>{{cite book |last=Narayan |first=Narayan Agrawal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Lwoae1jbcc0C|title=Lal Bahadur Shastri, Churn of Conscience|date=2006|publisher=Eternal Gandhi|isbn=978-81-231-0193-4}}</ref> However, Hazari Lalji himself died from a [[stroke]] in mid-1908. Thereafter, the family was looked after by his brother (Shastri's great-uncle) Darbari Lal, who was the head clerk in the opium regulation department at Ghazipur, and later by his son (Ramdulari Devi's cousin) Bindeshwari Prasad, a school teacher in Mughalsarai.{{Sfn|Chokkan|2020|p=9}}<br />
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This situation was standard for the time, where the Indian [[joint family]] system was a thriving reality; the sense of family relationship and responsibility it fostered was the primary social security of the time. Nor should it be surmised from these circumstances that Shastri grew up in an under-privileged manner, or that his education and comforts were compromised. On the contrary, since he was a rank student, he received a better education than some of his cousins.{{sfn|C.P. Srivastava|1995}} Bindeshwari Prasad, on the limited salary of a school teacher, with many dependents, nevertheless managed to give a good education to all the children in his care.<br />
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In 1917, Bindeshwari Prasad was transferred to Varanasi, and the entire family moved there, including Ramdulari Devi and her three children. In Varanasi, Shastri joining the seventh standard at Harish Chandra High School.<br />
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==Early activities (1921–1945)==<br />
While his family had no links to the independence movement then taking shape, among his teachers at Harish Chandra High School was an intensely patriotic and highly respected teacher named Nishkameshwar Prasad Mishra, who gave Shastri much-needed financial support by allowing him to tutor his children. Inspired by Mishra's patriotism, Shastri took a deep interest in the freedom struggle, and began to study its history and the works of several of its noted personalities, including those of [[Swami Vivekananda]], [[Mahatma Gandhi]] and [[Annie Besant]].{{Citation needed|date=October 2023}} In January 1921, when Shastri was in the 10th standard and three months from sitting the final examinations, he attended a public meeting in [[Benares]] hosted by Gandhi and [[Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya]]. Inspired by the Mahatma's call for students to withdraw from government schools and join the non-cooperation movement, Shastri withdrew from Harish Chandra High School the next day and joined the local branch of the Congress Party as a volunteer, actively participating in picketing and anti-government demonstrations.<ref>{{cite web|title=Contact Us – IndiaInfoline|url=https://www.indiainfoline.com/contactus|access-date=2020-12-07|website=www.indiainfoline.com |archive-date=28 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128160026/https://www.indiainfoline.com/contactus|url-status=live}}</ref> He was soon arrested and jailed, but was then let off as he was still a minor.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.freeindia.org/biographies/greatleaders/shastri/page9.htm|title=Lal Bahadur Shastri: The Young Satyagrahi|work=Free India|access-date=13 March 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070119032817/http://www.freeindia.org/biographies/greatleaders/shastri/page9.htm|archive-date=19 January 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref>{{sfn|C.P. Srivastava|1995|pp=20–22}}<br />
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Shastri's immediate supervisor was a former [[Benares Hindu University]] lecturer named [[J.B. Kripalani]], who would become one of the most prominent leaders of the Indian independence movement and one among Gandhi's closest followers.<ref>{{cite web |title=मां ने कर्ज लेकर करवाई शास्त्री जी की पढ़ाई, पढ़ें कुछ दिलचस्प बातें |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/news/UP-VAR-interesting-facts-about-lal-bahadur-shastri-on-his-birth-anniversary-5710057-PHO.html |url-status=live |website=Dainik Bhaskar |date=2017-10-02 |access-date=2020-12-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111230835/https://www.bhaskar.com/news/UP-VAR-interesting-facts-about-lal-bahadur-shastri-on-his-birth-anniversary-5710057-PHO.html |archive-date=2020-11-11 |language=hi}}</ref> Recognising the need for the younger volunteers to continue their educations, Kripalani and a friend, V.N. Sharma, had founded an informal school centered around "nationalist education" to educate the young activists in their nation's heritage and with the support of a wealthy philanthropist and ardent Congress nationalist, Shiv Prasad Gupta, the [[Kashi Vidyapith]] was inaugurated by Gandhi in Benares as a national institution of higher education on 10 February 1921. Among the first students of the new institution, Shastri graduated with a first-class degree in philosophy and ethics from the Vidyapith in 1925. He was given the title ''[[Shastri]]'' ("scholar").<ref>{{Cite web|title='वर्मा' से 'शास्त्री' कैसे बने पूर्व प्रधानमंत्री लाल बहादुर?|url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/knowledge/lal-bahadur-shastri-birth-anniversary-how-he-changed-verma-title-into-shastri-know-interesting-story-dlva-2476165.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191004032425/https://hindi.news18.com/news/knowledge/lal-bahadur-shastri-birth-anniversary-how-he-changed-verma-title-into-shastri-know-interesting-story-dlva-2476165.html|archive-date=2019-10-04|access-date=2020-12-07|website=News18 India|date=2 October 2019}}</ref> The title was a bachelor's degree awarded by the institution but it stuck as part of his name.{{sfn|C.P. Srivastava|1995|pp=23–28}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Lal Bahadur Shastri: Tilak and Gandhi |url=http://www.freeindia.org/biographies/greatleaders/shastri/page8.htm |url-status=dead |work=Free India |access-date=13 March 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061217030052/http://freeindia.org/biographies/greatleaders/shastri/page8.htm |archive-date=17 December 2006}}</ref><br />
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Shastri enrolled himself as a life member of the [[Servants of the People Society]] (Lok Sevak Mandal), founded by [[Lala Lajpat Rai]], and began to work for the betterment of the [[Harijan]]s under Gandhi's direction at [[Muzaffarpur]].<ref name="rrtd_lbs">{{cite web|url=http://rrtd.nic.in/lalbahadurshastri.htm|title=Lal Bahadur Shastri (1904–1966)|publisher=Research Reference and Training Division, Ministry Of Information And Broadcasting, Government Of India|access-date=13 March 2007|archive-date=28 September 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928010632/http://rrtd.nic.in/lalbahadurshastri.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> Later he became the President of the Society.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.freeindia.org/biographies/greatleaders/shastri/page9.htm|title=Lal Bahadur Shastri: The Servants of the People Society|work=Free India|access-date=13 March 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070119032817/http://www.freeindia.org/biographies/greatleaders/shastri/page9.htm|archive-date=19 January 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref>{{sfn|Grover|1993|pp=547–}}<br />
<br />
===Independence Activism of Lal Bahadur Shastri===<br />
In 1928 Shastri became an active and mature member of the Indian National Congress at the call of Mahatma Gandhi. He was imprisoned for two and a half years.<ref name="freeindia_freedom_soldier">{{cite web|url=http://www.freeindia.org/biographies/greatleaders/shastri/page11.htm|title=Lal Bahadur Shastri: Freedom's Soldier|work=Free India|access-date=13 March 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070119032758/http://www.freeindia.org/biographies/greatleaders/shastri/page11.htm|archive-date=19 January 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref> Later, he worked as the Organizing Secretary of the Parliamentary Board of [[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh|U.P.]] in 1937.<ref>{{Cite web|last=WD|title=लाल बहादुर शास्त्री पर हिन्दी निबंध|url=http://hindi.webdunia.com/hindi-essay/lal-bahadur-shastri-113093000078_1.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191202140834/http://hindi.webdunia.com/hindi-essay/lal-bahadur-shastri-113093000078_1.html|archive-date=2019-12-02|access-date=2020-12-07|website=hindi.webdunia.com|language=hi}}</ref> In 1940, he was sent to prison for one year, for offering individual [[Satyagraha]] support to the independence movement.<ref name="freeindia_prison_again">{{cite web|url=http://www.freeindia.org/biographies/greatleaders/shastri/page13.htm|title=Lal Bahadur Shastri: In Prison Again|work=Free India|access-date=13 March 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070119032519/http://www.freeindia.org/biographies/greatleaders/shastri/page13.htm|archive-date=19 January 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
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On 8 August 1942, Mahatma Gandhi issued the [[Quit India speech]] at [[Gowalia Tank]] in [[Bombay]], demanding that the British leave India. Shastri, who had just then come out after a year in prison, travelled to [[Prayagraj|Allahabad]]. For a week, he sent instructions to the independence activists from [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]'s home, [[Anand Bhavan]].<ref>{{cite web |author=Chopra, Swami Rajesh |url=http://www.liveindia.com/freedomfighters/LalBahadurShastri.html |title=Lal Bahadur Shastri |work=Live India |access-date=5 December 2012 |archive-date=8 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120708063825/http://www.liveindia.com/freedomfighters/LalBahadurShastri.html |url-status=live }}</ref> He served as an elected representative for [[United Provinces (1937–50)|United Provinces]] in [[1937 Indian provincial elections|1937]] and [[1946 Indian provincial elections|1946]].<ref>{{cite web|title=स्वाभिमान के लिए लाल बहादुर शास्त्री जब उफनाती गंगा नदी में तैरकर पहुंचे थे घर|url=https://khabar.ndtv.com/news/india/know-facts-about-former-lal-bahadur-shastri-on-his-birth-anniversary-1757513|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190913235710/https://khabar.ndtv.com/news/india/know-facts-about-former-lal-bahadur-shastri-on-his-birth-anniversary-1757513|archive-date=2019-09-13|access-date=2020-12-07|website=[[NDTV|NDTVIndia]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Political career (1947–1964)==<br />
===State minister===<br />
[[File:NIZAM_with_SHASTRI.jpg|Shastri with the [[7th Nizam]] of [[Hyderabad State]]|thumb]]<br />
Following India's independence, Shastri was appointed Parliamentary Secretary in his home state, [[Uttar Pradesh]].{{Sfn|Rajeshwar Prasad|1991|p=23}} He became the Minister of Police and Transport under [[Govind Ballabh Pant]]'s Chief Ministership on 15 August 1947 following [[Rafi Ahmed Kidwai]]'s departure to become a minister at the centre. As the Transport Minister, he was the first to appoint women [[conductor (transportation)|conductors]]. As the minister in charge of the Police Department, he ordered that police use water jets, whose instructions was given by him, instead of [[Lathi charge|lathis]] to disperse unruly crowds.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.freeindia.org/biographies/greatleaders/shastri/page15.htm|title=Lal Bahadur Shastri:The Responsibility of Freedom|work=Free India|access-date=13 March 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070119032747/http://www.freeindia.org/biographies/greatleaders/shastri/page15.htm|archive-date=19 January 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref> His tenure as police minister (As Home Minister was called prior to 1950) saw successful curbing of communal riots in 1947, mass migration and resettlement of refugees.<ref>U.N. Gupta (2003). ''Indian Parliamentary Democracy''. Atlantic Publishers & Distributors. p. 121. {{ISBN|8126901934}}.</ref><br />
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===Cabinet minister===<br />
{{see also|Cabinet of India}}<br />
[[File:Jawaharlal Nehru with Lal Bahadur Shastri and K. Kamaraj.jpg|thumb|Jawaharlal Nehru with Lal Bahadur Shastri and K. Kamaraj]]<br />
In 1951, Shastri was made the General Secretary of the [[All India Congress Committee|All-India Congress Committee]] with Jawaharlal Nehru as the prime minister. He was directly responsible for the selection of candidates and the direction of publicity and electioneering activities. He played an important role in the landslide successes of the Congress Party in the Indian [[General Elections]] of 1952, 1957 and 1962. In 1952, he successfully contested UP Vidhansabha from Soraon North cum Phulpur West seat and won by getting over 69% of vote. He was believed to be retained as home minister of UP, but in a surprise move was called to Centre as minister by Nehru. Shastri was made [[Minister of Railways (India)|Minister of Railways]] and [[Minister of Transport (India)|Transport]] in [[First Cabinet of India 1952|First Cabinet]] of [[Republic of India]] on 13 May 1952.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Shri Lal Bahadur Shastri|url=https://www.inc.in/en/our-inspiration/shri-lal-bahadur-shastri|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201025020854/https://www.inc.in/en/our-inspiration/shri-lal-bahadur-shastri|archive-date=2020-10-25|access-date=2020-12-07|website=Indian National Congress}}</ref><br />
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In September 1956 he wanted to take political and moral responsibility for the [[1956 Mahbubnagar train accident]] and offered his resignation as the Minister of Railways to prime minister [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], but he refused. After the [[1956 Ariyalur train accident]], a similar accident about 2.5 months later, Shastri again offered his resignation and was accepted this time.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.freeindia.org/biographies/greatleaders/shastri/page17.htm | work=Free India | title=NN: Lal Bahadur Shastri. "I Am Responsible" | access-date=13 March 2007 | archive-date=3 February 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203234111/http://www.freeindia.org/biographies/greatleaders/shastri/page17.htm | url-status=dead }}.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://theprint.in/pageturner/excerpt/lal-bahadur-shastri-sent-nehru-his-resignation-set-gold-standard-for-politicians/304341/|title=When Lal Bahadur Shastri sent Nehru his resignation & set a gold standard for politicians|date=12 October 2019|work=The Print|access-date=17 August 2023|archive-date=17 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230817075148/https://theprint.in/pageturner/excerpt/lal-bahadur-shastri-sent-nehru-his-resignation-set-gold-standard-for-politicians/304341/|url-status=live}}</ref> He resigned as Railway minister on 7 December 1956.<ref name=NIE>{{cite web|title=Six decades since Ariyalur train tragedy, residents ask for plaque|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2022/nov/23/six-decades-since-ariyalur-train-tragedyresidents-ask-for-plaque-2521160.html|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|author=P Thiruselvam|date=23 November 2022|access-date=17 August 2023|archive-date=12 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230812141932/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2022/nov/23/six-decades-since-ariyalur-train-tragedyresidents-ask-for-plaque-2521160.html|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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He served as the [[Minister of Commerce and Industry (India)|Minister of Commerce and Industry]] in 1959 and [[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|Minister of Home Affairs]] in 1961.{{sfn|Rajeshwar Prasad|1991|p=11-12}} Shastri laid the foundation of [[New Mangalore Port|Mangalore Port]] in 1964 as a minister without a portfolio.{{sfn|Rajeshwar Prasad|1991|p=5}}<br />
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==Prime Minister (1964–1966)==<br />
{{main|Premiership of Lal Bahadur Shastri}}<br />
{{See also|Lal Bahadur Shastri ministry}}<br />
Jawaharlal Nehru died in office on 27 May 1964. Then Congress Party president [[K. Kamaraj]] was instrumental in making Shastri prime minister on 9 June. Shastri, though mild-mannered and soft-spoken, was a Nehruvian [[socialist]] and thus held appeal to those wishing to prevent the ascent of conservative right-winger [[Morarji Desai]].<br />
<br />
In his first broadcast as prime minister, on 11 June 1964, Shastri stated:<ref name="pib_might_of_peace">{{cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/release/release.asp?relid=21051|title=Lal Bahadur Shastri: The Might of Peace|publisher=Press Information Bureau, Government Of India|date=29 September 2006|access-date=13 March 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070922025401/http://pib.nic.in/release/release.asp?relid=21051|archive-date=22 September 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
{{blockquote|There comes a time in the life of every nation when it stands at the cross-roads of history and must choose which way to go. But for us, there need be no difficulty or hesitation, no looking to right or left. Our way is straight and clear—the building up of a socialist democracy at home with freedom and prosperity for all, and the maintenance of world peace and friendship with all nations.}}<br />
<br />
===Domestic policies===<br />
Shastri retained many members of Nehru's [[Council of Ministers of the Republic of India|Council of Ministers]]. [[T. T. Krishnamachari]] was retained as the [[Finance Minister of India]], as was [[Defence Minister of India|Defence Minister]] [[Yashwantrao Chavan]]. Further, He appointed [[Swaran Singh]] to succeed him as [[External Affairs Minister]]. He also appointed [[Indira Gandhi]], daughter of [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] and former Congress President, as the [[Minister of Information and Broadcasting]]. Gulzarilal Nanda continued as the [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Minister of Home Affairs]].<ref>{{cite web |title=LOK SABHA |url=https://legislativebodiesinindia.nic.in/LS/ataglace.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140521205101/http://legislativebodiesinindia.nic.in/LS/ataglace.htm|archive-date=2014-05-21|access-date=2020-12-06|website=legislativebodiesinindia.nic.in}}</ref><br />
<br />
{{main|Anti-Hindi agitations of Tamil Nadu}}<br />
<br />
Lal Bahadur Shastri's tenure witnessed the Madras anti-Hindi agitation of 1965. The government of India had for a long time made an effort to establish [[Hindi]] as the sole national language of India. This was resisted by the non–Hindi-speaking states, particularly [[Madras State]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Irschick |first=Eugene F. |url=http://history.berkeley.edu/faculty/Irschick/Tamil.pdf|title=Tamil revivalism in the 1930s |publisher=Cre-A |year=1986 |location=Madras |oclc=15015416|access-date=2020-12-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100610180818/http://history.berkeley.edu/faculty/Irschick/Tamil.pdf|archive-date=10 June 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref> To calm the situation, Shastri gave assurances that English would continue to be used as the official language as long the non–Hindi-speaking states wanted. The riots subsided after Shastri's assurance, as did the student agitation.{{sfn|Guha|2008|p=187-189}}<br />
<br />
===Economic policies===<br />
[[File:Inauguration of MNREC Building Allahabad by Indian PM Shri Lal Bahadur Shashtri.JPG|thumb|left| Inauguration of the Main Building of MNREC Allahabad by Lal Bahadur Shashtri on 18 April 1965]]<br />
Shastri continued Nehru's socialist economic policies with central planning.{{sfn|Bakshi|1991|p=49}} He promoted the [[Operation Flood|White revolution]] – a national campaign to increase the production and supply of milk – by supporting the [[Amul]] milk co-operative of [[Anand, Gujarat]] and creating the [[National Dairy Development Board]].<ref name="pib_text9089">{{cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/release/release.asp?relid=9089|title=Prime Minister Inaugurates Lal Bahadur Shastri Memorial: Text Of Dr Manmohan Singh's Speech|publisher=Press Information Bureau, Government Of India|date=7 May 2005|access-date=13 March 2007|archive-date=7 May 2005|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050507173333/http://pib.nic.in/release/release.asp?relid=9089|url-status=live}}</ref> He visited Anand on 31 October 1964 for inauguration of the Cattle Feed Factory of Amul at Kanjari. As he was keenly interested in knowing the success of this co-operative, he stayed overnight with farmers in a village, and even had dinner with a farmer's family. He discussed his wish with [[Verghese Kurien]], then the General Manager of Kaira District Co-operative Milk Producers' Union Ltd (Amul) to replicate this model to other parts of the country for improving the socio-economic conditions of farmers. As a result of this visit, the National Dairy Development Board (NDDB) was established at Anand in 1965.<ref>{{cite magazine|author=Shyam Benegal |date=September 16, 2017 |title=White knight Verghese Kurien made India largest producer of milk|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/news-makers/story/20170925-lal-bahadur-shastri-gujarat-amul-verghese-kurien-anand-operation-flood-1045163-2017-09-16|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200913105915/https://www.hindustantimes.com/inspiring-lives/verghese-kurien-father-of-the-white-revolution/story-53Kkrt5QYRv9dqlGwGPkWN.html|archive-date=2020-09-13|access-date=2020-12-07|magazine=India Today}}</ref><br />
<br />
While speaking on the chronic food shortages across the country, Shastri urged people to voluntarily give up one meal so that the food saved could be distributed to the affected populace. However, he ensured that he first implemented the system in his own family before appealing to the country. He went on air to appeal to his countrymen to skip a meal a week. The response to his appeal was overwhelming. Even restaurants and eateries downed the shutters on Monday evenings. Many parts of the country observed the "Shastri Vrat". He motivated the country to maximize the cultivation of food grains by ploughing the lawn himself, at his official residence in New Delhi. During the 22-day war with Pakistan in 1965, On 19 October 1965, Shastri gave the seminal 'Jai Jawan Jai Kishan' ("Hail the soldier, Hail the farmer") slogan at Urwa in Allahabad that became a national slogan. Underlining the need to boost India's food production, Shastri also promoted the [[Green Revolution in India]] in 1965.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/archive/from-green-to-ever-green-revolution/499699/|title=From Green to Ever-Green Revolution|date=10 August 2009|website=The Financial Express|language=en-US|access-date=16 April 2020|archive-date=5 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200705015225/https://www.financialexpress.com/archive/from-green-to-ever-green-revolution/499699/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://medium.com/@worldleadersbio/all-about-the-green-revolution-by-indira-impacts-and-path-ahead-2afeb7cac85d|title=All About The Green Revolution By Indira: Impacts and Path Ahead|last=Biography|first=World Leaders|date=23 February 2017|website=Medium |access-date=16 April 2020|archive-date=5 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200705015219/https://medium.com/@worldleadersbio/all-about-the-green-revolution-by-indira-impacts-and-path-ahead-2afeb7cac85d|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://thewire.in/agriculture/paul-ehrlich-norman-borlaug-green-revolution|title=The Stories of Ehrlich, Borlaug and the Green Revolution|website=thewire.in |access-date=16 April 2020|archive-date=5 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200705015232/https://thewire.in/agriculture/paul-ehrlich-norman-borlaug-green-revolution|url-status=live}}</ref> This led to an increase in food grain production, especially in [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[Haryana]], and Uttar Pradesh. Major milestones in this undertaking were the development of high-yielding varieties of [[wheat]],<ref name="about IARI">{{cite web|title=About IARI|url=http://www.iari.res.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=161&Itemid=1730|website=IARI|access-date=11 June 2015|archive-date=16 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150316004157/http://iari.res.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=161&Itemid=1730|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[rust (fungus)|rust]] resistant strains of wheat.<ref name=":0">{{cite web| title = Rust-resistant Wheat Varieties. Work at Pusa Institute| work = The Indian Express| url = https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Jcc-AAAAIBAJ&pg=3228,3861741&dq=pusa+institute&hl=en| date = 7 February 1950| access-date = 13 September 2013| archive-date = 12 June 2020| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200612113055/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Jcc-AAAAIBAJ&pg=3228,3861741&dq=pusa+institute&hl=en| url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Newman|first=Bryan|title=A Bitter Harvest: Farmer Suicide and the Unforeseen Social, Environmental and Economic Impacts of the Green Revolution in Punjab, India ." Development Report No. 15. Jan 2007.|publisher=Food First: Institute for Food and Development Policy|accessdate=16 November 2018|via=DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska – Lincoln|url=https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1027&context=envstudtheses|archive-date=16 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181116085745/https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1027&context=envstudtheses|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
[[File:DB-LBS.png|thumb|Lal Bahadur Shastri in 1964]]<br />
Though he was a socialist, Shastri stated that India cannot have a regimented type of economy. His government passed the [[National Agricultural Products Board Act]] and was responsible for setting up the [[Food Corporation of India]] under the Food Corporation's Act 1964.<ref>{{Cite web|title=National Agricultural Products Board Act, 1964 [39 of 1964] {{!}} Tanzania Legal Information Institute|url=https://tanzlii.org/node/14439|access-date=2020-12-07|website=tanzlii.org}}{{dead link |date=January 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Jai Jawan Jai Kisan===<br />
{{main|Jai Jawan Jai Kisan}}<br />
For the outstanding [[slogan]] given by him during the Indo-Pak war of 1965, the [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)]] commemorated Shastri 47 years after his death on his 48th martyr's day:<ref>{{cite web|date=2006-04-27|title=Rediff On The NeT: 'Jai jawan, jai kisan aur jai vigyan', Vajpayee coins new slogan|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/1998/may/20bomb8.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060427163522/http://www.rediff.com/news/1998/may/20bomb8.htm|archive-date=27 April 2006|access-date=2020-12-06}}</ref><br />
<br />
{{blockquote|Former Prime Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri was one of those great Indians who has left an indelible impression on our collective life. Lal Bahadur Shastri's contribution to our public life were unique in that they were made in the closest proximity to the life of the common man in India. Lal Bahadur Shastri was looked upon by Indians as one of their own, one who shared their ideals, hopes and aspirations. His achievements were looked upon not as the isolated achievements of an individual but of our society collectively.<br />
<br />
Under Shastri's leadership India faced and repulsed the Pakistani invasion of 1965. It is not only a matter of pride for the Indian Army but also for every citizen of the country. His slogan '''Jai Jawan! Jai Kisan!!''' reverberates even today through the length and breadth of the country. Underlying this is the inner-most sentiments 'Jai Hind'. The war of 1965 was fought and won for our self-respect and our national prestige. For using our Defence Forces with such admirable skill, the nation remains beholden to Shri Lal Bahadur Shastri. He will be remembered for all times to come for his large heartedness and public service.<ref>''[[Hindustan Times]]'', [[New Delhi]], 11 January 2013, p. 5</ref>}}<br />
<br />
===Foreign policy===<br />
Shastri continued Nehru's policy of [[Non-Aligned Movement|non-alignment]] but also built closer relations with the [[Soviet Union]]. In the aftermath of the [[Sino-Indian War]] of 1962 and the formation of military ties between China and Pakistan, Shastri's government decided to expand the country's defence budget.{{Sfn|Bakshi|1991|p=23-26}}<br />
In 1964, Shastri signed an accorresponsibilities of local governments to provide adequate facilities to shelter the repatriates upon disembarkation on Indian soil. Particularly in the Madras State the Chief Minister during that time, Minjur K. Bhaktavatsalam, showed care in rehabilitation of the returnees. In December 1965, Shastri made an official visit with his family to Rangoon, Burma and re-established cordial relations with the country's military government of General [[Ne Win]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Maung (U) |first=Maung |author-link=Maung Maung |title=Burma and General Ne Win |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8pceAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Religious Affairs Department Press |date=1969 |pages=145–146 |isbn=9780210981962 }}</ref><br />
<br />
===War with Pakistan===<br />
{{main|Second India–Pakistan War}}<br />
Laying claim to half the [[Kutch|Kutch peninsula]], the [[Pakistan Army order of battle, December 1971|Pakistani army]] skirmished with Indian forces in August 1965. In his report to the [[Lok Sabha]] on the confrontation in [[Kutch]], Shastri stated:<ref name="pib_might_of_peace" /><ref name="britannica" /><br />
<br />
{{blockquote|In the utilization of our limited resources, we have always given primacy to plans and projects for economic development. It would, therefore, be obvious for anyone who is prepared to look at things objectively that India can have no possible interest in provoking border incidents or in building up an atmosphere of strife... In these circumstances, the duty of Government is quite clear and this duty will be discharged fully and effectively... We would prefer to live in poverty for as long as necessary but we shall not allow our freedom to be subverted.}}<br />
<br />
On 1 August 1965, major incursions of militants and Pakistani soldiers began, hoping not only to break down the government but incite a sympathetic revolt. The revolt did not happen, and India sent its forces across the Ceasefire Line (now [[Line of Control]]) and threatened Pakistan by crossing the International Border near [[Lahore]] as war broke out on a general scale. Massive tank battles occurred in the [[Punjab region|Punjab]], and while the Pakistani forces made gains in the northern part of subcontinent, Indian forces captured the key post at Haji Pir, in Kashmir, and brought the Pakistani city of [[Lahore]] under artillery and mortar fire.<br />
<br />
The India-Pakistan war ended on 23 September 1965 with a [[United Nations]]-mandated ceasefire. In a broadcast to the nation on the day of the ceasefire, Shastri stated:<ref name="pib_might_of_peace"/><br />
<br />
{{blockquote|While the conflict between the armed forces of the two countries has come to an end, the more important thing for the United Nations and all those who stand for peace is to bring to an end the deeper conflict.... How can this be brought about? In our view, the only answer lies in peaceful coexistence. India has stood for the principle of coexistence and championed it all over the world. Peaceful coexistence is possible among nations no matter how deep the differences between them, how far apart they are in their political and economic systems, no matter how intense the issues that divide them.}}<br />
[[File:Shri Lal Bahadur Shastri in 1963.jpg|thumb|Lal Bahadur Shastri with police officers]]<br />
During his tenure as prime minister, Shastri visited many countries including the [[Soviet Union]], [[Yugoslavia]], England, [[Canada]], Nepal, Egypt and [[Burma]].<ref name="rrtd_lbs"/> In October 1964 while returning from the Non Alliance Conference in Cairo, on the invitation of the-then president of Pakistan, [[Ayub Khan|Muhammad Ayub Khan]], to have lunch with him, Shastri made a stopover at [[Jinnah International Airport|Karachi Airport]] for a few hours. Breaking with protocol, Ayub Khan personally received him at the airport and they had an informal meeting.<br />
<br />
After the ceasefire with Pakistan in 1965, Shastri and Ayub Khan attended a summit in [[Tashkent]] (former [[USSR]], now in modern [[Uzbekistan]]), organized by [[Alexei Kosygin]]. On 10 January 1966, Shastri and Ayub Khan signed the [[Tashkent Declaration]] which formally ended the war.<ref name="britannica" /><br />
<br />
==Family and personal life==<br />
Shastri was 5&nbsp;ft 2 inches tall<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/01/25/archives/man-in-the-news-devoted-aide-to-nehru-lal-bahadur-shastri.html|title=Man in the News; Devoted Aide to Nehru Lal Bahadur Shastri|date=25 January 1964|work=The New York Times|access-date=1 March 2020|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|quote=A tiny, ascetic man 5 feet 2 inches tall and weighing 100 pounds, Mr. Shastri wears simple homespun cotton garments.|archive-date=1 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200301084854/https://www.nytimes.com/1964/01/25/archives/man-in-the-news-devoted-aide-to-nehru-lal-bahadur-shastri.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and always used to wear a ''[[dhoti]]''. The only occasion on which he wore ''pyjamas'' was a dinner in honor of the Queen of the United Kingdom in 1961 in the Rashtrapati Bhavan.{{sfn|Rajeshwar Prasad|1991|p=11}} On 16 May 1928, Shastri married [[Lalita Shastri|Lalita Devi]] who was from [[Mirzapur]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Lalita Shastri, wife of Lal Bahadur Shastri|url=https://mirzapurofficial.in/lalita-shastri-a-great-woman-housewife-freedom-fighter-know-the-whole-story-mirzapur/|access-date=2020-12-06|website=Mirzapur.com|archive-date=14 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614093344/https://mirzapurofficial.in/lalita-shastri-a-great-woman-housewife-freedom-fighter-know-the-whole-story-mirzapur/|url-status=dead}}</ref> The couple had four sons and two daughters. [[Hari Krishna Shastri]] is the eldest son; The eldest daughter is Kusum Shastri. Suman Shastri is the next eldest, whose son, [[Siddharth Nath Singh]] is a spokesman of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] and Minister of Health, [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]. [[Anil Shastri]] is the youngest and is a member of his father's Congress Party; his son [[Adarsh Shastri]] gave up his corporate career with [[Apple Inc]] to contest the [[2014 Indian general election|General elections of 2014]] from [[Prayagraj]] on an [[Aam Aadmi Party]] ticket.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Adarsh Shastri: Latest News & Videos, Photos about Adarsh Shastri {{!}} The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/topic/Adarsh-Shastri|access-date=2020-12-06|website=The Economic Times|archive-date=29 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230829044328/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/topic/Adarsh-Shastri|url-status=live}}</ref> He lost that election but was elected in 2015 as a member of the [[Delhi Legislative Assembly]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Grandson banks on Lal Bahadur Shastri's legacy to conquer Prayagraj|url=http://www.thehindu.com/elections/loksabha2014/north/grandson-banks-on-lal-bahadur-shastris-legacy-to-conquer-allahabad/article5982302.ece|access-date=13 May 2014|newspaper=The Hindu|date=6 May 2014|archive-date=14 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140514063108/http://www.thehindu.com/elections/loksabha2014/north/grandson-banks-on-lal-bahadur-shastris-legacy-to-conquer-allahabad/article5982302.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Adarsh Shastri(AAP):Constituency- DWARKA(SOUTH-WEST) – Affidavit Information of Candidate|url=http://myneta.info/delhi2015/candidate.php?candidate_id=112|access-date=2020-12-06|website=myneta.info|archive-date=23 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123140730/https://myneta.info/delhi2015/candidate.php?candidate_id=112|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Sunil Shastri]] who is a member of the [[Indian National Congress]] and Ashok Shastri, the youngest son who worked in the corporate world before his death at the age of 37,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2004/10/02/stories/2004100200930300.htm |title=The Shastri saga |work=The Hindu |date=2 October 2004 |access-date=16 February 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100810151053/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2004/10/02/stories/2004100200930300.htm |archive-date=10 August 2010 |url-status=usurped }}</ref> his wife Neera Shastri was a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] national executive.<ref>{{Cite web|title=शास्त्री जी की मौत के रहस्य का पर्दा उठाया जाए: नीरा शास्त्री|url=https://www.amarujala.com/chandigarh/bjp-leader-neera-shastri-lal-bahadur-shastri-bjp-neera-shastri-press-confrense-chandigarh|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416105725/http://www.amarujala.com/chandigarh/bjp-leader-neera-shastri-lal-bahadur-shastri-bjp-neera-shastri-press-confrense-chandigarh|archive-date=16 April 2016|access-date=2020-12-06|website=Amar Ujala|language=hi}}</ref> Other members of the family, have also been involved in the corporate and social life of India.{{explain|date=August 2021}}{{citation needed|date=August 2021}}<br />
<br />
==Death==<br />
{{Main|Death of Lal Bahadur Shastri}}<br />
<br />
[[File:Mumbai Shastri statue.jpg|thumb|Shastri's statue in [[Mumbai]]]]<br />
Shastri is suspected to have died due to a massive [[heart attack]] in [[Tashkent]], [[Uzbekistan]] (then in the [[Soviet Union]]) on 11 January 1966, one day after signing a peace treaty to end the [[India–Pakistan war of 1965]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sonal|first=Swapnal|date=2018-10-02|title=शास्त्रीजी: 15 मिनट में तबीयत बिगड़ी और हमने प्रधानमंत्री खो दिया|url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/viral-adda/photo-gallery/lal-bahadur-shastri-jayanti-rti-reveals-death-mystery-of-former-prime-minister-of-india-in-russia-news-in-hindi-13038/|access-date=2020-12-07|website=वायरल अड्डा|language=hi-IN|archive-date=21 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210821141232/https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/viral-adda/photo-gallery/lal-bahadur-shastri-jayanti-rti-reveals-death-mystery-of-former-prime-minister-of-india-in-russia-news-in-hindi-13038/|url-status=live}}</ref> Many of Shastri's supporters and close relatives refused at the time, and have refused since, to believe the circumstances of his death, instead alleging foul play.<ref name="bbc.co.uk">{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/thereporters/soutikbiswas/2009/08/was_mr_shastri_murdered.html|title=Was Mr Shastri murdered|publisher=bbc.co.uk|access-date=31 May 2013|archive-date=30 August 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090830104305/https://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/thereporters/soutikbiswas/2009/08/was_mr_shastri_murdered.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="hindustantimes.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Jaipur/Clear-air-on-Lal-Bahadur-Shastri-s-death-Son/Article1-915545.aspx|title=Clear air on Lal Bahadur Shastri's death: Son|author=Naqvi, Saba|date=16 July 2012|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513171010/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Jaipur/Clear-air-on-Lal-Bahadur-Shastri-s-death-Son/Article1-915545.aspx|archive-date=13 May 2013|url-status=dead|access-date=11 June 2013}}</ref> Conspiracy theories appeared within hours of his death, and have thereafter persisted. A movie named [[The Tashkent Files]] was made on the topic of his death. An RTI was filed to [[prime Minister's Office (India)]], office responded that it has one file on his death but cannot declassify it to the public. Many people still believe that he was poisoned. He is a national hero; the [[Vijay Ghat]] memorial was established in his memory. Upon his death, [[Gulzarilal Nanda]] once again assumed the role of acting prime minister, until the [[Indian National Congress|Congress Party]] elected [[Indira Gandhi]] over [[Morarji Desai]] to officially succeed Shastri.{{sfn|U.N. Gupta|2003|p=121}}<br />
<br />
==Awards and honours==<br />
===National honours===<br />
*{{flag|India}}:<br />
**[[File:Bharat Ratna Ribbon.svg|50px]] [[Bharat Ratna]] (1966, posthumous)<br />
<br />
===Freedom of the City===<br />
*{{flagdeco|Yugoslavia}}{{flagicon image|Flag of Belgrade, Serbia.svg|Belgrade}} [[Belgrade]], [[Yugoslavia]]:<br />
**[[List of honorary citizens of Belgrade|Honorary Citizenship of Belgrade]] (1965)<ref>{{cite news |last=S. |first=Sanja |title=Ko su sve počasni građani Beograda?|url=https://www.beograduzivo.rs/beogradske-price/ko-su-sve-pocasni-gradjani-beograda/|access-date=15 September 2022|work=beograduzivo.rs|date=19 July 2021|language=sr}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Legacy==<br />
{{main|List of things named after Lal Bahadur Shastri}}<br />
[[File:Lal Bahadur Shastri Memorial, New Delhi.jpg|thumb|Lal Bahadur Shastri Memorial, New Delhi]]<br />
Shastri is regarded as one of the most respected prime ministers of India. He was a secularist who refused to mix religion with politics. In a public meeting held at the Ram Lila grounds in Delhi, a few days after the ceasefire, he complained about a [[BBC]] report which claimed that Shastri's identity as a Hindu meant that he was ready for a war with Pakistan. He stated:{{sfn|Guha|2008|pp=400–401}}<br />
<br />
:"While I am a Hindu, Mir Mushtaq who is presiding over this meeting is a Muslim. Mr. [[Frank Anthony]] who has addressed you is a Christian. There are also Sikhs and Parsis here. The unique thing about our country is that we have Hindus, Muslims, Christians, Sikhs, Parsis, and people of all other religions. We have temples and mosques, ''gurdwaras'' and churches. But we do not bring all this into politics. This is the difference between India and Pakistan. Whereas Pakistan proclaims herself to be an Islamic State and uses religion as a political factor, we Indians have the freedom to follow whatever religion we may choose, and worship in any way we please. So far as politics is concerned, each of us is as much an Indian as the other."<br />
<br />
[[Kuldip Nayar]], Shastri's media advisor from 1960 to 1964, recalls that, during the [[Quit India Movement]], his daughter was ill and he was released on parole from jail. However, he could not save her life because doctors had prescribed costly drugs. Later on in 1963, on the day when he was dropped from the cabinet, he was sitting in his home in the dark, without a light. When asked about the reason, he said as he no longer is a minister, all expenses will have to be paid by himself and that as an MP and minister he didn't earn enough to save for times of need.<ref name="The politician who made no money">{{cite news|title=The politician who made no money|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2004/oct/07spec1.htm|access-date=2 October 2012|work=Rediff.com|date=6 October 2004|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101004123524/http://www.rediff.com/news/2004/oct/07spec1.htm|archive-date=4 October 2010}}</ref><br />
<br />
Although Shastri had been a cabinet minister for many years in the 1950s, he was poor when he died. All he owned at the end was an old car, which he had bought in installments from the government and for which he still owed money. He was a member of the Servants of India society (which included [[Mahatma Gandhi]], [[Lala Lajpat Rai]], [[Gopal Krishna Gokhle]]) which asked all its members to shun accumulation of private property and remain in public life as servants of the people. He was the first railway minister who resigned from office following a major train accident as he felt moral responsibility.{{Sfnm|1a1=Grover|1y=1993|1pp=23–29, 34|2a1=Dhawan|2y=1991|2p=98}}<br />
<br />
The foundation stone of [[Bal Vidya Mandir, Lucknow|Bal Vidya Mandir]], a distinguished school of [[Lucknow]], was laid by him during his tenure as the prime minister, on 19 November 1964. He inaugurated the Central Institute of Technology Campus at Tharamani, Chennai, in November 1964.{{Sfn|Dhawan|1991|p=}} He inaugurated the Plutonium Reprocessing Plant at Trombay in 1965. As suggested by [[Homi J. Bhabha|Dr. Homi Jehangir Bhabha]], Shastri authorized the development of nuclear explosives. Bhabha initiated the effort by setting up the nuclear explosive design group Study of Nuclear Explosions for Peaceful Purposes (SNEPP).<ref>{{cite journal|author=Bhabha, Homi J.|author2=Heitler, Walter|author3=Mott, Nevill Francis|year=1937|title=The passage of fast electrons and the theory of cosmic showers|journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences|volume=159|issue=898|pages=432–458|bibcode=1937RSPSA.159..432B|doi=10.1098/rspa.1937.0082|doi-access=free}}</ref> He inaugurated the Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University at Hyderabad on 20 March 1965 which was renamed the [[Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University]] in 1996 and was separated into two universities after the formation of Telangana State. The university in Telangana was named in July 2014 as [[University of Selangor|Professor Jayashanker Agricultural University]]. Shastri also inaugurated the National Institute of Technology, [[Prayagraj|Allahabad]]. Lal Bahadur Shastri inaugurated the Jawahar Dock of the Chennai Port Trust and started the construction work of [[V.O. Chidambaranar Port Authority]] in November 1964.<ref>{{Cite web|title=60.72 MB – VO Chidambaranar Port Trust|url=https://www.vocport.gov.in/port/UserInterface/PDF/AdministrationReport__2017-201829112018185338.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201050158/https://www.vocport.gov.in/port/UserInterface/PDF/AdministrationReport__2017-201829112018185338.pdf |archive-date=2021-02-01|access-date=2020-12-06|website=Vocport.com}}</ref> He inaugurated the Sainik School Balachadi, in the state of Gujarat. He laid the foundation stone of Almatti dam. The commissioned dam bears his name.{{sfnm|1a1=Guha|1y=2008|1p=67|2a1=C.P. Srivastava|2y=1995|2p=48}}<br />
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[[File:Shastri Circle Jodhpur.jpg|thumb|Shastri Circle Jodhpur]]<br />
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===Memorials===<br />
{{see also|:Category:Memorials to Lal Bahadur Shastri}}[[File:Lal Bahadur Shastri National Academy of Administration, Mussoorie, at night.JPG|thumb|right|200px|Lal Bahadur Shastri National Academy of Administration, [[Mussoorie]]]]<br />
[[File:Lal Bahadur Shastri Memorial, New Delhi.jpg|thumb|Lal Bahadur Shastri Memorial, New Delhi]]<br />
Shastri was known for his honesty and humility throughout his life. He was posthumously awarded the [[Bharat Ratna]], and a memorial "[[Raj Ghat and associated memorials|Vijay Ghat]]" was built for him in Delhi. Several educational institutes including [[Lal Bahadur Shastri National Academy of Administration]] (Mussorie, Uttarakhand) bear his name. The [[Lal Bahadur Shastri Institute of Management]] was established in Delhi by the Lal Bahadur Shastri Educational Trust in 1995. The Shastri Indo-Canadian Institute was named after Shastri due to his role in promoting scholarly activity between India and Canada.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sici.org/about/|title=Mission of the Shastri Institute|access-date=13 July 2009|archive-date=8 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090708125249/http://www.sici.org/about/|url-status=live}}</ref> ''Lal Bahadur Shastri Memorial'' run by the Lal Bahadur Shastri National Memorial Trust, is situated next to [[10 Janpath]] his residence when he was prime minister,{{sfn|Rajeshwar Prasad|1991|p=16}} at 1, Motilal Nehru Place, New Delhi.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Declassify documents on Lal Bahadur Shastri's death, says ex-PM's son|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/declassify-documents-on-lal-bahadur-shastris-death-says-ex-pms-son/articleshow/64699947.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2020-12-06|archive-date=25 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325194325/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/declassify-documents-on-lal-bahadur-shastris-death-says-ex-pms-son/articleshow/64699947.cms?from=mdr|url-status=live}}</ref> One of the halls of residence of [[IIT Kharagpur]] is named after him as ''Lal Bahadur Shastri Hall of Residence''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lbsiitkgp.in/|title=Lal Bahadur Shastri Hall of Residence|access-date=7 June 2020|archive-date=6 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190906090737/http://lbsiitkgp.in/|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
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In 2011, on Shastri's 45th death anniversary, the Uttar Pradesh Government announced the renovation of Shastri's ancestral house at [[Ramnagar, Varanasi|Ramnagar]] in [[Varanasi]] and declared plans to convert it into a biographical museum.<ref name=hind>{{cite news |title=Lest we FORGET... |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/10/02/stories/2004100200850200.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050122083034/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/10/02/stories/2004100200850200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=22 January 2005 |work=[[The Hindu]]|date=2 October 2004 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Shastri memorial losing out to Sonia security |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/shastri-memorial-losing-out-to-sonia-security/738420/0 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=17 January 2011 |access-date=5 September 2011 |archive-date=31 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240331064654/https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/web/shastri-memorial-losing-out-to-sonia-security/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Lal Bahadur Shastri Airport|Varanasi International Airport]] is named after him.<ref>[http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=12805 Varanasi Airport renamed] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203031809/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=12805 |date=3 February 2014 }}. Press Information Bureau India (20 October 2005). Retrieved on 18 December 2018.</ref> The Lal Bahadur Shastri Centre for Indian Culture with a monument and a street named after him are in the city of [[Tashkent]], [[Uzbekistan]]. A few stadiums are named after him in the cities of [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]], Ahmedabad in Gujarat, Kollam in Kerala, Ghazhiabad and Bhawanipatna in Odisha. The Almatti Dam across the River Krishna in northern Karnataka was renamed the Lal Bahadur Shastri Sagar. The foundation stone was laid by him. MV Lal Bahadur Shastri, a cargo ship, is named after him. The Reserve Bank of India released coins in the denomination of 5 rupees during his birth century celebrations. An All India Lal Bahadur Shastri Hockey tournament has been held every year since 1991 – it is a major hockey tournament. The Left Bank Canal of the Nagarjuna Sagar Dam in Andhra Pradesh is named the Lal Bahadur Shastri Canal and is 295&nbsp;km in Length.<ref>{{cite news|last=Kurian|first=Nimi|date=2020-09-29|title=Many colours of his success|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/children/learn-more-about-indias-second-prime-minister-lal-bahadur-shastri/article32721078.ece|access-date=2020-12-06|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=30 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030235206/https://www.thehindu.com/children/learn-more-about-indias-second-prime-minister-lal-bahadur-shastri/article32721078.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
Some major roads in the cities of New Delhi, [[Lal Bahadur Shastri Marg|Mumbai]], Pune, Puduchery, Lucknow, Warangal and Allahabad and Ernakulam are named after him, as is Sashtri Road, Kottayam, Kerala. There is a Lal Bahadur Shastri Medical College in [[Mandi, Himachal Pradesh]] and Shastri Bhavans in New Delhi, Chennai and Lucknow. In 2005, the Government of India created a chair in his honour in the field of democracy and governance at [[Delhi University]].<ref name="pmindia" /><br />
