Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Hike Messenger

2026-05-06T19:49:46Z

CallGirlMumbai: created a pg

{{Short description|Instant messaging app}}
{{Advert|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox software
| name = Hike
| title =
| logo = Hike Messenger logo.svg
| logo_size = 250
| logo alt = Word "Hike by Aim mishra" written in blue
| screenshot =
| screenshot_size = 220px
| caption = Screenshot of Hike messenger
| author = [[Kavin Bharti Mittal]]
| developer = Hike Private Limited
| released = {{Start date and age|2012|12|}}
| discontinued = yes
| ver layout = stacked
| latest release version = {{Multiple releases
| branch1 = Android
| version1 = 6.3.95
| date1 = {{start date and age|2020|06|26}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.hike.chat.stickers |title=hike messenger |publisher=[[Play Store]] |access-date=2020-01-14}}</ref>
| branch2 = iOS
| version2 = 6.2.210
| date2 = {{Start date and age|2020|03|23}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://apps.apple.com/app/id568038211|title=Hike Sticker Chat|publisher=App Store|language=en-us|access-date=2020-01-14}}</ref>
}}
| programming language = {{Plain list|
* [[Objective-C|Objective C]], [[Swift (programming language)|Swift]] (for iOS)
* [[Java (programming language)|Java]], [[C++]] (for Android)
* [[React Native]], [[JavaScript]], [[HTML]], [[Python (programming language)|Python]], [[Go (programming language)|Golang]], [[Node.js]] (for back-end)
}}
| operating system = {{Plain list|
* [[Android (operating system)|Android]]
* [[iOS]]
* [[Windows Phone]]
* [[Web app]]
* [[BlackBerry OS|Blackberry OS]], [[Symbian S60]]
}}
| platform = [[ARM architecture|ARM]], [[x86]]/[[x86-64]]
| language count = 10
| replaced_by = Vibe by hike Rush by hike
| size = 2278.3 [[Megabyte|MB]] ([[iOS]]){{Break}}
75.16 [[Megabyte|MB]] ([[Android (operating system)|Android]])
| language = [[English language|English]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Hindi]], [[Kannada]], [[Malayalam]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and [[Sanskrit]]
| genre = {{plainlist|
*[[Voice over IP]] (VoIP)
*[[Instant messaging]]
*[[Video chat]]
*[[Social media]]
*[[Image sharing]]
*[[Multimedia]]}}
| license = [[Freeware]]
| website = {{URL|hike.in}}
}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Hike Private Ltd.
| logo =
| logo_size = 120px
| type = [[Privately held company|Private]]
| industry = [[Internet]]
| founded = {{Start date and age|2012|12|12|df=yes}}
| defunct = {{Start date and age|2021|01|06|df=yes}}
| founders = [[Kavin Bharti Mittal]]
| key_people =
| hq_location_city = [[New Delhi]]
| hq_location_country = [[India]]
| num_employees = 160+ (as of October 2021)
| website = {{URL|https://www.hike.in}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Hike Messenger''', aka Hike Sticker Chat, is a multifunctional Indian [[social media]] and [[social networking service]] offering instant messaging (IM) and Voice over IP (VoIP) services that was launched on December 11, 2012, by [[Kavin Bharti Mittal]]. Hike functioned through SMS. The app registration used a s‍tandard, [[one-time password]] (OTP) based authentication process.

It was estimated to be worth $1.4 billion and had more than 100 million registered users. It went defunct on January 6, 2021, as they were unable to compete with global messaging platforms.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Arshyaa |date=Jan 9, 2023 |title=Why Hike Messenger Failed in India? |url=https://www.pagetwentyone.com/post/why-hike-messenger-failed-in-india#:~:text=In%20conclusion%2C%20Hike%20Messenger%20failed,forced%20it%20to%20shut%20down. }}</ref>

The app re-appeared on google play store and apple app store on 19 September 2025.

==History==
Hike Messenger was launched on December 12, 2012, by its founder, [[Kavin Bharti Mittal]]. The majority of users were from [[India]], with 80% under the age of 25.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gizbot.com/apps-software/hike-instant-messenger-app-crosses-the-20-million-users-mark-news-017759.html|title=Hike Instant Messenger App Crosses 20 Million Users Mark|last=Vivek|date=2014-06-16|website=Gizbot|language=en|access-date=2019-10-16}}</ref> The company purchased [[Startup company|startups]] like TinyMogul and Hoppr in 2015.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/software/hike-brings-hoppr-tiny-mogul-games-under-main-brand/articleshow/48466977.cms|title=Hike brings Hoppr, Tiny Mogul Games under main brand|date=2015-08-13|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2018-05-09}}</ref> After buying US-based free voice calling company Zip Phones,<ref>{{Cite web |last=asijamohit |date=2015-01-29 |title=Moving Fast: After Acquiring Zip Phone Hike Messenger Offers Free Voice Calls To Its Users |url=https://inc42.com/buzz/gaining-edge-homegrown-hike-messenger-hikes-whatsapp-hike-calls |access-date=2020-02-24 |website=Inc42 Media |language=en-US}}</ref> Hike provided VoIP calling services.<ref name="Hike Messnger buys Zip Phone to offer Internet call">{{cite web |date=January 9, 2015 |title=Hike Messenger buys Zip Phone to offer Internet calls |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/internet/hike-messenger-buys-zip-phone-to-offer-internet-calls/articleshow/45811933.cms/ |access-date=January 9, 2015 |publisher=The Economic Times}}</ref> On March 5, 2015, Hike launched the 'Great Indian Sticker Challenge' to create more stickers.<ref>{{cite news|title=Hike Messenger launches the "Great Indian Sticker Challenge"|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/article/industry/companies/hike-messenger-launches-the-great-indian-sticker-challenge/50577/|access-date=14 March 2015|work=The Financial Express|agency=Feonline|date=5 March 2015}}</ref> In February 2017, Hike acquired the social networking app Pulse.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://inc42.com/buzz/hike-messenger-instalively-pulse|title=Hike Messenger Acquires Social Networking Platform InstaLively|last=aparnamishra.06|date=2017-06-29|website=Inc42 Media|language=en-US|access-date=2019-10-14}}</ref>

From version 5.0, it became the first social messaging app to start a mobile payment service in [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://techcrunch.com/2017/06/20/hike-messenger-payments-india/|title=Hike beats WhatsApp to launching messenger app payments in India – TechCrunch|website=techcrunch.com|date=20 June 2017 |language=en-US|access-date=2018-03-19}}</ref> The timeline feature came back after multiple user requests<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://press.hike.in/hike-messenger-launches-the-all-new-hike-5-0-with-hike-wallet-daddc94562ef|title=Hike Messenger launches the All New Hike 5.0 with Hike Wallet|date=2017-08-11|work=Hike Blog for Press|access-date=2018-05-09}}{{Dead link|date=August 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> and the introduction of a personalized digital envelope called Blue Packets for sending monetary gifts through a built-in wallet.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2017/06/20/tencent-backed-indian-messaging-app-hike-rolls-out-payments-services.html|title=Indian messaging unicorn Hike moves into payments, taking notes from Tencent's WeChat|last=Choudhury|first=Saheli Roy|date=2017-06-20|website=CNBC|language=en|access-date=2019-10-22}}</ref> In 2017, the acquisition of [[Bangalore|Bengaluru]]-based startup Creo was announced to enable third-party developers to build services on top of the Hike platform.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://techcrunch.com/2017/08/11/hike-creo/|title=Indian messaging app Hike acquires hardware startup Creo – TechCrunch|website=techcrunch.com|date=11 August 2017 |language=en-US|access-date=2018-05-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.india.com/business/hike-messenger-acquires-creo-a-bangalore-based-start-up-2394710/|title=Hike Messenger Acquires Creo, a Bangalore Based Start Up|last=Desk|first=India com News|date=2017-08-11|website=India.com|language=en|access-date=2019-10-15}}</ref> In 2018, Hike provided 1 billion users with internet access by targeting smaller cities.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/startup/hike-messenger-to-go-strong-on-hyperlocal-strategy-target-small-cities-2538409.html|title=Hike Messenger to go strong on hyperlocal strategy, target small cities|website=Moneycontrol|date=28 March 2018 |access-date=2019-10-21}}</ref>

In January 2019, the company discarded the previous [[super-app]] approach, and began launching specialized apps for specific use-cases.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/business/report/hike-messenger-dumps-one-app-fits-all-approach/20190129.htm|title=Hike messenger dumps one-app-fits-all approach|website=Rediff|language=en|access-date=2020-02-24}}</ref> In May 2019, Hike announced a collaboration with [[Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology, Delhi]] (IIIT-D) to develop a variety of [[machine learning]] models.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://telecom.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/hike-starts-academia-partnership-with-iiit-d-for-ai-ml-development/69197889|title=Hike starts academia partnership with IIIT-D for AI, ML development - ET Telecom|last=www.ETTelecom.com|website=ETTelecom.com|language=en|access-date=2019-07-30}}</ref> In April 2019, the company launched its first standalone app, Hike Sticker Chat. A separate content app Hike News & Content was also launched.

In 2021, Hike shut down its messaging service and shifted focus to gaming and community platforms. It launched ''Rush'', a real-money gaming app featuring casual titles like ludo and carrom, which scaled to over 10 million users and generated more than US$500 million in gross revenue over four years. The company also introduced ''Vibe'', an approval-only community app, as part of its pivot away from the super-app and messaging model.

In September 2025, following the passage of the Promotion and Regulation of Online Gaming Act, which banned real-money gaming in India, Hike announced its complete closure. Founder Kavin Bharti Mittal stated that while the company had begun international expansion, scaling globally under the new regulatory regime would require a full reset that was not a viable use of capital or resources.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hike Shuts Down: India's Real-Money Gaming Ban Ends a Unicorn's Journey |url=https://beamstart.com/news/hike-once-a-unicorn-shuts-17577723941684 |access-date=2025-09-15 |website=Hike Shuts Down: India’s Real-Money Gaming Ban Ends a Unicorn’s Journey {{!}} BEAMSTART |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-09-14 |title='Closing a chapter, opening a New One': Kavin Mittal confirms global shutdown of Hike |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/technology/tech-news/closing-a-chapter-opening-a-new-one-kavin-mittal-confirms-global-shutdown-of-hike/articleshow/123870695.cms |access-date=2025-09-15 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

On 19 September 2025, hike was relaunched on play store and app store by the name hike messenger.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hike Messenger – Apps on Google Play |url=https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.tring.messenger&hl=en_IN |access-date=2026-01-27 |website=play.google.com |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-10 |title=Hike Messanger App |url=https://apps.apple.com/in/app/hike-messanger/id6752019079 |access-date=2026-01-27 |website=App Store |language=en-GB}}</ref>

==Application==
===Timeline of Features===
On 15 April 2014, Hike introduced unlimited free [[SMS]] via a service called Hike Offline, through credits earned by users from regular chatting, as connectivity is still a major issue in many parts of India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://telecomtalk.info/hike-messenger-goes-aggressive-by-offering-unlimited-free-sms-to-users/116061/|title=Hike Messenger Goes Aggressive By Offering Unlimited Free SMS To Users|website=Telecomtalk|language=en-US|access-date=2019-10-14}}</ref> In an attempt to appeal to its younger users, Hike introduced features that find resonance with the local market, such as Last Seen Privacy and localized sticker packs. It also introduced a two-way chat theme, allowing users to change the chat background for themselves and for their friends simultaneously.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/technology/technology-others/hike-messenger-claims-15m-users-powered-by-young-users/|title=Hike crosses 15M users, 80% of them under 25|date=2014-02-21|website=The Indian Express|language=en-IN|access-date=2019-10-15}}</ref> The app also started showing live [[Cricket]] scores in collaboration with [[CricBuzz|Cricbuzz]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.digit.in/news/apps/hike-ties-up-with-cricbuzz-to-bring-world-cup-updates-to-its-users-25287.html|title=Hike ties up with CricBuzz to bring World Cup updates to its users - Digit|website=www.digit.in|date=13 February 2015|language=en|access-date=2019-10-16}}</ref> as well as news, casual games, and social media feeds.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://inc42.com/features/kavin-bharti-mittal-ai-powered-hike-sticker-chat-app|title=How Hike Is Using AI To Replace Keyboards With Contextual Stickers In 40 Indian Languages|date=2019-05-06|website=Inc42 Media|language=en-US|access-date=2019-10-15}}</ref> Hike also added a file transfer service, allowing files less than 100MB of all formats, with a view on further increasing the size limit to 1 GB.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.telecomtiger.com/fullstory.aspx?storyid=20358|title=Instant Messenger Hike crosses 20 million users mark|website=www.telecomtiger.com|access-date=2019-10-16|archive-date=2018-03-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180322021316/http://telecomtiger.com/fullstory.aspx?storyid=20358|url-status=dead}}</ref>

With the launch of version 2.9.2.0 in January 2015, Hike implemented support for sending uncompressed images and a "quick upload" feature optimized for [[2G]] speed.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.windowscentral.com/hike-messenger-gets-new-stickers-faster-uploads-and-more-update|title=Hike messenger gets new features for 2015|date=2015-01-22|website=Windows Central|language=en|access-date=2019-10-15}}</ref> Later that month, Hike introduced a voice calling feature for its users.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://gadgets.ndtv.com/apps/news/hike-messenger-now-offers-free-voice-calling-with-hike-calls-654713?site=classic|title=Hike Messenger Now Offers Free Voice Calling With "Hike Calls"|date=28 January 2015}}</ref> In September 2015, Hike launched free group call support with up to 100 people in a simultaneous conference call environment.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://tech.firstpost.com/news-analysis/hike-messenger-for-android-allows-free-group-calls-with-up-to-100-people-281214.html|title=Hike Messenger for Android allows free group calls with up to 100 people|date=13 September 2015}}</ref> In November 2016, Hike announced the launch of a feature called Stories that allows people to share real-life moments using fun live filters which automatically get deleted after 48 hours, and a new camera design with localized filters.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gadgetsnow.com/tech-news/Hike-launches-Stories-adds-in-app-camera-with-Live-Filters/articleshow/55475469.cms|title=Hike launches 'Stories,' adds in-app camera with Live Filter - Gadgets Now|website=Gadget Now|access-date=2018-05-09}}</ref> Hike 4.0 launched on 26 August 2015 with the tagline ''<nowiki/>'Got a Gang? Get on Hike'''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.afaqs.com/news/advertising/45439_hike-gets-users-to-gang-up|title=Hike gets users to Gang Up|website=afaqs!|date=31 August 2015 |access-date=2019-10-16}}</ref> Hike 4.0 was an optimization-focused update, increasing the performance of the app on poor networks. It supported photo filters, doodles, and bite-sized news updates in under 100 characters.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://technuter.com/apps/hike-launches-its-update-hike-4-0.html|title=hike launches its update hike 4.0|last=technuter|date=2015-08-27|website=Technuter|language=en-US|access-date=2019-10-16}}</ref> Hike launched News Feed with Hindi language support on 29 September 2015 to cater for the needs of the non-English population.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/apps/hike-launches-hindi-news-feed/story-UpIG2S5rf3idtmOEuIqkmJ.html|title=Hike Messenger now has a Hindi news feed|date=2015-09-29|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|access-date=2019-10-16}}</ref> Hike launched version 3.5 as the biggest update<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/industry/technology/hike-introduces-biggest-ever-update-hike-3-5-for-windows-phone-8-1/183434/|title=Hike introduces biggest ever update, hike 3.5, for Windows Phone 8.1|date=2015-12-24|website=The Financial Express|language=en-US|access-date=2019-10-16}}</ref> for [[Windows Phone 8.1]] during December 2015 which changed the user interface for more simpler navigation, supported sending unlimited non-media files and documents of any format and better group admin settings. It also included ten brand new chat themes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.windowscentral.com/hike-messenger-gets-new-user-interface-and-more-part-major-windows-phone-update|title=Hike Messenger gets a new and big Windows Phone update|date=2015-12-21|website=Windows Central|language=en|access-date=2019-10-15}}</ref>

Hike launched a [[microapp]] feature which was live for two days on 8 May 2016, as a [[Mother's Day]] special in which users could add images, quotes or messages as a token of love with customized e-cards and stickers on their timeline not only on Hike, but also on other platforms.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bgr.in/news/mothers-day-hike-messenger-to-launch-microapp-for-its-users/|title=Mother's Day: hike messenger to launch 'microapp' for its users|last=IANS|date=2016-05-07|website=BGR India|language=en-US|access-date=2019-10-15|archive-date=2019-10-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191015092901/https://www.bgr.in/news/mothers-day-hike-messenger-to-launch-microapp-for-its-users/|url-status=dead}}</ref> On 26 October 2016, Hike Messenger rolled out the beta version of a video calling feature ahead of [[WhatsApp]] starting with the Android users which also lets recipients preview a video call before deciding to take it and is optimized to even work under 2G conditions.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.techinasia.com/hike-rolls-out-video-calling-whatsapp-dithers-in-beta|title=Tech in Asia - Connecting Asia's startup ecosystem|website=www.techinasia.com|language=en-US|access-date=2019-10-15}}</ref> On 24 December 2016, Hike rolled out a short 20-second Video Stories feature that can be directly shared with friends or posted on a public timeline with different filters in collaboration with content creators with the same 48-hour time limit before being automatically deleted.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://telecom.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/hike-launches-video-story-feature-new-digital-campaign-ahead-of-festivities/56141698|title=Hike launches video story feature, new digital campaign ahead of festivities - ET Telecom|last=www.ETTelecom.com|website=ETTelecom.com|language=en|access-date=2019-10-15}}</ref> The Stories feature continues to receive constant future updates to include and enable content, public story option, private user messaging and geo-tagging.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://techcrunch.com/2016/11/17/indian-chat-app-hike-clones-snapchat/|title=Fresh from raising $175M, Indian chat app Hike clones Snapchat|website=TechCrunch|date=18 November 2016 |language=en-US|access-date=2019-10-15}}</ref>

In September 2017, Hike launched personalized sticker packs with 20,000+ graphical stickers for over 500 colleges that covered around 1,000 colleges by December 2018<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tech/hike-messenger-to-add-personalised-stickers-for-1-000-colleges-by-2018/story-FXz2AJCtTkQoclEijSayFL.html|title=Hike messenger to add personalised stickers for 1,000 colleges by 2018|date=2017-09-08|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|access-date=2019-10-18}}</ref> across India which can be used across different geographies, and are highly customized for users with availability in 40+ local languages that support automatic sticker suggestions where the application suggests the best reply for any sticker message and also allows users to "nudge", a feature used to ping the receiver.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.gizbot.com/apps/news/hike-introduces-personalized-sticker-packs-over-500-colleges-across-india-043991.html|title=Hike introduces personalized sticker packs for over 500 colleges across India|date=2017-09-07|work=gizbot.com/|access-date=2018-03-19|language=en}}</ref> Hike started supporting user comments on friend's posts, added a specific message reply function, a redesigned camera interface to support front flash and user mentions with the help of the @ symbol.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nokiapoweruser.com/hike-app-android-updated-list-new-features/|title=Hike Messenger for Android updated with list of new features|last=Shivam|date=2017-12-19|website=Nokiapoweruser|language=en-US|access-date=2019-10-16}}</ref> In December, 2017, Hike launched group voting, bill splitting, checklists and event reminders for group chat that supports up to 1,000 users both on iOS and Android platform.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tech/whatsapp-rival-hike-messenger-now-lets-you-split-bills-conduct-polls-within-groups/story-dw8rbsh1Y2eFlvbEje72eN.html|title=WhatsApp-rival Hike Messenger now lets you split bills, conduct polls within groups|date=2017-12-15|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|access-date=2019-10-14}}</ref> Hike launched another feature called Hike Land, which is a virtual world with beta trial to start from March 2020, that will use Hike Moji where online users with their digital avatar can hang out with other users and will be built inside the Hike Sticker Chat application. It is mainly targeted but not restricted towards 16 to 21 years age group of people.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.derbifoundation.com/news/hike-wants-to-create-your-virtual-clone-and-tap-into-a-new-economy/,%20https://www.derbifoundation.com/news/hike-wants-to-create-your-virtual-clone-and-tap-into-a-new-economy/|title=Hike wants to create your virtual clone and tap into a new economy - Derbi Foundation|date=2020-02-19|language=en-US|access-date=2020-02-22}}{{Dead link|date=August 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> Without unveiling much about Hike Land, a separate website has been created with option to reserve spots by giving details like name, gender and phone number that will link the user profile from the Hike Sticker Chat account though it is not a necessity.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/technology/news-hike-messenger-launching-hike-land-feature-soon-582683|title=Hike to take on WhatsApp, Telegram with this upcoming feature|last=Arora|first=Devesh|date=2020-01-24|website=www.indiatvnews.com|language=en|access-date=2020-02-22}}</ref>

====Hike Direct====
The Hike Direct feature is based on the technology known as [[WiFi-Direct|WiFi Direct]], which initially was also called [[Wi-Fi P2P|WiFi P2P]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.techmesto.com/how-hike-direct-works/|title=How 'Hike Direct' Works Without Internet Connection|last=says|first=Karthikeyan|date=2015-12-11|website=TechMesto|language=en-US|access-date=2019-10-18}}</ref> and got introduced to users by October 2015, which enables sharing of files such as music, apps, videos without a live internet connection within a 100-meter radius by creating a wireless network between two or more devices with a transfer speed of 100MB per minute. For privacy and security reasons, Hike didn't show the recipient's location or proximity and works only when two users are connected in the same room by adding one another into the contact list.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/VxceoRNgNsS9gqJRiv1ruO/Review-Hike-Direct-app-for-Android.html|title=Review: Hike Direct app for Android|last=Ahaskar|first=Abhijt|date=2015-10-09|website=Livemint|language=en|access-date=2019-10-18}}</ref>

====Hike Wallet====
In June 2017, Hike announced the launch of version 5.0 with multiple new features like User Chat Themes, [[Dark mode|Night Mode]] and Magic Selfie. along with a built-in Wallet partnered with [[Yes Bank]]. This feature was first rolled out to Android users followed by iOS users at a later stage.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/money-and-banking/hike-messenger-partners-with-yes-bank-to-launch-inapp-wallet/article9731154.ece|title=Hike Messenger partners with YES Bank to launch in-app Wallet|last=Aggarwal|first=Varun|website=@businessline|date=20 June 2017 |language=en|access-date=2019-10-14}}</ref>

Hike collaborated with [[Airtel Payments Bank|Airtel Payment Bank]] to power its digital payment wallet by November 2017 where Hike users have access to Airtel Payments Bank's merchant & utility payment services and [[know your customer]] (KYC) infrastructure with 5 million transactions happening from services like recharge and P2P.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gadgets.ndtv.com/apps/news/hike-airtel-payments-bank-digital-wallet-partnership-1778670|title=Hike Messenger, Airtel Payments Bank Collaborate on Digital Wallet|website=NDTV Gadgets 360|date=22 November 2017 |language=en|access-date=2019-10-15}}</ref> Hike formed a partnership with [[Ola Cabs]] to bring a [[Taxicab|taxi]] and [[Auto rickshaw|auto-rickshaw]] booking facility from 14 February 2018. With Hike Wallet facility users could now book bus tickets with 3,000 operators and also pay bills for electricity, cooking gas, [[Direct-to-home television in India|DTH]] and landline with 60 operators.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/tech/hike-partners-ola-for-taxi-booking-through-its-app-1659769.html|title=Hike Partners Ola For Taxi-Booking Through Its App|website=News18|date=13 February 2018|access-date=2019-10-16}}</ref>

Support of [[Unified Payments Interface]] (UPI) based payments by Hike Wallet would let users send and receive up to ₹1 lakh directly into the bank account without sharing their credit/debit card or net banking credentials. Users could send money through UPI to anyone and not just Hike users. For non-UPI users, it allowed transactions up to ₹20,000 a month with a maximum cap per transaction at ₹5,000.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/Technology/lC7cEMjEYW9ccvi2rRI0RJ/How-is-Hike-Wallet-different-from-Paytm-and-Oxigen.html|title=How is Hike Wallet different from Paytm and Oxigen|last=Ahaskar|first=Abhijit|date=2017-06-21|website=Livemint|language=en|access-date=2019-10-17}}</ref>

====Hike ID====
In January 2018, Hike announced the launch of 'Hike ID' to enhance its user privacy features. Hike ID is a unique custom username that removes the need for sharing phone numbers to chat with someone. Users can also search for each other using their Hike IDs.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://gadgets.ndtv.com/apps/news/hike-messenger-launches-hike-id-lets-users-chat-without-sharing-their-mobile-number-1797938|title=Hike Messenger's New Feature Lets Users Chat Without Sharing Phone Number|work=NDTV Gadgets360.com|access-date=2018-05-09|language=en}}</ref> Hike ID has been integrated across all Hike-based services for facilitating easy discovery of people or groups.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gizbot.com/mobile/news/hike-messenger-launches-hike-id-047085.html|title=Hike Messenger launches Hike ID|last=Priyanka|date=2018-01-09|website=Gizbot|language=en|access-date=2019-10-17}}</ref>

In a survey done by the Hike team out of a million active users, 69 percent confirmed that they like to talk to others without sharing their own phone number and over 72 percent said that they like to skip the step of saving phone numbers before talking to others. This is what prompted the developers to come up with Hike ID as the solution which makes it easier as well as secure for users to chat without having to share or save phone numbers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bgr.in/news/hike-id-rolled-out-lets-you-chat-without-sharing-your-phone-number/|title=Hike ID rolled out, lets you chat without sharing your phone number|last=Staff|date=2018-01-09|website=BGR India|language=en-US|access-date=2019-10-17|archive-date=2019-10-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191017122956/https://www.bgr.in/news/hike-id-rolled-out-lets-you-chat-without-sharing-your-phone-number/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

====Hike Web====
In August 2019, it launched the [[Web application|Web App]] beta version of Hike Sticker Chat which enable its users to chat over their personal computers. The company also worked on a feature to allow sharing of stickers across all messaging platforms.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/industry/technology/whatsapps-indian-rival-hike-messenger-launches-web-version-of-sticker-chat-app/1663395/|title=WhatsApp's Indian rival Hike Messenger launches web version of Sticker Chat app|date=2019-08-01|website=The Financial Express|language=en-US|access-date=2019-08-06}}</ref> Hike Web was created ensuring a seamless experience for users with a focus on privacy and security. Hike increased network security to [[Aes-256|AES-256]] and [[TLS 1.2]], which makes communication over a web client more secure.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://blog.hike.in/autobackup-and-web-60f4d42df55|title=Introducing Auto Backup & Web|last=Mittal|first=Kavin Bharti|date=2019-08-02|website=Medium|language=en|access-date=2019-08-06}}{{Dead link|date=August 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}}</ref>

====Hike Moji====
Hike Moji was a digital [[avatar (computing)|avatar]] of a user based on [[artificial intelligence]] (AI), [[natural language processing]] (NLP) and [[machine learning]] (ML) generated imagery created by taking a [[selfie]], for variety of localized Indianised expressions with 1000 customized options like more than 350 hairstyles, 20 different facial features, [[Bindi (decoration)|bindis]], local clothing style, nose pins with local twist and mood.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/technology/in-other-news/161119/hike-introduces-customised-hikemojis-and-stickers.html|title=Hike introduces customised HikeMojis and stickers|date=2019-11-16|website=Deccan Chronicle|language=en|access-date=2020-02-22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://blog.hike.in/introducing-hikemoji-your-funnest-most-expressive-self-a10ccc677e88|title=Introducing HikeMoji — your funnest, most expressive self|last=Mittal|first=Kavin Bharti|date=2019-11-16|website=Medium|language=en|access-date=2020-02-22}}</ref> The beta version 1.0 was rolled out on 15 November 2019 for both android and iOS.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/tech/news-analysis/hike-messenger-launches-hikemoji-which-is-like-memoji-but-with-a-local-twist-7661491.html|title=Hike launches HikeMoji, which is similar to memoji but with a local twist|date=2019-11-16|website=Tech2|access-date=2020-02-22}}</ref> It was officially released to a wider audience base on 19 February 2020.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Ians|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/technology/internet/hyper-local-personalised-avatar-hikemoji-rolled-out-in-india/article30859181.ece|title=Hyper-local, personalised avatar HikeMoji rolled out in India|date=2020-02-19|work=The Hindu|access-date=2020-02-22|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> With the stable release, it included 200 more customized options like 20 skin shades, over a million eyes colours, more than 400 accessories, [[dimple]]s, [[freckle]]s, cheek-lines and more.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tech/hike-rolls-out-hyper-local-personalised-avatar-hikemoji-in-india-have-you-made-yours-yet/story-4j4cKqZariMi75PBuDDwUL.html|title=Hike rolls out hyper-local, personalised avatar HikeMoji in India: Have you made yours yet?|date=2020-02-19|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|access-date=2020-02-22}}</ref> Hike Moji generate stickers are on three language where English and Hindi act as default with one other optional [[Languages of Indian subcontinent|Indic language]]. Right now the language support is limited to [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Kannada|Kanada]], [[Malayalam]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Telugu language|Telugu]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/tech/hikemoji-is-yet-another-digital-avatar-but-with-a-local-twist-2388327.html|title=HikeMoji is Yet Another Digital Avatar, But With a Local Twist|date=2019-11-15|website=News18|access-date=2020-02-22}}</ref> User can share 100+ exclusive Hike Moji stickers to other platforms. [[Computer vision]] and deep neural networks enable the platform to search around 100 trillion combinations of facial shape and color reflecting the user's looks within a few seconds.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bgr.in/news/hike-launches-avatars-with-hikemoji-with-personal-and-hyperlocal-stickers-858988/|title=Hike launches personalized avatars with HikeMoji|last=Staff|date=2019-11-15|website=BGR India|language=en-US|access-date=2020-02-22|archive-date=2020-04-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200412225118/https://www.bgr.in/news/hike-launches-avatars-with-hikemoji-with-personal-and-hyperlocal-stickers-858988/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Lifelike images are generated with three seconds. Hike Moji version 1.0 (beta) alone created over 1 million plus stickers upon its launch in a control group of users.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gadgets.ndtv.com/apps/news/hikemoji-come-out-of-beta-with-improvements-2182672|title=HikeMoji Comes Out of Beta With Improvements|website=NDTV Gadgets 360|date=19 February 2020 |language=en|access-date=2020-02-22}}</ref> The stable version 1.0 can now create 100 quintillion combinations of stickers with seamless addition to [[WhatsApp]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/gadgets-news/hike-announces-launch-of-hikemojis-with-over-1200-new-components/articleshow/74211981.cms|title=Hike announces launch of Hikemojis with over 1,200 new components - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=19 February 2020 |access-date=2020-02-24}}</ref> Inspired by local diversity of the country, HikeMoji now is the largest platform for hyper local avatar creation in [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/national-news/hyper-local-personalized-avatar-hikemoji-rolled-out-in-india/|title=Hyper-local, personalized avatar 'HikeMoji' rolled out in India|date=2020-02-20|website=The Sentinel|language=en-US|access-date=2020-02-22}}</ref>

===Privacy & Security===
An article from 10 December 2012 published on German website [[Spiegel Online]] where app testers of MediaTest Digital found out while analyzing the data traffic of Hike version 1.0.5 for iOS that it transmits messages, phone numbers and unique device identification number (UDID) unencrypted and has full access to the phone address book. They called out that these deficiencies in Hike are even more undeniable than those made in the past in WhatsApp.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.spiegel.de/netzwelt/apps/sicherheit-app-tester-warnen-vor-whatsapp-alternative-hike-a-872033.html|title=Sicherheit: Experten warnen vor WhatsApp-Alternative Hike|date=2012-12-10|work=Spiegel Online|access-date=2019-10-14}}</ref>

Hike used [[Transport Layer Security|SSL]] [[encryption]] for the exchange of media and text messages on Wi-Fi. In addition to a user choosing whom to share their last seen and profile pictures with, the app also supports an industry first hidden mode with a pattern lock feature for extended user privacy.<ref name="KashyapForbes">{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/krnkashyap/2016/12/25/this-is-the-1-4b-indian-chat-app-challenging-whatsapp-in-india/|title=This Is The $1.4B Indian Chat App Challenging WhatsApp In India|last=Kashyap|first=Karan|website=Forbes|language=en|access-date=2019-07-30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://businessworld.in/article/Cool-Features-In-Hike-Messenger-/10-11-2017-131262|title=Cool Features In Hike Messenger|last=Bureau|first=BW Online|website=BW Businessworld|language=en|access-date=2019-07-30}}</ref> As of June 2019, all chats and calls are now being protected by 128-bit [[Advanced Encryption Standard]], and messages stored locally on a device are auto backed-up to its cloud server with zero data consumption. It. The data stored on Hike servers is completely encrypted with an [[AES-128]] algorithm.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://blog.hike.in/hike-security-7d8a12e5cb04|title=Hike Sticker Chat: Private and Secure|last=Hike|date=2019-08-01|website=Medium|language=en|access-date=2019-08-06}}</ref>

===Platform Support===
====Hike Total====
In January 2018, the company announced the launch of Total which is a customized version of Android that uses its own proprietary technology called UTTP,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://tech.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/mobile/hikes-new-os-to-offer-services-without-net/62549761|title=Hike's new Total OS to offer services without Internet - ETtech|last=www.ETtech.com|newspaper=The Economic Times|language=en|access-date=2019-10-17}}</ref> which is based on [[Unstructured Supplementary Service Data]] (USSD) protocol that is supported by nearly all [[GSM phone system|GSM phones]] that allowed users to access services on their mobile even in the offline mode or without internet. Hike teamed up with mobile carriers and OEMs for Total, with device makers bundling a tweaked version of Android that makes Hike the default text/call app.

The total was targeted at the next billion mobile-first customers. Users can access essential services such as Messaging, News, Horoscope, Recharge, Wallet, Cricket Scores and Rail information even without an active internet connection with services taking less than 100 kb to 1 MB of size. Users can also buy data packs which are as low as ₹1 from within the operating system.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://inc42.com/buzz/messaging-app-hike-launched-total|title=Indian Messaging App Hike Launches New OS Total|date=2018-01-25|website=Inc42 Media|language=en-US|access-date=2019-10-17}}</ref>

Hike announced [[Intex Technologies]], [[Karbonn Mobiles]] as device partners and [[Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited|BSNL]], [[Aircel]] as telecom service providers. Hike announced the availability of the Total platform for 'Mera Pehla Smartphone' initiative launched by [[Airtel India]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gadgets.ndtv.com/apps/news/hike-total-airtel-mera-pehla-smartphones-preinstalled-1809826|title=Hike Total to Come Pre-Installed on Select Airtel Smartphones|website=NDTV Gadgets 360|date=7 February 2018 |language=en|access-date=2019-10-15}}</ref> The first batch of handsets supporting the technology were released by March 2018. It wasn't available for download on [[Google Play]] as it is exclusive to handset models produced by partner original equipment manufacturers (OEMs).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://techcrunch.com/2018/01/16/hike-unbundles-its-messaging-app/|title=Hike unbundles its messaging app to reach India's next wave of smartphone users – TechCrunch|website=techcrunch.com|date=17 January 2018 |language=en-US|access-date=2018-03-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/Technology/MFiNntbX3qibL5vOYtw5oO/Hikes-Total-app-Everything-you-need-to-know.html|title=Hike's Total app: Everything you need to know|last=Ahaskar|first=Abhijit|date=2018-01-18|website=Livemint|language=en|access-date=2019-10-14}}</ref>

==User statistics==
Hike acquired its first five million users within three months after the app launch which increased to fifteen million by September 2013.<ref name="hikinvestblog">{{cite web|url=http://hike.in/blog/press/bsb-invests-7m-in-free-messaging-app-hike-after-it-crosses-5m-in-just-4-months/|title=BSB invests $7 million in free messaging app "hike" – after it crosses 5 million users in just 4 months|date=April 25, 2013|publisher=Bharti SoftBank|access-date=August 12, 2014|archive-date=July 9, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140709232657/http://hike.in/blog/press/bsb-invests-7m-in-free-messaging-app-hike-after-it-crosses-5m-in-just-4-months/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Up to May 2014, the user base increased to twenty million with additional fifteen million joining till August 2014.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://techmoran.com/hike-messenger-crosses-35-million-users-raises-65m-led-tiger-global/|title=Hike Messenger Crosses 35 Million Users - Raises $65M Led by Tiger Global|date=2014-08-27|work=TechMoran|access-date=2018-05-09|language=en-US}}</ref> Hike reached seventy million users till October 2015<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://telecom.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/mvas-apps/hike-direct-allows-users-to-chat-and-share-files-without-internet/49270411|title=Hike Direct allows users to chat and share files without internet - ET Telecom|last=www.ETTelecom.com|website=ETTelecom.com|language=en|access-date=2019-10-18}}</ref> by adding an additional thirty million within three months from August 2015.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/technology/social/no-need-to-regulate-ott-players-Hike-messenger-founder-kavin-mittal/|title=No need to regulate OTT players, says Kavin Mittal as Hike touches 70 million users|date=8 October 2015|access-date=10 October 2015|agency=IndianExpress}}</ref> Twenty billion messages were shared regularly every month till August 2015, that grew to over one billion messages shared every single day by December 2015, that again doubled to forty billion monthly messages till January 2016 as users are spending over 120 minutes per week on the app.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://hike.in/blog/1-billion-messages-a-day/ | title=Hike— Building a New Social Future | access-date=2017-09-12 | archive-date=2016-01-05 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105094834/http://hike.in/blog/1-billion-messages-a-day/ | url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thedatadriver.com/2016/01/hike-messenger-crosses-100-million.html|title=Hike Messenger Crosses 100 Million Users and 40 Billion Messages Per Month|access-date=2019-10-18}}</ref>

On average, users are spending more than 120 minutes per week on the app as they are viewing 11.2 news stories on average per user per day while transferring close to 10 million files with Hike Direct which is more than 200 terabytes of data without the use of actual internet.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/hike-messenger-crosses-100-million-users-116012101477_1.html|title=Hike Messenger crosses 100 million users|last=Reporter|first=B. S.|date=2016-01-22|work=Business Standard India|access-date=2019-10-18}}</ref> As of January 2019, 29 percent of internet users in India use Hike as a messenger or VoIP platform.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.messengerpeople.com/messaging-apps-in-india/|title=Messaging Apps in India: 89% of internet users use mobile messaging|date=2018-02-11|website=MessengerPeople|language=en-US|access-date=2019-10-18}}</ref>

Hike crossed over its first hundred million registered users in January 2016 as per founder and company CEO, Kavin Bharti Mittal which added a further sixty million till May 2019.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/industry/technology/100-mn-user-mark-crossed-by-hike-messenger/199703/|title=100 mn-user mark crossed by hike messenger|date=2016-01-21|work=The Financial Express|access-date=2018-05-09|language=en-US}}</ref> Over ten million mobile transactions were done on Hike as of November 2017 of which 70 percent were for various recharges, while 30 percent were [[Peer-to-peer transaction|peer to peer transaction]] (P2P). A further breakdown of 30 percent P2P transactions consists of 10 percent [[Unified Payments Interface|UPI payments]], 10 percent Blue Packets which are virtual envelopes that users can insert money into and send to friends with personal messages, filters<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/technology/in-other-news/281117/seven-hike-messenger-features-you-wont-find-anywhere.html|title=Seven Hike Messenger features you won't find anywhere|date=2017-11-28|website=Deccan Chronicle|language=en|access-date=2019-10-15}}</ref> and 10 percent normal wallet transactions. During this time around Hike also recorded a 30 percent month after month rise in its active user base.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bgr.in/news/hike-messenger-records-10-million-wallet-transactions-plans-in-app-taxi-and-movie-ticket-bookings/|title=Hike Messenger records 10 million wallet transactions, plans in-app taxi and movie ticket bookings|last=Satpathy|first=Sambit|date=2017-12-21|website=BGR India|language=en-US|access-date=2019-10-14|archive-date=2019-10-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191014081149/https://www.bgr.in/news/hike-messenger-records-10-million-wallet-transactions-plans-in-app-taxi-and-movie-ticket-bookings/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Hike Messenger announced that it crossed five million monthly transactions within five months of Hike Wallet's launch at a 30 percent month after month growth<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cio.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/enterprise-services-and-applications/hike-wallet-crosses-5-million-monthly-transactions/61688509|title=Hike wallet crosses 5 m monthly transactions - ET CIO|last=www.ETCIO.com|website=ETCIO.com|language=en|access-date=2019-10-19}}</ref> which by December 2017 increased to ten million monthly transactions at a 100 percent month after month growth rate.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/hike-wallet-crosses-10-mn-transactions-per-month/article22121647.ece|title=Hike Wallet crosses 10 million transactions per month|last=Ians|date=2017-12-21|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-10-19|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

Around 50,000 users are joining Hike Sticker Chat per day which the company wants to quadruple by the end of 2019. The initial target is capturing of 15 to 20 percent youth population in India and a wider base from tier-1 and tier-2 cities since maximum growth is coming from [[Pune]], [[Ahmedabad]], [[Mumbai]] and [[Jaipur]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/hike-expects-to-achieve-4-fold-growth-rate-in-customer-acquisition-by-2019/articleshow/68909795.cms|title=Hike expects to achieve 4-fold growth rate in customer acquisition by 2019 - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=16 April 2019 |access-date=2019-10-16}}</ref> As of December 2019, the app has over two million weekly active users.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gadgets.ndtv.com/apps/news/hike-sticker-chat-app-2-million-weekly-active-users-kavin-bharti-mittal-2146768|title=Hike Sticker Chat App Now Has Over 2 Million Weekly Active Users|website=NDTV Gadgets 360|date=11 December 2019 |language=en|access-date=2020-02-22}}</ref>

==Funding==
Hike raised its first round of funding of $7 million from [[Bharti Enterprises]] and [[SoftBank Group]] in April 2013.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://thenextweb.com/in/2013/04/25/mobile-messaging-service-hike-lands-7-million-to-take-on-whatsapp-in-india/|title=Hike Raises $7 Million to Take on WhatsApp in India|last=Russell|first=Jon|date=2013-04-25|work=The Next Web|access-date=2018-05-09|language=en-US}}</ref> It again received a second round of investment of $14 million from Bharti Enterprises and Softbank Group in March 2014 to scale up operations when it crossed 15 million subscribers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://techcrunch.com/2014/04/02/hike-14m/|title=Indian Mobile Messaging App Hike Raises $14M In New Funding From BSB – TechCrunch|website=techcrunch.com|date=2 April 2014 |language=en-US|access-date=2018-05-09}}</ref> In August 2014, Hike reached 35 million users and raised $65 million in a [[funding round]] led by [[Tiger Global]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/software/hike-raises-65-million-from-foreign-investors-including-tiger-global/articleshow/40925803.cms|title=Hike raises $65 million from foreign investors, including Tiger Global|last=Aulakh|first=Gulveen|date=2014-08-26|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2018-05-09}}</ref> It raised $175 million in a Series D round of funding led by [[Tencent]] and [[Foxconn]] on 16 August 2016. After raising this round Hike reached the valuation of $1.4 billion and became the youngest startup in India to reach unicorn status, having achieved it in just 3.7 years after launch.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://techcrunch.com/2016/08/16/indias-whatsapp-rival-hike-raises-175m-led-by-tencent-at-a-1-4b-valuation/|title=India's WhatsApp rival Hike raises $175M led by Tencent at a $1.4B valuation – TechCrunch|website=techcrunch.com|date=16 August 2016 |language=en-US|access-date=2018-05-09}}</ref>

==Controversy==
Around January 2016, Hike spokesperson told [[Press Trust of India]] journalist that [[Facebook]] blocked an option in its advertisements which allows people to visit the Hike official website which they initially assumed to be a technical glitch, but later Facebook confirmed that certain products and services can't be advertised on its platform which stopped the Hike ads. Facebook, whose [[WhatsApp]] app is a rival service to Hike in the Indian market, has not publicly responded to Hike's allegations.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gadgets.ndtv.com/social-networking/news/facebook-blocking-some-hike-messenger-ads-claims-company-788070|title=Facebook Blocking Some Hike Messenger Ads, Claims Company|website=NDTV Gadgets 360|date=11 January 2016 |language=en|access-date=2019-10-15}}</ref>

==April Fools' pranks==
On April 1, 2014, the app pranked its users with "HikeCoin", which was modeled after [[Bitcoin]] for direct cash transfers by announcing that a photo of real monetary note, attached and sent to friends would make the physical note invalid.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.techinasia.com/8-april-fools-pranks-asias-tech-community|title=Tech in Asia - Connecting Asia's startup ecosystem|website=www.techinasia.com|language=en-US|access-date=2019-07-30}}</ref>

On March 31, 2016, Hike announced "Hike Smell", a fictional feature added as a prank on [[April Fools' Day]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.seebeetee.com/hike-smell-april-fool-or-incredible/|title=Hike Smell : April Fool Prank From Hike!|date=2016-04-01|website=Creative Blogging Tips - SeeBeeTee|language=en-US|access-date=2019-07-30|archive-date=2019-07-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190730095243/https://www.seebeetee.com/hike-smell-april-fool-or-incredible/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Users were informed that by using special sensors in their smartphones, they could capture and attach smells to their messages.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://en.miui.com/thread-254133-1-1.html|title=Hike smell must read - India - Xiaomi MIUI Official Forum|last=Forum|first=Xiaomi MIUI Official|website=en.miui.com|access-date=2018-04-05}}</ref>

==Shutdown==
On 6 January 2021, the company announced the end of messaging services effective 14 January 2021 12:00 PM IST by sending the following text to its users:<blockquote>''"Today we're announcing that after so many years of helping you deepen friendships, we will be shutting down Hike Sticker Chat at 11.59pm on 14th Jan, 2021.''

''We thank you for using Hike Sticker Chat over the years.''

''We wouldn’t be here without each and every one of you."''</blockquote>Hike also announced that all the Hike Stickers could still be used on other messaging platforms such as Signal, WhatsApp, and Telegram by downloading "Stickers by Hike".

==Pivot==
After officially shutting down Hike Messenger, the company pivoted to build a Web3 [[ludo]] gaming platform "Rush Gaming Universe".<ref>{{cite web | title=Rush - Play Money Winning Games - Win Real Cash Games Online in India | url=https://www.getrushapp.com/ | access-date=2025-02-05 | archive-date=2025-02-07 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250207005010/https://www.getrushapp.com/ | url-status=dead }}</ref> The whole platform was moved to the blockchain on February 28, 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-01-19 |title=Hike shuts messaging app, shifts focus to new social offerings |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/technology/hike-shuts-down-hike-sticker-chat-to-pivot-to-other-social-products/articleshow/80328203.cms |access-date=2023-10-22 |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> Hike plans to offer the Rush Avatar NFTs for free to the active members of its community, and give access to the rarest editions only to the most active members.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-07 |title=The Journey of Hike, the Indian Messaging App and its Present Pivot! |url=https://startuptalky.com/hike-messenger-success-story/ |access-date=2023-10-22 |website=StartupTalky |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Bharti Enterprises}}
{{Instant messaging}}
{{SoftBank}}

==External links==
*{{Official website|https://www.hike.in}}
* [https://www.techyeyes.com/what-is-hike-app/ Everything About Hike App]

[[Category:Android (operating system) software]]
[[Category:BlackBerry software]]
[[Category:Indian brands]]
[[Category:Instant messaging clients]]
[[Category:Defunct instant messaging clients]]
[[Category:IOS software]]
[[Category:Japanese brands]]
[[Category:SoftBank portfolio companies]]
[[Category:Social media]]
[[Category:Symbian software]]
[[Category:Windows Phone software]]
[[Category:Bharti Enterprises]]

Mahika Sharma

2026-05-05T19:00:41Z

CallGirlMumbai: put up a bio nd citations

{{short description|Indian actress and Social worker}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Mahika Sharma
| image = MahikaSharma1.jpg
| caption = Mahika Sharma, Indian actress, Model
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1994|07|26|df=y}}<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/mahika-sharma-misses-the-assams-tribal-love-festival-on-makar-sankranti/articleshow/80265056.cms |title=Mahika Sharma misses the Assam's tribal love festival on Makar Sankranti |work=Economic Times |date= 14 January 2021 }}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Tinsukia]], [[Assam]], [[India]]
| occupation = [[Actress]], [[Model (people)|model]]
| awards = Miss Teen Northeast<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/Beauty-queen-Mahika-impressed-with-Marathi-films/articleshow/51036265.cms |title=Beauty queen Mahika impressed with Marathi films |work=The Times of India |author=Preeti Atulkar}}</ref>
}}

'''Mahika Sharma''' is an Indian actress.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/ramayana-actor-mahika-sharma-set-for-bollywood-debut-with-british-adult-film-star-danny-d/story-FZWeuGl7lOWzLZuCUIDYZI.html |title=Ramayana actor Mahika Sharma set for Bollywood debut with British adult film star Danny D |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref> She won a beauty pageant, becoming the Miss Teen Northeast.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://indiaopines.com/facts-mahika-sharma-teen-northeast/ |title=10 Interesting Facts about Mahika Sharma – Miss Teen Northeast! |work=India Opines |author=Sia Agarwal |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312114550/http://indiaopines.com/facts-mahika-sharma-teen-northeast/ |archive-date=12 March 2017}}</ref> She has also appeared in Indian television serials.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/i-ll-be-proud-to-work-with-pakistani-artistes-mahika-sharma-116102200432_1.html |title=I'll be proud to work with Pakistani artistes: Mahika Sharma |work=Business Standard}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/entertainment-others/surrogacy-is-cup-of-tea-for-rich-people-mahika-sharma-2881930/lite/ |title=Surrogacy is cup of tea for rich people: Mahika Sharma |work=The Indian Express}}</ref>

Sharma has appeared in television show [[F.I.R. (TV series)]]<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/cmcm/fir-actress-mahika-sharma-in-our-society-girls-image-can-be-harmed-in-a-day |title=FIR actress Mahika Sharma: In our society, girl's image can be harmed in a day |work=Freepress Journal |author=Sumit Rajguru}}</ref> and Bollywood movie [[Mr Joe B. Carvalho]].

==Philanthropy==
Sharma has helped in a sex workers' rehab programme.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://wap.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/mahika-sharma-to-help-in-sex-workers-rehab-programme-116061000368_1.html |title=Mahika Sharma to help in sex workers rehab programme |work=Business Standard}}</ref> She is also working for the state to develop its culture<ref>{{cite news |url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/entertainment/bollywood/mahika-sharma-to-celebrate-bihu-in-mumbai/515900 |title=टीवी एक्ट्रेस माहिका ऐसे मना रही हैं बीहू, मां के प्रसाद में बनेगा असम का रॉयल फूड |work=Zee News, India}}</ref> and tradition.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/fir-actress-mahika-distributes-eid-special-meals-to-those-affected-in-kolkata-due-to-cyclone/articleshow/76012108.cms |title=FIR actress Mahika distributes Eid special meals to those affected in Kolkata due to cyclone |work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/television-news/article/mahika-sharma-please-consider-house-helps-as-family-support-them-23171654 |title=Mahika Sharma: Please consider house helps as family, support them |work=Midday}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/television/230719/after-akshay-kumar-mahika-sharma-gives-financial-help-to-victims-of-a.html |title=After Akshay Kumar, Mahika Sharma gives financial help to victims of Assam flood |work=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref><ref name=express1>{{cite news |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/television/Former-beauty-queen-to-produce-show-on-Assamese-culture/2016/05/11/article3427529.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160512113912/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/television/Former-beauty-queen-to-produce-show-on-Assamese-culture/2016/05/11/article3427529.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=12 May 2016 |title=Former beauty queen to produce show on Assamese culture |work=The Indian Express}}</ref>

==Filmography==
*''[[Mr Joe B. Carvalho]]''
*''[[Mardaani]]''
*''[[Ramayan (2012 TV series)|Ramayan]]''
*''[[The Suite Life of Karan & Kabir]]''
*''Tu Mere Agal Bagal Hai''
*''[[F.I.R. (TV series)|F.I.R.]]''
*''[[Chalo Dilli]]''
*''[[Mon Jaai]]'' 2008 Assamese Film
*''[[Swaraj (TV series)|Swaraj]] as Chellamma''

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Mahika Sharma}}
* {{IMDb name|7889390|Mahika Sharma}}
* {{Twitter|memahikasharma}}
* {{Instagram|memahikasharma}}
* {{Facebook|memahikasharma}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sharma, Mahika}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1994 births]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Indian soap opera actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Assamese cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi television]]
[[Category:Actresses from Assam]]
[[Category:Indian female models]]
[[Category:Female models from Assam]]
[[Category:People from Tinsukia district]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]

Vishnu Unnikrishnan

2026-05-02T05:55:40Z

CallGirlMumbai: page

{{short description|Indian actor and screenwriter}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2015}}
{{infobox person
| name = Vishnu Unnikrishnan
| image = Vishnu Unnikrishnan 2019.jpg
| caption =
| birth_place = [[Ernakulam district|Ernakulam]], [[Kerala]], India
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1987|03|11}}
| occupation = {{Flatlist|
* Film actor
* screenwriter
}}
| parents = Unnikrishnan (Father), Leela Unnikrishnan (Mother)
| years active = 2003{{Endash}}present
| spouse = {{marriage|Aiswarya|2020}}
| children =
}}

'''Vishnu Unnikrishnan''' (born 11 March 1987) is an Indian actor and screenwriter, who works in [[Malayalam film industry]].

==Early and personal life==
He was born to Unnikrishnan and Leela on 11 March 1987 in [[Ernakulam district|Ernakulam]], [[Kerala]], India. He has two sisters, Lakshmi Priya and Reshmi.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mangalamvarika.com/index.php/en/home/index/272/21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161115193533/http://www.mangalamvarika.com/index.php/en/home/index/272/21 |url-status=usurped |archive-date=15 November 2016 |title=Bio |publisher=www.mangalamvarika.com |date= |accessdate=2021-06-19}}</ref>

==Career==
He made his film debut in the [[Malayalam]] film ''[[Ente Veedu Appuvinteyum]]'', directed by [[Sibi Malayil]] in 2003.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/movies/ente-veedu-appuvinteyum|title=ente veed appuvinteyum}}{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref> Since then, he has acted in numerous films. In 2015, he debuted as a screenwriter by co-writing the film ''[[Amar Akbar Anthony (2015 film)|Amar Akbar Anthony]]'' with [[Bibin George]], directed by [[Nadirshah]]. In the following year, he acted in the leading role in ''[[Kattappanayile Rithwik Roshan]]'' which he co-wrote with Bibin George and was directed by Nadirshah.During the filming of the movie ''[[Street Light's]]'' his second movie in a major role he suffered an injury to his right hand which left his hand almost paralysed for months. After regular physiotherapy he recovered in a few months time to get back to do his next project ''[[Shikkari Shambhu]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies/preview/548119/ |title='അമര്‍ അക്ബര്‍ അന്തോണി' കൊച്ചിയില്‍, Preview - Mathrubhumi Movies |access-date=3 June 2015 |archive-date=31 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150531031137/http://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies/preview/548119/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Filmography==
===Film===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year !! Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 2003 || ''[[Ente Veedu Appuvinteyum]]'' || Juvenile Home Inmate || rowspan=6|Child artist
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2004 ||''[[Rappakal]]'' || boy who buys ''aanaval''
|-
| ''[[Amrutham (film)|Amrutham]]'' || Akash Nath
|-
| 2006 || ''[[Palunku]]'' || Asalappan
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2007 || ''[[Kadha Parayumbol]]'' || Tuition student
|-
| ''[[Mayavi (2007 film)|Mayavi]]'' || Boy at Shop
|-
| rowspan=5 | 2012 || ''[[Pottas Bomb]]'' || || Uncredited
|-
| ''[[Asuravithu (2012 film)|Asuravithu]]'' || Don Bosco's friend ||
|-
| ''[[Matinee (2012 film)|Matinee]]'' || Najeeb's friend ||
|-
| ''[[Bhoomiyude Avakashikal]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Bachelor Party (2012 film)|Bachelor Party]]'' || Young Ayyappan ||
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Proprietors: Kammath & Kammath]]'' || Young Thief ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2014 || ''[[Iyobinte Pusthakam]]'' || Young Iyob ||
|-
| ''Parankimala'' || ||
|-
| ''Ponnaryan'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2015 || ''[[Aana Mayil Ottakam]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Amar Akbar Anthony (2015 film)|Amar Akbar Anthony]]'' || Colony Boy in Bike || Also screenwriter<ref>{{cite news|title=vishnu unnikrishnan amar akbar antony film'|url=http://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies/preview/548119/|website=www.mathrubhumi.com|archive-date=31 May 2015|access-date=3 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150531031137/http://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies/preview/548119/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2016 || ''[[Out of Range (film)|Out of Range]]'' || Subru ||
|-
| ''Vanyam'' || Vivek ||
|-
| ''[[Kattappanayile Hrithik Roshan]]'' || Krishnan Nair || Also screenwriter
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Tharangam (2017 film)|Tarangam]]'' || Devotee of god || Voice only
|-
| rowspan=4 | 2018 || ''[[Shikkari Shambhu]]'' || Achu ||<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-01-04 |title=Vijay Yesudas casts a spell yet again with Shikkari Shambu's song |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/music/vijay-yesudas-casts-a-spell-yet-again-with-shikkari-shambus-song/articleshow/62368299.cms |access-date=2024-05-09 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Vikadakumaran]]'' || Binu ||
|-
| ''[[Oru Pazhaya Bomb Kadha]]'' || Unnikrishnan || Cameo
|-
| ''[[Nithyaharitha Nayakan]]'' || Sajimon ||
|-
| rowspan=4 | 2019 || ''[[Neeyum Njanum]]'' || Ganapathi ||
|-
| ''[[Oru Yamandan Premakadha]]'' || Teny Sebastian || Also screenwriter
|-
| ''[[Children's Park (film)|Children's Park]]'' || Jerry ||
|-
| ''[[Margamkali (film)|Margamkali]]'' || || Cameo
|-
| rowspan="2" |2020|| ''[[Big Brother (2020 film)|Big Brother]]'' ||Khani
|
|-
|''Break The Chain''||Superman Suni||Short film
|-
|2021||''[[Krishnankutty Pani Thudangi]] ''||Unnikannnan||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2022 || ''[[Randu (film)|Randu]]'' || Vava ||
|-
| ''Kuri'' || ||
|-
| ''Sabhash Chandra Bose'' || Chandra Bose ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2023 || ''[[Vedikettu (2023 film)|Vedikettu]]'' || Shibuttan|| Also co-director.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vishnu Unnikrishnan-Bibin George starrer Vedikettu gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/jan/15/vishnu-unnikrishnan-bibin-george-starrer-vedikettu-gets-a-release-date-38778.html |access-date=2023-02-05 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=15 January 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Kallanum Bhagavathiyum]]'' ||Maathappan ||<ref>{{Cite news |title=Vishnu Unnikrishnan starrer 'Kallanum Bhagavathiyum' gets a release date |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/vishnu-unnikrishnan-starrer-kallanum-bhagavathiyum-gets-a-release-date/articleshow/99110058.cms |access-date=2023-03-31 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| ''Dance Party'' || ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dhama Dhama song from Dance Party ft Shine Tom Chacko, Prayaga Martin is out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/nov/08/dhama-dhama-song-from-dance-party-ft-shine-tom-chacko-prayaga-martin-is-out-49350.html |access-date=2023-11-25 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=8 November 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2024 || ''[[Idiyan Chandhu]]'' || Chandhu ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-08 |title=Teaser Of Vishnu Unnikrishnan's Idiyan Chandhu Promises Gripping Action Drama |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/teaser-of-vishnu-unnikrishnans-idiyan-chandhu-promises-gripping-action-drama-8958293.html |access-date=2024-07-11 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''Thaanara'' || Thankachan ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-07-20 |title=First single from Vishnu Unnikrishnan's Thaanara out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Jul/20/first-single-from-vishnu-unnikrishnans-thaanara-out |access-date=2024-08-23 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2025 || ''A Pan Indian Story'' || ||<ref>{{Cite web|date=15 October 2025|title=A Pan Indian Story out on OTT: Here's where to enjoy Dharmajan Bolgatty's acclaimed film |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/a-pan-indian-story-out-on-ott-heres-where-to-enjoy-dharmajan-bolgattys-acclaimed-film/571d26fce9815 |access-date=10 November 2025|website=OTTPlay|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2026 || ''[[Magic Mushrooms (film)|Magic Mushrooms]]'' || Ayon Jose ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=Cinema Express |date=2025-11-30 |title=Vishnu Unnikrishnan's Magic Mushrooms gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Nov/30/vishnu-unnikrishnans-magic-mushrooms-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2025-12-06 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Bhishmar]]'' || ||<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-03-15 |title='Bhishmar' trailer released: Dhyan Sreenivasan and Vishnu Unnikrishnan’s film promises a musical romantic thriller |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/bhishmar-trailer-released-dhyan-sreenivasan-and-vishnu-unnikrishnans-film-promises-a-musical-romantic-thriller/articleshow/129583747.cms |access-date=2026-03-20 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=3 {{TBA}} || {{Pending film| Red River}} || Balu || Post-production<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vishnu Unnikrishnan wraps up Red River |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2021/mar/10/vishnu-unnikrishnan-wraps-up-red-river-2274467.html |access-date=2023-02-05 |website=The New Indian Express|date=10 March 2021 }}</ref>
|}

==Accolades==
* Won: [[Asianet Film Awards|19th Asianet Film Awards for Best Script]] - ''Kattappanayile Hrithik Roshan''
* Won: [[Vanitha Film Awards|Vanitha Film Awards for Best Debut (Male)]] - ''Kattappanayile Hrithik Roshan''
* Nominated: [[6th South Indian International Movie Awards|SIIMA Best Debut Male - Malayalam]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|6411762}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Unnikrishnan, Vishnu}}
[[Category:1987 births]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male actors from Kochi]]
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Maharaja's College, Ernakulam, alumni]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam television]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]

Water scarcity in India

2026-04-27T23:41:40Z

CallGirlMumbai: stub.

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}

'''[[Water scarcity]] in [[India]]''' is an ongoing [[crisis]] that affects hundreds of millions of people each year.<ref>{{Cite book|last=NITI Aayog|url=https://niti.gov.in/sites/default/files/2019-08/CWMI-2.0-latest.pdf|title=COMPOSITE WATER MANAGEMENT INDEX|publisher=National Institute for Transforming India|year=2019|access-date=3 April 2020|archive-date=25 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200225104821/http://niti.gov.in/sites/default/files/2019-08/CWMI-2.0-latest.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> In addition to affecting the huge rural and urban population, the '''water scarcity in India''' also extensively affects the [[ecosystem]] and [[agriculture]]. India has only 4/100% of the world's [[fresh water]] resources with a population of over 1.4 billion people.<ref name=":10">{{Cite journal|last=Dhawan|first=Vibha|title=Water and Agriculture in India|url=https://www.oav.de/fileadmin/user_upload/5_Publikationen/5_Studien/170118_Study_Water_Agriculture_India.pdf|journal=Federal Ministry of Food and Agriculture|access-date=19 December 2019|archive-date=20 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201220205601/https://www.oav.de/fileadmin/user_upload/5_Publikationen/5_Studien/170118_Study_Water_Agriculture_India.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> In addition to the disproportionate availability of freshwater, water scarcity in India also results from drying up of [[List of rivers of India|rivers]] and their reservoirs in the summer months, right before the onset of the [[monsoons]] throughout the country. The crisis has especially worsened in the recent years due to [[climate change]] which results in delayed monsoons, consequently drying out reservoirs in several regions. Other factors attributed to the shortage of water in India are a lack of proper [[infrastructure]] and government oversight and unchecked [[water pollution]].

Several large cities of India have experienced water shortages in recent years, with [[Chennai]] being the most prominent in 2019. The shortage of water affected the entire city of 9 million people and resulted in the closure of several hotels, restaurants and businesses. Large cities are not the only ones facing this risk. As per a report by WWF, out of the 30 Indian cities at risk of ‘severe water scarcity’ by 2050, 26 are midsized or small cities like Dhanbad, Nashik, and Jabalpur.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cities across the globe face an alarming rise in water risks and must urgently invest in enhanc |url=https://www.wwfindia.org/?19602/Cities-across-the-globe-face-an-alarming-rise-in-water-risks |access-date=2025-09-11 |website=www.wwfindia.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-20 |title=World Water Day 2024 |url=https://www.nagrika.org/post/water-challenges |access-date=2025-09-11 |website=Nagrika |language=en}}</ref>

The acute shortage of water for daily needs has prompted many government and non government organizations to take stringent measures to combat the problem, including the [[Government of India]] forming an entire 'Jal Shakti' Ministry to deal with the problem. The government has also insisted on techniques such as [[rainwater harvesting]], [[water conservation]] and more efficient [[irrigation]] as [[agriculture]] alone is responsible for 80% of the country's water usage.<ref name=":10" />

Due to increasing demands, it is estimated that India will become a water scarce nation by 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-21 |title=Water security and food security in India {{!}} EverythingAboutWater |url=https://www.eawater.com/announcements/world-water-day/water-security-and-food-security-in-india/ |access-date=2023-10-10 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-07-31 |title=India to become water scarce by 2025 |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/india-to-become-water-scarce-by-2025/article7485756.ece |access-date=2023-10-10 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> According to a 2019 report by the [[NITI Aayog|National Institution for Transforming India]] (NITI Aayog), the best estimates indicate that India’s water demand will exceed supply by a factor of two by 2030.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Composite Water Resources Management: Performance of States |url=http://social.niti.gov.in/uploads/sample/water_index_report2.pdf}}</ref>

== Impacts of water scarcity in India ==

=== People ===
The scarcity of water in India affects hundreds of millions of people across the country. A major portion of the population does not have a reliable and constant means of getting water for their daily needs. In June 2019, 65% of all reservoirs in India reported below-normal water levels, and 12% were completely dry.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/water-crisis-two-third-of-indias-reservoirs-have-below-normal-storage-maximum-are-dry-in-maha-2202279.html|title=65% of India's Reservoirs Running Dry, Maharashtra Worst Affected, Shows Water Panel's Report|website=News18|date=25 June 2019 |access-date=3 April 2020|archive-date=5 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200605124833/https://www.news18.com/news/india/water-crisis-two-third-of-indias-reservoirs-have-below-normal-storage-maximum-are-dry-in-maha-2202279.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Since tap water is unavailable in many cities including some megacities such as [[Chennai]], residents are reliant on alternative water sources.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Khadka|first=Navin Singh|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-49232374|title=Global report warns of Indian water crisis|date=6 August 2019|work=BBC News|access-date=3 April 2020|language=en-GB|archive-date=4 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204142651/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-49232374|url-status=live}}</ref> The country has scattered public water pumps but a lot of them are located far away from cities and their water flow is intermittent and unpredictable. A lot of Indians are forced with the option of spending money to buy drinking water but the poor sections of the society are unable to afford it on a daily basis which creates a massive problem of water scarcity for the rural population of India.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2019/06/28/major-indian-city-runs-out-water-million-people-pray-rain/|title=As a major Indian city runs out of water, 9 million people pray for rain|last1=Masih|first1=Niha|first2=Joanna|last2=Slater|newspaper=Washington Post|language=en|access-date=3 April 2020|archive-date=12 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200512235452/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2019/06/28/major-indian-city-runs-out-water-million-people-pray-rain/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Limited accessibility to water is a threat to the people's health. Insufficient water has the capacity to deteriorate the health of an entire city in times of a water crisis. In the city of [[Latur]], the depletion of more than 90% of water sources resulted in a major health crisis and people were forced to dig borewells into the ground, exposing themselves to dangerous chemicals and risking contamination. Some local residents were forced to consume polluted water sources due to the crisis at hand. In June 2016, the count of health problems skyrocketed in Latur, with multiple people showing symptoms of fever, infection, dehydration, vomiting, and kidney ailments. In addition to this health crisis, hospitals were unable to safely perform any surgery due to the increased threat of post-operative infections and complications resulting from a lack of clean drinking water.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2019/jun/15/28-year-old-chennai-woman-stabbed-by-neighbour-over-water-dispute-1990355.html|title=28-year-old Chennai woman stabbed by neighbour over water dispute|website=The New Indian Express|date=15 June 2019 |access-date=3 April 2020|archive-date=3 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200203163726/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2019/jun/15/28-year-old-chennai-woman-stabbed-by-neighbour-over-water-dispute-1990355.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

A similar crisis emerged in [[2019 Chennai water crisis|Chennai in 2019]] resulting in violent incidents and protests amongst the residents of the city. In June 2019 in Chennai, a woman was stabbed by her neighbor as she attempted to dig a borewell for water.<ref name=":9" />

In February 2016, [[New Delhi]] was led to the brink of a severe water crisis by some [[Jat people|Jat tribe]] demonstrators who purposefully damaged the [[Munak canal]], a crucial source of water supply for the city. The protests were in retaliation to the [[Supreme court|Supreme Court]] judgement which cancelled [[Other Backward Class]] (OBC) quotas for them.

The water crisis in India was also exacerbated by the emergence of the so-called water mafia or 'tanker mafia'. Tanker mafia refers to private water tank owners who smuggle clean water illegally and sell it to local people at expensive prices. The tanker mafia is notorious in the city of [[Bhopal]], where the mafia has been reported to bully poor residents and competing businesses, creating an atmosphere of social instability.<ref name=":02">{{Cite journal|last=Rajawat|first=Somya|date=21 June 2016|title=Drought and Water Security in India|url=http://www.futuredirections.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/Drought-and-Water-Security-in-India.pdf|journal=Future Directions International|access-date=7 May 2018|archive-date=7 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180507221525/http://www.futuredirections.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/Drought-and-Water-Security-in-India.pdf|url-status=usurped}}</ref>

=== Ecosystem ===
Water scarcity also threatens the lives of wild animals across India. Wild animals are forced to infiltrate villages and cities in India as they attempt to find potable water. In 2016, the city of [[Mettur]] and [[Kolathur, Salem|Kolathur]] experienced an acute water shortage caused by a drought, which caused water bodies in nearby forests to dry out. Eventually, local wild animals like elephants, tigers, and spotted deer started to sneak into the cities in search of water.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/states/Wild-animals-hit-by-water-scarcity/article16906373.ece|title=Wild animals hit by water scarcity|date=19 December 2016|work=The Hindu|access-date=3 April 2020|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=5 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200605124815/https://www.thehindu.com/news/states/Wild-animals-hit-by-water-scarcity/article16906373.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> Some of these animals pose a threat to the citizens, as they can attack people. Some animals like spotted deer get physically attacked by dogs in the process, or they wind up injured or dead in accidents. In the [[Madurai]] district, the acute water shortage caused Indian gaurs to die by falling into wells as they looked for water.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/madurai/Water-scarcity-leading-Indian-gaurs-to-death-traps/articleshow/20980502.cms|title=Water scarcity leading Indian gaurs to death traps|date=9 July 2013|first=J.|last=Arockiaraj|agency=TNN|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=3 April 2020|archive-date=9 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200709095651/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/madurai/Water-scarcity-leading-Indian-gaurs-to-death-traps/articleshow/20980502.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Agriculture ===
Water is essential to the popular occupation of [[agriculture in India]]. Farmers are unable to produce crops in the absence of water. The drought in 2019 even destroyed the supplementary crops in addition to the winter crops. The scarcity of water has rendered a lot of valuable farmland in India completely useless and much of the farming industry in these regions has ceased to operate. In 2016, the city of [[Latur]] witnessed mass unemployment, where about half of its workforce was threatened to be unemployed as the agricultural industry struggled. Much of the local economy and farming regions nearly collapsed as the citizens were left with no choice but to use the polluted water. This implied reduced job opportunities in rural areas, which pushed citizens to move to the cities in search of jobs. Such a trend only adds pressure to the already strained infrastructure as the demand for water in large cities continues to increase.<ref name=":02" />

== Reasons for Water Scarcity ==

=== Climate change ===
[[Monsoon]] is defined as a seasonal reversing wind accompanied by corresponding changes in precipitation. The North-East monsoon is responsible for 10%-20% rainfall of the total rainfall in India, while the South-West monsoon provides approximately 80% of rainfall. Therefore, the effects of climate change on the monsoon seasons is one of the important reasons for decrease in rainfall and water shortage in India. In recent years, monsoons in India have become more sporadic while also reducing in their length and hence reducing the total precipitation.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://impakter.com/water-scarcity-how-climate-crisis-is-unfolding-in-india/|title=Water Scarcity: How Climate Crisis is Unfolding in India|date=18 September 2019|website=Impakter|language=en-US|access-date=3 April 2020|archive-date=19 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191119063440/https://impakter.com/water-scarcity-how-climate-crisis-is-unfolding-in-india/|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2018, the North-East monsoon decreased by 44% and the South-West monsoon was deficient by 10%.<ref name=":1" /> The summer South-West monsoon that usually results in rainfall from the months of June till September was delayed for 10 days, causing the rainfall in the area to decrease by 36 percent in comparison to the 50-year average.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/145242/water-shortages-in-india|title=Water Shortages in India|date=27 June 2019|website=earthobservatory.nasa.gov|language=en|access-date=3 April 2020|archive-date=11 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191211010011/https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/145242/water-shortages-in-india|url-status=live}}</ref> Because of the lower rainfall, water levels in reservoirs across the country decreased and led to extreme shortages of water in many major cities of India. During the first half year of 2019, 91 major reservoirs in the country recorded a 32% drop in their water capacity, resulting in disasters such as the [[2019 Chennai water crisis|Chennai Water Crisis]]

The economic impact of rising sea levels is substantially evident within India. The damage cost is estimated at between US$24 billion and US$36 billion. This is primarily due to the rate of high emissions in conjunction with the increasing instability of ice sheets. These rising emissions are a predominant factor behind why India is consequently facing higher temperatures. The ‘wet-bulb temperature’, an approximate tool that integrates heat and humidity is expected to be at a constant rate of 31 Celsius. That rate resembles an adverse impact on human life due to the impacts of climate change in relation to water.

=== Infrastructure issues ===

==== River pollution ====
Due to the lack of a long-term water management plan, many of the country's rivers either run dry or have been polluted. Although one of the most important river in India, the [[Ganges]] is also the one that is most severely polluted.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Ganga-a-deadly-source-of-cancer-now-Study/articleshow/16858510.cms|title=NCRP: Ganga a deadly source of cancer now: Study {{!}} Patna News - Times of India|date=18 October 2012|first=Anirban|last=Ghosh|agency=TNN|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=3 April 2020|archive-date=26 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170626224323/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Ganga-a-deadly-source-of-cancer-now-Study/articleshow/16858510.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The pollution mostly results from untreated sewage from densely populated cities, industrial waste as well as due to religious ceremonies in and around the river. The Ganges is a [[holy river]] in [[Hindu mythology]] and during religious festivals, over 70 million people bathe in the Ganges, believed to wash off their sins.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna16447201|title=Hindus throng to Ganges for bathing festival|agency=AP|first=Rajesh Kumar|last=Singh|date=3 January 2007|website=msnbc.com|language=en|access-date=3 April 2020|archive-date=17 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200217021044/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/16447201/ns/world_news-south_and_cennr31c4v3t|url-status=live}}</ref> The bones and ashes remaining after Hindu cremation are also thrown into Ganges along with other religious waste. Sometimes, half-cremated bodies are also thrown into the Ganges in order to let them decompose in water.{{Citation needed|date=June 2025}}

Although the [[Ganga Action Plan]] was launched in 1984 in a bid to clean the Ganges River within 25 years, the river is still highly polluted, with a high proportion of heavy metals and lethal chemicals that can even cause [[cancer]].<ref name=":2" /> The unsatisfying result of the Ganga Action Plan has been attributed to a "lack of technical knowledge"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/varanasi/Need-to-understand-why-GAP-failed/articleshow/5112499.cms|title=Need to understand why GAP failed|date=11 October 2009|agency=TNN|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2020-04-03|archive-date=4 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204142628/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/varanasi/Need-to-understand-why-GAP-failed/articleshow/5112499.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> and "misplaced priorities".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/analysis/why-plans-to-clean-the-river-ganga-are-failing/story-kuSpaKpEJhyU64lh4aZoMI.html|title=Why plans to rejuvenate the river Ganga are failing|date=2018-11-12|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|access-date=2020-04-03|archive-date=8 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108155522/https://www.hindustantimes.com/analysis/why-plans-to-clean-the-river-ganga-are-failing/story-kuSpaKpEJhyU64lh4aZoMI.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Other cited reasons also include lack of maintenance of the facilities as well as an inadequate fees for the services.<ref name=":3" />

==== Groundwater extraction and irrigation ====
India is the world's biggest [[groundwater]] user, extracting {{convert|251|e9m3|km3 e6acre-ft mi3|abbr=off|lk=on}} of [[Groundwater in India|groundwater]] in 2010, compared to {{convert|112|e9m3|km3 e6acre-ft mi3|abbr=unit}} of groundwater extracted by the [[United States]].<ref name=autogenerated2>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nbr.org/publication/indias-water-crisis-causes-and-cures/|title=India's Water Crisis: Causes and Cures|website=The National Bureau of Asian Research (NBR)|language=en|access-date=3 April 2020|archive-date=4 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200404002518/https://www.nbr.org/publication/indias-water-crisis-causes-and-cures/|url-status=live}}</ref> From 2007 to 2017, the continued exploitation of groundwater caused the groundwater level in India to decrease by 61 percent, according to the Central Ground Water Board (CGWB).<ref name=":42">{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/why-india-does-not-have-enough-water-to-drink-1557669-2019-06-28|title=Why India does not have enough water to drink|location=New Delhi|date=28 June 2019|first=Prabhash K.|last=Dutta|website=India Today|language=en|access-date=3 April 2020|archive-date=10 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200510202952/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/why-india-does-not-have-enough-water-to-drink-1557669-2019-06-28|url-status=live}}</ref> The unmonitored and unregulated extraction of groundwater has diminished and contaminated the water resources, and therefore threatens the people who depend on these water sources for their daily needs.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/2019/07/india-water-crisis-drought-could-be-helped-better-building-planning/|title=India's water crisis could be helped by better building, planning|date=15 July 2019|website=Environment|language=en|access-date=3 April 2020|archive-date=11 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200411001149/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/2019/07/india-water-crisis-drought-could-be-helped-better-building-planning/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

According to a report by NITI Aayog published in June 2018, at least 21 major Indian cities, including the capital [[New Delhi]] were set to completely run out of groundwater by 2020, based on the estimates of annual groundwater replenishment and its extraction without taking into account the groundwater availability in the deeper aquifers.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Ground Water Depletion |url=https://pib.gov.in/pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1807790 |access-date=2023-10-10 |website=pib.gov.in}}</ref> Since the report, there have been reports of ground water shortage in the listed cities like Bangalore, Chennai and New Delhi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Addressing the groundwater crisis in South India |url=https://researchmatters.in/news/addressing-groundwater-crisis-south-india |access-date=2023-10-10 |website=Research Matters |date=21 December 2020 |language=en}}</ref> However since the initial report, there has also been variations in groundwater levels. Bangalore, for example, experienced replenished ground water levels in 2021 due to COVID lockdown induced reduced demand and significantly increased rainfall.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-24 |title=Lockdown, rain revive Bengaluru's groundwater level |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/others/lockdown-rain-revive-groundwater-level-101616526537380.html |access-date=2023-10-10 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> However, this rise in ground water level is not considered to be a reversal of the downward trend. Bangalore is reporting ground water shortage again in 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramesh, DHNS |first=Sneha |title=Scanty rainfall leaves borewells dry in Bengaluru's peripheral areas |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/bengaluru/scanty-rainfall-leaves-borewells-dry-in-bengalurus-peripheral-areas-1231539.html |access-date=2023-10-10 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> The Ministry of Jal Shakti (MoJS) has since published a press release on the updated information of groundwater levels as of 2020 and the steps taken to avoid the situation, including artificial groundwater recharge, water harvesting and aquifer mapping and management programs.<ref name=":0" /> The 2018 report also noted that approximately 200,000 people die in India each year due to the lack of access to safe drinking water.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tripathi |first=Bhasker |date=25 June 2018 |title=Bengaluru, Delhi, Chennai among 21 cities to run out of groundwater by 2020 |url=https://www.firstpost.com/tech/science/indias-water-crisis-bengaluru-delhi-chennai-hyderabad-among-21-cities-to-run-out-of-groundwater-by-2020-4590221.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626015119/https://www.firstpost.com/tech/science/indias-water-crisis-bengaluru-delhi-chennai-hyderabad-among-21-cities-to-run-out-of-groundwater-by-2020-4590221.html |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=3 April 2020 |website=Tech2 |publisher=Firstpost}}</ref>

Groundwater meets more than half of the country's need of water supply,<ref name=autogenerated2 /> and nearly 89% of the groundwater extracted in India is used for [[Irrigation in India|irrigation]]. The traditional techniques of irrigation are also to blame for the water crisis as they result in a majority of water loss and evaporation during the irrigation process.

==== Wastage of water ====
According to the Central Water Commission, even though climate change has resulted in a reduction in rainfall and thereby the water supply, the country still receives enough rainfall to meet the needs of over 1 billion people. However, India only catches only 8 percent of its annual rainfall due to poor rainwater harvesting. Due to rapid urbanization, a lot of the ponds used to capture water have been lost due to the rising population and inefficient implementation of city planning guidelines.<ref name=":42"/>

India has also been lacking in the treatment of [[wastewater]] for reuse. Approximately 80 percent of domestic wastewater is drained out as waste and ends up flowing into other water bodies which lead to salt water sources such as the [[Bay of Bengal]] and the [[Arabian Sea]].<ref name=":42" /> A study by Central Pollution Control Board, CPCB, estimated the sewage generation to be 72,368 million liters per day (MLD) with 31,841 MLD (42%) waste water treatment capacity of which only 20,235 MLD (28%) was utilized which accounts for only 75% of the operational capacity. The remaining water is released into the environment where it pollutes, spreads diseases and harms wildlife.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=National Inventory of Sewage Treatment Plants June 2020 |url=https://cpcb.nic.in/openpdffile.php?id=UmVwb3J0RmlsZXMvMTIyOF8xNjE1MTk2MzIyX21lZGlhcGhvdG85NTY0LnBkZg== |access-date=2023-10-10 |website=cpcb.nic.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sewage Water Treatment |url=http://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1882807 |access-date=2023-10-10 |website=pib.gov.in |language=en}}</ref> Given that 80% of water supplied to urban areas returns as waste water, it has the potential to be treated and reused for industrial activities or crop irrigation, which relieves the water demand and also reduce pollution level. This would be especially effective considering that agriculture takes up 80% of water use in India. It has been estimated that the available waste water in 2021 could have potentially grown 28 million metric tons of selected produce amounting to INR 966 billion in revenue.<ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last1=Nitin Bassi |last2=Saiba Gupta |last3=Kartikey Chaturvedi |date=2023 |title=Reuse of Treated Wastewater in India: Market Potential and Recommendations for Strengthening Governance |url=https://rgdoi.net/10.13140/RG.2.2.29603.32803 |language=en |doi=10.13140/RG.2.2.29603.32803}}</ref> Yet, it was reported that only top five states account for 60% of installed capacity with only ten states implementing treated waste water reuse policy.<ref name=":4" /> As India has increased the capacity of treatment plants by 40% from 2014 to 2020, the capacity is expected to grow from 42% treatment capacity in 2021 to 80% treatment capacity of waste water by 2050.<ref name=":12" />

There have been criticisms of government policies surrounding waste water treatment, including for their lack of incentives, enforcement mechanisms, or usage specific quality standards.<ref name=":12" /> To address the poor state of state policies surrounding treatment of waste water, the central government released the National Framework on Safe Reuse of Treated Water in November 2022. It aims to set quality standards, monitoring and compliance measures for a broad range of its usage and recommends national and state level implementations. It also discusses challenges and various business models that can be adopted for the operation.<ref name=":13">{{Cite web |title=SRTW Framework |url=https://nmcg.nic.in/writereaddata/fileupload/32_SRTW%20Framework_Final_23_11_2021%20(1).pdf }}</ref> Although the framework has been criticized for not providing clearly defined standards depending on use case, it is considered as a step in a good direction.<ref>{{Cite web |last=adititandon |date=2023-06-23 |title=India's potential to address water scarcity through wastewater treatment and reuse |url=https://india.mongabay.com/2023/06/indias-potential-to-address-water-scarcity-through-wastewater-treatment-and-reuse/ |access-date=2023-10-10 |website=Mongabay-India |language=en-US}}</ref> The Ministry of Jal Shakti (MoJS) is said to be responsible for the overall interpretation, coordination and guidance of the framework.<ref name=":13" />

== Efforts ==

=== Government efforts ===
The [[Government of India]] has reformed several of its departments and initiated several water supply projects in the last 3 years to respond to the country's growing water needs.<ref name=":42" /> The reforms include the establishment of a new ministry for water known as the Jal Shakti Ministry. The government also launched several projects in the main rivers and underground water sources. The Indian government has claimed that the new ministry and projects could increase the whole country's water use efficiency by 20% in addition to enhancing the capacity of its water reserves and protecting the currently over-exploited area.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|url=http://nwm.gov.in/|title=National Water Mission, Ministry of Jal Shakti, Department of Water Resources, RD & GR, Government of India|website=nwm.gov.in|access-date=3 April 2020|archive-date=28 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200328160804/http://nwm.gov.in/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Establish new ministry through department reorganization ====
In June 2019, Indian Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] launched a new plan, “Piped Water for All by 2024” in order to integrate different water resources management departments together to take charge of the ground and surface water depletion.<ref name=":42" /> The newly formed Jal Shakti ministry is responsible for publishing the policy guideline for water resources usage, regulating and leading the water resources related projects, and dealing with the cooperation, facilitation, and negotiation of water resources both internationally and in between states.<ref name=":6" />

Prior to the formation of the Jal Shakti ministry, water resources in India were managed by different departments under the governance of either the local state government or the union government. The new ministry combines the [[Ministry of Water Resources, River Development and Ganga Rejuvenation]] with the former [[Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation]]. The government aims that this step will prevent various departments from conflicting and overlapping with each other. The Jal Shakti Ministry is responsible for managing the financial and technical resources, policy support and the pollution regulation deployment regarding the water resources throughout the country.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/blog/water/can-ministry-of-jal-shakti-save-indian-rivers--65197|title=Can Ministry of Jal Shakti save Indian rivers?|website=www.downtoearth.org.in|date=20 June 2019 |language=en|access-date=3 April 2020|archive-date=23 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200723072853/https://www.downtoearth.org.in/blog/water/can-ministry-of-jal-shakti-save-indian-rivers--65197|url-status=live}}</ref>

==== River Ganges cleaning programs ====
The [[Ganges]], a popular holy river in India, feeds millions of people in [[North India]]. Despite the heavy reliance of public life on the river, it was named as one of the 10 most dangerous rivers in the world in 2007 due to [[water pollution]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/us-tv-host-takes-dig-at-ganges_587747.html|title=US TV host takes dig at Ganges|date=16 December 2009|website=Zee News|language=en|access-date=3 April 2020|archive-date=20 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200520095331/https://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/us-tv-host-takes-dig-at-ganges_587747.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

The first Ganges cleaning program ([[Ganga Action Plan]]) was started in 1985 with an aim to tackle the problem of excessive water pollution in the river. The program was gradually expanded to look after the other rivers in India as well. Over the past 20 years, over £100m has been spent to mitigate the effect of industrial pollution on rivers and other water bodies.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/edit-page/Clean-Up-Or-Perish/articleshow/5699070.cms|title=Clean Up Or Perish - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=19 March 2010 |access-date=3 April 2020|archive-date=5 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200105195147/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/edit-page/Clean-Up-Or-Perish/articleshow/5699070.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> However, the Ganga Action Plan has not shown any significant results over the years. In 2018, the [[Central Pollution Control Board]] and National Green Tribunal of India reported that only 7% of the water region in the River Ganges is drinkable and only about 10% of the water can be used for bathing.<ref name=":7" />

To combat the problem of government incompetence in solving the water crisis, the Modi government announced that it will be launching new projects with more investment along with formulating new policies to manage the pollution in the Ganges and other rivers in India.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web|url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2015/03/23/india-the-national-ganga-river-basin-project|title=The National Ganga River Basin Project|website=World Bank|language=en|access-date=3 April 2020|archive-date=3 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200503153456/https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2015/03/23/india-the-national-ganga-river-basin-project|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/namami-gange-improved-water-quality-of-ganga-amit-shah-813327.html|title='Namami Gange' improved water quality of Ganga: Amit Shah|date=13 March 2020|website=Deccan Herald|language=en|access-date=3 April 2020|archive-date=4 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204142629/https://www.deccanherald.com/national/namami-gange-improved-water-quality-of-ganga-amit-shah-813327.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Non-governmental efforts ===
India has a huge number of Non Government Organisations that focus on solving water shortage problems for the citizens in affected areas. Some of the organizations such as 'FORCE' and 'Safe Water Network' are actively involved in dealing with the water crisis in India. International organisations such as 'We are Water' and [[UNICEF]] also very active in alleviating the problems of basic water supply and sanitation in villages.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Introduction |url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/BMIntro-1011.pdf |pages=3 |date=17 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150317182910/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/BMIntro-1011.pdf |access-date=March 11, 2023 |archive-date=17 March 2015}}</ref><ref name=autogenerated1>{{Cite web|url=https://www.classy.org/blog/nonprofits-address-global-water-crisis/|title=12 Nonprofits That Address the Global Water Crisis|date=22 March 2016|website=Classy|language=en-US|access-date=3 April 2020|archive-date=24 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200424024030/https://www.classy.org/blog/nonprofits-address-global-water-crisis/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Most of the non-governmental organizations work on raising social awareness and establishing water resources projects for the heavily affected parts of the country.

==== Raising social awareness ====
Most non-governmental organizations consider raising social awareness as one of their main responsibilities. They are actively involved in teaching the locals how to preserve the water resources and how to increase the water usage efficiency by installing new water gathering stations and improving their irrigation techniques.<ref name=autogenerated1 /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wearewater.org/en-IN/our-foundation_253356|title=Our foundation|website=We Are Water|language=en-IN|access-date=3 April 2020|archive-date=6 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200406134045/https://www.wearewater.org/en-IN/our-foundation_253356|url-status=live}}</ref>

‘We are Water’ publishes documentary films every year broadcasting the severe water scarcity in India to raise social awareness. In its documentaries, We are Water highlights the main reasons for water scarcity in the country and how each civilian can work towards conserving water in their own homes. These documents are especially relevant in rural areas as the residents do not have direct access to government schemes.

==== Establishing water resources projects ====
A lot of non-governmental organisations in India are involved in establishing water harvesting structures in rural areas. For example, villagers in Palve Budruk, near [[Ahmednagar]], developed a catchment plan covering 1,435 hectares – over 80% of the land available with support from [[UNICEF]]. The system consists of 3 dams, 20 canal bunds, two small percolation tanks linked to the main tank and 19 village ponds. Water stored in the percolation tank, is strictly meant for domestic use. Piped water is supplied for an hour a day in the morning, during which families are expected to fill up water for drinking and cooking.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.unicef.org/india/stories|title=Stories|website=www.unicef.org|language=en|access-date=3 April 2020|archive-date=7 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200407015444/https://www.unicef.org/india/stories|url-status=live}}</ref>

The Jal Bhagirathi Foundation is one of the most prominent non profit organisations in India dealing with the issues of water scarcity in the desert terrains of [[Rajasthan]]. The foundation has covered over 550 villages and revived more than 2000 water harvesting structures in the region.<ref name=":11">{{Cite web|url=http://jalbhagirathi.org/index.php|title=Home|date=4 April 2020|website=JBF|language=en|access-date=3 April 2020|archive-date=3 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200503011808/http://jalbhagirathi.org/index.php|url-status=live}}</ref> The organisation claims to harvest over 4000 million litres of water every year along with reclamation of 100+ hectares of barren land.<ref name=":11" /> The organisation also works actively with schools in the region, providing safe water and sanitation facilities to them. The Jal Bhagirathi Foundation is also actively involved in raising awareness about water conservation and has been awarded numerous awards for its efforts.

=== Solutions and technologies ===

==== Rain collection ====
Rainwater harvesting is the name given to the innovative way of collecting rainwater in order to recharge the underground water. A lot of houses have built their own rainwater harvesting structures in order to be self sufficient. In Banglore, Biome Environmental Trust and Friends of Lakes launched citizen initiatives to dig up to 1 million recharging wells and connect them to the groundwater using funnels. The nonprofit organisations expect this initiative to collect as much as 60% of the total rainwater. A lot of government-supported [[Startup company|start - ups]] such as [[NeeRain]] are also providing ways for collecting rainwater in order to recharge underground water reservoirs.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nitnaware |first=Himanshu |date=2021-05-18 |title=Gujarat Startup's Low-Cost Filters Save 60000 Litres of Water, Without Electricity |url=https://www.thebetterindia.com/255256/amit-doshi-gujarat-startup-neerain-rooftop-rainwater-harvesting-system-filter-cost-effective-no-maintenance-gandhinagar-water-crisis-conservation-innovation-success-story-him16/ |access-date=2023-07-29 |website=The Better India |language=en-US}}</ref>

==== Coastal reservoirs ====
[[Coastal reservoir]] is a fresh/river water storage reservoir located on [[sea coast]] area near a [[river delta]]. It does not submerge the land area and there is no requirement of land acquisition and rehabilitation of displaced population. These multi purpose water storage reservoirs can be built at low cost to supply adequate water for all the water requirements such as irrigation, drinking, industrial, [[Dissolved load|salt export]], [[Baseflow|base flow]]s, [[environmental flows]], etc. benefiting all water deficit areas of India{{citation needed|date=August 2021}} India is not running out of water but water is running out of India without reaping benefits from the available [[water resources in India]].<ref>{{cite web |title=India is not running out of water, water is running out of India |date=26 March 2017 |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/opinion/op-ed/260317/by-invitation-india-is-not-running-out-of-water-water-is-running-out-of-india.html|access-date=9 July 2018}}</ref>

==== Desalination ====
[[Desalination]] is a potential advanced technique to solve the problem of water shortage, especially in coastal regions. Desalination involves treating sea water to remove its salt content, making it fit for drinking. In the past decades, [[Israel]] has already developed a systematic method to desalinate the sea water into fresh water for industrial and domestic usage. India is already looking into installing desalination plants near the coastal regions to fulfil the water needs of cities such as Chennai.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nationalinterest.org/feature/surviving-indias-water-crisis-92516|title=Surviving India's Water Crisis|author1=Akhil Ramesh|author2=Shenhav Ruttner|date=31 October 2019|website=The National Interest|language=en|access-date=3 April 2020|archive-date=15 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200815051641/https://nationalinterest.org/feature/surviving-indias-water-crisis-92516|url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Irrigation Techniques ====
Employing almost 44% of India's working population, agriculture is one of the most important occupations in India. Consequently, up to 80% of the groundwater in India is used for [[irrigation]].<ref name=":8" /> The Indian Agriculture Institute has been promoting the [[drip irrigation]] technology to relieve the water scarcity in India for decades. The technology has the advantage of being applicable to all kinds of terrains in the country. Furthermore, the technique helps farmers use water more efficiently by modifying the water supply based on the moisture level of the soil. With the help of the Indian government, drip irrigation has seen a massive rise in implementation over the last 15 years. Currently, almost 351,000 hectares of irrigated land is under drip irrigation, compared to just 40 hectares in 1960s.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iari.res.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=200&Itemid=1247|title=Drip Irrigation Technology to save Water and Enhance Crop Yields|website=www.iari.res.in|access-date=3 April 2020|archive-date=2 April 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130402210653/http://iari.res.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=200&Itemid=1247|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Current events ==

=== 2019 Chennai water crisis ===
{{Main|2019 Chennai water crisis}}
In June 2019, the Indian city of [[Chennai]] faced an acute water shortage after its four main water reservoirs ran completely dry. Chennai is India's sixth largest metropolis with a population of roughly nine million people.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wbur.org/onpoint/2019/08/01/india-chennai-water-shortage-crisis-infrastructure|title=Nearly 11 Million People In The Indian City Of Chennai Are Almost Out Of Water|website=www.wbur.org|date=August 2019 |language=en|access-date=3 April 2020|archive-date=10 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191210165521/https://www.wbur.org/onpoint/2019/08/01/india-chennai-water-shortage-crisis-infrastructure|url-status=live}}</ref> The dire shortage of water affected the huge population of Chennai very badly as hundreds of people waited in lines with empty water buckets for hours. Several restaurants and hotels in the city also shut down due to the shortage of water. Even the IT firms in the city otherwise known for its thriving IT and automobile sectors were forced to ask their employees to work from home as the crisis worsened. Out of the daily requirement of {{convert|830|e6l/d|e6usgal/d e6impgal/d|abbr=off}}, the city was only able to provide {{convert|525|e6L/d|e6usgal/d e6impgal/d|abbr=unit}}.<ref>{{Cite news|first=Mohamed|last=Imranullah|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/water-supply-in-city-cut-to-525-from-830-mld-hc-told/article28023481.ece|title=Water supply in city cut to 525 MLD from 830 MLD, HC told|date=18 June 2019|work=The Hindu|access-date=3 April 2020|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=4 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204142652/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/water-supply-in-city-cut-to-525-from-830-mld-hc-told/article28023481.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Chennai MetroWater Supply and Sewage Board|Chennai Metro Water]] was forced to cut short its daily water supply by 40% to deal with the ongoing crisis.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/tamil-nadu-news/chennais-piped-water-supply-cut-by-40-per-cent-amid-water-crisis-2044502|title=Chennai's Piped Water Supply Cut By 40 Per Cent Amid Severe Water Crisis|website=NDTV.com|access-date=3 April 2020|archive-date=4 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200304080904/https://www.ndtv.com/tamil-nadu-news/chennais-piped-water-supply-cut-by-40-per-cent-amid-water-crisis-2044502|url-status=live}}</ref> The government responded by sending water tankers to residential areas. Water was also delivered to the city by a special train with the capacity to carry 10 million liters of water daily.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/07/12/india/india-chennai-water-crisis-train-intl/index.html|title=Indian water train arrives to relieve dry Chennai|first=Swati|last=Gupta|website=CNN|date=12 July 2019 |access-date=3 April 2020|archive-date=25 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200425223602/https://www.cnn.com/2019/07/12/india/india-chennai-water-crisis-train-intl/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==See also==
{{div col|colwidth=15em}}
* [[Climate of India]]
* [[Environment of India]]
* [[Kalpasar Project]]
* [[Dissolved load|List of rivers by dissolved load]]
* [[Groundwater#India|Ground water in India]]
* [[Indian Rivers Inter-link]]
* [[Interstate River Water Disputes Act]]
* [[Irrigation in India]]
* [[List of drainage basins by area]]
* [[List of rivers of India by discharge]]
* [[List of rivers by discharge]]
* [[List of dams and reservoirs in India]]
* [[Polavaram Project]]
* [[Pollution of the Ganges]]
* [[National Water Policy]]
* [[Saemangeum Seawall]]
* [[Water supply and sanitation in India]]
* [[Water pollution in India]]
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web | title=Terrifying water crisis faces India; most cities to run dry | website=Rediff | date=11 December 2009 | url=https://business.rediff.com/slide-show/2009/dec/11/slide-show-1-water-crisis-what-india-is-doing.htm | ref={{sfnref | Rediff | 2009}} | access-date=2019-06-26}}
* {{cite web | title=Water scarcity killing animals in Rajasthan | website=Deccan Herald | date=1 June 2010 | url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/72848/water-scarcity-killing-animals-rajasthan.html | access-date=26 June 2019}}
* [https://yaleclimateconnections.org/2022/02/new-ipcc-report-highlights-urgency-of-climate-change-impacts/]
* [https://report.ipcc.ch/ar6wg2/pdf/IPCC_AR6_WGII_FinalDraft_Chapter04.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220625205812/https://report.ipcc.ch/ar6wg2/pdf/IPCC_AR6_WGII_FinalDraft_Chapter04.pdf |date=25 June 2022 }}

{{Asia topic|Water scarcity in}}

[[Category:Water in India]]
[[Category:Water pollution in India]]
[[Category:Water supply and sanitation in India]]
[[Category:Water scarcity|I]]

Sumedh Mudgalkar

2026-04-27T04:46:46Z

CallGirlMumbai: done.

{{Short description|Indian actor and dancer (born 1996)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sumedh Mudgalkar
| birth_name =
| image = Sumedh Mudgalkar at the premiere of Love Life Leela (cropped).jpg
| caption = Mudgalkar in 2024
| other_names =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1996|11|02}}
| birth_place =
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor|dancer}}
| years_active = 2013–present
| notable_works = ''[[Chakravartin Ashoka Samrat]]'' ''[[RadhaKrishn]]'' ''[[Escaype Live]]''
}}

'''Sumedh Vasudev Mudgalkar''' (born 2 November 1996)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Radhakrishn actor Sumedh Mudgalkar gets a best birthday surprise 'ever'; cuts 10 beautiful cakes |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/radhakrishn-actor-sumedh-mudgalkar-gets-a-best-birthday-surprise-ever-cuts-10-beautiful-cakes/articleshow/79020384.cms |access-date=2022-03-04 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2015-04-17 |title=Sumedh Mudgalkar: The character is very negative and tough to act |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150417/entertainment-bollywood/article/character-very-negative-and-tough-act-sumedh-mudgalkar |access-date=2022-03-04 |website=Deccan Chronicle |language=en}}</ref> is an Indian film and television actor, as well as a dancer. He is best known for his work as [[Susima|Shushim]] in ''[[Chakravartin Ashoka Samrat]],'' as [[Lord Krishna]] in ''[[RadhaKrishn]]'' and as Darkie in the [[Disney+ Hotstar]] series ''[[Escaype Live]].''

==Career==

=== Dancing ===
He made his dance debut on a Marathi reality show, ''Dance Maharashtra Dance'', in 2012 at the age of 15 and was one of the finalists. He appeared in ''[[Dance India Dance (season 4)|Dance India Dance (Season 4)]]'' in 2013, where he reached the finals, finishing as 3rd runner-up.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150417/entertainment-bollywood/article/character-very-negative-and-tough-act-sumedh-mudgalkar|title=The character is very negative and tough to act: Sumedh Mudgalkar|website=Deccan Chronicle|access-date=27 May 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170820165503/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/150417/entertainment-bollywood/article/character-very-negative-and-tough-act-sumedh-mudgalkar|archive-date=20 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://punemirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi-reviews/film-manjha/articleshow/59688509.cms|title=Manjha Review|website=India Times|access-date=27 May 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180506220421/https://punemirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi-reviews/film-manjha/articleshow/59688509.cms|archive-date=6 May 2018}}</ref>

=== Acting ===
Mudgalkar made his acting debut in [[Channel V]]’s ''[[Dil Dostii Dance|Dil Dosti Dance]]'', a dance-based youth show where he portrayed the role of Raghavendra "Raghav" Pratap Singh. Then he became known for portraying the main antagonist [[Susima|Yuvraj Sushim]] in the Indian historical drama ''[[Chakravartin Ashoka Samrat]]''.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150417/entertainment-bollywood/article/character-very-negative-and-tough-act-sumedh-mudgalkar|title=The character is very negative and tough to act: Sumedh Mudgalkar|date=17 April 2015|work=Deccan Chronicle|access-date=17 August 2018|language=en}}</ref>

Sumedh next moved to the Marathi film industry with a cameo in the 2016 film ''[[Ventilator (2016 film)|Ventilator]]'' as Karan. He then appeared in ''[[Manjha]]'', which was his first film as a main antagonist as well as lead actor, in which he portrayed the role of a psychopath named Vicky.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/manjha-trailer-is-out/articleshow/59402741.cms|title=Jatin Wagle’s intriguing Manjha trailer is out – Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=17 August 2018}}</ref> In 2018, he played the role of Salil in ''[[Bucket List (2018 film)|Bucket List]]''.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/madhuri-dixit-nene-praises-sumedh-mudgalkar/articleshow/64033061.cms|title=Madhuri Dixit Nene praises Sumedh Mudgalkar – Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=17 August 2018}}</ref> Recently, he has also been shooting for the Marathi film ''Mann Yedyagat Zaala''.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/swanandi-berde-to-star-opposite-sumedh-in-man-yedyagat-zaala/articleshow/62972927.cms|title=Swanandi Berde to star opposite Sumedh in Mann Yedyagat Zaala – Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=18 February 2018}}</ref> In 2018, he featured in a music video for a Marathi song ''Bekhabar Kashi Tu''.{{Cn|date=May 2023}}

From October 2018 to January 2023, he played the role of [[Lord Krishna]], [[Lord Vishnu]] and [[Lord Rama]] in [[Swastik Productions]]' television series ''[[RadhaKrishn]]'' on [[Star Bharat]] opposite [[Mallika Singh]].<ref name="RK">{{Cite web|title=Exclusive - Sumedh Mudgalkar on RadhaKrishn going off-air: Since the last 10-12 days fans have been visiting us, requesting to not shut down the show|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-sumedh-mudgalkar-on-radhakrishn-going-off-air-since-the-last-10-12-days-fans-have-been-visiting-us-requesting-to-not-shut-down-the-show/articleshow/97203075.cms|access-date=2023-01-24|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> In 2021, he reprised his role of Lord Vishnu along with [[Mallika Singh]] and [[Basant Bhatt]] in ''[[RadhaKrishn]]'''s prequel series ''[[Jai Kanhaiya Lal Ki (2021 TV series)|Jai Kanhaiya Lal Ki]]'' which also aired on [[Star Bharat]] and ended in July 2022.

In 2022 he featured as Darkie in [[Disney+ Hotstar]]'s web series ''[[Escaype Live]]'' produced and directed by [[Siddharth Kumar Tewary]] under [[Swastik Productions]].<ref name= "Darkie1"/>

From May to June 2023, he portrayed the role of [[Hatim al-Tai]] opposite [[Srishti Jain]] in [[Sony SAB]]'s ''[[Ali Baba (TV series)|Ali Baba]].''<ref name="Sumedh">{{Cite web|title=Exclusive - Radhakrishn fame Sumedh Mudgalkar to be seen in Alibaba – Ek Andaaz Andekha: Chapter 2?|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-radhakrishn-fame-sumedh-mudgalkar-to-be-seen-in-alibaba-ek-andaaz-andekha-chapter-2/articleshow/99791105.cms|access-date=27 April 2023|website=The Times of India|date=26 April 2023 |language=en}}</ref> Since then he was shooting for a web series and Marathi movie.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sumedh Mudgalkar Suffers Nasal Bone Fracture Ahead Of His Birthday|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tv/sumedh-mudgalkar-suffers-nasal-bone-fracture-ahead-of-his-birthday-article-114868584 |website= Times Now |date=2 Nov 2024}}</ref>

In May 2025, he featured as Sebi (Subhash Mhatre) in [[JioHotstar]]'s web series [[Hai Junoon!|Hai Junoon! Dream. Dare. Dominate.]] produced and directed by [[Abhishek Sharma]] under jio creatives lab productions.<ref>{{cite web |title=hai junoon cast about character |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/jacqueline-fernandez-neil-nitin-mukesh-star-intense-dance-battle-drama-hai-junoon-trailer-now/ |website= bollywood hungama |date=2 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Hai Junoon trailer OUT: Jacqueline Fernandez and Neil Nitin Mukesh spark fierce rivalry in dance-fueled drama|url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/hai-junoon-trailer-jacqueline-fernandez-neil-nitin-mukesh-spark-fierce-rivalry-in-dance-fueled-drama/b54a822137687 |website= OTT play |date=2 May 2025}}</ref>

=== Singing ===

Sumedh made his singing debut in a single, "Mere Paas Tum Raho",<ref>{{Cite web |title=Watch Latest Hindi Video Song 'Mere Paas Tum Raho' Sung By Sumedh Mudgalkar & Prateeksha Srivastava {{!}} Hindi Video Songs - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/hindi/watch-latest-hindi-video-song-mere-paas-tum-raho-sung-by-sumedh-mudgalkar-prateeksha-srivastava/videoshow/99084725.cms |access-date=2023-05-19 |website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com |language=en}}</ref> in March 2023. The music video featured Sumedh alongside Ambika Devi.