<br />
[[File:Manmohan Singh, the Speaker, Lok Sabha, Shri Somnath Chatterjee alongwith other dignitaries paid homage to the former Prime Minister Shri Lal Bahadur Shastri on his 104th birth anniversary, at Parliament House, in New Delhi.jpg|thumb|Manmohan Singh, the Speaker, Lok Sabha, Shri Somnath Chatterjee along with other dignitaries paid homage to the former Prime Minister Shri Lal Bahadur Shastri on his 104th birth anniversary]]<br />
<br />
A portrait of Shastri hangs in the Central Hall of the Parliament House of India. The portrait, painted by Vidya Bhushan, was unveiled by the then President of India, Dr. [[Shanker Dayal Sharma]] on 2 October 1993.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rajya Sabha|url=https://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/picture_gallery/lal_bhadur.asp|access-date=2020-12-06|website=rajyasabha.nic.in|archive-date=29 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129065911/https://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/picture_gallery/lal_bhadur.asp|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
==In popular culture==<br />
Shastri's life and death, in particular, have been a subject of Indian popular culture. ''Homage to Lal Bahadur Shastri'' is a 1967 short documentary film directed by S. Sukhdev and produced by the [[Films Division of India]] which pays tribute to the former prime minister.<ref>{{cite web|title=HOMAGE TO LAL BAHADUR SHASTRI {{!}} Films Division|url=https://filmsdivision.org/shop/homage-to-lal-bahadur-shastri|access-date=2021-06-10|website=filmsdivision.org|archive-date=10 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610101747/https://filmsdivision.org/shop/homage-to-lal-bahadur-shastri|url-status=live}}</ref> ''Apne Shastri Ji'' (1986) was also made as a homage to him.<ref>{{IMDb title|id=9359298|title=Apne Shastri Ji (1986 Video)}}</ref><br />
<br />
''[[Jai Jawaan Jai Kisaan (film)|Jai Jawaan Jai Kisaan]]'' is a 2015 Indian [[Hindi]]-language biographical drama film by Milan Ajmera, titled after the popular slogan by Shastri it portrays his entire life from birth to death where he is portrayed by Akhilesh Jain. ''Lal Bahadur Shastri's Death'', a 2018 television documentary film by [[Jyoti Kapur Das]] reconstructs his death and covers various conspiracy theories around it, including interviews with his son [[Sunil Shastri]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Lal Bahadur Shastri's Death – An Unfinished Story – Trailer|url=https://www.zee5.com/global/videos/details/lal-bahadur-shastris-death-an-unfinished-story-trailer/0-0-movie_219104936|access-date=2021-06-10|website=[[ZEE5]] |archive-date=10 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610100237/https://www.zee5.com/global/videos/details/lal-bahadur-shastris-death-an-unfinished-story-trailer/0-0-movie_219104936|url-status=live}}</ref> A film titled ''[[The Tashkent Files]]'' (2019), directed by [[Vivek Agnihotri]] revolves around the mystery of the death of Lal Bahadur Shastri.<ref>{{cite web|author=Giridhar Jha|date=11 April 2019|title=Everybody Loves R.A.W. Material|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/entertainment-news-everybody-loves-raw-material/301448|access-date=23 April 2019|website=[[Outlook India]]|archive-date=23 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190423085030/https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/entertainment-news-everybody-loves-raw-material/301448|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
''[[Pradhanmantri]]'' ({{literal translation|Prime Minister}}), a 2013 Indian documentary television series which aired on [[ABP News]] and covers the various policies and political tenures of Indian PMs, dedicated the entire seventh episode "Lal Bahadur Shastri" to his term as the country's leader with [[Akhil Mishra]] in the role of Shastri.<ref>{{Cite web|date=25 August 2013|title=Pradhanmantri – Episode 7: Lal Bahadur Shastri|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DWXwVK7rrNY| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/DWXwVK7rrNY| archive-date=2021-12-11 | url-status=live|publisher=[[ABP News]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref><br />
<br />
The 1967 Bollywood film ''[[Upkar]]'' by [[Manoj Kumar]], which is based on the 1965 war, was dedicated to Shastri.<ref>{{cite web |title=Upkar |url=https://www.zee5.com/movies/details/upkar/0-0-upkar |website=[[ZEE5]] |access-date=11 June 2021 |archive-date=29 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230429193953/https://www.zee5.com/movies/details/upkar/0-0-upkar |url-status=live}}</ref> It also eulogised him in the song "[[Mere Desh Ki Dharti]]" when the hero exclaims "''Rang Lal hai Lal Bahadur se''".<ref name="SuperHit_Gaane">{{YouTube |title=Mere Desh Ki Dharti Song {{!}} Manoj Kumar Desh Bhakti Songs {{!}} Mahendra Kapoor {{!}} मेरे देश की धरती |id=8Hi1Dy5ylKw |time=5m47s}}</ref> ''[[Lal Bahadur Shastri (film)|Lal Bahadur Shastri]]'', a 2014 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language comedy film by Rejishh Midhila is titled after the prime minister but has no apparent connection with his life.<ref>{{cite web |last=G.|first=Vijay|date=2014-11-21 |title=Jayasurya's Lal Bahadur Shastri releases today|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/jayasuryas-lal-bahadur-shastri-releases-today-south/20141121.htm|access-date=2021-06-10|website=[[Rediff.com]] |archive-date=10 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610100241/https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/jayasuryas-lal-bahadur-shastri-releases-today-south/20141121.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[List of prime ministers of India]]<br />
* [[List of unsolved deaths]]<br />
* [[List of heads of state and government who died in office]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
===Footnotes===<br />
{{Notelist}}<br />
<br />
===Citations===<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
===Sources===<br />
{{refbegin}}<br />
* {{citation |last=Bakshi |first=Shiri Ram |title=Struggle for Independence: Lal Bahadur Shastri |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uX1DAAAAYAAJ |publisher=Anmol Publications |isbn=9788170411420 |year=1991 |access-date=10 December 2020 |archive-date=31 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240331064657/https://books.google.com/books?id=uX1DAAAAYAAJ |url-status=live }}<br />
* {{citation |last=Dhawan |first=S. K. |title=Bharat Ratnas, 1954-1991 |publisher=Wave Publications |year=1991 }}<br />
* {{citation |last=Grover |first=Verinder |title=Political Thinkers of Modern India: Lala Lajpat Rai |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pls8YeINi1sC |year=1993 |publisher=Deep & Deep Publications |isbn=978-81-7100-426-3 |access-date=15 November 2015 |archive-date=31 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240331064657/https://books.google.com/books?id=pls8YeINi1sC |url-status=live}}<br />
* {{citation |last=Guha |first=Ramachandra |author-link=Ramachandra Guha |publisher=Pan Macmillan |title=India After Gandhi: The History of the World's Largest Democracy |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-330-39611-0}}<br />
* {{citation |last=Gupta |first=U.N. |title=Indian Parliamentary Democracy |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distributors |year=2003 |isbn=978-8126901937 |ref={{sfnref|U.N. Gupta|2003}}}}<br />
* {{citation |last=Prasad |first=Rajeshwar |title=Days with Lal Bahadur Shastri: Glimpses from The Last Seven Years |publisher=Allied Publishers |year=1991 |isbn=978-81-7023-331-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dvTYfnfsec0C |ref={{sfnref|Rajeshwar Prasad|1991}} |access-date=15 November 2015 |archive-date=31 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240331064719/https://books.google.com/books?id=dvTYfnfsec0C |url-status=live}}<br />
* {{citation |last=Srivastava |first=C.P. |title=Lal Bahadur Shastri, Prime Minister of India; a life of truth in politics |year=1995 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=Delhi |isbn=978-0-19-563499-0 |edition=1st |ref={{sfnref|C.P. Srivastava|1995}}}}<br />
* {{citation |last=Verma |first=Krant M. L. |title=Lalita Ke Ansoo on worldcat |year=1978 |oclc=60419441 |ref={{sfnref|Krant M. L. Verma|1978}}}}<br />
* {{cite book |last=Chokkan |first=N. |title=Lal Bahadur Shastri |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8OCfDwAAQBAJ |url-status=live |publisher=Pustaka Digital Media |year=2020 |access-date=10 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240331064654/https://books.google.com/books?id=8OCfDwAAQBAJ |archive-date=31 March 2024}}<br />
* {{cite journal |last=Ankit |first=Rakesh |title=Lal Bahadur Shastri, 1964–1966: Leader at a Glance |journal=Studies in Indian Politics |volume=8 |pages=39–57 |date=2020-04-26 |s2cid=218999983 |doi=10.1177/2321023020918062 |doi-access=free}}<br />
{{refend}}<br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
{{refbegin|30em}}<br />
* Guha, Ramachandra. ''India After Gandhi: The History of the World's Largest Democracy'' (2007), pp. 390–405.<br />
* Mankekar, Dinker Rao. ''Lal Bahadur A Political Biography'' (Popular Prakashan; Bombay, 1965) [http://krishikosh.egranth.ac.in/bitstream/1/2025311/1/13795.pdf online] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180920165833/http://krishikosh.egranth.ac.in/bitstream/1/2025311/1/13795.pdf |date=20 September 2018}}.<br />
* Srivastava, C.P. ''Lal Bahadur Shastri: a life of truth in politics'' (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1995) {{ISBN|0-19-563499-3}}<br />
* Gujrati, Balwant Singh, ed. ''A Study of Lal Bahadur Shastri'' (Sterling Publishers, 1966)<br />
* [[Pavan Choudary]] and [[Anil Shastri]]. ''Lal Bahadur Shastri: Lessons in Leadership'', Wisdom Village Publications, 2014 {{ISBN|9789380710365}}<br />
* Noyce, John. ''Lal Bahadur Shastri: an English-language bibliography''. Lulu.com, 2002.<br />
<br />
* Shastri, Lal Bahadur. "Reflections on Indian politics", ''Indian Journal of Political Science'', vol.23, 1962, pp. 1–7<br />
* Shastri, Lal Bahadur. ''The Fight For Peace The Long Road To Tashkent'' (1966) [https://web.archive.org/web/20170312194816/http://www.dli.ernet.in/handle/2015/111570 online]<br />
* Shastri, Lal Bahadur. ''Selected Speeches of Lal Bahadur Shastri, June 11, 1964 to January 10, 1966'' (1974)<br />
* L.P. Singh, ''Portrait of Lal Bahadur Shastri'' (Delhi: Ravi Dayal Publishers, 1996) {{ISBN|81-7530-006-X}}<br />
* (Sir) C.P. Srivastava, ''Corruption: India's enemy within'' (New Delhi: Macmillan India, 2001) chapter 3 {{ISBN|0-333-93531-4}}<br />
* ''India Unbound From Independence to Global Information Age'' by Shri Gurucharan Das, chapter 11<br />
* The spiritual master of Sri Lal Bahadur Shastri was Sri Sri Thakur [[Anukulchandra Chakravarty]].<br />
{{refend}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{commons category|Lal Bahadur Shastri}}<br />
{{Wikiquote}}<br />
* {{OL author}}<br />
* {{IMDb name|1991951}}<br />
* [http://krantmlverma.blogspot.com/2012/10/tears-of-lalita-english-translation-of.html Tears of Lalita]. Krant M. L. Verma.<br />
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{{s-bef|before=[[Govind Ballabh Pant]]}}<br />
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|-<br />
{{s-bef|rows=3|before=[[Gulzarilal Nanda]]<br /><small>Acting</small>}}<br />
{{s-ttl|title=[[Minister of External Affairs (India)|Minister of External Affairs]]|years=1964}}<br />
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|-<br />
{{s-ttl|title=[[Prime Minister of India]]|years=1964–1966}}<br />
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|-<br />
{{s-ttl|title=Chairperson of the [[Planning Commission (India)|Planning Commission]]|years=1966}}<br />
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{{Portal bar|Biography|Politics|India}}{{Prime Ministers of India}}<br />
{{Home Ministry (India)}}<br />
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{{Ministry of Civil Aviation (India)}}<br />
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{{Bharat Ratna}}<br />
{{Indian National Congress}}<br />
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Shastri, Lal Bahadur}}<br />
[[Category:1904 births]]<br />
[[Category:1966 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:India MPs 1957–1962]]<br />
[[Category:India MPs 1962–1967]]<br />
[[Category:Commerce and industry ministers of India]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century prime ministers of India]]<br />
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]<br />
[[Category:Indian independence activists from Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Leaders of the Rajya Sabha]]<br />
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Ministers for external affairs of India]]<br />
[[Category:People from Prayagraj district]]<br />
[[Category:People from Chandauli district]]<br />
[[Category:Politicians from Varanasi]]<br />
[[Category:Prime ministers of India]]<br />
[[Category:Prisoners and detainees of British India]]<br />
[[Category:Shastri administration]]<br />
[[Category:Railway ministers of India]]<br />
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Recipients of the Bharat Ratna]]<br />
[[Category:Unsolved deaths]]<br />
[[Category:Conspiracy theories in India]]<br />
[[Category:Death conspiracy theories]]</div>Camorabughttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Barrackpore_Police_Commissionerate&diff=457066Barrackpore Police Commissionerate2026-03-21T09:41:38Z<p>Camorabug: fix article for consistency and updated info for consistency</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Police commissionerate in West Bengal}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox law enforcement agency<br />
| agencyname = Barrackpore Police Commissionerate<br />
| nativename = '''ব্যারাকপুর পুলিশ কমিশনারেট'''<br />
| commonname = Barrackpore City Police <br /> ব্যারাকপুর শহর পুলিশ<br />
| abbreviation = BKPC / BPC<br />
| logo = Barrackpore police logo.jpg<br />
| logocaption = <br />
| imagesize = <br />
| motto = Courage Care Commitment<br />
| mottotranslated = ({{langx|bn|সাহস সতর্কতা প্রতিজ্ঞাবদ্ধ}})<br />
| mission = <br />
| formedyear = 2012<br />
| formedmonthday = 20 January<br />
| preceding1 = <br />
| dissolved = <br />
| superseding = <br />
| employees = [[Commissioner of Police]] <br />[[Deputy commissioner of police (India)|Deputy commissioners]] <br />[[Additional superintendent of police|Additional Commissioners]]<br />[[Deputy superintendent of police|Assistant Commissioners]] <br /> Police [[Inspector]]s <br />[[Sub-inspector|Sub Inspectors]] <br /> [[Assistant sub-inspector of police|Assistant Sub Inspectors]]<br />
| volunteers = <br />
| budget = {{INRConvert|236.29|c|1|lk=on}} {{small|(2025{{ndash}}26)}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 February 2025 |title=Detailed Demands for Grants for 2025-2026 |publisher=Government of West Bengal |url=https://finance.wb.gov.in/writereaddata/Budget_Publication/2025_bp22.pdf |access-date=12 February 2025 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><br />
| legalpersonality = <br />
| country = India<br />
| countryabbr = IN<br />
| divtype = <br />
| divname = Roughly [[Barrackpore subdivision]]<br />
| map = <br />
| mapcaption = <br />
| sizearea = {{convert|335.80|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} <ref name="BKPC">{{citation|url=https://www.barrackporecitypolice.in/history.php|title=BKPC history|work=Barrackpore PC|access-date=26 October 2018|archive-date=15 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190215021748/http://www.barrackporecitypolice.in/history.php|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
| sizepopulation = 36 lacs<ref>{{cite news |title=Northern fringes|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/force-for-northern-fringes/cid/1279269}}</ref><br />
| legaljuris = <br />
| governingbody = [[Government of West Bengal]]<br />
| governingbodyscnd = <br />
| police = yes<br />
| local = yes<br />
| headquarters = [[Barrackpore]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]<br />
| minister1name = [[Mamata Banerjee]]<br />
| minister1pfo = [[Chief Minister]] of [[West Bengal]]<br />
| chief1name = [[Shri Murlidhar]], [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]<br />
| chief1position = [[Police commissioner|Commissioner of Police]]<ref>{{citation|url=http://policewb.gov.in/wbp/Post_IPS_251018.pdf|title=Posting details of IPS officers of West Bengal Cadre as on 25.10.2018|work=West Bengal Police|access-date=26 October 2018|archive-date=26 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181026104409/http://policewb.gov.in/wbp/Post_IPS_251018.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="BKPC"/><br />
| parentagency = [[West Bengal Police]]<br />
| stationtype = Police stations<br />
| stations = 25 <ref>{{cite news|title=BKP Stations|url=https://www.barrackporecitypolice.in/structure.php|archive-date=24 June 2019|access-date=24 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190624071031/https://www.barrackporecitypolice.in/structure.php|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
| website = [http://www.barrackporecitypolice.in/ Official Website]<br />
| footnotes = <br />
| reference = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Barrackpore Police Commissionerate''', established on 20 January 2012, is a city [[police force]] with primary responsibilities in law enforcement and investigation within the area which roughly constitutes the [[Barrackpore subdivision]], and is located within the northern part of [[Kolkata metropolitan area]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Police Commissionerate|url=http://wbpolice.gov.in/WBP/Common/WBP_Comm_Websites.aspx}}</ref> The Commissionerate is part of the [[West Bengal Police]], and is under the administrative control of [[Ministry of Home Affairs (West Bengal)|Home Ministry of West Bengal]]. It was formed after bifurcation of the [[North 24 Parganas]] Police District, and has 25 police stations under its jurisdiction.<ref>{{cite news |title=BKP Stations and Jurisdiction|url=https://www.barrackporecitypolice.in/structure.php}}</ref> Sanjoy Mukherjee was appointed as the first Commissioner of the Barrackpore Police Commissionerate.<ref>{{cite web|title=Present post held by IPS officers as on 01.02.2012|url=http://policewb.gov.in/wbp/Post_IPS.pdf|publisher=West Bengal Police|access-date=6 February 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100216173427/http://policewb.gov.in/wbp/Post_IPS.pdf|archive-date=16 February 2010}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Structure and jurisdiction==<br />
<br />
[[File:Police Commissioner's Office - Barrackpore - North 24 Parganas 2012-04-11 9512.JPG|thumb|275px|right|The Barrackpore police commissioner's office on Barrackpore Trunk road.]]<br />
<br />
The police commissionerate is situated at [[Barrackpore]], and is divided into three zones&nbsp;– North, Central and South.<ref>{{cite news|title=Barrackporecitypolice.in|url=https://www.barrackporecitypolice.in/index.php|archive-date=24 June 2019|access-date=24 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190624015147/https://www.barrackporecitypolice.in/index.php|url-status=live}}</ref> The Commissionerate is responsible for law enforcement over an area of {{convert|335.80|sqkm|sqmi}} area<ref>{{cite news |title=Barrackpore City Police|url=https://www.barrackporecitypolice.in/index.php}}</ref> with 25 police stations under it.<ref>{{cite news|title=Police Stations List|url=https://www.barrackporecitypolice.in/structure.php|archive-date=24 June 2019|access-date=24 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190624071031/https://www.barrackporecitypolice.in/structure.php|url-status=live}}</ref> The Commissionerate is headed by the Commissioner of Police, who is an [[Indian Police Service]] officer either in the rank of DIG-P or Inspector-General of Police (IGP). Since inception following officers have occupied the chair of CP, Barrackpore:<br />
1. Sanjoy Mukherjee IPS, <br />
2. Sanjay Singh IPS, <br />
3.Vishal Garg IPS, <br />
4. Niraj Kumar Singh IPS, <br />
5. Dr Tanmoy Roy Chowdhury, <br />
6. Subrata Kr Mitra IPS<br />
7. Rajesh Singh IPS,<br />
8. Sunil Kumar Chowdhury IPS, <br />
9.D.P.Singh IPS, <br />
10.Manoj Kumar Verma IPS, <br />
11.Ajoy Nand IPS<br />
12. Alok Rajoria IPS<br />
13. Ajoy Kumar Thakur IPS<br />
<br />
Presently, Murli Dhar IPS is CP of Barrackpore. The commissioner is assisted by DCP Headquarters, DCP DD . There are three deputy commissioners for the three divisions.<ref>{{cite news |title=Barrackpore Police|url=https://www.barrackporecitypolice.in/index.php}}</ref> Other departments, including the detective department and the special branch are headed by deputy commissioners. The police stations are headed by an Inspector.<br />
<br />
===Police stations===<br />
*1. [[Baranagar]] PS<br />
*2. [[Belgharia]] PS<br />
*3. [[Dakshineswar]] PS<br />
*4. [[Dum Dum]] PS<br />
*5. [[Kamarhati]] PS<br />
*6. Basudebpur PS<br />
*7. [[Barrackpore]] PS<br />
*8. [[Bhatpara]] PS<br />
*9. [[Bijpur, North 24 Parganas|Bizpore]] PS<br />
*10. [[Halisahar]] PS<br />
*11. [[Jagaddal]] PS<br />
*12. [[Jetia]] PS<br />
*13. [[Ghola, North 24 Parganas|Ghola]] PS<br />
*14. [[Khardah]] PS<br />
*15. [[Mohanpur, North 24 Parganas|Mohanpur]] PS<br />
*16. [[Naihati]] PS<br />
*17. [[Nagerbazar]] PS<br />
*18. [[New Barrackpore|New Barrackpur]] PS<br />
*19. [[Nimta]] PS<br />
*20. [[Noapara, North 24 Parganas|Noapara]] PS<br />
*21. [[Rahara, Kolkata|Rahara]] PS<br />
*22. Shibdaspur PS<br />
*23. [[Titagarh]] PS<br />
*24. Woman PS <br />
*25. Cyber Crime PS<br />
<ref>{{Cite news|title=Barrackpore Police Structure|url=https://www.barrackporecitypolice.in/structure.php|archive-date=24 June 2019|access-date=24 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190624071031/https://www.barrackporecitypolice.in/structure.php|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Howrah Police Commissionerate]]<br />
* [[Bidhannagar Police Commissionerate]]<br />
* [[Kolkata Police]]<br />
* [[West Bengal Police]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130303012135/http://www.bkptp.org/ Barrackpore Traffic Police official website]<br />
<br />
{{Law enforcement in India}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Metropolitan law enforcement agencies of India]]<br />
[[Category:Government of Kolkata]]<br />
[[Category:West Bengal Police]]<br />
[[Category:Police Commissionerate in West Bengal]]<br />
[[Category:2012 establishments in West Bengal]]<br />
[[Category:Government agencies established in 2012]]</div>Camorabughttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Inquilab_Zindabad&diff=472571Inquilab Zindabad2026-03-17T06:08:09Z<p>Camorabug: small fixed page after review</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Hindustani phrase meaning "Long live the revolution"}}<br />
{{for|the 1971 Indian film|Inqulab Zindabbad}}<br />
{{other uses|Inquilaab (disambiguation)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}<br />
<br />
'''Inquilab Zindabad''' ({{langx|ur|{{Nastaliq|اِنقلاب زِنده باد}}}}; {{langx|hi|इंक़िलाब ज़िंदाबाद}}; {{Langx|bn|ইনকিলাব জিন্দাবাদ}}) is a [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]] phrase, which translates to "Long live the revolution".<ref name="Solomon2016">{{cite book |last1=Solomon |first1=John |title=A Subaltern History of the Indian Diaspora in Singapore: The Gradual Disappearance of Untouchability 1872-1965 |date=31 March 2016 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-35380-5 |language=en |quote=... India newspaper in Singapore reported that at a Sunday parade, “the air was rent with lusty shouts of Hindustani phrases such as 'Inquilab Zindabad', 'Azad Hind Zindabad' and 'Netaji ki Jai'”.}}</ref><ref name="Ghosh2001">{{cite book|author=[[Amitav Ghosh]]|title=The Glass Palace|quote=This was followed by other shouts and slogans, all in Hindustani: ''"Inquilab zindabad"'' and ''Halla bol, halla bol!"''|publisher=[[Random House Digital, Inc.]]|year=2001}}</ref><ref name="Mehmi2021">{{cite web |last1=Mehmi |first1=Vineet |title=Inquilab zindabad!: India’s farmers protest deserves our attention |url=https://sffoghorn.com/inquilab-zindabad-indias-farmers-protest-deserves-our-attention/ |publisher=[[San Francisco Foghorn]] |access-date=8 January 2025 |date=1 April 2021 |quote=In Hindi, the phrase “Inquilab zindabad!” means “Long live the revolution!” This was the rallying cry shouted by Indian revolutionary Shaheed-e-Azam Bhagat Singh in 1929 in front of the high courts of Delhi during the Indian Independence Movement.}}</ref> Although originally the slogan was used by [[Indian independence movement]] activists in the [[British Raj|British Indian Empire]],<ref name="Sharma2023">{{cite book |last1=Sharma |first1=Shikha |title=Motivating Thoughts of Bhagat Singh |date=24 August 2023 |publisher=Prabhat Prakashan |isbn=978-93-5562-065-1 |language=en |quote=A beacon of inspiration and a founding member of the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association, Bhagat Singh played a pivotal role in shaping the course of the Indian Independence Movement. His indomitable spirit and the resounding catchphrase "Inquilab zindabad” (Long live the revolution) became emblematic of the struggle for a free India.}}</ref> today it is used in [[Bangladesh]], [[India]] and [[Pakistan]] by civil society activists during protests as well as by politicians from various ideological backgrounds.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://thewire.in/politics/arvind-kejriwal-delhi-assembly-elections-win | title=Arvind Kejriwal Calls His Win in Delhi Election the 'Birth of a New Politics' }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WRRtaqOQPjY | title=Pakistan में Inquilab Zindabad और Azaadi के Slogan क्यों गूंज रहे हैं? (BBC Hindi) | website=[[YouTube]] | date=29 November 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/the-idealism-behind-inquilab-zindabad-indian-freedom-struggle-umar-khalid-delhi-high-court-7941740/ | title=Inquilab Zindabad slogan will stay relevant till people continue their struggle against diverse inequalities | date=29 May 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/delhi-high-court-umar-khalid-speech-pm-modi-krantikari-northeast-riots-7928252/ | title=At Umar Khalid's bail hearing, Delhi HC deliberates on meaning of 'inquilab': 'Revolution not necessarily bloodless' | date=20 May 2022 }}</ref><br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
This slogan was coined by the Islamic scholar, Urdu poet, Indian freedom fighter, prominent leader of Indian National Congress and one of the founders of communist party of India, [[Hasrat Mohani|Maulana Hasrat Mohani]] in 1921.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4g1_BAAAQBAJ&dq=zindabad+mohani&pg=PA2|title=Indian Philately Digest|last=Pandya|first=Prashant H.|date=2014-03-01|publisher=Indian Philatelists' Forum|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://fp.brecorder.com/2005/06/20050618282881|title=LITERACY NOTES: Hasrat Mohani – a unique poet & politician|date=June 18, 2005|work=Business Recorder|access-date=April 6, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180406065746/https://fp.brecorder.com/2005/06/20050618282881/|archive-date=April 6, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://zeenews.india.com/india/india-remembers-maulana-hasrat-mohani-who-gave-the-revolutionary-slogan-inquilab-zindabad_1963758.html|title=India remembers Maulana Hasrat Mohani who gave the revolutionary slogan 'Inquilab Zindabad'|date=2017-01-02|work=Zee News|access-date=2018-04-06|language=en}}</ref><br />
It was popularized by [[Bhagat Singh]] (1907–1931) during the late 1920s through his speeches and writings.<ref name="book_bhagat_singh_speeches_writings_2007"/> It was also the official slogan of the <br />
[[Hindustan Socialist Republican Association]],<ref name="book_bhagat_singh_speeches_writings_2007"/><ref name="livehistory_2017_inquilab_article">{{Cite news|url=https://www.livehistoryindia.com/snapshort-histories/2017/08/06/inquilab-zindabad-a-war-cry-for-change|title=Inquilab Zindabad: A War Cry for Change|access-date=2018-04-06|archive-date=10 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180110234242/https://www.livehistoryindia.com/snapshort-histories/2017/08/06/inquilab-zindabad-a-war-cry-for-change|url-status=dead}}</ref> and the slogan of [[Communist Consolidation]] as well as a slogan of the [[All India Azad Muslim Conference]].<ref name="Ali2017">{{cite web |last1=Ali |first1=Afsar |title=Partition of India and Patriotism of Indian Muslims |url=http://www.milligazette.com/news/15756-partition-of-india-and-patriotism-of-indian-muslims |publisher=[[The Milli Gazette]] |language=en |date=17 July 2017}}</ref><br />
In April 1929, this slogan was raised by Bhagat Singh and his associate [[Batukeshwar Dutt]] who had shouted this after bombing the [[Central Legislative Assembly]] in Delhi.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Habib|first=S. Irfan|date=2007|title=Shaheed Bhagat Singh and his Revolutionary Inheritance|journal=Indian Historical Review|volume=34|issue=2|pages=79–94|doi=10.1177/037698360703400205|s2cid=143159505}}</ref><br />
Later, for the first time in an open court, this slogan was raised in June 1929 as part of their [[s:Joint Statement of Bhagat Singh and B. K. Dutt in the Assembly Bomb Case|joint statement]] at the High Court in Delhi.<ref name="book_bhagat_singh_speeches_writings_2007">{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/stream/BhagatSinghSelectSpeechesAndWritingsD.N.Gupta/Bhagat%20Singh%20Select%20Speeches%20And%20Writing's%20-%20D.N.%20Gupta|title=Bhagat Singh: Select Speeches And Writings, Edited by D. N. Gupta|website=archive.org|access-date=2018-04-06}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.marxists.org/archive/bhagat-singh/1929/06/06.htm|title=Full Text of Statement of S. Bhagat Singh and B.K. Dutt in the Assembly Bomb Case|last=Singh|first=Bhagat|website=www.marxists.org|access-date=2018-04-06}}</ref><br />
Since then, it became one of the rallying cries of the [[Indian independence movement]], with which the phrase has been most identified.<ref name="Sharma2023"/><ref name="Mehmi2021"/> In Indian political novels chronicling the independence movement, a pro-independence sentiment is often characterized by characters shouting this slogan.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j1Abhv0NUaUC&dq=inquilab+zindabad&pg=PA42 |title=Indian Political Novel in English |first=O.P. |last=Bhatnagar |publisher=Saruk and Sons |location=Delhi |year=2007 |isbn=9788176257992 |page=42}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Modern uses ==<br />
[[File:Tongi graffiti 5.jpg|thumb|[[Graffiti]] of Inquilab Zindabad slogan from [[Bangladesh]], drawn by the students after the [[July Uprising]] in 2024]]<br />
<br />
During the [[July Uprising]] in Bangladesh in 2024, which led to the [[Resignation of Sheikh Hasina|fall of the then ruling authoritarian government]], the slogan was widely used.<ref>{{Cite news |author-link=HM Nazmul Alam |date=16 December 2024 |title=Inquilab Zindabad: A timeless call for revolution |url=https://www.newagebd.net/post/opinion/252905/inquilab-zindabad-a-timeless-call-for-revolution |access-date=24 February 2026 |work=[[New Age (Bangladesh)|New Age]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=ইমাম |first=সাদিয়া মাহ্জাবীন |date=12 August 2024 |title=ছাত্র-জনতার আন্দোলনে বারুদ হয়ে ওঠা স্লোগানগুলো |url=https://www.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/145xh9480o |access-date=23 February 2026 |website=[[Prothom Alo]] |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Rafid |first=Mahir Tajwar |date=4 January 2025 |title=জেনজি’র বজ্রকণ্ঠের স্লোগান জুগিয়েছিল লড়াইয়ের প্রেরণা |url=https://dailyinqilab.com/national/article/718398 |access-date=23 February 2026 |website=[[Daily Inqilab]] |language=bn}}</ref> As a result, it regained significant popularity in Bangladesh and continued to be used extensively in public gatherings in the [[Aftermath of the July uprising|following years]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=ইউসুফ |first=মোস্তফা |date=2 March 2025 |title=‘ইনকিলাব জিন্দাবাদ’ কি নতুন দলের স্লোগান, কীভাবে এল |url=https://www.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/3defcr44n3 |access-date=23 February 2026 |website=[[Prothom Alo]] |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2 March 2025 |title=‘ইনকিলাব জিন্দাবাদ’ স্লোগান এলো কীভাবে? |url=https://www.ittefaq.com.bd/721662/%E2%80%98%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC-%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E2%80%99-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8B-%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%C2%A0 |access-date=23 February 2026 |website=[[Daily Ittefaq]] |language=bn}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Controversy ==<br />
On 21 February 2026, marking [[Language Movement Day]] and [[International Mother Language Day]], [[Ministry of Power, Energy and Mineral Resources|Minister for Power, Energy and Mineral Resources]] [[Iqbal Hassan Mahmood]] criticized the slogan "Inquilab Zindabad", claiming it was not part of the Bangla language.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 February 2026 |title=আজকের ছেলেমেয়েরা ইনকিলাব বলে, ইনকিলাব তো অন্যদের ভাষা: বিদ্যুৎমন্ত্রী |url=https://www.ajkerpatrika.com/national/ajpizpjiidz03 |access-date=27 February 2026 |website=[[Ajker Patrika]] |language=bn}}</ref> He said, <br />
{{blockquote|If the people of Bangladesh truly embraced [[Bengali language|Bangla]] as their mother tongue, then slogans such as "Inquilab Zindabad" could not continue. "Inquilab Zindabad" has no connection with the Bangla language, and it is the language of those who once attempted to deprive Bengalis of their right to speak their mother tongue and failure to properly understand and value Bangla had hindered the development of nationalism. Referring to younger generations, if people had reflected more deeply on the language, [[Generation Z|Gen Z]] would not be chanting "Inquilab", by adding that the hearing of the slogan "Inquilab Zindabad" made "heart bleed". The words such as "Inquilab Zindabad", "[[Inquilab Moncho]]" and "Azadi" were increasingly being heard in public discourse, and it is asserted that they have no connection with Bangla.<br />
|author=[[Iqbal Hassan Mahmood]]<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=21 February 2026 |title=বাংলাকে যদি ধারণ করতে হয়, তাহলে ইনকিলাব জিন্দাবাদ চলবে না: বিদ্যুৎমন্ত্রী |url=https://www.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/district/rnj7lluf9k |access-date=23 February 2026 |website=Prothom Alo |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=21 February 2026 |title=It makes my heart bleed to hear them say ‘Inquilab Zindabad’: Tuku |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/politics/news/it-makes-my-heart-bleed-hear-them-say-inquilab-zindabad-tuku-4111426 |access-date=23 February 2026 |website=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]] |language=en}}</ref>}}<br />
<br />
His remarks drew widespread protests and criticism from politicians and student leaders, who argued the slogan was historically linked to the [[July Uprising]], defending it as part of the nation's political and cultural history.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 February 2026 |title=’ইনকিলাব জিন্দাবাদ’ নিয়ে টুকুর বিরূপ মন্তব্যে তুমুল সমালোচনা |url=https://dailyinqilab.com/national/article/866856 |access-date=23 February 2026 |website=[[Daily Inqilab]] |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=23 February 2026 |title=‘ইনকিলাব জিন্দাবাদ’ স্লোগান ঘিরে রাজনৈতিক বিতর্ক |url=https://www.jugantor.com/tp-second-edition/1069317 |access-date=2026-02-23 |website=[[Daily Jugantor]] |language=bn}}</ref> [[Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami]] opposed his comments, stating that "Inquilab Zindabad is not the exclusive slogan of any particular group but a symbol of protest against exploitation, injustice, and autocratic rule."<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 February 2026 |title=‘ইনকিলাব জিন্দাবাদ’ কোনো গোষ্ঠীর স্লোগান নয়, এটি স্বৈরশাসনের বিরুদ্ধে প্রতিবাদের প্রতীক:জামায়াতে ইসলামী |url=https://dailyinqilab.com/national/article/867173 |access-date=27 February 2026 |website=[[Daily Inqilab]] |language=bn}}</ref> The [[National Citizen Party]], [[Hefazat-e-Islam in the post-revolution Bangladesh|Hefazat-e-Islam]], and other political parties also criticised his remarks.<ref>{{Cite web |title='ইনকিলাব জিন্দাবাদ' প্রসঙ্গে টুকুর বক্তব্যের তীব্র সমালোচনায় রাজনীতিবিদ-সেলিব্রেটিরা |url=https://dailyinqilab.com/politics/news/867159 |access-date=2026-02-23 |website=[[Daily Inqilab]] |language=bn|date=23 February 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=22 February 2026 |title=ইনকিলাব-আজাদি জুলাই গণ-অভ্যুত্থানের সম্পদ : হেফাজতে ইসলাম |url=https://www.kalerkantho.com/online/Politics/2026/02/22/1651166 |access-date=23 February 2026 |website=[[Kaler Kantho]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-02-22 |title='Tantamount to denying historical realities': Jamaat slams energy minister's remarks on 'Inquilab Zindabad' |url=https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/tantamount-denying-historical-realities-jamaat-slams-energy-ministers-remarks-inquilab |access-date=2026-02-23 |website=[[The Business Standard]] |language=en}}</ref><br />
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Subsequently, many users posted "Inquilab Zindabad" on [[Facebook]] in protest, and the phrase later trended on [[social media]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 February 2026 |title=আজাদি, ইনকিলাব, বয়ান, বন্দোবস্তের মতো কিছু শব্দ হঠাৎ আলোচনায় কেন |url=https://www.bbc.com/bengali/articles/cz6eg9099p4o |access-date=2026-02-23 |website=[[BBC Bangla]] |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ফেসবুকে কেন ট্রেন্ডিং ‘ইনকিলাব জিন্দাবাদ’? কীভাবে এল এই স্লোগান? |url=https://www.deshrupantor.com/666723/%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%82-%E2%80%98%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC-%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E2%80%99-%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87 |access-date=23 February 2026 |website=[[Desh Rupantor]] |language=bn|date=22 February 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=21 February 2026 |title=ফেসবুকে হঠাৎ ‘ইনকিলাব জিন্দাবাদ’ স্লোগান কেন? |url=https://www.kalerkantho.com/online/social-media/2026/02/21/1650858 |access-date=23 February 2026 |website=[[Kaler Kantho]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:1921 quotations]]<br />
[[Category:Bangladeshi political slogans]]<br />
[[Category:Indian political slogans]]<br />
[[Category:Pakistani political slogans]]<br />
[[Category:Memorials to Bhagat Singh]]<br />
[[Category:Indian independence movement]]<br />
[[Category:Communist Party of India]]</div>Camorabughttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Radio_Quarantine_Kolkata&diff=527973Radio Quarantine Kolkata2026-03-16T20:18:53Z<p>Camorabug: Added First Article W/ Sources...</p>
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<div>{{good article}}<br />
{{Short description|Indian community radio and podcast}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}<br />
{{Distinguish|text=[[The Radio Quarantine]], the internet community radio based in Bangalore.}}{{Infobox radio station<br />
| country = IN<br />
| name = Radio Quarantine<br />
| logo = RQK Poster.png<br />
| city = {{plainlist|1=<br />
*[[Kolkata]]<br />
}}<br />
| area = International<br />
| language = {{plainlist|1=<br />
*[[Bengali language|Bengali]]<br />
*[[Hindi]]<br />
*[[English language|English]]<br />
}}<br />
| format = [[Community radio]]<br />
| airdate = {{Start date|2020|03|25}}<br />
| webcast = {{URL|https://zeno.fm/radio-quarantine-kolkata/|ZenoFM}}<br />
| website = {{URL|https://radioquarantinekol.wixsite.com/rqkradio|Website}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Radio Quarantine''' or '''Radio Quarantine Kolkata''' (abbreviated as '''RQK''') is an Indian [[Internet radio|internet-based]] [[community radio]] and [[podcast]]. It was founded on 25 March 2020 by a group of professors, directors and PhD students in response to social isolation protocols imposed as a result of the [[COVID-19 pandemic]]. <br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
Radio Quarantine was launched on 25 March 2020 in the city of [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|last=I. S.|first=|date=17 April 2020|title=The coronavirus is bringing about a boom in new radio stations|newspaper=[[The Economist]]|url=https://www.economist.com/prospero/2020/04/17/the-coronavirus-is-bringing-about-a-boom-in-new-radio-stations|url-status=live|access-date=4 January 2021|issn=0013-0613|archive-date=8 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108015130/https://www.economist.com/prospero/2020/04/17/the-coronavirus-is-bringing-about-a-boom-in-new-radio-stations}}</ref> It was founded by a group of professors, directors and PhD students in response to social isolation protocols following the outbreak of the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] in India.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=Mukherjee|first=Senjuti|date=1 January 2021|title=Echoes of Resistance: How Radio Quarantine builds solidarity in difficult times|url=https://caravanmagazine.in/media/radio-quarantine-solidarity-difficult-times|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210101094213/https://caravanmagazine.in/media/radio-quarantine-solidarity-difficult-times|archive-date=1 January 2021|access-date=4 January 2021|website=[[The Caravan]]|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":3" /> The group was formed after the [[Government of West Bengal]] had announced that a lockdown in the state was to be imposed, and its launch coincided with the sudden [[COVID-19 lockdown in India|imposition of the national lockdown]] by Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]],<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|last=Bhattacharya|first=Ravik|date=26 March 2020|title=Radio Quarantine an antidote for anxieties in time of isolation|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/kolkata/coronavirus-india-lockdown-radio-quarantine-an-antidote-for-anxieties-in-time-of-isolation-6331982/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808002755/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/kolkata/coronavirus-india-lockdown-radio-quarantine-an-antidote-for-anxieties-in-time-of-isolation-6331982/|archive-date=8 August 2020|access-date=4 January 2021|website=[[The Indian Express]]|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web|last=Akhtar|first=Shabina|date=4 April 2020|title=Radio Quarantine Kolkata: Web-based radio station brings joy to people during lockdown|url=https://enewsroom.in/quarantine-radio-kolkata-lockdown-covid-19/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023105339/https://enewsroom.in/quarantine-radio-kolkata-lockdown-covid-19/|archive-date=23 October 2020|access-date=4 January 2021|website=eNewsroom India|language=en-US}}</ref> which had been ordered a day before on 24 March.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Gettleman|first1=Jeffrey|last2=Schultz|first2=Kai|date=24 March 2020|title=Modi Orders 3-Week Total Lockdown for All 1.3 Billion Indians|language=en-US|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/24/world/asia/india-coronavirus-lockdown.html|url-status=live|access-date=4 January 2021|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=7 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200507152553/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/24/world/asia/india-coronavirus-lockdown.html}}</ref> The station began operation as a community radio run from studio setups at homes, with 10 administrators for technical and editorial oversight.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":4" /><br />
<br />
The broadcasts were hosted on the free-of-cost radio streaming platform [[ZenoRadio]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last1=Chanda|first1=Kathakali|last2=Shekhar|first2=Divya J.|date=26 April 2020|title=In Times Of Social Distancing, Forming Communities|url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/coronavirus/in-times-of-social-distancing-forming-communities/59025/1|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201202123643/https://www.forbesindia.com/article/coronavirus/in-times-of-social-distancing-forming-communities/59025/1|archive-date=2 December 2020|access-date=4 January 2021|website=[[Forbes]]|language=en}}</ref> and went live at 4 pm on 25 March. The inaugural programme on the station was a 30-minute reading session by Sujaan Mukherjee, a researcher on the [[urban history]] of Kolkata at [[Jadavpur University]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|last=Mitra|first=Debraj|date=24 March 2020|title=Solidarity comes alive on radio wave in Calcutta|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/solidarity-comes-alive-on-radio-wave-in-calcutta/cid/1758883|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210612155000/https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/solidarity-comes-alive-on-radio-wave-in-calcutta/cid/1758883|archive-date=12 June 2021|access-date=4 January 2021|website=[[Telegraph India|The Telegraph]]}}</ref> The station began as a [[24/7 service]] with a mixture of pre-recorded original programmes and repeat programmes at other times, gathering around 5,000 listeners within the first nine days of its launch.<ref name=":0" /><br />
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On [[May Day]], Radio Quarantine held a collaboration with the [[Udichi Shilpi Goshti]], the largest cultural organisation in [[Bangladesh]]; the station hosted a show featuring revolutionary songs and commemorated the [[1886 Haymarket massacre]] by [[chronicling]] its history. It featured a show with a series of interviews on women workers from West Bengal and Bangladesh; the first half included interviews with [[domestic workers]] from West Bengal who described their loss of livelihood due to lack of regulations or a [[labour union]] to represent them in midst of the COVID-19 pandemic, while the second half of the show featured an interview with [[Taslima Akhter]], the president of a Bangladeshi solidarity group for [[garment workers]], who spoke about their exploitation and how the pandemic had made the situation worse by forcing workers to either starve or risk infection. Kasturi Basu, one of the administrators, states that the idea for collaborating with Bangladeshi individuals on May Day had come about during their planning of shows for the birth anniversary of [[Rabindranath Tagore]] on 7 May 2020. On Tagore's birth anniversary, the station aired a show called ''Bangladesher Hriday Hote'' ({{Translation|From the Heart of Bangladesh}}) that featured interviews with individuals like the novelist [[Hasan Azizul Huq|Azizul Huq]], biographer [[Jatin Sarkar]], sociologist [[Anupam Sen]] and Moinul Abedin, the son of [[Zainul Abedin]] who had chronicled the [[1943 Bengal famine]] through his paintings.<ref name=":1" /> <br />
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On 19 May 2020, the station hosted programmes narrating and discussing the [[Bengali Language Movement (Barak Valley)|Bengali Language Movement]] in the [[Barak Valley]] of [[Assam]]. The station also organised a memorial on 20 May 2020 to commemorate the death of Bengali journalist and freedom fighter [[Kamal Lohani]], who was the founder of the [[Free Bengal Radio Station]] and had died of [[COVID-19]]. It stopped airing shows for a few weeks following the landfall of [[Cyclone Amphan]] and resumed streaming after electricity and connectivity were restored in Kolkata.<ref name=":1" /> <br />
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The radio station had produced over 350 episodes by the end of August and gathered an international audience. The relaxation of the lockdown led to less original programming being broadcast by the station, and by September, it had begun producing original programming in the form of [[podcasts]] with six to ten episodes per month.<ref name=":1" /><br />
<br />
== Format and shows ==<br />
Radio Quarantine Kolkata is a 24x7 live internet radio hosted on ZenoFM and broadcasts a wide range of music from its collection. The radio broadcasts segments with interviews and news bulletins.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Upasana |date=20 August 2021 |title=From English pop to Japanese psychedelic, we have created a list of radio stations to cater to all your music moods while travelling |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/outlooktraveller/explore/story/71169/radio-stations-to-listen-to-on-the-road |website=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook Traveller]]}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=8 June 2021 |title=Radio Quarantine: How This Digital Radio Station Brought Joy During The Lockdown |url=https://homegrown.co.in/homegrown-explore/radio-quarantine-how-this-digital-radio-station-brought-joy-during-the-lockdown |website=Homegrown |language=en}}</ref> The target audience consists of Bengalis including its international diaspora, attracting listeners from places like [[London]] and the [[United States]].<ref name=":8" /><br />
<br />
During the pandemic, the station ran various programs and episodes throughout the day, featuring original programmes between 5{{nbsp}}pm and 2{{nbsp}}am.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Neurekar |first=Malavika |date=7 April 2020 |title=Radio Quarantine: Indian artists are trying to create a space for music and community in lockdown |url=https://scroll.in/article/957996/radio-quarantine-indian-artists-are-trying-to-create-a-space-for-music-and-community-in-lockdown |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107005132/https://scroll.in/article/957996/radio-quarantine-indian-artists-are-trying-to-create-a-space-for-music-and-community-in-lockdown |archive-date=7 January 2021 |access-date=4 January 2021 |website=[[Scroll.in]] |language=en-US}}</ref> Its daily shows ended with a music segment hosted by the writer [[Sudipto Sanyal]] called ''Songs of Comfort for Hypochondriac and Pining Lovers'', which featured an [[Eclecticism|eclectic collection]] of Indian and International songs and continued till 2{{nbsp}}am at night.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":6" /> Sanyal, who goes by the pseudonym RJ Bishakto Chochchori, continues to host the music segment every Saturday from around midnight onwards.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |last=Bhattacharya |first=Chandrima S. |date=22 November 2021 |title=A mishmash of music to comfort at midnight |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/people/a-mishmash-of-music-to-comfort-at-midnight/cid/1840027 |website=[[Telegraph India|The Telegraph]]}}</ref> The segment includes and has included music from [[Brazilian rock]], [[Venezuelan folk music|Venezuelan folk]], Bollywood songs, Palestinian [[reggae]], [[Japanese pop]], Habibi [[funk]], Vietnamese hip hop and American [[jazz]] and [[hip hop]], among others.<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":9" /> The show has a focus on a variety of music from Brazil, and Sanyal describes it as a place for "football, jazz, music and resistance".<ref name=":9" /> <br />
<br />
One of the popular segments of the station was ''Quarantine Diaries'', which featured a daily news summary and included analysis of the controversial [[Citizenship Amendment Act]] and the associated [[National Register of Citizens]] amid the pandemic.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" /> Darshana Mitra, a professor at the [[National Institute of Juridicial Science]], is associated with the segment.<ref name=":6" /> The singer and oral historian [[Moushumi Bhowmik]] hosted a segment which documented regional and cultural histories across Bengal, including those from [[Purulia]] to [[Sylhet]] to the [[Sundarbans]], and occasionally featured interviews with various folk singers. [[Kankan Bhattacharyya]] hosted a show called ''Asamayer Katha, Samayer Gaan'' ({{Translation|Untimely Talk, Timely Songs}}).<ref name=":1" /> It also included shows related to health advice which featured medical professionals.<ref name=":3" /> <br />
<br />
The station also broadcast reading sessions through home recordings from participants, including monologues, poetry and short story readings, and had a children's segment.<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":8" /> Recorded performances were crowdsourced from listener contributors,<ref name=":2" /> which were accepted based on a day's specified criterion and included experiences of individuals isolated in their homes.<ref name=":7">{{Cite news |date=25 March 2020 |title=Web-based radio station set up for locked down people |work=[[Business Standard]] |agency=[[Press Trust of India]] |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/web-based-radio-station-set-up-for-locked-down-people-120032500976_1.html |url-status=live |access-date=4 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106170743/https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/web-based-radio-station-set-up-for-locked-down-people-120032500976_1.html |archive-date=6 January 2021}}</ref> Some of these were gathered from minors and were aired on the children's segment.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":7" /> The children's segment was allotted an hour slot,<ref name=":7" /> which was occasionally hosted by a teacher based in the country of [[Norway]].<ref name=":0" /> It involved short story readings, poem recitals and music.<ref name=":7" /><br />
<br />
Around September 2020, new original programmes were shifted to a podcast featuring six to ten episodes per month. The episodes include [[Pedagogy|educational content]] related to science and technology in simplified language for the understanding of untrained adults and children. Other episodes relate to political, social and philosophical questions, including episodes on ''[[The Plague (novel)|The Plague]]'' by [[Albert Camus]], on ''Plague and Quarantine'' by [[Rajinder Singh Bedi]] and on ''Shada Prithibi'' ({{Translation|White Earth}}) by [[Sharadindu Bandyopadhyay]].<ref name=":1" /><br />
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The original programmes from the radio and the podcast are hosted on and archived across platforms such as [[YouTube]] and [[Spotify]].<ref name=":1" /> <br />
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== References ==<br />
<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{YouTube|custom=RadioQuarantineKolkata|title=Radio Quarantine Kolkata}}<br />
* {{Facebook|RadioQuarantineKolkata|Radio Quarantine Kolkata}}<br />
{{coord missing|West Bengal}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Educational podcasts]]<br />
[[Category:Radio stations in Kolkata]]<br />
[[Category:Radio stations established in 2020]]<br />
[[Category:2020 podcast debuts]]<br />
[[Category:Indian podcasts]]</div>Camorabughttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ram_Chandra_(cinematographer)&diff=528950Ram Chandra (cinematographer)2026-03-15T04:02:31Z<p>Camorabug: Added New Pg Added Tags</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian cinematographer}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Ram Chandra <br />
| birth_date = <br />
| birth_place = <br />
| image = <br />
| occupation = [[Cinematographer]] <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Ram Chandra (Ramchandra)''' was an Indian cinematographer who worked primarily in Hindi cinema. He won the [[National Film Award for Best Cinematography]] on two occasions: for ''[[Bambai Raat Ki Bahon Mein]]'' (1967) and ''[[Reshma Aur Shera]]'' (1971).<ref>{{Cite news|title=Ram Chandra's cinematography in Reshma Aur Shera will surely rank among one of the best|author=Manisha Vardhan|url=<br />
https://www.movietalkies.com/movies-reviews/an-exquisite-story-of-love-in-times-of-war<br />
|publisher=Movie Talkies|date=6 June 2007}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Bambai Raat Ki Bahon Mein|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D6oCkyuaYoI|date=19 September 2025}}</ref><ref><br />
{{Cite web|title=Reshma Aur Shera|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fa8gde_C3aQ|date=19 September 2025}}</ref> He was a member of the [[Indian cinematographers|Western India Cinematographers Association]] (WICA).<br />
<br />
Besides winning the National Film Award for Best Cinematography, ''[[Reshma Aur Shera]]'' won two other National Awards and was nominated for the [[Golden Bear]] at the [[Berlin International Film Festival]]. It was also selected as the Indian entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 44th [[Academy Awards]] but was not accepted as a nominee.<ref>{{Cite news|title=When Waheeda Rehman fainted during Reshma Aur Shera bali scene, Amitabh Bachchan 'felt privileged, took care of her'|author=Suresh Kohli|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/when-waheeda-rehman-fainted-during-reshma-aur-shera-bali-scene-amitabh-bachchan-said-felt-privileged-took-care-of-her-101654936227401.html|publisher=Hindustan Times|date=11 June 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Sunil Dutt walked off set in anger as Yash Johar could arrange only 99 camels instead of 100|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/sunil-dutt-walked-off-set-yash-johar-arranged-99-camels-instead-of-100-9041961/|publisher=The Indian Express|date=25 November 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=When Sunil Dutt Decided To Reshoot This Film And Landed In Rs 60 Lakh Debt|url=https://www.news18.com/movies/when-sunil-dutt-decided-to-reshoot-this-film-and-landed-in-rs-60-lakh-debt-8012395.html|publisher=News 18|date=6 June 2023<br />
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Bambai Raat Ki Bahon Mein (1968) |author=Suresh Kohli|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/bambai-raat-ki-bahon-mein-1968/article3292105.ece|publisher=The Hindu|date=8 April 2012}}</ref><br />
<br />
Ram Chandra worked with [[Khwaja Ahmad Abbas]], considered a pioneer of Indian neo-realistic cinema, as well as with [[Sunil Dutt]], known for his significant contributions to Indian cinema, especially as an actor.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*{{IMDb title|0067668}}<br />
* {{IMDb title|0062748}}<br />
* {{cite book |title=World Filmography: 1967 |author=Peter Cowie |authorlink=Peter Cowie |author2=Derek Elley|publisher=Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press |year=1977|isbn=0498015653 |page=259 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jp7ayTLX1D8C&q=Bambai+Raat+Ki+Bahon+Mein&pg=PA259 |ref= Co}}<br />
<br />
{{authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Chandra, Ram}}<br />
[[Category:Best Cinematography National Film Award winners]]<br />
[[Category:Hindi film cinematographers]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian people]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]</div>Camorabughttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nagas_of_Vindhyatabi&diff=519874Nagas of Vindhyatabi2026-03-06T16:13:26Z<p>Camorabug: Starting A Post</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Royal dynasty ruling over Northern Odisha}}<br />
{{Infobox country<br />
|conventional_long_name = Nagas of Vindhyatabi<br />
|common_name = Nagas<br />
|today = [[India]]<br />
|status = <br />
|status_text = <br />
|government_type = Monarchy<br />
|year_start = {{circa|261}}<br />
|year_end = {{circa|340 CE}}<br />
|event_end = <br />
|p1 = Murunda dynasty<br />
|p2 = Kushan Empire{{!}}Kushanas?<br />
|s1 = Gupta Empire<br />
|s2 = Bhanj dynasty{{!}}Bhanjas<br />
|capital = [[Kendujhar|Vindhyatavi]]<br />
|common_languages = [[Sanskrit]]<br>[[Prakrit]]<br />
|religion = [[Shaivism]] ([[Hinduism]])<br />
|title_leader = ''[[Maharaja]]'', Ranaslaghin<br />
|image_map = <br />
}}<br />
The '''Nagas of Vindhyatabi''' were a royal dynasty ruling over [[Kalinga (historical region)|Northern Odisha]] during the 2nd century A.D to 4th century A.D (possibly between 261 A.D to 340 A.D)<ref name="Bhanja">{{Cite web|url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/191656/12/12_chapter%203.pdf|title=ORIGIN, GENEALOGY AND CHRONOLOGY OF THE BHANJAS|website=www.shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in|pages=74, 75|access-date=7 May 2018}}</ref> from their seat at Vindhyatabi, also called Vindhyatavi (identified with modern-day [[Kendujhar|Keonjhar]]).<ref name="imperial">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hRjC5IaJ2zcC|title=Rise and Fall of the Imperial Guptas|last=Agrawal|first=Ashvini|section=Chapter II: THE POLITICAL CONDITION OF INDIA BEFORE THE RISE OF GUPTAS - EASTERN INDIA|section-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hRjC5IaJ2zcC&q=Satrubhanja+Asanpat&pg=PA60|publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]]|year=1989|isbn=81-208-0592-5|location=New Delhi|pages=60,61}}</ref><br />
<br />
==History==<br />
This dynasty was probably a branch of the [[Nagas of Padmavati|Naga house]], from which many rulers were descended and who ruled many kingdoms and principalities for the short duration between the fall of the [[Kushan Empire]] and the rise of the [[Gupta Empire]].<ref name="Odishara">{{Cite book|title=Odishara Aithiya|last=|first=|publisher=Vidya Prakashan|year=2011|isbn=978-81-7703-101-0|location=Cuttack|pages=166–185}}</ref> A ruler of this dynasty, Manabhanja with title of ''[[Maharaja]]'', "had added to his glory in a hundred clashes in war with the [[Kushan Empire|Devaputras]]". The ''[[Kushan Empire|Devaputras]]'' mentioned here are obviously the [[Kushan Empire|Kushanas]].<ref name="imperial"/><ref name="pre-Gupta Orissa">{{Cite web|url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/187385/7/07_chapter%201.pdf|title=ORISSA IN THE PRE-GUPTA AGE|website=www.shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in|access-date=16 October 2018}}</ref> This suggests that the Nagas of Vindhyatabi joined hands with confederation of Indian rulers, led by the [[Nagas of Padmavati|Bharashiva Nagas]] to overthrow the [[Kushan Empire|Kushan rule]] in India.{{sfn|H. V. Trivedi|1957|p=ii}}{{sfn|R. K. Sharma|2001|p=156}}<ref name="imperial"/><br />
<br />
[[Satrubhanja]] was the greatest and most powerful ruler of this dynasty. He was the son of ''[[Maharaja]]'' Manabhanja and his queen Mahadevi Damayanti. He distributed a huge amount of wealth around a large part of northern, central and eastern India which provides an image of his territorial expanse.<ref name="imperial" /><ref name="pre-Gupta Orissa"/><br />
<br />
==Decline==<br />
Almost no Naga rulers of Vindhyatabi are known after [[Satrubhanja]]. Sitabhinji in Keonjhar district of Odisha has revealed that it was an ancient holy place of [[Shaivism]] promoted by the Naga rulers of [[Kendujhar|Keonjhar]] as the cave arts found there provide a glimpse of a possible descendant of Satrubhanja who went by the name Disabhanja.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/Call-to-Save-Fading-Sitabhinji-Cave-Art/2016/02/15/article3277958.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160216094410/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/Call-to-Save-Fading-Sitabhinji-Cave-Art/2016/02/15/article3277958.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=February 16, 2016|title=Call to Save Fading Sitabhinji Cave Art|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=|access-date=}}</ref><br />
<br />
The [[Bhanj dynasty|Bhanjas]] emerged as leading chieftains succeeding the Nagas of the Vindhyatabi in the [[Kendujhar]] and [[Western Odisha]] region, inheriting their territories.<ref name="Sinha Centre for Studies in Social Sciences 1987 p.44 ">{{cite book|last=Sinha| first=S.|author2=Centre for Studies in Social Sciences|title=Tribal polities and state systems in pre-colonial eastern and north eastern India|publisher=Centre for Studies in Social Sciences, K.P. Bagchi & Co.|year=1987|isbn=978-81-7074-014-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S4E_AAAAMAAJ|access-date=2020-04-13|page=44}}</ref><ref name="Yoshī 1983 p.53 ">{{cite book |last=Yoshī|first=A.|title=History & Culture of Khijjingakotta Under the Bhanjas|publisher=Vikas Publishing House|year=1983|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M5MeAAAAMAAJ|access-date=2020-04-13|page=5|isbn=9780706914337 }}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
=== Bibliography ===<br />
<br />
{{refbegin}}<br />
* {{cite book |author=Ashvini Agrawal |title=Rise and Fall of the Imperial Guptas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hRjC5IaJ2zcC&pg=PA315 |year=1989 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0592-7 }}<br />
* {{cite book |author=Dilip Kumar Ganguly |title=History and Historians in Ancient India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7v76i0eF9tQC&pg=PA28 |year=1984 |publisher=Abhinav |isbn=978-0-391-03250-7 }}<br />
* {{cite book |author=R. K. Sharma |chapter=Ancient history of the Naga tribe of Central India |editor=A. A. Abbasi |title=Dimensions of Human Cultures in Central India: Professor S.K. Tiwari Felicitation Volume |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jUwFL3IipK0C&pg=PA143 |year=2001 |publisher=Sarup & Sons |isbn=978-81-7625-186-0 }}<br />
* {{cite book |author=H. V. Trivedi |title=Catalogue of the Coins of the Naga Kings of Padmavati |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.104095 |year=1957 |publisher=Department of Archaeology & Museums, Madhya Pradesh }}<br />
{{refend}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Dynasties of India]]<br />
[[Category:Hindu dynasties]]</div>Camorabughttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vazha_Pirandhaval&diff=543839Vazha Pirandhaval2026-03-04T05:06:57Z<p>Camorabug: created some stub v1</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|1953 film by T. R. Ramanna}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| image = Vazha Pirandhaval.jpg<br />
| caption = Theatrical release poster<br />
| director = [[T. R. Ramanna]]<br />
| writer = Vindhan (dialogues)<br />
| story = Simha<br />
| producer = T. R. Ramanna<br />
| starring = [[T. R. Rajakumari]]<br />Sriram<br />
| cinematography = M. A. Rahman<br />
| editing = [[M. S. Mani (film editor)|M. S. Mani]]<br />
| music = [[S. Rajeswara Rao]] <br />[[G. Ramanathan]]<br />
| studio = R. R. Pictures<br />
| distributor = K. S. Pictures<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 April 1953 |title=Vazha Pirandaval |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19530405&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=22 March 2021 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=1 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref><br />
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1953|4|10}}<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Tamil<br />
}}<br />
'''''Vazha Pirandhaval''''' ({{translation|She was born to live}}) is a 1953 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language film directed and produced by [[T. R. Ramanna]] in his directorial debut.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 January 2024 |title=கனவுக்கன்னியாக ஜொலித்த டி.ஆர்.ராஜகுமாரி |url=https://tamil.news18.com/entertainment/paired-with-5-superstars-own-theater-dr-rajakumari-shone-as-a-dream-girl-1297156.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20240903090921/https://tamil.news18.com/entertainment/paired-with-5-superstars-own-theater-dr-rajakumari-shone-as-a-dream-girl-1297156.html |archive-date=3 September 2024 |access-date=3 September 2024 |website=[[News18]] |language=ta }}</ref> The film stars [[T. R. Rajakumari]] and Sriram. It was released on 10 April 1953.<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 April 1953 |title=Vazha Pirandhaval |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19530410&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=22 March 2021 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=1 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Plot ==<br />
{{No plot|date=July 2021}}<br />
<br />
== Cast ==<br />
{{Col-begin|width=30%}}<br />
{{col-break|width=20%}}<br />
;Female cast<ref name="song book" /><br />
*[[T. R. Rajakumari]]<br />
*[[B. S. Saroja]]<br />
*[[Pandari Bai|M. Pandari Bai]]<br />
*M. M. Radhabai<br />
*K. S. Angamuthu<br />
*K. Varalakshmi<br />
*Baby Girija<br />
{{col-break|width=20%}}<br />
<br />
;Male cast<ref name="song book" /><br />
*Sriram<br />
*[[T. S. Balaiah]]<br />
*[[K. Sarangapani]]<br />
*K. Duraisamy<br />
*R. Balasubramaniam<br />
*[[J. P. Chandrababu|Chandrababu]]<br />
*E. R. Sahadevan<br />
*K. B. Jayaraman<br />
*T. V. Sethuraman<br />
{{Col-end}}<br />
<br />
== Production ==<br />
''Vazha Pirandhaval'' was produced and directed by [[T. R. Ramanna]] under the banner R. R. Pictures. The story was written by Simha and the dialogue by Vindhan. The music was composed by [[S. Rajeswara Rao]] and [[G. Ramanathan]], while the lyrics were written by Ka. Mu. Sharif. The film was edited by M. S. Mani and processed at Gemini Studios.<ref name="lakshmansruthi" /> Its final length was more than {{convert|17,700|feet}}.<ref name="lakshmansruthi" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Sridhar |first=Asha |date=13 December 2010 |title=Past preserved |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/Past-preserved/article12058861.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170416062346/http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/Past-preserved/article12058861.ece |archive-date=16 April 2017 |access-date=16 April 2017 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Soundtrack ==<br />
Music was composed by [[S. Rajeswara Rao]] and [[G. Ramanathan]] while all the lyrics were penned by [[Ka. Mu. Sheriff]].<ref name="song book" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Neelamegam |first=G. |title=Thiraikalanjiyam&nbsp;— Part 1 |date=December 2014 |publisher=Manivasagar Publishers |edition=1st |location=Chennai |pages=63 |language=ta}}</ref><br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"<br />
! Song !! Singer/s<br />
|-<br />
| "Aayi Lahaa Aayi Lahaa" ||<br />
|-<br />
| "Chandiranai Polirukkumaa" || T. R. Rajakumari<br />
|-<br />
| "Cinema Kalaiyai Elidhaaga Enni" || J. P. Chandrababu<br />
|-<br />
| "Pengalin Thuyaram Indha Ulagil" ||<br />
|-<br />
| "Inbathaale Pongudhe En Idhayam" || T. A. Mothi & P. Leela<br />
|-<br />
| "Vaazhvinile...Pala Maarudhal Thaan" || Jikki<br />
|-<br />
| "Vaazhvennum Uyar Nilaa Theyumo" || P. Leela<br />
|-<br />
| "Indhiya Naadu Nam Indhiya Naadu" || M. L. Vasanthakumari<br />
|-<br />
| "Vaazha Pirandhaval Naan" || T. R. Rajakumari, T. A. Mothi & P. Leela<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references><br />
<br />
<ref name="lakshmansruthi">{{Cite web |title=1953 – வாழப்பிறந்தவன் – ஆர்.ஆர்.பிக்சர்ஸ் |url=http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1953-cinedetails35.asp |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170416061648/http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1953-cinedetails35.asp |archive-date=16 April 2017 |access-date=16 April 2017 |website=[[Lakshman Sruthi]] |language=ta}}</ref><br />
<ref name="song book">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/download/sok.VaazhaPiranthaval_T.R.Ramanna_1953/31.%20VaazhaPiranthaval_T.R.Ramanna_1953.pdf |title=வாழப்பிரிந்தவள் |publisher=R. R. Pictures |year=1953 |language=ta |type=[[song book]] |access-date=14 July 2023 |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
</references><br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{IMDb title}}<br />
{{T. R. Ramanna}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:1953 Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:1953 Tamil-language films]]<br />
[[Category:1953 directorial debut films]]<br />
[[Category:1953 drama films]]<br />
[[Category:Films directed by T. R. Ramanna]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by G. Ramanathan]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by S. Rajeswara Rao]]<br />
[[Category:Indian drama films]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil-language drama films]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]</div>Camorabughttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aasra&diff=467023Aasra2026-03-04T03:54:06Z<p>Camorabug: added references</p>
<hr />
<div>{{distinguish|Asara (disambiguation){{!}}Asara|ASRA (disambiguation){{!}}Asra}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Aasra<br />
| image = Aasra.jpg<br />
| caption = Poster<br />
| director = [[Satyen Bose]]<br />
| producer = <br />
| writer = Satyen Bose <br />
| narrator = <br />
| starring = [[Biswajeet]]<br />[[Mala Sinha]] <br />
| music = [[Laxmikant-Pyarelal]]<br />
| cinematography = <br />
| editing = <br />
| distributor = <br />
| released = {{Film date|1966}}<br />
| runtime = <br />
| country = [[India]]<br />
| language = [[Hindi]]<br />
| budget =<br />
}}<br />
'''''Aasra''''' ({{lit|Shelter}}) is a 1966 Hindi movie produced by Madan Mohla and directed by [[Satyen Bose]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jp7ayTLX1D8C&pg=PA254|title=World Filmography: 1967|last1=Cowie|first1=Peter|last2=Elley<br />
|first2=Derek|year=1977|publisher=Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press|isbn=978-0-498-01565-6|page=254}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Citation|last1=Sinha|first1=Mala|date=1 January 2000|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0156257/|title=Aasra (1966) at IMDb|last2=Biswajeet|last3=Sahni|last4=Ameeta|first3=Balraj|access-date=2017-03-25|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The film stars [[Biswajeet]], [[Mala Sinha]], [[Balraj Sahni]], [[Nirupa Roy]] and [[Jagdeep]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rF8ABAAAQBAJ&pg=PA1994-IA150|title=Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema|last1=Rajadhyaksha|first1=Ashish|last2=Willemen|first2=Paul|year=2014<br />
|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-94325-7}}</ref> The film's music is by [[Laxmikant-Pyarelal]].<ref name=":0" /> The movie is a remake of the 1961 Bengali movie ''Madhyarater Tara''.<ref>[http://www.geetadutt.com/geetadutt_bengalifilms.pdf Bengali Films]</ref><br />
<br />
==Plot==<br />
{{More plot|date=February 2024}}<!--per [[WP:FILMPLOT]], plot summaries should be between 400 and 700 words--> <br />
Medical Dr Amar Kumar is an eligible bachelor. His parents are looking for a bride match for him. Amar meets Roopa the daughter of Bishambarnath who considers him a good suitor. Bishambarnath is Surendernath's (Amar's father) old friend. But Amar gets attracted to her distant cousin, Shobha who is treated as a house servant in Bishambhar's household, as she became an orphan after her fathers death and was brought to Bishambhar's home by a neighbour. Bishambhar has 4 other children, than Roopa. Amar gets a chance to go abroad. Meanwhile, Shobha gets pregnant. When it became public, Shobha is thrown out of home after a nice beating. <br />
<br />
She escapes from the abusive household and is taken in by Amar's kind parents, without knowing she is pregnant. Later, they came to know about it and are in confusion what to do but Surendernath is again kind enough and let her stay asking Maya if it was their own daughter then what will they do? There is a twist, who is the father? Shobha never reveals the father's name of the child. A baby boy is delivered. Shobha disappears from scene after delivery. The baby is reared by Balraj and Maya until his own daughters who came for a visit, object. Surendernath sends the child somewhere and does not tell anyone. As 2 years have passed, Amar returns. He searches for Shobha but does not find her. Later he learns about Shobha's pregnancy and her child from his own parents. He tells the truth that before going abroad he proposed to Shobha and in love they slept with each other, once. And the child is his own. Surendernath knows where Shobha and child are. He tells Amar and that way whole family is united with a happy note. Parents liked Shobha from beginning except the illegitimate pregnancy details.<br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
* [[Biswajeet]] as Amar <br />
* [[Mala Sinha]] as Shobha <br />
* [[Balraj Sahni]] as Surendranath <br />
* [[Nirupa Roy]] as Maya<br />
* [[David Abraham Cheulkar|David]] as Bishambharnath<br />
* [[Praveen Paul]] as Mrs. Bishambharnath<br />
* [[Jagdeep]] as Harish (Bishambharnath's Eldest Son)<br />
* [[Ameeta]] as Roopa (Bishambharnath's Eldest Daughter)<br />
<br />
==Soundtrack==<br />
Lyricist: [[Anand Bakshi]]<br />
{|class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"<br />
! # !! Song !! Singer<br />
|-<br />
| 1<br />
| "Daiya Ri Daiya Yashoda Maiya"<br />
| [[Lata Mangeshkar]]<br />
|-<br />
| 2<br />
| "Neend Kabhi Rehti Thi Aankhon Mein"<br />
| [[Lata Mangeshkar]]<br />
|-<br />
| 3<br />
| "Tum Kaun Ho, Batao Tumhara Naam Hai Kya"<br />
| [[Lata Mangeshkar]]<br />
|-<br />
| 4<br />
| "Sajna Kidhar Saari Ratiyan"<br />
| [[Lata Mangeshkar]], [[Usha Mangeshkar]]<br />
|-<br />
| 5<br />
| "Shokhiyan Nazar Mein Hai"<br />
| [[Mohammed Rafi]]<br />
|-<br />
| 6<br />
| "Mere Soone Jeevan Ka Aasra Hai Tu"<br />
| [[Asha Bhosle]]<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{IMDb title|0156257|Aasra}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:1966 films]]<br />
[[Category:1966 Hindi-language films]]<br />
[[Category:1966 Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by Laxmikant–Pyarelal]]<br />
[[Category:Hindi remakes of Bengali films]]<br />
[[Category:Films directed by Satyen Bose]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{1960s-Hindi-film-stub}}</div>Camorabughttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raiszaada&diff=476302Raiszaada2026-03-03T23:41:57Z<p>Camorabug: rework lead for consistency and corrected details</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Raiszaada<br />
| image = Raiszaada poster.png<br />
| caption = Promotional Poster<br />
| director = Bharat Kapoor<br />
| writer = <br />
| screenplay = <br />
| story = <br />
| based_on = <br />
| starring = [[Shashi Kapoor]]<br />[[Asha Parekh]]<br />[[Govinda (actor)|Govinda]]<br />[[Sonam (actress)|Sonam]]<br />
| producer = Pooja Kapoor<br />
| narrator = <br />
| music = [[Bappi Lahiri]]<br />
| cinematography = <br />
| editing = <br />
| studio = <br />
| distributor = <br />
| released = {{Film date|1991|09|13|df=y}}<br />
| runtime = <br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Hindi<br />
| budget = <br />
| gross = <br />
}}<br />
'''''Raiszaada''''' is a 1991 Indian Hindi-language film directed by Bharat Kapoor, starring [[Shashi Kapoor]], [[Asha Parekh]], [[Govinda (actor)|Govinda]], [[Sonam (actress)|Sonam]] in lead roles.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ebay.com/itm/India-Bollywood-1989-RAISZAADA-13-5-x-21-used-lobby-cards-x-5-Govinda-/390689750633?pt=LH_DefaultDomain_0&hash=item5af6ec7e69|title=Raiszaada LP Records|publisher=ebay|accessdate=28 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibosnetwork.com/asp/filmbodetails.asp?id=Raiszaada|title=Raiszaada Box Office|publisher=IBOS|accessdate=28 August 2014}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
Source<ref>{{Cite web |title=Raiszaada – Movie – - Box Office India |url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/cast_crew.php?movieid=5984 |access-date=2024-12-28 |publisher=Box Office India}}</ref><br />
*[[Shashi Kapoor]] as Amar Singh<br />
*[[Asha Parekh]] as Jyothi Singh<br />
*[[Govinda (actor)|Govinda]] as Sanjay Singh<br />
*[[Sonam (actress)|Sonam]] as Inspector Sonam<br />
*[[Johnny Lever]]<br />
*[[Gulshan Grover]] as Inspector Wafadaar Gupta<br />
*[[Kulbhushan Kharbanda]] as Police Commissioner Durjan Singh<br />
*[[Anupam Kher]] as Jagannath<br />
*[[Bharat Bhushan]] as Judge<br />
*[[Yunus Parvez]] as Hussain Chacha<br />
*[[Pradeep Kumar (actor)|Pradeep Kumar]] as Barrister Kumar, Defence Counsel for Jagannath<br />
*[[Dinesh Hingoo]]<br />
*[[Aruna Irani]]<br />
*[[Disco Shanti]] as Sonia<br />
*[[Shiva Rindani]] as Munna Thakur<br />
*[[Anil Dhawan]] as Surya Pratap Singh<br />
*Aparajita as Kamini<br />
*[[Beena Banerjee]] as Sheetal<br />
*[[Arun Mathur (actor)|Arun Mathur]] as Justice Syed Mushtaq Ahmed<br />
<br />
==Soundtrack==<br />
Lyrics: Indeevar<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
! Song !! Singer<br />
|-<br />
| "Nashe Ki Botal"<br />
| [[Shabbir Kumar]], [[Asha Bhosle]]<br />
|-<br />
| "Pehle Aankh Lad Gayee"<br />
| [[Mohammed Aziz]], Asha Bhosle<br />
|-<br />
| "Maa Ke Darbar Mein"<br />
| Mohammed Aziz, [[Chandrani Mukherjee]]<br />
|-<br />
| "Raiszaada, Raiszaada"<br />
| Mohammed Aziz<br />
|-<br />
| "Loot Liya, Loot Liya"<br />
| [[Naina Jairam]], [[Sudesh Bhosle]], [[Shail Chaturvedi]], [[Dinesh Hingoo]]<br />
|-<br />
| "Jai Ambe, Jai Jagdambe"<br />
| [[Nirmala Devi]]<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*{{IMDb title|0363921|Raiszaada}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:1991 films]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by Bappi Lahiri]]<br />
[[Category:1991 Hindi-language films]]<br />
[[Category:1991 Indian films]]<br />
{{1990s-Hindi-film-stub}}</div>Camorabughttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Onde_Guri&diff=472590Onde Guri2026-03-03T22:16:42Z<p>Camorabug: adjusted formatting also and corrected details</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}<br />
{{Infobox film <br />
| name = Onde Guri<br />
| image = OGuri.jpg<br />
| caption = <br />
| director = [[H. R. Bhargava]]<br />
| screenplay = H. R. Bhargava<br />
{{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes<br />
| label1= Dialogues by<br />
| data1 = [[Chi. Udayashankar]]<br />
}}<br />
| story = [[M. P. Shankar]]<br />
| producer = M. P. Shankar<br />
| starring = [[Vishnuvardhan (actor)|Vishnuvardhan]]<br />M. P. Shankar<br />[[Ramakrishna (Kannada actor)|Ramakrishna]]<br />[[Madhavi (actress)|Madhavi]]<br />
| cinematography = D. V. Rajaram<br />N. K. Sathish<br />
| editing = Yadav Victor<br />
| music = [[Rajan–Nagendra]]<br />
| studio = Bharani Chithra<br />
| distributor = Bharani Chithra<br />
| released = {{Film date|1983|03|09|df=y}}<br />
| runtime = 138 minutes<br />
| country = [[India]]<br />
| language = Kannada<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Onde Guri''''' is a 1983 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[action film]] directed by [[H. R. Bhargava]] and produced by M. P. Shankar, who wrote the story, under Bharani Chithra. The film stars [[Vishnuvardhan (actor)|Vishnuvardhan]], alongside [[Madhavi (actress)|Madhavi]], [[M. P. Shankar]], [[Ramakrishna (Kannada actor)|Ramakrishna]], [[Tiger Prabhakar]] and [[Vajramuni]]. The music was composed by [[Rajan–Nagendra]], while cinematography and editing were handled by Yadav Victor and D. V. Rajaram and N. K. Sathish. The film was inspired from 1979 film ''[[Mad Max (film)|Mad Max]]'' and was dubbed in Tamil as ''Pani Puyal''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=pydoieIbv8k&feature=youtu.be|title = 'ನಟ ಉದಯಕುಮಾರ್ ಮಗ ವಿಶ್ವವಿಜೇತ ಹಾಳಾಗಿದ್ದು ಯಾರಿಂದ? ಯಾವುದರಿಂದ?'-Ep08-Q&A-Director Bhargava-Kalamadhyama|website = [[YouTube]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=LAiS3YK0qRM&feature=youtu.be|title = Vishnuvardhan Tamil Hits &#124;&#124; Naan Paadum Geethai Unakkaga &#124;&#124; SPB&#124;&#124; Pani Puyal Tamil movie|website = [[YouTube]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nthwall.com/ka/Onde-Guri-1982/9219803226|title=Onde Guri|access-date=2015-01-21|publisher=nthwall.com|archive-date=21 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150121183340/http://www.nthwall.com/ka/Onde-Guri-1982/9219803226|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Plot ==<br />
Kumar, a [[Criminal Investigation Department (India)|CID]] officer, is assigned to stop a violent [[Outlaw motorcycle club|motorcycle gang]] from committing gruesome heists and killings. Kumar soon earns the wrath of the gang leader when he shoots his leg during a jewellery heist. The leader and his gang barge into Kumar's house and kill his brother Krishna and fiancèe Padmini. Kumar and Padmini's father Ganesh wants to avenge their deaths, but decides to lay low for the safety of their family and leaves for [[Mangalore]]. The gang soon learns about Kumar's location, they hunt down and kill Ganesh, Kumar's mother and his infant child, but Kumar's wife Rohini survives the incident. Enraged, Kumar finally hunts down the gang and its leader during the robberies and kills them, thus avenging his families' death.<br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
{{cast listing|<br />
*[[Vishnuvardhan (actor)|Vishnuvardhan]] as Kumar<br />
*[[Madhavi (actress)|Madhavi]] as Rohini<br />
*[[Sowcar Janaki]] as Kumar's mother<br />
*[[M. P. Shankar]] as Ganesh<br />
*[[Ramakrishna (Kannada actor)|Ramakrishna]] as Krishna<br />
*[[Shari (actress)|Sadhana]] as Padmini<br />
*[[Tiger Prabhakar]] as the leader of the motorcycle gang<br />
*[[Vajramuni]] as the motorcycle gang member<br />
*[[Sudheer (Kannada actor)|Sudheer]] as the motorcycle gang member <br />
*[[Sundar Krishna Urs]] as [[Director general of police|DIG]] Somasekhar, Rohini's father<br />
*[[Shakti Prasad]]<br />
*[[Negro Johnny]]<br />
*[[Musuri Krishnamurthy]]<br />
*[[Dinesh (Kannada actor)|Dinesh]] <br />
*[[Uma Shivakumar]]<br />
*[[Jayamalini]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Production==<br />
After scripting and directing ''Rama Lakshmana'', [[M. P. Shankar]] decided to make an action-oriented film, where he wrote the story after gaining inspiration from 1979 film ''[[Mad Max (film)|Mad Max]]''. [[H. R. Bhargava]] chose to work on the script and [[Chi. Udayashankar]] wrote the lyrics and dialogues. [[Vishnuvardhan (actor)|Vishnuvardhan]], who was popular among the youth as an ''Angry Young Man'' through his role in ''[[Sahasa Simha]]'', was selected to play the protagonist. Madhavi, who gained popularity in Kannada film industry through ''[[Haalu Jenu]]'', was signed as the heroine. [[Prabhakar (Telugu actor)|Prabhakar]] was selected to play the main antagonist, while [[Vajramuni]] was given a supporting role. M. P. Shankar had a pivotal role in the film and decided to produce and distribute the film under his production banner Bharani Chitra.<br />
<br />
==Soundtrack==<br />
{{Infobox album<br />
| name = Onde Guri<br />
| type=soundtrack<br />
| image =<br />
| artist = [[Rajan–Nagendra]]<br />
| released = 1981<br />
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]<br />
}}<br />
The soundtrack and background score were composed by [[Rajan–Nagendra]].<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"<br />
! Track # !! Song !! Singer(s)<br />
|-<br />
| 1 || "Ee Bhavageete" || [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]<br />
|- <br />
| 2 || "Nannanegoo Naa Ninnanu" || S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, [[S. Janaki]]<br />
|-<br />
| 3 || "Ranga Baaro" || S. Janaki<br />
|-<br />
| 4 || "Anda Nodi" || [[S. P. Sailaja]], [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Release==<br />
''Onde Guri'' was released on 9 March 1983 and was later re-released with 5.1 [[DTS (company)|DTS sound]] in 2022 after the re-release of ''[[Sahasa Simha]]''.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Khajane |first1=Muralidhara |title=Old classic Nagarahavu re-releases |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/the-return-of-the-classics/article24459730.ece |access-date=21 May 2024 |work=The Hindu |date=19 July 2018 |language=en-IN}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{IMDb title|1344133}}<br />
* {{YouTube|id=qoc6-1lgjmU|title=Onde Guri}}<br />
<br />
{{H. R. Bhargava}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:1983 films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian gangster films]]<br />
[[Category:1983 Kannada-language films]]<br />
[[Category:1983 Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by Rajan–Nagendra]]<br />
[[Category:Motorcycling films]]<br />
[[Category:Films directed by H. R. Bhargava]]</div>Camorabughttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Interval_(2025_film)&diff=504631Interval (2025 film)2026-03-03T12:14:06Z<p>Camorabug: Starting New Page...</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|2025 Kannada-language film}}<br />
{{Unreliable sources|date=February 2026}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Interval<br />
| image =<br />
| caption = Theatrical release poster<br />
| director = Bharatvarsh<br />
| writer = Suki<br />
| producer = Bharatvarsh Pictures<br />
| starring = {{ubl|Shashi Raj |Suki | Prajwal Kumar Gowda | Charithra Rao | Sahana Aaradhya}}<br />
| cinematography = Raj Kanth S. K<br />
| editing = Shashidhar Puttegowda<br />
| music = Vikas Vasishta<br />
| distributor = Vijay Cinemas<br />
| released = {{Film date|2025|03|07|df=y}}<br />
| runtime = 143 minutes<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Kannada<br />
}}<br />
<!-- Note: The following pages were redirects to [[Interval_(2025_film)]] before draftification:<br />
*[[Interval (2025 Film)]]<br />
-->'''Interval''' is a 2025 Indian Kannada-language [[Comedy drama|comedy-drama]] film directed by Bharatvarsh and written by Suki. Produced by Suki in collaboration with Bharatvarsh Pictures, the film stars Shashi Raj in the titular role, alongside Suki, Prajwal Kumar Gowda, Charithra Rao, and Sahana Aaradhya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Interval Movie Review: A rural comedy bogged down by weak second half |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/interval-movie-review-a-rural-comedy-bogged-down-by-weak-second-half/movie-review/118765942.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250427192119/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/interval/movie-review/118765942.cms |archive-date=27 April 2025 |access-date=2025-07-24 |website=The Times of India |language=en }}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Sharadhaa |first=A. |date=2025-03-10 |title=Interval Movie Review: A sweet break in the chaos of youthful life |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2025/Mar/10/interval-movie-review-a-sweet-break-in-the-chaos-of-youthful-life |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250406033549/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2025/Mar/10/interval-movie-review-a-sweet-break-in-the-chaos-of-youthful-life |archive-date=6 April 2025 |access-date=2025-07-24 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en }}</ref><br />
<br />
== Plot ==<br />
The story follows three inseparable childhood friends—Ganesh S, Ganesh T, and Ganesh U—living in a small village. Despite their shared knack for mischief and underachievement, they surprisingly pass their 10th-grade exams and enter a mechanical engineering college. However, their academic discipline remains poor, and their carefree lifestyle causes chaos in the village.<br />
<br />
Ganesh S quietly harbors feelings for Sihi, his cousin, but his irresponsibility puts a strain on their bond. A series of events, including a mishap during a festival and neglecting a promised vote, leads to the trio being disowned by their families. They flee to Bengaluru seeking a new beginning.<br />
<br />
Struggling to adapt to city life and facing multiple rejections, the trio's lives take a turn when they meet Sahana, an entrepreneur. Through her, Ganesh S finds purpose and proposes a farm-to-home delivery startup. However, personal insecurities and social differences pull him back. As tensions rise, the trio returns to their village to confront their past and seek redemption.<br />
<br />
== Cast ==<br />
{{Cast listing|* Shashi Raj as Ganesh S <br />
* Prajwal Kumar Gowda as Ganesh T<br />
* Suki as Ganesh U<br />
* Charithra Rao as Sihi (Voice dubbed by Vina)<br />
* Sahana Aaradhya as Nisha (Voice dubbed by Kuritha)<br />
* Ranganath Shivamogga as Masaru<br />
* Danam Shivamogga as Patel}}<br />
<br />
== Sound Tracks & Music ==<br />
The music and background score were composed by Vikas Vasishta, featuring five tracks under the [[Anand Audio]] label. The album was praised for its relatability to youth and emotional tone. It includes performances by [[All Ok]], [[Chandan Shetty]], [[Vijay Prakash]], Sunidhi Ganesh, [[Vani Harikrishna]], and Siddhartha Belmannu.<br />
{{Track listing<br />
| headline = Tack Listing<br />
| extra_column = Singer (S)<br />
| title1 = Ganesh Song<br />
| length1 = 03:41<br />
| lyrics1 = Vijaya Shankar<br />
| extra1 = [[Chandan Shetty]]<br />
| title2 = Yeno Shuruvaagide<br />
| length2 = 04:13<br />
| lyrics2 = Pramod Maravanthe<br />
| extra2 = Siddhartha Belmannu, Sunidhi Ganesh<br />
| title3 = Unemployment<br />
| length3 = 02:59<br />
| lyrics3 = Suki<br />
| extra3 = [[All Ok]]<br />
| title4 = Text Book<br />
| length4 = 03:35<br />
| lyrics4 = Suki<br />
| extra4 = [[Vani Harikrishna]]<br />
| title5 = INTERVAL Title<br />
| length5 = 04:02<br />
| lyrics5 = Pramod Maravanthe<br />
| extra5 = [[Vijay Prakash]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Marketing and Release ==<br />
The first look poster was unveiled in Bengaluru in 2024, followed by the release of the first single during Ganesha Chaturthi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-10 |title=New Ganapati Song From 'Interval' Out On Ganesha Chaturthi |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/kannada/new-ganapati-song-from-interval-out-on-ganesha-chaturthi-article-113237409 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240910210625/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/kannada/new-ganapati-song-from-interval-out-on-ganesha-chaturthi-article-113237409 |archive-date=10 September 2024 |access-date=2025-07-24 |website=Times Now |language=en }}</ref> The trailer, launched by actor Sri Murali, gained attention for its relatable story and rural appeal.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharadhaa |first=A. |date=2025-02-14 |title=Interval looks for March release |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/news/2025/Feb/14/interval-looks-for-march-release |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250307191657/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/news/2025/Feb/14/interval-looks-for-march-release |archive-date=7 March 2025 |access-date=2025-07-24 |website=Cinema Express |language=en }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Reddy Y |first=Maheswara |title=Interval: A Unique Kannada Film That Speaks to Today's Youth |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/interval-a-unique-kannada-film-that-speaks-to-todays-youth/articleshow/118128522.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250309235005/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/interval-a-unique-kannada-film-that-speaks-to-todays-youth/articleshow/118128522.cms |archive-date=9 March 2025 |access-date=2025-07-24 |website=Bangalore Mirror |language=en }}</ref><br />
<br />
'''Interval''' was distributed by Vijay Cinemas and released theatrically on 7 March 2025<ref>{{Cite news |last=Udayavani |title=Sandalwood: ʼಇಂಟರ್ವಲ್ʼನಲ್ಲಿ ಹುಡುಕಾಟ, ತುಂಟಾಟ; ಮಾ.7ಕ್ಕೆ ಚಿತ್ರ ರಿಲೀಸ್ |url=https://www.udayavani.com/cinema/balcony-sandalwood-news/kannada-movie-interval-releasing-on-march-07-2 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250228104954/https://www.udayavani.com/cinema/balcony-sandalwood-news/kannada-movie-interval-releasing-on-march-07-2 |archive-date=28 February 2025 |access-date=2025-07-24 |work=Udayavani |language=kn |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharadhaa |first=A. |date=2025-02-14 |title=Interval looks for March release |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/news/2025/Feb/14/interval-looks-for-march-release |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250307191657/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/news/2025/Feb/14/interval-looks-for-march-release |archive-date=2025-03-07 |access-date=2025-07-24 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref> with a U/A certificate.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Feb 11 |first=ByY Maheswara ReddyY Maheswara Reddy / Updated |title=Interval: A Unique Kannada Film That Speaks to Today's Youth |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/interval-a-unique-kannada-film-that-speaks-to-todays-youth/articleshow/118128522.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250309235005/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/interval-a-unique-kannada-film-that-speaks-to-todays-youth/articleshow/118128522.cms |archive-date=2025-03-09 |access-date=2025-07-24 |website=Bangalore Mirror |language=en}}</ref> It opened on 120 screens across Karnataka and enjoyed a successful 25-day run in several centers.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Apr 5 |first=ByY Maheswara ReddyY Maheswara Reddy Updated |title=25-day wonder |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/25-day-wonder/articleshow/119993201.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250426221057/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/25-day-wonder/articleshow/119993201.cms |archive-date=2025-04-26 |access-date=2025-07-24 |website=Bangalore Mirror |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kannada |first=TV9 |date=2025-04-08 |title=How did the movie 'Interval' win? The film crew celebrates 25 days |url=https://tv9kannada.com/videos/interval-kannada-movie-team-talks-about-25-days-success-1004264.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250420201658/https://tv9kannada.com/videos/interval-kannada-movie-team-talks-about-25-days-success-1004264.html |archive-date=2025-04-20 |access-date=2025-07-24 |website=TV9 Kannada |language=kn}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Reception ==<br />
<br />
=== Critical response ===<br />
[[The Times of India]] described ''Interval'' as ''"a rural comedy bogged down by a weak second half"'', but acknowledged its effort in connecting with a regional audience through grounded characters and settings.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Interval Movie Review: A rural comedy bogged down by weak second half |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/interval-movie-review-a-rural-comedy-bogged-down-by-weak-second-half/movie-review/118765942.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250427192119/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/interval/movie-review/118765942.cms |archive-date=2025-04-27 |access-date=2025-07-24 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[Times Now]] called it ''"a comedy that rings a bell for youth"'', especially for those from non-urban backgrounds, and highlighted the film’s message on finding purpose in the face of rejection and failure.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-09 |title=Interval Movie Review: A Comedy That Rings A Bell For Youth |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/interval-movie-review-a-comedy-that-rings-a-bell-for-youth-review-118810399 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250707065155/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/interval-movie-review-a-comedy-that-rings-a-bell-for-youth-review-118810399 |archive-date=2025-07-07 |access-date=2025-07-24 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
Cinema Express praised the film’s tone, calling it ''“a sweet break in the chaos of youthful life”'' and noted its open-ended climax as ''“symbolically aligned with the title”'', suggesting that life’s transitions often feel like an ‘interval’.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharadhaa |first=A. |date=2025-03-09 |title=Interval Movie Review: A sweet break in the chaos of youthful life |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/review/2025/Mar/09/interval-movie-review-a-sweet-break-in-the-chaos-of-youthful-life |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250629201834/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/review/2025/Mar/09/interval-movie-review-a-sweet-break-in-the-chaos-of-youthful-life |archive-date=2025-06-29 |access-date=2025-07-24 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[Bangalore Mirror]] wrote that ''Interval'' is ''"a unique Kannada film that speaks to today's youth"'', emphasizing its relevance for students and job seekers struggling with direction and purpose.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mar 7 |first=ByY Maheswara ReddyY Maheswara Reddy / Updated |title=Kannada Movie Review–Interval: Don't while your youth away |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/kannada-movie-reviewinterval-dont-while-your-youth-away/articleshow/118766713.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250324042449/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/kannada-movie-reviewinterval-dont-while-your-youth-away/articleshow/118766713.cms |archive-date=2025-03-24 |access-date=2025-07-24 |website=Bangalore Mirror |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[The New Indian Express]] appreciated the film's balance of humor and drama, calling it ''"relatable and emotionally grounded"'' while recognizing its evolving tone in the second half.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
Regional media outlets echoed these sentiments. TV9 Kannada described the film as ''“bursting with punchy dialogues and youthful energy,”'' capturing the spirit of village life and mischievous friendship.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kannada |first=TV9 |date=2025-03-09 |title=Interval Movie Review: The dialogues in Interval are full of titillation, a nuisance for boys |url=https://tv9kannada.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/interval-movie-review-interval-movie-focuses-more-on-dialogue-than-story-entertainment-news-in-kannada-mdn-988854.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250317184550/https://tv9kannada.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/interval-movie-review-interval-movie-focuses-more-on-dialogue-than-story-entertainment-news-in-kannada-mdn-988854.html |archive-date=2025-03-17 |access-date=2025-07-24 |website=TV9 Kannada |language=kn}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[Udayavani]] and [[Asianet Suvarna News]] appreciated its dual narrative—starting as a comedy and transitioning into a serious tale of responsibility—with Udayavani calling it ''“an experience of real life for three dream-chasing youths.”''<ref>{{Cite news |last=Udayavani |title=Interval Movie Review: ತ್ರಿಮೂರ್ತಿಗಳ ಮೋಜು ಮಸ್ತಿ! |url=https://www.udayavani.com/cinema/movie-review/interval-movie-review |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250313210105/https://www.udayavani.com/cinema/movie-review/interval-movie-review |archive-date=13 March 2025 |access-date=2025-07-24 |work=Udayavani |language=kn }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ಇಂಟರ್ವಲ್ ಚಿತ್ರ ವಿಮರ್ಶೆ: ಮೂವರು ಹುಡುಗರ ಹಾಡು-ಪಾಡು, ಮನಸ್ಸಿಗೆ ಆಪ್ತವಾಗುವ ಸಂದೇಶ |url=https://kannada.asianetnews.com/movie-reviews/shashi-raj-prajwal-kumar-gowda-sukesh-suki-starrer-interval-film-review-ssurpr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250405125035/https://kannada.asianetnews.com/movie-reviews/shashi-raj-prajwal-kumar-gowda-sukesh-suki-starrer-interval-film-review-ssurpr |archive-date=2025-04-05 |access-date=2025-07-24 |website=Asianet Suvarna News |language=kn}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[Vijayavani]] noted the film’s thematic shift, writing ''“even with nothing in the village, there's peace; while in the city, everything exists but feels empty.”''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-07 |title=INTERVAL Review; ಗಣೇಶಂದಿರ ಗಲಾಟೆ, ಕಾಮಿಡಿ ಭರಾಟೆ |url=https://www.vijayavani.net/interval-kannada-movie-review |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250707065201/https://www.vijayavani.net/interval-kannada-movie-review |archive-date=2025-07-07 |access-date=2025-07-24 |language=en-US}}</ref> Eesanje stated that ''Interval'' is ''“a comedy-filled film that keeps audiences laughing throughout.”''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sanje |first=Ee |date=2025-03-11 |title=ಇಂಟರ್ವಲ್ ಸಿನಿಮಾದಲ್ಲಿ ಕಾಮಿಡಿ ಕಚಗುಳಿ ; ನಕ್ಕು ನಕ್ಕು ಸುಸ್ತಾಗ್ತೀರಾ ಮಿಸ್ ಮಾಡ್ಲೇಬೇಡಿ |url=https://eesanje.com/interval-kannada-movie-review/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250317012242/https://eesanje.com/interval-kannada-movie-review/ |archive-date=2025-03-17 |access-date=2025-07-24 |website=Eesanje News |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{IMDb title}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Kannada-language comedy films]]<br />
[[Category:2025 Kannada-language films]]<br />
[[Category:2025 Indian films]]</div>Camorabughttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bottle_Radha&diff=492257Bottle Radha2026-03-03T02:22:12Z<p>Camorabug: made a data w/ refs</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|2025 film by Dhinakaran Sivalingam}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Bottle Radha<br />
| image = Bottle Radha.jpg<br />
| caption = Theatrical release poster<br />
| director = Dhinakaran Sivalingam<br />
| writer = Dhinakaran Sivalingam<br />
| producer = [[Pa. Ranjith]]<br />T. N. Arunbalaji<br />
| starring = {{ubl<br />
| [[Guru Somasundaram]]<br />
| [[Sanchana Natarajan]]<br />
| [[John Vijay]]<br />
}}<br />
| cinematography = Roopesh Shaji<br />
| editing = E. Sangathamizhan<br />
| music = [[Sean Roldan]]<br />
| studio = {{ubl|<br />
[[Neelam Productions]]<br />
|Balloon Pictures<br />
}}<br />
| distributor = Generous Entertainments<br />
| released = {{Film date|2023|11|04|[[Dharamshala International Film Festival]]|2025|01|24|India|df=yes}}<br />
| runtime = 146 minutes<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bottle Radha |url=https://cbfcindia.gov.in/cbfcAdmin/search-result.php?recid=MDMwMzE3MDEyMDI1MDAwMTI= |website=Central Board of Film Certification}}</ref><br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Tamil<br />
}}<br />