== Filmography ==

=== Films ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Language
! Notes
|-
| 2016
| ''[[Ventilator (2016 film)|Ventilator]]''
| Karan
| rowspan="5" | Marathi
| Guest appearance
|-
| 2017
| ''[[Manjha]]''
| Vicky
|
|-
| 2018
|''[[Bucket List (2018 film)|Bucket List]]''
| Salil
|
|-
| 2024
| ''Man Yedyagat Zala''
| Yash
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=More |first=Priya |date=2024-02-21 |title=Man Yedyagat zala Movie: स्वानंदी बेर्डे पडली सुमेध मुदगलकरच्या प्रेमात, लवकरत येतोय 'मन येड्यागत झालं' |url=https://saamtv.esakal.com/entertainment/marathi-film-industry-swanandi-berde-and-sumedh-mudgalkar-upcoming-movie-man-yedyagat-zala-release-date-1-march-pvm91 |access-date=2024-02-24 |website=[[Saam TV]] |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|TBA
|''Vicky - Full of Love''
|
|
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
|-
| 2013–2014
| [[Dance India Dance (season 4)|''Dance India Dance (Season 4)'']]
| Contestant
|3rd runner-up
|-
| 2014
|''[[Dil Dosti Dance]]''
| Raghavendra "Raghav" Pratap Singh
|
|-
| 2015–2016
| ''[[Chakravartin Ashoka Samrat]]''
| Young [[Susima|Sushim]]
|
|-
|2017
|''[[Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa (season 9)|Jhalak Dikhla Jaa (Season 9)]]''
|Himself
|Episode 24
|-
| 2018–2023
|''[[RadhaKrishn]]''
| [[Krishna|Lord Krishna]]/[[Lord Vishnu]]/[[Lord Rama|Lord Ram]]/[[Venkateswara|Lord Srinivasa]]/[[Parashurama|Lord]]
[[Parashurama|Parshuram]]
|
|-
|2019
|''[[Jag Janani Maa Vaishno Devi - Kahani Mata Rani Ki|Jag Janani Maa Vaishno Devi]]''
|Narrator
|
|-
|2020
|''[[Jai Deva Shree Ganesha]]''
|[[Lord Krishna]]
|
|-
|2021–2022
|''[[Jai Kanhaiya Lal Ki (2021 TV series)|Jai Kanhaiya Lal Ki]]''
|[[Lord Vishnu]]
|
|-
|2022
|''[[Swayamvar – Mika Di Vohti]]''
|Himself
|Episode 27<ref>{{Cite web |title=Swayamvar - Mika Di Vohti - Episode 27 - Mika Chooses His Vohti on Disney+ Hotstar |url=https://www.hotstar.com/in/tv/swayamvar-mika-di-vohti/1260104944/mika-chooses-his-vohti/1000278500 |access-date=2023-01-21 |website=Disney+ Hotstar |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Swayamvar: Mika Di Vohti Grand Finale |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/swayamvar-mika-di-vohti-grand-finale-mika-singhs-family-bharti-singh-shoaib-ibrahim-and-others-appear-on-the-show/articleshow/93114478.cms |access-date=2023-01-21 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2023
|''[[Bigg Boss OTT (Hindi Digital series) season 2|Bigg Boss OTT 2]]''
|Himself
|Episode 30<ref>{{cite web |title=Bigg Boss OTT 2: Sumbul Touqeer Khan and Sumedh Mudgalkar to make an appearance on Weekend Ka Vaar |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/bigg-boss-ott-2-sumbul-touqeer-khan-and-sumedh-mudgalkar-to-make-an-appearance-on-weekend-ka-vaar/articleshow/101784284.cms |access-date=2023-07-15 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Ali Baba (TV series)|Ali Baba: Ek Andaaz Andekha]]''
| Hatim
|
|}

=== Web series ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Notes
!Ref.
|-
|2022
|''[[Escaype Live]]''
|Darkie
|
|<ref name= "Darkie1">{{Cite web |date=2022-04-27 |title=Escaype Live: Social media turns into a horrific nightmare in this show |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/escaype-live-trailer-social-media-turns-into-a-horrific-nightmare-in-this-siddharth-series/ |access-date=2022-04-27 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref name= "Darkie2">{{Cite web |date=2022-04-29 |title=Sumedh Mudgalkar on taking 180-degree turn for 'Escaype Live' character |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/news/hindi/sumedh-mudgalkar-on-taking-180-degree-turn-for-escaype-live-character/articleshow/91181234.cms |access-date=2022-04-29 |website=Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref name= "Darkie3">{{cite web |date=2023-04-27 |title=Sumedh Mudgalkar: I got slapped 25-27 times for a sequence in Escaype Live |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/web-series/article/sumedh-mudgalkar-i-got-slapped-25-27-times-for-a-sequence-in-escaype-live-23225593|access-date=2022-05-04 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2025
|''[[Hai Junoon!|Hai Junoon! Dream. Dare. Dominate.]]''
|Sebi (Subhash Mhatre)
|
| <ref>{{cite web |title=Hai Junoon: Neil Nitin Mukesh and Jacqueline Fernandez bring musical drama! |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/ott/hai-junoon-neil-nitin-mukesh-and-jacqueline-fernandez-bring-musical-drama-1503421793.html |website=The Statesman |date=18 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=hai junoon cast about character |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/jacqueline-fernandez-neil-nitin-mukesh-star-intense-dance-battle-drama-hai-junoon-trailer-now/ |website= bollywood hungama |date=2 May 2025}}</ref>
|-
|TBH
|Anarth
|
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/web-series/anarth-kalki-koechlin-preeti-panigrahi-gulshan-devaiah-star-in-chilling-horror-series-first-look-out-ws-dkl-9988476.html |title=Anarth: Kalki Koechlin, Preeti Panigrahi, Gulshan Devaiah Star In Chilling Horror Series, First Look Out |website=News18 |date=20 March 2026 |access-date=26 April 2026}}</ref>
|
|-
|}

=== Music videos ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Singer(s)
!Language
!Ref.
|-
|2018
|''Bekhabar Kashi Tu''
|Rohit Raut
|Marathi
|<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2018-11-12 |title=सुमेध-संस्कृती बालगुडे झळकणार 'या' म्युझिक अल्बममध्ये |url=https://www.lokmat.com/marathi-cinema/music-album-sumedha-sanskruti-balgude-will-be-seen-together/ |access-date=2023-03-18 |website=Lokmat |language=mr-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Video : ‘बेखबर कशी तू’ सोशल मीडियावर हिट |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/marathi-music-album-bekhabar-kashi-tu-hit-on-social-media-1791688/ |access-date=2023-03-18 |website=Loksatta |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|2020
|''Meri Hai Maa''
|Tarsh
| rowspan="4" |Hindi
|{{Citation needed|date=November 2022}}
|-
| 2022
| ''Tu Hi Toh Hai''
|Abhi Dutt, Shambhavi Thakur
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Sumedh Mudgalkar: I told Rhea Sharma I might be shy romancing her in our song Tu Hi Toh Hai |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/tv/hindi/sumedh-mudgalkar-i-told-rhea-sharma-i-might-be-shy-romancing-her-in-our-song-tu-hi-toh-hai/videoshow/95510303.cms |access-date=2023-03-18 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2022-11-10 |title=Jigar Mulani’s new song 'Tu Hi Toh Hai' stars Sumedh Mudgalkar and Rhea Sharma |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/music/jigar-mulani-s-new-song-tu-hi-toh-hai-stars-sumedh-mudgalkar-and-rhea-sharma-2022-11-10-822923 |access-date=2023-03-18 |website=www.indiatvnews.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2023
|''Sazishen''
|Inam Ul Haq
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Sumbul Touqeer pairs up with Sumedh Mudgalkar for 'Sazishen'|work=The Times of India
|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/tv/hindi/sumbul-touqeer-pairs-up-with-sumedh-mudgalkar-for-sazishen/videoshow/101744425.cms |access-date=2023-07-14}}</ref>
|-
| ''Ramti Aave''
|Abhinav Shekhar, Priyanka Kher
|{{Citation needed|date=December 2023}}
|}

=== Discography ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Co-singer
!Composer
!Language
!Ref.
|-
|2023
|''Mere Paas Tum Raho''
|Prateeksha
| Mohit Lalwani
|Hindi
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Sumedh Mudgalkar Shares his new talent, Sings in his new album song 'Mere Paas Tum Raho' |language=en |work=Zoom TV Entertainment |url=https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/videos/tv-news/sumedh-mudgalkar-shares-his-new-talent-sings-in-his-new-album-song-mere-pass-tum-raho-video-98818865 |access-date=2023-03-20}}</ref>
|}

== Awards and nominations ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Awards
!Category
!Work
!Result
!Ref.
|-
|2018
|[[Filmfare Awards Marathi]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Marathi|Best Actor]]
|''[[Manjha]]''
|{{Nominated}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Filmfare Awards Marathi 2018 Nominations |url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-marathi-2018/nominations |access-date=2022-03-04 |website=filmfare.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2019
|[[Indian Telly Awards]]
|[[Indian Telly Award for Best Onscreen Couple|Best Onscreen Couple (Jury)]] (with [[Mallika Singh]])
| rowspan="5" |''[[RadhaKrishn]]''
| {{Won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Telly Awards 2019 Winners: Complete list of winners |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/tv-awards/indian-telly-awards/2019/115 |access-date=2022-03-04 |website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref>
|-
|[[Gold Awards]]
|[[Gold Award for Debut in a Lead Role (Male)|Best Debut Actor (Male)]]
|{{Won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |author=ABP News Bureau|date=2019-10-12 |title=Gold Awards 2019 Winners List: Hina Khan, Surbhi Chandna, Shivangi Joshi Walk Away With Trophies |url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/television/gold-awards-2019-winners-list-hina-khan-erica-fernandes-surbhi-chandna-shivangi-joshi-other-actors-walk-away-with-trophies-1089646 |access-date=2022-03-04 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2021
|[[Indian Television Academy Awards|20th Indian Television Academy Awards]]
| rowspan="2" |[[ITA Award for Best Actor Popular|Best Actor Popular]]
|{{Nominated}}
|{{Citation needed|date=March 2022}}
|-
| rowspan="5" |2022
|[[Indian Television Academy Awards|21st Indian Television Academy Awards]]
|{{Nominated}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=The 21st ITA Awards |url=https://www.theita2021.com/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211110094223/http://www.theita2021.com/ |url-status=usurped |archive-date=10 November 2021 |access-date=2022-03-07 |website=www.theita2021.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Indian Television Academy Awards|22nd Indian Television Academy Awards]]
| rowspan="2" |Popular Actor - Drama
|{{nom}}
|<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=The 22nd ITA Awards |url=https://ita2022.indiantelevisionacademy.com/ |access-date=2022-09-27 |website=Indian Television Academy |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Jai Kanhaiya Lal Ki (2021 TV series)|Jai Kanhaiya Lal Ki]]''
|{{nom}}
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|Popular Actor - OTT
| rowspan="2" |''[[Escaype Live]]''
|{{nom}}
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|[[Filmfare OTT Awards]]
|Best Supporting Actor in a Series (Male): Drama
|{{Nominated}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Filmfare OTT Awards 2022 |url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-ott-awards-2022/vote |access-date=2022-12-04 |website=filmfare.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2" |2023
|[[Indian Telly Awards]]
|Fan Favorite Actor/ Actress - Mytho/ Super Natural
| rowspan="5" |''[[RadhaKrishn]]''
| {{Won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Telly Awards 2023 Winners|url=https://www.indiantellyawards.com/}}</ref>
|-
|[[Indian Television Academy Awards|23rd Indian Television Academy Awards]]
|[[ITA Award for Best Actor Popular|Best Actor Popular]]
|{{Nominated}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=The 23rd ITA Awards |url=https://ita2023.indiantelevisionacademy.com/ |language=en}}</ref>
|}

== Media image ==
He was ranked in ''[[The Times of India]]''<nowiki/>'s "Most Desirable Men of Maharashtra" at No. 17 in 2018,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Maharashtra's Most Desirable Men 2018|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/times-poll-2018/pune-times-most-desirable-men|access-date=2021-07-14|publisher=[[The Times of India]]|language=en}}</ref> at No.15 in 2019,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Make way for Maharashtra’s Most Desirable men of 2019|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/make-way-for-maharashtras-most-desirable-men-of-2019/articleshow/74402558.cms|date=2020-02-29|access-date=2021-06-04|publisher=[[The Times of India]]|language=en}}</ref> and at No. 6 in 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Make Way For The Most Desirable Men Of Maharashtra 2020|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/make-way-for-the-most-desirable-men-of-maharashtra/etphotostory/83193350.cms|date=2021-06-03|access-date=2021-06-04|publisher=[[The Times of India]]|language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{commons category}}
* {{IMDb name|7172762}}
* {{Facebook|TheSumedhMudgalkar}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mudgalkar, Sumedh}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1996 births]]
[[Category:Male actors from Pune]]
[[Category:Indian male dancers]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Marathi cinema]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]

Ayesha Madon

2026-04-23T01:59:46Z

CallGirlMumbai: Starting a pg

{{Short description|Australian actor and musician (born 1998)}}
{{Use American English|date=April 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| image = Ayesha Madon for Maybelline Australia & New Zealand 02.jpg
| caption = Madon in 2026
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1998|2|10}}
| birth_place = [[Sydney]], [[New South Wales]], Australia
| alma_mater = [[The McDonald College]] [[Victorian College of the Arts]]<ref name="mcdonald">{{cite web|url=https://www.mcdonald.nsw.edu.au/blog/people/ayesha-madon/|title=Alum – Ayesha Madon – The McDonald College – Performance Centred K-12|publisher=[[The McDonald College]]|access-date=12 April 2024}}</ref>
| occupation = {{hlist|Actress|singer-songwriter|musician}}
| years_active = 2019–present
| module = {{Infobox musical artist
| embed = yes
| instrument = {{hlist|Vocals|piano}}
| genre = {{hlist|[[Alternative pop]]<ref name="Eulogy"/>|[[pop music|pop]]|[[contemporary R&B|R&B]]<ref name="Blame Me"/>}}
| label = [[Future Classic]]
}}
}}

'''Ayesha Madon''' (born 10 February 1998) is an Australian actress, singer-songwriter, and musician. She is best known for her role as Amerie Wadia in the [[Netflix]] comedy drama series ''[[Heartbreak High (2022 TV series)|Heartbreak High]]'' (2022{{ndash}}2026), for which she has received nominations for an [[AACTA Award]] and a [[Logie Award]].

==Early life==
Madon was born and raised in [[Sydney]], [[New South Wales]].<ref name="SMH"/> Her parents are [[Immigration to Australia|emigrants]] from [[Indian diaspora|India]] who purchased a catering company after they arrived in Australia.<ref name=sbs>{{cite web |title=Heartbreak High's Ayesha Madon felt like an 'alien'. Then she had a 'life-changing' diagnosis |url=https://www.sbs.com.au/news/the-feed/article/heartbreak-high-star-ayesha-madons-life-changing-diagnosis/i4nmcb0vd |website=SBS |access-date=20 May 2024 |date=11 April 2024}}</ref> Madon was raised in a [[Zoroastrian]] household but identifies as [[agnostic]].<ref name="SMH"/><ref>{{cite web |title=Heartbreak High star Ayesha Madon on ADHD, Amerie and Eulogy |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i-CiGg2cdKc&t=104s |work=[[The Feed (Australian TV series)|The Feed]] |via=[[YouTube]] |access-date=20 May 2024 |date=12 April 2024}}</ref> She attended the [[McDonald College]] and the [[Victorian College of the Arts]], graduating from the latter in 2018 with a degree in musical theatre.<ref name="mcdonald"/>

==Career==
Madon made her acting debut in 2021 featuring on some episodes of the sketch comedy series ''[[The Moth Effect]]''.<ref name=":0"/> She had her [[breakthrough role|breakthrough]] playing Amerie Wadia in the Netflix comedy drama series ''Heartbreak High'' (2022–2026), a reboot of [[Heartbreak High|the 1990s series of the same name]].<ref>{{cite web |access-date=12 April 2024 |author=Vasili Papathanasopoulos |date=29 August 2022 |title=Introducing Ayesha Madon |url=https://www.milkymilkymilky.com/post/introducing-ayesha-madon}}</ref><ref name="SMH">{{cite web|url=https://www.smh.com.au/lifestyle/fashion/ayesha-madon-didn-t-see-people-like-her-on-tv-when-she-was-growing-up-20231002-p5e96k.html|title=Ayesha Madon: "Success has been a mixed bag for me"|publisher=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]|date=15 October 2023|access-date=12 April 2024|author=Rocca, Jane}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://harpersbazaar.com.au/ayesha-madon-music-interview/|title=Ayesha Madon: 'Beyond Heartbreak High'|author=Ella Sangster|date=December 2022 |access-date=12 April 2024}}</ref> The series received critical acclaim and won an [[International Emmy Award]], while Madon's performance earned nominations for the [[12th AACTA Awards|AACTA Audience Choice Award for Best Actress]] and the [[Logie Award for Most Popular New Talent]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2024-07-05 |title=Heartbreak High’s Ayesha Madon is more than a TV star |url=https://www.gaytimes.com/heartbreak-high-ayesha-madon-netflix-music-interview/ |access-date=2026-04-04 |website=Gay Times Magazine |language=en}}</ref>

In 2023, Madon appeared in an episode of the television series ''[[Love Me (Australian TV series)|Love Me]]'', in the role of Sienna.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=https://screenrant.com/heartbreak-high-season-2-cast-character-guide/|title=Heartbreak High Season 2 Cast & Character Guide: Who Plays Who In The Australian Netflix Show|last=Moser|first=Zachary|website=[[Screen Rant]]|date=April 21, 2024|access-date=July 8, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240708201310/https://screenrant.com/heartbreak-high-season-2-cast-character-guide/|archive-date=July 8, 2024}}</ref>

The following year, she released her singles "Eulogy",<ref name="Eulogy"/> "Blame Me" and "Michelle Obama", the former of which was one of the 5 most played songs on Australian radio [[Triple J]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://goodcalllive.com/ayesha-madon-takes-the-high-road-on-new-track-michelle-obama/ |title=Ayesha Madon takes the high road on new track "Michelle Obama" |work=Good Call Live |date=14 November 2024 |access-date=1 August 2025 |author=}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Madon was diagnosed with [[attention deficit hyperactivity disorder]] (ADHD) after her therapist sought an assessment.<ref name=sbs/> Madon publicly came out as bisexual in July 2024.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.autostraddle.com/ayesha-madon-is-bisexual-coming-out/|title=Ayesha Madon Is Bisexual: 'Heartbreak High' Star Comes Out, Shares Cute First Kiss Story|author=Riese|website=[[Autostraddle]]|date=July 5, 2024 |access-date=July 9, 2024}}</ref> She identifies as [[Parsis|Parsi]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Lennox |first=Will |date=14 December 2022 |title=Get ready with Ayesha Madon before the glamour of the NGV Gala |url=https://www.vogue.com.au/culture/features/get-ready-with-ayesha-madon/image-gallery/a505e8b535a75eeae638a49cbf4892d2 |access-date=1 August 2025 |work=[[Vogue Australia]]}}</ref>

==Discography==
===Extended plays===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;"
|+List of extended plays, with release date, formats, and label shown
! scope="col"| Title
! scope="col"| EP details
|-
! scope="row"| ''The Unanticipated Prequel''
|
* Released: 9 September 2025<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ayeshamadon.bandcamp.com/album/the-unanticipated-prequel/ |title=The Unanticipated Prequel by Ayesha Madon |publisher=[[Bandcamp]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260328093455/https://ayeshamadon.bandcamp.com/album/the-unanticipated-prequel/ |archive-date=28 March 2026 |date=10 September 2025 |access-date=28 March 2026}}</ref>
* Label: [[Future Classic]]
* Format: [[Music download|Digital download]], [[streaming media|streaming]]
|}

===Singles===
====As lead artist====
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;"
|+List of singles as lead artist, with title, year, and album details shown
! scope="col" rowspan="1"| Title
! scope="col" rowspan="1"| Year
! scope="col" rowspan="1"| Album
|-
! scope="row"| "Outside of the Party"<ref name="Unearthed">{{cite web |url=https://www.abc.net.au/triplejunearthed/artist/ayesha-madon/ |title=Ayesha A. Madon |publisher=[[Triple J Unearthed]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260401234422/https://www.abc.net.au/triplejunearthed/artist/ayesha-madon/ |archive-date=1 April 2026 |date=29 October 2022 |access-date=2 April 2026}}</ref>
| 2020
| rowspan="3" {{Non-album singles}}
|-
! scope="row"| "Goldfish"<ref name="Unearthed"/>
| rowspan="2"| 2022
|-
! scope="row"| "Fish and Chips"<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2022/nov/04/beckah-amani-cry-club-and-betty-who-australias-best-new-music-for-november/ |title=Beckah Amani, Cry Club and Betty Who: Australia's best new music for November |work=[[Guardian Australia]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240125233928/https://www.theguardian.com/music/2022/nov/04/beckah-amani-cry-club-and-betty-who-australias-best-new-music-for-november/ |archive-date=25 January 2024 |date=4 November 2022 |access-date=29 March 2026 |author=Jolly, Nathan}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| "Eulogy"<ref name="Eulogy">{{cite web |url=https://au.rollingstone.com/music/music-features/ayesha-madon-eulogy-song-you-need-to-know-57128/ |title=Song You Need to Know: Ayesha Madon, "Eulogy" |work=[[Rolling Stone Australia / New Zealand]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260328085604/https://au.rollingstone.com/music/music-features/ayesha-madon-eulogy-song-you-need-to-know-57128/ |archive-date=28 March 2026 |date=29 March 2024 |access-date=28 March 2026 |author=Hartnett, Levi}}</ref>
| rowspan="3"| 2024
| rowspan="4"| ''The Unanticipated Prequel''
|-
! scope="row"| "Blame Me"<ref name="Blame Me">{{cite web |url=https://www.clashmusic.com/news/ayesha-madon-opens-up-on-new-single-blame-me/ |title=Ayesha Madon opens up on new single "Blame Me" |work=[[Clash (magazine)|Clash]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260328090255/https://www.clashmusic.com/news/ayesha-madon-opens-up-on-new-single-blame-me/ |archive-date=28 March 2026 |date=4 July 2024 |access-date=28 March 2026 |author=Murray, Robin}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| "Michelle Obama"<ref>{{cite web |url=https://au.rollingstone.com/music/music-features/ayesha-madon-michelle-obama-song-you-need-to-know-69726/ |title=Song You Need to Know: Ayesha Madon, "Michelle Obama" |work=[[Rolling Stone Australia / New Zealand]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260328092036/https://au.rollingstone.com/music/music-features/ayesha-madon-michelle-obama-song-you-need-to-know-69726/ |archive-date=28 March 2026 |date=9 December 2024 |access-date=28 March 2026 |author=Cheong, Michelle}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| "Jenga"<ref>{{cite web |url=https://au.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/ayesha-madon-releases-first-single-of-year-jenga-77064/ |title=Ayesha Madon's first single of 2025 is about the joy of friendship |work=[[Rolling Stone Australia / New Zealand]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260328092806/https://au.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/ayesha-madon-releases-first-single-of-year-jenga-77064/ |archive-date=28 March 2026 |date=21 May 2025 |access-date=28 March 2026 |author=Lochrie, Conor}}</ref>
| 2025
|}

====As featured artist====
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;"
|+List of singles as featured artist, with title, year, and album details shown
! scope="col" rowspan="1"| Title
! scope="col" rowspan="1"| Year
! scope="col" rowspan="1"| Album
|-
! scope="row"| "Ribena" {{small|(Kye featuring Ayesha Madon)}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.milkymilkymilky.com/post/kye-enlists-ayesha-madon-on-the-syrup-remix-of-ribena/ |title=Kye enlists Ayesha Madon on the Syrup remix of "Ribena" |work=Milky Milky Milky |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260328093945/https://www.milkymilkymilky.com/post/kye-enlists-ayesha-madon-on-the-syrup-remix-of-ribena/ |archive-date=28 March 2026 |date=17 March 2023 |access-date=28 March 2026 |author=Papathanasopoulos, Vasili}}</ref>
| 2023
| {{N/a|Non-album single}}
|}

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+List of film appearances, with year released, title, role, and notes shown
! scope="col" rowspan="1"| Year(s)
! scope="col" rowspan="1"| Title
! scope="col" rowspan="1" class="unsortable"| Role
! scope="col" rowspan="1" class="unsortable"| Notes
|-
! scope="row"| 2021
| ''[[The Moth Effect]]''
| Multiple roles
| 3 episodes<ref name=":0"/>
|-
! scope="row"| 2022—2026
| ''[[Heartbreak High (2022 TV series)|Heartbreak High]]''
| Amerie Wadia
| Main character; [[Heartbreak High (2022 TV series)#Episodes|seasons 1–3]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2026/mar/25/heartbreak-high-final-season-review-netflix/ |title=Heartbreak High final season review – a colourful but contrived farewell to Hartley High |work=[[Guardian Australia]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260325100139/https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2026/mar/25/heartbreak-high-final-season-review-netflix/ |archive-date=25 March 2026 |date=25 March 2026 |access-date=29 March 2026 |author=Buckmaster, Luke}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| 2023
| ''[[Love Me (Australian TV series)|Love Me]]''
| Sienna
| 1 episode<ref name=":0"/>
|}

===Theatre===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+List of theatre appearances, with year released, title, role(s), theatre name, director, notes, and reference shown
! scope="col" rowspan="1"| Year(s)
! scope="col" rowspan="1"| Title
! scope="col" rowspan="1"| Role(s)
! scope="col" rowspan="1"| Theatre
! scope="col" rowspan="1"| Director
! scope="col" rowspan="1"| Notes
! scope="col" rowspan="1" class="unsortable"| {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
! scope="row"| 2019—2021
| ''[[Fangirls (musical)|Fangirls]]''
| Lily and others
| National tour
| [[Yve Blake]]
| With ''Heartbreak High'' co-stars [[James Majoos]] and [[Chika Ikogwe]]
| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2024-09-10/ayesha-madon-chit-chat-heartbreak-high-new-single-blame-me/104218018/ |title=Chit Chat: Heartbreak High's Ayesha Madon on her turn to pop music, her fave Parsi dish and more |work=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260329072030/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2024-09-10/ayesha-madon-chit-chat-heartbreak-high-new-single-blame-me/104218018/ |archive-date=29 March 2026 |date=10 September 2024 |access-date=29 March 2026 |author=Richards, Jared}}</ref>
|}

==Awards and nominations==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|+List of awards and nominations, with year released, category, result and references shown
! scope="col" rowspan="1"| Award
! scope="col" rowspan="1"| Year
! scope="col" rowspan="1"| Category
! scope="col" rowspan="1" class="unsortable"| Result
! scope="col" rowspan="1"| {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
! scope="row"| [[AACTA Awards]]
| [[12th AACTA Awards|2022]]
| Audience Choice Award for Best Actress
| {{Nominated}}
| <ref name=":1" />
|-
! rowspan="2"| [[Logie Awards]]
| [[Logie Awards of 2023|2023]]
| [[Logie Award for Most Popular New Talent|Graham Kennedy Award for Most Popular New Talent]]
| {{Nominated}}
| <ref name=":1" />
|-
| [[Logie Awards of 2025|2025]]
| Best Lead Actress in a Drama
| {{Nominated}}
| <ref>{{cite news |work=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]] |access-date=11 August 2025 |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2025-08-03/the-2025-logie-award-winners-live-blog/105603414 |first1=Caitling |last1=Rawling |last2=Winter |first2=Velvet |first3=Hannah |last3=Story |url-status=live |archive-date=4 August 2025 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250804031828/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2025-08-03/the-2025-logie-award-winners-live-blog/105603414 |title=Logies 2025: Lynne McGranger wins Gold Logie, Fisk sweeps up comedy awards — as it happened |at=SILVER LOGIE — Best Lead Actress in a Drama |date=3 August 2025}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|linktree/ayesha_madon}}
* {{Discogs artist|13805998}}
* {{IMDb name}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Madon, Ayesha}}
[[Category:1998 births]]
[[Category:21st-century Australian actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Australian singer-songwriters]]
[[Category:21st-century Australian singers]]
[[Category:21st-century Australian women singers]]
[[Category:Actresses from Sydney]]
[[Category:Alternative pop musicians]]
[[Category:Australian agnostics]]
[[Category:Australian bisexual actresses]]
[[Category:Australian bisexual musicians]]
[[Category:Australian bisexual women]]
[[Category:Australian LGBTQ singers]]
[[Category:Australian musical theatre actresses]]
[[Category:Australian people of Parsi descent]]
[[Category:Australian contemporary R&B singers]]
[[Category:Australian pop musicians]]
[[Category:Australian pop singers]]
[[Category:Australian women pop singers]]
[[Category:Former Zoroastrians]]
[[Category:Future Classic artists]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Musicians from Sydney]]
[[Category:Parsi actresses]]
[[Category:Parsi women singers]]
[[Category:People educated at The McDonald College]]
[[Category:People with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder]]
[[Category:Singers from Sydney]]
[[Category:Victorian College of the Arts alumni]]

Santosh Kumari Kataria

2026-04-21T04:23:23Z

CallGirlMumbai: stub

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name =
| image =
| image_size =
| image_upright =
| alt =
| caption =
| order =
| office = [[Member of Legislative Assembly|MLA]], [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| predecessor = [[Chaudhary Darshan Lal|Darshan Lal]]
| term_end = 
| constituency = [[Balachaur Assembly constituency|Balachaur]]
| successor =
| party = [[Aam Aadmi Party]]

| pronunciation =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 
| birth_place =
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| death_cause =
| resting_place =
| resting_place_coordinates =
| citizenship =
| education =
| alma_mater =
| occupation =
| profession =
| known_for =
| salary =
| cabinet =
| committees =
| portfolio =
| awards = 
| blank1 =
| data1 =
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| signature_size =
| website =
| nickname =
}}
'''Santosh Kumari Katariaa''' is an Indian politician and the MLA representing the [[Balachaur Assembly constituency]] in the [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]]. She is a member of the [[Aam Aadmi Party]].<ref name="List Financialexpress">{{cite news |title=Punjab election 2022, Punjab election results 2022, Punjab election winners list, Punjab election 2022 full list of winners, Punjab election winning candidates, Punjab election 2022 winners, Punjab election 2022 winning candidates constituency wise |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/punjab-assembly-election-results-2022-check-full-list-of-winners-constituency-wise-complete-list-of-punjab-results-2022-bjp-congress-akali-dal-aap/2456066/ |access-date=10 March 2022 |work=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref><ref name="The Chosen 12 March 2022">{{cite news|last1=Goyal |first1=Divya |title=The Chosen 13: ‘Padwoman’, Moga’s doctor among Punjab’s women MLAs |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/punjab-elections-results-aap-victory-congress-sad-candidates-7816401/ |access-date=20 March 2022 |work=The Indian Express |date=12 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref> She was elected as the MLA in the [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Punjab election 2022 result constituency-wise: Check full list of winners |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/punjab-assembly-election/punjab-election-result-2022-check-constituency-wise-leading-trailing-candidates-full-list-of-winners-aap-bhagwant-mann-congress-charanjit-singh-channi-bjp-akalis-election-news-today-101646877618898.html |access-date=10 March 2022 |work=Hindustan Times |date=10 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

==Member of Legislative Assembly==
She represents the [[Balachaur Assembly constituency]] as MLA in Punjab Assembly. The Aam Aadmi Party gained a strong 79% majority in the [[sixteenth Punjab Legislative Assembly]] by winning 92 out of [[List of constituencies of the Punjab Legislative Assembly|117 seats]] in the [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election]]. MP [[Bhagwant Mann]] was sworn in as [[List of chief ministers of Punjab (India)|Chief Minister]] on 16 March 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=16 March 2022 |title=AAP's Bhagwant Mann sworn in as Punjab Chief Minister |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/punjab-assembly/aaps-bhagwant-mann-sworn-in-as-punjab-cm/article65230309.ece |access-date=22 March 2022 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

;[[Punjab Legislative Assembly#Committees|Committee assignments of Punjab Legislative Assembly]]
*Member (2022–23) [[Punjab Assembly Committee on Estimates|Committee on Estimates]]<ref name="List Public Accounts">{{cite web |title=vidhan Sabha |url=http://punjabassembly.nic.in/index.php/component/content/article?id=35&Itemid=119 |website=punjabassembly.nic.in}}</ref>
*Member (2022–23) [[Punjab Assembly Committee on Panchayati Raj Institutions|Committee on Panchayati Raj Institutions]]<ref name="Committee on Panchayati Raj Institutions">{{cite web |title=vidhan Sabha |url=http://punjabassembly.nic.in/index.php/component/content/article?id=44&Itemid=119 |website=punjabassembly.nic.in |access-date=2022-06-13 }}</ref>

==Electoral performance ==
{{transcluded section|source=Balachaur Assembly constituency}}
{{#section:Balachaur Assembly constituency|Assembly Election 2022}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Election Commission of India |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMar2022/ConstituencywiseS1948.htm?ac=48 |website=results.eci.gov.in |access-date=12 March 2022}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|in-la}}
{{IN MLA box
| state= Punjab
| constituency= Balachaur
| before =-
| after=
| years= [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022]] – }}
{{s-end}}
{{Aam Aadmi Party |state=expanded}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Katariaa, Santosh Kumari}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Punjab, India MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:Aam Aadmi Party politicians from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{PunjabIN-AAP-politician-stub}}

Mumbra-Kalwa Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:31:24Z

CallGirlMumbai: put up the post needs work

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Mumbra-Kalwa
| constituency_no = 149
| type = SLA
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| map_image = 149-Mumbra-Kalwa.svg
| loksabha_cons = [[Kalyan Lok Sabha constituency|Kalyan]]
| district = [[Thane district|Thane]]
| established = 2008
| reservation = None
| mla = [[Jitendra Awhad]]
| party = {{Party index link|Nationalist Congress Party - Sharadchandra Pawar}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|Maha Vikas Aghadi}}
| incumbent_image =
| electors =485,415
}}
'''Mumbra-Kalwa Assembly constituency''' is one of the 288 [[Vidhan Sabha]] (Assembly) constituencies of [[Maharashtra]] state in [[Western India]].

==Members of Assembly==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Member
! colspan="2"|Party
|-
| colspan="4"| {{center|''Until 2008: Constituency did not exist''}}
|-
| [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
| rowspan="4"|[[Jitendra Awhad]]
| {{Full party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
|-
| [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
|-
| [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| {{Full party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party – Sharadchandra Pawar}}
|}

==Election results==
===Assembly Election 2024===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Mumbra-Kalwa}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Jitendra Awhad|Jitendra Satish Awhad]] |party=Nationalist Congress Party – Sharadchandra Pawar |votes = 157,141 |percentage = 62.59% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Najeeb Mulla |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 60,913 |percentage = 24.26% |change= -37.67 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sushant Vilas Suryarao |party=Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 13,914 |percentage = 5.54% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sarfaraz Khan Alias Saifpathan |party=All India Majlis-E-Ittehadul Muslimeen |votes = 13,519 |percentage = 5.38% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 2,679 |percentage = 1.07% |change={{decrease}}0.40 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Pandhrinath Shimgya Gaikwad |party=Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 1,678 |percentage = 0.67% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 96,228 |percentage = 38.33% |change= {{decrease}}4.54 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 253,758 |percentage = 52.28% |change= {{increase}}2.38 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 251,079}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 485,415|ref = |change= {{increase}}35.75 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Nationalist Congress Party – Sharadchandra Pawar |loser = Nationalist Congress Party |swing= {{increase}}0.66 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2019===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Mumbra-Kalwa<ref name="election2019">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Jitendra Awhad|Jitendra Satish Awhad]] |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 109,283 |percentage = 61.93% |change={{increase}}9.06 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Deepali Jahangir Sayed |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 33,644 |percentage = 19.07% |change={{decrease}}4.67 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Abu Altamash Faizi |party=Aam Aadmi Party |votes = 30,520 |percentage = 17.30% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 2,591 |percentage = 1.47% |change={{increase}}0.44 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 75,639 |percentage = 42.86% |change= {{increase}}13.73 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 179,060 |percentage = 50.08% |change= {{increase}}2.38 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 176,459}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 357,578|ref = |change= {{increase}}2.61 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Nationalist Congress Party |loser = Nationalist Congress Party |swing= {{increase}}9.06 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2014===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Mumbra-Kalwa<ref name="election2014">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2014/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Jitendra Awhad|Jitendra Satish Awhad]] |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 86,533 |percentage = 52.87% |change={{increase}}6.30 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dasharath Kashinath Patil |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 38,850 |percentage = 23.74% |change={{decrease}}10.96 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Asharaf Mulani |party=All India Majlis-E-Ittehadul Muslimeen |votes = 16,374 |percentage = 10.00% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ashok Narayan Bhoir |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 12,818 |percentage = 7.83% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Yasin Ayyub Quraishi |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 3,847 |percentage = 2.35% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Mahesh Salvi |party=Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 2,887 |percentage = 1.76% |change={{decrease}}9.68 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 1,685 |percentage = 1.03% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 47,683 |percentage = 29.13% |change= {{increase}}17.25 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 165,366 |percentage = 47.45% |change= {{decrease}}0.28 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 163,669}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 348,482|ref = |change= {{increase}}24.65 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Nationalist Congress Party |loser = Nationalist Congress Party |swing= {{increase}}6.30 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2009===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Mumbra-Kalwa<ref>{{cite web|publisher= Chief Eletoral Officer, [[Maharashtra]]|title=General Elections to State Legislative Assembly 2009 |url=https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-url= http://web.archive.org/web/20240708005931/https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-date=8 July 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Jitendra Awhad|Jitendra Satish Awhad]] |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 61,510 |percentage = 46.57% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kine Rajan Narayan |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 45,821 |percentage = 34.69% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Pawar Prashant Balkrishana |party=Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 15,119 |percentage = 11.45% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Surme Yasin Abdul Latif |party=Samajwadi Party |votes = 3,429 |percentage = 2.60% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Mhatre Sachin Jayraj |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 2,756 |percentage = 2.09% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Chaudhary Mashhoor Alam Mo.Rais |party=Rashtriya Krantikari Samajwadi Party |votes = 926 |percentage = 0.70% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 15,689 |percentage = 11.88% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 132,083 |percentage = 47.25% |change= }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 132,073}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 279,567|ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Nationalist Congress Party |loser = |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}
{{coord|19.1812027|72.9808599|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Thane district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Politics of Thane district]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Thane]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

G. Sayanna

2026-04-19T08:53:11Z

CallGirlMumbai: Creating The Details W/ Refs

{{Short description|Indian politician (1951–2023)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = G. Sayanna
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = 5 March 1951
| birth_place = [[Chikkadpally]], [[Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2023|02|19|1951|03|05}}
| death_place = [[Hyderabad]]
| constituency = [[Secunderabad Cantonment Assembly constituency|Secunderabad Cantonment]]
| office = [[Telangana Legislative Assembly|Member of Legislative Assembly, Telangana]]
| salary =
| term = 2 June 2014 – 19 February 2023
| predecessor = ''Telangana Assembly Created''
| successor = [[G. Lasya Nanditha]]
| office1 = [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Member of Legislative Assembly Andhra Pradesh]]
| term1 = 1994 - 2009
| predecessor1 = D. Narsing Rao
| successor1 = [[P. Shankar Rao]]
| constituency1 = [[Secunderabad Cantonment Assembly constituency|Secunderabad Cantonment]]
| party = [[Bharat Rashtra Samithi]]
| other_party = [[Telugu Desam Party]]
| parents = Sayanna, Bhudevi
| spouse = Geetha
| children = 3 daughters, including [[G. Lasya Nanditha]]
| website =
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| source =
}}
'''G. Sayanna''' (5 March 1951 – 19 February 2023) was an Indian politician from Telangana state.<ref name="Telangana: 5-time Secunderabad Cantt MLA G Sayanna passes away">{{cite news |newspaper=The Indian Express |title=Telangana: 5-time Secunderabad Cantt MLA G Sayanna passes away |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/hyderabad/telangana-five-time-secunderabad-cantt-mla-g-sayanna-passes-away-8454822/ |access-date=14 January 2024 |date=19 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240114121549/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/hyderabad/telangana-five-time-secunderabad-cantt-mla-g-sayanna-passes-away-8454822/ |archive-date=14 January 2024 |language=en}}</ref> He hailed from the Scheduled Caste community and won [[Secunderabad Cantonment Assembly constituency]] reserved seat five times.<ref name="BRS MLA from Secunderabad Cantonment G. Sayanna no more">{{cite news |last1=The Hindu |first1= |title=BRS MLA from Secunderabad Cantonment G. Sayanna no more |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/brs-mla-from-secunderabad-cantonment-g-sayanna-no-more/article66528702.ece |access-date=14 January 2024 |date=19 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240114121748/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/brs-mla-from-secunderabad-cantonment-g-sayanna-no-more/article66528702.ece |archive-date=14 January 2024 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

==Early life==
G. Sayanna was born to Sayanna (Sr.) and Bhudevi in 1951 at Valbhapur, Nizamabad.He later on lived in Chikkadpally, Hyderabad. He was a graduate in science, arts and law from [[Osmania University]]. He married Geetha who is a law graduate and had three daughters Namratha, Niveditha and Lasya Nanditha. After his death, his daughter Lasya Nanditha won the MLA seat but she too died in a road accident on 23 February 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Telangana MLA Dies After Car Loses Control, Crashes Into Divider |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/telangana-mla-lasya-nandita-died-in-horrific-road-accident-5110540 |access-date=2024-03-23 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref>

==Political career==
Sayanna began his political career in [[Telugu Desam Party]] and was elected to the Assembly from [[Secunderabad Cantonment Assembly constituency|Secunderabad Cantonment]] in 1994, 1999 and 2004, he lost the seat in 2009 to Congress candidate [[P. Shankar Rao|P Shankar Rao]] in undivided [[Andhra Pradesh]]. He also served as director of [[Hyderabad Urban Development Authority|HUDA]] ([[Hyderabad Urban Development Authority]]) six times in the erstwhile [[Andhra Pradesh]]. He worked as the Chairman of the House Committee on Rehabilitation of Street Children in the erstwhile [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]. Sayanna also worked as a member of the House Committee on Child trafficking.{{citation needed|date=July 2024}}

Sayanna wrested the seat in [[2014 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2014 Telangana Assembly Elections]] on a TDP ticket and was a member of the [[Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams|Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanam Board (TTD)]] and quit membership in 2015 after joining TRS (now [[Bharat Rashtra Samithi|BRS]]) and retained the seat in 2018.<ref name="‘Merger Man’ & 5-time Telangana's Secunderabad Cantonment MLA G Sayanna dies before his dream comes true">{{cite news |newspaper=The Times of India |title='Merger Man' & 5-time Telangana's Secunderabad Cantonment MLA G Sayanna dies before his dream comes true |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/merger-man-5-time-telanganas-secunderabad-cantonment-mla-g-sayanna-dies-before-his-dream-comes-true/articleshow/98075089.cms |access-date=14 January 2024 |date=20 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240114132224/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/merger-man-5-time-telanganas-secunderabad-cantonment-mla-g-sayanna-dies-before-his-dream-comes-true/articleshow/98075089.cms |archive-date=14 January 2024}}</ref>

==Elections contested==
{| class="wikitable"
|+Election results
!Year
!Election
!Constituency
!Party
!Opponent
!Majority
!Result
|-
|1994
|[[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]
|[[Secunderabad Cantonment Assembly constituency|Secunderabad Cantonment]]
|[[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]]
|D. Narsing Rao ([[Indian National Congress|INC]])
| 3636
|{{won}}
|-
|1999
|[[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]
|[[Secunderabad Cantonment Assembly constituency|Secunderabad Cantonment]]
|[[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]]
|D. B. Devender ([[Indian National Congress|INC]])
|29,941
|{{won}}
|-
|2004
|[[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]
|[[Secunderabad Cantonment Assembly constituency|Secunderabad Cantonment]]
|[[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]]
|Ravula Anjaiah ([[Bharat Rashtra Samithi|TRS]])
|15,032
|{{won}}
|-
|2009
|[[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]
|[[Secunderabad Cantonment Assembly constituency|Secunderabad Cantonment]]
|[[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]]
|P. Shankar Rao ([[Indian National Congress|INC]])
|4183
|{{lost}}
|-
|2014<ref name="Statistical Reports of 2014 Assembly Elections held in Telangana">{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of India |date=2014 |title=Statistical Reports of 2014 Assembly Elections held in Telangana |url=https://ceotelangana.nic.in/GE_2014/General%20Election%20HOP%202014%20Book.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240118144728/https://ceotelangana.nic.in/GE_2014/General%20Election%20HOP%202014%20Book.pdf |archive-date=18 January 2024 |access-date=18 January 2024}}</ref>
|[[2014 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|Telangana Legislative Assembly election]]
|[[Secunderabad Cantonment Assembly constituency|Secunderabad Cantonment]]
|[[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]]
|Gajjela Nagesh ([[Bharat Rashtra Samithi|TRS]])
| 3,275
|{{won}}
|-
|2018<ref name="Telangana election results: Here is the full list of winners">{{cite news |last1=India Today |date=12 December 2018 |title=Telangana election results: Here is the full list of winners |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/telangana-election-results-here-is-the-full-list-of-winners-1407250-2018-12-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240114135114/https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/telangana-election-results-here-is-the-full-list-of-winners-1407250-2018-12-11 |archive-date=14 January 2024 |access-date=14 January 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
|[[2018 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|Telangana Legislative Assembly election]]
|[[Secunderabad Cantonment Assembly constituency|Secunderabad Cantonment]]
|[[Bharat Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|Sarvey Sathyanarayana ([[Indian National Congress|INC]])
|37,563
|{{won}}
|}

==Death==
Sayanna suffered from a kidney-related ailment and undergoing treatment at [[Yashoda Hospitals|Yashoda Hospital]], [[Secunderabad]]. He was suffering from kidney and heart problems. He was admitted to the hospital on 18 February 2023 due to a [[heart attack]] and his condition was said to have deteriorated leading to his sudden death due to a cardiac arrest on 19 February 2023.<ref name="G Sayanna, BRS MLA from Secunderabad Cantonment, passes away at 72">{{cite news |last1=India Today |title=G Sayanna, BRS MLA from Secunderabad Cantonment, passes away at 72 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/g-sayanna-brs-mla-from-secunderabad-cantonment-passes-away-2336896-2023-02-19 |access-date=14 January 2024 |date=19 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240114131436/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/g-sayanna-brs-mla-from-secunderabad-cantonment-passes-away-2336896-2023-02-19 |archive-date=14 January 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Secunderabad Cantonment MLA from BRS G Sayanna passes away at 72">{{cite news |last1=The News Minute |first1= |title=Secunderabad Cantonment MLA from BRS G Sayanna passes away at 72 |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/telangana/secunderabad-cantonment-mla-brs-g-sayanna-passes-away-72-173483 |access-date=14 January 2024 |date=19 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240114131810/https://www.thenewsminute.com/telangana/secunderabad-cantonment-mla-brs-g-sayanna-passes-away-72-173483 |archive-date=14 January 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:G., Sayanna}}
[[Category:1951 births]]
[[Category:Bharat Rashtra Samithi politicians]]
[[Category:2023 deaths]]
[[Category:Telangana MLAs 2014–2018]]
[[Category:Telugu Desam Party politicians from Telangana]]
[[Category:Telugu politicians]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2004–2009]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 1999–2004]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 1994–1999]]
[[Category:Osmania University alumni]]
[[Category:People from Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Telangana MLAs 2018–2023]]

Lav Agarwal

2026-04-18T23:30:29Z

CallGirlMumbai:

{{Short description|Indian Administrative Service officer}}
{{Orphan|date=April 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Lav Agarwal
| image = Lav Agrawal addressing a press conference on April 2020.jpg
| office = [[Additional secretary to the Government of India|Additional Secretary of]] [[Ministry of Women and Child Development]]
| predecessor =
| successor =
| term_start = 5 August 2025
| term_end =
| appointer = [[Appointments Committee of the Cabinet]]
| office1 = [[Joint Secretary to the Government of India|Joint Secretary of]] [[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare]]
| term_start1 = 28 August 2016
| term_end1 = August 2022
| appointer1 = [[Appointments Committee of the Cabinet]]
| alma_mater = ([[Bachelor of Technology|B.Tech]]) [[IIT Delhi]]
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1972|2|18|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Saharanpur]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]
| occupation = [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS officer]], [[Civil Servant]], [[Bureaucrat]]
| known_for = [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]] officer leading India's media response to the 2020 coronavirus pandemic.
| alongside =
}}

'''Lav Agarwal''' (born 18 February 1972) is an [[Indian Administrative Service|Indian Administrative Service officer]] of 1996 batch from [[Andhra Pradesh]] cadre who currently serves as the <ref>{{cite web |title=Lav Agarwal|url=https://supremo.nic.in/ERSheetHtml.aspx?OffIDErhtml=15753&PageId= |website=Supremo, Government of India |publisher=Single User Platform Related To Employees Online |access-date=18 April 2020}}</ref> [[Additional secretary to the Government of India|Additional Secretary of]] [[Ministry of Women and Child Development|Women and Child Ministry of India]] and previously served as [[Joint secretary to the Government of India|Joint Secretary]] in [[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare|Health Ministry of India]] from August 2016 to August 2022. Before his appointment in Central Government, Agarwal served in various posts of [[Government of Andhra Pradesh|Andhra Pradesh State Government]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhattacharjee |first1=Sumit |title=Will SIT report now be made public? |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/will-sit-report-now-be-made-public/article27270384.ece |access-date=18 April 2020 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=28 May 2019 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Lav Agarwal was born on 18 February 1972 in [[Saharanpur]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]. He completed his [[Bachelor of Technology]] degree in [[Mechanical engineering]] from the [[Indian Institute of Technology Delhi]].
His father is a [[Chartered Accountant]] and has practiced it for 45 years in [[Saharanpur]].

==Civil Service Career==
After graduation Agarwal decided to appear for Civil Service Examination. And in 1996 on his third attempt he cleared [[Union Public Service Commission|UPSC]] [[Civil Services Examination]] with an All India Rank (AIR) of 21.

He was allotted with the [[Andhra Pradesh]] cadre, where Agarwal spent several years in [[Hyderabad]] and other districts of the state, serving in different capacities, especially in the health and education department, before coming to Delhi on central deputation in 2016 to serve as [[Joint Secretary to the Government of India|Joint Secretary]] in [[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare]] of [[Government of India]] from August 2016 to August 2022.

While serving as the [[Joint Secretary to the Government of India|Joint Secretary]] in [[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare]] his tenure coincided with [[COVID-19]] during which he was regarded as the face of [[Government of India]]'s fight against [[COVID-19]] due to his media briefings before the [[Press Information Bureau]] in the National Media Centre on a daily basis.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/india/lav-agarwal-face-of-centres-fight-against-coronavirus-tests-covid-19-positive-5705541.html|title=Lav Agarwal, face of Centre's fight against coronavirus, tests COVID-19 positive|website=Moneycontrol}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://theprint.in/health/lav-agarwal-face-of-modi-govts-covid-fight-himself-tests-positive-for-coronavirus/482011/|title=Lav Agarwal, face of Modi govt's Covid fight, himself tests positive for coronavirus|date=14 August 2020|publisher=theprint.in|accessdate=11 February 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/lav-agarwal-covid-positive-coronavirus-positive-health-ministry-642140|title=Lav Agarwal, face of Health Ministry's Covid briefings found positive for coronavirus|first=Manas|last=Joshi|date=14 August 2020|website=www.indiatvnews.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scroll.in/latest/970385/coronavirus-health-ministry-joint-secretary-lav-agarwal-tests-positive-will-be-in-home-isolation|title=Coronavirus: Health ministry Joint Secretary Lav Agarwal tests positive, will be in home isolation|website=Scroll.in |date=14 August 2020 }}</ref> On 24 August 2020, Agarwal recovered from [[COVID-19]] after being diagnosed with the same on 14 August 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.sangbadpratidin.in/article/india/corona-live-update-health-ministry-official-lav-agarwal-to-resume-work/451010|title=করোনা জয়ী লব আগরওয়াল, কাল থেকেই ফের যোগ দিচ্ছেন কাজে | sangbadpratidin|website=m.sangbadpratidin.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/man-at-centre-of-covid-briefings-lav-agarwal-recovers-from-coronavirus-to-resume-work-from-tomorrow-1714654-2020-08-24|title=Man at centre of Covid briefings Lav Agarwal recovers from coronavirus, to resume work from tomorrow|first=Milan |last=Sharma |date=24 August 2020|website=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://theprint.in/health/lav-agarwal-is-back-at-work-but-spate-of-covid-cases-in-health-ministry-new-orders-issued/488894/|title=Lav Agarwal is back at work but spate of Covid cases in health ministry, new orders issued|first=Abantika|last=Ghosh|website=[[ThePrint]] |date=25 August 2020}}</ref>

On August 2022 after serving for 6 years as [[Joint Secretary to the Government of India|Joint Secretary]] in [[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare]] he stepped down from the post and served as the resident commissner of [[Andhra Pradesh Bhavan]] in [[New Delhi]].<ref>{{Cite web |date= 30 August 2025 |title= I.A.S. Shri Lav Agarwal, IAS (1996), Resident Commissioner, A.P. Bhavan Appointed as Additional Secretary, Ministry of Women & Child Development Relief Orders|url= https://gad.ap.gov.in/notifications/notices/2025gad_rt1588_e30082025.pdf#:~:text=To%20Sri%20Lav%20Agarwal%2C%20IAS%20(1996)%2C%20Resident%20Commissioner%2C%20A.P.%20Bhanav%2C%20New%20Delhi.|access-date= 17 October 2025 |website= [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]]|language=en}}</ref>

In August 2025 Central Government appointed him as the [[Additional Secretary to the Government of India|Additional Secretary]] in [[Ministry of Women and Child Development]] of [[Government of India]].<ref>{{Cite web |date= 30 August 2025 |title= I.A.S. Shri Lav Agarwal, IAS (1996), Resident Commissioner, A.P. Bhavan Appointed as Additional Secretary, Ministry of Women & Child Development Relief Orders|url= https://gad.ap.gov.in/notifications/notices/2025gad_rt1588_e30082025.pdf#:~:text=To%20Sri%20Lav%20Agarwal%2C%20IAS%20(1996)%2C%20Resident%20Commissioner%2C%20A.P.%20Bhanav%2C%20New%20Delhi.|access-date= 17 October 2025 |website= [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]]|language=en}}</ref>

==References==

{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Commons category-inline}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Agarwal, Luv}}
[[Category:1972 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:IIT Delhi alumni]]
[[Category:People from Saharanpur district]]
[[Category:Indian Administrative Service officers]]

Pasi Sathya

2026-04-17T01:01:22Z

CallGirlMumbai:

{{short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Pasi Sathya
| image =
| native_name_lang = பசி சத்யா
| birth_name = Sathya
| occupation = Actress
| years_active = 1974-present
| notable_works = ''[[Pasi (film)|Pasi]]'' ''[[Veedu]]'' ''[[Magalir Mattum (1994 film)|Magalir Mattum]]'' ''[[Anbe Sivam]]''
| television = ''[[Chithi (TV series)|Chithi]]'', ''[[Annamalai (2002 TV series)|Annamalai]]'', ''[[Chellamay]]'', ''[[Kana Kaanum Kaalangal]]'', ''[[Ilavarasi (TV series)|Ilavarasi]]'', ''[[Mahalakshmi (TV series)|Mahalakshmi]]''
| children = 2
| awards = [[Kalaimamani]]
| honours = Kalaichelvam
}}

'''Pasi Sathya''' is an Indian actress who has worked predominantly in [[Tamil cinema]] and television. She has worked in popular movies like ''[[Veedu]]'', ''[[Magalir Mattum (1994 film)|Magalir Mattum]]'', ''[[Pudhupettai]]''.
She made her debut in the [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Tamil|National award-winning Tamil film]], ''[[Pasi (film)|Pasi]]'', in 1979. She played Chellamma, a friend of [[Shoba]], who played the main lead role. After the film, she has used the prefix Pasi. Sathya debuted in ''[[Netru Indru Naalai (1974 film)|Netru Indru Naalai]]''. The film was released in 1974. It has been more than 40 years since she came to the cinema and she has acted in over 250 films and 2000 stage plays.{{Citation needed|date=November 2024}}

== Early career ==
Sathya's hometown is [[Madurai]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cinesouth.com/tae/specials/interviews/pasisathya1.shtml|title="AN INTERVIEW WITH 'PASI' SATHYA"|work=Cinesouth|access-date=4 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20001205114100/http://www.cinesouth.com/tae/specials/interviews/pasisathya1.shtml|archive-date=5 December 2000}}</ref> Her mother is a music teacher and her dad, a central government employee. Her acting journey began with the Pavalakodi drama. She acted in several plays in school. Then she came to Chennai and focused on plays. She was not interested in studies after 9th grade. She has acted in several plays in the presence of great actors including [[M. G. Ramachandran|MGR]] and [[Sivaji Ganesan|Sivaji]]. Sathya has appeared in more than 2,000 stage plays.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cinesouth.com/specials/interviews/pasisathya1.shtml|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050216092441/http://www.cinesouth.com/specials/interviews/pasisathya1.shtml|archive-date=16 February 2005|url-status=dead|title=டோடோவின் ரஃப் நோட்டு — Tamil Kavithai -- தமிழ் கவிதைகள் - நூற்று கணக்கில்!}}</ref>

== Film career ==
The veteran actress [[P. Bhanumathi]] Ramakrishna who enjoyed her performance gave her the nickname as Pasi Sathya. She is known for her role as a character actor in Tamil cinema. Despite being a talented artist, She is not overlooked. She played a nurse in the 1999 musical romantic comedy film, ''[[Poovellam Kettuppar]]''. She was also part of the 2001 Tamil romantic film, ''[[Shahjahan (film)|Shahjahan]]''. In 2003, Sathya also acted in [[Kamal Haasan]]-starrer ''[[Anbe Sivam]]''. Other films under her credit are ''[[Veeran Veluthambi]]'' (1987), ''[[Vellaiya Thevan]]'' (1990), ''[[Pattathu Raani|Patthathu Raani]]'' (1992), ''[[Magalir Mattum (1994 film)|Magalir Mattum]]'' (1994), ''[[Nila (1994 film)|Nila]]'', ''[[Sindhu Nathi Poo]]'' (1994), ''[[Thirumoorthy]]'' (1995), ''[[H2O (2002 film)|H2O]]'' (2002), ''[[Engal Anna]]'' (2004), ''[[Sukran]]'' (2005), ''[[Kadhalil Vizhunthen]]'' (2008), and a lot more.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/tamil-cinema/138797-actress-pasi-sathya-talks-about-her-acting-career-and-actress-shobha-memories |title=மாலையில் வெற்றி விழா... மதியம் ஷோபாவின் மரணச்செய்தி இடியா ஒலிச்சுது!" 'பசி' சத்யா |website=vikatan |language=ta |access-date=17 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.dinamani.com/all-editions/edition-coimbatore/erode/2018/apr/30/கமல்-ரஜினி-இணைந்து-செயல்பட-வேண்டும்-நடிகை-பசி-சத்யா-2910045.html |title=கமல், ரஜினி இணைந்து செயல்பட வேண்டும்: நடிகை பசி சத்யா |website=Dinamani |access-date=17 February 2020}}</ref>

== Family ==
Sathya's husband is a retired government employee and she has two children.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://antrukandamugam.wordpress.com/2015/10/04/pasi-sathya/ |title=" Pasi " Sathya |date=4 October 2015 |website=Antru Kanda Mugam |language=en |access-date=17 February 2020}}</ref>

== Awards and honours ==
The Tamil Nadu Government has awarded her the [[Kalaimamani]] award. The South Indian Artists Association awarded her the Kalaichelvam award.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil-news/39521/cinema/Kollywood/Pasi-Sathya-hospitalised.htm |title=பசி சத்யாவுக்கு தீடீர் மாரடைப்பு: ஆஸ்பத்திரியில் அனுமதி {{!}} Pasi Sathya hospitalised |last=Dinamalar |date=6 November 2015 |website=Dinamalar Cinema |language=ta |access-date=17 February 2020}}</ref>

== Television career ==
She is currently acting in Tamil TV series. Pasi Sathya also acted on television and played as Vijay Sarathy's mother in the 1999 Tamil soap opera, ''[[Chithi (TV series)|Chithi]]''. The same year, she was seen as Maya in9 Raadhika Sarathkumar's drama series,'' [[Chellame (TV series)|Chellame]]''. In 2002, she earned praises for her performance on Sun TV's Tamil television serial, ''[[Annamalai (2002 TV series)|Annamalai]]'' and [[Jaya TV]] serial in ''Roja'' which aired in 2003-2005. She also bagged a role on Sun TV's Tamil soap, ''[[Ilavarasi (TV series)|Ilavarasi]]''. even she acted in, ''[[Nimmathi Ungal choice-2|Nimmathi Ungal Choice 2]]'' on [[Sun TV (India)|sun TV]] and ''[[Kasalavu Nesam]]'' as comic role and character roles in ''Oru Pennin Kadhai '' on [[DD Podhigai]],''sorgam'' on [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]] and ''Vairanenjam'' on [[Kalaignar TV]] where ''Vairanenjam'' has dubbed as ''aadajanma'' on [[Star Maa]] and ''Swarna Manasu'' on [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]].currently playing supporting role in ''[[Poove Unakkaga (TV series)|Poove Unakkaga]]'' on [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]. Currently she is playing negative role in ''''Thai Maaman - Thaikku Nigaranavan'' on [[Star Vijay]].

== Filmography ==
''This is a partial filmography. You can expand it.''
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Film
!Role
!Notes
|-
|1974
|''[[Netru Indru Naalai (1974 film)|Netru Indru Naalai]]''
| Slum Resident
|
|-
|1976
|''[[Uzhaikkum Karangal]]''
|Villager
|
|-
|1979
|''[[Pasi (film)|Pasi]]''
|Chellamma
|
|-
|1981
|''Kathoduthan Naan Pesuven''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |1982
|''[[Chinnan Chirusugal|Chinnanchirusugal]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Ayiram Muthangal]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Antha Rathirikku Satchi Illai]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |1983
|''[[Mundhanai Mudichu]]''
|Valli
|
|-
|''[[Thoongathey Thambi Thoongathey]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |1984
|''[[Ambigai Neril Vanthaal]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Veetuku Oru Kannagi]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Kudumbam (1984 film)|Kudumbam]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Naan Paadum Paadal]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |1985
|''[[Mannukketha Ponnu]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Engal Kural]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Padikkadha Pannaiyar]]''
|
|
|-
|''Samayapurathale Satchi''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |1986
|''[[Karimedu Karuvayan]]''
|
|
|-
|''Engal Thaikulame Varuga''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |1987
|''[[Enga Ooru Pattukaran]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Veeran Veluthambi]]''
|
|
|-
|1988
|''[[Veedu]]''
|Mangamma
|
|-
|1990
|''[[Vellaiya Thevan]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |1991
|''Idhaya Oonjal''
|
|
|-
|''Onnum Theriyatha Pappa''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |1992
|''[[Brahmachari (1992 film)|Brahmachari]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Pokkiri Thambi]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Pattathu Raani]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Annai Vayal]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Marupakkam]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |1993
|''[[Marupadiyum]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Maamiyar Veedu]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Moondravadhu Kann]]''
|Sornakili
|
|-
|''[[Nallathe Nadakkum]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="6" |1994
|''[[Magalir Mattum (1994 film)|Magalir Mattum]]''
|Madhavi
|
|-
|''[[Duet (1994 film)|Duet]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[May Maadham]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Mani Rathnam (film)|Mani Rathnam]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Nila (1994 film)|Nila]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Sindhu Nathi Poo]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |1995
|''[[Sathi Leelavathi (1995 film)|Sathi Leelavathi]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Chinna Vathiyar]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Thirumoorthy]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Kuruthipunal (film)|Kuruthipunal]]''
|
|
|-
|1996
|''[[Vaikarai Pookkal]]''
|
|
|-
|1997
|''[[Raasi (film)|Raasi]]''
|Narikuravar
|
|-
|1998
|''[[Moovendhar]]''
|Nurse
|
|-
|1999
|''[[Poovellam Kettuppar]]''
|Nurse Kalyani
|
|-
|2000
|''[[Maayi]]''
|
|
|-
|2000
|''[[Ennavalle]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2001
|''[[Seerivarum Kaalai]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Shahjahan (film)|Shahjahan]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |2002
|''[[H2O (2002 film)|H2O]]''
|Chennoor villager
|Kannada-Tamil bilingual film
|-
| ''[[Thamizhan]]'' || Villager || Uncredited
|-
|''[[Raja (2002 film)|Raja]]''
|Priya's housemaid
|
|-
|''[[Guruvamma]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2003
|''[[Anbe Sivam]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Kaiyodu Kai]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Thirumalai]]''
|Paravatham, Palani's grandmother
|
|-
|2004
|''[[Engal Anna]]''
|Durairaj's mother
|
|-
|2005
|''[[Sukran]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2006
|''[[Pudhupettai]]''
|Adopter of Kokki Kumar's Baby
|
|-
| ''[[Don Chera]]'' || Kutty's mother ||
|-
|2007
|''[[Niram (2007 film)|Niram]]''
|
|
|-
|2008
|''[[Kadhalil Vizhunthen]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2009
|''[[Pinju Manasu]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Innoruvan]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2013
|''[[Thirumathi Thamizh]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Thalaimuraigal]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2016
|''[[Tamilselvanum Thaniyar Anjalum]]''
|Mary
|
|-
|''[[Kuttrame Thandanai]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2018
|''[[Traffic Ramasamy (film)|Traffic Ramasamy]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Maari 2]]''
|Nurse
|
|-
|2021
|''[[Anti Indian]]''
|Saroja's friend
|
|-
|2023
|''[[Irugapatru]]''
|Housemaid
|
|-
|}

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|id=1429440|name=Pasi Sathya}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sathya, Pasi}}
[[Category:Tamil actresses]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Tamil television actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil television]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Kangra Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:47:06Z

CallGirlMumbai: created a details.

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Himachal Pradesh State, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
|name = Kangra
|type= SLA
| map_image = 16-Kangra constituency.svg
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
|mla = [[Pawan Kumar Kajal]]
|party = [[Bhartiya Janata Party]]
|alliance = 
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|region =
|state = [[Himachal Pradesh]]
|district = [[Kangra district|Kangra]]
|division =
| loksabha_cons = [[Kangra Lok Sabha constituency|Kangra]]
|constituency_no = 16
|established = 1967
|electors = {{formatnum:83547}}<ref name=election2022>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14751-himachal-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Himachal Pradesh General Legislative Election 2012 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=22 April 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|1}}
|reservation = None
|abolished = 
}}
'''Kangra Assembly constituency''' is 16th of the 68 assembly constituencies of [[Himachal Pradesh]] an Indian state. [[Kangra, Himachal Pradesh|Kangra]] is also part of [[Kangra Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceohimachal.nic.in/Bkground/rpt_PCWISEELECTORS.pdf |title=Assembly Constituency wise Electors as on 15-09-2010 |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Himachal Pradesh website |accessdate=25 April 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314170045/http://ceohimachal.nic.in/Bkground/rpt_PCWISEELECTORS.pdf |archivedate=14 March 2012 }}</ref><ref name="eci1">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|publisher=The Election Commission of India|pages=6, 158–164}}</ref><ref>[http://www.elections.in/himachal-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/kangra.html Sitting and previous MLAs from Kangra Assembly constituency]</ref>

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!Picture
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[1967 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|rowspan=2| Hari Ram
|rowspan=2|
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1972 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|-
|[[1977 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|Pratap Chaudhary ||
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1982 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
|rowspan=3| [[Vidya Sagar Chaudhary]]
|rowspan=3|
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=5}}
|-
|[[1985 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|-
|[[1990 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|-
|[[1993 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
| Daulat Ram ||
|-
|[[1998 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
| [[Vidya Sagar Chaudhary]] ||
|-
|[[2003 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
| Surinder Kumar ||
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2007 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
| [[Sanjay Chaudhary]] ||
|{{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|-
|[[2012 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
|rowspan=3| [[Pawan Kumar Kajal]]<ref name=election2017/>
|rowspan=3|
|{{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
|[[2017 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2022 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2022 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2022 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Kangra}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Pawan Kumar Kajal]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=35,239 |percentage=55.64% |change={{increase}}23.00 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Choudhary Surinder Kaku |party=Indian National Congress |votes=15,405 |percentage=24.32% |change={{decrease}}18.79 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kulbhash Chand |party=Independent politician |votes=7,994 |percentage=12.62% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Amit Verma |party=Independent politician |votes=3,033 |percentage=4.79% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Raj Kumar |party=Aam Aadmi Party |votes=866 |percentage=1.37% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nota |party=None of the above |votes=464 |percentage=0.73% |change={{decrease}}0.37 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vijay Kumar |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=338 |percentage=0.53% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=19,834 |percentage=31.31% |change= {{increase}}20.84 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=63,339 |percentage=75.81% |change= {{decrease}}2.28 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 83,547 |ref = |change= {{increase}}10.08 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}12.53 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2017 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2017 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Kangra<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3815-himachal-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Himachal Pradesh General Legislative Election 2017 |author=Election Commission of India |access-date=8 July 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Pawan Kumar Kajal]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=25,549 |percentage=43.11% |change={{increase}}15.27 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Sanjay Chaudhary]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=19,341 |percentage=32.63% |change={{increase}}9.48 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. Rajesh Sharma |party=Independent politician |votes=11,805 |percentage=19.92% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=656 |percentage=1.11% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Col. Kuldip Singh |party=Lok Gathbandhan Party |votes=482 |percentage=0.81% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ravi Chand |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=408 |percentage=0.69% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,208 |percentage=10.47% |change= {{increase}}9.36 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=59,269 |percentage=78.09% |change= {{increase}}4.03 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 75,899 |ref = |change= {{increase}}11.22 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Independent politician |swing= {{increase}}14.15 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2012 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2012 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Kangra}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Pawan Kumar Kajal]] |party=Independent politician |votes=14,632 |percentage=28.95% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Choudhary Surender Kumar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=14,069 |percentage=27.84% |change={{decrease}}4.91 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Sanjay Chaudhary]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=11,700 |percentage=23.15% |change={{decrease}}3.98 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. Rajesh Sharma |party=Independent politician |votes=7,966 |percentage=15.76% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Aman Guleria |party=Communist Party of India |votes=636 |percentage=1.26% |change={{decrease}}0.26 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Swaroop Verma |party=Himachal Swabhiman Party |votes=521 |percentage=1.03% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vijay Kumar Bhari |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=517 |percentage=1.02% |change={{decrease}}34.14 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Niwash Yadav |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=416 |percentage=0.82% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=563 |percentage=1.11% |change= {{decrease}}1.31 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=50,539 |percentage=74.06% |change= {{increase}}3.34 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 68,243 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}10.76 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Bahujan Samaj Party |swing= {{decrease}}6.21 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2007 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2007 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Kangra}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Sanjay Chaudhary]] |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=19,017 |percentage=35.16% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chaudhary Surender Kaku |party=Indian National Congress |votes=17,708 |percentage=32.74% |change={{decrease}}6.16 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chaudhary Vidya Sagar |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=14,673 |percentage=27.13% |change={{decrease}}1.38 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Aman Guleria |party=Communist Party of India |votes=819 |percentage=1.51% |change={{decrease}}1.62 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chaudhary Devi Lal |party=Lok Jan Shakti Party |votes=742 |percentage=1.37% |change={{increase}}0.38 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chaudhary Banarsi Dass |party=Independent politician |votes=558 |percentage=1.03% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Amar Singh |party=Akhil Bharat Hindu Mahasabha |votes=505 |percentage=0.93% |change={{decrease}}0.07 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,309 |percentage=2.42% |change= {{decrease}}7.97 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=54,080 |percentage=70.72% |change= {{decrease}}1.12 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 76,470 |ref = |change= {{increase}}13.47 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bahujan Samaj Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}3.74 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2003 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2003 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Kangra<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1998 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-HP98.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111191922/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-HP98.pdf|archive-date=11 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Surinder Kumar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=18,836 |percentage=38.90% |change={{increase}}3.55 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rattan Lal Jagtamba |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=13,803 |percentage=28.51% |change={{decrease}}24.45 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chaudhary Vidya Sagar |party=Independent politician |votes=9,882 |percentage=20.41% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Daulat Ram |party=Himachal Vikas Congress |votes=3,118 |percentage=6.44% |change={{decrease}}3.01 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Himal Chand |party=Communist Party of India |votes=1,517 |percentage=3.13% |change={{increase}}1.64 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Deepak Kumar |party=Akhil Bharat Hindu Mahasabha |votes=488 |percentage=1.01% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dharmender Kumar |party=Lok Jan Shakti Party |votes=478 |percentage=0.99% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pushpa Devi |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=297 |percentage=0.61% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,033 |percentage=10.39% |change= {{decrease}}7.21 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=48,419 |percentage=71.87% |change= {{increase}}1.69 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 67,394 |ref = |change= {{increase}}15.41 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}14.05 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1998 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1998 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Kangra<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1998 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-HP98.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111191922/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-HP98.pdf|archive-date=11 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Vidya Sagar Chaudhary]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=21,695 |percentage=52.96% |change={{increase}}15.02 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Daulat Chaudhary |party=Indian National Congress |votes=14,484 |percentage=35.35% |change={{decrease}}19.29 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hari Krishan Chand |party=Himachal Vikas Congress |votes=3,870 |percentage=9.45% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Saroj Kumari |party=Communist Party of India |votes=612 |percentage=1.49% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,211 |percentage=17.60% |change= {{increase}}0.89 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=40,968 |percentage=71.43% |change= {{decrease}}2.11 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 58,397 |ref = |change= {{increase}}11.63 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}1.69 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1993 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1993 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Kangra<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1993 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/Statistical%20Report%201993%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111133700/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/Statistical%20Report%201993%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-date=11 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Daulat Ram |party=Indian National Congress |votes=20,658 |percentage=54.65% |change={{increase}}31.04 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Vidya Sagar Chaudhary]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=14,342 |percentage=37.94% |change={{decrease}}35.96 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pushpa Choudhary |party=Independent politician |votes=1,503 |percentage=3.98% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Girdhari Lal |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=356 |percentage=0.94% |change={{increase}}0.22 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Partap Choudhary |party=Janata Dal |votes=348 |percentage=0.92% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Choudhary Ram |party= |votes=291 |percentage=0.77% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Parkash Chand |party=Independent politician |votes=217 |percentage=0.57% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,316 |percentage=16.71% |change= {{decrease}}33.59 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=37,803 |percentage=72.90% |change= {{increase}}2.72 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 52,314 |ref = |change= {{increase}}8.72 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}19.26 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1990 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1990 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Kangra<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/Statisticall%20Report%20Himachal%20Pradesh%201990.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114181905/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/Statisticall%20Report%20Himachal%20Pradesh%201990.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Vidya Sagar Chaudhary]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=24,729 |percentage=73.90% |change={{increase}}21.49 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hari Krishan Chand |party=Indian National Congress |votes=7,899 |percentage=23.61% |change={{decrease}}18.50 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Virender Kumar |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=241 |percentage=0.72% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Madan Lal |party=Independent politician |votes=235 |percentage=0.70% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Diwan Chand |party=Doordarshi Party |votes=195 |percentage=0.58% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=16,830 |percentage=50.30% |change= {{increase}}39.99 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=33,462 |percentage=70.01% |change= {{decrease}}0.81 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 48,119 |ref = |change= {{increase}}31.98 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}21.49 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1985 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1985 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Kangra<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/StatisticalReport%201985%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114090530/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/StatisticalReport%201985%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Vidya Sagar Chaudhary]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=13,443 |percentage=52.41% |change={{decrease}}8.65 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pushpa Chaudhary |party=Indian National Congress |votes=10,800 |percentage=42.11% |change={{increase}}12.22 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Himal Chand |party=Communist Party of India |votes=1,004 |percentage=3.91% |change={{decrease}}1.29 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Swami Shanta Nand |party=Independent politician |votes=214 |percentage=0.83% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,643 |percentage=10.30% |change= {{decrease}}20.87 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=25,650 |percentage=70.96% |change= {{decrease}}2.77 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 36,460 |ref = |change= {{increase}}7.82 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}8.65 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1982 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1982 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Kangra<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1982 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1982/Statistical%20Report%201982%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117041754/eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1982/Statistical%20Report%201982%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Vidya Sagar Chaudhary]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=15,097 |percentage=61.06% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Surendar Paul |party=Indian National Congress |votes=7,388 |percentage=29.88% |change={{decrease}}6.68 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Himal Chand |party=Communist Party of India |votes=1,287 |percentage=5.21% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Th. Bhim Sain |party=Independent politician |votes=285 |percentage=1.15% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jamna Dass |party=Independent politician |votes=200 |percentage=0.81% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Saran |party=Independent politician |votes=181 |percentage=0.73% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohinder Chand Choudhary |party=Janata Party |votes=145 |percentage=0.59% |change={{decrease}}46.13 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,709 |percentage=31.18% |change= {{increase}}21.02 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=24,725 |percentage=74.44% |change= {{increase}}12.10 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 33,816 |ref = |change= {{increase}}10.31 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}14.34 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1977 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Kangra<ref>{{cite web|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1977 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1977/Statistical%20Report%201977%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160319174923/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1977/Statistical%20Report%201977%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-date=19 March 2016|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Partap Choudhary |party=Janata Party |votes=8,739 |percentage=46.72% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Surinder Paul |party=Indian National Congress |votes=6,839 |percentage=36.56% |change={{decrease}}12.90 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jagdish Chand Patarwal |party=Independent politician |votes=1,797 |percentage=9.61% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jaishi Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=674 |percentage=3.60% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chander Mani |party=Independent politician |votes=360 |percentage=1.92% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bhim Sen |party=Independent politician |votes=199 |percentage=1.06% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sita Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=97 |percentage=0.52% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,900 |percentage=10.16% |change= {{increase}}1.30 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=18,705 |percentage=62.21% |change= {{increase}}17.37 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 30,655 |ref = |change= {{increase}}21.87 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}2.74 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Kangra<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3802-himachal-pradesh-1972/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=10 February 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Hari Ram |party=Indian National Congress |votes=5,430 |percentage=49.46% |change={{decrease}}15.19 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jagdish Chand |party=Independent politician |votes=4,457 |percentage=40.60% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chandu Lal |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes=1,092 |percentage=9.95% |change={{decrease}}6.38 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=973 |percentage=8.86% |change= {{decrease}}39.46 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=10,979 |percentage=45.17% |change= {{decrease}}11.26 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 25,153 |ref = |change= {{increase}}17.44 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}15.19 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Kangra<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Himachal%20Pradesh%201967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117081612/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Himachal%20Pradesh%201967.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Hari Ram |party=Indian National Congress |votes=7,603 |percentage=64.65% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=J. Nath |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes=1,920 |percentage=16.33% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=T. Ram |party=Communist Party of India |votes=1,824 |percentage=15.51% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Chand |party=Independent politician |votes=413 |percentage=3.51% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,683 |percentage=48.32% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=11,760 |percentage=58.77% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 21,417 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Kangra, Himachal Pradesh]]
* [[Kangra district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Himachal Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/74-himachal-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{coord|32.11|76.27|display=title}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Himachal Pradesh|state=expanded}}
{{Himachal Pradesh elections|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Kangra district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Himachal Pradesh]]

Chakai Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:20:13Z

CallGirlMumbai: Creating A Article Initial Version

{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Chakai Assembly constituency
| type = SLA
| map_image = 243-Chakai constituency.svg
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| mla = [[Savitri Devi]]
| party = {{Party index link|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|Mahagathbandhan (Bihar)}}
| latest_election_year = [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
| preceded_by = [[Sumit Kumar Singh]], {{Party index link|Independent}}
| region =
| state = [[Bihar]]
| district = [[Jamui district|Jamui]]
| division =
| loksabha_cons = [[Jamui (Lok Sabha constituency)]]
| constituency_no = [[List of constituencies of the Bihar Legislative Assembly|243]]
| established = 1962
| electors = 319,819
| abolished = 
}}
{{Short description|Assembly constituency in Bihar, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}

'''Chakai Assembly constituency''' is an assembly constituency for [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]] in [[Jamui district]] of [[Bihar]], [[India]]. It comes under [[Jamui (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref name="election2020">{{Cite web|url=https://jamui.nic.in/constituencies/|title=Constituencies {{!}} Welcome to Jamui District Official Website {{!}} India|language=en-US|access-date=5 March 2020}}</ref><ref name="election2018">{{Cite web|url=https://www.elections.in/bihar/assembly-constituencies/chakai.html|title=Chakai Election and Results 2018, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs|website=www.elections.in|access-date=5 March 2020}}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1962 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|Lakhan Murmu
|{{Full party name with color|Socialist Party (India)}}
|-
|[[1967 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| rowspan="2" |Shrikrishna Singh
| {{Full party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1969 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|-
|[[1972 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|Chaudra Shakar Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1977 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Phalguni Prasad Yadav]]
|{{Full party name with color|Independent}}
|-
|[[1980 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1985 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| rowspan="2" |Narendra Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1990 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[1995 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|[[Phalguni Prasad Yadav]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
|Narendra Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Independent}}
|-
|[[February 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
|Abhay Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Lok Janshakti Party}}
|-
|[[October 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
|[[Phalguni Prasad Yadav]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2010 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2010]]
|[[Sumit Kumar Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}
|-
|[[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2015]]
|[[Savitri Devi (Bihar politician)|Savitri Devi]]
|{{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2020]]
|[[Sumit Kumar Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Independent}}
|-
|[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
|[[Savitri Devi (Bihar politician)|Savitri Devi]]
|{{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
|}

==Election results==
=== 2025 ===
{{Election box begin|
|title=[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|Bihar Assembly election, 2025]]: Chakai<ref name="election2025">{{Cite web |date=2025-12-15 |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 2020 |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/statistical-report/ae/2025/16 |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Savitri Devi (Bihar politician) | Savitri Devi]]
|votes = {{formatnum:80357}}
|percentage = 34.51
|change = +10.8
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|candidate = Sumit Kumar Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:67385}}
|percentage = 28.94
|change = +8.21
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Sanjay Prasad
|votes = {{formatnum:48065}}
|percentage = 20.64
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Chandan Kumar Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:12502}}
|percentage = 5.37
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Alijaveth Soren
|votes = {{formatnum:6828}}
|percentage = 2.93
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Sosana Murmu
|votes = {{formatnum:3980}}
|percentage = 1.71
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Lok Janshakti Party
|candidate = Allaudin Ansari
|votes = {{formatnum:3667}}
|percentage = 1.57
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Ranjit Kumar Verma
|votes = {{formatnum:2394}}
|percentage = 1.03
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:4522}}
|percentage = 1.94
|change = -1.5
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:12972}}
|percentage = 5.57
|change = +5.26
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:232863}}
|percentage = 72.81
|change = +6.74
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|loser = Independent
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2020 ===
{{Election box begin|
|title=[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|Bihar Assembly election, 2020]]: Chakai<ref name="election2020"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = [[Sumit Kumar Singh]]
|votes = {{formatnum:45548}}
|percentage = 24.02
|change = +0.77
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Savitri Devi (Bihar politician) | Savitri Devi]]
|votes = {{formatnum:44967}}
|percentage = 23.71
|change = -7.6
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|candidate = [[Sanjay Prasad]]
|votes = {{formatnum:39319}}
|percentage = 20.73
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Lok Janshakti Party
|candidate = Sanjay Kumar Mandal
|votes = {{formatnum:22635}}
|percentage = 11.94
|change = -7.04
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jharkhand Mukti Morcha
|candidate = Elizabeth Soren
|votes = {{formatnum:16985}}
|percentage = 8.96
|change = +5.95
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Sanjay Pandey
|votes = {{formatnum:4237}}
|percentage = 2.23
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Sitaram Saw
|votes = {{formatnum:2679}}
|percentage = 1.41
|change = -5.95
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Rahul Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:1902}}
|percentage = 1.0
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:6521}}
|percentage = 3.44
|change = -1.47
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:581}}
|percentage = 0.31
|change = -7.75
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:189645}}
|percentage = 66.07
|change = +9.76
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|
|winner = Independent politician
|loser = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2015 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Chakai<ref name="election2015">{{cite web |date=2018-08-20 |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 2015 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3904-bihar-2015/ |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Savitri Devi (Bihar politician) | Savitri Devi]]
|votes = {{formatnum:47064}}
|percentage = 31.31
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = [[Sumit Kumar Singh]]
|votes = {{formatnum:34951}}
|percentage = 23.25
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Lok Janshakti Party
|candidate = Vijay Kumar Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:28535}}
|percentage = 18.98
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Jowana Hansda
|votes = {{formatnum:11068}}
|percentage = 7.36
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Virendra Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:5470}}
|percentage = 3.64
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jharkhand Mukti Morcha
|candidate = Nepali Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:4532}}
|percentage = 3.01
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Loktantrik Sarvjan Samaj Party
|candidate = Dharmendra Sinha
|votes = {{formatnum:2548}}
|percentage = 1.69
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation
|candidate = Manoj Kumar Pandey
|votes = {{formatnum:2309}}
|percentage = 1.54
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Bajrang Bihari Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:2233}}
|percentage = 1.49
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Abhinav Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:1782}}
|percentage = 1.19
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:7379}}
|percentage = 4.91
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:12113}}
|percentage = 8.06
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:150335}}
|percentage = 56.31
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of all Bihar Assembly elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/68-bihar/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{coord|24.55|86.40|display=title}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Bihar}}
{{Bihar elections}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Bihar]]
[[Category:Politics of Jamui district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1962]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in Bihar]]

Zira Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:02:52Z

CallGirlMumbai: new.

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Punjab State, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Zira
| map_image = 75-Zira.svg
| constituency_no = 75
| mla = [[Naresh Kataria]]
| party = [[Aam Aadmi Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| state = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| district = [[Firozpur district|Firozpur]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Khadoor Sahib (Lok Sabha constituency)|Khadoor Sahib]]
| reservation = None
| established = 1957
| electors = {{formatnum:188313}}<ref name="Punjab Election 2022"/>{{update after|2027|5}}
| type= SLA
}}
'''Zira Assembly constituency''' is one of the 117 [[Punjab Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] state in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ceopunjab.nic.in/English/lpac.aspx |title=List of Parliamentary Constituencies and Assembly Constituencies in the State of Punjab as determined by the delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituency notification dated 19th June, 2006 |author=Chief Electoral Officer - Punjab |date=19 June 2006 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://ceopunjab.nic.in/English/Elections/SE/List%20Of%20AC%20Name.pdf|title= List of Punjab Assembly Constituencies|access-date= 19 July 2016}}</ref>
It is part of [[Firozpur district|Firozpur]] district.
In [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022]], [[Naresh Kataria]] became [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] from this constituency.<ref>{{Cite web |title=AAP's Naresh Kataria with 61827 defeats SAD's Janmeja Singh Sekhon |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/zira-punjab-assembly-election-results-2022-live-updates-1922917-2022-03-09 |access-date=2022-03-13 |website=www.indiatoday.in}}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[1997 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1997]]
| Inderjit Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2002 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
| Hari Singh
|-
|[[2007 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
| Naresh Kataria
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2012 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
| Hari Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}
|-
|[[2017 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
| [[Kulbir Singh Zira]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|[[Naresh Kataria]]
|{{Full party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|-
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2022 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|Punjab Assembly Election 2022]]: Zira}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = [[Naresh Kataria]]
|votes = {{formatnum:64034}}
|percentage = 42.35
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal
|candidate = [[Janmeja Singh Sekhon]]
|votes = {{formatnum:41258}}
|percentage = 27.29
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Kulbir Singh Zira]]
|votes = {{formatnum:40615}}
|percentage = 26.86
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bhartiya Janata Party
|candidate = Avtar Singh Zira
|votes = {{formatnum:2007}}
|percentage = 1.33
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = {{formatnum:676}}
|percentage = 0.45%
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes ={{formatnum:22776}}
|percentage = 15.06
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:188313}}
|ref=<ref name="Punjab Election 2022">{{cite web |title=Punjab General Legislative Election 2022 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14165-punjab-general-legislative-election-2022/ |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=18 May 2022}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2022"/>

=== 2017 ===
<section begin="Assembly Election 2017"/>{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|Punjab Assembly election, 2017]]: Zira<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3614-punjab-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Punjab General Legislative Election 2017 |author=Election Commission of India |access-date= 26 June 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Kulbir Singh Zira]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:69899}}
|percentage = 46.2
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Hari Singh Zira]]
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal
|votes = {{formatnum:46828}}
|percentage = 30.9
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Gurpreet Singh
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|votes = {{formatnum:30947}}
|percentage = 20.4
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = {{formatnum:622}}
|percentage = 0.3
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = {{formatnum:23071}}
|percentage = 15.3
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = {{formatnum:150751}}
|percentage = 85.1
|change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:177912}}
|ref=<ref name=electors2017>{{cite web |url=http://ceopunjab.nic.in/English/Elections/SE/VS2017/D03-Electors%20and%20Polling%20Stations%20VS%202017.pdf |title=Electors and Polling Stations - VS 2017 |author=Chief Electoral Officer - Punjab |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2017"/>

===Previous results===
{|class="wikitable sortable"
!Year||A C No.||Category||Winner||Party|| Votes|| Runner Up||Party||Votes
|-
|1957|| 62 || (ST)|| Gurdit Singh ||[[Indian National Congress|INC]]|| 27412|| Des Raj ||[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]|| 12651
|-
|1957|| 62 || (ST) ||Jaswant Kaur||[[Indian National Congress|INC]]||32555|| Darbara Singh || IND ||24423
|-
|1962|| 84 || GEN|| Jagjit Singh ||[[Shiromani Akali Dal|AD]]||22904|| Gurdit Singh ||[[Indian National Congress|INC]]|| 11145
|-
|1967|| 11 || GEN ||Hari Singh ||[[Shiromani Akali Dal|SAD]]|| 21494 ||Metab Singh ||[[Indian National Congress|INC]]|| 20622
|-
|1969 ||11 || GEN|| Metab Singh ||[[Indian National Congress|INC]]||24176 ||Gurdev Singh ||[[Shiromani Akali Dal|SAD]]||19157
|-
|1972|| 11 || GEN ||Nasib Singh ||[[Indian National Congress|INC]]||17294|| Harcharan Singh || IND ||16342
|-
|1977||97 || GEN ||Hari Singh ||[[Shiromani Akali Dal|SAD]]||26976|| Nasib Singh Gill ||[[Indian National Congress|INC]]||17720
|-
|1980||97||GEN||Harcharan Singh Hero||[[Shiromani Akali Dal|SAD]]||28459||Raghbir Singh||[[Indian National Congress (Indira)|INC(I)]]||25521
|-
|1985||97 || GEN||Hari Singh ||[[Shiromani Akali Dal|SAD]]||35580||Harcharan Singh Hero ||[[Indian National Congress|INC]]||26625
|-
|1992||97 || GEN||Inderjit Singh ||[[Shiromani Akali Dal|SAD]]||16422||Harcharan Singh ||[[Indian National Congress|INC]]||8479
|-
|1997||97 || GEN||Inderjit Singh ||[[Shiromani Akali Dal|SAD]]||59635||Naresh Kumar ||[[Indian National Congress|INC]]||40037
|-
|2002||97||GEN||Hari Singh||[[Shiromani Akali Dal|SAD]]||43991||Kuldeep Singh ||[[Indian National Congress|INC]]||36424
|-
|2007||96||GEN||Naresh Kumar||[[Indian National Congress|INC]]||64903||Hari Singh ||[[Shiromani Akali Dal|SAD]]||52531
|-
|2012||75||GEN||Hari Singh||[[Shiromani Akali Dal|SAD]]||71389||[[Naresh Kataria]]||[[Indian National Congress|INC]]||59422
|-
|}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Punjab Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Firozpur district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Record of all Punjab Assembly Election results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/86-punjab/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=14 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Punjab}}
{{coord|30.97|74.99|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Firozpur district]]
[[Category:Politics of Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1957]]
[[Category:1957 establishments in East Punjab]]

Brij Raj Singh

2026-04-14T11:28:50Z

CallGirlMumbai: Creating The Bio First Draft

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2020}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Brij Raj Singh
| image =
| office1 = Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha
| term_start1 = 1962
| term_end1 = 1967
| predecessor1 = Post Established
| successor1 = [[Savitri Shyam]]
| constituency1 = [[Aonla (Lok Sabha constituency)|Anola]]
| office2 = Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha
| term_start2 = 1977
| term_end2 = 1980
| predecessor2 = [[Savitri Shyam]]
| successor2 = Jaipal Singh Kashyap
| constituency2 = [[Aonla (Lok Sabha constituency)|Anola]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=y|1924|05|24}}
| birth_place = [[Bareilly]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]
| education =
| party = [[Janata Party]]
| other_party = [[Bharatiya Lok Dal]] [[Bharatiya Jan Sangh]] [[Indian National Congress]]
| spouse = Subhadra Thakur
| children =
| Grandsons =
}}
'''Brij Raj Singh''' is an Indian politician and was a member of [[6th Lok Sabha]]. He left education for participating in the youth rally of [[Netaji Subhas Bose]] in the year 1941 and joined [[Indian National Congress]]. He remained with [[Indian National Congress]] till 1957 then joined [[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]] in 1962. He was elected to [[6th Lok Sabha]] from [[Aonla (Lok Sabha constituency)|Anola]] as a member of [[Hindu Mahasabha]] and again [[6th Lok Sabha]] as a member of [[Bharatiya Lok Dal]] from [[Aonla (Lok Sabha constituency)|Anola]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://loksabhaph.nic.in/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/1451.htm|title=6th Lok Sabha Members Bioprofile|work=Lok Sabha|accessdate=5 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/parliamentary-constituencies/agra.html|title=Agra Parliamentary Constituencies|work=Elections.in|accessdate=5 September 2020}}</ref><ref name="rs">{{cite web|title=RAJYA SABHA STATISTICAL INFORMATION (1952-2013)|url= http://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/publication_electronic/rsstatis_inf52-03.pdf |publisher=Rajya Sabha Secretariat, New Delhi|accessdate= 5 September 2020|page=12 |date=2014}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Brij Raj}}
[[Category:1924 births]]
[[Category:Year of death missing]]
[[Category:India MPs 1977–1979]]
[[Category:Janata Party politicians]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Jana Sangh politicians]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Lok Dal politicians]]
[[Category:Hindu Mahasabha politicians]]
[[Category:People from Bareilly district]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:India MPs 1962–1967]]

{{UttarPradesh-politician-stub}}

2008 Royal Challengers Bangalore season

2026-04-12T09:44:34Z

CallGirlMumbai: Starting post!

{{Short description|Indian Premier League cricket team season}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox cricket club season
| club = [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]]
| season = 2008
| image =
| coach = [[Venkatesh Prasad]]
| captain = [[Rahul Dravid]]
| ground =
| comp1 = [[2008 Indian Premier League|League stage]]
| comp1 result = 7th
| most runs = [[Rahul Dravid]] (371)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ipl/engine/records/batting/highest_career_strike_rate.html?id=3519;type=tournament|title=Indian Premier League, 2008/ Records / Most runs |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |accessdate=20 June 2015}}</ref>
| most wickets =[[Zaheer Khan]] (13)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ipl/engine/records/bowling/most_wickets_career.html?id=3519;type=tournament|title=Indian Premier League, 2008/ Records / Most runs |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |accessdate=20 June 2015}}</ref>
| prevseason =
| nextseason = [[2009 Royal Challengers Bangalore season|2009]]
}}

[[Royal Challengers Bangalore]] is a franchise cricket team based in [[Bangalore]], India, which plays in the [[Indian Premier League]]. They were one of the eight teams that competed in the [[2008 Indian Premier League]]. They were captained by [[Rahul Dravid]]. The team finished seventh during the league stage and did not qualify for the play-offs.<ref>{{cite web| title=IPL: Royal Challengers Bangalore Time Table - RCB Match Schedule|url=https://www.zerocric.com/ipl-royal-challengers-bangalore-time-table-rcb-match-schedule-2020/|website= Zerocric|accessdate= 1 February 2008}}</ref>

==Squad==
[[Rahul Dravid]] was the captain and [[icon player]].<ref name="some">{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/02/23/stories/2008022356902000.htm|work=The Hindu|date=2008-02-23|accessdate=2008-02-26|title= Good all-round combination, says Dravid|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080328073029/http://www.hindu.com/2008/02/23/stories/2008022356902000.htm|archive-date=2008-03-28}}</ref><ref name="chip">[http://content-ind.cricinfo.com/ipl/content/squad/338086.html Cricinfo - Bangalore Royal Challengers Squad]</ref><ref name="morep">[http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/ipl/content/story/339485.html Cricinfo - Franchises raise 'player poaching' issue]</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="width:95%"
|-
! width=5%|No.
! width=15%|Name
! width=5%|Age
! width=15%|Nationality
! width=15%|Batting style
! width=20%|Bowling style
! width=15%|Signing price
|-
! colspan="7" style="background: #DCDCDC" align=center| [[Batsman|Batsmen]]
|-
||05|| [[Virat Kohli]]|| 19 || {{cr|IND}} || Right-handed ||Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]]||
|-
||06 || [[Shivnarine Chanderpaul]] ||33 || {{cr|GUY}} || Left-handed ||Right-arm [[leg-break]] ||[[US$]] 200,000
|-
||07|| [[Wasim Jaffer]]|| 30 || {{cr|IND}} || Right-handed ||Right-arm [[off-break]] ||[[US$]] 150,000
|-
||14|| [[J. Arunkumar]]|| 33 || {{cr|IND}} || Right-handed ||Right-arm off-break ||
|-
||19 || [[Rahul Dravid]] || 35 || {{cr|IND}} || Right-handed ||Right-arm off-break || [[US$]] 1,035,000
|-
||21|| [[Ross Taylor]]|| 24 || {{cr|NZL}} || Right-handed ||Right-arm off break||[[US$]] 100,000
|-
||22|| [[Misbah-ul-Haq]]|| 33 || {{cr|PAK}} || Right-handed ||Right-arm leg break||[[US$]] 125,000
|-
||27|| [[Bharat Chipli]]|| 25 || {{cr|IND}} || Right-handed ||Right-arm medium||
|-
! colspan="7" style="background: #DCDCDC" align=center| [[All-rounder]]s
|-
|| 3|| [[Jacques Kallis]] ||32 || {{cr|ZAF}} || Right-handed ||Right-arm [[Fast bowling|fast-medium]] ||[[US$]] 900,000
|-
||18|| [[Cameron White]] ||24|| {{cr|AUS}} || Right-handed ||Right-arm leg-break ||[[US$]] 500,000
|-
||29|| [[Ashley Noffke]]|| 30 || {{cr|AUS}} || Right-handed ||Right-arm medium-fast||[[US$]] 62,500
|-
||77|| [[Balachandra Akhil]]|| 30 || {{cr|IND}} || Right-handed ||Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]]||
|-
! colspan="7" style="background: #DCDCDC" align=center| [[Wicket-keeper]]s
|-
|| 9|| [[Mark Boucher]] ||31 || {{cr|ZAF}} || Right-handed || ||[[US$]] 450,000
|-
||36|| [[Shreevats Goswami]]|| 18 || {{cr|IND}} || Left-handed ||||
|-
||66|| [[Devraj Patil]]|| 23 || {{cr|IND}} || Right-handed ||||
|-
! colspan="7" style="background: #DCDCDC" align=center| [[Bowler (cricket)|Bowlers]]
|-
||02|| [[Dale Steyn]] ||24 || {{cr|RSA}} || Right-handed ||Right-arm [[Fast bowling|fast]] ||[[US$]] 325,000
|-
||08|| [[Praveen Kumar (cricketer)|Praveen Kumar]]<ref>[http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/ci/content/story/339424.html Cricinfo - Praveen Kumar for the Bangalore Challengers]</ref> || 21 || {{cr|IND}} || Right-handed ||Right-arm medium-fast ||
|-
||10|| [[Anil Kumble]] ||37 || {{cr|IND}} || Right-handed ||Right-arm leg-break [[googly]] ||[[US$]] 500,000
|-
||13|| [[Nathan Bracken]] ||30 ||{{cr|AUS}} || Right-handed ||Left-arm fast-medium ||[[US$]] 325,000
|-
||23|| [[Vinay Kumar]]|| 24 || {{cr|IND}} || Right-handed ||Right-arm medium-fast||
|-
||24|| [[Sunil Joshi]]|| 38 || {{cr|IND}} || Left-handed ||[[Left-arm orthodox spin]]||
|-
||34|| [[Zaheer Khan]]|| 29 || {{cr|IND}} || Right-handed ||Left-arm medium-fast ||[[US$]] 450,000
|-
||41|| [[Abdur Razzak (cricketer)|Abdur Razzak]]|| 25 || {{cr|BAN}} || Left-handed ||Left-arm orthodox spin||[[US$]] 120,000
|-
|||| [[K. P. Appanna]]|| 19 || {{cr|IND}} || Right-handed ||Left-arm orthodox spin||
|-
|||| [[Neravanda Aiyappa]]|| 28 || {{cr|IND}} || Right-handed ||Fast bowling|Right-arm medium||
|-
|}

==Standings==
Royal Challengers Bangalore finished seventh in the league stage of IPL 2008.
{{:2008 Indian Premier League|team=RCB}}

==Results==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!No.
!Date
!Opponent
!Venue
!Result
!Scorecard
|- style="background:#fbb;"
| 1 || 18 April || [[Kolkata Knight Riders]] || [[M Chinnaswamy Stadium|Bangalore]] || Lost by 140 runs || | [http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/ipl/engine/current/match/335982.html (Scorecard)]
|- style="background:#c3fdb8;"
| 2 || 20 April || [[Mumbai Indians]] || [[Wankhede Stadium|Mumbai]] || Won by 5 wickets, MoM – [[Mark Boucher]] 39* (19) || [http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/ipl/engine/match/335985.html (Scorecard)]
|- style="background:#fbb;"
| 3 || 26 April || [[Rajasthan Royals]] || [[M Chinnaswamy Stadium|Bangalore]] || Lost by 7 wickets || [http://content-ind.cricinfo.com/ipl/engine/current/match/335992.html (Scorecard)]
|- style="background:#fbb;"
| 4 || 28 April || [[Chennai Super Kings]] || [[M Chinnaswamy Stadium|Bangalore]] || Lost by 13 runs || [http://content-ind.cricinfo.com/ipl/engine/match/335996.html (Scorecard)]
|- style="background:#fbb;"
| 5 || 30 April || [[Delhi Daredevils]] || [[Feroz Shah Kotla|Delhi]] || Lost by 10 runs || [http://content-ind.cricinfo.com/ipl/engine/match/335998.html (Scorecard)]
|- style="background:#c3fdb8;"
| 6 || 3 May || [[Deccan Chargers]] || [[M Chinnaswamy Stadium|Bangalore]]|| Won by 3 runs, MoM – [[Praveen Kumar (cricketer)|Praveen Kumar]] 3/23 (4 overs) || [http://content-ind.cricinfo.com/ipl/engine/match/336034.html (Scorecard)]
|- style="background:#fbb;"
| 7 || 5 May || [[Kings XI Punjab]] ||[[M Chinnaswamy Stadium|Bangalore]] || Lost by 6 wickets || [http://content-ind.cricinfo.com/ipl/engine/match/336006.html (Scorecard)]
|- style="background:#fbb;"
| 8 || 8 May || [[Kolkata Knight Riders]] || [[Eden Gardens|Kolkata]] || Lost by 5 runs || [http://content-ind.cricinfo.com/ipl/engine/match/336010.html (Scorecard)]
|- style="background:#fbb;"
| 9 || 12 May || [[Kings XI Punjab]] || [[Punjab Cricket Association Stadium|Mohali]] || Lost by 9 wickets || [http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/ipl/engine/match/336016.html (Scorecard)]
|- style="background:#fbb;"
| 10 || 17 May || [[Rajasthan Royals]] || [[Sawai Mansingh Stadium|Jaipur]] || Lost by 65 runs || [http://content-ind.cricinfo.com/ipl/engine/current/match/336023.html (Scorecard)]
|- style="background:#fbb;"
| 11 || 19 May || [[Delhi Daredevils]] || [[M Chinnaswamy Stadium|Bangalore]] || Lost by 5 wickets, MoM – [[Shreevats Goswami]] 52 (42) || [http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/ipl/engine/match/336026.html (Scorecard)]
|- style="background:#c3fdb8;"
| 12 || 21 May || [[Chennai Super Kings]] || [[M. A. Chidambaram Stadium|Chennai]] || Won by 14 runs, MoM – [[Anil Kumble]] 3/14 (4 overs) || [http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/ipl/engine/match/336029.html (Scorecard)]
|- style="background:#c3fdb8;"
| 13 || 25 May || [[Deccan Chargers]] || [[Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium|Hyderabad]] || Won by 5 wickets, MoM – [[Vinay Kumar]] 3/27 (4 overs) || [http://content-ind.cricinfo.com/ipl/engine/current/match/336002.html (Scorecard)]
|- style="background:#fbb;"
| 14 || 28 May || [[Mumbai Indians]] || [[M Chinnaswamy Stadium|Bangalore]] || Lost by 9 wickets || [http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/ipl/engine/current/match/336012.html (Scorecard)]
|-
| colspan="6" style="text-align:center;"| Overall record: 4–10. Failed to advance.
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Royal Challengers Bangalore}}

[[Category:Royal Challengers Bengaluru seasons]]
[[Category:2000s in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:2008 Indian Premier League]]

Rahul Mamkootathil

2026-04-11T20:26:40Z

CallGirlMumbai: adding new stub

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{protection padlock|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Rahul Mamkootathil
| native_name = {{nobold|രാഹുൽ മാങ്കൂട്ടത്തിൽ}}
| image = Rahul Mamkootathil.jpg
| caption = Mamkootathil in 2023
| order =
| office = [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|Member of the Kerala Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 4 December 2024
| term_end =
| constituency = [[Palakkad Assembly constituency|Palakkad]]
| predecessor = [[Shafi Parambil]]
| successor =
| order2 = 
| office2 = 
| term_start2 = 
| term_end2 = 

| birth_name = Rahul B. R.<ref name="MM1"/>
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| party = [[Indian National Congress]] (2007 - 2025)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/congress-expels-palakkad-mla-rahul-mamkootathil-from-party-after-court-rejects-anticipatory-bail-in-rape-case/article70357108.ece|title=Congress expels Palakkad MLA Rahul Mamkootathil after court rejects anticipatory bail in rape case| date=4 December 2025|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref>
| education =
| alma_mater = [[St. Stephen's College, Delhi]], [[Catholicate College, Pathanamthitta]]
| occupation = {{hlist|Politician|businessman|entrepreneur}}
| portfolio =
| awards = 
| website =
}}

'''Rahul B. R.''', better known as '''Rahul Mamkootathil''' ({{langx|ml|രാഹുൽ മാങ്കൂട്ടത്തിൽ}}), is an Indian politician from [[Kerala]], who is serving as the current [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]] from the [[Palakkad Assembly constituency|Palakkad constituency]]. He was a member of the [[Indian National Congress]], who has currently been suspended.<ref>{{cite news |date=23 November 2024 |title=Kerala bypoll results 2024: UDF cadre celebrate Palakkad win with trolleys |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kerala-bypoll-results-2024-udf-cadre-celebrate-palakkad-win-with-trolleys/article68902243.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241123152534/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kerala-bypoll-results-2024-udf-cadre-celebrate-palakkad-win-with-trolleys/article68902243.ece |archive-date=23 November 2024 |access-date=23 November 2024 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=The News Minute |first1= |title=Palakkad bye-poll: Congress' Rahul Mamkootathil wins with historic margin of 18,840 |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/kerala/palakkad-bye-poll-congress-rahul-mamkootathil-wins-with-historic-margin-of-18840 |access-date=25 November 2024 |date=23 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241125125146/https://www.thenewsminute.com/kerala/palakkad-bye-poll-congress-rahul-mamkootathil-wins-with-historic-margin-of-18840 |archive-date=25 November 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite news |title=Kerala Congress expels Palakkad MLA Rahul Mamkoottathil over sexual misconduct allegations |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/rahul-mamkootathil-expel-palakkad-kerala-congress-10402054/ |work=The Indian Express |date=4 December 2025 |access-date=4 December 2025}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
[[File:Rahul Mamkootathil young.jpg|thumb|Mamkootathil during his college days]]

Mamkootathil studied at Thapovan Public School in [[Adoor]] and at St. John's School in [[Pandalam]]. He did his B.A. degree in History from [[Catholicate College, Pathanamthitta]]. He then completed postgraduate degrees in English from [[Indira Gandhi National Open University|IGNOU]] and in History from [[St. Stephen's College, Delhi]]. He is pursuing a Ph.D. at the Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam.<ref name="Mathrubhumi1">{{cite news |title=അച്ഛന്റെ ഖദറിട്ട് കോൺഗ്രസായി, പത്തനംതിട്ടയിൽ നിന്ന് പാലക്കാട് വഴി നിയമസഭയിലേക്ക് |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/election/bypolls-2024/rahul-mankoottathil-from-pathanamthitta-to-the-legislative-assembly-via-palakkad-1.10103019 |access-date=27 November 2024 |work=[[Mathrubhumi]] |date=23 November 2024 |language=ml}}</ref>

== Sexual abuse allegations==
On 21 August 2025, Mamkootathil resigned as president of the Kerala Youth Congress following allegations by Malayalam actor Rini Ann George, who claimed that a "young politician" had sent her obscene messages and invited her to a hotel. Although she did not name the individual, media reports linked the allegation to Mamkootathil. He denied any wrongdoing and continued to serve as the MLA for Palakkad.<ref>{{cite news |title=Day after actor Rini Ann George alleged politician invited her to hotel room, Rahul Mamkootathil, rising star of Kerala Congress, quits post |work=The Indian Express |date=21 August 2025 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/rini-ann-george-politician-hotel-room-youth-congresss-kerala-president-10202465/ |access-date=23 August 2025}}</ref> He was being criticized as a [[Womanizer (term)|womanizer]] and a [[sex maniac]] by several women who were deceived into sexual relationships under the pretext of a marriage proposal.<ref>{{cite web |title=Should show that our president is not a womanizer; a case should be filed against actress: woman leader in WhatsApp group |url=https://keralakaumudi.com/en/news/news.php?id=1595510&u=should-show-that-our-president-is-not-a-womanizer-a-case-should-be-filed-against-actress-woman-leader-in-whatsapp-group |website=Keralakaumudi |access-date=2025-11-23}}</ref> It was alleged that a former Congress MP's daughter also came forward, stating that she had received a marriage proposal prior to long sex relationship from the politician, but he later refused to marry her, citing she belongs to a lower caste and the fact that she was not a [[Nair]].<ref>{{cite web |date=21 August 2025 |title='“Backed out of promised marriage citing caste”; Former MP's daughter comes out against Rahul Mamkootathil' |url=https://keralakaumudi.com/en/news/news.php?id=1595603&u=backed-out-of-promised-marriage-citing-caste-former-mps-daughter-comes-out-against-rahul-mamkootathil |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250830102033/https://keralakaumudi.com/en/news/news.php?id=1595603&u=backed-out-of-promised-marriage-citing-caste-former-mps-daughter-comes-out-against-rahul-mamkootathil |archive-date=30 August 2025 |accessdate=4 November 2025 |website=Kerala Kaumudi}}</ref> Media also reported the circulation of an audio clip purported to feature him urging a woman to terminate a pregnancy; he disputed its authenticity, and [[Kochi City Police]] said they were seeking legal opinion on a complaint based on the clip.<ref>{{cite news |title=Why Congress leadership pushed for Rahul Mamkootathil's resignation |work=The News Minute |date=21 August 2025 |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/kerala/why-congress-leadership-pushed-for-rahul-mamkootathils-resignation |access-date=23 August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title='Forced woman to abort': Why Kerala Police has not acted on complaint against Congress MLA Rahul Mamkootathil |work=Mathrubhumi (English) |date=22 August 2025 |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/forced-woman-to-abortion-why-kerala-police-have-not-acted-on-complaint-against-congress-mla-rahul-mamkootathil-tkkxxhl3 |access-date=23 August 2025}}</ref> The Congress suspended him from the party and made him an independent MLA in assembly, and gave him a separate chamber from the UDF side.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rahul Mamkootathil—Congress's young popular face in eye of a storm amid sexual misconduct backlash |work=ThePrint |date=22 August 2025 |url=https://theprint.in/politics/rahul-mamkootathil-congresss-young-popular-face-in-eye-of-a-storm-amid-sexual-misconduct-backlash/2726961/ |access-date=23 August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Rahul Mamkootathil misconduct allegations: Sensing trouble, Congress acts swiftly |work=The Times of India |date=23 August 2025 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/rahul-mamkootathil-misconduct-allegations-sensing-trouble-congress-acts-swiftly/articleshow/123440742.cms |access-date=23 August 2025}}</ref>

In his anticipatory bail plea, Mangoottathil admitted to engaging in a sexual relationship that allegedly resulted in a pregnancy.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rahul Mamkoottathil admits relationship in bail plea, denies coercion |url=https://thefederal.com/category/states/south/kerala/rahul-mamkoottathil-admits-relationship-bail-plea-denies-coercion-218388 |work=The Federal |date=1 December 2025 |access-date=1 December 2025}}</ref> Following this, additional women came forward alleging that he had promised marriage but later distanced himself after engaging in sexual relationships with them.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kerala MLA Rahul Mamkootathil faces fresh sexual assault allegations |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/kerala/story/kerala-mla-rahul-mamkootathil-congress-accused-sexual-assault-23-year-old-complaint-2829484-2025-12-02 |work=India Today |date=2 December 2025 |access-date=4 December 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Police investigate Rahul Mamkoottathil's whereabouts; CCTV shows MLA leaving in red car |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/news/latest-news/2025/12/01/police-investigate-rahul-mamkootathil-s-whereabouts-cctv-footage-shows-mla-leaving-in-red-car.html |work=Manorama Online |date=1 December 2025 |access-date=1 December 2025}}</ref>

In August 2025, the Kerala [[Kerala Police#Crime Branch|Crime Branch]] constituted a [[Special Investigation Team (India)|Special Investigation Team]] (SIT) under [[Additional director general of police|ADGP]] H. Venkatesh to probe accusations of sexual misconduct against Mamkoottathil.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sigamany |first=Jisha Surya,Vidya |date=2025-09-02 |title=SIT begins probe into allegations of forced abortions in Rahul Mamkootathil case |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/kerala/sit-begins-probe-into-allegations-of-forced-abortions-in-rahul-mamkootathil-case |access-date=2026-01-13 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref> On 7 December 2025, a new SIT headed by [[Superintendent of police (India)|Assistant Inspector General]] G. Poonguzhali IPS was appointed to locate him after he remained absconding in a rape case, with the team handling three related cases.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Second Sexual Assault Complaint Against Rahul Mamkootathil; Special Team Led by Woman IPS Officer to Probe |url=https://www.deshabhimani.com/deshabhimani-english-/kerala-news/second-assault-complaint-rahul-mamkootathil-special-probe-34423 |access-date=2026-01-13 |website=Deshabhimani |language=en}}</ref> He was arrested in [[Palakkad]] on 11 January 2026, after being taken into custody from a hotel, in connection with the case.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-01-11 |title=Police outfox Rahul Mamkootathil, arrest him in third attempt |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/police-outfox-mamkootathil-arrest-him-in-third-attempt/article70498546.ece |access-date=2026-01-13 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=KG |first=Shibimol |date=2026-01-11 |title=Kerala MLA Rahul Mamkootathil arrested in third rape case |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/kerala-congress-mla-rahul-mamkootathil-arrested-in-third-rape-case-hours-after-custody-2850024-2026-01-11 |access-date=2026-01-13 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

On 4 December 2025, Mamkoottathil was expelled from the [[Indian National Congress|Congress Party]] over multiple instances of sexual predation. The expulsion was approved by the [[All India Congress Committee]] (AICC). However, Mamkoottathil continues to serve as the MLA from Palakkad, as expulsion from the party does not automatically disqualify a sitting legislator.<ref name="auto"/>

==Political career==
Mamkootathil began his political career in 2006 as a member of the [[Kerala Students Union]] (KSU) while pursuing his undergraduate studies at [[Catholicate College, Pathanamthitta]]. In 2007, he was elected president of KSU's [[Adoor]] constituency and also assumed the role of president for the [[Indian Youth Congress]] in the [[Peringanadu]] mandalam committee. Over the years, he held several leadership positions, including university counselor, [[Pathanamthitta district]] president of KSU, and national secretary of the [[National Students' Union of India]] (NSUI). He also served as KSU state general secretary, Youth Congress state general secretary, and Youth Congress state secretary, in addition to being a member of the [[Kerala Pradesh Congress Committee]] (KPCC). In 2023, Mamkootathil was elected as the state president of the Indian Youth Congress, [[Kerala]].<ref name="Mathrubhumi1"/>

In the November 2024 by-election to the [[Palakkad Assembly constituency|Palakkad constituency]], Mamkootathil, representing the [[Indian National Congress]] (INC), was elected as the [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] to the [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]]. He won by a margin of 18,840 votes over the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) candidate.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of India |date=23 November 2024 |title=Palakkad Assembly Constituency By Poll Result 2024 |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcByeNov2024/candidateswise-S1156.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241125124925/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcByeNov2024/candidateswise-S1156.htm |archive-date=25 November 2024 |access-date=25 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=The Hindu |first1= |date=23 November 2024 |title=Palakkad Assembly bypoll: UDF's Rahul Mamkootathil sets record victory |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/palakkad-bypoll-results-and-rahul-mamkootathil/article68901137.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241125134242/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/palakkad-bypoll-results-and-rahul-mamkootathil/article68901137.ece |archive-date=25 November 2024 |access-date=25 November 2024 |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Onmanorama |date=23 November 2024 |title=Shafi successor Rahul Mamkootathil sets record in Palakkad with over 18k margin |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2024/11/23/palakkad-byelection-results-2024-rahul-mamkootathil-sarin-krishnakumar-live.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241125134616/https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2024/11/23/palakkad-byelection-results-2024-rahul-mamkootathil-sarin-krishnakumar-live.html |archive-date=25 November 2024 |access-date=25 November 2024 |work= |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=CNBCTV18 |date=23 November 2024 |title=Bypoll Election Full Winners List 2024: Check state-wise winners |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/india/politics/bypoll-election-full-winners-list-2024-check-state-wise-winners-19513567.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241125160816/https://www.cnbctv18.com/india/politics/bypoll-election-full-winners-list-2024-check-state-wise-winners-19513567.htm |archive-date=25 November 2024 |access-date=25 November 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

==Personal life==
In addition to his political career, Mamkootathil is also engaged in various business ventures. He owns a men's [[beauty parlour]] and holds partnerships in a [[Pharmacy (shop)|medical shop]] and a [[children's clothing]] store. He also runs a [[Milma]] agency.<ref name="MM1">{{cite news |last1=Onmanorama |title=Former HSBC techie, doc-turned-IAAS and St Stephen's alumnus add glitter to Kerala's bypolls |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2024/10/30/navya-haridas-p-sarin-rahul-mamkoottathil-kerala-bypolls-former-hsbc-techie-doc-turned-iaas-stephens-alumnus-glitter-kerala-bypolls.html |access-date=25 November 2024 |date=31 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241125125610/https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2024/10/30/navya-haridas-p-sarin-rahul-mamkoottathil-kerala-bypolls-former-hsbc-techie-doc-turned-iaas-stephens-alumnus-glitter-kerala-bypolls.html |archive-date=25 November 2024}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rahul, Mamkootathil}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Kerala]]
[[Category:People from Pathanamthitta district]]
[[Category:1989 births]]
[[Category:Kerala MLAs 2021–2026]]

Battle of Nedumkotta

2026-04-03T07:48:20Z

CallGirlMumbai: Starting a info!