'''''Bottle Radha''''' is a 2025 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[comedy drama film]] written and directed by Dhinakaran Sivalingam, and produced by [[Pa. Ranjith]] under [[Neelam Productions]] in association with T. N. Arunbalaji of Balloon Pictures.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Akshay |date=2024-06-24 |title=Guru Somasundaram to headline Bottle Radha |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Jun/24/guru-somasundaram-to-headline-bottle-radha |access-date=2024-11-12 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref> The film stars [[Guru Somasundaram]] and [[Sanchana Natarajan]] as the lead actors alongside [[John Vijay]], [[Lollu Sabha Maaran]], Merku Thodarchi Malai Antony, Pari Elavazhagan, Anbarasi and others in supporting roles.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-01 |title=Silambarasan, Arya Release Teaser Of Guru Somasundaram-starrer Bottle Radha |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tamil/silambarasan-arya-release-teaser-of-guru-somasundaram-starrer-bottle-radha-article-111408737 |access-date=2024-11-12 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref> The technical team consists of cinematographer Roopesh Shaji, editor E. Sangathamizhan, and music composer [[Sean Roldan]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-07-01 |title=Guru Somasundaram's 'Bottle Radha' teaser |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/guru-somasundarams-bottle-radha-teaser/articleshow/111409413.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240703162225/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/guru-somasundarams-bottle-radha-teaser/articleshow/111409413.cms |archive-date=3 July 2024 |access-date=2024-11-12 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><br />
<br />
''Bottle Radha'' was screened on 4 November 2023 in the [[Dharamshala International Film Festival]]. The film is scheduled to release in theatres on 24 January 2025.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=B |first=Jayabhuvaneshwari |date=2024-12-18 |title=Bottle Radha gets new release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Dec/18/bottle-radha-gets-new-release-date |access-date=2024-12-18 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Synopsis ==<br />
Radha Mani is a [[Bricklayer|mason]] by profession, but a raging alcoholic for almost throughout the day. His wife Anjalam, and two children are the ones who bear the brunt of his addiction, and their lower-class life only adds to their woes. But when Radha finds himself in a rehabilitation and de-addiction centre one day, his frustrations only build up to be relieved from place.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-07-01 |title=Bottle Radha Teaser: Dangers of alcoholism conveyed through humour |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Jul/01/bottle-radha-teaser-dangers-of-alcoholism-conveyed-through-humour |access-date=2024-11-12 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Cast ==<br />
{{Cast listing|<br />
*[[Guru Somasundaram]] as Radha Mani<br />
*[[Sanchana Natarajan]] as Anjalam<br />
*[[John Vijay]] as Ashokan<br />
*[[Lollu Sabha Maaran]]<br />
*Merku Thodarchi Malai Antony<br />
*Pari Elavazhagan<br />
*Arumugavel<br />
*Abhi Ramaiyah<br />
*J.P. Kumar<br />
*K.S. Karuna Prasad<br />
*Malathi Ashok Nawin<br />
*Suhasini Sanjeev<br />
*Siranjivi<br />
*Oviyar Sow. Senthil<br />
*Naveen George Thomas<br />
*Aneesha<br />
*Madhavi Raj<br />
*Kaala Kumar<br />
*Anbarasi<br />
*Shegar Narayana<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Production ==<br />
On 24 June 2024, [[Neelam Productions]] unveiled their next venture titled ''Bottle Radha'' by debutant director Dhinakaran Sivalingam having [[Guru Somasundaram]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Akshay |date=2024-06-25 |title=Guru Somasundaram to headline 'Bottle Radha' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2024/Jun/25/guru-somasundaram-to-headline-bottle-radha-3 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241113051248/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2024/Jun/25/guru-somasundaram-to-headline-bottle-radha-3 |archive-date=13 November 2024 |access-date=2024-11-12 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> and [[Sanchana Natarajan]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=B |first=Jayabhuvaneshwari |date=2023-11-20 |title='Acting is a gamble', says actor Sanchana Natarajan |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2023/Nov/20/acting-isa-gamble-says-actorsanchana-natarajan-2634389.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231205015430/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2023/nov/20/acting-isa-gamble-says-actorsanchana-natarajan-2634389.html |archive-date=5 December 2023 |access-date=2024-11-12 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> in the lead roles.<ref name=":1" /> The film is produced by T. N. Arunbalaji under his Balloon Pictures banner in association with [[Neelam Productions]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-06-25 |title=Pa Ranjith to produce Guru Somasundaram's 'Bottle Radha' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/pa-ranjith-to-produce-guru-somasundarams-bottle-radha/article68331132.ece |access-date=2024-11-12 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-[[Malayalam]] language [[bilingual]] film<ref name=":2" /> also includes an ensemble cast composed of [[John Vijay]], [[Lollu Sabha Maaran]], Merku Thodarchi Malai Antony, Pari Elavazhagan, Arumugavel, Abhi Ramaiyah, J.P. Kumar, K.S. Karuna Prasad, Malathi Ashok Nawin, Suhasini Sanjeev, Siranjivi, Oviyar Sow. Senthil, Naveen George Thomas, Aneesha, Madhavi Raj, Kaala Kumar, Anbarasi and Shegar Narayana in supporting roles.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-07-01 |title='Bottle Radha' teaser: Guru Somasundaram drinks to forget he's a drunkard in Pa Ranjith's next production |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/bottle-radha-teaser-guru-somasundaram-drinks-to-forget-hes-a-drunkard-in-pa-ranjiths-next-production/article68355345.ece |access-date=2024-11-12 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bottle Radha release date: Guru Somasundaram-Sanchana Natrajan's drama to hit theatres soon |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/bottle-radha-release-date-guru-somasundaram-sanchana-natrajans-drama-to-hit-theatres-soon/1cf36b59ad276 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241113052745/https://www.ottplay.com/news/bottle-radha-release-date-guru-somasundaram-sanchana-natrajans-drama-to-hit-theatres-soon/1cf36b59ad276 |archive-date=13 November 2024 |access-date=2024-11-12 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref> The technical team consists of cinematographer Roopesh Shaji, editor E. Sangathamizhan, and music composer [[Sean Roldan]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-24 |title=Guru Somasundaram's next backed by Pa Ranjith titled Bottle Radha |url=https://www.dtnext.in/news/cinema/guru-somasundarams-next-backed-by-pa-ranjith-titled-bottle-radha-791744 |access-date=2024-11-12 |website=www.dtnext.in |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Music ==<br />
{{Infobox album<br />
| name = Bottle Radha<br />
| type = soundtrack<br />
| artist = [[Sean Roldan]]<br />
| released = {{Start date|2025|01|23}}<br />
| length = {{Duration|m=18|s=02}}<br />
| language = Tamil<br />
| label = [[Think Music|Think Music India]]<br />
| producer = Sean Roldan<br />
| prev_title = [[Parari (Tamil film)|Parari]]<br />
| prev_year = 2024<br />
| year = 2025<br />
| next_title = [[Tourist Family]]<br />
| next_year = 2025<br />
| misc = {{singles<br />
|name = Bottle Radha<br />
|type = soundtrack<br />
|single1 = Yov Bottle-U<br />
|single1date = 22 July 2024<br />
|single2 = En Vanam<br />
|single2date = 21 November 2024<br />
|single3 = Naa Naa Kudikaran<br />
|single3date = 3 December 2024<br />
}}<br />
}}<br />
{{External media|audio1={{YouTube|xa126kxO7AA|Bottle Radha - Jukebox}}}}<br />
<br />
The soundtrack and background is composed by [[Sean Roldan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bottle Radha {{!}} Song - Yov Bottle - U |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/tamil/bottle-radha-song-yov-bottle-u/videoshow/111950858.cms |access-date=2024-11-12 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> The audio rights were acquired by [[Think Music]]. The first single "Yov Bottle-U" was released on 22 July 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-07-22 |title=Pa Ranjith unveils Yov Bottle-U song from Bottle Radha |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Jul/22/pa-ranjith-unveils-yov-bottle-u-song-from-bottle-radha |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241113052559/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Jul/22/pa-ranjith-unveils-yov-bottle-u-song-from-bottle-radha |archive-date=13 November 2024 |access-date=2024-11-12 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref> The second single "En Vanam" released on 21 November 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Akshay |date=2024-11-21 |title=Bottle Radha Second Single: 'En Vanam' pictures the regrets of the male lead |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Nov/21/bottle-radha-second-single-en-vanam-pictures-the-regrets-of-the-male-lead |access-date=2024-11-21 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref> The third single "Naa Naa Kudikaran" released on 3 December 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Akshay |date=2024-12-03 |title='Naa Naa Kudikaran' from Guru Somasundaram's Bottle Radha out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Dec/03/naa-naa-kudikaran-from-guru-somasundarams-bottle-radha-out |access-date=2024-12-03 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
{{Soundtrack<br />
| headline = Track listing<br />
| extra_column = Singer(s)<br />
| total_length = 18:02<br />
| title1 = Naa Naa Kudikaran<br />
| length1 = 3:24<br />
| lyrics1 = [[Arivu]]<br />
| extra1 = [[Arivu]]<br />
| title2 = Yov Bottle - U<br />
| length2 = 3:33<br />
| lyrics2 = Bakkiyam Shankar<br />
| extra2 = Gana Balamurugan, Gana Chella Muthu, Gana Apelow<br />
| title3 = En Vanam<br />
| length3 = 4:11<br />
| lyrics3 = Uma Devi<br />
| extra3 = [[Sean Roldan]]<br />
| title4 = Thanniyila Kirukku<br />
| length4 = 3:01<br />
| lyrics4 = Ramesh Vaidya<br />
| extra4 = Gana Apelow<br />
| title5 = Punnagai Kalam<br />
| length5 = 3:53<br />
| lyrics5 = Thanikodi<br />
| extra5 = [[Vaikom Vijayalakshmi]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Release ==<br />
=== Premiere ===<br />
The film had its world premiere at [[Dharamshala International Film Festival|12th Dharamshala International Film Festival]] on 4 November 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 November 2023 |title=Dharamshala International Film Festival Is Back With A Bang |url=https://www.outlooktraveller.com/whats-new/dharamshala-international-film-festival-is-back-with-a-bang |website=Outlook Traveller}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Theatrical ===<br />
''Bottle Radha'' is scheduled to release in theatres on 24 January 2025.<ref name=":3" /> Earlier it was scheduled for 20 December 2024.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Akshay |date=2024-10-30 |title=Gurusomasundaram's Bottle Radha gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Oct/30/gurusomasundarams-bottle-radha-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2024-11-12 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-10-30 |title=Guru Somasundaram's 'Bottle Radha' to release on THIS date |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/guru-somasundarams-bottle-radha-to-release-on-this-date/articleshow/114779439.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241113120452/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/guru-somasundarams-bottle-radha-to-release-on-this-date/articleshow/114779439.cms |archive-date=13 November 2024 |access-date=2024-11-12 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The film received a U/A Certificate from the [[Central Board of Film Certification]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mullappilly |first=Sreejith |date=2024-11-18 |title=Guru Somasundaram starrer Bottle Radha certified U/A |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Nov/18/guru-somasundaram-starrer-bottle-radha-certified-ua |access-date=2024-11-18 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Home media ===<br />
''Bottle Radha'' is set to begin streaming on [[Aha (streaming service)|Aha]] from 21 February 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Akshay |date=2025-02-18 |title=Bottle Radha gets an OTT release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Feb/18/bottle-radha-gets-an-ott-release-date |access-date=2025-02-20 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref><br />
== Reception ==<br />
=== Critical response ===<br />
Avinash Ramachandran of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' gave 3/5 stars and wrote "Despite the predictability, what really holds this movie together is the strong performances by Guru Somasundaram, Sanchana Natarajan, and John Vijay."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-24 |title=Bottle Radha movie review: Guru Somasundaram, Sanchana Natarajan shoulder a message-heavy but pertinent film |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/bottle-radha-movie-review-guru-somasundaram-sanchana-natarajan-shoulder-a-message-heavy-but-pertinent-film-9797752/ |access-date=2025-01-25 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Anusha Sundar of ''[[OTTPlay]]'' gave 3/5 stars and wrote "Bottle Radha is a decent drama that is equipped with highlighting performances. The film takes a win when it does not slide to become preachy, but also carries a noble message said in a subtle yet dramatic way."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bottle Radha Review: Guru Somasundaram’s drama is decent but fizzy in parts |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/bottle-radha-movie-review-guru-somasundarams-drama-powers-through-with-decent-execution-performances-but-gets-fizzy-in-parts/faef2ffe98474 |access-date=2025-01-24 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
Abhinav Subramanian of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 2.5/5 stars and wrote "Bottle Radha exists in an awkward space between social tract and cinema — its documentary-like fidelity to addiction’s realities and institutional reform sits uneasily alongside its dramatic ambitions."<ref>{{Cite news |title=Bottle Radha Movie Review : A message in search of a movie |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/bottle-radha/movie-review/117463116.cms |access-date=2025-01-23 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Prashanth Vallavan of ''[[Cinema Express]]'' wrote "''Bottle Radha'' is a sincere effort to dissect the mechanism and destructive force of addiction, built through several impressive elements brought together by the director. However, we don’t connect with Radha Mani as much as we pity or empathise with him."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vallavan |first=Prashanth |date=2025-01-24 |title=Bottle Radha Movie Review: This message in a bottle drowns in didacticism |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2025/Jan/24/bottle-radha-movie-review-this-message-in-a-bottle-drowns-in-didacticism |access-date=2025-01-25 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{IMDb title|tt29998414}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2023 films]]<br />
[[Category:2025 Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:2025 Tamil-language films]]<br />
[[Category:2023 directorial debut films]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:Films produced by Pa. Ranjith]]</div>Camorabughttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=AU_Small_Finance_Bank&diff=459909AU Small Finance Bank2026-03-02T11:59:51Z<p>Camorabug: typo fix</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian small finance commercial bank}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2017}}{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2017}}<br />
{{Infobox company<br />
| name = AU Small Finance Bank Limited<br />
| image = File:AU-Bank-new-logo-for-GBM 1024X1024 (cropped).png<br />
| logo_size = 250px<br />
| type = [[Public company|Public]]<br />
| traded_as = {{plainlist|<br />
*{{BSE|540611}}<br />
*{{NSE|AUBANK}}}}<br />
| ISIN = INE949L01017<br />
| industry = {{plainlist|<br />
*[[Banking]]<br />
*[[Financial services]]}}<br />
| foundation = {{start date and age|1996}}<br />
| founder = [[Sanjay Agarwal]]<br />
| location = {{ubl|[[Jaipur]], [[Rajasthan]], India (registered office)|[[Bandra-Kurla Complex|BKC]], [[Mumbai]], India (corporate office)}}<br />
| area_served = India<br />
| key_people = {{ubl|[[H R Khan]] (Chairman)<ref>{{cite news |last1=Shaikh |first1=Subhana |title=RBI Approves Re-Appointment Of HR Khan As Part-Time Chairman Of AU Small Finance Bank |url=https://www.ndtvprofit.com/economy-finance/rbi-approves-re-appointment-of-hr-khan-as-part-time-chairman-of-au-small-finance-bank |access-date=22 July 2025 |work=NDTV Profit |date=19 December 2024 |language=en}}</ref>|[[Sanjay Agarwal]] (MD & CEO)}}<br />
| revenue = {{increase}} {{INRconvert|9293|c}} (FY23)<ref name="fy23"/><br />
| profit = {{increase}} {{INRconvert|1427|c}} (FY23)<ref name="fy23">{{cite news |title=AU Small Finance Bank Ltd reports net profit of Rs. 424.63 crores in Q4 FY2023 |url=https://www.equitybulls.com/category.php?id=330464 |access-date=27 June 2023 |work=EquityBulls |date=25 April 2023 |archive-date=27 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230627182102/https://www.equitybulls.com/category.php?id=330464 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
| equity = {{increase}} {{INRconvert|6275|c}} (2021)<br />
| num_employees = 59000+<br />
| rating = [[CRISIL]] AA+ Stable<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.crisil.com/en/home/our-businesses/ratings/company-factsheet.html|title=Company Factsheet|website=CRISIL|access-date=2019-03-28|archive-date=28 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328113021/https://www.crisil.com/en/home/our-businesses/ratings/company-factsheet.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.icra.in/Rationale/ShowRationaleReport/?Id=71264|title=ICRA Report|access-date=28 March 2019|archive-date=28 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328131012/https://www.icra.in/Rationale/ShowRationaleReport/?Id=71264|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
| website = {{Url|https://www.au.bank.in|Official website}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''AU Small Finance Bank Limited''' is an Indian [[Scheduled Banks (India)|scheduled commercial]] [[small finance bank]],<ref name="AU Bank Investor Presentation Q3FY19">{{Cite web|url=https://www.au.bank.in/sites/default/files/investor-presentation-Q3FY19.pdf|title=AU Bank Investor Presentation Q3FY19|access-date=28 March 2019|archive-date=28 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328113019/https://www.au.bank.in/sites/default/files/investor-presentation-Q3FY19.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> headquartered in Mumbai. It was founded in 1996 as a vehicle finance company and was converted into a small finance bank in 2017. That same year, it got listed on [[National Stock Exchange of India|National Stock Exchange]] (NSE) and [[Bombay Stock Exchange]] (BSE).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fortuneindia.com/fortune-500/company/au-small-finance-bank?year=%20%202019|title=AU Small Finance Bank – Fortune 500 List 2019 – Fortune India|website=[[Fortune India]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
==History==<br />
The company was founded in 1996 by chartered accountant [[Sanjay Agarwal]] as AU Financiers (India) Ltd, a vehicle finance company and an [[NBFC and MFI in India|NBFC]]. It converted into a full-fledged [[small finance bank]] on 19 April 2017.<ref name=economictimes>{{cite web|last1=Mudgill|first1=Amit|title=AU Small Finance Bank IPO; here's what 8 brokerages say|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/au-small-finance-bank-ipo-heres-what-8-brokerages-say/articleshow/59339126.cms|website=The Economic Times|access-date=15 March 2018|date=28 June 2017|archive-date=15 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180315195921/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/au-small-finance-bank-ipo-heres-what-8-brokerages-say/articleshow/59339126.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
AU Small Finance Bank listed publicly through an IPO on 29 June 2017.<ref name=economictimes /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bseindia.com/stock-share-price/au-small-finance-bank-ltd/aubank/540611/|title=Stock Share Price &#124; Get Quote &#124; BSE|access-date=5 October 2021|archive-date=6 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211006140657/https://www.bseindia.com/stock-share-price/au-small-finance-bank-ltd/aubank/540611/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Babla|first1=Shraddha|title=After 51% Listing Gains, AU Small Finance Bank India's Most Expensive|url=https://www.bloombergquint.com/markets/2017/07/11/after-51-listing-gains-au-small-finance-bank-indias-most-expensive-bank|website=Bloomberg Quint|access-date=15 March 2018|language=en|date=11 July 2017|archive-date=16 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180316023154/https://www.bloombergquint.com/markets/2017/07/11/after-51-listing-gains-au-small-finance-bank-indias-most-expensive-bank|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Private equity]] companies that provided [[venture capital]], including [[Warburg Pincus]] and [[International Finance Corporation]], divested their holdings after the listing.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Chatterjee|first1=Paramita|date=7 December 2017|title=PE Exits At An All-time High|url=http://businessworld.in/article/PE-Exits-At-An-All-time-High/07-12-2017-133980/|access-date=28 March 2018|website=BW Businessworld|language=en|archive-date=28 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180328165608/http://businessworld.in/article/PE-Exits-At-An-All-time-High/07-12-2017-133980/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=2 March 2018|title=High Stakes|url=https://www.outlookbusiness.com/the-big-story/lead-story/high-stakes-4211|access-date=28 March 2018|website=Outlook Business|archive-date=28 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180328165400/https://www.outlookbusiness.com/the-big-story/lead-story/high-stakes-4211|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
In November 2017, the [[Reserve Bank of India]] added the bank to [[Scheduled Banks (India)|its schedule of commercial banks]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Srivats|first1=K.R.|title=AU Small Finance gets scheduled commercial bank status|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/money-and-banking/au-small-finance-gets-scheduled-commercial-bank-status/article9939601.ece|website=The Hindu Business Line|access-date=15 March 2018|language=en|date=2 November 2017|archive-date=7 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180207011213/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/money-and-banking/au-small-finance-gets-scheduled-commercial-bank-status/article9939601.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
On 1 April 2024, AU Small Finance Bank completed the acquisition of Fincare Small Finance Bank through a [[stock swap]] merger, the first merger involving two small finance banks.<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 29, 2023 |title=Fincare SFB to merge with AU Small Finance Bank in all-share deal |url=https://www.business-standard.com/companies/news/fincare-sfb-to-merge-with-au-small-finance-bank-in-all-share-deal-123102900985_1.html |access-date=October 31, 2024 |website=www.business-standard.com |archive-date=19 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240419110053/https://www.business-standard.com/companies/news/fincare-sfb-to-merge-with-au-small-finance-bank-in-all-share-deal-123102900985_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Ray |first1=Atmadip |title=RBI approves AU Small Finance Bank acquisition of Fincare Small Finance Bank with effect from April 1 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/banking/finance/rbi-approves-au-small-finance-bank-acquisition-of-fincare-small-finance-bank-with-effect-from-april-1/articleshow/108213476.cms |access-date=22 July 2025 |work=The Economic Times |date=4 March 2024}}</ref><br />
<br />
On 7 August 2025, the Reserve Bank of India granted an in-principle approval to AU Small Finance Bank to transition into a [[universal bank]],<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2025-08-07 |title=AU Small Finance Bank gets RBI nod to become a universal bank |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/au-small-finance-bank-gets-rbi-nod-to-become-a-universal-bank/articleshow/123171931.cms |access-date=2025-08-08 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> making it the first small finance bank in India to receive such an approval.<ref>{{Cite news |date=August 8, 2025 |title=Business Standard |url=https://www.business-standard.com/markets/news/au-small-finance-bank-up-7-first-sfb-to-get-rbi-s-universal-bank-approval-125080800484_1.html}}</ref> It was also the first full-fledged banking license issued by the Reserve Bank of India in 11 years.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-08-07 |title=India's AU Small Finance Bank gets first universal banking licence in a decade |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/india/indias-au-small-finance-bank-gets-first-universal-banking-licence-decade-2025-08-07/ |access-date=2025-08-08 |work=Reuters |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Operations ==<br />
AU Small Finance Bank has a network of 2,726 physical touchpoints in 21 states and 4 union territories, 59,872 staff, and a total customer base of about 1.25 crore as of 31 December 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Investors and Stake holders - AU Small Finance Bank |url=https://www.au.bank.in/investors |access-date=2026-02-24 |website=www.au.bank.in |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Controversies ==<br />
On 18 February 2026, AU Small Finance Bank was [[Haryana Government accounts fraud|de-empanelled]] by the [[Government of Haryana]] along with [[IDFC First Bank]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Iyer |first=Archishma |date=23 February 2026 |title=De-empanelled by Haryana, AU Small Finance Bank opens probe, sends staff 'offduty' |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/de-empanelled-by-haryana-au-small-finance-bank-opens-probe-sends-staff-offduty-13839206.html |access-date=24 February 2026 |work=[[Moneycontrol]]}}</ref> The state questioned the bank over suspected unauthorised transactions of about {{INRConvert|72|c|year=2026}}, including {{INRConvert|47|c|year=2026}} transferred in 14 transactions from a government account to a customer account.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fernandes |first=Jocelyn |date=2026-02-23 |title=AU Small Finance Bank de-empanelment: What we know about ₹47 crore funds transfer, timeline, internal review details {{!}} Company Business News |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/au-small-finance-bank-clarify-de-empanelment-haryana-govt-account-transactions-internal-review-assess-reasons-idfc-first-11771811075341.html |access-date=2026-02-24 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref> The bank said the transactions were properly authorised and denied any wrongdoing.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sarkar |first=Subhojit |date=2026-02-23 |title=AU Small Finance Bank denies wrongdoing after Haryana govt de-empanels it over alleged fraud |url=https://www.fortuneindia.com/business-news/au-small-finance-bank-denies-wrongdoing-after-haryana-govt-de-empanels-it-over-alleged-fraud/130632 |access-date=2026-02-24 |website=Fortune India |language=en}}</ref> However, the bank has initiated an internal review, placed certain employees off duty pending the process.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-02-24 |title=AU Small Finance Bank begins internal probe after Haryana account fiasco |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/banking/finance/banking/au-small-finance-bank-begins-internal-probe-after-haryana-account-fiasco/articleshow/128727078.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2026-02-24 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
{{Portal|Banks}}<br />
* [[Banking in India]]<br />
* [[List of banks in India]]<br />
* [[Indian Financial System Code]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== Further reading ==<br />
*{{Cite report |url=https://www.bsssbhopal.edu.in/uploads/naac/criteria_1/students_projects/219%20Reshma%20Manoj.pdf |title=A STUDY ON FINANCIAL ANALYSIS OF SMALL FINANCE BANK |last=Manoj |first=Reshma |date=April 2021 |publisher=The Bhopal School of Social Sciences |access-date=26 March 2025}}<br />
<br />
{{Nifty 200 companies}}<br />
{{Banking in India}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Small finance banks]]<br />
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1996]]<br />
[[Category:Banks established in 1996]]<br />
[[Category:Private sector banks in India]]<br />
[[Category:Warburg Pincus companies]]<br />
[[Category:1996 establishments in Rajasthan]]<br />
[[Category:Companies based in Rajasthan]]<br />
[[Category:Companies listed on the National Stock Exchange of India]]<br />
[[Category:Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange]]</div>Camorabughttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Palnadu_Express&diff=460486Palnadu Express2026-03-01T23:16:55Z<p>Camorabug: added references</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Train in India}}<br />
{{more citations needed|date=September 2015}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}<br />
{{Infobox rail service<br />
| name=Palnadu Express<br />
| image = Palnadu SF (24187313683).jpg<br />
| type = [[Superfast Express trains in India|Superfast Express]]<br />
| locale = [[Andhra Pradesh]] & [[Telangana]]<br />
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|1998|08|16}}<br />
| last =<br />
| operator = [[South Central Railway Zone|South Central Railway]]<br />
| ridership =<br />
| start = [[Guntur railway station|Guntur]] (GNT)<br />
| stops = 13<br />
| end = [[Vikarabad railway station|Vikarabad]] (VKB)<br />
| distance = {{convert|354|km|0|abbr=on}}<br />
| journeytime = 6 hours 15 minutes<br />
| frequency = Daily<br />
| class = 2 AC Chair Car,3 Second Class Sitting,10 General,2 SLR<br />
| seating = Yes<br />
| sleeping = No<br />
| autorack =<br />
| catering = On-board catering, <br/> E-catering <br />
| observation = <br />
| entertainment = <br />
| baggage = <br />
| otherfacilities=Starting from 18 January, the Guntur-Vikarabad Palnadu Express will be nations first train to be equipped with foldable ramp and wheelchair for differently-abled passengers<br />
| stock = <br />
| gauge = {{RailGauge|1676mm}}<br />
| el = <br />
| trainnumber = 12747 / 12748<br />
| speed = {{convert|57|km/h|abbr=on}} average with halts<br />
| map = [[File:Palnadu Express (GNT-VKB) Route map.jpg|250px|]]<br />
| map_state =Andhra Pradesh, Telengana<br />
|Operations=South Central Railway|image_width=}}<br />
<br />
The '''Palnadu Express''' is a [[Superfast Express trains in India|superfast express train]] in [[India]] which runs between [[Guntur railway station|Guntur]] in [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Vikarabad]] in [[Telangana]]. It was introduced on 16 August 1998. This train is named after the [[Palnadu|Palnadu region]] in [[Guntur district|erstwhile Guntur district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It is the first train in the division to be equipped with foldable wheelchair and ramp for the [[Disability|differently-abled]] passengers.<br />
<br />
== Rake sharing ==<br />
This train shares its rake with [[Simhadri Express]].<br />
<br />
== Route and halts ==<br />
This train stops at [[Sattenapalle railway station|Sattenapalli]], [[Piduguralla]], [[Nadikudi railway station|Nadikude Jn]], Vishnupuram, [[Miryalaguda railway station|Miryalaguda]], [[Nalgonda railway station|Nalgonda]], [[Chityal, Nalgonda district|Chityala]], [[Nagireddypally|Nagireddipalli]], [[Secunderabad Junction railway station|Secunderabad Jn]], [[Begumpet railway station|Begumpet]], [[Sanathnagar]], [[Lingampally railway station|Lingampalli]], [[Shankarpalli railway station|Shankarpalli]].<br />
<br />
== Coach composition ==<br />
The 21 coach composition contains– 1 AC Chair Car, 4 Chair car Sitting, 14 General,2 SLR <br><br />
It runs with ICF coaches (Green indicating Electric locomotive, Yellow indicating colour of the general coaches, pink indicating reserved coaches and blue indicating AC coaches) <br><br />
Coach Composition from Guntur to Vikarabad as 12747<br />
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders unsortable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|-<br />
! style="background:lightgreen;" |Loco<br />
! style="background:lightgrey;" |1<br />
! style="background:#FFBA01;" | 2<br />
! style="background:#FFBA01;" | 3<br />
! style="background:#FFBA01;" | 4<br />
! style="background:#FFBA01;" | 5<br />
! style="background:#FFBA01;" | 6<br />
! style="background:#FFBA01;" | 7<br />
! style="background:#FFBA01;" | 8<br />
! style="background:#FFBA01;" | 9<br />
! style="background:#FFBA01;" | 10<br />
! style="background:#FFBA01;" | 11<br />
! style="background:lightpink;" | 12<br />
! style="background:lightpink;" | 13<br />
! style="background:lightpink;" | 14<br />
! style="background:lightpink;" | 15<br />
! style="background:lightblue;" | 16<br />
! style="background:#FFBA01;" | 17<br />
! style="background:#FFBA01;" | 18<br />
! style="background:#FFBA01;" | 19<br />
! style="background:#FFBA01;" | 20<br />
! style="background:lightgrey;" | 21<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:BSicon LDER.svg|25px]] ||SLR||UR||UR||UR||UR||UR||UR||UR||UR||UR||UR||D4||D3||D2||D1||C1||UR||UR||UR||UR||SLR<br />
|}<br />
Coach Composition from Vikarabad to Guntur as 12748 <br><br />
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders unsortable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|-<br />
! style="background:lightgreen;" |Loco<br />
! style="background:lightgrey;" |1<br />
! style="background:#FFBA01;" | 2<br />
! style="background:#FFBA01;" | 3<br />
! style="background:#FFBA01;" | 4<br />
! style="background:#FFBA01;" | 5<br />
! style="background:lightblue;" | 6<br />
! style="background:lightpink;" | 7<br />
! style="background:lightpink;" | 8<br />
! style="background:lightpink;" | 9<br />
! style="background:lightpink;" | 10<br />
! style="background:#FFBA01;" | 11<br />
! style="background:#FFBA01;" | 12<br />
! style="background:#FFBA01;" | 13<br />
! style="background:#FFBA01;" | 14<br />
! style="background:#FFBA01;" | 15<br />
! style="background:#FFBA01;" | 16<br />
! style="background:#FFBA01;" | 17<br />
! style="background:#FFBA01;" | 18<br />
! style="background:#FFBA01;" | 19<br />
! style="background:#FFBA01;" | 20<br />
! style="background:lightgrey;" | 21<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:BSicon LDER.svg|25px]] ||SLR||UR||UR||UR||UR||C1||D1||D2||D3||D4||UR||UR||UR||UR||UR||UR||UR||UR||UR||UR||SLR<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Traction==<br />
it was hauled by [[Kazipet]]-based [[WDM-3A]] twins or [[WDP-4]] on entire journey<br />
<br />
== Amenities ==<br />
In January 2020, it became the first disabled friendly train in India. It is equipped with foldable ramps, that allow pushing of the wheelchairs into the coaches and wheelchairs themselves help passengers with disability to navigate through the coach aisle.<ref>{{cite news |title=Hyderabad: Palnadu Express, first disabled-friendly train |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/140118/hyderabad-palnadu-express-first-disabled-friendly-train.html |access-date=25 October 2020 |work=Deccan Chronicle |date=14 January 2018 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
<br />
* [[Express trains in India]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Transport in Guntur]]<br />
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 1998]]<br />
[[Category:Named passenger trains of India]]<br />
[[Category:Rail transport in Andhra Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Rail transport in Telangana]]<br />
[[Category:Express trains in India]]<br />
<br />
{{India-express-train-stub}}</div>Camorabughttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lalchhuanthanga&diff=511748Lalchhuanthanga2026-03-01T16:57:59Z<p>Camorabug: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1957)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}{{Infobox Indian politician|office =Member of the [[Mizoram Legislative Assembly]]}}<br />
'''Lalchhuanthanga''' (born 8 August 1957)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Mizoram Legislative Assembly |url=https://www.mizoramassembly.in/members/details/80 |access-date=2024-11-01 |website=www.mizoramassembly.in}}</ref> is an Indian politician from [[Mizoram]]. He is an MLA from Aizwal South 2 Assembly constituency, which is reserved for Scheduled Tribes community, in [[Aizawl district|Aizawl District]]. He won the 2023 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election, representing the [[Zoram People's Movement]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lalchhuanthanga , ZPM Election Results LIVE: Latest Updates On Lalchhuanthanga , Assembly Election Constituency Seat |url=https://www.ndtv.com/elections/mizoram/assembly-election-candidates-list-2023/lalchhuanthanga-16019-3 |access-date=2024-11-01 |website=ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Early life and education ==<br />
Lalchhuanthanga was born in Tlangnuam, [[Aizawl]], Mizoram. He is the son of D. Buanga. He married Lalliankimi and they have four children.<ref name=":0" /> He completed his B.A. in 1999 at North-Eastern Hill University.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lalchhuanthanga(Zoram People's Movement):Constituency- AIZAWL SOUTH-II (ST)(AIZAWL) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/Mizoram2023/candidate.php?candidate_id=121 |access-date=2024-11-01 |website=myneta.info}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Career ==<br />
Lalchhuanthanga won from [[Aizawl South 2 Assembly constituency|Aizwal South 2 Assembly constituency]] representing the Zoram People's Movement in the [[2023 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election]]. He polled 9,117 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Lalmalsawma Nghaka of the Indian National Congress, by a margin of 1,639 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lalchhuanthanga, ZPM Candidate from Aizawl South-II Assembly Election 2024 Seat: Electoral History & Political Journey, Winning or Losing - News18 Assembly Election 2024 Result News |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/assembly/mizoram/lalchhuanthanga-s16aed2008a019e2023c003/ |access-date=2024-11-01 |website=www.news18.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-12-04 |title=Aizawl South - II constituency assembly election results 2023: C. Lalchhuanthanga of the Zoram People's Movement wins |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/aizawl-south-ii-constituency-assembly-election-results-2023-c-lalchhuanthanga-of-the-zoram-peoples-movement-wins/articleshow/105730568.cms |access-date=2024-11-01 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> He first became an MLA winning the [[2018 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election]] defeating Lalmalsawma Nghaka of the [[Indian National Congress]], by a margin of 179 votes.{{fact|date=February 2025}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Lalchhuanthanga}}<br />
[[Category:1957 births]]<br />
[[Category:Politicians from Aizawl]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Zoram People's Movement politicians]]<br />
[[Category:Mizoram MLAs 2023–2028]]<br />
[[Category:Mizo people]]</div>Camorabughttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aayush_Mohan&diff=484130Aayush Mohan2026-02-27T19:26:45Z<p>Camorabug: put up a post w/ sources</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian Sarod player}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}<br />
{{Infobox musical artist<br />
| name = Aayush Mohan<br />
| image = <br />
| caption = <br />
| image_size = <br />
| background = non_vocal_instrumentalist<br />
| birth_name = <br />
| alias = Aayush Mohan Gupta<br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1995|3|20}}<br />
| origin = [[New Delhi]], [[India]]<br />
| death_date = <br />
| instrument = [[Sarod]]<br />
| genre = [[Indian classical music]]<br />
| occupation = [[Sarod]] Player<br />
| years_active = 2009 – present<br />
| label = <br />
| associated_acts = <br />
| website = {{URL|http://www.Aayushmohan.com/}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Aayush Mohan''' is an Indian Classical Musician who plays the [[Sarod]].<ref name="ht"/><ref name="tribune"/> He performs in the style of [[Maihar gharana|Maihar Gharana]] of [[Hindustani classical music|Hindustani Classical Music]].<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/finding-life-in-music/article8585732.ece/ | title=Finding life in music | newspaper=The Hindu | date=11 May 2016 }}</ref><ref name="Deccan">{{cite web | url=https://www.deccanherald.com/sunday-herald/sunday-herald-art-culture/melody-together-693981.html | title=In the melody together | date=23 September 2018 }}</ref><br />
He is a four-time TEDx speaker and has worked towards creating cultural awareness in India.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.millenniumpost.in/features/staying-true-to-their-classical-roots-262515 | title=Staying true to their classical roots | date=18 September 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ted.com/talks/lakshay_aayush_mohan_gupta_the_importance_of_indian_classical_music | title=The Importance of Indian Classical Music | date=16 January 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ted.com/tedx/events/22733 | title=TEDxNSIT &#124; TED }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u6I4XKq3Jqc | title='Inside the mind of an Indian Classical Musician &#124; Lakshay Mohan & Aayush Mohan &#124; TEDxMAIT | website=[[YouTube]] | date=23 May 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ted.com/talks/lakshay_mohan_aayush_mohan_carving_your_own_path | title=Carving your own path | date=8 November 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ted.com/talks/lakshay_mohan_aayush_mohan_gupta_classical_music_the_underrated_treasure_of_india | title=Classical Music : The underrated treasure of India | date=13 June 2019 }}</ref> He frequently performs [[Jugalbandi]]([[duet]]) with his brother Lakshay Mohan who is a Sitar player and the two are known as Mohan Brothers.<ref name="ss"/><ref name="Detroit"/><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.asianage.com/entertainment/music/020419/tune-in-harmony.html | title=Tune in Harmony | date=2 April 2019 }}</ref> Aayush Mohan and Lakshay Mohan are the first Indians to be invited to perform at the Grammy Museum, Los Angeles for the opening of the exhibition 'Ravi Shankar : A Life in Music'.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/lords-of-the-strings/article19790817.ece | title=Lords of the strings | newspaper=The Hindu | date=3 October 2017 | last1=Govind | first1=Ranjani }}</ref><ref name="toi">{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/others/aayush-mohan-gupta-and-lakshay-mohan-gupta-of-delhi-perform-at-grammy-museum-in-the-us/articleshow/47123519.cms | title=Aayush Mohan Gupta and Lakshay Mohan Gupta of Delhi perform at Grammy Museum in the US - Times of India | website=[[The Times of India]] | date=May 2015 }}</ref><ref name="college.berklee.edu">{{cite web | url=https://college.berklee.edu/events/strings-harmony-lakshay-mohan-aayush-mohan | title=Strings in Harmony by Lakshay Mohan and Aayush Mohan &#124; Berklee College of Music | date=14 October 2018 }}</ref><ref name="thehindu.com">{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/Harmony-of-golden-strings/article14511292.ece | title=The Golden Symphony Tour promises a harmony of strings | newspaper=The Hindu | date=27 July 2016 | last1=Rodricks | first1=Allan Moses }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/music/260716/a-classical-sojourn.html | title=A 'class'ical sojourn | date=26 July 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.radioandmusic.com/entertainment/editorial/news/151106-sitar-sarod-duo-lakshay-and-aayush-create | title=Sitar-Sarod duo Lakshay and Aayush create magic at Delhi Classical Music Festival }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://indiacurrents.com/two-brothers-balance-the-east-and-west-through-their-sitar-sarod/ | title=Two Brothers Balance the East and West Through Their Sitar & Sarod | date=19 April 2022 }}</ref><br />
<br />
== Performing career ==<br />
Aayush began performing in 2009 as a soloist and in duets with his brother sitarist Lakshay Mohan.<ref name="indexp">{{cite web | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/thesundaystandard/2021/Mar/14/strings-of-success-2276251.html | title=Strings of success - the New Indian Express | date=March 2021 }}</ref><br />
After listening to the Jugalbandi of Aayush Mohan & Lakshay Mohan in 2012, Pandit [[Ravi Shankar]] decided to launch them in the USA under his foundation.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://mimmusictheater.themim.org/events/musical-icon-ravi-shankar/2018-10-20/ | title=Musical Icon: Ravi Shankar }}</ref><br />
<ref name="raagaroom">{{cite web | url=https://theraagaroom.com/mohan-brothers | title=The Raaga Room }}</ref><ref name="Deccan"/><ref name="tribune">{{cite web | url=https://m.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/arts/brothers-in-arms-638256 | title=Brothers-in-arms }}</ref><br />
<br />
Notable performances :<br />
*[[Grammy Museum at L.A. Live]], Los Angeles<ref name="toi"/><ref name="college.berklee.edu"/><ref>{{cite web | url=https://grammymuseum.org/event/ravi-shankar-celebrating-a-life-in-music/ | title=Ravi Shankar: Celebrating a Life in Music – GRAMMY Museum }}</ref><br />
*[[Royal Festival Hall]], London<ref name="sb"/><br />
*[[Symphony Space]], New York City<ref name="ss">{{cite web | url=https://www.symphonyspace.org/events/strings-in-harmony-by-lakshay-mohan-aayush-mohan | title=Strings in Harmony by Lakshay Mohan & Aayush Mohan | date=28 October 2018 }}</ref><br />
*[[Berklee College]], Boston<ref name="college.berklee.edu"/><br />
*David & Dorothea Garfield Theatre, San Diego<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.delhievents.com/2017/09/music-new-earth-presents-marvel-of.html?m=1 | title=MUSIC : New Earth presents "Marvel of Jugalbandi" Sitar & Sarod by Lakshay Mohan and Aayush Mohan at Kamani Auditorium, Copernicus Marg > 7:30pm on 8th September 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.millenniumpost.in/features/staying-true-to-their-classical-roots-262515?infinitescroll=1 | title=Staying true to their classical roots | date=18 September 2017 }}</ref><ref name="raagaroom"/><br />
*[[The Egg, Albany]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://nippertown.com/2018/07/17/the-egg-announces-new-concert-96/ | title=The Egg Announces New Concert | date=17 July 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://m.chronogram.com/hudsonvalley/indian-classical-duo-comes-to-albany/Content?oid=6347998 | title=Indian Classical Duo Comes to Albany }}</ref><ref name="biz">{{cite web | url=https://www.bizindia.net/the-mohan-brothers-to-perform-in-nyc-and-around-usa/Albany | title=THE MOHAN BROTHERS TO PERFORM IN NYC AND AROUND USA }}</ref><br />
*Learnquest Music Conference Boston<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/lifestyle/culture/story/the-mohan-brothers-classical-mission-sitar-the-grammy-museum-lakshay-mohan-aayush-mohan-321003-2016-05-01 | title=The Mohan brothers are on a classical mission | date=May 2016 }}</ref><br />
*Abbey Theater, Dublin<ref>{{cite web | url=https://dhvaniohio.org/event/lakshay-and-ayush-mohan-gupta-a-sitar-sarod-duet/ | title=Lakshay and Ayush Mohan Gupta; a sitar-sarod duet | date=29 September 2024 }}</ref><br />
*[[Central Conservatory of Music]], China<ref>{{cite web | url=https://fugumobile.cn/chaiti/?p=428 | title=Raga Ragini – Chaiti Arts Foundation }}</ref><ref name="indexp"/><br />
<br />
Reviewing his performance with his brother in July 2012 at the Kamani Auditorium Delhi, The Hindu wrote: "They chose Miyan Ki [[Malhar]] to present alap, jod and jhala and impressed with their serious musical attitude and no-nonsense approach. Their treatment of the raga showed maturity and the kanhda component was accorded due importance with its trade mark avrohatmak andolit [[Komal Gandhar]]."<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/when-youth-reigned/article3716869.ece/ | title=When youth reigned | newspaper=The Hindu | date=2 August 2012 }}</ref><br />
<br />
In October 2013, Aayush collaborated with Grammy Award Winner Pt [[Vishwa Mohan Bhatt]] for "The String Trinity " concert at Kamani Auditorium, New Delhi in a trio which also had his brother Lakshay Mohan on the Sitar.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.millenniumpost.in/treble-treat-on-strings-186859 | title=Treble treat on strings | date=28 October 2013 }}</ref><br />
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By 2015, Aayush had performed in many prominent classical music festivals across India including All Bengal Music Conference 2011 Kolkata, Gunidas Sangeet Sammelan Mumbai,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.mid-day.com/lifestyle/culture/article/when-the-maestros-take-the-stage-15807181| title=When the maestros take the stage| date=2 December 2014 }}</ref> Saptak Music Festival Ahmedabad,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Pn23aXfbLms | title=Saptak Annual Music Festival - 2015 : ( Lakshay Mohan & Ayush Mohan Gupta Sitar & Sarod ) | website=[[YouTube]] | date=20 June 2015 }}</ref> Ganga Mahotsav Varanasi,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/varanasi/Varanasi-81748-140 | title=कथक में परन-टुकड़ों से मालविका की थिरकन बनी यादगार }}</ref> Taj Mahotsav Agra <ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/lakshay-and-aayush-mohan-gupta-critical-acclaimed-by-music-critics/articleshow/30220988.cms | title=Lakshay and Aayush Mohan Gupta critical acclaimed by music critics - Times of India | website=[[The Times of India]] | date=12 February 2014 }}</ref><br />
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He won significant critical acclaim for his performance at the Sawai Gandharv Festival in Pune<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.puneonline.in/city-guide/amp/sawai-gandharva-sangeet-mahotsav | title=Sawai Gandharva Sangeet Mahotsav, Classical Music Festival in Pune }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.punekarnews.in/artist-line-up-for-64th-sawai-gandharva-bhimsen-mahotsav-announced/ | title=Artist line up for 64th Sawai Gandharva Bhimsen Mahotsav Announced | date=16 November 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.lokmat.com/marathi-cinema/some-special-moments-sawai-gandharva-bhimsen-festival/ | title=सवाई गंधर्व भीमसेन महोत्सवातील काही खास क्षण | date=11 December 2016 }}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2016 Aayush collaborated with Grammy Winning cellist Barry Phillips and sitarist Lakshay Mohan for The Golden Symphony Project that toured India.<ref name="ht">{{cite web | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/music/lakshay-and-aayush-mohan-to-perform-with-barry-phillips/story-JGbooCG1TBaKAV0qa6QnyM.html | title=Lakshay and Aayush Mohan to perform with Barry Phillips | date=3 August 2016 }}</ref><ref name="thehindu.com"/><br />
<ref>{{cite web | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/music/exchanging-notes-pt-ravi-shankar-barry-phillips-lakshya-and-ayush-mohan-2930750/ | title=Exchanging Notes | date=23 July 2016 }}</ref><br />
<br />
Aayush Mohan performed at the Royal Festival Hall, [[Southbank Centre]] London for "The Ravi Shankar centenary" concert with [[Anoushka Shankar]] and other musicians on 5 March 2022.<br />
<ref name="sb">{{cite web | url=https://www.southbankcentre.co.uk/whats-on/gigs/ravi-shankar-centenary | title=Ravi Shankar Centenary }}</ref><br />
<br />
== Television ==<br />
Aayush has appeared on prominent television shows including the Good Day New York Show on FOX5, New York;<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.apnnews.com/delhi-duo-mohan-brothers-to-get-featured-on-fox-tvs-good-day-new-york/| title=Delhi DUO- Mohan Brothers To Get Featured On Fox Tv's 'Good Day New York' | date=8 December 2018 }}</ref> The Nine Show on FOX2, Detroit<ref name="Detroit">{{cite web | url=https://www.fox2detroit.com/mornings/mohan-brothers-bring-classical-indian-music-to-the-d | title=Mohan brothers bring classical Indian music to the D | date=2 November 2018 }}</ref> and Insync Television.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wx2ANIyjkJY | title=INSYNC brings to you "Sitar and Sarod Jugalbandi" by Mohan Brothers | website=[[YouTube]] | date=11 April 2022 }}</ref><br />
== Discography ==<br />
'''Echoes from the Yellow Land (2013) by Times Music'''<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.amazon.com/Echoes-Yellow-Lakshay-Aayush-Mohan/dp/B00EYDARBQ | title=Echoes from the Yellow Land | website=Amazon }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.amazon.in/Echoes-From-The-Yellow-Land/dp/B00I422K9A | title=Echoes from the Yellow Land }}</ref><ref name= "tribune"/><br />
Aayush Mohan & Lakshay Mohan | Sitar and Sarod Duet | Ragas Mand, Charukeshi, Manj Khamaj, Patdeep, Zila Kafi, Bageshree, Marwa, Kirwani<br />
<br />
'''The Majestic Court (2014) by Times Music''' <ref>{{cite web | url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/the-majestic-court-feat-akhilesh-gundecha/896222000 | title=The Majestic Court (Feat. Akhilesh Gundecha) by Lakshay Mohan Gupta & Aayush Mohan Gupta }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.amazon.in/Majestic-Court-Lakshay-Mohan-Gupta/dp/B00L0WP8NG | title=The Majestic Court }}</ref><ref name="tribune"/><ref name="biz"/> Aayush Mohan - Sarod & Lakshay Mohan - Sitar | <br />
Raga Shree - Alaap, Jor and Jhala | <br />
Raga Shree - Composition in Dhamaar | <br />
Raga Bhairavi - Gat in Sooltaal<br />
<br />
'''The Hidden Harmony (2016)'''<br />
The album "The Hidden Harmony" was nominated for the Best Classical Instrumental album at [[Global Indian Music Academy Awards]] 2016<ref>{{cite web | url=https://bollyspice.com/bajirao-mastani-tamasha-roy-lead-nominations-film-category-6th-gionee-colors-gima-awards | title=Bajirao Mastani, Tamasha and Roy lead the nominations in the film category at 6th Gionee Colors GiMA Awards/|date=23 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://app.arts-people.com/index.php?show=92089 | title=Mohan Brothers Sitar & Sarod concert }}</ref><ref name="raagaroom"/><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Mohan, Aayush}}<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:1995 births]]<br />
[[Category:Sarod players]]<br />
[[Category:Indian classical musicians]]<br />
[[Category:Musicians from New Delhi]]</div>Camorabughttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gandhi_Krishi_Vigyana_Kendra&diff=499738Gandhi Krishi Vigyana Kendra2026-02-21T03:43:26Z<p>Camorabug: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Headquarters of university in Bangalore}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}{{Infobox university<br />
| name = Gandhi Krishi Vigyana Kendra, Bengaluru <br />
| other_name = GKVK, Bengaluru <br />
| image = GKVK.jpg<br />
| dean = Dr. N. B. Prakash<br />
| city = [[Bengaluru]]<br />
| state = [[Karnataka]]<br />
| postalcode = 560065<br />
| students = <br />
| type = [[Public university|Public]] [[research university]]<br />
| country = India<br />
| campus = [[Urban areas|Urban]]<br />
| campus_size = {{Convert|412|acre}}<br />
| affiliations = [[University of Agricultural Sciences, Bengaluru]]<br />
| website = {{URL|https://www.uasbangalore.edu.in}}<br />
}}<br />
'''Gandhi Krishi Vigyana Kendra''' ('''GKVK''') is the main campus of the [[University of Agricultural Sciences, Bengaluru]]. It is located in [[Bengaluru]] Suburb [[Yelahanka]], [[Karnataka]], [[India]].<ref>https://www.karnataka.gov.in/kbb/english/Pages/Gandhi-Krushi-Vignana-Kendra-(GKVK).aspx Gandhi Krishi Vigyana Kendra as shown on Karnataka government website</ref> In the past the university had a campus at Hebbal and experimental fields where the current Hebbal flyover stands.The university was split into two universities to deal with the animal sciences and agricultural sciences. The colleges within the campus were originally of agriculture, horticulture, forestry sericulture, and with a basic sciences and humanities block. These were reorganized leaving only the college of agriculture on the campus.<br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
[[File:Coleman Bangalore entomologists.jpg|left|thumb|[[Leslie Coleman|Leslie Charles Coleman]] with staff and students of the Department of Entomology at UAS Bangalore in 1953/54.]]<br />
[[Maharani Kempa Nanjammani Vani Vilasa Sannidhana|Maharani Kempa Nanjammanni Vani Vilasa Sannidhi]], the Regent of [[Mysore]], donated 30 acres of land in 1899 for the Experimental Agricultural Station at [[Hebbal, Bangalore|Hebbal]]. [[Adolf Lehmann]], a Canadian scientist, initiated research on soil crop response. In 1906, [[Leslie Coleman|Dr. Leslie Coleman]], a Canadian [[Entomologist]] and [[Mycologist]], succeeded Lehmann.<br />
<br />
The station expanded to 202 acres, under the Diwan [[M Vishweshwaraiah|M. Vishveshwaraiah]], and Coleman who helped establish the Mysore Agriculture School in 1913. In 1946, Mr. M.A. Srinivasan, Minister of Agriculture, founded Agriculture College, Hebbal, offering a four-year program affiliated with the [[University of Mysore]].<br />
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In 1963, the University of Agricultural Sciences (UAS) was established, with 1300 acres granted for the Gandhi Krishi Vigyana Kendra Campus. Dr. [[Kullal Chickappu Naik|K.C. Naik]] became the first Vice Chancellor in 1964. In 1969, [[Indira Gandhi]] inaugurated the GKVK campus. Veterinary College, Hebbal, was established in 1958.<br />
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On October 1, 1965, UAS Bangalore absorbed various agricultural colleges and research stations. It expanded its offerings, establishing the Fisheries College at [[Mangalore|Mangaluru]] in 1969 and the Agricultural Engineering Institute at [[Raichur]]. In 1974, Home Science College was founded at the Dharwad campus, alongside other colleges.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://uasbangalore.edu.in/index.php/about-us-home-en/history-en |access-date=2024-04-15 |website=uasbangalore.edu.in |archive-date=2 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230402053249/https://uasbangalore.edu.in/index.php/about-us-home-en/history-en |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
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== Campus ==<br />
<gallery mode=packed heights=200px><br />
Library, GKVK.jpg|Library<br />
Gkvk.jpg|In 2006<br />
UAS agri college.jpg|Bust of M. Puttarudriah<br />
GKVK heritage site.jpg|Heritage Site Map<br />
</gallery><br />
The campus comprises 412 acres of land.<ref name=":1" /> The campus was declared as a biodiversity heritage site in 2010 by the Karnataka Biodiveristy Board.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-05-16 |title=GKVK a ‘biodiversity heritage’ |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2010/Jul/28/gkvk-a-biodiversity-heritage-173573.html |access-date=2024-04-15 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> The university has engaged in development of various agro and biotech research plots, as well as nurturing its landscape to support a diverse range of [[flora]] and [[fauna]]. Its campus is said to be known for its efforts towards [[environmental sustainability]], being considered as one of the greenest areas in Bengaluru. In addition to its research endeavors, the university has facilitated the collection of a wide array of germplasms and has established a [[botanical garden]] boasting nearly 600 species of important plants. Furthermore, the university has implemented herbal gardens and conducted research on agriculturally significant microbes, among other initiatives.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |title=Brief details of Gandhi Krishi Vignyan Kendra Biodiversity Heritage Site, Karnataka. |url=https://kbb.karnataka.gov.in/storage/pdf-files/BHS/ಗಾಂಧಿ%20ಕೃಷಿ%20ವಿಜ್.pdf |journal=Karnataka Biodiversity Board}}</ref> In 2023, About 1000 [[eucalyptus]] trees were axed as it was decided to replace them with 10,000 native species of trees.<ref>{{Cite web |last=DHNS |title=Bengaluru's Gandhi Krishi Vigyan Kendra to replace eucalyptus with native trees |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/bengaluru/bengalurus-gandhi-krishi-vigyan-kendra-to-replace-eucalyptus-with-native-trees-2653069 |access-date=2024-04-15 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> ''[[Victoria amazonica]]'' is also present in the campus and is grown to distribute to various other institutions among the country.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mavad, DHNS |first=Asra |title=World’s largest water lily species blooms in Bengaluru |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/bengaluru/world-s-largest-water-lily-species-blooms-in-bengaluru-1040068.html |access-date=2024-04-15 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> GPS-enabled smart bicycles for students and staff of the University are available in the campus.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |last2= |last3= |first3= |date=November 28, 2017 |title=Bengaluru: Smart rental bikes help GKVK campus go green; GPS-enabled bicycles work with app, cost Rs 5 an hour |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/bengaluru-smart-rental-bikes-help-gkvk-campus-go-green-gps-enabled-bicyles-work-with-app-cost-rs-5-an-hour/articleshow/61824885.cms |access-date=2024-04-15 |website=Bangalore Mirror |language=en}}</ref><br />
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=== Fauna Biodiversity ===<br />
The campus has about 13 species of mammals, ten species of reptiles, 165 species of birds and over 500 species of plants according to a survey.<ref>{{Cite web |last=DHNS |title=Heritage tag may save GKVK from land sharks |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/bengaluru/heritage-tag-may-save-gkvk-2537551 |access-date=2024-04-15 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> [[eBird]] lists around 171 species of birds seen in the campus.<ref>{{Cite web |title=GKVK Campus--Botanical Garden, Bengaluru Urban County, KA, IN - eBird Hotspot |url=https://ebird.org/hotspot/L2676130 |access-date=2024-04-15 |website=ebird.org |language=en}}</ref><br />
<gallery mode="packed"><br />
Swinhoe's minivet.jpg|[[Swinhoe's minivet]] from the gardens of the campus.<br />
Indian Peafowl imported from iNaturalist photo 362606572 on 15 April 2024.jpg|[[Indian Peacock]] on top of a flowerbush within the campus.<br />
Indian Grey Hornbill imported from iNaturalist photo 363965160 on 15 April 2024.jpg|[[Indian Grey Hornbill]] from the campus.<br />
Spotted Owlet imported from iNaturalist photo 363965197 on 15 April 2024.jpg|[[Spotted Owlet]] from the campus.<br />
</gallery><br />
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===Krishi Mela===<br />
Krishi Mela<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=DHNS |title='Krishi Mela' at GKVK campus from Nov 16 |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/bengaluru/krishi-mela-gkvk-campus-nov-2026956 |access-date=2024-04-15 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> is an annual event (fair) in the campus.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-10-09 |title=UAS-Bangalore Krishi Mela from Nov 19-21 |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/agri-business/UAS-Bangalore-Krishi-Mela-from-Nov-19-21/article20883467.ece |access-date=2024-04-15 |website=BusinessLine |language=en}}</ref> It showcases latest agricultural technologies for the benefit of farmers. The event includes stalls from various research institutes, seeds companies, farm machinery manufacturers in India as well as stalls showcasing techniques of organic farming and produces.<ref name=":0" /> In 2022, 1.7 million people visited the fair, and over 95 million transactions were conducted.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2023-11-16 |title=Four-day Krishi Mela to kick off on Friday |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2023/Nov/16/four-day-krishi-mela-to-kick-off-on-friday-2633250.html |access-date=2024-04-15 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><br />
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==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
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[[Category:Universities and colleges in Bengaluru]]</div>Camorabughttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stray_cattle_in_India&diff=537662Stray cattle in India2026-02-18T11:32:29Z<p>Camorabug: created a pg w/ sources</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Cattle not claimed or tended by an owner}}<br />
{{redirect|Stray cow|the general concept of stray livestock|Estray}}<br />
[[File:Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India (2015) 1.jpg|thumb|Stray cow loitering on the road in [[Varanasi]], India]]<br />
[[File:Status of cow slaughter in India.png|thumb|Cow slaughter laws in various states of India<br />
{{legend|#01ff00|[[Cattle#Terminology|Cows, bulls and bullocks]] are allowed to be slaughtered}}<br />
{{legend|#ffff00|Bulls and bullocks are allowed to be slaughtered}}<br />
{{legend|#ff0000|No cattle are allowed to be slaughtered}}]]<br />
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India has over 5 million '''stray cattle''' according to the livestock census data released in January 2020.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=D K|first=Sadana|date=5 April 2021|title='India needs to look beyond gaushalas to address its stray cattle problem'|url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/wildlife-biodiversity/-india-needs-to-look-beyond-gaushalas-to-address-its-stray-cattle-problem--76189|url-status=live|access-date=25 December 2021|website=DownToEarth|language=en|archive-date=25 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211225080450/https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/wildlife-biodiversity/-india-needs-to-look-beyond-gaushalas-to-address-its-stray-cattle-problem--76189}}</ref> The stray cow attacks on humans and crops in both urban and rural areas is an issue for the residents.<ref name="IT 11 Jan" /><ref name="Backlash 10 February 2019">{{cite news|date=10 February 2019|title=Yogi Adityanath government stares at UP farmers' backlash as cattle destroy crops|work=The New Indian Express|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2019/feb/10/yogi-adityanath-government-stares-at-up-farmers-backlash-as-cattle-destroy-crops-1936992.html|access-date=23 February 2022|archive-date=23 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220223200006/https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2019/feb/10/yogi-adityanath-government-stares-at-up-farmers-backlash-as-cattle-destroy-crops-1936992.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
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Cow slaughter is banned in many places in India with penalties of long imprisonment and huge fines. Fear of arrest, persecution, and lynching by [[Cow vigilante violence in India|cow vigilantes]] has reduced the trading of cows. Once a cow stops giving milk, feeding and maintenance of the cow becomes a financial burden on the farmer who cannot afford their upkeep. Cattle that farmers are unable to sell are eventually abandoned. Stray cattle are defined by India's Ministry of Agriculture as cattle that do not have any owner and have strayed across the road or other public places, or that usually move or wander without any proper destination or having no shelter.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sahu |first1=Bhupendra Kumar |last2=Parganiha |first2=Arti |last3=Pati |first3=Atanu Kumar |title=Behavior and foraging ecology of cattle: A review |journal=Journal of Veterinary Behavior |date=November 2020 |volume=40 |pages=50–74 |doi=10.1016/j.jveb.2020.08.004|hdl=11059/14146 |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref name="BBC UP deadly cow" /><ref name="Washington Post 16 July 2018">{{cite news |title=Why India has 5 million stray cows roaming the country |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2018/07/16/amp-stories/why-india-has-million-stray-cows-roaming-country/ |access-date=23 February 2022 |newspaper=Washington Post |date=16 July 2018 |archive-date=17 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117131111/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2018/07/16/amp-stories/why-india-has-million-stray-cows-roaming-country/ |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
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Stray cattle are a nuisance to traffic in urban areas and cause road accidents.<ref name=":0"/><ref name="Rae Bareli 22 February 2022">{{cite news|date=22 February 2022|title=Next to Adityanath's Rally Ground in Rae Bareli Is a Shelter Where Cows Die Every Day|work=The Wire|url=https://thewire.in/politics/next-to-adityanaths-rally-ground-in-rae-bareli-is-a-shelter-where-cows-die-every-day|access-date=23 February 2022|archive-date=22 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220222123837/https://thewire.in/politics/next-to-adityanaths-rally-ground-in-rae-bareli-is-a-shelter-where-cows-die-every-day|url-status=live}}</ref> The problem of [[Solid waste pollution in India|solid waste pollution]], especially [[plastic pollution]] and garbage dumped at public places, poses a risk to stray cattle which feed on garbage.<ref>{{Cite web|date=4 March 2021|title=71 Kg Of Waste Found In Stomach Of Stray Faridabad Cow|url=https://www.ndtv.com/cities/haryana-71kg-of-waste-found-in-stomach-of-stray-faridabad-cow-2383586|url-status=live|access-date=25 December 2021|website=NDTV.com|archive-date=25 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211225080443/https://www.ndtv.com/cities/haryana-71kg-of-waste-found-in-stomach-of-stray-faridabad-cow-2383586}}</ref><br />
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== Causes ==<br />
{{Main|Cattle slaughter in India}}<br />
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Slaughtering cows is illegal in most of India, because cows are considered [[Cow in Hinduism|holy in Hinduism]].<ref name="Gaushalas">{{Cite journal|last1=Sharma|first1=Arvind|last2=Schuetze|first2=Catherine|last3=Phillips|first3=Clive J.C.|date=28 January 2020|title=The Management of Cow Shelters (Gaushalas) in India, Including the Attitudes of Shelter Managers to Cow Welfare|journal=Animals|volume=10|issue=2|page=211|doi=10.3390/ani10020211|pmc=7070297|pmid=32012807|doi-access=free}}</ref> The anti-slaughter laws were not strictly enforced until 2014, when the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) came to power.<ref name="barabanki">{{cite news|date=22 February 2022|title=योगी की रैली के पहले छोड़े सैकड़ों सांड|work=Dainik Bhaskar|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/uttar-pradesh/barabanki/news/barabanki-cm-rally-barabanki-political-news-barabanki-stray-animal-in-cm-rally-barabanki-latest-news-up-news-129428137.html|access-date=23 February 2022|archive-date=23 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220223010935/https://www.bhaskar.com/local/uttar-pradesh/barabanki/news/barabanki-cm-rally-barabanki-political-news-barabanki-stray-animal-in-cm-rally-barabanki-latest-news-up-news-129428137.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Before this, farmers regularly took their old cows to slaughterhouses. Since 2014, cow slaughter has been made illegal in 18 states in India including [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref name="BBC UP deadly cow" /> In Uttar Pradesh, many slaughterhouses were closed down by the BJP state government,<ref name="Backlash 10 February 2019" /> in accordance with the party's [[right wing politics|right wing]] [[Hindutva|Hindu agenda]].<ref name="BBC UP deadly cow" /><br />
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Growing mechanization in the farming industry has also put cattle out of use as [[working animal]]s, and increased the number of cattle abandonment cases.{{efn|These cattle were previously employed in transportation using [[bullock carts]] and tilling fields.}}<ref name="Backlash 10 February 2019" /> Fear of arrest, persecution, and lynching by [[Cow vigilante violence in India|cow vigilantes]] has also reduced the trading of cattle. Once a cow stops giving milk, feeding and maintenance of the cow becomes a financial burden on the farmer who cannot afford their upkeep.<ref name="Backlash 10 February 2019" /> Cattle that farmers are unable to sell are eventually abandoned to wander.<ref>{{cite news|date=19 February 2022|title=Stray cows become election issue in Uttar Pradesh|language=en|work=Deccan Herald|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/video/election/uttar-pradesh/stray-cows-become-election-issue-in-uttar-pradesh-1083050.html|access-date=20 February 2022|archive-date=20 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220220113956/https://www.deccanherald.com/video/election/uttar-pradesh/stray-cows-become-election-issue-in-uttar-pradesh-1083050.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="NDTV UP Issues">{{cite news|date=19 February 2022|title=Rural UP's Biggest Election Issue - The Mighty Bull|work=NDTV.com|url=https://www.ndtv.com/blog/rural-ups-biggest-election-issue-the-mighty-bull-2777077|access-date=20 February 2022|archive-date=19 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220219215657/https://www.ndtv.com/blog/rural-ups-biggest-election-issue-the-mighty-bull-2777077|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=News9 Staff|date=9 February 2022|title=Stray cattle poll issue again but no one knows if it will affect the UP outcome|language=en|work=NEWS9LIVE|url=https://www.news9live.com/india/stray-cattle-poll-issue-again-but-no-one-knows-if-it-will-affect-the-up-outcome-152471|access-date=20 February 2022|archive-date=20 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220220121351/https://www.news9live.com/india/stray-cattle-poll-issue-again-but-no-one-knows-if-it-will-affect-the-up-outcome-152471|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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== Impact ==<br />
Stray cattle pose a number of threats to human residents and animal welfare in both urban and rural areas. Stray cattle have been known to feed on standing crops and attack humans.<ref name="BBC UP deadly cow" /><ref name="Deccan Herald">{{cite news|date=19 February 2022|title=Stray cattle may devour saffron votes in UP|language=en|work=Deccan Herald|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/election/uttar-pradesh/stray-cattle-may-devour-saffron-votes-in-up-1083041.html|access-date=20 February 2022|archive-date=20 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220220113954/https://www.deccanherald.com/election/uttar-pradesh/stray-cattle-may-devour-saffron-votes-in-up-1083041.html|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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=== Airports ===<br />
[[Stray animals at Indian airports|Stray animals are common on the runways of Indian airports]]. These stray animals, including cattle, pose a major threat to [[air safety]] in most [[List of airports in India|airports]] across the nation. According to [[Airports Authority of India]] (AAI) officials, animals straying onto a [[runway]] are routine at many airports in India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 March 2008 |title=Animals on runway, it’s usual in India |url=http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/business/animals-on-runway-its-usual-in-india_10032377.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200420235147/http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/business/animals-on-runway-its-usual-in-india_10032377.html |archive-date=20 April 2020 |access-date=2 April 2022 |website=Thaindian News |publisher=[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]]}}</ref><ref name="Dog-ged">[https://archive.today/20130125081800/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Dog-ged-pursuit-at-IGI/Article1-519430.aspx Dog-ged pursuit at IGI], ''[[Hindustan Times]]'', 15 March 2010.</ref><br />
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In 2018, a stray cow on a runway caused chaos at [[Ahmedabad airport]] leading to two planes aborting their landings. The cow crept past security at a cargo gate at the [[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel International Airport]], in [[Ahmedabad]], resulting in a cargo plane being diverted to Mumbai and delaying five domestic flights and several departures. It took over 90 minutes for the security personnel to clear the runway.<ref name="Independent Ahmedabad Airport">{{cite news|date=12 January 2018|title='Mad cow' on runway causes chaos at airport|language=en|work=The Independent|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/travel/news-and-advice/cow-india-aiport-runway-ahmedabad-sardar-vallabhbhai-international-gujarat-a8155406.html|access-date=23 February 2022|archive-date=23 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220223110538/https://www.independent.co.uk/travel/news-and-advice/cow-india-aiport-runway-ahmedabad-sardar-vallabhbhai-international-gujarat-a8155406.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="AsiaOne Ahmedabad airport">{{cite news|date=13 January 2018|title=Cow enters Indian airport, prevents flights from taking off and landing|language=en|work=AsiaOne|url=https://www.asiaone.com/asia/cow-enters-indian-airport-prevents-flights-taking-and-landing|access-date=23 February 2022|archive-date=23 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220223110538/https://www.asiaone.com/asia/cow-enters-indian-airport-prevents-flights-taking-and-landing|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Al Arabiya Ahmedabad airport">{{cite news|date=13 January 2018|title=Nobody moove! cow causes chaos at Indian airport|language=en|work=Al Arabiya English|url=https://english.alarabiya.net/variety/2018/01/13/Nobody-moove-cow-causes-chaos-at-Indian-airport-|access-date=23 February 2022|archive-date=23 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220223110539/https://english.alarabiya.net/variety/2018/01/13/Nobody-moove-cow-causes-chaos-at-Indian-airport-|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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===Railway===<br />
[[File:Ayodhya Jn.jpg|thumb|Stray cow at the ticket counters [[Ayodhya Junction railway station]] in Uttar Pradesh.]]<br />
[[File:Bangali Tola, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221001, India - panoramio.jpg|thumb|Stray cow resting in the middle of the road at night in Bangali Tola, Varanasi, [[Uttar Pradesh]]]]<br />
In 2019, Vinay Kumar, the Uttar Pradesh vice-president of the farmers union, [[Bharatiya Kisan Union]], had said "Cows are roaming in the open because there is no buyer and the promised gaushalas [cow shelters] are not operational. They are also destroying crops. Farmers chase them out of their fields. Railway lines are near fields, and the cattle go to open areas near the railway lines; some, unfortunately, come under a train."<ref>{{cite news |title=Sharp rise in cattle run over by trains in north India |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/sharp-rise-in-cattle-run-over-by-trains-in-north-india/story-cnUipzboGRoU27V6NyUWRO.html |work=Hindustan Times |date=9 April 2019 |language=en |access-date=2 April 2022 |archive-date=5 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220105140053/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/sharp-rise-in-cattle-run-over-by-trains-in-north-india/story-cnUipzboGRoU27V6NyUWRO.html |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
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The lack of adequate number of cowsheds (gaushalas) and the strict slaughter and trading laws were reported by ''[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]]'' as the main reasons for increase in cows roaming around and causing more cow related incidents in comparison to earlier years.<ref name="Railway Wire 21 June 2019" /><br />
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''The Wire'' reported citing internal [[Indian Railways]] data, that in 2019 around 70 to 80 cattle were hit by trains in India daily. In 2014–2015 the number of cattle that were killed due to being overrun by trains was 2000 to 3000. It increased to 14,000 in 2017–2018. In the year 2018–2019 the number had increased to nearly 30,000, a record jump. It had become "a cause of deep concern for railway authorities".<ref name="Railway Wire 21 June 2019">{{cite news |title=Railway Tracks Continue to be Hazardous Zones for India’s Cattle |url=https://thewire.in/government/railway-tracks-continue-to-be-hazardous-zones-for-indias-cattle |access-date=2 April 2022 |work=The Wire |date=21 June 2019 |archive-date=1 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191201134035/https://thewire.in/government/railway-tracks-continue-to-be-hazardous-zones-for-indias-cattle |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
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All cases of cattle colliding with the trains do not end with the death of the cattle or the [[derailment]] of the train. According to Indian Railway data, about 18,900 trains were 'cattle-hit' in 2017–2018. The cases increased and around 43,000 trains were 'cattle-hit' in 2018–2019. In the period between April–May 2019, about 5,500 'cattle run over' (CRO) cases were recorded on the tracks, which affected the running of over 7,000 trains in two months.<ref name="Railway Wire 21 June 2019" /> In August 2018, ''[[Indian Express]]'' reported a 362% jump in CRO cases from 2015-16 to 2017-2018.<ref name="Cattle 26 August 2018">{{cite news |title=Cattle dying on tracks: Numbers double in one year |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/cattle-dying-on-tracks-numbers-double-in-one-year-5325031/ |access-date=2 April 2022 |work=The Indian Express |date=26 August 2018 |language=en}}</ref><br />
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In February 2019, at Etawah in Uttar Pradesh, the newly-launched [[Vande Bharat Express]] on its second day of service, had hit a stray cow. The aerodynamic nose of the train, made of steel with a fibre cover on it was damaged.<ref name="Railway Wire 21 June 2019" /><ref name="India Today 21 February 2021">{{cite news |last1=Sumeda |first1= |title=Vande Bharat's brush with bad luck: Cow, fog, bike and brickbats |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/vande-bharat-express-train-18-cow-fog-stonepelters-politics-railways-1461709-2019-02-21 |access-date=2 April 2022 |work=India Today |date=21 February 2021 |language=en}}</ref> A similar incident happened again on 17 August 2019.<ref name="17 August 2019">{{cite news |title=Vande Bharat runs over stray bull, carcass halts Haldia Express {{!}} Agra News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/agra/vande-bharat-runs-over-stray-bull-carcass-halts-haldia-express/articleshow/70706679.cms |access-date=2 April 2022 |work=The Times of India |agency=TNN |date=17 August 2019 |language=en}}</ref><br />
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According to railway officials, 'cattle run over' events disrupt operations for several hours, as the carcass must first be cleared from the track before the train can proceed. Fencing of the railway lines with concrete reinforced [[barbed wire]] have been suggested to reduce the incidents.<ref name="Railway Wire 21 June 2019" /><br />
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=== Roads ===<br />
[[File:Delhi velotaxi.jpg|thumb|Stray cow on the road in Delhi]]<br />
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Stray cows are a frequent cause of road accidents in cities, where they crowd roads.<ref name="Hindu 7 December 2019">{{cite news|date=7 December 2019|title=Stray cattle menace returns to haunt road users|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/stray-cattle-menace-returns-to-haunt-road-users/article30233185.ece|access-date=23 February 2022|archive-date=25 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225103828/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/stray-cattle-menace-returns-to-haunt-road-users/article30233185.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> Cow attacks on pedestrians and vehicles often become deadly. Stationary cows on the road are a cause of frequent deadly road accidents in India.<ref name="Indian Express Mansa">{{cite news|date=24 September 2019|title=Mansa stray cattle menace: Victim's kin keep body on road, say demands not met|language=en|work=The Indian Express|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/stray-cattle-issue-in-mansa-victims-kin-keep-body-on-road-say-demands-not-met-6020075/|access-date=23 February 2022|archive-date=23 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220223122322/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/stray-cattle-issue-in-mansa-victims-kin-keep-body-on-road-say-demands-not-met-6020075/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Hindustan Times 23 July 2021">{{cite news|date=23 July 2021|title=Cow cess runs in crores, but stray-cattle menace continues in Ludhiana|language=en|work=Hindustan Times|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/despite-cow-cess-running-in-crores-stray-cattle-s-reign-of-terror-continues-in-ludhiana-101627063869428.html|access-date=23 February 2022|archive-date=23 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220223122323/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/despite-cow-cess-running-in-crores-stray-cattle-s-reign-of-terror-continues-in-ludhiana-101627063869428.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Cattle dung also creates a road hazard for pedestrians and two-wheeled vehicles who may slip on it.<ref name="Hindu 28 February 2020">{{cite news|last1=Nair|first1=Rajesh B.|date=28 February 2020|title=Stray cattle a menace on several roads|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/puducherry/stray-cattle-a-menace-on-several-roads/article30936238.ece|access-date=23 February 2022|archive-date=24 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224100109/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/puducherry/stray-cattle-a-menace-on-several-roads/article30936238.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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In [[Tiruvallur]], in 2022, emergency braking by a [[semi truck]] driver to avoid a collision with stray cattle on the road caused a [[multiple-vehicle collision]] which killed one driver.<ref name="tiruvallur 25 January 2022">{{cite news|date=25 January 2022|title=Tiruvallur: 1 Killed In Multi-vehicle Crash Caused By Cattle In Tiruvallur|language=en|work=The Times of India|agency=TNN|issue=Chennai News|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/1-killed-in-multi-vehicle-crash-caused-by-cattle-in-tiruvallur/articleshow/89102719.cms|access-date=23 February 2022|archive-date=23 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220223204222/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/1-killed-in-multi-vehicle-crash-caused-by-cattle-in-tiruvallur/articleshow/89102719.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Most of the accidents related to stray cattle on the roads occur at night, when it is harder to see the animal on roads with insufficient lights.<ref name="tiruvallur 25 January 2022" /><br />
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Historian, [[D. N. Jha]] had said, "In Delhi, cows should best be treated as a safety hazard. You cannot drive safely for the cows that stray around."<ref name="New York Times Eakin">{{cite news |last1=Eakin |first1=Emily |title=Holy Cow a Myth? An Indian Finds The Kick Is Real |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/08/17/books/holy-cow-a-myth-an-indian-finds-the-kick-is-real.html |access-date=11 April 2022 |work=The New York Times |date=17 August 2002}}</ref><br />
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==Election issue==<br />
[[File:Cow in Varanasi street (8527193622).jpg|thumb|Stray cow on a busy street in [[Varanasi]]]]<br />
The deadly attacks by stray cows were an election issue in the [[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]].<ref name="BBC UP deadly cow">{{cite news |title=Uttar Pradesh: Why deadly cow attacks are an issue in Indian state election |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-60108274 |access-date=23 February 2022 |work=BBC News |date=25 January 2022 |archive-date=20 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220220120315/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-60108274 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2017, after coming to power in Uttar Pradesh, the [[First Yogi Adityanath ministry|Yogi Adityanath ministry]] promised to build cattle shelters to better manage the stray cattle.<ref name="IT 11 Jan" /> Since then, anti-cow-slaughter laws have been strictly enforced.<ref name="Deccan Herald" /><br />
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The main opposition party in 2021, [[Samajwadi Party]] (SP), promised compensation of {{INRConvert|5|l}} for farmers who were killed by bulls.<ref name="IT 11 Jan">{{cite news |first=Ashutosh |last=Mishra |title=Stray animals destroy crops in UP districts as goshalas remain non-starters |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/stray-animals-crops-up-districts-goshalas-non-starters-1898440-2022-01-11 |access-date=20 February 2022 |work=India Today |date=11 January 2022 |language=en |archive-date=20 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220220121349/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/stray-animals-crops-up-districts-goshalas-non-starters-1898440-2022-01-11 |url-status=live }}</ref> SP promised to fix the root cause of the problem, removing the risk of trouble or harassment from the trading of livestock.<ref name="NDTV UP Issues" /><br />
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In 2022, BJP leaders denied that stray cattle was an issue, despite complaints from farmers that stray cattle were destroying crops.<ref name="Deccan Herald" /> Speaking at a rally in Kanpur in February 2022, PM [[Narendra Modi]] acknowledged the issue in his rally and said that the Yogi government was trying to solve the problem by setting up cattle shelters.<ref name="NDTV UP Issues" /><br />
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On 22 February, local farmers released hundreds of cattle at the venue of an election rally in [[Barabanki, Uttar Pradesh|Barabanki]] located 40&nbsp;km from the state capital, Lucknow. The act was to highlight the issues caused by the stray cattle in the area. In a [[viral video]] of the incident, hundreds of unattended cattle were seen roaming in the open rally ground.<ref name="Adityanath rally Cow">{{cite news |title=Watch: UP Farmers Release Stray Cattle Near Yogi Adityanath's Rally Venue |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/watch-up-farmers-release-stray-cattle-near-yogi-adityanaths-rally-venue-2783182 |access-date=23 February 2022 |date=22 February 2022 |work=NDTV.com |archive-date=23 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220223034443/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/watch-up-farmers-release-stray-cattle-near-yogi-adityanaths-rally-venue-2783182 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=योगी की रैली के पहले छोड़े सैकड़ों सांड |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/uttar-pradesh/barabanki/news/barabanki-cm-rally-barabanki-political-news-barabanki-stray-animal-in-cm-rally-barabanki-latest-news-up-news-129428137.html |access-date=23 February 2022 |archive-date=23 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220223010935/https://www.bhaskar.com/local/uttar-pradesh/barabanki/news/barabanki-cm-rally-barabanki-political-news-barabanki-stray-animal-in-cm-rally-barabanki-latest-news-up-news-129428137.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=बाराबंकी में योगी की जनसभा से पहले मैदान में जुटे आवारा पशु, वीडियो वायरल |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/uttar-pradesh/video/stray-animals-gathered-in-field-before-yogis-public-meeting-in-barabanki-video-viral/videoshow/89754487.cms |access-date=23 February 2022 |work=Navbharat Times |language=hi |archive-date=23 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220223102701/https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/uttar-pradesh/video/stray-animals-gathered-in-field-before-yogis-public-meeting-in-barabanki-video-viral/videoshow/89754487.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
== Governmental response ==<br />
=== Laws ===<br />
[[File:People, cattle in Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India (2005).jpg|thumb|Stray bull in a market in [[Varanasi]]]]<br />
In June 2020, the Uttar Pradesh government approved the Uttar Pradesh Cabinet Cow Slaughter Prevention (Amendment) Ordinance, 2020, that provided maximum sentences of 10 years imprisonment and fines of up to {{INRConvert|5|l}} for cow slaughter.<ref name="Ordinance 10 June 2020">{{cite news |title=UP Cabinet Passes Ordinance: 10 Years' Rigorous Punishment for Cow Slaughter |url=https://thewire.in/government/uttar-pradesh-cabinet-ordinance-punishment-cow-slaughter |access-date=23 February 2022 |work=The Wire |date=10 June 2020 |archive-date=22 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220222145430/https://thewire.in/government/uttar-pradesh-cabinet-ordinance-punishment-cow-slaughter |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
The residents of [[Tiruvallur district]] who allow their cattle to freely wander on the roads have been warned by the police. Imprisonment of up to three years and fines up to ₹5,000 are applicable according to the provisions of the Tamil Nadu Animals and Birds in Urban Areas (Control and Regulation) Act, 1997. Police have also threatened actions according to the [[Indian Penal Code]] and [[Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act]], in addition the stray cattle would be sent to cow sheds operated by the government. Yet these measures have not reduced the practice of cattle owners releasing their cattle. The authorities of Tiruvallur district have also set up a call center to report incidents of stray cattle.<ref name="tiruvallur 25 January 2022" /><br />
<br />
===Cow tax===<br />
The Adityanath ministry in the state of Uttar Pradesh introduced a special 0.5% tax named the "Cow Protection Cess" on eight government departments including the department that earns revenue from [[alcohol tax]]es.<ref name="Backlash 10 February 2019" /> The cow protection [[cess]] was levied to earn money and maintain thousands of cow sheds operated by the government. The ''[[BBC]]'' reported that the tax did not solve the problem of stray cows, and the cow sheds were found to be overcrowded.<ref name="BBC UP deadly cow" /> In 2019, there were 510 cow shelters in the state of Uttar Pradesh registered in the state government records.<ref name="Backlash 10 February 2019" /><br />
<br />
In 2021, it was reported that the [[Ludhiana Municipal Corporation]] had collected a cow cess of ₹3.5 crore every year, for taking care of stray cows. However, as of 2021, hundreds of stray cows were seen roaming in the streets on public places in [[Ludhiana]] city.<ref name="Hindustan Times 23 July 2021" /><br />
<br />
=== Cow sheds ===<br />
[[File:Gaushala in Sector 45, Chandigarh.jpg|thumb|Gaushala (cow shed) in Sector 45, [[Chandigarh]]]]<br />
[[File:Jawaharlal Nehru visiting a Goshala during his Gujarat tour in 1949.jpg|thumb|Prime Minister [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] visiting a Goshala during his [[Gujarat]] tour in 1949]]<br />
''[[Goshala]]s'' ('cow sheds') are shelters for unproductive, homeless, unwanted or elderly cattle in India.<ref name="Gaushalas" /> Since the BJP government came into power in India in 2014, India has spent {{INRConvert|5.8|b}} on cow shelters in between the years 2014 and 2016.<ref name="Bloomb1">{{cite web|date=2016-07-18|title=Cow urine can sell for more than milk in India|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-07-17/cow-urine-can-sell-for-more-than-milk-in-india|publisher=Bloomberg.com|accessdate=2016-09-18|archive-date=2016-09-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918155752/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-07-17/cow-urine-can-sell-for-more-than-milk-in-india|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
The BJP state government claims to have provided money to the village ''pradhans'' to set up cow shelters to keep the stray cattle. The ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' reported that it could not find cattle shelters in the villages of Sitapur, Lakhimpur Kheri, Hardoi and Unnao districts. Places that had cow shelters, were already full with no capacity to keep more cattle.<ref name="Deccan Herald" /><br />
<br />
Large scale corruption has been reported in the building and management of cow shelters in Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh. The contracts for the cow shelters were awarded to people associated with the ruling party, BJP, or the [[Rashtriya Swayamsewak Sangh]].<ref name="Wire 6 February 2021">{{cite news|last1=Pandey|first1=Sandeep|last2=Kumar|first2=Kushagra|date=6 February 2021|title=The Story Behind the Villagers Who Tried to March to Adityanath's House With Cows|work=The Wire|url=https://thewire.in/rights/cow-protection-gaushala-uttar-pradesh-yogi-adityanath|access-date=23 February 2022|archive-date=23 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220223160116/https://thewire.in/rights/cow-protection-gaushala-uttar-pradesh-yogi-adityanath|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="100 cow Bhopal 1 February 2022">{{cite news|last1=Shukla|first1=Ashutosh|last2=Singh|first2=Ramendra|date=1 February 2022|title=Bhopal: Over 100 cows found dead in gaushala {{!}} Bhopal News - Times of India|language=en|work=The Times of India|agency=TNN|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhopal/bhopal-over-100-cows-found-dead-in-gaushala/articleshow/89259575.cms|access-date=23 February 2022|archive-date=23 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220223205743/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhopal/bhopal-over-100-cows-found-dead-in-gaushala/articleshow/89259575.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Financial Express 1 January 2019">{{cite news|date=1 January 2019|title=Yogi Adityanath-led UP government decides to set up cow sheds for stray cattle|language=en|work=The Financial Express|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/yogi-adityanath-led-up-government-decides-to-set-up-cow-sheds-for-stray-cattle/1430814/|access-date=23 February 2022|archive-date=23 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220223205628/https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/yogi-adityanath-led-up-government-decides-to-set-up-cow-sheds-for-stray-cattle/1430814/|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
Cattle housed in the cow shelters often starve to death due to lack of [[fodder]], in shelters that are not maintained properly.<ref name="Cattle dying 16 July 2019">{{cite news|date=16 July 2019|title=Cattle dying due to lack of 'proper fodder', say locals in Uttar Pradesh's Barabanki; authorities to probe issue|language=en|work=Firstpost|url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/cattle-dying-due-to-lack-of-proper-fodder-say-locals-in-uttar-pradeshs-barabanki-authorities-to-probe-issue-7000821.html|access-date=23 February 2022|archive-date=23 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220223201609/https://www.firstpost.com/india/cattle-dying-due-to-lack-of-proper-fodder-say-locals-in-uttar-pradeshs-barabanki-authorities-to-probe-issue-7000821.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Overcrowded shelters lack sufficient manpower to manage the large number of cows and the money allotted to feed the cattle is not sufficient due to the over crowding.<ref name="Rae Bareli 22 February 2022" /><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[Maverick (animal)]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{notelist}}<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{commons category-inline|Stray cows}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Human–animal interaction]]<br />
[[Category:Feral cattle]]<br />
[[Category:Animal welfare and rights in India]]<br />
[[Category:Animals in politics]]<br />
[[Category:Urban wildlife]]<br />
[[Category:Refuse-eating animals]]</div>Camorabughttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harmukh&diff=502249Harmukh2026-02-16T10:37:17Z<p>Camorabug: Starting Article...</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Mountain in Jammu and Kashmir, India}}<br />
{{EngvarB|date=March 2023}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}<br />
{{Infobox mountain<br />
| name = Harmukh<br />
| photo = Harmukh Mountain.jpg<br />
| photo_caption = Harmukh<br />
| elevation_ft = 17388<br />
| elevation_ref = <ref name="peaklist">{{cite web |url=http://peaklist.org/WWlists/ultras/karakoram.html |title=The Karakoram, Pakistan Himalaya and India Himalaya (north of Nepal) - 68 Mountain Summits with Prominence of 1,500 meters or greater |website=eaklist.org |access-date=3 May 2013 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924070238/http://www.peaklist.org/WWlists/ultras/karakoram.html |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
| prominence_ft = 4797<br />
| prominence_ref = <ref name="peaklist"/><br />
| range = [[Himalayas]]<br />
| parent_peak = <br />
| listing = <br />
| country = India<br />
| region_type = [[Union territory|Territory]]<br />
| region = [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]<br />
| district_type = <br />
| district = [[Ganderbal district]]<br />
| map = India Jammu and Kashmir#India<br />
| map_caption = Harmukh on a map of Jammu and Kashmir, India<br />
| label_position = right<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|34|24|14|N|74|54|7|E|type:mountain_region:IN_scale:100000|display=inline,title}}<br />
| coordinates_ref = <ref name="peaklist"/><br />
| first_ascent = 1899 by [[Ernest Frederic Neve|Dr Ernest Neve]] and [[Geoffrey Millais]], United Kingdom<ref name="Himalayan Club">{{Cite web |title=The HJ/12/10 Memories of Early Kashmir Climbing |url=https://www.himalayanclub.org/hj/ |access-date=22 March 2022 |website=The Himalayan Journal |language=en |archive-date=27 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240327025245/https://www.himalayanclub.org/hj/ |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
| easiest_route = Arin, [[Bandipore]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Mount Harmukh''' or '''Haramukh''' is a mountain in the [[Himalayas]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] in India.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.himalayanwonders.com/content/peaks/harmukh.html?selocation=IN#:~:text=Harmukh%20is%20a%20mountain%20with,the%20vicinity%20of%20Kashmir%20valley. |title=Harmukh Mountain |website=Himalayan Wonders |access-date=13 August 2024 }}</ref> Harmukh has a peak elevation of {{convert|5300|m|ft|0}}, and is located in [[Ganderbal district]], between the [[Sind River]] to the south and [[Kishanganga River]] to the north, rising above [[Gangabal Lake]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.koausa.org/Geography/ch1.5.html |title=Geography of Kashmir |website=kousa.org |access-date=24 April 2012 |archive-date=30 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121030215230/http://www.koausa.org/Geography/ch1.5.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> in the vicinity of [[Kashmir Valley]]. It is mostly climbed from the northwestern side of Arin, via Kudara, [[Bandipore]].<ref name="Himalayan Club" /> Harmukh is considered sacred in [[Hinduism]].<br />
<br />
==Etymology==<br />
Harmukh derives from Haramukuta, meaning "the diadem of Hara (Shiva)".<br />
<br />
The entire region of Harmukh is also known as ''Ramaradhan'', as it is believed that [[Parashurama]] had meditated near lakes on this mountain range.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Excelsior |first=Daily |date=17 August 2012 |title=Sacred Shrines of Haramukh |language=en-US |url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/sacred-shrines-of-haramukh/ |access-date=15 May 2021 |archive-date=15 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515141049/https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/sacred-shrines-of-haramukh/ |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
[[File:Harmukh Peak, Kashmir.jpg|thumb|left|300px|Mount Harmukh's summit]]<br />
<br />
==Religious beliefs==<br />