{{Short description|Historical battle in South India (1789–1790)}}
{{EngvarB|date=April 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Battle of Nedumkotta
| partof = the [[Third Anglo-Mysore War]]
| image = [[File:Tippoo_Sahib_at_the_lines_of_Travancore_in_the_1850s.jpg|300px|center]]Tipu Sultan's advance on the lines of Travancore, by James Grant ({{circa}} 1896).<ref>{{citation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=13pyxO8o4moC&pg=PR9|page=174|first1=Mia |last1=Carter |first2=Barbara |last2=Harlow |title=Archives of Empire: Volume I. From The East India Company to the Suez Canal|date=31 December 2003|publisher=Duke University Press |isbn=0822331640}}</ref>
| caption =
| date = 28 December 1789 – May 1790
| place = [[Nedumkotta]], [[Thrissur district|Thrissur]]
| result = Travancorean victory
| combatant1 = {{flagicon image|Flag of Mysore Hyder Ali & TipuSultan.png}} [[Kingdom of Mysore]]
| combatant2 = {{plainlist|
*{{flagicon|Travancore}} [[Kingdom of Travancore]]
}}
| strength1 = '''Total:'''
30,000<ref>{{citation|url=https://archive.org/details/travancorestate00aiyagoog|last=Veeraraghavapuram|first=Nagam Aiya|title=Travancore State Manual|date= 11 July 1906|publisher=Trivandrum }}</ref>
*20,000 Infantry<ref name="Veeraraghavapuram 395">{{citation|url=https://archive.org/details/travancorestate00aiyagoog|page=395|last=Veeraraghavapuram|first=Nagam Aiya|title=Travancore State Manual|date= 11 July 1906|publisher=Trivandrum }}</ref>
*5,000 Pikemen<ref name="Veeraraghavapuram 395">{{citation|url=https://archive.org/details/travancorestate00aiyagoog|page=395|last=Veeraraghavapuram|first=Nagam Aiya|title=Travancore State Manual|date= 11 July 1906|publisher=Trivandrum }}</ref>
*5,000 Cavalry<ref name="Veeraraghavapuram 395">{{citation|url=https://archive.org/details/travancorestate00aiyagoog|page=395|last=Veeraraghavapuram|first=Nagam Aiya|title=Travancore State Manual|date= 11 July 1906|publisher=Trivandrum }}</ref>
*20 Cannons<ref name="Veeraraghavapuram 395">{{citation|url=https://archive.org/details/travancorestate00aiyagoog|page=395|last=Veeraraghavapuram|first=Nagam Aiya|title=Travancore State Manual|date= 11 July 1906|publisher=Trivandrum }}</ref>
| strength2 = '''Total:''' 50,000<ref>{{citation|title=Trancore army under Marthanda Varma 1729-1758 |url=http://www.epitomejournals.com/VolumeArticles/FullTextPDF/307_Research_Paper.pdf|date=December 2017|publisher=Epitome Journal}}</ref>
*8,000 European model Indian Infantry{{r|Mohibbul2005}}
*800 Cavalry{{r|Mohibbul2005}}
*200 Cannons<ref>{{citation|url=https://archive.org/details/travancorestate00aiyagoog|last=Veeraraghavapuram|first=Nagam Aiya|title=Travancore State Manual|date=11 July 1906|publisher=Trivandrum }}</ref>
| commander1 = {{plainlist|
*{{flagicon image|Flag of Mysore Hyder Ali & TipuSultan.png}} [[Tipu Sultan]]{{WIA}}
*{{flagicon image|Flag of Mysore Hyder Ali & TipuSultan.png}} [[Jemaul Beig]]{{KIA}}
*{{flagicon|France}} [[Chevalier de Lalée]]
}}
| commander2 = {{plainlist|
*{{flagicon|Travancore}} [[Dharma Raja]]
*{{flagicon|Travancore}} [[Kesava Pillai]]{{WIA}}
}}
{{flagicon|Travancore}} [[Vaikom Padmanabha Pillai|Vaikom Pillai]]
| campaignbox = {{Campaignbox Third Anglo-Mysore War}}
| casualties1 = 1,000 killed or wounded<ref name="Veeraraghavapuram 395">{{citation|url=https://archive.org/details/travancorestate00aiyagoog|page=395|last=Veeraraghavapuram|first=Nagam Aiya|title=Travancore State Manual|date= 11 July 1906|publisher=Trivandrum }}</ref>
| casualties2 = 200 killed or wounded<ref name="Veeraraghavapuram 395">{{citation|url=https://archive.org/details/travancorestate00aiyagoog|page=395|last=Veeraraghavapuram|first=Nagam Aiya|title=Travancore State Manual|date= 11 July 1906|publisher=Trivandrum }}</ref>
| coordinates = {{Coord|10.27|N|76.34|E|display=inline}}
}}
{{OSM Location map
| coord = {{coord|10.30|76.33}}
| zoom = 4
| float = right
| nolabels = 1
| width = 304
| height = 160
| title = [[Third Anglo-Mysore War]]: Battle of Nedumkotta
| caption = {{legend|red|Travancore Line Fortification}}{{legend|green|Capital of Tipu Sultan}}{{legend|black|British Madras}}

| shapeD=n-circle
| shape-colorD= navy
| shape-outlineD=white
| label-colorD = navy
| label-sizeD = 12
| label-posD = left
| label-offset-xD =
| label-offset-yD =

| label1 = Nedumkotta
| mark-coord1 = {{coord|10.30|76.33}}
| mark-title1 = [[Nedumkotta]]

| label2 = Seringapatna
| mark-coord2 = {{coord|12.414|76.704}}
| mark-title2 = [[Seringapatna]]

| label3 =Madras
| mark-coord3 = {{coord|13.08|80.27}}
| mark-title3 = [[Madras]]

|shape-color1=red|shape-color2=green|shape-color3=black}}
The '''Battle of Nedumkotta''' took place between December 1789 and May 1790, and was a reason for the opening of hostilities in the [[Third Anglo-Mysore War]]. This battle was fought between [[Tipu Sultan]] of the [[Kingdom of Mysore]] and [[Dharma Raja]], Maharaja of [[Travancore]]. Mysore army attacked the fortified line in [[Thrissur district]] at the Travancore border known as the [[Nedumkotta]]. The Mysore army was successfully repulsed by the Travancore army under the leadership of [[Raja Kesavadas]], [[Dewan]] of Travancore.

==Situation in Travancore==
{{Mysore Invasion of Kerala}}
The strength of the [[Nair Brigade|Travancore Army]] was greatly reduced after several earlier battles with [[Hyder Ali]]'s forces.{{citation needed|date=July 2021}}. The death of the Dutch-born commander ''Valiya-kappitan'' [[Eustachius De Lannoy]] in 1777 further diminished the morale of the soldiers. The death of Makayiram Thirunal and Asvati Thirunal in 1786 forced the Travancore royal family to adopt two princesses from Kolathunad. As the threat of an invasion by Tipu Sultan loomed in the horizon, Travancore's maharajah [[Dharma Raja]] tried to rebuild his army by appointing Chempakaraman Pillai as the [[Dalawa]] and [[Raman Kesavan Pillai|Kesava Pillai]] as the [[Sarvadhikari|Sarvadhikaryakkar]].{{r|Veeraraghavapuram1906|p=385}}

==Preparations for the battle==
Tipu Sultan planned the invasion of Travancore for many years, and he was especially concerned with the Nedumkotta fortifications, which had prevented his father Hyder Ali from annexing the kingdom. Towards the end of 1789, Tipu Sultan marched his troops from [[Coimbatore]]. Tipu's army consisted of 20,000 infantry, 5,000 cavalry and 20 field guns.{{r|Veeraraghavapuram1906|p=390}}

[[Nair Brigade|Travancore Army]] numbered above 50,000 trained troops of all branches, such as infantry, cavalry, artillery and irregular troops, trained and drilled according to European discipline. They were mostly armed with European weapons, procured through the English and the Dutch. This force was commanded by [[Europeans]], Eurasians, [[Nair]]s and [[Pashtuns]].<ref name=":0" />
[[File:A Travancore Nair Soldier.jpg|thumb|321x321px|A [[Nair]] [[Sepoy]] of [[Travancore]], drawn in 1878: A portion of Travancore army during [[Dharma Raja]]'s reign was trained and disciplined in European manner.]]
Travancore purchased the strategic forts of [[Cranganore Fort|Cranganore]] and [[Rayakottai|Ayacottah]] from the Dutch to improve the country's defenses. The deal was finalized by Dewan Kesava Pillai and Dutch merchants David Rabbi and Ephraim Cohen under the observation of Maharajah Dharma Raja and [[Dutch East India Company]] Governor [[Johan van Angelbeek|John Gerard van Anglebeck]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Menon|first=P. Shungoony|title=A History of Travancore from the Earliest Times|publisher=Higgin Bothyam and co.|location=Madras |year=1878}} {{PD-notice}}</ref> Both Tipu Sultan and [[Governor of Madras|Governor John Holland of Madras]] objected to these purchases because the forts, though they had long been in Dutch possession, were in the [[Kingdom of Cochin]]{{r|Veeraraghavapuram1906|p=391}}

Kesava Pillai was appointed Commander-in-Chief of the Travancore Army. To boost the strength of the armed forces, several thousand young militiamen were called up from all over the kingdom. The forts of Cranganore and Ayacottah were repaired and garrisoned.{{r|Veeraraghavapuram1906|p=393}} Tipu sent a letter to the King of Travancore demanding the withdrawal of the Travancori forces garrisoned in Cranganore Fort, the transfer to him of Malabar chiefs and nobles who had been sheltered by the king, and the demolition of Travancore ramparts built within the territory of Cochin. The king refused the sultan's demands.{{r|Veeraraghavapuram1906|p=393}}

==The first clash==

A number of Mysorean soldiers encroached into Travancorean jungles, ostensibly to apprehend fugitives, and came under fire when discovered by patrols of the Paravoor Battalion of the [[Nair Brigade|Travancore Army]].{{r|Mohibbul2005|p=}}{{pn|date=January 2023}}{{r|Veeraraghavapuram1906|p=}}<ref name=":0" /> On 28 December 1789, Mysorean troops attacked the eastern part of the Travancori lines and captured the ramparts as the Travancoreans retreated, but were eventually stopped when the Travancorean force of 800 Nairs made a stand with the help of a 6-pounder gun;{{r|Mohibbul2005|p=}}{{pn|date=January 2023}}<ref name=":0" /> At first, the Mysoreans overpowered three batteries of the lines. But subsequently they were fired upon from the woods. They were surprised by the first round of fire and fell in disorder. In this confusion, the party of twenty men of the Travancore garrison, threw in a regular [[platoon]] on the flank which killed the commanding officer of Mysore Army, and threw the corps into inextricable disorder and flight.<ref name=":0" />

Travancori reinforcements arrived during the four-hour battle, but the panic had now become general and the retreating Mysorean soldiers were borne on to the ditch, while others were forced into it by the mass which pressed them from behind. Those Mysoreans who had not yet been trampled by their horses while retreating to the point from which they had invaded the lines found that the sacks with cotton, used for filling up the ditch, when they set up as well as some powder barrels, had caught fire. This forced them to jump from the ramparts.<ref>{{Cite book |pages=135–163|jstor=10.1163/j.ctvbqs37w.10|chapter=The Dutch and Tipu Sultan, 1784—1790|last1=Van Lohuizen|first1=Jan|title=The Dutch East India Company and Mysore 1762-1790|year=1961|volume=31|publisher=Brill}}</ref> Those that fell into the ditch were killed. The rear now became the front. The bodies that filled the ditch enabled the remainder to pass over them. The Sultan himself was thrown down in the struggle and the bearers of his palanquin trampled to death. Though some of his faithful followers rescued him, he received injuries.<ref name=":0" /> Mysoreans lost around 1000 soldiers and fled in panic.{{r|Mohibbul2005|p=163}}<ref>{{citation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OHcIAAAAQAAJ|title=The history of India|page=450|author=John Clark Marshman|year=1863}}</ref> Travancorean casualties numbered around 200.{{r|Veeraraghavapuram1906|p=}} Several Mysorean troops were captured as prisoners of war, including soldiers of European and Maratha origin.{{r|Veeraraghavapuram1906|p=395}} [[Nair Brigade|Travancore Army]] recovered the sword, the palanquin, the dagger, the ring and many other personal effects of Tipu Sultan from the ditches of the Nedumkotta and presented them to the ruler of Travancore. Some of them were sent to the Nawab of Carnatic on his request.<ref name=":0" />[[File:NL-HaNA_1.11.01.01_1276_1R_Brief_van_J.G._van_Angelbeek,_gouverneur_van_Ceylon,_uit_Cochin,_aan_de_heer_Decker,_berichtend_over_de_strijd_tussen_Tipoe_en_de_vorst_van_Travancone._1790_januari_14_(cropped).jpg|thumb|Use of [[Mysorean rockets|rockets by Mysorean troops]] on Travancore Line fortification and the Travancorean defence using a [[6-pounder gun|6-pounder]] gun (29 December 1789)|300x300px]]

As recorded in British letters from the 18th century, Tipu Sultan was gravely injured in battle, and his horse was killed. <ref>{{Cite book |last=Advertiser |first=P. P.-Calcutta- Calcutta Gazette, or Oriental |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sqNWCj44V2AC&dq=describing+the+inaction+of+Tippoo's+troops+ever+since+their+repulse+on+the+29th+ultimo,+as+a+strongly+presumptive+circumstance+that+the+Sultaun&pg=PA240 |title=Selections from Calcutta Gazettes ... Showing the Political and Social Condition of the English in India Eighty Years Ago |date=1865 |language=en}}</ref> He was carried back to Mysore by his loyal followers, with a wound on his back and an arrow lodged between his hamstrings and buttocks.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Advertiser |first=P. P.-Calcutta- Calcutta Gazette, or Oriental |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sqNWCj44V2AC&dq=describing+the+inaction+of+Tippoo's+troops+ever+since+their+repulse+on+the+29th+ultimo,+as+a+strongly+presumptive+circumstance+that+the+Sultaun&pg=PA240 |title=Selections from Calcutta Gazettes ... Showing the Political and Social Condition of the English in India Eighty Years Ago |date=1865 |language=en}}</ref>

==The second battle==
[[File:Mysore rocket man, by Robert Home (watercolour).jpg|thumb|Rocket being lit by a Mysorean soldier|176x176px]][[Tipu Sultan]] was now determined to retaliate against Travancore. He remained in the vicinity of the northern frontier and concentrated a large army there of infantry, cavalry and artillery. The [[Madras Presidency|Madras Government]] was duly informed of the Sultan’s position, and the Maha Rajah received assurances from the British Governor of assistance in the event of invasion. In the meantime, Travancore repaired its northern frontier line and concentrated all available troops there. Recruits were enlisted, and guns, stores and ammunition were stored in the arsenals.<ref name=":0" />

On 1 March 1790, 1,000 Travancore troops advanced onto Mysore territory, where they were stopped and pushed back with considerable losses by Mysorean troops.{{r|Mohibbul2005|p=166}}Tipu's artillery began on 6 March. Finding no perceptible effect on the wall, a few more batteries were erected close to the northern wall and the largest guns were mounted, which opened a destructive fire.<ref name=":0" /> On 9 April 1790, a similar attempt was made once again by 1,500 Travancore troops on Mysore territory, however, they were once again stopped by Mysorean troops and repulsed.{{r|Mohibbul2005|p=166}} The wall resisted Mysorean fire for nearly a month and on 15 April, a practicable breach of three-quarters of a mile in length was effected. The Travancore troops abandoned the [[Nedumkotta|Travancore lines]] and retreated. Tipu Sultan took approximately 6,000 soldiers and advanced on the Travancore position.{{r|Mohibbul2005|p=167}} On 18 April 1790, Tipu arrived within one mile of [[Kodungallur|Cranganur]] and erected batteries.{{r|Mohibbul2005|p=167}} On 8 May he successfully occupied Cranganur.{{r|Mohibbul2005|p=167}} Soon Travancorean forces abandoned forts such as Ayicotta and Parur and retreated.{{r|Mohibbul2005|p=167}}

A portion of Mysorean troops under de Lalée proceeded to [[Kuriapilly]], also abandoned by the Travancoreans. The whole line thus fell into the hands of the Sultan, together with 200 pieces of cannon of various sizes and metal and an immense quantity of ammunition and other warlike stores, which were forwarded to Coimbatore as trophies.<ref name=":0" /> While the warfare was going on, the two [[East India Company]] regiments stationed at Aycottah and another brigade consisting of a European and two native regiments just landed from Bombay under [[James Hartley (East India Company officer)|Colonel Hartlay]] at [[Munambam|Monambam]] and [[Pallippuram, Ernakulam|Palliport]] remained passive spectators, saying that they had received no orders from the Governor of Madras to fight against the Sultan. The Sultan's first object was to destroy the [[Nedumkotta|Travancore lines]] and fill up the ditch, and so he took a pickaxe himself and set an example which was followed by every one present and the demolition of the wall was completed by his army.<ref name=":0" />

Tipu Sultan advanced as far as [[Aluva|Alwaye]].<ref name=":0" /> The south-west monsoon broke out with unusual severity and [[Periyar (river)|Aluva river]], a stream which usually rises after a few showers, filled and overflowed its banks, causing Tipu's army great inconvenience and rendering their march almost impossible. The current, during the freshes in the river was so strong, that even the permanent residents of the adjacent villages find difficulty in crossing it at that time. As the country around is mostly intersected by numerous rivers and streams, and intermixed with large paddy fields submerged under water at this season, Tipu and his army were surprised at a scene which they had seldom witnessed before, and were bewildered by their critical situation. His army had no shelter, no dry place for parade, and all their ammunition and accoutrements got wet and the provisions became scanty.<ref name=":0" />

[[Raja Kesavadas|Kesava Pillai]], after leaving Paravoor, strengthened the garrison at every military station, both at the sea beach and at [[Arookutty]] and other places, erected stockades at every backwater passage, and fortified the line and batteries between Kumarakam and the Kundoor hills at [[Poonjar]]. All the responsible officers, both military and revenue, were posted and the divisional revenue authorities were directed to remain at intermediate stations and raise [[Irregular military|irregular militia]], armed with whatever weapon the people could get, such as bows, arrows, swords and cudgels. He informed the [[Dharma Raja|Maha Raja]] that [[Tipu Sultan|Tipu Sultan's]] progress from Aluva was totally impeded by the rain, and any attempt to march with his army from Aluva up-country, would be impeded by the natural defences of the country and that the line between Kumarakam and Kundoor hills had been strongly barricaded while a [[Regular army|regular militia]] lined the hills and the sea.<ref name=":0" />

The British Governor of Madras addressed [[Dharma Raja]], assuring him that preparations were in progress for attacking Tipu Sultan. While Tipu was in his uncomfortable encampment at Aluva, intelligence of the commencement of hostilities and the assembling of a large [[East India Company]] force at [[Tiruchirappalli|Trichinopoly]] reached him. The Sultan needed to beat a precipitate retreat. The rivers were all full. The country was under water. Except boats, no other means of communication could be used in that part of the country at that time. Tipu Sultan divided his army into two portions and ordered one portion to retreat via [[Chalakudy]] to [[Thrissur district|Trichoor]] and thence to [[Palakkad|Palghat]], and the other via [[Kodungallur|Cranganore]] and [[Chavakkad]] to Palghat.<ref name=":0" />

==Aftermath==
Mysore's actions against Travancore breached the [[Treaty of Mangalore]], which led to further conflict with the [[East India Company|British Empire]], and the [[Third Anglo-Mysore War]]. The Travancore force joined the British army at [[Palakkad|Falghautcherry]], Coimbatore and Dindigul, and fought under the command of British officers against [[Kingdom of Mysore|Mysore]] up to the conclusion of the war and the [[Treaty of Seringapatam]].<ref name=":0" /> The Mysorean invasion provided the [[East India Company]] a chance to conquer and tighten their grip on the ancient feudal principalities of Malabar and to compel the Travancore to accept the [[subsidiary alliance]] of the company.<ref name=":0" />

==See also==
*[[Battle of Colachel]]
*[[Battle of Thrissur]]
*[[Mysore invasion of Calicut]]
*[[Mysorean invasion of Malabar]]

==References==
{{Reflist| refs =
<ref name="Mohibbul2005">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hkbJ6xA1_jEC|title=History of Tipu Sultan|author=Mohibbul Hasan|publisher=Aakar Books|year=2005|isbn=9788187879572}}</ref>
<ref name="Veeraraghavapuram1906">{{cite book|work=[[Travancore State Manual]]|last=Veeraraghavapuram|first=Nagam Aiya|year=1906|volume=1|publisher=[[Travancore Government Press]]|chapter=History|title=Modern History–Rama Varma}}</ref>
}}

==Sources==
* {{cite book|title=A history of the British army, Volume 3|first=John William|last=Fortescue|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1GlKAAAAYAAJ&q=cornwallis+medows+mysore&pg=PA546|publisher=Macmillan|year=1902}}
* Marshman, John Clark (1863). [https://books.google.com/books?id=OHcIAAAAQAAJ&dq=%22lines+of+travancore%22+1789&pg=PA450 ''The history of India'']
* Veeraraghavapuram, Nagam Aiya (1906). [https://archive.org/details/travancorestate00aiyagoog/page/n524/mode/2up ''The Travancore State Manual'', Volume 1], p. 390. (detail on the battles)
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=_YdCAAAAIAAJ&dq=powney+travancore+1789&pg=PA223 ''A history of Travancore from the earliest times'', Volume 1] (details on fort transactions preceding attack)
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=voA9AAAAcAAJ The British Mercury Or Annals of History, Politics, Manners, Literature, Arts Etc. of the British Empire] [https://books.google.com/books?id=voA9AAAAcAAJ Volume 5, Issues 14-26]

[[Category:1789 in India]]
[[Category:Kingdom of Travancore]]
[[Category:History of Thrissur district]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1789|Nedumkotta]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Kingdom of Mysore|Nedumkotta]]
[[Category:Battles involving Travancore|Nedumkotta]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Kingdom of Great Britain|Nedumkotta]]
[[Category:Battles of the Third Anglo-Mysore War|Nedumkotta]]
[[Category:Military history of India|the Nedumkotta]]
[[Category:Mysorean invasion of Malabar]]
[[Category:Kingdom of Cochin]]

Forward Markets Commission

2026-03-27T13:30:30Z

CallGirlMumbai: Creating New Data W/ Infobox

{{Short description|Indian financial market regulator}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox government agency
|agency_name = Forward Markets Commission
|nativename =
|logo =
|logo_width =
|logo_caption =
|seal =
|seal_width =
|seal_caption =
|formed = {{start date and age|1953}}
|preceding1 =
|dissolved = {{start date and age|2015}}
|jurisdiction = [[India]]
|headquarters = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]]
|employees =
|chief1_name = Ramesh Abhishek
|chief1_position = Chairman
|superseding = [[Securities and Exchange Board of India]]
|website = http://www.fmc.gov.in
|footnotes =
}}
The '''Forward Markets Commission''' ('''FMC''') was the [[regulatory body]] for the [[commodity market]] and [[futures market]] in [[India]]. It was under the [[Ministry of Finance (India)|Ministry of Finance]], [[Government of India]]. In July 2014, it regulated [[Indian rupee|Rs]] 17 trillion<ref>{{cite web |url=http://fmc.gov.in/show_file.aspx?linkid=1_7_14%20to%2015_7_14-356708427.pdf |title=Highlights/ Important Developments for the fortnight from 1.7.2014 to 15.7.2014 |publisher=FMC |date=15 July 2014 |access-date=4 August 2014 |archive-date=8 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808051200/http://fmc.gov.in/show_file.aspx?linkid=1_7_14%20to%2015_7_14-356708427.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> worth of commodity trades in India. It was headquartered in [[Mumbai]]. The Commission allowed [[commodity]] trading in 22 exchanges in India, of which 6 are national.

On 28 September 2015, the FMC was merged with the [[Securities and Exchange Board of India]] (SEBI) to make the regulation of commodity futures market strong.<ref>{{cite web|title=Finance Minister unveils merger of FMC with SEBI|url=http://www.sebi.gov.in/sebiweb/home/detail/32029/yes/PR-Finance-Minister-unveils-merger-of-FMC-with-SEBI|website=Securities and Exchange Board of India|access-date=14 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Sebi-FMC merger a milestone event, to usher in reforms|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/sebi-fmc-merger-a-milestone-event-to-usher-in-reforms/articleshow/49142487.cms|website=The Economic Times|date=28 September 2015 |publisher=Times Internet Limited|access-date=14 October 2015}}</ref>

==History==
Established in 1953 under the provisions of the Forward Contracts (Regulation) Act, 1952, it consisted of not less than two but not exceeding four members appointed by the central government, out of them one being nominated by the central government to be the chairman of the commission.

Since futures traded in India were traditionally on food commodities, the agency was originally overseen by [[Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution (India)]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/forward-markets-commission-comes-under-finance-ministry/article5110111.ece?homepage=true |title=Forward Markets Commission comes under Finance Ministry |author=Gargi Parsai |work=The Hindu| date=10 September 2013}}</ref>

The commission appeared in the news in March 2012 for their ban on [[guar gum]] futures trading after it said the price quadrupled due to its use in [[fracking]] causing food inflation.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.law.upenn.edu/blogs/regblog/2012/08/8-narayan-guar-gum.html |title=From Food to Fracking: Guar Gum and International Regulation |author=Ram Narayan |date=8 August 2012 |work=RegBlog |publisher=[[University of Pennsylvania Law School]] |access-date=15 August 2012 |archive-date=22 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120822153712/https://www.law.upenn.edu/blogs/regblog/2012/08/8-narayan-guar-gum.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In September 2013, the commission responsibility was moved to the [[Ministry of Finance (India)|Ministry of Finance]] to reflect that futures trading was becoming more and more a financial activity.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/markets/commodities/finance-ministry-takes-over-fmc/article5111389.ece |title=Finance Ministry to oversee Forward Markets Commission |date=10 September 2013 |publisher=Hindu Business Line}}</ref>

===Development of the Industry===
India has a long history of trading [[commodities]] and considered the pioneer in some forms of [[derivatives trading]]. The first derivative market was set up in 1875 in Mumbai, where cotton futures was traded. This was followed by establishment of [[futures markets]] in edible [[oilseeds]] complex, raw [[jute]] and jute goods and [[bullion]]. This became an active industry with volumes reported to be large.

However, in 1935 a law was passed allowing the government to in part restrict and directly control [[food production]] (Defence of India Act, 1935). This included the ability to restrict or ban the trading in derivatives on those food commodities. Post independence, in the 1950s, India continued to struggle with feeding its population and the government increasingly restricting trading in food commodities. Just at the time the FMC was established, the government felt that derivative markets increased [[food speculation|speculation]] which led to increased costs and price instabilities. And in 1953 finally prohibited options and futures trading altogether.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fmc.gov.in/show_file.aspx?linkid=integrated-57881011.pdf |title=Integrated report on Commodity Exchanges And Forward Market Commission (FMC) |author=Frida Youssef |publisher=FMC |date=October 2000 |access-date=4 August 2014 |archive-date=8 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808051519/http://www.fmc.gov.in/show_file.aspx?linkid=integrated-57881011.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The industry was pushed underground and the prohibition meant that development and expansion came to a halt. In the 1970 as futures and options markets began to develop in the rest of the world, Indian derivatives markets were left behind. The apprehensions about the role of speculation, particularly in the conditions of scarcity, prompted the government to continue the prohibition well into the 1980s.

The result of the period of prohibition left India with a large number of small and isolated regional futures markets. The futures markets were dispersed and fragmented, with separate trading communities in different regions with little contact with one another. The exchanges had not yet embrace modern technology or modern business practices.

Next to the officially approved exchanges, there were also many havala markets. Most of these unofficial commodity exchanges have operated for many decades. Some unofficial markets trade 20–30 times the volume of the "official" futures exchanges. They offer not only futures, but also option contracts. Transaction costs are low, and they attract many speculators and the smaller hedgers. Absence of regulation and proper clearing arrangements, however, meant that these markets were mostly "regulated" by the reputation of the main players.

==Responsibilities and functions==
The functions of the Forward Markets Commission were as follows:

* To advise the central government in respect of the recognition or the withdrawal of recognition from any association or in respect of any other matter arising out of the administration of the Forward Contracts (Regulation) Act 1952.
* To keep forward markets under observation and to take such action in relation to them, as it may consider necessary, in exercise of the powers assigned to it by or under the Act.
* To collect and whenever the Commission thinks it necessary, to publish information regarding the trading conditions in respect of goods to which any of the provisions of the act is made applicable, including information regarding supply, demand and prices, and to submit to the central government, periodical reports on the working of forward markets relating to such goods;
* To make recommendations generally with a view to improving the organization and working of forward markets;
* To undertake the inspection of the accounts and other documents of any recognized association or registered association or any member of such association whenever it considers it necessary.

It allowed futures trading in 23 fibers and manufacturers, 15 spices, 44 edible oils, 6 pulses, 4 energy products, single vegetable, 20 metal futures and 33 other futures.

==Commission==
The three members of the commission were:
* Shri Ramesh Abhishek (Chairman) – Appointed 24 September 2012
* M. Mathisekaran
* Shri Nagendraa Parakh – appointed July 2013

==See also==
* [[List of financial supervisory authorities by country]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
*[http://www.fmc.gov.in/. Forward Markets Commission Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080913140608/http://www.fmc.gov.in/ |date=13 September 2008 }}
www.sebi.gov.in

{{Indian commissions}}
{{Financial services in India}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Indian commissions and inquiries]]
[[Category:Financial regulatory authorities of India|India]]
[[Category:Regulatory agencies of India]]
[[Category:Government agencies established in 1953]]
[[Category:Government agencies of India]]
[[Category:Commodity markets in India]]
[[Category:Futures markets]]
[[Category:Capital markets of India]]
[[Category:1953 establishments in Bombay State]]
[[Category:2015 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Government agencies disestablished in 2015]]
[[Category:Defunct financial regulatory authorities]]

Gully Rowdy

2026-03-26T22:32:39Z

CallGirlMumbai: Creating The Article W/ Infobox

{{Short description|2021 film by G. Nageswara Reddy}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Gully Rowdy
| image = File:Gully Rowdy.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Release poster
| native_name =
| director = [[G. Nageswara Reddy]]
| screenplay = G. Nageswara Reddy
| story = Bhanu Bogavarapu
| based_on =
| producer = {{Ubl|[[Kona Venkat]]|[[MVV Satyanarayana]]}}
| starring = {{Ubl|[[Sundeep Kishan]]|[[Neha Shetty]]|[[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]]|[[Bobby Simha]]}}
| narrator =
| cinematography = Sujatha Siddharth
| editing = Chota K. Prasad
| music = [[Sai Karthik]]–[[Ram Miriyala]]
| studio = {{Ubl|[[Kona Venkat|Kona Film Corporation]]|MVV Cinemas}}
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2021|9|17}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Gully Rowdy''''' is a 2021 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[Romance film|romantic]] [[action comedy film]] directed by [[G. Nageswara Reddy]]. Produced by [[Kona Venkat]], [[M. V. V. Satyanarayana]] under Kona Film Corporation and MVV Cinemas, the film features [[Sundeep Kishan]], [[Neha Shetty]], [[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]] in primary roles. The music was composed by [[Sai Karthik]]–[[Ram Miriyala]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Sundeep Kishan's ''Rowdy Baby'' titled changed to ''Gully Rowdy'' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/sundeep-kishans-rowdy-baby-titled-changed-to-gully-rowdy/articleshow/81685718.cms |date=25 March 2021 |access-date=14 September 2021 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> It was released on 17 September 2021.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Sundeep Kishan and Neha Shetty's 'Gully Rowdy' new release date revealed |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/sundeep-kishan-and-neha-shettys-gully-rowdy-new-release-date-revealed/articleshow/85919271.cms |date=4 September 2021 |access-date=13 September 2021 |work=The Times of India}}</ref>

== Plot ==
The film begins at [[Vizag]], where CI Raghu Nayak points Vasu & Head-constable Pattapagalu Venkatrao at a gun on the beach. Vasu rewinds his memories, as he is the grandson of a justice-seeking ruffian, Meesala Simhachalam. Besides, a monstrous goon, Bairagi Naidu, is covetous towards him and ruses to clutch charge of the city when Simhachalam confronts him, whom he mortifies publicly. Whereat, his acolyte Naidu, suggests Simhachalam sculpt Vasu, a bright student, into a rowdy since the absence of an heir to him. Though it frustrates & pesters Vasu, he adopts it for his grandfather's sake.

Years roll by, and Vasu is ready for attack. Bairagi summits heights in the crime world and creates mayhem in society with his son Nandu. Once, Vasu flashes and falls for a software employee, Sahitya. She is Venkatrao's daughter, a paterfamilias to a bourgeoisie family. Soon, they hear their land in outstrikes hike prices for {{INRConvert|2|c}} which squatted by Bairagi. Tragically, Bairagi settles the matter at {{INRConvert|50000}} by battering and showing danger to Venkatrao. Being conscious of it, Vasu declares to aid Sahitya's family when, with them, he plots to abduct Bairagi to retrieve their money as ransom. Hence, they all conduct vast recce and perfect schemes. On the verge, Bairagi senses and lays hold of them when, startlingly, a man under the veil shoots the miscreant at point-blank range. Next, Venkatrao & family fled by lifting their amount but, in a hurry, left evidence such as a shoe, fingerprints, spectacles, and some hair of each one, which the forensic lab produced. The officials reappoint Nayak, a reckless suspended cop, to investigate the case.

Meanwhile, Simhachalam is on cloud nine, assuming Vasu has slaughtered Bairagi but hard on the heels of upset discerning the fact. Parallelly, Sahitya is alive to Vasu's genuine love, and she, too, reciprocates. Following this, Vasu focuses on manipulating the proofs at the forensic lab via Venkatrao—additionally, they track over Nayak by planting a bug in his shoe. Here, as a flabbergast, they are mindful that Nayak is Bairagi's second spouse's son, which no one knows, and he is awaiting a shot against his father's homicides. Nayak moves forward with his investigation, where he smells Bairagi's enmity with both Vasu & Venkatrao and keeps them on edge of death.

Apart from comprehending the actuality, Nandu seizes Venkatrao's family. Vasu tactically moves the pawn by forging Nandu as the actual killer before Nayak because they clash about Bairaji's second son. Nayak believes it because it is a closed secret when Vasu, Nayak, & Venkatrao attack Nanda to rescue the family, and Nayak shoots dead Nanda in Vasu's trap. At last, while Vasu & Sahitya are engaging, Simhachalam overhears that Vasu assassinated Bairagi, detecting that he has also slain his father on behalf of the accident. Later, Vasu spills before his grandfather, and as he detests rowdyism, he does not take credit for the murder. Ergo, Simhachalam relieves him to lead his life his way. Finally, the movie ends comically, Venkatrao carrying Vasu to a new settlement.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Sundeep Kishan]] as Vasu
*[[Neha Shetty]] as Patapagalu Sahitya
*[[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]] as Head Constable Patapagalu Venkat Rao
*[[Bobby Simha]] as K.Raghu Nayak IPS [CI]
*[[Mime Gopi]] as Bairagi Naidu
*[[Vennela Kishore]] as Nemali Babu
*[[Nagineedu]] as Meesala Simhachalam
*[[Subbaraju]] as Aadi
*[[Posani Krishna Murali]] as Naidu
*[[Harsha Chemudu]] as David Raj
*[[Sivannarayana Naripeddi|Sivannarayana]] as Pappa
*[[Shakalaka Shankar]] as Ullipayalu Uma
*[[Vidyullekha Raman]] as Forensic Expert Ramba
*[[Kalpa Latha]] as Patapagalu Latha
*Sneha Gupta as [[item number]] "Changure Item Songree"
*[[Sourav Chakraborty (actor)|Saurav Chakrabarti]] as Nanda
*Bevin Reddy as Young Vasu
*Sujatha Simhadri as neighbour
*[[Prakash Raj]] as Meesala Appana, Vasu's Father (Portrait)
}}

== Production ==
After collaborating for ''[[Tenali Ramakrishna BA. BL]]'', director Nageswara Reddy and actor Sandeep Kishan are working together again, for the film.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sundeep Kishan recalls hilarious moment when he punched co-star Neha Shetty |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2021/jun/10/sundeep-kishan-recalls-hilarious-moment-when-he-punched-co-star-neha-shetty-2314250.html |access-date=14 September 2021 |website=The New Indian Express |date=10 June 2021}}</ref> Sandeep is playing a small-time [[gangster]] in the film.{{Citation needed|date=October 2025}} The film was officially launched on 16 December 2020 in Vizag, with a pooja ceremony and [[Muhurat shot|muhurtam shot]] done.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Goud |first=Priyanka |date=17 December 2020 |title=Sundeep Kishan And Neha Shetty Begin Shooting For Their Upcoming Film Rowdy Baby In Vizag |url=https://www.thetelugufilmnagar.com/2020/12/17/sundeep-kishan-and-neha-shetty-begin-shooting-for-their-upcoming-film-rowdy-baby-in-vizag/ |access-date=14 September 2021 |website=Telugu Filmnagar |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Principal photography]] also began on the same day in Vizag. The team filmed for 63 days, as part of its first schedule.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jha |first=Subhash K. |title='For the first time, I've taken up a role so tapori' |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/for-the-1st-time-ive-taken-a-tapori-role/20210507.htm |access-date=14 September 2021 |website=Rediff |language=en}}</ref> Filming took place in [[Visakhapatnam]] and [[Hyderabad]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Sundeep Kishan and Neha Shetty starrer Gully Rowdy has a release date - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/sundeep-kishan-and-neha-shetty-starrer-gully-rowdy-has-a-release-date/articleshow/85367869.cms |access-date=14 September 2021 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> The team [[Wrap (filmmaking)|wrapped up]] the filming in June 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 June 2021 |title=Sundeep Gully Rowdy shoot wrapped up - Ready for release - Sundeep Kishan Gully Rowdy shooting update and release date |work=Chitrambhalare |url=https://chitrambhalare.in/sundeep-gully-rowdy-shoot-wrapped-up-ready-for-release/ |access-date=14 September 2021 |language=en-US}}</ref> In an interview to ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'', G. Nageswara Reddy said that "Gully Rowdy is a sitcom on rowdyism", adding: "Although there are action elements, the film is narrated in a comical way. The protagonist is under an obligation to carry on the rowdyism legacy. But he doesn’t like it, so what he does to keep the legacy going and handle his love is hilariously presented".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adivi |first=Sashidhar |date=16 August 2021 |title=Gully Rowdy is a sitcom on rowdyism: G. Nageshwar Reddy |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/160821/gully-rowdy-is-a-sitcom-on-rowdyism-g-nageshwar-reddy.html |access-date=14 September 2021 |website=Deccan Chronicle |language=en}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Gully Rowdy
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Sai Karthik]] and [[Ram Miriyala]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2021
| recorded = 2021
| venue =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 14:11
| language = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| label = Mango Music
| producer = [[Sai Karthik]] [[Ram Miriyala]]
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
| misc = {{External media
| audio1 = {{YouTube|6YEU5KOzg1A|Audio Jukebox}}}}
{{Extra chronology
| artist = [[Ram Miriyala]]
| type = Soundtrack
| title = Gully Rowdy
| year = 2021
| next_title = Pushpaka Vimanam
| next_year = 2021
}}
{{Extra chronology
| artist = [[Sai Karthik]]
| type = Soundtrack
| prev_title = [[Tenali Ramakrishna BA. BL]]
| prev_year = 2019
| title = Gully Rowdy
| year = 2021
| next_title = [[Deyyam (2021 film)|Deyyam]]
| next_year = 2021
}}
}}

The music was composed by [[Sai Karthik]] and [[Ram Miriyala]]. All lyrics are written by [[Bhaskarabhatla]]. The music was released by Mango Music Company. The first single track "Puttene Prema" corned and composed by Ram Miriyala was released on 7 May 2021.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Sundeep Kishan's ''Rowdy Baby'' titled changed to ''Gully Rowdy'' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/sundeep-kishans-rowdy-baby-titled-changed-to-gully-rowdy/articleshow/81685718.cms |date=25 March 2021 |access-date=14 September 2021 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The second track "Changure Item Songree" sung by Mangli and composed by Sai Karthik was released on 22 July 2021.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Sundeep Kishan and Neha Shetty's 'Gully Rowdy' new release date revealed |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/sundeep-kishan-and-neha-shettys-gully-rowdy-new-release-date-revealed/articleshow/85919271.cms |date=4 September 2021 |access-date=13 September 2021 |work=The Times of India}}</ref>

{{tracklist
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| extra3 = [[Yazin Nizar]]
| all_lyrics =
| music1 = [[Ram Miriyala]]
| music2 = [[Sai Karthik]]
| length4 = 1:52
| extra4 = Sai Madhav
| lyrics4 =
| title4 = Addamgaa Bukkaipoyaa
| length3 = 2:45
| lyrics3 =
| total_length = 14:11
| title3 = Visakhapatnam lo Rowdy Gaado
| length2 = 3:07
| extra2 = [[Mangli]]
| lyrics2 =
| title2 = Changure Item Songree
| length1 = 3:47
| extra1 = [[Ram Miriyala]]
| lyrics1 =
| title1 = Puttene Prema
| music3 = [[Sai Karthik]]
| music4 = [[Sai Karthik]]
| title5 = Thalladilli Podha
| extra5 = [[Kaala Bhairava]]
| title6 = Theme of Gully Rowdy
| music5 = [[Sai Karthik]]
| music6 = [[Sai Karthik]]
}}

== Release ==
Initially, it was reported that the film will be premiered (released) in a [[direct-to-video]] mode on a [[over-the-top media service]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 July 2021 |title=Sundeep Kishan's Gully Rowdy In Talks For Direct-To-OTT Release? |url=https://www.binged.com/news/sundeep-kishans-gully-rowdy-in-talks-for-direct-to-ott-release/ |access-date=14 September 2021 |website=Binged |language=en-US}}</ref> Later, Sundeep Kishan confirmed that the film will be released only in the [[movie theater]]s.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 July 2021 |first=Janani |last=K. |title=Sundeep Kishan confirms theatrical release of Gully Rowdy, puts an end to rumours |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/sundeep-kishan-confirms-theatrical-release-of-gully-rowdy-puts-an-end-to-rumours-1825382-2021-07-08 |access-date=14 September 2021 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> The film was initially scheduled for a theatrical release on 21 May 2021,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gully Rowdy to arrive in theaters on May 21st |url=https://telugucinema.com/news/gully-rowdy-to-arrive-in-theaters-on-may-21st |access-date=14 September 2021 |website=Telugu Cinema |date=4 April 2021 |language=en-US}}</ref> it was postponed to 3 September 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Release date of Sundeep Kishan's Gully Rowdy announced |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2021/aug/16/release-date-of-sundeep-kishans-gully-rowdy-announced-26086.html |access-date=14 September 2021 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=16 August 2021 |language=en}}</ref> Later, it was again rescheduled to release on 17 September 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gully Rowdy locks new release date |url=https://telugucinema.com/news/gully-rowdy-locks-new-release-date |access-date=14 September 2021 |website=Telugu Cinema |date=4 September 2021 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Gully Rowdy seals the date for release. |url=https://www.indiaherald.com/Movies/Read/994407412/Gully-Rowdy-seals-the-date-for-release |access-date=14 September 2021 |website=indiaherald.com |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|13672658}}
{{G. Nageswara Reddy}}

[[Category:2021 films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic action films]]
[[Category:Films set in Visakhapatnam]]
[[Category:Films shot in Visakhapatnam]]
[[Category:2021 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:2021 romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian action comedy films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ram Miriyala]]
[[Category:Films scored by Sai Karthik]]

Sanath Jayasuriya

2026-03-24T18:48:51Z

CallGirlMumbai: adjust references to improve readability for accuracy

{{Short description|Sri Lankan cricketer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Sanath Jayasuriya
| image = Sanath jayasuriya portrait.jpg
| caption = Jayasuriya in 2006
| nickname = Matara Hurricane<ref>{{cite news |first=M.Shamil |last=Amit |title=Officials in comedy of errors at sporting spectacle |url=http://sundaytimes.lk/020811/sports/1.html |work=Sunday Times |date=13 December 2002 |access-date=28 August 2009}}</ref> Matara Mauler<ref>{{cite news |first=Roshan |last=Abeysinghe |title='Matara Hurricane ' enters Parliament |url=http://sundaytimes.lk/100425/Sports/take_another_look_at_cricket.html |work=Sunday Times |date=25 April 2010 |access-date=29 December 2011}}</ref>
| honorific-prefix = [[Deshabandu]]
| constituency_MP = [[Matara Electoral District|Matara]]
| parliament = Sri Lanka
| term_start = 22 April 2010
| term_end = 26 June 2015
| majority = 74,352 Preferential Votes
| office1 = Deputy Minister of Provincial Councils and Regional Development
| president1 = [[Maithripala Sirisena]]
| primeminister1 = [[Ranil Wickremesinghe]]
| term_start1 = 10 June 2015
| term_end1 = 17 August 2015
| office2 = Deputy Minister of Local Government and Rural Development
| president2 = [[Maithripala Sirisena]]
| primeminister2 = [[Ranil Wickremesinghe]]
| term_start2 = 12 January 2015
| term_end2 = 10 June 2015
| office3 = Deputy Minister of Postal Services
| president3 = [[Mahinda Rajapaksa]]
| primeminister3 = [[D. M. Jayaratne]]
| term_start3 = 28 January 2013
| term_end3 = 9 January 2015
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| party = [[United People's Freedom Alliance]]
| children = 3
| residence = [[Matara, Sri Lanka|Matara]]
| alma_mater = [[St. Servatius' College|St. Servatius' College, Matara]]
| signature =
| footnotes =
| spouse = {{Plainlist| {{marriage|Sumudhu Karunanayake|1998|1999|reason=div.}} {{marriage|Sandra De Silva|2000|2012|reason=div.}} {{marriage|Maleeka Sirisenage|2012|2012|reason=div.}} }}
| module = {{Infobox cricketer
| embed = yes
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1969|06|30|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Matara, Sri Lanka|Matara]], [[Dominion of Ceylon|Ceylon]]
| heightft = 5
| heightinch = 7
| country = Sri Lanka
| batting = Left-handed
| role = [[All-rounder]]
| bowling = Slow left arm orthodox
| international = true
| internationalspan = 1989–2011
| testdebutdate = 22 February
| testdebutyear = 1991
| testdebutagainst = New Zealand
| testcap = 49
| lasttestdate = 1 December
| lasttestyear = 2007
| lasttestagainst = England
| odidebutdate = 26 December
| odidebutyear = 1989
| odidebutagainst = Australia
| odicap = 58
| odishirt = 07
| lastodidate = 28 June
| lastodiyear = 2011
| lastodiagainst = England
| T20Idebutdate = 15 June
| T20Idebutyear = 2006
| T20Idebutagainst = England
| T20Icap = 4
| lastT20Idate = 25 June
| lastT20Iyear = 2011
| lastT20Iagainst = England
| club1 = [[Bloomfield Cricket and Athletic Club|Bloomfield]]
| year1 = {{nowrap|1994–2011}}
| clubnumber1 =
| club2 = [[Somerset County Cricket Club|Somerset]]
| year2 = 2005
| club3 = [[Lancashire County Cricket Club|Lancashire]]
| year3 = 2007
| club4 = [[Warwickshire County Cricket Club|warwickshire]]
| year4 = 2008
| club5 = [[Mumbai Indians]]
| year5 = {{nowrap|2008–2010}}
| club6 = [[Worcestershire County Cricket Club|Worcestershire]]
| year6 = 2010
| club7 = [[Ruhuna Rhinos]]
| year7 = 2011
| club8 = [[Khulna Royal Bengals]]
| year8 = 2012
| club9 = [[Kandurata Warriors]]
| year9 = 2012
| columns = 4
| column1 = [[Test cricket|Test]]
| matches1 = 110
| runs1 = 6,973
| bat avg1 = 40.07
| 100s/50s1 = 14/31
| top score1 = 340
| deliveries1 = 8,188
| wickets1 = 98
| bowl avg1 = 34.34
| fivefor1 = 2
| tenfor1 = 0
| best bowling1 = 5/34
| catches/stumpings1 = 78/–
| column2 = [[One Day International|ODI]]
| matches2 = 445
| runs2 = 13,430
| bat avg2 = 32.36
| 100s/50s2 = 28/68
| top score2 = 189
| deliveries2 = 14,874
| wickets2 = 323
| bowl avg2 = 36.75
| fivefor2 = 4
| tenfor2 = 0
| best bowling2 = 6/29
| catches/stumpings2 = 123/–
| column3 = [[First-class cricket|FC]]
| matches3 = 265
| runs3 = 14,819
| bat avg3 = 38.39
| 100s/50s3 = 29/71
| top score3 = 340
| deliveries3 = 15,275
| wickets3 = 205
| bowl avg3 = 33.20
| fivefor3 = 2
| tenfor3 = 0
| best bowling3 = 5/34
| catches/stumpings3 = 162/–
| column4 = [[List A cricket|LA]]
| matches4 = 557
| runs4 = 16,128
| bat avg4 = 31.19
| 100s/50s4 = 31/82
| top score4 = 189
| deliveries4 = 18,167
| wickets4 = 413
| bowl avg4 = 34.85
| fivefor4 = 5
| tenfor4 = 0
| best bowling4 = 6/29
| catches/stumpings4 = 153/–
| source = http://www.espncricinfo.com/srilanka/content/player/49209.html ESPNcricinfo
| date = 15 April
| year = 2021
|medaltemplates=
{{MedalSport|Men's [[Cricket]]}}
{{MedalCountry|{{SRI}}}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[ICC Cricket World Cup]]}}
{{Medal|W|[[1996 Cricket World Cup|1996 India-Pakistan-Sri Lanka]]}}
{{Medal|RU|[[2007 Cricket World Cup|2007 West Indies]]}}
}}
}}

[[Deshabandu]] '''Sanath Teran Jayasuriya''' ({{langx|si|සනත් ‌‌ටෙරාන් ජයසූරිය}}, {{langx|ta|சனத் ஜெயசூர்யா}}; born 30 June 1969), is a Sri Lankan former [[cricket]]er, captain, cricket administrator and coach. He is widely regarded as one of the greatest all rounders ever to play in ODI cricket.<ref>[http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/12/09/ta.jayasuriya/ Sanath Jayasuriya: Sri Lanka's humble cricketing hero]. [[CNN]] [[TalkAsia]]. 17 December 2008. Retrieved 2015-04-12.</ref><ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/srilanka/content/story/441127.html Sanath Jayasuriya – the entertainer]. ESPNcricinfo. 25 December 2009. Retrieved 2015-04-12.</ref> A left arm orthodox spinner, left-handed batter and a dynamic fielder, Jayasuriya and his opening batting partner [[Romesh Kaluwitharana]] are credited for revolutionizing one-day international cricket with explosive batting in the mid-1990s, which initiated the hard-hitting modern-day batting strategy of all nations. He was a key member of the [[Sri Lanka national cricket team|Sri Lankan team]] that won the [[1996 Cricket World Cup]]. Under his captaincy [[Sri Lanka national cricket team|Sri Lanka]] became joint champions along with [[India national cricket team|India]] in the [[2002 ICC Champions Trophy|2002 Champions Trophy]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Raghu |date=2025-01-31 |title=When India and Sri Lanka lifted the Champions Trophy together |url=https://www.sportsbignews.com/cricket/when-india-and-sri-lanka-lifted-the-champions-trophy-together/ |access-date=2025-04-30 |website=sportsbignews |language=en-US}}</ref> . He is the former head coach of the [[Sri Lanka national cricket team]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-07 |title=Sri Lanka cricket: Sanath Jayasuriya named full time coach after successful interim spell |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/cricket/articles/cy89pmy2pk7o |access-date=2025-03-10 |website=BBC Sport |language=en-GB}}</ref>

Considered one of the greatest attacking batsman, Jayasuriya is well known for his powerful striking and match-winning all-round performances in all formats of the game.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=The Parliament of Sri Lanka |title=Biographies of Present Members |url=http://www.parliament.lk/directory_of_members/ViewMember.do?memID=3174 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101027013847/http://www.parliament.lk/directory_of_members/ViewMember.do?memID=3174 |archive-date=27 October 2010 }}</ref> Jayasuriya was an [[all-rounder]], who had an [[international cricket]] career that spread over two decades.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.island.lk/index.php?page_cat=article-details&page=article-details&code_title=28837 |title= The legend who made us look stupid |author=Rex Clementine |publisher= The Island Online |date= 27 June 2011 |access-date= 2012-04-16}}</ref> He is the only player to achieve the all rounder double of [[List of players who have scored 10,000 or more runs in One Day International cricket|scoring over 10,000 runs]] and [[List of bowlers who have taken 300 or more wickets in ODI cricket|capturing more than 300 wickets]] in a single format of international cricket. Jayasuriya created many world records during his career.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.talkcricket.co.uk/guides/cricketing_legends.html |title= Cricket Legends |work= TalkCricket.co.uk |year=2008 |access-date= 2010-06-03}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.asiantribune.com/news/2011/06/28/cricket-legend-sanath-jayasuriya-bids-adieu-international-cricket-today |title= Cricket legend Sanath Jayasuriya bids adieu to International Cricket today |publisher= Asian Tribune |year= 2011 |access-date= 2011-12-27}}</ref>

Jayasuriya was named the Most Valuable Player of [[1996 Cricket World Cup]] and [[Wisden Cricketers' Almanack]] broke an age-old tradition by naming him one of Five Cricketers' of the Year 1997 despite not playing the previous season in England.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/almanack/year.html?year=1997 | title = Wisden – 1997 | access-date = 2012-10-20| publisher = ESPNcricinfo}} "The success of Sanath Jayasuriya in inspiring Sri Lanka to World Cup victory in March 1996 also inspired a change of policy: he was chosen as one of the Five Cricketers of the Year even though he did not play in the English season."</ref> Jayasuriya was also the [[List of Sri Lanka national cricket captains|captain of the Sri Lankan cricket team]] from 1999 to 2003. He was also a key member of the team that won the [[1996 Cricket World Cup]] and was part of the team that made the finals of [[2007 Cricket World Cup]] and [[2009 ICC World Twenty20]]. He retired from Test cricket in December 2007 and from limited-overs cricket in June 2011. On 28 January 2013, [[Sri Lanka Cricket]] appointed him as the chairman of the cricket selection committee. Sri Lanka won the [[ICC World Twenty20]] for the first time in [[2014 ICC World Twenty20|2014]], during his tenure as the chief selector.

Jayasuriya ran for public office in the [[2010 Sri Lankan parliamentary election|2010 Sri Lankan general elections]] and was elected to parliament from his native [[Matara District]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Master Blaster in parliament |author=Jamila Najmuddin|website=Dailymirror.lk |date=9 April 2010 |url=http://www.dailymirror.lk/index.php/news/2966-master-blaster-in-parliament.html }}</ref> He topped the [[United People's Freedom Alliance|UPFA]] parliamentary election list for Matara district by obtaining 74,352 preferential votes.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sri Lanka's Master Blaster Sanath Jayasuriya tops Matara |publisher=Asian Tribune|date=9 April 2010 |url=http://www.asiantribune.com/news/2010/04/09/sri-lankas-master-blaster-sanath-jayasuriya-tops-matara}}</ref> He served as the deputy minister of Postal services in the former UPFA government led by Mahinda Rajapaksa,<ref>{{cite news|title=Nine deputy ministers sworn in before President in Sri Lanka|url=http://www.colombopage.com/archive_13B/Oct10_1381391120CH.php|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012001058/http://www.colombopage.com/archive_13B/Oct10_1381391120CH.php|url-status=usurped|archive-date=12 October 2013|date= 10 October 2013|newspaper=Colombopage}}</ref> and later as the Deputy Minister of Local Government & Rural Development under president [[Maithripala Sirisena]]. Jayasuriya did not contest in the [[2015 Sri Lankan parliamentary election|2015 general election]] and is currently not active in politics.

== Early life and career ==
Sanath Jayasuriya was born in the [[Southern Province, Sri Lanka|Southern Sri Lankan]] city of [[Matara, Sri Lanka|Matara]], to the family of Dunstan and Breeda Jayasuriya. He has an elder brother, Chandana Jayasuriya. He was educated at [[St. Servatius' College]], Matara, where his cricketing talents were nourished by his school principal, G.L. Galappathy, and cricket coach, Lionel Wagasinghe. He excelled in cricket while at St. Servatius College, Matara and captained the college cricket team at the annual St. Thomas'–St. Servatius Cricket Encounter in 1988. Jayasuriya was picked as the 'Observer Schoolboy Cricketer of the Year' in the Outstation Segment in 1988. He also received the awards for the 'Best Batsman' and 'Best All-rounder' in the Outstation Segment at the Observer School Cricket Awards ceremony in the same year.<ref name=obser>{{cite news|last=Fernando|first=Leslie|title=Master-blaster Sanath won Observer Outstation Cricketer Award in 1988|url=https://archives.sundayobserver.lk/2008/06/22/spo01.asp|access-date=6 October 2012|newspaper=Sunday Observer|date=22 June 2008|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090705161213/http://www.sundayobserver.lk/2008/06/22/spo01.asp|archive-date=5 July 2009}}</ref> Jayasuriya represented [[Sri Lanka Under-19 cricket team|Sri Lanka]] in the inaugural [[ICC Under-19 Cricket World Cup]] which was held in Australia in [[1988 ICC Under-19 Cricket World Cup|1988]] and was subsequently selected for a tour in Pakistan a few months later with the Sri Lanka 'B' team, where he made two unbeaten double centuries in his debut first class series. Shortly afterward he was drafted into the national team for the tour to Australia in 1989–90.<ref>{{cite web|last=Thawfeeq|first=Sa'adi|title=Jayasuriya – the rural boy who made it to the big time|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/story/80876.html|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=6 October 2012}}</ref>
He made his [[One Day International]] debut against Australia at [[Melbourne Cricket Ground|Melbourne]] on [[Boxing Day]] of 1989 and his [[test cricket|Test]] debut against New Zealand at [[Seddon Park|Hamilton]] in February 1991.

== Style and international career ==
===Batting style===
Along with his opening partner [[Romesh Kaluwitharana]], Jayasuriya revolutionized One Day International batting with his aggressive tactics during the [[1996 Cricket World Cup]], a strategy they first tried on the preceding tour of Australia. The tactic used was to take advantage of the early fielding restrictions by smashing the opening bowlers to all parts of the cricket ground, particularly by lofting their deliveries over the mandatory infielders, rather than the established tactic of building up momentum gradually. This was a novel but potentially match-winning tactic at that time, and Sri Lanka, who had previously never made it out of the preliminary rounds, went on to win the World Cup without a single defeat. Their new gameplan is now the standard opening batting strategy in limited-overs cricket for the modern era. [[Glenn McGrath]] cited Jayasuriya in his XI of toughest batsmen, noting "it is always a massive compliment to someone to say they changed the game, and his storming innings in the 1996 World Cup changed everyone's thinking about how to start innings."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.foxsports.com.au/|title=FOX SPORTS | Live Sports Scores | NRL, AFL, Cricket Scores|website=Foxsports.com.au|access-date=17 February 2022}}</ref>

Jayasuriya is known for both cuts and pulls along with his trademark shot, a lofted cut over point. He was one of the key players in Sri Lanka's victory in the 1996 Cricket World Cup, where he was adjudged Man of the Tournament in recognition of his all-around contributions.
His philosophy towards batting is summarized by an all-aggression approach and over the years he has dominated almost every one-day bowling combination that he has faced at one stage or another. This is because of his ability to make huge match-winning contributions at a rapid pace once he gets in, he holds the record for the second-highest number of one day centuries and has scored the 4th most 150+ scores (4 scores) jointly with [[Chris Gayle]] and [[Hashim Amla]]. Only [[Rohit Sharma]], [[David Warner (cricketer)|David Warner]] and [[Sachin Tendulkar]] have more 150+ scores than him, (Rohit Sharma has the most 150+ scores at 7<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cricketconnected.com/most-150-scores-in-odi/|title=Most 150 Scores in ODI: Top Batsmen with 150+ Scores in ODI|website=Cricketconnected.com|date=21 May 2021|access-date=17 February 2022}}</ref>). His devastating performances have ensured that Sri Lanka has won almost over 75% of the matches that he scored over 50 runs in limited-overs cricket. When asked in an interview who are the most challenging bowlers he had faced in the game, he named in the order [[Wasim Akram]], [[Shane Warne]], [[Glenn McGrath]], [[Courtney Walsh]], [[Curtly Ambrose]].
[[Image:SanathJayasuriya.jpg|thumb|right|Known as an aggressive opener, due to high-class match-winning devastating performances in ODIs]]

===Bowling style===
Jayasuriya was a left-arm orthodox spin bowler known for quickly getting through his overs. Although a spinner, he was used to bowling faster balls and yorkers with quick arm action which gained him success as a bowler. He took 440 wickets altogether in international cricket with six 5 wicket hauls. His best bowling performance in an innings in international cricket is 6 for 29, which he took against England in an ODI in 1993. It was the best bowling performance by a Sri Lankan in ODIs until Muttiah Muralitharan broke the record in 2000. Jayasuriya's best match figures in test cricket came in 2001/2002 season when he took 9 for 74 against Zimbabwe.

One of Jayasuriya's memorable bowling performances came in the semi-final of 1996 Cricket World Cup, where he took three wickets for just 12 runs in seven overs. It was Jayasuriya who took the vital wicket of [[Sachin Tendulkar]] and broke his crucial partnership with [[Sanjay Manjrekar]], which was taking the game away from Sri Lankans at one stage. Jayasuriya was the most successful bowler for Sri Lanka during the knockout stage of 1996 cricket World Cup where he took 6 wickets in three games. As an all-rounder, he took 27 wickets in Cricket world cups altogether including 10 wickets he took in 2003 edition.

===Test career===
Sanath Jayasuriya held the record for the highest Test score made by a Sri Lankan, 340 against India in 1997. This effort was part of a second-wicket [[partnership (cricket)|partnership]] with [[Roshan Mahanama]] that set the then all-time record for any partnership in Test history, with 576 runs. Both records were surpassed in July 2006 when fellow Sri Lankan [[Mahela Jayawardene]] scored 374 as part of a 624-run partnership with [[Kumar Sangakkara]] against South Africa. On 20 September 2005, during the second Test of the [[Bangladeshi cricket team in Sri Lanka in 2005#2nd Test|home series against Bangladesh]], Jayasuriya became the first Sri Lankan to play [[List of cricketers who have played 100 Tests|100 Tests]], and the 33rd Test cricketer to achieve this feat.<ref>{{cite news|first=Charlie|last=Austin|title=Sanath Jayasuriya - the modest marauder|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/sanath-jayasuriya-the-modest-marauder-219652|work=ESPNcricinfo|date=20 September 2005|access-date=2 January 2026}}</ref>

Jayasuriya announced his intention to retire from Test cricket following the [[Pakistani cricket team in Sri Lanka in 2005–06|Pakistan tour of Sri Lanka]] in April 2006. He reversed his decision soon after, however, joining the [[Sri Lankan cricket team in England in 2006|Sri Lankan cricket team]] in England in May 2006. Missing the first two Tests, Jayasuriya returned in the Third Test at [[Trent Bridge]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://content-aus.cricinfo.com/engvsl/content/story/249041.html|title = Jayasuriya in line for recall}}</ref>

After scoring 78 runs on day three of the first Test against England in [[Kandy]] in 2007, he announced he was to retire from Test cricket<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cricketworld.com/england_in_sri_lanka_2007/article/?aid=14028|title=Jayasuriya Confirms Test Retirement After Half-Century|website=Cricketworld.com|access-date=17 February 2022|archive-date=5 December 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071205061554/http://www.cricketworld.com/england_in_sri_lanka_2007/article/?aid=14028|url-status=dead}}</ref> at the end of the match. In that innings he hit six fours in one over against [[James Anderson (cricketer)|James Anderson]].

===One Day International career===
===2009–2010===
{{See also|List of highest individual scores in ODIs}}

Jayasuriya held the records for the fastest fifty (against Pakistan 17 balls), fastest 100 for Sri Lanka (against Pakistan 48 balls) and fastest 150 (against England in 95 balls) in ODI cricket. His fastest 50 stayed 19 years, where his half-century is regarded as the best because he achieved this feat in an era where no fielding restrictions and power plays are available. It took 19 years to surpass the fastest 50 with all limited over new restrictions and other fielding restrictions. However, he subsequently lost the fastest fifty to [[AB de Villiers]]. Jayasuriya is the only player of the ODI history to have scored two consecutive 150+ scores.

Jayasuriya's highest ODI score is 189 runs, scored against India in Sharjah in 2000. It remained as the highest ODI score by a Sri Lankan and the third-highest{{Ref|1|Note 1}} in ODI history at that time. Currently the score is 11th highest ODI score of all time and highest by a Sri Lankan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/batting/most_runs_innings.html?class=2;id=8;type=team |title=Sri Lanka Cricket Team Records & Stats | ESPNcricinfo.com |website=Stats.cricinfo.com |access-date=2022-02-17}}</ref> In 2024, [[Pathum Nissanka]] made unbeaten 210* runs against Afghanistan, breaking Jayasuriya's 24-year-old record.<ref>{{Cite news |title=200 In Just 136 Balls: Pathum Nissanka Breaks 24-Year-Old Record Held By Sanath Jayasuriya |url=https://sports.ndtv.com/cricket/200-in-just-136-balls-pathum-nissanka-breaks-24-year-old-record-by-sanath-jayasuriya-5026231 |access-date=2023-12-18 |newspaper=Ndtvsports.com |language=en}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin-left:1em; width:50%;"
|-
!colspan="7"|'''Jayasuriya's results in international matches'''<ref>{{cite web|title=Statistics / Statsguru / ST Jayasuriya /One-Day Internationals|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/player/49209.html?class=2;template=results;type=batting|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=25 April 2012}}</ref>
|-
| ||Matches||Won||Lost||Drawn||Tied||No result
|-
|Test<ref>{{cite web|title=List of Test victories|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=matches;result=1;template=results;type=batting|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=25 April 2012}}</ref> ||110||40||35||35||0||–
|-
|ODI<ref>{{cite web|title=List of ODI victories|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;orderby=matches;result=1;template=results;type=batting|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=25 April 2012}}</ref> ||445||233||193||–||3||16
|-
|T20I<ref>{{cite web|title=List of T20I victories|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=3;filter=advanced;orderby=matches;result=1;template=results;type=batting|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=25 April 2012}}</ref> ||31||19||12||–||–||–
|}

Jayasuriya was the previous record-holder for the fastest century (off 48 balls), before losing that to [[Shahid Afridi]]'s 37 ball century. This is cited as the first ever fastest century scored in less than 50 balls in world cricket. The record was then broken by [[Corey Anderson (cricketer)|Corey Anderson]] of New Zealand (36 balls), which is currently held by [[AB de Villiers]] of South Africa with 31 ball century. He has also held the world record for most ODI sixes (270 in 445 ODIs), which was surpassed by Shahid Afridi during the [[2010 Asia Cup]] match against Bangladesh. He became the fourth batsman to score more than 10,000 runs and the second batsman to score more than 12,000, and 13,000 runs in the history of ODIs. He also has 28 centuries, the fourth-highest in ODIs. He held the record of scoring most runs in an ODI over (30; he has achieved this twice), and the first batsman to score over 30 in an over. This record is now held by South Africa's [[Herschelle Gibbs]] (36 runs in an over).

During the one-day Natwest series in May 2006 in England, he scored two centuries, including scoring 152 off 99 balls in the final match. In that innings, he and [[Upul Tharanga]] (109) put on 286 runs for the first wicket, a new record.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/252072.html|title=Records | One-Day Internationals | Partnership records | Highest partnerships by wicket |work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=17 February 2022}}</ref> Jayasuriya's batting display earned him the Man of the Series award as Sri Lanka whitewashed England for the first time in their home soil by winning the series 5–0.

Following the Natwest Trophy, Sri Lanka travelled to the [[Netherlands]] for a two-match one-day series. In the first game, Jayasuriya scored 157 off 104 balls as Sri Lanka posted 443/9,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/sri-lanka-tour-of-netherlands-2006-247643/netherlands-vs-sri-lanka-1st-odi-247827/full-scorecard|title=Full Scorecard of Sri Lanka vs Netherlands 1st ODI 2006 - Score Report |work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=17 February 2022}}</ref> beating the 438/9 South Africa scored against Australia in March 2006. Sri Lanka won the match by 195 runs. On a personal note, the innings was his 4th score of over 150 and was also his second successive score of 150 plus, only player to achieve the feat in ODI history.

He also scored 2 centuries and 2 half-centuries in the [[2007 Cricket World Cup]] held in the West Indies. In 2008, his one-day career was all but over when he was omitted for the ODIs in the West Indies. However, a stirring performance in the IPL—finishing the third-highest run-getter with 514 runs—prompted his country's sports minister to intervene in his selection for the Asia Cup. He ultimately shaped Sri Lanka's title victory with a blistering hundred under pressure.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.cricinfo.com/ipl/engine/records/batting/most_runs_career.html?id=3519;type=tournament |title=Indian Premier League, 2007/08 Cricket Team Records & Stats |website=Stats.cricinfo.com |access-date=2022-02-17}}</ref> His international career has been revived at the age of 41, after being recalled to the One-day and Twenty-20 squads for Sri Lanka's 2011 tour of England and Scotland.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/sri-lanka-in-england-and-scotland-2011-sanath-jayasuriya-back-in-sl-limited-overs-squad-518381|title=Jayasuriya back in SL limited-overs squad|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=17 February 2022}}</ref>

During [[2008 Asia Cup]], Jayasuriya scored a century against Bangladesh on his 39th birthday.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/magazine/content/story/1100331.html |title=Birthday bullies, ODI oldies and poultry-laden Tests |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=6 June 2017}}</ref> With this century, he became the third cricketer out of four overall, to score an ODI century on a birthday. The two others before Jayasuriya to score the century were two Indians [[Vinod Kambli]] and [[Sachin Tendulkar]]. The last one to score a century on his birthday is blackcap [[Ross Taylor]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://sanath189.blogspot.com/2008/07/jayasuriya-hits-birthday-century.html |title=Jayasuriya hits Birthday century demoralizing Bangla !!! |date=July 2008 |publisher=sanath jayasuriya Blogspot |access-date=6 June 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://island-cricket.com/videos/sri-lanka/cricket/sanath-jayasuriya-55-ball-century-on-his-39th-birthday |title=Sanath Jayasuriya 55-ball century on his 39th birthday |publisher=island-cricket |access-date=6 June 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/30/sports/30iht-cricketasia30.14106183.html?_r=0 |title=Jayasuriya celebrates 39th birthday with century to reach cup final |work=The New York Times|date=30 June 2008 |access-date=6 June 2017}}</ref> His knock of 125 in the finals was voted as the Best ODI Batting Performance of 2008 by ESPNcricinfo.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/awards2008/content/story/386406.html|title = Ageless and merciless|work=ESPNcricinfo|date = 16 January 2009}}</ref>

===Twenty20 career===
During the [[2007 ICC World Twenty20]], Jayasuriya appeared to break his tradition of using [[Kookaburra Sport|Kookaburra bats]] by wielding a normal [[Reebok]] sponsored [[cricket bats|bat]]. He achieved two half-centuries in the group stages against New Zealand and Kenya in this tournament. He also shares a dubious record with [[James Anderson (cricketer)|James Anderson]] for having the most expensive figures in a Twenty20 international, having been hit for 64 runs in the maximum of 4 overs.<ref>{{cite news |title=Coming from Goa, and two 300s in one innings |author=Steven Lynch |newspaper=ESPNcricinfo |date=30 October 2007 |url=http://www.cricinfo.com/columns/content/current/story/317596.html }}</ref>
After the Twenty20 World Cup, Jayasuriya played in [[English cricket team in Sri Lanka in 2007-08|Sri Lanka's 3–2 One Day International series]] defeat against England, achieving limited success and then in the 2–0 [[Sri Lankan cricket team in Australia in 2007-08|Test series defeat]] in Australia. In December 2007, Jayasuriya confirmed that he has signed for [[Warwickshire County Cricket Club|Warwickshire]] for the [[Twenty20 Cup]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/warwickshire-sign-jayasuriya-for-twenty20s-325649|title=Warwickshire sign Jayasuriya for Twenty20s|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=17 February 2022}}</ref>

In April 2008, he joined the [[Mumbai Indians]] to play in the [[Indian Premier League]] T20.
After scoring a devastating 114 not out off just 48 balls<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/indian-premier-league-2007-08-313494/mumbai-indians-vs-chennai-super-kings-36th-match-336018/full-scorecard|title=Full Scorecard of Super Kings vs Mumbai 36th match 2007/08 - Score Report|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=17 February 2022}}</ref> for the Mumbai Indians against Chennai, Jayasuriya regained his position in the one-day team after he had been dropped for the West Indies tour. For his performances in 2008, he was named in the ESPNcricinfo IPL XI<ref>[[2008 Indian Premier League#Cricinfo IPL XI]]</ref>{{Circular reference|date=August 2019}}. He then followed up his century with a 17-ball 48 not out to surpass the Kolkata Knight Riders' score of 67 in just the 6th over, resulting in the biggest victory in Twenty20 history in terms of balls remaining.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/indian-premier-league-2007-08-313494/mumbai-indians-vs-kolkata-knight-riders-38th-match-336021/full-scorecard|title=Full Scorecard of KKR vs Mumbai 38th match 2007/08 - Score Report|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=17 February 2022}}</ref> In 2010 has signed with [[Worcestershire County Cricket Club|Worcestershire]] for their Twenty20 campaign. At the age of 42, Jayasuriya played for the [[Ruhuna Rhinos]] in the qualifying round of the [[2011 Champions League Twenty20|2011 Champions League]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cricketnext.in.com/news/jayasuriyas-experience-will-be-useful/60134-13.html |title='Jayasuriya's experience will be useful': Cricketnext |website=cricketnext.in.com |access-date=17 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110925002809/http://cricketnext.in.com/news/jayasuriyas-experience-will-be-useful/60134-13.html |archive-date=25 September 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> In February 2012 Jayasuriya played for the [[Khulna Royal Bengals]] in the inaugural [[Bangladesh Premier League]], later that year he played for [[Kandurata Warriors]] in the inaugural [[Sri Lanka Premier League]].

=== Captaincy and all-round performances ===
Jayasuriya was chosen as the [[Wisden Cricketers' Almanack|Wisden]] Leading Cricketer in the World in 1996<ref>{{cite web| title = Wisden's leading cricketer in the world | last = John Wisden & Co.|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/wisden/content/story/350988.html| year= 2008| access-date = 2013-08-04| publisher= ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> and was named as one of the [[Wisden Cricketer of the Year|Wisden Cricketers of the Year]] in 1997. He served as the captain of the Sri Lankan cricket team in 38 test matches and 117 one day internationals from 1999 to 2003. Jayasuriya led Sri Lanka to the knock-out stage of the [[2003 cricket world cup]] but stepped down from the captaincy after the loss to Australia in the semi-final. He was also a very useful [[all-rounder]] with a good [[batting average (cricket)|batting average]] in both Test cricket and One Day Internationals, and had an excellent batting strike rate in One Day Internationals.

As a [[left-arm orthodox spin|left-arm orthodox]] [[spin bowling|spin bowler]], he had a reasonable [[bowling average]] and an economy rate. He regularly helped to decrease the workloads of contemporary Sri Lankan strike bowlers [[Muttiah Muralitharan]] and [[Chaminda Vaas]]. At the end of his career, Jayasuriya took more than 400 wickets in international cricket with over 300 wickets in One Day Internationals. Jayasuriya was also a skillful infielder, with a report prepared by ESPNcricinfo in late 2005 showing that since the [[1999 Cricket World Cup]], he had effected the seventh highest number of run-outs in ODI cricket of any fieldsman, with the eleventh highest success rate.<ref>{{cite web| title = Statistics – Run outs in ODIs | last = Basevi| first = Trevor| url=http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/ci/content/story/224487.html| date= 8 November 2005| access-date = 2007-02-05| publisher= ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>

==Selection committee==
Jayasuriya was appointed as the chairman of selectors of national cricket team on 28 January 2013 by sports minister [[Mahindananda Aluthgamage]]. The selection panel included Jayasuriya, [[Pramodya Wickramasinghe]], [[Eric Upashantha]], [[Chaminda Mendis]] and [[Hemantha Wickramaratne]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/srilanka/content/story/602547.html |title=Jayasuriya named chairman of selectors |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=28 January 2013}}</ref> But on 30 January 2013, Wickramaratne has been replaced by [[Hashan Tillakaratne]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/srilanka/content/story/602830.html |title=Tillakaratne joins SLC selection panel |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=30 January 2013}}</ref> In 2013, he came under immense pressure and scrutiny for selecting state minister [[Keheliya Rambukwella]]'s son [[Ramith Rambukwella]] to the national team for a series against Bangladesh.<ref>{{cite web|title=Jayasuriya defends selection of minister's son|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/sanath-jayasuriya-defends-selection-of-minister-s-son-ramith-rambukwella-627269|access-date=2021-06-27|work=ESPNcricinfo|language=en}}</ref>

Under his selection, Sri Lanka won [[2014 ICC World Twenty20]], [[2014 Asia Cup]] and Sri Lanka's first ever [[Sri Lankan cricket team in England in 2014|full series win in England]] in all three formats of the game Tests, ODIs and T20s. His tenure was ended in 2015, after many failures apart from those wins, such as whitewash against India and 2015 World Cup failure.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/srilanka/content/story/858155.html |title=Jayasuriya-led selection panel quits |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=3 April 2015}}</ref>

After Jayasuriya's quit, [[Aravinda de Silva]] has appointed as the Chairman of selectors. On 11 April 2016, Jayasuriya was appointed back again to the post of chairman of selectors.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/srilanka/content/story/996667.html |title=Jayasuriya to return as chairman of selectors |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=11 April 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/srilanka/content/story/1004373.html |title=Jayasuriya back to lead selection panel |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=27 April 2016}}</ref> This time, under his selection, many players got test, ODI and T20I caps and the team shuffled so many times due to many injuries to major players.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/srilanka/content/story/1032999.html |title=Onus for avoiding injuries on players – Jayasuriya |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=7 July 2016}}</ref> During this period, Sri Lanka lost world No. 1 rankings in T20Is, lost many bilateral tours to New Zealand, England, India, Pakistan, South Africa.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/south-africa-v-sri-lanka-2016-17/content/story/1076925.html |title=Batsmen have let us down – Jayasuriya |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=10 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/england-v-sri-lanka-2016/content/story/1010333.html |title=We have the top bowling side in the world – Sanath Jayasuriya |date=8 May 2016 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=8 May 2017}}</ref> Despite them, Sri Lanka lost their first bilateral ODI series to Zimbabwe at home, Bangladesh drawn all formats in Sri Lanka, Sri Lanka quit very early from both [[2016 World Twenty20]], and [[2017 ICC Champions Trophy]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/sri-lanka-v-zimbabwe-2017/content/story/1110506.html |title=Autopsy of Sri Lanka's humiliating defeat |date=11 July 2017 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=11 July 2017}}</ref>

Through all those defeats and failures, Sri Lanka had a silver line, where they first marked a whitewash against Australia in Warne-Murali Trophy and Zimbabwe Tri-series. Many questions about the rapid changes occurred in the squads and the continuous failures of the team. With that, on 29 August 2017, Jayasuriya with his panel Ranjith Madurasinghe, [[Romesh Kaluwitharana]], [[Asanka Gurusinha]] and Eric Upashantha resigned from the selection committee after heavy loss to India in both tests and ODIs.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/20494059/sri-lanka-selectors-resign-defeats-india |title=Sri Lanka selectors resign after defeats to India |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=7 July 2016}}</ref>

== Coaching career ==
After serving international ban from cricket, Sanath took up his first coaching stint with Mulgrave Cricket Club, a third tier Australian cricket club in Melbourne which plays in Victoria's Eastern Cricket Association.<ref>{{cite web|date=2021-06-04|title=Former Sri Lanka captain Sanath Jayasuriya to coach Australia's Mulgrave Cricket Club|url=https://www.firstpost.com/sports/former-sri-lanka-captain-sanath-jayasuriya-to-coach-australian-club-mulgrave-cricket-club-9684261.html|access-date=2021-06-27|website=Firstpost}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Heraldsun.com.au {{!}} Subscribe to the Herald Sun for exclusive stories|url=https://www.heraldsun.com.au/subscribe/news/1/?sourceCode=HSWEB_WRE170_a&dest=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.heraldsun.com.au%2Fleader%2Feast%2Fsport%2Fendeavour-hills-mulgrave-cricket-clubs-in-merger-talks%2Fnews-story%2F3d881e30a83d9523b1db17ef8eb0b593&memtype=anonymous&mode=premium&nk=6a4075818938127c0f7e3c2267076ae7-1624811347|access-date=2021-06-27|website=Heraldsun.com.au}}</ref> [[Tillakaratne Dilshan]] had convinced him to join the Mulgrave cricket team during when both featured together for Sri Lanka Legends team in the second half of the 2020–21 Road Safety World Series.<ref>{{Cite news|last=IANS|date=2021-03-20|title=Road Safety World Series: India Legends to play Sri Lanka Legends in final|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/sports/road-safety-world-series-india-legends-to-play-sri-lanka-legends-in-final-121032000052_1.html|access-date=2021-06-27}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Sanath Jayasuriya to coach Melbourne club following end of ICC ban|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/sanath-jayasuriya-to-coach-melbourne-club-following-end-of-icc-ban-1265109|access-date=2021-06-27|work=ESPNcricinfo|language=en}}</ref>
Having been interim head coach of Sri Lanka since July 2024, Jayasuriya was given the job on a full-time basis in October that year.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/articles/cy89pmy2pk7o|title=Jayasuriya named Sri Lanka coach after interim success|date=7 October 2024 |publisher=BBC Sport|access-date=7 October 2024}}</ref> After Sri Lanka's super 8 exit in the [[2026 Men's T20 World Cup| 2026 T20 World Cup]], Jayasuriya requested to step down as Sri Lanka's head coach. <ref>https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/sanath-jayasuriya-to-step-down-as-sri-lanka-coach-1526373</ref>

== Controversies ==
{{Criticism section|date=April 2025}}
In an autobiography published by former Sri Lankan cricketer and match referee [[Roshan Mahanama]] in 2001, he claimed that former Australian fast bowler [[Glenn McGrath]] racially abused Sanath Jayasuriya by calling him a "black monkey" during an ODI match between Sri Lanka and Australia in 1996.<ref>{{cite web|date=2020-06-11|title=Five moments when racism reared its ugly head on the cricket field|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/racism-cricket-field-racist-slurs-cricketers-6451611/|access-date=2021-06-27|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>

In 2010, he signed contracts with two different clubs simultaneously to participate at the Cricket Association of Bengal league and ultimately both the teams had to withdraw his name and he was unable to take part in the competition for signing with two teams at the same time. Following this incident, Cricket Association of Bengal barred foreign players to participate in the competition.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|date=2019-02-27|title=Sanath Jayasuriya's past controversies: Angry tweet, sex tape and signing for two teams|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/sanath-jayasuriya-sri-lanka-controversies-5603014/|access-date=2021-06-27|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>

In November 2018, he was accused of trafficking rotten betel nuts from Indonesia to India.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ex-Sri Lanka cricket captain Sanath Jayasuriya accused of smuggling rotten betel nuts to India|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/cricket/2018/nov/22/ex-sri-lanka-cricket-captain-sanath-jayasuriya-accused-of-smuggling-rotten-betel-nuts-to-india-1901835.html|access-date=2021-06-27|website=The New Indian Express|date=22 November 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Sanath Jayasuriya accused of smuggling supari to India, likely to be grilled in Mumbai|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/sanath-jayasuriya-smuggling-supari-india-sri-lanka-cricket-1394073-2018-11-22|access-date=2021-06-27|newspaper=India Today|language=en}}</ref> In March 2018, he criticised the behaviour of Bangladeshi cricketers during the crucial virtual semi final between Sri Lanka and Bangladesh at the [[2018 Nidahas Trophy]] and degraded the Bangladesh team as a third class team in a tweet. He later deleted the tweet.<ref name=":0" />

In October 2018, Jayasuriya was charged by the [[International Cricket Council]] with two counts of breaching its anti-corruption code. The accusations related to "failure or refusal to co-operate" with an ongoing ICC investigation into alleged match-fixing and "concealing, tampering with or destroying any documentation or other information that may be relevant". The investigation was reported to relate to Jayasuriya's time as Sri Lanka's chairman of selectors, between April 2016 to August 2017, and the [[Zimbabwean cricket team in Sri Lanka in 2017|fourth ODI]] between [[Sri Lanka Cricket|Sri Lanka]] and [[Zimbabwe Cricket|Zimbabwe]] in July 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2018/oct/15/sanath-jayasuriya-charged-with-breaching-icc-anti-corruption-code-cricket-sri-lanka|title=Sanath Jayasuriya charged by ICC with breaching its anti-corruption code|last=Martin|first=Ali|date=2018-10-15|website=The Guardian|language=en|access-date=2018-10-15}}</ref> In February 2019, Jayasuriya was banned for two years in taking part in any cricket-related activity by the [[International Cricket Council]]'s (ICC) anti-corruption unit, after he failed to co-operate in a corruption investigation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/story/1176062.html |title=Jayasuriya banned for two years after ICC anti-corruption unit investigation |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=26 February 2019}}</ref> However, he reportedly attended a group stage match between Sri Lanka and India during the [[2019 Cricket World Cup]] and watched the match in the pavilion despite serving a ban. ICC later pointed out that he could still watch matches in the pavilion as a casual fan and barred him from entering teams dressing rooms.<ref>{{cite web|agency=PTI|date=Jul 6, 2019|title=Banned Sanath Jayasuriya watches game from stands, not to get access to team areas {{!}} Cricket News |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/icc-world-cup/banned-sanath-jayasuriya-watches-game-from-stands-not-to-get-access-to-team-areas/articleshow/70109303.cms|access-date=2021-06-27|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> His international ban was lifted by the ICC in November 2020 and was once again eligible to involve with cricket.<ref>{{cite web|last=Acharya|first=Shayan|title=Sanath Jayasuriya keen on taking up newer roles in cricket|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/sanath-jayasuriya-road-safety-world-series-sri-lanka-world-cup-1996-mahela-sangakkara-cricket-news/article33982260.ece|access-date=2021-06-27|website=Sportstar|date=3 March 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Former Sri Lanka Cricketer Sanath Jayasuriya's Two-year Ban Imposed by ICC Lifted|url=https://www.news18.com/cricketnext/news/former-sri-lanka-cricketer-sanath-jayasuriyas-two-year-ban-imposed-by-icc-lifted-3037928.html|access-date=2021-06-27|website=News18.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Sanath Jayasuriya says ICC's two-year ban on him lifted|url=http://www.adaderana.lk/sports/8506/sanath-jayasuriya-says-iccs-two-year-ban-on-him-lifted|access-date=2021-06-27|website=Adaderana.lk|language=en}}</ref>

== Personal life ==

Jayasuriya's first marriage was with Air Lanka ground hostess Sumudu Karunanayake in 1998 which lasted less than a year. Then early in the year 2000, he married Sandra De Silva, a former flight attendant of Sri Lankan airlines. They have three children, Savindi Jayasuriya, Yalindi Jayasuriya and Ranuk Jayasuriya.<ref>{{cite web |date=5 August 2008 |title=Sandra talks about life with Sanath Jayasuriya |url=http://sanath189.blogspot.in/2008/08/sandra-talks-about-life-with-sanath.html |website=Sanath189.blogspot.in}}</ref> Sanath separated from Sandra in 2012. Sanath Jayasuriya married Maleeka Sirisenage in 2012 and this was the third marriage, later separated.<ref>{{cite web |date=2 February 2014 |title=Know about Sanath Jayasuriya's third marriage with Maleeka Sirisena |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/sports/cricket/know-about-sanath-jayasuriya-third-marriage-maleeka-sirisena-10497.html |website=Indiatvnews.com}}</ref>

Sanath is the first cricketer to be appointed as a UN Goodwill Ambassador (by UNAIDS, Geneva) for his commitment to the prevention of HIV/AIDS among young people in Sri Lanka.
He entered politics in February 2010 as a candidate for Matara District. His party is the [[United People's Freedom Alliance]] (UPFA) of the president [[Mahinda Rajapaksa]]. Jayasuriya continued to play cricket after he has secured the most preferential votes from the Matara District by obtaining 74,352 votes.

In October 2013, he was appointed as deputy minister of Postal services in the UPFA government.
He resigned from Chief Selector post with his members on 3 April 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ourlanka.com/srilankanews/sanath-jayasuriya-resigns-as-sri-lankas-chief-selector.htm |title=Sanath Jayasuriya resigns as Sri Lanka's chief selector |access-date=3 April 2015 |archive-date=5 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150405205208/http://ourlanka.com/srilankanews/sanath-jayasuriya-resigns-as-sri-lankas-chief-selector.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>

On 10 June 2015, Jayasuriya with three other UPFA Parliamentarians took oaths from President [[Maithripala Sirisena]] as new deputy ministers.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://colombogazette.com/2015/06/10/sanath-thilanga-among-new-deputy-ministers/|title = Sanath, Thilanga among new Deputy Ministers|date = 10 June 2015}}</ref> Jayasuriya was appointed as Deputy Minister of Local Government and Rural Development. He was in office until the Parliament dissolved on 26 June 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dailynews.lk/?q=political/president-appoints-four-new-deputy-ministers |title=President appoints four new deputy ministers | Daily News Online : Sri Lanka's National News |date=30 June 2015 |website= |access-date=17 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150630054214/http://www.dailynews.lk/?q=political/president-appoints-four-new-deputy-ministers |archive-date=30 June 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> in the 2015 election Jayasuriya did not run for office, but joined the campaign of the [[United National Party]] that won the election. He was later appointed the chairman of selectors of Sri Lanka cricket.

===Knee Injury===
In January 2018, reports confirmed that Jayasuriya was known to suffer with a serious knee injury.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/sports/once-a-nightmare-for-bowlers-the-matara-mauler-sanath-jaysuriya-is-now-unable-to-walk-without-crutches-337135.html |title=Once A Nightmare For Bowlers, The Matara Mauler Sanath Jayasuriya Is Now Unable To Walk Without Crutches |work=India Times|date=6 January 2018 |access-date=2 February 2018}}</ref> According to news, he was unable to walk without the help of crutches. He flew to Melbourne for the surgery and remained under observation for about a month.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://sports.ndtv.com/cricket/sanath-jayasuriya-suffering-from-knee-injury-unable-to-walk-without-crutches-1796671 |title=Sanath Jayasuriya Suffering From Knee Injury, Unable To Walk Without Crutches |publisher=NDTV Convergence Limited |access-date=2 February 2018 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/sanath-jayasuriya-cricket-s-ex-master-blaster-struggling-to-walk-nowadays/story-PtWw8Nx7cbLz7JcbrKCr8J.html |title=Sanath Jayasuriya, cricket's ex master blaster, struggling to walk nowadays|work=Hindustan Times|date=6 January 2018|access-date=2 February 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.news18.com/cricketnext/news/sri-lankan-legend-sanath-jayasuriya-unable-to-walk-without-crutches-1624367.html |title=Sri Lankan Legend Sanath Jayasuriya Unable to Walk Without Crutches|publisher=News 18|access-date=2 February 2018}}</ref>

==Player statistics==
===Career performance===
[[Image:Sanath Jayasuriya Graph.png|center|thumb|350px|Sanath Jayasuriya's career performance graph.]]

===Centuries===
Jayasuriya has scored 14 Test and 28 ODI centuries.

{{Main|List of international cricket centuries by Sanath Jayasuriya}}

Although Jayasuriya made his Test debut in 1991, it was not until 1996 that he scored his first century, when he had become a regular player in the Sri Lankan team.<ref>{{cite news |title=Centurion Jayasuriya |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/other_international/sri_lanka/4260346.stm |work=BBC |date=19 September 2005 |access-date=29 August 2009}}</ref> His career high of [[List of Test cricket triple centuries|340]] against India in August 1997 was the highest score by a Sri Lankan cricketer until 2006,<ref>{{cite news |title= Jayawardene savours new record |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/5227434.stm |work=BBC |date= 29 July 2006 |access-date=29 August 2009}}</ref> and is also part of the [[List of Test cricket records#Team scoring records|highest team total]] (952/6) made in Test cricket.<ref>{{cite news |first=Tony |last=Cozier |title=Sri Lanka's 952 hints at new era |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/sri-lankas-952-hints-at-new-era-1244218.html |work=The Independent |date=7 August 1997 |access-date=29 August 2009 | location=London}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=A. C. |last=de Silva |title=World record-holder Mahanama Observer Schoolboy Cricketer in 1983 and 1984 |url=https://archives.sundayobserver.lk/2008/04/06/spo10.asp |work=Sunday Observer |date=6 April 2008 |access-date=29 August 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120301011807/http://www.sundayobserver.lk/2008/04/06/spo10.asp |archive-date=1 March 2012}}</ref> He has also scored two double centuries; 213 against [[England cricket team|England]] and 253 against [[Pakistan national cricket team|Pakistan]]. His 157 against [[Zimbabwe national cricket team|Zimbabwe]] in 2004 is the second fastest century by a Sri Lankan player.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=batted_score;qualmin1=100;qualval1=batting_strike_rate;runsmin1=100;runsval1=runs;team=8;template=results;type=batting;view=innings|title=Test Matches: Batting Records – Sri Lankan players who have scored centuries with a strike rate of more than 100 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=5 December 2009}}</ref> Jayasuriya, having scored centuries against every Test playing nation except [[New Zealand national cricket team|New Zealand]] and [[West Indies cricket team|West Indies]],<ref name="humble_cricketing_hero" /> retired from Test cricket in 2007 with 14 to his name.<ref name="humble_cricketing_hero">{{cite news |title=Sanath Jayasuriya: Sri Lanka's humble cricketing hero |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/12/09/ta.jayasuriya/index.html |work=CNN |date=17 December 2008 |access-date=29 August 2009}}</ref>

Jayasuriya made his ODI debut in 1989 and started playing as an opening batsman in 1993.<ref>{{cite news|title= Jayasuriya in elite club |last=Mahesh|first=S. Ram |date=10 August 2005|work=The Hindu}}</ref> He went on to score his first century in 1994 against New Zealand. From then on, Jayasuriya has scored the highest number of ODI centuries for Sri Lanka with 28 to his name. He currently holds the fourth place for most centuries in a career, behind [[Virat Kohli]] (50 ODI centuries),[[Sachin Tendulkar]] (with 49 ODI centuries), [[Ricky Ponting]] (30 centuries) and Rohit Sharma (29 centuries).<ref>{{cite web |title=Most hundreds in a career |url=http://stats.cricinfo.com/ci/content/records/282935.html |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=5 December 2009}}</ref> His second century, 134 against Pakistan in 1996, was scored at a strike rate of 206.15 and was the fastest century in ODI cricket at the time. This record was later broken by Pakistani cricketer [[Shahid Afridi]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://archives.sundayobserver.lk/2008/06/22/spo01.asp|title=Master-blaster Sanath won Observer Outstation Cricketer Award in 1988|last=Fernando|first=Leslie|work=Sunday Observer|date=22 June 2008|access-date=5 December 2009|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090705161213/http://www.sundayobserver.lk/2008/06/22/spo01.asp|archive-date=5 July 2009}}</ref> The 189 he made against India in 2000 is the sixth-highest ODI score in a single innings.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.cricinfo.com/ci/content/records/216972.html|title=One Day Internationals: Batting Records – Most runs in an innings|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=5 December 2009}}</ref> Making his second-highest ODI score of 157 against the [[Netherlands national cricket team|Netherlands]] in 2006, Jayasuriya paved the way for Sri Lanka to set the world record for the [[Record ODI score|highest ODI team total]] of 443/9.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cricinfo.com/engvsl/content/story/252357.html|title=Sri Lanka break one-day record|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=5 December 2009}}</ref> With his 107 against [[India national cricket team|India]] on 28 January 2009, Jayasuriya—39 years and 212 days old at the time—became the oldest player to score a century, which was surpassed by UAE batsman [[Khurram Khan]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.cricinfo.com/ci/content/records/282995.html|title=One Day Internationals: Batting Records – Oldest player to score a hundred|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=5 December 2009}}</ref> and also became the second player to score more than 13,000 runs in a career.<ref group="N">Sachin Tendulkar was the first player to go past 13,000 ODI runs.</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cricinfo.com/slvind2009/content/story/388171.html|title=Age and weather hold no bar for Jayasuriya|last= Thawfeeq|first=Sa'adi|date=28 January 2009|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=5 December 2009}}</ref> Sanath Jayasuriya also holds the record of fourth fastest 150 in one day internationals. he made 152 vs England at Leeds on 1 July 2006, off just 99 balls which were the fastest at that time, and now after [[AB de Villiers]] 63 balls 150, [[Shane Watson]] 93 balls 150, and [[Luke Ronchi]] 95 balls 150.

== Records and career achievements ==
*Sanath Jayasuriya has scored 19,298 runs as an opener in international cricket, the most by any opener in cricket history.<ref name="Indiatoday">{{cite web |last1=Chowdury |first1=Sabyasachi |title=Most International Runs as Opener |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/visualstories/sports/most-international-runs-as-opener-10484-13-09-2022 |website=India Today |date=13 September 2022 |access-date=29 June 2023}}</ref>
* Sanath Jayasuriya is the only cricketer in the history to achieve the all rounder double of [[List of players who have scored 10,000 or more runs in One Day International cricket|scoring 10,000 runs]] and [[List of bowlers who have taken 300 or more wickets in One Day International cricket|taking 300 wickets]] in a single format.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/282787.html|title=Records | One-Day Internationals | All-round records | 1000 runs and 100 wickets|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=17 February 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gulfnews.com/sport/cricket/jayasuriya-captures-unique-double-1.190935|title=Jayasuriya captures unique double|website=Gulfnews.com|date=24 July 2007 |access-date=17 February 2022}}</ref>
* He is the first cricketer in international cricket to score a century in less than 50 balls. He scored a One Day International century in just 48 balls against Pakistan in 1996.<ref name=cc1/>
* Jayasuriya is the highest wicket taker among left arm spinners in ODI cricket. In his career he took 323 wickets at an average of 36.75, including 12 four wicket hauls.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283193.html|title=Records | One-Day Internationals | Bowling records | Most wickets in career |work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=17 February 2022}}</ref>
* Jayasuriya holds the record for the second highest ODI innings by a Sri Lankan. He scored 189 runs against India at Sharjah in 2000{{Ref|2|Note 2}}. That innings of Jayasuriya has accounted for 64% of runs in the Sri Lankan total (299) and 54% of runs in the entire match (353). Indians were all out for just 54 runs which resulted Jayasuriya out scoring the opposition team by 135 runs.<ref name=cc1/>
* 28 centuries scored by Sanath Jayasuriya is the most by a Sri Lankan in One Day Internationals. He also scored 14 test centuries including two double centuries and one triple century.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/srilanka/engine/records/batting/most_hundreds_career.html?class=2&id=8&type=team|title=Sri Lanka Cricket Team Records & Stats|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=17 February 2022}}</ref>
* He holds the record for most runs scored in a two-match test series.<ref name=j1>{{Cite web|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=runs;qualmax3=2;qualval3=matches;template=results;type=batting;view=series|title=Batting records | Test matches | ESPNcricinfo Statsguru|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=17 February 2022}}</ref> He scored 571 runs against India in a two-match series in 1997.<ref name=j1/>
* Jayasuriya scored 340 runs in a test match against India at the Premadasa Stadium Colombo in 1997. It is the highest test score by a batsman against India and the second-highest test score by a Sri Lankan. It is also the Eighth-highest test score by a batsman in test cricket.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/208504.html|title=Records | Test matches | Batting records | Most runs in an innings|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=17 February 2022}}</ref> He batted for 799 minutes during this innings, which is currently the fourth-longest innings in terms of time in test cricket and the longest test innings played by a batsman in the [[Indian subcontinent]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/284006.html|title=Records | Test matches | Batting records | Longest individual innings (by minutes)|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=17 February 2022}}</ref>
* Jaysuriya and Roshan Mahanama holds the record for highest partnership for 2nd wicket in test cricket.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/Ci/content/records/254836.html|title=Records | Test matches | Partnership records | Highest partnerships by wicket|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=17 February 2022}}</ref> The pair scored 576 runs together against India in 1997, which was the first time a partnership of over 500 runs was recorded in test cricket. It is currently the second-highest partnership for any wicket in test cricket.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/wi/content/records/283573.html|title=Records | Test matches | Partnership records | Highest partnerships for any wicket |work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=17 February 2022}}</ref>
* Jayasuriya is the first Sri Lankan cricketer and the second from the Indian subcontinent after Hanif Mohammad of Pakistan, to [[List of Test cricket triple centuries|score a test triple century]]. He is also the first Sri Lankan to score a triple century in first class cricket.
* At some point of his career Sanath Jayasuriya held the world records for the fastest 50, fastest 100 and fastest 150 in One Day International cricket.<ref name=cc1>[https://www.cricketcountry.com/articles/sanath-jayasuriyas-14-jaw-dropping-stats-across-formats-505447 Sanath Jayasuriya’s 14 jaw-dropping stats across formats], Cricketcountry.com, Nishad Pai Vaidya, June 30, 2017</ref>
* He is also the only all-rounder to score over 1,000 runs and capture more than 25 wickets in Cricket World Cup history. In addition to that, he has taken 18 catches the second most for any out-fielder after Ricky Ponting of Australia in world cup matches.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/fielding/most_catches_career.html?id=12&type=trophy|title=World Cup Cricket Team Records & Stats |work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=17 February 2022}}</ref>
* Jayasuriya is the first cricketer to score over 10,000 ODI runs with a career strike rate over 90.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/pakwi/content/records/83548.html|title=Records | One-Day Internationals | Batting records | Most runs in career |work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=17 February 2022}}</ref>
* Among the 12 cricketers who have managed to score over 20 000 runs across formats in international cricket, Sanath Jayasuriya has the highest strike rate.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/284269.html|title=Records | Combined Test, ODI and T20I records | Batting records | Most runs in career |work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=17 February 2022}}</ref>
* He is the first and only batsman in history to score two consecutive ODI scores above 150.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://goldenbookofrecords.com/first-batsman-to-have-two-consecutive-150-scores-in-odi/|title=First batsman to have two consecutive 150 plus scores in one day international cricket|website=Goldenbookofrecords.com|access-date=17 February 2022|archive-date=20 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920170726/http://goldenbookofrecords.com/first-batsman-to-have-two-consecutive-150-scores-in-odi/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Jayasuriya has 58 [[Man of the Match]] awards in combined international cricket.<ref name=x>{{Cite web|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283470.html|title=Records | Combined Test, ODI and T20I records | Individual records (captains, players, umpires) | Most player-of-the-match awards |work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=17 February 2022}}</ref> The second most for any player after Sachin Tendulkar.<ref name=x/>
* He is the only all-rounder in [[list A cricket]] history to achieve the double distinction of scoring over 15 000 runs and capturing over 400 wickets in his career.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283197.html|title=Records | List A matches | Bowling records | Most wickets in career |work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=17 February 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/wi/content/records/282830.html|title=Records | List A matches | Batting records | Most runs in career|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=17 February 2022}}</ref>
* As an all-rounder Jayasuriya scored 21,032 runs and captured 440 wickets in his combined international cricket career. He also took 205 catches as an outfielder.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283489.html|title=Records | Combined Test, ODI and T20I records | Individual records (captains, players, umpires) | Most matches in career |work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=17 February 2022}}</ref>
* In his combined professional cricket career across First-class, List A and T20 formats, Jayasuriya scored 31,576 runs and captured 695 wickets. He also took 336 catches.
* At the time of his retirement, he held the records for the most runs scored by a Sri Lankan player in test and ODI cricket.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/22921811|title=The Jayasuriya journey in numbers|publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=16 June 2020}}</ref>

==Awards==
{{See also|Player of the Match awards (cricket)}}
Jayasuriya has won many international awards in his 20-year cricketing career. He is second only to [[Sachin Tendulkar]] by the number of Man of the match awards for ODIs, where Tendulkar has 62 Man of the Match awards and Jayasuriya has 47 of them. He also has 11 ODI Man of the Series awards. Besides ODI awards, he has 4 Test Man of the Match awards and single Test Man of the Series awards. He has 5 T20I Man of the Match awards as well.

==See also==
*[[List of international cricket centuries by Sanath Jayasuriya]]
*[[List of One Day International cricket records]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist|group="N"}}
:2.{{note|2}} Jayasuriya's innings of 189 could have been considered the equal-second highest, matching [[Viv Richards]]' innings of 189 [[not out]] from 1984. However, Richards' innings is generally ranked above Jayasuriya's in lists because he was not out.<ref>Cricinfo [http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/216972.html Records, One Day Internationals, Batting Records, Most runs in an innings], Retrieved 28 January 2011.</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{ESPNcricinfo|id=49209}}
* {{commons category-inline}}
{{s-start}}
{{s-ach}}
{{succession box|title=[[Wisden Leading Cricketer in the World]]|before=[[Brian Lara]] |after=[[Shane Warne]]|years=1996}}
{{succession box
| title = [[Player of the Match awards (cricket)|World Cup Player of the Series]] winner
| before = [[Martin Crowe]]
| after = [[Lance Klusener]]
| years = 1996
}}
{{s-sports}}
{{s-bef| rows = 2 | before = [[Arjuna Ranatunga]] }}
{{s-ttl| title = [[Sri Lankan national cricket captains|Sri Lankan Test Cricket Captain]]
| years = 1999–2003 }}
{{s-aft| after = [[Hashan Tillakaratne]] }}
{{s-ttl| title = [[Sri Lankan national cricket captains|Sri Lankan ODI Cricket Captain]]
| years = 1999–2003 }}
{{s-aft| after = [[Marvan Atapattu]] }}

{{s-end}}

{{Sri Lankans with 100 or more Test caps}}
{{Sri Lanka Test Cricket Captains}}
{{Sri Lanka ODI Cricket Captains}}
{{Player of the Series in ICC Cricket World Cup}}
{{Batsmen who have scored 10000 Runs in ODI Cricket}}
{{300 ODI wickets club}}

{{Navboxes
|title= Sri Lanka squads
|bg= blue
|fg= #FFCC00
|bordercolor=#FFCC00
|list1=
{{Sri Lanka Squad 1992 Cricket World Cup}}
{{Sri Lanka Squad 1996 Cricket World Cup}}
{{Sri Lanka Squad 1997 Asia Cup}}
{{Sri Lanka Squad 1999 Cricket World Cup}}
{{Sri Lanka Squad 2002 ICC Champions Trophy}}
{{Sri Lanka Squad 2003 Cricket World Cup}}
{{Sri Lanka Squad 2004 Asia Cup}}
{{Sri Lanka Squad 2007 Cricket World Cup}}
{{Sri Lanka Squad 2007 World Twenty20}}
{{Sri Lanka Squad 2008 Asia Cup}}
{{Sri Lanka Squad 2009 World Twenty20}}
{{Sri Lanka Squad 2010 World Twenty20}}
{{Sri Lanka Squad 2026 Men's T20 World Cup}}
}}
{{Members of the 14th Parliament of Sri Lanka}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jayasuriya, Sanath}}
[[Category:Sri Lankan sportsperson-politicians]]
[[Category:Sri Lanka One Day International cricketers]]
[[Category:Sri Lanka Test cricketers]]
[[Category:Sri Lanka Twenty20 International cricketers]]
[[Category:21st-century Sri Lankan sportsmen]]
[[Category:Sri Lanka Test cricket captains]]
[[Category:Wisden Cricketers of the Year]]
[[Category:Wisden Leading Cricketers in the World]]
[[Category:Somerset cricketers]]
[[Category:Sri Lankan expatriate cricketers in England]]
[[Category:ACC Asian XI One Day International cricketers]]
[[Category:Cricketers at the 1992 Cricket World Cup]]
[[Category:Cricketers at the 1996 Cricket World Cup]]
[[Category:Cricketers at the 1999 Cricket World Cup]]
[[Category:Cricketers at the 2003 Cricket World Cup]]
[[Category:1969 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Cricketers from Matara, Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:Basnahira North cricketers]]
[[Category:Bloomfield Cricket and Athletic Club cricketers]]
[[Category:Colombo Cricket Club cricketers]]
[[Category:Mumbai Indians cricketers]]
[[Category:Sri Lankan expatriate cricketers in India]]
[[Category:Dolphins (South African cricket team) players]]
[[Category:Sri Lankan Buddhists]]
[[Category:Marylebone Cricket Club cricketers]]
[[Category:Members of the 14th Parliament of Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:Ruhuna cricketers]]
[[Category:Khulna Tigers cricketers]]
[[Category:Sri Lankan expatriate cricketers in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Kandurata Warriors cricketers]]
[[Category:Man of the Tournament in ODI Worldcup]]
[[Category:Cricketers at the 2007 Cricket World Cup]]
[[Category:Deshabandu]]

Ayurveda

2026-03-22T01:11:42Z

CallGirlMumbai: corrected citations also and added references per standard format

{{Short description|Pseudoscientific alternative medicine originating from India}}
{{protection padlock|small=yes}}
{{Use British English|date=October 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
[[File:Dhanvantari-at-Ayurveda-expo.jpg|thumb|[[Dhanvantari]], an avatar of [[Vishnu]], is the Hindu god associated with ayurveda.]]
{{Alternative medical systems| traditional}}{{Hinduism|scriptures}}
'''Ayurveda''' ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|ɑː|j|ʊər|ˈ|v|eɪ|d|ə|,_|-|ˈ|v|iː|-}}; {{IAST3|āyurveda}}<ref name="oxford">{{Cite web |title=Ayurveda |url=https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/ayurveda |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161210124157/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/Ayurveda |archive-date=10 December 2016 |website=Oxford University Press}}</ref>) is an [[alternative medicine]] system with historical roots in the [[Indian subcontinent]].<ref name=HIML-intro>{{cite book|last1=Meulenbeld|first1=Gerrit Jan|title=A History of Indian Medical Literature|date=1999|publisher=Egbert Forsten|location=Groningen|isbn=978-90-6980-124-7|chapter=Introduction}}</ref> It is heavily practised throughout India and Nepal, where as much as 80% of the population report using ayurveda.<ref name="who01"/><ref>{{Cite web |year=2009 |title=Backgrounder. Ayurvedic Mecicine: an Introduction |url=https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GOVPUB-HE20-PURL-gpo29672/pdf/GOVPUB-HE20-PURL-gpo29672.pdf |access-date=2024-06-03 |publisher=US Department of Health and Human Services |id=D287 |agency=GovInfo: Discover U.S. Government Information}}</ref><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" /> The theory and practice of ayurveda are [[pseudoscientific]],<ref name="kaufman">{{Cite book |last=Beall |first=Jeffrey |title=Pseudoscience: The Conspiracy Against Science |publisher=MIT Press |year=2018 |isbn=978-0-262-03742-6 |editor-last=Kaufman |editor-first=Allison B. |page=293 |chapter=Scientific soundness and the problem of predatory journals |quote=Ayurveda, a traditional Indian medicine, is the subject of more than a dozen, with some of these 'scholarly' journals devoted to Ayurveda alone ..., others to Ayurveda and some other pseudoscience. ... Most current Ayurveda research can be classified as 'tooth fairy science,' research that accepts as its premise something not scientifically known to exist. ... Ayurveda is a long-standing system of beliefs and traditions, but its claimed effects have not been scientifically proven. Most Ayurveda researchers might as well be studying the tooth fairy. The German publisher Wolters Kluwer bought the Indian open-access publisher Medknow in 2011. ... It acquired its entire fleet of journals, including those devoted to pseudoscience topics such as ''An International Quarterly Journal of Research in Ayurveda''. |author-link=Jeffrey Beall |editor-last2=Kaufman |editor-first2=James C. |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dwFKDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA293 |access-date=11 September 2020 |archive-date=7 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230907105226/https://books.google.com/books?id=dwFKDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA293 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Quack-2011" /> and many ayurvedic preparations, particularly in the rasa shastra tradition, contain toxic levels of [[Lead poisoning|lead]], [[Mercury poisoning|mercury]], and [[Arsenic poisoning|arsenic]].<ref name="Dargan" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Saper |first=Robert B. |date=2008-08-27 |title=Lead, Mercury, and Arsenic in US- and Indian-Manufactured Ayurvedic Medicines Sold via the Internet |journal=JAMA |volume=300 |issue=8 |pages=915–923 |doi=10.1001/jama.300.8.915 |issn=0098-7484 |pmc=2755247 |pmid=18728265}}</ref>

Ayurveda therapies have varied and evolved over more than two millennia.<ref name="HIML-intro" /> Therapies include [[herbal medicine]]s, [[Dieting#Detox|special diets]], [[Meditation#Hinduism|meditation]], [[yoga]], [[massage]], [[Laxative#Historical and health fraud uses|laxatives]], [[Enema#Alternative medicine|enemas]], and medical oils.<ref name="WebMD" /><ref name="cruk" /> Early ayurvedic preparations were almost entirely based on complex herbal compounds based on the [[materia medica]] of South Asia.<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-642-18659-2 |title=Indian Herbal Remedies |date=2004 |publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg |isbn=978-3-642-62229-8 |editor-last=Khare |editor-first=C. P. |location=Berlin, Heidelberg |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-642-18659-2}}</ref> Iron tonics have an ancient history in ayurveda,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wujastyk |first=Dagmar |date=2019 |title=Iron Tonics: Tracing the Development from Classical to Iatrochemical Formulations in Ayurveda |url=https://zenodo.org/records/18615354 |journal=HIMALAYA, the Journal of the Association for Nepal and Himalayan Studies |volume=39 |issue=1 |doi=10.5281/zenodo.18615354 |issn=2471-3716}}</ref> but minerals and other metal substances began to enter the traditional [[pharmacopoeia]] more pervasively after the eleventh century, under the influence of early Indian alchemy or ''[[rasashastra]]''.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://academic.oup.com/book/60847 |title=Indian Alchemy: Sources and Contexts |date=2025-10-17 |publisher=Oxford University PressNew York, NY |isbn=978-0-19-780583-1 |editor-last=Wujastyk |editor-first=Dagmar |edition=1 |language=en |doi=10.1093/9780197805831.001.0001}}</ref> Ancient ayurveda texts also taught surgical techniques, including [[rhinoplasty]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wujastyk |first=Dominik |url=https://hasp.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/catalog/book/1203 |title=On the Plastic Surgery of the Ears and Nose |last2=Birch |first2=Jason |last3=Klebanov |first3=Andrey |last4=Parameswaran |first4=Madhu K. |last5=Rimal |first5=Madhusudan |last6=Chakraborty |first6=Deepro |last7=Bhatt |first7=Harshal |last8=Lele |first8=Vandana |last9=Mehta |first9=Paras |date=2023 |publisher=Heidelberg Asian Studies Publishing |language=en |doi=10.11588/hasp.1203}}</ref> [[lithotomy]], sutures, [[cataract surgery]],<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Leffler |first=Christopher T. |last2=Klebanov |first2=Andrey |last3=Samara |first3=Wasim A. |last4=Grzybowski |first4=Andrzej |date=2020 |title=The history of cataract surgery: from couching to phacoemulsification |url=http://atm.amegroups.com/article/view/54993/html |journal=Annals of Translational Medicine |volume=8 |issue=22 |pages=1551–1551 |doi=10.21037/atm-2019-rcs-04 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Leffler |first=Christopher T. |title=History of Cataract Surgery - The History of Ophthalmology |date=2024 |publisher=Kugler Publications |isbn=978-90-6299-949-1 |location=Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar}}</ref> and the extraction of foreign objects.{{sfn|Wujastyk|2003a}}<ref name="mukh-surg">{{Cite book |last=Mukhopadhyaya |first=Girindranath |url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924012165522 |title=The Surgical Instruments of the Hindus, with a Comparative Study of the Surgical Instruments of the Greek, Roman, Arab, and the Modern European Surgeons |date=1913 |publisher=Calcutta University |location=Calcutta |access-date=16 October 2015}}</ref>

Historical evidence for ayurvedic terminology and concepts appear in the [[Buddhist canons|Buddhist Canon]] from the middle of the first millennium BCE onwards.<ref name=":12">{{Cite book |last=Meulenbeld |first=Gerrit Jan |title=A history of Indian medical literature |publisher=Egbert Forsten |year=1999 |isbn=90-6980-124-8 |location=Groningen |pages=passim |lccn=2001449327 |oclc=42207455 |ol=23870494M }}</ref> The main classical ayurveda texts are datable in their present form to the first centuries CE.<ref name=":12" /> Like many texts from Classical Antiquity, these texts begin with accounts of the transmission of medical knowledge from the gods to sages and then to human physicians.<ref name="zysk-myth">{{cite book|last1=Zysk|first1=Kenneth G.|editor1-last=Josephson|editor1-first=Folke|title=Categorisation and Interpretation|date=1999|publisher=Meijerbergs institut för svensk etymologisk forskning, Göteborgs universitet|isbn=978-91-630-7978-8|pages=125–145|chapter=Mythology and the Brāhmaṇization of Indian medicine: Transforming Heterodoxy into Orthodoxy}}</ref> Printed editions of the ''[[Sushruta Samhita]]'' (''Sushruta's Compendium''), frame the work as the teachings of [[Dhanvantari]], the [[Hindu god|Hindu deity]] of ayurveda, incarnated as King [[Divodāsa]] of Varanasi, to a group of physicians, including [[Sushruta]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bhishagratna |first=Kaviraj Kunjalal |url=https://archive.org/stream/b24758619_0001#page/n103/mode/2up |title=An English Translation of the Sushruta Samhita Based on Original Sanskrit text |date=1907 |publisher=K. K. Bhishagratna |location=Calcutta |page=1 |access-date=16 October 2015}}</ref><ref name="britannica">{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Dhanvantari. (2010). In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 4 August 2010, from Encyclopædia Britannica Online |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/160641/Dhanvantari |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150427134748/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/160641/Dhanvantari |archive-date=27 April 2015 |access-date=2 June 2022}}</ref> The oldest manuscripts of the work, however, omit this frame, ascribing the work directly to King Divodāsa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Birch |first1=Jason |last2=Wujastyk |first2=Dominik |last3=Klebanov |first3=Andrey |last4=Parameswaran |first4=Madhu |last5=Rimal |first5=Madhusudan |last6=Chakraborty |first6=Deepro |last7=Bhatt |first7=Harshal |last8=Shenoy |first8=Devyani |last9=Lele |first9=Vandana |date=2021 |title=Further Insight into the Role of Dhanvantari, the physician to the gods, in the Suśrutasaṃhitā |url=https://www.academia.edu/56668282 |journal=Academia Letters |doi=10.20935/al2992 |s2cid=238681626 |access-date=2 May 2022 |archive-date=15 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415232626/https://www.academia.edu/56668282 |url-status=live}}</ref>

In ayurveda texts, ''[[dosha]]'' balance is emphasised, and suppressing natural urges is considered unhealthy and claimed to lead to illness.<ref name="WujastykXVIII" /> Ayurveda treatises describe three elemental ''doshas'': ''vāta'', ''pitta'' and ''kapha'', and state that balance ([[Skt.]] ''sāmyatva'') of the ''doshas'' results in health, while imbalance (''viṣamatva'') results in disease. Ayurveda treatises divide medicine into eight canonical components. Ayurveda practitioners had developed various medicinal preparations and surgical procedures from at least the beginning of the [[Common Era|common era]].<ref name="shar-hist">{{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=Priya Vrat |title=History of Medicine in India |date=1992 |publisher=Indian National Science Academy |location=New Delhi}}</ref>

Ayurveda has been adapted for Western consumption, notably by [[Baba Hari Dass]] in the 1970s and [[Maharishi ayurveda]] in the 1980s.<ref name=":9">{{Cite book |last1=Wujastyk |first1=Dagmar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M3XBu-vpXgoC&pg=PP1 |title=Modern and Global Ayurveda: Pluralism and Paradigms |last2=Smith |first2=Frederick M. |date=2013-09-09 |publisher=SUNY Press |isbn=978-0-7914-7816-5 |access-date=10 March 2022 |archive-date=7 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230907105230/https://books.google.com/books?id=M3XBu-vpXgoC&pg=PP1 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Although some ayurvedic treatments can help relieve some symptoms of cancer, there is no good evidence that the disease can be treated or cured through ayurveda.<ref name="cruk" />

== Etymology ==
The term ''āyurveda'' ({{langx|sa|[[:wikt:आयुर्वेद|आयुर्वेद]]}}) is composed of two words, ''āyus'', {{Lang|sa|आयुस्}}, "life" or "longevity", and ''veda'', {{Lang|sa|वेद}}, "knowledge", translated as "knowledge of longevity"<ref name="MaasCambridge_2018">{{Cite book |last=Maas |first=Philipp A. |title=The Cambridge History of Science: Volume 1, Ancient Science |date=2018 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-108-68262-6 |editor-last=Jones |editor-first=Alexander |pages=532–550 |chapter=27. Indian Medicine and Ayurveda |doi=10.1017/9780511980145.029 |editor-last2=Taub |editor-first2=Liba |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DWV9DwAAQBAJ&dq=The+Cambridge+History+of+Science+vol+1+Indian+Medicine+and+Ayurveda&pg=PT727 |s2cid=209267391 |access-date=24 April 2022 |archive-date=7 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230907105227/https://books.google.com/books?id=DWV9DwAAQBAJ&dq=The+Cambridge+History+of+Science+vol+1+Indian+Medicine+and+Ayurveda&pg=PT727 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Smith+Wujastyk" /> or "knowledge of life and longevity".<ref name="GregoryFields">{{Cite book |last=Fields |first=Gregory P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rvQhuyGpB3wC&pg=PA37 |title=Religious Therapeutics: Body and Health in Yoga, Ayurveda, and Tantra |date=2001 |publisher=SUNY Press |isbn=978-0-7914-4915-8 |page=36 |access-date=10 March 2022 |archive-date=7 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230907105227/https://books.google.com/books?id=rvQhuyGpB3wC&pg=PA37 |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Eight components ==
[[File:Nagarjuna.gif|thumb|[[Nagarjuna]], known for the ''[[Madhyamaka]]'' (middle path), wrote the medical works ''The Hundred Prescriptions'' and ''The Precious Collection''.<ref name="CliffordMLBD">Clifford, Terry; Chandra, Lokesh (2017). [https://books.google.com/books?id=FiEzEAAAQBAJ&q=Ayurveda ''Tibetan Buddhist Medicine and Psychiatry''.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230508175039/https://books.google.com/books?id=FiEzEAAAQBAJ&q=Ayurveda |date=8 May 2023}} 42. Motilal Banarsidass Publications. {{ISBN|978-8120812055}}.</ref>|left]]

The earliest classical [[Sanskrit]] works on ayurveda describe medicine as being divided into eight components (Skt. ''aṅga'').<ref>{{Cite book |title=Suśrutasaṃhitā |publisher=Nirṇayasāgara Press |year=1945 |editor-last=Ācārya |editor-first=Yādava Trivikramātmaja |location=Bombay |pages=2–3 |chapter=Sūtrasthāna 1.7–9 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/sushrutasamhita/sushruta_samhita_critical#page/n229/mode/2up}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=The Carakasaṃhitā of Caraka, with the commentary by Cakrapāṇidatta, edited by Yadavaśarman Trivikarama Ācārya |publisher=Nirṇayasāgara Press |year=1941 |editor-last=Ācārya |editor-first=Yādava Trivikramātmaja |location=Bombay |page=189 |chapter=Sūtrasthāna 30.28 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/TheCarakasahitOrCharakasamhitaOfCarakaEditedByYadavaarman/Carakasamhita-Trikamji1941#page/n253/mode/2up}}</ref> This characterization of the physician's art, "the medicine that has eight components" ({{Langx|sa|चिकित्सायामष्टाङ्गायाम्|translit=cikitsāyām aṣṭāṅgāyāṃ}}), is first found in the Sanskrit epic the [[Mahabharata|''Mahābhārata'']], c. 4th century BCE.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wujastyk |first=Dominik |title=The Blackwell Companion to Hinduism |publisher=Blackwell |year=2003b |isbn=978-1-4051-3251-0 |editor-last=Flood |editor-first=Gavin |location=Oxford |page=394 |chapter=Indian Medicine}}</ref> The components are:<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=Priya Vrat |title=Suśruta-Samhitā With English Translation of text ... |publisher=Chaukhambha Visvabharati |year=1999 |volume=1 |location=Varanasi |pages=7–11}}{{Request quotation|date=November 2015}}</ref><ref name="GregoryFields" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Bhishagratna |first=Kaviraj Kunja Lal |url=https://archive.org/stream/englishtranslati01susruoft#page/2/mode/2up |title=An English Translation of the Sushruta Samhita Based on Original Sanskrit Text |publisher=The Author |year=1907 |volume=1 |location=Calcutta |pages=2–6}}</ref>
* ''Kāyachikitsā'': general medicine, medicine of the body
* ''Kaumāra-bhṛtya'' (Pediatrics): Discussions about prenatal and postnatal care of baby and mother; methods of conception; choosing the child's sex, intelligence, and constitution; childhood diseases; and midwifery<ref>{{Cite book |last=Swami Sadashiva Tirtha |url=https://archive.org/details/ayurvedaencyclop00tirt |title=The Ãyurveda Encyclopedia: Natural Secrets to Healing, Prevention & Longevity |publisher=Ayurveda Holistic Center Press |year=1998 |isbn=0-9658042-2-4 |url-access=registration}}</ref>
* ''Śalyatantra'': [[History of surgery#India|surgical techniques]] and the extraction of foreign objects
* ''Śhālākyatantra:'' treatment of ailments affecting openings or cavities in the upper body: ears, eyes, nose, mouth, etc.
* ''Bhūtavidyā'': pacification of possessing spirits, and the people whose minds are affected by such possession
* ''[[Agada]]tantra''/''Vishagara-vairodh Tantra'' (Toxicology): includes epidemics; toxins in animals, vegetables and minerals; and keys for recognizing those anomalies and their antidotes
* ''Rasāyantantra'': [[rejuvenation]] and tonics for increasing lifespan, intellect and strength
* ''Vājīkaraṇatantra'': [[aphrodisiacs]]; treatments for increasing the volume and viability of semen and sexual pleasure; infertility problems.
Note, however, that the chapter-divisions of the major ancient encyclopedias of ayurveda do not follow these divisions.

== Principles and terminology ==
{{further|Mahābhūta}}
The central philosophical ideas of ayurveda show parallels with [[Samkhya]] and [[Vaisheshika]] philosophies, as well as with [[Buddhism]] and [[Jainism]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Comba |first=Antonella |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xDvbumli2i0C |title=Studies on Indian Medical History |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |year=2001 |isbn=978-81-208-1768-5 |editor-last=Meulenbeld |editor-first=Gerrit Jan |location=Delhi |pages=39–55 |chapter=Carakasaṃhitā, Śārīrasthāna~I and Vaiśeṣika Philosophy |editor-last2=Wujastyk |editor-first2=Dominik |access-date=9 April 2022 |archive-date=7 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230907105227/https://books.google.com/books?id=xDvbumli2i0C |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Basham |first=A. L. |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1525/9780520322295-005/html |title=Asian Medical Systems |publisher=University of California Press |year=1976 |isbn=978-0-520-32229-5 |editor-last=Leslie |editor-first=Charles |location=Berkeley |pages=18–43 |chapter=The Practice of Medicine in Ancient and Medieval India |doi=10.1525/9780520322295-005 |access-date=1 March 2022 |archive-date=1 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220301041952/https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1525/9780520322295-005/html |url-status=live}}</ref> Moderation is emphasized, and suppressing natural urges is considered unhealthy and claimed to lead to illness.<ref name="WujastykXVIII" /> For example, to suppress sneezing is said to potentially give rise to shoulder pain.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Pathak |first1=Namyata |last2=Raut |first2=Ashwinikumar |last3=Vaidya |first3=Ashok |date=2008-10-01 |title=Acute cervical pain syndrome resulting from suppressed sneezing |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/23670923 |journal=The Journal of the Association of Physicians of India |volume=56 |pages=728–9}}</ref> However, people are also cautioned to stay within the limits of reasonable balance and measure when following nature's urges.<ref name="WujastykXVIII" /> For example, emphasis is placed on moderation of food intake,<ref name="Chopra75">{{Harvnb|Chopra|2003|p=75}}</ref> sleep, and sexual intercourse.<ref name="WujastykXVIII">{{harvnb|Wujastyk|2003a|page=xviii}}</ref>

[[File:Ayurveda humors.svg|thumb|The three [[dosha]]s and the five elements from which they are composed]]
According to ayurveda, the human body is composed of tissues (''[[Dhātu (ayurveda)|dhatus]]''), waste (''malas''), and humoral fluids (''[[dosha]]s'').<ref name="Mishra" /> The seven ''dhatus'' are chyle (''rasa''), blood (''rakta''), muscles (''māmsa''), fat (''meda''), bone (''asthi''), [[Bone marrow|marrow]] (''majja''), and semen (''shukra'').<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Maas |first=Philipp A. |date=2009 |title=The Concepts of the Human Body and Disease in Classical Yoga and Āyurveda |url=http://hw.oeaw.ac.at/?arp=0x001e1d24 |journal=Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kunde Südasiens |language=de |volume=51 |pages=123–162 |doi=10.1553/wzksLIs123 |issn=0084-0084}}</ref> Like the medicine of classical antiquity, the classic treatises of ayurveda divided bodily substances into five [[Classical element#Classical elements in Hinduism|classical elements]] (''[[panchamahabhuta]]'') viz. [[Prithvi|earth]], [[Ap (water)|water]], [[Agni|fire]], [[Vayu|air]] and [[ether (classical element)|ether]].<ref name="Underwood&Rhodes(2008)" /> There are also twenty [[Guṇa|guna]]s (qualities or characteristics) which are considered to be inherent in all matter. These are organized in ten pairs: heavy/light, cold/hot, unctuous/dry, dull/sharp, stable/mobile, soft/hard, non-slimy/slimy, smooth/coarse, minute/gross, and viscous/liquid.<ref name="Chopra76">{{harvnb|Chopra|2003|p=76}}, citing Sushrutasamhita 25.36.</ref>

{{Anchor|Tridosha system}}The three postulated elemental bodily humours, the ''doshas'' or ''tridosha'', are ''vata'' (air, which some modern authors equate with the nervous system), ''pitta'' (bile, fire, equated by some with enzymes), and ''kapha'' (phlegm, or earth and water, equated by some with mucus). Contemporary critics assert that ''doshas'' are not real, but are a fictional concept.<ref name="sn">{{Cite web |date=21 November 2019 |title=Ayurvedic practitioners push for licensing in Colorado |url=https://sciencebasedmedicine.org/ayurvedic-practitioners-push-licensing-in-colorado/ |publisher=[[Science-Based Medicine]] |vauthors=Novella S |access-date=27 March 2022 |archive-date=27 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220327035944/https://sciencebasedmedicine.org/ayurvedic-practitioners-push-licensing-in-colorado/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The humours (''doshas'') may also affect mental health. Each ''dosha'' has particular attributes and roles within the body and mind; the natural predominance of one or more ''doshas'' thus explains a person's physical constitution (''prakriti'') and personality.<ref name="Mishra">{{Cite journal |last1=Mishra |first1=Lakshmi-chandra |last2=Singh |first2=Betsy B. |last3=Dagenais |first3=Simon |date=March 2001 |title=Ayurveda: a historical perspective and principles of the traditional healthcare system in India |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/12079939 |journal=Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine |volume=42 |issue=2 |pages=36–42 |pmid=11253415}}</ref><ref name="Payya">{{Cite journal |last1=Payyappallimana |first1=Unnikrishnan |last2=Venkatasubramanian |first2=Padma |date=31 March 2016 |title=Exploring Ayurvedic Knowledge on Food and Health for Providing Innovative Solutions to Contemporary Healthcare |journal=Frontiers in Public Health |volume=4 |issue=57 |page=57 |doi=10.3389/fpubh.2016.00057 |pmc=4815005 |pmid=27066472 |bibcode=2016FrPH....4...57P |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Shilpa |first1=S |last2=Venkatesha Murthy |first2=C.G. |date=January 2011 |title=Understanding personality from Ayurvedic perspective for psychological assessment: A case |journal=AYU |publisher=Institute for Post Graduate Teaching & Research in Ayurveda |volume=32 |issue=1 |pages=12–19 |doi=10.4103/0974-8520.85716 |pmc=3215408 |pmid=22131752 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ayurvedic tradition holds that imbalance among the bodily and mental ''doshas'' is a major etiologic component of disease. One ayurvedic view is that the ''doshas'' are balanced when they are equal to each other, while another view is that each human possesses a unique combination of the ''doshas'' which define this person's temperament and characteristics. In either case, it says that each person should modulate their behavior or environment to increase or decrease the ''doshas'' and maintain their natural state. Practitioners of ayurveda must determine an individual's bodily and mental ''dosha'' makeup, as certain ''prakriti'' are said to predispose one to particular diseases.<ref name="mental" /><ref name="Mishra" /> For example, a person who is thin, shy, excitable, has a pronounced [[Adam's apple]], and enjoys esoteric knowledge is likely ''vata prakriti'' and therefore more susceptible to conditions such as flatulence, stuttering, and rheumatism.<ref name="Mishra" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Bhagwan Dash |first=Vaidya |title=Fundamentals of Ayurvedic Medicine |publisher=Lotus Press |year=1995 |isbn=978-81-220-0117-4}}</ref> Deranged ''vata'' is also associated with certain mental disorders due to excited or excess ''vayu'' (gas), although the ayurvedic text ''[[Charaka Samhita]]'' also attributes "insanity" (''unmada'') to cold food and possession by the ghost of a sinful Brahman (''[[brahmarakshasa]]'').<ref name="Mishra" /><ref name="mental">{{Cite journal |last1=Ramu |first1=M.G. |last2=Venkataram |first2=B.S. |date=January 1985 |title=Manovikara (mental disorders) in Ayurveda |journal=Ancient Science of Life |publisher=Wolters Kluwer Medknow Publications |volume=4 |issue=3 |pages=165–73 |pmc=3331508 |pmid=22557473}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=21 September 2009 |title=Ayurvedic & Western approaches to the treatment of Schizophrenia |url=https://www.ayurvedacollege.com/blog/schizophrenia/#Types_of_insanity_unmada |access-date=6 July 2020 |website=ayurvedacollege.com |archive-date=8 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200708155617/https://www.ayurvedacollege.com/blog/schizophrenia/#Types_of_insanity_unmada |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Acharya |first=YT |title=Charaka samhita. Commentary of Chakrapani |date=1941 |publisher=Nirnayasagar Press |location=Bombay}}</ref>

Ama (a Sanskrit word meaning "uncooked" or "undigested") is used to refer to the concept of anything that exists in a state of incomplete transformation. With regards to [[oral hygiene]], it is claimed to be a toxic byproduct generated by improper or incomplete [[digestion]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kacera |first=Walter |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0aQmGnxBmioC&q=Ayurvedic+Tongue+Diagnosis |title=Ayurvedic Tongue Diagnosis |publisher=Lotus Press |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-940985-77-3 |pages=159–176 |chapter=Ama and Disease}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Amruthesh |first=Sunita |date=1 January 2008 |title=Dentistry and Ayurveda – IV: Classification and management of common oral diseases |journal=Indian Journal of Dental Research |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=52–61 |doi=10.4103/0970-9290.38933 |pmid=18245925 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Amruthesh |first=Sunita |date=2007 |title=Dentistry and Ayurveda-III (basics – ama, immunity, ojas, rasas, etiopathogenesis and prevention) |journal=Indian Journal of Dental Research |volume=18 |issue=3 |pages=112–9 |doi=10.4103/0970-9290.33786 |pmid=17687173 |doi-access=free}}</ref> The concept has no equivalent in [[standard medicine]].

In medieval taxonomies of the Sanskrit knowledge systems, ayurveda is assigned a place as a subsidiary [[Veda]] ([[upaveda]]).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Madhusūdanasarasvatī |url=https://archive.org/stream/Prasthanabheda.by.Madhusudana.Sarasvati#page/n15/mode/2up |title=प्रस्थानभेदः श्रीमधुसूदनसरस्वत्या विरचितः |date=1912 |publisher=श्रीवाणिविलासमुद्रायन्त्रालय |location=श्रीरङ्गम् |page=14 |language=sa |access-date=16 October 2015}}</ref> Some medicinal plant names from the ''[[Atharvaveda]]'' and other Vedas can be found in subsequent ayurveda literature.<ref name="zysk-veda">{{cite book |last1=Zysk |first1=Kenneth G. |title=Medicine in the Veda: Religious Healing in the Veda with Translations and Annotations of Medical Hymns from the Rgveda and the Atharvaveda and Renderings from the Corresponding Ritual Texts |date=2010 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-1401-1 |location=New Delhi}}</ref> Some other school of thoughts considers 'ayurveda' as the '[[Fifth Veda]]'.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sengupta |first=Pradip Kumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VNc9QvzCfLYC&pg=PA486 |title=History of Science and Philosophy of Science: A Philosophical Perspective of the Logic of Ideas in Science |date=2012 |publisher=Longman |isbn=978-81-317-1931-2 |page=486 |quote=Sometimes Ayurveda is also considered as the fifth Veda or Pañcama Veda. |access-date=25 October 2021 |archive-date=7 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230907105800/https://books.google.com/books?id=VNc9QvzCfLYC&pg=PA486 |url-status=live}}</ref> The earliest recorded theoretical statements about the canonical models of disease in ayurveda occur in the earliest [[Buddhist Canon]].<ref name="zysk-asce">{{Cite book |last=Zysk |first=Kenneth G. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BAFndFpP4oUC&pg=PP9 |title=Asceticism and Healing in Ancient India: Medicine in the Buddhist Monastery |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers |year=1998 |isbn=978-81-208-1507-0 |series=Indian Medical Tradition |volume=2 |location=Delhi |access-date=February 28, 2022 |archive-date=7 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230907105729/https://books.google.com/books?id=BAFndFpP4oUC&pg=PP9 |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Practice ==
[[File:Physician taking pulse.jpg|thumb|Physician taking pulse, Delhi, c. 1825|left]]
Ayurvedic practitioners regard physical existence, mental existence, and personality as three separate elements of a whole person with each element being able to influence the others.<ref>{{Cite book|author= |editor-last1=Cornelissen |editor-first1=R. M. Matthijs |editor-last2=Misra |editor-first2= Girishwar |editor-last3=Varma |editor-first3=Suneet |date=2013 |chapter=The blending of healing and pedagogy in Āyurveda |title=Foundations and Applications of Indian Psychology |edition=2nd |publication-place=New Delhi|publisher=Pearson Education India |isbn=9789-332537460 |oclc=987023188 |quote=Central to Āyurvedic healing is the notion of the human persona as a three-dimensional composite of body, mind and self. Āyurveda aims to empower the body to invigorate the mind and, consequently, to use the invigorated mind to generate self-awareness.}}</ref> This [[holistic]] approach used during diagnosis and healing is a fundamental aspect of ayurveda. Another part of ayurvedic treatment says that there are channels (''srotas'') which transport fluids, and that the channels can be opened up by massage treatment using oils and [[Swedana]] (fomentation). Unhealthy, or blocked, channels are thought to cause disease.<ref name="WujastykXIX-XX">{{harvnb|Wujastyk|2003a|pages=xix–xx}}</ref>

=== Diagnosis ===
[[File:Ayurweda kopfmassage.JPG|thumb|upright|An ayurvedic practitioner applying oil using head massage]]
Ayurveda has eight ways to diagnose illness, called ''[[nadi (yoga)|nadi]]'' (pulse), ''mootra'' (urine), ''[[malas (ayurveda)|mala]]'' (stool), ''jihva'' (tongue), ''shabda'' (speech), ''sparsha'' (touch), ''druk'' (vision), and ''aakruti'' (appearance).<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Mishra |first1=Lakshmi-chandra |last2=Singh |first2=Betsy B. |last3=Dagenais |first3=Simon |year=2001 |title=Healthcare and disease management in Ayurveda |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/12079940 |journal=Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=44–50 |pmid=11253416}}</ref> Ayurvedic practitioners approach diagnosis by using the five senses.<ref name="Chopra79">{{Harvnb|Chopra|2003|p=79}}</ref> For example, hearing is used to observe the condition of breathing and speech.<ref name="Underwood&Rhodes(2008)" /> The study of vulnerable points, or ''marma'', is particular to ayurvedic medicine.<ref name="Chopra76" />
[[File:Ayurvedic treatment procedures.svg|left|thumb|upright=2|Treatment procedures]]

=== Treatment and prevention ===
Two of the eight branches of classical ayurveda deal with surgery (''Śalya-cikitsā'' and ''Śālākya-tantra''), but contemporary ayurveda tends to stress attaining vitality by building a healthy [[metabolism|metabolic system]] and maintaining good digestion and [[excretion]].<ref name="Chopra76" /> Ayurveda also focuses on exercise, [[yoga]], and [[meditation]].<ref name="encarta-ayurveda">{{Cite encyclopedia |year=2008 |title=Ayurveda |encyclopedia=[[Encarta]] |publisher=[[Microsoft]] |location=Redmond, WA |url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761596196/Ayurveda.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091028105549/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761596196/Ayurveda.html |archive-date=28 October 2009}}</ref> One type of prescription is a [[Sattvic diet]].

Ayurveda follows the concept of [[dinacharya]], which says that natural cycles (waking, sleeping, working, meditation etc.) are important for health. Hygiene, including regular bathing, cleaning of teeth, [[oil pulling]], [[tongue scraping]], skin care, and eye washing, is also a central practice.<ref name="Underwood&Rhodes(2008)" />

=== Substances used ===
{{See also|Medical ethnobotany of India}}
[[File:Contemporary Ayurveda (156350019).jpeg|thumb|Ayurvedic preparations displayed in Delhi in 2016]]
The vast majority (90%) of ayurvedic remedies are plant based.<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last1=Kumar |first1=Syal |last2=Dobos |first2=Gustav J. |last3=Rampp |first3=Thomas |date=July 2017 |title=The Significance of Ayurvedic Medicinal Plants |journal=Journal of Evidence-Based Complementary & Alternative Medicine |volume=22 |issue=3 |pages=494–501 |doi=10.1177/2156587216671392 |issn=2156-5872 |pmc=5871155 |pmid=27707902}}</ref> Plant-based treatments in ayurveda may be derived from roots, leaves, fruits, bark, or seeds; some examples of plant-based substances include [[cardamom]] and [[cinnamon]]. In the 19th century, William Dymock and co-authors summarized hundreds of plant-derived medicines along with the uses, microscopic structure, chemical composition, toxicology, prevalent myths and stories, and relation to commerce in [[British Raj|British India]].<ref>[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/36345#page/1/mode/1up Pharmacographia Indica] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705180847/http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/36345#page/1/mode/1up |date=5 July 2017}}, A history of principal drugs of vegetable origin in British India – Volume 1, William Dymock et al. (1890), London</ref> [[Triphala]], an herbal formulation of three fruits, [[Amalaki]], [[Bibhitaki]], and [[Haritaki]], is one of the most commonly used<ref>{{Cite news |last=O'mathuna |first=Donal |date=April 12, 2011 |title=Does it work? Can triphala act as an antimicrobial? |newspaper=[[The Irish Times]] |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/health/does-it-work-can-triphala-act-as-an-antimicrobial-1.570237 |access-date=2022-03-01 |archive-date=7 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220707013905/https://www.irishtimes.com/news/health/does-it-work-can-triphala-act-as-an-antimicrobial-1.570237 |url-status=live}}</ref> ayurvedic remedies.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Berry |first=Jennifer |date=2019-10-03 |others=Medically reviewed by Zara Risoldi Cochrane |title=What are the benefits of triphala? Uses, evidence, and risks |url=https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/326547 |access-date=2022-03-01 |website=Medical News Today |archive-date=1 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220301194929/https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/326547 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Peterson |first1=Christine Tara |last2=Denniston |first2=Kate |last3=Chopra |first3=Deepak |date=2017-08-01 |title=Therapeutic Uses of Triphala in Ayurvedic Medicine |journal=Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine |volume=23 |issue=8 |pages=607–614 |doi=10.1089/acm.2017.0083 |issn=1075-5535 |pmc=5567597 |pmid=28696777}}</ref> The herbs ''[[Withania somnifera]]'' (Ashwagandha)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Goldman |first=Rena |date=September 29, 2020 |others=Medically reviewed by Debra Rose Wilson |title=What are the benefits of ashwagandha? |url=https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/318407 |access-date=2022-03-15 |website=Medical News Today |archive-date=15 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220315210501/https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/318407 |url-status=live}}</ref> and ''[[Ocimum tenuiflorum]]'' (Tulsi)<ref name=":7" /> are also routinely used in ayurveda.
[[File:Tulsi-flower.JPG|thumb|Tulsi-flower ([[holy basil]]), an ayurvedic herb|left|220x220px]]
Animal products used in ayurveda include milk, bones, and [[gallstone]]s.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Ng |first1=P.K.L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D1oW0EquxDAC |title=Singapore Biodiversity: An Encyclopedia of the Natural Environment and Sustainable Development |last2=Corlett |first2=R. |last3=Tan |first3=H.T.W. |last4=Raffles Museum of Biodiversity Research |publisher=Editions Didier Millet |year=2011 |isbn=978-981-4260-08-4 |page=164}}</ref> In addition, fats are prescribed both for consumption and for external use. Consumption of minerals, including [[sulfur]], [[arsenic]], lead, [[copper sulfate]] and gold, are also prescribed.<ref name="Underwood&Rhodes(2008)" /> The addition of minerals to herbal medicine is called ''[[rasashastra]]''.

Ayurveda uses alcoholic beverages called ''Madya'',<ref name="IJTNJAN07">{{Cite journal |last=Sekar, S. |year=2007 |title=Traditional alcoholic beverages from Ayurveda and their role on human health |url=http://www.niscair.res.in/sciencecommunication/ResearchJournals/rejour/ijtk/Fulltextsearch/2007/January%202007/IJTK-Vol%206%281%29-January%202007-pp%20144-149.htm |url-status=live |journal=Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=144–149 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141218110751/http://www.niscair.res.in/sciencecommunication/ResearchJournals/rejour/ijtk/Fulltextsearch/2007/January%202007/IJTK-Vol%206%281%29-January%202007-pp%20144-149.htm |archive-date=18 December 2014}}</ref> which are said to adjust the ''doshas'' by increasing ''pitta'' and reducing ''vatta'' and ''kapha''.<ref name="IJTNJAN07" /> Madya are classified by the raw material and fermentation process, and the categories include: sugar-based, fruit-based, cereal-based, cereal-based with herbs, fermented with vinegar, and tonic wines. The intended outcomes can include causing purgation, improving digestion or taste, creating dryness, or loosening joints. Ayurvedic texts describe Madya as non-viscid and fast-acting, and say that it enters and cleans minute pores in the body.<ref name="IJTNJAN07" />

Purified [[opium]]<ref name="ISHS1036">{{Cite journal |last1=Mani, Dayanandan |last2=Dhawan, Sunita S. |year=2011 |title=Scientific basis of therapeutic uses of opium poppy (''Papaver somniferum'') in Ayurveda |url=http://www.actahort.org/books/1036/1036_20.htm |journal=Acta Horticulturae (International Symposium on Papaver) |issue=1036 |pages=175–180 |url-access=subscription |access-date=7 December 2014 |archive-date=12 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150112141320/http://www.actahort.org/books/1036/1036_20.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> is used in eight ayurvedic preparations<ref name="UNODC">{{Cite web |last1=Ram Nath Chopra |last2=I. C. Chopra |date=January 1, 1955 |title=UNODC – Bulletin on Narcotics – 1955 Issue 3 – 001 |url=https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/data-and-analysis/bulletin/bulletin_1955-01-01_3_page002.html |access-date=27 December 2015 |archive-date=5 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105082733/https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/data-and-analysis/bulletin/bulletin_1955-01-01_3_page002.html |url-status=live}}</ref> and is said to balance the ''vata'' and ''kapha'' ''doshas'' and increase the ''pitta'' ''dosha''.<ref name="ISHS1036" /> It is prescribed for diarrhea and dysentery, for increasing the sexual and muscular ability, and for affecting the brain. The sedative and pain-relieving properties of opium are considered in ayurveda. The use of opium is found in the ancient ayurvedic texts, and is first mentioned in the ''Sarngadhara Samhita'' (1300–1400 CE), a book on pharmacy used in [[Rajasthan]] in Western India, as an ingredient of an aphrodisiac to delay male ejaculation.<ref name="IJHS051981">{{Cite journal |last1=Chaturvedi |first1=G. N. |last2=Tiwari |first2=S. K. |last3=Rai |first3=N. P. |date=May 1981 |title=Medicinal Use of Opium and Cannabis in Medieval India |url=http://www.new1.dli.ernet.in/data1/upload/insa/INSA_1/20005af3_31.pdf |journal=Indian Journal of History of Science |volume=16 |pages=31–35 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141028125555/http://www.new1.dli.ernet.in/data1/upload/insa/INSA_1/20005af3_31.pdf |archive-date=2014-10-28 |access-date=2014-10-28 |number=1}}</ref> It is possible that opium was brought to India along with or before [[Muslim conquests on the Indian subcontinent|Muslim conquests]].<ref name="UNODC" /><ref name="Chopra80">{{harvnb|Chopra|2003|p = 80}}</ref> The book ''Yoga Ratnakara'' (1700–1800 CE, unknown author), which is popular in [[Maharashtra]], uses opium in a herbal-mineral composition prescribed for diarrhea.<ref name="IJHS051981" /> In the ''Bhaisajya Ratnavali'', opium and [[camphor]] are used for acute gastroenteritis. In this drug, the respiratory depressant action of opium is counteracted by the respiratory stimulant property of camphor.<ref name="IJHS051981" /> Later books have included the narcotic property for use as analgesic pain reliever.<ref name="IJHS051981" />

''[[Cannabis indica]]'' is also mentioned in the ancient ayurveda books, and is first mentioned in the ''Sarngadhara Samhita'' as a treatment for diarrhea.<ref name="IJHS051981" /> In the ''Bhaisajya Ratnavali'' it is named as an ingredient in an aphrodisiac.<ref name="IJHS051981" />

Ayurveda says that both oil and tar can be used to stop bleeding,<ref name="Underwood&Rhodes(2008)" /> and that traumatic bleeding can be stopped by four different methods: [[ligature (medicine)|ligation]] of the [[blood vessel]], [[cauterisation]] by heat, use of preparations to facilitate [[clotting]], and use of preparations to [[Vasoconstriction|constrict]] the blood vessels.
[[File:Ennappathy ayurveda എണ്ണപ്പാത്തി.jpg|thumb|Ayurvedic treatment set up used for applying oil to patients, [[Kerala]], 2017]]
Massage with oil is commonly prescribed by ayurvedic practitioners.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Satake |first1=Alison |last2=McDaniel |first2=Andi |title=Frontline World India: A Second Opinion: Ayurveda 101 |url=https://www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/stories/india701/interviews/ayurveda101.html |access-date=2022-04-24 |website=PBS |archive-date=26 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026153917/https://www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/stories/india701/interviews/ayurveda101.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Oils are used in a number of ways, including regular consumption, anointing, smearing, head massage, application to affected areas,<ref name="WujastykXX">{{harvnb|Wujastyk|2003a|page=20}}</ref>{{failed verification|date=January 2015}} and oil pulling. Warm oil may also be poured on the patient's forehead, a technique called shirodhara.<ref name="Cacho Lum">{{Cite book |last1=Cacho |first1=V. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qm8vEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA296 |title=Integrative Sleep Medicine |last2=Lum |first2=E. |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2021 |isbn=978-0-19-088542-7 |series=Weil Integrative Medicine Library |page=296 |quote=Shirodhara massage is an Ayurvedic oil- dripping treatment that is often used to treat sleep problems. It consists of pouring a gentle stream of warm oil (sesame or herbal oil) over the forehead |access-date=2023-07-10 |archive-date=10 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230710050651/https://books.google.com/books?id=qm8vEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA296 |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Panchakarma ===

According to ayurveda, panchakarma are techniques to [[Detoxification (alternative medicine)|eliminate toxic elements from the body]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ajanal |first1=M |last2=Nayak |first2=S |last3=Prasad |first3=BS |last4=Kadam |first4=A |date=December 2013 |title=Adverse drug reaction and concepts of drug safety in Ayurveda: An overview. |journal=Journal of Young Pharmacists |volume=5 |issue=4 |pages=116–120 |doi=10.1016/j.jyp.2013.10.001 |pmc=3930110 |pmid=24563588}}</ref> Panchakarma refers to five actions, which are meant to be performed in a designated sequence with the stated aim of restoring balance in the body through a process of purgation.<ref name="Sujatha_UniversalGlobal_2020" />

== Current status ==
Ayurveda is widely practiced in India and Nepal<ref name="who01" /> where public institutions offer formal study in the form of a [[Bachelor of Ayurvedic Medicine and Surgery]] (BAMS) degree. The legal standing of practitioners is not equivalent to that of conventional medicine and it is unrecognised in most countries.<ref name="who01" /> Several scholars have described the contemporary Indian application of ayurvedic practice as being "biomedicalised" relative to the more "spiritualised" emphasis to practice found in variants in the West.<ref name="london \2">{{Cite journal |last=Warrier |first=Maya |date=January 2009 |title=Seekership, Spirituality and Self-Discovery: Ayurveda Trainees in Britain |journal=Asian Medicine |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=423–451 |doi=10.1163/157342009X12526658783691 |issn=1573-420X |pmc=2898496 |pmid=20617123}}</ref><ref name="Sujatha_UniversalGlobal_2020">{{Cite journal |last=Sujatha |first=V. |date=January 2020 |title=The Universal and the Global: Contextualising European Ayurvedic Practices |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/2393861719883067 |journal=Society and Culture in South Asia |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=52–73 |doi=10.1177/2393861719883067 |issn=2393-8617 |s2cid=213828818 |via=Sage |access-date=25 March 2022 |archive-date=15 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415231802/https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/2393861719883067 |url-status=live|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

Exposure to European developments in medicine from the nineteenth century onwards, through [[European colonization of India]] and the subsequent institutionalized support for European forms of medicine amongst European heritage settlers in India<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sriram |first1=Veena |last2=Keshri |first2=Vikash R. |last3=Kumbhar |first3=Kiran |date=2021-08-18 |title=The impact of colonial-era policies on health workforce regulation in India: lessons for contemporary reform |journal=Human Resources for Health |volume=19 |issue=1 |page=100 |doi=10.1186/s12960-021-00640-w |issn=1478-4491 |pmc=8371885 |pmid=34407831 |quote=Traditional practitioners of medicine were at the mercy of the 'newly' imposed system of modern medicine that arrived with colonialism. Despite some early efforts to understand the value of traditional medicine and some efforts at exchange between the systems, "British criticisms of indigenous medicine became increasingly strident and intolerant". |doi-access=free}}</ref> were challenging to ayurveda, with the entire [[epistemology]] called into question. From the twentieth century, ayurveda became politically, conceptually, and commercially dominated by modern [[biomedicine]], resulting in "modern ayurveda" and "global ayurveda".<ref name="MaasCambridge_2018" /> Modern ayurveda is geographically located in the [[Indian subcontinent]] and tends towards secularisation through the minimisation of the magical and mythical aspects of ayurveda.<ref name="MaasCambridge_2018" /><ref name="Smith+Wujastyk" /> Global ayurveda encompasses multiple forms of practice that developed through dispersal to a wide geographical area outside of India.<ref name="MaasCambridge_2018" /> Smith and Wujastyk further delineate that global ayurveda includes those primarily interested in the ayurveda [[Pharmacopoeia|pharmacopeia]], and also the practitioners of [[New Age]] ayurveda (which may link ayurveda to [[yoga]] and Indian spirituality and/or emphasize preventative practice, mind body medicine, or [[Maharishi ayurveda]]).<ref name="Smith+Wujastyk" />

Since the 1980s, ayurveda has also become the subject of interdisciplinary studies in [[ethnomedicine]] which seeks to integrate the biomedical sciences and humanities to improve the pharmacopeia of ayurveda.<ref name="Smith+Wujastyk" /> According to industry research, the global ayurveda market was worth US$4.5 billion in 2017.<ref name="market">{{Cite web |date=8 April 2019 |title=Global Ayurvedic Market |url=https://www.industryresearch.biz/global-ayurvedic-market-14143828 |publisher=Industry Research |access-date=27 March 2022 |archive-date=15 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415231804/https://www.industryresearch.biz/global-ayurvedic-market-14143828 |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== The Indian subcontinent ===
[[File:An Ayurvedic Pharmacy, Rishikesh (1).jpg|left|thumb|A typical ayurvedic pharmacy, [[Rishikesh]]]]

==== India ====
{{See also|Healthcare in India}}
It was reported in 2008<ref name="Dargan">{{Cite journal |last1=Dargan |first1=Paul I. |last2=Gawarammana |first2=Indika B. |last3=Archer |first3=John R.H. |last4=House |first4=Ivan M. |last5=Shaw |first5=Debbie |last6=Wood |first6=David M. |year=2008 |title=Heavy metal poisoning from Ayurvedic traditional medicines: An emerging problem? |journal=International Journal of Environment and Health |volume=2 |issue=3/4 |page=463 |citeseerx=10.1.1.561.9726 |doi=10.1504/IJENVH.2008.020936|bibcode=2008IJEH....2..463D}}</ref> and again in 2018<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Bhowmick |first=Nilanjana |date=2021-06-02 |title=Indian doctors protest herbal treatments being touted for COVID-19 |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/indian-doctors-protest-herbal-treatments-being-touted-for-covid-19 |access-date=2022-03-21 |website=National Geographic |archive-date=21 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220321001519/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/indian-doctors-protest-herbal-treatments-being-touted-for-covid-19 }}</ref> that around 80 percent of people in India used ayurveda exclusively or combined with conventional Western medicine.<ref name="Dargan" /><ref name=":0" /> A 2014 national health survey found that, in general, forms of the Indian system of medicine or AYUSH (ayurveda, yoga and naturopathy, [[Unani medicine|unani]], [[Siddha medicine|siddha]], and homeopathy) were used by about 3.5% of patients who were seeking outpatient care over a two-week reference period.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Rudra |first1=Shalini |last2=Kalra |first2=Aakshi |last3=Kumar |first3=Abhishek |last4=Joe |first4=William |date=2017 |title=Utilization of alternative systems of medicine as health care services in India: Evidence on AYUSH care from NSS 2014 |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=12 |issue=5 |article-number=e0176916 |bibcode=2017PLoSO..1276916R |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0176916 |pmc=5417584 |pmid=28472197 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

In 1970, the [[Parliament of India|Indian parliament]] passed the Indian Medical Central Council Act which aimed to standardise qualifications for ayurveda practitioners and provide accredited institutions for its study and research.<ref name="WujastykXXII" /> In 1971, the [[Central Council of Indian Medicine]] (CCIM) was established under the Department of Ayurveda, Yoga and Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha medicine and Homoeopathy, [[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare]], to monitor higher education in ayurveda in India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Introduction to Central Council of Indian Medicine |url=http://ccimindia.org/introduction.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141218132643/http://ccimindia.org/introduction.html |archive-date=18 December 2014 |publisher=Central Council of Indian Medicine (CCIM)}}</ref> The Indian government supports research and teaching in ayurveda through many channels at both the national and state levels, and helps institutionalise traditional medicine so that it can be studied in major towns and cities.<ref name="WujastykXVI">{{harvnb|Wujastyk|2003a|page=XVI}}</ref> The state-sponsored Central Council for Research in Ayurvedic Sciences (CCRAS) is designed to do research on ayurveda.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Welcome to Central Council for Research in Ayurveda and Siddha (India) |url=http://ccras.nic.in/ |access-date=21 June 2012 |publisher=Ccras.nic.in |archive-date=28 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728084859/http://www.ccras.nic.in/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Many clinics in urban and rural areas are run by professionals who qualify from these institutes.<ref name="WujastykXXII">{{harvnb|Wujastyk|2003a|page=XXII}}</ref> {{As of|2013}}, India had over 180 training centers that offered degrees in traditional ayurvedic medicine.<ref name="encarta-ayurveda" />

To fight [[biopiracy]] and unethical patents, the [[government of India]] set up the [[Traditional Knowledge Digital Library]] in 2001 to serve as a repository for formulations from systems of Indian medicine, such as ayurveda, [[unani]] and siddha medicine.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About TKDL |url=http://www.tkdl.res.in/tkdl/LangDefault/Common/Abouttkdl.asp?GL=Eng |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140704022336/http://www.tkdl.res.in/tkdl/langdefault/common/Abouttkdl.asp?GL=Eng |archive-date=4 July 2014 |website=Traditional Knowledge Digital Library}}</ref><ref name="pt">{{Cite web |date=6 May 2010 |title=Know Instances of Patenting on the UES of Medicinal Plants in India |url=http://pib.nic.in/release/release.asp?relid=61511 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100510005340/http://pib.nic.in/release/release.asp?relid=61511 |archive-date=10 May 2010 |access-date=22 May 2010 |publisher=PIB, Ministry of Environment and Forests}}</ref> The formulations come from over 100 traditional ayurveda books.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Source of Information |url=http://www.tkdl.res.in/tkdl/langdefault/common/sourceinfo.asp |website=[[Traditional Knowledge Digital Library]] (Government of India) |access-date=25 May 2010 |archive-date=13 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100613050253/http://www.tkdl.res.in/tkdl/langdefault/common/sourceinfo.asp |url-status=live}}</ref> An [[Indian Academy of Sciences]] document quoting a 2003–04 report states that India had 432,625 registered medical practitioners, 13,925 dispensaries, 2,253 hospitals and a bed strength of 43,803, 209 undergraduate teaching institutions, and 16 postgraduate institutions.<ref name="IAS-20150613">{{Cite web |last=Valiathan |first=M. S. |title=Towards Ayurvedic Biology |url=http://www.ias.ac.in/academy/dvdocs/ayurvis.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150513230414/http://www.ias.ac.in/academy/dvdocs/ayurvis.pdf |archive-date=13 May 2015 |access-date=13 June 2015 |publisher=[[Indian Academy of Sciences]]}}</ref> In 2012, it was reported that insurance companies covered expenses for ayurvedic treatments in case of conditions such as spinal cord disorders, bone disorder, arthritis and cancer. Such claims constituted 5–10 percent of the country's health insurance claims.<ref name="Hindu-20120328">{{Cite news |last=Roy |first=Shobha |date=2012-03-28 |title=Insurers stepping up cover for ayurveda treatment |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/industry-and-economy/banking/insurers-stepping-up-cover-for-ayurveda-treatment/article3254964.ece |access-date=13 June 2015 |archive-date=11 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131211233024/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/industry-and-economy/banking/insurers-stepping-up-cover-for-ayurveda-treatment/article3254964.ece |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Maharashtra Andhashraddha Nirmoolan Samiti]], an organisation dedicated to fighting [[superstition in India]], considers ayurveda to be pseudoscience.<ref name="Quack-2011" />

On 9 November 2014, India formed the [[Ministry of Ayush]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-04-01 |title=Prime Minister's Yoga Awards on International Day of Yoga 2021 |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/prime-ministers-yoga-awards-on-international-day-of-yoga-2021-1502960394.html |access-date=2022-02-12 |website=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]] |archive-date=13 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220213005850/https://www.thestatesman.com/india/prime-ministers-yoga-awards-on-international-day-of-yoga-2021-1502960394.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-11-10 |title=Modi allocates 'AYUSH' department to MoS |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/politics/national/modi-allocates-ayush-department-to-mos-independent-charge-22124.html |access-date=2022-02-13 |website=India TV News |archive-date=13 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220213005849/https://www.indiatvnews.com/politics/national/modi-allocates-ayush-department-to-mos-independent-charge-22124.html |url-status=live}}</ref> National Ayurveda Day is also observed in India on the birth of [[Dhanvantari]] that is [[Dhanteras]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=National Ayurveda Day – Vikaspedia |url=http://vikaspedia.in/health/ayush/ayurveda-1/national-ayurveda-day |access-date=2018-12-20 |website=vikaspedia.in |archive-date=20 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181220230322/http://vikaspedia.in/health/ayush/ayurveda-1/national-ayurveda-day |url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2016, the [[World Health Organization]] (WHO) published a report titled "The Health Workforce in India" which found that 31 percent of those who claimed to be doctors in India in 2001 were educated only up to the secondary school level and 57 percent went without any medical qualification.<ref name=":6">{{Cite news |last=Bansal |first=Samarth |date=2016-07-18 |title=WHO report sounds alarm on 'doctors' in India |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/data/WHO-report-sounds-alarm-on-%E2%80%98doctors%E2%80%99-in-India/article14495884.ece |access-date=2022-02-06 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=6 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220206183331/https://www.thehindu.com/data/WHO-report-sounds-alarm-on-%E2%80%98doctors%E2%80%99-in-India/article14495884.ece |url-status=live}}</ref> The WHO study found that the situation was worse in rural India with only 18.8 percent of doctors holding a medical qualification.<ref name=":6" /> Overall, the study revealed that nationally, the density of all doctors (mainstream, ayurvedic, homeopathic and unani) was 8 per 10,000 people, compared to 13 per 10,000 people in China.<ref name=":6" /><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Anand |first1=Sudhir |last2=Fan |first2=Victoria |date=2016 |title=The Health Workforce in India |url=https://www.who.int/hrh/resources/16058health_workforce_India.pdf |website=World Health Organization |access-date=13 February 2022 |archive-date=28 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220328000701/https://www.who.int/hrh/resources/16058health_workforce_India.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Nepal ====
About 75% to 80% of the population of Nepal use ayurveda.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=28 October 2013 |title=Weeklong programme to observe Health Day |work=[[The Himalayan Times]] |url=http://thehimalayantimes.com/fullNews.php?headline=Weeklong+programme+to+observe+Health+Day&NewsID=395245 |access-date=7 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170323212717/http://thehimalayantimes.com/fullNews.php?headline=Weeklong+programme+to+observe+Health+Day&NewsID=395245 |archive-date=23 March 2017 |quote=In Nepal, 80 per cent of the population receives Ayurvedic medicine as first aid treatment.}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Alam |first=Zulfeequar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R5PfzF86mtEC&q=Ayurveda&pg=PA10 |title=Herbal Medicines |publisher=A.P.H. Publishing |year=2008 |isbn=978-81-313-0358-0 |location=New Delhi, India |pages=8–13, 122 |access-date=15 February 2022 |archive-date=7 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230907110230/https://books.google.com/books?id=R5PfzF86mtEC&q=Ayurveda&pg=PA10 |url-status=live}}</ref> As of 2009, ayurveda was considered to be the most common and popular form of medicine in Nepal.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Guneratne |first=Arjun |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L2qLAgAAQBAJ&pg=PP1 |title=Culture and the Environment in the Himalaya |publisher=Routledge |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-415-77883-1 |series=Routledge contemporary South Asia series, #24 |location=New York |pages=84–85 |access-date=23 March 2022 |archive-date=7 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230907110230/https://books.google.com/books?id=L2qLAgAAQBAJ&pg=PP1 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Sri Lanka ====
The Sri Lankan tradition of ayurveda is similar to the Indian tradition. Practitioners of ayurveda in Sri Lanka refer to Sanskrit texts which are common to both countries. However, they do differ in some aspects, particularly in the herbs used.

In 1980, the Sri Lankan government established a [[Ministry of Indigenous Medicine]] to revive and regulate ayurveda.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ministry of Indigenous Medicine |url=http://www.ayurveda.gov.lk/dept.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121214094513/http://www.ayurveda.gov.lk/dept.html |archive-date=14 December 2012 |access-date=2 December 2012}}</ref> The [[Institute of Indigenous Medicine]] (affiliated to the [[University of Colombo]]) offers undergraduate, postgraduate, and MD degrees in ayurveda medicine and surgery, and similar degrees in unani medicine.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Institute of indigenous Medicine |url=http://iim.cmb.ac.lk/ |access-date=21 June 2012 |publisher=Iim.cmb.ac.lk |archive-date=16 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120616065626/http://iim.cmb.ac.lk/ |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2010, the public system had 62 ayurvedic hospitals and 208 central dispensaries, which served about 3 million people (about 11% of Sri Lanka's population). There are an estimated 20,000 registered practitioners of ayurveda in Sri Lanka.<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 2011 |title=Statistics Report |url=http://www.indigenousmedimini.gov.lk/Downloads/Statistics%20Report%20Final%202011.%20November.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120424031013/http://www.indigenousmedimini.gov.lk/Downloads/Statistics%20Report%20Final%202011.%20November.pdf |archive-date=24 April 2012 |publisher=Sri Lanka Institute of Indigenous Medicine}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=14 February 1980 |title=About Us |url=http://www.indigenousmedimini.gov.lk/About_us.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111108121932/http://www.indigenousmedimini.gov.lk/About_us.html |archive-date=8 November 2011 |access-date=11 December 2011 |publisher=The Ministry of Indigenous Medicine (Sri Lanka)}}</ref>

According to the [[Mahavamsa]], an ancient chronicle of [[Sinhalese people|Sinhalese]] royalty from the sixth century CE, King [[Pandukabhaya]] (reigned 437 BCE to 367 BCE) had lying-in-homes and ayurvedic hospitals (Sivikasotthi-Sala) built in various parts of the country. This is the earliest documented evidence available of institutions dedicated specifically to the care of the sick anywhere in the world.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Aluvihare |first=Arjuna |date=November 1993 |title=Rohal Kramaya Lovata Dhayadha Kale Sri Lankikayo |journal=Vidhusara Science Magazine}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Rannan-Eliya, Ravi P. |last2=De Mel, Nishan |date=February 1997 |title=Resource Mobilization in Sri Lanka's Health Sector |url=http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/ihsg/publications/pdf/No-42.PDF |access-date=17 December 2014 |publisher=[[Harvard School of Public Health]] & Health Policy Programme, Institute of Policy Studies |page=19 |archive-date=7 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170707134047/https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/ihsg/publications/pdf/No-42.PDF |url-status=live}}</ref> The hospital at [[Mihintale]] is the oldest in the world.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Müller-Dietz, Heinz E. |year=1975 |title=Die Krankenhaus-ruinen in Mihintale (Ceylon) |journal=Historia Hospitalium |volume=10 |pages=65–71 |pmid=11627253}}</ref>

=== Outside the Indian subcontinent ===
[[File:Aankomst Maharish Makesh Yogi op Schiphol. M. M. Yogi vergezeld van Dramayari Do, Bestanddeelnr 920-6590.jpg|left|thumb|[[Maharishi Mahesh Yogi]] in Amsterdam in 1967]]
Ayurveda is a system of traditional medicine developed during antiquity and the medieval period, and as such is comparable to pre-modern [[traditional Chinese medicine|Chinese]] and [[Medieval medicine of Western Europe|European systems of medicine]]. In the 1960s, ayurveda began to be advertised as [[alternative medicine]] in the Western world. Due to different laws and medical regulations around the globe, the expanding practice and commercialisation of ayurveda raised ethical and legal issues.<ref name=":10" /> Ayurveda was adapted for Western consumption, particularly by Baba Hari Dass in the 1970s and by Maharishi Ayurveda in the 1980s.<ref name=":9" /> In some cases, this involved active fraud on the part of proponents of ayurveda in an attempt to falsely represent the system as equal to the standards of modern [[medical research]].<ref name=":10">{{Cite journal |last=Skolnick, Andrew A. |author-link=Andrew A. Skolnick |year=1991 |title=The Maharishi Caper: Or How to Hoodwink Top Medical Journals |url=http://www.aaskolnick.com/naswmav.htm |format=print |journal=ScienceWriters: The Newsletter of the National Association of Science Writers |issue=Fall |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080716041551/http://www.aaskolnick.com/naswmav.htm |archive-date=16 July 2008 |access-date=23 January 2016 |url-status=usurped |quote=From time to time, even the most prestigious science journals publish erroneous or fraudulent data, unjustified conclusions, and sometimes balderdash. Balderdash was the right word when The [[Journal of the American Medical Association]] (JAMA) published the article, 'Maharishi Ayur-Veda: Modern Insights Into Ancient Medicine,' in its 22/29 May issue. Discovering that they had been deceived by the article's authors, the editors published a correction in the 14 August issue, which was followed on 2 October by a six-page exposé on the people who had hoodwinked them.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Skolnick |first=Andrew A. |author-link=Andrew A. Skolnick |year=1991 |title=Maharishi Ayur-Veda: Guru's marketing scheme promises the world eternal 'perfect health' |journal=JAMA |volume=266 |issue=13 |pages=1741–2, 1744–5, 1749–50 |doi=10.1001/jama.1991.03470130017003 |pmid=1817475}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=May 2005 |title=National Policy on Traditional Medicine and Regulation of Herbal Medicines |url=http://apps.who.int/medicinedocs/pdf/s7916e/s7916e.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090927001412/http://apps.who.int/medicinedocs/pdf/s7916e/s7916e.pdf |archive-date=27 September 2009 |publisher=World Health Organization}}</ref>

==== United States ====
[[Baba Hari Dass]] was an early proponent who helped bring ayurveda to the United States in the early 1970s. His teachings led to the establishment of the Mount Madonna Institute.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Jones |first1=Constance |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OgMmceadQ3gC&pg=PP1 |title=Encyclopedia of Hinduism |last2=Ryan |first2=James D. |publisher=Infobase Publishing |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-8160-7564-5 |editor-last=Melton |editor-first=J. Gordon |series=Encyclopedia of World Religions |page=179 |access-date=23 March 2022 |archive-date=7 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230907110231/https://books.google.com/books?id=OgMmceadQ3gC&pg=PP1 |url-status=live}}</ref> He invited several notable ayurvedic teachers, including Vasant Lad, Sarita Shrestha, and [[Ram Harsh Singh]]. The ayurvedic practitioner Michael Tierra wrote that the "history of Ayurveda in North America will always owe a debt to the selfless contributions of Baba Hari Dass".<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Khalsa |first1=Karta Purkh Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fOK33vv_29UC&pg=PP1 |title=The Way of Ayurvedic Herbs: The Most Complete Guide to Natural Healing and Health with Traditional Ayurvedic Herbalism |last2=Tierra |first2=Michael |date=2008 |publisher=Lotus Press |isbn=978-0-940985-98-8 |page=x |quote=Independently, we both first learned Ayurvedic medicine from our respective spiritual mentors – myself with Baba Hari Dass and K.P., with Yogi Bhajan. |access-date=23 March 2022 |archive-date=7 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230907110311/https://books.google.com/books?id=fOK33vv_29UC&pg=PP1 |url-status=live}}</ref>

In the United States, the practice of ayurveda is not licensed or regulated by any state. The [[National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health]] (NCCIH) stated that "Few well-designed clinical trials and systematic research reviews suggest that Ayurvedic approaches are effective". The NCCIH warned against the issue of heavy metal poisoning, and emphasised the use of conventional health providers first.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |date=December 2018 |title=Ayurvedic Medicine: In Depth |url=https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/ayurvedic-medicine-in-depth |access-date=23 August 2020 |website=National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health |archive-date=13 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200813090253/https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/ayurvedic-medicine-in-depth |url-status=live}}</ref> As of 2018, the NCCIH reported that 240,000 Americans were using ayurvedic medicine.<ref name=":5" />

==== Europe ====
The first ayurvedic clinic in Switzerland was opened in 1987 by [[Maharishi Mahesh Yogi]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Wujastyk |first1=Dagmar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M3XBu-vpXgoC&pg=PP1 |title=Modern and Global Ayurveda: Pluralism and Paradigms |last2=Smith |first2=Frederick M. |date=September 9, 2013 |publisher=SUNY Press |isbn=978-0-7914-7816-5 |page=285 |access-date=10 March 2022 |archive-date=7 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230907105230/https://books.google.com/books?id=M3XBu-vpXgoC&pg=PP1 |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2015, the government of Switzerland introduced a federally recognized diploma in ayurveda.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |last=Chandrasekhar |first=Anand |date=June 4, 2017 |title=Ayurveda seeks respectability through Swiss diploma |url=https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/society/traditional-indian-medicine_ayurveda-seeks-respectability-through-swiss-diploma/43189578 |access-date=2022-03-16 |website=SWI |archive-date=16 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220316015131/https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/society/traditional-indian-medicine_ayurveda-seeks-respectability-through-swiss-diploma/43189578 |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Classification and efficacy ==
Ayurvedic medicine is considered [[pseudoscientific]] because its premises are not based on science.<ref name="oxpsych">{{Cite book |title=Oxford Handbook of Psychiatry |vauthors=Semple D, Smyth R |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2019 |isbn=978-0-19-879555-1 |edition=4th |page=24 |chapter=Chapter 1: Thinking about psychiatry |doi=10.1093/med/9780198795551.003.0001 |quote=These pseudoscientific theories may ... confuse metaphysical with empirical claims (e.g. ... Ayurvedic medicine) |access-date=3 July 2020 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=626fDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230907105316/https://books.google.com/books?id=626fDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA24 |archive-date=7 September 2023 |url-status=live}}{{subscription required}}</ref><ref name="kaufman" /> Both the lack of scientific soundness in the theoretical foundations of ayurveda and the quality of research have been criticized.<ref name="oxpsych" /><ref name="Sujatha2011">{{Cite journal |last=Sujatha |first=V |date=July 2011 |title=What could 'integrative' medicine mean? Social science perspectives on contemporary Ayurveda |journal=Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=115–23 |doi=10.4103/0975-9476.85549 |pmc=3193682 |pmid=22022153 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Manohar2013">{{Cite journal |last=Manohar |first=PR |date=April 2013 |title=Uniform standards and quality control of research publications in the field of Ayurveda |journal=Ancient Science of Life |volume=32 |issue=4 |pages=185–6 |doi=10.4103/0257-7941.131968 |pmc=4078466 |pmid=24991064 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Bausell">{{Cite book |last=Bausell |first=R. Barker |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780195313680 |title=Snake Oil Science: The Truth About Complementary and Alternative Medicine |date=2007 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-538342-3 |page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780195313680/page/259 259] |author-link=R. Barker Bausell |url-access=registration}}</ref>

Although laboratory experiments suggest that some herbs and substances in ayurveda might be developed into effective treatments, there is no evidence that any are effective in themselves.<ref name="ACS2011">{{Cite web |date=26 August 2011 |title=Ayurveda |url=http://www.cancer.org/treatment/treatmentsandsideeffects/complementaryandalternativemedicine/mindbodyandspirit/ayurveda |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222053347/http://www.cancer.org/treatment/treatmentsandsideeffects/complementaryandalternativemedicine/mindbodyandspirit/ayurveda |archive-date=22 February 2014 |access-date=7 January 2015 |publisher=American Cancer Society |quote=The effectiveness of Ayurveda has not been proven in scientific studies, but early research suggests that certain herbs may offer potential therapeutic value ... Although Ayurveda has been largely untested by Western researchers, there is a growing interest in integrating some parts of the system into medical practice. In fact, a few of the herbs and substances have been purified into drugs that are used (along with other medicines) to treat cancer. Early studies suggest that other parts of Ayurveda may have potential therapeutic value.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Patwardhan |first=Bhushan |date=2014-11-01 |title=Bridging Ayurveda with evidence-based scientific approaches in medicine |journal=The EPMA Journal |volume=5 |issue=1 |article-number=19 |doi=10.1186/1878-5085-5-19 |issn=1878-5077 |pmc=4230501 |pmid=25395997 |doi-access=free}}</ref> There is no good evidence that ayurvedic medicine is effective to treat or cure cancer in people.<ref name="cruk" /> Although ayurveda may help "improve quality of life" and [[Cancer Research UK]] also acknowledges that "researchers have found that some Ayurvedic treatments can help relieve cancer symptoms", the organization warns that some ayurvedic drugs contain toxic substances or may [[drug interaction|interact]] with legitimate cancer drugs in a harmful way.<ref name="cruk">{{Cite web |title=Ayurvedic medicine |url=https://about-cancer.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/cancer-in-general/treatment/complementary-alternative-therapies/individual-therapies/ayurvedic-medicine |access-date=18 April 2022 |website=[[Cancer Research UK]] |quote=There is no scientific evidence to prove that Ayurvedic medicine can treat or cure cancer. Researchers have found that some Ayurvedic treatments can help relieve cancer symptoms. It can also improve quality of life. |archive-date=24 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124090704/https://about-cancer.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/cancer-in-general/treatment/complementary-alternative-therapies/individual-therapies/ayurvedic-medicine |url-status=live}}</ref>

Ethnologist [[Johannes Quack]] writes that although the rationalist movement Maharashtra Andhashraddha Nirmoolan Samiti officially labels ayurveda a pseudoscience akin to [[astrology]], these practices are in fact embraced by many of the movement's members.<ref name="Quack-2011">{{Cite book |last=Quack |first=Johannes |author-link=Johannes Quack |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=55wFpydSZ8oC |title=Disenchanting India: Organized Rationalism and Criticism of Religion in India |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-19-981260-8 |quote-page= 213 |quote= There are some ideological realms where the official agenda of ANiS is not applied in the ideal way by the majority of its members. Two of these are summarized here under Astrology and Ayurveda ... Both are labeled 'pseudosciences' in the official agenda of the rationalists ... Rationalists told me openly many times that against the official agenda of the movement, they consider Ayurveda highly scientific and that they refuse to call it a pseudoscience. During the FIRA conference this official perspective was represented by several of the speakers, while ordinary members told me how they practice some of these pseudosciences, either privately or as certified doctors themselves, most often Ayurveda. |access-date=6 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230907113453/https://books.google.com/books?id=55wFpydSZ8oC |archive-date=7 September 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>

A review of the use of ayurveda for [[cardiovascular disease]] concluded that the evidence is not convincing for the use of any ayurvedic herbal treatment for heart disease or hypertension, but that many herbs used by ayurvedic practitioners could be appropriate for further research.<ref name="Mamtani2005">{{Cite journal |last1=Mamtani |first1=R. |last2=Mamtani, R. |year=2005 |title=Ayurveda and Yoga in Cardiovascular Diseases |journal=Cardiology in Review |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=155–162 |doi=10.1097/01.crd.0000128730.31658.36 |pmid=15834238 |s2cid=27195105}}</ref>

=== Promotion ===

In India, promotion of ayurveda is undertaken by the Ministry of AYUSH through a national network of research institutes.<ref name="ccras">{{Cite web |title=Research in Ayurveda – About CCRAS |url=http://ccras.nic.in/about_ccras/about_research_in_ayurveda.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140530011813/http://ccras.nic.in/about_ccras/about_research_in_ayurveda.htm |archive-date=30 May 2014 |website=Central Council for Research in Ayurveda and Siddha |publisher=Department of AYUSH, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare}}</ref>

In Nepal, the National Ayurvedic Training and Research Centre (NATRC) promotes medicinal herbs in the country.<ref>{{Cite news |title=China hands over Ayurveda research centre to govt |publisher=Kantipur Publications |agency=The Kathmandu Post |url=http://www.ekantipur.com/the-kathmandu-post/2011/04/03/nation/china-hands-over-ayurveda-research-centre-to-govt/220180.html |access-date=7 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150121053833/http://www.ekantipur.com/the-kathmandu-post/2011/04/03/nation/china-hands-over-ayurveda-research-centre-to-govt/220180.html |archive-date=21 January 2015 |quote=The centre will play a positive role in promotion and utilisation of Ayurveda in the country, by conducting research on medicinal herbs available here.}}</ref>

In Sri Lanka, the [[Ministry of Health, Nutrition and Indigenous Medicine]] looks after the promotion of ayurveda through various national research institutes.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=21 September 2015 |title=Part I: Section (I) — General Government Notifications The Constitution of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka Notification |url=http://www.documents.gov.lk/files/egz/2015/9/1933-13_E.pdf |journal=The Gazette of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka Extraordinary |location=Colombo, Sri Lanka |volume=1933/13 |access-date=25 March 2022 |archive-date=19 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119072852/http://www.documents.gov.lk/files/egz/2015/9/1933-13_E.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Use of toxic metals ====
''Rasashastra'' is the practice of adding metals, minerals or gems to herbal preparations. A random sample study found 20% of ''rasa'' medicines sold on the Internet in 2005 included [[toxic heavy metal]]s such as [[Lead poisoning|lead]], [[Mercury poisoning|mercury]], and [[Arsenic poisoning|arsenic]].<ref name="WebMD">{{Cite web |last=Miller |first=Kelli |date=March 20, 2021 |others=Medically Reviewed by Melinda Ratini |title=What Is Ayurveda? |url=https://www.webmd.com/balance/qa/is-ayurveda-treatment-approved-in-the-us |website=WebMD |access-date=16 August 2020 |archive-date=4 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200704232004/https://www.webmd.com/balance/qa/is-ayurveda-treatment-approved-in-the-us |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":11">{{Cite journal |last1=Bhalla |first1=A |last2=Pannu |first2=A K |date=2022-01-15 |title=Are Ayurvedic medications store house of heavy metals? |journal=Toxicology Research |publisher=Oxford University Press |publication-date=February 2022|volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=179–183 |doi=10.1093/toxres/tfab124 |pmid=35237422|pmc=8882783}}</ref><ref name="Saper2008" /> Adverse reactions to herbs are described in traditional ayurvedic texts, but practitioners are reluctant to admit that herbs could be toxic and that reliable information on herbal toxicity is not readily available. There is a communication gap between practitioners of medicine and ayurveda.<ref name="Urmila2008">{{Cite journal |last1=Urmila, T. |last2=Supriya, B. |year=2008 |title=Pharmacovigilance of ayurvedic medicines in India |journal=Indian Journal of Pharmacology |volume=40 |issue=S1 |pages=10–12 |doi=10.4103/0253-7613.40236 |doi-access=free |hdl=1807/59467 |hdl-access=free}}</ref>

Several ayurvedic preparations have been found to contain [[Lead poisoning|lead]], [[Mercury poisoning|mercury]], and [[Arsenic poisoning|arsenic]]. substances known to be [[Toxic heavy metal|harmful to humans]]. A 2008 study found the three substances in close to 21% of US and Indian-manufactured patent ayurvedic medicines sold through the Internet.<ref name="Saper2008">{{Cite journal |last1=Saper RB |last2=Phillips RS |last3=Sehgal A |last4=Khouri |first4=N |last5=Davis |first5=RB |last6=Paquin |first6=J |last7=Thuppil |first7=V |last8=Kales |first8=SN |display-authors=2 |year=2008 |title=Lead, mercury, and arsenic in US- and Indian-manufactured medicines sold via the internet |journal=JAMA |volume=300 |issue=8 |pages=915–923 |doi=10.1001/jama.300.8.915 |pmc=2755247 |pmid=18728265}}</ref> The public health implications of such metallic contaminants in India are unknown.<ref name="Saper2008" />

Traditional Indian herbal medicinal products have been found to contain harmful levels of heavy metals, including lead.<ref name="Ernst2002" /> For example, ghasard, a product commonly given to infants for digestive issues, has been found to have up to 1.6% lead concentration by weight, leading to [[lead encephalopathy]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Karri |first1=Surya K. |last2=Saper |first2=Robert B. |last3=Kales |first3=Stefanos N. |date=January 2008 |title=Lead Encephalopathy Due to Traditional Medicines |journal=Current Drug Safety |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=54–59 |doi=10.2174/157488608783333907 |issn=1574-8863 |pmc=2538609 |pmid=18690981}}</ref> A 1990 study on ayurvedic medicines in India found that 41% of the products tested contained arsenic, and that 64% contained lead and mercury.<ref name="Dargan" /> A 2004 study found toxic levels of heavy metals in 20% of ayurvedic preparations made in South Asia and sold in the Boston area, and concluded that ayurvedic products posed serious health risks and should be tested for heavy-metal contamination.<ref name="pmid15598918">{{Cite journal |last1=Saper |first1=R. B. |last2=Kales SN |last3=Paquin |first3=J |last4=Burns |first4=MJ |last5=Eisenberg |first5=DM |last6=Davis |first6=RB |last7=Phillips |first7=RS |display-authors=3 |year=2004 |title=Heavy metal content of ayurveda herbal medicine products |journal=Journal of the American Medical Association |volume=292 |issue=23 |pages=2868–73 |doi=10.1001/jama.292.23.2868 |pmid=15598918 |s2cid=9914911}}</ref> A 2008 study of more than 230 products found that approximately 20% of remedies (and 40% of ''rasashastra'' medicines) purchased over the Internet from U.S. and Indian suppliers contained lead, mercury or arsenic.<ref name="Saper2008" /><ref name="NewYorkTimes2008-09-17">{{Cite news |last=Ellin |first=Abby |date=17 September 2008 |title=Skin deep: ancient, but how safe? |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/18/fashion/18skin.html |url-status=live |access-date=19 September 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110430050703/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/18/fashion/18skin.html |archive-date=30 April 2011 |quote=A report in the August 27 [2008] issue of ''[[JAMA (journal)|The Journal of the American Medical Association]]'' found that nearly 21 percent of 193 ayurvedic herbal supplements bought online, produced in both India and the United States, contained lead, mercury or arsenic.}}</ref><ref name="Szabo">{{Cite news |last=Szabo |first=Liz |date=26 August 2008 |title=Study finds toxins in some herbal medicines |work=[[USA Today]] |url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/health/2008-08-26-ayurvedic-medicines_N.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121008031004/http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/health/2008-08-26-ayurvedic-medicines_N.htm |archive-date=8 October 2012}}</ref> A 2015 study of users in the United States found elevated blood lead levels in 40% of those tested, leading physician and former U.S. Air Force [[flight surgeon]] [[Harriet A. Hall|Harriet Hall]] to say that "Ayurveda is basically superstition mixed with a soupçon of practical health advice. And it can be dangerous."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hall |first=Harriet |author-link=Harriet Hall |date=14 December 2017 |title=Ayurveda: Ancient Superstition, Not Ancient Wisdom |url=https://www.csicop.org/specialarticles/show/ayurveda_ancient_superstition_not_ancient_wisdom |access-date=1 February 2018 |website=Skeptical Inquirer |archive-date=14 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171214200609/https://www.csicop.org/specialarticles/show/ayurveda_ancient_superstition_not_ancient_wisdom |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Breeher L, Mikulski MA, Czeczok T, Leinenkugel K, Fuortes LJ |date=6 Apr 2015 |title=A cluster of lead poisoning among consumers of Ayurvedic medicine. |journal=International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health |volume=21 |issue=4 |pages=303–307 |doi=10.1179/2049396715Y.0000000009 |pmc=4727589 |pmid=25843124}}</ref> A 2022 study found that ayurvedic preparations purchased over-the-counter in Chandigarh, India, had levels of zinc, mercury, arsenic and lead over the limits set by the Food and Agriculture Organisation / World Health Organisation. 83% exceeded the limit for zinc, 69% for mercury, 14% for arsenic and 5% for lead.<ref name=":11" /> In 2023, the [[Department of Health (Victoria)|Victorian Department of Health]] issued a health advisory warning that unregulated ayurvedic products sold in the state may contain unsafe levels of lead, mercury and arsenic, as well as harmful compounds from the plants ''[[Azadirachta indica]]'' and ''[[Acorus calamus]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Department of Health. Victoria |first=Australia |title=Ayurvedic medicines containing lead, other heavy metals and scheduled poisons |url=https://www.health.vic.gov.au/health-advisories/ayurvedic-medicines-possibly-containing-scheduled-poisons-and-heavy-metals |access-date=2025-02-16 |website=www.health.vic.gov.au}}</ref>

Heavy metals are thought of as active ingredients by advocates of Indian herbal medicinal products.<ref name="Ernst2002">{{Cite journal |last=Ernst |first=Edzard |year=2002 |title=Heavy metals in traditional Indian remedies |journal=European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology |volume=57 |issue=12 |pages=891–896 |doi=10.1007/s00228-001-0400-y |issn=0031-6970 |pmid=11936709 |s2cid=1698767}}</ref> According to ancient ayurvedic texts, certain physico-chemical purification processes such as ''[[Samskara (ayurvedic)|samskaras]]'' or ''[[shodhana]]s'' (for metals) 'detoxify' the heavy metals in it.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=CCRAS |title=Guidelines for toxicity / safety profile evaluation of Ayurveda & Siddha plant drugs |url=http://www.ccras.nic.in/pdf/Guidelinesfortoxicity.doc |journal=CCRAS Guidelines |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130311194713/http://ccras.nic.in/pdf/Guidelinesfortoxicity.doc |archive-date=11 March 2013}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Katiyar |first=C. K. |year=2006 |title=Safety Aspects of Ayurveda |url=http://www.yieldopedia.com/paneladmin/reports/ddd5b6c170eb4b6f1e956edf7e6b7904.pdf |journal=Ranbaxy Research Laboratories |access-date=25 January 2017 |archive-date=2 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202102354/http://www.yieldopedia.com/paneladmin/reports/ddd5b6c170eb4b6f1e956edf7e6b7904.pdf |url-status=usurped}}</ref> These are similar to the Chinese ''[[pao zhi]]'', although the ayurvedic techniques are more complex and may involve physical pharmacy techniques as well as [[mantra]]s. However, these products have nonetheless caused severe [[lead poisoning]] and other toxic effects.<ref name="NewYorkTimes2008-09-17" /> Between 1978 and 2008, "more than 80 cases of lead poisoning associated with Ayurvedic medicine use [were] reported worldwide".<ref name="autogenerated1">{{Cite journal |last1=Saper RB |last2=Phillips RS |last3=Sehgal A |date=August 2008 |title=Lead, mercury, and arsenic in US- and Indian-manufactured ayurvedic medicines sold via the internet |journal=JAMA |volume=300 |issue=8 |pages=915–923 |doi=10.1001/jama.300.8.915 |pmc=2755247 |pmid=18728265}}</ref> In 2012, the [[US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC) linked ayurvedic drugs to lead poisoning, based on cases where toxic materials were found in the blood of pregnant women who had taken ayurvedic drugs.<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 August 2012 |title=Ayurveda linked to lead poisoning in US women |edition=Washington |work=The Financial Express |url=http://www.financialexpress.com/news/ayurveda-linked-to-lead-poisoning-in-us-women/992558/0 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141209174803/http://archive.financialexpress.com/news/ayurveda-linked-to-lead-poisoning-in-us-women/992558/0 |archive-date=9 December 2014}}</ref>

Ayurvedic practitioners argue that the toxicity of bhasmas (ash products) comes from improper manufacturing processes, contaminants, improper use of ayurvedic medicine, quality of raw materials and that the end products and improper procedures are used by charlatans.<ref name=":4" />

In India, the government ruled that ayurvedic products must be labelled with their metallic content.<ref name="Valiathan06">{{Cite journal |last=Valiathan |first=MS |year=2006 |title=Ayurveda: putting the house in order |url=http://www.currentscience.ac.in/Downloads/article_id_090_01_0005_0006_0.pdf |journal=Current Science |volume=90 |issue=1 |pages=5–6 |access-date=27 October 2013 |archive-date=9 October 2022 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.currentscience.ac.in/Downloads/article_id_090_01_0005_0006_0.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> However, in ''[[Current Science]]'', a publication of the Indian Academy of Sciences, M. S. Valiathan said that "the absence of post-market surveillance and the paucity of test laboratory facilities [in India] make the quality control of Ayurvedic medicines exceedingly difficult at this time".<ref name="Valiathan06" /> In the United States, most ayurvedic products are marketed without having been reviewed or approved by the FDA. Since 2007, the FDA has placed an import alert on some ayurvedic products in order to prevent them from entering the United States.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Use caution with Ayurvedic products |url=https://www.fda.gov/ForConsumers/ConsumerUpdates/ucm050798.htm |access-date=17 December 2014 |publisher=US FDA |archive-date=23 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190423055002/https://www.fda.gov/ForConsumers/ConsumerUpdates/ucm050798.htm }}</ref> A 2012 toxicological review of mercury-based traditional herbo-metallic preparations concluded that the long-term pharmacotherapeutic and in-depth toxicity studies of these preparations are lacking.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kamath |first1=Sushant U. |last2=Pemiah |first2=Brindha |last3=Sekar |first3=Rajan K. |last4=Krishnaswamy |first4=Sridharan |last5=Sethuraman |first5=Swaminathan |last6=Krishnan |first6=Uma Maheswari |date=2012-06-01 |title=Mercury-based traditional herbo-metallic preparations: a toxicological perspective |journal=Archives of Toxicology |volume=86 |issue=6 |pages=831–838 |doi=10.1007/s00204-012-0826-2 |issn=1432-0738 |pmid=22441626 |bibcode=2012ArTox..86..831K |s2cid=13947298}}</ref>

== History ==
{{Unreliable sources|section|date=April 2018}}
{{independent sources|section|date=April 2018}}

Some scholars assert that the concepts of traditional ayurvedic medicine have existed since the times of the [[Indus Valley civilisation]] but since the [[Indus script]] has not been deciphered, such assertions are moot.<ref name="MaasCambridge_2018" />{{rp|p=535–536|quote=nothing definite can be said about the religion of the Indus Valley civilization due to the absence of intelligible written sources. ... All attempts to decipher these symbols consistently have failed so far. ... Although this can hardly be disputed with historical arguments, we find the anachronistic claim in some currents of modern Ayurveda that Ayurveda originated in the peak period of the Indus Valley civilization.}} The [[Atharvaveda]] contains hymns and prayers aimed at curing disease. There are various legendary accounts of the origin of ayurveda, such as that it was received by Dhanvantari (or [[Divodasa]]) from [[Brahma]].<ref name="britannica" /><ref name="Underwood&Rhodes(2008)" /> Tradition also holds that the writings of ayurveda were influenced by a lost text by the sage [[Agnivesha]].<ref name="Thakara">{{Cite book |last=Ṭhākara |first=Vināyaka Jayānanda |title=Methodology of Research in Ayurveda |publisher=[[Gujarat Ayurved University]] Press |year=1989 |location=Jamnagar, India |page=7}}</ref>

Ayurveda is one of the few systems of medicine developed in ancient times that is still widely practised in modern times.<ref name="Smith+Wujastyk">{{Cite book |last1=Smith |first1=Frederick M. |title=Modern and Global Ayurveda: Pluralism and Paradigms |last2=Wujastyk |first2=Dagmar |publisher=[[SUNY Press]] |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-7914-7816-5 |editor-last=Smith |editor-first=Frederick M. |location=New York |pages=1–28 |chapter=Introduction |oclc=244771011 |editor-last2=Wujastyk |editor-first2=Dagmar |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M3XBu-vpXgoC&pg=PP1 |access-date=10 March 2022 |archive-date=7 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230907105230/https://books.google.com/books?id=M3XBu-vpXgoC&pg=PP1 |url-status=live}}</ref> As such, it is open to the criticism that its conceptual basis is obsolete and that its contemporary practitioners have not taken account of the developments in medicine.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jjDo1Xxj4XUC&pg=PP1 |title=Asian Medical Systems |publisher=University of California Press |year=1976 |isbn=978-0-520-03511-9 |editor-last=Leslie |editor-first=Charles |location=Berkeley |pages=passim |ref=lesl-asia |access-date=10 March 2022 |archive-date=7 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230907110231/https://books.google.com/books?id=jjDo1Xxj4XUC&pg=PP1 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Taylor |first=Carl |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jjDo1Xxj4XUC |title=Asian Medical Systems |publisher=University of California Press |year=1977 |isbn=978-0-520-03511-9 |editor-last=Leslie |editor-first=Charles |pages=285–292 |chapter=The Place of Indigenous Medical Practitioners in the Modernization of Health Services |ref=lesl-asia |access-date=1 March 2022 |archive-date=7 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230907110735/https://books.google.com/books?id=jjDo1Xxj4XUC |url-status=live}}</ref> Responses to this situation led to an impassioned debate in India during the early decades of the twentieth century, between proponents of unchanging tradition (''śuddha'' "pure" ayurveda) and those who thought ayurveda should modernize and syncretize (''aśuddha'' "impure, tainted" ayurveda).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Leslie |first=Charles |chapter=The Ambiguities of Medical Revivalism in Modern India |title=Asian Medical Systems: A Comparative Study |publisher=University of California Press |year=1976 |pages=356–367 |doi=10.1525/9780520322295-022 |isbn=978-0-520-32229-5 |ref=lesl-asia |oclc=1492529394 |ol=50702358M }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title = Ayurvedic Medicine: Past and Present|last = Sharma|first = Shiv|publisher = Dabur (S. K. Burman)|year = 1975|location = Calcutta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Berger |first=Rachel |url=https://link.springer.com/book/10.1057/9781137315908 |title=Ayurveda Made Modern: Political Histories of Indigenous Medicine in North India, 1900–1955 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |year=2013 |isbn=978-0-230-28455-5 |location=New York, NY |doi=10.1057/9781137315908 |access-date=1 March 2022 |archive-date=1 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220301185715/https://link.springer.com/book/10.1057/9781137315908 |url-status=live}}</ref> The political debate about the place of ayurveda in contemporary India has continued to the present, both in the public arena and in government.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wujastyk |first=Dominik |title=Modern and Global Ayurveda: Pluralism and Paradigms |publisher=SUNY Press |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-7914-7490-7 |pages=43–76 |chapter=The Evolution of Indian Government Policy on Ayurveda in the Twentieth Century |doi=10.7939/r3-xjj8-cg73 |ref=smit-mode }}</ref> Debate about the place of ayurvedic medicine in the contemporary internationalized world also continues today.<ref>{{Cite journal|url = http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1066/1/submission-article.pdf|title = Policy Formation and Debate Concerning the Government Regulation of Ayurveda in Great Britain in the 21st Century|last = Wujastyk|first = Dominik|date = 2005|journal = Asian Medicine|doi = 10.1163/157342105777996719|pages = 162–184|volume = 1|s2cid = 71229532|access-date = 28 January 2019|archive-date = 22 September 2017|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170922160922/http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1066/1/submission-article.pdf|url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Redy |first=Sita |date=2002 |title=Asian Medicine in America: The Ayurvedic Case |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/249666385 |journal=Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science |volume=583 |pages=97–121 |doi=10.1177/000271620258300107 |jstor=1049691 |s2cid=145626093}}</ref>

=== Main texts ===
Many ancient works on ayurvedic medicine are lost to posterity,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Meulenbeld |first=Gerrit Jan |title=A history of Indian medical literature |publisher=Egbert Forsten |year=1999 |isbn=90-6980-124-8 |location=Groningen |volume=IA |pages=689–699 |lccn=2001449327 |oclc=42207455 |ol=23870494M }}</ref> but manuscripts of three principal early texts on ayurveda have survived to the present day. These works are the [[Charaka Samhita]], the [[Sushruta Samhita]] and the [[Bhela Samhita]]. The dating of these works is historically complicated since they each internally present themselves as composite works compiled by several editors. All past scholarship on their dating has been evaluated by Meulenbeld in volumes IA and IB of his ''History of Indian Medical Literature''.<ref name="HIML-intro" /> After considering the evidence and arguments concerning the ''Suśrutasaṃhitā'', Meulenbeld stated (IA, 348), <blockquote>The ''Suśrutasaṃhitā'' is most probably the work of an unknown author who drew much of the material he incorporated in his treatise from a multiplicity of earlier sources from various periods. This may explain that many scholars yield to the temptation to recognize a number of distinct layers and, consequently, try to identify elements belonging to them. As we have seen, the identification of features thought to belong to a particular stratum is in many cases determined by preconceived ideas on the age of the strata and their supposed authors.</blockquote> The dating of this work to 600 BCE was first proposed by Hoernle over a century ago,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hoernle|first=A. F. Rudolf|title=Osteology or the bones of the human body.|date=1907|publisher=Clarendon P.|location=Oxford|oclc=28563136}}</ref> but has long since been overturned by subsequent historical research. The current consensus amongst medical historians of South Asia is that the ''Suśrutasaṃhitā'' was compiled over a period of time starting with a kernel of medical ideas from the century or two BCE and then being revised by several hands into its present form by about 500 CE.<ref name="HIML-intro" /><ref name="shar-hist" /> The view that the text was updated by the Buddhist scholar [[Nagarjuna]] in the 2nd century CE<ref>{{cite book|title=India and Central Asia: Classical to Contemporary Periods|author1=J. N. Roy |author2=Braja Bihārī Kumāra |page=103|publisher=Concept Publishing Company}}</ref> has been disproved, although the last chapter of the work, the Uttaratantra, was added by an unknown later author before 500 CE.<ref name="HIML-intro" />

Similar arguments apply to the Charaka Samhita, written by [[Charaka]], and the Bhela Samhita, attributed to [[Atreya]] Punarvasu, that are also dated to the 6th century BCE by non-specialist scholars<ref>{{cite book|title=Spirit Versus Scalpel: Traditional Healing and Modern Psychotherapy|page=76|author1=Leonore Loeb Adler |author2=B. Runi Mukherji |publisher=Greenwood}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Development of Plant-Based Medicines: Conservation, Efficacy and Safety|first=Praveen K.|last=Saxena|publisher=Springer|page=48}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v56tj2EPZ-YC&pg=PA116|page=116|author1=Mohammad Ali Jazayery |first2=Werner |last2=Winter |publisher=Walter de Gruyter|year=1988|title=Languages and Cultures: Studies in Honor of Edgar C. Polomé|isbn=978-3-11-010204-8}}</ref> but are in fact, in their present form, datable to a period between the second and fifth centuries CE.<ref name="HIML-intro" /><ref name="shar-hist" />{{sfn|Wujastyk|2003a}} The [[Charaka Samhita#Contents|Charaka Samhita]] was also updated by [[Dridhabala]] during the early centuries of the Common Era.<ref>{{cite book|author=Glucklich, Ariel|year=2008|title=The Strides of Vishnu: Hindu Culture in Historical Perspective|location=Oxford, England|publisher=Oxford University Press|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=tfZNoX09XNAC&dq=samhita&pg=PA141 141]|isbn=978-0-19-531405-2}}</ref>[[File:Charak.jpg|thumb|Statue of [[Charaka]], ancient Indian physician, in [[Haridwar]], India]]

The [[Bower Manuscript]] (dated to the early 6th century CE<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sander |first=Lore |title="Origin and Date of the {Bower Manuscript}, a New Approach" in Investigating Indian Art: Proceedings of a Symposium on the Development of Early Buddhist and Hindu Iconography Held at the Museum of Indian Art, Berlin, in May 1986 |publisher=Museum Fuer Indische Kunst |year=1987 |location=Berlin |pages=313–323}}</ref>) includes of excerpts from the ''Bheda Samhita''<ref>{{cite book|title=History of Science and Technology in Ancient India: Formation of the theoretical fundamentals of natural science|page=153|first=Debiprasad|last=Chattopadhyaya|year=1991}}</ref> and its description of concepts in Central Asian Buddhism. In 1987, A. F. R. Hoernle identified the scribe of the medical portions of the manuscript to be a native of India using a northern variant of the Gupta script, who had migrated and become a Buddhist monk in a monastery in Kucha. The Chinese pilgrim [[Fa Hsien]] (c. 337–422 CE) wrote about the healthcare system of the Gupta empire (320–550) and described the institutional approach of Indian medicine. This is also visible in the works of Charaka, who describes hospitals and how they should be equipped.<ref>{{cite book|title=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC&q=Charaka+hospital&pg=PA543|first=Upinder|last=Singh|publisher=Pearson|year=2008|isbn=978-81-317-1120-0}}</ref>

Some dictionaries of materia medica include ''Astanga nighantu'' (8th century) by Vagbhata, ''Paryaya ratnamala'' (9th century) by Madhava, ''Siddhasara nighantu'' (9th century) by Ravi Gupta, ''Dravyavali ''(10th century), and ''Dravyaguna sangraha'' (11th century) by [[Chakrapani Datta]], among others.<ref>{{cite book|title=Materia Medica of Ayurveda: Based on: Madanapala's Nighantu|page=14|author=Vaidya Bhagwan Dash|publisher=B. Jain Publishers}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=AYUSH |title=e-Nighantu |url=https://niimh.nic.in/ebooks/e-Nighantu/ |access-date=2 May 2022 |archive-date=2 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220302142032/https://niimh.nic.in/ebooks/e-Nighantu/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Illnesses portrayed ===
Underwood and Rhodes state that the early forms of traditional Indian medicine identified fever, cough, [[Tuberculosis|consumption]], diarrhea, [[dropsy]], [[abscesses]], [[seizure]]s, tumours, and [[leprosy]],<ref name="Underwood&Rhodes(2008)" /> and that treatments included [[plastic surgery]], [[lithotomy]], [[tonsillectomy]],<ref name=":2" /> [[couching (ophthalmology)|couching]] (a form of cataract surgery), puncturing to release fluids in the [[abdomen]], extraction of foreign bodies, treatment of [[anal fistula]]s, treating fractures, [[amputation]]s, [[Caesarean section#History|cesarean sections]],{{Efn|Vāgbhaṭa's Aṣṭāṅgahṛdayasaṃhitā describes a procedure for the removal of a dead foetus from the womb of a living mother, and of a living child from the womb of a mother who has died (शारीरस्थान २, गर्भव्यापद्, २.२६-२७, २.५३).<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Vāgbhaṭa|title=Ashtanga Hridaya|url=https://archive.org/stream/Ashtanga.Hridaya.of.Vagbhata#page/n567/mode/2up|via=archive.org|access-date=2 January 2017|year=1939}}</ref> Both these descriptions speak of removal of the fetus through the uterine passage, rather than from the front lower abdomen as with the caesarian section procedure. The earlier description of the Suśrutasaṃhitā (चिकित्सास्थान १५ "मूढगर्भ") is similar. A dead fetus is removed through the uterine passage and vagina. Although Suśruta does not describe removing a living child from a dead mother.}}<ref name=":2">{{cite book|last1=Magner|first1=Lois N.|title=A History of the Life Sciences, Revised and Expanded|date= 2002|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-0-8247-0824-5|page=6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YKJ6gVYbrGwC&pg=PA6|access-date=26 December 2016}}</ref>{{disputed inline|date=December 2016}} and stitching of wounds.<ref name="Underwood&Rhodes(2008)" /> The use of herbs and surgical instruments became widespread.<ref name="Underwood&Rhodes(2008)">Underwood & Rhodes (2008)</ref> During this period, treatments were also prescribed for complex ailments, including [[angina pectoris]], [[diabetes]], [[hypertension]], and [[Calculus (medicine)|stones]].<ref name="Dwivedi&Dwivedi07">{{cite journal|last=Dwivedi |first=Girish |author2=Dwivedi, Shridhar |year=2007 |url=http://medind.nic.in/iae/t07/i4/iaet07i4p243.pdf |title=History of Medicine: Sushruta – the Clinician – Teacher par Excellence |journal=Indian Journal of Chest Diseases and Allied Sciences |volume=49 |pages=243–244 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081010045900/http://medind.nic.in/iae/t07/i4/iaet07i4p243.pdf |archive-date=10 October 2008}} (Republished by [[National Informatics Centre]], Government of India.)</ref><ref name="Lock836">Lock et al., p. 836</ref>

=== Further development and spread ===

Ayurveda flourished throughout the Indian Middle Ages. [[Dalhana]] (fl. 1200), Sarngadhara (fl. 1300) and Bhavamisra (fl. 1500) compiled works on Indian medicine.<ref name="WujastykXXVI">{{harvnb|Wujastyk|2003a|page=XXVI}}</ref> The medical works of both Sushruta and Charaka were also translated into the Chinese language in the 5th century,<ref>{{cite book|title=Well-Mannered Medicine: Medical Ethics and Etiquette in Classical Ayurveda|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6-BoAgAAQBAJ&q=ayurveda+translated+5th+chinese+CE&pg=PA17|first=Dagmar|last=Wujastyk|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2002|isbn=978-0-19-985627-5|access-date=8 November 2020|archive-date=7 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230907111248/https://books.google.com/books?id=6-BoAgAAQBAJ&q=ayurveda+translated+5th+chinese+CE&pg=PA17|url-status=live}}</ref> and during the 8th century, they were translated into the Arabic and [[Persian language]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures|publisher=Springer|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kt9DIY1g9HYC&pg=PA168|isbn=978-1-4020-4559-2|date=2008|bibcode=2008ehst.book.....S|access-date=22 January 2015|archive-date=7 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230907111245/https://books.google.com/books?id=kt9DIY1g9HYC&pg=PA168|url-status=live}}</ref> The 9th-century Persian physician [[Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi]] was familiar with the text.<ref>{{cite book|title=Ayurveda: The Gentle Health System|page=15|publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]]|first=Hans H.|last=Rhyner|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HlJ-20_iP6wC|isbn=978-81-208-1500-1|year=1994|access-date=22 January 2015|archive-date=7 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230907111247/https://books.google.com/books?id=HlJ-20_iP6wC|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Rao">Ramachandra S.K. Rao, Encyclopaedia of Indian Medicine: historical perspective, Volume 1, 2005, [https://books.google.com/books?id=QRvzRGn9QqkC&pg=PA94 94–98]{{Request quotation|date=January 2015}}</ref> The Arabic works derived from the ayurvedic texts eventually also reached Europe by the 12th century.<ref>{{cite book|title=Pharmacognosy: An Indian perspective|page=54|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2UQ8BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA54|author=K. Mangathayaru|publisher=Pearson education|isbn=978-93-325-2026-4|year=2013|access-date=22 January 2015|archive-date=7 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230907111246/https://books.google.com/books?id=2UQ8BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA54|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Lock607">{{harvnb|Lock|2001|page=607}}</ref> In [[Renaissance Italy]], the Branca family of Sicily and Gaspare Tagliacozzi ([[Bologna]]) were influenced by the Arabic reception of the Sushruta's surgical techniques.<ref name="Lock607" />

British physicians living in India observed [[rhinoplasty]] being performed using Indian methods, and reports on their rhinoplasty methods were published in London in the ''[[Gentleman's Magazine]]'' in 1794.<ref name="Lock651">{{harvnb|Lock|2001|page=651}}</ref> Instruments described in the ''Sushruta Samhita'' were further modified in Europe.<ref name="Lock652">{{harvnb|Lock|2001|page=652}}</ref> [[Joseph Constantine Carpue]] studied plastic surgery methods in India for 20 years and, in 1815, was able to perform the first major rhinoplasty surgery in the western world, using the "Indian" method of nose reconstruction.<ref name="Lock651/2">{{harvnb|Lock|2001|pages=651–652}}</ref> In 1840 Brett published an article about this technique.<ref>{{cite book|author=Brett, F. H. |year=1840 |title=A practical essay on some of the principal surgical diseases of India|location=Calcutta, India|publisher=W. Thacker & Company|page=458|url=https://archive.org/stream/practicalessayon00bretuoft#page/458/mode/2up |access-date=6 January 2015}}</ref>

The British had shown some interest in developing medical education in India in the early nineteenth century. A Native Medical Institution (NMI) was setup in 1822 where European medicine was taught through the medium of Indian languages.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Khaleeli |first=Zhaleh |date=March 2001 |title=Harmony or Hegemony? the Rise and Fall of the Native Medical Institution, Calcutta; 1822-35 |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/026272800102100104 |journal=South Asia Research |language=en |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=77–104 |doi=10.1177/026272800102100104 |issn=0262-7280}}</ref> After the [[English Education Act 1835]], the NMI was closed, and medical education was transferred to the newly founded Calcutta Medical College.<ref name="Hardiman2009">{{cite journal |last1=Hardiman |first1=David |title=Indian Medical Indigeneity: From Nationalist Assertion to the Global Market |journal=Social History |date=2009 |volume=34 |issue=3 |pages=263–283 |doi=10.1080/03071020902975131 |jstor=25594366 |s2cid=144288544 |issn=0307-1022 |quote=On the whole, such courses provided a back door into a career of improvised and only half-understood biomedical practice. Indeed, for biomedical practitioners, such self-titled 'doctors' are no more than quacks. }}</ref> After Indian independence, the government-sponsored [[Bhore Committee|Bhore Report]] created a national health system for India on the international model that marginalized indigenous medical systems such as ayurveda.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wujastyk |first=Dagmar |title=Modern and global Ayurveda: pluralism and paradigms |last2=Smith |first2=Frederick M. |date=2008 |publisher=SUNY press |isbn=978-0-7914-7489-1 |location=Albany |pages=43-76 |chapter=The Evolution of Indian Government Policy on Ayurveda in the Twentieth Century}}</ref> After push-back by the community of ayurvedic practitioners, and numerous other government commissions over a twenty-year period, ayurveda eventually became a part of the Indian national healthcare system, with state hospitals for ayurveda established across the country. However, the treatments of traditional medicines were not always integrated with others.<ref name="who01">{{cite web |last=Xiaorui Zhang |date=2001 |title=Legal Status of Traditional Medicine and Complementary/Alternative Medicine: A Worldwide Review |url=http://apps.who.int/medicinedocs/en/d/Jh2943e/8.4.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090831034622/http://apps.who.int/medicinedocs/en/d/Jh2943e/8.4.html |archive-date=31 August 2009 |access-date=24 June 2014 |publisher=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO) |page=}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Div col|small=yes}}
* [[Sri Lankan traditional medicine]]
* [[Unani medicine]]
* [[Acupuncture]]
* [[Ashvins]]
* [[Bachelor of Ayurveda, Medicine and Surgery]]
* [[Bhaisajyaguru]]
* [[Dhātu (ayurveda)]]
* [[History of alternative medicine]]
* [[Homeopathy]]
* [[List of ayurveda colleges]]
* [[List of unproven and disproven cancer treatments]]
* [[Ramuan]]
* [[Medical ethnobotany of India]]
{{div col end}}

== Footnotes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
=== Citations ===
{{Reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book|last=Chopra|first=Ananda S.|year=2003|chapter=Āyurveda|title=Medicine across cultures: history and practice of medicine in non-western cultures|editor=Selin, Helaine|editor-link=Helaine Selin|pages=75–83|publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Kluwer Academic]]|isbn=978-1-4020-1166-5|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=of-gv8-pPcsC&pg=PA75|access-date=15 November 2015|archive-date=7 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230907111253/https://books.google.com/books?id=of-gv8-pPcsC&pg=PA75|url-status=live}}
* {{cite journal |last=Dwivedi |first=Girish |author2=Dwivedi, Shridhar |year=2007 |url=http://medind.nic.in/iae/t07/i4/iaet07i4p243.pdf |title=History of Medicine: Sushruta – the Clinician – Teacher par Excellence |journal=Indian Journal of Chest Diseases and Allied Sciences |volume=49 |pages=243–244 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081010045900/http://medind.nic.in/iae/t07/i4/iaet07i4p243.pdf |archive-date=10 October 2008}} (Republished by [[National Informatics Centre]], Government of India.)
* {{cite book|last=Finger|first=Stanley|year=2001|title=Origins of Neuroscience: A History of Explorations into Brain Function|publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-514694-3}}
* {{cite book|last=Kutumbian|first=P.|year=1999|title=Ancient Indian Medicine|publisher=[[Orient Blackswan|Orient Longman]]|location=Andhra Pradesh|isbn=978-81-250-1521-5}}
* {{cite book|last=Lock|first=Stephen|year=2001|title=The Oxford Illustrated Companion to Medicine|url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordillustrate00step|url-access=registration|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-262950-0|author-link=Stephen Lock}}
* {{cite encyclopedia|last=Underwood|first=E. Ashworth|author2=Rhodes, P.|year=2008|title=History of Medicine |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|edition=2008}}
* {{cite book|last=Wujastyk|first=D.|year=2003a|title=The Roots of Ayurveda: Selections from Sanskrit Medical Writings|publisher=Penguin Books|isbn=978-0-14-044824-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sJOEMwrVyRcC&q=The+Roots+of+Ayurveda:+Selections+from+Sanskrit+Medical+Writings.&pg=PR1|access-date=8 November 2020|archive-date=7 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230907111402/https://books.google.com/books?id=sJOEMwrVyRcC&q=The+Roots+of+Ayurveda:+Selections+from+Sanskrit+Medical+Writings.&pg=PR1|url-status=live}}
{{refend}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite book |last=Drury |first=Heber |title=The Useful plants of India |url=https://archive.org/stream/usefulplantsind01drurgoog#page/n5/mode/2up |publication-date=30 June 2010 |orig-date=First published 1873 |publisher=Research Press |isbn=978-1-4460-2372-3 |oclc=1423763742 |ol=47525041M }}
* {{cite book|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/36345#page/1/mode/1up |title=Pharmacographia Indica A history of principal drugs of vegetable origin in British India | volume =1|first=William|last=Dymock |year=1890 |location=London, Bombat, Calcutta|display-authors=etal|publisher=[[Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co]], Education Society Press, Byculla, Thacker, Spink and Co}}
* {{cite book|last=Hoernle |first=Rudolf August Friedrich |title=Studies in the Medicine of Ancient India: Part I: Osteology |url=https://archive.org/stream/studiesinmedicin01hoeruoft#page/n3/mode/2up|year=1907|publisher=Clarendon Press, Oxford}}
* Pattathu, Anthony George (2018). Ayurveda and Discursive Formations between Religion, Medicine and Embodiment: A Case Study from Germany. In: Lüddeckens, D., & Schrimpf, M. (2018). [https://www.transcript-verlag.de/en/detail/index/sArticle/4316 Medicine – religion – spirituality: Global perspectives on traditional, complementary, and alternative healing]. Bielefeld: transcript Verlag. {{ISBN|978-3-8376-4582-8}}, pp. 133–166.
* {{cite book |last=Patwardhan |first=Kishore |year=2008 |chapter=Concepts of Human Physiology in Ayurveda |title=Sowarigpa and Ayurveda - Proceedings of the National Seminar on Sowarigpa and Āyurveda Held in October 2007 |publisher=Central Institute of Higher Tibetan Studies |location=Sarnath, Varanasi |series=Samyak Vak Series-14 |editor-last=Roy |editor-first=Pabitra Kumar |pages=53–73 |isbn=978-81-87127-76-5 |chapter-url=http://cogprints.org/7033/1/Chapter_in_sowarigpa_and_ayurveda.pdf |oclc=320353589 }}
* {{cite book |title=Commentary on the Hindu System of Medicine|first=Thomas T.|last=Wise|publisher=Thacker & Co.|location=Calcutta |year=1845|url=https://archive.org/stream/commentaryonhind00wise#page/n3/mode/2up}}
* {{Cite journal|last1=Wujastyk|first1=Dominik|title=Indian Medicine|url=http://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/document/obo-9780195399318/obo-9780195399318-0035.xml|website=Oxford Bibliographies|publisher=Oxford University Press|doi=10.1093/obo/9780195399318-0035|year=2011|url-access=subscription}}. A bibliographical survey of the history of Indian medicine.
* [https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/43034 WHO guidelines on safety monitoring of herbal medicines in pharmacovigilance systems]
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20191001140942/https://www.fda.gov/consumers/consumer-updates/use-caution-ayurvedic-products Use Caution With Ayurvedic Products]}} – [[US Food and Drug Administration]].