Harmukh, with Gangbal Lake at its foot, is considered a sacred mountain by [[Hindus]]. It is also known as 'Kailash of Kashmir'.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://vedabase.net/sb/5/25/1/en |title=Bhag-P 5.25.1 |access-date=24 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320094105/http://vedabase.net/sb/5/25/1/en |archive-date=20 March 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> According to the legend of "Hurmukhuk Gosoni",<ref name="profSadhu">{{Cite web |url=http://www.koausa.org/Crown/marvels.html |title=Some Marvels of Kashmir<!-- Bot generated title --> |access-date=9 May 2011 |archive-date=9 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130509155818/http://koausa.org/crown/marvels.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> once a hermit tried to reach the summit of Harmukh to see Shiva face to face. For twelve long years, he tried to scale the summit but failed until one day he saw a Gujar descending the summit. When the Gujar approached him, the hermit enquired as to what he had seen there. The Gujar said he had been searching for a stray goat, and that while searching he saw a couple milking a cow and drinking the milk from a human skull. The couple had offered him some milk, which he refused to drink; when they departed they rubbed a little of the milk on his forehead. When the Gujar indicated the spot where the milk was rubbed, the hermit was extremely joyful and rushed to lick his forehead.{{citation needed|date=March 2023}}<br />
<br />
== Harmukh Gangbal Yatra ==<br />
[[File:Shiva shrine, Gangabal Lake.jpg|thumb|left|Shiva shrine at the [[Gangabal Lake]], where the Harmukh Gangabal Yatra culminates]]<br />
This pilgrimage takes place every year on the eve of Ganga Ashtami. The yatris begin their yatra from [[Naranag]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Gangabal yatra |work=Daily Excelsior |url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/gangabal-yatra/ |access-date=1 October 2020 |archive-date=23 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190823234721/https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/gangabal-yatra/ |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Geographical setting==<br />
[[ File:Gulmarg Gondola, Cable Car.JPG|thumb|Photo taken from cable car in [[Gulmarg]] showing Haramukh towering above the [[Great Himalayan range]] in the distance]]<br />
Harmukh lies in the northwestern [[Himalayan Range]]. The [[Kashmir Valley]] lies to its south. Water from melting glaciers form [[Gangabal Lake]] which lies at its foot to the north east side and contribute significantly to the regional fresh-water supply, supporting irrigation through [[Sind River]]. It is notable for its local relief as it is a consistently steep pyramid, dropping sharply to the east and south, with the eastern slope the steepest.<br />
<br />
==Climbing history==<br />
The Harmukh mountain massif has several summits, the Station Peak being the lowest with a peak elevation of {{Convert|4698|m|ft}} was first climbed by members of the [[Great Trigonometric Survey]] of [[British Raj|British India]] led by [[Thomas George Montgomerie|Thomas Montgomerie]] in 1856. Montgomerie made the first survey of the [[Karakoram]] range which lies some {{convert|130|mi|km|disp=flip|abbr=in}} to the north from here and sketched the two most prominent peaks, labeling them K1 (also called [[Masherbrum]]) and K2, which is the world's second-highest mountain.<ref>{{cite book |title=K2: The Story of the Savage Mountain |last=Curran |first=Jim |year=1995 |publisher=Hodder & Stoughton |isbn=978-0340660072 |page=25 }}</ref><ref name="Harmukh">{{cite book |author=Robert Hicks Bates |title=Five miles high: the story of an attack on second highest mountain in the world |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=biobAAAAIAAJ&q=mount+haramukh |access-date=2 July 2012 |year=1939 |publisher=Dodd, Mead & company, 1939 |page=25– }}</ref> The highest eastern peak {{Convert|5142|m|ft}} was summited by [[Ernest Frederic Neve|Dr Ernest Neve]] and [[Geoffrey Millais]] in 1899.<ref name="Himalayan Club"/> The mountain has since become popular among climbers and mountaineers.<br />
<br />
==Climbing routes==<br />
The easiest route among the different routes of Harmukh is via Erin, [[Bandipore]],<ref name="Arin">{{cite book |author=M.S. Kohli |title=The Himalayas: Play Ground of the Gods Trekking, Climbing, Adventure |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L4knycWWbqgC&q=arin+harmukh+mountain&pg=PA40 |access-date=2 July 2012 |year=1983 |publisher=Indus Publishing, 1983 |isbn=9788173871078 |page=40– }}</ref> {{cvt|47|km}} motorable road from [[Srinagar]] to Erin and {{cvt|18|km}} of high altitude alpine trek leads to the base of Harmukh. Another trek leads from [[Naranag, Jammu and Kashmir|Naranag]]<ref name="Naranag">{{cite book |author=Parvez Dewan |title=Parvéz Dewân's Jammû, Kashmîr, and Ladâkh: Kashmîr |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fF0wAQAAIAAJ&q=naranag+harmukh |access-date=2 July 2012 |year=2004 |publisher=Manas Publications, 2004 |isbn=9788170491798 |page=260– }}</ref> to the base of Harmukh at [[Gangabal Lake]], but it is a steep climb at some places.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.kashmirtreks.com/naranag-gangabal-trek/ |title=Gangbal Lake Trek |publisher=KashmirTreks.com |access-date=24 October 2013 |archive-date=3 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803182053/https://www.kashmirtreks.com/naranag-gangabal-trek/ |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{cite peakware |id=2141 |name=Harmukh}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Mountains of Jammu and Kashmir]]<br />
[[Category:Geography of Ganderbal district]]<br />
[[Category:Five-thousanders of the Himalayas]]<br />
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Ganderbal district]]</div>Camorabughttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shoorveer_(TV_series)&diff=535239Shoorveer (TV series)2026-02-05T04:48:58Z<p>Camorabug: created the details w/ infobox</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian action thriller television series}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}<br />
{{Infobox television<br />
| image = Shoorveer Poster.jpg<br />
| caption = Promotional poster<br />
| genre = {{Plainlist|<br />
* [[Action thriller]]<br />
* [[Drama (film and television)|Drama]]<br />
}}<br />
| based_on = <br />
| creator = Samar Khan<br />
| starring = {{Plainlist|<br />
* Armaan Ralhan<br />
* [[Regina Cassandra]]<br />
* [[Manish Chaudhary]]<br />
* [[Aadil Khan]]<br />
* [[Makrand Deshpande]]<br />
* [[Shivya Pathania]]<br />
* [[Arif Zakaria]]<br />
}}<br />
| composer = <br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Hindi<br />
| num_seasons = 1<br />
| num_episodes = <br />
| list_episodes = <br />
| executive_producer = <br />
| producer = {{Plainlist|<br />
* Aditya Pittie<br />
* Samar Khan<br />
}}<br />
| cinematography = Pratik Deora<br />
| editor = Shakti Hasija<br />
| runtime = 30–40 minutes<br />
| company = Juggernaut Productions<br />
| network = [[Disney+ Hotstar]]<br />
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2022|7|15}}<br />
| last_aired = <br />
}}<br />
'''''Shoorveer''''' is an Indian [[Hindi]] language [[Action-thriller|action thriller]] television series created by Samar Khan and directed by Kanishka Varma.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/shoorveer-hotstar-announces-new-special-director-kanishk-verma-calls-it-one-of-toughest-shows-5380699|title=Shoorveer: Hotstar Announces New Special, Director Kanishk Verma Calls It 'One of Toughest Shows'|publisher=[[News18]]|date=16 June 2022|access-date=7 July 2022}}</ref> It features [[Regina Cassandra]], Armaan Ralhan,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/armaan-ralhan-shoorveer-will-show-indian-air-force-in-new-light-news-206821|title=Armaan Ralhan: 'Shoorveer' Will Show Indian Air Force In New Light|date=5 July 2022 |publisher=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]|access-date=7 July 2022}}</ref> [[Manish Chaudhari]], [[Aadil Khan]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/aadil-khan-takes-inspiration-from-his-father-for-shoorveer--news-207116|title=Aadil Khan Takes Inspiration From His Father For 'Shoorveer'|date=6 July 2022 |publisher=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]|access-date=7 July 2022}}</ref> [[Makarand Deshpande]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/bollywood/makarand-deshpande-shares-what-makes-the-military-drama-series-shoorveer-unique|title=Makarand Deshpande shares what makes the military drama series, 'Shoorveer' unique|publisher=[[Free Press Journal]]|access-date=7 July 2022}}</ref> [[Shivya Pathania]] and [[Arif Zakaria]] in the lead roles with an ensemble cast. The series is made under the banner of Juggernaut Productions.{{fact|date=November 2023}}<br />
<br />
The series premiered on 15 July 2022 on [[Disney+ Hotstar]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/disney-hotstar-releases-military-drama-series-shoorveer-trailer-watch-it-here/cid/1872178|title=Disney+ Hotstar releases military-drama series 'Shoorveer' trailer: watch it here|publisher=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]]|access-date=7 July 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thedailyjagran.com/entertainment/disneyhotstar-announces-actiondrama-series-shoorveer-watch-teaser-here-10044811|title=Disney+Hotstar Announces Action-Drama Series 'Shoorveer' Watch Teaser Here|date=17 June 2022 |publisher=[[Dainik Jagran]]|access-date=7 July 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/shoorveer-teaser-hotstar-series-brings-together-air-force-navy-army-7973894|title=Shoorveer teaser: Hotstar series brings together Air Force, Navy and Army|publisher=[[The Indian Express]]|date=16 June 2022|access-date=7 July 2022}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
*[[Regina Cassandra]] as Flient Lieutenant Avantika Rao<br />
*Armaan Ralhan as Viraj Sehgal, a pilot and Satish's son<br />
*[[Manish Chaudhari]] as Group Captain Ranjan Malik, head of the Hawks program<br />
*[[Aadil Khan]] as Squadron Leader Salim Kamali, Preeti's love interest<br />
*[[Makarand Deshpande]] as NSA Milind Phanse<br />
*[[Shivya Pathania]] as Preeti Sood, Salim's love interest<br />
*[[Arif Zakaria]] as Pakistan General Riaz Ahmed<br />
*Abhishek Saha<br />
*[[Harman Singha]] as Dev, Viraj's friend<br />
*[[Jiten Lalwani]] as Shekhar Sen<br />
*[[Mohit Chauhan]] as PM Chandrashekhar Pratap<br />
*[[Amit Behl]] as Satish Barot, Viraj's estranged father<br />
*[[Preeti Gupta]] as Roma Sood<br />
*[[Kashmira Irani]] as Sarah, Sidhesh's partner<br />
*Anjali Barot as Manju Thapliyal<br />
*Kuldeep Sareen as Jaspreet Bhatti<br />
*Faisal Rashid as ISI agent Sidhesh Vakharia<br />
*[[Sahil Mehta]] as Captain Perry Mehta<br />
*Roopa Divatia as Salon's mother<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{IMDb title|id=21217736}}<br />
* [https://www.hotstar.com/in/tv/shoorveer/1260105438 ''Shoorveer''] at [[Hotstar]]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Indian action television series]]<br />
[[Category:2022 Indian television series debuts]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{India-tv-prog-stub}}</div>Camorabughttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ek_Veer_Ki_Ardaas...Veera&diff=498284Ek Veer Ki Ardaas...Veera2026-02-04T03:37:32Z<p>Camorabug: made the entry added tags</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian television series}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2014}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2014}}<br />
{{Infobox television<br />
| image = Capture-Veera-StarPlus-screenshotLOGO.PNG<br />
| caption =<br />
| creator = Mamta Patnaik <br /> Purnendu Shekhar<br />
| writer = Raghubir <br> Durjoy Dutta<ref>{{Cite web|title=Writing from Mr Right in the Spotlight|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/education/edex/2015/dec/28/writing-from-mr-right-in-the-spotlight-861561.html|website=The New Indian Express|date=28 December 2015 }}</ref> <br> Soumyava Goswami <br> Sumrit shahi <br> Gajra Kottary<ref>{{Cite web|title=The ABC of making toddlers TV stars|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/the-abc-of-making-toddlers-tv-stars/articleshow/21238485.cms|website=The Times of India|date=22 July 2013 }}</ref> <br> Koel Chaudhuri<br />
| director = Waseem Sabir<ref>{{Cite web|title=Director Waseem Sabir quits Veera|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/director-waseem-sabir-quits-veera/articleshow/21167134.cms|website=The Times of India|date=19 July 2013 }}</ref><br>Jagrut Mehta<br />
| creative_director = Amit Bhargava<br />
| presenter = [[StarPlus]]<br />
| starring = [[#Cast|See Below]]<br />
| opentheme = ''Veera'' By Aashish Rego <br /> Lyrics: Sharad Tripathi<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Hindi<br />
| num_episodes = 805<br />
| executive_producer = Soumia Samadhiya <br /> Karnika Saxena<br />
| producer = [[Yash A Patnaik|Yash Patnaik]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sneha can easily pull off a complex character: Yash|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/sneha-can-easily-pull-off-a-complex-character-yash/articleshow/21775214.cms|website=The Times of India|date=12 August 2013 }}</ref> <br /> Mamta Patnaik <br /> Mukesh Mishra<br />
| cinematography = Deepak Malvankar<br />
| editor = Kshitija Khandagale<br />
| runtime = 20 minutes approx<br />
| company = Beyond Dreams Entertainment Private Limited<br />
| network = [[StarPlus]]<br />
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=yes|2012|10|29}}<br />
| last_aired = {{End date|df=yes|2015|08|30}} <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Ek Veer Ki Ardaas... Veera''''' ({{Translation}} ''A Brother's Prayer... Veera'') is an Indian television [[soap opera]] that aired on [[StarPlus]] and streams on [[Disney+ Hotstar|Hotstar]], produced under Yash Patnik's Beyond Dream Production.<ref>{{Cite web|title="Punjab is Veera and Veera is Punjab"|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/tv/news-interviews/Punjab-is-Veera-and-Veera-is-Punjab/articleshow/26900453.cms?#_ga=2.222043537.845975845.1592560645-1214240986.1591375544|website=The Times of India| date=6 December 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=500 episodes on Star Plus Veera claims storyline maintained|url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/gecs/500-episodes-on-star-plus-veera-claims-story-line-maintained-140822|website=Indian Television dot com|date=22 August 2014}}</ref> The series premiered on 29 October 2012 and ended on 8 August 2015.<ref>{{Cite web|title=TV gets new lease of life|url=https://m.hindustantimes.com/tv/tv-gets-new-lease-of-life/story-GcIHnz98Oh3jP67biam1DL.html|website=Hindustan Times|date=29 October 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/tv/hindi/Veera-to-end-next-month-Is-the-Digangana-Farnaz-catfight-to-blame/videoshow/48147296.cms|title=Veera to end next month. Is the Digangana-Farnaz catfight to blame?|website=Times of India}}</ref> It initially starred child actors [[Harshita Ojha]] and Bhavesh Balchandani and after a 15-year leap, the series starred [[Digangana Suryavanshi]], [[Shivin Narang]], [[Vishal Vashishtha (actor)|Vishal Vashishtha]], and [[Farnaz Shetty]].<ref>{{Cite news|title='Veera' filled a void in my life: Digangana|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/veera-filled-a-void-in-my-life-digangana-114091700596_1.html|newspaper=Business Standard India|date=17 September 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Sneha Wagh doesn't want to mingle with the new cast of Veera|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/tv/news-interviews/Sneha-Wagh-doesnt-want-to-mingle-with-the-new-cast-of-Veera/articleshow/29012692.cms?#_ga=2.187873697.845975845.1592560645-1214240986.1591375544|website=The Times of India| date=18 January 2014 }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Plot==<br />
Rannvijay Singh, an eight-year-old boy, lives with his parents, Ratan and Sampooran Singh, who is the Sarpanch of the village. One day, a woman named Amrita comes to the door and claims that Sampooran is the father of her daughter. Ratan insults her, but Sampooran arrives and agrees with Amrita. Observing this, Ratan is heartbroken and locks herself in a room. Guilt-ridden, Sampooran leaves the house, and Amrita dies at the door due to a terminal illness, holding the child in her arms. Deeply wounded by Sampooran's betrayal, Ratan develops a resentment toward Veera from infancy and neglects her throughout her childhood. Unaware of the adults' history, Rannvijay takes in the infant and names her Veera, caring for her as a mother. As she grows up to be a lively and brave girl, he eventually sends her to the city to complete her education.<br />
<br />
15 years later, Veera returns home and attempts to open a solar plant in Pritampura. She reunites with her childhood bully, a grown-up and rowdy Baldev, whose righteous father, Balwant, is now the Sarpanch. During their training with farm equipment, Veera and Baldev fall in love. An aspiring singer, Rannvijay, also marries Baldev's sister Gunjan, who is Veera's childhood best friend and has always dreamed of visiting London.<br />
<br />
Rannvijay wins an esteemed music competition, and the stardom goes to Gunjan's head as she accepts advertising offers and begins gambling to obtain cash for her luxuries. Gunjan soon becomes pregnant but wishes to prioritise her dancing career, so she schedules an abortion without telling Rannvijay. However, after hearing the child's heartbeat, she is unable to go through with the abortion and prepares to share the surprise with Rannvijay. Unfortunately, she accidentally falls on her stomach and miscarries. Once Rannvijay discovers Gunjan's initial intentions to abort, he feels hurt and betrayed. Gunjan consistently apologises, but Rannvijay takes a long time to finally forgive her. They discuss starting their family together, as Gunjan now wishes to be a mother, but her doctor informs her that, due to the miscarriage, she has become infertile, leading her to realise her mistakes.<br />
<br />
After Baldev is mistakenly accused of a crime orchestrated by the local policeman Rajveer, who is obsessed with Veera, she marries Baldev to save him from her brother's wrath. Baldev is soon acquitted, and their marriage is accepted by the family. However, tensions arise when Veera decides to run against Baldev in the election for Sarpanch, believing that he will not make the right decisions for the village. Veera wishes to use the land to build a school, while Baldev wants to construct a shopping mall. Hurt that his wife is not supporting him, Baldev starts plotting to sabotage her campaign, creating problems between the couple. Baldev ultimately wins the election, but he and Veera remain at odds as he disregards her advice regarding political matters.<br />
<br />
Pritampura becomes further victim to terrorists, resulting in Ratan's death when a bomb explodes. A grieving Rannvijay and Veera struggle to come to terms with this tragedy. Veera soon discovers she is pregnant and vows to allow Rannvijay and Gunjan to raise the child, as the series concludes on the day of Rakshabandhan.<br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
===Main===<br />
* [[Digangana Suryavanshi]] as Veera Singh – Amrita and Sampooran's daughter; Ratan's step-daughter; Ranvijay's half-sister; Gunjan's best friend; Baldev's wife (2013–2015)<br />
** Harshita Ojha as Child Veera Singh (2012–2013)<br />
** Nishika Kataria as Baby Veera Singh (2012)<br />
* [[Shivin Narang]] as Ranvijay "Ranvi" Singh – Ratan and Sampooran's son; Veera's half-brother; Gunjan's husband (2013–2015)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodlife.com/news-gossip/ek-veer-ki-ardaas-veera-ranvijay-aka-shivin-narang-to-sing-on-indias-raw-star-394785/|title=Ek Veer Ki Ardaas Veera: Ranvijay aka Shivin Narang to sing on India's Raw Star|date=8 September 2014}}</ref><br />
** Bhavesh Balchandani as Child Ranvijay Singh (2012–2013)<br />
* [[Vishal Vashishtha]] as Baldev Singh – Balwant and Bansuri's son; Gunjan's brother; Chanchali's half-brother; Veera's husband (2013–2015)<br />
** Devish Ahuja as Child Baldev Singh (2012–2013)<br />
* [[Farnaz Shetty]] as Gunjan Singh – Balwant and Basuri's daughter; Baldev's sister; Chanchali's half-sister; Veera's best friend; Ranvijay's wife (2013–2015)<br />
** [[Spandan Chaturvedi]] / Arishfa Khan as Child Gunjan Singh (2012) / (2012–2013)<br />
<br />
=== Recurring ===<br />
* [[Sneha Wagh]] as Ratanjeet "Ratan" Singh – Sampooran's widow; Ranvijay's mother; Veera's step-mother (2012–2015) (Dead)<br />
* [[Sudhanshu Pandey]] as Sampooran Singh – Ratan's husband; Amrita's lover; Ranvijay and Veera's father (2012–2013) (Dead)<br />
* [[Shagufta Ali]] as Mrs. Singh – Sampooran's aunt; Ratan's mother-figure; Ranvijay and Veera's grandaunt (2012–2015)<br />
* [[Kapil Nirmal]] as Nihaal "Neil" Singh – Sampooran's friend; Ratan's former one-sided love interest (2013–2014) (Dead)<br />
* [[Aastha Chaudhary]] as Amrita Singh – Santoshi's daughter; Kartar's ex-fiancée; Sampooran's lover; Veera's mother (2012) (Dead)<br />
* Kulbir Badersonas as Santoshi Singh – Amrita's mother; Veera's grandmother (2013)<br />
* Harsh Vashisht as Kartar Singh – Sampooran's friend; Amrita's ex-fiancé; Gurpreet's husband (2012–13)<br />
* [[Samikssha Batnagar]] as Gurpreet Singh – Kartar's wife (2012–2013)<br />
* Yajuvendra Singh as Balwant Singh – Bansuri's husband; Chanchali, Baldev and Gunjan's father (2012–2015)<br />
* Vishavpreet Kaur as Bansuri Singh – Balwant's wife, Baldev and Gunjan's mother; Chanchali's step-mother (2012–2015)<br />
* Kanika Kotnala as Chanchali "Sonia" Singh – Balwant's daughter; Basuri's step-daughter; Baldev and Gunjan's half-sister (2014)<br />
*Jagrati Sethia as Rajjo – Veera's classmate (2012)<br />
* Ankit Shah as Dalbeer Singh – Ranvijay's friend (2013–2014)<br />
**Shazil Khan as Child Dalbeer (2012)<br />
*Aditya Deshmukh as Jhappi – Ranvijay's friend (2013–2014)<br />
* [[Daya Shankar Pandey]] as Surjeet Singh – Former land owner; Ratan, Ranvijay and Veera's rival (2013–2014)<br />
* [[Ankit Bathla]] as Karan Khanna – Veera's friend and former love interest (2013–2014)<br />
* [[Priyamvada Kant]] as Simran Kaur – Baldev's ex-fiancée (2014)<br />
* Shaizal as Jaggi Singh – Ranvijay's friend (2014–2015)<br />
* Prashant Chawla as Sahil – Nihal's assistant in Poland (2014)<br />
* Jalina Thakur as Pooja Sharma (2012–2013)<br />
* [[Niilam Paanchal]] as Amrit Kaur (2014)<br />
* Rumi Khan as Bakhtawar Singh (2014)<br />
* Ranveer Chahal as Music Engineer (2014)<br />
* Gagan Anand as Billa Singh (2014–2015)<br />
* [[Rohit Bakshi (actor)|Rohit Bakshi]] as Reality Show Host (2014)<br />
* [[Vivek Dahiya (actor)|Vivek Dahiya]] as Inspector Rajveer Thakur – Veera's ex-fiancé (2014)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.vervemagazine.in/people/out-of-the-box-vivek-dahiya|title=OUT OF THE BOX: VIVEK DAHIYA|website=Verve Magazine|date=6 April 2015}}</ref><br />
* [[Usha Bachani]] as Manjeet Singh – Baldev and Gunjan's aunt; Deepu's grandmother (2015)<br />
* [[Keerti Nagpure]] as Geet Singh – Manjeet's daughter-in-law; Deepu's mother (2015)<br />
* Vrudhi Jakra as Deepu Singh – Geet's daughter (2015)<br />
* [[Mayank Gandhi]] as Dilawar Singh (2015)<br />
* [[Chaitanya Choudhury]] as Professor Rahul (2015)<br />
<br />
===Guest appearances===<br />
* [[Kratika Sengar]] as dancer at Baldev and Karan's farewell party (2014)<br />
* [[Shibani Kashyap]] as Megha Kapoor (2014)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Singer Shibani Kashyap enters fiction space on TV|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/singer-shibani-kashyap-enters-fiction-space-on-tv/|website=The Indian Express|date=26 August 2014}}</ref><br />
* Raj Singh as Anmol (2014)<br />
<br />
==Production==<br />
===Development===<br />
Before its premiere, it was titled as ''Sooli Upar Sej Piya Ki'' but was later changed to ''Ek Veer Ki Ardaas... Veera.''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Harsh Vashishth bags Sooli Upar Sej Piya Ki|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Harsh-Vashishth-bags-Sooli-Upar-Sej-Piya-Ki/articleshow/16322334.cms|website=The Times of India|date=9 September 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Time for some magic|url=https://m.tribuneindia.com/2012/20121001/ttlife1.htm#5|website=The Tribune}}</ref> The series is based on the backdrop of [[Punjab]] which premiered on 29 October 2012 replacing the series ''[[Mann Kee Awaaz Pratigya|Mann Ki Awaaz... Pratigya]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pan Indian shows rule the small screen|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/pan-indian-shows-rule-the-small-screen/articleshow/18530196.cms|website=The Times of India|date=17 February 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Veera to grow 10:30 pm slot for Star Plus by 30%: Ormax study|url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/mam/marketing/mam/veera-to-grow-1030-pm-slot-for-star-plus-by-30-ormax-study|website=Indian Television dot com|date=25 October 2012 }}</ref> The title track of the series was composed and sung by composer [[Anand Raj Anand]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Soaps tune into original notes|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/soaps-tune-into-original-notes/articleshow/20028933.cms|website=The Times of India|date=14 May 2013 }}</ref><br />
<br />
Within three months after its premiere, Veera was supposed to take a ten-year leap in its storyline. However, with the popularity of the children leads Bhavesh Balchandani and [[Harshita Ojha]] playing Ranveer and Veera, the makers postpone the leap and continued the story with them because of which [[Rahul Sharma (actor)|Rahul Sharma]] who was supposed to replace Balachandani as adult Ranveer went on to do the serial ''[[Ek Ghar Banaunga]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=It's leap time for 6 TV shows|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Its-leap-time-for-6-TV-shows/articleshow/20831205.cms|website=The Times of India|date=30 June 2013 }}</ref><br />
<br />
In May 2013, the sequence of a tiger attacking the village was shot using a real tiger.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kapil Nirmal fights a tiger in 'Veera'|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-kapil-nirmal-fights-a-tiger-in-veera-1838016|website=Daily News and Analysis}}</ref><br />
<br />
In September 2014, [[Darshan Raval]], the contestant of the reality singing show [[India's Raw Star]] of [[StarPlus]] lend over his voice for the sequence where character Ranveer played by Narang participates in a singing competition and the sequence was filmed at the sets of India's Raw Star in [[Film City, Mumbai|Filmcity]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Reality show contestant sings for '...Veera'|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/reality-show-contestant-sings-for-veera-114091800532_1.html|newspaper=Business Standard India|date=18 September 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=New raw star|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140906/entertainment-tvmusic/article/new-raw-star|website=Deccan Chronicle|date=7 September 2014 }}</ref> The song sung by character Ranveer was penned by [[Shaarib Sabri]] and [[Toshi Sabri]] who also appeared as the judges of the show in the series.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Shaarib, Toshi's Pen A Special Song For 'Veera'|url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/sharib-toshis-pen-a-special-song-for-veera/15634160|website=Mid Day|date=25 September 2014}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Casting===<br />
In October 2013, it took a leap of 15 years where [[Shivin Narang]] and [[Digangana Suryavanshi]] replaced Balchandani and Ojha was adult Ranveer and Veera as the lead characters.<ref>{{Cite web|title='Ek Veer Ki Ardaas... Veera' to take a time-leap of 15 years|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Telly-showEk-Veer-Ki-Ardaas-VeeraSuvreen-Guggal-Topper-Of-The-Year/articleshow/24937570.cms|website=Times of India|date=31 October 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=TV serial 'Ek Veer Ki Ardaas…Veera' completes two years|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/tv-serial-ek-veer-ki-ardaasveera-completes-two-years/|website=The Indian Express|date=31 October 2014}}</ref> Post leap, [[Farnaz Shetty|Farnaaz Shetty]] and [[Vishal Vashishtha]] were also cast for the lead roles of adult Gunjan and Baldev paired opposite Narang and Suryavanshi whose childhood characters played by Arishfa Khan and Devish Ahuja were recurring roles.<ref>{{Cite web|title=A 15-year leap for Veera|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/entertainment-others/a15year-leap-for-veera/|website=The Indian Express|date=8 November 2013}}</ref> Initially Narang rejected the role of Ranvijay when offered by the makers but later agreed for which he said, "I read about the show and realised that the storyline is very different. And my parents also forced me to accept the offer."<ref>{{Cite news|title=I had said no to 'Veera', recalls Shivin Narang|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/i-had-said-no-to-veera-recalls-shivin-narang-114102600397_1.html|newspaper=Business Standard India|date=26 October 2014}}</ref> Vashishtha auditioned for both Ranveer and Baldev's characters, but got selected for the role of Baldev for which he initially was sceptical to accept the negative role while makers convinced him.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kolkata boy Vishal Vashishtha to play Baldev in Veera|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Vishal-Vashishtha-Baldev-Veera-Crazy-Stupid-Ishq-Digangana-Suryavanshi/articleshow/26744893.cms|website=The Times of India|date=3 December 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Baldev of Veera was not keen to play a negative role|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Vishal-Vashisht-aka-Baldev-in-Veera-was-not-keen-to-play-negative-role/articleshow/29049133.cms|website=The Times of India|date=19 January 2014 }}</ref><br />
<br />
In August 2013, [[Kapil Nirmal]] who entered the series in January 2013 quit the series with the end of his role.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kapil Nirmal enters as mystery man in 'Veera'|url=https://daily.bhaskar.com/news/ENT-kapil-nirmal-enters-as-mystery-man-in----veera----4140537-NOR.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626084953/https://daily.bhaskar.com/news/ENT-kapil-nirmal-enters-as-mystery-man-in----veera----4140537-NOR.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 June 2020|website=[[Daily Bhaskar]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Kapil Nirmal aka Nihaal bids adieu to Veera|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Popular-actor-Kapil-Nirmal-aka-Nihaal-Singh-of-Star-Plus-Ek-Veer-Ki-Ardaas-Veera-is-all-set-to-bid-farewell-to-the-show-as-his-track-reaches-a-logical-end/articleshow/22139083.cms|website=The Times of India|date=29 August 2013 }}</ref> However, in August 2014 he returned when makers approached him but soon in December 2014 he quit the series, unhappy with the shaping of his role and his character was killed.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kapil Nirmal quits 'Ek Veer Ki Ardaas – Veera' again|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Kapil-Nirmal-quits-Ek-Veer-Ki-Ardaas-Veera-again/articleshow/45271817.cms|website=Times of India|date=3 December 2014 }}</ref> [[Sneha Wagh]] who quit in January 2014 owing her marriage re-entered the series after the break in April 2014.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sneha Wagh returns to TV show after her wedding break|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/sneha-wagh-returns-to-tv-show-after-her-wedding-break/articleshow/46564891.cms|website=The Times of India|date=10 April 2015 }}</ref><br />
<br />
Initially, [[Sana Saeed]] was roped for a guest role of a dancer in 2014. Unsatisfied with the charges demanded by Saeed, [[Kratika Sengar]] was cast by the makers.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kratika Sengar to do an item number!|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Kratika-Sengar-will-soon-be-seen-in-a-sizzling-avatar-on-Ek-Veer-Ki-Ardaas-Veera/articleshow/28177101.cms|website=The Times of India|date=31 December 2013 }}</ref> [[Nisha Nagpal]] was supposed to play the role of Simran but could not when the makers of [[Masakali (TV series)|Masakali]] of [[Sahara One]] filed a complaint in CINTAA (Cine and TV Artistes’ Association) stating that she was in contact with them.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Nisha Nagpal replaced by Priyamvada Kant in Veera|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Nisha-Nagpal-replaced-by-Priyamvada-Kant-in-Veera/articleshow/44848435.cms|website=The Times of India|date=4 December 2014 }}</ref> Thus, she was replaced overnight by [[Priyamvada Kant]] in December 2014.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
===Cancellation===<br />
The show which was to end in December 2014, received an extension of six to eight months and soon in January 2015 it was shifted from its night 10:30pm slot to the evening 5:00pm (IST) slot.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Time Slot Change For 'Ek Veer Ki Ardaas... Veera'?|url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/time-slot-change-for-ek-veer-ki-ardaas-veera/15892177|website=Mid Day|date=6 January 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Veera gets a new time slot|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Veera-gets-a-new-time-slot/articleshow/45809794.cms|website=The Times of India|date=9 January 2015 }}</ref> In September 2015, the series was confirmed going off air and ended on 10 August 2015.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Digangana Suryavanshi aka Veera gets emotional as the show goes off air|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/watch-digangana-suryavanshi-aka-veera-gets-emotional-as-the-show-goes-off-air-285546-2015-07-30|website=India Today|date=30 July 2015 }}</ref><br />
<br />
===Filming===<br />
Based on backdrop of [[Punjab]], the series is mainly filmed in sets at [[Powai]] in [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Veera's producer Mukesh Mishra gets 7 years jail for raping actress|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/top-stories/story/veera-s-producer-mukesh-mishra-gets-7-years-jail-for-raping-actress-1297694-2018-07-27|website=India Today|date=27 July 2018 }}</ref> Besides some sequences were filmed at some parts of [[Punjab]], [[Amritsar]] [[Golden Temple]] and villages surrounding it and [[Delhi]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=TV serial 'Veeran-Ek Veer Ki Ardas' cast in Amritsar for shooting|url=https://m.tribuneindia.com/2013/20130404/asrtrib.htm#13|website=The Tribune}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Star casts of Veera visits city|url=https://m.hindustantimes.com/punjab/star-cast-of-veera-visits-city/story-sxP2RXnbJSPBntp5MZsLcP.html|website=Hindustan Times|date=2 April 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title='Ek Veer Ki Ardaas...Veera' to be shot in Delhi|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/ek-veer-ki-ardaas-veera-to-be-shot-in-delhi/articleshow/25704411.cms|website=The Times of India|date=14 November 2013 }}</ref> In July 2014, a sequence was shot at [[Poland]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ek Veer Ki Ardaas Veera: Romance & Drama engulfs to Veera and Baldev|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Ek-Veer-Ki-Ardaas-Veera-Romance-Drama-engulfs-to-Veera-and-Baldev/articleshow/37561761.cms|website=The Times of India|date=July 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title="I had a once in a life time experience in Poland," shares Veera|url=https://in.news.yahoo.com/-%E2%80%8Bi-had-a-once-in-a-life-time-experience-in-poland---shares-veera-053314865.html|website=[[Yahoo! News]]}}</ref><br />
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== Adaptations ==<br />
<br />
In 2014, the series was dubbed and aired on [[Zee Telugu]] in Telugu as ''Meena''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Meena to be aired on Zee Telugu soon|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/Meena-to-be-aired-on-Zee-Telugu-soon/articleshow/32209364.cms|website=The Times of India|date=17 March 2014 }}</ref> A dubbed version of the serial was telecast in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] as ''En Anbu Thangaikku'' on [[Vijay TV]], but was discontinued after only 400 episodes were broadcast. A dubbed version of the serial was telecast in [[Malayalam]] as ''Manasaveera'' on [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hotstar.com/tv/en-anbu-thangaikku/s-308|title=En Anbu Thangaikku on Hotstar|website=Hotstar|access-date=12 October 2019|archive-date=12 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191012165343/https://www.hotstar.com/tv/en-anbu-thangaikku/s-308|url-status=dead}}</ref> The series was broadcast on [[Indonesia]] in [[ANTV]] in their native language.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Awww! WATCH: 'Ranvi' hugs CRYING 'Veera' in Indonesia; TV stars taking the country by storm on their visit!|url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/television/awww-watch-ranvi-hugs-crying-veera-in-indonesia-tv-stars-taking-the-country-by-storm-on-their-visit-808602|website=[[ABP News]]|date=7 May 2016}}</ref> Besides, it was dubbed and aired in 50 languages in different countries worldwide.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Shivin Narang is thrilled with the rerun of Veera being on air|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/shivin-narang-is-thrilled-with-the-rerun-of-veera-being-on-air/articleshow/75164231.cms|website=The Times of India|date=15 April 2020 }}</ref><br />
It remade into [[Star Maa]] as Telugu television series ''[[Rakhi Poornima]]''. It also remade in [[Bengali language|Bengali]] as [[Rakhi Bandhan]] which aired on [[Star Jalsha]].<br />
<br />
==Reception==<br />
The first episode of the series garnered an average rating of 2.1 TVR.<ref>{{Cite web|title=TAM Results: Social drama tops TV charts|url=https://m.hindustantimes.com/tv/tam-results-social-drama-tops-tv-charts/story-S83uISDyMBpbzGxw4WZOuO.html|website=Hindustan Times|date=26 December 2012}}</ref> However, it started to rise gradually. In March 2013, it garnered 3.1 TVR.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kids rule the small screen, channels bank on them for high TRPs|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/top-stories/story/shows-featuring-kids-television-ratings-race-161747-2013-05-04|website=India Today|date=4 May 2013 }}</ref> In week 15 of 2013, it was at fifth position while the following week it dropped to tenth position in Hindi GEC list with 2.1 TVR.<ref>{{Cite web|title=टीवी रेटिंगः एक बार फिर टॉप 10 में आया 'सीआईडी'|url=https://www.amarujala.com/entertainment/television/trp-and-grp-ratings-week-15|url-status=live|website=Amar Ujala|language=hi|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160821014304/http://www.amarujala.com/entertainment/television/trp-and-grp-ratings-week-15 |archive-date=21 August 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Qubool Hai climbs up the TRP chart|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Qubool-Hai-climbs-up-the-TRP-chart/articleshow/19865588.cms|website=The Times of India|date=4 May 2013 }}</ref> In first week of August 2013, it was at tenth position with 4933 TVT (Television Viewership in Thousands).<ref>{{Cite web|title=TRPs gone, TVT is the new trend|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/TRPs-gone-TVT-is-the-new-trend/articleshow/21744153.cms|website=The Times of India|date=11 August 2013 }}</ref> In week 50 of 2013, it was the tenth most watched Hindi GEC fiction with 2.8 TVR.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Seven out of top 10 fiction shows are on Star Plus|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Seven-out-of-top-10-fiction-shows-are-on-Star-Plus/articleshow/27733528.cms|website=The Times of India|date=22 December 2013 }}</ref><br />
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In first week of 2014, it garnered 2.4 TVR while in the week three and five it got 2.4 and 2.7 TVRs <br />
In 2015 it was shifted to 5:30 and the serial still managed to get high numbers at trp ratings ranging from 1.0-1.6. No other show cant much its trp ratings on that timeslot <br />
<ref>{{Cite web|title=Star Plus's Diya Aur Bati Hum is leading the chart|url=https://mdaily.bhaskar.com/news/ENT-TV-tam-ratings-week-one-2014-bigg-boss-replacements-rangrasiya-and-beintehaa-could--4489839-PHO.html?seq=2|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210131072429/https://mdaily.bhaskar.com/news/ENT-TV-tam-ratings-week-one-2014-bigg-boss-replacements-rangrasiya-and-beintehaa-could--4489839-PHO.html?seq=2|url-status=dead|archive-date=31 January 2021|website=Daily Bhaskar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=TAM Ratings week 3: Colors continues running slow with third position|url=https://mdaily.bhaskar.com/news/ENT-TV-tam-ratings-week-3-colors-continues-running-slow-with-third-position-4502171-PHO.html?seq=0|website=Daily Bhaskar}}{{dead link|date=May 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=TAM Ratings Week 5: TV ratings prove that Diya Aur Bati Hum beats Comedy Nights With Kapil|url=https://mdaily.bhaskar.com/news/ENT-TV-tam-ratings-week-5-only-comedy-nights-with-kapil-working-for-colors-4515017-PHO.html?seq=2|website=Daily Bhaskar}}{{dead link|date=May 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><br />
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==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
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== External links ==<br />
* {{Official website|http://www.hotstar.com/tv/ek-veer-ki-ardaas-veera/316}}<br />
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{{Star Plus Shows}}<br />
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[[Category:StarPlus original programming]]<br />
[[Category:2012 Indian television series debuts]]<br />
[[Category:2015 Indian television series endings]]<br />
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]<br />
[[Category:Television shows set in Punjab, India]]</div>Camorabughttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Folk_arts_of_Karnataka&diff=460541Folk arts of Karnataka2026-01-19T19:09:42Z<p>Camorabug: formatting fix</p>
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<div>{{Short description|none}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}}<br />
{{refimprove|date=August 2012}}<br />
[[File:Yakshaganads.jpg|right|thumb|240px|Yakshagana performers in action.]]<br />
[[Karnataka]] has a variety of traditional arts, including [[folk dance]] and [[Puppetry#East and South Asia|puppetry]].<br />
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== {{anchor|Arts of the Karnataka region}}Mysore region ==<br />
=== Kunitha: a ritual dance ===<br />
The ritual dances of Karnataka are known as ''Kunitha''. One such dance is the [[Dollu Kunitha]], a popular dance form accompanied by singing and the beats of decorated drums. This dance is primarily performed by men from the [[Kuruba|Kuruba Gowda]] caste. The Dollu Kunitha is characterized by vigorous drum beats, quick movements and synchronized group formations.<br />
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'''Bharatnatyam / Bharata Natya'''<br />
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[[Bharatanatyam]] is classical dance of Karnataka too. It is referred to as Bharata Natya in Kannada. This Indian classical dance form was mentioned in the Kannada text [[Manasollasa]] written by Someshwara lll.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bharatanatyam - classical Dance |url=https://karnatakatourism.org/destinations/bharatanatyam/ |access-date=2024-12-15 |website=Karnataka Tourism |language=en-GB}}</ref> <br />
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[[Kolata]] : A stick dance <ref>{{Cite web |title=Kolata - Secular dances of Karnataka |url=https://www.webindia123.com/karnataka/Art/kolata.htm |access-date=2024-12-15 |website=Webindia123.com |language=en}}</ref><br />
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=== {{anchor|Dollu Kunitha or Dollu Dance}}Dollu Kunitha ===<br />
{{Main|Dollu Kunitha}}<br />
[[File:Chandeboy.jpg|thumb|170px| Various styles of traditional drums are used in folk music, dance and theater of Karnataka]]<br />
[[File:Mahila Dollu Kunita.jpg|thumb|alt=Colourfully-dressed women dancing|upright|[[Dollu Kunitha]] is also danced by women.]]<br />
This is a group dance named after the [[dollu]] used in its performance, and performed by the men of the [[Kuruba Gowda]] community. The group consists of 16 dancers, each wearing a drum and playing different rhythms while dancing. The beat is directed by a leader with cymbals in the center. Slow and fast rhythms alternate, and the group weaves a varied pattern. Costumes are simple; the upper part of the body is usually left bare, while a black sheet is tied on the lower body over the [[dhoti]]. A troupe led by K. S. Haridas Bhat toured the USSR in 1987, performing in [[Moscow]], [[Leningrad]], [[Vyborg]], [[Arkhangelsk]], Pskov, Murmansk, Tashkent and Novograd.<br />
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=== {{anchor|Beesu kamsaLe or kamsaLe nritya(dance)}}Beesu kamsale and kamsale nritya ===<br />
{{Main|Kamsale}}<br />
This is a group dance performed by village men in the [[Mysore]], Nanjanagudu, Kollegala and [[Bangalore]] regions. It is named after the kamsale, which is played and as a prop by the dancers. The kamsale is a cymbal in one hand and a bronze disc in the other, producing a rhythmic clang.<br />
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The kamsale nritya is connected to a tradition of worship of ''Male Mahadeshwara'' ([[Shiva]]) by the [[Kuruba Gowda]] community, from which most of the dancers are drawn. The dance is performed to rhythmic, melodious music sung in praise of Shiva. It is part of a ''diiksha''(oath), and is taught by a spiritual leader. This dance was showcased in Kannada films such as ''Janumadha Jodi'' and ''[[Jogi (2005 film)|Jogi]]'', in which the protagonist is a kamsale dancer.<br />
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=== Somana Kunita ===<br />
''Somana Kunita'' (the Mask Dance) is a celebratory form of guardian spirit worship popular in southern Karnataka, performed primarily in village shrines dedicated to the [[Mother goddess#Hinduism|Mother Goddess]] by the Gangemata community. The dance is characterised by elaborate masks (''somas'') painted in a variety of colours, with each mask's colour indicating the god's nature. A benevolent deity is represented by a red mask, while a yellow or black mask suggests the opposite. There are many types of masks, differing from region to region.<br />
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Somana Kunitha is a ritualistic dance associated with worship of the ''Grama Devate'' [village deity], and is primarily celebrated after [[Ugadi]] and before the onset of the [[monsoon]] at [[Maha Shivaratri]]. It is most popular in the old Mysore region, in districts such as Hassan, Tumkur, Bangalore, Mandya and Chitradurga.<br />
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On the ceremonial day, offerings are made to the spirits. The masks are made from the [[Pterocarpus santalinus|red sandalwood]] tree. Other props include a cane (or stick) and peacock feathers. A small hat with colourful flowers, [[Azadirachta indica|neem]] leaves and colourful strips of cloth is also worn. Music is provided by the ''doonu''(percussion), ''mouri''(pipe) and ''sadde''(a pipe for the [[Śruti]]). The dancer begins in the temple of the goddess, singing praise of the guardian spirit in a trance-like state. An offering of the blood of a fowl is sometimes made to the goddess.<br />
[[File:Folk dance of Karnataka2.jpg|thumb|Bharata Natya classical dance ]]<br />
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[[File:Suggi Kunitha Karnatala.jpg|thumb|Suggi Kunitha]]<br />
=== Suggi Kunitha ===<br />
''Suggi Kunitha'' (the Harvest Dance) is performed during the harvest time mostly by the farming community. Artists in beautiful costumes and wooden head gear adorned with carved birds and flower dance to the tune of drums with sticks and peacock feathers. They enhance the dance sometimes, by their own singing.<ref name="Karnataka Folk art">{{cite web|url=https://sites.google.com/view/karnatakafolk |title=The Stage is Karnataka|access-date=2019-01-28}}</ref><br />
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== {{anchor|Arts of North Karnataka}}North Karnataka ==<br />
[[File:Puupets used in puppet shows.jpg|thumb|200px|Traditional wooden Puppetry of Karnataka.]]<br />
=== Jaggahalige Kunita ===<br />
This is a folk art of the Hubballi Dharwad region (particularly the village of Byahatti), which is performed on occasions such as [[Ugadi]] and [[Holi]]. The ''jagghalige'' is a percussion instrument made from a [[bullock cart]] wheel wrapped in buffalo hide. The villagers roll out the large instruments and march in procession. The performance is directed by a choreographer playing a much-smaller percussion instrument called the ''kanihaligi'', made of clay and covered with calf hide. The performance usually involves about 15 people.<br />
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=== Karadi majalu ===<br />
This is popular group folk music in north Karnataka, performed during occasions and in processions. The ''karadi'' or ''karade'' is the percussion instrument used by the group. It is a palm-sized cymbal producing metallic sounds, and the [[shehnai]] produces the melody.<br />
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=== Krishna Parijatha ===<br />
Krishna Parijatha is theatre popular in North Karnataka. It is a combination of [[Yakshagana]] and [[Bayalatada|Bayalata]], portraying stories or scenes from the [[Mahabharata]]<br />
=== Lavani ===<br />
This folk dance of [[Maharashtra]] is also present in some parts karnataka<br />
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== {{anchor|Arts of ''DakshinaKannada''}}Dakshina Kannada ==<br />
[[File:Jambavanta.JPG|thumb|180px|[[Jambavan]]ta as depicted in [[Yakshagana]].]]<br />
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=== Bhootha Aradhane ===<br />
{{Main|Bhuta Kola}}<br />
This dance form is widely performed in coastal regions. The ''Bhootha Aradhane'' ([[Gana]]) worship includes a procession of idols and is characterized by drums and firecrackers. At the end of the procession, the idols are placed on a [[plinth]]. A dancer, personifying a ''bhoota'' (holy spirit), dances around the plinth with sword and jingling bells. The dancer dances quickly and then slows, signifying that he is now divine.<br />
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=== Yakshagana ===<br />
{{Main|Yakshagana}}<br />
Yakshagana is not folk art but a popular traditional theatre of India performed in coastal and malenadu regions which is a blend of dance, music, songs, scholarly dialogue and colourful costumes. The word means "celestial music", and the dance drama is performed during the night (usually after the winter crop has been harvested).<br />
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== {{anchor|Bolak-aat|Ummatt-aat|Komb-aat|Folk arts of Kodagu}}Kodagu ==<br />
The Huttari Dance and 'Contemporary theatre culture in Karnataka is one of the most vibrant in India with organizations like Ninasam, Ranga Shankara and Rangayana active on foundations laid down by the Gubbi Veeranna Nataka Company<br />
''Bolak-aata'' are dance forms in [[Kodagu district|Kodagu]]. The [[Kodava people|Kodavas]] are a unique group who differ in customs, traditions and religion from the surrounding populace, and have an annual harvest dance. The men, dressed in traditional Kodava costumes with decorative knives, perform this slow dance to background music. The dance has different varieties:<br />
===Bolak-aat===<br />
Performed by Kodava men in back of an oil lamp in an open field. The men hold ''chavari''(yak fur) in one hand and the Kodava short sword (''odi-kathi'') in the other while performing this dance. Regional varieties of this dance exist in which performers dance with the ''chavari'' and not the short sword. When the ''odi-kathi'' is also used, the dance is known as ''kattiyaata''. The ''dudi'', an hourglass-shaped drum, provides the rhythm.<br />
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===Ummatt-aat===<br />
Performed by Kodava women, who wear traditional Kodava dress with jewelry, adorn their foreheads with [[kumkuma]] and dance in a circle to a swinging rhythm, brass [[cymbal]]s in hand. A woman stands at the center holding a pot full of water to represent ''[[Kaveri]] Taayi'' (Mother Kaveri), whom the Kodavas worship.<ref>{{cite news |last= |first= |date=4 January 2024|title=Rani Machaiah chosen as 'Coorg Person of the Year'|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/rani-machaiah-chosen-as-coorg-person-of-the-year-2834725|newspaper=Deccan Herald|access-date= 28 February 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last= |first= |date=11 March 2024|title=Meet Rani Machaiah, who has made popularising a Kodava folk dance form her life’s mission|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/rani-machaiah-kodava-folk-dance-form-ummathat-life-mission-8490494/|newspaper=Indina Express|access-date= 28 February 2025}}</ref><br />