== External links ==
{{Sister project links|Ayurveda}}
* [https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/351480 WHO benchmarks for the training of ayurveda] [[World Health Organization]] (WHO), Geneva, 2022.

{{Ayurveda}}
{{Hinduism footer small}}
{{Massage types}}
{{pseudoscience}}
{{Traditional Medicine}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Ayurveda| ]]
[[Category:History of ancient medicine]]
[[Category:Massage therapy]]
[[Category:Pseudoscience]]
[[Category:South Asian traditional medicine]]
[[Category:Vedic period]]
[[Category:Ancient Indian medicine]]

Devigarh

2026-03-20T13:44:43Z

CallGirlMumbai: quick refined information and corrected details

{{Short description|Former royal residence in Udaipur, India}}

{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox hotel
| name = Devi Garh Palace
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| location = [[Delwara]], [[Udaipur]], [[Rajasthan]]
| coordinates = {{coord|24.7725|N|73.7493|E|display=inline,title}}
| opening_date = 2000
| closing_date =
| developer =
| architect =
| operator = Walled City Hotels Private Limited
| owner = Walled City Hotels Private Limited
| number_of_restaurants = 1
| number_of_rooms =
| number_of_suites = 39
| floor_area =
| floor_count =
| parking = Yes
| website = {{URL|http://raasdevigarh.com//}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Devi Garh Palace''' is a heritage hotel and resort, housed in the 18th-century Devi Garh palace in the village of [[Delwara]]. It was the [[royal residence]] of the rulers of Delwara [[principality]], from the mid-18th century till the mid-20th century. Situated in the [[Aravalli Range|Aravalli]] hills, 28 km northeast of [[Udaipur]], [[Rajasthan]], Devigarh forms one of the three main passes into the valley of Udaipur.<ref name=nyt>[http://travel.nytimes.com/travel/guides/asia/india/rajasthan/udaipur/49030/devi-garh/hotel-detail.html New York Times Review - Devi Garh] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811151254/http://travel.nytimes.com/travel/guides/asia/india/rajasthan/udaipur/49030/devi-garh/hotel-detail.html |date=11 August 2011 }} ''The New York Times''.</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=5JoGt4pz-rIC&dq=devi+garh&pg=PA164 Arabian Nights] ''The Dragon's Playground: Exploring Asia with Panache'', by Christine Meaney, Various. Published by PPP Company Ltd, 2005. {{ISBN|988-98225-7-1}}. ''Page 164''.</ref>

In 2006, ''[[The New York Times]]'' named it as one of India's leading luxury hotels,<ref>[http://travel.nytimes.com/frommers/travel/guides/asia/india/rajasthan/frm_rajasthan_3509010002.html?pagewanted=print Devi Garh, one of India's top hotels.] ''The New York Times'', 20 November 2006.</ref> and [[Frommer's]] Review, while calling it "the best hotel on the subcontinent", stated that "Devi Garh is more than beautiful, it is inspiring."<ref name=nyt/> In 2008, it was featured in [[Lifestyle Channel]] [[Discovery Travel and Living]] series, 'Dream Hotels' spread over five continents, other two Indian hotels that made it to the list of 55, were [[Lake Palace|Taj Lake Palace]], [[Udaipur]], and [[Rambagh Palace]], [[Jaipur]]<ref>[http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/News_by_Industry/Discovery_brings_home_Dream_Hotels/articleshow/3361483.cms Discovery brings home global Dream Hotels from 21 Aug] [[The Economic Times]], 13 August 2008.</ref>

==History==
Delwara, nestled in the Aravali hills, is about 28 km away from Udaipur and close to Eklingji Temple on way to temple town of Nathdwara. Delwara was originally known as ''‘Devkul Patan Nagri’'' which means the town of god, boasted of over 1500 temples at one time, out of which there were about 400 Jain temples. The ancient Jain temples of Delwara, now in total ruins, were built during the reign of Emperor Samprati (224-215 BC). He was the grandson of Emperor Ashok and son of Ashoka’s blind son Kunal. Samprati became the Emperor of the entire western and southern part of India (Maurya Empire) and ruled from Ujjain. It is said that Samprati, also known as ‘Jain Ashoka’, built thousands of Jain temples in India. It may be noted that all the ancient Jain monuments of Rajasthan and Gujarat, including the Jain temples at Delwara (Mewar), are also attributed to Emperor Samprati.

During the 12th century, Rao Samant Singh of Jalore had four sons – Rao Kanhadeo, Maldeo, Raningdeo, and Sagar. Rao Kanhadeo and his son Kunwar Viramdeo were killed in a battle against [[Allauddin Khilji]] in 1311, while Rao Maldeo and Rao Raningdeo ruled smaller Jagirs in Jalore. It is believed that ''Rao Sagar'' was given the Jagir of Delwara, as the adjoining areas of Girva (Udaipur) were ruled by Deora Chauhans until 14-15th century.

Around the middle of the 13th century, ''Raja Sagar,'' a Deora Chauhan and a descendant of Rao Kirtipal of Jalore was a very brave king of ''Delwara''. He was the progenitor of Bothra Bachhawat Mehtas. Raja Sagar had three sons - ''Bohitya'', Gangadas and Jaisingh. Whenever there was an invasion from Muslims, Rana Jaitra Singh (1213–53) and later his son Rana Tej Singh (1262–73) called ''Raja Sagar'' for help in the battle. Raja Sagar always came along with army and fought valiantly against the invading Muslims.

Later, the Kingdom of Mewar was divided into 16 first grade thikanas or districts. Delwara was one of the 16 Rajwadas, along with Badi Sadri and Gogunda. Delwara was ruled by Jhala Rajputs from the 15th century onwards. The ancestor of the family was Raja Raj Singh of Halvad (Dhrangadhara), son of Harpal Singh Makwana. Jhalas performed meritorious service in Mewar along with Maharana Kumbha (1433–68). During the reign of Maharana Udai Singh I (1468–73) sons of Raja Raj Singh, Ajja and Sajja, came to Mewar. The Maharana granted the Jagir of Delwara to Kunwar Sajja and that of Bari Sadri to Kunwar Ajja Singh. Ajja fought alongside Maharana Sangram Singh I (1509-1527) and against Babur in 1527 at the Battle of Khanwa. When Maharana Sangram Singh (Rana Sanga) was wounded on the battlefield, Ajja donned the Maharana's tunic, which kept the Mewar army together but proved fatal for Raj Rana Ajja, who died in the battle. As many as 7 generations of the Jhala family had been sacrificing their lives for Maharanas of Mewar. Later, the second wife of Maharana Udai Singh II (1537–72) was a daughter of Raj Rana Jait Singh of Delwara.

The principality of Delwara was given out to Raja Sajja Singh, one of the lieutenants of [[Maharana Pratap]], after the '[[Battle of Haldighati]]' in 1576.<ref>{{cite news |title=Slip into the past with a trip to Devigarh|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/weekipedia-slip-into-the-past-with-a-trip-to-devigarh/54577-26.html?xml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121006140520/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/weekipedia-slip-into-the-past-with-a-trip-to-devigarh/54577-26.html?xml |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 October 2012 |publisher=[[CNN-IBN]]|date=20 December 2007 }}</ref> First a rudimentary palace was built by Raghudev Singh II, which was later revamped a few years later in the 1760s for a royal visit of the [[Maharani]] of [[Udaipur]]. The seven-storeyed hilltop fort palace in [[Rajasthani architecture]] was built in the 1760s.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20060428145905/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2005/07/09/stories/2005070901770600.htm Where the past meets the future] [[The Hindu]], 9 July 2005.</ref>

==Restoration==
Two centuries later, it was in ruins and empty for 20 years, when it was acquired by Poddars, an industrial family from [[Shekhawati]] region living in [[Bangalore]] in 1984.<ref>''Rajasthan & Gujarat handbook'', by Roma Bradnock, Anil Mulchandani. Published by Footprint Travel Guides, 2001. {{ISBN|1-900949-92-X}}. ''Page 202''.</ref> The restoration took over 15 years and a team of 750 people, led by architect [GAUTAM BHATIA] and architect Navin Gupta. The interior spaces were redesigned in [[Minimalism|minimalistic]] style by Mumbai-based interior designer Rajiv Saini, to turn this palace into an all-suite luxury hotel, complete with a [[spa]] and [[Ayurvedic]] retreat,<ref>[http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/Art-Alive/344001/ ...The Mumbai-based Saini’s big moment was designing Devigarh Palace in Udaipur.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120925001554/http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/Art-Alive/344001/ |date=25 September 2012 }} [[Indian Express]], 3 August 2008.</ref><ref>[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/asia/india/722644/India-Palace-hotel-with-a-minimalist-twist.html India: Palace hotel with a minimalist twist] [[The Daily Telegraph]], 6 Feb 2001.</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=qMqBvtL_nI0C&dq=devigarh&pg=PA463 Devi Garh] ''[[Frommer's]] India'', by Pippa De Bruyn, Keith Bain, Niloufer Venkatraman, Shonar Joshi. Published by Frommer's, 2008. {{ISBN|978-0-470-16908-7}}. ''Page 463''.</ref> today it is considered one of India's best-designed hotels.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=sc1VtavmxXcC&dq=devi+garh&pg=PA28 Devi Garh] ''Best designed wellness hotels 1.: Indien, Südostasien, Australien, Südpazifik'', by Martin Nicholas Kunz. Published by Birkhäuser, 2002. {{ISBN|3-929638-90-8}}. ''Page 28-30''.</ref><ref>''India: decoration, interiors, design'', by Henry Wilson. Published by Watson-Guptill Publications, 2001. {{ISBN|0-8230-2513-6}}. ''Page 47''.</ref>

==Visitors and events==
In 2004, it came into limelight with British model-actress [[Liz Hurley]] and her NRI boyfriend [[Arun Nayar]]'s visit to the Devigarh Palace to celebrate the latter's birthday.<ref>[http://in.rediff.com/news/2004/nov/05rajas.htm Hollywood diva Liz Hurley and her boyfriend Arun Nayar arrived at the majestic Devigarh Palace in Udaipur to celebrate the latter's birthday] [[Rediff.com]], 5 November 2004.</ref> Since then it has also been visited by [[Amitabh Bachchan]], [[Saif Ali Khan]] and [[Fardeen Khan]], and the [[Dhirubhai Ambani|Ambani]] brothers.<ref>[http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/Consumer_Life/Rajputana_Royalty/articleshow/3152784.cms Rajputana Royalty] [[The Economic Times]], 22 June 2008.</ref>

The 2007 [[Hindi cinema|Hindi film]], ''[[Eklavya: The Royal Guard]]'' was set and extensively shot at Devigarh.<ref>[http://www.expressindia.com/news/fullstory.php?newsid=81531 Eklavya belongs to Amitabh Bachchan!] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120925001639/http://www.expressindia.com/news/fullstory.php?newsid=81531 |date=25 September 2012 }} Aprajita Anil, [[Indian Express]], 16 February 2007.</ref>

==Transport==
Located 28 km northeast of Udaipur, on the road between Udaipur and the religious township of [[Nathdwara]], Devi Garh is a 45-minute drive from the city.

==References==
{{Reflist|33em}}

==External links==
* [http://www.deviresorts.in/ Official website]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120222225014/http://deviresorts.in/media.html Devigarh in Media] at Archive
* [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/asia/india/722644/India-Palace-hotel-with-a-minimalist-twist.html India: Palace hotel with a minimalist twist] at [[The Daily Telegraph]]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110615191522/http://women.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/women/style/article531677.ece Palace of dreams] at [[The Times]]
* [http://wikimapia.org/11276195/Devi-Garh Devi Garh Location] [[wikimapia]]

{{Udaipur}}

[[Category:Palaces in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Royal residences in India]]
[[Category:Hotels in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Udaipur district]]
[[Category:Hotels established in 2000]]
[[Category:Houses completed in the 18th century]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Udaipur district]]
[[Category:Heritage hotels in India]]
[[Category:Hotels in Udaipur]]

Gajendra Verma

2026-03-17T04:00:36Z

CallGirlMumbai: further reworked citations for clarity also and improved wording

{{Short description|Indian singer-songwriter (born 1990)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2014}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Gajendra Verma
| image = File:Gajendra Verma photo.jpg
| image_size = 280px
| landscape = yes
| alt = Gajendra Verma Performing
| caption = Gajendra Verma Performing
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| birth_name =
| alias =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1990|04|20}}
| birth_place = [[Sirsa]], Haryana, India
| origin =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| occupation = {{hlist|Singer|Songwriter}}
| years_active = 2010–present
| module = {{Infobox musical artist|embed=yes
| background = solo_singer
| genre = {{hlist|Pop|R&B|[[Funk]]}}
| instruments = {{hlist|Vocals|Guitar}}
| label = {{hlist|DroomMuisc|Virtual Planet Music|[[Eros Now]]|[[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]|Sonotekk}}
}}
| module2 = {{infobox youtuber
| youtube_handle = Gajendraverma
| youtube_display_name = Gajendra Verma

| youtube_years_active = 2010–present
| youtube_genre = [[Music genre|Music]]
| youtube_subscribers = 4.2 million{{nu|date=October 2025}}
| youtube_views = 2.7 billion
| stats_update =
}}
| module3 = {{Infobox website|embed=yes
| name = '''Website Information'''
| website = {{URL|gajendraverma.com}}
}}
}}

'''Gajendra Verma''' (born 20 April 1990) is an Indian singer, songwriter, composer, and [[Audio engineer|sound engineer]], known for his contributions to the Indian pop music industry.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Shetty |first=Anjali |date=Jan 22, 2019 |title=I have evolved as a musician, says Gajendra Verma |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/music/i-have-evolved-as-a-musician-says-gajendra-verma/story-nWFbJPNLv1yczBspgjPUPL.html |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Gajendra Verma: Latest News, Videos and Photos of Gajendra Verma {{!}} Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/gajendra-verma |access-date=2024-10-10 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> His debut single, "Emptiness (Tune Mere Jaana)," gained attention in 2010–11, which helped establish his presence as an independent artist in India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hindi News, हिंदी न्यूज़, live Coverage Breaking News In Hindi, Today Headlines |url=https://www.thelallantop.com/ |access-date=2024-10-10 |website=www.thelallantop.com |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-07-24 |title=The small-town YouTube millionaire |url=https://www.mid-day.com/sunday-mid-day/article/the-small-town-youtube-millionaire-17460161 |access-date=2024-10-10 |website=Mid-day |language=en}}</ref> Gajendra has since released several other tracks, including "Phir Suna," "Mann Mera," "Ik Kahani," and "Tera Ghata."<ref name=":2">{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0KNk-Joi-NM |title=Tera Ghata {{!}} Gajendra Verma Ft. Karishma Sharma {{!}} Vikram Singh {{!}} Official Video |date=2018-05-18 |last=Gajendra Verma |access-date=2024-10-10 |via=YouTube}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Goyal |first=Samart |date=19 October 2022 |title=Gajendra Verma says collaboration with Flipsyde was possible only because of the Internet |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/music/gajendra-verma-says-collaboration-with-flipsyde-was-possible-only-because-of-the-internet-101666163048841.html |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=PR |first=ANI |date=2022-10-04 |title=Singer Gajendra Verma announces his first international collaboration titled Maar Sutteya, drops a raw poster |url=https://theprint.in/ani-press-releases/singer-gajendra-verma-announces-his-first-international-collaboration-titled-maar-sutteya-drops-a-raw-poster/1154022/ |access-date=2024-10-10 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Gajendra was born in [[Sirsa]], Haryana, and raised in [[Jaipur]], Rajasthan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/person/gajendra-verma/1056471|title=Gajendra Verma – Movies, Biography, News, Age & Photos|website=BookMyShow}}</ref> His father, Surender Verma, is a poet and lyricist, which influenced his early exposure to music and writing.<ref name=":1" /> He began performing at the age of four and learned to play instruments such as the [[Pump organ|harmonium]] and guitar.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last= |date=22 August 2019 |title=Gajendra Verma : Whose "Emptiness" Gave Us Fulfillment |url=https://www.allaboutmen.co.in/gajendra-verma-whose-emptiness-gave-us-fulfillment/ |website=All About Men}}</ref> Gajendra later pursued sound engineering, enabling him to produce much of his own music.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-19 |title=Gajendra Verma On Collaborating With Flipsyde For 'Maar Sutteya': Music Doesn't Have Any Language |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/gajendra-verma-on-collaborating-with-flipsyde-for-maar-sutteya-music-doesn-t-have-any-language-news-231040 |access-date=2024-10-10 |website=Outlook India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-06-22 |title=Creating music for Bollywood can strip away your artistic expression: Gajendra Verma |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/bangalore/creating-music-for-bollywood-can-strip-away-your-artistic-expression-gajendra-verma/articleshow/111168163.cms |access-date=2024-10-10 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> His brother, Vikram Singh, has also been a collaborator and producer in his music career. Gajendra later pursued sound engineering, which allowed him to produce much of his music independently.

==Career==

=== 2010 ===
Verma's initial breakthrough came with the release of "Emptiness (Tune Mere Jaana)" in 2010.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-09-29 |title=Gajendra Verma ventures into international markets; to collab with an American Band |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/gajendra-verma-ventures-into-international-markets-to-collab-with-an-american-band/articleshow/94539448.cms |access-date=2024-10-10 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The song, which was associated with a fictional story, became widely circulated online. Following this, he released several tracks, including "Phir Suna," "Mann Mera," and "Ik Kahani."<ref name=":3" /><ref name="news18.com">{{Cite web |date=2021-07-03 |title=Gajendra Verma's 'Emptiness': The Internet Myth of 'Rohan Rathore' |url=https://www.news18.com/news/buzz/gajendra-vermas-emptiness-the-internet-myth-of-rohan-rathore-3921227.html |access-date=2024-10-10 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

=== 2012–2017 ===
He started producing independent songs and songs for Bollywood movies. "Phir Suna," "Saajna re", "Tera Hi Rahun" "Mann Mera," and "Ik Kahani" were some of the significant milestones in his career.

=== 2018 ===
Verma released the song "Tera Ghata," which became popular, accumulating a significant number of views on YouTube. The song's theme dealt with moving on after heartbreak, and it resonated with listeners in India and other countries such as [[Pakistan]], [[Nepal]], and the [[United Arab Emirates]].<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-07-25 |title=Tera Ghata singer, Gajendra Verma, releases new track |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/tera-ghata-singer-gajendra-verma-releases-new-track/articleshow/70374355.cms |access-date=2024-10-10 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

=== 2021 ===
Verma launched "Summary," a musical web series that combines music with visual [[storytelling]]. Each episode featured a song linked to a larger narrative. This project marked a different approach in his career. In 2022, He collaborated with an American Band "Flipsyde" for a single for international markets.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-09-29 |title=Gajendra Verma ventures into international markets; to collab with an American Band |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/gajendra-verma-ventures-into-international-markets-to-collab-with-an-american-band/articleshow/94539448.cms |access-date=2025-01-22 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

=== 2024 ===
Gajendra released his album ''"Good Vibes Only"'' in 2024, featuring eight tracks that blend elements of Pop, R&B, Funk, and Synth Wave.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tagat |first=Anurag |date=2024-09-21 |title=Gajendra Verma Announces New Album ‘Good Vibes Only,' India Tour |url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/gajendra-verma-tour-dates-cities-tickets-new-album-good-vibes-only/ |access-date=2025-01-22 |website=Rolling Stone India |language=en-US}}</ref> He embarked on a nationwide tour to promote the album, performing in major cities and further cementing his reputation as a versatile artist.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Watch New Hindi Trending Song Music Video – 'Sun Baliye' Sung By Sonu Kakkar, Gajendra Verma Starring Gajendra Verma And Apoorva Arora {{!}} Hindi Video Songs – Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/hindi/watch-new-hindi-trending-song-music-video-sun-baliye-sung-by-sonu-kakkar-gajendra-verma-starring-gajendra-verma-and-apoorva-arora/videoshow/80387643.cms |access-date=2024-10-10 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

==Discography==
{| class="wikitable"
! Year
! Song
!Version
! Film/ Album
!Label
|-
| rowspan="4" |2008
| [[Tune Mere Jaana]]
|
| rowspan="3" |Emptiness<ref name=":3" />
|
|-
| Phir Suna
|
|
|-
| Love Kiya Toh Darna Kya
|
|
|-
| Sun Mere
|
| Single
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2011
|Tune Mere Jaana (Emptiness)
| rowspan="3" |Single
| rowspan="3" |Emptiness<ref name="news18.com"/>
| rowspan="3" |Sonotek Cassettes
|-
|Phir Suna
|-
|Tune Mere Jaana Reprise
|-
| rowspan="2" |2012
|Saajna Re
|Single
|Saajna Re
|Virtual Planet Music
|-
| Taur Mittran Di
|Film
| [[Taur Mittran Di]]
|[[Eros Now|Eros Now Music]]
|-
| rowspan="6" |2013
| Mann Mera
| rowspan="3" |Film
| rowspan="2" |[[Table No. 21]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Eros Now|Eros Now Music]]
|-
| O Sajna
|-
| Kudi Tu Butter' (Reprise)
| [[Bajatey Raho]]
|-
|Tujhse Door Jo Hota Hun
|Single
|Tujhse Door Jo Hota Hun
|Virtual Planet Music
|-
|Mujhe Ishq Se
| rowspan="2" |Film
| rowspan="2" |[[Yaariyan (2014 film)|Yaariyan]]
| rowspan="2" |[[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]
|-
|Yaariyan Mashup
|-
| rowspan="3" |2014
| Baarish
|Film
|[[Yaariyan (2014 film)|Yaariyan]]
|T-Series
|-
| O Humnavaa
|Film
| |[[Samrat & Co.]]
|Rajshri Music
|-
|Kyun Hai?
|Single
|Kyun Hai?
|Virtual Planet Music
|-
| rowspan="6" |2015
|Anjaam
|Single
|Anjaam
|Virtual Planet Music
|-
|High High High Higher
|Film
| rowspan="2" |Chor Bazari
| rowspan="2" |[[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]
|-
|Hai Koi
|Film
|-
|Hum Hain Na
|Single
|Hum Hain Na
| rowspan="2" |Virtual Planet Music
|-
|Maa Hai Yaar
|Single
|Maa Hai Yaar
|-
|Shor
|Single
|Shor
|DKP Music
|-
| rowspan="2" |2016
|Kudi Tu Butter (Reprise)
|Film
|[[Bajatey Raho]]
|[[Eros Now|Eros Now Music]]
|-
| Tera Hi Rahun
|Single
|Tera Hi Rahun
|Virtual Planet Music
|-
| rowspan="2" |2017
| Ik Kahani
| rowspan="2" |Album
| rowspan="2" |From Lost to Found
| rowspan="2" |Virtual Planet Music
|-
| Mera Jahan
|-
| rowspan="6" |2018
|Tera Ghata Acoustic
| rowspan="4" |Album
| rowspan="4" |From Lost to Found
| rowspan="4" |Virtual Planet Music
|-
|[[Tera Ghata]]
|-
|Tera Ghata HipHop Version
|-
|Tera Ghata Rajasthani Version
|-
| Raati Saanu
|Album
|From Lost to Found
|SagaHits
|-
| The Mercury Song – Jhankar Beats
|Film
| [[Mercury (2018 film)|Mercury]]
|[[Saregama|Saregama India Ltd.]]
|-
| rowspan="8" |2019
|Ja Ja Ja
| rowspan="4" |Album
| rowspan="4" |FLIP
| rowspan="4" |Virtual Planet Music
|-
| Ab Aaja
|-
| Jaana Jaana
|-
| Main Aur Tu
|-
| Khelegi Kya<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2019-01-22 |title=I have evolved as a musician, says Gajendra Verma |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/music/i-have-evolved-as-a-musician-says-gajendra-verma/story-nWFbJPNLv1yczBspgjPUPL.html |access-date=2020-05-11 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>
|Single
|Khelegi Kya
|Virtual Planet Music
|-
| Milo Na Tum<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=10 September 2019 |title=Tera Ghata singer Gajendra Verma releases new song Milo Na Tum, romances Govinda's daughter Tina in video |url=https://hindustantimes.com/bollywood/tera-ghata-singer-gajendra-verma-releases-new-song-milo-na-tum-romances-govinda-s-daughter-tina-in-video/story-cHRX7L1IjYCre6Tob83ZxI.html |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>
|Single
|Milo Na Tum
|Virtual Planet Music
|-
| Safar
|Single
|Safar
|Virtual Planet Music
|-
| Yaad Karke<ref>{{Cite web |title=Latest Hindi Song 'Yaad Karke' Sung By Gajendra Verma |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/hindi/latest-hindi-song-yaad-karke-sung-by-gajendra-verma/videoshow/70289542.cms |access-date=2024-10-10 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|Single
|Yaad Karke
|Virtual Planet Music
|-
| rowspan="8" |2020
|Tere Nashe Mein Choor
| rowspan="5" |Album
| rowspan="5" |FLIP
| rowspan="5" |Virtual Planet Music
|-
|Ab Aaja (Remix)
|-
|Ja Ja Ja (Remix)
|-
|Main Aur Tu (Remix)
|-
|Tere Nashe Mein Choor (Remix)
|-
|India Together
|Single
|India Together
|Virtual Planet Music
|-
|Mera Desh
|Single
|Mera Desh
|Virtual Planet Music
|-
| Yaad Karke (Remix)
|Single
|Yaad Karke (Remix)
|Virtual Planet Music
|-
| rowspan="13" |2021
|Fakeer Bandeya
|Single
|Fakeer Bandeya
|[[Sony Music India]]
|-
|Jugnoo Sitarey
|Single
|Jugnoo Sitarey
|ARCHIT & SMIT
|-
|Na Hona Tumse Door
|Single
|Na Hona Tumse Door
|Virtual Planet Music
|-
|Aaj Phir Se
|Album
|Summary
|Virtual Planet Music
|-
|Pehla Pyar
|
|
|
|-
|Mushkil Badi
| rowspan="3" |Album
| rowspan="3" |Summary
| rowspan="3" |Virtual Planet Music
|-
|Kitna Maza Aayega
|-
|Ratjage
|-
|Sun Baliye<ref>{{Cite news|title=Watch New Hindi Trending Song Music Video – 'Sun Baliye' Sung By Sonu Kakkar, Gajendra Verma Starring Gajendra Verma And Apoorva Arora {{!}} Hindi Video Songs – Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/hindi/watch-new-hindi-trending-song-music-video-sun-baliye-sung-by-sonu-kakkar-gajendra-verma-starring-gajendra-verma-and-apoorva-arora/videoshow/80387643.cms|access-date=2021-01-24|newspaper=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>
| rowspan="3" |Single
|Sun Baliye
| rowspan="3" |Voila Digi Private Limited
|-
|Sun Baliye – Remix Version
|Sun Baliye – Remix Version
|-
|Sun Baliye (Remix)
|Sun Baliye (Remix)
|-
|Tera Ishq
|Single
|Tera Ishq
|Voila Digi Private Limited
|-
|DNA of Love
|Single
|DNA of Love
|Entourage Music
|-
| rowspan="9" |2022
|Hum Se Hai Life
|Single
|Hum Se Hai Life
|Virtual Planet Music
|-
|Maar Sutteya<ref>{{Cite web |last=Goyal |first=Samarth |date=19 October 2022 |title=Gajendra Verma says collaboration with Flipsyde was possible only because of the Internet |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/music/gajendra-verma-says-collaboration-with-flipsyde-was-possible-only-because-of-the-internet-101666163048841.html |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>
|Single
|Maar Sutteya
|Virtual Planet Music
|-
|Maar Sutteya Acapella
|Single
|Maar Sutteya Acapella
|Virtual Planet Music
|-
|Milo Na Tum (Lofi)
|Film
|Milo Na Tum (Lofi)
|[[Saregama|Saregama India Ltd.]]
|-
|Mann Mera Remix
| rowspan="3" |Film
| rowspan="3" |[[Table No. 21]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Eros Now|Eros Now Music]]
|-
|O Sajna Remix
|-
|Mann Mera Lofi
|-
|Tera Ishq Lofi Remix
|Single
|Tera Ishq Lofi Remix
|Voila Digi Private Limited
|-
|Mann Jaage
|Film
|Bittu Boss
|[[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]
|-
| rowspan="12" |2023
|Aaj Phir Se
|Album
|Summary
|Virtual Planet Music
|-
|Tera Ghata ft. Neha Kakkar
|Single
|From Lost to Found
|Virtual Planet Music
|-
|Tera Ghata Remix
| rowspan="5" |Single
| rowspan="5" |FLIP
|Virtual Planet Music
|-
|Lag Jaa Gale (from Leela)
|Voila Digi Private Limited
|-
|Adhoore Hum
|[[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]
|-
|Love Kiya To Darna Kya (Sad Version)
| rowspan="2" |Virtual Planet Music
|-
|Sun Mere
|-
|Love Kiya To Darna Kya
|Single
|Love Kiya To Darna Kya
|Virtual Planet Music
|-
|Love Mashup
|Single
|Love Mashup
|Virtual Planet Music
|-
|Sun Baliye (Lofi Remix)
|Single
|Sun Baliye (Lofi Remix)
|Voila Digi Private Limited
|-
|Baarish LoFi Mix
|Film
|Yaariyan
|[[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]
|-
|Paheliyan<ref>{{Cite web |title=Experience The New Hindi Music Video Paheliyan By Gajendra Verma |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/hindi/experience-the-new-hindi-music-video-paheliyan-by-gajendra-verma/videoshow/115027880.cms |access-date=2025-01-22 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|Single
|
|Times Music
|-
| rowspan="9" |2024
|Milo Na Tum (New Age Mix)
|Single
|Milo Na Tum (New Age Mix)
|[[Saregama|Saregama India Ltd.]]
|-
|Udantashtari
|Single
| rowspan="8" |Good Vibes Only<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gajendra Verma Opens Up About Good Vibes Only Tour, Reveals His Favourite City To Perform In {{!}} Exclusive |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/gajendra-verma-opens-up-about-good-vibes-only-tour-reveals-his-favourite-city-to-perform-in-exclusive-9167881.html |access-date=2025-01-22 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>
| rowspan="8" |DroomMusic
|-
|Enna Yaad
|Album
|-
|Goom Ho Gaya
|Album
|-
|Mud Ke Tu Aa
|Album
|-
|Jhoom
|Album
|-
|Jeene Do
|Album
|-
|Sunoh
|Album
|-
|Taare Ginke
|Album
|}

== Musical style and influence ==

Gajendra Verma's music blends pop, R&B, and electronic genres with emotional lyrics. His influences include A.R. Rahman, Lucky Ali, and Ed Sheeran. Verma's work is noted for balancing commercial appeal with lyrical depth, which has resonated with a wide audience.<ref>{{cite web |title=Gajendra Verma on music and influences |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/gajendra-verma-ive-enjoyed-the-process-of-making-the-music-of-this-song/articleshow/77675460.cms |access-date=16 September 2024 |work=Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=The fake Rohan Rathod rumors around 'Emptiness' |url=https://theprint.in/feature/brandma/the-fake-rohan-rathod-rumours-around-emptiness-millennials-go-to-break-up-song/829088/ |access-date=16 September 2024 |work=The Print}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Portal|Biography}}
* {{official website|gajendraverma.com}}
* {{IMDb name|5445479}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Verma, Gajendra}}
[[Category:Hindi-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian film score composers]]
[[Category:Indian male playback singers]]
[[Category:1990 births]]
[[Category:Indian male film score composers]]
[[Category:People from Sirsa, Haryana]]
[[Category:Indian male singer-songwriters]]
[[Category:Indian singer-songwriters]]
[[Category:Singers from Haryana]]

Peermade

2026-03-16T12:47:17Z

CallGirlMumbai: Refined content and updated sections

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Peermade
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Hill station]]
| image_skyline = TeaPlantationPambanar 20080216-1.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Tea plantation near Pambanar community. Taken from [[National Highway 183 (India)|National Highway 183]].
| pushpin_map = India Kerala#India
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kerala, India
| coordinates = {{Coord|9|34|40|N|77|1|15|E|region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Idukki District|Idukki]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Panchayati raj (India)]]
| governing_body = Peermade Grama Panchayat
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 52.34
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 22,213
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], English<ref>{{cite web |title=The Kerala Official Language (Legislation) Act, 1969 |url=http://www.lawsofindia.org/pdf/kerala/1969/1969KERALA7.pdf |access-date=6 February 2021 |archive-date=20 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160420030352/http://www.lawsofindia.org/pdf/kerala/1969/1969KERALA7.pdf |url-status=usurped }}</ref>
| demographics1_title2 = Regional
| demographics1_info2 = [[Malayalam]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]]<ref name="languages">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Kerala |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10209/download/13321/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-3200.XLSX |website=www.censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]] |access-date=5 July 2023 |archive-date=18 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230618004748/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10209/download/13321/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-3200.XLSX |url-status=live }}</ref>
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 685531
| area_code = 04869
| registration_plate = KL-37
| website = [http://lsgkerala.in/peermadepanchayat/]
| footnotes =
}}
'''Peermade''', also spelt '''Peerumedu''' is a village, [[Grama Panchayat]] and [[hill station]] in the state of [[Kerala]], in southwestern [[India]].<ref name="village">{{cite web
| url = https://landrevenue.kerala.gov.in/core/Office_websites/about_village.php?nm=57Peermadevillageoffice
| title = Peermade village
| publisher = Government of Kerala, Revenue Department
| access-date = 2025-05-20
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20250520113743/https://landrevenue.kerala.gov.in/core/Office_websites/about_village.php?nm=57Peermadevillageoffice
| archive-date = 2025-05-20
}}</ref> It lies {{convert|915|m}} above sea level in the [[Western Ghats]] (Sahyadri) about {{convert|85|km}} east of [[Kottayam]] on the way to [[Kumily]].

==Etymology==
The name is sometimes related to the [[Sufi]] saint, 'Peer Mohammed', as "hill of the Peer" (പീരുമേട്).<ref>http://www.theindia.info/peermade/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191230013835/http://www.theindia.info/peermade/ |date=30 December 2019 }} Story of Tea Plantation in Kerala / George Thengummoottil</ref> The name Peerumedu is derived from the fact that Pirmuhammed Waliullah, a prominent Siddha and Sufi monk of Tamil Nadu, chose the mountain for meditation for a long time. Siddhan, spiritual guru and famous Sufi poet of Tamil known as Rumi of South India Peeru Muhammad Sahib is resting at Takkala in Kanyakumari district. Takkala and Peerumed are pilgrimage centers.

There is also a local saying that the name "Peerumedu" has come from the large number of "Pera trees" ie. Guava trees that existed way back, Which inturn came to be called as "Peramedu" and now famously known as Peerumedu.

==Demographics==
{{Pie chart
|thumb = left
|radius=65
|caption = Languages of Peermade taluk (2011)
|label1 = [[Malayalam]] |value1 = 65.35|color1 = cornflowerblue
|label2 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]] |value2 = 34.34|color2 = pink
|label3 = Others |value3 = 0.31|color3 = grey
}}
As of [[2011 Census of India|2011 Census]], Peerumade had a population of 22,213 with 11,049 males and 11,164 females. Peerumade village has an area of {{cvt|52.34|km2}} with 5,617 families residing in it. The average sex ratio was 1010 lower than the state average of 1084. In Peerumade, 8.8% of the population was under 6 years of age. Peerumade had an average literacy of 89.1% lower than the state average of 94%; male literacy was 93.9% and female literacy was 84.5%.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kerala |first1=Directorate of Census Operations |title=District Census Handbook, Idukki |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Kerala |location=Thiruvananthapuram |page=70,71 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/3209_PART_B_IDUKKI.pdf |access-date=14 July 2020 |archive-date=21 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220621172040/https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/3209_PART_B_IDUKKI.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Geography==
The landscape of Peermade includes spectacular waterfalls, open grass lands and pine forests.<ref>http://old.kerala.gov.in/kercaljan06/p38-41.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004225512/http://old.kerala.gov.in/kercaljan06/p38-41.pdf |date=4 October 2013 }} A Heaven away from Heaven / [[George Thengummoottil]] / PRD, [[Government of Kerala]]</ref> Predominantly it is classified as [[Malanad]] with an elevation ranging from {{cvt|3000|ft|m}} from the mean sea level.

==History==
[[File:പീരുമേട്, തേക്കടി, കോട്ടയം (1900).jpg|thumb|left|145px|1900 photograph of Peerumedu (British library)]]
Peermade was once the summer retreat of the [[Maharaja]]s of [[Travancore]]. During those periods these regions were quite inaccessible, covered by dense forests and was inhabited by certain tribes like 'Malappandarams' and 'Malayarans'. The archaeological excavations points out that there was an ancient [[Neolithic]] culture flourished in the high-ranges which wasn't written or recorded. But the findings of cultural remnants from the hill tracks near [[Kumily]] and [[Vandiperiyar]] provides some factual evidences of the existence of a rich culture.<ref name="Peermade">{{cite book|last1=George|first1=Thengummootil|title=Peermade|date=10 January 2014|publisher=[[George Thengummoottil]]|location=[[Kerala]]}}</ref>

Peermade was the highest elevation on the mountain route that once connected the [[Travancore]] with [[Madurai]] in ancient [[Tamilakam]]. The mountain barriers created by the [[ghats]] separated these two regions.<ref name="Peermade" />{{Rp|2}}
[[Periyar Wildlife Sanctuary]], one of the largest wildlife reserves in India, is {{convert|43|km}} away. It has herds of [[elephants]] and other wildlife as well as lakes.

==Spices==
The area is extremely fertile and until recently featured lush [[plantation]]s of [[coffee]], [[tea]], [[cardamon]], and [[coconut]].<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mag/2003/09/28/stories/2003092800110100.htm
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031208181105/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mag/2003/09/28/stories/2003092800110100.htm
|url-status=usurped
|archive-date=8 December 2003
|title= A bitter brew in the high ranges
|access-date=2006-09-20
}}</ref> With a long history of spice growing, the focus is now on the production of organic [[black pepper]], [[Black pepper#White pepper|white pepper]], [[ginger]] and [[turmeric]].<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/OPPORTUNITIES/GRANTS/DEVMARKETPLACE/0,,contentMDK:20836197~menuPK:224996~pagePK:180691~piPK:174492~theSitePK:205098,00.html
|title=Mapping India's spice route from past to present
|access-date=2006-09-20
|archive-date=11 March 2007
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311042823/http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/OPPORTUNITIES/GRANTS/DEVMARKETPLACE/0,,contentMDK:20836197~menuPK:224996~pagePK:180691~piPK:174492~theSitePK:205098,00.html
|url-status=live
}}</ref>

At a 2006 show, spice growers from Peermade displayed samples of organically grown spices including [[cardamom]], black pepper, white pepper, [[nutmeg]], [[mace (spice)|mace]], [[cloves]], turmeric, ginger, [[vanilla]] beans, vanilla powder and herbs such as [[oregano]], [[Salvia officinalis|sage]], [[thyme]] and [[rosemary]]. Oils of thyme and rosemary were also displayed.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.indianspices.com/html/event_germ.html
|title=Organic Show - Peermede Development Board's stand
|access-date=2006-09-20
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061015164904/http://www.indianspices.com/html/event_germ.html  |archive-date = 2006-10-15}}</ref>

==Education==
Marian College<ref>http://www.mariancollege.org {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111229005033/http://www.mariancollege.org/ |date=29 December 2011 }} Marian College Kuttikanam Autonomous</ref> and Mar Baselios Christian College of Engineering and Technology<ref>http://www.mbcpeermade.com {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120207011909/http://www.mbcpeermade.com/ |date=7 February 2012 }} Mar Baselios Christian College of Engineering and Technology website</ref> are located at Kuttikanam in Peermade.

==Politics==
Peermade assembly constituency is part of [[Idukki (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S11/KL_Dist_PC_AC.pdf
|title = Assembly Constituencies - Corresponding Districts and Parliamentary Constituencies
|access-date = 2008-10-20
|work = Kerala
|publisher = Election Commission of India
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090304011026/http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S11/KL_Dist_PC_AC.pdf
|archive-date = 2009-03-04
}}</ref>
[[Vazhoor Soman]] is the current MLA of peermade.

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Pambanar.jpg|[[National Highway 183 (India)|National Highway 183]] through Pambanar community
File:Peermade-2006b (5).JPG|Azhutha community
File:Taluk Office-Peermade. Majistrate Court and Sub-Treasury are also functioned in this building..jpg|Tehsil Office
File:Peermade estates3.JPG|Monsoon stream flowing through a tea estate in Peermade
</gallery>

==See also==
{{Portal|India}}
* [[Thodupuzha]]
* [[Kattappana]]
* [[Erattupetta]]
* [[Pala, Kerala|Pala]]
* [[Kumily]]
* [[Kuttikkanam]]
* [[Manjumala]]
* [[Mundakayam]]
* [[Kottayam]]
* [[Vagamon]]
* [[Peer Mohammed Dargah]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==Books==
* [[The Story of Peermade]] by [[George Thengummoottil]] ({{ISBN|9788192888606}}) http://theindia.info/theIndiainfo/downloads/The%20Story%20of%20Peermade.pdf

==External links==
{{commons category}}
*{{cite news|url=http://theindia.info/Peermade/ |title= History of Peermade |work=The India| date=2006-06-24 |access-date=2008-07-20}}
*{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/06/24/stories/2008062452940300.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107071111/http://www.hindu.com/2008/06/24/stories/2008062452940300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2012-11-07 |title= Hartal total in Peerumade | date=2008-06-24 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=2008-07-20}}
*{{cite news|url=http://theindia.info/Peermade/ |title= History of Peermade |work=The India| date=2008-06-24 |access-date=2008-07-20}}
*{{cite news|url=http://kuttikkanamcastle.com/|title=Peermade resort|work=The India|date=2008-06-24|access-date=2018-07-25|archive-date=25 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180725153402/http://kuttikkanamcastle.com/|url-status=dead}}

 {{Central Travancore}}

[[Category:Hill stations in Kerala]]
[[Category:Populated places in the Western Ghats]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Idukki district]]
[[Category:Geography of Idukki district]]

Calendar

2026-03-13T13:41:09Z

CallGirlMumbai: Content updated and refined

{{Short description|System for organizing days}}
{{About|the dating system|the physical object|Calendar (publication)|other uses|Calendar (disambiguation)}}
{{Redirect|📅|the unofficial holiday commonly represented by this emoji|World Emoji Day}}
{{Distinguish|Calender}}
{{Globalize|2=Eurasia|3=the Near East|date=September 2022|talk=Talk:Calendar#Systemic bias towards Eurasian calendars}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025 |cs1-dates=ll}}
{{Use American English | date = October 2025}}
{{infobox calendar date today}}
[[File:Kalender Indonesia.jpg|thumb|Modern day [[Indonesia]]n [[Gregorian calendar]] for a [[Catholic Church|Catholic]] [[Church (building)|church]]]]
[[File:Calendar (part of a set) MET DP-13486-011.jpg|thumb|British calendar, 1851, gilt bronze and [[malachite]], height: 20.3 cm, [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]] (New York City)]]

A '''calendar''' is a system of organizing [[day]]s. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Calendars and their History |url=https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEhelp/calendars.html |access-date=2026-03-13 |website=eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov}}</ref>This is done by giving names to periods of [[time]], typically days, [[weeks]], [[month]]s and [[years]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Calendars and their History |url=https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEhelp/calendars.html |access-date=12 March 2024 |website=eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Guo |first=Rongxing |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8QNbDwAAQBAJ&dq=A+calendar+is+a+system+of+organizing+days.+This+is+done+by+giving+names+to+periods+of+time,+typically+days,+weeks,+months+and+years.&pg=PA159 |title=Human-Earth System Dynamics: Implications to Civilizations |date=16 May 2018 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-981-13-0547-4 |pages=159 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bond |first1=Thomas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ADJEAgAAQBAJ&dq=A+calendar+is+a+system+of+organizing+days.+This+is+done+by+giving+names+to+periods+of+time,+typically+days,+weeks,+months+and+years.&pg=RA1-PA9 |title=Singapore PSLE Mathematics Challenging Practice Solutions (Yellowreef) |last2=Hughes |first2=Chris |date=3 December 2013 |publisher=Yellowreef Limited |isbn=978-0-7978-0222-3 |language=en}}</ref> A [[calendar date|date]] is the designation of a single and specific day within such a system. A calendar is also a physical record (often paper) of such a system.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-03-03 |title=CALENDAR definition and meaning {{!}} Collins English Dictionary |url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/calendar |access-date=2026-03-13 |website=www.collinsdictionary.com |language=en}}</ref> A calendar can also mean a list of planned events, such as a [[court calendar]], or a partly or fully chronological list of documents, such as a calendar of wills.

Periods in a calendar (such as years and months) are usually, though not necessarily, synchronized with the cycle of the [[solar calendar|sun]] or the [[lunar calendar|moon]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 February 2021 |title=Do menstrual and lunar cycles synchronize? What scientists say |url=https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/menstrual-cycles-and-lunar-cycles-is-there-a-link |access-date=12 March 2024 |website=www.medicalnewstoday.com |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Introduction to Calendars">{{Cite web |title=Introduction to Calendars |url=https://aa.usno.navy.mil/faq/calendars |access-date=12 March 2024 |website=aa.usno.navy.mil}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=History – Ancient Egyptian Calendar |url=https://mabscross.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/3.-History-Calendar.pdf |access-date=12 March 2024 |archive-date=12 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240312074831/https://mabscross.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/3.-History-Calendar.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> The most common type of pre-modern calendar was the [[lunisolar calendar]], a lunar calendar that occasionally adds one [[intercalary month]] to remain synchronized with the [[solar year]] over the long term.

==Etymology==
The term ''calendar'' is taken from {{lang|la|[[calends|kalendae]]}},<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ma'Atnefert |first=Mwt Seshatms Nkatraet |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C7KnAgAAQBAJ&dq=The+term+calendar+is+taken+from+kalendae,&pg=PA9 |title=You are Harmony ... Take Time to Harmonize ... Calendars and Time Connecting |date=2011 |publisher=Lulu.com |isbn=978-1-257-10758-2 |pages=9 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Lewis |first=James R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qQFlCwAAQBAJ&dq=The+term+calendar+is+taken+from+kalendae,&pg=PA459 |title=The Astrology Book: The Encyclopedia of Heavenly Influences |date=1 March 2003 |publisher=Visible Ink Press |isbn=978-1-57859-246-3 |pages=459 |language=en}}</ref> the term for the first day of the month in the Roman calendar, related to the verb {{lang|la|calare}} 'to call out', referring to the "calling" of the new moon when it was first seen.<ref>'' New Shorter Oxford English Dictionary''</ref> Latin {{lang|la|calendarium}} meant 'account book, register' (as accounts were settled and debts were collected on the calends of each month).<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Sayeed |first=Ahmed |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GVeoDwAAQBAJ&dq=Latin+calendarium+meant+'account+book,+register'&pg=PT408 |title=You Must Win: The winner can create History |date=10 August 2019 |publisher=Prowess Publishing |isbn=978-1-5457-4730-8 |language=en}}</ref> The Latin term was adopted in [[Old French]] as {{lang|fro|calendrier}} and from there in [[Middle English]] as {{lang|enm|calender}} by the 13th century (the spelling ''calendar'' is early modern).<ref name=":0" />

== History ==
{{Main|History of calendars}}
{{Further|Week|Calendar epoch|Month|Lunisolar calendar|Computus|Calendar reform}}
[[File:Equinozio da Pizzo Vento,tramonto fondachelli fantina, sicilia.JPG|thumb|[[Equinox]] seen from the astronomic calendar of Pizzo Vento at [[Fondachelli-Fantina|Fondachelli Fantina]], [[Sicily]]]]

The course of the Sun and the Moon are the most salient regularly recurring natural events useful for [[timekeeping]], and in pre-modern societies around the world [[lunation]] and the [[year]] were most commonly used as time units. Nevertheless, the Roman calendar contained remnants of a very ancient pre-Etruscan 10-month solar year.<ref>"Religion in the Etruscan Period" in [http://global.britannica.com/topic/Roman-religion Roman Religion] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015213053/http://global.britannica.com/topic/Roman-religion |date=15 October 2015 }} in the ''Encyclopædia Britannica''</ref>

The first recorded physical calendars, dependent on the development of [[Bronze Age writing|writing]] in the [[Ancient Near East]], are the [[Bronze Age]] [[Egyptian calendar|Egyptian]] and [[Sumerian calendar|Sumerian]] calendars.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shirley|first=Lawrence|date=11 February 2009|title=The Mayan and Other Ancient Calendars|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4169/loci003264|location=Washington, DC|doi=10.4169/loci003264|journal=Convergence|doi-broken-date=1 July 2025 |access-date=16 March 2021|archive-date=9 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409163211/https://www.maa.org/press/periodicals/convergence/the-mayan-and-other-ancient-calendars|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

During the [[Vedic period]] India developed a sophisticated timekeeping methodology and calendars for [[Vedas|Vedic]] rituals.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Plofker|first=Kim|title=Mathematics in India|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=2009|isbn=978-0-691-12067-6|pages=10, 35–36, 67}}</ref> According to Yukio Ohashi, the Vedanga calendar in ancient India was based on astronomical studies during the Vedic Period and was not derived from other cultures.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Andersen|first=Johannes|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gQYscrT0fgQC|title=Highlights of Astronomy, Volume 11B: As Presented at the XXIIIrd General Assembly of the IAU, 1997|date=31 January 1999|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-0-7923-5556-4|pages=719|language=en|access-date=12 March 2021|archive-date=11 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111163620/https://books.google.com/books?id=gQYscrT0fgQC|url-status=live}}</ref>

A large number of calendar systems in the Ancient Near East were based on the [[Babylonian calendar]] dating from the [[Iron Age]],<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cg0OAQAAMAAJ&q=A+large+number+of+calendar+systems+in+the+Ancient+Near+East+were+based+on+the+Babylonian+calendar+dating+from+the+Iron+Age |title=Civilizations of the Ancient Near East |date=1995 |publisher=Scribner |isbn=978-0-684-19279-6 |language=en}}</ref> among them the calendar system of the Persian Empire, which in turn gave rise to the [[Zoroastrian calendar]] and the [[Hebrew calendar]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 September 2021 |title=Egyptians celebrate new Egyptian year on September 11 |url=https://www.egypttoday.com/Article/4/107766/Egyptians-celebrate-new-Egyptian-year-on-September-11 |access-date=12 March 2024 |website=EgyptToday}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sayeed |first=Ahmed |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GVeoDwAAQBAJ&dq=calendar+system+of+the+Persian+Empire,+which+in+turn+gave+rise+to+the+Zoroastrian+calendar+and+the+Hebrew+calendar.&pg=PT407 |title=You Must Win: The winner can create History |date=10 August 2019 |publisher=Prowess Publishing |isbn=978-1-5457-4730-8 |language=en}}</ref>

A great number of [[Hellenic calendars]] were developed in [[Classical Greece]], and during the [[Hellenistic period]] they gave rise to the ancient [[Roman calendar]] and to various [[Hindu calendars]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Calendar - The Early Roman Calendar|url=https://www.britannica.com/science/calendar|access-date=19 January 2021|date=24 December 2020|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|archive-date=4 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210104181246/https://www.britannica.com/science/calendar|url-status=live}}</ref>

Calendars in antiquity were [[lunisolar]], depending on the introduction of [[intercalary month]]s to align the solar and the lunar years. This was mostly based on observation, but there may have been early attempts to model the pattern of intercalation algorithmically, as evidenced in the fragmentary 2nd-century [[Coligny calendar]].

The [[Roman calendar]] was reformed by [[Julius Caesar]] in 46 BC.<ref>{{cite web|title=The History of the Calendar|url=https://www.calendar.com/history-of-the-calendar/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201202131025/https://www.calendar.com/history-of-the-calendar/ |archive-date=2 December 2020 |url-status=dead}}</ref> His "Julian" calendar was no longer dependent on the observation of the new moon, but followed an algorithm of introducing a leap day every four years. This created a dissociation of the calendar [[month]] from [[lunation]]. The [[Gregorian calendar]], introduced in 1582, corrected most of the remaining difference between the Julian calendar and the solar year.

The [[Islamic calendar]] is based on the prohibition of intercalation (''[[nasi']]'') by [[Muhammad]], in Islamic tradition dated to a sermon given on 9 [[Dhu al-Hijjah]] AH 10 (Julian date: 6 March 632). This resulted in an observation-based lunar calendar that shifts relative to the seasons of the solar year.

There have been several modern proposals for reform of the modern calendar, such as the [[World Calendar]], the [[International Fixed Calendar]], the [[Holocene calendar]], and the [[Hanke–Henry Permanent Calendar]]. Such ideas are promoted from time to time, but have failed to gain traction because of the loss of continuity and the massive upheaval that implementing them would involve, as well as their effect on cycles of religious activity.

== Systems ==
[[Image:Universal Calendar including a meton cycle.svg|thumb|A universal calendar, combining different calendars]]

A full calendar system has a different calendar date for every day.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Onlineverdan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f3uMDwAAQBAJ&dq=A+full+calendar+system+has+a+different+calendar+date+for+every+day&pg=SA10-PA6 |title=APTITUDE & REASONING for GATE & ESE 2020 |publisher=Infinity Educations |isbn=978-81-940294-3-4 |pages=10–6 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Jain |first=Hemant |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G4yEDwAAQBAJ&dq=A+full+calendar+system+has+a+different+calendar+date+for+every+day&pg=SA8-PA5 |title=RRB Junior Engineer (2019) - MATHEMATICS for 1st STAGE CBT |date=21 January 2019 |publisher=Infinity Educations |isbn=978-81-939356-9-9 |pages=8–5 |language=en}}</ref> Thus the week cycle is by itself not a full calendar system;<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jain |first=Hemant |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G4yEDwAAQBAJ&dq=Thus+the+week+cycle+is+by+itself+not+a+full+calendar+system&pg=SA8-PA5 |title=RRB Junior Engineer (2019) - MATHEMATICS for 1st STAGE CBT |date=21 January 2019 |publisher=Infinity Educations |isbn=978-81-939356-9-9 |pages=8–5 |language=en}}</ref> neither is a system to name the days within a year without a system for identifying the years.

The simplest calendar system just counts time periods from a reference date, or '''[[epoch]]'''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jain |first=Hemant |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G4yEDwAAQBAJ&dq=The+simplest+calendar+system+just+counts+time+periods+from+a+reference+date.&pg=SA8-PA6 |title=RRB Junior Engineer (2019) - MATHEMATICS for 1st STAGE CBT |date=21 January 2019 |publisher=Infinity Educations |isbn=978-81-939356-9-9 |pages=8–6 |language=en}}</ref> This applies for the [[Julian day]] or [[Unix Time]]. Virtually the only possible variation is using a different reference date, in particular, one less distant in the past to make the numbers smaller. Computations in these systems are just a matter of addition and subtraction.

Other calendars have one (or multiple) larger units of time.

Calendars that contain one level of cycles:
* week and weekday – this system (without year, the week number keeps on increasing) is not very common
* year and ordinal date within the year, e.g., the [[ISO 8601#Ordinal dates|ISO 8601 ordinal date system]]

Calendars with two levels of cycles:
* year, month, and day – most systems, including the [[Gregorian calendar]] (and its very similar predecessor, the [[Julian calendar]]), the [[Islamic calendar]], the [[Solar Hijri calendar]] and the [[Hebrew calendar]]
* year, week, and weekday – e.g., the [[ISO week date]]

Cycles can be synchronized with periodic phenomena:
[[File:Sun and Moon Nuremberg chronicle.jpg|thumbnail|[[Sun]] and [[Moon]], Schedel's Nuremberg Chronicle, 1493]]
* [[Lunar calendar]]s are synchronized to the motion of the Moon ([[lunar phase]]s); an example is the Islamic calendar.
* [[Solar calendar]]s are based on perceived [[seasonal year|seasonal]] changes synchronized to the apparent motion of the Sun; an example is the [[Persian calendar]].
* [[Lunisolar calendar]]s are based on a combination of both solar and lunar reckonings; examples include the [[Chinese calendar|traditional calendar of China]], the [[Hindu calendar]] in India and Nepal, and the Hebrew calendar.
* The week cycle is an example of one that is not synchronized to any external phenomenon (although it may have been derived from lunar phases, beginning anew every month).

Very commonly a calendar includes more than one type of cycle or has both cyclic and non-cyclic elements.

Most calendars incorporate more complex cycles. For example, the vast majority of them track years, months, weeks and days. The seven-day week is practically universal, though its use varies. It has run uninterrupted for millennia.{{sfn|Zerubavel | 1985}}

===Solar===
{{main|Solar calendar}}

Solar calendars assign a ''date'' to each [[solar time|solar day]],<ref name="Introduction to Calendars"/> which is based on the apparent motion of the Sun. A day may consist of the period between [[sunrise]] and [[sunset]], with a following period of [[night]], or it may be a period between successive events such as two sunsets.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=drMzAQAAMAAJ&dq=A+day+may+consist+of+the+period+between+sunrise+and+sunset,+with+a+following+period+of+night&pg=PA983 |title=The Jurist |date=1861 |publisher=S. Sweet |pages=983 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Oxossi |first=Diego de |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FN11EAAAQBAJ&dq=A+day+may+consist+of+the+period+between+sunrise+and+sunset,+with+a+following+period+of+night&pg=PT37 |title=Sacred Leaves: A Magical Guide to Orisha Herbal Witchcraft |date=8 July 2022 |publisher=Llewellyn Worldwide |isbn=978-0-7387-6721-5 |language=en}}</ref> The length of the interval between two such successive events may vary slightly during the year, or it may be averaged into a [[solar time|mean solar day]]. Other types of calendar may also use a solar day.

The Egyptians appear to have been the first to develop a solar calendar,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Solar calendar {{!}} Ancient Egypt, Mayan, Aztec {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/solar-calendar |access-date=12 March 2024 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> using as a fixed point the annual sunrise reappearance of the Dog Star—[[Sirius]], or Sothis—in the eastern sky, which coincided with the annual flooding of the Nile River.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mXsoAQAAIAAJ&q=The+Egyptians+appear+to+have+been+the+first+to+develop+a+solar+calendar, |title=The New Encyclopædia Britannica: Micropædia |date=1991 |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica |isbn=978-0-85229-529-8 |pages=941 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Lawson |first=Russell M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kwTHEAAAQBAJ&dq=The+Egyptians+appear+to+have+been+the+first+to+develop+a+solar+calendar,&pg=PT179 |title=Science in the Ancient World: From Antiquity through the Middle Ages |date=23 September 2021 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing USA |isbn=979-8-216-14241-6 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Muntz |first=Charles |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VGHODQAAQBAJ&dq=The+Egyptians+appear+to+have+been+the+first+to+develop+a+solar+calendar,&pg=PT16 |title=Diodorus Siculus and the World of the Late Roman Republic |date=2 January 2017 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-064901-2 |language=en}}</ref> They built a calendar with 365 days, divided into 12 months of 30 days each, with 5 extra days at the end of the year. However, they did not include the extra bit of time in each year, and this caused their calendar to slowly become inaccurate.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Solar calendar | chronology | Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/solar-calendar}}</ref>

===Lunar===
{{Main|Lunar calendar}}

Not all calendars use the solar year as a unit. A lunar calendar is one in which days are numbered within each [[lunar phase]] cycle. Because the length of the [[lunar month]] is not an even fraction of the length of the [[tropical year]], a purely lunar calendar quickly drifts against the seasons, which do not vary much near the equator. It does, however, stay constant with respect to other phenomena, notably [[tide]]s. An example is the [[Islamic calendar]].
Alexander Marshack, in a controversial reading,<ref>James Elkins, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=5Ku6YdWurMgC&pg=PA63&lpg=PA63 Our beautiful, dry, and distant texts]'' (1998) 63ff.</ref> believed that marks on a bone baton ({{Circa|25,000 BC}}) represented a lunar calendar. Other marked bones may also represent lunar calendars. Similarly, Michael Rappenglueck believes that marks on a 15,000-year-old cave painting represent a lunar calendar.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/975360.stm |title=Oldest lunar calendar identified |work=BBC News |date=16 October 2000 |access-date=14 March 2013 |archive-date=11 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210211233146/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/975360.stm |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Lunisolar===
A [[lunisolar calendar]] is a lunar calendar that compensates by adding an extra month as needed to realign the months with the seasons. Prominent examples of lunisolar calendar are [[Hindu calendar]] and [[Buddhist calendar]] that are popular in [[South Asia]] and [[Southeast Asia]]. Another example is the Hebrew calendar, which uses a [[metonic cycle|19-year cycle]].

==Subdivisions==
{{see also|Decade|Century|Millennium}}
[[File:Perpetual calendar in Catalan circa year 1925 Patent in Barcelona.jpg|left|thumb|Catalan early 20th century perpetual calendar]]
Nearly all calendar systems group consecutive days into "months" and also into "years". In a ''solar calendar'' a ''year'' approximates Earth's tropical year (that is, the time it takes for a complete cycle of [[season]]s), traditionally used to facilitate the planning of [[agriculture|agricultural]] activities. In a ''lunar calendar'', the ''month'' approximates the cycle of the moon phase. Consecutive days may be grouped into other periods such as the week.

Because the number of days in the ''tropical year'' is not a whole number, a solar calendar must have a different number of days in different years. This may be handled, for example, by adding an extra day in [[leap year]]s. The same applies to months in a lunar calendar and also the number of months in a year in a lunisolar calendar. This is generally known as [[Intercalation (timekeeping)|intercalation]]. Even if a calendar is solar, but not lunar, the year cannot be divided entirely into months that never vary in length.

Cultures may define other units of time, such as the week, for the purpose of scheduling regular activities that do not easily coincide with months or years. Many cultures use different baselines for their calendars' starting years. Historically, several countries have based their calendars on [[regnal years]], a calendar based on the reign of their current sovereign. For example, the year 2006 in [[Japan]] is year 18 Heisei, with Heisei being the era name of [[Emperor of Japan|Emperor]] [[Akihito]].

==Other types==
{{anchor|Observational}}

===Arithmetical and astronomical===
[[File:JudischerKalender-1831 ubt.jpeg|thumb|Calendar of the [[Qahal]], [[Anno Mundi|AM]] 5591 (1831 [[Common Era|CE]])]]

An ''astronomical calendar'' is based on ongoing observation; examples are the religious Islamic calendar and the old religious Jewish calendar in the time of the [[Second Temple]]. Such a calendar is also referred to as an ''observation-based'' calendar. The advantage of such a calendar is that it is perfectly and perpetually accurate. The disadvantage is that working out when a particular date would occur is difficult.

An ''arithmetic calendar'' is one that is based on a strict set of rules; an example is the current [[Jewish calendar]]. Such a calendar is also referred to as a ''rule-based'' calendar. The advantage of such a calendar is the ease of calculating when a particular date occurs. The disadvantage is imperfect accuracy. Furthermore, even if the calendar is very accurate, its accuracy diminishes slowly over time, owing to changes in Earth's rotation. This limits the lifetime of an accurate arithmetic calendar to a few thousand years. After then, the rules would need to be modified from observations made since the invention of the calendar.

===Other variants===
The early [[Roman calendar]], created during the reign of [[Romulus]], lumped the 61 days of the winter period together as simply "winter".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jones |first=Derek |date=8 March 2018 |title=Roman Calendar |url=https://editions.covecollective.org/chronologies/roman-calendar |access-date=18 March 2024 |website=editions.covecollective.org |language=en}}</ref> Over time, this period became January and February; through further changes over time (including the creation of the [[Julian calendar]]) this calendar became the modern Gregorian calendar, introduced in the 1570s.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=29 December 2023 |title=Who Decided January 1st Is the New Year? |url=https://time.com/6550127/new-year-celebration-january-calendar-date-history/ |access-date=18 March 2024 |magazine=TIME |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kelechava |first=Brad |date=11 February 2016 |title=History of the Standard Gregorian Calendar |url=https://blog.ansi.org/2016/02/history-of-standard-gregorian-calendar/ |access-date=18 March 2024 |website=The ANSI Blog |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Usage==
[[File:World calendars map.svg|thumb|center|Current usage of civil calendars in the world. Some countries use an additional calendar not listed here that determine holidays and other traditions, for example the [[Chinese calendar|Chinese]] or [[Islamic calendar|Islamic]] calendars.]]
The primary practical use of a calendar is to identify days: to be informed about or to agree on a future event and to record an event that has happened. Days may be significant for agricultural, civil, religious, or social reasons. For example, a calendar provides a way to determine when to start planting or harvesting, which days are [[religious holiday|religious]] or [[civil holiday]]s, which days mark the beginning and end of business accounting periods, and which days have legal significance, such as the day taxes are due or a contract expires. Also, a calendar may, by identifying a day, provide other useful information about the day such as its season.

Calendars are also used as part of a complete [[timekeeping]] system: date and time of day together specify a moment in [[time]]. In the modern world, timekeepers can show time, date, and weekday. Some may also show the lunar phase.

===Gregorian===
{{Calendar|lk=on|show_year=on|float=right|month=current}}
The [[Gregorian calendar]] is the ''[[de facto]]'' international standard and is used almost everywhere in the world for civil purposes. The widely used solar aspect is a cycle of leap days in a 400-year cycle designed to keep the duration of the year aligned with the [[solar year]].{{sfn | Blackburn | Holford-Strevens | 2003 | pp = 682–683}} There is a lunar aspect which approximates the position of the moon during the year, and is used in the [[Computus|calculation of the date of Easter]].{{sfn | Blackburn | Holford-Strevens | 2003 | pp = 817–820}} Each Gregorian year has either 365 or 366 days (the leap day being inserted as 29 February), amounting to an average Gregorian year of 365.2425 days (compared to a solar year of 365.2422 days).{{sfn | Dershowitz | Reingold | 2008 | pp = 47, 187}}

The Gregorian calendar was introduced in 1582 as a refinement to the [[Julian calendar]], that had been in use throughout the European Middle Ages, amounting to a 0.002% correction in the length of the year.{{sfn | Blackburn | Holford-Strevens | 2003 | pp = 682–683}} During the Early Modern period, [[Adoption of the Gregorian calendar|its adoption was mostly limited]] to [[Roman Catholic]] nations, but by the 19th century it had become widely adopted for the sake of convenience in international trade. The last European country to adopt it was Greece, in 1923.{{sfn | Blackburn | Holford-Strevens | 2003 | pp = 682–689}}

The [[calendar epoch]] used by the Gregorian calendar is inherited from the medieval convention established by [[Dionysius Exiguus]] and associated with the Julian calendar. The year number is variously given as AD (for ''[[Anno Domini]]'') or CE (for ''[[Common Era]]'' or ''Christian Era'').{{sfn | Blackburn | Holford-Strevens | 2003 | loc= Chapter: "Christian Chronology"}}

===Religious===
[[File:Hindu calendar 1871-72.jpg|thumb|A Hindu [[almanac]] (''pancanga'') for the year 1871/2 from [[Rajasthan]] (Library of Congress, Asian Division)]]
The most important use of pre-modern calendars is keeping track of the [[liturgical year]] and the observation of religious feast days.

While the Gregorian calendar is itself historically motivated to the calculation of the [[Easter date]], it is now in worldwide secular use<ref>{{Cite news |title=Calendar {{!}} Chronology, History, & Types {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/calendar |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20260311002524/https://www.britannica.com/science/calendar |archive-date=2026-03-11 |access-date=2026-03-13 |work=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> as the ''de facto'' standard. Alongside the use of the Gregorian calendar for secular matters, there remain several calendars in use for religious purposes.

Western Christian liturgical calendars are based on the cycle of the Roman Rite of the Catholic Church, and generally include the liturgical seasons of [[Advent]], [[Christmas]], Ordinary Time (Time after [[Epiphany (holiday)|Epiphany]]), [[Lent]], [[Easter]], and Ordinary Time (Time after [[Pentecost]]). Some Christian calendars do not include Ordinary Time and every day falls into a denominated season.

The [[Eastern Orthodox Church]] employs the use of 2 liturgical calendars; the [[Julian calendar]] (often called the Old Calendar) and the [[Revised Julian calendar|Revised Julian Calendar]] (often called the New Calendar). The Revised Julian Calendar is nearly the same as the Gregorian calendar, with the addition that years divisible by 100 are not [[leap years]], except that years with remainders of 200 or 600 when divided by 900 remain leap years, e.g. 2000 and 2400 as in the Gregorian calendar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Revised Julian Calendar |url=https://www.timeanddate.com/calendar/revised-julian-calendar.html |access-date=5 June 2024 |website=www.timeanddate.com |language=en}}</ref>{{discuss}}

The [[Islamic calendar]] or Hijri calendar is a [[lunar calendar]] consisting of 12 lunar months in a year of 354 or 355 days. It is used to date events in most of the Muslim countries (concurrently with the Gregorian calendar) and used by Muslims everywhere to determine the proper day on which to celebrate Islamic holy days and festivals. Its epoch is the [[Anno Hegirae|Hijra]] (corresponding to AD 622). With an annual drift of 11 or 12 days, the seasonal relation is repeated approximately every 33 Islamic years.

Various [[Hindu calendar]]s remain in use in the Indian subcontinent, including the [[Nepali calendar (disambiguation)|Nepali calendar]]s, [[Bengali calendar]], [[Malayalam calendar]], [[Tamil calendar]], [[Vikrama Samvat]] used in Northern India, and [[Shalivahana era|Shalivahana]] calendar in the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]] states.

The [[Buddhist calendar]] and the traditional lunisolar calendars of [[Cambodia]], [[Laos]], [[Myanmar]], [[Sri Lanka]] and [[Thailand]] are also based on an older version of the Hindu calendar.

Most of the Hindu calendars are inherited from a system first enunciated in [[Vedanga Jyotisha]] of Lagadha, standardized in the ''[[Surya Siddhanta|Sūrya Siddhānta]]'' and subsequently reformed by astronomers such as [[Aryabhata|Āryabhaṭa]] (AD 499), [[Varahamihira|Varāhamihira]] (6th century) and [[Bhāskara II]] (12th century).

The [[Hebrew calendar]] is used by [[Jews]] worldwide for religious and cultural affairs, also influences civil matters in Israel (such as [[public holiday|national holidays]]) and can be used in business dealings (such as for the dating of [[cheque]]s).<ref>{{Cite web |title=About the Hebrew Calendar {{!}} Yale University Library |url=https://web.library.yale.edu/cataloging/hebraica/about-hebrew-calendar |access-date=18 March 2024 |website=web.library.yale.edu}}</ref>

Followers of the [[Baháʼí Faith]] use the [[Baháʼí calendar]]. The Baháʼí Calendar, also known as the Badi Calendar was first established by the Bab in the Kitab-i-Asma. The Baháʼí Calendar is also purely a solar calendar and comprises 19 months each having nineteen days.

===National===
The [[Chinese calendar|Chinese]], [[Hebrew calendar|Hebrew]], [[Hindu calendar|Hindu]], and [[Julian calendar|Julian]] calendars are widely used for religious and social purposes.

The [[Solar Hijri calendar|Iranian (Persian) calendar]] is used in [[Iran]] and some parts of [[Afghanistan]]. The [[Assyrian calendar]] is in use by the members of the Assyrian community in the Middle East (mainly Iraq, Syria, Turkey, and Iran) and the diaspora. The first year of the calendar is exactly 4750 years prior to the start of the Gregorian calendar. The [[Ethiopian calendar]] or Ethiopic calendar is the principal calendar used in [[Ethiopia]] and [[Eritrea]], with the [[Oromo calendar]] also in use in some areas. In neighboring [[Somalia]], the [[Somali calendar]] co-exists alongside the Gregorian and Islamic calendars. In [[Thailand]], where the [[Thai solar calendar]] is used, the months and days have adopted the western standard, although the years are still based on the traditional [[Buddhist calendar]].

===Fiscal===
{{Main|Fiscal calendar}}

[[File:Pieter Brueghel the Younger (or workshop) The Payment of the Tithes Bonhams.jpg|thumb|''The Payment of the Tithes'' (The tax-collector), also known as ''Village Lawyer'', by [[Pieter Brueghel the Younger]] ]]

A fiscal calendar generally means the accounting year of a government or a business. It is used for budgeting, keeping accounts, and taxation. It is a set of 12 months that may start at any date in a year. The US government's fiscal year starts on 1 October and ends on 30 September. The government of India's fiscal year starts on 1 April and ends on 31 March. Small traditional businesses in India start the fiscal year on [[Diwali]] festival and end the day before the next year's Diwali festival.

In accounting (and particularly accounting software), a fiscal calendar (such as a [[4–4–5 calendar|4/4/5 calendar]]) fixes each month at a specific number of weeks to facilitate comparisons from month to month and year to year. January always has exactly 4 weeks (Sunday through Saturday), February has 4 weeks, March has 5 weeks, etc. Note that this calendar will normally need to add a 53rd week to every 5th or 6th year, which might be added to December or might not be, depending on how the organization uses those dates. There exists an international standard way to do this (the [[ISO 8601|ISO week]]). The ISO week starts on a Monday and ends on a Sunday. Week 1 is always the week that contains 4 January in the Gregorian calendar.

==Formats==
{{Unreferenced section|date=April 2023}}
[[File:Petaluma and Santa Rosa Railroad Co. Calendar.jpg|thumb|A calendar from the [[Petaluma and Santa Rosa Railroad]]|308x308px]]

The term ''calendar'' applies not only to a given scheme of timekeeping but also to a specific record or device displaying such a scheme, for example, an [[appointment book]] in the form of a pocket calendar (or [[personal organizer]]), desktop calendar, a [[wall calendar]], etc.

In a paper calendar, one or two sheets can show a single day, a week, a month, or a year. If a sheet is for a single day, it easily shows the date and the weekday. If a sheet is for multiple days it shows a conversion table to convert from weekday to date and back. With a special pointing device, or by crossing out past days, it may indicate the current date and weekday. This is the most common usage of the word.
[[File:Mechanische muurkalender van het merk Star - INDUS V09604.JPG|thumb|219x219px|Mechanical wall calendar in bakelite (collection Museum of Industry Ghent)]]
In the US Sunday is considered the first day of the week and so appears on the far left and Saturday the last day of the week appearing on the far right. In Britain, the weekend may appear at the end of the week so the first day is Monday and the last day is Sunday.{{citation needed|date=April 2023}} The US calendar display is also used in Britain.

It is common to display the Gregorian calendar in separate monthly grids of seven columns (from Monday to Sunday, or Sunday to Saturday depending on which day is considered to start the week – this varies according to country){{citation needed|date=April 2023}} and five to six rows (or rarely, four rows when the month of February contains 28 days in [[common year]]s beginning on the first day of the week), with the day of the month numbered in each cell, beginning with 1. The sixth row is sometimes eliminated by marking 23/30 and 24/31 together as necessary.

When working with weeks rather than months, a continuous format is sometimes more convenient, where no blank cells are inserted to ensure that the first day of a new month begins on a fresh row.

==Software==
{{Main|Calendaring software}}

{{Further|:Category:Calendaring standards}}

Calendaring software provides users with an electronic version of a calendar, and may additionally provide an appointment book, address book, or contact list.
Calendaring is a standard feature of many [[Personal digital assistant|PDAs]], [[Enterprise digital assistant|EDAs]], and [[smartphones]]. The software may be a local package designed for individual use (e.g., [[Lightning (software)|Lightning]] extension for [[Mozilla Thunderbird]], [[Microsoft Outlook]] without Exchange Server, or [[Windows Calendar]]) or maybe a networked package that allows for the sharing of information between users (e.g., [[Mozilla Sunbird]], [[Windows Live Calendar]], [[Google Calendar]], or [[Microsoft Outlook]] with Exchange Server).

== See also ==
{{div col}}
* {{anl|Advent calendar}}
* {{anl|Calendar reform}}
* {{anl|Calendrical calculation}}
* {{anl|General Roman Calendar}}
* [[History of calendars]]
* {{anl|Horology}}
* [[List of calendars]]
* [[List of international common standards]]
* [[List of unofficial observances by date]]
* {{anl|Real-time clock}}. Underlies the Calendar software on modern computers.
* {{anl|Sabbath}}
* {{anl|Unit of time}}
{{div col end}}

== References ==
=== Citations ===
{{Reflist}}

=== Sources ===
* {{citation|article = calendar|title = American Heritage Dictionary|date = 2017|edition = 5th|ref={{harvid|calendar|2017}}|url = https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=calendar}}
* {{citation|title=A Comparative Calendar of the Iranian, Muslim Lunar, and Christian Eras for Three Thousand Years|first=Ahmad|last=Birashk|publisher=Mazda Publishers|year=1993|isbn=978-0-939214-95-2}}
* {{citation|title=High Days and Holidays in Iceland|first=Árni|last = Björnsson|location=Reykjavík|publisher=Mál og menning|year=1995|isbn=978-9979-3-0802-7|oclc=186511596|orig-year=1977}}
* {{citation|last1 = Blackburn |first1 = Bonnie | last2 = Holford-Strevens | first2 = Leofranc | title = The Oxford Companion to the Year | date = 2003 | orig-year = 1999 | edition = corrected reprinting of 1st | publisher = Oxford University Press}}
* {{citation|title=Calendrical Calculations|title-link= Calendrical Calculations |first1=Nachum|last1=Dershowitz|author1-link=Nachum Dershowitz|first2=Edward M|last2=Reingold|author2-link=Edward M. Reingold|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2008 |isbn=978-0-521-70238-6}}
* {{citation|title=Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Almanac|editor-first=P. Kenneth|editor-last=Seidelmann|publisher=University Science Books|year=1992|chapter=Calendars|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/131123ExplanatorySupplementAstronomicalAlmanac/page/n301/mode/1up|first=L.E.|last=Doggett|isbn=978-0-935702-68-2}}
* {{citation|title=Mapping Time, the calendar and its history|first=E.G.|last=Richards|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1998|isbn=978-0-19-850413-9|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/mappingtimecalen00rich}}
* {{citation|title=Sun, Moon, and Sothis|first=Lynn E.|last=Rose|publisher=Kronos Press|year=1999|isbn=978-0-917994-15-9}}
* {{citation|title=Untersuchungen zur Geschichte der Tibetischen Kalenderrechnung|first=Dieter|last =Schuh|location=Wiesbaden|publisher=Franz Steiner Verlag|year=1973|bibcode=1973uzgd.book.....S |oclc=1150484|language=de}}
* {{citation|title=The Comprehensive Hebrew Calendar|first=Arthur|last=Spier|publisher=Feldheim Publishers|year=1986|isbn=978-0-87306-398-2}}
* {{citation|first=Eviatar|last=Zerubavel|title=The Seven Day Circle: The History and Meaning of the Week|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=1985|isbn=978-0-226-98165-9}}

== Further reading ==
* {{citation|title=Time, the Familiar Stranger|last=Fraser|first=Julius Thomas|edition=illustrated|location=Amherst|publisher=Univ of Massachusetts Press|year=1987|isbn=978-0-87023-576-4|oclc=15790499|bibcode=1988tfs..book.....F}}
* {{citation|title=What is Time?|last=Whitrow|first=Gerald James|location=Oxford|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2003|isbn=978-0-19-860781-6|oclc=265440481}}
* {{citation|title=The Eleven Pictures of Time|last=C.K|first=Raju|publisher=SAGE Publications Pvt. Ltd|year=2003|isbn=978-0-7619-9624-8}}
* {{citation|title=Time: Towards a Consistent Theory|last=C.K|first=Raju|publisher=Springer|year=1994|isbn=978-0-7923-3103-2}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Calendars}}
{{Wiktionary|calendar}}
* {{cite EB9 |wstitle = Calendar |volume= IV | pages=664-682 |short=1}}
* {{cite EB1911|wstitle=Calendar|volume=4|page=987-1004|short=1}}
* {{cite Americana|wstitle=Calendar|short=1}}
*[http://www.fourmilab.ch/documents/calendar/ Calendar converter, including all major civil, religious and technical calendars.]


{{calendars}}
{{time topics}}
{{time measurement and standards}}
{{chronology}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Calendars| ]]
[[Category:Units of time]]

J. R. Fithna

2026-03-12T11:43:17Z

CallGirlMumbai:

{{Short description|Goan theatre actor and female impersonator}}
{{Infobox person
| name = J. R. Fithna
| image = J. R. Fithna.jpg
| caption = Portrait of Fernandes
| birth_place = [[Raia, Goa]], [[Portuguese India]]
| death_place = [[Bombay]] (now Mumbai, India)
| death_date = (aged 80)
| era = Golden phase of ''tiatr''
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor|singer|composer|female impersonator}}
}}

'''J. R. Fernandes''', known professionally as, '''J. R. Fithna''', was a [[Goan]] theatre actor, singer, composer, and [[Drag queen|female impersonator]] who worked on the [[Tiatr|Konkani stage]] during the golden phase of ''tiatr''.{{efn|The golden phase of ''tiatr'' lasted from the 1930s to the 1970s. However, there is no information regarding the years Fernandes was active or flourished. According to the available sources, Fernandes's first documented performance was in [[Saib Rocha]]'s translated ''tiatr Romeo & Juliet'' (1935).<ref name=":2" />}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Fernandes |first=André Rafael |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vKAbygAACAAJ |title=When the Curtains Rise--: Understanding Goa's Vibrant Konkani Theatre |date=2010 |publisher=Tiatr Academy of Goa |isbn=978-93-80739-01-4 |pages=136 |language=en |access-date=2024-02-17 |archive-date=2023-11-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231126045216/https://books.google.com/books?id=vKAbygAACAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Career==
Fernandes made his initial foray onto the theatrical stage in a ''[[tiatr]]'' (a form of [[Goan]] [[musical theatre]]) produced by [[Saib Rocha]]. In this production, Fernandes assumed the role of a lady in Rocha's [[Konkani language|Konkani]] adaptation of [[Shakespeare]]'s ''[[Romeo and Juliet]]'', alongside [[Miss Carlota]] and [[J. P. Souzalin]] as the [[main protagonist]]s. His [[Cross-gender acting|portrayal of the female character]] garnered acclaim. Playwright and politician [[Tomazinho Cardozo]] noted Fernandes's ability to emulate the demeanor and speech patterns of a woman, which earned him praise from the audience. The success of this performance led to various ''tiatr'' directors of the time approaching Fernandes to participate in their productions. Driven by his aspiration to achieve success in the [[Tiatr|Konkani stage]], Fernandes embraced every role and opportunity that came his way. ''[[Tiatrist]]s'' such as J. P. Souzalin, [[C. Alvares]], [[Jacinto Vaz]], and Souza Ferrao recognized his skills and entrusted him with significant roles in their respective ''tiatrs''. Capitalizing on these opportunities, Fernandes emerged as one of the prominent ''[[tiatrist]]s'' of his era, writes Cardozo.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Cardozo |first=Tomazinho |date=2013-09-28 |title=J. R. Fithna Ostorechea rupan tiatr surngailolo kolakar |url=https://issuu.com/herald-goa/docs/28_sept_av |access-date=2024-02-17 |website=issuu.com |language=gom |archive-date=2023-12-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231226074846/https://issuu.com/herald-goa/docs/28_sept_av |url-status=live }}</ref>

In addition to his acting prowess, Fernandes demonstrated his aptitude as a composer and singer. He composed his own lyrical compositions. Cardozo described his songs as praiseworthy and highlighted Fernandes's distinctive singing style, which captivated and entertained the ''tiatr'' audiences. As a result, Fernandes swiftly gained popularity, becoming a favorite among ''tiatr'' enthusiasts in [[Bombay]] and [[Goa]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=da Costa |first=Fausto V. |title=TIATR 125th Anniversary Commemorative Volume |publisher=[[Tiatr Academy of Goa]] |year=2019 |location=[[Panaji, Goa]] |pages=22–23, 112}}</ref> As time progressed and Fernandes aged, he transitioned from playing lead female roles to [[character role]]s. His portrayal of elderly women was particularly noteworthy, leading directors to prefer casting him in such roles. Fernandes displayed meticulous attention to detail, investing effort in comprehending the intricacies of each character assigned to him, including their mannerisms and attire. When dressed for a female role, his transformation was so convincing that his male identity remained undetectable to the audience.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K-1PAQAAIAAJ |title=100 Years of Konkani Tiatro |date=2000 |publisher=Government of Goa, Directorate of Art & Culture |pages=26–32, 80–81 |language=en |access-date=2024-02-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240107200151/https://books.google.com/books?id=K-1PAQAAIAAJ |archive-date=2024-01-07 |url-status=live}}</ref> Cardozo writes, through his versatility, Fernandes forged a successful career in ''tiatr'', earning acclaim as a [[character actor]] in his later career, such as his ability to embody roles such as a mother, elder sister, and elderly woman, leaving an impression on the audience.<ref name=":0" />

In the course of his career, Fernandes had made noted contributions in the realm of ''tiatrs''. Among his accomplishments are his appearances in J. P. Souzalin's productions, namely ''Bhott Ailolo Pomburpechea Festak'' ([[Hindu priest]]'s arrival at [[Pomburpa]]'s feast) and ''Tiklem Cheddum'' (The girl born after three consecutive boys), which garnered him recognition. Equally deserving of mention are his portrayals in [[C. Alvares]]' works, such as ''Are Puzadkara'', ''Mhoji Vonim'' (My Sister-in-law), and ''Mog Cazar ani Doth'' (Love, Marriage and [[Dowry]]). Moreover, Fernandes earned accolades for his memorable leading role in Jacinto Vaz's ''tiatr'', ''Ghorwali'' (Housewife).<ref name=":2" /> In regards to his versatility, Fernandes frequently displayed his talent by assuming the roles of elderly women in numerous dramas. However, as the effects of old age took their toll, his vocal abilities began to wane. Consequently, he made the decision to retire from the ''tiatr'' stage, bidding farewell to his career at the age of 70.<ref name=":0" /> Preferring not to subject himself to the challenges associated with performing at an advanced age, Fernandes resolved to step away from the limelight. Nevertheless, he occasionally made appearances on stage, particularly at the persistent urging of C. Alvares, whom he did not wish to disappoint. Thus, in deference to Alvares' persuasion, Fernandes reluctantly obliged, despite his personal reservations.<ref name=":1" />

==Personal life==
J. R. Fernandes hailed from the village of [[Raia, Goa]] which was part of [[Portuguese India]] during the [[Portuguese Empire]] (now in India). During his formative years, Fernandes developed an ardent fascination for ''[[tiatr]]'', nurturing a profound desire to grace its stage one day.<ref name=":1" /> [[Konkani language|Konkani]] playwright and politician [[Tomazinho Cardozo]] attested to Fernandes natural aptitude for the art of ''tiatr'', evident from his early childhood. As a young child, he diligently attended every ''tiatr'' performance, displaying a devotion to this theatrical tradition. Fortuitously, Fernandes had the privilege of collaborating with popular artistes of the [[Tiatr|Konkani stage]] during his youth. His documented debut in ''tiatr'' occurred in the production ''Romeo & Juliet'' by Konkani director Saib Rocha. Succumbing to the passage of time, Fernandes died in [[Bombay ]](now Mumbai) at the age of 80. Cardozo poignantly lamented the demise of Fernandes, likening it to the fading of a resplendent rose in the waters of the Konkani stage.<ref name=":0" />

==Style and reception==
[[Konkani language|Konkani]] Historian [[Wilson Mazarello]] writes, Fernandes was an accomplished artist known for his talent and captivating performances, particularly in female roles.<ref name=":2" /> Writer Fausto V. da Costa states, Fernandes' physical appearance lent itself beautifully to these characters, exuding grace and charm. Fernandes displayed an ability to seamlessly transition into various roles, effortlessly embodying princesses, wicked girls, sweethearts, strong-willed village belles, simple ladies, and even portraying aunts with equal ease. In addition to his versatility, Fernandes was recognized as one of the most experienced ''[[tiatrist]]s'', demonstrating maturity and depth in his craft.<ref name=":1" />

Playwright [[Tomazinho Cardozo]] writes, one of Fernandes's attributes was his commitment to his art. Prior to taking the stage, he would diligently research and study each character, ensuring a thorough understanding and a nuanced portrayal. This level of professionalism and dedication made him an exemplar for aspiring [[Drag queen|female impersonator]]s. Fernandes was known for his willingness to go to great lengths to perfect his performances, such as getting his ears pierced to wear earrings, attesting to his attention to detail. Throughout his career, Fernandes left an mark as a multifaceted performer, impressing audiences with his sensitive and authentic portrayals. He was always prepared to put in the effort to perfect his portrayal of a female character on stage.<ref name=":0" />

==Selected stage works==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Notes
!Ref
|-
|1935
|''[[Romeo and Juliet]]''
|Lady
|Professional debut
|<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":0" />
|-
|1940
|''Bhott Ailolo Pomburpechea Festak''
|
|
|<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />
|-
|
|''Tiklem Cheddum''
|
|
|rowspan="4"|<ref name=":2" />
|-
|
|''Are Puzadkara, Mhoji Vonim''
|
|
|-
|
|''Mog Cazar ani Doth''
|
|
|-
|
|''Ghorwali''
|Leading role
|
|}

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Fithna, J. R.}}
[[Category:Tiatrists]]
[[Category:Actors from South Goa district]]

Rewa (princely state)

2026-03-09T13:17:05Z

CallGirlMumbai: revise

{{Short description|Princely state in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox former country
| conventional_long_name = Rewa State
| common_name = Rewa
| capital = {{ubl|[[Bandhavgarh Fort|Bandhavgarh]]|[[Rewa, Madhya Pradesh|Rewa]]}}
| era =
| year_start = {{circa}} 1140
| date_start =
| event_start =
| year_end = 1947
| date_end =
| event_end = [[Political integration of India|Accession to India]]
| event1 =
| date_event1 =
| p1 =
| s1 = India
| flag_p1 =
| flag_s1 = Flag of India.svg
| image_flag = Flag of the Rewa State.svg
| image_coat = Rewa State CoA.png
| stat_area1 = 33,670
| stat_year1 = 1901
| stat_pop1 = 1327385
| today = India
| footnotes = ''Columbia-Lippincott Gazetteer''. (New York: Columbia University Press, 1952) p. 369
}}

[[File:Maharaja of Rewa in 1877.jpg|thumb|The Maharaja of Rewa, Raghuraj Singh Ju Deo Bahadur in 1877]]
[[File:Maharaja rewapalace govindgarh1870.jpg|thumb|250px|The [[Govindgarh Palace|Govindgarh palace]] of the Maharaja of Rewa in 1882]]
'''Rewa State''', also known as '''Rewah''', was a kingdom and later [[princely state]] of India, surrounding its eponymous capital, the town of [[Rewa, Madhya Pradesh|Rewa]].{{Citation needed|date=May 2024}}

Rewa was one of the largest princely states in the [[Bagelkhand Agency]] and the second largest in [[Central India Agency]]. Rewa was also the third-wealthiest principality in [[Central India Agency|Central India]], with an average revenue of 2.9 million rupees in 1901.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V09_384.gif|title = Imperial Gazetteer2 of India, Volume 9, page 378 — Imperial Gazetteer of India — Digital South Asia Library}}</ref> The Bagelkhand Agency was dissolved in 1933, following which Rewa was placed under the authority of the [[Indore Residency]]. Rewah state had a 15-gun salute.

[[File:Central India Agency Map.jpg|thumb|Central India Agency Map]]

== History ==
According to legend, the kingdom of Rewa was founded around 1140 CE. On 5 October 1812, it became a [[British protectorate]]. Between 1 April 1875 and 15 October 1895, Rewa remained under the direct colonial administration of [[British India]].<ref>[http://www.worldstatesmen.org/India_princes_A-J.html Princely States of India]. ''worldstatesmen.org''.</ref>

The ruler of Rewa ruled from [[Bandhavgarh]] during the founding reign of Raja Vyaghra Dev, who was a direct descendant of [[Vaghela dynasty#List of rulers|Gujarati warrior king Vir Dhawal]]. In 1617, Maharaja Vikramaditya Singh moved his capital to Rewa. Maharaja [[Martand Singh]] was the last ruler of Rewa who acceded to the [[Political integration of India|Union of India]] after the independence of India.{{citation needed|date=January 2017}}

[[Akbar]] was given refuge at Rewa at age 10, when his father [[Humayun]] fled India following a defeat in war. Prince Ramchandra Singh and Akbar grew up together as royal heirs. Maharaja Ramchandra Singh and Akbar remained friends. In the mid-1550s, Raja Ramachandra Singh Baghela maintained a musically talented court, including the legendary [[Tansen]]. Two of the Navratnas of Akbar, Tansen and [[Birbal]] (originally named Mahesh Das) were sent from Rewa by Maharaja Ramchandra Singh once Akbar became Emperor of India. In 1580, Akbar reorganized his empire into 12 ''[[Subah]]s'' and combined the provinces of [[Jaunpur Sultanate]], [[Kara-Manikpur]] and territory of Bandhogarh into the ''Subah of Ilahabad''.{{Citation needed|date=May 2024}}

Raja Vishwanath Singh abolished Sati in the state under British pressure in 1847. During the Indian Rebellion of 1857, Rewa State sided with the British East India Company.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Baker |first=David E.U. |title=Baghelkhand or the Tiger's Lair |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-19-568321-9 |pages=170–180}}</ref> Rewa State was important for the British Raj from perspective of logistics as roads and railway lines connecting Gangetic plains to Deccan passed through the state.<ref name=":0" />

Rewa was the first princely state in India to declare [[Hindi language|Hindi]] the national language, in the times of Maharaja Gulab Singh. He is also credited for declaring the first responsive government in modern India, providing citizens of Rewa state a right to question their monarch's decisions.{{Citation needed|date=May 2024}}

The state came under British paramountcy in 1812 and remained a princely state within the [[British Raj]] until [[independence of India|India's independence]] in 1947.{{Citation needed|date=May 2024}}

During the long minority of Raja Venkat Raman Singh ({{abbr|b.|born}}1876, {{abbr|r.|ruled}}1880–1918), the administration of the state was reformed. In 1901, the town boasted a high school, a "model jail" and two hospitals: the Victoria hospital and the Zenana hospital. However, Lord Irwin criticized the lagging of state in terms of development and he spoke of Rewa's need to end its aloofness with the world and it was still adjudged among the most backward areas of the country by [[V.P. Menon]], after he visited the state in 1947.{{Citation needed|date=May 2024}}

During Gulab Singh's reign, the state turned more towards autocracy and regional autonomy with tahsildars needing His Highness' permission for petty decisions.

=== Post-independence period ===
Upon India's independence in 1947, the maharaja of Rewa acceded unto the [[Dominion of India]]. Rewa later merged with the Union of India and became part of [[Vindhya Pradesh]], which was formed by the merger of the former princely states of the [[Baghelkhand]] and [[Bundelkhand]] agencies. Rewa served as the capital of the new state.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Namdeo |first=Shivam |date=2025-05-26 |title=Rewa, Madhya Pradesh: A Comprehensive Socio-Economic And Cultural Overview |url=https://timelybharat.com/rewa-madhya-pradesh/#Post-Independence_Integration_and_Evolution_1947_%E2%80%93_Present |access-date=2025-05-26 |language=en-US}}</ref>

In 1956, Vindhya Pradesh was merged with other nearby political entities to form the Indian constitutive state of [[Madhya Pradesh]]. The Maharaja's palace was converted into a museum.{{Citation needed|date=May 2024}}

In February 2007, an extensive book on the history of Rewa, ''Baghelkhand, or the Tigers' Lair'' by Dr D.E.U Baker, was published by Oxford University Press.{{Citation needed|date=May 2024}}

== Revolt of 1857 ==
Thakur Ranmat Singh<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kushwaha |first=Sonelal |title=विंध्य के वीर सपूत...जिन्होंने 1957 की क्रांति में छुड़ाए थे अंगेे्रजों के छक्के |language=Hindi |trans-title=The brave sons of Vindhya... who freed the sixes of the British in the 1957 revolution |work=Patrika |publisher= |publication-date=17 July 2022 |url=https://www.patrika.com/satna-news/the-brave-son-of-vindhyas-thakur-ranmat-singh-7284408/}}</ref> of Mankahri revolted against the British and was hanged in 1859.

In the context of the 1857 Indian Rebellion, the princely state of Rewa in Madhya Pradesh played a significant role, but a controversial one. Thakur Ranmat Singh, a notable leader from Mankhari village in Satna district, emerged as a key figure in the uprising within the region. Holding the rank of Sardar in the Maharaja of Rewa's service, Thakur Ranmat Singh became increasingly discontented with British interference, particularly by the Resident Political Agent, Willoughby Osborne.

Inspired by the rebellion's broader momentum, Ranmat Singh led a formidable group of 2,000 rebels, besieging Osborne's bungalow. Although Osborne escaped, the rebels continued their struggle, engaging in multiple battles across areas like Nagod, Bhilsain, Chitrakoot, Nowgong, and Keoti. These activities made Thakur Ranmat Singh a significant threat to British control in the area <ref>(https://testbook.com/mppsc-preparation/revolt-of-1857-in-madhya-pradesh) </ref><ref>{{Cite(https://ensureias.com/blog/current-affairs/thakur-ranmat-singh)</ref>

However, the Maharaja of Rewa, under British pressure, eventually turned against Ranmat Singh. Despite initial sympathies for his cause, the Maharaja facilitated Ranmat Singh's capture. Thakur Ranmat Singh was arrested, charged with the murder of Europeans, and hanged in August 1860.<ref>(https://ensureias.com/blog/current-affairs/thakur-ranmat-singh (https://cmsadmin.amritmahotsav.nic.in/district-reopsitory-detail.htm?9137{{Cite(https://indianculture.gov.in/node/2816073)</ref>

This betrayal by the Rewa state highlights the complexities and internal conflicts during the 1857 Rebellion, where loyalty and resistance often intertwined in the fight against colonial rule.

== Rulers==
[[Image:Delhi Durbar 1903.jpg|250px|thumb|Elephant Carriage of the [[Maharaja]] of Rewa, [[Delhi Durbar#Durbar of 1903|Delhi Durbar of 1903]].]]
The predecessor state, Bandhogarh, was founded {{circa}} 1140. Vyaghra Deo, a brother of a ruler of Gujarat, is said to have made his way into northern India around the middle of the 13th century and gained the fort of Marpha, {{convert|18|mi|order=flip|abbr=on}} north-east of [[Kalinjar]]. His son Karandeo, married a [[Kalchuri|Kalchuri (Haihaya)]] princess of [[Garha Kingdom|Mandla]], and received in dowry the fort of Bandhogarh which, until its destruction in 1597 by [[Akbar]], was the Baghel capital. In 1298, [[Ulugh Khan]], acting under orders of the sultan of Delhi, [[Alauddin Khilji]], drove the [[Karna (Vaghela dynasty)|last Vaghela ruler]] of Gujarat from his country and this is believed to have caused a considerable migration of Baghels to Bandhogarh. Until the 15th century, the Baghels of Bandhogarh were engaged in extending their possessions and escaped the attention of the Delhi Sultans, in 1498–1499, [[Sikandar Lodi]] failed in his attempt to take the fort of Bandhogarh.{{citation needed|date=January 2017}}

=== List of rulers ===
The following is a list of known rulers of Rewa (or its predecessor state, Bandhogarh), in chronological order by their reign. They took the title of Raja or, from 1857, Maharaja.