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===Komb-aat===<br />
While the ''Bolaak-aat'' and the ''Ummatt-aat'' are celebratory and festive, the ''Komb-aat'' is a religious dance. It is traditionally performed in temples, but may also be performed in other places. Performed by Kodava men, deer horns represent the horns of the ''krishnamruga'' (a spotted deer in Kodava legend). The dance is performed to rhythmic tunes played on wind instruments and percussion, and includes martial movements representing techniques used by the Kodavas in warfare. <br />
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===Putthari Kolata===<br />
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Puthari Kolata is a form of stick dance performed by Koadavas during ' Puthari ' festival.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Huthari Kolata |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/tags/huthari-kolata |access-date=2024-12-15 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><br />
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== Arts common to most regions ==<br />
=== {{anchor|Hagalu Veeshagaararu (Day Actor's)}}''Hagalu veshagaararu'' ===<br />
[[File:Hanumantha in the making.jpg|thumb|180px| Folk artist applying character makeup.]]<br />
This is a group of itinerant actors in Karnataka who specialise in unscripted miming; no stage or facility is used. The artists move from place to place, pitching tents and offering to perform. They play a variety of mythological, legendary and real characters. Performances draw from daily life, and sometimes full-length plays are staged. They perform [[vachana sahitya]]s by Sarvagna, Basavanna and others.<br />
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The harmonium, the tabla-dagga and a pair of cymbals provide melody and rhythm. For their performances, staged in village squares and fairs, the actors receive food collected in a bag by an assistant accompanying the troupe. Most ''hagalu veshagaararus'' belong to the [[Veerashaiva]] tradition, while some are Muslims. Sometimes they are addressed as ''jyaatigaararu'' ("belonging to the Muslim community"). They are also known as ''suDugaaDu siddha'' ("monks of the cemetery") or ''bahuroopi'' ("having many disguises").<br />
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As their name suggests, they perform primarily during the day (''hagalu'') and only men take part (including female roles). While entertainment is the main objective, the ''hagalu veshagararu'' also educate villagers about mythology and social issues with their performances.<br />
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=== Goravara kunita ===<br />
''Goravara kunita'' is a dance worshipping Shiva which is popular in the Mysore and North Karnataka regions. In North Karnataka the [[Kuruba|Goravas]] worship [[Mylara Lingeshwara Temple]] ''which belongs to the [[Halumatha|Halumatha(Kuruba gowda)]] community.'' In South Karnataka the Goravas wear black-and-white woollen garments and a black-bear-fur cap (of black bear), and play the [[damaru]] and the ''pillangoovi'' (flute). In North Karnataka the Goravas wear black woollen garments and a leather shoulder bag; some wear a black coat and white dhoti. The dancers rub crimson powder and ''vibhooti'' (sacred ash) on their foreheads. Traditional Gorava devotees dance in a trance, sometimes barking like dogs. The dancers move in a clockwise zigzag, with no fixed choreography. The North Karnataka Goravas wear yellow powder on their foreheads and give ''[[Prasada]]'' to devotees. Damaru, [[venu]], small bronze bells and cowbells (''paarigante'') are played.<br />
The dance consists of trance-like movements with no fixed choreography.<br />
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=== Nagamandala ===<br />
{{Main|Nagaradhane}}<br />
This ritual dance is performed in south Karnataka to tranquilize the serpent spirit, and is an extravagant night-long affair. The dancers (''Vaidyas'') dance all night around a huge figure, drawn on the ground in natural colors, in a [[pandal]] in front of the shrine. The dance is generally performed between December and April.<br />
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=== {{anchor|Bangalore Karaga}}Karaga ===<br />
The karaga, in a dance performed by the [[Thigala]]s, is a metal pot on which stands a tall, floral [[pyramid]] and which is balanced on the carrier's head. The contents of the pot are secret. The carrier's arrival is heralded by hundreds of bare-chested, dhoti-clad, turbaned Veerakumaras with unsheathed swords.<br />
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=== Gaarudi Gombe ===<br />
{{Main|Gaarudi Gombe}}<br />
''Gaarudi Gombe'' is a [[folk dance]] in which dancers dress in suits made of [[bamboo]] sticks. ''Gaarudi-Gombe'' means "magical puppet" in [[Kannada language|Kannada]]. The dance is performed during major festivals and in the procession held during the [[Mysore Dasara]], and is known as ''Tattiraya'' in the coastal regions. ''Tattiraya'' means "someone carrying a doll made of bamboo sticks".<ref name="up">A description of Gaarudi Gombe is provided by {{cite web|url=http://www.udupipages.com/home/culture/folk1.html |title=Folk Arts – Music and Dance |work=Online webpage of udupipages.com |publisher=Shathabdi Graphics Pvt. Ltd. |access-date=2007-05-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070102054528/http://www.udupipages.com/home/culture/folk1.html |archive-date=2007-01-02 |url-status=usurped }}</ref><br />
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The dance features masks, puppets and colourful regional costumes. The puppets are made from bamboo and [[papier mâché]], painted with suitable makeup. During the fair and festival procession to the temple, the giant dolls are the central attraction to spectators. The dolls are hollow and permit a person to get inside, carry the structure on his shoulders and dance, while being able to see. The dolls are used for fun and to ward off evil spirits, depicting characters from Indian mythology and folklore. The dance is performed to the ''tamate'' and ''dholu'' (a percussion instrument). Each doll weighs {{convert|10|to|12|kg|abbr=off}}, and stand {{convert|10|to|12|ft|abbr=off}} tall. During the procession, some performers wear character masks and interact with the dolls. Itinerant performers dressed as a tiger (''hulivesha'') or bear (''karadi-vesha'') with dancing monkeys are common in South India.<br />
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=== Joodu Haligi ===<br />
The Joodu Haligi is performed with two percussion instruments. The Haligi is round, made of buffalo hide and played with a short stick. The dance is characterised by high energy and exaggerated expressions by two or three performers.<br />
[[File:Hanuman and Ravana in Tholu Bommalata, the shadow puppet tradition of Andhra Pradesh, India.JPG|thumb|[[Togalu Gombeyaata]], is a traditional form of shadow puppetry from Karnataka.]]<br />
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=== {{anchor|Puppetry – String Puppets Play Of North Karnataka}}Puppetry ===<br />
{{Main|Togalu Gombeyaata}}<br />
''Togalu Gombeyaata'' is a type of [[shadow puppetry]] which is unique to Karnataka. The name meaning "a play with leather dolls" in Kannada.<ref name="Toga">A description of Togalu Gombeyaata is provided by {{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/01/03/stories/2005010301760300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050118163749/http://www.hindu.com/2005/01/03/stories/2005010301760300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2005-01-18|author=Staff Correspondent|title=Create atmosphere to develop rural theatre|access-date=2005-01-03|location=Chennai, India|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=2005-01-03}}</ref> The [[Karnataka Chitrakala Parishat]] has researched this art form, and has an extensive collection of leather puppets.<br />
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=== Veeragaase/Guggla dance ===<br />
{{Main|Veeragase}}<br />
''Veeragase'' also called as ''Guggla'', a vigorous dance based on [[Hindu mythology]], is one of the dances performed at the Mysore Dasara. It is primarily performed during the [[Hindu calendar|Hindu months]] of Shravana and Karthika.<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[Karnataka]]<br />
* [[Janapada Loka]]<br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Commons category|Folk art of Karnataka}}<br />
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20171010100208/http://www.udupipages.com/art-culture/folk-arts-dance-karnataka.php Folk arts & Dances of Karnataka]}}<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070702081521/http://www.szcc.tn.nic.in/05_folk/karnataka/karnatakafolk.html Folk arts of Karnataka]<br />
<br />
{{Karnataka topics}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Arts of Karnataka]]<br />
[[Category:Culture of Karnataka]]<br />
[[Category:Indian folk art|Karnataka]]<br />
[[Category:Karnataka folklore]]</div>Camorabughttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gondia&diff=450713Gondia2026-01-02T17:38:54Z<p>Camorabug: Content refined for better accuracy</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|City in Maharashtra, India}}<br />
{{pp-move}}<br />
{{more citations needed|date=July 2022}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2023}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<!-- See [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Indian cities]] for details --><br />
| name = Gondia<br />
| other_name = Gondiya, Gundiya<br />
| nickname = Rice city<br />
| settlement_type = City<br />
| image_skyline = {{multiple image<br />
| border = infobox<br />
| total_width = 300<br />
| image_style =<br />
| perrow = 1/3<br />
|image2 = GondiaAirport.png<br />
|image3 = GondiaJunction.png<br />
|image4 = GatewayHotel.jpg<br />
|image1 = Mini Eiffel Tower, Gondia.png<br />
}}<br />
| image_caption = From top, left to right: [[Gondia Airport]], [[Gondia Junction]], Gateway (Taj) Hotel, Mini Eiffel Tower<br />
| pushpin_map =<br />
| pushpin_label_position = <br />
| pushpin_map_alt =<br />
| pushpin_map_caption =<br />
Maharashtra<br />
| mapframe = yes<br />
| mapframe-zoom = 6<br />
| mapframe-point = none<br />
| map_alt = <br />
| map_caption = Gondia in Maharashtra<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|21.4598|N|80.195|E|display=inline,title}}<br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]<br />
| subdivision_name1 = {{seal|Maharashtra}}<br />
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br />
| subdivision_name3 = [[Gondia district|Gondia]]<br />
| established_title = <!-- Established --><br />
| established_date =<br />
| named_for =<br />
| government_type = [[Municipal Council]]<br />
| governing_body = Gondia Municipal Council<br />
| leader_title1 = District collector<ref>{{cite web |title=District Gondia - Collectorate |url=https://gondia.gov.in/collectorate/ |access-date=30 July 2019}}</ref><br />
| leader_name1 = Chinmay Gotmare, [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]<br />
| leader_title2 = District Police Superintendent<br />
| leader_name2 = Nikhil N. Pingale [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]<ref>{{cite news |title=organ trafficking case related to naxalites gondia s sp nikhil pingle sar 75 zws 70 |url=https://www.loksatta.com/nagpur/organ-trafficking-case-related-to-naxalites-gondia-s-sp-nikhil-pingle-sar-75-zws-70-3490273/ |access-date=15 October 2023 |work=Loksatta |date=28 February 2023 |language=mr}}</ref><br />
| unit_pref = Metric<br />
| area_footnotes =<br />
| area_rank = 1st in Gondia District<br />
Vidarbha: 5th<br />
| area_total_km2 = 55<br />
| elevation_footnotes =<br />
| elevation_m = 300<br />
| population_total = 132,821<br />
| population_as_of = 2011<br />
| population_rank = 1st in Gondia District<br />
Vidharbha: 5th <br />
| population_density_km2 = auto<br />
| population_demonym = Gondiakar<br />
| population_footnotes =<br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset1 = +5:30<br />
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br />
| postal_code = 441601,441614<br />
| area_code_type = Telephone code<br />
| area_code = +91-07182<br />
| registration_plate = MH-35<br />
| blank_name = {{nowrap|[[Official language]]}}<br />
| blank_info = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]<ref name="langoff">{{cite web|title=52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|website=nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|access-date=29 March 2019|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archive-date=25 May 2017}}</ref><br />
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Literacy Rate]]<br />
| blank1_info_sec1 = 93.70%<br />
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]<br />
| blank2_info_sec1 = 991 per 1000 male. [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]<br />
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Human Development Index|HDI]]<br />
| blank3_info_sec1 = {{nowrap|{{increase}}}} 0.701 ({{color|orange|Medium}})<br />
| website = {{URL|gondia.nic.in}}<br />
| footnotes =<br />
| official_name =<br />
}}<br />
'''Gondia''' (also spelled as '''Gondiya,''' Marathi pronunciation: [[Help:IPA/Marathi|[ɡon̪d̪iaː]]]) is a city and headquarters of eponymous [[Gondia District]] in [[Maharashtra]], India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://gondia.nic.in|title=गोंदिया संकेतस्थळ|website=gondia.nic.in|access-date=10 July 2022}}</ref> Gondia is also known as ''Rice City'' due to the abundance of [[rice mill]]s in the area.<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Rice city |url=https://www.nvccnagpur.org/Gondia_district.aspx |access-date= |website=}}</ref>{{failed verification|reason=no mention of Rice City in the cited source|date=May 2023}} [[Gondia Airport]] (also known as Birsi Airport) is the only airport in the district.<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
The region is named after the [[Gondi people]], an [[Adivasi]] group in central India. During British Rule, Proprietor of Gondia was a [[Parmar (clan)|Ponwar Rajput]].<ref>{{cite web|url= https://gazetteers.maharashtra.gov.in/cultural.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/Bhandara%20District/appendix_g.html#.|title= Central Province District Gazetteers - Bhandara District|work=Gazetteer Department of Maharashtra|access-date=15 October 2023|quote=The proprietor is a Ponwar Rajput}}</ref><br />
<br />
During [[British rule in India]], the [[Great Famine of 1876–78]] provided an opportunity for the construction of a {{convert|150|km|mi|adj=mid|-long}} metre-gauge rail link called the [[Nagpur Chhattisgarh Railway]], connecting Nagpur with Rajnandgaon. Gondia railway station was created when this line began operation in December 1888. [[Bengal Nagpur Railway]] (BNR) was formed in 1887 to upgrade and extend this line, and in 1902 BNR was contracted to provide a railway line from Gondia to Jabalpur with branches from Nainpur to Mandla as well as Nainpur to Seoni and Chhindwara. With these links and the commerce they brought, Gondia grew and prospered.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.secr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/The_Roaring_Journey.pdf|title=The Roaring Journey|work=secr.indianrailways.gov.in}}</ref>{{pages needed|date=May 2023}} In the year 1877 Near Darekasa cave Swami Vivekananda occurred his "First Trance" reference book "Journey of Swami Vivekananda to Raipur and His First Trance"(23)<br />
<br />
==Geography==<br />
=== Climate ===<br />
{{Weather box<br />
| location = Gondia (1991–2020, extremes 1946–2020)<br />
| metric first = Yes<br />
| single line = Yes<br />
| Jan record high C = 34.5<br />
| Feb record high C = 38.5<br />
| Mar record high C = 42.5<br />
| Apr record high C = 46.1<br />
| May record high C = 47.5<br />
| Jun record high C = 47.5<br />
| Jul record high C = 44.2<br />
| Aug record high C = 38.4<br />
| Sep record high C = 39.4<br />
| Oct record high C = 38.0<br />
| Nov record high C = 35.7<br />
| Dec record high C = 35.1<br />
| year record high C = 47.5<br />
| Jan high C = 28.3<br />
| Feb high C = 31.6<br />
| Mar high C = 36.3<br />
| Apr high C = 40.2<br />
| May high C = 42.6<br />
| Jun high C = 37.3<br />
| Jul high C = 31.2<br />
| Aug high C = 30.4<br />
| Sep high C = 32.1<br />
| Oct high C = 32.7<br />
| Nov high C = 31.0<br />
| Dec high C = 29.1<br />
| year high C = 33.5<br />
| Jan low C = 12.6<br />
| Feb low C = 15.5<br />
| Mar low C = 19.9<br />
| Apr low C = 24.1<br />
| May low C = 27.9<br />
| Jun low C = 26.3<br />
| Jul low C = 23.9<br />
| Aug low C = 23.8<br />
| Sep low C = 23.5<br />
| Oct low C = 21.0<br />
| Nov low C = 16.2<br />
| Dec low C = 12.3<br />
| year low C = 20.4<br />
| Jan record low C = 5.5<br />
| Feb record low C = 6.7<br />
| Mar record low C = 11.4<br />
| Apr record low C = 11.6<br />
| May record low C = 13.8<br />
| Jun record low C = 19.8<br />
| Jul record low C = 18.0<br />
| Aug record low C = 18.3<br />
| Sep record low C = 19.2<br />
| Oct record low C = 13.3<br />
| Nov record low C = 8.5<br />
| Dec record low C = 5.0<br />
| year record low C = 5.0<br />
| rain colour = green<br />
| Jan rain mm = 18.5<br />
| Feb rain mm = 17.6<br />
| Mar rain mm = 19.6<br />
| Apr rain mm = 12.0<br />
| May rain mm = 8.3<br />
| Jun rain mm = 157.4<br />
| Jul rain mm = 406.0<br />
| Aug rain mm = 365.5<br />
| Sep rain mm = 188.1<br />
| Oct rain mm = 43.4<br />
| Nov rain mm = 10.6<br />
| Dec rain mm = 6.7<br />
| year rain mm = 1253.9<br />
| Jan rain days = 1.2<br />
| Feb rain days = 1.4<br />
| Mar rain days = 1.8<br />
| Apr rain days = 1.1<br />
| May rain days = 0.9<br />
| Jun rain days = 8.1<br />
| Jul rain days = 16.4<br />
| Aug rain days = 16.9<br />
| Sep rain days = 8.8<br />
| Oct rain days = 3.0<br />
| Nov rain days = 0.7<br />
| Dec rain days = 0.1<br />
| year rain days = 60.4<br />
|time day = 17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| Jan humidity = 46<br />
| Feb humidity = 37<br />
| Mar humidity = 31<br />
| Apr humidity = 29<br />
| May humidity = 26<br />
| Jun humidity = 53<br />
| Jul humidity = 73<br />
| Aug humidity = 79<br />
| Sep humidity = 82<br />
| Oct humidity = 58<br />
| Nov humidity = 54<br />
| Dec humidity = 47<br />
|year humidity = 51<br />
|source 1 = [[India Meteorological Department]]<ref>{{cite web<br />
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Climatological%20Tables%201991-2020.pdf<br />
| title = Climatological Tables of Observatories in India 1991-2020<br />
| publisher = [[India Meteorological Department]]<br />
| access-date = April 8, 2024<br />
}}</ref><ref name=IMDnormals><br />
{{cite web<br />
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205040301/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf<br />
| archive-date = 5 February 2020<br />
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf<br />
| title = Station: Gondia Climatological Table 1981–2010<br />
| work = Climatological Normals 1981–2010<br />
| publisher = India Meteorological Department<br />
| date = January 2015<br />
| pages = 293–294<br />
| access-date = 5 April 2020}}</ref><ref name=IMDextremes><br />
{{cite web<br />
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205042509/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf<br />
| archive-date = 5 February 2020<br />
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf<br />
| title = Extremes of Temperature & Rainfall for Indian Stations (Up to 2012)<br />
| publisher = India Meteorological Department<br />
| date = December 2016<br />
| page = M142<br />
| access-date = 5 April 2020}}</ref><br />
|source 2 = Government of Maharashtra<ref><br />
{{cite web<br />
| url = https://cultural.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/BHANDARA/gen_climate.html<br />
| title = Climate and Seasons<br />
| publisher = Government of Maharashtra<br />
| access-date = 5 April 2020}}</ref><br />
|date = June 2012<br />
}}<br />
<br />
===Location===<br />
Gondia is very close to the state of [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Chhattisgarh]] and is considered the gateway to Maharashtra from central and eastern India. [[Tirora]] is only nearby city. Gondia municipal council was established in 1920. At that time Gondia had only 10 wards population up to 20,000 and an area of 7.5&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>. Gondia has 42 wards, as well as population nearing up to 2 lakhs. The urbanisation has crossed municipal limits merging into nearby villages like Kudwa, Katangi, Fulchur, Nagra, Karanja, Murri, Pindkepar, and Khamari. The Ministry of Urban Development has recently{{when|date=July 2022}} announced to merge 20 nearby villages into Gondia to give the city status of Municipal Corporation. It is connected with [[National Highway (India)|National Highway]] 543 and 753.<br />
<br />
== Demographics ==<br />
According to the [[2011 census of India|2011 census]], Gondia municipal corporation had a total population of 132,889, of which 66,756 were males and 66,133 females. Children in the age range of 0 to 6 were 12,835. The effective literacy (of population 7 years and above) of the city was 93.70%.<ref>{{cite web |title=Cities having population 1 lakh and above, Census 2011 |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_2_PR_Cities_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf |website=censusindia.gov.in/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120507135928/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_2_PR_Cities_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf |access-date=29 June 2023|archive-date=7 May 2012 }}</ref><br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" |Year<br />
! rowspan="2" |Male<br />
! rowspan="2" |Female<br />
! rowspan="2" |Total Population<br />
! rowspan="2" |Change<br />
! colspan="8" |Religion (%)<br />
|-<br />
!Hindu<br />
!Muslim<br />
!Christian<br />
!Sikhs<br />
!Buddhist<br />
!Jain<br />
!Other religions and persuasions<br />
!Religion not stated<br />
|-<br />
|2001<ref>{{cite web |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/21494/download/24626/PC01_C01_27.xls |title=C-01 population by religion - Census 2001 |work=censusindia.gov.in |access-date=29 June 2023}}</ref><br />
| style="text-align:right;" |61418<br />
| style="text-align:right;" |59484<br />
| style="text-align:right;" |120902<br />
| style="text-align:center;" | -<br />
| style="text-align:right;" |77.072<br />
| style="text-align:right;" |7.147<br />
| style="text-align:right;" |0.524<br />
| style="text-align:right;" |0.779<br />
| style="text-align:right;" |13.508<br />
| style="text-align:right;" |0.817<br />
| style="text-align:right;" |0.137<br />
| style="text-align:right;" |0.015<br />
|-<br />
|2011<ref>{{cite web |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11382/download/14495/DDW27C-01%20MDDS.XLS |title=C-01 population by religion - Census India 2011 |work=censusindia.gov.in |access-date=29 June 2023}}</ref><br />
| style="text-align:right;" |66500<br />
| style="text-align:right;" |66313<br />
| style="text-align:right;" |132813<br />
| style="text-align:right;" |9.90<br />
| style="text-align:right;" |76.228<br />
| style="text-align:right;" |7.483<br />
| style="text-align:right;" |0.472<br />
| style="text-align:right;" |0.760<br />
| style="text-align:right;" |13.804<br />
| style="text-align:right;" |0.692<br />
| style="text-align:right;" |0.088<br />
| style="text-align:right;" |0.473<br />
|}<br />
{{Graph:Chart<br />
| width=400<br />
| height=150<br />
| xAxisTitle=Year<br />
| yAxisFormat = %<br />
| showSymbols =<br />
|colors = orange,green,blue,red,pink,grey,purple,black<br />
| yAxisTitle=Religion<br />
| legend=<br />
| y1Title=Hindu<br />
| y2Title=Muslim<br />
| y3Title=Christian<br />
| y4Title=Sikhs<br />
| y5Title=Buddhist<br />
| y6Title=Jain<br />
| y7Title=Other<br />
| y8Title=Religion not stated<br />
| x=2001,2011<br />
| type = line<br />
| y1=0.77072,0.76228<br />
| y2=0.07147,0.07483<br />
| y3=0.00524,0.00472<br />
| y4=0.00779,0.0076<br />
| y5=0.13508,0.13804<br />
| y6=0.00817,0.00692<br />
| y7=0.00137,0.00088<br />
| y8=0.00015,0.00473<br />
}}<br />
{{Graph:Chart<br />
| width=400<br />
| height=150<br />
| xAxisTitle=Year<br />
| yAxisFormat = %<br />
| showSymbols =<br />
|colors = orange,green,blue,red,pink,grey,purple,black<br />
| yAxisTitle=Religion<br />
| legend=<br />
| y1Title=Hindu<br />
| y2Title=Muslim<br />
| y3Title=Christian<br />
| y4Title=Sikhs<br />
| y5Title=Buddhist<br />
| y6Title=Jain<br />
| y7Title=Other<br />
| y8Title=Religion not stated<br />
| x=2001,2011<br />
| type = rect<br />
| y1=0.77072,0.76228<br />
| y2=0.07147,0.07483<br />
| y3=0.00524,0.00472<br />
| y4=0.00779,0.0076<br />
| y5=0.13508,0.13804<br />
| y6=0.00817,0.00692<br />
| y7=0.00137,0.00088<br />
| y8=0.00015,0.00473<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Economy==<br />
===Agriculture===<br />
The city has a large number of rice mills.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Behl |first1=Manka |title=Rice mills at Gondia causing pollution |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/rice-mills-at-gondia-causing-pollution/articleshow/53801688.cms |access-date=29 July 2022 |work=The Times of India |date=22 August 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Promote fortified rice manufacturing plants, Centre tells Maharashtra |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/agri-business/promote-fortified-rice-manufacturing-plants-centre-tells-maharashtra/article37852591.ece |access-date=29 July 2022 |work=Business Line |date=5 December 2021}}</ref>{{failed verification|reason=the sources cover the Gondia district, not Gondia the city|date=May 2023}} Agriculture is the main economic activity in Gondia. The main agricultural crops are paddy and sugarcane.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Economy and Agriculture {{!}} District Gondia {{!}} India |url=https://gondia.gov.in/en/economy-and-agriculture/ |work=gondia.gov.in |access-date=31 March 2023 |language=en-US}}</ref>{{failed verification|reason=the source covers the Gondia district, not Gondia the city|date=May 2023}}<br />
<br />
===Industries===<br />
Adani Power Maharashtra Limited (APML), is 3&nbsp;km away from [[Tirora]] on Tirora-Gondia state road. Coal is transported to Adani power, Ltd through a railway which is connected to Kachewani Railway Station. Water is being used from nearby weir constructed on Wainganga River. An 85.89% subsidiary of Adani Power Limited is implementing 3300 MW Thermal Power Station in [[Tirora]].<br />
<br />
== Transportation ==<br />
===Road===<br />
The Mumbai–Nagpur–Kolkata Road is the only national highway passing through the district, covering a total distance of 99.37&nbsp;km (62&nbsp;mi). Gondia is situated about 170&nbsp;km by road from Nagpur of Vidarbha region. The district has road links to adjoining districts Chandrapur, Bhandara, Nagpur. The city is well connected by roads. It takes around 4 hours journey from Nagpur by State Transport Bus to reach Gondia. Gondia has bus connectivity to Jabalpur, Nagpur, Raipur and Hyderabad.<br />
<br />
=== Rail ===<br />
{{main|Gondia Junction railway station}}<br />
[[File:Gondia map.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Gondia rail routes|alt=]]<br />
Gondia Junction railway station is a junction in Maharashtra, with heavy passenger and goods traffic. It is an A-Grade station.<br />
<br />
It lies on the [[Howrah-Nagpur-Mumbai line|Howrah–Mumbai route]]. The station has seven platforms, each with potable water, tea stalls, benches and waiting sheds. There is also a fruit stall and a bookstall. The station is equipped with air-conditioned waiting rooms for passengers travelling by upper [[Indian Railways#Classes of service|accommodation classes]] and a waiting hall for passengers travelling by lower accommodation classes.<br />
<br />
The Gondia–[[Jabalpur Junction]] ([[Madhya Pradesh]]) section of [[South East Central Railway]] runs north–south, along the valley of the [[Wainganga River]]. The line was formerly [[narrow gauge]] (762&nbsp;mm [2&nbsp;ft 6&nbsp;in]) along its entire length, but the section between Gondia and [[Balaghat]] was converted to broad gauge in 2005–2006,<ref>[[Railway Gazette International]] Supplement December 2007 p7</ref> connecting Balaghat to India's national broad-gauge network. Work is completed to convert the [[Jabalpur|Balaghat–Jabalpur]] section to broad gauge as well.<br />
<br />
Railway milestones for Gondia include:<br />
* 1888 – Gondia Railway Station was opened to the public.<br />
* 1901 – [[Satpura Express]] began first class service.<br />
* 1903 – The first portion of Gondia–Nainpur was opened.<ref name="South Eastern Railway">{{cite web |title=South Eastern Railway |url=http://www.ser.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0%2C1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130401151628/http://www.ser.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0%2C1 |archive-date=1 April 2013 |date=1 April 2013}}</ref><br />
* 1905 – Nainpur–Gondia line was extended to Jabalpur.<ref name="South Eastern Railway" /><br />
* 1908 – Gondia–Nagbhir–Nagpur line was opened for traffic.<ref name="South Eastern Railway" /><br />
* 1990-91 – Paniajob–Gondia and Gondia–Bhandara Road sections were electrified.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://irfca.org/docs/electrification-history.html |title=History of Electrification|publisher=IRFCA|access-date=10 November 2012}}</ref><br />
* 1999 – Gauge-converted Gondia–Balharshah line opened.<br />
* 2005 – Gauge-converted Gondia–Balaghat section opened.<br />
<br />
=== Airport ===<br />
[[Gondia Airport]] is situated near Kamtha village, {{convert|12|km|abbr=on}} from Gondia. This airstrip was built by the British in 1940, during [[World War&nbsp;II]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Airstrips in Maharashtra |url=http://www.mahapwd.com/statistics/airstrips.htm |publisher=Maharashtra Public Works Department |access-date=1 April 2012 |archive-date=1 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211001075044/http://www.mahapwd.com/statistics/airstrips.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> Initially run by the Public Works Department, it was taken over by the state-owned [[Maharashtra Industrial Development Corporation]] (MIDC) from August 1998<ref>{{cite web |title=MIDC airports |url=http://midcindia.org/Pages/SectorialStrength.aspx#3 |access-date=30 January 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120328122747/http://www.midcindia.org/Pages/SectorialStrength.aspx#3 |archive-date=28 March 2012 }}</ref> to December 2005, after which it has been operated by the [[Airports Authority of India]] (AAI). The airport's runway has been extended to {{convert|7,500|ft|m|order=flip}} to accommodate [[Airbus A-320]], [[Boeing 737]] and similar aircraft.<ref>{{cite news|title=Akola, Gondia next aviation hot spots |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-11-21/nagpur/27964352_1_gondia-akola-airport-national-flying-training-institute |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120711090457/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-11-21/nagpur/27964352_1_gondia-akola-airport-national-flying-training-institute |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 July 2012 |date= 27 November 2007 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=30 January 2012}}</ref><br />
<br />
Other nearby airports to Gondia Airport (GDB) include Nagpur (NAG) (124.8&nbsp;km), Raipur (RPR) (163.2&nbsp;km) and Jabalpur (JLR) (192.2&nbsp;km).<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Geographic Location<br />
|Centre = Gondia<br />
|North = [[Balaghat]] (Madhya Pradesh)<br />
|Northeast =<br />
|East =<br />
|Southeast = [[Amgaon]], [[Salekasa]]<br />
|South = [[Goregaon, Gondia|Goregaon]], [[Sadak Arjuni]]<br />
|Southwest =<br />
|West = [[Tirora]]<br />
|Northwest =<br />
}}<br />
{{Gondia district topics}}<br />
{{vidarbha}}<br />
{{maharashtra}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Cities and towns in Gondia district]]<br />
[[Category:Talukas in Maharashtra]]<br />
[[Category:Cities in Maharashtra]]</div>Camorabughttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kannauji_language&diff=457389Kannauji language2025-11-09T16:26:52Z<p>Camorabug: updated structure additionally and cleaned formatting for accuracy</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Language spoken in Uttar Pradesh, india}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2020}}<br />
{{Infobox language<br />
| name = Kannauji<br />
| nativename = {{lang|hi|कन्नौजी}}<br />
| imagescale = <br />
| imagecaption = <br />
| states = [[India]]<br />
| region = [[Kannauj district|Kannauj]]<br />
| speakers = 9.5 million<br />
| date = 2001<br />
| ref = e18<br />
| familycolor = Indo-European<br />
| fam2 = [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]]<br />
| fam3 = [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]]<br />
| fam4 = [[Central Indo-Aryan languages|Central Zone]]<br />
| fam5 = [[Western Hindi languages|Western Hindi]]<br />
| script = [[Devanagari script|Devanagari]]<br />
| iso3 = bjj<br />
| glotto = kana1281<br />
| glottorefname = Kanauji<br />
| notice = Indic<br />
| map = Kannauji language map.png<br />
| mapcaption = Area depicting Kannauji speaking region in [[Uttar Pradesh]], India.<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Kannauji''' is an [[Indo-Aryan language]] spoken in the [[Kannauj]] region of the [[India]]n state of [[Uttar Pradesh]]. Kannauji is closely related to [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]], with a lexical similarity of 83–94% with [[Hindi]].<ref>Ethnologue</ref> Some consider it to be a [[dialect]] of Hindustani, whereas others consider it a separate [[Western Hindi languages|Western Hindi language]].<ref>Kannauji</ref> Kannauji has at least 9.5 million native speakers as of 2001.<br />
<br />
Kannauji shares many structural and functional differences from other dialects of [[Hindi]], but in the [[Linguistic Survey of India]] it has been added as a variant of [[Braj Bhasha|Braj]] and [[Awadhi language|Awadhi]].<br />
<br />
Kannauji has two dialects or variants of its own: Tirhari and Transitional Kannauji, which is between standard Kannauji and [[Awadhi language|Awadhi]].<br />
<br />
==Geographical distribution==<br />
Kannauji is not a standard dialect of Hindi and can be assumed to be the transitory phase between [[Braj Bhasha]] and [[Awadhi language|Awadhi]]. Eastern parts are heavily influenced by [[Awadhi language|Awadhi]] whereas Western districts are Braj speaking. Kannauji is predominantly spoken around the historic town of [[Kannauj]] in the following districts of the [[Doab|Ganga-Yamuna Doab]]:<br />
<br />
*[[Kannauj district|Kannauj]]<br />
*[[Kanpur Dehat district|Kanpur Dehat]]<br />
*[[Kanpur Nagar district|Kanpur Nagar]]<br />
*[[Farrukhabad District|Farrukhabad]]<br />
*[[Auraiya District|Auraiya]]<br />
*[[Etawah District|Etawah]]<br />
In the non-Doabi areas, it is spoken in [[Hardoi district|Hardoi]], western parts of [[Lakhimpur Kheri district|Lakhimpur Kheri]] and [[Sitapur district|Sitapur]] districts in [[Awadh]] and [[Shahjahanpur district|Shahjahanpur]] and [[Pilibhit district|Pilibhit]] of [[Rohilkhand]].<br />
<br />
A distribution of the geographical area can be found in volume 9 of '[[Linguistic Survey of India]]' by [[George A. Grierson]].<br />
<br />
The population of the region is 22,011,017.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.censusindia2011.com/uttar-pradesh-population.html|title=Kannauj Region Population|date=4 November 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
{{Pie chart| thumb = right<br />
|label1=[[Hindu]]|value1=83.95|color1=orange<br />
|label2=[[Muslim]]|value2=14.71|color2=green<br />
|label3=Others|value3=1.34|color3=grey<br />
|caption=Religion in Kannauj Region (2011)<ref name="censusindia.gov.in">{{Cite web |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/ |access-date=4 November 2021 }}</ref><br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Phonology==<br />
<br />
===Consonants===<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"<br />
|+ Phonemes of Kannauji<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Dwivedi |first1=Pankaj |last2=Kar |first2=Somdev |title=Kanauji of Kanpur: A Brief Overview |journal=[[Acta Linguistica Asiatica]] |date=2016 |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=101–119 |doi=10.4312/ala.6.1.101-119 |doi-access=free }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" |<br />
! [[Labial consonant|Labial]]<br />
! [[Dental consonant|Dental]]/<br>[[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]<br />
! [[Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]<br />
! [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]<br />
! [[Velar consonant|Velar]]<br />
! [[Uvular consonant|Uvular]]<br />
! [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]<br />
| {{IPA link|m}}<br />
| {{IPA link|n}}<br />
| ({{IPA link|ɳ}})<br />
| ({{IPA link|ɲ}})<br />
| (ŋ)<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="4" | [[Plosive consonant|Plosive]]/<br/>[[Affricate consonant|Affricate]]<br />
! <small>[[voicelessness|voiceless]]</small><br />
| {{IPA link|p}}<br />
| {{IPA link|t̪}}<br />
| {{IPA link|ʈ}}<br />
| {{IPA link|tʃ}}<br />
| {{IPA link|k}}<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! <small>[[voicelessness|voiceless]] [[aspirated consonant|aspirated]]</small><br />
| {{IPA link|pʰ}}<br />
| {{IPA link|t̪ʰ}}<br />
| {{IPA link|ʈʰ}}<br />
| {{IPA link|tʃʰ}}<br />
| {{IPA link|kʰ}}<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! <small>[[voice (phonetics)|voiced]]</small><br />
| {{IPA link|b}}<br />
| {{IPA link|d̪}}<br />
| {{IPA link|ɖ}}<br />
| {{IPA link|dʒ}}<br />
| {{IPA link|ɡ}}<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! <small>[[voice (phonetics)|voiced]] [[aspirated consonant|aspirated]]</small><br />
| {{IPA link|bʱ}}<br />
| {{IPA link|d̪ʱ}}<br />
| {{IPA link|ɖʱ}}<br />
| {{IPA link|dʒʱ}}<br />
| {{IPA link|ɡʱ}}<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | [[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]<br />
! <small>[[voicelessness|voiceless]]</small><br />
| ({{IPA link|f}})<br />
| {{IPA link|s}}<br />
|<br />
| ({{IPA link|ʃ}})<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! <small>[[voice (phonetics)|voiced]]</small><br />
| ({{IPA link|v}})<br />
| ({{IPA link|z}})<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|<br />
| {{IPA link|ɦ}}<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | [[Flap consonant|Flap]]<br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
|<br />
| {{IPA link|ɾ}}<br />
| ({{IPA link|ɽ}})<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! <small>[[voice (phonetics)|voiced]] [[aspiration (phonetics)|aspirated]]</small><br />
|<br />
|<br />
| ({{IPA link|ɽʱ}})<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | [[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]<br />
| {{IPA link|ʋ}}<br />
| {{IPA link|l}}<br />
|<br />
| {{IPA link|j}}<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Grammar==<br />
There is no published grammar of Kannauji till date, but some of the basic features of Kannauji, which can be observed easily, are as below:<br />
<br />
Kannauji is a Prodrop language. In such languages pronouns are dropped for the convenience of the speaker. (This feature includes pronouns of WH category, too.) For example,<br />
<br />
* ''ka: tum huan jaiyo:''<br />
<br />
can also be said ''huan jaiyo:''<br />
<br />
== Word formation processes ==<br />
Word formation processes of Kannauji are more or less like of Hindi, but some processes of word formation of Kannauji are not found in Hindi. Here are the word formation processes of Kannaiji:<br />
<br />
=== Borrowing words ===<br />
In borrowing something from other language is taken directly into a language. It is a very common and very productive process of word formation.<br />
<br />
On the lexical and semantic basis we can divide borrowing in two types:<br />
<br />
==== Lexical borrowing (loan words) ====<br />
In lexical borrowing a word is directly taken into a language from other language. Lexical borrowing is very common in Kannauji.<br />
<br />
Sometimes a word is not borrowed as it is. Some phonetic changes are made to it to match the properties of target language. The word is localised for ease of native speakers. For example:<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! Source word !! Language !! Adapted in Kannauji as<br />
|-<br />
| Computer || English || [kampu:tar]<br />
|-<br />
| Solution || English || [salu:san]<br />
|-<br />
| Problem || English || [pira:balam]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==== Semantic borrowing (calque)====<br />
In semantic borrowing some concept from another language is taken into a language, but the words used to express that concept are made in the target language. In this type of borrowing concepts/words are localised. For example:<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! Concept !! Word !! Adapted in Kannauji as<br />
|-<br />
| Computation || Computation || [sanganan]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Coining===<br />
Coining is a less frequent and a less productive word formation process. In coining meaning of a word is extended up to an extent that it starts being used as a category. Here are some examples of coining.<br />
<br />
*'''chyawanpra:sh''' was a product made by Dabur. After that, many other companies launched their similar products. The name of chyawanpra:sh became so popular that now every such product is known as chyawanpra:sh.<br />
* '''pachmo:la:''' When Vaidyanaath launched its digestive tablets it named them pachmo:la:. This product became so popular that afterwards all such products are known as pachmo:la:.<br />
<br />
=== Word formation by addition ===<br />
In Kannauji new words are formed by inflection old words, too. According to different properties this process is divided into two main types:<br />
<br />
==== Inflection ====<br />
In inflection a new word is formed from an old word by adding something in it. It is the most common process of word formation in Kannauji. This process is category specific. The grammatical category of a word remains same even after inflection.<br />
<br />
For example:<br />
<br />
'''-ini'''<br />
<br />
ladka + '-ini' = ladkini<br />
<br />
(boy) (girl)<br />
<br />
Here '–ini' is used to make a feminine form of the word ladka. Here is another example of inflection:<br />
<br />
sangi + '-ini' = sangini<br />
(mate- male) (mate- female)<br />
<br />
==== Derivation- ====<br />
In derivation, too, new words are formed by old words using affixes. This is a very common process like inflection. There are three types of affixation found in Kannauji.<br />
<br />
===== Prefix =====<br />
In this type of affixation an affix is inserted initially in a word.<br />
*'''‘ap-’'''<br />
'ap-' + jash → apjash<br />
<br />
<small>(evil) (fame)</small><br />
<br />
*'''‘par-’''' <br />
'par-' + dosh → pardo:sh<br />
<br />
<small>(others) (defects)</small><br />
<br />
'''‘ap’''' and '''‘par’''' are prefixes here. New words are being formed by adding them to two old words '''‘jash’''' and '''‘dosh’'''.<br />
<br />
===== Suffix =====<br />
In this type of affixation an affix is inserted at the end of a word; this way a new word is formed.<br />
<br />
*'''‘-aevo’'''<br />
<br />
dikha:na: + -aevo → dikhaevo<br />
<br />
<small>(showing)</small><br />
<br />
rakhna: + -aevo → rakhaevo<br />
<br />
<small>(keeping</small>)<br />
<br />
*'''‘-pan’'''<br />
<br />
apna + -pan → apno:pan<br />
<br />
<small>(self)</small><br />
<br />
===== Infix =====<br />
In this type of affixation an affix inserted somewhere in the middle of the word.<br />
<br />
*‘-la-’<br />
dikh aevo: + -la- → dikhlaevo:<br />
<br />
(showing)(making something show by some other person)<br />
<br />
*‘-va-’<br />
hasa evo: + -va- → hasavaevo:<br />
<br />
(to make laugh)(causing people laugh by some other person)<br />
<br />
=== Blending ===<br />
Blending is the process in which parts of two words (which are already present in that language) are joined to make a new word.<br />
<br />
choti: + bit͜ti: →chotit͜ti:<br />
<br />
(small) (girl)<br />
<br />
badi: + bit͜ti: →badit͜ti:<br />
<br />
(big) (girl)<br />
<br />
bade: + dad͜da: →badid͜da:<br />
<br />
(big) (brother)<br />
<br />
=== Compounding ===<br />
In compounding two words are stringed together to form a new word. This process is a common word formation process. This type of formation process is used more by educated persons.<br />
<br />
For example:<br />
<br />
guru + ghantal = gurughantal<br />
<br />
Here gurughantal is made by stringing guru and ghantal and the meaning referred by the stringed word is reflected by the words. Although it is not necessary in every condition. For example:<br />
<br />
am͜ma aur dad͜da → am͜ma: dad͜da:<br />
<br />
=== Conversion ===<br />
Conversion is a very productive but less frequent process of word formation. In this process a word starts being used as another word (having some similar properties).<br />
<br />
In this process a word of some grammatical category starts being using as word of other grammatical category, too. Here are some examples of conversion.<br />
<br />
*wao: baura: hai (He is a moron)<br />
*baurane: kahe: hau: dadda: (Why are you behaving like a moron?)<br />
<br />
Baura is an abstract noun. In the first sentence baura: is used as an abstract noun. After conversion it started being used as a verb also, as in the second sentence.<br />
<br />
=== Suppletion ===<br />
In suppletion another relative form of a word is formed without any morpho-phonological similarities with the previous one. These forms do not relate morphologically or phonologically. For example:<br />
<br />
'''ja:t''' and '''gao:'''<br />
<br />
'''ja:t''' - ham ja:t hai<br />
<br />
'''gao:''' - wao gao: hato<br />
<br />
‘ja:t’ is present participle for very ‘go’ whereas ‘gao:’ is the past participle form.<br />
<br />
=== Reduplication ===<br />
Reduplication is a very common process of word formation in Kannauji. Most of the reduplicated forms are made by adjectival and nominal words. This is not a productive type of word formation process; instead it adds stylistic effect in conversation. For example:<br />
<br />
'''ghare-ghare'''<br />
<br />
Here ghare is formed following the word ghare so it is an example of reduplication.<br />
<br />
=== Echo formation ===<br />
Echo formation is a similar process to reduplication. In echo formation, a similar-sounding word is made from nominal and adjectival. There is no logic behind why this formation is done but it increases the stylistic effectiveness of conversation. For example:<br />
<br />
'''tasla-wasla'''<br />
<br />
Here wasla, a similar-sounding word is formed after word tasla so it is an example of eco formation process. Some other examples are<br />
<br />
* haldi-waldi<br />
* ata-wata<br />
<br />
=== Metaphoric expansion-===<br />
In metaphor a word is objected on another one because of some similarity. In metaphoric expansion a word is used in different situations and environments due to one similar quality. The meaning of a word is expanded metaphorically in this word formation process. For example:<br />
<br />
'''dama:d → sarka:r ko dama:d'''<br />
<br />
dama:d is a son-in-law . So sarka:r ko dama:d is used to refer a person who is favoured very much by government. Here is another example of metaphoric expansion-<br />
<br />
shekhchil͜li: → gao ke shekhchil͜li:<br />
<br />
=== Onomatopoeic words ===<br />
Onomatopoeic words are supposed as absolute or original words. They sound like the actions and things they are related to. For example:<br />
<br />
* '''khatar-patar''' It is a sound made by friction of two heavy objects.<br />
* '''dhum-dhama:ko:''' It sounds similar to firing something. <br />
* '''satar-patar'''<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
# http://www.sumania.com/lang/allindi4.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160312091728/http://sumania.com/lang/allindi4.html |date=12 March 2016 }}<br />
# {{cite journal |last1=Dwivedi |first1=Pankaj |last2=Kar |first2=Somdev |title=Kanauji of Kanpur: A Brief Overview |journal=Acta Linguistica Asiatica |date=2016 |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=101–119 |doi=10.4312/ala.6.1.101-119 |doi-access=free }}<br />
# Dwivedi, P., & Kar, S. (2017). On documenting low resourced Indian languages insights from Kanauji speech corpus. ''Dialectologia: revista electrònica'', (19), 67-91. https://www.raco.cat/index.php/Dialectologia/article/view/328489 <br />
#Dwivedi, P., & Kar, S. (September 2016). SOCIOLINGUISTICS AND PHONOLOGY OF KANAUJI. In ''International Conference on Hindi Studies''. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Pankaj_Dwivedi4/publication/308198142_Sociolinguistics_and_Phonology_of_Kanauji/links/57ea51bd08aed0a291332dc2.pdf <br />
#Dwivedi, P. &Kar, S. (2018). Phonology of Kanauji. In Sharma, Ghanshyam (Eds.) Advances in Hindi Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics (1). 189-220. Germany: Lincom Europa.<br />
<br />
{{Hindi topics}}<br />
{{Central Indo-Aryan languages}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Central Indo-Aryan languages]]<br />
[[Category:Languages of Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Kannauj]]<br />
[[Category:Languages written in Devanagari]]</div>Camorabughttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bavan_Maval&diff=490211Bavan Maval2025-11-04T10:37:30Z<p>Camorabug: Created redirect page</p>
<hr />
<div>#REDIRECT [[Mavala]]<br />
<br />
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}</div>Camorabughttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=P._S._Arul&diff=523435P. S. Arul2025-10-30T18:11:10Z<p>Camorabug: Added A Entry V1</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br />
{{use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}<br />
{{use Indian English|date=October 2025}}<br />
'''P. S. Arul''' was elected to the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]] from the [[Bhuvanagiri Assembly constituency|Bhuvanagiri constituency]] in the [[2001 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|2001 elections]]. He ran as an [[Independent politician|Independent]] and supported by [[AIADMK]], After Nomination Rejection of [[J. Jayalalithaa]] and another candidate.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Election Commission of India |page=6 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/StatisticalReport-TN01.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2001 |accessdate=2017-05-06 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007221700/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/StatisticalReport-TN01.pdf |archivedate=7 October 2010 }}</ref> He stood under Banana Symbol. <br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Arul, P. S.}}<br />
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2001–2006]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br />
<br />
{{TamilNadu-politician-stub}}</div>Camorabughttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gram_Chikitsalay&diff=501169Gram Chikitsalay2025-10-27T07:59:47Z<p>Camorabug: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|2025 Indian television series}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox television<br />
| image = Gram Chikitsalay.png<br />
| caption = Promotional release poster<br />
| genre = [[Comedy drama]]<br />
| writer = [[Arunabh Kumar]]<br>Deepak Kumar Mishra<br>Shreya Srivastava<br>Vaibhav Suman<br />
| director = Rahul Pandey<br />
| starring = {{plainlist|<br />
* [[Amol Parashar]]<br />
* Anandeshwar Dwivedi<br />
* [[Vinay Pathak]]<br />
}}<br />
| music = <br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Hindi<br />
| num_seasons = <!-- or num_series --><br />
| num_episodes = 5 <!--as of 2 May 2025. Do not uncomment the preceding text. This field is for a number only and the date should not be shown!--><br />
| producer = {{plainlist|<br />
* [[Arunabh Kumar]]<br />
}}<br />
| cinematography = Girish Kant<br />
| editor = Chandrashekhar Prajapati<br />
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]<br />
| runtime = 30–37 minutes<br />
| company = [[The Viral Fever]]<br />
| network = [[Prime Video]]<br />
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=yes|2025|05|09}}<br />
| last_aired = <!-- Do not add "present" until an official announcement that the series will be renew. --><br />
| related = <br />
}}<br />