* Maharaja Vyaghra Ju Deo
* Maharaja Karan Ju Deo
* Maharaja Sohag Ju Deo
* Maharaja Sarang Deo
* Maharaja Vilas Deo, established the [[Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh|Bilaspur]] city.
* Maharaja Bhimal Deo
* Maharaja Anik Deo [Ranik Deo]
* Maharaja Valan Deo
* Maharaja Dalkeshwar Deo
* Maharaja Malkeshwar Deo
* Maharaja Variyar Deo
* Maharaja Bullar Deo
* Maharaja Singh Deo
* Maharaja Bhairam Deo
* Maharaja Narhari Deo
* Maharaja Bheer Deo
* Maharaja Shalivahan Deo, {{abbr|r.|ruled}}1495–1500, Raja of Bandhogarh
* Maharaja Veer Singh Deo, r. 1500–1540, established the town of [[Birsinghpur]].
* Maharaja Virbhan Singh, r. 1540–1555; fought against Sher Shah with Chandela Rajputs during the siege of Kalinjar Fort
* Maharaja Ramchandra Singh, r.1555–1592
* Maharaja Birbhadra Singh Deo, 1592-1602
* Maharaja Duryodhan Singh (illegitimate son of Birbhadra Singh Deo), 1602-1618,(deposed). His accession gave rise to disturbances. [[Akbar]] intervened, captured and dismantled the Bandhogarh fort in 1597, after a siege of eight months.
* Maharaja Vikramaditya Deo, r.1618–1630. He founded the town of Rewa in 1618 (which perhaps means that he undertook the construction of palaces and other buildings there because the place had already assumed importance in 1554 when it was held by Jalal Khan, son of emperor [[Shershah Suri]]).
* Maharaja Amar Singh II, r.1630–1643, established the town of [[Amarpatan]].
* Maharaja Anoop Singh Deo, r.1643–1660.
* Maharaja Bhao Singh Deo, r.1660–1690. He married twice but died childless.
* Maharaja Anirudh Singh Deo, r.1690–1700, a grandson of Raja Anoop Singh, he was adopted by and succeeded his childless uncle, Raja Bhao Singh.
* Maharaja Avadhut Singh Deo, r.1700–1755. The state was sacked by [[Harde Sah]] of [[Panna State|Panna]], {{circa}}1731, causing the Raja to flee to Pratapgarh in [[Oudh]] (Awadh).
* Maharaja Ajit Singh Deo, r.1755–1809. The state was sacked by Nayak Yashwantrao alias Shrimant Jaswantkubje from Bundelkhand. Several Kalchuri families died defending the state.
* Maharaja Jai Singh Deo, b.1765, r.1809–1835. In 1812, a body of Pindaris raided Rewa from Mirzapur territory, for which Jai Singh was called upon to accede to a treaty acknowledging the protection of the British Government, and agreed to refer all disputes with neighbouring chiefs to their arbitration and to allow British troops in his territories.
* Maharaja Vishwanath Singh Deo, b.1789, r.1835–1854.
* Maharaja Raghuraj Singh Ju Deo Bahadur, b.1831, r.1854–1857 as Raja, then as Majaraja 1857–1880. He helped the British quell the uprisings in the neighbouring Mandla and Jabalpur districts in the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|mutiny of 1857]]. For this service, the [[Sohagpur (Shahdol)]] and [[Amarkantak]] [[pargana]]s were restored to his rule (having been seized by the [[Marathas]] in the beginning of the century), and he was made the first Majaraja of Rewa, ruling until his death on 5 February 1880.
* Maharaja Venkatraman Ramanuj Prasad Singh Ju Deo Bahadur, b.1876, r.1880–1918.
* Maharaja Gulab Singh Deo Bahadur, b.1903, r.1918–1946 (deposed).
* Maharaja Sajjan Singh of Ratlam (Regent), b.1880, r.1918–1919, 1922–1923.
* Philip Bannerman Warburton (Interim), b.1878, r.1919.
* Dewan Bahadur Brijmohan Nath Zutshi (Regent, President of Regency Council), b.1877, r.1920–1922.
* Elliot James Dowell Colvin (Interim), b.1885, r.1922.
* Maharaja [[Martand Singh]] Deo Bahadur, b.1923, r.1946–1995.
* [[Pushpraj Singh]], b. 1960, r. 1995–present.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{commons category-inline|Rewa State}}
* {{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Rewa |volume=23 |pages=224–225 |short=x}}

{{Princely states of India}}
{{Princely States of Madhya Pradesh}}

{{coord|24.5300|N|81.3000|E|source:wikidata|display=title}}

[[Category:Princely states of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rewa district]]
[[Category:1790s establishments in India]]
[[Category:1947 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Vassal and tributary states of the Mughal Empire]]

Kalidas (film)

2026-03-07T05:10:13Z

CallGirlMumbai:

{{short description|1931 film by H. M. Reddy}}
{{for|the 2019 film|Kaalidas}}
{{featured article}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Kalidas 1931 Songbook.JPG
| alt = Vidhyadhari (TP Rajakalshmi) on the songbook of Kalidas
| director = [[H. M. Reddy]]
| producer = [[Ardeshir Irani]]
| starring = [[T. P. Rajalakshmi]] P. G. Venkatesan
| studio = Imperial Movi-Tone
| released = {{film date|1931|10|31|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil Telugu
}}
'''''Kalidas''''' ({{IPA|ta|kaːɭidaːs|pron}} {{Translation|The Servant of [[Kali]]}}){{sfn|Rajan|1997|p=2}} is a 1931 Indian [[biographical film]] directed by [[H. M. Reddy]] and produced by [[Ardeshir Irani]]. It is notable for being the first [[sound film]] in the [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Telugu language]]s, and the first sound film to be made in a [[Dravidian language]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harsh |first=B. H. |date=5 February 2026 |title=Passion, history, and the roots of Telugu cinema |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2026/Feb/05/teluguinterviews2026feb04passion-history-and-the-roots-of-telugu-cinema |access-date=6 February 2026 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260206080621/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2026/Feb/05/teluguinterviews2026feb04passion-history-and-the-roots-of-telugu-cinema|archive-date=6 February 2026|url-status=live}}</ref> It was based on the life of the [[Sanskrit]] poet [[Kalidasa]]; it featured P. G. Venkatesan in the title role and [[T. P. Rajalakshmi]] as the female lead, with [[L. V. Prasad]], Thevaram Rajambal, T. Susheela Devi, J. Sushila, and M. S. Santhanalakshmi in supporting roles.

''Kalidas'' had dialogues in Telugu, with some Tamil songs featured in the beginning, middle, and end, along with some additional dialogue in [[Hindi]].<ref name=":0" /> Despite its [[Hindu mythology|mythological]] theme, the film featured songs from much later time periods, such as the compositions of [[Carnatic music]]ian [[Tyagaraja]], publicity songs of the [[Indian National Congress]], and songs about [[Mahatma Gandhi]] and the [[Indian independence movement]]. The sound was recorded using German-made technology. ''Kalidas'' was shot in [[Mumbai|Bombay]] on the sets of India's first sound film ''[[Alam Ara]]'' (1931) and was completed in eight days.

''Kalidas'' was released with high expectations on 31 October 1931, coinciding with [[Diwali]] day. It was the only South Indian film to be produced and released that year. Despite numerous technical flaws, it received critical acclaim, with praise for Rajalakshmi's singing performance, and became a major commercial success. The success of ''Kalidas'' spawned other films based upon Kalidasa, including ''[[Mahakavi Kalidasa]]'' (1955), ''[[Mahakavi Kalidasu]]'' (1960), and ''[[Mahakavi Kalidas (1966 film)|Mahakavi Kalidas]]'' (1966).

In addition to its commercial success, ''Kalidas'' was a major breakthrough for Rajalakshmi's career, and made her a [[Bankable star|bankable singing star]]. Because no print, gramophone record, or songbook of the film is known to survive, it is a [[lost film]].
{{toclimit}}

== Plot ==
Vidhyadhari is the daughter of Vijayavarman, the king of Thejavathi. His minister wants the princess to marry his son but she refuses. Annoyed, the minister sets out to find another potential husband for Vidhyadhari. In the forest, the minister finds an illiterate [[Cowman (profession)|cowman]] sitting on a tree and cutting into the branch on which he is sitting. The minister persuades the cowman to come to the palace and has Vidhyadhari marry him. When Vidhyadhari realises she has been cheated, and is married to a farmhand, she prays to the goddess [[Kali]] for a remedy. Kali appears before her, names her husband ''[[Kalidasa|Kalidas]]'' and endows him with phenomenal literary talents.{{sfn|Baskaran|1996|pp=88–89}}

== Cast ==
* [[T. P. Rajalakshmi]] as Vidhyadhari
* P. G. Venkatesan as [[Kalidasa|Kalidas]]
* [[L. V. Prasad]] as the temple priest

Other supporting roles were played by Thevaram Rajambal, T. Susheela Devi, J. Sushila and M. S. Santhanalakshmi.<ref name="sify" />

== Production ==
{{multiple image
| align = right
| direction = vertical
| width = 165
| image1=Kalidas(1931).jpg|thumbnail
| alt1=A woman, a goddess and a man.
| image2=Kalidas 1931 still.jpg
| alt2=A man kneeling before a woman.
|footer=Two surviving stills from ''Kalidas''. The top still depicts Rajalakshmi and Venkatesan as their characters.
}}
After the success of [[Cinema of India#History|India's first]] [[sound film]] ''[[Alam Ara]]'' (1931), its director [[Ardeshir Irani]] wanted to venture into [[Cinema of South India|South Indian cinema]].<ref name="Mahakavi Kalidasu (1960)" /> In the same year, he chose [[H. M. Reddy]], his former assistant,{{sfn|Pillai|2015|p=103}} to direct the first South Indian sound film, which would later become the first [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-[[Telugu language|Telugu]] film ''Kalidas'',{{efn|Until September 2012, ''[[Bhakta Prahlada (1932 film)|Bhakta Prahladha]]'', the first [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] sound film was believed to have been released on 15 September 1931, which would make it the first South Indian sound film released. However, film journalist Rentala Jayadeva proved ''Bhakta Prahlada'' was actually released on 6 February 1932, making ''Kalidas'' the first to be released.<ref name="wake" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=7 February 2013 |title='Bhaktha Prahladha': First Telugu talkie completes 81 years |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/bhaktha-prahladha-telugu-talkie-completes-81-years-589346.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170404094105/https://www.news18.com/news/india/bhaktha-prahladha-telugu-talkie-completes-81-years-589346.html |archive-date=4 April 2017 |access-date=4 April 2017 |website=[[News18]]}}</ref>}} based on the life of the [[Sanskrit]] poet and playwright [[Kalidasa]].<ref name="Mahakavi Kalidasu (1960)" />{{efn|While French film historian Yves Thoraval claims that Kalidasa lived during the fourth century,{{sfn|Thoraval|2000|p=36}} historian Selvaraj Velayutham and ''Encyclopaedia of Indian Cinema'' by [[Ashish Rajadhyaksha]] and [[Paul Willemen]] state that he lived in the third century.{{sfnm|Velayutham|2008|1p=3|2a1=Rajadhyaksha|2a2=Willemen|2y=1998|2p=254}} Edwin Gerow, writing for ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]'', states that Kalidasa flourished in the fifth century.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gerow |first=Edwin |title=Kalidasa |url=http://www.britannica.com/biography/Kalidasa |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150711083855/http://www.britannica.com/biography/Kalidasa |archive-date=11 July 2015 |access-date=4 August 2015 |website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]}}</ref>}} Irani produced the film under Imperial Movi-Tone.{{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=253}}<ref name="indolink" /> P. G. Venkatesan was chosen to play the title role.{{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=254}} [[L. V. Prasad]]—who later founded [[Prasad Studios]]—appeared in a comic role as a temple priest.<ref name="tryst" /><ref name="Deccan" /> Theatre artiste [[T. P. Rajalakshmi]] was chosen to play the female protagonist;<ref>{{Cite news |last=Raman |first=Mohan V. |author-link=Mohan Raman |date=22 June 2011 |title=The Rani of Cinema |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/the-rani-of-cinema/article2125980.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029210353/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/the-rani-of-cinema/article2125980.ece |archive-date=29 October 2013 |access-date=19 June 2013 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> according to film historian [[Randor Guy]], she was the "automatic choice to play the heroine."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=27 March 2009 |title=Blast from the Past – Miss Kamala 1938 |url=http://www.hindu.com/cp/2009/03/27/stories/2009032750381600.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130125202104/http://www.hindu.com/cp/2009/03/27/stories/2009032750381600.htm |archive-date=25 January 2013 |access-date=23 April 2014 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Before this, Rajalakshmi had acted in many [[silent film]]s, and ''Kalidas'' was her first sound film.<ref name="kamala" /> Supporting roles were played by Thevaram Rajambal, T. Susheela Devi, J. Sushila, and M. S. Santhanalakshmi.<ref name="sify" />{{sfn|Baskaran|1996|p=88}} The sound was recorded by German technicians using German-made equipment.<ref name="musings" /><ref name="guy2" /> ''Kalidas'' was shot in Bombay (now [[Mumbai]]) on the sets of ''Alam Ara'';{{sfn|Sastry|1993|p=15}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 July 2012 |title=The story so far ... |url=http://www.thesundayindian.com/en/story/the-story-so-far/7/36706/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160802144820/http://www.thesundayindian.com/en/story/the-story-so-far/7/36706/ |archive-date=2 August 2016 |access-date=2 August 2016 |work=The Sunday Indian}}</ref> it was completed in eight days,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Balabharathi |title=தமிழ் சினிமா 80 பாகம்-1 |publisher=Nakkheeran Publications |year=2012 |isbn=978-93-81828-40-3 |location=Chennai |pages=12 |language=ta |trans-title=Tamil Cinema 80 Part-1}}</ref> using either {{Convert|6000|ft|m}} or {{Convert|10000|ft|m}} of film, as sources differ.{{efn|According to Sri Lankan historian [[Sachi Sri Kantha]], ''Kalidas'' used {{Convert|10000|ft|m}} of film,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sri Kantha |first=Sachi |author-link=Sachi Sri Kantha |title=Book Review: A Valuable Source Book about Tamil Movie History |url=http://www.sangam.org/taraki/articles/2006/01-11_Tamil_Film_History_and_Its_Achievements.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120217095429/http://www.sangam.org/taraki/articles/2006/01-11_Tamil_Film_History_and_Its_Achievements.php |archive-date=17 February 2012 |access-date=20 January 2014 |website=Ilankai Tamil Sangam}}</ref> while Film News Anandan told ''The Hindu''{{'s}} M. L. Narasimham in 2006 that it used {{Convert|6000|ft|m}}.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Narasimham |first=M. L. |date=8 September 2006 |title=A leader and a visionary |url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2006/09/08/stories/2006090802530100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110808025153/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2006/09/08/stories/2006090802530100.htm |archive-date=8 August 2011 |access-date=18 February 2014 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> However, Anandan's 2004 book ''Sadhanaigal Padaitha Thamizh Thiraipada Varalaru'' gives its final length as {{Convert|10000|ft|m}}.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Film News Anandan |author-link=Film News Anandan |url=http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1931-cinidetails.asp |title=Sadhanaigal Padaitha Thamizh Thiraipada Varalaru |publisher=Sivagami Publishers |year=2004 |location=Chennai |language=ta |trans-title=Tamil film history and its achievements |access-date=8 April 2017 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170408165436/http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1931-cinidetails.asp |archive-date=8 April 2017 |url-status=usurped}}</ref>}} Film historian [[Film News Anandan]] stated that ''Kalidas'' "was produced in a hurry, and was technically flawed."<ref name="indolink" />

The film's actors spoke a variety of languages, including Tamil (Rajalakshmi), Telugu (Venkatesan) and [[Hindi]] (Prasad).<ref name="tryst" /> Because Venkatesan's first language was Telugu, and he could not correctly pronounce Tamil words, his dialogue was in Telugu.<ref name="tryst" /> Rajalakshmi mentioned in her interview that H. M. Reddy filmed and went on to produce a Telugu film titled ''Kalidas'', indicating that it might be a Telugu production.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Muthuvel |first=S. |date=20 August 2023 |title=Let's watch Kalidas (1931) together |url=https://madrasmusings.com/vol-33-no-9/lets-watch-kalidas-1931-together/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241202140438/https://madrasmusings.com/vol-33-no-9/lets-watch-kalidas-1931-together/ |archive-date=2 December 2024 |access-date=19 May 2025 |website=[[Madras Musings]] |language=en |quote=He filmed it and went on to produce a Telugu film titled Kalidas. I received the chance to play the role of the princess in the film.}}</ref> Film critic and journalist [[Kalki Krishnamurthy]], in his review of the film for ''[[Ananda Vikatan]]'', noted that the film had dialogues in Telugu, with Tamil songs featured at the beginning, middle, and end, but no Tamil speech.<ref name=":0" /> According to Guy, Irani was initially unsure if the German sound recording equipment would record the Tamil language; to assuage his doubts, he had some actors speak and sing in Tamil, with Venkatesan in Telugu. Because the equipment had already been used to record Hindi, he had other actors speak that language; the equipment recorded each language clearly.<ref name="musings" /> Owing to the use of multiple languages, sources including Film News Anandan,<ref name="indolink" /> [[Birgit Meyer]],{{sfn|Meyer|2009|p=97}} and Guy have refused to call ''Kalidas'' the first Tamil sound film; Guy instead called it India's first multilingual film.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |date=October 2012 |title=Tamil Cinema 75 – A Look Back |url=http://www.annanagartimes.in/admin/pdf/1350132996.14.10.2012.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140117110540/http://www.annanagartimes.in/admin/pdf/1350132996.14.10.2012.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2014 |access-date=13 February 2014 |work=Anna Nagar Times}}</ref> In the 2010 book ''Cinemas of South India: Culture, Resistance, Ideology'', Sowmya Dechamma states that Telugu dialogues were included in the film, apparently to "increase its market potential in the two important language markets of southern India."{{sfn|Dechamma C. C.|Prakash|2010|loc=introduction |p=13}}

== Music ==
''Kalidas'' featured fifty songs composed and written by [[Madhurakavi Bhaskara Das|Bhaskara Das]].{{sfn|Baskaran|1996|p=42}}<ref name="Keetru" /> Film historian [[S. Theodore Baskaran]] mentions in his 1996 book, ''The Eye of the Serpent: An Introduction to Tamil Cinema'', that all of the songs were in Tamil.{{sfn|Baskaran|1996|p=89}} Birgit Meyer contradicted Baskaran in her 2009 book ''Aesthetic Formations'', stating that the film had Telugu songs,{{sfn|Meyer|2009|p=97}} a view that was supported by Sowmya Dechamma in ''Cinemas of South India: Culture, Resistance, Ideology''.{{sfn|Dechamma C. C.|Prakash|2010|p=13|loc=introduction}}

Although the film was based on [[Hindu mythology|mythology]], it featured compositions from [[Anachronism|much later time periods]], such as those by the [[Carnatic music]]ian [[Tyagaraja]], and [[Indian National Congress]] publicity songs.<ref name="indolink" /> Film News Anandan stated Reddy was "probably pleased to add on anything artistic that came his way. Relevance was hardly an issue."<ref name="tryst" /> The 2008 book ''Tamil Cinema: The Cultural Politics of India's Other Film Industry'' by Selvaraj Velayutham and ''Aesthetic Formations'' by Birgit Meyer stipulate that the nationalistic songs featured in the film had nothing to do with the main plot,{{sfnm|1a1=Velayutham|1y=2008|1p=158|2a1=Meyer|2y=2009|2p=105}} while Randor Guy states during that period, "Historical accuracy wasn't as important as the music. It wasn't uncommon for the deities to sing modern poems or nationalist songs."<ref name="guy2" /> Baskaran noted that this marked the "beginning of cinema being used as an instrument of political [[propaganda]]."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Lakshmi |first=K. |date=12 September 2004 |title=Cinema and politics |url=http://www.thehindu.com/lf/2004/09/12/stories/2004091209100200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160915123803/http://www.thehindu.com/lf/2004/09/12/stories/2004091209100200.htm |archive-date=15 September 2016 |access-date=15 September 2016 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

The patriotic song "Gandhiyin Kai Rattiname" ("The [[Spinning wheel#Charkha|Charkha]] that [[Mahatma Gandhi|[Mahatma] Gandhi]] handles"), also known as "Raattinamam ... Gandhi Kai Bhanamaam ...", was sung by T. P. Rajalakshmi,<ref name="musings" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Baskaran |first=S. Theodore |author-link=S. Theodore Baskaran |date=6 January 2002 |title=Music for the people |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mag/2002/01/06/stories/2002010600150500.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116175721/http://hindu.com/thehindu/mag/2002/01/06/stories/2002010600150500.htm |archive-date=16 January 2014 |access-date=15 August 2013 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> and was unrelated to the story of Kalidas; the song extolled the charkha (spinning wheel), a Gandhian symbol of [[Indian nationalism|nationalism]].{{sfnm|1a1=Baskaran|1y=1996|1p=75|2a1=Gokulsing|2a2=Dissanayake|2y=2013|2p=129}} Rajalakshmi also performed two of Tyagaraja's compositions, "Enta Nerchina" and "Suraragadhara", the latter of which was based on the ''[[Sankarabharanam (raga)|Sankarabharanam]]'' raga, for the film.{{efn|For "Enta Nerchina", B. Kolappan of ''The Hindu'' says the song is set in the [[raga]] ''[[Udayaravichandrika]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kolappan |first=B. |date=20 September 2013 |title=South India's first heroine stormed male bastion |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/south-indias-first-heroine-stormed-male-bastion/article5148093.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140213100709/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/south-indias-first-heroine-stormed-male-bastion/article5148093.ece |archive-date=13 February 2014 |access-date=13 February 2014 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> In contrast, V. Balakrishnan of ''[[Ananda Vikatan]]'' says the song is set in the ''[[Harikambhoji]]'' raga.<ref name="Balavikatan" />}} Another song which Rajalakshmi performed, "Manmada Baanamadaa", became immensely popular, and was described by Guy as "the emotional outburst of love by the heroine".<ref name="musings" /><ref name="Balavikatan" /> Another song, "Indhiyargal Nammavarkkul Eno Veen Sandai", spoke about the [[Indian independence movement]] and the need for unity among Indians.{{sfn|Meyer|2009|p=105}} Guy described "Manmada Baanamadaa" as the "first hit song of Tamil Cinema".{{sfn|Guy|1997|p=58}}

== Release ==
[[File:Kalidas 1931 poster.jpg|thumb|right|Pre-release advertisement for ''Kalidas''|alt=Tamil language advertisement with all text, no visuals]]
An advertisement announcing the release of ''Kalidas'' was published on 30 October 1931 in ''The Hindu'', where it was proclaimed that the film was the "first talkie to be screened in the city with Tamil and Telugu songs".<ref name="ReelRevolution" /> ''Kalidas'' was first released theatrically at the Madras (now [[Chennai]]) based theatre Kinema Central (now known as the Murugan Theatre) on 31 October 1931,<ref name="musings" /> during the festive occasion of [[Diwali]] and coincided with the [[Salt March|Civil Disobedience Movement]].<ref name="ReelRevolution" />{{sfn|Gokulsing|Dissanayake|2013|p=129}}

When the film reels were taken to Madras, thousands of people gathered at the city's [[Chennai Central railway station|central railway station]] and followed the reel box along [[Wall Tax Road, Chennai|Wall Tax Road]] to Kinema Central, throwing rose petals, breaking open coconuts, and burning incense.<ref name="guy2" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Krishnamachari |first=Suganthy |date=25 April 2008 |title=Celebrations ... in and on AIR |url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2008/04/25/stories/2008042550910100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029213837/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2008/04/25/stories/2008042550910100.htm |archive-date=29 October 2013 |access-date=15 August 2013 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The posters of the film read, ''Tamil Telugu pesi paadu padam'' ({{langx|en|"Tamil Telugu talking singing film"}}).<ref name="guy2" /> An earlier attempt at producing a Tamil sound film, a [[Reel#Motion picture terminology|four-reel]] short (identified by S. Theodore Baskaran as ''Korathi Dance and Songs''), was screened alongside ''Kalidas'' as a side attraction.{{sfn|Baskaran|1996|p=89}} It starred Rajalakshmi, and the gypsy dancer Jhansi Bai.{{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=254}} In a 2015 interview with ''[[The Times of India]]'', Rajalakshmi's daughter Kamala stated that during the film's release, "people in Madras used to stand outside theatres for a distance of about 4-5km to witness [Rajalakshmi] acting in her first ''pesum padam''. She was welcomed with a roar here. Her name was announced from speakers installed on roads and [[Auto rickshaw|autorickshaws]], as a talkie was something new for the people."<ref name="kamala" />

''Kalidas'' was commercially successful, grossing over {{INR}}75,000 and easily covering its budget of {{INR}}8,000 (worth {{INR}}1.5 crore in 2021 prices) according to a 2013 estimate by ''[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=31 October 2013 |title=இன்று தமிழின் முதல் பேசும் சினிமா வெளியான நாள் |trans-title=Today is the day the first Tamil sound film was released |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/supplements/hindu-talkies/184783-.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210401075254/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/supplements/hindu-talkies/184783-.html |archive-date=1 April 2021 |access-date=1 April 2021 |work=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=ta}}</ref> Film producer and writer [[G. Dhananjayan]] said the film succeeded because it was a "novelty for the audience to witness an audio visual with dialogues and songs of their language".<ref name="sify" />

In his 1997 book ''Starlight, Starbright: The Early Tamil Cinema'', Randor Guy described ''Kalidas'' as a "crude experiment" that had poor [[lip sync]]; when characters opened their mouths there was no sound, and when dialogue or song was heard, artistes remained silent. He said the public did not care about technical niceties and flocked to see the film.{{sfn|Guy|1997|p=54}} Kalki Krishnamurthy, in his review for ''Ananda Vikatan'', noted that he was awestruck by the costumes used. He praised Rajalakshmi's performance and her dancing but criticised her singing, saying that she had to go see a doctor to get her vocal cords fixed.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Krishnamurthy |first=Kalki |author-link=Kalki Krishnamurthy |date=16 November 1931 |title='கல்கி' −2: காளிதாஸ் – திரைப்பட விமர்சனம் |trans-title='Kalki −2': Kalidas – Film Review |url=http://s-pasupathy.blogspot.in/2012/06/2_15.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170402123112/http://s-pasupathy.blogspot.nl/2012/06/2_15.html |archive-date=2 April 2017 |access-date=31 May 2017 |work=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=ta}}</ref> The Tamil newspaper ''[[Swadesamitran]]'' printed a favourable review for ''Kalidas'' on 29 October 1931, two days prior to its theatrical release, where the reviewer, in contrast to Krishnamurthy's comments, appreciated Rajalakshmi's singing.<ref name="Keetru" />

== Legacy ==
The arrival of sound in South Indian cinema, with the release of ''Kalidas'', triggered a migration of theatre artists into cinema.{{sfn|Velayutham|2008|pp=113–114}} ''Kalidas'' was the only South Indian film to be produced and released in 1931.<ref name="musings" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |author-link=Baradwaj Rangan |date=17 March 2011 |title=Romancing the screen |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/romancing-the-screen/article1546436.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141203220410/http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/romancing-the-screen/article1546436.ece |archive-date=3 December 2014 |access-date=2 July 2015 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> No print or gramophone record of the film is known to survive, making it a [[lost film]].<ref name="Deccan" /><ref name="musings" /> ''[[The Indian Express]]'' stated in 2014 that the film had "turned to dust" long before the [[National Film Archive of India]] was established in 1964.<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 September 2014 |title=In reel time |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/editorials/in-reel-time/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140905220415/http://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/editorials/in-reel-time/ |archive-date=5 September 2014 |access-date=4 July 2015 |work=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> The only remaining artefacts include a few [[film still|stills]], advertisements, and an image of the cover of the songbook.<ref name="wake" /><ref name="indolink" /><ref name="musings" /> As of December 2002, Film News Anandan had preserved several photographs related to the film.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=12 December 2002 |title=A pioneer speaks ... |url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/12/12/stories/2002121200200100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160802135030/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/12/12/stories/2002121200200100.htm |archive-date=2 August 2016 |access-date=2 August 2016 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

''Kalidas'' was a major breakthrough in Rajalakshmi's career,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Balachandran |first=Logesh |date=18 October 2014 |title=First Rani of South Indian Cinema |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/141018/entertainment-kollywood/article/first-rani-south-indian-cinema |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141020163009/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/141018/entertainment-kollywood/article/first-rani-south-indian-cinema |archive-date=20 October 2014 |access-date=30 June 2015 |work=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref> and made her a "[[Bankable star|bankable singing star]]".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Patel |first=Bhaichand |date=5 April 2015 |title=Southern sirens |url=http://www.asianage.com/books/southern-sirens-323 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150629173055/http://www.asianage.com/books/southern-sirens-323 |archive-date=29 June 2015 |access-date=29 June 2015 |work=[[The Asian Age]]}}</ref> Other films based on the life of Kālidāsa include the [[Kannada]] film ''[[Mahakavi Kalidasa]]'' (1955), which won the [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Kannada]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 April 1957 |title=State Awards for films |url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/3rd_nff_1956.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160518231748/http://dff.nic.in/2011/3rd_nff_1956.pdf |archive-date=18 May 2016 |access-date=2 August 2016 |publisher=[[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Ministry of Information and Broadcasting]]}}</ref> the Hindi film ''Kavi Kalidas'' (1959),{{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p = 202}} the Telugu film ''[[Mahakavi Kalidasu]]'' (1960),<ref name="Mahakavi Kalidasu (1960)" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=8th National Film Awards |url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm8thNFAAward.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012062918/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm8thNFAAward.aspx |archive-date=12 October 2013 |access-date=2 March 2014 |publisher=International Film Festival of India |pages=32–33}}</ref> the Tamil film ''[[Mahakavi Kalidas (1966 film)|Mahakavi Kalidas]]'' (1966),{{sfn|Ganesan|Narayana Swamy|2007|p=241}} and the Kannada film ''[[Kaviratna Kalidasa]]'' (1983).{{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=460}}

== See also ==
{{Portal|Film|India}}
* ''[[Keechaka Vadham]]'', the first South Indian silent film
* [[List of lost films]]

== Notes ==
{{notes}}

== References ==
<references>
<ref name="wake">{{Cite news |last=Narasimham |first=M. L. |date=9 September 2012 |title=Wake up, industry |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/wake-up-industry/article3875804.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140118043211/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/wake-up-industry/article3875804.ece |archive-date=18 January 2014 |access-date=18 January 2014 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
<ref name="Mahakavi Kalidasu (1960)">{{Cite news |last=Narasimham |first=M. L. |date=14 January 2016 |title=Blast from the Past: Mahakavi Kalidasu (1960) |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/Blast-from-the-Past-Mahakavi-Kalidasu-1960/article13999452.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190417040854/https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/Blast-from-the-Past-Mahakavi-Kalidasu-1960/article13999452.ece |archive-date=17 April 2019 |access-date=17 April 2019 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
<ref name="Deccan">{{Cite news |date=19 July 2013 |title=Talking about talkies |url=http://i1303.photobucket.com/albums/ag149/kailash29792/Kalidas1931_zps908b1fa2.jpg |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140122100257/http://s1303.photobucket.com/user/kailash29792/media/Kalidas1931_zps908b1fa2.jpg.html |archive-date=22 January 2014 |access-date=19 July 2013 |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref>
<ref name="sify">{{Cite web |date=31 October 2011 |title=Tamil Talkies completes 80 years today ! |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/tamil-talkies-completes-80-years-today-news-tamil-lk5sXTdjbbh.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120105044536/http://www.sify.com/movies/tamil-talkies-completes-80-years-today-news-tamil-lk5sXTdjbbh.html |archive-date=5 January 2012 |access-date=20 January 2014 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>
<ref name="guy2">{{Cite news |last=Vincent |first=Pheroze L. |date=25 November 2009 |title=Romancing the reel |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/romancing-the-reel/article54781.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029204805/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/romancing-the-reel/article54781.ece |archive-date=29 October 2013 |access-date=25 August 2013 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
<ref name="tryst">{{Cite news |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=10 May 2012 |title=Tryst with the past |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/tryst-with-the-past/article3404299.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140213032956/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/tryst-with-the-past/article3404299.ece |archive-date=13 February 2014 |access-date=13 February 2014 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
<ref name="musings">{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |date=November 2006 |title=The first talking Tamil picture |url=http://madrasmusings.com/older-archives/Vol%2016/Vol%20XVI%20-%20No%2014.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150801114253/http://madrasmusings.com/older-archives/Vol%2016/Vol%20XVI%20-%20No%2014.pdf |archive-date=1 August 2015 |access-date=1 August 2015 |work=[[Madras Musings]] |pages=5}}</ref>
<ref name="indolink">{{Cite web |last=Film News Anandan |author-link=Film News Anandan |year=1998 |title=Tamil Cinema History – The Early Days (1916–1936) |url=http://www.indolink.com/tamil/cinema/Memories/98/fna/fna1.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://archive.today/20000711043247/http://www.indolink.com/tamil/cinema/Memories/98/fna/fna1.htm |archive-date=11 July 2000 |access-date=13 February 2014 |website=Indolink}}</ref>
<ref name="Balavikatan">{{Cite news |last=Balakrishnan |first=V. |date=18 July 2015 |title=தமிழ் சினிமா முன்னோடிகள்: தமிழ்த் திரை உலகின் முதல் கதாநாயகி டி.பி.ராஜலஷ்மி! |trans-title=Features of Tamil cinema: The first heroine of Tamil films, T. P. Rajalakshmi! |url=http://www.vikatan.com/news/coverstory/49680.art |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170531072910/http://www.vikatan.com/news/coverstory/49680.html |archive-date=31 May 2017 |access-date=31 May 2017 |work=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=ta}}</ref>
<ref name="ReelRevolution">{{Cite news |last=Poorvaja |first=S. |date=1 November 2016 |title=A reel revolution from 85 years ago |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/A-reel-revolution-from-85-years-ago/article16086688.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161101091440/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/a-reel-revolution-from-85-years-ago/article9289530.ece |archive-date=1 November 2016 |access-date=1 November 2016 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
<ref name="kamala">{{Cite news |last=Balachandran |first=Logesh |date=13 August 2015 |title=Tamil cinema's first heroine – TP Rajalakshmi |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Tamil-cinemas-first-heroine-TP-Rajalakshmi/articleshow/48465634.cms? |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150815090718/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Tamil-cinemas-first-heroine-TP-Rajalakshmi/articleshow/48465634.cms |archive-date=15 August 2015 |access-date=15 August 2015 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
<ref name="Keetru">{{Cite news |last=Nagarajan |first=Chola |title=தமிழ் சினிமாவின் முதல் சாதனைப் பெண் : வறுமை துரத்திய ஒரு சாதகப் பறவை! |trans-title=Tamil cinema's first successful woman: The skylark who drove away despair |url=https://keetru.com/literature/essays/chola_nagarajan.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305080504/http://keetru.com/literature/essays/chola_nagarajan.php |archive-date=5 March 2016 |access-date=2 August 2016 |work=Keetru |language=ta}}</ref>
</references>

== Bibliography ==
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{Cite book |last=Baskaran |first=Sundararaj Theodore |author-link=S. Theodore Baskaran |title=The Eye of the Serpent: An Introduction to Tamil Cinema |publisher=East West Books |year=1996 |oclc=243920437}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Dechamma C. C. |first1=Sowmya |title=Cinemas of South India: Culture, Resistance, Ideology |last2=Prakash |first2=Elavarthi Sathya |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-19-806795-5}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Ganesan |first1=Sivaji |author-link1=Sivaji Ganesan |title=Autobiography of an Actor: Sivaji Ganesan, October 1928 – July 2001 |title-link=Autobiography of an Actor |last2=Narayana Swamy |first2=T. S. |publisher=Sivaji Prabhu Charities Trust |year=2007 |oclc=297212002 |orig-date=2002}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Gokulsing |first1=K. Moti |title=Routledge Handbook of Indian Cinemas |last2=Dissanayake |first2=Wimal |publisher=Routledge |year=2013 |isbn=978-0-415-67774-5 |chapter=The Civil Disobedience Movement and cinema}}
* {{Cite book |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |title=Starlight, Starbright: The Early Tamil Cinema |publisher=Amra Publishers |year=1997 |location=Chennai |oclc=52794531}}
* {{Cite book |last=Meyer |first=Birgit |author-link=Birgit Meyer |title=Aesthetic Formations |publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]] |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-230-60555-8}}
* {{Cite book |last=Pillai |first=Swarnavel Eswaran |title=Madras Studios: Narrative, Genre, and Ideology in Tamil Cinema |publisher=[[SAGE Publishing|SAGE Publications]] |year=2015 |isbn=978-93-5150-212-8}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Rajadhyaksha |first1=Ashish |author-link=Ashish Rajadhyaksha |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Cinema |last2=Willemen |first2=Paul |author-link2=Paul Willemen |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=1998 |isbn=0-19-563579-5 |orig-date=1994}}
* {{Cite book |last=Rajan |first=Chandra |title=The Complete Works of Kālidāsa Volume One: Poems |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |year=1997 |isbn=978-81-7201-824-5}}
* {{Cite book |last=Sastry |first=K. N. T. |author-link=K. N. T. Sastry |title=L.V. Prasad : a monograph |publisher=[[Wiley (publisher)|Wiley Eastern]] |year=1993 |isbn=978-81-224-0504-0}}
* {{Cite book |last=Thoraval |first=Yves |title=The cinemas of India |date=2000 |publisher=[[Macmillan Publishers|Macmillan India]] |isbn=978-0-333-93410-4}}
* {{Cite book |title=Tamil Cinema: The Cultural Politics of India's Other Film Industry |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-415-39680-6 |editor-last=Velayutham |editor-first=Selvaraj}}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Kalidas (film)}}
* {{IMDb title}}

{{H. M. Reddy}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:1930s biographical films]]
[[Category:1930s Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:1931 films]]
[[Category:1931 Indian films]]
[[Category:1931 lost films]]
[[Category:1931 multilingual films]]
[[Category:1931 musical films]]
[[Category:1931 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Films about Kalidasa]]
[[Category:Films directed by H. M. Reddy]]
[[Category:Films set in ancient India]]
[[Category:Films shot in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Hindu mythological films]]
[[Category:Indian biographical films]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Indian multilingual films]]
[[Category:Indian musical films]]
[[Category:Lost Indian films]]
[[Category:Lost musical films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language biographical films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language musical films]]

Amarjeet Jaikar

2026-03-05T12:34:04Z

CallGirlMumbai: Starting data!

{{Short description|Indian Playback Singer}}
{{Notability|date=September 2025}}
'''Amarjeet Jaikar''' is an Indian playback singer from [[Bihar]] who rose to prominence after his viral videos<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/this-bhojpuri-version-of-pasoori-has-gone-viral-for-all-the-right-reasons-12519212.html|title=This Bhojpuri version of 'Pasoori' has gone viral for all the right reasons!|date=April 28, 2023|website=Firstpost}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/offbeat/mba-chaiwala-praful-billore-meets-internet-sensation-amarjeet-jaikar-calls-him-voice-of-india-3841310|title='MBA Chaiwala' Meets Internet Sensation Amarjeet Jaikar, Calls Him ''Voice Of India''}}</ref> on [[Instagram]] caught the attention of the [[Indian Idol 13]] team.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.etvbharat.com/hindi/delhi/bharat/singer-amarjit-with-toothbrush-from-samastipur-got-song-offers/na20230312171635574574679|title=Singer Amarjeet jaikar: 'टूथ ब्रश' वाले वायरल सिंगर के आगे सब फेल, अब इंडियन आइडल के मंच पर मचा रहा धमाल|first=E. T. V.|last=Bharat|date=March 12, 2023|website=ETV Bharat News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/trending-news/story/meet-amarjeet-jaikar-the-bihar-man-who-went-viral-for-his-soulful-rendition-of-dil-de-diya-hai-2338057-2023-02-22|title=Meet Amarjeet Jaikar, the Bihar man who went viral for his soulful rendition of Dil De Diya Hai|first=Shubhi|last=Mishra|date=February 22, 2023|website=India Today}}</ref> His talent was also supported on social media by [[Sonu Sood]], who gave him break in his film [[Fateh (2025 film)|''Fateh'' (2025 film)]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/bihar-singer-who-became-an-overnight-sensation-will-sing-for-sonu-soods-next-film-594193.html|title=Bihar Singer, Who Became An Overnight Sensation, Gets An Offer To Sing In Sonu Sood's Next Film|date=February 24, 2023|website=Indiatimes}}</ref> as a [[playback singer]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/new-updates/viral-sensation-amarjeet-jaikar-receives-big-singing-opportunities-thanks-fans-for-showering-love-on-his-new-song-in-himesh-reshammiyas-album/articleshow/98625979.cms?from=mdr|title=Viral sensation Amarjeet Jaikar receives big singing opportunities, thanks fans for showering love on his new song in Himesh Reshammiya's album|work=The Economic Times |date=March 14, 2023|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India}}</ref> Subsequently, [[Jeet Gannguli]] featured him in several of his compositions, followed by [[Himesh Reshammiya]], who gave him a break in his album [[Himesh Ke Dil Se]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/trending-news/story/viral-bihar-boy-amarjeet-jaikar-thanks-listeners-for-showering-love-on-his-new-song-in-himesh-reshammiyas-album-2346247-2023-03-14|title=Viral Bihar boy Amarjeet Jaikar thanks listeners for showering love on his new song in Himesh Reshammiya's album|first=Shubhi|last=Mishra|date=March 14, 2023|website=India Today}}</ref> Jaikar later collaborated with [[Payal Dev]] on the song "Intezaar Karne Do", penned by [[Kunaal Vermaa]].

==References==
<references />

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jaikar, Amarjeet}}
[[Category:Indian playback singers]]
[[Category:Playback singers]]
[[Category:Hindi-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]

{{India-singer-stub}}

Hero (2021 film)

2026-03-04T09:37:15Z

CallGirlMumbai:

{{short description|2021 Indian Kannada film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Hero
| image =
| caption =
| director = M. Bharath Raj
| producer = Rishab Shetty
| writer = M. Bharath Raj Anirudh Mahesh Nithesh Nanjundaradhya Trilok Trivikrama [[Rishab Shetty]]
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on =
| starring = Rishab Shetty [[Ganavi Laxman]]
| music = [[B. Ajaneesh Loknath]]
| cinematography = [[Arvind S Kashyap]]
| editing = [[Pratheek Shetty]]
| studio = Rishab Shetty Films
| distributor = [[Jayanna Combines|Jayanna Films]]
| released = {{Film date|2021|03|05|df=y}}
| runtime = 125 minutes
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}

'''''Hero''''' is a 2021 [[India]]n [[Kannada]] [[action comedy film]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://filmgappa.com/hero-kannada-action-comedy-film/ |title=HERO(A) - Kannada Action Comedy Film- Rating 3* |website=FilmGappa}}</ref> written and directed by debutant M. Bharath Raj.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 February 2021 |title=Director M Bharath Raj, actor-producer Rishab Shetty on the making of Kannada film Hero during lockdown |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/director-m-bharath-raj-actor-producer-rishab-shetty-on-the-making-of-kannada-film-hero-during-lockdown-9289731.html |access-date=10 March 2021 |website=Firstpost}}</ref> The film is produced by [[Rishab Shetty]] under the banner Rishab Shetty Films. It features Shetty<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rishab Shetty: I can't make another film like Hero |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/interviews/2021/mar/03/rishab-shettyi-cant-make-another-film-like-hero-23125.html |access-date=10 March 2021 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=3 March 2021 |language=en}}</ref> and debutante [[Ganavi Laxman]]<ref>{{Cite news |title=Ganavi Laxman on her journey to playing the lead in Rishab Shetty's Hero |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/ganavi-laxman-on-her-journey-to-playing-the-lead-in-rishab-shettys-hero/articleshow/81256407.cms |access-date=10 March 2021 |website=The Times of India |date=28 February 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ganavi Laxman: Heroine is the biggest strength of Hero |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/interviews/2021/feb/27/ganavi-laxman-heroine-is-the-biggest-strength-of-hero-23045.html |access-date=10 March 2021 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=26 February 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=5 March 2021 |title=Rishab imparts comic touch to dark film |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/rishab-imparts-comic-touch-to-dark-film-958543.html |access-date=10 March 2021 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> in the lead roles. The supporting cast includes [[Pramod Shetty]]<ref>{{Cite news |title=Actor Pramod Shetty's character grabs intrigue in Rishab Shetty's Hero |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/actor-pramod-shettys-character-grabs-intrigue-in-rishab-shettys-hero/articleshow/81293000.cms |access-date=10 March 2021 |website=The Times of India |date=2 March 2021 |language=en}}</ref> and [[Ugram Manju]]. [[B. Ajaneesh Loknath]] composed the music and the cinematography is by Arvind S. Kashyap.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arvind Kashyap: Hero team followed do-it-yourself mantra on sets |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/interviews/2021/feb/22/arvind-kashyap-hero-team-followed-do-it-yourselfmantra-on-sets-22976.html |access-date=10 March 2021 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=22 February 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

==Plot==
Rishab, an [[Arjun Reddy]]-styled [[barber]], is on a vengeful spree to kill Ganavi, who brokeup with him and married a [[crime boss]] named Pramod, who lives in Ashokavana estate. The estate is filled with violence from gang-wars with Pramod's old rival Tiger Ponnappa, who is later killed by Pramod. Ganavi is unhappy with her marriage as Pramod treats her poorly. Rishab leaves for Ashokavana estate for Pramod's [[haircut]] where he plans to have Pramod and Ganavi killed.

However, Pramod is killed by a vengeful Ganavi where Rishab becomes the main witness. Rishab learns about Ganavi's ill-treatment and helps her escape. The gang members learn about the duo's involvement in Pramod's death. A chase ensues and they are about to reach the exit, but are later captured by the gang and brought back to the house, intending to kill them. However, Tiger Ponnappa's son arrives and kills all the gang members and tries to kill Ganavi, but Rishab subdues and kills him. Rishab and Ganavi reunite and leave the estate happily.

== Cast ==
''The characters have no names and addressed by their profession.''
* [[Rishab Shetty]] as a [[barber]]
* Ganavi Laxman as the crime boss's wife
* [[Pramod Shetty]] as a crime boss
* Manjunath Gowda as Tiger Ponnappa's son
* Pradeep Shetty
* Anirudh Mahesh as a [[Doctor (title)|doctor]]

== Production and Release ==
The entire film shot in [[Chikmagalur district|Chikkamagaluru]] during [[COVID-19 pandemic]] [[COVID-19 lockdown in India|lockdown]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=ಒಂಟಿ ಎಸ್ಟೇಟ್‌ನಲ್ಲಿ ಎಡವುತ್ತ, ಜಾರುತ್ತ ಓಡುವ 'ಹೀರೋ'! ಸಿನಿಮಾ ವಿಮರ್ಶೆ |url=https://vijaykarnataka.com/entertainment/review/rishab-shetty-ganavi-laxman-pramod-shetty-starrer-hero-movie-review-rating-in-kannada/moviereview/81349627.cms |access-date=10 March 2021 |website=Vijaya Karnataka |language=kn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Here's why Rishab Shetty and team decided to make Hero during the pandemic |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/heres-why-rishab-shetty-and-team-decided-to-make-hero-during-the-pandemic/articleshow/80929578.cms |access-date=10 March 2021 |website=The Times of India |date=16 February 2021 |language=en}}</ref> The film was announced with the title and first look on 10 September 2020.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Check out the first look of Rishab Shetty's upcoming movie 'Hero' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/check-out-the-first-look-of-rishab-shettys-upcoming-movie-hero/articleshow/78036898.cms |access-date=10 March 2021 |website=The Times of India |date=10 September 2020 |language=en}}</ref> The film was wrapped on 5 October 2020.<ref>{{Cite news |title=I wanted to direct action sequences, as I love it: Rishab Shetty |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/i-wanted-to-direct-action-sequences-as-i-love-it-rishab-shetty/articleshow/81316055.cms |access-date=10 March 2021 |website=The Times of India |date=4 March 2021 |language=en}}</ref> The trailer of the film was released on 14 January 2021.<ref>{{Cite news |title='Hero' Trailer: Rishab Shetty & Co. present their 'razor' sharp wit and action in a fun packed video |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/hero-trailer-rishab-shetty-co-present-their-razor-sharp-wit-and-action-in-a-fun-packed-video/articleshow/80264130.cms |access-date=10 March 2021 |website=The Times of India |date=26 February 2021 |language=en}}</ref> The film was released on 5 March 2021 across Karnataka.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Rishab Shetty starrer Hero gears up for release on March 5 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/rishab-shetty-starrer-hero-gears-up-for-release-on-march-5/articleshow/81222654.cms |access-date=10 March 2021 |website=The Times of India |date=26 February 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Hero
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[B. Ajaneesh Loknath]]
| alt =
| released = 2021
| recorded = 2020
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = Soundtrack
| length = 14:50
| label = Rishab Shetty Films
| producer = B. Ajaneesh Loknath
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
| misc =
{{Extra chronology
| artist = [[B. Ajaneesh Loknath]]
| type = soundtrack
| prev_title = [[Gentleman (2020 film)|Gentleman]]
| prev_year = 2020
| title = Hero
| year = 2021
| next_title = [[Rathnan Prapancha]]
| next_year = 2021
}}
}}

The film's background score and the soundtracks are composed by [[B. Ajaneesh Loknath]] . The music rights were acquired by Rishab Shetty Films.

{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Nenapina Hudugiye
| extra1 = [[Vijay Prakash]]
| length1 = 02:59
| lyrics1 = [[Yograj Bhat]]
| title2 = Edeyinda Dooravagi
| extra2 = Harshika Devanathan, Narayan Sharma
| length2 = 3:07
| lyrics2 = [[Jayant Kaikini]]
| title3 = Baananchinge Oduva Baara
| extra3 = [[Vasuki Vaibhav]]
| length3 = 5:32
| lyrics3 = Yogaraj Bhat
| title4 = Kanasinda Banda Haage
| extra4 = Harshika Devanathan
| length4 = 3:10
| lyrics4 = Trilok Trivikrama
| title5 =
| extra5 =
| length5 =
| lyrics5 =
| total_length = 14:50
}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb title|tt13986904}}

[[Category:2021 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2021 Indian films]]
[[Category:2021 black comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian black comedy films]]
[[Category:Films scored by B. Ajaneesh Loknath]]

Barood (1998 film)

2026-03-03T23:27:51Z

CallGirlMumbai: small changes

{{about|the 1998 film|the 1976 film|Barood (1976 film)}}
{{EngvarB|date=January 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2014}}

{{Infobox film
| name = {{Lang|hi-latn|Barood}}
| image = Barood_(1998_film)_poster.jpg
| caption =
| director = [[Pramod Chakravorty]]
| producer = [[Pramod Chakravorty]] Lakshmi Chakravorty(associate producer)
| writer = Rajeev Kaul Praful Parekh [[Javed Siddiqui]](dialogue)
| narrator =
| starring = [[Raakhee]] [[Akshay Kumar]] [[Raveena Tandon]]
| music = [[Anand–Milind]]
| cinematography =
| editing = Subhiraaj Pal
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1998|08|07|df=y}}
| runtime = 165 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = {{INR|5.50 crore}}<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Barood - Movie - Box Office India |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=2544 |access-date=2024-01-25 |website=boxofficeindia.com}}</ref>
| gross = {{INR|8.59 crore}}<ref name=":0" />
}}

'''''Barood''''' ({{translation|Gunpowder}}) is a 1998 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[masala film]] directed and produced by [[Pramod Chakravorty]].<ref>{{Citation |title=Barood Movie User Reviews & Ratings {{!}} Barood (1998) {{!}} Times Of India |newspaper=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-details/barood/etmovie_comments/61237177.cms |access-date=2022-07-27}}</ref> In 1976, he also directed and produced the movie [[Barood (1976 film)|of the same name]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Barood 1998 Movie Box Office Collection, Budget and Unknown Facts – KS Box Office |date=14 September 2020 |url=https://ksboxoffice.com/barood-1998-movie-box-office-collection-budget-and-unknown-facts/movies-facts/ |access-date=2022-07-27 }}</ref> It stars [[Akshay Kumar]], [[Raveena Tandon]] as the lead roles. [[Raakhee]], [[Aruna Irani]], [[Gulshan Grover]], [[Mohnish Behl]], [[Mohan Joshi]], [[Amrish Puri]] played supporting roles in the film.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Barood (1998) Cast - Actor, Actress, Director, Producer, Music Director |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/barood-8303/cast-crew |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220727115557/https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/barood-8303/cast-crew |url-status=live |archive-date=27 July 2022 |access-date=2022-07-27 |website=Cinestaan}}</ref>

== Plot ==

Honest and diligent Police Inspector Jai Sharma suspects Mr. Singhal of being a hardcore criminal don, but is unable to apprehend him due to pressure from his superior officer, Police Commissioner Kalinath Gaur. Singhal's only daughter, Neha, is in love with Jai, and this news enrages Singhal as he wants her to marry Sanjay Gaur, the only son of the Commissioner, and he will not rest until he gets Jai killed, and will utilize every possible and available resource and influence to do this, which also includes exposing Gayetri's (Jai's mom) questionable past.<ref>{{Citation |title=Barood |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/barood |access-date=2022-07-27}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Barood (1998) |url=https://letterboxd.com/film/barood-1998/ |access-date=2022-07-27}}</ref>

==Cast==
Source<ref>{{Cite web |title=Barood - Movie - - Box Office India |url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/cast_crew.php?movieid=2544 |access-date=2024-12-02 |website=www.boxofficeindia.com}}</ref>
* [[Raakhee]] as Gayatri Sharma
* [[Akshay Kumar]] as Jay Sharma
* [[Raveena Tandon]] as Neha Singhal
* [[Aruna Irani]] as Tara Khandelwal
* [[Gulshan Grover]] as Velji Chheda
* [[Mohnish Behl]] as Sanjay Gaur
* [[Mohan Joshi]] as Police Commissioner Kalinath Gaur
* [[Amrish Puri]] as Singhal
* [[Brij Gopal (actor)|Brij Gopal]] as Inspector Ashok Sharma
* [[Rana Jung Bahadur (actor)|Rana Jung Bahadur]] as Inspector Rana
* [[Shiva Rindani]] as Shiva
* [[Arjun (Firoz Khan)|Arjun]] as Jaggu
* [[Deepak Parashar]] as Inspector Shiv Sharma
* [[Suresh Chatwal]] as Sundar
* [[Rajesh Puri]] as Dance Show Organizer
* [[Ayesha Jhulka]] as Dancer / Singer
* [[Johnny Lever]] as Himself

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Barood
| type = [[Soundtrack album]]
| artist = [[Anand–Milind]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 22 June 1998
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| label = [[Venus Records & Tapes]]
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singer
|-
| "Main Hoon Barood"
| [[Abhijeet Bhattacharya|Abhijeet]]
|-
| "Sana San Sannana"
| [[Abhijeet Bhattacharya|Abhijeet]], [[Sushma Shrestha|Poornima]]
|-
| "Mach Gaya Shor"
| [[Sushma Shrestha|Poornima]]
|-
| "Ek Ladki Ek Ladka"
| [[Kumar Sanu]], [[Alka Yagnik]]
|-
| "Hum To Tujhse"
| [[Kumar Sanu]], [[Alka Yagnik]]
|-
| "Raazi Raazi"
| [[Udit Narayan]], [[Alka Yagnik]]
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0286488|Barood}}

[[Category:1998 films]]
[[Category:1990s masala films]]
[[Category:1998 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1998 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Anand–Milind]]
[[Category:Films directed by Pramod Chakravorty]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]

{{1990s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Sangamam (2008 film)

2026-03-03T21:55:31Z

CallGirlMumbai: new.

{{short description|Indian romantic drama film}}
{{No plot|date=February 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Sangamam
| image = Sangamam (2008 film).jpg
| alt =
| caption = Poster
| native_name = 
| director = [[Rasool Ellore]]
| writer = Surendra Krishna (dialogues)
| screenplay = Rasool Ellore
| story = Surendra Krishna
| based_on = 
| producer = Ramana Pemmaraju Kripikar Tadikonda
| starring = [[Rohit Khurana]] [[Sindhura Gadde]]
| narrator =
| cinematography = Jayaram S Sandeep Reddy
| editing = Gowtham Raju
| music = [[M. M. Keeravani]]
| studio = Manoranjan Entertainments
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2008|7|11}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Sangamam''''' ({{Translation|Confluence}}) is a 2008 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[romantic drama film]] directed by [[Rasool Ellore]] and starring [[Rohit Khurana]] and [[Sindhura Gadde]].

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Rohit Khurana]] as Abhiram
*[[Sindhura Gadde]] as Samskruthi
*[[Murali Mohan]] as Jagadish
*[[Suhasini Maniratnam|Suhasini]] as Dr. Geetha
*[[Brahmanandam]]
*[[Avinash Yelandur|Avinash]] as Raghava Rao
*Sarah as Sneha
*[[Raghunatha Reddy]]
*Krishna Kaushik
*Anil
*Anand Varma
*[[Sivannarayana Naripeddi]]
*[[Narsing Yadav]]
*[[Maharshi Raghava]]
*[[Subbaraju]]
*Anita Chowdary
*Vijayasri
*[[Radha Kumari]]
* Vennela Rama Rao<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://idlebrain.com/news/today/chitchat-vennelaramarao.html|title=Chitchat with Vennela Rama Rao|date=18 January 2013|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]|location=Hyderabad|access-date=30 July 2025}}</ref>
}}

== Production ==
The film's name was revealed in November 2007.<ref name="I"/> The film was produced by [[non-resident Indian|NRI]] Ramana Pemmaraju. The film marks the Telugu debut of [[Rohit Khurana]] and the lead debut of [[Sindhura Gadde]]. The film was almost entirely shot in the United States, which mainly consisted of a 45-day schedule at Washington DC.<ref name="I2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/pressmeet-sangamam.html|title=Sangamam pressmeet - Telugu cinema - Rohit & Sindhura Gadde|website=Idlebrain.com|date=4 April 2008|access-date=19 February 2025|archive-date=7 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231107195200/https://idlebrain.com/news/functions/pressmeet-sangamam.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="T">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/comfortable-in-my-skin/articleshow/2830635.cms|title='Comfortable in my skin'|date=3 March 2008|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=19 February 2025}}</ref> Sindhura plays a woman who is close to her Indian heritage despite living in the United States.<ref name="T"/> Producer Ramesh Varma felt that Sindhura was apt for the role since she is a Telugu and has travelled across the world.<ref name="D"/> [[Murali Mohan]], who played a significant role in the film, heaped praise on Sindhura's casting as he felt that many Bollywood actresses were doing Telugu films as opposed to Telugu-origin actresses.<ref name="S"/> As of April 2008, the film's shooting was complete.<ref name="I2"/>

==Themes and influences==
The film is about how love has no boundaries, which lives up to its title of ''Sangamam''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-04-08/news-interviews/27774472_1_sindhura-gadde-sangamam-rasool-ellore|title=Meet Miss Sindhura|date=8 April 2008|work=The Times of India|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120609143541/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-04-08/news-interviews/27774472_1_sindhura-gadde-sangamam-rasool-ellore|archive-date=9 June 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/watch-out-for-sindhura/articleshow/2624736.cms|title=Watch out for Sindhura|date=16 December 2007|work=The Times of India|access-date=19 February 2025}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[M. M. Keeravani]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://musicbrainz.org/release/e68e6959-d1bb-4f31-a54c-868bf7ac3d0a|title=Sangamam|work=MusicBrainz|access-date=19 February 2025}}</ref> One of the songs that Keeravani composed featured lyrics written by [[Ananta Sriram]] during his college days.<ref name="I3"/> The audio was launched in November 2007 by Keeravani's wife, Sri Valli, who launched the soundtracks of ''[[Takkari]]'' (2007) and ''[[Visakha Express (film)|Visakha Express]]'' (2008) simultaneously.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/in-the-foot-steps-of-her-husband/articleshow/2562540.cms|title=In the foot steps of her husband|date=23 November 2007|work=The Times of India}}</ref> The audio launch took place on 15 November 2007 near [[Durgam Cheruvu]].<ref name="I3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/audio-sangamam.html|title=Sangamam music launch - Telugu cinema function - Rohit & Sindhura Gadde|website=Idlebrain.com|access-date=19 February 2025|archive-date=7 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231107223332/https://idlebrain.com/news/functions/audio-sangamam.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="S">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/sindhura-to-make-her-debut/articleshow/2546132.cms|title=Sindhura to make her debut|work=The Times of India|date=17 November 2007|access-date=19 February 2025}}</ref>
{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| all_lyrics= [[Ananta Sriram]].<ref name="I3"/>
| title1 = Poothavesina
| extra1 = [[M. M. Keeravani]], Pranavi
| length1 = 5:47
| title2 = Santhosham
| extra2 = Nani, Arun, Bhargavi Pillai, [[Geetha Madhuri]]
| length2 = 4:06
| title3 = Paalaraathi Shilpaaniki
| extra3 = M. M. Keeravani, Pranavi
| length3 = 4:24
| title4 = Chinuku Chinuku
| extra4 = [[Sunitha Upadrashta]]
| length4 = 5:23
| title5 = Are You An Angel
| extra5 = Bhargavi Pillai
| length5 = 3:20
| total_length = 23:00
}}

== Box office ==
The film was released on 11 July 2008 after being initially scheduled for December 2007.<ref name="D">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/debut-at-last/articleshow/3211565.cms|title=Debut at last|work=The Times of India|date=9 July 2008|access-date=19 February 2025}}</ref><ref name="I">{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/community/etc/news280.html|title=Rasool film titled as Sangamam|date=14 November 2007|website=[[Idlebrain.com]]|access-date=19 February 2025|archive-date=3 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231103214839/https://www.idlebrain.com/community/etc/news280.html|url-status=live}}</ref> It was a box office failure.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/sindhura-gadde-set-to-enter-films/articleshow/5139269.cms|title=Sindhura Gadde set to enter films|work=The Times of India|date=20 October 2009|access-date=19 February 2025}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|1236216}}

[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:2008 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Washington, D.C.]]

Moonnamathoral

2026-03-03T21:34:55Z

CallGirlMumbai: updated page

{{short description|2006 Indian film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Moonnamathoral
| image = Moonnamathoral.jpg
| caption = Poster
| producer = Benzy Martin
| director = [[V. K. Prakash]]
| writer = Rajesh Jayaraman
| starring = [[Jayaram]] [[Jyothirmayi (actress)|Jyothirmayi]] [[Vineeth]] [[Samvrutha Sunil]] [[Sherin Shringar]]
| music = [[Ousepachan]]
| cinematography = [[Loganathan Srinivasan]]
| editing = [[Don Max (film editor)|Don Max]]
| studio = Fairy Queen Productions
| distributor = Emil & Eric Digital Films
| released = {{Film date|2006|08|25|df=yes}}
| runtime =
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Malayalam]]
| budget =
}}

'''''Moonnamathoral''''' ({{Translation|A third person}}) is a [[List of Malayalam films of 2006|2006]] Indian [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]]-language [[Supernatural horror film|supernatural horror]] [[Mystery film|mystery]] [[thriller film]] directed by [[V. K. Prakash]] and written by Rajesh Jayaraman. It stars [[Jayaram]], [[Vineeth]], [[Samvrutha Sunil]], [[Sherin Shringar]], and [[Jyothirmayi (actress)|Jyothirmayi]].<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/photo-features/top-horror-movies-in-malayalam/top-horror-movies-in-malayalam/photostory/50159066.cms | title=Top horror movies in Malayalam | newspaper=The Times of India }}</ref>

The film was the first Malayalam film to be digitally distributed to theatres via satellite.<ref>{{Cite web|publisher=Emil and Eric Digital film|work=Official site of the movie|url=http://www.moonnamathoral.com/| title=Digital Film – Moonnamathoral| accessdate=15 June 2006}}</ref><ref name="The Hindu">{{Cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/08/19/stories/2006081901860200.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061210045041/http://www.hindu.com/2006/08/19/stories/2006081901860200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 December 2006|title= Digital movie in Malayalam released| date=19 August 2006| accessdate=23 August 2006|work=[[The Hindu]]|location=Chennai}}</ref> It was also the first Malayalam film to be shot entirely using [[High-definition video|high-definition]] (HD) cameras.<ref>{{Cite web|publisher=Association of Malayalam Movies Actors|work=malayalamcinema.com|url= http://www.malayalamcinema.com/php/filmDetails.php?filmid=1003&linkid=16&category=1003&val1=syn&val=syn| title= Moonnamathoral| accessdate=15 June 2006}}</ref> The film was released on 18 August 2006.

==Plot==
Two young girls, Anupama and Rahel, rent an old bungalow and are disturbed by the presence of a strange lady who moves around their place. One night, they both see a haunting dream in which someone is trying to kill them, and they wake up from that nightmare. Suddenly, they realise that both girls had the same dream. They are scared about the incident and decide to leave the place the following day. The next morning, unsure of what occurred, Rahel chooses to consult the events that happened with Dr. Arun, and they go to his house to meet him. When they reach, they call out his name, but Dr. Arun does not hear anything and goes inside. Confused, Rahel and Anu suddenly see a newspaper in which their 30th death orders are printed and are shocked by the reality that they are dead. They decide to take revenge and find out how they were killed. The second story begins as the girls find moving forward in their inquiry challenging.

The second story follows when Jeeva, a police officer, falls in love with Bala, a budding writer. Their professions interfere with their personal lives, preventing them from any severe romance before marriage. Soon after their wedding, Jeeva receives a job transfer to the high ranges of [[Idukki district|Idukki]]. Bala is excited at the prospect, as she feels the salubrious mountain atmosphere will help nurture her writing skills. Jeeva also considers it a perfect opportunity to rekindle their lost romance.

However, despite the positive atmosphere, life at the bungalow soon takes an unexpected twist. Life for the couple turns uneasy as Bala senses someone, apart from the two of them, inhabiting the bungalow. Haunted by a perpetual [[paranoia]], she wakes up most nights to nightmares. Concerned with how their marriage turns out, Jeeva finally agrees to investigate. The investigation leads him into the unknown realms of the bungalow's shady past, unraveling a forgotten history, thus leading to a startling realisation of who the "third someone" is. He started his investigation at the place where both the girls stayed. There, he met with a woman who gave him a bag which was left behind. From this, Jeeva got a greeting card written for Dr. Arun. Jeeva decides to meet him before he leaves for [[Australia]]. So he went to the hospital to meet him, and Jeeva revealed to Dr. Arun that Anu had feelings for him. Dr. Arun says he does not know about this and leaves for home to pack his luggage. From there, Dr. Arun remembers his flashback. Where it is shown that Dr. Arun invites Anu to his place. Anu and Rahel went to his house, and Anu went inside, leaving Rahel behind to wait for her. Dr. Arun shows his true psychic character and tries to rape Anu. Upon hearing screaming, Rahel goes inside to save her.

At last, both of them were killed. So, he decides to abandon their bodies by hanging them on the tree. After realising the truth, the spirits of both of them decided to kill him. On the night of his packing, both souls entered Bala's body and killed Dr. Arun. He was making his soul wander in the place. Both girls' spirits are accessible to the world.

==Cast==
*[[Jayaram]] as C.I Jeevan
*[[Jyothirmayi (actress)|Jyothirmai]] as Bala
*[[Vineeth]] as Dr. Arun
*[[Sherin Shringar]] as Rahael
*[[Samvrutha Sunil]] as Anupama
*Murali Menon as Vijayan Menon
*[[Harisree Ashokan]]
*[[Mala Aravindan]]
*[[Prem Prakash]]
*[[Kunchan (actor)|Kunjan]]
*Ashraf
*[[Kulappulli Leela]]
*Maya Viswanath

==Production==
Mumbai-based DG2L Technologies developed the new technology..<ref name="The Hindu"/> The digital technology used for the film was provided in [[Kerala]] by Emil & Eric Digital Private Limited, a [[Thrissur]]-based company. The film was shot primarily at [[Peerumedu]] in [[Idukki district|Idukki]].{{cn|date=October 2022}}

==Soundtrack==
{{empty section|date=October 2022}}

==Release==
Nearly 80 theatres across [[Kerala]] were equipped with digital transponders to receive the film via satellite.{{cn|date=October 2022}}

==Reception==
A critic noted that "[[V. K. Prakash]] manages to maintain the film's tempo and gets the aid of visual and sound effects to maintain the horror effect throughout".<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.nowrunning.com/movie/3185/malayalam/moonnamathoral/844/review.htm | title=Moonnamathoral Review | Moonnamathoral Malayalam Movie Review by Unni Nair | date=4 September 2006 }}</ref>

Another critic opined that "the film's highlight is [[Loganathan Srinivasan]]'s camera, which commenced its terrifying journey, and the audio track, which assumed a menacing pitch".<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/moonnamathoral-review-malayalam-movie-8596 | title=Moonnamathoral review. Moonnamathoral Malayalam movie review, story, rating }}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of Malayalam horror films]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0867359}}

{{V. K. Prakash}}

[[Category:Indian horror thriller films]]
[[Category:2006 films]]
[[Category:2006 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ouseppachan]]
[[Category:Films directed by V. K. Prakash]]

Pañcabodha

2026-03-03T11:36:43Z

CallGirlMumbai: adding new entry

{{Short description|Sanskrit treatises on astronomy}}
'''Pañcabodha''' is the title of several different [[Sanskrit]] treatises on [[astronomy]] and [[mathematics]] composed by members of the [[Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics]]. All these works are ''karaṅa'' texts, that is, books which explain the various computations in astronomy especially with regard to those related to the preparation of [[Panchangam]]-s ([[calendar]]). They are essentially manuals of computations. The authorship of only three ''Pañcabodha''-s have been identified.<ref>{{cite book |last1=K. V. Sarma |title=A History of the Kerala School of Hindu Astronomy |date=1972 |publisher=Vishveshvaranand Institute of Sanskrit and Indological Studies, Panjab University, Hoshiarpur |url=https://archive.org/details/KeralaSchoolOfAstronomy|page = 31|access-date=13 December 2023}}</ref>

The ''Pañcabodha''-s generally contain five sections dealing with five topics. But this is not a strict rule. There are ''Pañcabodha''-s which treat less than five topics and which treat more than five topics. The topics treated are not always the same. However many of them treat the five advanced topics in traditional Indian astronomy, namely, ''[[Vyatipāta|Vyātīpāta]]'' (computation of the instants at which the sum of the (true) longitudes of the Sun and the Moon amounts to half a circle), ''Grahaṇa'' (computation of eclipses), ''Chāyā'' (shadow computations), ''Śṛṅgonnati'' (the computation of the elevation of the lunar horn, or the angle between the line of cusps and the horizontal plane) and ''Mauḍhya'' (computation of the instants when a planet becomes invisible due to its direction/longitude being close to that of the Sun).

==The works titled ''Pañcabodha'' and their commentaries==

The various ''Pañcabodha''-s are listed below. Following K. V. Sarma, the various texts are identified by assigning them numbers written in Roman numerals.<ref>{{cite book |last1=K. V. Sarma |title=A History of the Kerala School of Hindu Astronomy |date=1972 |publisher=Vishveshvaranand Institute of Sanskrit and Indological Studies, Panjab University, Hoshiarpur |url=https://archive.org/details/KeralaSchoolOfAstronomy|pages = 134-137|access-date=13 December 2023}}</ref>

#''Pañcabodha'' I (also called ''Prakīrṇasaṅgraha'') by anonymous author: Has a commentary in Malayalam also of anonymous authorship. The work has been published with a modern commentary in Malayalam by [[Kanippayyur Shankaran Namboodiripad|Kanippayyoor Sankaran Namputirippad]], by Panchangam Press, [[Kunnamkulam]], Kerala.
#''Pañcabodha'' II by anonymous author: Has a Malayalam commentary, called ''pañcabodhakriyākrma'' by [[Mazhamaṅgalaṃ Śaṅkaran Naṃpūtiri|Mahishamangalam Sankaran Namputiri]].
#''Pañcabodha'' III by [[Puthumana Somayaji]]: Divided into five section dealing with ''[[Vyatipāta|Vyātīpāta]]'', ''Grahaṇa'', ''Chāyā'', ''Śṛṅgonnati'' and ''Mauḍhya''. Has an anonymous Malayalam commentary.
#''Pañcabodha'' IV by anonymous author: Has five sections dealing with ''[[Vyatipāta|Vyātīpāta]]'', ''Grahaṇa'', ''Chāyā'', ''Śṛṅgonnati'' and ''Mauḍhya'' in 105 verses. This has several commentaries.
##''Laghuvivṛtī'' by Nārāyaṇa (1529 CE)
##''Pañcabodhārpadarpaṅaṃ'' by [[Mazhamaṅgalaṃ Śaṅkaran Naṃpūtiri|Mahishamangalam Sankaran Namputiri]]
##''Bālasaṅkaraṃ'' by Mahishamangalam Sankaran Namputiri
##''Pañcabodhakriyākrama'' by anonymous author
#''Pañcabodha'' V by Purușotttama
#''Pañcabodha'' VI by anonymous author. Has commentary in Malayalam called ''Pañcabodhaṃ Bhāșā'' of anonymous authorship.
#''Pañcabodha'' VII by anonymous author. treats the topics ''[[Vyatipāta|Vyātīpāta]]'', ''Grahaṇa'', ''Chāyā'', ''Śṛṅgonnati'' and ''Mauḍhya''. Has a commentary in Malayalam.
#''Pañcabodha'' VIII by anonymous author. The work is in a mixture of Sanskrit and Malayalam languages.
#''Pañcabodha'' IX by anonymous author.
#''Pañcabodha'' X by also called''Pañcabodhagaṇitaṃ Bhāṣā''. the text is in Malayalam.
#''Pañcabodha'' XI by anonymous author. Has a commentary in Malayalam by Vāsuṇṇi Mūssatu of Veḷḷānaśśeri

==See also==

*[[List of astronomers and mathematicians of the Kerala school]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Kerala School}}
{{Indian mathematics}}
{{Indian astronomy}}

[[Category:Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics]]
[[Category:Indian mathematics]]
[[Category:Astronomy in India]]
[[Category:History of mathematics]]
[[Category:Science and technology in Kerala]]

Namma Annachi

2026-03-03T04:54:50Z

CallGirlMumbai: put up initial details needs work

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Namma Annachi
| image = Namma Annachi.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = Dhalapathi
| screenplay = Dhalapathi
| story = Vasan Brothers
| producer = K. S. Srinivasan K. S. Sivaraman
| starring = {{ubl|[[R. Sarathkumar]]|[[Radhika Sarathkumar|Radhika]]|[[Heera Rajagopal]]|[[Rupini]]}}
| cinematography = Siva
| editing = G. Jayachandran G. Gopinath
| music = [[Deva (composer)|Deva]]
| studio = Vasan Brothers
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1994|05|21}}
| runtime = 140 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Namma Annachi''''' ({{translation|Our brother}}) is a 1994 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language film directed by Dhalapathi. The film stars [[R. Sarathkumar]] in a triple role, along with [[Radhika Sarathkumar|Radhika]], [[Heera Rajagopal]] and [[Rupini]]. The music was composed by [[Deva (composer)|Deva]], and the film released on 21 May 1994.

==Plot==
{{more plot|date=April 2022}}
Ayya was an honest police officer in a remote village. The villagers respected him for protecting the village against the heartless don Vaiyapuri. Ayya lived happily with his wife and son Annachi. One day, Vaiyapuri killed Ayya and his wife in front of Annachi. In turn, the young Annachi stabbed Vaiyapuri and fled to the city.

20 years later, Annachi does odd jobs for a living and eventually becomes a brave man who fights against injustice. He is adopted by an old couple. Meanwhile, Vaiyapuri and his son Vadivelu control the city. Annachi starts working in Vaiyapuri's factory, and there he realizes that the laborers are paid less. Gayathri, a labor officer, speaks in favor of the laborers, but Vaiyapuri tactfully frames her in prostitution and sends her to jail. Annachi rescues her and marries her. During a labor strike, Vaiyapuri kills one of the laborers, and a furious Annachi kills Vaiyapuri in revenge.

20 years later, Annachi becomes a godfather helping the poor and oppressed, while his only son Prabhakaran becomes a lawyer. Prabhakaran and Priya fall in love with each other. Vadivelu is now a corrupt politician. At the election, all citizens vote for the non-candidate Annachi, thus cancelling the election. The angry candidate poisons poor people during Annachi's fest, and Annachi kills him. Prabhakaran witnesses the murder, and the matter is taken up in court by him, and he wants to punish his father. Annachi is later discharged. Soon, Annachi clashes with Vadivelu, and Vadivelu kills Gayathri. What transpires later forms the crux of the story.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
*[[R. Sarathkumar]] as Ayya, Annachi and Prabhakaran
*[[Radhika Sarathkumar|Radhika]] as Gayathri
*[[Heera Rajagopal]] as Priya
*[[Rupini]] as Ayya's wife
*[[Radha Ravi]] as Vadivelu
*Mohan Natarajan as Vaiyapuri
*[[R. Sundarrajan]]
*[[S. S. Chandran]] as Annachi's adoptive father
*[[Gandhimathi]] as Annachi's adoptive mother
*[[Vivek (actor)|Vivek]] as Nallathambi
*[[Charuhasan]] as Priya's father
*[[Thyagu (actor)|Thyagu]]
*[[Mahanadi Shankar]] as Thangapandi
*[[M. R. Krishnamurthy|MRK]]
*[[Madhan Bob]] as Lawyer
*[[Mohan V. Ram]]
*[[Kullamani]]
*[[Rani (Tamil actress)|Rani]] as item number "Enna Dappu Partyinnu"
}}

==Soundtrack==

The soundtrack was composed by [[Deva (composer)|Deva]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Namma Annachi (1994) |url=https://mio.to/album/Namma+Annachi+%281994%29 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220426081017/https://mio.to/album/Namma+Annachi+%281994%29 |archive-date=26 April 2022 |access-date=26 April 2022 |website=Music India Online}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singer(s) !! Lyrics !! Duration
|-
| "Enna Dappa Partyinnu" || [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[K. S. Chithra]] || Kalidasan || 5:00
|-
| "Neelagiri Mala Orathila" || S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, K. S. Chithra || rowspan=2|[[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]] || 4:55
|-
| "Ooru Sanatha Ootty" || [[K. J. Yesudas]] || 4:52
|-
| "Vaararu Vaararu Annachi" || [[Malaysia Vasudevan]], K. S. Chithra || Kalidasan || 5:08
|-
| "Vaazhkai Oru Porattam" || S. P. Balasubrahmanyam || Vaali || 4:00
|-
| "Cheran Cholan Pandiyar" || S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, S. Janaki|| Vaali || 4:32
|}

==Release and reception==
''Namma Annachi'' was released on 21 May 1994.<ref>{{Cite web |title=நம்ம அண்ணாச்சி / Namma Annachi (1994) |url=https://screen4screen.com/movies/namma-annachi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231024031927/https://screen4screen.com/movies/namma-annachi |archive-date=24 October 2023 |access-date=26 April 2022 |website=Screen 4 Screen}}</ref> K. Vijiyan of ''[[New Straits Times]]'' criticised the director Dhalapathi: "his inexperience shows with his matter-of-fact handling of even the most important events and dialogues with poor use of the cameras" and stated, "to do all three roles is just to generate more publicity for Sarath and the movie". The critic advised the film for only ardent Sarathkumar fans.<ref name="review">{{Cite news |last=Vijiyan |first=K. |date=25 June 1994 |title=Triple role just to generate publicity |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=WiJOAAAAIBAJ&sjid=khMEAAAAIBAJ&pg=2046%2C1738029 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240528085839/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=WiJOAAAAIBAJ&sjid=khMEAAAAIBAJ&pg=2046%2C1738029 |archive-date=28 May 2024 |access-date=21 September 2016 |work=[[New Straits Times]] |pages=24 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}</ref> Malini Mannath of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' criticised Sarathkumar's performance in the film due to "his difficulty in emoting" and criticised the director for putting "unnecessary strain on him".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mannath |first=Malini |date=3 June 1994 |title=Casatta or kabab? |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19940603&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=19 January 2019 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=6 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> R. P. R. of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' also gave a negative review, calling it a concern for filmmakers to take revenge on fans.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=ஆர்.பி.ஆர் |date=12 June 1994 |title=நம்ம அண்ணாச்சி |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1994-06-12/page/n17/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230227042943/https://archive.org/details/kalki1994-06-12/page/n17/mode/2up |archive-date=27 February 2023 |access-date=14 February 2023 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=17 |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=10137274}}

[[Category:1994 Indian films]]
[[Category:1994 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1994 films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Deva (composer)]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

N. T. Rama Rao Jr. filmography

2026-02-26T07:57:06Z

CallGirlMumbai: quick added layout after review and corrected details as per guidelines

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox filmography list
| name = N. T. Rama Rao Jr
| image =Jr-NTR-snapped-promoting-Devara.jpg
| caption = NTR Jr. in 2024
| film = 31
| web_series =
| television_show = 2
| radio_show =
| documentary =
| music_videos =
| narrating =
| theatre =
| advertising =
}}

[[N. T. Rama Rao Jr.|N. T. Rama Rao Jr]] (born 20 May 1983), also known as NTR Jr., is an Indian actor and television personality who works in [[Telugu cinema]]. He has appeared in 31 films and is the recipient of three [[Filmfare Awards South|Filmfare Awards]], two [[Nandi Awards]], and two [[SIIMA Awards]].

NTR first appeared as a child artist in the film to play the titular role as god [[Rama]] in the 1997 mythological film ''[[Ramayanam (1997 film)|Ramayanam]]''. Rao made his debut as an adult lead actor in 2001 with the film ''[[Ninnu Choodalani]]''. He achieved his breakthrough in the same year with the [[S. S. Rajamouli]]'s directorial debut, the [[coming of age|coming-of-age]] film ''[[Student No: 1]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |title=NTR charged 6 Lakhs for Ninnu Choodalani |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/did-you-know/NTR-charged-6-Lakhs-for-Ninnu-Choodalani/articleshow/13135706.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181203211159/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/did-you-know/NTR-charged-6-Lakhs-for-Ninnu-Choodalani/articleshow/13135706.cms |archive-date=3 December 2018 |access-date=1 June 2020 |work=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

While ''[[Subbu]]'' which was released in the same year could not impress the audience,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kavirayani |first=Suresh |date=11 September 2019 |title=Strange series of flops after Rajamouli hits |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/100919/strange-series-of-flops-after-rajamouli-hits.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200830181908/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/100919/strange-series-of-flops-after-rajamouli-hits.html |archive-date=30 August 2020 |access-date=2 June 2020 |website=Deccan Chronicle |language=en}}</ref> his 2002 [[action film]] ''[[Aadi (2002 film)|Aadi]]'' was a massive box office success.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Star Interviews: Interview with V. V.Vinayak |url=http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/stars/interview_vvvinayak_2008_2.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131015080632/http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/stars/interview_vvvinayak_2008_2.php |archive-date=15 October 2013 |access-date=12 October 2013 |website=Telugu Cinema}}</ref> For the film, Rao received [[Nandi Special Jury Award]] presented by the [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 September 2003 |title=Telugu Cinema Etc |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/nandiawards2002.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015051900/http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/nandiawards2002.html |archive-date=15 October 2014 |access-date=16 April 2012 |publisher=Idlebrain.com}}</ref> The two next films ''[[Allari Ramudu]]'' and ''[[Naaga]]'' were back-to-back failures. His second collaboration with the director [[S. S. Rajamouli]] was the 2003 action film ''[[Simhadri (2003 film)|Simhadri]]'', which ended up as one of the biggest blockbusters of that year. In the film, Rao is seen as a kind-hearted man, Simhadri who has a violent past.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{Cite web |date=20 May 2020 |title=Happy birthday Jr NTR: Here are five films that redefined his acting career |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/happy-birthday-jr-ntr-here-are-five-films-that-redefined-his-acting-career/story-Js1cEISrZhKFPcmU6CofRL.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200529211250/https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/happy-birthday-jr-ntr-here-are-five-films-that-redefined-his-acting-career/story-Js1cEISrZhKFPcmU6CofRL.html |archive-date=29 May 2020 |access-date=1 June 2020 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> In 2004, Rao played a dual role for the first time film ''[[Andhrawala]]'' directed by [[Puri Jagannadh]]. The film could not reach the high expectations of the audience and bombed at the box office.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 September 2017 |title=From Ninnu Choodalani to Jai Lava Kusa, the rise, fall, and rise of NTR Jr, against all odds |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/from-ninnu-choodalani-to-jai-lava-kusa-the-rise-fall-and-rise-of-ntr-jr-against-all-odds-4050097.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200828165722/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/from-ninnu-choodalani-to-jai-lava-kusa-the-rise-fall-and-rise-of-ntr-jr-against-all-odds-4050097.html |archive-date=28 August 2020 |access-date=8 September 2020 |website=Firstpost}}</ref> ''[[Samba (2004 film)|Samba]]'' which released in the same year had a good response but his subsequent films ''[[Naa Alludu]], [[Narasimhudu]]'' and [[Ashok (film)|''Ashok'']] were a string of failures.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Narasimhudu is a dud! |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/may/23nar.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180511024300/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/may/23nar.htm |archive-date=11 May 2018 |access-date=2 June 2020 |work=Rediff.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=19 May 2018 |title=Nandamuri Taraka Rama Rao (Jr NTR): Celebrated Yet Underrated |url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/celebrities/nandamuri-taraka-rama-rao-ntr-jr-birthday-ntr28 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209000728/https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/celebrities/nandamuri-taraka-rama-rao-ntr-jr-birthday-ntr28 |archive-date=9 December 2021 |access-date=2 June 2020 |website=The Quint |language=en}}</ref>

In 2006, Rao starred in the film [[Rakhi (2006 film)|''Rakhi'']]. Although the film was an average grosser, his performance as an innocent man turned vigilante, particularly in the climax sequence, was highly praised.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=20 May 2020 |title=Junior NTR turns 37: From Aadi to Aravinda Sametha, 7 high-octane actioners of RRR's Komaram Bheem |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/junior-ntr-turns-37-from-aadi-to-aravinda-sametha-7-high-octane-actioners-of-rrrs-komaram-bheem/photostory/75828023.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200520014910/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/junior-ntr-turns-37-from-aadi-to-aravinda-sametha-7-high-octane-actioners-of-rrrs-komaram-bheem/photostory/75828023.cms |archive-date=20 May 2020 |access-date=1 June 2020 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> In 2007, Rao made his third collaboration with the director S. S. Rajamouli for the socio-fantasy film, ''[[Yamadonga]]''. For this film, the actor made a complete body transformation and shed extra kilos.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=24 November 2018 |title=Telugu Actors Weight Loss Stories To Inspire You |url=https://english.sakshi.com/entertainment/2018/11/24/how-jr-ntr-anushka-prabhas-lost-weight |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181124202202/https://english.sakshi.com/entertainment/2018/11/24/how-jr-ntr-anushka-prabhas-lost-weight |archive-date=24 November 2018 |access-date=1 June 2020 |website=Sakshi Post |language=en}}</ref> The film was praised for its unique story and performances and became one of the biggest hits of that year.<ref>{{Cite news |title='Yamadonga' – 'Baahubali 2: The Conclusion': 5 must-watch films of SS Rajamouli before catching the film |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/photo-features/baahubali-2-the-conclusion-5-must-watch-films-of-ss-rajamouli-before-catching-the-film/Yamadonga/photostory/58342563.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407045800/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/photo-features/baahubali-2-the-conclusion-5-must-watch-films-of-ss-rajamouli-before-catching-the-film/Yamadonga/photostory/58342563.cms |archive-date=7 April 2023 |access-date=1 June 2020 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> Rao won his first [[Filmfare Awards South|Filmfare Award]] as [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Telugu|Best Actor – Telugu]] for the film.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Jr Ntr Awards: List of awards and nominations received by Jr Ntr {{!}} Times of India Entertainment |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Jr-Ntr/awards |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220925194904/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Jr-Ntr/awards |archive-date=25 September 2022 |access-date=1 June 2020 |work=The Times of India}}</ref>

In 2010, Rao featured in two films, ''[[Adhurs]]'' and [[Brindavanam (2010 film)|''Brindavanam'']], both of them were successful ventures and became an integral part of Telugu pop culture. Over the next few years, Rao starred in several films, notably ''[[Oosaravelli]]'' and [[Baadshah (2013 film)|''Baadshah'']]. His consequent films, ''[[Ramayya Vasthavayya]]'' and ''[[Rabhasa]]'' were box office failures which received lukewarm response both audience and his fans alike, for which Rao was deeply disappointed and promised his fans to work harder.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 January 2015 |title=I don't want Hits and Flops: NTR |url=https://english.tupaki.com/movienews/article/I-dont-want-Hits-and-Flops--NTR/26202 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211202120827/https://english.tupaki.com/movienews/article/I-dont-want-Hits-and-Flops--NTR/26202 |archive-date=2 December 2021 |website=Tupaki}}</ref> In 2015, Rao made his second collaboration with the director Puri Jagannadh in the action film [[Temper (film)|''Temper'']] which gave the actor a much needed comeback.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kavirayani |first=Suresh |date=18 January 2017 |title=A Hindi remake for Temper |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/180117/a-hindi-remake-for-temper.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220514112213/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/180117/a-hindi-remake-for-temper.html |archive-date=14 May 2022 |access-date=1 June 2020 |website=Deccan Chronicle |language=en}}</ref> In the film, he played a corrupt police officer, whose life changes after stumbling upon a rape case. In his landmark 25th film, Rao featured in the 2016 thriller – drama, ''[[Nannaku Prematho]]'' written and directed by [[Sukumar]]. The film explored emotional relationship between a father and his son spanning the last 30 days of the father's life.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Yellapantula |first=Suhas |date=30 January 2016 |title=Tollywood Tiger Shining Bright |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/Tollywood-Tiger-Shining-Bright/2016/01/30/article3249576.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160203024639/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/Tollywood-Tiger-Shining-Bright/2016/01/30/article3249576.ece |archive-date=3 February 2016 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> Despite being an average grosser domestically, the film performed exceedingly well in the overseas.<ref>{{Cite web |title=4 Jr. NTR Films Which Made Over Rs 100 Cr At The Box Office & Must Be On Your Watch List |url=https://www.mensxp.com/entertainment/celebrities/99305-jr-ntr-films-which-made-over-rs-100-crore.htmll |access-date=3 December 2024 |website=MenXP |date=7 January 2022 }}</ref>
In the same year, his film ''[[Janatha Garage]],'' directed by [[Koratala Siva]] and co-starred by [[Malayalam film]] superstar [[Mohanlal]], became [[List of highest-grossing Telugu films|the highest-grossing Tollywood film]] of that year collecting nearly {{INR}}1.40 billion.{{Citation needed|date=February 2024}} In 2017, Rao played triple role for the first time in the action film ''[[Jai Lava Kusa]]'' which also grossed more than {{INR}}1 billion. In the same year, he featured as the host for [[Bigg Boss (Telugu TV series) season 1|the first season]] of the television series [[Bigg Boss (Telugu TV series)|''Bigg Boss'' .]]<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=13 June 2017 |title=It's official: Junior NTR to host Telugu version of Bigg Boss |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/it-s-official-junior-ntr-to-host-telugu-version-of-bigg-boss/story-AnR8fTJD2KcYkP4qXncuCL.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613033430/https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/it-s-official-junior-ntr-to-host-telugu-version-of-bigg-boss/story-AnR8fTJD2KcYkP4qXncuCL.html |archive-date=13 June 2021 |access-date=1 June 2020 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

In 2018, the actor teamed up with the director [[Trivikram Srinivas|Trivikram]] for the [[Action film#India|action drama film]], ''[[Aravinda Sametha Veera Raghava]]''. In the film, Rao played a young man who decides to put an end to the bloodshed between two warring villages.<ref>{{Citation |title=Aravinda Sametha Review {3.5/5}: Jr NTR delivers another fine performance in Aravindha Sametha Veera Raghava |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/aravindha-sametha/movie-review/66160740.cms |access-date=1 June 2020}}</ref> The film received positive feedback, with Rao's performance being well received.<ref>{{cite web | title=Aravindha Sametha crosses the 100 cr mark at box office | website=Hindustan Times | date=15 October 2018 | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/aravindha-sametha-crosses-rs-100-cr-mark-at-box-office-beats-rangasthalam-bharat-ane-nenu/story-WYNt60q4PErt7h82pNhYBJ.html | access-date=22 August 2024}}</ref> In 2021, Rao returned to television as a host for the game show ''[[Evaru Meelo Koteeswarulu]]'', the [[Telugu language|Telugu]] version of ''[[Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?]]''.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2 August 2021 |title=Jr NTR's Evaru Meelo Koteeswarulu trailer promises thrill |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/jr-ntrs-evaru-meelo-koteeswarulu-to-premiere-in-august-bigg-boss-telugu-5-title-logo-unveiled-7434126/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210825151636/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/jr-ntrs-evaru-meelo-koteeswarulu-to-premiere-in-august-bigg-boss-telugu-5-title-logo-unveiled-7434126/ |archive-date=25 August 2021 |access-date=25 August 2021 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> In his fourth collaboration with the director S. S. Rajamouli, Rao played the role of the Indian revolutionary, [[Komaram Bheem]] in the [[Historical drama|period action]] film ''[[RRR]]''. The film became a global phenomenon, receiving appreciation from India and overseas.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 April 2022 |title=A biryani western on bhang: RRR reopens Indian cinema in spectacular style |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2022/apr/08/a-biryani-western-on-bhang-rrr-reopens-indian-cinema-in-spectacular-style |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220820155633/https://www.theguardian.com/film/2022/apr/08/a-biryani-western-on-bhang-rrr-reopens-indian-cinema-in-spectacular-style |archive-date=20 August 2022 |access-date=20 August 2022 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Abrams |first=Simon |date=3 August 2022 |title=How the Indian Action Spectacular 'RRR' Became a Smash in America |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/08/03/movies/rrr-ss-rajamouli.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220820155630/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/08/03/movies/rrr-ss-rajamouli.html |archive-date=20 August 2022 |access-date=20 August 2022 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The performance of Rao as [[Komaram Bheem]] has been lauded by the audience and critics alike.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 April 2022 |title=RRR wows international critics and audience: 'All American films are lame now. This is the best thing in the world' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/rrr-wows-international-critics-and-audience-all-american-films-are-lame-now-this-is-the-best-thing-in-the-world-101648823431310.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220820155632/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/rrr-wows-international-critics-and-audience-all-american-films-are-lame-now-this-is-the-best-thing-in-the-world-101648823431310.html |archive-date=20 August 2022 |access-date=20 August 2022 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> He carefully finalised the script for his first film post ''RRR'', and collaborated with [[Koratala Siva]] after ''Janatha Garage'' for ''[[Devara: Part 1]]'' which opened to mixed reviews but became a huge commercial success. He also made his [[Hindi cinema]] debut with ''War 2'', the sequel to ''[[War (2019 film)|War]]'' (2019), in which he co-starred with [[Hrithik Roshan]]. The film is a part of the [[YRF Spy Universe]]. His next film, titled ''Dragon'' (2026) will be directed by [[Prashanth Neel]].

== Film ==
{{pending films key}}

* ''All films in this list are in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] unless otherwise indicated.''

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of N. T. Rama Rao Jr. film credits as an actor{{Screen reader-only|List of N. T. Rama Rao Jr film credits}}
|-
! scope="col" |Year
! scope="col" |Title
! scope="col" |Role(s)
! scope="col" class="unsortable" |Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable" |{{Refh}}
|-
|1991
|''[[Brahmarshi Viswamitra]]''
|[[Bharata (Mahabharata)|Bharata]]
|Child Actor
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Children’s Day Special: From NTR Jr. To Hrithik Roshan Stars Who Began Their Careers As Child Actors |url=https://zeenews.india.com/photos/entertainment/children-s-day-special-from-ntr-jr-to-hrithik-roshan-stars-who-began-their-careers-as-child-actors-2820118 |access-date=2024-11-14 |work=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
|1997
|''[[Ramayanam (1997 film)|Ramayanam]]''
|[[Rama]]
|Child Actor
|<ref name="45thaward">{{cite web |title=45th National Film Awards |url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm45thNFAAward.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140505170923/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm45thNFAAward.aspx |archive-date=5 May 2014 |access-date=11 March 2012 |publisher=[[International Film Festival of India]]}}</ref><ref name="45thawardPDF">{{cite web |title=45th National Film Awards (PDF) |url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/45th_NFA.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107004458/http://dff.nic.in/2011/45th_NFA.pdf |archive-date=7 November 2017 |access-date=11 March 2012 |publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]]}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |2001
|''[[Ninnu Choodalani]]''
|Venu Reddy
|Debut as lead actor
|
|-
|''[[Student No: 1]]''
|Aditya Rao
|
|
|-
|''[[Subbu]]''
|Bala Subramanyam
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2002
|''[[Aadi (2002 film)|Aadi]]''
|Aadi Kesava Reddy
|
|
|-
|''[[Allari Ramudu]]''
|Ramakrishna
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2003
|''[[Naaga]]''
|Nagaraju
|
|
|-
|''[[Simhadri (2003 film)|Simhadri]]''
|Simhadri / Singamalai
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2004
|''[[Andhrawala]]''
|Munna and Shankar Pehelwan
|Dual role
|
|-
|''[[Samba (2004 film)|Samba]]''
|Samba Shiva Naidu
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2005
|''[[Naa Alludu]]''
|Karthik (Suryam) / Murugan
|
|
|-
|''[[Narasimhudu]]''
|Kondaveedi Narasimhudu
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2006
|''[[Ashok (film)|Ashok]]''
|Ashok
|
|
|-
|''[[Rakhi (2006 film)|Rakhi]]''
|K. Ramakrishna / Rakhi
|
|
|-
|2007
|''[[Yamadonga]]''
|Raja
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2008
|''[[Kantri]]''
|Kantri / Kranthi
|
|
|-
|''[[Chintakayala Ravi]]''
|Himself
|Special appearance in the song "Shaava Shaava"
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2010
|''[[Adhurs]]''
|Narasimha and Chari
|Dual role
|
|-
|''[[Rama Rama Krishna Krishna]]'' || Narrator || Voice role
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-ramaramakrishnakrishna.html|title=Telugu Movie review - Rama Rama Krishna Krishna|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Brindavanam (2010 film)|Brindavanam]]''
|Krishna (Krish)
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2011
|''[[Shakthi (2011 film)|Shakthi]]''
|Sakthi Swaroop and Maha Rudra
|Dual role
|
|-
|''[[Oosaravelli]]''
|Tony
|
|
|-
|2012
|''[[Dammu]]''
|Ramachandra / Raja Vijay Dhwaja Sri Simha
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2013
|''[[Baadshah (2013 film)|Baadshah]]''
|N. T. Rama Rao / Baadshah
|
|
|-
|''[[Ramayya Vasthavayya]]''
|Nandu / Ramu
|
|
|-
|2014
|''[[Rabhasa]]''
|Karthik
|
|
|-
|2015
|''[[Temper (film)|Temper]]''
|Daya
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2016
|''[[Nannaku Prematho]]''
|Abhiram
|
|
|-
|''[[Janatha Garage]]''
|Anand
|
|
|-
|2017
|''[[Jai Lava Kusa]]''
|Jai Kumar (Raavan), Lava Kumar and Kusa Kumar
|Triple role
|
|-
|2018
|''[[Aravinda Sametha Veera Raghava]]''
|Veera Raghava Reddy
|
|
|-
|2022
|''[[RRR]]''
|[[Komaram Bheem]]
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |date=19 May 2023 |title='RRR' Star NTR Jr's 30th Film Title Revealed as 'Devara' |url=https://variety.com/2023/film/asia/ntr-jr-devara-rrr-1235618869/ |website=Variety}}</ref>
|-
|2024
|''[[Devara: Part 1]]''
|Devara and Vara
|Dual role
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 April 2023 |title=Jr NTR wraps up NTR30 first schedule |url=https://www.123telugu.com/mnews/jr-ntr-wraps-up-ntr30-first-schedule.html |website=123telugu.com}}</ref>
|-
|2025
|''[[War 2 (film)|War 2]]''
| Raghu / Vikram Chelapathi
| Hindi film ([[Bollywood]] debut)
|
|-
| {{TableTBA|TBA}}
|{{Pending film|Dragon}}
| {{TableTBA|TBA}}
| Filming
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=2026-01-18 |title=Anil Kapoor to duel with Jr NTR in Prashanth Neel’s Dragon : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/anil-kapoor-duel-jr-ntr-prashanth-neels-dragon/ |access-date=2026-01-18 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|} 

== Television ==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!scope="col" |Year
!scope="col" |Title
!scope="col" |Role
!scope-"col" |Network
!Notes
! class="unsortable" scope-"col" |{{Refh}}
|-
|1996
|''Bhaktha Markandeya''
|[[Markandeya|Bhaktha Markandeya]]
|[[ETV (Telugu)|ETV]]
|Cameo
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=The teenage years |url=https://zeetelugu.zee5.com/the-teenage-years/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611144513/https://zeetelugu.zee5.com/the-teenage-years/ |archive-date=11 June 2020 |access-date=11 June 2020 |website=Zee Telugu |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2017
|[[Bigg Boss (Telugu TV series) season 1|''Bigg Boss 1'']]
|Host
|[[Star Maa]]
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref name=":1" />
|-
|2021
|''[[Evaru Meelo Koteeswarulu]]''
|Host
|[[Gemini TV]]
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref name=":3" />
|-
|2024
|''[[Modern Masters: S. S. Rajamouli]]''
|Himself
|[[Netflix]]
|Documentary film
|<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dundoo |first=Sangeetha Devi |date=2024-08-02 |title='Modern Masters: SS Rajamouli' movie review: An enjoyable, informative journey of a game changer |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/modern-masters-ss-rajamouli-movie-review-an-enjoyable-informative-journey-of-a-game-changer/article68467613.ece |access-date=2025-05-22 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
|2024
|[[RRR: Behind and Beyond|''RRR: Behind and Beyond'']]
|Himself
|Netflix
|Documentary film
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-17 |title=RRR Behind and Beyond trailer: SS Rajamouli says he was shooting with ‘not one, but two tigers’ |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/rrr-behind-and-beyond-trailer-ss-rajamouli-says-he-was-shooting-with-not-one-but-two-tigers-9730652/ |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://imdb.com/name/nm1694524/filmotype N. T. Rama Rao Jr. filmography] at [[IMDb]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rao, N. T. Rama, Jr}}
[[Category:Indian filmographies]]
[[Category:Male actor filmographies]]

Bordoisila

2026-02-23T22:17:06Z

CallGirlMumbai: updated page

#REDIRECT [[Nor'westers]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from alternative language|asm|en}}
}}

Limber Wildlife Sanctuary

2026-02-23T04:38:31Z

CallGirlMumbai: put up the info more to come

{{Short description|Indian wildlife sanctuary}}
{{Infobox protected area
| name = Limber Wildlife Sanctuary
| alt_name = Kazinag Wildlife Sanctuary
| iucn_category = IV
| map = India Jammu and Kashmir#India
| map_caption =
| relief = 1
| mapframe = Yes
| mapframe-zoom = 10
| location = Limber, [[Baramulla district]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[India]]
| nearest_city = [[Baramulla]] City, [[Srinagar]]
| coordinates =
| area = {{convert|26|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}
| established =
| designated =
| visitation_num =
| visitation_year =
| governing_body =
}}
'''Limber Wildlife Sanctuary''' or Kazing Wildlife Sanctuary (also written as Qazing) is situated in Limber in [[Baramulla district]] in [[Union territory|Indian union territory]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu & Kashmir]]. It is located, near [[Baramulla|Baramulla city]] and [[Srinagar]]. It is the fourth national park in the state which focuses the attention towards conserving the rare [[Markhor|markhor wild goat]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/zh/670671579168013399/pdf/Biodiversity-Management-Plan-BMP-Integrated-Project-for-Source-Sustainability-and-climate-Resilient-Rain-fed-Agriculture-in-Himachal-Pradesh-P165129.pdf |title=Biodiversity Management Plan BMP Integrated Project for Source Sustainability and climate Resilient Rain fed Agriculture in Himachal Pradesh |access-date=2022-02-11 |archive-date=2022-02-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220211174312/https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/zh/670671579168013399/pdf/Biodiversity-Management-Plan-BMP-Integrated-Project-for-Source-Sustainability-and-climate-Resilient-Rain-fed-Agriculture-in-Himachal-Pradesh-P165129.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> It is also a part of an [[Eco-Sensitive Zone|eco-sensitive zone]] as notified by the [[Government of Jammu & Kashmir]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Draft Notification for Eco-sensitive Zone of Kazinag National Park, Limber Wildlife Sanctuary & Gulmarg Wildlife Sanctuary. |url=https://jkwildlife.com/wild/wild/orders/Public%20Notiication%20regarding%20ESZ%20Kazinag%20NP%20Limber%20WLS%20&%20Gulmarg%20WLS.pdf |access-date=24 June 2025 |website=www.jkwildlife.com}}</ref>

== Location ==
Limber Wildlife Sanctuary covers an area of 26.00 sq. km or 4,375 ha.<ref>{{Cite web|title=BirdLife Data Zone|url=http://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/limbar-valley-wildlife-sanctuary-iba-india|access-date=2022-02-11|website=datazone.birdlife.org}}</ref> It is located on North bank of [[Jhelum River|Jhelum]] in [[Baramulla district]] of Jammu & Kashmir. It is close to the [[Line of Control]], which is the international jurisdiction border that [[India]] holds with [[Pakistan]]. It is situated at a distance of about 70 km from [[Srinagar]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=J&K ENVIS {{!}} Official Website of J&K ENVIS Centre - Environment Related Information of Jammu and Kashmir|url=http://jkenvis.org/biodiversity_national_parks.html|access-date=2022-02-11|website=jkenvis.org}}</ref>

== Wildlife ==
The sanctuary is a conservation ground for [[Wild goat|Markhor wild goats]]. Apart from other species of goats, Limber Wildlife Sanctuary also is home to [[White-bellied musk deer|Himalayan musk deer]], [[Leopard|leopards]] and [[Brown bear|brown bears]]. 120 different species of birds and 20 species of mammals are found here as well.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-09-23|title=Limber (Kazinag or Qazinag) Wildlife Sanctuary|url=https://wildtrails.in/limber-kazinag-or-qazinag-wildlife-sanctuary/|access-date=2022-02-11|website=WildTrails {{!}} The One-Stop Destination for all your Wildlife Holidays|language=en-GB}}</ref>

== Geo-environmental damage ==
Geo-environmental damage was caused in the remote area of Limber Wildlife Sanctuary during the [[2005 Kashmir earthquake|earthquake]] on 8 October 2005. Jammu & Kashmir Government provided aid of Rs 30,000 to affected families and Rs 1 lakh for reconstruction purposes.<ref>{{Cite web|title=J&K notifies Tatakuti WLS for the endangered markhor|url=https://www.wti.org.in/news/jk-notifies-tatakuti-wls-for-the-endangered-markhor/|access-date=2022-02-11|website=WTI|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Relief materials distributed in Limber WLS|url=https://www.wti.org.in/news/relief-materials-distributed-in-limber-wls/|access-date=2022-02-11|website=WTI|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=October 8 Kashmir Earthquake: Impact on Geoenvironment and Structures in the Karnah and Uri Tehsils of Kashmir (India) |url=https://www.preventionweb.net/files/2748_JammuIndiaReport.pdf |access-date=24 June 2025 |website=www.preventionweb.net}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{coord|34|11|14|N|74|09|36|E|type:landmark_region:IN_dim:10000|display=inline,title}}

[[Category:Wildlife sanctuaries in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Baramulla district]]

Zenit-3F

2026-02-17T11:42:37Z

CallGirlMumbai: update

{{Short description|Expendable carrier rocket}}
{{Infobox Rocket
|image = Zenit-3F.png
|function = [[Carrier rocket]]
|manufacturer = [[Yuzhmash]]
|country-origin = Ukraine
|height = {{cvt|59.6|m}}
|diameter = {{cvt|3.9|m}}
|mass = {{cvt|471000|kg}}
|stages = 3
|capacities =
{{Infobox Rocket/Payload
|location = [[Geostationary transfer orbit|GTO]]
|kilos = {{cvt|4000|kg}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Zenit-3SLBF|publisher=Yuzhnoye|url=https://yuzhnoye.com.ua/pervyy-pusk-zenita|access-date=2019-11-24|archive-date=2020-04-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200425014246/https://yuzhnoye.com.ua/pervyy-pusk-zenita|url-status=dead}}</ref>
}}
|family = [[Zenit (rocket family)|Zenit]]
|status = Retired
|first = 20 January 2011 {{nowrap|([[Elektro-L No.1]])}}
|last = 26 December 2017 {{nowrap|([[AngoSat 1]])}}
|sites = [[Baikonur Cosmodrome|Baikonur]], [[Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 45|Site 45/1]]
|stagedata = 
{{Infobox rocket/stage
|type = stage
|stageno = First
|name = Zenit-2SB first stage<ref name="Roscosmos-Zenit-2SB">{{cite web|title=Zenit-2SB|url=http://www.federalspace.ru/475/|website=Roscosmos|access-date=7 April 2016|language=ru|archive-date=14 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414074753/http://www.federalspace.ru/475/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|number = 
|length = {{cvt|32.9|m}}
|diameter = {{cvt|3.9|m}}
|width = 
|empty = {{cvt|27564|kg}}
|gross = {{cvt|354350|kg}}
|propmass = '''RG-1:''' {{cvt|90219|kg}} '''LOX: '''{{cvt|236567|kg}}
|engines = 1 × [[RD-171]]
|solid = 
|thrust = {{abbr|SL|at sea level}}: {{cvt|7257|kN|}} {{abbr|vac|in vacuum}}: {{cvt|7908|kN}}
|total = 
|SI = {{abbr|SL|at sea level}}: {{cvt|309.5|isp}} {{abbr|vac|in vacuum}}: {{cvt|337.2|isp}}
|burntime = 140–150 seconds
|fuel = [[LOX]]/[[RG-1 (propellant)|RG-1]]
}}
{{Infobox rocket/stage
|type = stage
|diff = 
|stageno = Second
|name = Zenit-2SB second stage<ref name="Roscosmos-Zenit-2SB" />
|number = 
|length = {{cvt|10.4|m}}
|diameter = {{cvt|3.9|m}}
|width = 
|empty = {{cvt|8307|kg}}
|gross = {{cvt|90794|kg}}
|propmass = '''RG-1:''' {{cvt|23056|kg}} '''LOX: '''{{cvt|59431|kg}}
|engines = 1 × [[RD-120]] 1 × [[RD-8]]
|solid = 
|thrust = '''RD-120:''' {{cvt|912|kN}} '''RD-8:''' {{cvt|79.4|kN}}
|total = 
|SI = '''RD-120:''' {{cvt|350|isp}} '''RD-8:''' {{cvt|342.8|isp}}
|burntime = 360–370 seconds
|fuel = [[LOX]] / [[RG-1 (propellant)|RG-1]]
}}
{{Infobox rocket/stage
|type = stage
|stageno = Third
|name = [[Fregat|Fregat-SB]]
|engines = 1 × [[S5.92]]
|thrust = {{cvt|19.6|kN}}
|SI = {{cvt|327|isp}}
|burntime = 877 seconds
|fuel = {{chem2|N2O4|link=dinitrogen tetroxide}} / [[UDMH]]
}}
}}

The '''Zenit-3F''', '''Zenit-3SLBF''' or '''Zenit-2SB/Fregat''' was an [[expendable launch system|expendable]] [[carrier rocket]]. It was a member of the [[Zenit (rocket family)|Zenit]] family of rockets, which were designed by [[Yuzhnoye Design Bureau]] of [[Ukraine]].

Launches of Zenit-3SLBF rockets were conducted from [[Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 45|Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 45/1]]. The rocket consisted of a Zenit-2SB (Zenit-2M) core vehicle, with a [[Fregat|Fregat-SB]] upper stage, developed by NPO [[Lavochkin]] of Russia, in place of the [[Blok D|Block-DM]] used on the [[Zenit-3SL]] and [[Zenit-3SLB|3SLB]].

The first launch of a Zenit-3F took place on 20 January 2011. The payload was an [[Elektro-L]] new generation weather satellite.<ref name="itartass_launch">{{cite web|url=http://www.itar-tass.com/eng/level2.html?NewsID=15877644|title=Russia meteo satellite Electro-L successfully orbited|publisher=ITAR-TASS|date=2011-01-21|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20131120050437/http://www.webcitation.org/1295728206222753|archive-date=2013-11-20}}</ref> A Zenit-3F was also used to successfully launch the [[Spektr-R]] radio astronomy satellite on 18 July 2011.

==Launches==
{{Main|List of Zenit launches}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" border="1"
|-
! Flight No.
! Date and time ([[UTC]])
! Payload
! Orbit
! Outcome
|-
! 1
| 20 January 2011 12:29
| [[Elektro-L No.1]]
| [[Geosynchronous orbit|GEO]]
| {{Success}}
|-
! 2
| 18 July 2011 02:31
| [[Spektr-R]]
| [[High Earth orbit|HEO]]
| {{Success}}
|-
! 3
| 11 December 2015 13:45
| [[Elektro-L No.2]]
| GEO
| {{Success}}
|-
! 4
| 26 December 2017 19:00
| [[AngoSat 1]]
| GEO
| {{Success}}
|-
| colspan="5" style="text-align: left;"|'''References:'''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau_fam/zenit.htm|title=Zenit family|first=Gunter|last=Krebs|publisher=Gunter's Space Page|access-date=2009-04-15}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Ukrainian launch vehicles|state=expanded}}
{{expendable launch systems}}

{{rocket-stub}}

[[Category:Zenit (rocket family)]]
[[Category:Vehicles introduced in 2011]]

Khan Muhammad Khan of Mang

2026-02-13T20:29:40Z

CallGirlMumbai: created info.

{{Short description|Pakistani military officer and guerrilla leader (1919–1995)}}
{{distinguish|Khan Muhammad Khan|Khan Mohammad Khan}}
{{Use Pakistani English|date=June 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Khan Muhammad Khan
| native_name = خان محمد خان
| native_name_lang = ur
| other_names = Khan of Mang
| image = Khan of Mong.jpg
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1919|4|25}}
| birth_place = [[Mang, Azad Kashmir|Mang]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[British Indian Empire|British India]] (now in [[Azad Kashmir]])
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1995|06|11|1919|4|25}}
| death_place = [[Sudhanoti]], [[Azad Kashmir|Azad Jammu and Kashmir]], Pakistan
| citizenship = Azad Jammu and Kashmir (post-1947) Jammu Kashmir (pre-1947)
| known_for = Leading the Mirpur front during the 1947 War of Independence (AJ&K)
| occupation = Soldier and [[guerrilla]] leader
| url =
}}
'''Khan Muhammad Khan''' ({{langx|ur|{{nq|خان محمد خان}}}}; {{birth date|df=yes|1912|4|25}} – June 1995) commonly known as '''Khan of Mang''', was a prominent [[Sudhan]] soldier and politician in [[Historical Poonch District|Poonch]], serving a [[captain]] in the [[1st Punjab Regiment]] of the [[British Indian Army]] during [[World War II]]. After demobilisation, he served as a rebel leader during the [[First Kashmir War]]; and is credited with the [[Siege of Mirpur]].<ref name=":0">{{cite book |last=Saraf |first=Muhammad Yusuf |title=Kashmiris Fight for Freedom: Volume 2 (1947-1978) |url=https://archive.org/details/part-ii-kashmiris-fight-for-freedom-vol-2-1947-1978-by-yusuf-saraf |pages=239}}</ref>

He was also allegedly involved with the [[Rawalpindi Conspiracy]] and the [[Poonch Uprising]].

==Biography==
Khan Muhammad Khan was born on 25 April 1919 in [[Mong, Azad Kashmir|Mang]], in the [[Poonch jagir|Poonch District]] of the [[princely state]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], in [[British India]], to Alam Sher Khan, a local dignitary. He joined the [[British Indian Army]] and received his commission in 1938. He was with [[Fusiliers]] for 18 months and served as a [[King's Commissioned Indian Officer]] for 2 years. He participated in [[World War II]] and was posted to 3rd Battalion of [[1st Punjab Regiment]] in the Middle East and Italy.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=War Office: British Forces, Middle East: War Diaries, Second World War. PAIFORCE. INDIAN INFANTRY.|journal=National Archive War Diaries|volume=WO 169/22363}}</ref>

Khan took part in the [[First Kashmir War]] as a rebel leader. He was active in the [[Mirpur, Azad Kashmir|Mirpur]] sector. He led the Mirpur campaign and later raised the 24 Azad Kashmir Battalion (Khan) of the [[Azad Kashmir Regiment]].<ref name=":0" />

According to his personal memoirs, during the [[1955 Poonch uprising]] against the state of [[Azad Jammu and Kashmir]], Khan of Mang was involved in the rallying of support for the movement. He fled to [[Indian-administered Kashmir]] and was later accused by Pakistan Government of being a [[double agent]], attempting to gather resources and ammunition to instigate a movement against the state. Upon return from India, he was imprisoned by Pakistan in [[Haripur District]] for 10 years.

== See also ==
* [[Sher Khan Bahadur|Sher Khan]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1912 births]]
[[Category:1995 deaths]]
[[Category:British Indian Army officers]]
[[Category:Pakistan Army officers]]

{{Pakistan-bio-stub}}

Vishvaraj Environment Ltd.

2026-02-12T10:26:43Z

CallGirlMumbai: made

{{Short description|Indian company}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Vishvaraj Environment Limited
| logo = Vishvaraj Environment Ltd logo.png
| type =
| industry = Water, Waste Water & Transport
| key_people = Arun Lakhani
| area_served = [[India]]
}}

'''Vishvaraj Environment Limited''' is an Indian company headquartered in [[Nagpur]], [[Maharashtra]]. The company stands on PPP (public- private partnership) model.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/business/-45-bn-needed-for-water-supply-management-vishvaraj-infra/136439.html |title=$45 bn needed for water supply management: Vishvaraj Infra |work=The Tribune |date=23 September 2015}}</ref>

The company started its operations with PPP-BOT projects in the [[roads]] & [[highways]] sector and subsequently diversified into Water Supply projects. The company started the first ever 24X7 full city water supply project in [[India]] - ‘Nagpur 24X7 Water Supply Scheme’.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/Nagpur-mayor-presents-citys-24X7-water-supply-scheme/articleshow/30953757.cms |title=Nagpur mayor presents city's 24X7 water supply scheme |publisher=timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date=24 February 2014}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dra.net.in/project/implementation-of-24x7-water-supply-project-for-un-interrupted-water-supply-and-reduction-of-nrwufm-with-improvement-in-level-of-services-to-the-consumers-for-nagpur-city-through-ppp/ |title=Implementation of 24×7 Water Supply Project for Un-interrupted Water Supply and Reduction of NRW/UFM/ with Improvement in Level of Services to the Consumers for Nagpur City through PPP |publisher=DRA }}</ref> Many other cities are replicating the model.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/vishvaraj-infra-to-provide-381-lakh-water-connections-in-5-karnataka-cities/article7383748.ece |title=Vishvaraj Infra to provide 3.81 lakh water connections in 5 Karnataka cities |publisher=Hindu Business Line |date=3 July 2015}}</ref> The company also advocates that “Sewage” which is a nuance for any town is actually a great resource when treated and can be used by industries to save fresh water for people and agriculture. The company is developing largest PPP project of 200 MLD capacity with reuse of treated water as the basic objective.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/NTPC-told-to-use-200-MLD-treated-water-of-Bhandewadi/articleshow/50675884.cms |title=NTPC told to use 200 MLD treated water of Bhandewadi |publisher=timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date=22 January 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/indl-goods/svs/engineering/vishvaraj-plans-rs-6000-cr-investment-in-waste-water-projects/articleshow/51175886.cms |title=Vishvaraj plans Rs 6,000 cr investment in waste water projects |publisher=economictimes.indiatimes.com|date=28 February 2016}}</ref>

The company was established in 1999.

==History==
In 1999, Mr. Arun Lakhani <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/pti-feed/story/vishvaraj-plans-rs-6000-cr-investment-in-waste-water-projects-564056-2016-02-28 |title=Vishvaraj plans Rs 6,000 cr investment in waste water projects |publisher=indiatoday.intoday.in|date=28 February 2016}}</ref> acquired Vishvaraj Housing Company Pvt Ltd. In the year 2000, the company's name was changed to Vishvaraj Environment Limited.

Vishvaraj Environment Limited is a firm in the infrastructure space working in the highways, water and wastewater sectoring.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiamart.com/vishvaraj-infrastructure/aboutus.html |title=About Vishvaraj Infrastructure Limited |publisher=India Mart|date=28 February 2016}}</ref> It is a company that is focused on developing Water and Highway projects.

Vishvaraj Environment Limited specializes in three broad, high potential sectors –
* Water
* Waste Water and
* Transportation

==Business Divisions==

===Transportation===
India boasts of 3.3 million km of highways, with 80,000 km of [[National Highway (India)|National highway]]s and 131,000 km of [[State highways]]. Vishvaraj spotted opportunity in roads sector way back in 2000 and decided to stay focused on BOT projects. It made a humble start with the development of 8.3 km [[Bypass road]] on BOT basis, which was one of the first BOT concessions awarded at that time. Vishvaraj has 6 projects in its Highway Business Portfolio covering 1,116 Lane kilometers and estimated Project costs of Rs.21,955 million. Its projects are across [[Maharashtra]] and [[Madhya Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.itnlindia.com/projects_details.aspx?page_id=16&sec_id=4&ProjectID=22 |title=Warora Chandrapur Ballarpur Road Project |publisher=IL&FS Transportation}}</ref>

===Water===

===Waste Water===
The company is developing largest PPP project of 200 MLD capacity with reuse of treated water as the basic objective Vishvaraj Infrastructure, which started off with BOT road projects in Maharashtra, has diversified into integrated water supply, waste water treatment and reuse segments.

"Around 38,250 MLD of wastewater is generated by tier-I and II cities, which is estimated to grow 3.5 times to 1,32,250 MLD by 2050. The waste water treatment capacity in the country is only around 30 percent of the total generation, but only 55 percent of this is operational.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/indl-goods/svs/engineering/vishvaraj-plans-rs-6000-cr-investment-in-waste-water-projects/articleshow/51175886.cms |title=WVishvaraj plans Rs 6,000 cr investment in waste water projects |publisher=economictimes.indiatimes.com|date=28 February 2016}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Water in India]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1999]]

Tushar Kapadia

2026-02-12T03:16:27Z

CallGirlMumbai: made.

{{short description|Indian actor (born 1969)}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Tushar Kapadia
| image =
| caption = Tushar Kapadia
| birth_date = 13 December 1969
| birth_place = Rajkot
| occupation = Actor
| known_for = [[Aa Family Comedy Che]] [[Byaah Hamari Bahoo Ka]]
| notable_works = [[Aa Family Comedy Che]]
}}
'''Tushar Kapadia'''(Gujarati: તુષાર કાપડિયા, Hindi: तुषार कापडिया) is an Indian actor.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/tushar-kapadia-byah-hamari-bahu-ka|title=Tushar Kapadia in Byah Hamari Bahu Ka}}</ref> He is well-known artist of Gujarati Theater world. He is popular nowadays as Mr. Abhyankar Jobanputra among Gujarati people, as he is doing a TV serial named '[[Aa Family Comedy Che]]'. He is active in entertainment world since 1987 and have done more than 30 TV serial as an actor.

==Theater==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year!! Play !! Director
|-
| 1987 || Sambandho Ni Sabiti || Mohan Patel
|-
| 1989 || Raat Rani || Mohan Patel
|-
| 1989 || Vahali Nikki || Mohan Patel
|-
| 1990 || Ekko Duggi || Shailesh Dave
|-
| 1991 || Tashkar Moshali || Shailesh Dave
|-
| 1991 || Takshak ([[Hindi]])|| Shailesh Dave
|-
| 1992 || Kankavati || Manubhai Gadhavi
|-
| 1993 || Mallika || Cyrus Dastoor
|-
| 1994 || Chhori Chhel Chhabili || Arvind Vekaria
|-
| 1995 || Jene Aado Vehvaar, Ene Roj Tehvaar|| -
|-
| 1996 || Chal Thodu Rami Laiye || Ashok Upadhyay
|-
| 1997 || Pati Anadi, Dewar Khiladi || -
|-
| 1997 || Vatsalya || [[Kanti Madia]]
|-
| 1998 || Vaat Madhraat Pachhini || Arvind Vekaria
|-
| 1999 || Babo Aavyo Courier Ma || Vipul Vithlani
|-
| 2000 || Prem No Prime Time || Bhavin Thaker
|-
| 2009 || Kanji V/S Kanji ||Umesh Shukla (253 SHOWS)
|-
| 2010 || Prem Chhe, To Parivaar Chhe || -
|-
| 2015 || Mummy V/S Pappa || Jay Kapadia
|}

==Television==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Show !! Character !! Channel !! Language
|-
| 2017 || Kacho Papad Pako Papad (Web Originals) || Don || SonyLIV || Gujarati
|-
| 2017 || [[Bakula Bua Ka Bhoot]] || Jam Saheb || [[& TV]] || Hindi
|-
| 2015 || [[Badi Door Se Aaye Hai]] || Guest Appearance || [[Sab TV]] || [[Hindi]]
|-
| 2014 || [[Aa Family Comedy Che]] || Colonel Mr. Abhyankar Jobanputra || [[Colors Gujarati]] || [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]
|-
| 2012 || [[Byaah Hamari Bahoo Ka]] || Praveen Kumar - Son - in law of Vaishnav Family || [[Sony Entertainment Television]]|| [[Hindi]]
|-
| 2007-08 || Shraddha || - || [[Zee TV Gujarati]] || Gujarati
|-
| 1993 || VIRASAT || || DD 2 || -
|-
| 2003 || [[Hum Paanch (TV series)|Hum Paanch]] || - || [[Zee TV]] || Hindi
|-
| 2003-05 || So Da’da Sasuna || - || ETV Gujarati (29th RAPA AWARD) || Gujarati
|-
| 2000-01 || Captain House || - || - || -
|-
| 2000 || Krishna - Arjun || - || [[Star Plus]] || Hindi
|-
| 2005 || Sensex || - || [[ETV Gujarati]] || Gujarati
|-
| 2003 || Pati Patni Ane Vavajodu || - || ETV Gujarati || Gujarati
|-
| 1996 || Zameen Se Asmaan Tak || - || DD2 || -
|-
| 1998 || Raja Aur Rancho || - || - || -
|-
|1995 || Commander || - || Zee TV || Hindi
|}

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Movie !! Character !! Language
|-
| Dharti Parna Khel || - || Gujarati
|}

==Awards and achievements==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Category !! Award
|-
| 2006 || Best Actor || 6th Annual Gujarati Screen & Stage Award
|-
|2008 || Best Actor || 8th annual Programme of Brhamashatriya Samaj
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kapadia, Tushar}}
[[Category:Male actors from Gujarat]]
[[Category:1969 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Supratim Bhol

2026-02-12T03:04:01Z

CallGirlMumbai: done

{{Short description|Indian cinematographer}}
{{BLP sources|date=February 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Supratim Bhol
| image = Supratim Bhol on the sets of 'Mad Horse'.jpg
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1979|12|10}}
| birth_place = [[Midnapore]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]
| education = {{ubl|[[Fergusson University|Fergusson University, Pune]]}}
| alma_mater = {{ubl|[[Film and Television Institute of India|Film and Television Institute of India, Pune]]}}
| occupation = [[Director of Photography]], [[Cinematographer]]
| years_active = 2015—present
| website = {{URL|http://supratimbhol.com/}}
}}

'''Supratim Bhol''' (born 10 December 1979) is an [[Indian cinematographers|Indian cinematographer]] and a member of the [[Indian Society of Cinematographers|Indian Society of Cinematographers (ISC)]]. He won the [[68th National Film Awards|68th National Film Award]] for [[National Film Award for Best Cinematography|Best Cinematography]] and the [[Filmfare Awards Bangla|Filmfare Award East]] in 2021.

== Career ==
After graduating from the [[Film and Television Institute of India]], Supratim began his career travelling across 23 states of India, shooting short films, corporate films, music videos, advertisements, and documentaries. His debut feature film was [[Colours of Innocence|Sahaj Pather Gappo]] (2016), which earned him a nomination for [[Filmfare Awards East]] in 2017. He then shot his first Hindi feature, [[Panchlait]] (2017) which was directed by [[Prem Prakash Modi]], released pan India, and was selected for the [[49th International Film Festival of India]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=SPECIAL DAY AT IFFI PROMOTES JHARKHAND AS A FILM MAKING DESTINATION|url=http://pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1553700|access-date=2021-08-08|website=pib.gov.in}}</ref>

He has collaborated with [[Arjunn Dutta|Arjun Dutta]] on [[Abyakto]] (2018), [[Guldasta (2020 film)|Guldasta]] (2020),<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sarkar|first=Roushni|title=Arjunn Dutta's Abyakto promises poignant tale of mother and son|url=https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2018/may/19/13330|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031112119/https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2018/may/19/13330|url-status=live|archive-date=31 October 2020|access-date=2021-06-16|website=Cinestaan}}</ref> [[Shrimati (film)|Shrimati]] (2021),<ref>{{Cite web|title=Arjunn on why his next 'Shrimati' is relevant in today's world - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/arjunn-on-why-his-next-shrimati-is-relevant-in-todays-world/articleshow/80761115.cms|access-date=2021-06-16|website=The Times of India|date=9 February 2021 |language=en}}</ref> & Deep Fridge (2023), which won the [[71st National Film Awards|National Film Award]] for [[National Film Award for Best Bengali Feature Film|Best Bengali Feature]]. The duo has garnered critical acclaim for their work.

His work on [[Subhrajit Mitra|Subrajit Mirta's]] [[Avijatrik]] (2020),<ref>{{Cite web|title=First look of Avijatrik, the newly-made monochrome last leg of Apur Sansar|url=https://www.getbengal.com/details/first-look-of-avijatrik-the-newly-made-monochrome-last-leg-of-apur-sansar|access-date=2021-06-16|website=Get Bengal}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Satyajit Ray's Apu Trilogy finds closure with director Subhrajit Mitra's Avijatrik: The Wanderlust of Apu|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/satyajit-rays-apu-trilogy-finds-closure-with-director-subhrajit-mitras-avijatrik-the-wanderlust-of-apu|access-date=2021-06-16|website=Free Press Journal|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-03-31|title=Interview — Supratim Bhol {{!}} cinematographer|url=https://filmcriticscircle.com/journal/supratim-bhol-interview/|access-date=2021-06-16|website=Journal of Indian Cinema|language=en-GB}}</ref> a sequel to the famous [[The Apu Trilogy]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=Spectacular locales where 'Avijatrik' was shot|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/spectacular-locales-where-avijatrik-was-shot/cid/1814812|access-date=2021-06-16|website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref> produced by [[Madhur Bhandarkar]] traveled around the world and earned him the [[National Film Award for Best Cinematography|Best Cinematography Award]] in the feature film category, at the [[68th National Film Awards]]. He also won the [[Filmfare Awards East|Filmfare Award East]] and the West Bengal Film Journalists' Association Award for Best Cinematography.

He shot Lomad, the world's first Black and White One-shot (93 minutes) feature film. Additionally he shot [[Aparajito (2022 film)|Aparajito - The Undefeated]], directed by [[Anik Dutta]] and based on the life of ace film maker Satyajit Ray. The film won the FIPRESCI International Critics Award and was a commercial success at the box office.

His latest work is the Hindi feature [[A Wedding Story]], directed by Abhinav Pareek. His next venture Bibi Payra and Mad Horse are slated for release.

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" width="100%"
! width="5%" scope="col" |Year
! width="20%" scope="col" |Title
! scope="col" |Language
! scope="col" |Director(s)
! scope="col" |Notes
|-
! align="left" scope="row" |2016
|''[[Colours of Innocence]]''
|Bengali
|[[Manas Mukul Pal]]
|Nominated - Filmfare Awards East for Best Cinematography<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nominations for the Jio Filmfare Awards (East) 2018|url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/nominations-for-the-jio-filmfare-awards-east-2018_-26583.html|access-date=2021-06-16|website=filmfare.com|language=en}}</ref>[[47th International Film Festival of India|Indian Panorama - International Film Festival of India 2016]]
|-
! align="left" scope="row" |2016
|[[Chorabali (2016 film)|''Chorabali'']]
|Bengali
|[[Subhrajit Mitra]]
|
|-
! align="left" scope="row" |2017
|''[[Panchlait]]''
|Hindi
|[[Prem Prakash Modi]]
|[[49th International Film Festival of India|Indian Panorama - International Film Festival of India 2018]]
|-
! align="left" scope="row" |2018
|''[[Abyakto]]''
|Bengali
|[[Arjunn Dutta]]
|[[49th International Film Festival of India|Indian Panorama - International Film Festival of India 2018]]
|-
! align="left" scope="row" |2020
|[[Guldasta (2020 film)|''Guldasta'']]
|Bengali
|[[Arjunn Dutta]]
|
|-
! align="left" scope="row" |2021
|''[[Avijatrik]]''
|Bengali
|[[Subhrajit Mitra]]
|Winner - [[National Film Award for Best Cinematography]]

Winner - [[Filmfare Awards East|Best Cinematography | Filmfare Awards East]]

Winner - European Cinematography Award 2020

Winner - [[Seattle International Film Festival|Best Cinematography | Seattle International Film Festival 2021]]

Winner - [[Bengal Film Journalists' Association Awards|Best Cinematography | West Bengal Film Journalists' Association]]

[[51st International Film Festival of India|Indian Panorama - International Film Festival of India 2018]]
|-
! align="left" scope="row" |2021
|''Lomad''<ref>{{Citation |title=Lomad|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt9325680/|type=Crime, Drama, Thriller |website=IMDb|access-date=2021-06-16}}</ref>
|Hindi
|Hemwant Tiwari
|Nominated - [[Seattle International Film Festival|Best Cinematography | Seattle International Film Festival 2020]]
|-
! align="left" scope="row" |2022
|[[Aparajito (2022 film)|''Aparajito'']]
|Bengali
|[[Anik Dutta]]
|<nowiki>Winner - Best Cinematography | AIFF Aurangabad 2023</nowiki>
Winner - Best Cinematography | Golden Sparrow | Diorama International Film Festival 2023
|-
! align="left" scope="row" |2022
|''[[Shrimati (film)|Shrimati]]''
|Bengali
|[[Arjunn Dutta]]
|
|-
! align="left" scope="row" |2022
|''[[Dada Lakhmi (film)|Dada Lakhmi]]''
|Haryanvi
|[[Yashpal Sharma (actor)|Yashpal Sharma]]
|[[68th National Film Awards|Winner - National Award for Best Haryanvi Film]]
|-
! align="left" scope="row" |2023
|''[[A Wedding Story]]''
|Hindi
|Abhinav Pareek
|
|-
! align="left" scope="row" |2024
|''Deep Fridge''
|Bengali
|[[Arjunn Dutta]]
|[[71st National Film Awards|Winner - National Award for Best Bengali Film]]
[[54th International Film Festival of India|Indian Panorama - International Film Festival of India 2023]]
|-
! align="left" |TBA
|Bibi Payra
|Bengali
|[[Arjunn Dutta]]
|
|-
! align="left" |TBA
|Mad Horse
|Bengali
|[[Sekhar Das]]
|
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://supratimbhol.com Official website]
* {{IMDb name|id=nm7269123|name=Supratim Bhol}}
{{National Film Award Best Cinematography|state=collapsed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhol, Supratim}}
[[Category:Hindi film cinematographers]]
[[Category:Artists from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Film and Television Institute of India alumni]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian photographers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian photographers]]
[[Category:Cinematographers from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Indian cinematographers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1979 births]]

Gul Bahar Singh

2026-02-07T19:31:52Z

CallGirlMumbai: Creating Some Bio W/ Sources

{{Short description|Indian film-maker}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox person
|name= Gul Bahar Singh
|image= Gul Bahar Singh.jpg
|birth_place= Pakur, Jharkhand
|occupation = Filmmaker
|years_active = 1980–present
}}
{{BLP unreferenced section|date=July 2020}}
'''Gul Bahar Singh''' is a six time [[National Film Awards|national award]] winning [[India]]n [[Filmmaking|film-maker]]. He received first national award in 1986 for his documentary film, ''Anukaran''.<ref name="timesofindia.com">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Hema-to-play-Rajmata-Vijaya-Raja-Scindia/articleshow/4505918.cms|title=Hema to play Rajmata Vijaya Raja Scindia |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=12 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/Regal-role/article15391392.ece|title=Regal role|website=Thehindu.com|accessdate=12 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://m.deccanherald.com/articles.php?name=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/13156/picking-themes-close-reality.html|title=Picking themes close to reality – Deccan Herald|website=M.deccanherald.com|accessdate=12 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1120828/jsp/entertainment/story_15903847.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121116010355/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120828/jsp/entertainment/story_15903847.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 November 2012|title=Shefali to Paoli|website=Telegraphindia.com|accessdate=12 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ignca.nic.in/fdc_body.htm|title=Kalanidhi – Cultural Archive — Film / Video Documentation by IGNCA|website=Ignca.nic.in|accessdate=12 July 2017}}</ref>

==Early life==

Singh was born in Pakur, Jharkhand in a Sikh family and he is the youngest child of his parents. He studied in Pakur, Kolkata, and Faridabad, after completing his graduation Singh self-trained himself to become a filmmaker.

==Career==
[[File:Gul Bahar 2.jpg|thumb|right|Gul Bahar Singh with actor [[Amitabh Bachchan]]]]
He started his career in 1980 with his first documentary "Weeds" on street children, which received very good response. He received first national award in 1986 for his documentary film Anukaran,<ref name="Cabaret queen!">{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1120716/jsp/entertainment/story_15732481.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120721004937/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120716/jsp/entertainment/story_15732481.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 July 2012|title=Cabaret queen!|website=Telegraphindia.com|accessdate=12 July 2017}}</ref> a film on status of women in India. In 1991 he received national award for film Biotechnology; Some possibilities.

He made a long documentary for [[DD National|Doordarshan]] on life of noted Hindi writer [[Munshi Premchand]] starred [[Irrfan Khan]] as Premchand. In 1999 Hindi feature film Sundari produced by N.F.D.C. was screened in Calcutta film festivals and Participated in Vith, International film festivals in Sochi, Moscow and received Diploma for participation. He also won National award in [[44th National Film Awards]] as best film on Family welfare for Bengali short film Bheet and won National award in [[45th National Film Awards]] for Gotipua. The Goal feature [[Irrfan Khan|Irfan Khan]] in main lead won Golden Lotus at [[47th National Film Awards]] as best children film and received special Jury award at 11th, Cairo International Children's Film Festival held in Egypt, received special mention by the jury of International Federation of Film Societies in 2001 in Czech Republic. The film was also selected in India Panorama in 2001, and also participated in Golden Elephant Children's Film Festival in the same year. His feature film Dattak starring [[Rajit Kapoor]] and [[A. K. Hangal]] as main lead was the only Indian film which participated in the 5th Shanghai International Film Festival, China. In 2016, he made a feature-length biopic [[Ek Thi Rani Aisi Bhi]] starring [[Hema Malini]] and [[Vinod Khanna]] on the life of Rajmata Vijaya Raje Scendia of Gwalior.

==Awards==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:100%"
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Year
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Film
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Gener
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Award
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | {{refh}}
|-
|1986
|Anukaran
|Documentary
| [[33rd National Film Awards]]
|<ref name="Cabaret queen!"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/33nfa.pdf|title=33rd National Film Awards|website=Dff.nic.in|accessdate=2017-07-12}}</ref>
|-
|1992
|Biotechnology :Some possibility
|Documentary
| [[38th National Film Awards]]
|
|-
|1997
|Bheet
|Short Film
|National Award
|
|-
|1999
|Gotipua
|Documentary
| [[45th National Film Awards]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/45th_NFA.pdf|title=45th National Film Awards|website=Dff.nic.in|accessdate=2017-07-12}}</ref>
|-
|1999
|Sundari
|Feature Film
|Certificate of Participation.
|
|-
|2000
|[[The Goal (1999 film)|The Goal]]
|Feature Film
|National & International award
|<ref name="timesofindia.com"/>
|-
|2003
|Dhatri Panna
|Short Film
| [[50th National Film Awards]]
|
|-
|2003
|[[Abaidha]]
|Feature Film
|Best Actor (BFJA) Certificate of Participations Montreal film festival
|
|-
|2003
|Dalma Wild Life Sanctuary
|Documentary
|Certificate of Participation (Vatavaran)
|
|-
|}

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
!scope="col"|Year
!scope="col"|Film
!scope="col"|Note
|-
|1980
|''Weeds''
|Documentary
|-
|1982
|''The third hand''
|Documentary
|-
|1986
|''Anukaran''
|Documentary
|-
|1988
|''Ujjala''
|Telefilm
|-
|1991
|''Biotechnology :Some possibility''
|Documentary
|-
|1993
|''Bayen''
|Telefilm
|-
|1994
|''Sawa ser Gehoon''
|Telefilm
|-
|1995
|''Sikhs & Five takhts''
|Serial
|-
|1996
|''Melody Man''
|Documentary
|-
|1996
|''Premchand''
|Serial
|-
|1996
|''Jyon Mehndi ko Rang''
|Serial
|-
|1996
|''Seemant''
|Telefilm
|-
|1997
|''Bheet''
|Bengali short film
|-
|1998
|''Bansuriwala''
|Short film
|-
|1999
|''Gotipua''
|Documentary
|-
|1999
|''Sundari''
|Feature film
|-
|1999
|[[The Goal (1999 film)|''The Goal'']]
|Feature film
|-
|2001
|''[[Dattak]]''
|Feature film
|-
|2002
|''Sixer''
|Feature film
|-
|2002
|''Tandav''
|Feature film
|-
|2003
|''Dhatripanna''
|Short film
|-
|2003
|''[[Abaidha]]''
|Bengali feature film
|-
|2004
|''Dalma wild Life Sanctuary''
|Documentary
|-
|2004
|''Saranda''
|Documentary
|-
|2004
|''Shravani Mela''
|Documentary
|-
|2005
|''Do Behne''
|Serial
|-
|2006
|''Jogajog''
|Bengali Telefilm
|-
|2007
|''Nishi Kutumb''
|Bengali serial
|-
|2008
|''Bhola Bhai Patel''
|Documentary
|-
|2010
|''Shahmal jat''
|Documentary
|-
|2013
|''Dalip Kaur Tiwana''
|Documentary
|-
|2015
|''Sarbat da Bhala''
|Documentary
|-
|2017
|''[[Ek Thi Rani Aisi Bhi]]''
|Feature film
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{IMDb name|nm0994425}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Gul Bahar}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian filmmakers]]
[[Category:Indian documentary film directors]]
[[Category:Film directors from Jharkhand]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian people]]
[[Category:People from Pakur district]]
[[Category:Indian television directors]]
[[Category:Hindi-language film directors]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Film directors from Kolkata]]

Urban agglomerations in Telangana

2026-02-04T04:47:12Z

CallGirlMumbai: made

{{short description|None}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
In the [[2011 Census of India]], an [[urban agglomeration]] was defined as "An urban agglomeration is a continuous urban spread constituting a town and its adjoining outgrowths, or two or more physically contiguous towns together with or without outgrowths of such towns. An Urban Agglomeration must consist of at least a statutory town and its total population (i.e. all the constituents put together) should not be less than 20,000 as per the 2001 Census."<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/1.%20Data%20Highlight.pdf | title = Urban Agglomerations and Cities |work= Provisional Population Totals, Census of India 2011| publisher =The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |accessdate = 10 August 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Telangana (India): State, Major Agglomerations & Cities - Population Statistics, Maps, Charts, Weather and Web Information|url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/india/cities/telangana/|access-date=2021-04-28|website=www.citypopulation.de}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_3_PR_UA_Citiees_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf | title = Urban Agglomerations and Cities having population 1 lakh and above|work= Provisional Population Totals, Census of India 2011| publisher =The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200310224309/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_3_PR_UA_Citiees_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf|accessdate = 10 August 2014 | archive-date = 10 March 2020}}</ref>

{{location map+|India Telangana|width=300|right|caption=Top 10 largest urban agglomerations in Telangana|places=
{{location map~|India Telangana|label=[[Hyderabad]]|position=bottom|mark=Yellow pog.svg|lat=17.3850|long=78.4867}}
{{location map~|India Telangana|label=[[Warangal]]|position=bottom|mark=Green pog.svg|lat=17.9689|long=79.5941}}
{{location map~|India Telangana|label=[[Nizamabad, Telangana|Nizamabad]]|position=bottom|mark=Red pog.svg|lat=18.6725|long=78.0941}}
{{location map~|India Telangana|label=[[Karimnagar]]|position=bottom|mark=Blue pog.svg|lat=18.4386|long=79.1288}}
{{location map~|India Telangana|label=[[Khammam]]|position=top|mark=Brown pog.svg|lat=17.2473|long=80.1514}}
{{location map~|India Telangana|label=[[Ramagundam]]|position=bottom|mark=Pink pog.svg|lat=18.7519|long=79.5134}}
{{location map~|India Telangana|label=[[Mahabubnagar]]|position=bottom|mark=Gold pog.svg|lat=16.7488|long=78.0035}}
{{location map~|India Telangana|label=[[Mancherial]]|position=top|mark=Orange pog.svg|lat=18.8714|long=79.4443}}
{{location map~|India Telangana|label=[[Nalgonda]]|position=bottom|mark=Black pog.svg|lat=17.0575|long=79.2684}}
{{location map~|India Telangana|label=[[Adilabad]]|position=bottom|mark=Purple pog.svg|lat=19.6641|long=78.5320}}
}}

{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" style="text-align:center;"
|+Urban agglomerations in the state of Telangana with a population of above 100,000 based on the Census of India of 2024
|-
!Rank
!Name
!District
!Population (2011)
|-
|1
| align="left" |[[Hyderabad]]
| align="left" |[[Hyderabad district, India|Hyderabad]] [[Medchal-Malkajgiri]] [[Rangareddy]] [[Sangareddy district|Sangareddy]]
| align="right" |1,86,31,754
|-
|2
| align="left" |[[Warangal]]
| align="left" |[[Hanumakonda district|Hanamkonda]]
| align="right" |14,11,036
|-
|3
| align="left" |[[Nizamabad, Telangana|Nizamabad]]
| align="left" |[[Nizamabad district|Nizamabad]]
| align="right" |696,543
|-
|4
| align="left" |[[Karimnagar]]
| align="left" |[[Karimnagar district|Karimnagar]]
| align="right" |702,721
|-
|5
| align="left" |[[Khammam]]
| align="left" |[[Khammam district|Khammam]]
| align="right" |654,656
|-
|6
| align="left" |[[Ramagundam]]
| align="left" |[[Peddapalli district|Peddapalli]]
| align="right" |373,865
|-
|7
| align="left" |[[Mahabubnagar]]
| align="left" |[[Mahabubnagar district|Mahabubnagar]]
| align="right" |491,858
|-
|8
| align="left" |[[Mancherial]]
| align="left" |[[Mancherial district|Mancherial]]
| align="right" |496,643
|-
|9
| align="left" |[[Nalgonda]]
| align="left" |[[Nalgonda district|Nalgonda]]
| align="right" |192,703
|-
|10
| align="left" |[[Adilabad]]
| align="left" |[[Adilabad district|Adilabad]]
| align="right" |185,752
|-
|11
| align="left" |[[Kothagudem|Kottagudem]]
| align="left" |[[Bhadradri Kothagudem district|Bhadradri Kottagudem]]
| align="right" |267,953
|-
|12
| align="left" |[[Siddipet]]
| align="left" |[[Siddipet district|Siddipet]]
| align="right" |190,743
|-
|13
| align="left" |[[Suryapet]]
| align="left" |[[Suryapet district|Suryapet]]
| align="right" |189,155
|-
|14
| align="left" |[[Miryalaguda]]
| align="left" |[[Nalgonda district|Nalgonda]]
| align="right" |162,003
|-
|15
| align="left" |[[Jagtial district|Jagtial]]
| align="left" |[[Jagtial district|Jagtial]]
| align="right" |148,715
|}

==See also==
*[[Demographics of India]]
*[[List of cities in Telangana by population]]
*[[List of districts of Telangana]]
*[[List of million-plus urban agglomerations in India]]
*[[List of most populous metropolitan areas in India]]
*[[List of states and union territories of India by population]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Urban agglomerations of India by states}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Urban agglomerations in Telangana, List of}}
[[Category:Telangana-related lists]]

2023–24 Mohun Bagan Super Giant season

2026-02-02T19:36:31Z

CallGirlMumbai: Starting post!

{{Short description|Indian football club season}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox football club season
| club = [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant]]
| season = [[2023–24 in Indian football|2023–24]]
| stadium = [[Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan]] [[Mohun Bagan Ground]]
| mgrtitle = Head coach
| manager = [[Juan Ferrando]]
(until 3 January) [[Antonio Lopez Habas]] (From 4 January)
| league = [[Indian Super League#Regular season|Indian Super League]]
| league result = '''1st'''
| cup1 =[[Indian Super League#Playoffs|ISL Cup]]
| cup1 result = '''Runners-up'''
| cup2 = [[AFC Cup]]
| cup2 result = [[2023–24 AFC Cup#Group Stage|Group stage]]
| cup3 = [[Super Cup (India)|Super Cup]]
| cup3 result = [[2024 Indian Super Cup#Group Stage|Group Stage]]
| cup4 = [[Durand Cup]]
| cup4 result = '''Champions'''
| average attendance = 37,058

| highest attendance = 62,007 vs Odisha FC (ISL)
| lowest attendance = 2,892 vs Machhindra (AFC Cup)
| season topscorer = [[Jason Cummings]] (19)
| league topscorer = [[Jason Cummings]] (12)
| largest win = 5–0 vs [[Food Corporation of India FC|FCI (East Zone)]] CFL
| largest loss = 5–2 vs [[Odisha FC]] AFC Cup 1–4 [[FC Goa|Goa]] [[Indian Super League]] 1–3 [[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]] [[Super Cup (India)|Super Cup]]
1–3 [[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]] [[Indian Super League]]
| kit_alt1 =
| pattern_la1 = _mbsg2023h
| pattern_b1 = _mbsg2023h
| pattern_ra1 = _mbsg2023h
| pattern_sh1 =
| pattern_so1 = _mbsg2023h
| leftarm1 =
| body1 =
| rightarm1 =
| shorts1 = 7A1024
| socks1 =
| kit_alt2 =
| pattern_la2 = _mbsg2023a
| pattern_b2 = _mbsg2023a
| pattern_ra2 = _mbsg2023a
| pattern_sh2 =
| pattern_so2 = _mbsg2023a
| leftarm2 =
| body2 =
| rightarm2 =
| shorts2 =
| socks2 =
| updated =
| prevseason = [[2022–23 ATK Mohun Bagan FC season|2022–23]]
| nextseason = [[2024–25 Mohun Bagan Super Giant season|2024–25]]
}}

The '''2023–24 Mohun Bagan Super Giant season''' was the club's 4th season in [[Indian Super League]] and 134th season since its establishment in 1889. The principle team owner, [[Sanjeev Goenka]], announced after winning the [[2023 Indian Super League final]] that ATK Mohun Bagan will be rebranded as '''Mohun Bagan Super Giant''' from this season.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-18 |title=We are removing ATK, it will be Mohun Bagan Super Giant from next season: Sanjiv Goenka after ISL title win |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/football/we-are-removing-atk-it-will-be-mohun-bagan-super-giants-from-next-season-sanjiv-goenka-after-isl-title-win-8505532/ |access-date=2023-03-18 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

On 3 May 2023 Mohun Bagan confirmed [[2023–24 AFC Cup]] preliminary round slot after a 3–1 win via penalties over [[Hyderabad FC ]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-03 |title=Reigning Indian Super League champions ATK Mohun Bagan registered a 3–1 win via penalties over Hyderabad FC on Wednesday to seal a spot in the AFC Cup 2023–24 preliminary round.
|url=https://olympics.com/en/news/hyderabad-fc-vs-atk-mohun-bagan-afc-cup-2023-24-football-result|access-date=2023-05-03 |website= Olympics|language=en}}</ref> The season formally began on 5 July 2023, with 2023 Calcutta Premier Division, wherein the club fielded a squad of players from the senior team and the youth teams.
On 3 September 2023 Mohun Bagan won their 17th Durand Cup title after defeating their arch rivals Emami East Bengal FC 1–0 in the final.

On 15 April 2024 Mohun Bagan became champions by winning their first ISL Shield, overall 6th League trophy after defeating Mumbai City FC 2–1 and finishing the league with 48 points, though they couldn't finish the domestic treble winning the ISL Cup by losing to [[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]] in the ISL final.

== Squad ==
As of 13 September 2023
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%;"
|+First team players
!style="background:#1A5026; color:white; text-align:center;"|No.
!style="background:#1A5026; color:white; text-align:center;"|Name
!style="background:#1A5026; color:white; text-align:center;"|{{abbr|Nat|Nationality}}
!style="background:#1A5026; color: white; text-align: center;"|{{nowrap|Date of birth}} (Age)
!style="background:#1A5026; color: white; text-align: center;"| {{abbr|Since|When the player started to be a permanent player of the first team}}
!style="background:#1A5026; color: white; text-align: center;"| {{abbr|Ends|When the player's contract ends}}
!style="background:#1A5026; color: white; text-align: center;"|{{abbr|App|Appearances}}
!style="background:#1A5026; color: white; text-align: center;"|Goals
!style="background:#1A5026; color: white; text-align: center;"|Transfer notes
|-
! colspan="9" style="background:#7a1024; color:white; text-align:center;" |Goalkeepers
|-
|1
|align=left|[[Vishal Kaith]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|1996|7|22}}
|2022
|2025
|37
|0
|Signed from [[Chennaiyin FC]]
|-
|23
|align=left|Debnath Mondal
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|1997|6|02}}
|2022
|2024
|0
|0
|Signed from [[Churchill Brothers FC Goa]]
|-
|31
|align=left|Arsh Anwer Shaikh
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|2002|7|09}}
|2020
|2025
|14
|0
|Signed from [[ATK (football club)|ATK]]
|-
|24
|align=left|Syed Zahid
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|2003|4|16}}
|2023
|2027
|6
|0
|Signed from [[Indian Arrows]]
|-
! colspan="9" style="background:#7a1024; color:white; text-align:center;" |Defenders
|-
|2
|align=left|[[Sumit Rathi]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|2001|8|26}}
|2020
|2025
|30
|1
|Signed from [[ATK (football club)|ATK]]
|-
|4
|align=left|[[Anwar Ali (footballer, born 2000)|Anwar Ali]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|2000|8|28}}
|2023
|2027
|7
|3
|Signed from [[Delhi FC]]
|-
|5
|align=left|[[Brendan Hamill (soccer)|Brendan Hamill]]
|{{flagicon|AUS}}
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|1992|9|18}}
|2022
|2024
|27
|0
|Signed from [[Melbourne Victory FC]]
|-
|15
|align=left|[[Subhasish Bose]] ''(Captain)''
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|1995|8|15}}
|2020
|2025
|108
|4
|Signed from [[Mumbai City FC]]
|-
|44
|align=left|[[Asish Rai]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|1999|1|27}}
|2022
|2025
|35
|0
|Signed from [[Hyderabad FC]]
|-
|26
|align=left|[[Héctor Yuste]]
|{{flagicon|ESP}}
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|1988|1|12}}
|2023
|2024
|4
|0
|Signed as a ''free agent''
|-
|77
|align=left|[[Ravi Rana]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|2002|10|15}}
|2021
|2025
|20
|0
|Signed from [[Jamshedpur FC]]
|-
! colspan="9" style="background:#7a1024; color:white; text-align:center;" |Midfielders
|-
|7
|align=left|[[Anirudh Thapa]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|1998|1|15}}
|2023
|2028
|9
|0
|Signed from [[Chennaiyin FC]]
|-
|
|align=left|[[Joni Kauko]]
|{{flagicon|FIN}}
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|1990|07|12}}
|2021
|2024
|36
|9
|Signed from [[Esbjerg]]
|-
|13
|align=left|[[Ningomba Engson Singh]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|2003|1|02}}
|2020
|2024
|30
|10
|Signed from [[ATK (football club)|ATK]]
|-
|14
|align=left|[[Lalrinliana Hnamte]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|2003|4|29}}
|2022
|2024
|30
|1
|Signed from [[East Bengal FC]]
|-
|16
|align=left|[[Abhishek Suryavanshi]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|2001|3|12}}
|2021
|2025
|30
|1
|[[Mohun Bagan Super Giant Reserves and Academy|Youth system]]
|-
|18
| align="left" |[[Sahal Abdul Samad]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|1997|4|1}}
|2023
|2029
|10
|0
|Signed from [[Kerala Blasters FC]]
|-
|33
|align=left|[[Glan Martins]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|1994|7|01}}
|2023
|2025
|23
|0
|Signed from [[FC Goa]]
|-
! colspan="9" style="background:#7a1024; color:white; text-align:center;" |Attackers
|-
|9
|align=left|[[Dimitri Petratos]]
|{{flagicon|AUS}}
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|1992|11|10}}
|2022
|2024
|32
|14
|Signed from [[Al Wehda FC]]
|-
|11
|align=left|[[Manvir Singh (footballer, born 1995)|Manvir Singh]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|1995|11|06}}
|2020
|2027
|88
|20
|Signed from [[FC Goa]]
|-
|17
|align=left|[[Liston Colaco]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|1998|11|12}}
|2021
|2027
|68
|18
|Signed from [[Hyderabad FC]]
|-
|19
|align=left|[[Ashique Kuruniyan]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|1997|6|14}}
|2022
|2027
|27
|1
|Signed from [[Bengaluru FC]]
|-
|25
|align=left|[[Kiyan Nassiri]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|2002|11|17}}
|2021
|2024
|60
|9
|[[Mohun Bagan Super Giant Reserves and Academy|Youth system]]
|-
|27
|align=left|Md. Fardin Ali Molla
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|2002|4|10}}
|2021
|2025
|31
|5
|Signed from [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan SC]]
|-
|35
|align=left|[[Jason Cummings]]
|{{flagicon|AUS}}
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|1995|8|1}}
|2023
|2026
|3
|1
|Signed from [[Central Coast Mariners FC]]
|-
|99
|align=left|[[Armando Sadiku]]
|{{flagicon|ALB}}
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|1991|5|27}}
|2023
|2025
|3
|0
|Signed from [[Cartagena FC]]
|-
|72
|align=left|[[Suhail Bhat]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|2005|4|8}}
|2023
|2025
|16
|17
|Signed from [[Indian Arrows]]
|}
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%;"
|+Reserve team players (from [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant Reserves and Academy]])
!style="background:#1A5026; color:white; text-align:center;"|{{abbr|No.|Senior team squad no.}}
!style="background:#1A5026; color:white; text-align:center;"|Name
!style="background:#1A5026; color: white; text-align: center;"|{{nowrap|Date of birth}} (Age)
!style="background:#1A5026; color: white; text-align: center;"| {{abbr|Since|When the player joined the youth/reserve team}}
!style="background:#1A5026; color: white; text-align: center;"| {{abbr|Ends|When the player's contract ends}}
!style="background:#1A5026; color: white; text-align: center;"|{{abbr|App|Appearances in the senior team matches}}
!style="background:#1A5026; color: white; text-align: center;"|Goals
!style="background:#1A5026; color: white; text-align: center; width:80px;"|Transfer note
|-
! colspan="9" style="background:#7a1024; color:white; text-align:center;" |Goalkeepers

|-
|
|align=left|Abhisek Balowary
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|2003|7|7}}
|2022
|2023
|0
|0
|align=left|[[Mohun Bagan Super Giant Reserves and Academy|Youth system]]
|-
|
|align=left|Nandan Roy
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|2008|2|27}}
|2022
|2023
|0
|0
|align=left|[[Mohun Bagan Super Giant Reserves and Academy|Youth system]]
|-
! colspan="9" style="background:#7a1024; color:white; text-align:center;" |Defenders
|-
|3
|align=left|Raj Basfore
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|2003|3|15}}
|2022
|2025
|8
|1
|align=left|Joined from [[United SC]]
|-
|
|align=left|Chandan Yadav
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|2006|9|18}}
|2022
|2023
|0
|0
|align=left|[[Mohun Bagan Super Giant Reserves and Academy|Youth system]]
|-
|
|align=left|Dippendu Biswas
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|2003|4|24}}
|2022
|2023
|7
|1
|align=left|[[Mohun Bagan Super Giant Reserves and Academy|Youth system]]
|-
|
|align=left|Balraj Singh
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|2004|1|1}}
|2022
|2023
|0
|0
|align=left|[[Mohun Bagan Super Giant Reserves and Academy|Youth system]]
|-
|45
|align=left|Amandeep Vrish Bhan
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|2004|8|3}}
|2022
|2025
|8
|0
|align=left|Joined from [[Indian Arrows]]
|-
|
|align=left|Arkaprabha Das
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|2003|8|27}}
|2023
|2023
|1
|0
|align=left|[[Mohun Bagan Super Giant Reserves and Academy|Youth system]]
|-
|
|align=left|Rahul Kumar
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|2003|12|25}}
|2022
|2023
|0
|0
|align=left|Joined from [[Rainbow AC]]
|-
|36
|align=left|[[Brijesh Giri]]
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|2003|1|7}}
|2022
|2025
|6
|0
|align=left|Joined from [[Indian Arrows]]
|-
! colspan="9" style="background:#7a1024; color:white; text-align:center;" |Midfielders
|-
|
|align=left|Sibajit Singh
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|2004|7|23}}
|2022
|2025
|8
|0
|align=left|Joined from [[Indian Arrows]]
|-
|
|align=left|Satvik Sharma
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|2004|11|6}}
|2022
|2023
|0
|0
|align=left|Joined from [[Indian Arrows]]
|-
|
|align=left|Babai Jana
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|2004|9|6}}
|2022
|2023
|0
|0
|align=left|[[Mohun Bagan Super Giant Reserves and Academy|Youth system]]
|-
|
|align=left|Thumsol Togsin
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|2005|2|28}}
|2022
|2023
|3
|0
|align=left|Joined from [[TRAU FC]]
|-
|
|align=left|Shiba Mandi
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|2006|8|17}}
|2022
|2023
|0
|0
|align=left|[[Mohun Bagan Super Giant Reserves and Academy|Youth system]]
|-
|
|align=left|Swarnadip Das
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|2006|8|10}}
|2022
|2023
|0
|0
|align=left|[[Mohun Bagan Super Giant Reserves and Academy|Youth system]]
|-
|
|align=left|Milan Mandi
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|2006|8|22}}
|2022
|2023
|0
|0
|align=left|[[Mohun Bagan Super Giant Reserves and Academy|Youth system]]
|-
|30
|align=left|Taison Singh
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|2004|8|11}}
|2022
|2025
|9
|2
|align=left|Joined from [[Indian Arrows]]
|-
|50
|align=left|Satgougun Kipgen
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|2005|1|10}}
|2023
|2023
|2
|0
|align=left|[[Mohun Bagan Super Giant Reserves and Academy|Youth system]]
|-
! colspan="9" style="background:#7a1024; color:white; text-align:center;" |Attackers
|-
|
|align=left|Akash Mondal
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|2003|5|18}}
|2022
|2023
|1
|0
|align=left|[[Mohun Bagan Super Giant Reserves and Academy|Youth system]]
|-
|
|align=left|[[Shubho Paul]]
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|2004|3|4}}
|2023
|2026
|2
|0
|align=left|Joined from [[Sudeva Delhi FC]]
|-
|
|align=left|Uttam Hansda
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|2003|1|27}}
|2022
|2023
|3
|0
|align=left|[[Mohun Bagan Super Giant Reserves and Academy|Youth system]]
|-
|
|align=left|Vian Vinay Murgod
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|2004|1|20}}
|2023
|2024
|4
|2
|align=left|Joined from Reliance Foundation Youth Champs
|-
|
|align=left|Anup Singh
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|2003|9|17}}
|2023
|2023
|1
|0
|align=left|[[Mohun Bagan Super Giant Reserves and Academy|Youth system]]
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%;"
|+Other first team players under contract
!style="background:#1A5026; color:white; text-align:center;"|No.
!style="background:#1A5026; color:white; text-align:center;"|{{abbr|Pos|Position}}
!style="background:#1A5026; color:white; text-align:center;"|{{abbr|Nat|Nationality}}
!style="background:#1A5026; color:white; text-align:center;"|Name
!style="background:#1A5026; color: white; text-align: center;"|{{nowrap|Date of birth}} (Age)
!style="background:#1A5026; color: white; text-align: center;"| {{abbr|Since|When the player started to be a permanent player of the first team}}
!style="background:#1A5026; color: white; text-align: center;"| {{abbr|Ends|When the player's contract ends}}
!style="background:#1A5026; color: white; text-align: center;"|{{abbr|App|Appearances}}
!style="background:#1A5026; color: white; text-align: center;"|Goals
!style="background:#1A5026; color: white; text-align: center;"|Note

|-
|22
|DM
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|align=left|[[Deepak Tangri]]
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|1999|02|01}}
|2021
|2026
|40
|0
|Out due to [[knee]] injury
|}

==Transfers==
===In===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! style="background:#1A5026; color:#FFFFFF; {{box-shadow border|a|#7a1024|1px}}" |No.
! style="background:#1A5026; color:#FFFFFF; {{box-shadow border|a|#7a1024|1px}}" |Pos.
! style="background:#1A5026; color:#FFFFFF; {{box-shadow border|a|#7a1024|1px}}" |Player
! style="background:#1A5026; color:#FFFFFF; {{box-shadow border|a|#7a1024|1px}}" |Transferred from
! style="background:#1A5026; color:#FFFFFF; {{box-shadow border|a|#7a1024|1px}}" |Fee
! style="background:#1A5026; color:#FFFFFF; {{box-shadow border|a|#7a1024|1px}}" |Date
|-
|4
| [[Centre Back|CB]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Anwar Ali (footballer, born 2000)|Anwar Ali]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Delhi FC]]
|''Loan transfer''
|9 May 2023
|-
|35
|[[Forward (association football)|CF]]
|{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Jason Cummings]]
|{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Central Coast Mariners FC]]
|''Free transfer''
|4 June 2023
|-
|7
|[[Midfielder|CM]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Anirudh Thapa]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Chennaiyin FC]]
|''Undisclosed''{{refn|Media reports indicate ₹3,00,00,000 had been paid as the transfer fee.|group=t}}
|15 June 2023
|-
|99
|[[Forward (association football)|CF]]
|{{flagicon|ALB}} [[Armando Sadiku]]
|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Cartagena FC]]
|''Free transfer''
|25 June 2023
|-
|18
| [[Midfielder|AMF]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Sahal Abdul Samad]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Kerala Blasters FC]]
|''Swap deal'' + ''Undisclosed''{{refn|Media reports indicate ₹90,00,000 had been paid as a part of the swap deal.|group=t}}
|12 July 2023
|-
|26
| [[Centre Back|CB]]
|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Héctor Yuste]]
|{{flagicon|CYP}} [[AC Omonia]]
|''Free transfer''
|2 August 2023
|}
{{reflist|group=t}}

===Out===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! style="background:#1A5026; color:#FFFFFF; {{box-shadow border|a|#7a1024|1px}}" |No.
! style="background:#1A5026; color:#FFFFFF; {{box-shadow border|a|#7a1024|1px}}" |Pos.
! style="background:#1A5026; color:#FFFFFF; {{box-shadow border|a|#7a1024|1px}}" |Player
! style="background:#1A5026; color:#FFFFFF; {{box-shadow border|a|#7a1024|1px}}" |Transferred to
! style="background:#1A5026; color:#FFFFFF; {{box-shadow border|a|#7a1024|1px}}" |Fee
! style="background:#1A5026; color:#FFFFFF; {{box-shadow border|a|#7a1024|1px}}" |Date
|-
|4
| [[Centre Back|CB]]
|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Tiri (footballer)|Tiri]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Mumbai City FC]]
|''Contract expiration''
|31 May 2023
|-
|3
| [[Centre Back|CB]]
|{{flagicon|MNE}} [[Slavko Damjanović]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Bengaluru FC]]
|''Contract expiration''
|31 May 2023
|-
|21
|[[Midfielder|AMF]]
|{{flagicon|URU}} [[Federico Gallego]]
|{{flagicon|URU}} [[Sud América]]
|''Contract expiration''
|31 May 2023
|-
|29
| [[Midfielder|DM]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Ricky Shabong]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Punjab FC]]
|''Mutual termination''
|31 May 2023
|-
|32
| [[Midfielder|DM]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Lalthathanga Khawlhring|Puitea]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Odisha FC]]
|''Undisclosed''
|29 June 2023
|-
|20
| [[Right back|RB]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Pritam Kotal]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Kerala Blasters FC]]
|''Swap deal''
|12 July 2023
|-
|2
| [[Midfielder|DM]]
|{{flagicon|IRL}} [[Carl McHugh]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[FC Goa]]
|''Mutual termination''
|28 July 2023
|-
|6
| [[Centre Back|CB]]
|{{flagicon|GUI}} [[Florentin Pogba]]
|''Free agent''
|''Mutual termination''
|19 August 2023
|-
|12
|[[Goalkeeper (association football)|GK]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Avilash Paul]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}[[Gokulam Kerala FC]]
|''Mutual termination''
|31 August 2023
|-
|17
|[[Midfielder|LW]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Nongdamba Naorem]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}[[Jamshedpur FC]]
|''Contract expiration''
|31 August 2023
|-
|10
|[[Midfielder|CM]]
|{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Hugo Boumous]]
|Free Agent
|''Mutual termination''
|10 February 2024
|}

==Competitions==
===Overview===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:850px;"
|-
! style="text-align:center; width:150px; background:#1A5026; color:#FFFFFF; {{box-shadow border|a|#7a1024|1px}}" | Competition
! style="text-align:center; width:170px; background:#1A5026; color:#FFFFFF; {{box-shadow border|a|#7a1024|1px}}" | First match (round)
! style="text-align:center; width:170px; background:#1A5026; color:#FFFFFF; {{box-shadow border|a|#7a1024|1px}}" | Latest match (round)
! style="text-align:center; width:150px; background:#1A5026; color:#FFFFFF; {{box-shadow border|a|#7a1024|1px}}" | Final position
|-
|[[2023 CFL Premier Division|CFL Premier Division]]
|5 July Round 1
|17 September Round 1
!''Super Six(5th Position)''
|-
|style="text-align:center;"| [[2023-24 AFC Cup|AFC Cup]]
| 16 August Preliminary round
|11 December Group stage
! ''Group Stage(3rd Position)''
|-
|style="text-align:center;"| [[2023 Durand Cup|Durand Cup]]
|3 August Group stage
|3 September Final
!style="background:Gold"|'''Champions'''
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|[[2023–24 Indian Super League|Indian Super League]]
|23 September Matchday 1
|15 April Matchday 22
! style="background:Gold"|'''Champions (1st of 12)'''
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|[[2023–24 Indian Super League|Indian Super League Playoffs]]
|23 April Semi Final Leg 1
|4 May ISL Cup Final
! style="background:Silver"|''Runners-up''
|-
|style="text-align:center;"| [[Super Cup (India)|Super Cup]]
| 9 January
Group Stage
|19 January
Group Stage
! ''Group Stage(2nd Position)''
|}
{{Fb overview
|c=7
|c1=[[2023 CFL Premier Division|CFL]]|w1=8|l1=4|d1=3|f1=33|a1=16
|c2=[[2023-24 AFC Cup|AFC Cup]]|w2=4|l2=3|d2=1|f2=17|a2=13
|c3=[[2023 Durand Cup|Durand Cup]]|w3=5|l3=1|d3=0|f3=13|a3=3
|c4=[[2023–24 Indian Super League|Indian Super League]]|w4=16|l4=6|d4=3|f4=51|a4=31
|c5=[[2024 Indian Super Cup|Super Cup]]|w5=2|l5=1|d5=0|f5=5|a5=5
|u= 4 May 2024 }}

=== Durand Cup ===
{{Main|2023 Durand Cup}}

==== Group Stage ====
{{:2023 Durand Cup group stage|transcludesection=Group A|showteam=MBG}}
{{football box collapsible
|round = 1
|date = {{Start date|2023|8|3|df=y}}
|time = 17:45 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan SG]]
|score = 5–0
|report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=19691
|team2 = {{flagicon|BAN}} [[Bangladesh Army football team|Bangladesh Army]]
|goals1 = * [[Liston Colaco|Colaco]] {{goal|14}}
* [[Manvir Singh (footballer, born 1995)|Manvir]] {{goal|29|p}}
* [[Suhail Bhat|Bhat]] {{goal|39}}
* [[Lalrinliana Hnamte|Hnamte]] {{goal|58}}
* [[Kiyan Nassiri|Nassiri]] {{goal|89}}
|goals2 = * Mijanur {{sent off|0|45+3}}
|location = [[Kolkata]], [[India]]
|stadium = [[Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan]]
|attendance = 11,195
|referee = Rahul Kumar Gupta
|result = W
|motm = [[Liston Colaco]]
}}
{{football box collapsible
|round = 2
|date = {{Start date|2023|8|7|df=y}}
|time = 18:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan SG]]
|score = 2–0
|report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=19698
|team2 = [[Punjab FC|Punjab]]
|goals1 = * Melwin {{goal|23|o.g.}}
* [[Hugo Boumous|Boumous]] {{goal|48}}
|goals2 =
|location = [[Kolkata]], [[India]]
|stadium = [[Kishore Bharati Krirangan]]
|attendance =
|referee = Ramachandran Venkatesh
|result =W
|motm = [[Hugo Boumous]]
}}
{{football box collapsible
|round = 3
|date = {{Start date|2023|8|12|df=y}}
|time = 16:45 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan SG]]
|score = 0–1
|report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=19708
|team2 = [[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]
|goals1 =
|goals2 = * [[Nandhakumar Sekar|Nandhakumar]] {{goal|60}}
|location = [[Kolkata]], [[India]]
|stadium = [[Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan]]
|attendance = 55,000
|referee = Harish Kundu
|result = L
|motm = [[Nandhakumar Sekar]]
}}

==== Knockout ====
{{football box collapsible
|round = Quarter-final
|date = {{Start date|2023|8|27|df=y}}
|time = 18:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan SG]]
|score = 3–1
|report =https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=20344
|team2 = [[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]
|goals1 = *[[Jason Cummings|Cummings]] {{goal|9|p}}
*[[Manvir Singh (footballer, born 1995)|Manvir]] {{goal|30}}
*[[Anwar Ali (footballer, born 2000)|Ali]] {{goal|63}}
|goals2 = *[[Jorge Pereyra Diaz|Díaz]] {{goal|28}}
|location = [[Kolkata]], [[India]]
|stadium = [[Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan]]
|attendance = 19,775
|referee =
|result = W
|motm = [[Hugo Boumous]]
}}
{{football box collapsible
|round = Semi-final
|date = {{Start date|2023|8|31|df=y}}
|time = 18:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team2 = [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan SG]]
|score = 1–2
|report =https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=20493
|team1 = [[FC Goa|Goa]]
|goals1 = *[[Noah Sadaoui|Sadoui]] {{goal|23}}
|goals2 = *[[Jason Cummings|Cummings]] {{goal|42|p}}
*[[Armando Sadiku|Sadiku]] {{goal|61}}
|location = [[Kolkata]], [[India]]
|stadium = [[Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan]]
|attendance = 19,000(approx.)
|referee = Ashwin
|result = w
|motm = [[Armando Sadiku]]
}}
{{football box collapsible
|round = Final
|date = {{Start date|2023|9|3|df=y}}
|time = 16:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team2 = [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan SG]]
|score = 0–1
|report =https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=20638
|team1 = [[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]
|goals1 =
|goals2 = * [[Anirudh Thapa|Thapa]] {{sent off|0|62}}
* [[Dimitri Petratos|Petratos]] {{goal|71}}
|location = [[Kolkata]], [[India]]
|stadium = [[Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan]]
|attendance = 59,751
|referee = Rahul Kumar Gupta
|result = W
|motm = [[Vishal Kaith]]
}}

===AFC Cup===
{{Main|2023–24 AFC Cup}}

==== Qualifying play-offs ====
{{Main|2023–24 AFC Cup qualifying play-offs}}
{{football box collapsible
|round = [[2023–24 AFC Cup qualifying play-offs#Preliminary round 2|Preliminary round 2]]
|date = {{Start date|2023|8|16|df=y}}
|time = {{UTZ|19:00|5:30}}
|team1 = [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan SG]] {{fbaicon|IND}}
|score = 3–1
|report = https://www.the-afc.com/en/matches/afc-cup/20232024/2369155
|team2 = {{fbaicon|NEP}} [[Machhindra F.C.|Machhindra]]
|goals1 = * [[Anwar Ali (footballer, born 2000)|Ali]] {{goal|39||86}}
* [[Jason Cummings|Cummings]] {{goal|59}}
* [[Glan Martins|Martins]] {{yel|75}}
|goals2 = * [[Kareem Omolaja|Omolaja]] {{yel|60}}
* Oloumou {{goal|78}}
|location = [[Kolkata]], [[India]]
|stadium = [[Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan]]
|attendance = 2,892
|referee = {{fbaicon|UAE}} Ahmed Eisa Mohamed
|result = W
|motm = [[Anwar Ali (footballer, born 2000)|Anwar Ali]]
}}

{{football box collapsible
|round = [[2023–24 AFC Cup qualifying play-offs#Play-off round|Play-off round]]
|date = {{Start date|2023|8|22|df=y}}
|time = {{UTZ|19:00|5:30}}
|team1 = [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan SG]] {{Fbaicon|IND}}
|score =3–1
|team2 = {{Fbaicon|BAN}} [[Abahani Limited Dhaka|Dhaka Abahani]]
|report =https://www.the-afc.com/en/matches/afc-cup/20232024/2405183
|goals1 =
*[[Jason Cummings|Cummings]] {{goal|37|pen.}}
*[[Subhasish Bose|Bose]] {{yel|52}}
*[[Milad Sheykh Soleimani|Soleimani]] {{goal|58|o.g.}}
*[[Armando Sadiku|Sadiku]] {{goal|60}}
|goals2 =
*[[Cornelius Stewart|Stewart]] {{goal|17}}
*[[Assaduzzaman Bablu|Bablu]] {{yel|9}}
*Muzaffarov {{yel|25}}
*[[Sushanto Tripura|Sushanto]] {{yel|36}}
*[[Yousef Mohammad (footballer, born 1999)|Yousef]] {{yel|69}}
*[[Milad Sheykh Soleimani|Soleimani]] {{yel|71}}
|location = [[Kolkata]], [[India]]
|stadium = [[Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan]]
|attendance = 10,625
|referee = {{Fbaicon|IRN}} Bijan Heydari
|result = W
|motm = [[Jason Cummings]]
}}

==== Group Stage ====
{{main|2023–24 AFC Cup group stage}}
{{2023–24 AFC Cup group tables|Group D|show_matches=yes|showteam=MBSG}}
{{football box collapsible
|round = 1
|date = {{Start date|2023|9|19|df=y}}
|time = 19:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = [[Odisha FC|Odisha]] {{fbaicon|IND}}
|score = 0–4
|report = https://www.the-afc.com/en/matches/afc-cup/20232024/2406952
|team2 = {{fbaicon|IND}} [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan SG]]
|goals1 = * [[Mourtada Fall|Fall]] {{sent off|2|10|42}}
* [[Ahmed Jahouh|Jahouh]] {{yel|42}}
* [[Aniket Jadhav|Jadhav]] {{yel|85}}
|goals2 = * [[Sahal Abdul Samad|Sahal]] {{goal|46}}
* [[Héctor Yuste|Yuste]] {{yel|66}}
* [[Dimitri Petratos|Petratos]] {{goal|68||82}}
* [[Liston Colaco|Colaco]] {{goal|79}}
|location = [[Bhubaneswar]], [[India]]
|stadium = [[Kalinga Stadium]]
|attendance = 5,218
|referee = {{fbaicon|OMN}} [[Omar Al-Yaqoubi|Omar Mubarak Mazaroua Al-Yaqoubi]]
|result = W
|motm = [[Dimitri Petratos]]
}}
{{football box collapsible
|round = 2
|date = {{Start date|2023|10|3|df=y}}
|time = 19:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan SG]] {{fbaicon|IND}}
|score = 2–1
|report = https://www.the-afc.com/en/club/afc_cup/news/group_d_mohun_bagan_super_giant_fc_ind_v_maziya_sports__recreation_mdv_2.html
|team2 = {{fbaicon|MDV}} [[Maziya S&RC|Maziya]]
|goals1 = * [[Jason Cummings|Cummings]] {{goal|28||90+2}}
|goals2 = [[Tomoki Wada]]{{goal|45}}
|location = [[Kolkata]], [[India]]
|stadium = [[Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan]]
|attendance = 26,794
|referee =
|result = w
|motm = [[Jason Cummings|Cummings]]
}}
{{football box collapsible
|round = 3
|date = {{Start date|2023|10|24|df=y}}
|time = 21:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan SG]] {{fbaicon|IND}}
|score = 2–2
|report = https://www.the-afc.com/en/matches/afc-champions-league/20232024/2406961
|team2 = {{fbaicon|BAN}} [[Bashundhara Kings]]
|goals1 = *[[Dimitri Petratos|Petratos]] {{goal|29}}
*[[Asish Rai|Rai]] {{goal|54}}
|goals2 = *[[Dori (footballer)|Dorielton]] {{goal|33}}
*[[Robinho (footballer, born July 1995)|Robinho]] {{goal|70}}
|location = [[Bhubaneswar]], [[India]]<ref name=":0" />{{efn|This match was originally scheduled to be player in Kolkata but shifted out of the state to [[Bhubaneswar]], [[Odisha]] due to the clashing with [[Vijayadashami]], where huge amount of [[Durga]] idols are immersed in the waters.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2023-10-11 |title=AFC Cup: Mohun Bagan SG's match against Bashundhara Kings moved to Bhubaneswar |url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/afc-cup-mohun-bagan-sgs-match-against-bashundhara-kings-moved-to-bhubaneswar |access-date=2023-10-11 |website=www.indiansuperleague.com |language=en}}</ref>}}
|stadium = [[Kalinga Stadium]]
|attendance = 150
|referee = Clifford Postanes Daypuyat ([[Philippine Football Federation|Philippines]])
|result = D
|motm =
}}{{football box collapsible
|round = 4
|date = {{Start date|2023|11|07|df=y}}
|time = 19:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = [[Bashundhara Kings]] {{fbaicon|BAN}}
|score = 2–1
|report =
|team2 = {{fbaicon|IND}} [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan SG]]
|goals1 =
|goals2 =
|location = [[Dhaka]], [[Bangladesh]]
|stadium = [[Bashundhara Kings Arena]]
|attendance =
|referee =
|result = L
|motm =
}}
{{football box collapsible
|round = 5
|date = {{Start date|2023|11|27|df=y}}
|time = 19:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan SG]] {{fbaicon|IND}}
|score = 2–5
|report =
|team2 = {{fbaicon|IND}} [[Odisha FC|Odisha]]
|goals1 = *[[Hugo Boumous|Boumous]] {{goal|17}}
*[[Kiyan Nassiri|Nassiri]] {{goal|63}}
|goals2 = *[[Roy Krishna|Krishna]] {{goal|29}}
*[[Diego Maurício]] {{goal|32}}
*[[Cy Goddard|Goddard]] {{goal|41}}
*[[Aniket Jadhav|Jadhav]] {{goal|90+2}}
*[[Isak Vanlalruatfela|Vanlalruatfela]] {{goal|90+5}}
|location = [[Kolkata]], [[India]]
|stadium = [[Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan]]
|attendance = 15000
|referee = Gamini Nivon Robesh ([[Football Sri Lanka|Sri Lanka]])
|result = L
|motm =
}}
{{football box collapsible
|round = 6
|date = {{Start date|2023|12|12|df=y}}
|time = 19:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = [[Maziya S&RC|Maziya]] {{fbaicon|MDV}}
|score = 1–0
|report =
|team2 = {{fbaicon|IND}} [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan SG]]
|goals1 = *[[Hassan Raif|Raif]] {{goal|40}}
|goals2 =
|location = [[Malé]], [[Maldives]]
|stadium = [[National Football Stadium (Maldives)|National Football Stadium]]
|attendance =
|referee =
|result = L
|motm =
}}

=== Indian Super League ===
{{Main|2023–24 Indian Super League }}

==== League table ====
{{:2023–24 Indian Super League|showteam=MBG}}

==== Result summary ====
{{Fb_rs|hw=7|hd=2|hl=4|hgf=25|hga=19|aw=9|ad=1|al=2|agf=26|aga=12|dp=0}}

==== Results by round ====
{{#invoke:sports rbr table|table|legendpos=b|header=Round
|label2=
| res2= w/W/w/w/W/D/W/L/L/L/D/W/W/W////////
|label3= '''Position'''
| res3= 1/1/1/1/3/3/3/3/3/5/4/4/3/2/3/2/1/2/2/2/2/1

|text_H=Home|text_A=Away
|color_W=green1|text_W=Win
|color_D=yellow1|text_D=Draw
|color_L=red1|text_L=Loss
|color_1=green2|color_2=green3|color_3=yellow2|color_4=yellow2|color_5=yellow2|color_6=yellow2

|updated=4 June 2023
|source= [https://www.indiansuperleague.com/standings Indian Super League]
}}

====Matches====
{{football box collapsible
|round = 1
|date = {{Start date|2023|9|23|df=y}}
|time = 20:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan SG]]
|score = 3–1
|report = https://www.indiansuperleague.com/matchcentre/59417
|team2 = [[Punjab FC]]
|goals1 = [[Jason Cummings|Cummings]] {{goal|9}} [[Dimitri Petratos|Petratos]] {{goal|34}} [[Manvir Singh (footballer, born 1995)|Manvir]] {{goal|63}} 
[[Glan Martins]] {{yel|42}} [[Abhishek Suryavanshi]] {{yel|90}}
|goals2 = * [[Luka Majcen]] {{goal|52}}
* [[Madih Talal]] {{yel|39}}
|location = [[Kolkata]], [[India]]
|stadium = [[Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan]]
|attendance = 27,325
|referee =
|result = W
|motm = [[Dimitri Petratos|Petratos]]
}}
{{football box collapsible
|round = 2
|date = {{Start date|2023|9|27|df=y}}
|time = 20:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan SG]]
|score = 1–0
|report = https://www.indiansuperleague.com/matchcentre/59420
|team2 = [[Bengaluru FC]]
|goals1 = [[Hugo Boumous]]{{goal|68}}
|goals2 =
|location = [[Kolkata]], [[India]]
|stadium = [[Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan]]
|attendance = 29,552
|referee = Haris Kundu
|result = W
|motm = [[Hugo Boumous]]
}}
{{football box collapsible
|round = 3
|date = {{Start date|2023|10|7|df=y}}
|time = 20:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = [[Chennaiyin FC]]
|score = 1–3
|report = https://www.indiansuperleague.com/matchcentre/59430
|team2 = [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan SG]]
|goals1 = *[[Rafael Crivellaro]]{{goal|54}}
|goals2 =
* [[Dimitri Petratos|Petratos]] {{goal|22}}
* [[Jason Cummings|Cummings]] {{goal|45+3}}
* [[Manvir Singh (footballer, born 1995)|Manvir]] {{goal|56}}
|location = [[Chennai]], [[India]]
|stadium = [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Chennai)]]
|attendance =
|referee = Ashwin
|result = w
|motm = [[Sahal Abdul Samad]]
}}
{{football box collapsible
|round = 4
|date = {{Start date|2023|11|1|df=y}}
|time = 20:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = [[Jamshedpur FC]]
|score = 2–3
|report = https://www.indiansuperleague.com/matchcentre/59443
|team2 = [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan SG]]
|goals1 = *Sanan Mohammed {{goal|6}}
*[[Steve Ambri]] {{goal|86}}
|goals2 = *[[Armando Sadiku]] {{goal|29}}
*[[Liston Colaco]] {{goal|48}}
*[[Kiyan Nassiri]] {{goal|80}}
|location = [[Jamshedpur]], [[India]]
|stadium = [[JRD Tata Sports Complex]]
|attendance = 23,190
|referee =
|result = W
|motm = [[Liston Colaco]]
}}
{{football box collapsible
|round = 5
|date = {{Start date|2023|12|2|df=y}}
|time = 20:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = [[Hyderabad FC]]
|score = 0–2
|report = https://www.indiansuperleague.com/matchcentre/59457
|team2 = [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan SG]]
|goals1 =
|goals2 =*[[Brendan Hamill (soccer)|Brendan Hamill]] {{goal|85}}
*[[Asish Rai]] {{goal|90+6}}
|location = [[Hyderabad]], [[India]]
|stadium = [[G. M. C. Balayogi Athletic Stadium]]
|attendance =
|referee =
|result = W
|motm =
}}
{{football box collapsible
|round = 6
|date = {{Start date|2023|12|6|df=y}}
|time = 20:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan SG]]
|score = 2–2
|report = https://www.indiansuperleague.com/matchcentre/59460
|team2 = [[Odisha FC]]
|goals1 = *[[Armando Sadiku]] {{goal|58||90+4}}
|goals2 = Ahmed Jahouh {{goal|31|pen||45+3}}
|location = [[Kolkata]], [[India]]
|stadium = [[Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan]]
|attendance = 22048
|referee =
|result = D
|motm =
}}
{{football box collapsible
|round = 7
|date = {{Start date|2023|12|15|df=y}}
|time = 20:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = [[Northeast United FC]]
|score = 1–3
|report = https://www.indiansuperleague.com/matchcentre/59468
|team2 = [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan SG]]
|goals1 = Konsam Phalguni Singh {{goal|04}}
|goals2 = * [[Deepak Tangri]] {{goal|14}}
* [[Jason Cummings|Cummings]] {{goal|28}}
* [[Subhasish Bose]] {{goal|71}}
|location = [[Guwahati]], [[India]]
|stadium = [[Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium]]
|attendance =
|referee =
|result = W
|motm =
}}
{{football box collapsible
|round = 8
|date = {{Start date|2023|12|20|df=y}}
|time = 20:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = [[Mumbai City FC]]
|score = 2–1
|report = https://www.indiansuperleague.com/matchcentre/59473
|team2 = [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan SG]]
|goals1 = Greg Stewart {{goal|44}} Bipin Singh {{goal|73}}
|goals2 = [[Jason Cummings]] {{goal|25}}
|location = [[Mumbai]], [[India]]
|stadium = [[Mumbai Football Arena]]
|attendance =
|referee =
|result = L
|motm =
}}
{{football box collapsible
|round = 9
|date = {{Start date|2023|12|23|df=y}}
|time = 20:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan SG]]
|score = 1–4
|report = https://www.indiansuperleague.com/matchcentre/59476
|team2 = [[FC Goa]]
|goals1 = [[Dimi Petratos]] {{goal|45+7}}
|goals2 = Noah Sadaoui {{goal|10|pen}} {{goal|45+3}} Víctor Rodríguez {{goal|42}} Carlos Martínez {{goal|90+1|pen}}
|location = [[Kolkata]], [[India]]
|stadium = [[Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan]]
|attendance = 29984
|referee =
|result = L
|motm =
}}
{{football box collapsible
|round = 10
|date = {{Start date|2023|12|27|df=y}}
|time = 20:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan SG]]
|score = 0–1
|report = https://www.indiansuperleague.com/matchcentre/59480
|team2 = [[Kerala Blasters FC]]
|goals1 =
|goals2 = [[Dimitrios Diamantakos]] {{goal|09}}
|location = [[Kolkata]], [[India]]
|stadium = [[Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan]]
|attendance = 30015
|referee =
|result = L
|motm =
}}{{football box collapsible
|round = 11
|date = {{Start date|2024|02|03|df=y}}
|time = 19:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan SG]]
|score = 2–2
|report = https://www.indiansuperleague.com/matchcentre/62545
|team2 = [[East Bengal FC]]
|goals1 = [[Armando Sadiku]] {{goal|17}} [[Dimi Petratos]] {{goal|87}}
|goals2 = Ajay Chettri {{goal|03}} Cleiton Silva {{goal|55|pen}}
|location = [[Kolkata]], [[India]]
|stadium = [[Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan]]
|attendance = 57983
|referee =
|result =D
|motm =
}}{{football box collapsible
|round = 12
|date = {{Start date|2024|02|10|df=y}}
|time = 19:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan SG]]
|score = 2–0
|report = https://www.indiansuperleague.com/matchcentre/62551
|team2 = [[Hyderabad FC]]
|goals1 = Anirudh Thapa {{goal|12}} [[Jason Cummings]] {{goal|45+2}}
|goals2 =
|location = [[Kolkata]], [[India]]
|stadium = [[Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan]]
|attendance = 30899
|referee =
|result =W
|motm =
}}{{football box collapsible
|round = 13
|date = {{Start date|2024|02|14|df=y}}
|time = 19:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan SG]]
|score = 1–0
|report = https://www.indiansuperleague.com/matchcentre/62555
|team2 = [[FC Goa]]
|goals1 =
|goals2 = [[Dimi Petratos]] {{goal|74}}
|location = [[Margao]], [[India]]
|stadium = [[Fatorda Stadium]]
|attendance =
|referee =
|result =W
|motm =
}}{{football box collapsible
|round = 14
|date = {{Start date|2024|02|17|df=y}}
|time = 17:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan SG]]
|score = 4–2
|report = https://www.indiansuperleague.com/matchcentre/62558
|team2 = [[Northeast United FC]]
|goals1 = Liston Colaco {{goal|45+1}} Jason Cummings {{goal|45+4}} Dimi Petratos {{goal|53}} Sahal Abdul Samad {{goal|57}}
|goals2 = Tomi Juric {{goal|6|pen}} {{goal|50}}
|location = [[Kolkata]], [[India]]
|stadium = [[Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan]]
|attendance = 29888
|referee =
|result =W
|motm =
}}
{{football box collapsible
|round = 15
|date = {{Start date|2024|02|24|df=y}}
|time = 17:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = [[Odisha FC]]
|score = 0–0
|report = https://www.indiansuperleague.com/matchcentre/62564
|team2 = [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan SG]]
|goals1 =
|goals2 =
|location = [[Odisha]], [[India]]
|stadium = [[Kalinga Stadium]]
|attendance =
|referee =
|result = D
|motm =
}}
{{football box collapsible
|round = 16
|date = {{Start date|2024|03|01|df=y}}
|time = 19:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan SG]]
|score = 3–0
|report = https://www.indiansuperleague.com/matchcentre/62571
|team2 = [[Jamshedpur FC]]
|goals1 = [[Dimi Petratos]] {{goal|7}} [[Jason Cummings]] {{goal|68}} [[Armando Sadiku]] {{goal|80}}
|goals2 =
|location = [[Kolkata]], [[India]]
|stadium = [[Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan]]
|attendance = 31332
|referee =
|result =W
|motm =
}}
{{football box collapsible
|round = 17
|date = {{Start date|2024|03|10|df=y}}
|time = 19:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = [[East Bengal FC]]
|score = 1–3
|report = https://www.indiansuperleague.com/matchcentre/62580
|team2 = [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan SG]]
|goals1 = Saul Crespo {{goal|53}}
|goals2 = Jason Cummings {{goal|27}} Liston Colaco {{goal|36}} Dimi Petratos {{goal|45+3|pen}}
|location = [[Kolkata]], [[India]]
|stadium = [[Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan]]
|attendance =
|referee =
|result =W
|motm =
}}
{{football box collapsible
|round = 18
|date = {{Start date|2024|03|13|df=y}}
|time = 19:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = [[Kerala Blasters FC]]
|score = 3–4
|report = https://www.indiansuperleague.com/matchcentre/62583
|team2 = [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan SG]]
|goals1 = Vibin Mohanan {{goal|54}} [[Dimitrios Diamantakos]] {{goal|63||90+9}}
|goals2 = [[Armando Sadiku]] {{goal|4||60}} [[Deepak Tangri]] {{goal|68}} [[Jason Cummings]] {{goal|90+7}}
|location = [[Kochi]], [[India]]
|stadium = [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Kochi) ]]
|attendance =
|referee =
|result =W
|motm =
}}
{{football box collapsible
|round = 19
|date = {{Start date|2024|03|31|df=y}}
|time = 19:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan SG]]
|score = 2–3
|report = https://www.indiansuperleague.com/matchcentre/62587
|team2 = [[Chennaiyin FC]]
|goals1 = Joni Kauko {{goal|29}} Dimi Petratos {{goal|90+4|pen}}
|goals2 = Jordan David Murray {{goal|72}} Ryan Christopher Edwards {{goal|80}} Irfan Yadwad {{goal|90+7}}
|location = [[Kolkata]], [[India]]
|stadium = [[Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan]]
|attendance =
|referee =
|result =L
|motm =
}}
{{football box collapsible
|round = 20
|date = {{Start date|2024|04|06|df=y}}
|time = 17:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = [[Punjab FC]]
|score = 0–1
|report = https://www.indiansuperleague.com/matchcentre/62593
|team2 = [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan SG]]
|goals1 =
|goals2 = [[Dimi Petratos]] {{goal|42}}
|location = [[Delhi]], [[India]]
|stadium = [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Delhi) ]]
|attendance =
|referee =
|result =W
|motm =
}}
{{football box collapsible
|round = 21
|date = {{Start date|2024|04|11|df=y}}
|time = 19:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = [[Bengaluru FC]]
|score =0–4
|report =
|team2 = [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan SG]]
|goals1 =
|goals2 = Hector Yutse {{goal|17}} Manvir Singh {{goal|51}} Anirudh Thapa {{goal|54}} Armando Sadiku {{goal|59}}
|location = [[Bengaluru ]], [[India]]
|stadium = [[Sree Kanteerava Stadium]]
|attendance =
|referee =
|result =W
|motm =
}}
{{football box collapsible
|round = 22
|date = {{Start date|2024|04|14|df=y}}
|time = 19:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan SG]]
|score =2-1
|report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/27589
|team2 = [[Mumbai City FC]]
|goals1 = [[Liston Colaco]] {{goal|28}} [[Jason Cummings]]{{goal|80}}
|goals2 = Lallianzuala Chhangte {{goal|89}}
|location = [[Kolkata ]], [[India]]
|stadium = [[Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan]]
|attendance =
|referee =
|result =W
|motm =
}}

===ISL Playoffs===
{{main|2024 Indian Super League playoffs}}

====Semifinals====
{{football box collapsible
| round = Leg 1
| date = 23 April 2024
| time = 19:30 [[UTC+5:30]]/[[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Odisha FC|Odisha]]
| score = 2–1
| report = [https://www.indiansuperleague.com/matchcentre/63320 ISL] [https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/32581 AIFF] [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=32581 I-League]
| team2 = [[Mohun Bagan SG|Mohun Bagan]]
| goals1 =
*[[Carlos Delgado (footballer, born 1990)|Carlos]] {{Goal|11}}
*[[Roy Krishna|Krishna]] {{Goal|39}}
| goals2 =[[Manvir Singh (footballer, born 1995)|Manvir]] {{Goal|3}}
| stadium = [[Kalinga Stadium]]
| location = [[Bhubaneswar]]
| attendance = 9,417
| referee = Tejas Visvasrao Nagvenkar
|result=L
}}
{{football box collapsible
| round = Leg 2
| date = 28 April 2024
| time = 19:30 [[UTC+5:30]]/ [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Mohun Bagan SG|Mohun Bagan]]
| score = 2–0
| aggregatescore = 3–2
| aet =
| report =[https://www.indiansuperleague.com/matchcentre/63322 ISL] [https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/32627 AIFF] [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=32627 I-League]
| team2 = [[Odisha FC|Odisha]]
| goals1 =
*[[Jason Steven Cummings|Cummings]] {{Goal|22}}
*[[Sahal Abdul Samad|Samad]] {{Goal|90+3}}
| goals2 =
| stadium = [[Salt Lake Stadium|Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan]]
| location = [[Kolkata]]
| attendance = 62,007
| referee = Crystal John
|result=W
}}

====Final====
{{football box collapsible
| round = [[2024 Indian Super League final|Final]]
| date = 4 May 2024
| time = 19:30 [[UTC+5:30]]/[[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Mohun Bagan Super Giants|Mohun Bagan SG]]
| score = 1–3
| aet =
| report =[https://www.indiansuperleague.com/matchcentre/63330 ISL] [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid= I-League]
| team2 = [[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]
| goals1 = [[Jason Cummings|Cummings]] {{goal|44}}
| goals2 = [[Jorge Pereyra Díaz|Diáz]] {{goal|53}}
[[Bipin Singh Thounaojam|Bipin]] {{goal|81}}
[[Jakub Vojtuš|Vojtuš]] {{goal|90+7}}
| penalties1 =
|penaltyscore=
| penalties2 =
| stadium = [[Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan]]
| location = [[Kolkata]]
| attendance = 62,007
| result = L
| referee = R Venkatesh
}}

=== Super Cup ===
{{Main|2024 Indian Super Cup}}

==== Group Stage ====
{{:2024 Indian Super Cup group stage|transcludesection=Group A|showteam=MBG}}
{{football box collapsible
| round = 1
|id=SC_MBSGvSDFC
| date = {{Start date|2024|01|09|df=y}}
| time = 19:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan SG]]
| score = 2–1
| report =[https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=26069 Report]
| team2 = [[Sreenidi Deccan FC|Sreenidi Deccan]]
| goals1 =
*[[Jason Cummings|Cummings]] {{goal|40}}
*[[Armando Sadiku|Sadiku]] {{goal|72}}
| goals2 =
*[[William Alves (footballer, born 1991)|William Alves]] {{goal|30|pen.}}
|location=[[Bhubaneswar]]
|stadium=[[Kalinga Stadium|Kalinga Stadium Main Pitch]]
| attendance = 200
| motm = [[Asish Rai]]
| referee = Aditya Purkayastha
| result = W
}}
{{football box collapsible
| round = 1
|id=SC_MBSGvHFC
| date = {{Start date|2024|01|14|df=y}}
| time = 14:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan SG]]
| score = 2–1
| report =[https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=26075 Report]
| team2 = [[Hyderabad FC|Hyderabad]]
| goals1 =
*Zohminghlua {{goal|88|o.g.}}
*[[Dimitri Petratos|Petratos]] {{goal|90+2|pen.}}
| goals2 =
*[[Ramhlunchhunga]] {{goal|7}}
|location=[[Bhubaneswar]]
|stadium=[[Kalinga Stadium|Kalinga Pitch 1]]
| attendance = 200
| motm = [[Ramhlunchhunga]]
| referee = K Ramdasan
| result = W
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|id=SC_MBSGvEBFC
|date=19 January 2024
|round=3
|time=19:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan SG]]
|score= 1–3
|report=[https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=26083 Report]
|team2=[[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]
|goals1=
|goals2=
|location=[[Bhubaneshwar]]
|stadium=[[Kalinga Stadium|Kalinga Stadium Main Pitch]]
|referee=
|motm=
|attendance=
|result=L
}}

== Players statistics ==
=== Appearances ===
{{Updated|14 May 2024}}
Players with no appearances are not included in the list.
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; width:85%;"
|-
! style="background:#1A5026; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center;" rowspan="2"|{{Abbr|No.|Squad Number}}
! style="background:#7A1024; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center;" rowspan="2"|{{Abbr|Pos.|Position}}
! style="background:#1A5026; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center;" rowspan="2"|{{Tooltip|Nat.|Nationality}}
! style="background:#7A1024; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center; width:170px;" rowspan="2"|Name
! style="background:#1A5026; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center; width:86px;" colspan="2"|Durand Cup
! style="background:#7A1024; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center; width:86px;" colspan="2"|Indian Super League
! style="background:#1A5026; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center; width:86px;" colspan="2"|Super Cup
! style="background:#7A1024; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center; width:86px;" colspan="2"|CFL Premier Division
! style="background:#1A5026; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center; width:86px;" colspan="2"|AFC Cup
! style="background:#7A1024; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center; width:86px;" colspan="2"|Total
|-
!Apps!!Starts!!Apps!!Starts!!Apps!!Starts!!Apps!!Starts!!Apps!!Starts!!Apps!!Starts
|-
! colspan="16" |'''Goalkeepers'''
|-
| 1 || [[Goalkeeper (association football)|GK]] || {{flagicon|IND}} || [[Vishal Kaith]]
| 5 || 5
| 25 || 25
| colspan="4"| {{sort dash}}
| 7 || 7
! 37 !! 37
|-
| 23 || [[Goalkeeper (association football)|GK]] || {{flagicon|IND}} || Debnath Mondal
| colspan="4"| {{sort dash}}
| 0 || 0
| 3 || 2
| colspan="2"| {{sort dash}}
! 3 !! 2
|-
| 31 || [[Goalkeeper (association football)|GK]] || {{flagicon|IND}} || Arsh Anwer Shaikh
| 1 || 1
| 0 || 0
| 3 || 3
| 7 || 7
| 1 || 1
! 12 !! 12
|-
| 41 || [[Goalkeeper (association football)|GK]] || {{flagicon|IND}} || Syed Zahid Bukhari
| 0 || 0
| colspan="4"| {{sort dash}}
| 4 || 4
| 1 || 0
! 5 !! 4
|-
! colspan="16" |'''Defenders'''
|-
| 2 || [[Defender (association football)|LB]] || {{flagicon|IND}} ||[[Sumit Rathi]]
| 2 || 1
| 4 || 2
| 2 || 1
| 8 || 8
| 1 || 1
! 17 !! 13
|-
| 3 ||[[Defender (association football)|CB]] || {{flagicon|IND}} ||Raj Basfore
| 1 || 1
| 0 || 0
| 3 || 3
| 11 || 11
| 1 || 1
! 16 !! 16
|-
| 4 ||[[Defender (association football)|CB]] || {{flagicon|IND}} ||[[Anwar Ali (footballer, born 2000)|Anwar Ali]]
| 5 || 5
| 16 || 15
| colspan="4"| {{sort dash}}
| 5 || 5
! 26 !! 25
|-
| 5 ||[[Defender (association football)|CB]] || {{flagicon|AUS}} ||[[Brendan Hamill (soccer)|Brendan Hamill]]
| 4 || 2
| 14 || 9
| 2 || 2
| colspan="2"| {{sort dash}}
| 6 || 6
! 26 !! 19
|-
| 15 ||[[Defender (association football)|LB]] || {{flagicon|IND}} ||[[Subhasish Bose]]
| 5 || 5
| 25 || 25
| colspan="4"| {{sort dash}}
| 7 || 5
! 37 !! 35
|-
| 26 ||[[Defender (association football)|CB]] || {{flagicon|Spain}} ||[[Héctor Yuste]]
| 3 || 3
| 24 || 23
| 3 || 3
| colspan="2"| {{sort dash}}
| 6 || 6
! 36 !! 35
|-
| 28 ||[[Defender (association football)|DF]] || {{flagicon|IND}} ||N Rohen Singh
| colspan="4"| {{sort dash}}
| 0 || 0
| 4 || 4
| colspan="2"| {{sort dash}}
! 4 !! 4
|-
| 32 ||[[Defender (association football)|CB]] || {{flagicon|IND}} ||Dippendu Biswas
| 0 || 0
| 5 || 2
| 0 || 0
| 10 || 10
| colspan="2"| {{sort dash}}
! 15 !! 12
|-
| 36 ||[[Defender (association football)|LB]] || {{flagicon|IND}} ||[[Brijesh Giri]]
| 1 || 0
| colspan="4"| {{sort dash}}
| 7 || 2
| colspan="2"| {{sort dash}}
! 8 !! 2
|-
| 44 ||[[Defender (association football)|RB]] || {{flagicon|IND}} ||[[Asish Rai]]
| 3 || 3
| 18 || 10
| 3 || 3
| colspan="2"| {{sort dash}}
| 7 || 5
! 31 !! 21
|-
| 45 ||[[Defender (association football)|LB]] || {{flagicon|IND}} ||Amandeep Vrish Bhan
| 1 || 1
| 3 || 2
| colspan="2"| {{sort dash}}
| 11 || 11
| 1 || 1
! 16 !! 15
|-
| 77 ||[[Defender (association football)|RB]] || {{flagicon|IND}} || [[Ravi Rana]]
| 2 || 2
| 2 || 0
| 2 || 0
| 9 || 7
| 1 || 1
! 16 !! 10
|-
| 44 ||[[Defender (association football)|DF]] ||
{{flagicon|IND}}
| Arkaprabha Das
| colspan="6"| {{sort dash}}
| 1 || 0
| colspan="2"| {{sort dash}}
! 1 !! 0
|-
! colspan="16" |'''Midfielders'''
|-
| 7 ||[[Midfielder (association football)|CM]] || {{flagicon|IND}} ||[[Anirudh Thapa]]
| 23 || 17
| 4 || 4
| colspan="4"| {{sort dash}}
| 7 || 4
! 34 !! 25
|-
| 8 ||[[Midfielder (association football)|CM]] || {{flagicon|IND}} ||Sibajit Singh
| 0 || 0
| colspan="2"| {{sort dash}}
| 1 || 0
| 13 || 11
| colspan="2"| {{sort dash}}
! 14 !! 11
|-
| 9 ||[[Midfielder (association football)|AMF]] || {{flagicon|AUS}} ||[[Dimitri Petratos]]
| 5 || 2
| 23 || 21
| 3 || 3
| colspan="2"| {{sort dash}}
| 4 || 3
! 35 !! 29
|-
| 10 ||[[Midfielder (association football)|CM]] || {{flagicon|FRA}} ||[[Hugo Boumous]]
| 5 || 5
| 8 || 5
| 3 || 3
| colspan="2"| {{sort dash}}
| 7 || 7
! 23 !! 20
|-
| 13 ||[[Midfielder (association football)|AMF]] || {{flagicon|IND}} ||Thumsol Tongsin
| colspan="6"| {{sort dash}}
| 2 || 0
| colspan="2"| {{sort dash}}
! 2 !! 0
|-
| 14 ||[[Midfielder (association football)|CM]] || {{flagicon|IND}} ||[[Lalrinliana Hnamte]]
| 2 || 1
| 13 || 0
| 0 || 0
| 9 || 9
| 3 || 1
! 27 !! 11
|-
| 16 ||[[Midfielder (association football)|CM]] || {{flagicon|IND}} ||[[Abhishek Suryavanshi]]
| 2 || 2
| 12 || 9
| 2 || 2
| 8 || 6
| 1 || 1
! 27 !! 20
|-
| 18 ||[[Midfielder (association football)|AMF]] || {{flagicon|IND}} ||[[Sahal Abdul Samad]]
| 4 || 3
| 15 || 13
| colspan="4"| {{sort dash}}
| 7 || 6
! 26 !! 20
|-
| 22 ||[[Midfielder (association football)|DM]] || {{flagicon|IND}} ||[[Deepak Tangri]]
| colspan="2"| {{sort dash}}
| 18 || 13
| colspan="2"| {{sort dash}}
| 1 || 1
| 2 || 1
! 21 !! 15
|-
| 33 ||[[Midfielder (association football)|DM]] || {{flagicon|IND}} ||[[Glan Martins]]
| 4 || 2
| 8 || 4
| 2 || 2
| colspan="2"| {{sort dash}}
| 7 || 4
! 21 !! 12
|-
| 50 ||[[Midfielder (association football)|MF]] || {{flagicon|IND}} ||Satgougun Kipgen
| 1 || 0
| colspan="4"| {{sort dash}}
| 3 || 1
| colspan="2"| {{sort dash}}
! 4 !! 1
|-
! colspan="16" |'''Attackers'''
|-
| 9 ||[[Forward (association football)|CF]] || {{flagicon|IND}} ||Akash Mondal
| colspan="6"| {{sort dash}}
| 2 || 0
| colspan="2"| {{sort dash}}
! 2 !! 0
|-
| 10 ||[[Forward (association football)|RW]] || {{flagicon|IND}} ||Taison Singh
| 1 || 1
| colspan="2"| {{sort dash}}
| 1 || 0
| 13 || 11
| 1 || 1
! 16 !! 13
|-
| 11 ||[[Forward (association football)|CF]] || {{flagicon|IND}} ||[[Manvir Singh (footballer, born 1995)|Manvir Singh]]
| 6 || 4
| 23 || 19
| colspan="4"| {{sort dash}}
| 5 || 2
! 34 !! 25
|-
| 13 ||[[Forward (association football)|RW]] || {{flagicon|IND}} ||[[Ningomba Engson Singh]]
| 1 || 0
| 0 || 0
| 2 || 0
| 9 || 5
| 1 || 1
! 13 !! 6
|-
| 15 ||[[Forward (association football)|CF]] || {{flagicon|IND}} ||[[Shubho Paul]]
| colspan="6"| {{sort dash}}
| 2 || 0
| colspan="2"| {{sort dash}}
! 2 !! 0
|-
| 17 ||[[Midfielder (association football)|LW]] || {{flagicon|IND}} ||[[Liston Colaco]]
| 6 || 3
| 19 || 16
| colspan="4"| {{sort dash}}
| 7 || 5
! 32 !! 24
|-
| 18 ||[[Forward (association football)|ST]] || {{flagicon|IND}} ||Vian Vinay Murgod
| colspan="6"| {{sort dash}}
| 8 || 4
| colspan="2"| {{sort dash}}
! 8 !! 4
|-
| 19 ||[[Midfielder (association football)|LW]] || {{flagicon|IND}} ||[[Ashique Kuruniyan]]
| 4 || 3
| colspan="6"| {{sort dash}}
| 2 || 1
! 6 !! 4
|-
| 24 ||[[Forward (association football)|ST]] || {{flagicon|IND}} ||Anup Singh
| colspan="6"| {{sort dash}}
| 1 || 0
| colspan="2"| {{sort dash}}
! 1 !! 0
|-
| 27 ||[[Forward (association football)|CF]] || {{flagicon|IND}} ||Md. Fardin Ali Molla
| 1 || 0
| 0 || 0
| colspan="2"| {{sort dash}}
| 13 || 5
| 1 || 0
! 15 !! 5
|-
| 35 ||[[Forward (association football)|CF]] || {{flagicon|AUS}} ||[[Jason Cummings]]
| 4 || 2
| 23 || 16
| 3 || 2
| colspan="2"| {{sort dash}}
| 7 || 6
! 37 !! 26
|-
| 72 ||[[Forward (association football)|CF]] || {{flagicon|IND}} ||[[Suhail Bhat]]
| 3 || 2
| 7 || 0
| 3 || 1
| 10 || 9
| 2 || 1
! 25 !! 13
|-
| 99 ||[[Forward (association football)|CF]] || {{flagicon|ALB}} ||[[Armando Sadiku]]
| 4 || 3
| 22 || 12
| 2 || 2
| colspan="2"| {{sort dash}}
| 7 || 5
! 35 !! 22
|-
| 11 ||[[Forward (association football)|CF]] || {{flagicon|IND}} ||Uttam Hansda
| colspan="6"| {{sort dash}}
| 3 || 0
| colspan="2"| {{sort dash}}
! 3 !! 0
|-
| 10 ||[[Forward (association football)|ST]] || {{flagicon|IND}} ||Serto Kom
| colspan="6"| {{sort dash}}
| 2 || 0
| colspan="2"| {{sort dash}}
! 2 !! 0
|-
! colspan="16" |'''Players who left the club during the season'''
|-
| 40 ||[[Midfielder (association football)|LW]] || {{flagicon|IND}} ||[[Nongdamba Naorem]]
| 0 || 0
| colspan="4"| {{sort dash}}
| 9 || 9
| colspan="2"| {{sort dash}}
! 9 !! 9
|}

=== Goalscorers ===
{{As of|2024|May|04}}
{|class="wikitable" margin-left:1em;float:center
!style="background:#1A5026; color:white; text-align:center;"|Pos
!style="background:#7A1024; color:white; text-align:center;"|Name
!style="background:#1A5026; color:white; text-align:center;"|CFL
!style="background:#7A1024; color:white; text-align:center;"|Durand Cup
!style="background:#1A5026; color:white; text-align:center;"|AFC Cup
!style="background:#7A1024; color:white; text-align:center;"|ISL
!style="background:#1A5026; color:white; text-align:center;"|Super Cup
!style="background:#7A1024; color:white; text-align:center;"|Total
|-
|rowspan="1"style="text-align:center"|1
|{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Jason Cummings]]
|style="text-align:center"|0
|style="text-align:center"|2
|style="text-align:center"|4
|style="text-align:center"|12
|style="text-align:center"|1
|style="text-align:center"|'''19'''
|-
|rowspan="1"style="text-align:center"|2
|{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Dimitri Petratos]]
|style="text-align:center"|0
|style="text-align:center"|1
|style="text-align:center"|3
|style="text-align:center"|10
|style="text-align:center"|1
|style="text-align:center"|'''15'''
|-
|rowspan="1"style="text-align:center"|3
|{{flagicon|ALB}} [[Armando Sadiku]]
|style="text-align:center"|0
|style="text-align:center"|1
|style="text-align:center"|1
|style="text-align:center"|8
|style="text-align:center"|1
|style="text-align:center"|'''11'''
|-
|rowspan="1"style="text-align:center" |4
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Suhail Bhat]]
|style="text-align:center"|8
|style="text-align:center"|1
|style="text-align:center"|0
|style="text-align:center"|0
|style="text-align:center"|1
|style="text-align:center"|'''9'''
|-
| style="text-align:center" |5
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Liston Colaco]]
|style="text-align:center"|0
|style="text-align:center"|1
|style="text-align:center"|2
|style="text-align:center"|4
|style="text-align:center"|0
|style="text-align:center"|'''7'''
|-
| style="text-align:center"|6
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Manvir Singh (footballer, born 1995)|Manvir Singh]]
|style="text-align:center"|0
|style="text-align:center"|2
|style="text-align:center"|0
|style="text-align:center"|4
|style="text-align:center"|0
|style="text-align:center"|'''6'''
|-
| style="text-align:center" |7
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Kiyan Nassiri]]
| style="text-align:center" |2
| style="text-align:center" |1
| style="text-align:center" |1
| style="text-align:center" |1
| style="text-align:center" |0
| style="text-align:center" |'''5'''
|-
| style="text-align:center" |8
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Lalrinliana Hnamte]]
| style="text-align:center" |3
| style="text-align:center" |1
| style="text-align:center" |0
| style="text-align:center" |0
| style="text-align:center" |0
| style="text-align:center" |'''4'''
|-
| rowspan="6" style="text-align:center" |9
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Anwar Ali (footballer, born 2000)|Anwar Ali]]
|style="text-align:center"|0
|style="text-align:center"|1
|style="text-align:center"|2
|style="text-align:center"|0
|style="text-align:center"|0
|style="text-align:center"|'''3'''
|-
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Nongdamba Naorem]]
|style="text-align:center"|3
|style="text-align:center"|0
|style="text-align:center"|0
|style="text-align:center"|0
|style="text-align:center"|0
|style="text-align:center"|'''3'''
|-
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Sahal Abdul Samad]]
| style="text-align:center" |0
| style="text-align:center" |0
| style="text-align:center" |1
| style="text-align:center" |2
| style="text-align:center" |0
| style="text-align:center" |'''3'''
|-
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Ningomba Engson Singh]]
|style="text-align:center"|3
|style="text-align:center"|0
|style="text-align:center"|0
|style="text-align:center"|0
|style="text-align:center"|0
|style="text-align:center"|'''3'''
|-
|{{flagicon|IND}} Taison Singh
|style="text-align:center"|3
|style="text-align:center"|0
|style="text-align:center"|0
|style="text-align:center"|0
|style="text-align:center"|0
|style="text-align:center"|'''3'''
|-
|{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Hugo Boumous]]
|style="text-align:center"|0
|style="text-align:center"|1
|style="text-align:center"|1
|style="text-align:center"|1
|style="text-align:center"|0
|style="text-align:center"|'''3'''
|-
| rowspan="6" |10
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Deepak Tangri]]
| style="text-align:center" |0
| style="text-align:center" |0
| style="text-align:center" |0
| style="text-align:center" |2
| style="text-align:center" |0
| style="text-align:center" |'''2'''
|-
|{{flagicon|IND}} Md. Fardin Ali Molla
|style="text-align:center"|2
|style="text-align:center"|0
|style="text-align:center"|0
|style="text-align:center"|0
|style="text-align:center"|0
|style="text-align:center"|'''2'''
|-
|{{flagicon|IND}} Vian Vinay Murgod
|style="text-align:center"|2
|style="text-align:center"|0
|style="text-align:center"|0
|style="text-align:center"|0
|style="text-align:center"|0
|style="text-align:center"|'''2'''
|-
|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Héctor Yuste]]
| style="text-align:center" |0
| style="text-align:center" |0
| style="text-align:center" |0
| style="text-align:center" |1
| style="text-align:center" |1
| style="text-align:center" |'''2'''
|-
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Anirudh Thapa]]
| style="text-align:center" |0
| style="text-align:center" |0
| style="text-align:center" |0
| style="text-align:center" |2
| style="text-align:center" |0
| style="text-align:center" |'''2'''
|-
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Ashish Rai]]
|style="text-align:center"|0
|style="text-align:center"|0
|style="text-align:center"|1
|style="text-align:center"|1
|style="text-align:center"|0
|style="text-align:center"|'''2'''
|-
| rowspan="7" style="text-align:center" |11
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Sumit Rathi]]
|style="text-align:center"|1
|style="text-align:center"|0
|style="text-align:center"|0
|style="text-align:center"|0
|style="text-align:center"|0
|style="text-align:center"|'''1'''
|-
|{{flagicon|IND}} Raj Basfore
|style="text-align:center"|1
|style="text-align:center"|0
|style="text-align:center"|0
|style="text-align:center"|0
|style="text-align:center"|0
|style="text-align:center"|'''1'''
|-
|{{flagicon|IND}} Dippendu Biswas
|style="text-align:center"|1
|style="text-align:center"|0
|style="text-align:center"|0
|style="text-align:center"|0
|style="text-align:center"|0
|style="text-align:center"|'''1'''
|-
|{{flagicon|IND}} Rohen Singh
|style="text-align:center"|1
|style="text-align:center"|0
|style="text-align:center"|0
|style="text-align:center"|0
|style="text-align:center"|0
|style="text-align:center"|'''1'''
|-
|{{flagicon|FIN}} [[Joni Kauko]]
|style="text-align:center"|0
|style="text-align:center"|0
|style="text-align:center"|0
|style="text-align:center"|1
|style="text-align:center"|0
|style="text-align:center"|'''1'''
|-
|{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Brendan Hamill (soccer)|Brendan Hamill]]
|style="text-align:center"|0
|style="text-align:center"|0
|style="text-align:center"|0
|style="text-align:center"|1
|style="text-align:center"|0
|style="text-align:center"|'''1'''
|-
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Subhasish Bose]]
|style="text-align:center"|0
|style="text-align:center"|0
|style="text-align:center"|0
|style="text-align:center"|1
|style="text-align:center"|0
|style="text-align:center"|'''1'''
|}