'''''Gram Chikitsalay''''' is a 2025 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[comedy drama]] television series directed by Rahul Pandey and created by Deepak Kumar Mishra and [[Arunabh Kumar]]. Produced by under [[The Viral Fever|TVF]], it stars [[Amol Parashar]], Anandeshwar Dwivedi and [[Vinay Pathak]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Gram Chikitsalay release date out: Amol Parashar leads series on rural healthcare |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/kull-meet-the-raisingghs-played-by-nimrat-kaur-amol-prashar-ridhi-dogra-and-more-in-upcoming-royal-drama-series-1385093 |website=India Today |date=28 April 2025 |access-date=8 May 2025 |archive-date=30 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250430041429/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/kull-meet-the-raisingghs-played-by-nimrat-kaur-amol-prashar-ridhi-dogra-and-more-in-upcoming-royal-drama-series-1385093 |url-status=live }}</ref> The series premiered on 9 May 2025 on [[Prime Video]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Gram Chikitsalay OTT release date: Here's when and where to watch Amol Parashar, Vinay Pathak's comedy drama |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/gram-chikitsalay-ott-release-date-heres-when-and-where-to-watch-amol-parashars-comedy-drama/599f6e8faf677|website=OTT Play |date=28 April 2025 |access-date=8 May 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Synopsis==<br />
The young, brilliant, and idealistic Dr. Prabhat takes over a neglected Primary Health Centre in a North Indian village, determined to bring about much-needed change—only to discover that he must first transform himself before he can transform anything else.<br />
<br />
== Cast ==<br />
* [[Amol Parashar]] as Dr. Prabhat Sinha<br />
* [[Vinay Pathak]] as Chetak Kumar<br />
* Anandeshwar Dwivedi as Phutani Singh<br />
* Akash Makhija as Gobind<br />
* [[Garima Vikrant Singh]] as Indu<br />
* [[Akansha Ranjan Kapoor]] as Dr. Gargi<br />
* Santoo Kumar as Sudhir<br />
* Kumar Saurabh as Manjay<br />
* Aayush Tiwari as Chanesar<br />
* Amul Mishra as Suraj Singh<br />
<br />
== Release ==<br />
The trailer was released on 30 April 2025<ref>{{cite web |title=Gram Chikitsalaya trailer: Panchayat makers return with another rural story as Amol Parashar hunts for patients. Watch |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/gram-chikitsalaya-trailer-panchayat-makers-return-with-another-rural-story-as-amol-parashar-hunts-for-patients-watch-9974284/ |website=The Indian Express |date=30 April 2025 |access-date=8 May 2025 |archive-date=4 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250504044847/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/gram-chikitsalaya-trailer-panchayat-makers-return-with-another-rural-story-as-amol-parashar-hunts-for-patients-watch-9974284/ |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
The series was made available to stream on [[prime Video]] on 9 May 2025.<ref>{{cite web|title=Gram Chikitsalay OTT release date Prime Video: When to watch Amol Parashar and Akansha Ranjan's new TVF series|url=https://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/binge/gram-chikitsalay-ott-release-date-prime-video-when-to-watch-amol-parashar-akansha-ranjan-tvf-series-657804.html|website=India Times|date=28 April 2025|access-date=13 May 2025|archive-date=29 April 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250429021838/https://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/binge/gram-chikitsalay-ott-release-date-prime-video-when-to-watch-amol-parashar-akansha-ranjan-tvf-series-657804.html|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Reception ==<br />
Abhishek Srivastav writing for ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave the series 4 out of 5 stars. and said "The series captures, with sharp detail and humour, the everyday workings of the village and its overlap with the under-resourced health facility."<ref>{{cite web |first=Abhishek|last=Srivastav|title=Gram Chikitsalay Season 1 Review : A beautiful blend of satire, emotion, and rural truths |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/hindi/gram-chikitsalay/season-1/seasonreview/120951265.cms |website=The Times of India|date=9 May 2025}}</ref> [[Shubhra Gupta]] of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' awarded the series {{Fraction|2|1|2}} out of 5 stars and said "The TVF stamp is clear, and the mandate appears to be the same -- give the viewers yet another slice of ruralcore where the clash between city and village is laid out in slow-paced easily digestible chunks."<ref>{{cite web|first=Shubhra|last=Gupta|title=Gram Chikitsalay review: Safe and staid Panchayat redux colours itself in sameness|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/gram-chikitsalaya-review-safe-and-staid-panchayat-redux-colours-itself-in-sameness-9992309/|website=The India Express|date=9 May 2025|access-date=9 May 2025|archive-date=10 May 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250510045136/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/gram-chikitsalaya-review-safe-and-staid-panchayat-redux-colours-itself-in-sameness-9992309/|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
Nandini Ramnath of ''[[Scroll.in]]'' observed that " Gram Chikitsalay is barely engaging, bereft as it is of Panchayat’s strong writing and staging. It isn’t enough to surround the outsider hero with insiders who jabber away in vehemently colloquial Hindi and act out capitalised eccentricity."<ref>{{cite web|first=Nandini|last=Ramnath|title='Gram Chikitsalay' review: A bitter pill to swallow|url=https://scroll.in/reel/1082021/gram-chikitsalay-review-a-bitter-pill-to-swallow|website=Scroll.in|date=9 May 2025|access-date=9 May 2025|archive-date=9 May 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250509091446/https://scroll.in/reel/1082021/gram-chikitsalay-review-a-bitter-pill-to-swallow|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
Rahul Desai of ''[[The Hollywood Reporter India]]'' said in his review that "If you reheat a dinner long enough, however, even the original taste begins to fade. Three seasons in, Panchayat itself would finish as the runner-up in a Panchayat-lookalike contest; Gram Chikitsalay is the sort of imitation that would sit in a corner, join the applause, but take the stage only after the contest."<ref>{{cite web|first=Rahul|last=Desai|title='Gram Chikitsalay' Series Review: A 'Panchayat'-Sized Misfire<br />
|url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/reviews/streaming/gram-chikitsalay-series-review-a-panchayat-sized-misfire|website=The Hollywood Reporter India|date=9 May 2025 |access-date=9 May 2025}}</ref><br />
[[Deepa Gahlot]] of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' gave 2.5 stars out of 5 and said "Even though this season of Gram Chikitsalay is way short of expectations from a TVF production, Amol Parashar's earnestness makes one care enough for him to see where his journey takes him."<ref>{{cite web|first=Deepa|last=Gahlot|title=Gram Chikitsalay Review: Panchayat Redux<br />
|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/gram-chikitsalay-review/20250509.htm|website=Rediff.com|date=9 May 2025 |access-date=9 May 2025}}</ref><br />
Santanu Das of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' gave 3 stars out of 5 and said that " Gram Chikitsalay suffers from a case of narrative inertia, where the show thinks through every detail but rarely acts upon it with a stricter gaze."<ref>{{cite web|first=Santanu|last=Das|title=Gram Chikitsalay review: TVF's tried and tested Panchayat formula prescribed in a new bottle, saved by Amol Parashar<br />
|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/gram-chikitsalay-review-tvfs-tried-and-tested-panchayat-formula-prescribed-in-a-new-bottle-saved-by-amol-parashar-101746760840023.html|website=Hindustan Times|date=9 May 2025 |access-date=9 May 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
Shweta Keshri of ''[[India Today]]'' gave 3.5 stars and said that "the show beautifully captures the challenges and hope. It also highlights the real need for a change in the neglected healthcare sector."<ref>{{cite web|first=Shweta|last=Keshri|title=Gram Chikitsalay review: Amol Parashar adds life to this tale of healing and hope|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/entertainment/ott/story/gram-chikitsalay-review-tvf-series-rural-doctor-trust-local-quack-jharkhand-healthcare-challenges-2721716-2025-05-09|website=India Today|date=9 May 2025|access-date=9 May 2025|archive-date=8 May 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250508191026/https://www.indiatoday.in/entertainment/ott/story/gram-chikitsalay-review-tvf-series-rural-doctor-trust-local-quack-jharkhand-healthcare-challenges-2721716-2025-05-09|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
Shubham Kulkarni of ''[[OTT Play]]'' gave 2.5 stars and writes that "The Amol Parashar-starrer is a good idea with a beating heart, but that is not all it takes to build a stellar show. The glue to bind multiple plots is missing in Gram Chikitsalay, and that dilutes the impact of this potent story."<ref>{{cite web|first=Shubham|last=Kulkarni|title=Gram Chikitsalay Review: A journey of heart, hindered by Panchayat's shadow<br />
|url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/gram-chikitsalay-review-a-journey-of-heart-hindered-by-panchayats-shadow/606ef04043509|website=OTT Play|date=9 May 2025 |access-date=9 May 2025}}</ref><br />
Vinamra Mathur of ''[[Firstpost]]'' rated 3/5 stars and said "Gram Chikitsalay resides on its sharp sense of observation. It spoofs the melodrama of the village life Hindi cinema of the 80s was replete with."<ref>{{cite web|first=Vinamra|last=Mathur|title='Gram Chikitsalay' web-series review: Vinay Pathak and Amol Parashar pass smoothly through familiar terrains|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/gram-chikitsalay-web-series-review-vinay-pathak-and-amol-parashar-pass-smoothly-through-familiar-terrains-13886798.html|website=Firstpost|date=9 May 2025|access-date=9 May 2025|archive-date=8 May 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250508202201/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/gram-chikitsalay-web-series-review-vinay-pathak-and-amol-parashar-pass-smoothly-through-familiar-terrains-13886798.html|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
Devesh Sharma of ''[[Filmfare]]'' rated this show 3/5 stars and said "t’s a worthy watch for fans of rural dramas, but one that leaves you wishing it had taken a few more risks."<ref>{{cite web|first=Devesh|last=Sharma|title=Gram Chikitsalay Review: Strong Performances In A Familiar Rural Frame<br />
|url=https://www.filmfare.com/reviews/web-series/gram-chikitsalay-review-strong-performances-in-a-familiar-rural-frame-73728.html|website=Filmfare|date=9 May 2025 |access-date=9 May 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{IMDb title|id=tt34773311}}<br />
* [https://www.primevideo.com/detail/Gram-Chikitsalay/0O0Y3RM5NIGN9SMVL6098UHNBR ''Gram Chikitsalay''] on [[Prime Video]]<br />
<br />
{{Portal bar|India|Television}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2025 Indian television series debuts]]<br />
[[Category:2025 Indian television series endings]]<br />
[[Category:2020s drama television series]]<br />
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]<br />
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]</div>Camorabughttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abul_Kalam_Qasmi&diff=484442Abul Kalam Qasmi2025-10-16T17:19:35Z<p>Camorabug: put up some article more to come</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian scholar, critic, and poet (1950–2021)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}}<br />
{{Distinguish|Abul Kalam Qasmi Shamsi}}<br />
{{Infobox academic<br />
| name = Abul Kalam Qasmi<br />
| image = <br />
| caption = Qasmi in December 2015<br />
| birth_date = {{birth date|1950|12|20|df=y}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Darbhanga]], Bihar, India<br />
| death_date = {{death date and age|2021|7|8|1950|12|20|df=y}}<br />
| death_place = [[Aligarh]], Uttar Pradesh, India<br />
| awards = {{ubl|[[Sahitya Akademi Award]] (2009)|[[Ghalib Award]] (2013)}}<br />
| alma_mater = {{ubl|[[Darul Uloom Deoband]]|[[Jamia Millia Islamia]]|[[Aligarh Muslim University]]}}<br />
| main_interests = [[Urdu literature]], Urdu criticism<br />
| notable_works = ''The Criticism of Poetry'', ''Novel ka Fun''<br />
}}<br />
'''Abul Kalam Qasmi''' (20 December 1950 – 8 July 2021) was an Indian scholar, literary critic, and a poet of the [[Urdu]] language who served as the [[Dean (education)|dean]] of the [[Faculty of Arts, Aligarh Muslim University|Faculty of Arts]] at the [[Aligarh Muslim University]]. He was the editor of ''[[Tehzeeb-ul-Akhlaq]]'' and authored books such as ''The Criticism of Poetry''. He translated [[E. M. Forster]]'s ''[[Aspects of the Novel]]'' into Urdu as ''Novel ka Fun''. He was conferred with the [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] in 2009, and the [[Ghalib Award]] in 2013. <br />
<br />
Qasmi was an [[alumnus]] of the [[Darul Uloom Deoband]], [[Jamia Millia Islamia]] and the Aligarh Muslim University. He served as the head professor of the Urdu department of Aligarh Muslim University between 1996 and 1999. He was considered a major pillar of Urdu criticism.<br />
<br />
==Biography==<br />
Abul Kalam Qasmi was born on 20 December 1950 in [[Darbhanga]], Bihar.{{Sfn|Sadaf|2006|p=17}} He received his primary education at Madrasa Qāsim al-Ulūm Hussainiya, and graduated in the [[dars-e-nizami]] from the [[Darul Uloom Deoband]] in 1967.{{Sfn|Sadaf|2006|p=17}} He did his intermediate studies at the [[Jamia Millia Islamia]] and received a [[Bachelor of Arts|B.A.]] and an [[Master of Arts|M.A.]] from the [[Aligarh Muslim University]] (AMU) in 1973 and 1975 respectively.{{Sfn|Sadaf|2006|p=17}} His teachers included [[Anzar Shah Kashmiri]].{{Sfn|Qasmi|2013|p=238}}<br />
<br />
Qasmi became a lecturer at the AMU in 1976 and was appointed a [[Reader (academic rank)|Reader]] in 1984, the same year he received his [[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]] degree.{{Sfn|Sadaf|2006|p=17}} He compiled two course books for the university's Urdu department in 1980.{{Sfn|Sadaf|2006|p=17}} In 1993, he was appointed a professor of [[comparative literature]].{{Sfn|Sadaf|2006|p=17}} He edited the ''Aligarh Magazine'' during 1975 and 1976 and served as the chief-editor of the bi-monthly magazine ''Alfāz, Aligarh'' from 1976 to 1980. Between 1983 and 1985, he was the chief-editor of ''Inkār, Aligarh''. In 1996, he became the editor of ''[[Tehzeeb-ul-Akhlaq]]''.{{Sfn|Sadaf|2006|p=19}} He was a member of the executive council of the [[National Council for Promotion of Urdu Language]] from 1998 to 2003.{{Sfn|Sadaf|2006|p=20}} He served as the head professor of the AMU's Urdu department from 16 June 1996 to 15 June 1999.<ref>{{cite web |title=Former chairpersons of the AMU's Urdu department |url=https://amu.ac.in/department/urdu/list-of-former-chairperson |website=amu.ac.in |access-date=8 July 2021}}</ref> He also served as the dean of the AMU's [[Faculty of Arts, Aligarh Muslim University|Faculty of Arts]].<ref name="death">{{cite news |title=اردو کے نامور نقاد پروفیسر ابوالکلام قاسمی کا انتقال |trans-title= Famous Urdu critic Professor Abul Kalam Qasmi passes away|url=https://www.baseeratonline.com/150152 |access-date=8 July 2021 |work=Baseerat Online |date=8 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210708154823/https://www.baseeratonline.com/150152|archive-date=8 July 2021}}</ref> Mujawir Husain Rizvi, who was a professor of Urdu literature at the [[University of Allahabad]], would call him "Father of the Pen" (Abul Qalam), for his literary contributions.{{Sfn|Sadaf|2006|p=191}}<br />
<br />
Qasmi was considered a major pillar of Urdu criticism following on from [[Gopi Chand Narang]] and [[Shamsur Rahman Faruqi]].<ref name="voa">{{cite news |title=پروفیسر ابو الکلام قاسمی کو ساہتیہ اکادمی انعام |trans-title=Professor Abul Kalam awarded the Sahitya Akademi Award|url=https://www.urduvoa.com/a/abul-kalam-qasmi-sahitya-award-6jan10-80809992/1122280.html |access-date=8 July 2021 |work=Urdu [[Voice of America]] |date=6 January 2010 |language=ur}}</ref> He received the [[Bihar Urdu Academy|Bihar Urdu Academy Award]] in 1980, and the [[Urdu Academy, Uttar Pradesh|Uttar Pradesh Urdu Academy Award]] in 1987 and 1993.{{Sfn|Sadaf|2006|p=20}} He was conferred with the [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] in 2009 for his book ''Mu'āsir Tanqīdi Rawayye''.<ref name="voa"/> He received the [[Ghalib Award]] in 2013.<ref>{{cite news |title=Awards |url=https://www.milligazette.com/news/1-community-news/9708-awards/ |access-date=9 July 2021 |work=Milli Gazette |date=17 December 2013}}</ref> He died on 8 July 2021 in [[Aligarh]].<ref name="death"/> [[Tariq Mansoor]] expressed sorrow and termed his death a great loss to the literary fraternity of India.<ref name="amu">{{cite news |title=AMU MOURNS DEMISE OF PROF ABUL KALAM QASMI |url=https://www.amu.ac.in/news/2021/07/09/amu-mourns-demise-of-prof-abul-kalam-qasmi |access-date=9 July 2021 |work=Aligarh Muslim University |date=9 July 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Literary works==<br />
Qāsmi translated [[E. M. Forster]]'s ''[[Aspects of the Novel]]'' into [[Urdu language|Urdu]] as ''Novel ka Fun''.{{Sfn|Sadaf|2006|p=18}}He authored books such as ''Kas̲rat-i Taʻbīr'', ''Mashriqi She'riyāt aur Urdu Tanqīd ki Riwāyat'', ''Mu'āsir Tanqīdī Rawayye'', ''Shā'iri ki Tanqīd'' (''The Criticism of Poetry'') and ''Takhlīqi Tajruba''.{{Sfn|Sadaf|2006|p=18}}<ref name="worldcat">{{cite web |title=Books by Abul Kalam Qasmi |url=https://www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n83167281/ |publisher=[[WorldCat]] |access-date=8 July 2021}}</ref> By 2010 Qāsmi had 125 research articles to his credit.<ref>{{cite news |title=AMU honours its award winning faculty |url=https://ummid.com/news/2010/January/02.01.2010/amu_felicitate_qasmi.htm |access-date=8 July 2021 |work=Ummid |date=2 January 2010}}</ref> His compiled works include:{{Sfn|Sadaf|2006|p=18}}<ref name="worldcat"/><br />
* ''Azādī ke baʻd Urdū Tanz-o-Mizāḥ''<br />
* ''Mashriq kī Bāzyāft: Muḥammad Ḥasan ʻAskarī ke ḥavāle se'' (''The Recovery of the East, with Reference to [[Hasan Askari (writer)|Muhammad Hasan Askari]]'')<br />
* ''Rashīd Aḥmad Ṣiddīqī, Shak̲h̲ṣīyat aur Adabī Qadr-o- Qīmat'' (''[[Rasheed Ahmad Siddiqui]], Life and His Literary Importance'')<br />
* ''Mirzā G̲h̲ālib: Shak̲h̲ṣiyat aur Shāʻirī'' (''[[Mirza Ghalib]]: Personality and Poetry'')<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
===Citations===<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
===Bibliography===<br />
{{refbegin|30em|indent=yes}}<br />
* {{cite book |last1=Sadaf |first1=Mushtaq Ahmad |title=Abul Kalām Qāsmi: Shakhsiyat awr Adbi khidmāt |trans-title=Abul Kalām Qāsmi: Life and literary contributions |publisher=Kitab Numa |date= June 2006 |location=[[New Delhi]] |language=ur |oclc=72871627}}<br />
* {{cite book |last1= Qasmi |first1= Nayab Hasan |title=Darul Uloom Deoband Ka Sahafati ManzarNama |publisher=Idara Tehqeeq-e-Islami |location = [[Deoband]] |date = 2013 |pages= 237–240|language= ur}}<br />
{{refend}}<br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
* {{cite book |last1=Muʻīdur |first1=Raḥmān |title=Nazr-i Abul Kalām Qāsmi |trans-title=A Present to Abul Kalam Qasmi|date=2016 |publisher=Educational Book House |location=[[Ahmedabad]] |language=ur |isbn=9789350738832}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Qasmi, Abul Kalam}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
[[Category:1950 births]]<br />
[[Category:2021 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:Indian critics]]<br />
[[Category:People from Darbhanga]]<br />
[[Category:Darul Uloom Deoband alumni]]<br />
[[Category:Jamia Millia Islamia alumni]]<br />
[[Category:Aligarh Muslim University alumni]]<br />
[[Category:Academic staff of Aligarh Muslim University]]<br />
[[Category:Urdu-language Indian writers]]<br />
[[Category:Recipients of Ghalib Award]]<br />
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Urdu]]</div>Camorabughttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dineshchandra_R._Agrawal_Infracon&diff=497203Dineshchandra R. Agrawal Infracon2025-10-11T02:09:12Z<p>Camorabug: made some pg w/ sources!</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Indian construction company based in Gujarat}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2021}}<br />
<br />
{{More citations needed|date=June 2025}}{{Infobox company<br />
| name = Dineshchandra R. Agrawal Infracon Private Limited (DRAIPL)<br />
| type = Private<br />
| traded_as = <br />
| logo = File:DRA Infracon logo.png<br />
| foundation = {{start date and age|1972}}<br />
| founder = Dineshchandra R. Agrawal <br />
| hq_location = [[Ambawadi]]<br />
| hq_location_city = [[Ahmedabad]], [[Gujarat]], [[India]]<br />
| area_served = [[India]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Mauritius]] and [[Nepal]]<br />
| key_people = Dineshchandra R. Agrawal <br> {{small|(Chairman & MD)}} <br> Jagdishchandra Agrawal <br> {{small|(Director)}} <br> Bharatkumar O. Agrawal <br> {{small|(Director)}} <br> Hardik D. Agrawal <br> {{small|(CEO & Director)}} <br />
| revenue = [[₹]]3,864 [[crore]]s (2021-22)<br />
| operating_income = <br />
| net_income = [[₹]]231 [[crore]]s (2021-22)<br />
| assets = <br />
| equity = <br />
| industry = [[Engineering]], [[Construction]], [[Airports]], [[Highways]], [[Rapid transit|Metro Rail]] and [[Railways]]<br />
| products = <br />
| services = [[Engineering]], [[Procurement]] and [[Construction]] ([[Engineering, procurement and construction|EPC]])<br />
| num_employees = 4,000 (March 2020)<br />
| parent = <br />
| subsid = <br />
| homepage = {{URL|http://www.draipl.com}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Dineshchandra R. Agrawal Infracon Private Limited''' or '''DRA Infracon''' is an [[infrastructure]] development and construction company based at [[Ahmedabad]] in [[Gujarat]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/infrastructure/nhai-awards-rs-533-crore-contract-in-rajasthan/articleshow/53326203.cms |title=NHAI awards Rs 533 crore contract in Rajasthan |work=The Economic Times |date=21 July 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/bid-done-work-on-first-flyover-of-chandigarh-to-start-from-month-end/articleshow/71845229.cms |title=Bid done, work on first flyover of Chandigarh to start from month end |work=The Times of India |date=1 November 2019 }}</ref> It was founded by Dineshchandra Rameshwarji Agrawal at [[Deesa]] in [[Banaskantha district]] of [[Gujarat]] in 1972. DRA Infracon got incorporated in the [[Ministry of Corporate Affairs]] on 7 November 2003.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.zaubacorp.com/company/DINESHCHANDRA-R-AGRAWAL-INFRACONPRIVATE-LIMITED/U45202GJ2003PTC043160 |title=About Dineshchandra R. Agrawal Infracon Private Limited |work=Zauba Corp |access-date=18 June 2021 }}</ref><br />
<br />
The company operates in construction sector in Airports, Bridges, Highways, Expressways, Metro Rail, Railways, Smart Cities, and Water supply.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.newsx.com/a-list/finding-opportunities-in-a-pandemic-hardik-agarwal-director-of-dineshchandra-r-agrawal-infracon-on-they-ensured-the-well-being-of-their-on-site-workers-during-the-covid-crisis.html |title=Finding opportunities in a pandemic: Hardik Agarwal, Director of DRA Infracon on Covid19 crisis management |work=News X |date=13 August 2020 }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Key projects==<br />
* [[Ahmedabad Metro]] ([[East-West Corridor (Ahmedabad Metro)|East-West Corridor]])<ref>{{cite web |url=https://themetrorailguy.com/2020/12/17/dra-infracon-wins-ahmedabad-metros-thaltej-gam-section/ |title=DRA Infracon wins Ahmedabad Metro's Thaltej Gam section |work=The Metro Rail Guy |date=17 December 2017 }}</ref><br />
* [[Chennai Metro]] ([[Line 3 (Chennai Metro)|Purple Line]])<ref>{{cite web |url=https://themetrorailguy.com/2021/10/01/lt-tata-dra-win-chennai-metros-29-underground-station-work/ |title=L&T, Tata & DRA Infracon wins Chennai Metro's 29 underground station works |date=1 October 2021 }}</ref><br />
* [[Smart Cities Mission|Jaipur Smart City]] (smart roads)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.constructionworld.in/urban-infrastructure/smart-cities-projects/The-government-Smart-Cities-mission-is-keeping-companies-busy/20389 |title= The government's smart cities mission is keeping companies busy |work=Construction World |date=1 February 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.constructionworld.in/urban-infrastructure/smart-cities-projects/Smart-cities-require-the-development-and-maintenance-of-infrastructure/20388 |title=Smart cities require the development and maintenance of Infrastructure |work=Construction World |date=1 February 2019 }}</ref><br />
* [[Jogbani]]–[[Biratnagar]] Integrated Check Post<ref>{{cite web |url=https://kathmandupost.com/money/2020/01/21/biratnagar-integrated-check-post-slated-to-be-inaugurated-today |title=Biratnagar integrated check post slated to be inaugurated today |work=The Kathmandu Post |date=21 January 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://thehimalayantimes.com/business/biratnagar-icp-to-start-operation-from-today |title=Biratnagar ICP to start operation from today |work=The Himalayan Times |date=21 January 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/pm-modi-nepalese-counterpart-inaugurate-check-post-at-jogbani-biratnagar/articleshow/73473347.cms |title=PM Modi, Nepal PM KP Oli jointly inaugurate integrated check post via video conferencing |work=The Times of India |date=21 January 2020 }}</ref><br />
* [[Mumbai–Ahmedabad high-speed rail corridor|Mumbai-Ahmedabad HSR]] (Bullet train)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://themetrorailguy.com/2021/10/05/ircon-dra-jv-wins-mumbai-ahmedabad-hsrs-package-c7/ |title=IRCON-DRA Infracon JV wins Mumbai–Ahmedabad HSR's package C7 |work=The Metro Rail Guy |date=5 October 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.urbantransportnews.com/news/ircon-led-consortium-wins-3429-cr-civil-contract-for-mumbai-ahmedabad-bullet-train-project |title=IRCON led consortium wins Rs 3,429 cr contract for Mumbai-Ahmedabad bullet train project |work=Urban Transport News |date=5 October 2021 }}</ref><br />
* [[Prayagraj Junction railway station|Prayagraj railway station]] redevelopment <br />
* [[Rohini Heliport]] (Delhi)<br />
* [[Sabarmati Riverfront]] (Ahmedabad)<br />
<br />
===Roads & Bridges===<br />
{{div col|colwidth=25em}}<br />
<br />
* [[Ahmedabad–Dholera Expressway]] (38 km only)<br />
* [[Amritsar–Jamnagar Expressway]] (24 km only)<br />
* [[Atal Setu, Sikkim]] (NH-10)<br />
* [[DND–KMP Expressway]] (Delhi to Sohna)<br />
* [[Delhi–Mumbai Expressway]] (84 km only)<br />
* [[Raipur–Visakhapatnam Expressway]] (04 km in Odisha)<br />
* [[Barmer, Rajasthan|Barmer]]–[[Jalore]] section of [[State Highway 16 (Rajasthan)|SH-16]] in Rajasthan<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.patrika.com/barmer-news/barmer-jalore-state-highway-will-rejuvenation-2622070/ |title=Barmer–Jalore state highway will be rejuvenated |work=Rajasthan Patrika |date=8 July 2017 }}</ref><br />
* [[Indore]]–[[Dewas]] section of [[National Highway 3 (India, old numbering)|NH-3]]<br />
* [[National Highway 230 (India)|Lucknow outer ring road]] (Package-3A)<br />
* [[Maitri Setu]] (India-Bangladesh)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/foreign-affairs/2017/10/11/indo-bangla-maitree-bridge-swing |title=Construction of Indo-Bangla Maitree bridge in full swing |work=Dhaka Tribune |date=11 October 2017 }}</ref><br />
* [[Mechi Bridge]] (India-Nepal)<br />
* [[Meerut]]–[[Shamli]]–[[Karnal]] ([[National Highway 709A (India)|NH-709A]]) (88 km)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/shamli/meerut-karnal-highway-widening-work-started-shamli-news-mrt5407071135<br />
|title=Widening work of Meerut–Karnal highway started |work=Amar Ujala |date=31 May 2021 }}</ref><br />
* [[Munabao]]-[[Jaisalmer|Dhanana]]-[[Tanot Mata|Tanot]] [[National Highway 70 (India)|(NH-70)]] (274 km)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1683050 |title=Gadkari to inaugurate and lay foundation stone for 18 highway projects in Rajasthan |work=Press Information Bureau |date=23 December 2020 }}</ref><br />
* [[Raiganj]]–[[Dalkhola]] section of [[National Highway 12 (India)|NH-12]] (55 km)<ref>{{cite news |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/roadways/last-leg-of-nh-34-four-laning-project-in-bengal-to-begin-on-aug-31-nhai/articleshow/77822637.cms |title=Last leg of old NH-34 four-laning project in Bengal to begin in August 2020: NHAI |work=The Economic Times|date=29 August 2020 }}</ref><br />
* Salasar–[[Nagaur]] section of [[National Highway 58 (India)|NH-58]] (120 km)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=147478 |title=NHAI awards contract for 2-laning of Salasar-Nagaur section of old NH-65 in Rajasthan |work=Press Information Bureau |date=21 July 2016 }}</ref><br />
{{div col end}}<br />
<br />
===Airports===<br />
{{div col|colwidth=25em}}<br />
<br />
* [[Gondia Airport]] (Maharashtra)<br />
* [[Itanagar Airport]] (Arunachal Pradesh)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2020/nov/12/arunachal-cm-sets-august-2022-deadline-for-completion-ofhollongi-airport-2222915.html |title=Arunachal CM sets August 2022 deadline for completion of Hollongi Airport |work=The New Indian Express |date=12 November 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/itanagar/arunachal-government-to-monitor-hollongi-airport-project-work/articleshow/74078276.cms |title=Arunachal Government to monitor Hollongi Airport project work |work=The Times of India |date=11 February 2020 }}</ref><br />
* Runway at [[Guwahati Airport]]<br />
* Runway at [[Hindan Air Force Station]]<br />
* Runway at [[INS Utkrosh]] (Port Blair)<br />
* Runway at Leh Air Force Station (Ladakh)<br />
* Runway at [[Bikaner Airport|Nal Air Force Station]] (Bikaner)<br />
* Runway at Palam Air Force Station <br />
* Runway at [[Suratgarh Air Force Station]]<br />
* Runway at [[Tezpur Airport|Tezpur Air Force Station]]<br />
* Runway at [[Vijayawada Airport]]<br />
{{div col end}}<br />
<br />
==Awards==<br />
<br />
* National Highways Excellence Awards (2021): Gold award in the category "Outstanding work in challenging conditions" by [[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways|MoRTH]] in June 2022.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1837752 |title=National Highways Excellence Awards 2021 |work=Press Information Bureau |date=28 June 2022}}</ref><br />
* National Highways Excellence Awards (2020): Gold award in Project Management (PPP) by MoRTH in January 2021.<br />
* National Highways Excellence Awards (2020): Silver award in Project Management (EPC) by MoRTH in January 2021.<br />
* 1st rank for [[India]]'s fastest-growing construction company in the Medium category by Construction World in 2020.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/metro-rail-and-road-construction-companies-compete-at-6th-india-construction-festival/1954399 |title=Metro Rail and Road Construction Companies Compete at 6th India Construction Festival |work=Outlook |date=13 October 2020 }}</ref><br />
* National Highways Excellence Awards (2019): Gold award in Project Management (PPP) by MoRTH in January 2020.<br />
* 2nd rank for [[India]]'s fastest-growing construction company in the Medium category by Construction World in 2019.<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Adani Group]]<br />
* [[Dilip Buildcon]]<br />
* [[Sadbhav Engineering]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{Official website|http://www.draipl.com/}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Companies based in Ahmedabad]]<br />
[[Category:Companies based in Gujarat]]<br />
[[Category:Construction and civil engineering companies of India]]<br />
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1972]]<br />
[[Category:Construction and civil engineering companies established in 1972]]<br />
[[Category:1972 establishments in Gujarat]]</div>Camorabughttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mecca_Rafeeque_Ahmed&diff=474695Mecca Rafeeque Ahmed2025-10-10T05:48:59Z<p>Camorabug: brief add section for accuracy further</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian businessman}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}<br />
'''Mecca Rafeeque Ahmed''' is an Indian businessman and entrepreneur from [[Tamil Nadu]]. He is a recipient of the 2011 [[Padma Shri]] Award.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article1124505.ece|title=Nageswara Rao, Ahluwalia, Shashi Kapoor, Girish Kasaravalli among Padma awardees|date=26 January 2011|work=[[The Hindu]]|accessdate=26 January 2011}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Career==<br />
Ahmed's father, Haji Mecca Abdul Majid Sahib, started the Farida Prime Tannery in 1957. He named it after the youngest of his nine daughters and started it with Rs. 1.5 million from his savings and bank loans.<ref name="Outlook Business" /> Rafeeque Ahmed started his career in 1958 and took over full control of the business after his father's demise in 1965. Under his guidance, the ''Farida Group'' has grown from a tannery to many shoemaking and tannery divisions.<ref name="Outlook Business">{{cite web|last1=Subhashini|first1=Sen|title=Best Foot Forward|url=http://www.outlookbusiness.com/printarticle.aspx?289340|publisher=Outlook Business|accessdate=23 September 2014|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150208182409/http://www.outlookbusiness.com/printarticle.aspx?289340|archivedate=8 February 2015}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Social service==<br />
The company [[Farida Group]] has a presence in the Vellore district and has created thousands of jobs for the locals. They process about 80,000 sq. feet of hide and manufacture about 23,000 pairs of shoes and 3,500 pairs of shoe-uppers per day. They employ nearly 9,000 people.<ref name="Outlook Business" /><br />
<br />
==Awards and honours==<br />
Mecca Rafeeq Ahmed is a recipient of the 2011 [[Padma Shri]] Award, India's fourth-highest civilian award.<ref name=Milligazette>{{cite web|title=M. Rafeeque Ahmed gets Padma Shri Award|url=http://www.milligazette.com/news/910-m-rafeeque-ahmed-gets-padma-shri-award|publisher=Milligazette|accessdate=23 September 2014}}</ref> He was also awarded an honorary degree by Hindustan Institute of Technology & Science in 2017.<ref>{{cite web|title=Doctorate for Farida Group chief Rafeeq Ahmed|url=https://www.futurefootwear.in/doctorate-farida-group-chief-rafeeq-ahmed|publisher=Futurefootwear|accessdate=7 October 2017|archive-date=30 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030110717/https://www.futurefootwear.in/doctorate-farida-group-chief-rafeeq-ahmed/|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Trade & Industry}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ahmed, Mecca Rafeeque}}<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Businesspeople from Tamil Nadu]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil businesspeople]]<br />
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in trade and industry]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil Muslims]]<br />
[[Category:Leather industry in India]]<br />
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]</div>Camorabughttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=P._Jayadevi&diff=523344P. Jayadevi2025-10-09T22:26:46Z<p>Camorabug: Added Initial Bio Added Tags...</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian film director and screenwriter (died 2023)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2020}}<br />
<br />
'''P. Jayadevi''' (died 4 October 2023) was an Indian film director, producer, screenwriter and actress who worked on Tamil films. Regarded as one of the first female directors in the Tamil film industry, Jayadevi was predominantly active in the 1980s and 1990s.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chennaionline.com/interviews/jayadevi.asp|title=Director Jayadevi's new film – 'Power of Women'|date=24 August 2004|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040824010651/http://www.chennaionline.com/interviews/jayadevi.asp|archive-date=24 August 2004}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil-news/9944/cinema/Kollywood/France-govt.,-honoured-director-jeyadevi.htm|title=பெண் இயக்குனர் ஜெயதேவிக்கு பிரான்ஸ் அரசு கவுரவம் &#124; France govt., honoured director jeyadevi|date=17 December 2012|website=தினமலர் – சினிமா|access-date=11 December 2020|archive-date=15 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415010427/https://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil-news/9944/cinema/Kollywood/France-govt.,-honoured-director-jeyadevi.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://epgp.inflibnet.ac.in/epgpdata/uploads/epgp_content/S000456WS/P000860/M019316/ET/1486105553Quadrant-1Mehraz_Women_Directors-_Parmar.pdf |title=Paper – 10, Module −19 Women Directors |website=epgp.inflibnet.ac.in |access-date=11 December 2020 |archive-date=15 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415010429/http://epgp.inflibnet.ac.in/epgpdata/uploads/epgp_content/S000456WS/P000860/M019316/ET/1486105553Quadrant-1Mehraz_Women_Directors-_Parmar.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Career==<br />
Having begun her career as a theatre artist, Jayadevi began acting in films aged 20 and initially nursed ambitions of becoming a director. She appeared as an actress in over 40 films, before working as a producer and director, and introducing technicians such as [[P. C. Sreeram]] and [[Velu Prabhakaran]] through her ventures.<ref name="jaya">{{Cite web|url=http://www.cinesouth.com/specials/interviews/jeyadevi.shtml|title=www.cinesouth.com – Tamil Cinema Interview with 'Puratchikkaran' Jeyadevi|date=19 July 2003|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030719180401/http://www.cinesouth.com/specials/interviews/jeyadevi.shtml|archive-date=19 July 2003}}</ref><br />
<br />
Jayadevi first worked as a director in ''[[Nalam Nalamariya Aaval]]'' (1984), and subsequently went on to make more films throughout the 1980s and 1990s.<ref name="jaya"/><br />
<br />
In 2000, she worked as a writer on ''[[Puratchikkaaran]]'', a script based on the teachings of [[Periyar E. V. Ramasamy|Periyar]] and his book entitled ''Kadavul''. The film's controversial theme prompted publicity prior to release, with Jayadevi's work on the film's dialogues being praised.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://cinesouth.com/scopes/reviews/puratchi.shtml|title=www.cinesouth.com – Tamil Cinema Reviews Puratchikkaran|date=24 June 2001|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010624181321/http://cinesouth.com/scopes/reviews/puratchi.shtml|archive-date=24 June 2001}}</ref><ref name="jaya"/> She started making ''[[Power of Women (film)|Power of Women]]'' (2005) in 2001 but the film had a delayed release following production trouble.<ref name="chen">{{cite web |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/interviews/jayadevi.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040824010651/http://www.chennaionline.com/interviews/jayadevi.asp |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 August 2004 |title=Director's Jayadevi's new film – Power of Women |publisher=Chennai Online |accessdate=30 October 2015 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> The film starred [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]] and [[Khushbu Sundar|Khushbu]] in the lead roles, with a reviewer from the AllIndianSite labelling the film as "below average", noting that "Jayadevi's story is initially strong", but "the last few scenes are unpardonably slow and didactic" and that the "screenplay meanders through undulating terrain".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kollywood.allindiansite.com/power_of_women.html|title=Power of Women - Tamil movie - It's All About movie - AllIndianSite.com|work=allindiansite.com|access-date=11 December 2020|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304104442/http://kollywood.allindiansite.com/power_of_women.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2010, Jayadevi began work on ''Aananda Leelai'', a film about fake godmen and their women devotees. She approached [[Khushbu Sundar|Khushbu]] and [[Suhasini Maniratnam|Suhasini]] to play the key roles, but the project did not develop into production.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/jul-10-02/kushboo-suhasini-07-07-10.html|title=Kushboo - Tamil Movie News - Will Kushboo and Suhasini accept? - Kushboo &#124; Suhasini &#124; Nalam Nalamariya Aaval &#124; Vilangu Meen - Behindwoods.com|website=www.behindwoods.com|access-date=11 December 2020|archive-date=28 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228000317/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/jul-10-02/kushboo-suhasini-07-07-10.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/Nityanandas-sexploits-on-big-screen-soon/articleshow/7232448.cms|title=Nityananda's sexploits on big screen soon |website=The Times of India|date=7 January 2011|access-date=11 December 2020|archive-date=19 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319124024/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/Nityanandas-sexploits-on-big-screen-soon/articleshow/7232448.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> She announced her intentions of directing a film during 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tamil.samayam.com/tamil-cinema/movie-news/after-a-long-time-woman-director-jayadevi-again-ready-to-direction/articleshow/62836772.cms|title=பல வருடங்கள் கழித்து மீண்டும் வருகிறார் பெண் இயக்குனர் ஜெயதேவி!|website=Samayam Tamil|access-date=11 December 2020|archive-date=15 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415010429/https://tamil.samayam.com/tamil-cinema/movie-news/after-a-long-time-woman-director-jayadevi-again-ready-to-direction/articleshow/62836772.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Personal life and death==<br />
Jayadevi was previously married to film director [[Velu Prabhakaran]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil-news/59823/cinema/Kollywood/Director-Velu-Prabakaran-married-30-years-actress-infront-of-Medai-people.htm|title=இயக்குனர் வேலு பிரபாகரன், தன்னை விட 30 வயது குறைவான நடிகையுடன் திடீர் திருமணம் &#124; Director Velu Prabakaran married 30 years actress {{sic|in|front|hide=y}} of Medai people|date=3 June 2017|website=தினமலர் – சினிமா|access-date=11 December 2020|archive-date=19 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319122518/https://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil-news/59823/cinema/Kollywood/Director-Velu-Prabakaran-married-30-years-actress-infront-of-Medai-people.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> She died on 4 October 2023.<ref>[https://www.maalaimalar.com/cinema/cinemanews/tamil-cinema-actress-jeya-devi-passes-away-670430 விலாங்குமீன் படத்தை இயக்கிய நடிகை ஜெயதேவி காலமானார்] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231004190146/https://www.maalaimalar.com/cinema/cinemanews/tamil-cinema-actress-jeya-devi-passes-away-670430 |date=4 October 2023 }} {{in lang|ta}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Partial filmography==<br />
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="margin-right: 0;"<br />
|+<br />
! rowspan="2" |Year<br />
! rowspan="2" |Film<br />
! colspan="4" |Credited for<br />
! rowspan="2" scope="col" class="unsortable"| Notes<br />
! rowspan="2" scope="col" class="unsortable"| {{Abbr|Ref.|References}}<br />
|-<br />
!Writer<br />
!Director<br />
!Actor<br />
!Producer<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|1976<br />
|''[[Idhaya Malar]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|{{yes}}<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |<br />
|-<br />
|1977<br />
|''Sainthadamma Sainthadu''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|{{yes}}<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |<br />
|-<br />
|1978<br />
|''[[Ananda Bairavi]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|{{yes}}<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|1978<br />
|''[[Vaazha Ninaithaal Vaazhalaam]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|{{yes}}<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |<br />
|-<br />
|1980<br />
|''Matravai Neril''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|{{yes}}<br />
|{{yes}}<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |<br />
|-<br />
|1982<br />
|''[[Anu]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|{{yes}}<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|1981<br />
|''Vaa Indha Pakkam''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|{{yes}}<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |<br />
|-<br />
|1982<br />
|''Nandri Meendum Varuga''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|{{yes}}<br />
|{{yes}}<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |<br />
<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|1983<br />
|''Oru Pullaanguzhal Adupoothugirathu''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|{{yes}}<br />
|{{yes}}<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |<br />
|-<br />
|1984<br />
|''[[Nalam Nalamariya Aaval]]''<br />
|{{yes}}<br />
|{{yes}}<br />
|<br />
|{{yes}}<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |<br />
|-<br />
|1985<br />
|''[[Vilaangu Meen]]''<br />
|{{yes}}<br />
|{{yes}}<br />
|<br />
|{{yes}}<br />
|<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |<br />
|-<br />
|1987<br />
|''[[Vilangu]]''<br />
|{{yes}}<br />
|{{yes}}<br />
|<br />
|{{yes}}<br />
|<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |<br />
|-<br />
|1987<br />
|''Paasam Oru Vesham''<br />
|{{yes}}<br />
|{{yes}}<br />
|<br />
|{{yes}}<br />
|<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |<br />
|-<br />
|1989<br />
|''Sariyana Jodi''<br />
|{{yes}}<br />
|<br />
|{{yes}}<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |<br />
|-<br />
|1997<br />
|''[[Kadavul]]''<br />
|{{yes}}<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|2000<br />
|''[[Puratchikkaaran]]''<br />
|{{yes}}<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |<br />
|-<br />
|2005<br />
|''[[Power of Women (film)|Power of Women]]''<br />
|{{yes}}<br />
|{{yes}}<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|2007<br />
|''[[Sivaji: The Boss|Shivaji]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|{{yes}}<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*{{IMDb name|6076345}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Jayadevi, P.}}<br />
[[Category:20th-century births]]<br />
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]<br />
[[Category:2023 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian screenwriters]]<br />
[[Category:Film directors from Chennai]]<br />
[[Category:Indian women film directors]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil screenwriters]]<br />
[[Category:Indian women screenwriters]]<br />
[[Category:Screenwriters from Chennai]]<br />
[[Category:Women artists from Tamil Nadu]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian women]]</div>Camorabughttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pseudolaguvia_kapuri&diff=527025Pseudolaguvia kapuri2025-10-03T07:22:15Z<p>Camorabug: Added The Article Basic Info</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Species of catfish}}<br />
{{Speciesbox<br />
| image = Pseudolaguvia kapuri.jpg<br />
| status = LC<br />
| status_system = IUCN3.1<br />
| status_ref = <ref>{{cite iucn|author=Ng, H.H. |year= 2010 |title= ''Pseudolaguvia kapuri'' |article-number= e.T166417A6204703 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-4.RLTS.T166417A6204703.en |access-date=1 October 2023}}</ref><br />
| taxon = Pseudolaguvia kapuri<br />
| authority = ([[Raj Tilak (ichthyologist)|Tilak]] & [[Akhlaq Husain|Husain]], 1975<br />
| synonyms = {{Specieslist<br />
|Laguvia ribeiroi kapuri|Tilak & Husain, 1975<br />
|Glyptothorax kapuri|(Tilak & Husain, 1975)<br />
|Laguvia kapuri|Tilak & Husain, 1975<br />
}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Pseudolaguvia kapuri''''' is a [[species]] of [[catfish]] in the family [[Erethistidae]]. It is found in India and Nepal. <br />
<br />
==Description==<br />
''Pseudolaguvia kapuri'' reaches a [[total length]] of {{cvt|4|cm|in}}.<ref>{{FishBase |genus= Pseudolaguvia|species= kapuri| id=24892 |month = February | year = 2015}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Etymology==<br />
The species epithet is named in honor of the entomologist A. P. Kapur, who was the Director of the Zoological Survey of India.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
*Talwar, P.K. and A.G. Jhingran, 1991. Inland fishes of India and adjacent countries. Volume 2. A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam. <br />
<br />
{{Taxonbar|from=Q5520708}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Catfish of Asia]]<br />
[[Category:Fish of India]]<br />
[[Category:Taxa named by Raj Tilak]]<br />
[[Category:Taxa named by Akhlaq Husain]]<br />
[[Category:Fish described in 1975]]<br />
[[Category:Erethistidae]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{Catfish-stub}}</div>Camorabughttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maheshpur_railway_station&diff=515005Maheshpur railway station2025-09-25T16:36:16Z<p>Camorabug: Starting A Data</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Railway station in West Bengal}}<br />
{{about|the station in India|the railway station in Bangladesh|Maheshpur railway station (Bangladesh)}}{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}{{Infobox station<br />
| name = Maheshpur railway station<br />
| type = [[Indian Railways]] station<br />
| style = Indian Railways<br />
| image = <br />
| image_caption = <br />
| address = Maheshpur, [[Birbhum district]], [[West Bengal]]<br />
| country = India<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|23.7880|87.8368|type:railwaystation_region:IN|display=inline,title}}<br />
| line = [[Ahmadpur–Katwa line]]<br />
| other = <br />
| elevation = <br />
| structure = Standard (on ground station)<br />
| platform = 1<br />
| depth = <br />
| levels = <br />
| tracks = 1<br />
| parking = <br />
| bicycle = <br />
| opened = 1917<br />
| closed = 2013<br />
| electrified = Yes<br />
| accessible = <br />
| code = {{Indian railway code<br />
| code = MHSP<br />
| zone = [[Eastern Railway zone|Eastern Railway]]<br />
| division = [[Howrah railway division]]<br />
}}<br />
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]<br />
| operator = [[Eastern Railway zone|Eastern Railway]]<br />
| status = Closed<br />
| former = [[McLeod's Light Railways]]<br />
| passengers = <br />
| pass_year = <br />
| pass_percent = <br />
| pass_system = <br />
| mpassengers = <br />
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Indian Railways|line=Eastern Railway zone|left=Labpur|right=Kirnahar|type=[[Ahmadpur–Katwa line]]}}<br />
| map_locator = <br />
}}<br />
{{Ahmadpur–Katwa line|collapse=yes}}<br />
<br />
'''Maheshpur railway station''' was a railway station in [[Ahmadpur–Katwa line]] under [[Howrah railway division]] of [[Eastern Railway zone]]. It was situated at Maheshpur of [[Birbhum district]] in the [[India]]n state of [[West Bengal]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/indian-railway/mahespur-mhsp-station|title=Mahespur Railway Station (MHSP) : Station Code, Time Table, Map, Enquiry|publisher=NDTV|access-date=2019-10-10}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/station/blog/mahespur-mhsp/8622|title=Mahespur Railway Station Forum/Discussion – Railway Enquiry|website=indiarailinfo.com|access-date=2019-10-10}}</ref> With the conversion of the [[Ahmadpur–Katwa line]] to broad gauge this station was abandoned.<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
Ahmedpur–Katwa narrow-gauge railway line connecting [[Ahmedpur, Birbhum|Ahmedpur]] and [[Katwa Junction railway station|Katwa]] was established on 29 September 1917 by [[McLeod's Light Railways]]. Indian Railways had taken over the operation of this narrow-gauge railway from McLeod and Company in 1966.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.irfca.org/articles/manning/bnr.html|title=[IRFCA] Ian Manning on the Indian Railways – The Katwa Railways|website=www.irfca.org|access-date=2019-10-10}}</ref> After closing this track in 2013 the railway section was converted into {{track gauge|1676mm}} broad gauge in 1917.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/emotions-pasted-one-last-run-posters-on-train-people-bid-goodbye-to-96-year-old-narrow-gauge-line/cid/349181|title=Emotions pasted, one last run – posters on train, people bid goodbye to 96-year-old narrow-gauge line|website=www.telegraphindia.com|access-date=2019-10-10}}</ref> The conversion work started in 2013 and was completed in early 2017. The track including Maheshpur railway station was reopened for the public on 24 May 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://st2.indiarailinfo.com/kjfdsuiemjvcya1/0/3/9/8/3442398/0/1526994180625270534.jpg|title=Passenger train to start on newly constructed Ahmedpur Katwa broadgauge line|last=|first=|date=|website=|access-date=10 October 2019}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 1917]]<br />
[[Category:Railway stations in Birbhum district]]<br />
[[Category:Howrah railway division]]<br />
[[Category:Railway stations in India closed in 2013]]<br />
{{WestBengal-railstation-stub}}</div>Camorabug