=== Clean sheets ===
{{As of|2024|May|04}}
{|class="wikitable" margin-left:1em;float:center
!style="background:#1A5026; color:white; text-align:center;"|Pos
!style="background:#7A1024; color:white; text-align:center;"|Name
!style="background:#1A5026; color:white; text-align:center;"|CFL
!style="background:#7A1024; color:white; text-align:center;"|Durand Cup
!style="background:#1A5026; color:white; text-align:center;"|AFC Cup
!style="background:#7A1024; color:white; text-align:center;"|ISL
!style="background:#1A5026; color:white; text-align:center;"|Super Cup
!style="background:#7A1024; color:white; text-align:center;"|Total
|-
|rowspan="1"style="text-align:center"|1
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Vishal Kaith]]
|style="text-align:center"|0
|style="text-align:center"|2
|style="text-align:center"|1
|style="text-align:center"|9
|style="text-align:center"|0
|style="text-align:center"|'''12'''
|-
|rowspan="1"style="text-align:center"|2
|{{flagicon|IND}} Arsh Anwer Shaikh
|style="text-align:center"|2
|style="text-align:center"|1
|style="text-align:center"|0
|style="text-align:center"|0
|style="text-align:center"|0
|style="text-align:center"|'''3'''
|-
|rowspan="1"style="text-align:center"|3
|{{flagicon|IND}} Syed Zahid Bukhari
|style="text-align:center"|1
|style="text-align:center"|0
|style="text-align:center"|0
|style="text-align:center"|0
|style="text-align:center"|0
|style="text-align:center"|'''1'''
|-
|}

=== Assists ===
{{As of|2024|May|04}}
{|class="wikitable" margin-left:1em;float:center
!style="background:#1A5026; color:white; text-align:center;"|Pos
!style="background:#7A1024; color:white; text-align:center;"|Name
!style="background:#1A5026; color:white; text-align:center;"|Durand Cup
!style="background:#7A1024; color:white; text-align:center;"|AFC Cup Qualifiers
!style="background:#1A5026; color:white; text-align:center;"|AFC Cup
!style="background:#7A1024; color:white; text-align:center;"|ISL
!style="background:#1A5026; color:white; text-align:center;"|Super Cup
!style="background:#7A1024; color:white; text-align:center;"|Total
|-
|rowspan="1"style="text-align:center"|1
|{{flagicon|AUS}}[[Dimitri Petratos]]
|style="text-align:center"|0
|style="text-align:center"|2
|style="text-align:center"|1
|style="text-align:center"|7
|style="text-align:center"|1
|style="text-align:center"|'''11'''
|-
|rowspan="1"style="text-align:center"|2
|{{flagicon|IND}}[[Manvir Singh (footballer, born 1995)|Manvir Singh]]
|style="text-align:center"|1
|style="text-align:center"|0
|style="text-align:center"|2
|style="text-align:center"|7
|style="text-align:center"|0
|style="text-align:center"|'''10'''
|-
|rowspan="2"style="text-align:center"|3
|{{flagicon|IND}}[[Sahal Abdul Samad]]
|style="text-align:center"|0
|style="text-align:center"|0
|style="text-align:center"|1
|style="text-align:center"|4
|style="text-align:center"|0
|style="text-align:center"|'''5'''
|-
|{{flagicon|IND}}[[Liston Colaco]]
|style="text-align:center"|1
|style="text-align:center"|0
|style="text-align:center"|0
|style="text-align:center"|4
|style="text-align:center"|0
|style="text-align:center"|'''5'''
|-
|rowspan="3"style="text-align:center"|4
|{{flagicon|IND}}[[Joni Kauko]]
|style="text-align:center"|0
|style="text-align:center"|0
|style="text-align:center"|0
|style="text-align:center"|4
|style="text-align:center"|0
|style="text-align:center"|'''4'''
|-
|{{flagicon|AUS}}[[Jason Cummings]]
|style="text-align:center"|1
|style="text-align:center"|0
|style="text-align:center"|1
|style="text-align:center"|2
|style="text-align:center"|0
|style="text-align:center"|'''4'''
|-
|{{flagicon|FRA}}[[Hugo Boumous]]
|style="text-align:center"|1
|style="text-align:center"|1
|style="text-align:center"|2
|style="text-align:center"|0
|style="text-align:center"|0
|style="text-align:center"|'''4'''
|-
|-
|rowspan="7"style="text-align:center"|5
|{{flagicon|ESP}}[[Héctor Yuste]]
|style="text-align:center"|0
|style="text-align:center"|0
|style="text-align:center"|0
|style="text-align:center"|1
|style="text-align:center"|0
|style="text-align:center"|'''1'''
|-
|{{flagicon|IND}}[[Kiyan Nassiri]]
|style="text-align:center"|0
|style="text-align:center"|0
|style="text-align:center"|0
|style="text-align:center"|1
|style="text-align:center"|0
|style="text-align:center"|'''1'''
|-
|{{flagicon|ALB}}[[Armando Sadiku]]
|style="text-align:center"|0
|style="text-align:center"|0
|style="text-align:center"|0
|style="text-align:center"|1
|style="text-align:center"|0
|style="text-align:center"|'''1'''
|-
|{{flagicon|AUS}}[[Brendan Hamill (soccer)|Brendan Hamill]]
|style="text-align:center"|0
|style="text-align:center"|0
|style="text-align:center"|0
|style="text-align:center"|1
|style="text-align:center"|0
|style="text-align:center"|'''1'''
|-
|{{flagicon|IND}}[[Ashique Kuruniyan]]
|style="text-align:center"|1
|style="text-align:center"|0
|style="text-align:center"|0
|style="text-align:center"|0
|style="text-align:center"|0
|style="text-align:center"|'''1'''
|-
|{{flagicon|IND}}[[Asish Rai]]
|style="text-align:center"|0
|style="text-align:center"|0
|style="text-align:center"|0
|style="text-align:center"|0
|style="text-align:center"|1
|style="text-align:center"|'''1'''
|-
|{{flagicon|IND}}[[Anwar Ali (footballer, born 2000)|Anwar Ali]]
|style="text-align:center"|0
|style="text-align:center"|0
|style="text-align:center"|0
|style="text-align:center"|1
|style="text-align:center"|0
|style="text-align:center"|'''1'''
|-
|}

=== Hattricks ===
{{As of|2023|August|27}}
{|class="wikitable"
!style="background:#1A5026; color:white; text-align:center;"| Player
!style="background:#7A1024; color:white; text-align:center;"|Against
!style="background:#1A5026; color:white; text-align:center;"|Result
!style="background:#7A1024; color:white; text-align:center;"|Date
!style="background:#1A5026; color:white; text-align:center;"|Competition
|-
|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[Lalrinliana Hnamte]]
|[[Tollygunge Agragami FC|Tollygunge Agragami]]
|style="text-align:center"|1–5
|12 July 2023
|[[2023 CFL Premier Division]]
|-
|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[Suhail Bhat]]
|[[Dalhousie AC|Dalhousie]]
|style="text-align:center"|5–2
|16 July 2023
|[[2023 CFL Premier Division]]
|}

== Youth team ==
{{Main|Mohun Bagan SG Youth and Academy{{!}}Mohun Bagan Super Giant Reserves and Academy}}

===U13===
====AIFF Sub Junior League 2023–24====

{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|update=complete
|section=League table
|source=[https://www.the-aiff.com/competitions/sub-junior-league AIFF]
|show_groups=no
|showteam=MB

|team1= EBFC
|team2= BMCS
|team3= MB
|team4= BFA
|team5= MOH
|team6= UTD
|result2=Q |result1=Q
|col_Q=green2 |text_Q = Next round


|win_MB=5 |draw_MB=2 |loss_MB=3 |gf_MB=32 |ga_MB=22 |status_MB= 
|win_EBFC=8 |draw_EBFC=1 |loss_EBFC=1 |gf_EBFC=56 |ga_EBFC=24 |status_EBFC= 
|win_BMCS= 8 |draw_BMCS=0 |loss_BMCS= 2 |gf_BMCS=50 |ga_BMCS=22 |status_BMCS= 
|win_MOH=2 |draw_MOH=0 |loss_MOH=8 |gf_MOH= 22 |ga_MOH= 58 |status_= 
|win_BFA=4 |draw_BFA=1 |loss_BFA=5 |gf_BFA=27 |ga_BFA=33 |status_BFA= 
|win_UTD=1 |draw_UTD=0 |loss_UTD=9 |gf_UTD=18 |ga_UTD= 46 |status_RFC= 




|name_EBFC= [[East Bengal FC Reserves and Academy|East Bengal FC]]
|name_MOH= [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan SC]]
|name_BMCS= BIDHANNAGAR MUNICIPAL SA
|name_UTD=[[United SC]]
|name_BFA= Bengal FA
|name_MB= [[Mohun Bagan SG Youth and Academy|Mohun Bagan]]


}}</onlyinclude>

===U15===
====AIFF Junior League 2023–24====
=====Zonal Round, Group B=====
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|update=complete
|section=League table
|source=[https://www.the-aiff.com/competitions/junior-league AIFF]
|show_groups=no
|showteam=MB

|team1=BFA
|team2= MB
|team3=BMCS
|team4= UTD
|team5= EBFC
|team6= MOH
|result2=Q |result1=Q
|col_Q=green2 |text_Q = Next round


|win_MB=7 |draw_MB=2 |loss_MB=1 |gf_MB=18 |ga_MB=4 |status_MB= 
|win_EBFC=3 |draw_EBFC=1 |loss_EBFC=6 |gf_EBFC=12 |ga_EBFC=16 |status_EBFC= 
|win_BMCS= 5 |draw_BMCS=1 |loss_BMCS= 4 |gf_BMCS=16 |ga_BMCS=20 |status_BMCS= 
|win_MOH=0 |draw_MOH=1 |loss_MOH=9 |gf_MOH= 7 |ga_MOH= 28 |status_= 
|win_BFA=7 |draw_BFA=3 |loss_BFA=0 |gf_BFA=24 |ga_BFA=3 |status_BFA= 
|win_UTD=4 |draw_UTD=0 |loss_UTD=6 |gf_UTD=13 |ga_UTD= 19 |status_RFC= 




|name_EBFC= [[East Bengal FC Reserves and Academy|East Bengal FC]]
|name_MOH= [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan SC]]
|name_BMCS= BIDHANNAGAR MUNICIPAL SA
|name_UTD=[[United SC]]
|name_BFA= Bengal FA
|name_MB= [[Mohun Bagan SG Youth and Academy|Mohun Bagan]]


}}</onlyinclude>

=====Final Group D=====
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|update=complete
|section=League table
|source=[https://www.the-aiff.com/competitions/junior-league AIFF]
|show_groups=no
|showteam=MB

|team3=BFA
|team2= MB
|team4=CFC
|team1= PUN
|result2=Q |result1=Q
|col_Q=green2 |text_Q = Next round


|win_MB=2 |draw_MB= |loss_MB=1 |gf_MB=7 |ga_MB=4 |status_MB= 
|win_PUN=3 |draw_PUN= |loss_PUN= |gf_PUN=8 |ga_PUN=2 |status_PUN= 
|win_CFC= |draw_CFC= |loss_CFC=3 |gf_CFC=1 |ga_CFC=11 |status_CFC= 
|win_BFA=1 |draw_BFA= |loss_BFA=2 |gf_BFA=4 |ga_BFA=3 |status_BFA= 




|name_BFA= Bengal FA
|name_MB= [[Mohun Bagan SG Youth and Academy|Mohun Bagan]]
|name_PUN=[[Punjab FC Reserves and Academy]]
|name_CFC=[[Corbett FC]]


}}</onlyinclude>

===== Knockout Stage =====
{{football box collapsible
|round = FR1
|date = {{Start date|2024|05|21|df=y}}
|time = {{UTZ|7:00|5:30}}
|team2 = [[Mohun Bagan SG Youth and Academy|Mohun Bagan u15]]
|score = 5-1
|team1 = Football 4 Change Academy u15
|goals1 = *Kamgouhao Doungel{{goal|18||37||57|}}
*Chonminngam Khongsai{{goal|82||90+6|}}
|goals2 = Rintu Malik {{goal|72}}
|location = [[Ludhiana]], [[India]]
|stadium = [[Guru Nanak Stadium]]
|result = L
}}

===U17===
{{main|2023–24 Indian Youth League}}
{{Fs start}}
{{Fs player|no=1|nat=IND|pos=GK|name=Aditya Dey}}
{{Fs player|no=31|nat=IND|pos=GK|name=Rohon Patra}}
{{Fs player|no=51|nat=IND|pos=GK|name= Nandan Roy }}
{{Fs player|no=2|nat=IND|pos=DF|name= Showmik Dey }}
{{Fs player|no=3|nat=IND|pos=DF|name= Snehmoy Bhumij }}
{{Fs player|no=4|nat=IND|pos=DF|name= Joy Das }}
{{Fs player|no=5|nat=IND|pos=DF|name= Jayanta Mondal }}
{{Fs player|no=17|nat=IND|pos=DF|name= Pabitra Mandi }}
{{Fs player|no=19|nat=IND|pos=DF|name= Pradip singh }}
{{Fs player|no=20|nat=IND|pos=DF|name= Sagun Marndi }}
{{Fs player|no=21|nat=IND|pos=DF|name= Rupam Naskar }}
{{Fs mid}}
{{Fs player|no=6|nat=IND|pos=MF|name= Suraj Soren }}
{{Fs player|no=7|nat=IND|pos=MF|name= Sainak Ghosh }}
{{Fs player|no=8|nat=IND|pos=MF|name= Samir Balmiki }}
{{Fs player|no=11|nat=IND|pos=MF|name= Keshab Khatik }}
{{Fs player|no=12|nat=IND|pos=MF|name= Sahil Kar }}
{{Fs player|no=18|nat=IND|pos=MF|name= Pabitra Biswas }}
{{Fs player|no=23|nat=IND|pos=MF|name= Irfan Sekh }}
{{Fs player|no=27|nat=IND|pos=MF|name= Dev Mal }}
{{Fs player|no=9|nat=IND|pos=FW|name= Pritam Gain }}
{{Fs player|no=14|nat=IND|pos=FW|name= Aditya Halder }}
{{Fs player|no=15|nat=IND|pos=FW|name= Samim SK }}
{{Fs player|no=22|nat=IND|pos=FW|name= Akash Singh }}
{{Fs end}}

=== Group B ===
{{:2023-24 Indian Youth League|transcludesection=Group B|showteam=MBSG}}

==== Group Stage ====
{{football box collapsible
|round = 1
|date = {{Start date|2023|12|13|df=y}}
|time = {{UTZ|8:00|5:30}}
|team1 = [[Mohun Bagan SG Youth and Academy|Mohun Bagan u17]]
|score = 1–0
|team2 = [[United SC | United SC u17]]
|goals1 = Pritam Gain {{goal|54}}
|goals2 =
|location = [[Kolkata]], [[India]]
|stadium = [[Mohun Bagan Ground]]
|result = W
}}
{{football box collapsible
|round = 2
|date = {{Start date|2023|12|16|df=y}}
|time = {{UTZ|11:00|5:30}}
|team1 = [[Mohun Bagan SG Youth and Academy|Mohun Bagan u17]]
|score = 3–0
|team2 = [[East Bengal FC Reserves and Academy|East Bengal u17]]
|goals1 =
|goals2 =
|location = [[Kolkata]], [[India]]
|stadium = [[Mohun Bagan Ground]]
|result = W
}}
{{football box collapsible
|round = 3
|date = {{Start date|2023|12|20|df=y}}
|time = {{UTZ|12:00|5:30}}
|team1 = Odisha Football Academy
|score = 0–3
|team2 = [[Mohun Bagan SG Youth and Academy|Mohun Bagan u17]]
|goals1 =
|goals2 =*Sahil Kar {{goal|50}}
*Rupam Naskar {{goal|61}}
*Pritam Gain {{goal|70}}

|location = [[Odisha]], [[India]]
|stadium =
|result =W
}}
{{football box collapsible
|round = 4
|date = {{Start date|2023|12|23|df=y}}
|time = {{UTZ|14:30|5:30}}
|team1 = [[Odisha FC Reserves and Academy|Odisha FC u17]]
|score = 0–2
|team2 = [[Mohun Bagan SG Youth and Academy|Mohun Bagan u17]]
|goals1 =
|goals2 = *Akash Singh{{goal|54}}
*Dev Mal{{goal|83}}
|location = [[Odisha]], [[India]]
|stadium = Capital Ground
|result = W
}}
{{football box collapsible
|round = 5
|date = {{Start date|2024|1|4|df=y}}
|time = {{UTZ|11:00|5:30}}
|team1 = [[Mohun Bagan SG Youth and Academy|Mohun Bagan u17]]
|score = 1–0
|team2 = [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan SC u17]]
|goals1 = *Pritam Gain {{goal|31}}
|goals2 =
|location = [[Kolkata]], [[India]]
|stadium = [[Mohun Bagan Ground]]
|result = W
}}
{{football box collapsible
|round = 6
|date = {{Start date|2024|1|7|df=y}}
|time = {{UTZ|11:00|5:30}}
|team1 = [[Mohun Bagan SG Youth and Academy|Mohun Bagan u17]]
|score = 2–0
|team2 = Odisha Football Academy
|goals1 =*Dev Mal{{goal|7}}
*Sujay Soren{{goal|90+1}}
|goals2 =
|location = [[Kolkata]], [[India]]
|stadium = [[Mohun Bagan Ground]]
|result = W
}}
{{football box collapsible
|round = 7
|date = {{Start date|2024|1|9|df=y}}
|time = {{UTZ|13:30|5:30}}
|team1 = [[East Bengal FC Reserves and Academy|East Bengalu17]]
|score = 0–0
|team2 = [[Mohun Bagan SG Youth and Academy|Mohun Bagan u17]]
|goals1 =
|goals2 =
|location = [[West Bengal]], [[India]]
|stadium = Eastbengal Ground
|result = D
}}
{{football box collapsible
|round = 8
|date = {{Start date|2024|1|14|df=y}}
|time = {{UTZ|14:30|5:30}}
|team1 = [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan SC u17]]
|score = 0–1
|team2 = [[Mohun Bagan SG Youth and Academy|Mohun Bagan u17]]
|goals1 =
|goals2 = Akash Singh{{goal|45+3}}
|location = [[West Bengal]], [[India]]
|stadium = Mhommedan sc Ground
|result = W
}}
{{football box collapsible
|round = 9
|date = {{Start date|2024|1|17|df=y}}
|time = {{UTZ|11:00|5:30}}
|team1 = [[Mohun Bagan SG Youth and Academy|Mohun Bagan u17]]
|score = 3–0
|team2 = [[Odisha FC Reserves and Academy|Odisha FC u17]]
|goals1 = *Aditya Halder{{goal|30}}
*Akash Singh{{goal|61}}
*Pritam Gain{{goal|86}}
|goals2 =
|location = [[Kolkata]], [[India]]
|stadium = [[Mohun Bagan Ground]]
|result = W
}}
{{football box collapsible
|round = 10
|date = {{Start date|2024|1|20|df=y}}
|time = {{UTZ|14:30|5:30}}
|team1 = [[United SC | United SC u17]]
|score = 2–0
|team2 = [[Mohun Bagan SG Youth and Academy|Mohun Bagan u17]]
|goals2 =
|goals1 = *Shohel Mondal {{goal|24}}
*Joy Deep Bogi{{goal|40}}
|location = [[West Bengal]], [[India]]
|stadium = Kalyani Stadium
|result = L
}}

=== Final Group A ===
{{:2023-24 Indian Youth League|transcludesection=Final Group A|showteam=MBSG}}

==== Group Stage ====
{{football box collapsible
|round = FR1
|date = {{Start date|2024|05|14|df=y}}
|time = {{UTZ|7:30|5:30}}
|team2 = [[Mohun Bagan SG Youth and Academy|Mohun Bagan u17]]
|score = 3-3
|team1 = [[Rajasthan United FC| Rajasthan United FC u17]]
|goals1 = *Donboklang Kharjana{{goal|40}}
*Shougrakpam Narendra Singh{{goal|55}}
*Roman Mra{{goal|64}}
|goals2 = Akash Singh {{goal|19||28||43}}
|location = [[Vasco da Gama, Goa|Vasco da Gama]], [[India]]
|stadium = [[Tilak Maidan]]
|result = D
}}
{{football box collapsible
|round = FR2
|date = {{Start date|2024|05|16|df=y}}
|time = {{UTZ|16:30|5:30}}
|team1 = [[Mohun Bagan SG Youth and Academy|Mohun Bagan u17]]
|score = 0-2
|team2 = [[Sudeva Delhi FC| Sudeva Delhi FC u17]]
|goals1 =
|goals2 = *Sumit {{goal|44}}
*Md Mahmad Sami {{goal|80}}
|location = [[Vasco da Gama, Goa|Vasco da Gama]], [[India]]
|stadium = [[Tilak Maidan]]
|result = L
}}
{{football box collapsible
|round = FR3
|date = {{Start date|2024|05|18|df=y}}
|time = {{UTZ|7:30|5:30}}
|team1 = [[Mohun Bagan SG Youth and Academy|Mohun Bagan u17]]
|score = 2-2
|team2 = [[Punjab FC| Punjab FC u17]]
|goals1 =*Akash Singh{{goal|30||71||}}
|goals2 =*Vikash Kisku{{goal|39}}
*Vishal Yadav{{goal|45}}
|location = [[Vasco da Gama, Goa|Vasco da Gama]], [[India]]
|stadium = [[Tilak Maidan]]
|result = D
}}

=== Top Goalscorers ===
{{As of|2024|May|20}}
{|class="wikitable" margin-left:1em;float:center
!style="background:#1A5026; color:white; text-align:center;"|Pos
!style="background:#7A1024; color:white; text-align:center;"|Name
!style="background:#1A5026; color:white; text-align:center;"|Goal
|-
|1
|'''Akash Singh'''
|'''8'''
|-
|2
|Pritam Gain
|4
|-
|rowspan="1"|3
|Dev Mal
|2
|-
|rowspan="4"|4
|Sahil Kar
|1
|-
|Rupan Naskar
|1
|-
|Aditya Halder
|1
|-
|Sujoy Soren
|1
|}

=== Top Cleansheets ===
{{As of|2024|MARCH|8}}
{|class="wikitable" margin-left:1em;float:center
!style="background:#1A5026; color:white; text-align:center;"|Pos
!style="background:#7A1024; color:white; text-align:center;"|Name
!style="background:#1A5026; color:white; text-align:center;"|Cleen sheets
|-
|1
|Nandan Roy
|7
|}

===U21===
===CFL Premier Division===
{{Main|2023 CFL Premier Division}}

====Round 1====
{{:2023 CFL Premier Division|transcludesection=Group A|showteam=MBG}}
{{football box collapsible
|round = Match 1
|date = {{Start date|2023|7|5|df=y}}
|time = 15.30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team2 = [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan SG]]
|score = 1–3
|report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=19380
|team1 = Pathachakra
|goals2 = * [[Sumit Rathi|Rathi]] {{goal|11}}
* [[Ningomba Engson Singh|Engson]] {{goal|20}}
* [[Loitongbam Taison Singh|Taison]] {{goal|90}}
|goals1 = Surajit {{goal|90+4}}
|location = [[Naihati]], [[India]]
|stadium = [[Bankimanjali Stadium]]
|attendance = 2000
|referee = Dipu Roy
|result = W
|motm = [[Suhail Ahmad Bhat]]
}}
{{football box collapsible
|round = Match 2
|date = {{Start date|2023|7|12|df=y}}
|time = 15.30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team2 = [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan SG]]
|score = 1–5
|report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=19403
|team1 = [[Tollygunge Agragami FC|Tollygunge Agragami]]
|goals2 = * [[Nongdamba Naorem|Naorem]] {{goal|24}}
* [[Lalrinliana Hnamte|Hnamte]] {{goal|48||78||81|pen}}
* [[Suhail Ahmad Bhat|Bhat]] {{goal|52}}
|goals1 = Manash {{goal|6}}
|location = [[Barrackpore]], [[India]]
|stadium = [[Bibhutibhushan Bandopadhyay Stadium]]
|attendance = 2000
|referee = Nripen Halder
|result = W
|motm = [[Lalrinliana Hnamte]]
}}
{{football box collapsible
|round = Match 3
|date = {{Start date|2023|7|16|df=y}}
|time = 15.30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team2 = [[Dalhousie AC|Dalhousie]]
|score = 5–2
|report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=19501
|team1 = [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan SG]]
|goals1 = * Sibahari {{goal|66}}
* Kundu {{goal|90+2}}
|goals2 = * [[Suhail Ahmad Bhat|Bhat]] {{goal|26||43||49|pen}}
* [[Mohammed Fardin Ali Molla|Molla]] {{goal|60||85}}
|location = [[Kolkata]], [[India]]
|stadium = [[Mohun Bagan Ground]]
|attendance = 8000
|referee = Pranjal Banerjee
|result = W
|motm = [[Suhail Ahmad Bhat]]
}}
{{football box collapsible
|round = Match 4
|date = {{Start date|2023|7|26|df=y}}
|time = 15.30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan SG]]
|score = 1–1
|report = [https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/19615 Report]
|team2 = [[Kalighat Milan Sangha FC|Kalighat MS]]
|goals1 = * [[Suhail Ahmad Bhat|Bhat]] {{goal|44|pen}}
|goals2 = * Murmu {{goal|29|pen}}
|location = [[Kolkata]], [[India]]
|stadium = [[Mohun Bagan Ground]]
|attendance =
|referee = Surajit Das
|result = D
|motm = Umer Mukhtar
}}
{{football box collapsible
|round = Match 5
|date = {{Start date|2023|7|31|df=y}}
|time = 15.30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team2 = [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan SG]]
|score = 1–4
|report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/19683
|team1 = [[Calcutta Cricket and Football Club|Calcutta]]
|goals1 = * Alex {{goal|40}}
|goals2 = * [[Suhail Ahmad Bhat|Bhat]] {{goal|31||45}}
* [[Ningomba Engson Singh|Engson]] {{goal|68||79}}
|location = [[Barrackpore]], [[India]]
|stadium = [[Bibhutibhushan Bandopadhyay Stadium]]
|attendance =
|referee = Bimalendu Mondal
|result = W
|motm = Umer Mukhtar
}}
{{football box collapsible
|round = Match 6
|date = {{Start date|2023|8|5|df=y}}
|time = 15.30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan SG]]
|score = 2–0
|report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=19918
|team2 = [[United SC|United]]
|goals2 =
|goals1 = * [[Nongdamba Naorem|Naorem]] {{goal|28}}
* [[Suhail Ahmad Bhat|Bhat]] {{goal|87|}}
|location = [[Kolkata]], [[India]]
|stadium = [[Mohun Bagan Ground]]
|attendance =
|referee = Subhankar Khamri
|result = W
|motm = [[Nongdamba Naorem]]
}}
{{football box collapsible
|round = Match 7
|date = {{Start date|2023|8|10|df=y}}
|time = 15.30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan SG]]
|score = 5–0
|report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=20066
|team2 = [[Food Corporation of India FC|FCI (East Zone)]]
|goals2 =
|goals1 = * Basfore {{goal|27}}
* Murgod {{goal|45+3}}
* [[Nongdamba Naorem|Naorem]] {{goal|57}}
* Biswas {{goal|84|}}
* Taison {{goal|90+2|}}
|location = [[Kolkata]], [[India]]
|stadium = [[Mohun Bagan Ground]]
|attendance =
|referee =
|result = W
|motm = [[Abhishek Suryavanshi]]
}}
{{football box collapsible
|round = Match 8
|date = {{Start date|2023|8|15|df=y}}
|time = 15.30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = [[Army Red (football team)|Army Red]]
|score = 2–2
|report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=20106
|team2 = [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan SG]]
|goals2 = * Vian {{goal|21}}
* [[Kiyan Nassiri|Nassiri]] {{goal|59}}
|goals1 = * Sukhpreet {{goal|47}}
* Somarajan {{goal|90+3}}
|location = [[Kalyani, India]]
|stadium = [[Kalyani Stadium]]
|attendance =
|referee =
|result = D
|motm = [[Kiyan Nassiri]]
}}
{{football box collapsible
|round = Match 9
|date = {{Start date|2023|8|20|df=y}}
|time = 15.30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan SG]]
|score = 0–2
|report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=20258
|team2 = [[Southern Samity]]
|goals2 = * Sougata {{goal|19||28}}
|goals1 =
|location = [[Kolkata]], [[India]]
|stadium = [[Mohun Bagan Ground]]
|attendance =
|referee =
|result = L
|motm = Sougata Hansda
}}
{{football box collapsible
|round = Match 10
|date = {{Start date|2023|9|10|df=y}}
|time = 15.00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan SG]]
|score = 1–0
|report = https://www.mykhel.com/football/mohun-bagan-vs-peerless-live-score-updates-match-starts-at-3-00-pm-232411.html
|team2 = [[Peerless SC]]
|goals2 =
|goals1 = Rohen{{goal|22}}
|location = [[Kolkata]], [[India]]
|stadium = [[Mohun Bagan Ground]]
|attendance =
|referee =
|result = w
|motm = Rohen Singh
}}
{{football box collapsible
|round = Match 11
|date = {{Start date|2023|9|14|df=y}}
|time = 15.00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team2 = [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan SG]]
|score = 2–2
|report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/20975
|team1 = [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]
|goals1 = * [[Lalremsanga Fanai|Lalremsanga]] {{goal|20}}
* [[S. K. Faiaz|Faiaz]] {{goal|90+6}}
|goals2 = * [[Kiyan Nassiri|Nassiri]] {{goal|58}}
* [[Loitongbam Taison Singh|Taison]] {{goal|80}}
|location = [[Kalyani, West Bengal|Kalyani]], [[India]]
|stadium = [[Kalyani Stadium]]
|attendance =
|referee =
|result = D
|motm = [[Kiyan Nassiri]]
}}

{{football box collapsible
|round = Match 12
|date = {{Start date|2023|9|17|df=y}}
|time = 15.00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team2 = [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan SG]]
|score = 1–0
|report = https://www.mykhel.com/football/mohun-bagan-vs-diamond-harbour-live-cfl-live-score-updates-233697.html
|team1 = [[Diamond Harbour FC]]
|goals1 = * Pandit {{goal|1}}
* A. Mondal {{send off|0|36}}
|goals2 =
|location = [[Naihati]], [[India]]
|stadium = [[Naihati Stadium]]
|attendance =
|referee =
|result = L
|motm = Susnata Malik
}}

====Super Six====
{{:2023 CFL Premier Division|transcludesection=Super Six|showteam=MBG}}
{{football box collapsible
|round = Match 13
|date = {{Start date|2023|9|29|df=y}}
|time = 15:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team2 = [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan SG]]
|score = 2–0
|report = https://www.mykhel.com/football/mohun-bagan-sg-vs-mohammedan-sc-live-score-cfl-super-six-calcutta-football-league-updates-235983.html
|team1 = [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]
|goals1 =
* David {{goal|13}}
* [[Lalremsanga Fanai|Lalremsanga]] {{goal|37}}
|goals2 =
|location = [[Kolkata]], [[India]]
|stadium = [[Kishore Bharati Krirangan]]
|attendance =
|referee =
|result = L
|motm = David Lalhlansanga
}}

===RFDL===
{{Main|2024 Reliance Foundation Development League}}

====Regional Qualifiers====
{{:2024 Reliance Foundation Development League|transcludesection=East region|showteam=MBG}}
{{football box collapsible
|round = Match 1
|date = {{Start date|2024|3|3|df=y}}
|time = 14.30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team2 = [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan SG]]
|score = 0–2
|report =
|team1 = [[Kalighat Milan Sangha FC|Kalighat Milan Sangha]]
|goals2 =
|goals1 =
|location = [[Barrackpore]]
|stadium = [[Barrackpore stadium]]
|attendance =
|referee =
|result = W
|motm =
}}
{{football box collapsible
|round = Match 2
|date = {{Start date|2024|3|6|df=y}}
|time = 14.30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team2 = [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan SG]]
|score = 2–2
|report =
|team1 = [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]
|goals2 =
|goals1 =
|location = [[Barrackpore]]
|stadium = [[Barrackpore stadium]]
|attendance =
|referee =
|result = D
|motm =
}}
{{football box collapsible
|round = Match 3
|date = {{Start date|2024|3|8|df=y}}
|time = 14.30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team2 = Adamas United SA
|score = 1–2
|report =
|team1 = [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan SG]]
|goals2 =
|goals1 =
|location = [[Kolkata]]
|stadium = [[Rabindra Sarobar Stadium]]
|attendance =
|referee =
|result = L
|motm =
}}
{{football box collapsible
|round = Match 4
|date = {{Start date|2024|3|11|df=y}}
|time = 14.30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team2 = [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan SG]]
|score = 3–0
|report =
|team1 = [[Jamshedpur FC Reserves and Academy|Jamshedpur]]
|goals2 =
|goals1 =
|location = [[Barrackpore]]
|stadium = [[Barrackpore stadium]]
|attendance =
|referee =
|result = L
|motm =
}}
{{football box collapsible
|round = Match 5
|date = {{Start date|2024|3|15|df=y}}
|time = 14.30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team2 = [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan SG]]
|score = 0–7
|report =
|team1 = [[Odisha FC Reserves and Academy|Odisha]]
|goals2 =
|goals1 =
|location = [[Barrackpore]]
|stadium = [[Barrackpore stadium]]
|attendance =
|referee =
|result = W
|motm =
}}
{{football box collapsible
|round = Match 6
|date = {{Start date|2024|3|18|df=y}}
|time = 14.30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team2 = [[East Bengal FC Reserves and Academy|East Bengal]]
|score = 5–1
|report =
|team1 = [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan SG]]
|goals2 =
|goals1 =
|location = [[Barrackpore]]
|stadium = [[Barrackpore stadium]]
|attendance =
|referee =
|result = W
|motm =
}}
{{football box collapsible
|round = Match 7
|date = {{Start date|2024|3|21|df=y}}
|time = 14.30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team2 = [[United SC]]
|score = 2–2
|report =
|team1 = [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan SG]]
|goals2 =
|goals1 =
|location = [[Kolkata]]
|stadium = [[Rabindra Sarobar Stadium]]
|attendance =
|referee =
|result = D
|motm =
}}
{{football box collapsible
|round = Match 8
|date = {{Start date|2024|3|24|df=y}}
|time = 15.00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan SG]]
|score = 0–2
|report =
|team2 = [[East Bengal FC Reserves and Academy|East Bengal]]
|goals2 =
|goals1 =
|location = [[Barrackpore]]
|stadium = [[Barrackpore stadium]]
|attendance =
|referee =
|result = L
|motm =
}}
{{football box collapsible
|round = Match 9
|date = {{Start date|2024|3|27|df=y}}
|time = 15.00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan SG]]
|score = 1–1
|report =
|team2 = [[Jamshedpur FC Reserves and Academy|Jamshedpur]]
|goals2 =
|goals1 =
|location = [[Kolkata]]
|stadium = [[Rabindra Sarobar Stadium]]
|attendance =
|referee =
|result = D
|motm =
}}
{{football box collapsible
|round = Match 10
|date = {{Start date|2024|3|29|df=y}}
|time = 15.00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = Adamas United SA
|score = 0–2
|report =
|team2 = [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan SG]]
|goals2 =
|goals1 =
|location = [[Kolkata]]
|stadium = [[Rabindra Sarobar Stadium]]
|attendance =
|referee =
|result = W
|motm =
}}

====National Group====
{{:2024 Reliance Foundation Development League|transcludesection=Group D|showteam=MBS}}
{{football box collapsible
|round = Match 1
|date = {{Start date|2024|4|14|df=y}}
|time = 16.00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = [[Punjab FC Reserves and Academy|Punjab FC]]
|score = 2–0
|report =
|team2 = [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan SG]]
|goals2 =
|goals1 =
|location = [[Mapusa]]
|stadium = [[Nagoa Ground|Duler Football Stadium]]
|attendance =
|referee =
|result = L
|motm =
}}
{{football box collapsible
|round = Match 2
|date = {{Start date|2024|4|17|df=y}}
|time = 16.00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 =[[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan SG]]
|score = 2–1
|report =
|team2 = [[Mumbai City FC Reserves and Academy|Mumbai City]]
|goals2 =
|goals1 =
|location = [[Mapusa]]
|stadium = [[Nagoa Ground|Duler Football Stadium]]
|attendance =
|referee =
|result = W
|motm =
}}
{{football box collapsible
|round = Match 3
|date = {{Start date|2024|4|20|df=y}}
|time = 16.00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = [[Sudeva Delhi FC|Sudeva Delhi]]
|score = 3–1
|report =
|team2 = [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan SG]]
|goals2 =
|goals1 =
|location = [[Mapusa]]
|stadium = [[Nagoa Ground|Duler Football Stadium]]
|attendance =
|referee =
|result = L
|motm =
}}
{{football box collapsible
|round = Match 4
|date = {{Start date|2024|4|23|df=y}}
|time = 16.00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan SG]]
|score = 3–0
|report =
|team2 = [[Pax of Nagoa SC]]
|goals2 =
|goals1 =
|location = [[Mapusa]]
|stadium = [[Nagoa Ground|Duler Football Stadium]]
|attendance =
|referee =
|result = W
|motm =
}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mohun Bagan Super Giant}}
{{2023–24 in Indian football}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:2023-24 Mohun Bagan Super Giant Season}}
[[Category:Mohun Bagan Super Giant seasons]]
[[Category:2023–24 Indian Super League season by team|Mohun Bagan]]

Jagadguru Rambhadracharya Divyanga University

2026-01-18T22:23:46Z

CallGirlMumbai: created new post

{{Short description|Public State Government University in Chitrakoot, Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Unreliable sources|date=June 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Jagadguru Rambhadracharya Divyanga University
| former_name = Jagadguru Rambhadracharya Handicapped University
| native_name =
| image_name = JRHU Logo.svg
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| latin_name =
| motto =
| mottoeng = The duty of service is most difficult
| established = 27 September 2001
| closed =
| type =
| affiliation =
| endowment =
| budget =
| officer_in_charge =
| chairman =
| chancellor = [[Jagadguru Rambhadracharya]]
| president =
| vice-president =
| superintendent =
| provost =
| vice_chancellor = Shishir Kumar Pandey
| rector =
| principal =
| dean =
| director =
| head_label =
| head =
| academic_staff =
| administrative_staff =
| students = 1100<ref name="ARTEReportage"/><ref>{{cite news | last=Durg | first=City Reporter | location=Bhilai, Chhattisgarh, India | title=नेत्रहीन आचार्य की भागवत कथा आज से | trans-title=Bhagavata Katha by visually impaired preceptor starts today | date=30 October 2011 | url=http://www8.bhaskar.com/article/CHH-OTH-1599867-2529829.html | language=hi | access-date=29 November 2011 | publisher=Dainik Bhaskar | quote=आयोजकों ने बताया कि आचार्य श्री चित्रकूट में विकलांगों की यूनिवर्सिटी चलाते हैं। जहां करीब दो हजार विकलांग बच्चे निशुल्क उच्च शिक्षा ग्रहण कर रहे हैं। | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111129024526/http://www.bhaskar.com/article/CHH-OTH-1599867-2529829.html | archive-date=29 November 2011 | df=dmy-all }}</ref>
| undergrad =
| postgrad =
| doctoral =
| other =
| city = Chitrakoot
| state = Uttar Pradesh
| province =
| country = India
| coor =
| campus = [[Urban area|Urban]]
| former_names =
| free_label =
| free =
| colors =
| colours =
| athletics =
| sports =
| nickname =
| mascot =
| affiliations = [[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]], [[Association of Indian Universities|AIU]], [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council|NAAC]]
| website = {{URL|www.jrdu.ac.in}}
| logo =
| coordinates = {{Coord|format=dms|display=it}}
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-wikidata = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 13
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh#India
| pushpin_label_position = top
| pushpin_map_caption =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Jagadguru Rambhadracharya Divyanga University''' ('''JRDU;''' formerly '''Jagadguru Rambhadracharya Handicapped University''') is a public state government university in [[Chitrakoot district|Chitrakoot]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India. It was established in 2001 by [[Rambhadracharya|Jagadguru Rambhadracharya]] as an educational institution for disabled people.

==History==
On 23 August 1996, Swami Rambhadracharya established the Tulasi School for the Blind in Chitrakoot.<ref name="aicb-bio"/><ref name="jagran"/> After this, he decided to establish an institution of higher learning solely for disabled students. With this aim, he founded the Jagadguru Rambhadracharya Handicapped University on 27 September 2001 in Chitrakoot, Uttar Pradesh.<ref name="bhartiyapaksha">{{cite web |last=Shubhra |date=12 February 2010 |title=जगद्गुरु रामभद्राचार्य विकलांग विश्वविद्यालय |trans-title=Jagadguru Rambhadracharya Handicapped University |url=http://www.bhartiyapaksha.com/?p=9111 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120721205725/http://www.bhartiyapaksha.com/?p=9111 |archive-date=21 July 2012 |access-date=25 April 2011 |publisher=Bhāratīya Pakṣa |language=hi}}</ref><ref name="aicb-bio">{{Citation | last1=Aneja | first1=Mukta | last2=Eyeway Team | year=2005 | title=Abilities Redefined – Forty Life Stories Of Courage And Accomplishment | publisher=All India Confederation of the Blind | chapter=Shri Ram Bhadracharyaji – A Religious Head With A Vision | chapter-url=http://www.aicb.in/images/success_story.pdf | access-date=25 April 2011 | pages=66–68 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110903121706/http://www.aicb.in/images/success_story.pdf | archive-date=3 September 2011 | df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref name="jagran">{{cite news | last=Correspondent | first=Chitrakut | publisher=Jagran Yahoo | title = प्रज्ञाचक्षु की आंख बन गई बुआ जी | url = http://in.jagran.yahoo.com/news/local/uttarpradesh/4_1_7135652.html | date = 5 January 2011 | access-date=24 June 2011 | language=hi |trans-title=Buaji became the eye of the visually impaired}}</ref> The foundation stone was laid on 2 April 2001. The university was inaugurated by [[Rajnath Singh]] on 26 July 2011.<ref name="jrhu-presentation">{{cite web|url= http://jagadgururambhadracharya.org/pdfs/JRHU2011PresentationFull.pdf|title= Jagadguru Rambhadracharya Handicapped University|date= 7 March 2011|publisher= Shri Tulsi Peeth Seva Nyas|location= Singapore|access-date= 27 August 2011|archive-date= 3 June 2015|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150603214715/http://jagadgururambhadracharya.org/pdfs/JRHU2011PresentationFull.pdf|url-status= dead}}</ref> The planned name was Chitrakoot Handicapped University (CHU), but later Jagadguru Rambhadracharya Handicapped University was chosen.<ref name="outlook">{{cite journal | first=Sutapa | last=Mukherjee | title=A Blind Sage's Vision: A Varsity For The Disabled At Chitrakoot | journal=Outlook | place=New Delhi, India | date=10 May 1999 | volume=5 | issue= | url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?207437 | access-date=21 June 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://jrhu.8m.net/custom4.html|title= Jagadguru Rambhadracharya|publisher= Jagadguru Rambhadracharya Handicapped University|access-date=7 September 2011}}</ref> It is run by the Jagadguru Rambhadracharya Viklang Shikshan Sansthan trust.<ref name="ngoboards">{{cite web|title=Jagadguru Rambhadracharya Vikalang Seva Sangh|url=http://ngoboards.org/sites/ngoboards.org/files/about%20viklang%20seva%20sangh.doc|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150603135031/http://ngoboards.org/sites/ngoboards.org/files/about%20viklang%20seva%20sangh.doc|archive-date=3 June 2015|access-date=29 August 2011|format=DOC|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="jrhu-education">{{cite web|title=Education|url=http://jrhu.8m.net/catalog.html|access-date=25 August 2011|publisher=jrhu.8m.net}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Government of Uttar Pradesh|first=Department of Information Technology and Electronics|title=सूचना का अधिकार अधिनियम २००५: अनुक्रमणिका|trans-title=Right to Information Act 2005: Index|url=http://infotech.up.nic.in/hindi/suchana/suchana.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110123122117/http://infotech.up.nic.in/hindi/suchana/suchana.htm|archive-date=23 January 2011|access-date=25 June 2011|language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Home|url=http://www.jrhu.com/index.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008025426/http://www.jrhu.com/index.htm|archive-date=8 October 2011|access-date=24 June 2011|publisher=Jagadguru Rambhadracharya Handicapped University}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Sinha|first=R. P.|title=E-Governance in India: initiatives & issues|date=1 December 2006|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=9788180693113|location=New Delhi, India|page=104}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Gupta|first1=Amita|title=Handbook of universities|last2=Kumar|first2=Ashish|date=6 July 2006|publisher=Atlantic Publishers and Distributors|isbn=9788126906086|location=New Delhi, India|page=395}}
</ref>

In 2022, Jagadguru Rambhadracharya expressed his intention to make the University into a UP state government. He suggested UP CM Yogi Adityanath ji takeover this University as State Public University. In June 2023, Uttar Pradesh government accorded status of State government university by passing Law in UP State assembly i.e. The Uttar Pradesh Jagadguru Rambhadracharya Divyang State University. Act, 2023 under Department of Divyangjan under which 50 percent of Divyang students and 50 percent of other students can be admitted to the University. It was the only university in the world exclusively for disabled people until the establishment of [[Dr. Shakuntala Misra National Rehabilitation University]] at [[Lucknow]] ([[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]).<ref name="ARTEReportage">{{Cite episode | title=Indien: Die Uni nur für Behinderte | url=http://www.arte.tv/de/6576534,CmC=6576530.html | series=ARTE Reportage | credits=Von Silvia Kaiser, Marie Fredrich | network=ARTE TV | airdate=13 April 2012 | language=de | access-date=18 April 2012 | quote=Diese himmelschreiende Ungerechtigkeit brachte einen blinden Guru auf die Idee, 2001 eine Universität nur für Behinderte zu gründen – einmalig in der Welt. | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151124185210/http://www.arte.tv/de/6576534,CmC=6576530.html | archive-date=24 November 2015 | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="hindustantimes">{{cite news | publisher=Hindustan Times | first=Tarun | last=Subhash | title=A Special University for Special Students: UP does a first – it establishes the country's first exclusive university for physically and mentally disabled students | url=http://www.disabilityindia.org/djinstjuly05C.cfm#up | date=3 July 2005 | access-date=23 June 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110623093255/http://disabilityindia.org/djinstjuly05C.cfm#up | archive-date=23 June 2011 | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="jansatta">{{cite news | publisher=Jansatta Express | language=hi | first=Ragini | last=Dikshit | title= चित्रकूट: दुनिया का प्रथम विकलांग विश्वविद्यालय |trans-title=Chitrakuta: The world's first handicapped university | date = 10 July 2007}}</ref>

;Formation

The university was founded initially by the JRHU ordinance, enacted by the governor of Uttar Pradesh on 7 August 2001. The ordinance was replaced by the JRHU Act passed on 5 October 2001. The act appointed Jagadguru Rambhadracharya as the lifelong chancellor of JRHU. Classes began on 23 August 2001. In 2002, it was granted membership in the [[Association of Indian Universities]], New Delhi.<ref name="jrhu">{{cite web |title= Jagadguru Rambhadracharya Handicapped University|publisher= Shri Tulsi Peeth Seva Nyas}}</ref>

'''Support'''

The [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]<ref name="hindustantimes" /> and the [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]] (UGC)<ref name="jansatta" /> supported the creation and continuation of the university. The registrar, Avanish Chandra Mishra, said that they received help from [[Rehabilitation Council of India]] for course development in subjects such as Information Technology, Teacher Training Programme, Fine Art, and Music.<ref name="goswamitulsidasji" /> The university has been declared eligible to receive central assistance under section 12(b) of UGC Act 1956.<ref name="hindustantimes" /><ref name="ngoboards" />

'''Logo'''
The logo of the university represents the four types of disability (visual, hearing, physical and mental impairment), along with the Sanskrit motto। सेवाधर्मः परमगहनः। ([[IAST]]: sevādharmaḥ paramagahanaḥ, meaning "the duty of service is extremely difficult") and the photograph of the lifelong chancellor.<ref name="jrhu"/>

== Admission ==
The university offers graduate, post-graduate and doctorate degrees in many subjects. Admissions are restricted to the four types of disabled students: visually impaired, hearing impaired, mobility impaired and mentally impaired, as defined by the Disability Act (1995) of the [[Government of India]].<ref name="hindustantimes" /><ref>{{cite web|last=Government of Uttar Pradesh|first=Department of Information Technology and Electronics|title=कम्प्यूटर शिक्षा|trans-title=Computer Education|url=http://infotech.up.nic.in/hindi/ourgoal/our_goal_3.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120326030659/http://infotech.up.nic.in/hindi/ourgoal/our_goal_3.htm|archive-date=26 March 2012|access-date=24 June 2011|language=hi}}</ref><ref name="rashtriya-sahara">{{cite web|last=SNB|first=Chitrakut|date=15 January 2011|title=रामभद्राचार्य विवि का दीक्षांत समारोह - राजनाथ सिंह डीलिट की उपाधि से सम्मानित|trans-title=Convocation of Rambhadracharya Handicapped University – Rajnath Singh awarded honorary DLitt|url=http://rashtriyasahara.samaylive.com/epapermain.aspx?queryed=9&boxid=3291131&parentid=18540&eddate=01/15/11&querypage=15|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310115410/http://rashtriyasahara.samaylive.com/epapermain.aspx?boxid=3291131&eddate=01%2F15%2F11&parentid=18540&queryed=9&querypage=15|archive-date=10 March 2016|access-date=24 June 2011|publisher=Rashtriya Sahara|language=hi}}</ref> The majority of students are from Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and Madhya Pradesh, followed by other states such as Assam, Maharashtra, Chhattisgarh and Uttarakhand.<ref name="panchjanya">{{cite web|last=Upadhyay|first=Rakesh|date=10 September 2006|title=जगद्गुरु स्वामी रामभद्राचार्य की अनूठी विकलांग सेवा|trans-title=Jagadguru Swami Rambhadracharya's unique work for disabled|url=http://panchjanya.com/arch/2006/9/10/File28.htm|access-date=26 November 2011|publisher=Panchjanya|language=hi|archive-date=30 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120430085651/http://panchjanya.com/arch/2006/9/10/File28.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>

;Placement Center
To assist its students in selecting appropriate courses and/or programmes and getting placements based on their performances, JRHU has a placement center. The centre also arranges capsule training programmes to help youth for proper rehabilitation.<ref name="goswamitulsidasji">{{cite web | title = Jagadguru Rambhadracharya Handicapped University, Chitrakoot, U.P., India | url = https://sites.google.com/site/goswamitulsidasji/jagadguru-rambhadracharya-handicapped-university | access-date = 29 August 2011 | publisher=Shri Tulsi Peeth Seva Nyas}}</ref>

;Distance Education
To reach out to students with limited mobility, the university offers distance education programs online, recognised by the [[Distant Education Bureau|Distance Education Council]], [[IGNOU]], New Delhi. Like other programs at the university, these are available only for disabled people.<ref name="jrhu"/><ref name="DEC">{{cite web | title = Distance Education Centre (Recognized by DEC, IGNOU New Delhi) | url = http://www.jrhu.com/index_files/Page370.htm | access-date = 29 August 2011 | publisher = Shri Tulsi Peeth Seva Nyas | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111008025451/http://www.jrhu.com/index_files/Page370.htm | archive-date = 8 October 2011 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

{|class="wikitable"
! Name of courses !! Duration
|-
| B.C.A. || 3 years
|-
| M.C.A. || 2 years
|-
| B.B.A. || 3 years
|-
| M.B.A. || 3 years
|-
| B.A. || 3 years
|-
| M.A. || 2 years
|-
| P.G.D.C.A. || 1 year
|-
| D.C.A. || 1 year
|-
| P.G.D.B.M. || 1 year
|}

==Accessibility==
JRHU was designed to ensure greater accessibility for disabled people to higher education.<ref name="hindustantimes"/> Students are provided with a disabled-friendly campus and classrooms, at an affordable cost.<ref name="jrhu"/> Courses in basic Sanskrit and computer skills are mandatory.<ref name="about-jrhu">{{cite web |title=About JRHU |url=http://www.jrhu.com/index_files/Page329.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090704010720/http://jrhu.com/index_files/Page329.htm |archive-date=4 July 2009 |access-date=21 July 2009 |publisher=Jagadguru Rambhadracharya Handicapped University |df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="bhartiyapaksha"/><ref name="jrhu"/> Courses are available in [[Braille]] for visually impaired students. Hostel facility meeting special needs of disabled students is provided, including those of the visually and hearing impaired.<ref name="bhartiyapaksha"/><ref name="hindustantimes"/><ref name="jrhu"/> Hostel facility is provided in the university and [[Tulsi Peeth]], a religious and social service institution established by Rambharacharya.<ref name="panchjanya"/>

All facilities of the university such as the classrooms, hostel, laboratory, and others are accessible and adapted for disabled people.<ref name="upeducation">{{cite web|title=Jagadguru Rambhadracharya Handicapped University – Chitrakoot, Karwi|url=http://www.upeducation.net/universities/Handicapped_University/|access-date=27 August 2011|archive-date=21 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120321195040/http://www.upeducation.net/universities/Handicapped_University/|url-status=usurped}}</ref> An International Ramcharitmanas Research Center is in the university.<ref>{{cite book|last=Rāmabhadrācārya|first=Jagadguru|url=http://jagadgururambhadracharya.org/pdfs/JR2011Gitaramayanam.pdf|title=Gitaramayanam|publisher=International Ramcharitmanas Research Center, Jagadguru Rambhadracharya Handicapped University|year=2011|location=Chitrakoot|page=2|access-date=28 September 2011|archive-date=22 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150122045503/http://jagadgururambhadracharya.org/pdfs/JR2011Gitaramayanam.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Courses==
The university offers many degrees. Bachelor's and master's degrees are provided in Sanskrit, Hindi, English, Sociology, Music, Drawing & Painting, History, Culture & Archaeology. Other courses include MSW (Master of Social Work), B.Mus., BFA (Bachelor in Fine Art), B.Ed., M.Ed. Special, B.Ed. (Bachelor of Education), M.Ed. (Master of Education) (Hearing Impairment & Visual Impairment), BCA (Bachelor of Computer Application), BBA (Bachelor of Business Administration), PGDIT (Post-graduate Diploma in Information Technology), DIT (Diploma in Information Technology), Diploma in Photography & Video Shooting, Diploma in Handmade Paper, Law (five-year integrated course), BPO (Bachelor in Prosthetics & Orthotics) condensed course, BPO (Bachelor in Prosthetics & Orthotics) five-year integrated course and B.A. courses in psychology.<ref name="courses">{{cite web|title=Courses Offered|url=http://www.jrhu.com/index_files/Page449.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008025403/http://www.jrhu.com/index_files/Page449.htm|archive-date=8 October 2011|access-date=25 April 2011|publisher=Jagadguru Rambhadracharya Handicapped University}}</ref><ref name="jrhu-presentation"/><ref name="bundelkhand">{{cite web |url= http://www.bundelkhand.in/portal/Jagadguru-Rambhadracharya-Handicapped-University-Chitrakoot |title= Jagadguru Rambhadracharya Handicapped University, Chitrakoot|publisher= Bundelkhand.in|access-date= 28 August 2011}}</ref><ref name="questionpaper.in">{{cite web |url= http://questionpaper.in/University177-Jagadguru-Rambhadracharya-Handicapped-University-Karwi-Uttar-Pradesh.aspx|title= Jagadguru Rambhadracharya Handicapped University, Karwi, Uttar Pradesh|publisher= Questionpaper.in |access-date= 28 August 2011}}</ref>

==Notable alumni==
*[[Kuldeep Joshi]]

==Gallery==
<gallery mode="packed" heights="150">
File:JRHU - Main Building.jpg|The main building of Jagadguru Rambhadracharya Divyanga University
File:JRHU - Students Hall of Residence.jpg|Student residence hall
File:JRHU - Main Gate.jpg|The top portion of the entrance of JRHU with the logo of the university
</gallery>

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Jagadguru Rambhadracharya Handicapped University}}
* {{URL|http://www.jrhu.com/|Jagadguru Rambhadracharya Handicapped University – official website}}

{{Universities in Uttar Pradesh}}
{{Jagadguru Rambhadracharya}}

[[Category:Special education in India]]
[[Category:Private universities in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Chitrakoot district]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 2001]]
[[Category:2001 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]

Composite bow

2026-01-15T21:48:59Z

CallGirlMumbai:

{{Short description|Bow made from horn, wood, and sinew laminated together}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2021}}
[[File:A Manchu Archer Wellcome L0040987.jpg|250px|thumb|A massive composite bow drawn by a [[Qing dynasty|Qing era]] archer, [[northern China]], ca. 19th century]]

A '''composite bow''' is a [[bow (weapon)|bow]] made from many different materials. Composite bows can be made from any combination of [[Horn (anatomy)|horn]], [[antler]], [[bamboo]], [[wood]], or [[sinew]]. These materials are typically [[Lamination|laminated]] together with [[glue]].<ref name="Springer2025">{{cite journal |last1=Šaffa |first1=Gabriel |title=Reassessing the Evidence for the Composite Bow in Ancient Eurasia |journal=Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory |date=16 October 2025 |volume=33 |issue=1 |pages=9 |doi=10.1007/s10816-025-09750-4 |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10816-025-09750-4 |language=en |issn=1573-7764}}</ref>

Materials such as horn or antler are added to composite bows because they have extraordinary [[compression strength]], which compliments the equally phenomenal [[tensile strength]] of [[sinew]]. This greatly increases the energy-storing potential of a composite bow, relative to its length.

Composite bows are able to be drawn to the same length as bows that are much larger, making them more efficient. However, it is very difficult and time consuming to make a composite bow, and the finished bow is more sensitive to moisture. Materials such as horn and antler are also very heavy, which can affect speed.

It is unclear when and where horn composite bows first originated, but the strongest evidence suggests that they were first developed by [[sedentary]] Bronze Age civilizations in [[Anatolia]] or [[Mesopotamia]], and then spread to ancient [[Egypt]].<ref name="Springer2025" /> The highly mobile [[Indo-Iranians|Indo-Iranian]] [[Andronovo culture]] was instrumental in spreading the early composite bow to [[East Asia]].<ref name="Springer2025" /> The [[Scythian]]-style bow was the first composite bow suited for mounted archery, and rapidly became the dominant type of composite bow used by militaries across Europe and Asia for hundreds of years.<ref name="Springer2025" /><ref name="Shelby" /> The Scythian bow was later abandoned in favor of simpler styles with flatter profiles, and all further composite bows in history were based on this prototype.<ref name="Springer2025" />

Composite bows began to be supplanted by guns in the [[early modern period]]. In some areas, composite bows survived, and were further developed for leisure purposes. Early modern Turkish bows were specialized for long-distance archery. Composite bows are still made and used in Korea and in China, and the tradition has been revived elsewhere. Modern replicas are available, often incorporating natural and synthetic materials.

==Origins and use==
It is not known exactly when and where the composite bow originated.<ref name="Springer2025" /> It is also uncertain if the composite bow has a single origin, as it may have developed independently in different parts of the world.<ref name="Springer2025" /> The composite bow likely originated in the [[Bronze Age]], but it is unclear if it originated in the Early Bronze Age or the Late Bronze Age.<ref name="Springer2025" />

The earliest composite bow shapes are found among the [[Indo-European]] early Bronze Age pastoralists in Europe, as well as in [[western Asia]] and [[Arabia]], however these bows are likely wood-sinew bows that lack horn components.<ref name="Springer2025" /> Reliable evidence suggests that the first composite bows containing horn originated in the [[Near East]], probably [[Syria]], [[Anatolia]], or [[Mesopotamia]], and then spread to [[Egypt]].<ref name="Springer2025" /><ref>Origins and Comparative Performance of the Composite Bow. Karl Chandler Randall IV. PhD thesis, Classical Studies, University of South Africa, February 2016. Promoters: Doctor Martine De Marre and Doctor Barry Molloy. https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/79170491.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225112241/https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/79170491.pdf |date=25 February 2021 }} Retrieved 1 December 2019</ref> This culminated in the invention of the angular bow.<ref name="Springer2025" /> Several composite bows were found in the tomb of [[Tutankhamun]], who died in 1324 BCE.<ref>Tutankhamun: Anatomy of an Excavation. http://www.griffith.ox.ac.uk/gri/carter/135z.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130205195616/http://www.griffith.ox.ac.uk/gri/carter/135z.html |date=5 February 2013 }}</ref>

The composite bow was spread to [[East Asia]] by the [[Indo-Iranians|Indo-Iranian]] [[Andronovo culture]] as well as the [[Srubnaya culture]].<ref name="Springer2025" />

The Scythian bow, ideally suited to mounted archery, likely evolved from the angular bow, showing similar design and construction methods as the Egyptian bows.<ref name="Springer2025" /> As the first form of composite bow ideally suited to mounted archery,<ref name="Beckwith" /> it became the dominant shape of composite bow in Europe and Asia until the 1st century AD.<ref name="Springer2025" /><ref name="Shelby" />

There are strong indications that [[Greek Bronze Age]] cultures were using composite bows on a large scale.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Composite Bows in Minoan And Mycenaean Warfare|last=Bakas|first=Spyros|publisher=Archaeological Journal "Syndesmoi", University of Catania, Sympozjum Egejskie. Proceedings of the 2nd Students' Conference in Aegean Archaeology: Methods – Researches – Perspective, Institute of Archaeology, University of Warsaw, Poland, 25 April 2014|year=2016|isbn=979-12-200-0472-5|location=Catania|pages=9–15}}</ref> By the 4th century BCE, chariotry had ceased to have military importance, replaced by [[cavalry]] everywhere (except in [[Britannia]], where charioteers are not recorded as using bows).

The [[mounted archery|mounted archer]] became the archetypal warrior of the [[steppe]]s and the composite bow was his primary weapon, used to protect the herds, in steppe warfare, and for incursions into settled lands.

Classic tactics for horse-mounted archers included skirmishing: they would approach, shoot, and retreat before any effective response could be made.<ref>Maurice's Strategikon: Handbook of Byzantine Military Strategy. George T. Dennis (Translator) {{ISBN|978-0-8122-1772-8}}</ref> The term [[Parthian shot]] refers to the widespread horse-archer tactic of shooting backwards over the rear of their horses as they retreated. The extremely short length of the composite bow made this very convenient.<ref name="Beckwith">{{cite book |last1=Beckwith |first1=Christopher I. |title=The Scythian Empire: Central Eurasia and the Birth of the Classical Age from Persia to China |date=4 June 2024 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-24055-8 |page=9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ii3oEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA9 |language=en |quote="When the Scythians learned how to shoot from horseback, they must have soon found that the arms of the longbow made it difficult to rap- idly swivel around to shoot in different directions, especially over the rear of the horse, in a "Parthian shot". 10 So a shorter bow was better, but if it were made the usual way that a longbow was made, it would be less powerful. To solve such problems they invented the short, extremely powerful recurved composite bow traditionally called the “Cimmerian bow" and introduced it when they entered the Ancient Near East, along with their improved arrowheads."}}</ref>

Composite bows could be used without difficulty by infantry. The infantry archers of [[classical Greece]] and the [[Roman Empire]] used composite bows. The military of the [[Han dynasty]] (220 BCE–206 CE) utilized composite [[crossbow]]s, often in [[infantry square]] formations, in their many engagements against the [[Xiongnu]]. Until 1571, archers with composite bows were a main component of the forces of the [[Ottoman Empire]], but in the [[Battle of Lepanto]] in that year, they lost most of these troops and never replaced them.<ref name="WARKEEGAN" />

==Construction and materials==
The wooden core gives the bow its shape and dimensional stability. It is often made of multiple pieces, joined with animal glue in V-splices, so the wood must accept glue well. Pieced construction allows the sharp bends that many designs require, and the use of woods with different mechanical properties for the bending and non-bending sections.

The wood of the bending part of the limb (''"dustar"'') must endure intense shearing stress, and denser woods such as hard maples are normally used in Turkish bows.<ref name="ottoman-turkish-bows.com">{{cite book |url=http://www.ottoman-turkish-bows.com/ |title=Ottoman Turkish bows, manufacture & design. |first=Adam |last=Karpowicz. |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-9811372-0-9 |access-date=26 October 2009 |archive-date=9 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170809171014/http://www.ottoman-turkish-bows.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Bamboo, and wood of the [[mulberry|mulberry family]], are traditional in China. Some composite bows have nonbending tips (''"siyahs"''), which need to be stiff and light; they may be made of woods such as [[Sitka spruce]].<ref name=TBB>* (1992) ''The Traditional Bowyers Bible Volume 1''. The Lyons Press. {{ISBN|1-58574-085-3}}
* (1992) ''The Traditional Bowyers Bible Volume 2''. The Lyons Press. {{ISBN|1-58574-086-1}}
* (1994) ''The Traditional Bowyers Bible Volume 3''. The Lyons Press. {{ISBN|1-58574-087-X}}</ref>

A thin layer of [[Horn (anatomy)|horn]] is glued onto what will be the belly of the bow, the side facing the archer. [[Domestic Asian Water Buffalo|Water buffalo]] horn is very suitable, as is horn of several antelopes such as [[gemsbok]], [[oryx]], [[ibex]], and that of [[Hungarian grey cattle]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.atarn.org/magyar/magyar_1.htm |title=A BRIEF HISTORICAL OVERVIEW OF HUNGARIAN ARCHERY, PART I. Chris Szabó |access-date=1 April 2008 |archive-date=9 May 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509154945/http://www.atarn.org/magyar/magyar_1.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Goat and sheep horn can also be used. Most forms of cow horn are not suitable, as they soon delaminate with use. The horn can store more energy than wood in compression.<ref name=TBB/>

The [[sinew]], soaked in [[animal glue]], is then laid in layers on the back of the bow; the strands of sinew are oriented along the length of the bow. The [[sinew]] is normally obtained from the lower legs and back of wild deer or domestic [[ungulate]]s. Traditionally, ox tendons are considered inferior to wild-game sinews since they have a higher fat content, leading to spoilage.<ref name="ottoman-turkish-bows.com"/> Sinew has greater elastic tension properties than wood, again increasing the amount of energy that can be stored in the bow stave.

[[Hide glue]] or [[Isinglass|gelatin made from fish]] [[gas bladder]]s is used to attach layers of sinew to the back of the bow, and to attach the horn belly to the wooden core.<ref name=TBB/>

Stiffening laths, if used, are attached. Both horn and laths may be bound and glued with further lengths of sinew. After months of drying, the bow is ready for use. Further finishing may include thin leather or waterproof bark, to protect the bow from moisture, and recent Turkish bows were often highly decorated with colourful paints and gold leaf.

[[Bow string|Strings]] and [[arrow]]s are essential parts of the weapon system, but no type of either is specifically associated with composite bows throughout their history.

==Advantages and disadvantages of composite construction==

===Advantages===
The main advantage of composite bows over [[self bow]]s (made from a single piece of wood) is their combination of smaller size with high power. They are therefore more convenient than self bows when the archer is mobile, as from horseback, or from a chariot. Almost all composite bows are also [[recurve bow]]s as the shape curves away from the archer; this design gives higher draw-weight in the early stages of the archer's draw, storing somewhat more total energy for a given final draw-weight. It would be possible to make a wooden bow that has the same shape, length, and draw-weight as a traditional composite bow, but it could not store the energy, and would break before full draw.<ref name=TBB/>

For most practical non-mounted archery purposes, composite construction offers no advantage; "the initial velocity is about the same for all types of bow... within certain limits, the design parameters... appear to be less important than is often claimed." However, they are superior for horsemen and in the specialized art of flight archery: "A combination of many technical factors made the composite flight bow better for flight shooting."<ref name=Kooi>{{cite journal |url=http://www.bio.vu.nl/thb/users/kooi/kobe97.pdf |title=An Approach to the Study of Ancient Archery using Mathematical Modelling. |first1=B.W. |last1=Kooi |first2=C.A. |last2=Bergman |journal=Antiquity |volume=71:(271) |pages=124–134 |year=1997 |issue=271 |doi=10.1017/S0003598X00084611 |s2cid=36104959 |access-date=28 October 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061121144334/http://www.bio.vu.nl/thb/users/kooi/kobe97.pdf |archive-date=21 November 2006 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The higher arrow velocity is only for well-designed composite bows of high draw-weight. At the weights more usual for modern amateurs, the greater density of horn and sinew compared with wood usually cancels any advantage.<ref name="ottoman-turkish-bows.com"/>

===Disadvantages===
Constructing composite bows requires much more time and a greater variety of materials than self bows, and the [[animal glue]] used can lose strength in humid conditions; the 6th-century [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] military manual, the ''[[Strategikon of Maurice|Strategikon]]'', advised the cavalry of the [[Byzantine army]], many of whom were armed with composite bows, to keep their bows in leather cases to keep them dry. Karpowicz suggests that crafting a composite bow may take a week's work, excluding drying time (months) and gathering materials, while a self bow can be made in a day and dried in a week.<ref name="ottoman-turkish-bows.com"/> Peoples living in humid or rainy regions historically have favoured self bows, while those living in temperate, dry, or arid regions have favoured composite bows.

[[Medieval European History|Medieval Europeans]] favoured [[self bow]]s as hand bows, but they made composite [[Crossbow#Construction|prods]] for crossbows. The prods were usually well protected from rain and humidity, which are prevalent in parts of Europe. Ancient Mediterranean civilizations, influenced by Eastern Archery, preferred composite recurve bows, and the Romans manufactured and used them as far north as [[Roman Britain|Britannia]].<ref>Coulston, J.C. "Roman Archery Equipment. The Production and Distribution of Roman Military Equipment". Ed. M.C. Bishop. Oxford: B.A.R. International Series, 1985. pp. 202-366.</ref>

The civilizations of [[India]] used both self bows and composite bows. The Mughals were especially known for their composite bows due to their Turko-Mongol roots. Waterproofing and proper storage of composite bows were essential due to India's extremely wet and humid subtropical climate and plentiful rainfall today (which averages {{convert|38|-|58|in|mm|abbr=in|order=flip|disp=or}} in most of the country, and exceeds well over {{convert|100|in|mm|abbr=in|order=flip|disp=or}} per year in the wettest areas due to monsoons).<ref name="eldoradoweather.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.eldoradoweather.com/climate/world-maps/world-annual-precip-map.html|title=World Average Yearly Annual Precipitation|access-date=1 April 2019|archive-date=1 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401150157/https://www.eldoradoweather.com/climate/world-maps/world-annual-precip-map.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

The civilizations of [[China]] also used a combination of self bows, composite recurve bows, and laminated reflex bows. Self bows and laminated bows were preferred in southern China in earlier periods of history due to the region's extremely wet, humid, and rainy subtropical climate. The average rainfall in southern China exceeds {{convert|38|in|mm|abbr=in|order=flip}}, averaging {{convert|58|-|97|in|mm|abbr=in|order=flip}} in many areas today.<ref name="eldoradoweather.com"/>

==Technical changes in classical times==
The details of bow construction changed somewhat with time. It is not clear that the various developments of the composite bow led to measurable improvements: "the development of archery equipment may not be a process involving progressive improvements in performance. Rather, each design type represents one solution to the problem of creating a mobile weapon system capable of hurling lightweight projectiles."<ref name=Kooi/>

===West Asian 'duck head' bows===
[[File:Achaemenid Duck Bow.png|thumb|240px|On the left, an artistic impression of a 'duck head' bow. The image on the right is a Greek coin depicting a Persian king, probably [[Darius the Great]], holding a similar bow.]]

[[File:Head of a Persian guard MET DP-12499-019.jpg|thumb|200px|A Persian guard at [[Persepolis]], with a bow that terminates in a duck head shape.<ref>{{cite web |title=Head of a Persian guard - Achaemenid - Achaemenid - The Metropolitan Museum of Art |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/324433 |website=www.metmuseum.org |language=en}}</ref>]]

In [[West Asia]], composite bows of medium-length, with recurved, 'duck head' tips were common among the [[Elamite]] and [[Assyrian people|Assyrian]] people during the [[Iron Age]].<ref name="Shelby" /> Recurved tips were a new invention in archery, and the 'duck head' bows may have influenced later designs, including the highly recurved, classical "Scythian"-style bow.<ref name="Shelby" /> In the [[Achaemenid Empire]], this type of bow was further developed,<ref name="Shelby" /> adding even more recurved tips, and further decreasing the bow's length, which was possibly an adaptation to mounted archery.<ref name="UCAL2020">{{cite thesis |last1=White |first1=James |date=2020 |degree=PhD |title=Bows and Spears in Achaemenid Persia |publisher=University of California Santa Barbara |url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9819d1v6}}</ref> Many depictions of such bows exist at the [[Palace of Darius in Susa|palace of King Darius]] in Susa,<ref>{{cite book |title=The Royal City of Susa: Ancient Near Eastern Treasures in the Louvre |date=1992 |publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art |isbn=978-0-87099-651-1 |page=228 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dDWJ_KBHwe4C&pg=PA228 |quote="...bows ending in a duck's head , also an Elamite feature, it has been argued that the Susa guards are local Elamite troops..."|language=en}}</ref> as well as the city of [[Persepolis]].<ref name="UCAL2020" />

===Scythian bows===
{{See also|Gorytos}}
[[File:Scythians shooting with bows Kertch antique Panticapeum Ukrainia 4th century BCE.jpg|thumb|[[Scythians]] shooting with bows, [[Panticapaeum]] (known today as [[Kerch]], Crimea), 4th century BCE]]

Although Scythians used many different kinds of bows,<ref name="ATARN" /> they have come to be associated with an iconic style of composite bow, which has exaggerated [[Serpentine shape|serpentine]] curvature.<ref name="ATARN" /> This bow has come to be known as the classical Scythian design.<ref name="Springer2025" /><ref name="ATARN" /> Yet the earliest Scythian bows actually lack the characteristic recurved tips of the "classical" Scythian design.<ref name="ATARN" /> An early Scythian bow from [[Tuva]] is described as a "simple" bow, completely lacking the curvy mid-section that is typical of the classical Scythian design.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Loboda |first1=A. Yu. |last2=Pozhidaev |first2=V. M. |last3=Busova |first3=V. S. |last4=Malakhov |first4=S. N. |last5=Kilunovskaya |first5=M. E. |last6=Semenov |first6=V. A. |last7=Tereschenko |first7=E. Yu. |last8=Yatsishina |first8=E. B. |title=Determination of the Bow Winding Material’s Nature from the Burial Ground of the Scythian Time Saryg-Bulun (Central Tuva) |journal=Nanobiotechnology Reports |date=1 October 2023 |volume=18 |issue=5 |pages=758–763 |doi=10.1134/S2635167623600438 |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1134/S2635167623600438 |language=en |issn=2635-1684}}</ref>

Variants of the [[Scythians|Scythian]] bow were the dominant form in Asia until approximately the first century BCE.<ref name="Shelby" />

The size of Scythian bows varied greatly by region.<ref name="ATARN" /> Western Scythian bows in Europe were very short, while those in the eastern Scythian world were longer.<ref name="ATARN" /> A study of Western Scythian bows from the [[Black Sea]] region yielded an average length of less than 30 inches.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Pankova |first1=Svetlana |last2=Simpson |first2=St John |title=Masters of the Steppe: The Impact of the Scythians and Later Nomad Societies of Eurasia: Proceedings of a conference held at the British Museum, 27-29 October 2017 |date=21 January 2021 |publisher=Archaeopress Publishing |isbn=978-1-78969-648-6 |page=103-125 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W6MWEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA104 |language=en}}</ref>

Western Scythian bows did not include horn; they were made of wood and sinew alone.<ref name="ATARN" /> Many specimens of Scythian-style horn bows have been found in the Eastern Eurasia,<ref name="ATARN" /> such as at [[Yanghai]] cemetery in China. These bows are nevertheless attributed to non-Scythian cultures.<ref name="Springer2025" />

[[File:Koban Bows.jpg|thumb|240px|Scythian-style bows made in the [[Caucasus]] region, often associated with the [[Koban culture]], were made "backwards", with deflexed handles, leading to an "interception" at the [[stress concentration|stress risers]]. The bow on the left is strung properly.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=S. |first1=Makhortykh |last2=K. |first2=Grömer |last3=G. |first3=Tiefengraber |title=About one of the unique finds of the late pre-Scythian period from the Koban necropolis |journal=Bulletin of the Karaganda university History.Philosophy series |date=30 September 2024 |volume=115 |issue=3 |pages=118–128 |doi=10.31489/2024HPh3/ |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/393459103_About_one_of_the_unique_finds_of_the_late_pre-Scythian_period_from_the_Koban_necropolis}}</ref>]]

It was originally hypothesized that the extremely recurved tips of the classic Scythian design were intended to be flexible, "working" tips, in order to add speed and increase the smoothness of the draw.<ref name="Shelby">{{cite web |url=http://www.atarn.org/chinese/scythian_bows.htm |title=Scythian-style bows discovered in Xinjiang: From the photographs and drawings of Stephen Selby |first=Bede |last=Dwyer |date=19 March 2004 |access-date=7 June 2011 |archive-date=18 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110518171656/http://atarn.org/chinese/scythian_bows.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="ATARN">{{cite web |last1=Karpowicz |first1=Adam |title=Scythian-style bows |url=https://atarn.org/chinese/Yanghai/Scythian_bow_ATARN.pdf |website=ATARN.org |publisher=ATARN}}</ref> However, archery expert Adam Karpowicz made a reconstruction of a Scythian-style bow, and found that the tips did not flex much at all.<ref name="ATARN" /> He suggests it is doubtful that this was the intended function of the Scythian design, and points out that many Scythian bows actually lack the recurved tips that have become so closely associated with the classical "Scythian" bow in the public imagination.<ref name="ATARN" />

===Siyahs, stiff tips, stiff grips===
Around 200 B.C. at [[Yanghai]] cemetery, a new kind of bow appears with flat, propeller-like limbs, straight tips with bone or antler stiffening plates, and a stiff grip.<ref name="Springer2025" /> This type of bow quickly supplanted the older, classical "Scythian" style, and became the foundational model from which all future composite bows would develop,<ref name="Springer2025" /> with an ebduring legacy for hundreds of years.<ref name=Maenchen-Helfen>{{cite book
| last = Maenchen-Helfen
| first =Otto
| title =The World of the Huns
| publisher =University of California Press
| year =1973
| page =222
| url =https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_CrUdgzSICxcC
| isbn =978-0-520-01596-8}}</ref>

Bone stiffeners are found in association with [[Eurasian nomads|nomad]]s of the time. They are not found in Achaemenid Persia, in early Imperial Rome, or in Han China.<ref name=Maenchen-Helfen />

Siyahs have also been described on the Arabian peninsula, and may have been introduced to Persia by the [[Sassanids]].<ref name="doi.org">An De Waele. Composite bows at ed-Dur (Umm al-Qaiwain, U.A.E.) Arabian archaeology and epigraphy 2005: 16: 154–160 [https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1600-0471.2005.00255.x] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030144340/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1600-0471.2005.00255.x|date=30 October 2021}},</ref>

Stiffeners likely appeared in Roman militaries around or before 9 CE.<ref>At Oberaden in Free Germany, and Dangstetten in Germania Inferior. Coulston J.C., 'Roman Archery Equipment', in M.C. Bishop (ed.), The Production and Distribution of Roman Military Equipment. Proceedings of the Second Roman Military Equipment Seminar, BAR International Series 275, Oxford, 1985, 220-366.</ref> Composite bows were made even in the cold and damp of Britannia.<ref>Coulston J, 'Roman Archery Equipment', in M.C. Bishop (ed.), The Production and Distribution of Roman Military Equipment. Proceedings of the Second Roman Military Equipment Seminar, BAR International Series 275, Oxford, 1985, 220-366.</ref> They were the normal weapon of later Roman archers, both infantry and cavalry units (although [[Vegetius]] recommends training recruits ''"arcubus ligneis"'', with [[Longbow|wooden bows]]).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.intratext.com/IXT/LAT0189/_PG.HTM |author=Vegetius |title=Epitoma rei militaris |access-date=7 June 2011 |archive-date=30 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210130140804/http://www.intratext.com/IXT/LAT0189/_PG.HTM |url-status=live }}</ref>

Bone (or antler) reinforcements for stiffening handles developed in Central Asia during the 3rd to 2nd century BCE,<ref>Vadim V. Gorbunov, Aleksei A. Tishkin. "Weapons of the Gorny Altai Nomads in the Hunnu Age." ''[[Archaeology, Ethnology & Anthropology of Eurasia]]'' 4/28 (2006): 79–85.</ref><ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite journal | last1 = Hall | first1 = Andrew | year = 2006 | title = The development of the bone reinforced composite | journal = Journal of the Society of Archer-Antiquaries | volume = 49 | pages = 65–77 }}</ref><ref>"New Evidence about Composite Bows and Their Arrows in Inner Asia".</ref> with earliest finds from the area of Lake Baikal. Fittings from this type of bow appear right across Asia<ref name="Coulston J.C. 1985">Coulston J.C., 'Roman Archery Equipment', in M.C. Bishop (ed.), The Production and Distribution of Roman Military Equipment. Proceedings of the Second Roman Military Equipment Seminar, BAR International Series 275, Oxford, 1985, 220-366.</ref> from Korea to the Crimea.

Such bows were often asymmetric, with lower limbs shorter than the upper.<ref name="Maenchen-Helfen"/><ref>Roman Military Equipment from the Punic Wars to the Fall of Rome (Paperback). M.C. Bishop, J.C. Coulston. Oxbow Books 2005. {{ISBN|978-1-84217-159-2}}</ref><ref name=ArabArchery>{{cite book
| last = Faris
| first =Nabih
|author2=Robert Potter
| title =A BOOK ON THE EXCELLENCE OF THE BOW AND ARROW AND THE DESCRIPTION THEREOF
| publisher =University of Princeton Press
| year =1945
| url =http://www.sacred-archery.com/arab%20archery%20anno%20domini%201500.pdf
| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20090225181419/http://www.sacred-archery.com/arab%20archery%20anno%20domini%201500.pdf
| archive-date =25 February 2009
}}</ref>

One of the oldest such bows ever discovered is known as the "Yrzi" bow from [[Dura Europos]]; it belonged to the [[Parthian Empire|Parthian]] culture.<ref name="Amberley">{{cite book |last1=Travis |first1=Hilary & John |title=Roman Shields |date=15 July 2014 |publisher=Amberley |isbn=978-1-4456-3843-0 |page=270 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=--EOBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT270 |language=en}}</ref> The Qum Darya bow is another such example, and had even more bone plates than the Yrzi bow.<ref name="Amberley" /> Other examples from Niya and [[Lake Khoton]] date to roughly the same time period, with excessively wide limbs and a core spliced at the handle region.<ref>{{cite web |title=Two Late Han to Jin Bows from Gansu and Khotan |url=https://atarn.org/chinese/khotan_bow.htm |website=atarn.org}}</ref> These bows have attracted considerable attention as their owners were [[blond hair|blond haired]], "Europoid" males wearing Chinese clothing,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Chao |first1=Hing |last2=Ma |first2=Lianzhen |last3=Kim |first3=Loretta |title=Chinese Archery Studies: Theoretic and Historic Approaches to a Martial Discipline |date=11 April 2023 |publisher=Springer Nature |isbn=978-981-16-8321-3 |page=47-54 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i9K4EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA48 |language=en}}</ref> possibly making them foreign allies of the Chinese state.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Pankenier |first1=David W. |title=Astrology and Cosmology in Early China |date=10 October 2013 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-00672-0 |page=313 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wUuyAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA313 |language=en}}</ref>

The Qum-Darya bows have also been linked to the so-called [[Huns|Hunnic]] bows. The type of bow was superseded in the modern area of Hungary by an [[Avars (Carpathians)|'Avar']] type, which could have up to 12 laths, with asymmetrical limbs and a stiff, set-back handle. Examples measured in situ suggest bow lengths of {{convert|120|-|140|cm|in|abbr=in}}. When unstrung, the siyahs reversed sharply forward at an angle of 50-60 degrees.<ref name="Coulston J.C. 1985"/>

==Post-classical development==
[[File:Harun Al-Rashid and the World of the Thousand and One Nights.jpg|thumb|upright|left|A [[Iran|Persian]] miniature representing a man with a composite bow]]

After the [[fall of the Western Roman Empire]], armies of the [[Byzantine Empire]] maintained their tradition of horse archery for centuries. Byzantium finally [[Fall of Constantinople|fell to the Turks]] before the decline of military archery in favour of guns. Turkish armies included archers until about 1591 (they played a major role in the [[Battle of Lepanto (1571)]],<ref name="WARKEEGAN">{{cite book |title=[[A History of Warfare]] |last=Keegan |first=John | author-link=John Keegan |year=2004 |publisher=Pimlico |isbn=978-1-84413-749-7}}</ref> and flight archery remained a popular sport in [[Istanbul]] until the early 19th century.<ref name=Klopsteg>{{cite book |title=Turkish Archery and the Composite Bow |edition=second |last=Klopsteg |first=Paul | others=Illustrated by Carey Orr |publisher=Paul E. Klopsteg |location=Evanston, IL }}</ref> Most surviving documentation of the use and construction of composite bows comes from China and the Middle East; until reforms early in the 20th century, skill with the composite bow was an essential part of the qualification for officers in the Chinese Imperial army.

[[File:Pier Francesco Mola - Oriental Warrior - WGA16087.jpg|thumb|right|upright| A [[Saracen]] pirate holding a bow of the then-popular short [[Kipchak people|Kipchak]] ([[Mamluk]]) design]]
The composite bow was adopted throughout the Arab world, even though some [[Bedu]] tribesmen in the [[Hijaz]] retained the use of simple [[self bow]]s.<ref name=ArabArchery/> Persian designs were used after the conquest of the [[Sassanid Empire]], and Turkish-type bows were widely used after the [[Turkic expansion]]s. Roughly speaking, Arabs favoured slightly shorter siyahs and broader limbs than the [[India|Indo]]-Persian designs. Sometimes, the protective cover on the back was painted with Arabic calligraphy or geometric patterns.<ref name=ArabArchery/> No design was standardized over the vast area of the [[Early Muslim conquests|Arab conquest]]s. It was said that the best Arab composite bows were manufactured in [[Damascus]], Syria.

The first surviving treatise on composite bow construction and archery was written in Arabic under [[Bahri dynasty|Mamluk rule]] about 1368.<ref name=ArabArchery/><ref>{{cite book |title=Kitab ghunyat at-tullab fi marifat ramy an-mushshab |last= l-Ashrafi l-Maklamishi l-Yunani |first=Taybugha |year=1368 |language=ar |trans-title=Saracen Archery. An English Version and Exposition of a Mameluke Work on Archery (ca. A.D. 1368) With Introduction, Glossary, and Illustrations. Translated by J. D. Paterson, And Lt. CDR. W. F. Latham }}</ref> Fragments of bone laths from composite bows were found among grave goods in the [[United Arab Emirates]] dating from the period between 100 BCE and 150 CE.<ref>Waele, An De. 2005. "Composite Bows at Ed-Dur (Umm Al-Qaiwain, U.A.E.)". Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy. 16, no. 2: 154-160. Abstract: This article discusses seven bone fragments excavated during the second Belgian archaeological campaign at ed-Dur (tomb G.3831, area N). Rather than weaving implements, these objects are identified as the reinforcing bone laths of composite bows. Information on the composite bow in general—origins, structural composition and technical advantages—will be given. Additionally, the question of which types of composite bows could have been present at ed-Dur and what role these weapons could have played at the site are discussed.</ref>

===Integral wooden siyahs===
Later developments in the composite bow included siyahs made of separate pieces of wood, attached with a [[V-splice]]<ref name=Yanghai>http://www.atarn.org/chinese/Yanghai/Scythian_bow_ATARN.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110518165726/http://atarn.org/chinese/Yanghai/Scythian_bow_ATARN.pdf |date=18 May 2011 }}. SCYTHIAN BOW FROM XINJANG. Adam Karpowicz and Stephen Selby. (first published in the Journal of the Society of Archer-Antiquaries, vol 53, 2010) Of a bow from the [[Yanghai Cemetery]] (1000-400BCE): "The splices were all scarf joints, not the common (or perhaps later) V-splice, often found in the composite bows. Since the V-splice requires a hand saw to cut the female part of the V, one can speculate the saws of sufficient quality were either unknown or not yet common in Central Asia at the time."</ref> to the wooden core of the bow, rather than strengthened by external reinforcement.<ref name="ottoman-turkish-bows.com"/> Medieval and modern bows generally have integral wooden siyahs and lack stiffening laths.

===String bridges===
A string "bridge" or "run" is an attachment of horn or wood, used to hold the string a little further apart from the bow's limbs at the base of the siyahs, as well as allowing the siyah to rest at an angle forward of the string. This attachment may add weight, but might give a small increase in the speed of the arrow by increasing the initial string angle and therefore the force of the draw in its early stages. Large string bridges are characteristic of [[Manchu people|Manchu]] ([[Qing dynasty]], 1644–1911) bows and late Mongolian bows, while small string bridges are characteristic of [[Gungdo|Korean]], Crimean Tatar, and some [[Ming dynasty]] (1368–1644) bows.<ref>Archery Traditions of Asia. Stephen Selby. Publisher: Hong Kong Museum of Coastal Defence 2003. {{ISBN|962-7039-47-0}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.atarn.org/chinese/wubeiyl.htm |title=Illustration from the Wu Bei Yao Lue ('Outline of Military Preparedness' : The Theory of Archery). Chen Zi-yi. 1638. Translated by Stephen Selby. |access-date=26 December 2010 |archive-date=17 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100917223929/http://atarn.org/chinese/wubeiyl.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.turkishculture.org/military/weapons/inheritage-turkish-bowyer-829.htm |title=The Inheritance of a Turkish Bowyer: A Document from the Ottoman Archive. Şinasi Acar and Murat Özveri. |access-date=26 December 2010 |archive-date=18 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718192804/http://www.turkishculture.org/military/weapons/inheritage-turkish-bowyer-829.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> String bridges are not present in artwork in the time of [[Genghis Khan]] or before.

==Modern living traditions==
All Eurasian composite bows derive from the same nomad origins, but every culture that used them has made its own adaptations to the basic design. The Turkish, Mongolian, and Korean bows were standardized when archery lost its military function and became a popular sport.<ref name="KTA">{{cite book|title=Korean Traditional Archery |last=Duvernay |first=TA|author2=Duvernay NY |year=2007|publisher=Handong Global University}}</ref> Recent Turkish bows are optimized for flight shooting.

===Perso-Parthian bows===
The Perso-Parthian bow is a symmetric recurve under high tension when strung. The "arms" of the bow are supposed to [[reflex bow|reflex]] far enough to cross each other when the bow is unstrung. The finished bow is covered by bark, fine leather, or in some cases shark skin to keep out moisture.<ref name=TBB/>

Perso-Parthian bows were in use as late as the 1820s in [[Persia]] (ancient [[Iran]]). They were then replaced by [[muskets]].

===Turkish bows===
{{Main|Turkish bow}}
Turkish bows evolved after the decline of military archery, into highly effective flight bows. Their decoration often included delicate and beautiful multicoloured designs with gold.<ref name="ottoman-turkish-bows.com"/><ref name=Klopsteg/>

===Chinese bows===
[[File:Zhangxian02.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Zhang Xian (deity)|Zhang Xian]] shooting a pebble bow at the ''[[tiangou]]'' causing an eclipse]]
{{Main|Chinese archery}}
Some of the oldest possible composite bows found in China are from tombs in Shandong and Hunan provinces, dated to 670-570 BCE.<ref name="Springer2023" /> Although results were inconclusive, these bows may have contained horn belly plates and sinew.<ref name="Springer2023">{{cite book |last1=Chao |first1=Hing |last2=Ma |first2=Lianzhen |last3=Kim |first3=Loretta |title=Chinese Archery Studies: Theoretic and Historic Approaches to a Martial Discipline |date=11 April 2023 |publisher=Springer Nature |isbn=978-981-16-8321-3 |page=55-58 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i9K4EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA55 |language=en}}</ref> One bow had a variable cross section, with some regions being ovoid, and others 'D-shaped'. The non-working siyahs had a circular cross section. The bow was reflexed and symmetrical, and its entire body was covered in black lacquer.<ref name="Springer2023" /> Bows of this type averaged around 1.15m or 44 inches in length.<ref name="Springer2023" /> According to Shelby, bows of this type were used during the warring states period and in the rituals of [[Confucius]].<ref name="Springer2023" /> They were 'home-grown' bows indigenous to the Chinese ethnic group.<ref name="Springer2023" /> This variant of bow is found at [[Yanghai]] cemetery, among many 'Scythian-style' bows.<ref name="Springer2023" />

Some of the Scythian-style bows found at [[Yanghai]] cemetery are lacquered like the ancient Chinese bows.<ref name="ATARN" /> Adam Karpowicz has suggested that some of the 'Scythian-style' bows at Yanghai may have been manufactured by Chinese craftsmen, or at least lacquered by Chinese artisans, who sold them to Indo-European-speaking customers.<ref name="ATARN" />

For millennia, archery has played a pivotal role in Chinese history.<ref>{{cite book |title=Chinese Archery |last=Selby |first=Stephen |year=2000 |publisher=Hong Kong University |isbn=978-962-209-501-4}}</ref> Because the cultures associated with Chinese society spanned a wide geography and time range, the techniques and equipment associated with Chinese archery are diverse. Historical sources and archaeological evidence suggest that a variety of bow designs existed throughout Chinese history.<ref name="jcms">{{cite journal |last1=Selby |first1=Stephen |year=2010 |title=The Bows of China |journal=Journal of Chinese Martial Studies |volume=Winter |issue=2 |publisher=Three-In-One Press}}</ref> For much of the 20th century, only a few Chinese traditional bow and arrow-making workshops were active.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.juyuanhao.org/index1.html |title=History of Ju Yuan Hao |access-date=16 June 2011 |archive-date=6 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111006190838/http://www.juyuanhao.org/index1.html |url-status=live }}</ref> However, in the beginning of the 21st century, there has been a revival in interest among craftsmen looking to construct bows and arrows in the traditional Chinese style.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chinaarchery.org/archives/94 |title=2009 Chinese Traditional Archery Seminar |author=Sherman |date=1 November 2009 |publisher=Folk Archery Federation of the People's Republic of China |access-date=16 June 2011 |archive-date=25 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725164447/http://www.chinaarchery.org/archives/94 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Mongolian bows===
{{Main|Mongol bow}}
The Mongolian tradition of archery is attested by an inscription on a stone [[stele]] that was found near [[Nerchinsk]] in [[Siberia]]: "While [[Genghis Khan]] was holding an assembly of Mongolian dignitaries, after his conquest of Sartaul ([[Khwarezm]]), [[Yesüngge]] (the son of Genghis Khan's younger brother) shot a target at 335 [[Ald (unit)|alds]] (536 m)". The Mongol bowmaking tradition was lost under the Qing, who heavily restricted archery practice; only practice with blunt arrows at shorted distances was allowed while most other forms of practice, including mounted archery; was forbidden.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mfa.gov.mn/?p=29269&lang=en |title=MONGOLIAN ARCHERY IS AS OLD AS HISTORY |author=Chanrav Burenbayar |access-date=28 August 2023 |archive-date=6 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160806163245/http://www.mfa.gov.mn/?p=29269&lang=en |url-status=deviated }}</ref> The present bowmaking tradition emerged after independence in 1921 and is based on Manchu types of bow.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.atarn.org/mongolian/mn_nat_arch/mn_nat_arch.htm |title=Mongolian National Archery |author=Munkhtsetseg |date=18 July 2000 |work=INSTINCTIVE ARCHER MAGAZINE |access-date=16 June 2011 |archive-date=18 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110518170027/http://atarn.org/mongolian/mn_nat_arch/mn_nat_arch.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Mounted archery]] had fallen into disuse and has been revived only in the 21st century.

Archery with composite bows is part of the annual festival of the three virile sports (wrestling, horseriding, archery), called "[[Naadam]]".

===Hungarian bows===
The Hungarian bow is a fairly long, approximately symmetrical composite [[reflex bow]] with antler stiffeners. Its shape is known from archaeological finds.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.atarn.org/magyar/magyar_2/bow.htm |title=Hungarian Traditional Archery |author=Csikos Balint |date=1 May 2000 |publisher=ATARN.org |access-date=15 June 2011 |archive-date=18 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110518172134/http://atarn.org/magyar/magyar_2/bow.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Modern Hungarians have attempted to reconstruct the composite bows of their ancestors and have revived [[mounted archery]] as a [[Lajos Kassai|competitive sport]].

===Korean bows===
{{Main|Korean bow}}
A traditional [[Korean bow]], or gakgung, is a small horn-bamboo-sinew composite bow.<ref name="KTA"/>

===Japanese bows===
{{Main|Yumi}}
Japanese yumi are made by laminating multiple pieces of bamboo and wood.

==Native American bows==
Sinew-backed wood bows were common among Native Americans before European contact.<ref name="AIA" /> Native Americans also made unique composite bows from horn, antler and possibly rib bones, which differed from Old World composite bows.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Knecht |first1=Heidi |title=Projectile Technology |date=29 June 2013 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=978-1-4899-1851-2 |page=145-150 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zS2SBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA147 |language=en}}</ref>

An antler-wood-sinew composite bow, likely of [[Nakota]] provenance, is found at the [[Brooklyn Museum]] in [[New York City]].<ref name="Brooklyn">{{cite web |title=Bow, Bow Case, Arrows and Quiver |url=https://www.brooklynmuseum.org/objects/63442 |website=Brooklyn Museum}}</ref> It consisted of a wooden core with several short 'keys' of antler imbedded on the belly side, and backed with sinew on the other.<ref name="Brooklyn" />

The [[Inuit]] groups living in North America's northernmost climates often made composite bows using [[caribou]] antler, [[musk ox]] horn, [[whale]] [[baleen]] and [[sinew]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Pfeifer |first1=Sebastian J. |title=Bows and Arrows of the Greenland Thule Culture (1200-1900 AD): A Study of Archaeological and Ethnographic Sources |date=2021 |publisher=BAR Publishing |isbn=978-1-4073-5902-1 |language=en}}</ref> Sinew was typically applied to these bows without glue. To accomplish this, sinew was braided in to long, fine cables, suspended along the back of the bow, twisted repeatedly to induce tension, and secured with a series of knots.<ref name="Springer2025" /> This technique was also used by [[Apache]] tribes in the [[American Southwest]].<ref name="Springer2025" />

It is unclear if horn bow technology developed independently in the Americas, however evidence for antler and bone composite bows does pre-date European contact.<ref name="AIA">{{cite book |title=American Indian Archery |last=Laubin |first=Reginald |author2=Gladys Laubin |year=1980 |publisher=University of Oklahoma |page=84-85 |isbn=978-0-8061-1467-5 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/americanindianar00regi }}</ref>

==Replicas made with modern materials==
Modern replicas of traditional composite bows are commercially available; they are usually made with fibreglass or carbon on both belly and back, easier to mass-produce and easier to take care of than traditional composite bows.

==See also==
{{Columns-list|colwidth=30em|
*[[Crossbow]]
*[[English longbow]]
*[[Longbow]]
*[[Flatbow]]
*[[Archery]]
*[[Mounted archery]]
*[[Bow shape]]
}}

===Bow construction techniques===
{{Columns-list|colwidth=30em|
*[[Self bow]]
*[[Compound bow]]
*[[Laminated bow]]
*[[Cable-backed bow]]
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.atarn.org The Asian Traditional Archery Research network]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060430062415/http://www.student.utwente.nl/~sagi/artikel/ancient_composites/ Ancient Composite Bows]
* [http://www.primitiveways.com/pt-composite_bow.html Making an Asiatic Composite Bow]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060823003915/http://www.ashmolean.org/gri/9bow.html Five composite bows from the tomb of Tutankhamun]

{{Archery}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Composite Bow}}
[[Category:Bows (archery)]]
[[Category:Human uses of horns]]

Arati Ankalikar Tikekar

2026-01-08T00:09:49Z

CallGirlMumbai: Starting new bio!

{{short description|Indian classical singer (born 1963)}}
{{BLP sources|date=April 2019}}

{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Arati Ankalikar Tikekar
| image = Arati Ankalikar Tikekarji.jpg
| caption = Ankalikar Tikekar in 2011
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = mr
| image_size =
| birth_name = Arati Ankalikar
| birth_place = [[Bijapur]], [[Karnataka]], [[India]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1963|01|27|df=yes}}
| origin = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| genre = [[Hindustani classical music]]
| occupation = {{flatlist|
*Classical vocalist
*Playback singer
}}
| years_active = 1975–present
| website = {{URL|www.aratiankalikar.com|AratiAnkalikar.com}}}}

'''Arati Ankalikar Tikekar''' (born 27 January 1963) is an Indian classical vocalist and playback singer, in [[Marathi cinema|Marathi]], [[Konkani cinema|Konkani]] and [[Hindi film industry]]. She known for singing in [[Agra gharana|Agra]], [[Gwalior gharana|Gwalior]] and [[Jaipur-Atrauli gharana]] style of [[Hindustani classical music]]. She has received [[National Film Awards]] twice for [[National Film Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Best Female Playback Singer]] and has been awarded the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] in 2020. <ref name=sna>{{cite press release|title=Announcement of Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowships (Akademi Ratna) & Sangeet Natak Akademi Awards (Akademi Puraskar) for the Years 2019, 2020 and 2021|url=https://www.sangeetnatak.gov.in/public/uploads/annoucement/1669376088_Akademi%20Main%20Awards%20for%20the%20year%202019,%202020%20&%202021.pdf|website=Sangeet Natak Akademi Official website |publisher=Sangeet Natak Akademi|date=25 November 2022|access-date=10 March 2024}}</ref>

She is known for her albums ''Tejomay Nadbrahm'', ''Raag-Rang'', and playback singing for the films like ''[[Antarnaad]]'', ''[[De Dhakka]]'', ''Savlee'', [[Shyam Benegal]]'s film, ''[[Sardari Begum]]'' (1996), ''[[Ek Hazarachi Note (2014 Marathi film)|Ek Hazarachi Note]]''.

Her early musical education came from Vasantrao Kulkarni, of the Agra-[[Gwalior gharana]]. This was followed by training under noted vocalist, [[Kishori Amonkar]] of the [[Jaipur-Atrauli gharana]]. Thereafter that, she received further training from Pt. Dinkar Kaikini. <ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/i-hope-some-of-the-posturing-around-guru-worship-is-replaced-by-true-friendship-says-singer-arati-ankalikar-tikekar/article67273505.ece/ |title= 'I hope some of the posturing around guru worship is replaced by true friendship,' says singer Arati Ankalikar Tikekar|date=September 5, 2023 |website=The Hindu}}</ref>

==Filmography==
She has been the main playback singer for several [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Konkani language|Konkani]] as well as [[Hindi]] films,<ref>{{imdbname|2179659}}</ref> namely:
*''[[Sardari Begum]], 1996''
*''[[Savlee]]''
*''[[De Dhakka]], 2008''
*''[[Dil Dosti Etc]]''
*''[[Dhusar]]''
*''[[Samhita (film)|Samhitha]], 2013''.

== TV appearances ==
Ankalikar Tikekar has made appearances on television interviews, Reality Shows and as a guest judge on music shows. The following list consists few appearances on Marathi television networks.

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%;"
! Type of Show !! Name !! Role !! Network Name
|-
| Interview || ''Ashi Manase Yeti'' || interviewee || [[Mi Marathi]]
|-
| Interview || ''Khupte Tithe Gupte'' || interviewee || [[Zee Marathi]]
|-
| Concert || ''Elgaar'' || Soloist || [[ETV Marathi]]
|-
| Concert || ''Rutu Hirawa'' || Soloist || [[Mi Marathi]]
|-
| Concert || ''Good Morning Maharashtra'' || Soloist || [[Zee Marathi]]
|-
| Music Competition|| ''Idea SaReGaMaPa'' – Season 2 || Guest Judge || [[Zee Marathi]]
|-
| Music Competition|| ''Idea SaReGaMaPa'' – Season 2 Grand Finale|| Special Appearance || [[Zee Marathi]]
|-
|}

== Performances ==
Ankalikar Tikekar has performed all over the world at prestigious venues, including the [[Aga Khan Museum]] in Toronto, Canada in 2019 for the Raag-Mala Music Society of Toronto.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Stree Shakti: Celebrating Women in Music {{!}} Aga Khan Museum (7 September 2019) |url=http://agakhanmuseum.org/programs/stree-shakti-celebrating-women-in-music |access-date=4 November 2020 |website=Aga Khan Museum |language=en}}</ref>

==Accomplishments and awards==

Ankalikar Tikekar received her first [[National Film Award for Best Female Playback Singer]] for the [[Konkani cinema]], ''Anternaad'', based on the life of a classical singer for the year [[54th National Film Awards|2006]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm54NFAAward.aspx?PdfName=54NFA.pdf |title=Directorate of Film Festival |website=iffi.nic.in |access-date=29 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928072942/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm54NFAAward.aspx?PdfName=54NFA.pdf |archive-date=28 September 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

She received [[Maharashtra State Film Awards|Maharashtra State Film Award]], for the song "[[Ugavali Shukrachi Chandani]]" from the soundtrack of ''[[De Dhakka]]''. Later, in 2013, she was awarded with [[National Film Award for Best Female Playback Singer]] for the second time in the Marathi movie, ''[[Samhita (film)|Samhita]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://dff.nic.in/NFA.html |title=National Film Awards 2013 |website=dff.nic.in |access-date=29 August 2017}}</ref> In 2020, she was awarded the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] for Hindustani Music - Singing Category. The award is given by the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi]] - India's National Academy of Music, Dance & Drama, and is the highest Indian recognition given to people in the field of performing arts. <ref name=sna/>

==Personal life==
She is married to Indian film actor, [[Uday Tikekar]].<ref>[https://www.dnaindia.com/pune/report-punes-arati-ankalikar-tikekar-bags-national-award-for-second-time-1812927 Pune's Arati Ankalikar-Tikekar bags National Award for second time]. [[DNA India]].</ref> Her daughter [[Swanandi Tikekar]] (born 1990) is a well-known Marathi television and theatre actress.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.umc.pitt.edu/india3/2002_tikekar.html Profile at Center for the Performing Arts of India (University of Pittsburgh)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303225420/http://www.umc.pitt.edu/india3/2002_tikekar.html |date=3 March 2016 }}
* [http://www.itcsra.org/aom/artist_ofthe_month.asp?id=93 Artist of Month: Biography] ITCSRA

{{National Film Award Best Female Playback Singer}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ankalikar Tikekar, Arati}}
[[Category:1963 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

[[Category:20th-century Indian women classical singers]]
[[Category:Marathi-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Konkani-language singers]]
[[Category:Singers from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Women artists from Karnataka]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women classical singers]]
[[Category:People from Bijapur, Karnataka]]
[[Category:Indian women playback singers]]

[[Category:Hindustani singers]]
[[Category:Gwalior gharana]]
[[Category:Jaipur gharana]]
[[Category:Agra gharana]]

[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]
[[Category:Best Female Playback Singer National Film Award winners]]